THE SOUTHERN HOUND.(




THE                 DOG,
BY WILLIAM YOUATT.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
HEAD OF BLOODHOUND
EDITED, WITH ADDITIONS,
BY E. J. LEWIS, M.D.
leimbcr of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; of the Philadelphia Medical Society:
of the Parisina Medical Society, &c. &c.
PHILADELPHIA:
FLEA  AND    BLANCHARD.
1852.








THE D O G,
BY WILLIAM    YOUATT.
EDITED, WITH ADDITIONS,
BY E. J. LEWIS, M.D.
MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA;
OF THE PHILADELPHIA MEDICAL SOCIETY; OF THE
PARISIAN MEDICAL SOCIETY, ETC.
PHILADELPHIA:
BLANCHARD AND LEA.
1852.




Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1846, by
LEA AND BLANCHARD,
in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania.
STEREOTYPED BY J. FAGAN.
PRINTED BY C. SHERMAN.
_mrwv~vvvw        uc~~n




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
THE SOUTHERN HOUND........................Frontispiece.
HEAD OF BLOODHOUND............................Title.
ANCIENT SCULPTURE OF GREYHOUNDS...............page 23
THE THIBET DOG........................ to face p. 39
THE DINGO, OR NEW HOLLAND DOG.................   42
THE HARE INDIAN DOG..............................    50
THE DANISH, OR DALMATIAN DOG....................... 53
THE GREYHOUND....................................    54
THE GRECIAN GREYHOUND...............74
BLENIIEIMS AND COCKERS................. 76
THE WATER SPANIEL................................ 80
THE POODLE..............................             82
THE ALPINE SPANIEL, OR BERNARDINE DOG.....,....... 85
THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG........................... 86
THE ESQUIMAUX DOG............................... 94
THE ENGLISH SHEEP DOG............................ 100
THE SCOTCH SHEEP DOG........................... 102
THE BEAGLE............................... 110
THE HARRIER........................... 112
THE FOX HOUND............................... 114
PLAN OF GOODWOOD KENNEL...............    130
THE SETTER...........................            136
THE POINTER........................                 140
THE BULL-DOG................................  150
THE MASTIFF............................... 152
THE SCOTCH TERRIER.......................... 155
SKELETON OF THE DOG......................... 181
DOG S HEAD CONFINED FOR AN OPERATION..............  252
DOG'S EYE PREPARED FOR AN OPERATION................ 252
TEETH OF THE DOG AT SEVEN DIFFERENT AGES......... 284-5
(7)








PREFACE OF THE EDITOR.
THE EDITOR, having been called upon by the American
publishers of the present volume to see it through the press,
and add such matter as he deemed likely to increase its
value to the sportsman and the lover of dogs in this country,
the more readily consented to undertake the task, as he had
previously, during the intervals of leisure left by professional
avocations, paid much attention to the diseases, breeding,
rearing, and peculiarities of the canine race, with a view
to the preparation of a volume on the subject.
His design, however, being in a great measure superseded
by the enlarged and valuable treatise of Mr. Youatt, whose
name is a full guarantee as to the value of whatever he may
give to the world, he found that not much remained to be
added. Such points, however, as he thought might be improved, and such matter as appeared necessary to adapt
the volume more especially to the wants of this country,
he has introduced in the course of its pages. These additions, amounting to about sixty pages, will be found between
brackets, with the initial of the Editor appended. He trusts
they will not detract from the interest of the volume, while
he hopes that its usefulness may be thereby somewhat
increased.
(ix)




x                    PREFACE.
With this explanation of his connexion with the work,
he leaves it in the hope that it may prove of value to the
sportsman from its immediate relation to his stirring pursuits; to the general reader, from the large amount of
curious information collected in its pages, which is almost
inaccessible in any other form; and to the medical student,
from the light it sheds on the pathology and diseases of the
dog, by which he will be surprised to learn how many ills
that animal shares in common with the human race.
The editor will be satisfied with his agency in the publication of this volume, if it should be productive of a more
extended love for this brave, devoted, and sagacious animal,
and be the means of improving his lot of faithful servitude.
It is with these views that the editor has occasionally turned
from more immediate engagements to investigate his character, and seek the means of ameliorating his condition.
PHILADELPHIA, October, 1846.




TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Chapter                                                Page
I.-The Early History and Zoological Classification of
the Dog.................................      13
II.-The Varieties of the Dog.-First Division........ 34
III.-The Varieties of the Dog.-Second Division...... 76
IV —The Varieties of the Dog.-Third Division....... 150
V.-The Good Qualities of the Dog; the Sense of Smell;
Intelligence; Moral Qualities; Dog-carts; Cropping; Tailing; Breaking-in; Dog-pits; Dog-stealing....................................  157
VI.-Description of the Skeleton. Diseases of the Nervous
System:- Fits; Turnside; Epilepsy; Chorea;
Rheumatism and Palsy........................ 11
VII.-Rabies.................................. 200
VIII.-The Eye and its Diseases...................... 238
IX.-The Ear and its Diseases..................... 256
X.-Anatomy of the Nose and Mouth; and Diseases of
the Nose and other parts of the Face.-The Sense
of Smell; the Tongue; the Lips; the Teeth; the
Larynx; Bronchocele; Phlegmonous Tumour... 271
XI.-Anatomy and Diseases of the Chest: the Diaphragm;
the Pericardium; the Heart; Pleurisy; Pneumonia;
Spasmodic Cough.......................... 292
XII.-Anatomy of the Gullet, Stomach, and Intestines:
Tetanus; Enteritis; Peritonitis; Colic; Calculus
in the Intestines; Intussusception; Diarrhcea;
Dysentery; Costiveness; Dropsy; the Liver; Jaundice; the Spleen and Pancreas; Inflammation of
(xi)




Xii                 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Chapter                                                Page
the Kidney; Calculus; Inflammation of the Bladder; Rupture of the Bladder; Worms; Fistula in
the Anus................................. 303
XIII.-Bleeding; Torsion; Castration; Parturition; and
some Diseases Connected with the Organs of
Generation.............................. 338
XIV.-The Distemper............................. 349
XV.-Small-pox; Mange; Warts; Cancer; Fungus Haematodes; Sore Feet......................     364
XVI.-Fractures.............................. 376
XVII.-Medicines used in the Treatment of the Diseases of
the Dog.................................    382
Appendix.-New Laws of Coursing.................... 389




THE DOG.
CHAPTER I.
THE EARLY HISTORY AND ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
THE DOG.
THE DOG, next to the human being, ranks highest in the scale
of intelligence, and was evidently designed to be the companion and the friend of man. We exact the services of other
animals, and, the task being performed, we dismiss them to their
accustomed food and rest; but several of the varieties of the dog
follow us to our home; they are connected with many of our pleasures and wants, and guard our sleeping hours.
The first animal of the domestication of which we have any
account, was the sheep. "Abel was a keeper of sheep."a It is
difficult to believe that any long time would pass before the dogwho now, in every country of the world, is the companion of the
shepherd, and the director or guardian of the sheep-would be
enlisted in the service of man.
From the earliest known history he was the protector of the
habitation of the human being. At the feet of the lares, those
household deities who were supposed to protect the abodes of men,
the figure of a barking dog was often placed. In every age, and
almost in every part of the globe, he has played a principal part in
the labours, the dangers, and the pleasures of the chase.
In process of time, man began to surround himself with many
servants from among the lower animals, but among them all he
had only one friend-the dog; one animal only whose service was
voluntary, and who was susceptible of disinterested affection and
gratitude. In every country, and in every time, there has existed
between man and the dog a connection different from that which
is observed between him and any other animal. The ox and the
sheep submit to our control, but their affections are principally, if
not solely, confined to themselves. They submit to us, but they
can rarely be said to love, or even to recognise us, except as connected with the supply of their wants.
The horse will share some of our pleasures. He enjoys the
~ Gen. iv. 2.
2                                       (13)




14             EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.
chase as much as does his rider; and, when contending for vie
tory on the course, he feels the full influence of emulation. Remembering the pleasure he has experienced with his master, or
the daily supply of food from the hand of the groom, he often
exhibits evident tokens of recognition; but that is founded on a
selfish principle-he neighs that he may be fed, and his affections
are easily transferred.
The dog is the only animal that is capable of disinterested affection. He is the only one that regards the human being as his
companion, and follows him as his friend; the only one that seems
to possess a natural desire to be useful to him, or from a spontaneous impulse attaches himself to man. We take the bridle from
the mouth of the horse, and turn him free into the pasture, and
he testifies his joy in his partially recovered liberty. We exact
from the dog the service that is required of him, and he still follows us. He solicits to be continued as our companion and our
friend. Many an expressive action tells us how much he is pleased
and thankful. He shares in our abundance, and he is content
with the scantiest and most humble fare. He loves us while living, and has been known to pine away on the grave of his master.
[It is stated that the favourite lap-dog of Mary, Queen of Scots,
that accompanied her to the scaffold, continued to caress the body
after the head was cut off, and refused to relinquish his post till
forcibly withdrawn, and afterwards died with grief in the course
of a day or two.
The following account is also an authentic instance of the inconsolable grief displayed by a small cur-dog at the death of his
master:-A poor tailor in the parish of St. Olave, having died,
was attended to the grave by his dog, who had expressed every
token of sorrow from the instant of his master's death, and seemed
unwilling to quit the corpse even for a moment. After the funeral
had dispersed, the faithful animal took his station upon the grave,
and was with great difficulty driven by the sexton from the church
ground; on the following day he was again observed lying on the
grave of his master, and was a second time expelled from the premises. Notwithstanding the harsh treatment received on several
succeeding days by the hands of the sexton, this little creature
would persist in occupying this position, and ove.rcame every difficulty to gain access to the spot where all he held most dear was
deposited. The minister of the parish, learning the circumstances
of the case, ordered the dog to be carried to his house, where he
was confined and fed for several days, in hopes of weaning him
by kind treatment to forget his sorrow occasioned by the loss of
his master. But all his benevolent efforts were of no utility, as
the dog availed himself of the first opportunity to escape, and
immediately repaired to his chosen spot over the grave.




EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.             15
This worthy clergyman now allowed him to follow the bent of
his own inclinations; and, as a recompense for true friendship and
unfeigned sorrow, had a house built for him over this hallowed
spot, and daily supplied him with food and water for the space of
two years, during which time he never wandered from his post,
but, as a faithful guardian, kept his lonely watch day and night,
till death at last put an end to his sufferings, and laid him by the
side of his long-expected master.-L.]
As an animal of draught the dog is highly useful in some countries. What would become of the inhabitants of the northern
regions, if the dog were not harnessed to the sledge, and the Laplander, and the Greenlander, and the Kamtschatkan drawn, and
not unfrequently at the rate of nearly a hundred miles a day, over
the snowy wastes? In Newfoundland, the timber, one of the most
important articles of commerce, is drawn to the water-side by the
docile but ill-used dog; and we need only to cross the British
Channel in order to see how useful, and, generally speaking, how
happy a beast of draught the dog can be.
[Large mongrel dogs are very extensively used on the Continent
in pulling small vehicles adapted to various purposes. In fact,
most of the carts and wagons that enter Paris, or are employed in
the city, have one of these animals attached to them by a short
strap hanging from the axle-tree. This arrangement answers the
double purpose of keeping off all intruders in the temporary absence of the master, and, by pushing himself forward in his collar,
materially assists the horse in propelling a heavy load up-hill, or
of carrying one speedily over a plain surface. It is quite astonishing to see how well broken to this work these dogs are, and at the
same time to witness with what vigour and perseverance they
labour in pushing before them, in this way, enormous weights.-L.]
Though, in our country, and to its great disgrace, this employment of the dog has been accompanied by such wanton and shameful cruelty, that the Legislature-somewhat hastily confounding
the abuse of a thing with its legitimate purpose-forbade the appearance of the dog-cart in the metropolitan districts, and were
inclined to extend this prohibition through the whole kingdom, it
is much to be desired that a kindlier and better feeling may gradually prevail, and that this animal, humanely treated, may return
to the discharge of the services of which nature has rendered him
capable, and which prove the greatest source of happiness to him
while discharging them to the best of his power.
In another and very important particular,-as the preserver of
human life,-the history of the dog will be most interesting. The
writer of this work has seen a Newfoundland dog who, on five
distinct occasions, preserved the life of a human being; and it is
said of the noble quadruped whose remains constitute one of the




16             EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.
most interesting specimens in the museum of Berne, that forty
persons were rescued by him from impending destruction.
When this friend and servant of man dies, he does not or may
not cease to be useful; for in many countries, and to a far greater
extent than is generally imagined, his skin is useful for gloves, or
leggings, or mats, or hammercloths; and, while even the Romans
occasionally fattened him for the table, and esteemed his flesh a
dainty, many thousands of people in Asia, Africa, and America,
now breed him expressly for food.
If the publication of the present work should throw some additional light on the good qualities of this noble animal; if it should
enable us to derive more advantage from the services that he can
render-to train him more expeditiously and fully for the discharge
of those services-to protect him from the abuses to which he is
exposed, and to mitigate or remove some of the diseases which his
connection with man has entailed upon him; if any of these purposes be accomplished, we shall derive considerable " useful knowledge" as well as pleasure from the perusal of the present volume.
Some controversy has arisen with regard to the origin of the dog.
Professor Thomas Bell, to whom we are indebted for a truly valuable history of the British quadrupeds, traces him to the wolf. He
says, and it is perfectly true, that the osteology of the wolf does
not differ materially from that of the dog more than that of the
different kinds of dogs differs; that the cranium is similar, and
they agree in nearly all the other essential points; that the dog
and wolf will readily breed with each other, and that their progeny,
thus obtained, will again mingle with the dog. [The relative
length of the intestines is a strong distinctive mark both as to the
habits and species of animals; those of a purely carnivorous nature are much shorter than others who resort entirely to an herbaceous diet, or combine the two modes of sustenance according to
circumstances. The dog and wolf have the intestines of the same
length. (See Sir Everard Home on Comparative Anatomy.)-L.]
There is one circumstance, however, which seems to mark a
decided difference between the two animals; the eye of the dog
of every country and species has a circular pupil, but the position
or form of the pupil is oblique in the wolf. Professor Bell gives
an ingenious but not admissible reason for this. He attributes
the forward direction of the eyes in the dog to the constant habit,
" for many successive generations, of looking towards their master, and obeying his voice:" but no habit of this kind could
by possibility produce any such effect. It should also be remembered that, in every part of the globe in which the wolf is found,
this form of the pupil, and a peculiar setting on of the curve of
the tail, and a singularity in the voice, cannot fail of being observed; to which may be added, that the dog exists in every lati



EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.               17
tude and in every climate, while the habitation of the wolf is confined to certain parts of the globe.
There is also a marked difference in the temper and habits of
the two. The dog is, generally speaking, easily manageable, but
nothing will, in the majority of cases, render the wolf moderately
tractable. There are, however, exceptions to this. The author
remembers a bitch wolf at the Zoological Gardens that would
always come to the front bars of her den to be caressed as soon as
any one that she knew approached. She had puppies while there,
and she brought her little ones in her mouth to be noticed by the
spectators; so eager, indeed, was she that they should share with
her in the notice of her friends, that she killed them all in succession against the bars of her den as she brought them forcibly forward to be fondled.
M. F. Cuvier gives an account of a young wolf who followed his
master everywhere, and showed a degree of affection and submission scarcely inferior to the domesticated dog. His master being
unavoidably absent, he was sent to the menagerie, where he pined
for his loss, and would scarcely take any food for a considerable
time. At length, however, he attached himself to his keepers, and
appeared to have forgotten his former associate. At the expiration
of eighteen months his master returned, and, the moment his voice
was heard, the wolf recognised him, and lavished on his old friend
the most affectionate caresses. A second separation followed,
which lasted three years, and again the long-remembered voice
was recognised, and replied to with impatient cries; after which,
rushing on his master, he licked his face with every mark of joy,
menacing his keepers, towards whom he had just before been exhibiting fondness. A third separation occurred, and he became
gloomy and melancholy. He suffered the caresses of none but
his keepers, and towards them he often manifested the original
ferocity of his species.
These stories, however, go only a little way to prove that the
dog and the wolf have one common origin. [There are some
naturalists:hat even go so far as to state that the different varieties
of dogs are sprung from, or compounded of, various animals, as
the hyaena, jackal, wolf, and fox. The philosophic John Hunter
commenced a series of experiments upon this interesting subject,
and was forced to acknowledge that "the dog may be the wolf
tamed, and the jackal may probably be the dog returned to his
wild state."
The ancient Cynegetical writers were not only acquainted with
the cross between the wolf and dog, but also boasted the possession of breeds of animals, supposed to have been derived from a
connection with the lion and tiger. The Ilyrcanian dog, although
naturally a savage and powerful beast, was rendered much more
2*




18              EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.
formidable in battle, or in conflict with other animals, by his fabled
cross with the tiger. In corroboration of this singular, but not less
fabulous belief, Pliny states that the inhabitants of India take
pleasure in having their dog bitches lined by the wild tigers, and
to facilitate this union, they are in the habit of tieing them when
in heat out in the woods, so that the male tigers may visit them.
(See L. 8, c. xl.)
There is, however, but little doubt that the wolf and dog are
varieties of the same family, as they can be bred together, and
their offspring continuing the cross thus formed, will produce a
race quite distinct from the original. French writers do not hesitate at all upon this point, but even assert that it is very difficult to
take a she-wolf with male dogs during the period of oestrum, parceque la veulent saillir et covrir comme une chienne.
Baudrillart, in the " dictionaire des chasses," further remarks
that the mongrels produced by this connection are very viciously
disposed and inclined to bite.
The period of utero-gestation, and the peculiar mode of copulation in the wolf, is the same as that of the canine family, which
two circumstances are certainly very strong presumptive evidences
of the similarity of the species. The dogs used by our northern
Indians resemble very much, in their general appearance, the
wolves of that region, and do not seem very far removed from that
race of animals, notwithstanding they have been in a state of captivity, or domestication, beyond the traditionary chronicles of this
rude people.
Another strong circumstance in favour of the common origin
of these two quadrupeds, is the existence in our own country of the
Canis Latrans, or prairie wolf, who whines and barks in a manner
so similar to the smaller varieties of dogs, that it is almost impossible to distinguish his notes from those of the terrier.
Major Long remarks, that " this animal, which does not seem
to be known to naturalists, unless it should prove to be the Mexicanus, is most probably the original of the domestic dog, so common in the villages of the Indians of this region, some of the
varieties of which still retain much of the habit and manners of
this species." (Vol. i, page 174.)
If further proof be necessary to establish the identity of the dog
and wolf, the circumstances related by Captain Parry in his first
voyage of discovery, ought to be sufficient to convince every mind
that the wolf, even in its wild state, will seek to form an alliance
or connection with one of our domestic dogs. " About this time
it had been remarked that a white setter dog, belonging to Mr.
Beverly, had left the Griper for several nights past at the same
time, and had regularly returned after some hours absence. As
the daylight increased we had frequent opportunities of seeing him




EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.              19
in company with a she-wolf, with whom he kept up an almost daily
intercourse for several weeks, till at length he returned no more
to the ships; having either lost his way by rambling to too great
a distance, or what is more likely, perhaps, been destroyed by the
male wolves. Some time after a large dog of mine, which was
also getting into the habit of occasionally remaining absent for
some time, returned on board a good deal lacerated and covered
with blood, having, no doubt, maintained a severe encounter with
a male wolf, whom we traced to a considerable distance by the
tracks on the snow. An old dog, of the Newfoundland breed, that
we had on board the Hecla, was also in the habit of remaining out
with the wolves for a day or two together, and we frequently
watched them keeping company on the most friendly terms."
(Page 136, 1st voyage.)
In volume 1st, page 111, of the Menageries, it is stated that
Mr. Wombwell exhibited in October, 1828, two animals from a
cross between the wolf and the domestic dog, which had been bred
in that country. They were confined in the same den with a female
setter, and were likely again to multiply the species. Mr. Daniel
remarks that Mr. Brook, famous for his menagerie, turned a wolf
to a Pomeranian bitch at heat; the congress was immediate, and,
as usual between the dog and bitch, ten puppies were the produce.
These animals strongly resembled their sire both in appearance
and disposition, and one of them being let loose at a deer, instantly
caught at the animal's throat and killed it. (See Daniel's Rural
Sports, vol. i, page 14. -L.]
It may appear singular that in both the Old Testament and the
New the dog was spoken of almost with abhorrence. He ranked
among the unclean beasts. The traffic in him and the price of
him were considered as an abomination, and were forbidden to be
offered in the sanctuary in the discharge of any vow.a
One grand object in the institution of the Jewish ritual was to
preserve the Israelites from the idolatry which at that time prevailed among every other people. Dogs were held in considerable
veneration by the Egyptians, from whose tyranny the Israelites had
just escaped. Figures of them appeared on the friezes of most
of the temples,b and they were regarded as emblems of the Divine
Being. Herodotus, speaking of the sanctity in which some animals were held by the Egyptians, says that the people of every
family in which a dog died, shaved themselves-their expression
of mourning-and he adds, that "this was a custom existing in
his own time."c
a Deut. xxiii. 18.          with his long ears and broad muzzle,
b In some of Belzoni's beautiful not unlike the old Talbot hound.
sketches of the frieze-work of the old  c Herodotus, lib. ii. c. 66.
Egyptian temples, the dog appears,




20              EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.
The cause of this attachment to and veneration for the dog is,
however, explained in a far more probable and pleasing way than
many of the fables of ancient mythology. The prosperity of
Lower Egypt, and almost the very subsistence of its inhabitants,
depended on the annual overflowing of the Nile; and they looked
for it with the utmost anxiety. Its approach was announced by
the appearance of a certain star-SIRIUS. As soon as that star
was seen above the horizon, they hastened to remove their flocks
to the higher ground, and abandoned the lower pastures to the fertilizing influence of the stream. They hailed it as their guard
and protector; and, associating with its apparent watchfulness the
well-known fidelity of the dog, they called it the " dog-star," and
they worshipped it. It was in far later periods and in other countries that the appearance of the dog-star was regarded as the signal of insufferable heat or prevalent disease.
One of the Egyptian deities-Anubis-is described as having
the form and body of a man, but with a dog's head. These were
types of sagacity and fidelity.
[" Who knows not that infatuate Egypt finds
Gods to adore in brutes of basest kinds?
This at the crocodile's resentment quakes,
While that adores the ibis, gorged with snakes!
And where the radiant beam of morning rings
On shattered Memnon's still harmonious strings;
And Thebes to ruin all her gates resigns,
Of huge baboon the golden image shines!
To mongrel curs infatuate cities bow,
And cats and fishes share the frequent vow!"
Juvenal, Sat. xv.-Badham's Trans.-L.]
In Ethiopia, not only was great veneration paid to the dog, but
the inhabitants used to elect a dog as their king. He was kept in
great state, and surrounded by a numerous train of officers and
guards. When he fawned upon them, he was supposed to be
pleased with their proceedings: when he growled, he disapproved
of the manner in which their government was conducted. These
indications of his will were implicitly obeyed, or rather, perhaps,
were translated by his worshippers as their own caprice or interest
dictated.
[Among the many strange and wonderful things mentioned by
Pliny as being discovered in Africa, is a people called Ptcembati
or Ptremphanae, whose principal city is Aruspi, where they elect
a dog for their king and obey him most religiously, being governed
entirely by the different motions of his body, which they interpret
according to certain signs. (See Pliny, lib. vi, c. xxx.)-L.]
Even a thousand years after this period the dog was highly
esteemed in Egypt for its sagacity and other excellent qualities;
for, when Pythagoras, after his return from Egypt, founded a new




EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.               21
sect in Greece, and at Croton, in southern Italy, he taught, with
the Egyptian philosophers, that, at the death of the body, the soul
entered into that of different animals. He used, after the decease
of any of his favourite disciples, to cause a dog to be held to the
mouth of the dying man, in order to receive his departing spirit;
saying, that there was no animal that could perpetuate his virtues
better than that quadruped.
It was in order to preserve the Israelites from errors and follies
like these, and to prevent the possibility of this species of idolatry
being established, that the dog was afterward regarded with utter
abhorrence among the Jews.a  This feeling prevailed during the
continuance of the Israelites in Palestine. Even in the New Testament the Apostle warns those to whom he wrote to " beware of
dogs and evil-workers;'b and it is said in The Revelations that
"without are dogs and sorcerers," &c.c Dogs were, however,
employed even by the Jews. Job says, "Now they that are
younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I would have
disdained to have set with the dogs of my flock."d Dogs were
employed either to guide the sheep or to protect them from wild
beasts; and some prowled about the streets at night, contending
with each other for the offal that was thrown away.
To a certain degree this dislike of the dog continues to the present day; for, with few exceptions, the dog is seldom the chosen
companion of the Jew, or even the inmate of his house. Nor was
it originally confined to Palestine. Wherever a knowledge of the
Jewish religion spread, or any of its traditions were believed, there
arose an abhorrence of the dog. The Mohammedans have always
regarded him as an unclean animal, that should never be cherished
in any human habitation-belonging to no particular owner, but
protecting the streete and the district rather than the house of a
master.
The Hindoos regard him likewise as unclean, and submit to
various purifications if they accidentally come in contact with him,
believing that every dog was animated by a wicked and malignant
spirit, condemned to do penance in that form for crimes committed in a previous state of existence. If by chance a dog passed
between a teacher and his pupil during the period of instruction,
it was supposed that the best lesson would be completely poisoned,
and it was deemed prudent to suspend the tuition for at least a
day and a night. Even in Egypt, dogs are now as much avoided
as they were venerated. In every Mohammedan and Hindoo
a No dog was suffered to come  b Phil. iii. 2.
within the precints of the Temple at  c Rev. xxii. 15.
Jerusalem. Eno) KcvvS was a prevalent  d Job xxx. 1. See also Isaiah lvi
expression among the Jews. Bryant's 10, 1'.
Mythology, vol. ii. p. 42.     e Psalm lix. 6.
B




22              EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.
country, the most scurrilous epithet bestowed on a European or a
Christian is —" a dog!'"
This accounts for the singular fact that in the whole of the
Jewish history there is not a single allusion to hunting with dogs.
Mention is made of nets and snares, but the dog seems to have
been never used in the pursuit of game.
In the early periods of the history of other countries this seems
to have been the case even where the dog was esteemed and valued, and had become the companion, the friend, and the defender
of man and his home.    So late as the second century of the
Christian era, the fair hunting of the present day needed the eloquent defence of Arrian, who says that " there is as much difference between a fair trial of speed in a good run, and ensnaring a
poor animal without an effort, as between the secret piratical assaults of robbers at sea, and the victorious naval engagements of
the Athenians at Artemisium and at Salamis."' The first hint of
the employment of the dog in the pursuit of other animals is given
by Oppian in his Cynegeticus, who attributes it to Pollux, about
200 years after the promulgation of the Levitical law.
Of the precise species of dog that prevailed or was cultivated in
Greece at this early period, little can with certainty be affirmed.
One beautiful piece of sculpture has been preserved, and is now
in the possession of Lord Feversham at Duncombe Hall. It is
said to represent the favourite dog of Alcibiades, and to have been
the production of Myson, one of the most skilful artists of ancient
times. It differs but little from the Newfoundland dog of the present day. He is represented as sitting on his haunches, and earnestly looking at his master. Any one would vouch for the sagacity
and fidelity of that animal.
The British Museum contains a group of greyhound puppies of
more recent date, from the ruins of the villa of Antoninus, near
Rome. One is fondling the other; and the attitude of both, and
the characteristic puppy-clumsiness of their limbs, which indicate,
nevertheless, the beautiful proportions that will soon be developed,
are an admirable specimen of ancient art. (See cut on page 23.)
The Greeks, in the earlier periods of their history, depended too
much on their nets; and it was not until later times that they
pursued their prey with dogs, and then not with dogs that ran by
a Carpenter's Scripture Natural His- "dog-weary," "to lead the life of a
tory,p. 109. It is aremarkable fact that dog," "to use like a dog." All this
from this faithful animal, the compa- probably originated in the East, where
lion of man, and the guardian of his the dog was held in abhorrence as the
person and property, should originate common scavenger of the streets.
so many terms of reproach as "dog,"', Arrian's Cynegeticus, cap. 26.
"cur," "hound," "puppy," "dog-  c New Sporting Magazine, vol. xiv.
cheap," " a dog's trick," " dog sick," p. 97.




EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.              23
/ -11/ —_       _  ___Il
sight, or succeeded by their swiftness of foot, but by beagles very
little superior to those of modern days.a Of the stronger and more
ferocious dogs there is, however, occasional mention. The bulldog of modern date does not excel the one (possibly of nearly the
same race) that was presented to Alexander the Great, and that
boldly seized a ferocious lion, or another that would not quit his
hold, although one leg and then another was cut off.
It would be difficult and foreign to the object of this work fully
to trace the early history of the dog. Both in Greece and in Rome
he was highly estimated. Alexander built a city in honour of a
dog; and the Emperor Hadrian decreed the most solemn rites of
sepulture to another on account of his sagacity and fidelity.
The translator of Arrian imagines that the use of the pugnaces
(fighting) and the sagaces (intelligent)-the more ferocious dogs,
and those who artfully circumvented and caught their prey-was
known in the earlier periods of Greek and Roman history, but
that the celeres, the dogs of speed, the greyhounds of every kind,
a New Sporting Magazine, vol. xiv. p. 97.




24              EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.
were peculiar to the British islands, or to the western and northern
continents of Europe, the interior and the produce of which were
in those days unknown to the Greeks and Romans. By most
authors who have inquired into the origin of these varieties of the
dog, the sagaces have been generally assigned to Greece-the pugnaces to Asia-and the celeres to the Celtic nations.
[The vertragi, canes celeres, or dogs that hunted by sight alone,
were not known to the ancients previous to the time of the younger
Zenophon, who then describes them as novelties just introduced
into Greece:"But the swift-footed Celtic hounds are called in the Celtic
tongue oUi-payoi; not deriving their name from any particular
nation, like the Cretan, Carian, or Spartan dogs, but, as some of
the Cretans are named 6Socrovoi from working hard, cra*ialc from
their keenness, and mongrels from their being compounded of
both, so these Celts are named from their swiftness. In figure,
the most high-bred are a prodigy of beauty; their eyes, their
hair, their colour, and bodily shape throughout. Such brilliancy
of gloss is there about the spottiness of the parti-coloured, and
in those of uniform colour, such glistening over the sameness of
tint, as to afford a most delightful spectacle to an amateur of
coursing."
It is probable these dogs were carried, about this time, into the
southern parts of Europe by the various tribes of Celts who overran the continent, and also occupied Ireland, Britain, and the other
western islands, and ultimately took possession of Gaul.-I,.]
Of the aboriginal country of the latter there can be little doubt;
but the accounts that are given of the English mastiff at the invasion of Britain by the Romans, and the early history of the English hound, which was once peculiar to this country, and at the
present day degenerates in every other, would go far to prove that
these breeds also are indigenous to our island.
Oppian thus describes the hunting dog as he finds him in Britain:-" There is, besides, an excellent kind of scenting dogs,
though small, yet worthy of estimation. They are fed by the fierce
nation of painted Britons, who call them agasai. In size they
resemble worthless greedy house-dogs that gape under tables.
They are crooked, lean, coarse-haired, and heavy-eyed, but armed
with powerful claws and deadly teeth. The agasaeus is of good
nose and most excellent in following scent.""
Among the savage dogs of ancient times were the Hyrcanian,
said, on account of their extreme ferocity, to have been crossed
with the tigerb,-the Locrian, chiefly employed in hunting the
a Oppian's Cynegelicus, lib. i. v. 468-480.
b ["At contra faciles, magnique Lycaones armis.
Sed non Hyrcanw satis est vehementia genti




EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.               25
boar,-the Pannonian, used in war as well as in the chase, and by
whom the first charge on the enemy was always made,-and the
Molossian, of Epirus, likewise trained to war as well as to the
honours of the amphitheatre and the dangers of the chase. This
last breed had one redeeming quality-an inviolable attachment to
their owners. This attachment was reciprocal; for it is said that
the Molossi used to weep over their faithful quadruped companions
slain in war.
[Of all the dogs of the ancients, those bred on the continent of
Epirus were the most esteemed, and more particularly those from
a southern district called Molossia, from which they received their
name.
These animals are described as being of enormous size, great
courage and powerful make, and were considered worthy not only
to encounter the wolf, bear, and boar, but often overcame the
panther, tiger, and lion, both in the chase and amphitheatre. They
also, being trained to war, proved themselves most usefil auxiliaries
to this martial people.
The learned translator of Arrian states that " the fabled origin
of this breed is consistent with its high repute; for, on the
authority of Nicander, we are told by Julius Pollux, that the
Epirote was descended from the brazen dog which Vulcan wrought
for Jupiter, and animated with all the functions of canine life."
These were not the only dogs fashioned by the skilful hands of
the Olympic artist, as we find Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians,
possessing golden dogs also wrought at the celestial forge.
Pliny states that a dog of enormous magnitude was sent as a
present by the king of Albania to Alexander the Great when on
his march to India; and " that this monarch being delighted at the
sight of so huge and fair a dog, let loose unto him first bears, then
wild boars, and lastly fallow deer, all of which animals he took no
notice of, but remained perfectly unconcerned. This great warrior being a man of high spirit and wonderful courage, was
greatly displeased at the apparent cowardice and want of energy
in so powerful an animal, and ordered him to be slain. This news
was speedily carried to the king of Albania, who thereupon sent
unto him a second dog, stating that he should not make trial of his
courage with such insignificant animals, but rather with a lion or
elephant, and if he destroyed this one also, he need not expect to
obtain any other of this breed, as these two were all he possessed.
Tanta: suis petiere ultro fera semina sylvis,
Dat Venus accessus, et blando fmedere jungit.
Tune et mansuetis tuto ferus erat adulter
In stabulis, ultroque gravis succedere tigrim
Ausa canis, majore tulit de sanguine foetum.
Gratii Falisci Cyneget., liv. 1. v. 160.-L.]
3




26              EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.
Alexander being much surprised, made immediate preparations
for a trial, and soon saw the lion prostrate, with his back broken,
and his body torn in pieces by the noble dog. Then he ordered
an elephant to be produced; and in no fight did he take more
pleasure than in this. For the dog, with his long, rough, shaggy
hair, that covered his whole body, rushed with open mouth, barking terribly, and thundering, as it were, upon the elephant. Soon
after he leaps and flies upon him, advancing and retreating, now
on one side, now on the other, maintaining an ingenious combat;
at one time assailing him with all vigour, at another shunning
him. So actively did he continue this artificial warfare, causing
the huge beast to turn around so frequently on every side to avoid
his attacks, that he ultimately came down with a crash that made
the earth tremble with his fall." Book viii. chap. 40.
The Molossian dogs were at a later period much esteemed by
the Romans as watch dogs, not only of their dwellings, but also
to guard their flocks against the incursions of wild animals. Horace, in the following lines, passes a just tribute to the worth of
this animal, when referring to his watchfulness, and the ardour
with which he pursues those wild animals, even'per altas nives,'
that threaten the flocks entrusted to his care.
" Quid immerentes, hospites vexas canis,
Ignarus adversum lupos?
Quin hue inanes, si potes, vertis minas,
Et me remorsurum petis?
Nam, qualis aut Molossus, aut fulvus Lacon,
Amica vis pastoribus,
Agam per altas aure sublata nives,
Quaecunpue precedet fera." Epode vi.-L.]
IElian relates that one of them, and his owner, so much distinguished themselves at the battle of Marathon, that the effigy
of the dog was placed on the same tablet with that of his master.
Soon after Britain was discovered, the pugnaces of Epirus were
pitted against those of our island, and, according to the testimony
of Gratius, completely beaten.  A variety of this class, but as
large and as ferocious, was employed to guard the sheep and cattle,
or to watch at the door of the house, or to follow the owner on
any excursion of business or of pleasure. Gratius says of these
dogs, that they have no pretensions to the deceitful commendation
of form; but, at the time of need, when courage is required of
them, most excellent mastiffs are not to be preferred to them.
The account of the British pugnaces of former times, and also
of the sagaces and celeres, will be best given when treating of their
present state and comparative value. In describing the different
breeds of dogs, some anecdotes will be related of their sagacity
and fidelity; a few previous remarks, however, may be admissible.




EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.                27
A young man lost his life by falling from one of the precipices
of the Helvellyn mountains.  Three months afterwards his remains were discovered at the bottom of a ravine, and his faithful
dog, almost a skeleton, still guarding them. Sir Walter Scott
beautifully describes the scene:
Dark-green was the spot,'mid the brown mountain heather,
Where the pilgrim of nature lay stretched in decay;
Like the corpse of an outcast, abandoned to weather,
Till the mountain winds wasted the tenantless clay;
Nor yet quite deserted, though lonely extended,
For, faithful in death, his mute favourite attended,
The much-loved remains of her master defended,
And chased the hill-fox and the raven away.
How long didst thou think that his silence was slumber?
When the wind waved his garments, how oft didst thou start?
How many long days and long weeks didst thou number
Ere he faded before thee, the friend of thy heart?
Burchell, in his Travels in Africa, places the connexion between man and the dog, and the good qualities of this animal, in
an interesting point of view. A pack of dogs of various descriptions formed a necessary part of his caravan, occasionally to provide him with food, but oftener to defend him from wild beasts or
robbers. " While almost every other quadruped fears man as his
most formidable enemy," says this interesting traveller, " there is
one who regards him as his companion, and follows him as his
friend  We must not mistake the nature of the case. It is not
because we train him to our use, and have made choice of him in
preference to other animals, but because this particular species of
animal feels a natural desire to be useful to man, and, from spontaneous impulse, attaches himself to him. Were it not so, we
should see in various countries an equal familiarity with other
quadrupeds, according to their habits, and the taste or caprices of
different nations; but, everywhere, it is the dog only that takes
delight in associating with us, and in sharing our abode. It is he
who knows us personally, watches over us, and warns us of danger.
It is impossible for the naturalist not to feel a conviction that this
friendship between creatures so different from each other must be
the result of the laws of nature; nor can the humane and feeling
mind avoid the belief that kindness to those animals, from which
he derives continued and essential assistance, is part of the moral
duty of man.
"Often in the silence of the night, when all my people have
been fast asleep around the fire, have I stood to contemplate these
faithful animals watching by their side, and have learned to esteem
them for their social inclination towards mankind. When, wan
dering over pathless deserts, oppressed with vexation and distress
at the conduct of my own men, I have turned to these as my only




28              EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.
friends, and felt how much inferior to them was man when actuated only by selfish views."
Of the stanchness and incorruptible fidelity of the dog, and his
disregard of personal inconvenience and want, when employed in
our service, it is impossible to entertain a doubt. We have sometimes thought that the attachment of the dog to its master was increased, or, at least, the exhibition of it, by the penury of the
owner. At all events one fact is plain enough, that, while poverty
drives away from us many a companion of our happier hours, it
was never known to diminish the love of our quadruped friend.
The early history of the dog has been described, and the abomination in which he was held by the Israelites. At no great distance of time, however, we find him, almost in the neighbourhood
of Palestine, in one of the islands of the Ionian Sea, the companion and the friend of princes, and deserving their regard.
The reader will forgive a somewhat abbreviated account of the
last meeting of Ulysses and his dog.
Twenty years had passed since Argus, the favourite dog of
Ulysses, had been parted from his master. The monarch at length
wended his way homewards, and, disguised as a beggar, for his
life would have been sacrificed had he been known, stood at the
entrance of his palace-door. There he met with an old dependant,
who had formerly served him with fidelity and who was yet faithful
to his memory; but age and hardship and care, and the disguise
which he now wore, had so altered the wanderer that the good
Eummeus had not the most distant suspicion with whom he was
conversing; butNear to the gates, conferring as they drew,
Argus the dog his ancient master knew,
And, not unconscious of the voice and tread
Lifts to the sound his ears, and rears his head.
He knew his lord, he knew, and strove to meet;
In vain he strove to crawl and kiss his feet:
Yet, all he could, his tail, his ears, his eyes
Salute his mastei, and confess his joys.a
[Lord Byron, who had much experience and acquaintance with
the canine family, was rather sceptical as regards the memory of
this animal, having been, on one occasion, entirely forgotten by
a favourite dog from whom he was separated some considerable
time, and in fact was most savagely assailed by him, when on his
return he attempted to caress him as he was wont to do in former
times.
This unkind reception at Newstead Abbey, on the part of his
pampered pet, may have given rise to the poet's feelings as embodied in the following misanthropic lines:a Pope's Odyssey, xvii.




EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.               29
"And now I'm in the world alone,
Upon the wide, wide sea:
But why should I for others groan,
When none will sigh for me?
Perchance my dog will whine in vain,
Till fed by stranger hands;
But long ere I come back again,
He'd tear me where he stands."-L.]
In Daniel's Rural Sports, the account of a nobleman and his
dog is given. The nobleman had been absent two years on foreign
service. On his return this faithful creature was the first to recognise him, as he came through the court-yard, and he flew to
welcome his old master and friend. He sprung upon him; his
agitation and his joy knew not any bounds; and at length, in the
fulness of his transport, he fell at his master's feet and expired.
[An interesting circumstance, strongly exhibiting canine fidelity
and attachment in a large mastiff, came under the Editor's own
eye during his childhood, and which, from its striking character,
deserves to be recorded on the page of history as another testimony to the high moral worth of these useful animals.
A gentleman of Baltimore, with his family, lived during a portion of the year a short distance in the country, and was in the
habit of returning to the city late in the fall to pass the winter.
On his estate there was a fine young mastiff, who though extremely
cross to strangers, exhibited at all times a great degree of tenderness and affection for the younger branches of the family;-more
particularly for the younger son, his most constant companion,
and who would often steal secretly away to share his daily meal
with this affectionate participator in his childish sports: or, when
fatigued with romping together, would retire to the well-kept
kennel, and recruit his limbs in a refreshing sleep, while reclining
upon the body of the faithful dog. If the little truant should now
be missed by those having him in charge, the most natural question to ask was, "Where is Rolla?" knowing full well that wherever this honest brute was, there might his young master be found
also. On such occasions, however, this trusty guardian would
refuse all solicitations to abandon his post, and express great dissatisfaction at any attempt to arouse or carry off his young charge,
whom he continued to watch over till he awoke, refreshed from
his slumber and eager again to resume their frolics.
The period of returning to the city at last arrived, and the dog
exhibited marked signs of uneasiness, while the bustling preparations for this end were going on, as if conscious of the separation
that was about to take place between his young master and himself, as also the other children, who had been his constant companions for so many joyful months.
Everything being completed, the childish group bid an affec3*




30             EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.
tionate adieu to the downcast Rolla, whom they left standing on
the hill-top, watching the carriage as it disappeared in the wood.
A few days after their departure, and when this poor animal was
forgotten in the new scenes around them, a communication was
received from the overseer of the farm, in which he stated that
the favourite dog appeared much grieved since the family had left
for the city, and was fearful that he might die if he continued in
the same condition. Little attention, however, was given to these
remarks, all imagining that the dog's melancholy was only the
result of temporary distress, owing to his secluded life, so different
from that which he had led when surrounded by the various
members of a large family. Little did any one suppose that this
poor neglected brute was suffering the acutest pangs of mental
distress, even sufficient to produce death.
Two weeks had now elapsed since the separation from Rolla,
when another message came from the overseer, stating that the
dog would surely die with grief, if not removed to the city, as he
had refused all sustenance for several days, and did nothing but
wander about from place to place, formerly frequented by the
children, howling and moaning in the most piteous manner.
Orders were now given, much to the children's delight, for the
conveyance of the favourite to the city; but, alas! this arrangement came too late, as the poor creature sank from exhaustion,
while in the wagon on his way to join those beloved companions
whose short absence had broken his heart and grieved him even
unto death.-L.]
We will not further pursue this part of our subject at present.
We shall have other opportunities of speaking of the disinterested
and devoted affection which this noble animal is capable of displaying when he occupies his proper situation, and discharges
those offices for which nature designed him. It may, however, be
added that this power of tracing back the dog to the very earliest
periods of history, and the fact that he then seemed to be as sagacious, as faithful, and as valuable as at the present day, strongly
favour the opinion that he descended from no inferior and comparatively worthless animal,-that he was not the progeny of the
wolf, the jackal, or the fox, but he was originally created, somewhat as we now find him, the associate and the friend of man.
If, within the first thousand years after the Deluge, we observe
that divine honours were paid to him, we can scarcely be brought
to believe his wolfish genealogy. The most savage animals are
capable of affection for those to whom they have been accustomed,
and by whom they have been well treated, and therefore we give
full credit to several accounts of this sort related of the wolf, the
lion, and even the cat and the reptile: but in no other animalin no other, even in the genus Canis-do we find the qualities of




EARLY HISTORY OF THE DOG.              31
the domestic dog, or the slightest approach to them. "To his
master he flies with alacrity," says the eloquent Buffon, "and
submissively lays at his feet all his courage, strength, and talent.
A glance of the eye is sufficient; for he understands the smallest
indications of his will. He has all the ardour of friendship, and
fidelity and constancy in his affections, which man can have.
Neither interest nor desire of revenge can corrupt him, and he
has no fear but that of displeasing. He is all zeal and obedience.
He speedily forgets ill-usage, or only recollects it to make returning attachment the stronger. He licks the hand which causes
him pain, and subdues his anger by submission. The training of
the dog seems to have been the first art invented by man, and the
fruit of that art was the conquest and peaceable possession of the
earth."   Man," says Burns, " is the God of the dog; he knows
no other; and see how he worships him. With what reverence
he crouches at his feet-with what reverence he looks up to him
-with what delight he fawns upon him, and with what cheerful
alacrity he obeys him!"
If any of the lower animals bear about them the impress of the
Di-ine hand, it is found in the dog: many others are plainly and
decidedly more or less connected with the welfare of the human
being; but this connexion and its effects are limited to a few
points, or often to one alone. The dog, different, yet the same,
in every region, seems to be formed expressly to administer to our
comforts and to our pleasure. He displays a versatility, and yet
a perfect unity of power and character, which mark him as our
destined servant, and, still more, as our companion and. friend.
Other animals may be brought to a certain degree of familiarity,
and may display much affection and gratitude.  There was
scarcely an animal in the menagerie of the Zoological Society
that did not acknowledge the superintendent as his friend; but it
was only a casual intercourse, and might be dissolved by a word
or look. At the hour of feeding, the brute principle reigned
supreme, and the companion of other hours would be sacrificed
if he dared to interfere; but the connexion between man and the
dog, no lapse of time, no change of circumstances, no infliction
of evil can dissolve. We must, therefore, look far beyond the
wolf for the prototype of the dog.
Cuvier eloquently states that the dog exhibits the most complete
and the most useful conquest that man has made. Each individual is entirely devoted to his master, adopts his manners, distinguishes and defends his property, and remains attached to him
even unto death; and all this springing not from mere necessity,
or from constraint, but simply from gratitude and true friendship.
The swiftness, the strength, and the highly developed power of
smelling of the dog, have made him a powerful ally of man against




32        ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE DOG.
the other animals; and, perhaps, these qualities in the dog were
necessary to the establishment of society. It is the only animal
that has followed the human being all over the earth.
There is occasionally a friendship existing between dogs resembling that which is found in the human being. The author
pledges himself as to the accuracy of the following little anecdote.
Two dogs, the property of a gentleman at Shrewsbury, had been
companions for many years, until one of them died of old age.
The survivor immediately began to manifest an extraordinary degree of restless anxiety, searching for his old associate in all his
former haunts, and refusing every kind of food. He gradually
wasted away, and, at the expiration of the tenth day, he died, the
victim of an attachment that would have done honour to man.
The DOG belongs to the division of animals termed VERTEBRATED, (see' The Horse, 2d edition, page 106), because it has a
cranium or skull, and a spine or range of VERTEBRE proceeding
from it. It ranks under the class MAMMALIA, because it has teats,
by which the female suckles her young; the tribe UNGUICULATA,
because its extremities are armed with nails; the order DIGITIGRADES, because it walks principally on its toes.  The genus
CANIS has two tubercular teeth behind the large carnivorous tooth
in the upper jaw; and the sub-genus familiaris, the DOG, has the
pupils of the eye circular, while those of the wolf are oblique, and
those of the fox upright and long.
There has been some dispute whether the various species of
dogs are of different origin, or sprung from one common source.
When we consider the change that climate and breeding effect in
the same species of dog, and contrast the rough Irish or Highland
greyhound with the smoother one of the southern parts of Britain,
or the more delicate one of Greece, or the diminutive but beautifully formed one of Italy, or the hairless one of Africa or Brazilor the small Blenheim spaniel with the magnificent Newfoundland;
if also we observe many of them varied by accident, and that accidental variety diligently cultivated into a new species, altogether
different in form or use, we shall find no difficulty in believing that
they might be derived from one common origin.
One of the most striking proofs of the influence of climate on
the form and character of this animal, occurs in the bull-dog.
When transported to India he becomes, in a few years, greatly
altered in form, loses all his former courage and ferocity, and
becomes a perfect coward.
It is probable that all dogs sprang from one common source,
but climate, food, and cross-breeding caused variations of form,
which suggested particular uses; and these being either designedly
or accidentally perpetuated, the various breeds of dogs thus arose,




ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE DOG.        33
and they have become numerous in proportion to the progress of
civilization. Among the ruder, or savage tribes, they possess but
one form; but the ingenuity of man has devised many inventions
to increase his comforts: he has varied and multiplied the characters and kinds of domestic animals for the same purpose, and
hence the various breeds of horses, and cattle, and dogs.
The parent stock it is now impossible to trace; but the wild dog,
wherever found on the continent of Asia, or Northern Europe, has
nearly the same character, and bears no inconsiderable resemblance
to the British fox-dog, while many of those from the Southern
Ocean can scarcely be distinguished from the English lurcher.
There is, however, no more difficulty in this respect with regard
to the dog, than any other of our domesticated animals. Climate,
or chance, produced a change in certain individuals, and the sagacity of man, or, perhaps, mere chance, founded on these accidental
varieties numerous breeds possessed of certain distinct characteristic properties. The degeneracy of the dog, also, in different
countries, cannot for a moment be disputed.
The most natural arrangement of all the varieties of the dog is
according to the development of the frontal sinus and the cerebral
cavity, or, in other words, the power of scent, and the degree of
intelligence. This classification originated with M. F. Cuvier,
and has been adopted by most naturalists. He reckoned three
divisions of the dog:I. Those having the head more or less elongated, and the parietal bones of the skull widest at the base, and gradually approaching towards each other as they ascend, the condyls of the lower
jaw being on the same line with the upper molar teeth. The
Greyhound and all its varieties belong to this class.
II. The head moderately elongated, and the parietals diverging
from each other for a certain space as they rise upon the side of
the head, enlarging the cerebral cavity and the frontal sinus. To
this class belong our most valuable dogs,-the Spaniel, Setter,
Pointer, Hound, and the Sheep-dog.
III. The muzzle more or less shortened, the frontal sinus enlarged, and the cranium elevated, and diminished in capacity.
To this class belong some of the Terriers, and a great many dogs
that might very well be spared.
This division of the different species of the dog is adopted here
as being the most simple, intelligible, and satisfactory.




34                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
CHAPTER II.
THE VARIETIES OF THE DOG.
FIRST DIVISION.
The head more or less elongated, the parietal bones widest at
the base and gradually approaching to each other as they ascend,
and the condyls of the lower jaw being on the same line with the
upper molar teeth.
To this division belong the greater number of the
WILD DOGS.
The wild dog, as existing in considerable numbers or commu.
nities, seems to be nearly extirpated in the southern parts of Europe; but there are several cases on record, of dogs having assumed
the character of the wild race from which they had descended,
abandoning their state of domestication, and reasserting their
native independence. A black greyhound bitch, belonging to a
gentleman in Scarisbrick, in Lancashire, though she had apparently been well broken in, and always well used, ran away from
the habitation of her master, and betook herself to the woods.
She killed a great number of hares and made free with the sheep,
and became an intolerable nuisance to the neighbourhood. She
was occasionally seen, and the depredations that were committed
were brought home to her. Many were the attempts made to entrap or destroy her, but in vain: for more than six months she
eluded the vigilance of her pursuers. At length she was observed
to creep into a hole in an old barn. She was caught as she camne
out, and the barn being searched three whelps were found, which,
very foolishly, were destroyed.
The bitch evinced the utmost ferocity, and, although well secured, attempted to seize every one who approached her. She
was, however, dragged home and treated with kindness. By degrees her ferocity abated. In the course of two months, she
became perfectly reconciled to her original abode, and, a twelvemonth afterwards (1822), she ran successfully several courses.
There was still a degree of wildness in her appearance; but, al
though at perfect liberty, she seemed to be altogether reconciled
to a domestic life.
In 1784 a dog was left by a smuggling vessel on the coast of
Northumberland. He soon began to worry the sheep for his sub
sistence, and did so much mischief that he caused very considerable alarm. He was frequently pursued by hounds and greyhounds;




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                    35
but when the dogs came up he lay upon his back as if supplicating
for mercy, and in that position they would never hurt him. He
therefore lay quietly until the hunters approached, when he made
off without being followed by the hounds until they were again
excited to the pursuit. He one day led them 30 miles in this
way. It was more than three months before he was caught, and
was then shot.a
A dog with every character of the wild one has occasionally
been seen in some of the forests of Germany, and among the Pyrenean mountains; but he has rarely been found gregarious there.
In the country on the eastern side of the Gulf of Venice wild dogs
are more frequent. They increase in the Austrian and Turkish
dominions, and are found on almost every part of the coast of the
Black Sea, but even there they rarely gather in flocks: they do
not howl in concert, as the wolf; nor are they the precursors of
other and larger beasts, like the jackal.  Most of these dogs have
the muzzle and head elongated, the ears erect, triangular, and
small, the body and neck large and muscular, and the tail short,
but with a brush of crisped hair.  In many parts of Arabia the
wild dog-or dakhun-is occasionally found.    In Persia, they are
most decidedly congregated together, and still more so in almost
every part of India.b
Mr. Hodgson has favoured the Zoological Society with an account of
THE WILD DOG OF NEPAL,
the budnsu, and, finding it more or less prevailing through the
whole of Northern India, and even southward of the coast of Coromandel, he thought that he had discovered the primitive race of
the dog. This is a point that can never be decided.    "These
dogs hunt their prey by night, as well as by day, in packs of from
a Annals of Sporting, vol. vi. p. 99. rupted and useless. They who are
b The superstition of the Arabians fond of hunting make their religion
and Turks with regard to dogs is subservient to their pleasure, and say
somewhat singular: neither have they that greyhounds and setters are exmuch affection for these animals, or cepted from the general rule, because
suffer them to be in or near the camp, when not running these dogs are tied
except to guard it in the night. They up where nothing unclean can reach
have, however, some charity for the them, and they are never suffered to
females that have whelps. As for eat any thing unclean. Their opinion
other dogs, they feed them well, and is the same with regard to small
give them good words, but never touch dogs, which are kept with great care,
them nor go near them, because dogs and no one willingly injures a dog,
are regarded as unclean animals. or, if he should injure purposely, or
They particularly drive them away in destroy one of them, the law would
wet weather; for, if one drop of water punish him. Chevalier Darvieux's
from a dog should fall on their rai- Travels in Arabia Deserta, 1718, p.
ment, their devotion would be inter- 155.




36                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
six to ten individuals, maintaining the chase more by the scent
than by the eye, and generally succeeding by dint of strength and
perseverance. While hunting, they bark like the hound, yet the
bark is peculiar, and equally unlike that of the cultivated breeds
of dogs, and the cries of the jackal and the fox." Bishop Heber
gives the following account of them. "They are larger and
stronger than a fox, which in the circumstances of form and fur
they much resemble. They hunt, however, in packs, give tongue
like dogs, and possess an exquisite scent. They make of course
tremendous havoc among the game in these hills; but that mischief they are said amply to repay by destroying wild beasts, and
even tigers."a
Wild dogs are susceptible of certain social combinations. In
Egypt, Constantinople, and throughout the whole of the East, there
are in every village troops of wandering dogs who belong to no
particular person. Each troop has its own quarter of the place;
and if any wander into a quarter which does not belong to him,
its inhabitants unite together and chase him out. At the Cape of
Good Hope there are many dogs half-starved. On going from
home the natives induce two or more of these animals to accompany them, warn them of the approach of any ferocious animal,
and if any of the jackals approach the walls during the night, they
utter the most piercing cries, and at this signal every dog sallies
out, and, uniting together, put the jackals to speedy flight.b
The wild Nepal dogs caught when at an adult age make no
approach towards domestication; but a young one, which Mr.
Hodgson obtained when it was not more than a month old, became
sensible to caresses, and manifested as much intelligence as any
sporting dog of the same age.c
Captain T. Williamson gives an interesting account of the ferocious character of some of these wild dogs. "They have considerable resemblance to the jackal in form. They are remarkably
savage, and frequently will approach none but their doonahs or
keepers, not allowing their own masters to come near them. Some
of them are very fleet; but they are not to be depended upon in
coursing; for they are apt suddenly to give up the chase when it
is a severe one, and, indeed, they will too often prefer a sheep or
a goat to a hare. In hog-hunting they are more valuable. It
seems to suit their temper, and they appear to enjoy the snapping
and the snarling, incident to that species of sports."
He says that many persons affect to treat the idea of degenera
tion in quadrupeds with ridicule; but all who have been any considerable time resident in India must be satisfied that dogs of Eu
a Heber's Narrative, p. 500.  c Proceedings of the Zoological
b Histoire du Chien, par Elzear Society, Part I. 833.
Blaze, p. 54.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                37
ropean breed become, after every successive generation, more and
more similar to the pariah, or indigenous dog of that country.
The hounds are the most rapid in their decline, and, except in the
form of their ears, they are very much like many of the village
curs. Greyhounds and pointers also rapidly decline, although with
occasional exceptions. Spaniels and terriers deteriorate less, and
spaniels of eight or nine generations, and without a cross from
Europe, are not only as good as, but far more beautiful than, their
ancestors. The climate is too severe for mastiffs, and they do not
possess sufficient stamina; but, crossed by the East Indian greyhound, they are invaluable in hunting the hog.a
Colonel Sykes, at one of the meetings of the Zoological Society,
produced a specimen of
THE WILD DOG OF DAKHUN
or Deccan, a part of India far to the south of Nepal, and gave the
following description of this supposed primitive dog:-" Its head
is compressed and elongated, but its muzzle not very sharp. The
eyes are oblique, the pupils round, and the irides light-brown. The
expression of the countenance is that of a coarse ill-natured Persian greyhound, without any resemblance to the jackal, the fox, or
the wolf. The ears are long, erect, and somewhat rounded at the
top. The limbs remarkably large and strong in relation to the
bulk of the animal. The size is intermediate between the wolf
and the jackal. The neck long, the body elongated, and the entire
dog of a red-brown colour. None of the domesticated dogs of
Dakhun are common in Europe, but those of Dakhun and Nepal
are very similar in all their characters. There is also a dog in
Dakhun with hair so short as to make him appear naked. It is
called the polugar dog.
THE WILD DOG OF THE MAHRATTAS
possesses a similar conformation; and the fact is, that the East Indian wild dog is essentially the same in every part of that immense
extent of country. There is no more reason, however, for concluding that it was the primitive dog, than for conferring on the
Indian cattle the same honour among the ruminants. The truth
of the matter is that we have no guide what was the original breed
in any country. The lapse of 4000 years would effect strange
alterations in the breeds. The common name of this dog, in the
track lying between South Bahar and the Mahratta frontier towards Maghore, is
DHOLE,
the Chryseus Scylex of Hamilton Smith.
a Williamson's Oriental Field Sports.
4                  c




38                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
Captain Williamson, in his Oriental Field Sports, gives the following account of the Dholes:"They are to be found chiefly, or only, in the country from
Midnapore to Chamu, and even there are not often to be met with.
They are of the size of a small greyhound. Their countenance
is enlivened by unusually brilliant eyes. Their body, which is
slender and deep-chested, is thinly covered by a coat of hair of a
reddish-brown or bay colour. The tail is dark towards its extremity. The limbs are light, compact, and strong, and equally calculated for speed and power. They resemble many of the common
pariah dogs in form, but the singularity of their colour and marks
at once demonstrates an evident distinction.
" These dogs are said to be perfectly harmless if unmolested.
They do not willingly approach persons; but, if they chance to
meet any in their course, they do not show any particular anxiety
to escape. They view the human race rather as objects of curiosity,
than either of apprehension or enmity. The natives who reside
near the Ranochitty and Katcunsandy passes, in which vicinity
the dholes may frequently be seen, describe them as confining their
attacks entirely to wild animals, and assert that they will not prey
on sheep, goats, &c.; but others, in the country extending southward from Jelinah and Mechungunge, maintain that cattle are frequently lost by their depredations. I am inclined to believe that
the dhole is not particularly ceremonious, but will, when opportunity offers, and a meal is wanting, obtain it at the expense of the
neighbouring village.
" The peasants likewise state that the dhole is eager in proportion to the size and powers of the animal he hunts, preferring the
elk to every other kind of deer, and particularly seeking the royal
tiger. It is probable that the dlole is the principal check on the
multiplication of the tiger; and, although incapable individually, or
perhaps in small numbers, to effect the destruction of so large and
ferocious an animal, may, from their custom of hunting in packs,
easily overcome any smaller beast found in the wilds of India.
"They run mute, except that they sometimes utter a whimpering kind of note, similar to that sometimes expressed by dogs
when approaching their prey. This may be expressive of their
own gratification, or anxiety, or may serve as a guide to other
dholes to join in the chase. The speed of the dhole is so strongly
marked in his form as to render it probable no animal in the catalogue of game could escape him for any distance. Many of the
dholes are destroyed in these contests; for the tiger, the elk, and
the boar, and even many of the smaller classes of game are capable of making a most obstinate defence. Hence the breed of the
dholes is much circumscribed."








~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" ~
1)=~~^                                     ^       ---                                    ( ( — 
i —
C' /L IIER-r & ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I~; —-—.=-~~
4,                    _ILD~h~Th'I~HN.H LA
~\\                         THE THIBET DOG. 




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               39
THE THIBET DOG.
Mr. Bennett, in his scientific and amusing description of the
Zoological Gardens, gave the best account we have of this noble
dog, and our portrait is a most faithful likeness of him. He is
bred in the table-land of the Himalaya mountains bordering on
Thibet.  The Bhoteas, by whom many of them are carefully
reared, come down to the low countries at certain seasons of the
year to sell their borax and musk. The women remain at home,
and they and the flocks are most sedulously guarded by these dogs.
They are the defenders of almost every considerable mansion in
Thibet. In an account of an embassy to the court of the Teshoo
Llama in Thibet, the author says, that he had to pass by a row of
wooden cages containing a number of large dogs, fierce, strong,
and noisy. They were natives of Thibet, and, whether savage by
nature or soured by confinement, they were so impetuously furious
that it was unsafe even to approach their dens. Every writer who
describes these dogs, speaks of their noble size, and their ferocity,
and antipathy to strangers.
It is said, however, that the Thibet dog rapidly degenerates
when removed from its native country, and certainly the specimens
which have reached the Zoological Gardens exhibited nothing of
ferocity. The one that was in that menagerie had a noble and
commanding appearance; but he never attempted to do any
injury.
The colour of the Thibet dog is of a deep black, slightly
clouded on the sides, his feet alone and a spot over each eye being
of a full tawny or bright brown hue. He has the broad short truncated muzzle of the mastiff, and the lips are still more deeply pendulous. There is also a singular general looseness of the skin on
every part of him.
THE PARIAH.
There are several varieties of this dog. There is a wild breed
very numerous in the jungles and in some of the lower ranges of
the Himalaya mountains. They usually hunt in packs, and it is
not often that their prey escapes them. They generally are very
thin, and of a reddish-brown colour, with sharp-pointed ears, deep
chest, and tucked-up flanks. Many persons hunt with these dogs
singly, and they are very useful. They bring the hog to bay, or
indicate the course that he has taken, or distract his attention
when the sportsman is at hand.
There is also in every inhabited part of the country the poor
desolate pariah,-unowned by any one,-daring to enter into no
house, but wandering about, and picking up a living in any way
that he can. He is, however, of a superior race to the wild dog,




40                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
and belongs to the second class of the dog, although mentioned
here in order that we may altogether quit the dog of India. They
are neglected by the Hindoos; but the Mohammedans of India,
and other strangers, consider it an act of charity to throw out
occasionally a morsel of food to them. They are most of them
mongrels; but the benevolent Bishop Heber does them no more
than justice when he says that he " was forcibly struck at finding
the same dog-like and amiable qualities in these neglected animals
as in their more fortunate brethren in Europe."
Colonel Sykes says of these outcasts that among the pariahs is
frequently found the turnspit-dog. There is also a small petted
variety of the pariah, usually of a white colour, and with long
silky hair. This animal is taught to carry flambeaux and lanterns.
According to Captain Williamson, in some of the ditches of the
Carnatic forts, alligators are purposely kept, and all the pariah
dogs found in the forts are thrown into the ditches as provision for
these monsters. Some persons who have kept tigers in cages have
adopted the same means of supply for their royal captives, putting
the poor pariah through an aperture made for the purpose in the
cage; and they justify themselves by asserting that they thus get
rid of a troublesome breed of curs, most of which are unappropriated, and which being numerous are very troublesome to passengers, often wantonly biting them, and raising a yelling noise at
night, that sets all attempts to rest at defiance.
It did not always happen that the tiger killed the pariah put
into his cage. " I knew an instance," says Captain Williamson,
" of one that was destined for the tiger's daily meal, standing on
the defensive in a manner that completely astonished both the tiger
and the spectator. He crept into a corner, and whenever the tiger
approached seized him by the lip or the neck, making him roar
most piteously. The tiger, however, impelled by hunger,-for all
supply of food was purposely withheld,-would renew the attack.
The result was ever the same. At length the tiger began to treat
the dog with more deference, and not only allowed him to partake
of the mess of rice and milk furnished daily for his subsistence,
but even refrained from any attempt to disturb him. The two
animals at length became reconciled to each other, and a strong
attachment was formed between them. The dog was then allowed
ingress and egress through the aperture; and, considering the
cage as his own, he left it and returned to it just as he thought
proper. When the tiger died he moaned the loss of his companion
for a considerable period."
A wild variety exists in Sumatra. It is described by Cuvier as
possessing the countenance of a fox, the eyes oblique, the ears
rounded and hairy, the muzzle of a foxy-brown colour, the tail
bushy and pendulous, very lively, running with the head lifted




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                41
high, and the ears straight." This animal can scarcely be rendered tractable, and even when he is apparently tamed can rarely
be depended upon.
As we proceed through the Indian Archipelago, towards Australasia, we skirt the coast of Java. Every Javanese of rank has
large packs of dogs with which he hunts the muntjak, the deer of
that country. The dogs are led in strings by the attendants until
they scent the prey: they are then unloosed, while the sportsmen
follow, but not at the speed which would distinguish the British
sportsman. The animal is generally found at bay. The male
muntjak usually exhibits considerable courage, and probably several
of the dogs have been wounded by his tusks. As soon as they
come up every gun is discharged, and the animal almost immediately drops. At other times the mounted sportsmen attack them
with a spear or sword. Generally, the muntjak does not go off
like the stag in any direct track, but takes a circular course, and
soon returns to the spot whence it was started. It perhaps makes
several of these circles, and at length entangles itself in a thicket,
where it is secured.
These dogs are the indigenous breed of the island, the body
lank, the ears erect, ferocious in their disposition, and with very
little attachment to their masters. Such is the account given of
them by Dr. Horsfield.
THE DINGO, AUSTRALASIAN, OR NEW HOLLAND DOG.
The newly discovered southern continent was, and some of it
still continues to be, overrun by the native wild dogs. Dampier
describes them, at the close of the last century, as " beasts like the
hungry wolves, lean like so many skeletons, and being nothing
but skin and bone." It was not until the publication of Governor
Phillip's voyage to Botany Bay, that any accurate description or
figure of this dog could be obtained. He approaches in appearance to the largest kind of shepherd's dog. The head is elongated, the forehead flat, and the ears short and erect, or with a
slight direction forwards. The body is thickly covered with hair
of two kinds-the one woolly and gray, the other silky and of a
deep yellow or fawn colour. The limbs are muscular, and, were
it not for the suspicious yet ferocious glare of the eye, he might
pass for a handsome dog. The Australasian dog, according to
M. Desmarest, resembles in form and in the proportion of his
limbs the common shepherd's dog. He is very active and courageous, covered in some parts with thick hair woolly and gray, in
other parts becoming of a yellowish-red colour, and under the
belly having a whitish hue. When he is running, the head is
lifted more than usual in dogs, and the tail is carried horizontally.
He seldom barks  Mr. Bennett observes that " dogs in a state of
4*




42                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
nature never bark. They simply whine, howl, or growl. The
explosive noise of the bark is only found among those that are
domesticated." Sonini speaks of the shepherds' dogs in the wilds
of Egypt as not having this faculty; and Columbus found the dogs
which he had previously carried to America, almost to have lost
their propensity to bark.
He does, however, occasionally bark, and has the same kind of
snarling voice which the larger dogs generally have. The Australasian dogs that have been brought to Europe have usually been
of a savage and untractable disposition.
There are several of the Australasian dogs in the gardens of
the Zoological Society of London. One of them has been an inmate of that establishment nine years, others more than five years;
but not an individual has acquired the bark of the other dogs by
which they are surrounded. When a stranger makes his appearance, or when the hour of feeding arrives, the howl of the Australasian is the first sound that is heard, and it is louder than all
the rest.
If some of them have thrown off a portion of their native
ferocity, others retain it undiminished. A bitch and two of her
whelps, nearly half grown-a male and female-had inhabited the
same cage from the time that the young ones were born. Some
cause of quarrel occurred on a certain night, and the two bitches
fell upon the dog and perfectly destroyed him. There was not a
limb left whole. A stronger instance of the innate ferocity of this
breed could scarcely be given. Even in their native country all
attempts perfectly to domesticate them have failed; for they never
lose an opportunity to devour the poultry or attack the sheep.
Every domesticated dog coming within their reach was immediately destroyed. One that was brought to England broke his
chain-scoured the surrounding country-and, before dawn, had
destroyed several sheep; and another attacked, and would have
destroyed, an ass, if he had not been prevented.
Mr. Oxley, Surveyor-General of New South Wales, however,
gives an interesting account of the mutual attachment between
two of the native and wild New Holland dingos. " About a week
ago we killed a native dog, and threw his body on a small bush.
On returning past the same spot to-day, we found the body removed three or four yards from the bush, and the female in a
dying state lying close beside it: she had apparently been there
from the day the dog was killed. Being now so weakened and
emaciated as to be unable to move on our approach, it was deemed
a mercy to despatch her."
When Van Diemen Land began to be colonized by Europeans,
the losses sustained by the settlers by the ravages of the wild dogs
were almost incredible. The districts infested by these animals




'Iji-~~~-~ -              -
t O
a\,%                           ~~~~~~~~~~~:s:;i








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                43
were principally those appropriated to sheep, and there was scarcely
a flock that did not suffer. It was in vain to double the number
of shepherds, to watch by night and by day, or to have fires at
every quarter of the fold; for these animals would accomplish
their object by stratagem or by force. One colony lost no fewer
than 1200 sheep and lambs in three months; another colony lost
700.
The ravagers were either the native wild dogs of the island, or
those that had escaped from their owners. They seemed to have
apportioned the country into different districts, each troop having
its allotted range. At length the evil became so great that a general
meeting of the colonists was convened. The concluding sentences
of the speech of Lieutenant Hill forcibly express the extent of the
evil. "The country is free from bush-rangers: we are no longer
surrounded and threatened by the natives. We have only one
enemy left in the field; but that enemy strikes at the very root of
our welfare, and through him the stream of our prosperity is
tainted at its very source."  The colonists were then few, but
they cordially united in the endeavour to extirpate this formidable
enemy; and, although the wild dog is still found in the interior of
the island, he is comparatively seldom seen, and his ravages have
nearly ceased.
THE CANIS AUSTRALIS-KARARAHE, NEW ZEALAND DOG.
A tradition exists in New Zealand of this dog having been
given to the natives two or three centuries ago by a number of
divinities who made their descent on these shores, probably Juan
Fernandez and his companions. The sagacious animal has, however, dwindled down to the lowest rank of his family, but ill usage
has not altogether destroyed his worth. In New Zealand he is
the safeguard of every village. Should the slightest alarm exist,
he is the first to ascertain the cause of it, and many families have
saved themselves by flight, or have taken arms in self-defence
against the incursions of predatory bands. The New Zealanders
are therefore kind in their treatment of the dog, except that they
occasionally destroy him for his hide.
The name formerly given to the New Zealand dog was pero,
which in some measure substantiates the supposition of Juan Fernandez having visited the country-perro, in the Spanish language,
being the name of a dog.
We will now turn to the northern parts of America. The races
of wild dogs are there considerably limited, both in number and
the districts which they occupy.
In the elevated sandy country north of the source of the Missouri, inhabited by the " Stone" and the " Black Foot" Indians,




44                FIRST DIVISON OF THE
is a doubtful species of dogs-wolves they used to be called-who
hunt in large packs and are exceedingly swift; whose bark is
similar to that of the domestic dog, but who burrow in the ground,
and eagerly run to their holes, when the gun of the hunter is
heard. [Our author evidently, in the above remarks, confounds
the Louisiana marmot, Arctomys Ludovicianus or Prairie dog, with
the Canis Latrans of Say, as he certainly would not make us
believe that such harmless animals as the marmot should associate
themselves in packs to hunt the deer or other quadrupeds; neither
would he tell us that so different an animal as the Canis Latrans
could burrow in the ground and retreat to their holes when surprised by the hunter. The Louisiana Marmot, improperly called
Prairie dog, is about sixteen inches long, and lives in extended
villages or excavations surmounted by mounds. These communities often comprise several thousand inhabitants, whose sole food
consists in the scanty herbage surrounding the settlement, as they
seldom extend their excursions beyond a half-mile from their burlows for fear of the wolves, and many other enemies
The Canis Latrans, on the other hand, is quite a large and
savage animal, and frequently unites in bands to run down deer or
buffalo calves, but as for living under ground in burrows, it is quite
out of reason to suppose such a thing possible with this quadruped,
who secretes himself in the depths of the forest, and appears on the
open plain only when in pursuit of game.-L.] The habit of selecting large, open, sandy plains, and burrowing there, extends to
the greater part of the American wild dogs.
[We have been credibly informed by several gentlemen, familiar
with the country of Mexico, that there is a diminutive species
of dog running wild, and burrowing in the ground as rabbits, in
the neighbourhood of Santa Fe and Chihuahua. A gentleman
who has seen these animals, states that there is no doubt as to
their identity, having met with them in a state of domestication,
when they exhibited all the actions and manners of a French lap
dog, such as come from Cuba or other West India Islands.
They are of every variety of hue, and resort to their burrows
whenever disturbed in their natural haunts. What they subsist
on it is difficult to say, as they are too harmless and insignificant
to attack any other animal beyond a mouse or a snail. They are
represented as being very difficult to tame, but when domesticated
show no disposition to return to their former mode of life. The
lady of the Mexican Minister, when in this city, had one of these
dogs as a boudoir pet; it was lively and barked quite fiercely. We
have not been able to ascertain whether they bark in their natural
state.  The breed of dog cultivated in China for food alone,
are fed entirely upon rice meal and other farinaceous articles,
having no relish whatever for flesh or other strong aliment.-L.]




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                45
In some parts of North America whole troops of horses are
guarded and kept together by dogs. If any of the troop attempt
to steal away, the dog will immediately fly after the horse, head
him, and bring him back to his companions.
[To show the necessity of having dogs for this purpose, as well
as to guard the flocks of sheep, we need only mention that it is no
uncommon thing for a Mexican to own several thousand horses,
besides an immense number of cattle.
Mr. Kendall, in his Santa F6 expedition, states that the proprietress of one hacienda, a widow, and comparatively poor when the
wonderful wealth of her ancestors is considered, now owns fifty
thousand horses and mules, beside herds of cattle and sheep, and that
the pasture ground extended for fifty miles on either side of the road.
One of the former owners of this immense estate, a short time
previous to the revolution, sent as a present to a Spanish colonel,
just arrived with his regiment of dragoons, a thousand white
horses, nearly all of the same age, and every one raised on this
prolific hacienda.-L.]
The wild dogs abound in many parts of South America. In
some of the forests on the banks of the Oronoko they multiply to
an annoying degree. The Cayotte of Mexico, described by some
as a wolf, and bearing no slight resemblance to that animal, belongs
to the South American wild dogs, as do also the Aguara dogs of
every kind. These wanderers of the woods are, however, diminished in numbers in every part of that continent, and are replaced
by other kinds, many of which have been imported from Europe
and domesticated.
[There is no country in the world more cursed with worthless
curs than that of Mexico and the other southern republics; the
cities and villages actually swarm with these animals, and produce
no little vexation to travellers, who speak of their eternal yelping
and barking in the most indignant terms.
Mr. Kendall, on entering San Antonio, says, "From  every
house some half dozen Mexican curs would jump forth and greet
us with a chorus of yelps and barks, and before we had fairly
entered the town the canine hue and cry was general. Those
who have for the first time entered a Mexican town or city must
have been struck with the unusual number of dogs, and annoyed
by their incessant barking; but the stranger soon learns that they
spend all their courage in barks-they seldom bite."-L.]
Many of the Indian tribes have succeeded in reclaiming the
dog of the woods, and have made him a useful although not a
perfectly attached servant.
The dogs of the Falkland Islands, and the Indian North American dogs generally, are brown or gray-coloured varieties of the
wild dog; but they are nearly exterminated.




46                   FIRST DIVISION OF THE
The history of the
WILD DOG OF AFRICA
will occupy little space. It has already been stated that in Egypt
and in Nubia we have the first records of the dog. Many superstitious notions were connected with him, and divine honours were
paid to him. Those times are passed away, and he is regarded
with aversion by the Moslem of the present day.   He is an outcast. He obtains a scanty living by the offal which he gathers in
the towns, or he is become a perfect wild dog, and scours the
country for his prey.  His modern name is the deab.     He is of
considerable size, with a round muzzle, large head, small erect
ears, and long and hairy tail, spotted with black, white, and yellow,
and having a fierce wolfish aspect. These dogs are not, however,
numerous; but the mischief which they do is often great, whether
in pairs they burrow in the earth, or associate with others and
hunt in troops.a
In Nubia is a smaller dog of the same kind, which never burrows. It lives on small animals and birds, and rarely enters any
of the towns. A similar dog, according to Colonel Hamilton
Smith, inhabits the neighbourhood of the Cape, and particularly
the Karroo or Wilderness. It is smaller than either of the others,
and lives among bushes or under prominent rocks. Others,
although not identified with the jackal, yet associating with him,
inhabit the Uplands of Gambia and Senegal.
On the Gold Coast, the dog is used and prized as an article of
food. He is fattened and driven to market as the European drives
his sheep and hogs. The dog is even more valued than the sheep
for human subsistence, and is deemed the greatest luxury that can
be placed even on the royal table.
In Loango, or Lower Guinea, is a town from which the African
wild dogs derive their name-the dingo. They hunt in large
packs. They fearlessly attack even the elephant, and generally
a Poiret, in his Travels in Barbary, the Arab tents, and would tear him
asserts that" the dog loses in the East to pieces if he did not seek his safety
a great part of those good qualities  in flight."-Vol. i. p. 353.
that make him the friend of man.   Denon, when in the city of AlexaniHe is no longer a faithful domesti- dria, in Egypt, says, "I have no
cated animal, faithfully attached to longer recognised the dog, that friend
his master, and ever ready to defend  of man, the attached and faithful
him even at the expense of his own  companion -the lively and honest
life. He is cruel and blood-thirsty, courtier. He is here a gloomy ego
his look is savage, and his appearance  tist, and cut off from all human in.
revolting; carrion, filth, anything is tercourse without being the less a
good enough for him if he can but slave. He does not know him whose
appease his hunger. They seldom  house he protects, and devours his
bite one another, but they unite  corpse without repugnance." - Tra.
against a stranger who approaches  vels in Lower Egypt, p. 32.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               47
destroy him. In the neighbourhood of the Cape, the country is
nearly cleared of wild beasts; but in Cape Town there are a great
number of lean and miserable dogs, who howl about the streets at
night, quitting their dens and lurking-places, in quest of offal.
No great while ago, the wolves and hyenas used to descend and
dispute the spoil with the dogs, while the town resounded with
their hideous howlings all the night long.
This will be a proper place to refer to the numerous accounts
that are given both in ancient and modern times of the immolation of dogs, and of their being used for food. They were sacrificed at certain periods by the Greeks and Romans to almost all
their deities, and particularly to Mars, Pluto, and Pan, to Minerva,
Proserpine, and Lucina, and also to the moon, because the dog
by his barking disturbed all charms and spells, and frightened
away all spectres and apparitions. The Greeks immolated many
dogs in honour of Hecate, because by their baying the phantoms
of the lower world were disturbed. A great number of dogs were
also destroyed in Samothrace in honour of the same goddess
Dogs were periodically sacrificed in February, and also in April
and in May; also to the goddess Rubigo, who presided over the
corn, and the Bona Dea, whose mysterious rites were perforned
on Mount Aventine. The dog Cerberus was supposed to be
watching at the feet of Pluto, and a dog and a youth were periodically sacrificed to that deity. The night when the Capitol had
nearly been destroyed was annually celebrated by the cruel
scourging of a dog in the principal public places, even to the
death of the animal.
[As on a certain occasion, the dogs who had the Capitol in
custody, did not bark and give warning when the Gauls attempted
to scale the walls, there is a custom annually observed at Rome,
to transfix certain dogs to forkes, and thus crucified, hang them
on an elder tree as examples of justice. (Book 29, chap. IV.
Pliny.)-L.]
Many of the Greek and Roman epicures were strangely fond
of the flesh of the dog, and those who ought to have known much
better encouraged the use of this food. Galen speaks of it in the
strongest terms of praise. Hippocrates says that the meat of old
dogs is of a warm and dry quality, giving strength to the eater.
Ananias, the poet, speaks of dog's flesh served up with that of the
hare and fox. Virgil recommends that the fatted dog should be
served up with whey or butter; and Dioscorides, the physician,
says that they should be fed on the whey that remains after the
making of cheese.
[Independent of the many useful and interesting qualities that
necessarily endeared this animal to the ancients, he had yet
stronger claims upon them, in the prophylactic properties of dif




48                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
ferent portions of his body. Pliny, Hippocrates, Aristotle and
others, speak of various preparations made of his flesh, for the
cure of many distempers. The first-mentioned writer observes,
that the ashes of burnt dogs, made into a liniment, with oil, will
make an excellent application to the eye-brows, to turn them black.
We doubt not that an analogous compound, if proved to be really
efficacious, might be introduced to the notice of the belles of our
own time, or meet with extensive sale for dyeing the pagoties and
mustachios of the modern dandy. This quaint philosopher also
recommends the same substance as a healing salve, for malignant
wounds, and the internal use of the same article as a preventive
or cure of hydrophobia and other distempers. (Book 28, chap.
XI. and X.)-L.]
Before Christianity was established among the Danes, on every
ninth year at the winter solstice, a monstrous sacrifice of 99 dogs
was effected. In Sweden the sacrifice was still worse. On each
of 9 successive days, 99 dogs were destroyed. This sacrifice of
the dog, however, gave way to one as numerous and as horrible.
On every 9th year, 99 human victims were immolated, and the
sons of the reigning tyrant among the rest, in order that the life
of the monarch might be prolonged."
On the other hand, the dog was frequently the executioner;
and, from an early period, whether in the course of war or the
mock administration of justice, thousands of poor wretches were
torn to pieces by animals trained to that horrible purpose.
Many of the Indians of North America, and almost of the present day, are fond of the flesh of the dog.
Captain Carver, in his Travels in North America in 1766,
1767, and 1768, describes the admission of an Indian into one of
the horrible societies of that country. " The dishes being brought
near to me," says he, "I perceived that they consisted of dog's
flesh, and I was informed that at all their grand feasts they never
made use of any other food. The new candidate provides fat
dogs for the festival, if they can be procured at any price. They
ate the flesh; but the head and the tongue were left sticking on
a pole with the front towards the east. When any noxious disease
appeared among them, a dog was killed, the intestines were wound
between two poles, and every man was compelled to pass between
them."
The Nandowepia Indians also eat dog's flesh as an article of
luxury, and not from any want or scarcity of other animal food;
for they have the bear, buffalo, elk, deer, beaver, and racoon.
Professor Keating, in his interesting work on the expedition to
Peter's River, states that he and a party of American officers
Histoire du Chien, p. 200. The Voyage of Duront d'Urville, vol. ii. p. 474.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                49
were regaled in a large pavilion on buffalo meat, and tepsia, a
vegetable boiled in buffalo grease, and the flesh of three dogs kept
for the occasion, and without any salt. They partook of the flesh
of the dogs with a mixture of curiosity and reluctance, and found
it to be remarkably fat, sweet, and palatable, divested of any
strong taste, and resembling the finest Welsh mutton, but of a
darker colour. So strongly rooted, however, are the prejudices
of education, that few of them could be induced to eat much of it.
The feast being over, great care was taken to replace the bones
in their proper places in the dish, after which they were carefully
washed and buried, as a token of respect to the animals generally,
and because there was the belief among them that at some future
time they would return again to life. Well-fattened puppies are
frequently sold; and an invitation to a feast of dog's meat is the
greatest distinction that can be offered to a stranger by any of the
Indian nations east of the Rocky Mountains.
[Notwithstanding the Indians occasionally eat their dogs either
through necessity or when they wish to pay a marked tribute of
respect to their gods, or prepare a feast of friendship with
strangers, they value them very highly, and do not by any means
consider their flesh superior to that of the buffaloes or other animals of the chase. Mr. Catlin remarks, that "the dog, amongst
all Indian tribes, is more esteemed and more valued than amongst
any part of the civilized world: the Indian, who has more time to
devote to his company, and whose untutored mind more nearly
assimilates to that of his faithful domestic, keeps him closer company and draws him nearer his heart: they hunt together, and are
equal sharers in the chase-their bed is one; and on the rocks
and on their coats of arms they carve his image as the symbol of
fidelity." (Vol. I., p. 230.)
On visiting the Sioux, they prepared for this gentleman as a
token of regard a dog feast, previous to partaking of which they
addressed him in a manner that plainly exhibits the veneration
in which they held these faithful animals, at the same time forcibly
demonstrating the peculiar circumstances under which they alone
are willing to destroy them:
" My father, I hope you will have pity upon us; we are very
poor. We offer you to-day not the best we have got; for we have
a plenty of good buffalo hump and marrow; but we give you our
hearts in this feast, we have killed our faithful dogs to feed you,
and the Great Spirit will seal our friendship. I have no more to
say." (Vol. I., p. 229.)-L.]
As a counterpart to much of this, the ancient Hyrcanians may
be mentioned, who lived near the Caspian Sea, and who deemed
it one of the strongest expressions of respect to leave the corpse
of their deceased friends to be torn and devoured by dogs. Every
5




50                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
man was provided with a certain number of these animals, as a
living tomb for himself at some future period, and these dogs
were remarkable for their fierceness.
[Not only the Hyrcanians but most of the people dwelling on
or near the Caspian sea, preserved this race or a similarly formidable one, more particularly to devour their dead; it being considered more propitiatory to the Gods, and more flattering to the
spirits of the deceased, to make this disposition of the corpse, than
consigning it to the gloomy grave or funeral pile.
This custom is noticed by Theodoret as being pursued by the
inhabitants of those parts, and was not abolished till after their
adherence to Christianity.-L.]
DOMESTICATED DOGS OF THE FIRST DIVISION.
Some of the readers of this work may possibly recollect three
beautiful dogs of this species in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London, which afforded a perfect illustration of the elongated head of the dogs belonging to Cuvier's first section. Mr.
Bennett, the Secretary of the Society, gave an interesting account
of them in 1835, derived from the observation of Sir John Franklin and Dr. Richardson.
The elongation and sharpness of the muzzle, and the small
capacity of the skull, first attract attention. The dog was doubtless fitted for its situation, where its duty is to hunt by sight after
the moose or rein-deer, but would have been comparatively worthless if he was to be guided by the scent. Its erect ears, widened
at the base and pointed at the top, gave it an appearance of vivacity and spirit. Its depth of chest, and tucked-up flank, and muscular quarters, marked it as a dog of speed, while its light frame,
and the length of the toes, and wideness of web between them,
seem to depict the kind of surface over which it was to bound. It
is not designed to seize and to hold any animal of considerable
bulk; it bounds over the snow without sinking, if the slightest
crust is formed upon it, and eagerly overtakes and keeps at bay
the moose or the rein-deer until the hunters arrive. This animal
furnishes a beautiful illustration of adaptation for a particular purpose.
The hair of these dogs is white, with patches of grayish-black
and brown. They are known only in the neighbourhood of tl e
Mackenzie River and of the Great Bear Lake in North America
They appear to be good-tempered and easily manageable, and soon
become familiar even with strangers. They are most valuable to
the Indians, who live almost entirely on the produce of the chase.
In their native country they never bark, but utter a whine and
howl resembling that of the Esquimaux dog; yet one of the three,
who was born a few days after its parents arrived at the gardens,




THE HARE INDIAN DOG.
^^








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               51
while it whined and howled occasionally with its parents, at other
times uttered the perfect bark of its companions of various breeds
around it.
[It is the general belief among the Indians and others who are
tamiliar with this dog, that his origin is connected, in some way,
with the Arctic Fox, Canis Lagopus, as he so much resembles
this animal in his general appearance and habits.
This fox when taken is easily tamed, a few days of captivity
being often sufficient to render him quite docile, and ample opportunities have thus been afforded for studying his peculiarities.
Although the cross between the wolf and dog may be considered
established beyond controversy, the testimony is not so very conclusive as regards the fox. The most authentic instances on record are perhaps those mentioned by Mr. Daniel, who states that
Mr. Tattersall had a terrier bitch, who bred by a fox, and the
produce again had whelps by dogs, also that the woodman of
Mongewell manor had a bitch, the offspring of a tame dog-fox, by
a shepherd's cur, and she again had puppies by a dog; he does not
state, however, that he knew these facts personally; but concludes
from these two instances, that the fox species may be fairly added
to the other supposed original stocks of dogs. (Daniel's Rural
Sports, vol. 1. p. 15.)
Mr. Collinson also states, that it is certain that the Siberian dog
not only copulates with the wolf, but with the fox also. Notwithstanding this assertion, he is not able to cite a single instance, but
on the other hand is forced to acknowledge, that he never met
with any person who had seen the coupling of these two animals.
The peasants of that country have a small dog, which, from their
foxy appearance, they term fox-dogs. Our Indian dogs, also, resemble somewhat the wolves and foxes, the original inhabitants of
this continent, while the canine family throughout the east is
strongly marked with the jackal, the wild aboriginees of that
portion of the world.
These dogs, when fighting, do not shake their antagonists, like
the perfectly domesticated dog; their teeth are extremely sharp,
and when snarling, the skin is drawn from the mouth; their bite
is more severe, and they show but little disposition to attack the
wolves, although quite eager in the pursuit of all other game.
The Indians had no dogs previous to the coming of the whites,
but depended in a great measure, when hunting, upon the presence
of the wolves, who, by their howlings, indicated the position of the
herds of buffalo or deer, knowing full well that after the general
carnage, they would come in for a full share of the garbage of
these animals.
Harlan, in his Fauna Americana, says, "we have very little
doubt that the various species of domestic dogs are mere varieties




52                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
of prolific hybrids, produced by the union of the wolf with the fox
or jackal. A prolific hybrid of this kind once produced, the progeny would more readily unite with the congeners of either parent,
and with each other, and in this manner give rise to the innumerable varieties which at the present day are found scattered
over the face of the earth."  (Page 77.)
It is somewhat strange, that no naturalist has, as yet, succeeded
in causing a union between the fox and dog, if the thing be possible. We ourselves are cognizant of an instance, where every
effort was made to produce an offspring from such a connexion,
but to no purpose, although the terrier bitch was thrice in heat
while confined with the fox, and lived on the most amicable terms
with him. We agree with Doct. Godman, that if a litter has ever
been generated by these two animals, they were hybrids, as nothing
to the contrary of an authentic character has been brought forward, whereas it is well known that the fox always exhibits a great
antipathy and instinctive repugnance to such an union. It is also
reasonable to suppose that if prolific hybrids had at any time been
produced, the breed, from its singular character, would have been
propagated by the fortunate possessor, either from curiosity or
utility. The intestines of the fox are shorter than those of the
dog or wolf.-L.]
THE ALBANIAN DOG
can be traced to a very remote period of history. Some of the
old authors speak of it as the dog which in the times of ancient
mythology Diana presented to Procris. Pliny describes in enthusiastic terms the combat of one of them with a lion, and afterwards with an elephant. A dog very much resembling the ancient
stories is yet found in Albania, and most of the districts of Greece.
He is almost as large as a mastiff, with long and silky hair, the
legs being shorter and stronger than those of the greyhound. He
is gentle and tractable with those whom he knows, and when there
is no point of duty at stake; but no bribe can seduce him from
his post when any trust is committed to him.
[This dog, it is very probable, was highly impregnated with
molossian blood, and like that animal, was trained both for war
and the chase. It is rather doubtful, whether the dogs presented
to Alexander the Great by the king of Albania, were those of his
own country or some that he had obtained from other parts. We
are inclined to believe that they were imported dogs, for Pliny
distinctly states, that these two were all that the generous monarch
possessed, and if destroyed could not be replaced. From this circumstance it is natural to suppose, that, if these dogs had been
native Albanians, the king would have been able to supply any
reasonable quantity of them, and, therefore, not necessitated to








7'/ -     -               ~_         _.
IZ 
7i
S\\o~       T  ~THE DANISH, OR DALMATIAN DOG. 




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                53
send this message to Alexander. On the other hand, if these dogs
had been of the pure molossian type, such as were raised in Epirus, it is probable that their huge dimensions would not have surprised this monarch so much, as it is reasonable to believe that
Alexander would certainly have seen, if not heard, of dogs so remarkable, belonging to a kingdom in immediate contiguity with
his own. We are, therefore, forced to look to some other source,
from whence came these proud dogs, who alone deigned to contend with the lion and elephant, and must yield to Strabo,
who states that these animals were of the Indian breed.L. 15.]
THE GREAT DANISH DOG, CALLED ALSO THE DALMATIAN OR
SPOTTED DOG.
The difference between these two breeds consists principally in
the size, the Dalmatian being much smaller than the Danish.
The body is generally white, marked with numerous small round
black or reddish-brown spots. The Dalmatian is said to be used
in his native country for the chase, to be easily broken, and stanch
to his work. He has never been thus employed in England, but
is chiefly distinguished by his fondness for horses, and as being
the frequent attendant on the carriages of the wealthy. To that
its office seems to be confined; for it rarely develops sufficient
sense or sagacity to be useful in any of the ordinary offices of the
dog.
[This dog is, perhaps, the tallest of the canine species in existence; the smaller Dane, or " le braque de Bengal," of the French
writers, is perhaps a cross of this animal with the pointer or hound,
or the original dog degenerated by removal from his native soil.
Although these dogs generally display little or no intelligence, and
are, in fact, denounced by many writers as being incapable of acquiring sufficient knowledge to make them in any way serviceable
for hunting, still we are led to believe that these latent qualities
might be developed in this breed as well as any other of his particular physical construction.
We had a little Dane in our possession, whom we instructed,
with little trouble, in a variety of tricks; although at first surly
and stupid, he soon exhibited great aptness and pleasure in repeating
the various lessons which we taught him. If he had been younger
we might have given him an opportunity of displaying himself in
the field, as we are confident, from his tractable disposition, that
he might have been tutored, with perseverance, even sufficiently
well to stand upon game. The dogs of Epirus were supposed
to have been spotted like the Dalmatian, if not of the same breed.
These dogs may also be the " spotted hounds" given by Pan to
Diana.
5*                  D




54                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
Let the little Dane's intellectual abilities be what they may,
long habit and association have so intimately connected him with
the stable and its occupants that he seems no longer fit for any
other purpose than that of following in the wake of the carriages
of the wealthy. This he does with peculiar fondness and singular
ingenuity; for, although constantly by the side or at the heels of
the horses, or under the tongue of the vehicle, his sure retreat
when attacked by other dogs, who seem to have an antipathy for
these pampered and fancy attendants on the affluent, he seldom or
never is trod upon, or otherwise injured.
The little Dane is often a good ratter; and a gentleman of this
city informs me that his dogs not only exhibit an attachment to
horses in general, but that one of them has a particular partiality
for an old carriage-horse, with whom he has been intimately associated for many years, and always greets his return to the stable
with every demonstration of delight, by jumping up and kissing
him, &c.-L.]
THE FRENCH MATIN.
(Canis laniarius). There is considerable difficulty in describing
this variety. The French consider it as the progenitor of all the
breeds of dogs that resemble and yet cannot be perfectly classed
with the greyhound. It should rather be considered as a species
in which are included a variety of dogs,-the Albanian, the Danish,
the Irish greyhound, and almost the pure British greyhound. The
head is elongated and the forehead flat, the ears pendulous towards
the tips, and the colour of a yellowish fawn. This is the usual
sheep-dog in France, in which country he is also employed as a
house-dog. He discharges his duty most faithfully; and, notwithstanding his flat forehead, shows himself to possess a very high
degree of intelligence.
[The French matin we have seen of every variety of colour,
being mostly patched with brown, yellow, grey, black, or white.
He is employed both in France and Germany in hunting the boar
and wolf; which savage animals he fearlessly attacks with courage
equal to any dog they possess.-L.]
THE GREYHOUND.
We find no mention of this dog in the early Grecian records.
The pugnaces and the sagaces are mentioned; but the celeresthe swift-footed-are not spoken of as a peculiar breed.  The
Celtic nations, the inhabitants of the northern continent of Europe
and the Western Islands, were then scarcely known, and the swiftfooted dogs were peculiar to those tribes. They were not, however, introduced into the more southern parts of Europe until after
the dissolution of the Roman commonwealth.




/
—.
-.-' A'.'-',~":,!I*p>.:  - ~ —'  -A
i:? 
iTHE GREYHOUND.








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                   55
The dog is, however, mentioned by Ovid; and his description
of coursing the hare is so accurate that we cannot refrain froIn
inserting it. We select a translation of it from Golding.
" 1 gat me to the knap
Of this same hill, and there behelde of this strange course the hap,
In which the beaste seemes one while caught, and ere a man would thinke
Doth quickly give the grewnda the slip, and from his biting shrinke;
And, like a wilie fox, he runs not forth directly out,
Nor makes a winlas over all the champion fields about,
But, doubling and indenting, still avoydes his enemie's lips,
An turning short, as swift about as spinning-wheele he wips,
To disappoint the snatch. The grewnd, pursuing at an inch,
Doth cotc' him, never loosing. Continually he snatches
In vaine, but nothing in his mouth, save only hair, he catches."
There is another sketch by the same poet:
"As when th' impatient greyhound, slipped from far,
Bounds o'er the glade to course the fearful hare,
She in her speed does all her safety lay,
And he with double speed pursues the prey;
O'erruns her at the sitting turn, but licks
His chaps in vain, yet blows upon the flix;
She seeks the shelter, which the neighbouring covert gives,
And, gaining it, she doubts if yet she lives."c
The English, Scotch, and Irish greyhounds were all of Celtic
derivation, and their cultivation and character correspond with
the civilization of the different Celtic tribes. The dogs that were
exported from Britain to Rome were probably of this kind. Mr.
Blaine gives an account of the progress of these dogs, which seems
to be evidently founded on truth.  " Scotland, a northern locality,
has long been celebrated for its greyhounds, which are known to
be large and wiry-coated. They are probably types of the early
Celtic greyhounds, which, yielding to the influences of a colder
climate than that they came from, became coated with a thick
and wiry hair. In Ireland, as being milder in its climate, the
frame expanded in bulk, and the coat, although not altogether,
was yet less crisped and wiry.  In both localities, there being at
that time boars, wolves, and even bears, powerful dogs were required. In England these wild beasts were more early exterminated, and consequently the same kind of dog was not retained,
but, on the contrary, was by culture made finer in coat, and of
greater beauty in form."
[The canis leporarius, or greyhound of the present day, is
quite an inferior animal in point of size, when compared with his
forefathers, who alone were occupied in the chase of the boar,
wolf, bear, deer, and other animals both powerful and savage.
As these wild animals gradually disappeared under the hand of
aGreyhound. bOvercast, or overrun. c Ovid, Metamorph., lib. i. v. 353.




56                 FIRST DIVISION OF THE
civilization, these hardy dogs were less wanted; and thus, by slow
degrees, have degenerated into the less powerful, but more beautiful and symmetrical proportions that we now see. This change,
however, has better adapted him for speed, and the coursing of
such quadrupeds as depend upon nimbleness and activity of motion, to secure their escape.
Owing, in some measure, to the climate, but more particularly
to the inactive life that they lead in this country, so much at
variance with that of England, we can lay claim to but few dogs
that would be considered above mediocrity among British sportsmen. We have seen several of these dogs which, living in a state
of idle luxury, have degenerated considerably even in the third
generation; and we cannot now recall but one dog, in the possession of a young lady in Philadelphia, that would at all come up to
the English standard of perfection; and this one is a descendant
from a fine imported stock in the second generation. The ancient
Greeks were much devoted to coursing, but previous to the time
of Arrian, their hounds were not a sufficient match, in point of
speed, for the hare, and it was seldom that their sports were
attended with success in the actual capture of this fleet animal by
the dogs alone. If taken at all, it was generally by running them
down in a long chase, or driving them into nets, toils, and other
similar contrivances, as forcibly described in the following lines
of the ancient poet, when extolling the pleasures of a country life.
"Aut trudit acres hinc et hinc multi cane
Apros in obstante plagas,
Aut amite levi rara tendit rctia,
Turdis edacibus dolos;
Pavidumve leporem, et advenam laqueo gruem,
Jucunda captat premia."-Horace, Epode ii., v. 31.
Even after the introduction of the Celtic hound, who, as before
stated, was far inferior as regards speed to the present race, it was
no easy matter to take the hare, it being necessary to carry several
couples of dogs into the field, and let them slip at certain intervals
in the chase, so that the fresh dogs might, in this way, overtake
the little animal, already frightened and fatigued by previous exertion.
In reference to this mode of coursing, the younger Xenophon
particularly enjoins that to prevent confusion in the field, naturally
arising from the hunters letting their dogs loose at improper intervals, from eagerness to see them run, " that a steward should be
appointed over the sport, should match the dogs, and give orders
to the field:-if the hare start on this side, you and you are to
slip, and nobody else; but if on that side, you and you: and let
strict attention be paid to the orders given."  Arrian, chap. xx.
Alciphron, in his familiar epistles descriptive of the domestic




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                 57
manners of the Greeks, gives a lively description of a course not
very different from those of the present day, as will be seen in the
following extract:"In trying whether the young dogs were fit for the chase, 1
started a hare from a little bush; my sons loosed the dogs from
the slips. They frightened her confoundedly, and were very near
taking the game. The hare, in her flight, climbed a steep place,
and found a retreat in some burrow. One of the more spirited
of the dogs, pressing close upon her, gasping, and expecting to
take her in his gripe, went down with her into the hole. In endeavouring to pull out the hare, he broke one of his fore-legs. I
lifted up my good dog, with his lame leg, and found the hare half
devoured: thus, when I hoped to get something, I encountered a
serious loss."  Letter ix.
We will close our remarks upon this subject by introducing a
few descriptive lines, selected from one of the very rare English
authors who have attempted a versification of this exciting sport.
" Yet if for silvan sport thy bosom glow,
Let thy fleet greyhound urge his flying foe.
With what delight the rapid course I view!
How does my eye the circling race pursue!
He snaps deceitful air with empty jaws;
The suttle hare darts swift beneath his paws;
She flys, he stretches, now with nimble bound
Eager he presses on, but overshoots his ground:
She turns, he winds, and soon regains the way,
Then tears with goary mouth the screaming prey."
Gay's Poems, vol i.-Rural Sports, v. 290.-L.]
Mr. Richardson, in his History of the Greyhound, gives a different derivation of the name of this dog. He says that the greyhound was of Grecian origin-canis Grcecus,-that Graecus was
not unfrequently written Gracius, and thence was derived the term
greyhound. This derivation, however, is somewhat too far-fetched.
Mention occurs of the greyhound in a very early period of the
British history. He was an inmate of the Anglo-Saxon kennels
in the time of Elfric, king of Mercia. There are paintings of
him that can be satisfactorily traced to the ninth century. In the
time of Canute he was reckoned first in degree of rank among
the canine species, and no one under the degree of a gentleman,
liberalis, or more properly, perhaps, a freeholder, was allowed by
the forest laws to keep them. Even he could not keep them
within two miles of a royal forest, unless two of the toes were cut
off, and for every mile that an uncut dog was found within this
distance a fine of a shilling was levied on the owner. The nobleman was rarely seen abroad without his hawk upon his fist, and
his greyhound at his side.




58                  FIRST DIVISION OF THIE
Henry II. was passionately fond of them. John spared no expense to procure good horses and swift hounds, and appears frequently to have received greyhounds in lieu of money on the issue
or removal of grants. For the renewal of a grant in the year
1203 he received five hundred marks, ten horses, and ten leashes
of greyhounds, and for another, in 1210, one swift running horse
and six greyhounds.
The Isle of Dogs, now devoted to purposes of commerce,
derived its name from its having been, at this period, the receptacle of the greyhounds and spaniels of this monarch. It was
selected on account of its contiguity to Waltham and the other
royal forests where coursing was a frequent amusement. For
the same purpose he often took up his abode at Greenwich.a
Blount's Ancient Tenures abound with instances of the high
repute in which this dog has ever been held in Great Britain.
The holders of land in the manor of Setene in Kent were compelled, as the condition of their tenure to Edward I. and II., to
lend their greyhounds, when this king went into Gascony, " so
long as a pair of shoes of 4d price would last." Edward III.
was partial to greyhounds; for when he was engaged in war with
France he took with him sixty couples of them, besides other large
hunting dogs.
Charles I. was as fond of the greyhound as his son Charles II.
was of the spaniel. Sir Philip Warwick thus writes of that
unfortunate monarch: " Methinks, because it shows his dislike of
a common court vice, it is not unworthy the relating of him, that
one evening, his dog scratching at his door, he commanded me to
let in Gipsy; whereupon I took the boldness to say, Sir, I pera A singular story is told of Richard  The duke, who knewe not the grayII., and one of these dogs. It is given  hounde, demanded of the kynge what
in the language of Froissart. "A  the grayhounde wolde do?'Cousin,'
grayhounde called Mithe, who al- quod the kynge,' it is a greate goode
ways wayted upon the kynge, and  token to you, and an evyl signe to
woulde knowe no man els.   For   me.''How knowe you that?' quod
when so ever the kynge did ryde, he  the duke.'I knowe it well,' quod
that kept the grayhounde dyd lette the kynge.'The grayhounde achim lose, and he wolde streyght knowledgeth you here this daye as
runne to the kynge and faune uppon  Kynge of England, as ye shall be,
hym, and leape with his fore fete  and I shal be deposed; the grayuppon the kynge's shoulders. And, hounde hath this knowledge natuas the kynge and the Erle of Derby  rally: therefore take hym to you, he
talked togyder in the courte, the gray- wyll followe you and forsake me.'
hounde, who was wonte to leape   The duke understood well those words,
uppon the kynge, left the kynge and  and cheryshed the grayhounde, who
came to the Erie of Derby, Duke of  wolde never after followe kynge
Lancastre; and made to him the   Richarde, but followed the duke of
same friendly continuance and chere  Lancastre."
as he was wonte to do to the kynge.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                     59
ceive you love a greyhound better than you do a spaniel. Yes,
says he, for they equally love their masters, and yet do not flatter
them so much."
On most of the old tombs in the sculpture of which the dog is
introduced, the greyhound is represented lying at the feet of his
master; and an old Welsh proverb says that a gentleman may be
known by his hawk, his horse, and his greyhound.
The following poetical record of the fidelity, prowess, and illfate of Gelert, the favourite greyhound of Llewellyn Prince of
Wales, and son-in-law to King John, will be read with interest:The spearman heard the bugle sound
And cheerly smiled the morn,
And many a brach and many a hound
Obeyed Llewellyn's horn.
And stihl be blew a louder blast,
And gave a louder cheer,
"Come, Gelert I why art thou the last
Llewellyn's horn to hear?"
" Oh, where does faithful Gelert roam?
The flower of all his race!
So true, so brave; a lamb at home,
A lion in the chase?"'Twas only at Llewellyn's board
The faithful Gl6ert fed,
He watched, he served, he cheered his lord,
And sentinel'd his bed.
In sooth he was a peerless hound,
The gift of royal John;
But now no Gelert could be found,
And all the chase rode on.
And now as over rocks and dells
The gallant chidings rise,
All Snowdon's craggy chaos yells
With many mingled cries.
That day Llewellyn little loved
The chase of hart or hare;
And scant and small the booty proved,
For Gelert was not there.
Unpleased Llewellyn homeward hied.
When near the portal seat
His truant Gelert he espied,
Bounding his lord to greet.
But when he gained the castle-door,
Aghast the chieftain stood;
The houndwas smeared with gouts of goreHis lips and fangs ran blood.




60                    FIRST DIVISION OF THE
Llewellyn gazed with wild surprise:
Unused such looks to meet,
His favourite check'd his joyful guise
And crouched and licked his feet.
Onward in haste Llewellyn pass'd,
And on went Gelcrt too;
And still where'er his eyes he cast,
Fresh blood-gouts shocked his view.
O'erturned his infant's bed he found,
The blood-stained covert rent;
And all around the walls and ground,
With recent blood besprent.
He called his child-no voice repliedHe searched with terror wild:
Blood! blood! he found on every side,
But nowhere found the child.' Hellhound! by thee my child's devoured P
The frantic father cried;
And to the hilt his vengeful sword
He plunged in Gelert's side.
His suppliant, as to earth he fell,
No pity could impart;
But still his Gelert's dying yell
Passed heavy o'er his heart.
Aroused by G6lert's dying yell,
Some slumberer wakened nigh:
What words the parent's joy can tell
To hear his infant cry!
Concealed beneath a mangled heap
His hurried search had missed,
All glowing from his rosy sleep,
His cherub boy he kissed.
Nor scratch had he, nor harm, nor dread,
But the same couch beneath,
Lay a great wolf, all torn and dead,
Tremendous still in death.
Ah, what was then Llewellyn's pain!
For now the truth was clear:
The gallant hound the wolf had slain,
To save Llewellyn's heir.
Vain, vain was all Llewellyn's wo:
"Best of thy kind, adieu!
The frantic deed which laid thee low,
This heart shall ever rue."
And now a gallant tomb they raise,
With costly sculpture decked;
And marbles, storied with his praise,
Poor Gelert's bones protect.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                   61
Here never could the spearman pass,
Or forester, unmoved;
Here oft the tear-besprinkled grass
Llewellyn's sorrow proved.
And here he hung his horn and spear;
And oft, as evening fell,
In fancy's piercing sounds would hear
Poor Gelert's dying yell!
It will be evident, however, from the story of the noble hound
whose history is just related, that the greyhounds of the time were
very different from those which are used at the present day. There
are no Gelerts now to combat successfully with the wolf, if these
ferocious animals were yet to be met with in our forests.  The
greyhound of this early period must have resembled the Irish
wolf-dog of the present day, a larger, stronger, fiercer dog than we
are accustomed to see.
The owner of Gelert lived in the time of John, in the early part
of the thirteenth century; but, at the latter part of the fifteenth
century, the following singular description is given of the greyhound of that period. It is extracted from a very curious work
entitled "The Treatise perteynynge to Hawkynge, Huntynge,
&c., emprynted at Westmestre, by Wynkyn de Werde, 1496."
A greyhounde should be headed lyke a snake,
And neckyd lyke a drake,
Fotyd lyke a cat,
Tayled lyke a ratte,
Syded like a teme
And chyned like a bream.
The fyrste yere he must lerne to fede,
The seconde yere to feld him lede.
The thyrde yere he is felow lyke.
The fourth yere there is none syke.
The fifth yere he is good ynough.
The syxth yere he shall hold the plough,
The seventh yere he will avaylle
Grete bytches for assayle.
But when he is come to the ninth yere
Have him then to the tannere;
For the best hounde that ever bytch had
At the ninth yere is full bad.
As to the destiny of the poor animal in his ninth year, we differ
from the author; but it cannot be denied that few dogs retain
their speed beyond the eighth or ninth year.
There can scarcely be a better description of the greyhound of
the present day; but it would not do for the antagonist of the
wolf. The breed had probably begun to degenerate, and that process would seem to have slowly progressed. Towards the close
of the last century, Lord Orford, a nobleman enthusiastically de6




62                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
voted to coursing, imagined, and rightly, that the greyhound of
his day was deficient in courage and perseverance. He bethought
himself how this could best be rectified, and he adopted a plan
which brought upon him much ridicule at the time, but ultimately
redounded to his credit. He selected a bull-dog, one of the smooth
rat-tailed species, and he crossed one of his greyhound bitches
with him. He kept the female whelps and crossed them with
some of his fleetest dogs, and the consequence was, that, after the
sixth or seventh generation, there was not a vestige left of the form
of the bulldog; but his courage and his indomitable perseverance
remained, and, having once started after his game, he did not
relinquish chase until he fell exhausted or perhaps died. This
cross is now almost universally adopted. It is one of the secrets in
the breeding of the greyhound.
Of the stanchness of the well-bred greyhound, the following is a
satisfactory example. A hare was started before a brace of greyhounds, and ran by them for several miles.  When they were
found, both the dogs and the hare lay dead within a few yards of
each other. A labouring man had seen them turn her several
times; but it did not appear that either of them had caught her,
for there was no wound upon her.
A favourite bitch of this breed was Czarina, bred by Lord Or
ford, and purchased at his decease by Colonel Thornton: she won
every match for which she started, and they were no fewer than
forty-seven. Lord Orford had matched her for a stake of considerable magnitude; but, before the appointed day arrived, he
became seriously ill and was confined to his chamber. On the
morning of the course he eluded the watchfulness of his attendant,
saddled his favourite piebald pony, and, at the moment of starting,
appeared on the course. No one had power to restrain him, and
all entreaties were in vain. He peremptorily insisted on the dogs
being started, and he would ride after them. His favourite bitch
displayed her superiority at every stroke; she won the stakes: but
at the moment of highest exultation he fell from his pony, and,
pitching on his head, almost immediately expired. With all his
eccentricities, he was a kind, benevolent, and honourable man.
In the thirteenth year of her age, and in defiance of the strange
verses just now quoted, Czarina began to breed, and two of her
progeny, Claret and young Czarina, challenged the whole kingdom and won their matches. Major, and Snowball, without a
white spot about him, inherited all the excellence of their dam.
The former was rather the fleeter of the two, but the stanchness
of Snowball nothing could exceed. A Scotch greyhound, who had
beaten every opponent in his own country, was at this time brought
to England, and challenged every dog in the kingdom.  The
challenge was accepted by Snowball, who beat him in a two-mile




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               63
course. Snowball won the Malton cup on four successive years,
was never beaten, and some of his blood is now to be traced in
almost every good dog in every part of the kingdom, at least in all
those that are accustomed to hunt in an open country. The last
match run by Snowball was against Mr. Plumber's celebrated
greyhound Speed; and, so severely contested was it, that Speed
died soon afterwards. A son of the old dog, called Young Snowball, who almost equalled his father, was sold for one hundred
guineas.
The speed of the greyhound has been said to be equal to that
of the fleetest horse. A singular circumstance, which occurred at
Doncaster, proved that it was not much inferior. A mare cantering over the Doncaster course, her competitor having been withdrawn, was joined by a greyhound bitch when she had proceeded
about a mile. She seemed determined to race with the mare,
which the jockey humoured, and gradually increased his pace,
until at the distance they put themselves at their full speed. The
mare beat her antagonist only by a head. The race-horse is, perhaps, generally superior to the greyhound on level ground, but the
greyhound would have the advantage in a hilly country.
Lord Rivers succeeded to Major Topham and Colonel Thornton, the owners of Major and Snowball, as the leading man on the
course. His kennels at Strathfieldsaye were the pride of the
neighbouring country. At first he bore away almost every prize,
but breeding too much in and in, and for speed more than for
stoutness, the reputation of his kennel considerably declined before
his death.
In 1797 a brace of greyhounds coursed a hare over the edge of
a chalk-pit at Offham, in Sussex. The hare and both the dogs
were found dead at the bottom of the pit.
On another occasion a hare was chased by a brace of greyhounds: she was killed at the distance of seven miles from the
place at which they started. Both of the dogs were so exhausted,
that every possible assistance being given, they were with difficulty
recovered.
The English greyhound hunts by sight alone; not because he
is altogether devoid of scent, but because he has been taught to
depend upon his speed, and that degree of speed which is utterly
incompatible with the searching out of the scent. It is like a pack
of hounds, running breast high, with the game in view. They
are then running by sight, and not by scent, almost doubling their
usual pace, and sometimes, from an unexpected turning of the fox
or hare, thrown out for a little while. The hound soon recovers
the track by his exquisite sense of smell. The English greyhound
is never taught to scent his game, but, on the contrary, is called




64               FIRST DIVISION OF THE
off the moment he has lost sight of the hare, the re-starting of
which is left to the spaniel.
The English greyhound is distinguished by its peculiarly long
and attenuated head and face, terminating in a singular sharpness
of the nose, and length of the muzzle or mouth. There are two
results from this: the length of the mouth gives a longer grasp
and secures the prey, but, as the nasal cavities and the cavity of
the skull are proportionately diminished, there is not so much room
for the expansion of the membrane of the nose, there is less power
of scent, and less space for the development of the brain.
There is little want of extraordinary acute hearing, and the ears
of the greyhound are small compared with his bulk. Markham
recommends the ears to be close, sharp, and drooping, neither protruding by their bulk, nor tiring by their weight.
The power of the eye is but of little consequence, for the game
is rarely distant from the dog, and, therefore, easily seen.
The neck is an important portion of the frame. It should be
long, in order to correspond with the length of the legs, and thus
enable the dog to seize and lift the game, as he rapidly pursues his
course, without throwing any undue or dangerous weight on the
fore extremities. In the act of seizing the hare the short-necked
dog may lose the centre of gravity and fall.
The chest is a very important part of the greyhound, as well as
of every other animal of speed. It must be capacious: this capacity must be obtained by depth rather than by width, in order that
the shoulders may not be thrown so far apart as to impede progression.
The form and situation of the shoulders are of material consequence; for on them depends the extent of the action which the
animal is capable of exerting. The shoulders should be broad
and deep, and obliquely placed. They are so in the horse, and
the action of the dog depends entirely on this conformation.
The fore legs should be set on square at the shoulder: bulging
out at the elbow not only gives a clumsy appearance, but makes
the dog slow. The legs should have plenty of bone, and be straight,
and well set on the feet, and the toes neither turned out nor in.
The fore arm, or that portion of the leg which is between the
elbow and the knee, should be long, straight, and muscular. These
are circumstances that cannot be dispensed with. The length of
the fore arm, and the low placing of the pastern, are of essential
importance.
With regard to the form of the back and sides of the greyhound, Mr. Thacker says, with much truth, that " It is the strength
of the back which is brought into requisition, in particular, in
running over hilly ground. Here may be said to rest the distinction between long and short backs, supposing both to be good and




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                     65
strong. The more lengthy the back, and proportionately strong,
the more the greyhound is calculated to beat the shorter-backed
dog on the flat; but on hilly ground one with a shorter back will
have the advantage."'
The ribs should also be well arched. We would perhaps avoid
him with sides too decidedly outswelling, but still more would we
avoid the direct flat-sided dog.
Without really good haunches and muscular thighs, it has been
well remarked that the odds are against any dog, be his other
points whatever they may.   It is by the propulsatory efforts of the
muscles of the loins and thighs that the race is won. The thighs
should be large, and muscularly indented; the hocks broad, and,
like the knee, low placed. These are very important points; for,
as Mr. Blaine has properly remarked, " on the extent of the angles
formed between these several portions of the hinder limbs, depends
the extent of the space passed over at each bound."
The colour of the greyhound varies exceedingly. Some are
perfectly black  and glossy.   In strength and endurance, the
brindled dog, or the brown or fawn-coloured one, is the best. The
white greyhound, although a beautiful animal and swift, is not,
perhaps, quite so much to be depended on.
The greyhound is said to be deficient in attachment to his master
and in general intelligence. There is some truth in the imputation; but, in fact, the greyhound has, far less than even the hound,
the opportunity of forming individual attachments, and no other
exercise of the mind is required of him than to follow the game
which starts up before him, and to catch it if he can. If, however, he is closely watched he will be found to have all the intellect that his situation requires.b
As to the individual attachment which the greyhound may form,
a Thacker on Sporting.         they could gnaw the cords asunder,
b The writer of this work had a  and displace the rod, and fish out the
brace of greyhounds as arrant thieves  meat as before. Small chains were
as ever lived. They would now and  then substituted for the cords, and
then steal into the cooking-room be-  the meat was cooked in safety for
longing to the kennel, lift the lid from  nearly a week, when they fbund
the boiler, and, if any portion of the  that, by rearing themselves on their
joint or piece of meat projected above  hind legs, and applying their united
the water, suddenly seize it, and be- strength towards the top of the boiler,
fore there was time for them to feel they could lift it out of its bed and
much of its heat, contrive to whirl it roll it along the floor, and so get at
on the floor, and eat it at their leisure  the broth, although the meat was out
as it got cold. In order to prevent  of their reach. The man who looked
this, the top of the boiler was secured  after them expressed himself heartily
by an iron rod passing under its  glad when they were gone; for, he
handle, and tied to the handle of the  said, he was often afraid to go into
boiler on each side; but not many  the kennel, and was sure they were
days passed ere they discovered that  devils, and not dogs.
6*




66                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
he has not always or often the opportunity to acquire or to exhibit
it. The keeper exercises over him a tyrannical power, and the
owner seldom notices him in the manner which excites affection,
or scarcely recognition; but, as a plea for the seeming want of
fondness, which, compared with other breeds, he exhibits, it will
be sufficient to quote the testimony of the younger Xenophon,
who had made the greyhound his companion and his friend.
"I have myself bred up," says he, "a swift, hard-working,
courageous, sound-footed dog. He is most gentle and kindly
affectioned, and never before had I any such a dog for myself, or
my friend, or my fellow-sportsman. When he is not actually engaged in coursing, he is never away from me. On his return he
runs before me, often looking back to see whether I had turned
out of the road, and as soon as he again catches sight of me,
showing symptoms of joy, and once more trotting away before me.
If a short time only has passed since he has seen me or my friend,
he jumps up repeatedly by way of salutation, and barks with joy
as a greeting to us. He has also many different tones of speech,
and such as I never heard from any other dog. Now really I do
not think that I ought to be ashamed to chronicle the name of this
dog, or to let posterity know that Xenophon the Athenian had a
greyhound, called Horm6, possessed of the greatest speed, and intelligence, and fidelity, and excellent in every point."
[The Greek sportsmen held their dogs in peculiar estimation;
they were not only their attendants in the field, but their constant
companions in their houses, were fed from their tables, and even
shared their beds. It is with some degree of pleasure that the
patrons of this noble animal will witness, in the following remarks,
the tender solicitude with which this people watched over their
dogs.
"There is nothing like a soft and warm bed for greyhounds,
but it is best for them to sleep with men, as they become thereby
affectionately attached, pleased with the contact of the human
body, and as fond of their bed-fellow as of their feeder. If any
ailing affect the dog the man will perceive it, and will relieve him
in the night, when thirsty, or urged by any call of nature. He
will also know how the dog has rested. For if he has passed a
sleepless night, or groaned frequently in his sleep, or thrown up
any of his food, it will not be safe to take him out coursing. All
these things the dog's bed-fellow will be acquainted with." (Arrian,
chap. ix. Trans.)
It was also not an unusual circumstance for the most polished
Greeks, when sending notes of invitation to their friends, requesting their presence in celebration of some festive occasion, to
extend the same civilities to their favourite dogs, by desiring them
to be brought along, as will be seen by the following paragraph




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               67
selected from a letter of this kind addressed by one friend to
another.
" I am about to celebrate the birth-day of my son, and I invite
you, my Pithacion, to the feast. But come not alone; bring with
you your wife, children, and your brother. If you will bring also
your bitch, who is a good guard, and by the loudness of her voice
drives away the enemies of your flocks, she will not, I warrant,
disdain to be partaker of our feast, &c." (Letter xviii., Alciphron's Epistles.)-L.]
The greyhound has within the last fifty years assumed a somewhat different character from that which he once possessed. He
is distinguished by a beautiful symmetry of form, of which he
once could not boast, and he has even superior speed to that which
he formerly exhibited. He is no longer used to struggle with the
deer, but he contends with his fellow over a shorter and speedier
course.
The rules for breeding and breaking-in of greyhounds are very
simple. The utmost attention should be paid to the qualities of
the parents; for it is as certain in these dogs as in the horse that
all depends upon the breeding. The bitch should be healthy and
of good size; the dog muscular, stanch, and speedy, and somewhat larger than the bitch. Both should have arrived at their full
vigour, and with none of their powers beginning to fail. Those
as much as possible should be selected whose peculiar appearance
bids fair to increase the good qualities and diminish the bad ones
on either side. The best blood and the best form should be diligently sought. Breeding from young dogs on either side should,
generally speaking, be avoided. With regard to older dogs,
whether male or female, there may be less care. Many greyhounds, both male and female, eight, nine, and ten years of age,
have been the progenitors of dogs possessing every stanch and
good quality.
On no consideration, however, should the bitch be put to the
dog before she is two years old. Little can be done to regulate
the period of oestrum; but the most valuable breed will be almost
invariably that which is produced during the spring, because at
that time there will often be opportunity for that systematic exercise on which the growth and powers of the dog so materially
depend. A litter of puppies in the beginning or even the middle
of winter will often be scarcely worth the trouble or expense of
rearing.
The age of the greyhound is now taken from the first day in the
year; but the conditions of entry are fixed at different periods.' It
seems, however, to be agreed that no dog or bitch can qualify for
a puppy cup after two years of age.
One principle to be ever kept in mind is a warm and comforta



68                 FIRST DIVISION OF THE
ble situation, and a plentiful supply of nourishment for the mother
and for the puppies from the moment of their birth. The dog that
is stinted in his early growth will never do its owner credit. The
bitch should be abundantly supplied with milk, and the young
ones with milk and bread, and oatmeal, and small portions of flesh
as soon as they are disposed to eat it; great care, however, being
taken that they are not over-gorged. Regular and proper feeding,
with occasional exercise, will constitute the best preparation for
the actual training. If a foster-mother be required for the puppies, it should, if possible, be a greyhound; for it is not at all impossible that the bad qualities of the nurse may to a greater or less
degree be communicated to the whelps. Bringing up by hand is
far preferable to the introduction of any foster-mother. A glass
or Indian-rubber bottle may be used for a little while, if not until
the weaning. Milk at first, and afterwards milk and sop alternately, may be used.
There is a difference of opinion whether the whelp should be
kept in the kennel and subjected to its regular discipline, or placed
at walk in some farm-house. In consequence of the liberty he
will enjoy at the latter, his growth will probably be more rapid;
but, running with the farmers' dogs, and probably coursing many
hares, he will acquire, to a certain degree, a habit of wildness. It
is useless to deny this; but, on the other hand, nothing will contribute so much to the development of every power as a state of
almost unlimited freedom when the dogs are young. The wildness that will be exhibited can soon be afterwards restrained so
far as is necessary, and the dog who has been permitted to exert
his powers when young will manifest his superiority in more advanced age, and in nothing more than his dexterity at the turn.
When the training actually commences, it should be preceded
by a couple of doses of physic, with an interval of five or six days,
and, probably, a moderate bleeding between them; for, if the dog
begins to work overloaded with flesh and fat, he will suffer so
severely from it that possibly he will never afterwards prove a
game dog. In the course of his training he should be allowed
every advantage and experience every encouragement. His courses
should be twice or thrice a-week, according to their severity, and
as often as it can be effected he should be rewarded with some
mark of kindness.
In the'Sportsman' for April, 1840, is an interesting account
of the chase of the hare. It is said that, in general, a good greynound will reach a hare if she runs straight. He pursues her
eagerly, and the moment he is about to strike at her she turns
short, and the dog, unable to stop himself, is thrown from ten to
twenty yards from her. These jerking turns soon begin to tell
upon a dog, and an old well-practised hare will seldom fail to make




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               69
her escape. When, however, pursued by a couple of dogs, the
hare has a more difficult game to play, as it frequently happens
that when she is turned by the leading dog she has great difficulty
in avoiding the stroke of the second.
It is highly interesting to witness the game of an old hare. She
has generally some brake or thicket in view, under the cover of
which she means to escape from her pursuers. On moving from
her seat she makes directly for the hiding-place, but, unable to
reach it, has recourse to turning, and, wrenched by one or the
other of her pursuers, she seems every moment almost in the jaws
of one of them, and yet in a most dexterous manner she accomplishes her object. A greyhound, when he perceives a hare about
to enter a thicket, is sure to strike at her if within any reasonable
distance. The hare shortens her stride as she approaches the
thicket, and at the critical moment she makes so sudden, dexterous, and effectual a spring, that the dogs are flung to a considerable distance, and she has reached the cover and escaped.
The isle of Cyprus has for many years been celebrated for its
breed of the greyhound. On grand days, or when the governor is
present, the sport is conducted in a curious manner. When the
hare is ready to become the prey of its enemies, the governor
rushes forwards, and, throwing before the greyhounds a stick
which he carries, they all instantaneously stop. The hare now
runs a little distance; but one of the swiftest greyhounds is then
let loose. He pursues the hare, and, having come up with it,
carries it back, and, springing on the neck of the governor's horse,
places it before him. The governor delivers it to one of his
officers, who sends it to the park, where he maintains many
prisoners of the same kind; for he will not destroy the animal that
has contributed to his amusement."
The following, according to Mr. Blaine, an ardent courser in
his youth, is the best mode of feeding greyhounds at regular work:
-"The dogs had a full flesh meal every afternoon or evening, as
more nutriment is derived from night-feeding than by day, and
when sleeping than when waking. In the morning they were let
out, and either followed the keeper about the paddock, or the
groom in his horse exercise, and then had a trifling meal of mixed
food, as a quieting portion, until the evening full meal. Such was
our practice on the days when no coursing was contemplated, and,
with the exception of lowering the quantity and quality of the
evening meal, the same plan was pursued throughout the year.
On the day previous to coursing, if we intended anything like an
exhibition of our dogs before company engaged to meet us on the
marshes, we gave a plentiful meal early the previous day, some
a Scott's Sportsman's Repository, p. 97.
E




70                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
exercise also in the afternoon, and a light supper at night, of meal
with either broth or milk, with a man on horseback going a gentle
trot of six or seven miles an hour."T
Mr. Thacker orders the greyhounds out on the fore part of
every day; but, instead of being loose and at liberty, they would
be much better two and two; then, when he meets with a proper
field to loose them in, to give them a good gallop. This will be a
greater novelty than if they had been loose on the road, and they
will gallop with more eagerness. Four days in a week will be
enough for this exercise. On one day there should be a gallop of
one or two miles, or even a course for each brace of dogs.
The young dog has usually an older and more experienced one
to start with him. That which is of most importance is, that his
leader should be a thoroughly stout and high-nettled dog. If he
shrinks or shies at any impediment, however formidable, the young
one will be sure to imitate him, and to become an uncertain dog,
if not a rank coward. Early in November is the time when these
initiatory trials are to be made. It is of consequence that the
young one should witness a death as soon as possible. Some
imagine that two old dogs should accompany the young one at its
first commencement. After the death of the leveret, the young
dog must be coaxed and fondled, but never suffered to taste the
blood.
In kennels in which the training is regularly conducted, the dog
should be brushed all over twice every day. Few things contribute so much to health as general cleanliness, and friction applied
to the skin. Warmth is as necessary for greyhounds as for horses,
and should not be forgotten in cold weather. Body-clothing is a
custom of considerable antiquity, and should not be abandoned.
The breeder of greyhounds for the purpose of coursing must
reckon upon incurring considerable expense; but, if he loves the
sport, he will be amply remunerated by the speed and stoutness of
his dogs.
A question has arisen whether, on the morning of the coursing,
any stimulant should be given to the dog. The author of this
work would unhesitatingly approve of this practice. He has had
abundant experience of the good effect of it; but the stimulus must
be that which, while it produces the desired effect, leaves no exhaustion behind.b
THE SCOTCH GREYHOUND
has the same sharpness of muzzle, length of head, lightness of ear,
and depth of chest, as the English dog; but the general frame is
stronger and more muscular, the hind quarters more prominent,
a Blaine's Encyclopedia of Sport-  b For a set of laws for Coursing
ing.                         Matches, see Appendix.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                71
there is evident increase of size and roughness of coit, and there
is also some diminution of speed. If it were not for these points,
these dogs might occasionally be taken for each other. In coursing the hare, no north-country dog will stand against the lighter
southern, although the southern would be unequal to the labour
often required from the Highlander.
The Scotch greyhound is said-perhaps wrongly-to be oftenest
used by those who look more to the quantity of game than to the
fairness and openness of the sport, and in some parts of the country this dog is not permitted to be entered for a sweepstakes, because, instead of depending on his speed alone, as does the English greyhound, he has recourse to occasional artifices in order to
intercept the hare. In sporting language he runs sly, and, therefore, is sometimes excluded.
THE HIGHLAND GREYHOUND, OR DEER-HOUND,
is a larger, stronger, and fiercer dog, and may be readily distinguished from the Lowland Scotch greyhound by its pendulous,
and, generally, darker ears, and by the length of hair which almost
covers his face. Many accounts have been given of the perfection
of its scent, and it is said to have followed a wounded deer during
two successive days. He is usually two inches taller than the
Scotch greyhound. The head is carried particularly high, and
gives to the animal a noble appearance. His limbs are exceedingly
muscular, his back beautifully arched. The tail is long and
curved, but assumes the form of an almost straight line when he is
much excited. The only fault which these dogs have is their occasional ill-temper, or even ferocity; but this does not extend to
the owner and his family.
It appears singular that the English greyhound exhibits so little
power of scent; but this is simply because he has never been
taught to use it, or has been cruelly corrected when he has attempted to exercise it.
Holinshed relates the mischief that followed the stealing of one
of these dogs: —" Divers of the young Pictesh nobilitye repaired
unto Craithlint, King of the Scots, for to hunt and make merie
with him; but, when they should depart homewards, perceiving
that the Scotish dogs did far excel theirs, both in fairnesse, swiftnesse, and hardinesse, and also in long standing up and holding
out, they got diverse both dogs and bitches of the best kind for
breed, to be given them by the Scotish Lords; and yet not so contented, they stole one belonging to the King from his keeper,
being more esteemed of him than all the others which he had
about him. The maister of the leash, being informed hereof
pursued after them that had stolen the dog, thinking, indeed, to
]lave taken him from them; but they not being to part with him




72                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
fell at altercation, and at the end chanced to strike the maister of
the leash through with their horse spears, so that he did die presently. Whereupon noise and crie being raised in the country by
his servantes, divers of the Scots, as they were going home from
hunting, returned, and falling upon the Picts to revenge the death
of their fellow, there ensued a shrewed bickering betwixt them;
so that of the Scots there died three score gentlemen, besides a
great number of the commons, not one of them understanding
what the matter meant. Of the Picts there were about 100 slaine."
Mr. H. D. Richardson describes a cross between the greyhound and British bloodhound:-" It is a tall muscular raw-boned
dog, the ears far larger, and more pendulous, than those of the
greyhound or deer-hound. The colour is generally black, or
black and tan; his muzzle and the tips of the ears usually dark.
He is exceedingly swift and fierce; can pull down a stag singlehanded; runs chiefly by sight, but will also occasionally take up
the scent. In point of scent, however, he is inferior to the true
deer-hound. This dog cannot take a turn readily, but often fails
at the double."'
THE IRISH GREYHOUND.
This dog differs from the Scotch, in having shorter and finer
hair, of a pale fawn colour, and penident ears. It is, compared
with the Scotch dog, gentle and harmless, perhaps indolent, until
roused. It is a larger dog than the Scottish dog, some of them
being full four feet in length, and proportionately muscular. On
this account, and also on account of their determined spirit when
roused, they were carefully preserved by some Irish gentlemen.
They were formerly used in hunting the wolf when that animal
infested the forests of Ireland. Mr. Bell says that the last person
who kept the pure breed was Lord Altamont, who in 1780 had
eight of them.b
THE GASEHOUND,
the agasceus of forner times, was probably allied to, or connected
with, the Irish greyhound. It hunted entirely by sight, and, if its
orey was lost for a time, it could recover it by a singular distinguishing faculty. Should the deer rejoin the herd, the dog would
unerringly select him again from all his companions:
" Seest thou the gasehound how with glance severe
From the close herd he marks the destined deer?,,c
There is no dog possessed of this quality at present known in
Europe; but the translator of Arrian thinks that it might be produced between the Irish greyhound and the bloodhound.
a Sportsman, vol. xi. p. 314.  b Bell's British Quadrupeds, p. 241.
c Tickell's Miscellanies.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                73
THE IRISH WOLF-DOG.
This animal is nearly extinct, or only to be met with at the
mansions of one or two persons by whom he is kept more for show
than use, the wild animals which he seemed powerful enough to
conquer having long disappeared from the kingdom. The beauty
of his appearance and the antiquity of his race are his only claims,
as he disdains the chase of stag, fox, or hare, although he is ever
ready to protect the person and the property of his master. His
size is various, some having attained the height of four feet, and
Dr. Goldsmith states that he saw one as large as a yearling calf.
He is shaped like a greyhound, but stouter; and the only dog
which the writer from whom this account is taken ever saw approaching to his graceful figure, combining beauty with strength,
is the large Spanish wolf-dog: concerning which he adds, that,
showing one of these Spanish dogs to some friends, he leaped
through a window into a cow-house, where a valuable calf was
lying, and seizing the terrified animal, killed it in an instant;
some sheep having in the same way disappeared, he was given
away. The same writer says that his grandfather had an Irish
wolf-dog which saved his mother's life from a wolf as she was
paying a visit attended by this faithful follower. He rushed on
his foe just when he was about to make his spring, and after a
fierce struggle laid him dead at his mistress's feet. His name was
Bran.a
THE RUSSIAN GREYHOUND
is principally distinguished by its dark-brown or iron-grey colour
-its short semi-erect ears-its thin lanky body-long but muscular legs-soft thick hair, and the hair of its tail forming a spiral
twist, or fan, (thence called the fan-tailed dog,) and as he runs
having a very pleasing appearance. He hunts by scent as well as
by sight, and, therefore, small packs of this kind are sometimes
kept, against which the wolf, or even the bear, would stand little
chance. He is principally used for the chase of the deer or the
wolf, but occasionally follows the hare. The deer is the principal
object of pursuit, and for this he is far better adapted than to contend with the ferocious wolf. His principal faults are want of
activity and dexterity. He is met with in most parts of Russia,
where his breed is carefully preserved by the nobility, with whom
coursing is a favourite diversion.
Some dogs of this breed were not long ago introduced into
Ireland.
a Sporting Mag. 1837, p. 156.
7




74                FIRST DIVISION OF THE
THE GRECIAN GREYHOUND.
The author is glad that he is enabled to present his readers
with the portrait of one now in the menagerie of the Zoological
Society of London. It is the dog whose image is occasionally
sculptured on the friezes of some of the ancient Grecian temples,
and was doubtless a faithful portrait of one of the dogs which
Xenophon the Athenian valued, and was the companion of the
heroes of Greece in her ancient glory.
The principal difference between the Grecian and the English
greyhound is, that the former is not so large, the muzzle is not
so pointed, and the limbs are not so finely framed.
THE TURKISH GREYHOUND
is a small-sized hairless dog, or with only a few hairs on his tail.
He is never used in the field, and bred only as a spoiled pet, yet
not always spoiled, for anecdotes are related of his inviolable
attachment to his owner. One of them belonged to a Turkish
Pacha who was destroyed by the bowstring. He would not forsake the corpse, but laid himself down by the body of his murdered master, and presently expired.
THE PERSIAN GREYHOUND
is a beautiful animal. He is more delicately framed than the
English breed; the ears are also more pendulous, and feathered
almost as much as those of a King Charles's spaniel. Notwithstanding, however, his apparent slenderness and delicacy, he yields
not in courage, and scarcely in strength, to the British dog.
There are few kennels in which he is found in which he is not
the master.
In his native country, he is not only used for hunting the hare,
but the antelope, the wild ass, and even the boar. The antelope
is speedier than the greyhound: therefore the hawk is given to
him as an ally. The antelope is no sooner started than the hawk
is cast off, who, fluttering before the head of the deer, and sometimes darting his talons into his head, disconcerts him, and enables the greyhound speedily to overtake and master him. The
chase, however, in which the Persians chiefly delight, and for
which these greyhounds are mostly valued, is that of the gihookhan, or wild ass. This animal inhabits the mountainous districts of Persia. He is swift, ferocious, and of great endurance,
which, together with the nature of the ground, renders this sport
exceedingly dangerous. The hunter scarcely gives the animal a
fair chance, for relays of greyhounds are placed at various distances in the surrounding country; so that, when those by which
the animal is first started are tired, there are others to continue




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VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                75
the chase. Such, however, is the speed and endurance ot the
ghoo-khan, that it is seldom fairly run down by the greyhounds,
its death being usually achieved by the rifle of some horseman.
The Persians evince great skill and courage in this dangerous
sport, galloping at full speed, rifle in hand, up and down the most
precipitous hills, and across ravines and mountain streams, that
might well daunt the boldest rider."
The Persian greyhound, carried to Hindoostan, is not always
to be depended upon; but, it is said, is apt to console itself by
hunting its own master, or any one else, when the game proves
too fleet or escapes into the cover.
THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND
possesses all the symmetry of the English or Persian one, on a
small scale. So far as beauty can recommend.it, and, generally
speaking, good nature, it is deservedly a favourite in the drawingroom; but, like the large greyhound, it is inferior in intelligence.
It has no strong individual attachment, but changes it with singular facility. It is not, however, seen to advantage in its petted
and degraded state, but has occasionally proved a not unsuccessful courser of the rabbit and the hare, and exhibited no small
share of speed and perseverance. In a country, however, the
greater part of which is infested with wolves, it cannot be of much
service, but exposed to unnecessary danger. It is bred along the
coasts of Italy, principally for the purpose of sale to foreigners.
In order to acquire more perfect beauty of form, and more
activity also, the English greyhound has received one cross from
the Italian, and with decided advantage. The speed and the
beauty have been evidently increased, and the courage and stoutness have not been diminished.
It has been said that Frederick the Great of Prussia was very
fond of a small Italian greyhound, and used to carry it about with
him under his cloak. During the seven years' war, he was pursued by a party of Austrian dragoons, and compelled to take shelter, with his favourite, under the dry arch of a bridge. Had the
little animal, that was naturally ill-tempered and noisy, once
barked, the monarch would have been taken prisoner, and the
fate of the campaign and of Prussia decided; but it lay perfectly
still, and clung close to its master, as if conscious of their mutual
danger. When it died, it was buried in the gardens of the palace
at Berlin, and a suitable inscription placed over its grave.
a New Sports. Mag. xiii. 124.




pi6               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
CHAPTER III.
THE VARIETIES OF THE DOG.
SECOND DIVISION.
The head moderately elongated, the parietals not approaching
from their insertion, but rather diverging, so as to enlarge the
cerebral cavities and the frontal sinuses; consequently giving to
these dogs greater power of scent and intelligence.  They constitute the most pleasing and valuable division of the Dog.
The Spaniel is evidently the parent of the Newfoundland dog
and the setter; while the retriever, the poodle, the Bernardine,
the Esquimaux, the Siberian, and the Greenland dogs, the shepherd and drover's dog, and every variety distinguished for intelligence and fidelity, have more or less of his blood in them.
THE SPANIEL
is probably of Spanish origin, and thence his name. The ears
are large and pendent, the tail elevated, the fur of a different
length in different parts of the body, but longest about the ears,
under the neck, behind the thighs and on the tail, varying in
colour, but most commonly white with brown or black patches.
There are many varieties of the spaniel. The smallest of the
land spaniels is
THE COCKER.
It is chiefly used in flushing woodcocks and pheasants in thickets and copses into which the setter, and even the springer, can
scarcely enter.
"But, if the shady woods my cares employ,
In quest of feathered game my spaniels beat,
Puzzling the entangled copse, and from the brake
Push forth the whirring pheasant."
The cocker is here very useful, although he is occasionally an
exceedingly impatient animal. He is apt to whimper and babble
as soon as he comes upon the scent of game, and often raises the
bird before the sportsman is within reach: but when he is sufficiently broken in not to give tongue until the game rises, he is
exceedingly valuable. There can scarcely be a prettier object
than this little creature, full of activity, and bustling in every
direction, with his tail erect; and, the moment he scents the bird,
expressing his delight by the quivering of every limb, and the low
eager whimpering which the best breaking cannot always subdue.




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VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                77
Presently the bird springs, and then he shrieks out his ecstasy,
startling even the sportsman with his sharp, shrill, and strangely
expressive bark.
The most serious objection to the use of the cocker is the difficulty of teaching him to distinguish his game, and Confine himself within bounds; for he will too often flush everything that
comes within his reach. It is often the practice to attach bells to
his collar, that the sportsman may know where he is; but there is
an inconvenience connected with this, that the noise of the bells
will often disturb and spring the game before the dog comes fairly
upon it.
Patience and perseverance, with a due mixture of kindness and
correction, will, however, accomplish a great deal in the tuition
of the well-bred spaniel. He may at first hunt about after every
bird that presents itself, or chase the interdicted game; but, if he
is immediately called in and rated, or perhaps corrected, but not
too severely, he will learn his proper lesson, and will recognise
the game, to which alone his attention must be directed. The
grand secret in breaking in these dogs is mildness, mingled with
perseverance, the lessons being enforced, and practically illustrated
by the example of an old and steady dog.
These spaniels will sometimes vie with almost every other species of dog in intelligence, and will not yield to one of them in
fidelity. A gentleman in Sussex had an old cocker, that was his
constant companion, both in the house and the field. If the morning was rainy, the dog was perfectly quiet; if it was fine, he became restless, and, at the usual time for his master to go out, he
would take him by the flap of his coat, and gently pull at it. If
the door was opened, he ran immediately to the keeper's lodge,
which was at a considerable distance from the house. This was
a signal for the other dogs to be brought up, and then he trotted
back to announce their approach.
[This beautiful and interesting dog, so called from his peculiar
suitableness for woodcock shooting, is but little known among us
except as a boudoir companion for our ladies. He is, nevertheless, extensively used in England by sportsmen for finding and
flushing this bird, as also the pheasant; and no doubt, if introduced into our country, would prove equally, if not more serviceable, in putting up game concealed in the thickets and marshy
hollows of our uncleared grounds. Having extremely fine scenting powers, they are also employed in greyhound coursing, to give
warning of the proximity of a hare, which they seldom fail to
accomplish.
This active little animal hunts with great spirit, and soon becomes attached to the sport; in fact the only difficulty to be overcome in breaking him, is the effort it requires to make him sup7*




78               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
press his natural ardour and withhold his exclamations of delight
till the bird is actually on the wing. The tutelage of the cocker
intended for the field should commence as early as possible, and
is not, as mpny suppose, attended with great difficulty. His first
lessons should be confined to the art of bringing and carrying,
which he soon, in common with all the other members of the
spaniel tribe, learns. The next thing to be inculcated is implicit
obedience to our wishes; then, at the age of four months or so, he
may be carried to the field, where his natural fondness for hunting
will soon be developed by his chasing every bird within his reach.
When this impulse is fully exhibited, and the dog expresses gratification in the amusement, he should be then instructed to give
chase, or not, at his master's pleasure. When this desirable end
has been accomplished, he may be introduced to the particular
kinds of game which it is proposed to hunt him on, and by slow
degrees teach him to confine his attentions to those varieties alone.
It is absolutely necessary that the dog be forced to hunt as near
to the sportsman as possible, otherwise the game will be flushed
at such a distance that it will be impossible to get at it. The
cocker spaniel is much smaller than the springer; his ears are
long, pendulous, and silky; his body round and compact; his legs
short and tufted; his coat variable; his nose black; tail bushy and
feathered, and, when hunting, is kept in constant motion.
Some are black and white, others liver colour and yellow: the
latter variety we have most usually seen in this country, and some
of them have been represented to us as well-broken and serviceable dogs.-L.]
THE KING CHARLES'S SPANIEL,
so called from the fondness of Charles II. for it-who usually had
some of them following him, wherever he went-belongs likewise
to the cockers. Its form and character are well preserved in one
of the paintings of the unfortunate parent of that monarch and his
family. The ears deeply fringed and sweeping the ground, the
rounder form of the forehead, the larger and moister eye, the
longer and silken coat, and the clearness of the tan, and white
and black colour, sufficiently distinguish this variety. His beauty
and diminutive size have consigned him to the drawing-room or
parlour.
Charles the First had a breed of spaniels, very small, with the
hair black and curly. The spaniel of the second Charles was of
the black and tan breed.
The King Charles's breed of the present day is materially altered
for the worse. The muzzle is almost as short, and the forehead
as ugly and prominent, as the veriest bull-dog. The eye is increased to double its former size, and has an expression of stupid



VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                79
ity with which the character of the dog too accurately corresponds
Still there is the long ear, and the silky coat, and the beautiful
colour of the hair, and for these the dealers do not scruple to ask
twenty, thirty, and even fifty guineas.
[This breed of dog was cultivated with such jealous care by the
late Duke of Norfolk, that no solicitation or entreaty could induce
this nobleman to part with one of these favourites, except under
certain peculiar stipulations and injunctions, as detailed in the
following interview of Mr. Blain with the late Duchess of York.
"On one occasion, when we were accompanying Her Royal Highness to her menagerie, with almost a kennel of canine favourites
behind her, after drawing our attention to a jet black pug pup she
had just received from Germany, she remarked that she was going
to show me what she considered a present of much greater rarity,
which was a true King Charles's breed sent to her by the Duke
of Norfolk.' But,' she observed,' would you believe he could be
so ungallant as to write word that he must have a positive promise
not from myself, but from the Duke of York, that I should
not breed from it in the direct line?'"  Notwithstanding these
selfish restrictions on the part of this noble patron of the spaniel,
this breed of dog has become quite common in England, and not
a few have found their way to this country.-L.]
THE SPRINGER.
This dog is slower and steadier in its range than the cocker;
but it is a much safer dog for the shooter, and can better stand a
hard day's work. The largest and best breed of springers is said
to be in Sussex, and is much esteemed in the Wealds of that
county.
From a cross with the terrier a black and tan variety was procured, which was cultivated by the late Duke of Norfolk, and
thence called the Norfolk Spaniel. It is larger than the common
springer, and stancher, and stouter. It often forms a strong individual attachment, and is unhappy and pines away when separated
from its master. It is more ill-tempered than the common springer,
and, if not well broken in, is often exceedingly obstinate.
[Mr. Skinner informs us that this breed, in its greatest purity,
may be found in the Carrollton family, as also in the possession
of Mr. Keyworth of Washington city.-L.]
THE BLACK AND TAN SPANIEL,
the cross of the terrier being nearly or quite got rid of, is often a
beautiful animal, and is much valued, although it is frequently
considered a somewhat stupid animal.  The cocker and the
springer are sometimes used as finders in coursing.
7*




80               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
THE BLENHEIM SPANIEL,
a breed cultivated by one of the Dukes of Marlborough, belongs
to this division. From its beauty, and occasional gaiety, it is
oftener an inhabitant of the drawing-room than the field; but it
occasionally breaks out, and shows what nature designed it for.
Some of these carpeted pets acquit themselves nobly in the covert.
There they ought oftener to be; for they have not much individuality of attachment to recommend them, and, like other spoiled
animals, both quadruped and biped, misbehave. The breed has
degenerated of late, and is not always to be had pure, even in the
neighbourhood of Blenheim. This spaniel may be distinguished
by the length and silkiness of the coat, the deep fringe about the
ear, the arch and deep-feathering of the tail, the full and moist
eye, and the blackness of the palate.
THE WATER-SPANIEL.
Of this breed there are two varieties, a larger and smaller, both
useful according to the degree of range or the work required; the
smaller, however, being ordinarily preferable. Whatever be his
general size, strength and compactness of form are requisite. His
head is long, his face smooth, and his limbs, more developed than
those of the springer, should be muscular, his carcase round, and
his hair long and closely curled. Good breaking is more necessary here than even with the land-spaniel, and, fortunately, it is
more easily accomplished; for, the water-spaniel, although a stouter,
is a more docile animal than the land one.
Docility and affection are stamped on his countenance, and he
rivals every other breed in his attachment to his master. His work
is double; first to find, when ordered so to do, and to back behind
the sportsman when the game will be more advantageously trodden
up. In both he must be taught to be perfectly obedient to the
voice, that he may be kept within range, and not unnecessarily
disturb the birds. A more important part of his duty, however,
is to find and bring the game that has dropped. To teach him to
find is easy enough, for a young water-spaniel will as readily take
to the water as a pointer puppy will stop; but to bring his game
without tearing is a more difficult lesson, and the most difficult of
all is to make him suspend the pursuit of the wounded game while
the sportsman re-loads.
The water-spaniel was originally from Spain; but the pure breed
has been lost, and the present dog is probably descended from the
large water-dog and the English setter.
The water and land spaniels differ materially from each other.
The water-spaniel, although when at his work being all that his




~~~~~~~~~~~~I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
N —-~~~~~~~~~~~~~ v-                                          -
HE WATER SPANIEL.                      <
{\ 








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                81
master can desire, is, when unemployed, comparatively a slow and
inactive dog; but under this sobriety of demeanor is concealed a
strength and fidelity of attachment to which the more lively landspaniel cannot always lay just claim. The writer of this work
once saved a young water-spaniel from the persecution of a crowd
of people who had driven it into a passage, and were pelting it
with stones. The animal had the character of being, contrary to
what his species usually are, exceedingly savage; and he suffered
himself to be taken up by me and carried from his foes with a kind
of sullenness; but when, being out of the reach of danger, he
was put down, he gazed on his deliverer, and then crouched at his
feet.
From that moment he attached himself to his new master with
an intensity of affection scarcely conceivable-never expressed by
any boisterous caresses, but by endeavouring to be in some manner in contact with him; resting his head upon his foot; lying
upon some portion of his apparel, his eye intently fixed upon him;
endeavouring to understand every expression of his countenance.
He would follow one gentleman, and one only, to the river-side,
and behave gallantly and nobly there; but the moment he was
dismissed he would scamper home, gaze upon his master, and lay
himself down at his feet. In one of these excursions he was shot.
He crawled home, reached his master's feet, and expired in the
act of licking his hand.
Perhaps the author may be permitted to relate one story more
of the water-spaniel: he pledges himself for its perfect truth. The
owner of the dog is telling this tale. "I was once on the seacoast, when a small, badly-formed, and leaky fishing-boat was cast
on shore, on a fearful reef of rocks. Three men and a boy of ten
years old constituted the crew. The men swam on shore, but
they were so bruised against the rocks, that they could not render
any assistance to the poor boy, and no person could be found to
venture out in any way. I heard the noise and went to the spot
with my dog. I spoke to him, and in he went, more like a seal
than a dog, and after several fruitless attempts to mount the wreck 
he succeeded, and laid hold of the boy, who clung to the ropes,
screaming in the most fearful way at being thus dragged into the
water. The waves dashed frightfully an the rocks. In the anxiety
and responsibility of the moment I thought that the dog had
missed him, and I stripped off my clothes, resolved to render
what assistance I could. I was just in the act of springing from
the shore, having selected the moment when the receding waves
gave me the best chance of rendering any assistance, when I saw
old'Bagsman,' for that was the name of my dog, with the struggling boy in his mouth, and the head uppermost. I rushed to the




82               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
place where he must land, and the waves bore the boy and tne
dog into my arms.
" Some time after that I was shooting wild-fowl. I and my dog
had been working hard, and I left him behind me while I went to
a neighbouring town to purchase gunpowder. A man, in a
drunken frolic, had pushed off in a boat with a girl in it; the tide
going out carried the boat quickly away, and the man becoming
frightened, and unable to swim, jumped overboard. Bagsman,
who was on the spot, hearing the splash, jumped in, swam out to
the man, caught hold of him, and brought him twenty yards towards the shore, when the drunken fellow clasped the dog tight
round the body, and they both went down together. The girl
was saved by a boat going to her assistance. The body of the
man was recovered about an hour afterwards, with that of the dog
clasped tight in his arms, thus dragging him to the bottom.' Poor
Bagsman! thy worth deserves to be thus chronicled.'"
THE POODLE.
The particular cross from which this dog descended is unknown,
but the variety produced has been carefully preserved. It is, probably, of continental origin, and is known by its thick curly hair
concealing almost every part of the face, and giving it the appearance of a short, thick, unintelligent head. When, however, that
hair is removed, there is still the large head; but there is also the
cerebral cavity more capacious than in any other dog, and the
frontal sinuses fully developed, and exhibiting every indication of
the intellectual class to which it belongs.
It was originally a water-dog, as its long and curly hair, and its
propensities in its domesticated state, prove; but, from its peculiar
sagacity, it is capable of being trained to almost any useful purpose, and its strong individual attachment renders it more the
companion of man than a mere sporting dog: indeed, its qualities
as a sporting dog are seldom recognised by its owner.
These dogs have far more courage than the water-spaniel, all
~the sagacity of the Newfoundland, more general talent, if the
expression may be used, and more individual attachment than
either of them, and without the fawning of the one, or the submissiveness of the other. The poodle seems conscious of his
worth, and there is often a quiet dignity accompanying his demonstrations of friendship.
This dog, however, possesses a very peculiar kind of intelligence.
It will almost perform the common offices of a servant: it will
ring the bell and open the door. Mr. Wilkie, of Ladythorn in
Northumberland, had a poodle which he had instructed to go
through all the apparent agonies of dying. He would fall on one
side, stretch himself out, and move his hind legs as if he were in




Rai?
THlE POODLE.
/1








VARIETIES OF THE DOG..3
great pain; he would next simulate the convulsive throbs of departing life, and then stretch out his limbs and thus seem as if he
had expired. In this situation he would remain motionless, until
he had his master's command to rise. 
The portrait of Sancho, a poodle, that was with difficulty forced
from the grave of his master, after the battle of Salamanca, is
familiar to many of our readers. Enticed from his post he could
not be, nor was he at length taken away until weakened by grief
and starvation. He by degrees attached himself to his new master,
the Marquis of Worcester, but not with the natural ardour of a
poodle. He was attentive to every command, and could perform
many little domestic offices. Sometimes he would exhibit considerable buoyancy of spirit; but there oftener seemed to be about
him the recollection of older and closer friendship.
Another poodle occupies an interesting place in the history of
the Peninsular war. He too belonged to a French officer, who
was killed at the battle of Castella. The French were compelled
to retreat before they could bury their dead, and the soldiers
wished to carry with them this regimental favourite; but he would
not be forced from the corpse of his master. Some soldiers afterwards traversing the field of battle, one of them discovered the
cross of the Legion of Honour on the breast of the fallen officer,
and stooped to take it away, when the dog flew savagely at him,
and would not quit his hold, until the bayonet of another soldier
laid him lifeless.
A veterinary surgeon, who, before any other animal than the
horse was acknowledged to be the legitimate object of medical
care, did not disdain to attend to the diseases of the dog, used to
say that there were two breeds which he never wished to see in
his infirmary, namely, the poodle and the Norfolk spaniel; for,
although not always difficult to manage, he could never attach
them to him, but they annoyed him by their pitiful and imploring
gaze during the day, and their mournful howling at night.
Custom has determined that the natural coat of this animal shall
be taken from him. It may be a relief to the poodle for a part of
his coat to be stripped off in hot weather, and the curly hair which
is left on his chest, contrasted with his smooth and well-rounded
loins and quarters, may make it look pretty enough; but it should
be remembered that he was not designed by nature to be thus exposed to the cold of winter, and that there are no dogs so liable to
rheumatism, and that rheumatism degenerating into palsy, as the
well-trimmed poodle.
THE BARBET
is a small poodle, the production of some unknown and disadvantageous cross with the true poodle. It has all the sagacity of the




84               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
poodle, and will perform even more than his tricks. It is always
in action; always fidgety; generally incapable of much affection,
but inheriting much self-love and occasional ill temper; unmanageable by any one but its owner; eaten up with red mange; and
frequently a nuisance to its master and a torment to every one else.
We must not, however, do it injustice; it is very intelligent,
and truly attached to its owner.
The barbet possesses more sagacity than most other dogs, but
it is sagacity of a particular kind, and frequently connected with
various amusing tricks. Mr. Jesse, in his Gleanings in Natural
History, gives a singular illustration of this. A friend of his had
a barbet that was not always under proper command. In order to
keep him in better order, he purchased a small whip, with which
he corrected him once or twice during a walk. On his return the
whip was put on a table in the hall, but on the next morning it
was missing. It was soon afterwards found concealed in an outbuilding, and again made use of in correcting the dog. Once
more it would have been lost, but, on watching the dog, who was
suspected of having stolen it, he was seen to take it from the hall
table in order to hide it once more.
THE MALTESE DOG
can be traced back to an early period. Strabo says that "there is
a town in Sicily called Melita, whence are exported many beautiful dogs called Canes Jielitcei. They were the peculiar favourites
of the women; but now (A.D. 25) there is less account made of
these animals, which are not bigger than common ferrets or
weasels, yet they are not small in understanding nor unstable in
their love." They are also found in Malta and in other islands
of the Mediterranean, and they maintain the same character of
being devotedly affectionate to their owners, while, it is added,and they are not loved the less for that, - they are ill-tempered to
strangers.
THE LION DOG
is a diminutive likeness of the noble animal whose name it bears.
Its head, neck, shoulders, and fore-legs down to the very feet, are
covered with long, wavy, silky hairs. On the other parts of the
dog it is so short as scarcely to be grasped, except that on the tail
there is a small hush of hair. The origin of this breed is not
known; it is, perhaps, an intermediate one between the Maltese
and the Turkish dog.
THE TURKISH DOG,
as it is improperly called, is a native of hot climates. The supposition of Buffon is not an improbable one, that, being taken








AI,!i:1/4 I
THI E ALPINE  SPANIEL, Or  BERNAR1) INE DOG.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               85
from some temperate country to one considerable hotter, the European dog probably acquired some cutaneous disease. This is
no uncommon occurrence in Guinea, the East Indies, and South
America. Some of these animals afterwards found their way into
Europe, and, from their singularity, care was taken to multiply
the breed. Aldrovandus states that the first two of them made
their appearance in Europe in his time, but the breed was not
continued, on account, as it was supposed, of the climate being
too cold for them.
The few that are occasionally seen in England bear about them
every mark of a degenerated race. They have no activity, and
they show little intelligence or affection. One singular circumstance appertains to all that the author of this work has had the
opportunity of seeing,-their teeth become very early diseased,
and drop from the gums. That eminent zoologist, Mr. Yarrell,
examining, with the author of this work, one that had died, certainly not more than five years old, found that it had neither incisors nor canine teeth, and that the molars were reduced to one
on each side, the large tubercular tooth being the only one that
was remaining. At the scientific meeting of the Zoological Society, the same gentleman stated, that he had examined the mouths
of two individuals of the same variety, then alive at the gardens,
in both of which the teeth were remarkably deficient. In neither
of them were there any false molars, and the incisors in both were
deficient in number. Before the age of four years the tongue is
usually disgustingly hanging from the mouths of these animals.
THE ALPINE SPANIEL, OR BERNARDINE DOG,
is a breed almost peculiar to the Alps, and to the district between
Switzerland and Savoy. The passes over these mountains are
exceedingly dangerous from their steepness and narrowness. A
precipice of many hundred feet is often found on one side, and
perpendicular rocks on the other, while the path is glazed with
frozen snow or ice. In many places the path is overhung with
huge masses of frozen snow, which occasionally loosen and fall,
when the dreadful storms peculiar to these regions suddenly come
on, and form an insurmountable barrier, or sweep away or bury
the unfortunate traveller. Should he escape these dangers, the
path is now become trackless, and he wanders amid the dreary
solitudes until night overtakes him; and then, when he pauses
from fatigue or uncertainty with regard to the path he should pursue, his limbs are speedily benumbed. Fatal slumbers, which he
cannot shake off, steal upon him, and he crouches under some
ledge, and sleeps, to wake no more. The snow drifts on. It is
almost continually falling, and he is soon concealed from all human help.
8                     F




86               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
On the top of Mount St. Bernard, and near one of the most
dangerous of these passes, is a convent, in which is preserved a
breed of large dogs trained to search for the benighted and frozen
wanderer. Every night, and particularly when the wind blows
tempestuously, some of these dogs are sent out. They traverse
every path about the mountains, and their scent is so exquisite
that they can discover the traveller, although he may lie many
feet deep in the snow. Having found him, they set to work and
endeavour to scrape away the snow, uttering a deep bark that reverberates from rock to rock, and tells those who are watching in
the convent that some poor wretch is in peril. Generally, a little
flask of spirits is tied round the neck of the animal, by drinking
which the benighted traveller may recruit his strength, until more
effectual rescue arrive. The monks hasten in the direction of the
sound, and often succeed in rekindling the vital spark before it is
quite extinguished. Very many travellers have been thus rescued
from death by these benevolent men and their intelligent and interesting quadruped servants.
One of these Bernardine dogs, named Barry, had a medal tied
round his neck as a badge of honourable distinction, for he had
saved the lives of forty persons. He at length died nobly in his
vocation. A Piedmontese courier arrived at St. Bernard on a
very stormy day, labouring to make his way to the little village
of St. Pierre, in the valley beneath the mountain, where his wife
and children lived. It was in vain that the monks attempted to
check his resolution to reach his family. They at last gave him
two guides, each of whom was accompanied by a dog, one of
which was the remarkable creature whose services had been so
valuable. Descending from the convent, they were overwhelmed
by two avalanches or heaps of falling snow, and the same destruction awaited the family of the poor courier, who were travelling
up the mountain in the hope of obtaining some news of the husband and father.
A beautiful engraving has been made of this noble dog. It
represents him as saving a child which he had found in the Glacier
of Balsore, and cherished, and warmed, and induced to climb
upon his shoulders, and thus preserved from, otherwise, certain
destruction.
THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.
The Newfoundland is a spaniel of large size. He is a native
of the island of which he bears the name; but his history is disgraceful to the owners of so valuable an animal. The employment
of the lower classes of the inhabitants of St. John, in Newfoundland, is divided between the cutting of wood, and the drawing of
it and other merchandise in the winter, and fishing in the summer.




THE  NEWFOUNDLAND          DOG,~~~~~~~~~







VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                87
The carts used in the winter work are drawn by these dogs, who
are almost invariably urged and goaded on beyond their strength,
fed only with putrid salt-fish, and an inadequate quantity even of
that. A great many of them are worn out and die before tha
winter is over; and, when the summer approaches, and the fishing
season commences, many of them are quite abandoned, and,
uniting with their companions, prowl about preying on the neighbouring flocks, or absolutely starving.
Mr. Macgregor, however, states that "in almost every other
part of British America they are valuable and useful. They are
remarkably docile and obedient to their masters, serviceable in all
the fishing countries, and yoked in pairs to draw the winter's fuel
home. They are faithful, good-natured, and ever friendly to man.
They will defend their master and their master's property, and
suffer no person to injure either the one or the other; and, however extreme may be the danger, they will not leave them for a
minute. They seem only to want the faculty of speech, in order
to make their good wishes and feelings understood, and they are
capable.of being trained for all the purposes for which every other
variety of the canine species is used."a
That which most recommends the Newfoundland dog is his
fearlessness of water, and particularly as connected with the preservation of human life. The writer of the present work knows one
of these animals that has preserved from drowning four human
beings.
[This breed of dog, though much esteemed both in England
and other portions of the world, as well for his majestic appearance as for many useful and winning traits of character, has but
few sportsmen as patrons with us. He is not only used in England
as a water-dog for the pursuit of wild fowl, but has been trained
by many sportsmen to hunt on partridges, woodcocks, and pheasants, and is represented by Captain Hawker and others as surpassing all others of the canine race, in finding wounded game of
every description.
Mr. Blain remarks that, " as a retriever, the Newfoundland dog
is easily brought to do almost anything that is required of him,
and he is so tractable, likewise, that, with the least possible trouble,
he may be safely taken among pointers to the field, with whose
province he will not interfere, but will be overjoyed to be allowed
to look up the wounded game, which he will do with a perseverance that no speed and no distance can slacken, nor any hedgerow baulk. In cover he is very useful; some, indeed, shoot woodcocks to a Newfoundland, and he never shines more than when he
is returning with a woodcock, pheasant, or hare, in his mouth,
a Historical and Descriptive Sketches of British America, by J. Macgregor




88               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
which he yields up, or even puts into your hand unmutilated."
Notwithstanding the high commendations of these gentlemen,
we cannot look upon the Newfoundland in any other light than
that of a dog, whose powers of sagacity are destined for display in
the water.
In contending with this element, either in the preservation of
human life, or in search of wounded fowl, he has no equal, and
volumes might be filled with accounts of his various daring achievements in this particular branch, not only in England, but on the
rivers of our own country. Mr. BIain mentions two varieties of
these dogs as being common in England, the Labrador and St.
John. The former is very large, rough-haired, and carries his
tail very high; the latter is smaller, more docile, and sagacious in
the extreme, and withal much more manageable. We were not
aware of these varieties, and more particularly as regards the difference in docility and sagacity, but are convinced, from subsequent observations, that such is the case even in our own country,
for we have often noticed a great dissimilarity in the size and
appearance of these dogs and attributed it to the effects of the
climate and cross breeding with inferior animals. We are indebted
to Mr. Skinner for bringing before the public a faithful and minute
account of two of these animals imported into this country by Mr.
Law, of Baltimore, and may be pardoned for giving again publicity to this gentleman's letter in relation to these two sagacious
brutes.
BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
January 7th, 1845.
" MY DEAR SIR:-In the fall of 1807 I was on board of the ship
Canton, belonging to my uncle, the late Hugh Thompson, of Baltimore, when we fell in, at sea, near the termination of a very
heavy equinoctial gale, with an English brig in a sinking condition,
and took off the crew. The brig was loaded with codfish, and
was bound to Poole, in England, from Newfoundland. I boarded
her, in command of a boat from the Canton, which was sent to
take off the English crew, the brig's own boats having been all
swept away, and her crew in a state of intoxication. I found on
board of her two Newfoundland pups, male and female, which I
saved, and, subsequently, on our landing the English crew at Norfolk, our own destination being Baltimore, I purchased these two
pups of the English captain for a guinea a-piece. Being bound
again to sea, I gave the dog-pup, which was called Sailor, to Mr.
John Mercer, of West River; and the slut-pup, which was called
Canton, to Doctor James Stewart, of Sparrow's Point. The history which the English captain gave me of these pups was, that
the owner of his brig was extensively engaged in the Newfound



VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                89
land trade, and had directed his correspondent to select and send
him a pair of pups of the most approved Newfoundland breed, but of
different families, and that the pair I purchased of him were selected
under this order. The dog was of a dingy red colour, and the
slut black. They were not large; their hair was short, but very
thick coated; they had dew claws. Both attained great reputation as water-dogs. They were most sagacious in everything,
particularly so in all duties connected with duck-shooting. Governor Lloyd exchanged a Mexican ram for the dog at the time
of the merino fever, when such rams were selling for many
hundred dollars, and took him over to his estate on the eastern
shore of Maryland, where his progeny were well known for many
years after, and may still be known there, and on the western
shore, as the Sailor breed. The slut remained at Sparrow's Point
till her death, and her progeny were, and are still, well known
through Patapsco Neck, on the Gunpowder, and up the bay,
amongst the duck-shooters, as unsurpassed for their purposes. I
have heard both Doctor Stewart and Mr. Mercer relate most extraordinary instances of the sagacity and performances of both dog
and slut, and would refer you to their friends for such particulars
as I am unable, at this distance of time, to recollect with sufficient
accuracy to repeat.
Yours, in haste,
GEORGE LAW."
These dogs are represented as being of fine carriage, broadchested, compact figure, and in every respect built for strength
and activity.
Their patience and endurance were very great when pursuing
wounded ducks through the floating ice, and when fatigued from
extraordinary exertions were known to rest themselves upon broken
portions of ice till sufficiently recovered again to commence the
chase. We have seen some of the descendants of these sagacious
animals on the Chesapeake, engaged, not only in bringing the
ducks from the water when shot, but also toling them into shore
within range of the murderous batteries concealed behind the
blind.
This may not be an inappropriate place to speak of this wonderful mode of decoying ducks, termed toling, so extensively practised upov the Chesapeake bay and its tributaries, where the
canvass-back and red-heads resort in such numerous quantities
every fall. A species of mongrel water-dog, or often any common
cur, is taught to run backwards and forwards after stones, sticks,
or other missiles thrown from one side to the other. In his activity and industry in this simple branch of education, within the
8*




90               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
comprehension of any dog, consists the almost incredible art ol
toling the canvass-back.
With a dog of this character, the shooting party, consisting of
several persons all prepared with heavy double-barrelled duck-guns,
esconce themselves at break of day behind some one of the nu
merous blinds temporarily erected along the shore contiguous to
the feeding-grounds of these ducks. Everything being arranged,
and the morning mists cleared off, the ducks will be seen securely
feeding on the shallows not less than several hundreds of yards
from the shore. The dog is now put in motion by throwing stones
from one side of the blind to the other. This will soon be perceived by the ducks, who, stimulated by an extreme degree of
curiosity, and feeling anxious to inform themselves as to this sudden
and singular phenomenon, raise their heads high in the water and
commence swimming for the shore. The dog being kept in
motion, the ducks will not arrest their progress until within a few
feet of the water's edge, and oftentimes will stand on the shore
staring, as it were, in mute and silly astonishment at the playful
motions of the dog.
If well trained the dog takes no notice whatever of the duck
but continues his fascination until the quick report of the battery
announces to him that his services are now wanted in another
quarter, and he immediately rushes into the water to arrest the
flight of the maimed and wounded, who, struggling on every side,
dye the water with their rich blood.
The discovery of this mode of decoying ducks was quite an
accident, being attributed to a circumstance noticed by a sportsman, who, concealed behind a blind patiently awaiting the near
approach of the canvass-back, observed that they suddenly lifted
up their heads and moved towards the shore. Wondering at this
singular and unusual procedure on the part of this wray bird, he
naturally looked round to discover the cause, and observed a young
fox sporting upon the river bank, and the ducks, all eagerness to
gaze upon him, were steering their course directly for the shore.
These ducks will not only be decoyed by the dog, but will often
come in by waving a fancy coloured handkerchief attached to the
ramrod. We have seen a dog fail to attract their attention till
bound around the loins with a white handkerchief, and then succeed perfectly well. The toling season continues about three
weeks from the first appearance of the ducks, often a much shorter
time, as these birds become more cautious, and are no longer deceived in this way.
The canvass-back toles better than any other duck; in fact, it is
asserted by many sportsmen, that this particular variety alone can
be decoyed in this mode. There are always numbers of other
ducks feeding with the canvass-back, particularly the red-heads




VARIETIES OF TIlE DOG.              91
and black-necks, who partake of the top of the grass that the canvass-back discards after eating off the root, which is a kind of
celery. These ducks, though they come in with the canvass-back
when toled, do not seem to take any notice whatever of the dog,
but continue to swim along, carelessly feeding, as if entrusting
themselves entirely to the guidance of the other ducks.
As far as we have been able to judge, we are inclined to this
opinion also, and do not recollect ever having succeeded in toling
any other species of duck, unaccompanied by the canvass-back,
although we have made the effort many times. These ducks are
a very singular bird, and although very cunning under ordinary
circumstances, seem perfectly bewildered upon this subject, as we
were one of a party several years since, who actually succeeded in
decoying the same batch of ducks three successive times in the
course of an hour, and slaying at each fire a large number, as we
counted out over forty at the conclusion of the sport.
Although the toling of ducks is so simple in its process, there
are few dogs that have sufficient industry and perseverance to
arrive at any degree of perfection in the art. The dog, if not
possessed of some sagacity and considerable training, is very apt to
tire and stop running when the ducks have got near to the shore,
but too far off to be reached by the guns, which spoils all, as the
birds are very apt to swim or fly off if the motion of the animal
is arrested for a few moments.-L.]
A native of Germany was travelling one evening on foot through
Holland, accompanied by a large dog. Walking on a high bank
which formed one side of a dyke, his foot slipped, and he was
precipitated into the water; and, being unable to swim, soon
became senseless. When he recovered his recollection, he found
himself in a cottage on the contrary side of the dyke, surrounded
by peasants, who had been using the means for the recovery of
drowned persons. The account given by one of them was, that,
returning home from his labour, he observed at a considerable distance a large dog in the water, swimming and dragging, and sometimes pushing along something that he seemed to have great difficulty in supporting, but which he at length succeeded in getting
into a small creek on the opposite side. When the animal had
pulled what he had hitherto supported as far out of the water as
he was able, the peasant discovered that it was the body of a man,
whose face and hands the dog was industriously licking. The
peasant hastened to a bridge across the dyke, and, having obtained
assistance, the body was conveyed to a neighbouring house, where
proper means soon restored the drowned man to life. Two very
considerable bruises, with the marks of teeth, appeared, one on
his shoulder and the other on his poll; hence it was presumed that
the faithful beast had first seized his master by the shoulder, and




92               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
swam with him in this manner for some time, but that his sagacity
had prompted him to quit this hold, and to shift it to the nape of
the neck, by which he had been enabled to support the head out
of water; and in this way he had conveyed him nearly a quarter
of a mile before he had brought him to the creek, where the
banks were low and accessible.
Dr. Beattie relates an instance of a gentleman attempting to
cross the river Dee, then frozen over, near Aberdeen. The ice
gave way about the middle of the river: but, having a gun in his
hand, he supported himself by placing it across the opening. His
dog then ran to a neighbouring village, where, with the most significant gestures, he pulled a man by the coat, and prevailed on
him to follow him. They arrived at the spot just in time to save
the drowning man's life.
Of the noble disposition of the Newfoundland dog, Dr. Abel,
in one of his lectures on Phrenology, relates a singular instance.
" When this dog left his master's house, he was often assailed by
a number of little noisy dogs in the street. He usually passed
them with apparent unconcern, as if they were beneath his notice;
but one little cur was particularly troublesome, and at length carried his impudence so far as to bite the Newfoundland dog in the
leg. This was a degree of wanton insult beyond what he could
patiently endure; and he instantly turned round, ran after the
offender, and seized him by the skin of the back. In this way
he carried him in his mouth to the quay, and, holding him some
time over the water, at length dropped him into it. He did not,
however, seem to design that the culprit should be punished capitally. He waited a little while, until the poor animal, who was
unused to that element, was not only well ducked, but nearly
sinking, and then plunged in, and brought him safe to land."
"It would be difficult," says Dr. Hancock, in his Essay on Instinct, "to conceive any punishment more aptly contrived, or more
completely in character. Indeed, if it were fully analyzed, an
ample commentary might be written in order to show what a
variety of comparisons and motives and generous feelings entered
into the composition of this act."
No one ever drew more legitimate consequences from certain
existing premises.
One other story should not be omitted of this noble breed of
water-dogs. A vessel was driven on the beach of Lydd, in Kent.
The surf was rolling furiously. Eight poor fellows were crying
for help, but not a boat could be got off to their assistance. At
length a gentleman came on the beach accompanied by his Newfoundland dog: he directed the attention of the animal to the
vessel, and put a short stick into his mouth. The intelligent and
courageous fellow at once understood his meaning, sprung into




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               93
the sea, and fought his way through the waves. He could not,
however, get close enough to the vessel to deliver that with which
he was charged; but the crew understood what was meant, and
they made fast a rope to another piece of wood, and threw it towards him. The noble beast dropped his own piece of wood and
immediately seized that which had been cast to him, and then,
with a degree of strength and determination scarcely credible,for he was again and again lost under the waves,-he dragged it
through the surge and delivered it to his master. A line of communication was thus formed, and every man on board was rescued.
There is, however, a more remarkable fact recorded in the
Penny Magazine. " During a heavy gale a ship had struck on a
rock near the land. The only chance of escape for the shipwrecked was to get a rope ashore; for it was impossible for any
boat to live in the sea as it was then running. There were two
Newfoundland dogs and a bull-dog on board. One of the Newfoundland dogs was thrown overboard, with a rope thrown round
him, and perished in the waves. The second shared a similar
fate: but the bull-dog fought his way through that terrible sea,
and, arriving safe on shore, rope and all, became the saviour of
the crew."
Some of the true Newfoundland dogs have been brought to
Europe and have been used as retrievers. They are principally
valuable for the fearless manner in which they will penetrate the
thickest cover. They are comparatively small, but muscular,
strong, and generally black. A larger variety has been bred, and
is now perfectly established. He is seldom used as a sporting dog,
or for draught, but is admired on account of his stature and
beauty, and the different colours with which he is often marked.
Perhaps he is not quite so good-natured and manageable as the
smaller variety, and yet it is not often that much fault can be
found with him on this account.
A noble animal of this kind was presented to the Zoological
Society by His Royal Highness Prince Albert. He is a great
ornament to the gardens; but he had been somewhat unmanageable, and had done some mischief before he was sent thither.
A portion of Lord Byron's beautiful epitaph on the death of
his Newfoundland dog will properly close our account of this
animal:"The poor dog! in life the firmest friend,
The first to welcome, foremost to defend;
Whose honest heart is still his master's own;
Who labours, fights, lives, breathes for him alone."
[Notwithstanding the many excellent qualities so conspicuous
in this noble breed of dog, he is said to possess one most ungenerous trait of character, " a peculiar antipathy to sheep," and




94                SECOND DIVISION OF THE
if not early trained to endure their presence, will take every opportunity to destroy these innocent animals.-L.]
THE ESQUIMAUX DOG
is a beast of burden and of draught, usefully employed by the
inhabitants of the extreme parts of North America and the neighbouring islands. When the Esquimaux Indian goes in pursuit
of the seal, the rein-deer, or the bear, his dogs carry the materials
of his temporary hut, and the few necessaries of his simple life;
or, yoked to the sledge, often draw him and his family full sixty
miles a-day over the frozen plains of these inhospitable regions.
At other times they assist in the chase, and run down and destroy
the bear and the rein-deer on land, and the seal on the coast.
These dogs are very early trained to the work which they are
destined to follow, and even at the tender age of four or five
months are harnessed together or in company with older animals,
and are compelled, either by persuasion or brutal chastisement, to
draw heavy weights, and thus soon become accustomed to the
trammels of the rude gearing, and familiar with the service that
they afterwards perform with so much sagacity and alacrity.
Capt. Lyon states that they are very similar in appearance to
the shepherd dog of England, but more muscular and broad
chested, owing to severe work; ears pointed, of a savage appearance; the finer dogs are equal to the Newfoundland breed in
point of height and general symmetry.
It is also somewhat curious to be informed that these dogs have
no particular season of cestrum, but bear young indiscriminately
at all times of the year, cold or warm, having very little or no
effect upon their reproductive powers, being often seen in heat
during the month of December when the thermometer was forty
degrees below zero.
Their journeys are often without any certain object; but, if the
dogs scent the deer or the bear, they gallop away in that direction
until their prey is within reach of the driver, or they are enabled
to assist in destroying their foe. Captain Parry, in his Journal
of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage,
gives an amusing account of these expeditions. "A number of
dogs, varying from six to twelve, are attached to each sledge by
means of a single trace, but with no reins. An old and tried dog
is placed as the leader, who, in their simple journeys, and when
the chase is the object, steadily obeys the voice of the driver sitting in front of the sledge, with a whip long enough to reach the
leader. This whip, however, is used as seldom as possible; for
these dogs, although tractable, are ferocious, and will endure little
correction. When the whip is applied with severity on one, he
falls upon and worries his neighbour, and he, in his turn, attacks




III  Iil~~ibi   Jtji
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VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                 95
a third, and there is a scene of universal confusion, or the dogs
double from side to side to avoid the whip, and the traces become
entangled, and the safety of the sledge endangered. The carriage
must then be stopped, each dog put into his proper place, and the
traces re-adjusted. Tils frequently happens several times in the
course of the day. The driver therefore depends principally on
the docility of the leader, who, with admirable precision, quickens
or slackens his pace, and starts off or stops, or turns to the right
or left, at the summons of his master. When they are journeying
homeward, or travelling to some spot to which the leader has been
accustomed to go, he is generally suffered to pursue his own
course; for, although every trace of the road is lost in the drifting
snow, he scents it out, and follows it with undeviating accuracy.
Even the leader, however, is not always under the control of his
master. If the journey lies homeward, he will go his own pace,
and that is usually at the top of his speed; or, if any game starts,
or he scents it at a distance, no command of his driver will restrain
him. Neither the dog nor his master is half civilized or subdued."
Each of these dogs will draw a weight of 120 lb. over the snow,
at the rate of seven or eight miles an hour.
[It is extraordinary to consider the powers and wonderful speed
of these animals, almost equalling that of many horses.
Captain Lyon informs us that three dogs drew a sledge weighing
100 lbs. and himself, one mile in six minutes; his leader dog,
which is generally more powerful than the others, drew 196 lb.
the same distance in eight minutes; seven dogs ran one mile in
four minutes and thirty seconds, with a heavy sledge fill of men
attached to them; ten dogs ran one mile in five minutes; nine
dogs drew 1611 lb. the same distance in nine minutes.-Lyon's
Journal, p. 243.-L.]
In summer, many of these dogs are used as beasts of burden,
and each carries from thirty to fifty pounds. They are then much
better kept than in the winter; for they have the remains of the
whale and sea-calf, which their masters disdain to eat. The majority, however, are sent adrift in the summer, and they live on
the produce of the chase or of their constant thievery. The exactness with which, the summer being past, each returns to his
master, is an admirable proof of sagacity, and frequently of
attachment.
In some parts of Siberia, on the borders of the Oby, there are
established relays of' dogs, like the post-horses in other countries.
Four of these are attached to a very light vehicle; but, when
much haste is required, or any very heavy goods are to be conveyed, more than treble or quadruple that number are harnessed
to the vehicle. M. de Lessepsa gives an almost incredible account
aJournal Historique du Voyage de M. de Lesseps. Paris, 1790. 2 vols.-tome 1




96               SECOND DIVISION OF THE
of this. He is speaking of the voracity of these poor beasts, in
the midst of the snowy desert, with little or no food. " We had
unharnessed our dogs, in order to bring them closer together, in
the ordinary way; but, the moment they were brought up to the
pole, they seized their harness, constructed of the thickest and
toughest leather, and tore it to pieces, and devoured it. It was in
vain that we attempted every means of restraint. A great number
of themn escaped into the wilds around, others wandered here and
there, and seized everything that came within their reach, and
which their teeth could destroy. Almost every minute some one
of them fell exhausted, and immediately became the prey of the
others. Every one that could get within reach struggled for his
share. Every limb was disputed, and torn away by a troop of
rivals, who attacked all within their reach. As soon as one fell
by exhaustion or accident, he was seized by a dozen others, and
destroyed in the space of a few minutes. In order to defend ourselves from this crowd of famished beasts, we were compelled to
have recourse to our bludgeons and our swords. To this horrible
scene of mutual destruction succeeded, on the following day, the
sad appearance of those that surrounded the sledge, to which we
had retreated for safety and for warmth. They were thin, and
starved, and miserable; they could scarcely move; their plaintive
and continual howlings seemed to claim our succour: but there
was no possibility of relieving them in the slightest degree, except
that some of them crept to the opening in our carriage through
which the smoke escapes; and the more they felt the warmth the
closer they crept, and then, through mere feebleness, losing their
equilibrium, they rolled into the fire before our eyes."
These dogs are not so high as the common pointer, but much
larger and stouter, although their thick hair, three or four inches
long in the winter, gives them an appearance of more stoutness
than they possess. Under this hair is a coating of fine close soft
wool, which begins to grow in the early part of winter, and drops
off in the spring. Their muzzles are sharp and generally black,
and their ears erect.
The Greenland, and Siberian, and Kamtschatdale are varieties
of the Esquimaux or Arctic dogs, but enlarged in form, and better
subdued. The docility of some of these is equal to that of any
European breed.
A person of the name of Chabert, who was afterwards better
known by the title of " Fire King," had a beautiful Siberian dog,
who would draw him in a light carriage 20 miles a-day. He asked
~200 for him, and sold him for a considerable portion of that sum;
for he was a most beautiful animal of his kind, and as docile as he
was beautiful. Between the sale and the delivery, the dog fell and
broke his leg. Chabert, to whom the price agreed on was of irm.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              97
mense consequence, was in despair. He took the dog at night to
a veterinary surgeon. He formally introduced them to each other.
He talked to the dog, pointed to his leg, limped around the room,
then requested the surgeon to apply some bandages around the
leg, and he seemed to walk sound and well. He patted the dog
on the head, who was looking alternately at him and the surgeon,
desired the surgeon to pat him, and to offer him his hand to lick,
and then, holding up his finger to the dog, and gently shaking his
head, quitted the room and the house. The dog immediately laid
himself down, and submitted to a reduction of the fracture, and
the bandaging of the limb, without a motion, except once or twice
licking the hand of the operator. He was quite submissive, and
in a manner motionless, day after day, until, at the expiration of a
month, the limb was sound. Not a trace of the fracture was to
be detected, and the purchaser, who is now living, knew nothing
about it.
The employment of the Esquimaux dogs is nearly the same as
those from Newfoundland, and most valuable they are to the traveller who has to find his way over the wild and trackless regions
of the north. The manner, however, in which they are generally
treated seems ill calculated to cause any strong or lasting attachment. During their period of labour, they, like their brethren in
Newfoundland, are fed sparingly on putrid fish, and in summer
they are turned loose to shift for themselves until the return of the
severe season renders it necessary to their masters' interest that
they should again be sought for, and once more reduced to their
state of toil and slavery.
They have been known for several successive days to travel
more than 60 miles. They seldom miss their road, although they
may be driven over one untrodden snowy plain, where they are
occasionally unable to reach any place of shelter. When, however, night comes, they partake with their master of the scanty
fare which the sledge will afford, and, crowding round, keep him
warm and defend him from danger. If any of them fall victims to
the hardships to which they are exposed, their master or their
companions fiequently feed on their remains, and their skins are
converted into warm and comfortable dresses.
THE LAPLAND DOG.
Captain Clarke thus describes the Lapland dog:-" We had a
valuable companion in a dog belonging to one of the boatmen.
It was of the true Lapland breed, and in all respects similar to a
wolf, excepting the tail, which was bushy and curled like those of
the Pomeranian race. This dog, swimming after the boat, if his
master merely waved his hand, would cross the lake as often as he
pleased, carrying half his body and the whole of his head and tail
9




98                SECOND DIVISION OF THE
out of the water. Wherever he landed, he scoured all the long
grass by the side of the lake in search of wild-fowl, and came
back to us, bringing wild-ducks in his mouth to the boat, and
then, having delivered his prey to his master, he would instantly
set off again in search of more."a
But we pass on to another and more valuable species of the
dogTHE SHEEP-DOG.
The origin of the sheep-dog is somewhat various; but the predominant breed is that of the intelligent and docile spaniel. Although it is now found in every civilized country in which the
sheep is cultivated, it is not coeval with the domestication of that
animal. When the pastures were in a manner open to the first
occupant, and every shepherd had a common property in them, it
was not so necessary to restrain the wandering of the sheep, and
the voice of the shepherd was usually sufficient to collect and to
guide them. He preceded the flock, and they "followed him
whithersoever he went."  In process of time, however, man
availed himself of the sagacity of the dog to diminish his own
labour and fatigue, and this useful servitor became the guide and
defender of the flock.
The sheep-dog possesses much of the same form and character
in every country. The muzzle is sharp, the ears are short and
erect, and the animal is covered, particularly about the neck, with
thick and shaggy hair. He has usually two dew claws on each
of the hind legs; not, however, as in the one claw of other dogs,
having a jointed attachment to the limb, but merely connected by
the skin and some slight cellular substance. These excrescences
should be cut off when the dog is young. The tail is slightly
turned upwards and long, and almost as bushy as that of a fox,
even in that variety whose coat is almost smooth. He is of a
black colour or black prevails, mixed with gray or brown.
Professor Grognier gives the following account of this dog as
he is found in France:-" The shepherd's dog, the least removed
from the natural type of the dog, is of a middle size; his ears
short and straight; the hair long, principally on the tail, and of a
dark colour; the tail is carried horizontally or a little elevated.
He is very indifferent to caresses, possessed of much intelligence
and activity to discharge the duties for which he was designed
In one or other of its varieties it is found in every part of France.
Sometimes there is but a single breed, in others there are several
varieties. It lives and maintains its proper characteristics, while
other races often degenerate. Everywhere it preserves its proper
distinguishing type. It is the servant of man, while other breeds
a Clarke's Scandinavia, vol. i. p. 432.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                99
vary with a thousand circumstances. It has one appropriate mission, and that it discharges in the most admirable way: there is
evidently a kind and wise design in this."
This account of the French sheep-dog, or of the sheep-dog
everywhere, is as true as it is beautiful. One age succeeds to
another, we pass from one climate to another, and everything
varies and changes, but the shepherd's dog is what he ever wasthe guardian of our flocks. There are, however, two or more
species of this dog; the one which Professor Grognier has described, and which guards and guides the sheep in the open and
level country, where wolves seldom intrude; another crossed with
the mastiff, or little removed from that dog, used in the woody and
mountainous countries, their guard more than their guide.  In
Great Britain, where he has principally to guide and not to guard
the flock, he is comparatively a small dog. He is so in the
northern and open parts of the country, where activity is principally wanted; but, in the more enclosed districts, and where
strength is often needed to turn an obstinate sheep, he is crossed
with some larger dog, as the rough terrier, or sometimes the pointer, or now and then the bull-dog: in fact, almost any variety that
has strength and stoutness may be employed. Thus we obtain
the larger sheep-dog and the drover's dog. The sagacity, forbearance, and kindness of the sheep-dog are generally retained,
but from these crosses there is occasionally a degree of ferocity
from which the sheep often suffer.
In other countries, where the flock is exposed to the attack of
the wolf, the sheep-dog is larger than the British drover's dog, and
not far inferior in size to the mastiff. The strength and ferocity
which qualify him to combat with the wolf, would occasionally be
injurious or fatal to those who somewhat obstinately opposed his
direction; therefore, in Denmark and in Spain, the dog is rarely
employed to drive the flock. It is the office of the shepherd, to
know every individual under his charge, to, as in olden times,
" call them all by their names," and have always some docile and
tamed wether who will take the lead, almost as subservient to his
voice as is the dog himself, and whom the flock will immediately
follow.
In whatever country the dog is used, partly or principally to
protect the flock from the ravages of the wolf, he is as gentle as a
lamb, except when opposed to his natural enemy; and it is only
in England that the guardian of the sheep occasionally injures
and worries them, and that many can be found bearing the mark
a The migratory sheep, in some  by a goat, as a guide; and the intelparts of the south of France almost ligence and apparent pride which he
as numerous as in Spain, are attended  displays are remarkable.




100              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
of the tooth. This may be somewhat excusable (although it is
often carried to a barbarous extent) in the drover's dog; but it
will admit of no apology in the shepherd's dog. It is the result
of the idleness of the boy, or the mingled brutality and idleness
of the shepherd, who is attempting to make the dog do his own
work and that of his master too. We have admired the Prussian
sheep-dog in the discharge of his duty, and have seen him pick
out the marked sheep, or stop and turn the flock, as cleverly as
any Highland colley, but he never bit them. He is a shorter,
stronger, and more compact dog than ours. He pushes against
them and forces them along. If they rebel against this mild treatment, the shepherd is at hand to enforce obedience; and the flock
is as easily and perfectly managed as any English or Highland
one, and a great deal more so than the majority that we have seen.
Mr. Trimmer, in his work on the Merinos, speaking of the
Spanish flocks, says: "There is no driving of the flock; that is
a practice entirely unknown; but the shepherd, when he wishes
to remove his sheep, calls to him a tame wether accustomed to
feed from his hands. The favourite, however distant, obeys his
call, and the rest follow. One or more of the dogs, with large
collars armed with spikes, in order to protect them from the
wolves, precede the flock, others skirt it on each side, and some
bring up the rear. If a sheep be ill or lame, or lag behind unobserved by the shepherds, they stay with it and defend it until some
one return in search of it. With us, dogs are too often used for
other and worse purposes. In open, unenclosed districts, they
are indispensable; but in others I wish them, I confess, either
managed, or encouraged less. If a sheep commits a fault in the
sight of an intemperate shepherd, or accidentally offends him, it
is dogged into obedience: the signal is given, the dog obeys the
mandate, and the poor sheep flies round the field to escape from
the fangs of him who should be his protector, until it becomes
half dead with fright and exhaustion, while the trembling flock
crowd together dreading the same fate, and the churl exults in
this cowardly victory over a weak and defenceless animal.
If the farmer will seriously calculate the number of ewes that
have yeaned before their time, and of the lambs that he has lost,
and the accidents that have occurred from the sheep pressing upon
one another in order to escape from the dog, and if he will also
take into account the continual disturbance of the sheep while
grazing, by the approach of the dog, and the consequent interference with the cropping and the digestion of the food, he will
attach more importance to the good temper of the dog and of the
shepherd than he has been accustomed to do. There would be
* Trimmer on the Merinos, p. 50. See also the Society's work on Sheep.




K' —-'t.
THE ENGLISH SHEEP DOG.
f- -))LL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' —-~ /\F —- — e;;~-~ —~' —-:"-;~i~i 7~~~  --  -— 1- -- -/1








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              101
no injustice, or rather a great deal of propriety, in inflicting a fine
for every tooth-mark that could be detected. When the sheep,
instead of collecting round the dog, and placing themselves under
his protection on any sudden alarm, uniformly fly from him with
terror, the farmer may be assured there is something radically
wrong in the management of the flock.
Instinct and education combine to fit this dog for our service.
The pointer will act without any great degree of instruction, and
the setter will crouch; and most certainly the sheep-dog, and especially if he has the example of an older and expert one, will, almost
without fhe teaching of the master, become everything that can be
wished, obedient to every order, even to the slightest motion of
the hand. There is a natural predisposition for the office he has
to discharge, which it requires little trouble or skill to develop
and perfect.
It is no unpleasing employment to study the degree in which
the several breeds of dogs are not only highly intelligent, but fitted
by nature for the particular duty they have to perform. The
pointer, the setter, the hound, the greyhound, the terrier, the
spaniel, and even the bull-dog, were made, and almost perfected,
by nature chiefly for one office alone, although they may be useful
in many other ways. This is well illustrated in the sheep-dog.
If he be but with his master, he lies content, indifferent to every
surrounding object, seemingly half asleep and half awake, rarely
mingling with his kind, rarely courting, and generally shrinking
from, the notice of a stranger; but the moment duty calls, his
sleepy, listless eye, becomes brightened; he eagerly gazes on his
master, inquires and comprehends all he is to do, and, springing
up, gives himself to the discharge of his duty with a sagacity, and
fidelity, and devotion, too rarely equalled even by man himself.
Mr. James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, living in his early days
among the sheep and their quadruped attendants, and an accurate
observer of nature, as well as an exquisite poet, gives some anecdotes of the colley, (the Highland term for sheep-dog,) with which
the reader will not be displeased. " My dog Sirrah," says he, in
a letter to the Editor of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, " was,
beyond all comparison, the best dog I ever saw. He had a somewhat surly and unsocial temper, disdaining all flattery, and refusing to be caressed; but his attention to my commands and interest
will never again be equalled by any of the canine race. When I
first saw him, a drover was leading him with a rope. He was
both lean and hungry, and far from being a beautiful animal; for
he was almost black, and had a grim face, striped with dark
brown. I thought I perceived a sort of sullen intelligence in his
countenance, notwithstanding his dejected and forlorn appearance, and I bought him. He was scarcely a year old, and knew
9*                  G




102              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
so little of herding that he had never turned a sheep in his life;
but, as soon as he discovered that it was his duty to do so, and
that it obliged me, I can never forget with what anxiety and eagerness he learned his different evolutions; and when I once made
him understand a direction, he never forgot or mistook it."
On one night, a large flock of lambs that were under the Ettrick Shepherd's care, frightened by something, scampered away
in three different directions across the hills, in spite of all that he
could do to keep them together. "Sirrah," said the shepherd,
"they're a' awa!"
It was too dark for the dog and his master to see each other at
any considerable distance, but Sirrah understood him, and set off
after the fugitives.  The night passed on, and Hogg and his
assistant traversed every neighbouring hill in anxious but fruitless
search for the lambs; but he could hear nothing of them nor of
the dog, and he was returning to his master with the doleful intelligence that he had lost all his lambs. "On our way home,
however," says he, " we discovered a lot of lambs at the bottom of
a deep ravine called the Flesh Cleuch, and the indefatigable Sirrah standing in front of them, looking round for some relief, but
still true to his charge. We concluded that it was one of the
divisions which Sirrah had been unable to manage, until he came
to that commanding situation. But what was our astonishment
when we discovered that not one lamb of the flock was missing!
How he had got all the divisions collected in the dark, is beyond
my comprehension. The charge was left entirely to himself from
midnight until the rising sun; and, if all the shepherds in the
forest had been there to have assisted him, they could not have
effected it with greater promptitude. All that I can say is, that I
never felt.so grateful to any creature under the sun as I did to my
honest Sirrah that morning."
A shepherd, in one of his excursions over the Grampian Hills
to collect his scattered flock, took with him (as is a frequent practice, to initiate them in their future business) one of his children
about four years old. After traversing his pastures for a while,
attended by his dog, he was compelled to ascend a summit at some
distance. As the ascent was too great for the child, he left him
at the bottom, with strict injunctions not to move from the place.
Scarcely, however, had he gained the height, when one of the
Scotch mists, of frequent occurrence, suddenly came on, and
alrnost changed the day to night. He returned to seek his child,
but was unable to find him, and concluded a long and fruitless
search by coming distracted to his cottage. His poor dog also
was missing in the general confusion. On the next morning by
daylight he renewed his search, but again he came back without
his child. He found, however, that during his absence his dog








^^^^*^                          THE SCOTCH SHEEP DOG.
I                                                   _ _   _ _




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               103
had been home, and, on receiving his allowance of food, instantly
departed. For four successive days the shepherd continued his
search with the same bad fortune, the dog as readily coming for
his meal and departing. Struck by this singular circumstance, he
determined to follow the dog, who departed as usual with his piece
of cake. The animal led the way to a cataract at some distance
from the spot where the child had been left. It was a rugged and
almost perpendicular descent which the dog took, and he disappeared in a cave, the mouth of which was almost on a level with
the torrent. The shepherd with difficulty followed; but, on entering the cavern, what were his emotions when he beheld the
infant eating the cake which the dog had just brought to him,
while the faithful animal stood by, eyeing his young charge with
the utmost complacency! From the situation in which the child
was found, it appeared that he had wandered to the brink of the
precipice, and then either fallen or scrambled down, the torrent
preventing his re-ascent. The dog by means of his scent had
traced him to the spot, and afterwards prevented him from starving
by giving up a part, or, perhaps, the whole of his own daily allowance. He appears never to have quitted the child night or day,
except for food, as he was seen running at full speed to and from
the cottage.a
Mr. Hogg says, and very truly, that a single shepherd and his
dog will accomplish more in gathering a flock of sheep from a
Highland farm than twenty shepherds could do without dogs; in
fact, that without this docile animal, the pastoral life would be a
mere blank. It would require more hands to manage a flock of
sheep, gather them from the hills, force them into houses and
folds, and drive them to markets, than the profits of the whole flock
would be capable of maintaining. Well may the shepherd feel an
interest in his dog; he it is indeed that earns the family bread, of
which he is himself content with the smallest morsel: always
grateful, and always ready to exert his utmost abilities in his
master's interests. Neither hunger, fatigue, nor the worst treatment will drive him from his side, and he will follow him through
every hardship without murmur or repining. If one of them is
obliged to change masters, it is sometimes long before he will
acknowledge the new owner, or condescend to work for him with
the willingness that he did for his former lord; but, if he once
acknowledges him, he continues attached to him until death.b
We will add another story of the colley, and proceed. It illusa Annals of Sporting, vol. viii. p. 83. fidelity of this dog crowd so rapidly
b " The Ettrick Shepherd has pro- upon us that we are compelled to adbably spoken somewhat too enthusi- mire and to love him."-Hogg'sShepastically of his dog; but accounts of herd's Calendar, vol. ii. p. 308.
the sagacity and almost superhuman




104              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
trates the memory of the dog. A shepherd was employed in bringing up some mountain sheep from Westmoreland, and took with
him a young sheep-dog who had never made the journey before.
From his assistant being ignorant of the ground, he experienced
great difficulty in having the flock stopped at the various roads
and lanes he passed in their way to the neighbourhood of Loldon.
In the next year the same shepherd, accompanied by the same
dog, brought up another flock for the gentlemen who had had the
former one. On being questioned how he had got on, he said
much better than the year before, as his dog now knew the road,
and had kept the sheep from going up any of the lanes or turnings
that had given the shepherd so much trouble on his former journey.
The distance could not have been less than 400 miles.a
Buffon gives an eloquent and faithful account of the sheep-dog.
-" This animal, faithful to man, will always preserve a portion
of his empire and a degree of superiority over other beings. He
reigns at the head of his flock, and makes himself better understood than the voice of the shepherd. Safety, order, and discipline are the fruits of his vigilance and activity. They are a
people submitted to his management, whom he conducts and protects, and against whom he never employs force but for the preservation of good order."  "If we consider that this animal, notwithstanding his ugliness and his wild and melancholy look, is
superior in instinct to all others; that he has a decided character
in which education has comparatively little share; that he is the
only animal born perfectly trained for the service of others; that,
guided by natural powers alone, he applies himself to the care of
our flocks, a duty which he executes with singular assiduity, vigilance, and fidelity; that he conducts them with an admirable
intelligence which is a part and portion of himself; that his sagacity astonishes at the same time that it gives repose to his master,
while it requires great time and trouble to instruct other dogs for
the purposes to which they are destined:if we reflect on these
facts we shall be confirmed in the opinion that the shepherd's dog
is the true dog of nature, the stock and model of the whole
species."
[After reading the above history of this truly valuable dog, it is
almost superfluous for us to attempt to add anything more on this
head; however, we must pause for a few moments, to call the attention of our agriculturists and others engaged in raising sheep,
to the immense advantages to be derived from the introduction of
this sagacious animal throughout our own country.
The increased vigour that is now given for the cultivation of
sheep, to supply the necessary demands of the numerous woollen
aJesse's Gleanings, vol. i. p. 93.  b Buffon's Natural History, vol. v. p. 314.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              105
factories springing up in every quarter, renders the services of
this faithful creature absolutely indispensable, not only as a guardian of the flocks, but as a mere expedient of economy.
Many portions of our country, now lying idle, particularly the
mountainous ranges, are peculiarly adapted for the grazing of
sheep, and we are destined not only to supply the world with cotton, but may hope ere long to add to our national wealth the other
equally valuable staple commodity, that of wool.
In the care of sheep, each dog not only supplies the place of
two or three men, but, as is seen in the foregoing pages, renders
such assistance as cannot be obtained from any other source.
The shepherds of Mexico lead a life not unlike the patriarchs
of old, shifting about from day to day, watching their immense
flocks, attended only by a few dogs, who have the entire control
of the sheep, keeping them from straying away, and not only defending them from the blood-thirsty wolf, but even attacking, if
necessary, the skulking savage.
These dogs of Mexico are represented as being much larger
than the English variety, and no doubt are the descendants of the
Spanish shepherd dog, so highly prized in protecting the Merino
flocks from the wolves that infest the mountainous parts of Spain,
most frequented by the herds during the summer season.
These dogs are the same breed as those engaged by the philanthropic monks of St. Bernard in hunting up the benumbed traveller when sinking from exhaustion, or already overwhelmed by the
sudden rushing of an avalanche into some one of the mountain
passes.
The original Spanish shepherd dog is a very powerful animal,
and even those of Mexico, when armed with spiked collars, are a
sufficient match for the largest wolves. Mr. Kendall mentions
having met on the grand prairie with a flock of sheep numbering
seventeen thousand, which immense herd was guarded by a very
few men, assisted by a large number of noble dogs, which appeared gifted with the faculty of keeping them together. There
was no running about, no barking or biting in their system of
tactics; on the contrary, they were continually walking up and
down, like faithful sentinels, on the outer side of the flock, and
should any sheep chance to stray from his fellows, the dog on duty
at that particular post would walk gently up, take him carefully
by the ear, and lead him back to the fold. Not the least fear did
the sheep manifest at the approach of these dogs, and there was
no occasion for it."-Vol. I. p. 268.
This account coincides with the remarks of Mr. Trinner upon
this dog in old Spain; and Mr. Skinner very justly remarks, that
the Mexican sheep-dog has not his equal in any part of the world,




106              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
except, perhaps, in his native country, and that the Scotch or
English dog sinks into insignificance when compared with him.
A flock of a thousand sheep in Spain requires the attendance
of two men and an equal number of dogs, who never for a moment quit their charge, watching them without intermission day
and night. The great inferiority of the English dogs, may be
attributed, perhaps, to their want of care in training and bringing
up, which is considered the most essential, and actually the foundation of all their future usefulness with the Mexicans. The pups
when first born, are taken from the bitch, and put to a sucking
ewe, already deprived of her own lamb. For several days the ewe
is confined with the pups in the shepherd's hut, and either from
force, or an instinctive desire to be relieved of the contents of the
udder, she soon allows the little strangers to suck, and in the
course of a few days more, becomes quite reconciled to the change,
and exhibits a great degree of affection for her foster children,
who, knowing no other parentage, becomes thus early engrafted
into the general community, and returns their early kindness by
every mark of affection and fidelity hereafter; never being willing
for a moment to quit their society, but remains with them night
and day, expressing a peculiar attachment to this particular flock,
and seeming able to distinguish each member of it from all other
intruders.
In the third volume of the American Agriculturist will be found
an interesting article connected with this subject, and from which
we might extract much useful information, if our limits would
allow of its insertion in the present volume.
Mr. Skinner states, that in 1832 he had two of these dogs, a.
male and female, both trained, but unfortunately lost the latter
before obtaining any pups from her; he also remarks, that they
can be imported via Havana and Santander, at an expense of not
less than $70 or $80. We see no reason why the same dogs
might not be obtained at a much less cost by the Santa Fe traders,
who, no doubt, would be glad to bring them into the country as
companions de voyages, provided there was any demand for them.
-L.]
THE DROVER'S DOG
bears considerable resemblance to the sheep-dog, and has usually
the same prevailing black or brown colour. He possesses all the
docility of the sheep-dog, with more courage, and sometimes a
degree of ferocity, exercised without just cause upon his charge,
while he is in his turn cruelly used by a brutal master.
There is a valuable cross between the colley and the drover's
dog in Westmoreland, and a larger and stronger breed is cultivated in Lincolnshire; indeed it is necessary there, where oxen




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              107
as well as sheep are usually consigned to the dog's care. A good
drover's dog is worth a considerable sum; but the breed is too
frequently and injudiciously crossed at the fancy of the owner.
Some drovers' dogs are as much like setters, lurchers, and hounds,
as they are to the original breed.
Stories are told of the docility and sagacity of the drover's dog
even more surprising than any that are related of the sheep-dog.
The Ettrick Shepherd says, that a Mr. Steel, butcher in Peebles,
had such implicit dependence on the attention of his dog to his
orders, that whenever he put a lot of sheep before her, he took a
pride in leaving them entirely to her, and either remained to take
a glass with the farmer of whom he had made the purchase, or
travelled another road to look after bargains or business. At one
time, however, he chanced to commit a drove to her charge, at a
place called Willenslee, without attending to her condition, which
he certainly ought to have done. This farm is about five miles
from Peebles, over wild hills, and there is no regularly defined
path to it. Whether Mr. Steel chose another road is uncertain;
but, on coming home late in the evening, he was surprised to hear
that his faithful animal had not made her appearance with her
flock. He and his son instantly prepared to set out by different
paths in search of her; but, on going into the street, there was
she with the flock, and not one of the sheep missing; she, however, was carrying a young pup in her mouth. She had been
taken in travail on those hills; and how the poor beast had contrived to manage the sheep in her state of suffering is beyond
human calculation, for her road lay through sheep-pastures the
whole way. Her master's heart smote him when he saw what she
had suffered and effected; but she was nothing daunted; and,
having deposited her young one in a place of safety, she again set
out at full speed to the hills, and brought another and another little
one, until she had removed her whole litter one by one; the last,
however, was dead.
Mr. Blaine relates as extraordinary an instance of intelligence,
but not mingled, like the former, with natural affection. A butcher
and cattle-dealer, who resided about nine miles from Alston, in
Cumberland, bought a dog of a drover. The butcher was accustomed to purchase sheep and kine in the vicinity, which, when
fattened, he drove to Alston market and sold. In these excursions
he was frequently astonished at the peculiar sagacity of his dog,
and at the more than common readiness and dexterity with which
he managed the cattle; until at length he troubled himself very
little about the matter, but, riding carelessly along, used to amuse
himself with observing how adroitly the dog acquitted himself of
his charge. At length, so convinced was he of his sagacity, as
well as fidelity, that he laid a wager that he would intrust the dog




108              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
with a number of sheep and oxen, and let him drive them alone
and unattended to Alston market. It was stipulated that no one
should be within sight or hearing who had the least control over
the dog, nor was any spectator to interfere. This extraordinary
animal, however, proceeded with his business in the most steady
and dexterous manner; and, although he had frequently to drive
his charge through other herds that were grazing, he did not lose
one; but, conducting them to the very yard to which he was used
to drive them when with his master, he significantly delivered them
up to the person appointed to receive them by barking at his door.
When the path which he travelled lay through grounds in which
others were grazing, he would run forward, stop his own drove,
and then, chasing the others away, collect his scattered charge,
and proceed.
THE ITALIAN OR POMERANIAN WOLF-DOG.
The wolf-dog is no longer a native of Great Britain, because his
services are not required there, but he is useful in various parts of
the Continent, in the protection of the sheep from the attacks of.
the wolf. A pair of these dogs was brought to the Zoological
Society of London in 1833, and there long remained, an ornament
to the Gardens. They appeared to possess a considerable degree
of strength, but to be too gentle to contend with so powerful and
ferocious an animal as the wolf. They were mostly covered with
white or gray, or occasionally black hair, short on the head, ears,
and feet, but long and silky on the body and tail. The forehead
is elevated, and the muzzle lengthened and clothed with short hair.
The attachment of this dog to his master and the flock is very
great, and he has not lost a particle of his sagacity, but, where
wolves are common, is still used as a sheep-dog.
THE CUR
is the sheep-dog crossed with the terrier. He has long and somewhat deservedly obtained a very bad name, as a bully and a
coward; and certainly his habit of barking at everything that
passes, and flying at the heels of the horse, renders him often a
very dangerous nuisance: he is, however, in a manner necessary
to the cottager; he is a faithful defender of his humble dwelling;
no bribe can seduce him from his duty; and he is likewise a
useful and an effectual guard over the clothes and scanty provisions of the labourer, who may be working in some distant part
of the field. All day long he will lie upon his master's clothes
seemingly asleep, but giving immediate warning of the approach
of a supposed marauder. He has a propensity, when at home, to
fly at every horse and every strange dog; and of young game of




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               109
every kind there is not a more ruthless destroyer than the village
cur
Mr. Hogg draws the following curious parallel between the
sheep-dog and the cur:-"An exceedingly good sheep-dog attends
to nothing but the particular branch of business to which he is
bred. His whole capacity is exerted and exhausted in it; and he
is of little avail in miscellaneous matters; whereas a very indifferent cur bred about the house, and accustomed to assist in everything, will often put the more noble breed to disgrace in these
little services. If some one calls out that the cows are in the
corn or the hens in the garden, the house colley needs no other
hint, but runs and turns them out. The shepherd's dog knows
not what is astir, and, if he is called out in a hurry for such work,
all that he will do is to run to the hill, or rear himself on his
haunches to see that no sheep are running away. A well-bred
sheep-dog, if coming hungry from the hills, and getting into a
milk-house, would likely think of nothing else than filling his belly
with the cream. Not so his initiated brother: he is bred at home
to far higher principles of honour. I have known such lie night
and day among from ten to twenty pails full of milk, and never
once break the cream of one of them with the tip of his tongue,
nor would he suffer cat, rat, or any other creature to touch it.
While, therefore, the cur is a nuisance, he is very useful in his
way, and we would further plead for him, that he possesses a great
deal of the sagacity and all the fidelity of the choicest breed of
dogs."
The dog who, according to the well-known and authentic story,
watched the remains of his master for two years in the churchyard of St. Olave's, in Southwark, was a cur.
The following story is strictly authentic: -"Not long ago a
young man, an acquaintance of the coachman, was walking, as he
had often done, in Lord Fife's stables at Banff. Taking an opportunity, when the servants were not regarding him, he put a bridle
into his pocket. A Highland cur that was generally about the
stables saw him, and immediately began to bark at him, and when
he got to the stable-door would not let him pass, but bit him by
the leg in order to prevent him. As the servants had never seen
the dog act thus before, and the same young man had been often
with them, they could not imagine what could be the reason of the
dog's conduct. However, when they saw the end of a valuable
bridle peeping out of the young man's pocket, they were able to
account for it, and, on his giving it up, the dog left the stabledoor, where he had stood, and allowed him to pass.""
a Travels in Scotland, by the Rev. J. Hall, vol. ii. p. 395.
10




110              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
THE LURCHER.
This dog was originally a cross between the greyhound and the
shepherd's dog, retaining all the speed and fondness for the chase
belonging to the one, and the superior intelligence and readiness
for any kind of work which the latter possessed. This breed has
been crossed again with the spaniel, combining the disposition to
quest for game which distinguishes the spaniel with the muteness
and swiftness of the greyhound. Sometimes the greyhound is
crossed with the hound. Whatever be the cross, the greyhound
must predominate; but his form, although still to be traced, has
lost all its beauty.
The lurcher is a dog seldom found in the possession of the
honourable sportsman. The farmer may breed him for his general
usefulness, for driving his cattle, and guarding his premises, and
occasionally coursing the hare; but other dogs will answer the
former purposes much better, while the latter qualification may
render him suspected by his landlord, and sometimes be productive of serious injury. In a rabbit-warren this dog is peculiarly
destructive. His scent enables him to follow them silently and
swiftly. He darts unexpectedly upon them, and, being trained to
bring his prey to his master, one of these dogs will often in one
night supply the poacher with rabbits and other game worth more
money than he could earn by two days' hard labour.
Mr. H. Faull, of Helstone, in Cornwall, lost no fewer than fifteen fine sheep, and some of them store sheep, killed by lurchers
in January, 1824.a
We now proceed to the different species of dog belonging to
the second division of Cuvier, which are classed under the name
of Hound; and, first we take
THE BEAGLE.
The origin of this diminutive hound is somewhat obscure.
There is evidently much of the harrier and of the old southern,
connected with a considerable decrease of size and speed, the
possession of an exceedingly musical voice, and very great power
of scent. Beagles are rarely more than ten or twelve inches in
height, and were generally so nearly of the same size and power
of speed, that it was commonly said they might be covered with a
sheet. This close running is, however, considered as a mark of
excellence in hounds of every kind.
There are many pleasurable recollections of the period when
"the good old English gentleman" used to keep his pack of
beagles or little harriers, slow but sure, occasionally carried to the
field in a pair of panniers on a horse's back; often an object of
a Annals of Sporting, vol. v. p. 137.




N  ___ _______  ____________________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ri
i- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
THE1 BEAGLE. —~ —A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-; —- 
)  ___________   __________________________________








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                 111
ridicule at an early period of the chase, but rarely failing to accomplish their object ere the day closed,' the puzzling pack unravelling wile by wile, maze within maze." It was often the work
of two or three hours to accomplish this; but it was seldom, in
spite of her speed, her shifts, and her doublings, that the hare did
not fall a victim to her pursuers.
The slowness of their pace gradually caused them to be almost
totally discontinued, until very lately, and especially in the royal
park at Windsor, they have been again introduced. Generally
speaking, they have all the strength and endurance which is necessary to ensure their killing their game, and are much fleeter
than their diminutive size would indicate. Formerly, considerable fancy and even judgment used to be exercised in the breeding
of these dogs. They were curiously distinguished by the names
of "deep-flewed," or "shallow-flewed," in proportion as they had
the depending upper lip of the southern, or the sharper muzzle
and more contracted lip of the northern dogs. The shallow-flewed
were the swiftest, and the deep-flewed the stoutest and the surest,
and their music the most pleasant. The wire-haired beagle was
considered as the stouter and better dog.
The form of the head in beagles has been much misunderstood.
They have, or should have, large heads, decidedly round, and
thick rather than long; there will then be room for the expansion
of the nasal membrane, that of smell, and for the reverberation
of the sound, so peculiarly pleasant in this dog.
The beagle runs very low to the ground, and therefore has a
stronger impression of the scent than taller dogs. This is especially the case when the scent is more than usually low.
Among the advocates for beagles, several years ago, was Colonel Hardy.  He used to send his dogs in panniers, and they had
a little barn for their kennel. The door was one night broken
open, and every hound, panniers and all, stolen. The thief was
never discovered, nor even suspected.
The use of beagles was soon afterwards nearly abandoned by
the introduction of the harrier, and by his yielding in his turn to
the fox-hound; but the beagles of Colonel Thornton and Colonel
Molyneux will not be soon forgotten.a
a Mr. Beckf)rd at one time deter- several weeks before. They were
mined to try how he should like the  consequently so riotous that they ran
use of beagles, and, ha:ving heard of  after everything they saw, sheep, cur
a small pack of them, he sent his dogs, birds of all sorts, as well as
coachman, the person he could best hares and deer. However, he lost but
spare, to fetch them. It was a long  one hound; and, when Mr. Beckford
journey, and, although he had some  asked him what he thought of them,
assistance, yet not being used to  he said, that they could not fail of behounds, he had some trouble in get- ing good hounds, for they would hunt
ting them along, especially as they  everything.
had not been out of the kennel for




112              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
There is, however, a practice which fair sportsmen will never
resort to-the use of a beagle to start a hare in order to be run
down by a brace of greyhounds, or perhaps by a lurcher. The
hare is not fairly matched in this way of proceeding.
THE HARRIER
occupies an intermediate station between the beagle and the foxhound. It is the fox-hound bred down to a diminished size, and
suited to the animal he is to pursue. He retains, or did for a
while retain, the long body, deep chest, large bones, somewhat
heavy head, sweeping ears, and mellow voice, which the sportsman of old so enthusiastically described, with the certainty of
killing, and the pleasing prolongation of the chase. With this the
farmer used to be content: it did not require expensive cattle, was
not attended with much hazard of neck, and did not take him far
from home.
Almost every country squire used in former days to keep his
little pack of harriers or beagles. He was mounted on his stout
cob-horse, that served him alike for the road and the chase; and
his huntsman probably had a still smaller and rougher beast, or
sometimes ran afoot. He could then follow the sport, almost
without going off his own land, and the farmer's boys, knowing
the country and the usual doublings of the hare, could see the
greater part of the chase, and were almost able to keep up with
the hounds, so that they were rarely absent at the death: indeed,
they saw and enjoyed far more of it than the fox-hunter or the
stag-hunter now does, mounted on his fleetest horse.
The harrier was not more than S1 or 19 inches high. He was
crossed with the fox-hound if he was getting too diminutive, or
with the beagle if he was becoming too tall.
The principal objects the sportsman endeavoured to accomplish
were to preserve stoutness, scent, and musical voice, with speed
to follow the hare sufficiently close, yet not enough to run her
down too quickly, or without some of those perplexities, and faults,
and uncertainties which give the principal zest to the chase.
The character and speed of the hound much depend on the nature of the country. The smaller harrier will best suit a deeply
enclosed country; but where there is little cover, and less doubling
greater size and fleetness are requisite. The harrier, nevertheless,
let him be as tall and as speedy as he may, should never be used
for the fox; but every dog should be strictly confined to his own
game.
Mr. Beckford, in his Thoughts upon Hunting, gives an account,
unrivalled, of the chase of the hare and fox. Many sporting
writers have endeavoured to tread in his steps; but they have




^N^.^ —^- ^>.                   --- -fe='~ —-        - = —'^y-^^ ^^^^                  THE HARRIER.                         ^C^ —^^N~~~~~~-p~-_








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               113
failed in giving that graphic account of the pleasures of the field
which Mr. Beckford's essay contains.
He says that the sportsman should never have more than 20
couple in the field, because it would be exceedingly difficult to
get a greater number to run together, and a pack of harriers cannot be complete if they do not. A hound that runs too fast for
the rest, or that lags behind them, should be immediately discarded. His hounds were between the large slow-hunting harrier and the fox-beagle. He endeavoured to get as much bone
and strength in as little compass as possible. He acknowledges
that this was a difficult undertaking; but he had, at last, the pleasure to see them handsome, small, yet bony, running well together, and fast enough, with all the alacrity that could be desired,
and hunting the coldest scent.
He anticipates the present improvement of the chase when he
lays it down as a rule never to be departed from, that hounds of
every kind should be kept to their own game. They should have
one scent, and one style of hunting. Harriers will run a fox in
so different a style from the pursuit of a hare, that they will not
readily, and often will not at all, return to their proper work. The
difference in the scent, and the eagerness of pursuit, and the noise
that accompanies fox-hunting, all contribute to spoil a harrier.
Mr. Beckford pleasingly expresses a sportman's consideration
for the poor animal which he is hunting to death. "A hare," he
says, " is a timorous little animal that we cannot help feeling some
compassion for at the time that we are pursuing her destruction.
We should give scope to all her little tricks, nor kill her foully
nor overmatched. Instinct instructs her to make a good defence
when not unfairly treated, and I will venture to say that, as far as
her own safety is concerned, she has more cunning than the fox,
and makes shifts to save her life far beyond all his artifice."'
THE FOX-HOUND
is of a middle size, between the harrier and the stag-hound; it is
the old English hound, sufficiently crossed with the greyhound to
give him lightness and speed without impairing his scent; and he
has now been bred to a degree of speed sufficient to satisfy the
man who holds his neck at the least possible price, and with which
few, except thorough-bred horses, and not all of them, can live to
the end of the chase. The fox-hound is lighter, or, as it is now
called, more highly bred, or he retains a greater portion of his
original size and heaviness, according to the nature of the country
and the fancy of the master of the pack: therefore it is difficult to
give an accurate description of the best variety of this dog; but
aBeckford on Hunting, p. 150.
10*




114              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
there are guiding points which can never be forgotten without
serious injury.
He derives from the greyhound a head somewhat smaller and
longer in proportion to his size than either the stag-hound or the
harrier. But considerable caution is requisite here. The beauty
of the head and face, although usually accompanied by speed,
must never be sacrificed to stoutness and power of scent. The
object of the sportsman is to amalgamate them, or rather to possess them all in the greatest possible degree. This will generally
be brought to a great degree of perfection if the sportsman regards
the general excellence of the dog rather than the perfection of any
particular point. The ears should not, comparatively speaking,
be so large as those of the stag-hound or the harrier; but the neck
should be longer and lighter, the chest deep and capacious, the
fore legs straight as arrows, and the hind ones well bent at the
hock.
Some extraordinary accounts have been given of the speed of
the fox-hound. A match that was run over the Beacon Course at
Newmarket is the best illustration of his fleetness. The distance
is 4 miles 1 furlong and 132 yards. The winning dog performed
it in 8 minutes and a few seconds; but of the sixty horses that
started with the hounds, only twelve were able to run in with
them. Flying Childers had run the same course in 7 minutes and
30 seconds.
" The size, or, as we should rather say, the height of a foxhound, is a point on which there has been much difference of
opinion. Mr. Chule's pack was three inches below the standard
of Mr. Villebois', and four inches below that of Mr. Waede's.
The advocates of the former assert, that they get better across a
deep and strongly fenced country, while the admirers of the latter
insist on their being better climbers of hills and more active in
cover. As to uniformity in size, it is by no means essential to
the well-doing of hounds in the field, and has been disregarded by
some of our best sportsmen: Mr. Meynell never drafted a good
hound on account of his being over or under sized. The proper
standard of height in fox-hounds is from 21 to 22 inches for bitches,
and from 23 to 24 for dog-hounds. Mr. Warde's bitches, the best
of the kind that our country contained, were rather more than 23
inches. A few of his dogs were 25 inches high. The amount
of hounds annually bred will depend upon the strength of the
kennel. From sixty to eighty couples is the complement for a
four days a-week pack, which will require the breeding of a hundred couples of puppies every year, allowing for accidents and
distemper." a
aThe Horse and the Hound, by Nimrod, p. 340.




-- \'r' ~.j~ ~91 -—'
GILBERT&. GHON   4,
THE FOX HOUND.
T___________                                                )P~~~~~~~~i








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                115
Nimrod very properly observes, that " Mr. Beckford has omitted
a point much thought of by the modern sportsmen, namely, the
back-ribs, which should also be deep, as in a strong-bodied horse,
of which we say, when so formed, that he has a good'spur place;'
a point highly esteemed in him. Nor is he sufficiently descriptive
of the hinder legs of the hound; for there is a length of thigh
discernible in first-rate hounds which, like the well-let-down hock
of the horse, gives them much superiority of speed, and is also a
great security against their laming themselves in leaping fences,
which they are more apt to do when they become blown and consequently weak. The fore legs,'straight as arrows,' is an admirable illustration of perfection in those parts by Beckford; for, as in
a bow or bandy legged man, nothing is so disfiguring to a hound
as having his elbows projecting, and which is likewise a great
check to speed."a
Mr. Daniel gives a curious account of the prejudices of sportsmen on the subject of colour. The white dogs were curious
hunters, and had a capital scent; the black, with some white spots,
were obedient, good hunters, and with good constitutions; the
gray-coloured had no very acute scent, but were obstinate, and indefatigable in their quest; the yellow dogs were impatient and
obstinate, and taught with difficulty.b
The dog exhibits no criteria of age after the first two years.
That period having elapsed, the whiteness and evenness of the
teeth soon pass away, and the old dog can scarcely be mistaken.
Nimrod scarcely speaks too positively when he says that an old
hound cannot be mistaken, if only looked in the face. At all
events, few are found in a kennel after the eighth year, and very
few after the ninth.
Mr. Beckford advises the sportsman carefully to consider the
size, shape, colour, constitution, and natural disposition of the
dog from which he breeds, and also the fineness of the nose, the
evident strength of the limb, and the good temper and devotion to
his master which he displays. The faults or imperfections in one
breed may be rectified in another; and, if this is properly attended
to, there is no reason why improvements may not continually be
made.
The separation of the sexes in the kennel and in the field is one
of the latest innovations in the hunting world, and generally considered to be a good one. The eye is pleased to see a pack of
hounds, nearly or quite of a size. The character of the animal
is more uniformly displayed when confined to one sex. In consequence of the separation of the two, the dogs are less inclined to
quarrel; and the bitches are more at their ease than when undera The Horse and the Hound, by Nimrod, p. 332. b Daniel's Fox-hound, p. 205.




116              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
going the importunate solicitations of the male. As to their performances in the field, opinions vary, and each sex has its advocates. The bitch, with a good fox before her, is decidedly more
off-hand at her work; but she is less patient, and sometimes overruns the scent. Sir Bellingham Graham has been frequently
heard to say, that if his kennels would have afforded it, he would
never have taken a dog-hound into the field. That in the canine
race the female has more of elegance and symmetry of form, consequently more of speed, than the male, is evident to a common
observer; but there is nothing to lead to the conclusion that, in
the natural endowments of the senses, any superiority exists.a
The bitch should not be allowed to engage in any long and
severe chase after she has been lined. She should be kept as quiet
as may be practicable, and well but not too abundantly fed; each
having a kennel or place of retreat for herself. She should be
carefully watched, and especially when the ninth week approaches.
The huntsman and the keeper without any apparent or unnecessary intrusion, should be on the alert.
The time of pupping having arrived, as little noise or disturbance should be made as possible; but a keeper should be always
at hand in case of abortion or difficult parturition. Should there
be a probability of either of these occurring, he should not be in
a hurry; for, as much should be left to nature as can, without evident danger, be done, and the keeper should rarely intrude unless
his assistance is indispensable.
The pupping being accomplished, the mother should be carefully attended to. She should be liberally fed, and particularly
should have her share of animal food, and an increased quantity
of milk.
The bitch should not have whelps until she has hunted two
seasons; for, before that time it will be scarcely possible to ascertain her excellences or defects. If there are any considerable
faults, she should be immediately rejected.
When the time approaches for her to produce her puppies, she
should be allowed a certain degree of liberty, and should choose
her couch and run about a little more than usual; but, when the
young ones are born, the less they are handled the better. The
constitution and appearance of the mother will indicate how many
should be kept. If two litters are born at or about the same time,
or within two or three days of each other, we may interchange
one or two of the whelps of each of them, and perhaps increase
the value of both.
When the whelps are able to crawl to a certain distance, it will
be time to mark them, according to their respective litters, some
a The Horse and the Hound, by Nimrod, p. 355.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              117
on the ear and others on the lip. The dew-claws should be removed, and, usually, a small tip from the tail. Their names also
should be recorded.
The whelps will begin to lap very soon after they can look
about them, and should remain with the mother until they are
fully able to take care of themselves. They may then be prepared
to go to quarters.
Two or three doses of physic should be given to the mother,
with intervals of four or five days between each: this will prepare
her to return to the kennel.
There is often considerable difficulty in disposing of the whelps
until they get old and stout enough to be brought into the kennel.
They are mostly sent to some of the neighbouring cottages, in
order to be taken care of; but they are often neglected and half
starved there. In consequence of this, distemper soon appears,
and many of them are lost.
Whelps walked, or taken care of at butchers' houses, soon grow
to a considerable size; but they are apt to be heavy-shouldered
and throaty, and perhaps otherwise deformed. There is some
doubt whether it might not be better for the sportsman to take the
management of them himself, and to have a kennel built purposely
for them. It may, perhaps, be feared that the distemper will get
among them: they would, however, be well fed, and far more
comfortable than they now are; and, as to the distemper, it is a
disease that they must have some time or other.
From twenty to thirty couples are quite as many as can be easily
managed; and the principal consideration is, whether they are
steady, and as nearly as possible equal of speed. When the packs
are very large, the hounds are seldom sufficiently hunted to be
good. Few persons choose to hunt every day, or, if they did, it is
not likely that the weather would permit them. The sportsman
would, therefore, be compelled to take an inconvenient number
into the field, and too many must be left behind. In the first
place, too many hounds in the field would frequently spoil the
sport; and, on the other hand, the hounds that remained would
get out of wind, or become riotous, or both. Hounds, to be useful and good, should be constantly hunted; but a great fault in
many packs is their having too many old dogs among them.
Young hounds, when first taken to the kennel, should be kept
separate from the rest of the pack, otherwise there will be frequent
and dangerous quarrels. When these do occur, the feeder hears,
and sometimes, but not so frequently as he ought, endeavours to
discover the cause of the disturbance, and visits the culprits with
deserved punishment; too often, however, he does not give himself time for this, but rushes among them, and flogs every hound
that he can get at, guilty or not guilty. This is a shameful
H




118              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
method of procedure. It is the cause of much undeserved punishment: it spoils the temper of the dog, and makes him careless and
indifferent as long as he lives.
Mr. Beckford very properly remarks, that " Young hounds are,
and must be awkward at first, and should be taken out, a few at a
time, with couples not too loose. They are thus accustomed to
the usual occurrences of the road, and this is most easily accomplished when a young and an old dog are coupled together."
A sheep-field is the next object, and the young hound, properly
watched, soon becomes reconciled, and goes quietly along with
the companion of the preceeding day. A few days afterwards the
dogs are uncoupled in the field, and perhaps, at first, are not a
little disposed to attack the sheep; but the cry of" Ware sheep!"
in a stern tone of voice, arrests them, and often, without the aid
of the whip; it being taken as a principle that this instrument
should be used as seldom as possible. If, indeed, the dog is selfwilled, the whip must be had recourse to, and perhaps with some
severity; for, if he is once suffered to taste the blood of the sheep,
it may be difficult to restrain him afterwards. A nobleman was
told that it was possible to break his dogs of the habit of attacking
his sheep, by introducing a large and fearless ram among them;
one was accordingly procured and turned into the kennel. The
men with their whips and voices, and the ram with his horns, soon
threw the whole kennel into confusion. The hounds and the ram
were left together. Meeting a friend soon afterwards, " Come,"
said he, " to the kennel, and see what rare sport the ram is making among the hounds." His friend asked whether he was not
afraid that some of them might be spoiled. " No," said he; " they
deserve it, and let them suffer." They proceeded to the kennel;
all was quiet. The kennel-door was thrown open, and the remains
of the ram were found scattered about: the hounds, having filled
their bellies, had retired to rest.
The time of entering young hounds must vary in different
countries. In a corn country, it should not be until the wheat is
carried; in grass countries, somewhat sooner; and, in woodlands,
as soon as we please. Frequent hallooing may be of use with
young hounds; it makes them more eager; but, generally speaking, there is a time when it may be of use, a time when it does
harm, and a time when it is perfectly indifferent.
The following remarks of Mr. Beckford are worthy of their
author: —" Hounds at their first entering cannot be encouraged
too much. When they begin to know what is right, it will be
soon enough to chastise them for doing wrong, and, in such case,
one rather severe beating will save a great deal of trouble. The
voice should be used as well as the whip; and the smack of the




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              119
whip will often be of as much avail as the lash to him who has
felt it."
Flogging hounds in the kennel, the frequent practice of too
many huntsmen, should be held in utter abhorrence, and, if carried to a considerable excess, is a disgrace to humanity. Generally
speaking, none but the sportsman can form an adequate conception of the perfect obedience of the hound both in the kennel and
the field. At feeding-time, each dog, although hungry enough,
will go through the gate in the precise order in which he is called
by the feeder; and, in a well-broken pack, to chop at, or to follow
a hare, or to give tongue on a false scent, or even to break cover
alone, although the fox is in view, are faults that are rarely witnessed.
Let not this obedience, however, be purchased by the infliction
of a degree of cruelty that disgraces both the master and the
menial. A young fox-hound may, possibly, mistake the scent of
a hare for that of a fox, and give tongue. In too many hunts he
will be unmercifully flogged for this, and some have almost died
under the lash. Mercy is a word totally unknown to a great proportion of whippers-in, and even to many who call themselves
gentlemen. There can be no occasion or excuse for barbarity: a
little trouble, and moderate punishment, and the example of his
fellows, will gradually teach the wildest hound his duty.
That the huntsman, and not the hound, may occasionally be in
fault, the following anecdote will furnish sufficient proof. In
drawing a strong cover, a young bitch gave tongue very freely,
while none of the other hounds challenged.  The whipper-in
railed to no purpose; the huntsman insisted that she was wrong,
and the whip was applied with great severity. In doing this, the
lash accidentally struck one of her eyes out of its socket.
Notwithstanding the dreadful pain that must have ensued, she
again took up the scent, and proved herself right; for the fox had
stolen away, and she had broken cover after him, unheeded and
alone. After much delay and cold hunting, the pack hit off the
same scent.
At some distance a farmer informed the sportsmen, that they
were a long way behind the fox, for he had seen a single hound,
very bloody about the head, running breast-high, so that there was
but little chance of their getting up with her. The pack, from her
coming to a check, did at length overtake her.
The same bitch once more hit off the scent, and the fox was
killed, after a long and severe run. The eye of the poor animal,
that had hung pendent through the chase, was then taken off with
a pair of scissors.




120              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SEASON.
During the beginning of autumn, the hounds should be daily
exercised when the weather will permit. They should often be
called over in the kennel to habituate them to their names, and
walked out among the sheep and deer, in order that they may be
accustomed perfectly to disregard them.
A few stout hounds being added to the young ones, some young
foxes may occasionally be turned out. If they hunt improper
game, they must be sternly checked. Implicit obedience is required until they have been sufficiently taught as to the game
which they are to pursue. No obstinate deviation from it must
ever be pardoned. The hounds should be, as much as possible,
taken out into the country which they are afterwards to hunt, and
some young foxes are probably turned out for them to pursue. At
length they are suffered to hunt their game in thorough earnest,
and to taste of its blood.
After this they are sent to more distant covers, and more old
hounds are added, and so they continue until they are taken into
the pack, which usually happens in September.  The young
hounds continue to be added, two or three couple at a time, until
all have hunted. They are then divided into two packs, to be
taken out alternate days. Properly speaking, the sport cannot be
said to begin until October, but the two preceding months are important and busy ones.a
" It would appear, then," says Nimrod, "that the breeding of a
pack of fox-hounds, bordering on perfection, is a task of no ordinary difficulty. The best proof of it is to be found in the few
sportsmen that have succeeded in it. Not only is every good
quality obtained if possible, but every imperfection or fault is
avoided. The highest virtue in a fox-hound is his being true to
the line his game has gone, and a stout runner at the end of the
chase. He must also be a patient hunter when there is a cold
scent and the pack is at fault."
While there is no country in the world that can produce a
breed of horses to equal the English thorough-bred in his present
improved state, there are no dogs like the English fox-hound for
speed, scent, and continuance. It would seem as if there were
something in the climate favourable and necessary to the perfection of the hound. Packs of them have been sent to other countries, neighbouring and remote; but they have usually become
more or less valueless.
As regards the employment of the voice and the horn when out
with hounds, too much caution cannot be used. A hound should
Beckford's Thoughts on Hunting, p. 95.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                  121
never be cheered unless we are perfectly convinced that he is
right, nor rated unless we are sure that he is wrong. When we
are not sure of what is going on we should sit still and be silent.
A few moments will possibly put us in possession of all that we
wish to know.a
The horn should only be used on particular occasions, and a
huntsman should speak by his horn as much as by his voice.
Particular notes should mean certain things, and the hounds and
the field should understand the language.'We have heard some
persons blowing the horn all the day long, and the hounds have
become so careless as to render it of no use.  When a hound first
speaks in cover to a fox, you may, if you think it necessary, use
one single and prolonged note to get the pack together.   Tile
same note will do at any time to call up a lost or loitering hound;
but, when the fox breaks cover, then let your horn be marked in
its notes: let it sound as if you said through it, "Gone away!
gone away! gone away! away! away! away!" dwelling with full
emphasis on the last syllable. Every hound will fly from the cover
the moment he hears this, and the sportsmen and the field will
know that the fox is away.
It is the perfection of the horse, and the perfection of the hound,
and the disregard of trifling expense, that has given to Englishmen a
partiality for field-sports, unequalled in any other country. Mr. Ware's
pack of fox-hounds cost 2000 guineas, and the late Lord Middleton
gave the same to Mr. Osbaldeston for ten couples of his hounds.
HUNTING-KENNELS.
It is time, however, to speak of the kennel, whether we regard the
sporting architecture of Mr. G. Tattersall, or the scientific inquiries
of Mr. Vyner, or a sketch of the noble buildings at Goodwood.
The lodging-rooms should be ceiled, but not plastered, with
ventilators above and a large airy window on either side. The
floors should be laid with flags or paved with bricks. Cement
may be used instead of mortar, and the kennels will then be found
a Mr. Beckford gives the following  as to distinguish the leading hounds
excellent account of what a huntsman  when he does not see them. He should
should be: —"A huntsman should be  be quiet, patient, and without conceit.
attached to the sport, and indefatiga- Such are the qualities which constible, young, strong, active, bold, and  tute perfection in a huntsman. He
enterprising in the pursuit of it. He  should not, however, be too fond of
should be sensible, good-tempered, so- displaying them until called forth by
ber, exact, and cleanly-a good groom  necessity; it being a peculiar and
and an excellent horseman. His voice  distinguishing trait in his character
should be strong and clear, with an  to let his hounds alone while they
eye so quick as to perceive which of  thus hunt, and have genius to sssist
his hounds carries the scent when all them when they cannot."-Beckford
are running, and an ear so excellent on Hunting, Letter ix.
11




122              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
wholesome and dry. The doorways of the lodging-houses will
generally be four feet and a half wide in the clear. The posts
are rounded, to prevent the hounds from being injured when they
rush out. The benches may be made of cast-iron or wood; those
composed of iron being most durable, but the hounds are more
frequently lamed in getting to them. The wooden benches must
be bound with iron, or the hounds will gnaw or destroy them. A
question has arisen, whether the benches should be placed round
the kennel, or be in the centre of it, allowing a free passage by
the side. There is least danger of the latter being affected by the
damp. The walls should be wainscoted to the height of three feet
at least. This will tend very considerably to their comfort.
The floors of all the courts should be arranged in nearly the
same way; the partition walls being closed at the bottom, but with
some iron work above. The doorways should also be so contrived,
that the huntsman may be able to enter whenever he pleases. The
boiling-house should be at as great a distance from the huntingkennel as can be managed, continuing to give warmth to the infirmary for distempered puppies, and at the same time being out
of the way of the other courts.
Mr. Vyner gives an interesting account of the young hounds'
kennel: "This building," he says, "should be as far from the
other lodging-rooms as the arrangements of the structure will
allow. There is also an additional court, or grass-yard, an indispensable requisite in the puppies' kennel. The size must be regulated according to the waste land at the end of the building; but
the longer it is, the better. At the farther end of the grass-court
is a hospital for such young hounds as are distempered, so contrived as to be remote from the other kennels, and, at the same
time, within an easy distance of the boiling-house, whence it is
apparently approached by an outside door, through which the
feeder can constantly pass to attend to the sick hounds without
disturbing the healthy lots. Although this lodging-room is warmed
by the chimneys of the boiling-house, it must also be well ventilated by two windows, to which shutters must be attached; ventilation and good air being quite as necessary to the cure of distemper as warmth."
KENNEL LAMENESS.
We now proceed to a most important and ill-understood subject
-the nature and treatment of kennel lameness. It is a subject
that nearly concerns the sportsman, and on which there are several and the most contrary opinions.
This is a kind of lameness connected with, or attributable to,
the kennel. According to the early opinion of Mr. Asheton Smith,
who is a good authority, it was referable to some peculiarity in




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              123
the breed or management of the hounds; but, agreeably to a later
opinion, it is dependent on situation and subsoil, and may be aggravated or increased by circumstances over which we have no
control. Some kennels are in low and damp situations, yet the
hounds are free from all complaint; and others, with the stanchest
dogs and under the best management, are continually sinking under
kennel lameness.
Mr. R. T. Vyner was one of the first who scientifically treated
on this point, and taught us that clay is not by any means an
objectionable soil to build a kennel upon, although so many pseudosportsmen are frightened by the very name of it.
He enters at once into his subject. "I am thoroughly convinced," says he, " from my own experience, and, I may add, my
own suffering, that the disease of kennel lameness arises only from
one cause, and that is an injudicious and unfortunate selection of
the spot for building. The kennel is generally built on a sandbed, or on a sandstone rock, while the healthiest grounds in England are on a stiff clay, and they are the healthiest because they
are the least porous. Although this may be contrary to the
opinion and prejudice of the majority of sportsmen, it is a fact
that cannot be contradicted.
"Through a light and friable soil, such as sand and sandstone,
a vapour, more or less dense, is continually exhaling and causing
a perpetual damp, which produces that fearful rheumatism which
goes by the name of kennel lameness, while the kennels that are
built on a clay soil, a soil of an impervious nature, are invariably
healthy.
"' I could," he adds, "enumerate twenty kennels to prove the
effect-the invariable effect-of the existence of the disease on
the one part, and of the healthiness of the situation on the other.
I turn particularly to her Majesty's kennel at Ascot, the arches of
which were laid under the very foundation stones, and yet little or
no amendment has ever taken place in the healthiness and comfort of the dogs. It is necessary to select a sound and healthy
situation when about to erect a kennel, and that sound and healthy
situation can be met with alone on a strong impervious clay soil.
We must have no fluid oozing through the walls or the floor of the
kennel, and producing damp and unhealthy vapours, such as we
find in the sandbed."  With regard to this there can be no error.
Nimrod, in his excellent treatise on Kennel Lameness, asks,
whether it does not appear that this disease is on the increase.
He asks, " How is it that neither Beckford nor Somerville says
one word that clearly applies to the disease; and no one, however
learned he might be in canine pathology, has been able clearly to
define the disease, much less to discover a remedy for it?"
All that Mr. Blaine says on the matter amounts only to this:



124              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
"The healthiness of the situation on which any kennel is to be
built, is an important consideration. It is essential that it should
be both dry and airy, and it should also be warm. A damp kennel produces rheumatism in dogs, which shows itself sometimes
by weakness in the loins, but more frequently by lameness in the
shoulders, known under the name of kennel lameness."
Mr. Blaine illustrates this by reference to his own experience.
There is no disease, with the exception of distemper and mange,
to which dogs are so liable as to a rheumatic affection of some
part of the body. It presents almost as many varieties in the dog
as it does in man; and it has some peculiarities observable in the
dog only. Rheumatism never exists in a dog without affecting
the bowels. There will be inflammation or painful torpor through
the whole of the intestinal canal. It is only in some peculiar districts that this occurs; it pervades certain kennels only; and but
until lately there has been little or almost no explanation of the
cause of the evil."a
Nimrod took a most important view of the matter, and to him
the sporting world is much indebted. " How is it," he asks, "that,
in our younger days, we never heard of kennel lameness, or, indeed, of hounds being lame at all, unless from accident, or becoming shaken and infirm from not having been composed of that
iron-bound material which the labours of a greyhound or a hound
require? How is it, that, in our younger days, masters of hounds
began the season with 50 or 60 couples, and, bating the casualties,
left off at the end of it equally strong in their kennels, and able,
perhaps, to make a valuable draft; whereas we now hear of onehalf of the dogs in certain localities being disabled by disease,
and some masters of hounds compelled to be stopped in their work
until their kennels are replenished."
Washing hounds when they come home after work must be injurious to them, although it has almost become the fashion of
modern times. If they are not washed at all, and we believe it
to be unnecessary, yet the kennels in which lameness has appeared
should be strictly avoided. It should be on the day following
and not in the evening of a hunting-day that washing should take
place.
Mr. Hodgson told Nimrod, that the Quorn Pack never had a
case of kennel lameness until his late huntsman took to washing
his hounds after hunting, and then he often had four or five couples ill from this cause. He deprecated even their access to water
in the evening after hunting, and we believe that he was quite
right in so doing.
The tongue of the dog, with the aid of clean straw, is his best
a Blaine on the Diseases of the Dog, p. 140.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              125
and safest instrument in cleansing his person; and, if he can be
brought to his kennel with tolerably clean feet, as Mr. Foljambe
enables him to be brought, he will never be long before he is comfortable in his bed, after his belly is filled.
There is another mode, as a preventive of kennel lameness,
which we have the best authority for saying deserves particular
attention, and that is, the frequently turning hounds off their
benches during the day, even if it were to the extent of every two
hours throughout the entire day. We do not mean to deny the
existence of a disease, which, being produced in the kennel, is
properly termed kennel lameness. Some kennels are, no doubt,
more unhealthy and prone to engender rheumatic affections than
others; but, by proper management, and avoiding as much as
possible all exciting causes, their effects may, at least, be very
much lessened, if not entirely obviated.
LORD FITZHARDINGE'S MANAGEMENT.
Lord Fitzhardinge's opinion of the situation of the kennel and
the management of the hounds, as given in the New Sporting
Magazine, is somewhat different from that which has been just
given. The following is the substance of it:b
He states that the kennel should be built on a dry and warm
situation. Of this there can be no doubt: the comfort and almost
the existence of the dog depend upon it. To this he adds that it
must not be placed on a gravelly or porous soil, over which vapours more or less dense are frequently or continually travelling,
and thus causing a destructive exhalation over the whole of the
building. There must be no fluid oozing through the walls or
the floor of the kennel, and producing damp and unhealthy vapours. When we have not a deep supersoil of clay, one or two
layers of bricks or of stone may line the floor, and then, not even
the most subtile vapour can penetrate through the floor. A clean
bed of straw should be allowed every second day, or oftener when
the weather is wet. The lodging-houses should be ceiled, and
there should be shutters to the windows. A thatched roof is preferable to tiles, being warmer in winter and cooler in summer.
Stoves in the kennels are not necessary: probably they are best
avoided; for, if dogs are accustomed to any considerable degree
of artificial heat, they are more easily chilled by a long exposure
to cold. Their teeth and the setting-up of their backs will confirm
this.
Hounds, when they feel cold, naturally seek each other for
warmth, and they may be seen lying upon the straw and licking
a See Hints to Young Masters of Fox-Hounds-New Sport. Mag., vol. viii.
p. 174-290.
11 *




12A6             SECOND DIVISION OF THE
each other; and that is by far the most wholesome way of pro.
curing comfort and warmth.
On returning from hunting, their feet should be washed with
some warm fluid, and especially the eyes should be examined, and
their food got ready for them as soon as possible. The feeding in
the morning should be an hour, or an hour and a half, before they
start for the field.
It is truly observed by the noble writer to whom we have referred, that there is no part of an establishment of this kind that
merits more attention than the boiling and feeding house. The
hounds cannot perform their work well unless judiciously fed.
Each hound requires particular and constitutional care. No more
than five of them should be let in to feed together, and often not
more than one or two. The feeder should have each hound under
his immediate observation, or they may get too much or too little
of the food.
Some hounds cannot run if they carry much flesh; others are
all the better for having plenty about them. The boilers should
be of iron, two in number,-one for meal and the smaller one for
flesh. The large boiler should render it necessary to be used not
more than once in four days or a week. The food should be
stirred for two hours, then transferred to flat coolers, until sufficiently gelatinous to be cut with a kind of spade. By the admixture of some portion of soups it may be brought to any thickness requisite. The flesh to be mixed with it should be cut very
small, that the greedy hounds may not be able to obtain more than
their share.  Four bushels and a half of genuine old oatmeal
should be boiled with a hundred gallons of water.  The flesh
should be boiled every second or third day. Too great a proportion of soup would render the mixture of a heating nature.
Mr. Delm6 Radcliffe very truly observes that the feeding of
hounds, as regards their condition, is one of the most essential
proofs of a huntsman's skill in the management of the kennel.
To preserve that even state of condition throughout the pack
which is so desirable, he must be well acquainted with the appetite of every hound; for some will feed with a voracity scarcely
credible, and others will require every kind of enticement to induce them to feed.
Mr. Meynell found that the use of dry unboiled oatmeal succeeded better than any other thing he had tried with delicate
hounds. When once induced to take it, they would eat it greedily,
and it seemed to be far more heartening than most kinds of aliment. Other hounds of delicate constitution might be tempted
with a little additional flesh, and with the thickest and best of the
trough, but they required to be watched, and often to be coaxed
to eat.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               127
The dog possesses the power of struggling against want of food
for an almost incredible period. One of these animals, six years
old, was missing three-and-twenty days; at length some children
wandering in a distant wood thought that they frequently heard the
baying of a dog. The master was told of it, and at the bottom of
an old quarry, sixty feet deep, and the mouth of which he had
almost closed by his vain attempts to escape, the voice of the poor
fellow was recognised. With much difficulty he was extricated,
and found in a state of emaciation; his body cold as ice and his
thirst inextinguishable, and he scarcely able to move. They gave
him at intervals small portions of bread soaked in milk and water.
Two days afterwards he was able to follow his master a short
distance.
This occurrence is mentioned by M. Pinguin as a proof that
neither hunger nor thirst could produce rabies. Messrs. Majendie
and F. Cousins have carried their observations to the extent of
forty days,-a disgraceful period.a
MANAGEMENT OF THE PACK.
Sixty-five couple of hounds in full work will consume the carcases of three horses in one week, or five in a fortnight. The
annual consumption of meal will be somewhat more than two tons
per month.
In feeding, the light eaters should be let in first, and a little
extra flesh distributed on the surface of the food, in order to coax
those that are most shy. Some hounds cannot be kept to their
work unless fed two or three times a day; while others must not
be allowed more than six or seven laps, or they would get too
much.
In summer an extra cow or two will be of advantage in the
dairy; for the milk, after it has been skimmed, may be used instead of flesh. There must always be a little flesh in hand for the
sick, for bitches with their whelps, and for the entry of young
hounds.b About Christmas is the time to arrange the breeding
establishment. The number of puppies produced is usually from
five to eight or nine; but, in one strange case, eighteen of them
made their appearance. The constitution and other appearances
in the dam, will decide the number to be preserved. When the
whelps are sufficiently grown to run about, they should be placed
in a warm situation, with plenty of fresh grass, and a sufficient
quantity of clean, but not too stimulating, food. They should
then be marked according to their respective letters, that they may
be always recognised. When the time comes, the ears of the dog
a Trait6 de la Folie des Animaux, tom. ii. 39.  b Mr. D. Radcliffe.




128              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
should be rounded; the size of the ear and of the head guiding
the rounding-iron.
This being passed, the master of the pack takes care that his
treatment shall be joyous and playful; encouragement is always
with him the word. The dog should be taught the nature of the
fault before he is corrected: no animal is more grateful for kindness than a hound; the peculiarities of his temper will soon be
learned, and when he begins to love his master, he will mind, from
his natural and acquired affection, a word or a frown from him
more than the blows of all the whips that were ever put into the
hands of the keepers.
The distemper having passed, and the young hounds being in
good health, they should be walked out every day, and taught to
follow the horse, with a keeper who is selected as a kind and quiet
person, and will bear their occasionally entangling themselves in
their couples. They are then taken to the public roads, and there
exercised, and checked from riot, but with as little severity as possible; a frequent and free use of the whip never being allowed.
No animals take their character from their master so much as the
hounds do from theirs. If he is wild, or noisy, or nervous, so will
his hounds be; if he is steady and quick, the pack will be the
same. The whip should never be applied but for some immediate
and decided fault. A rate given at an improper time does more
harm than good: it disgusts the honest hound, it shies and prevents from hunting the timid one, and it is treated with contempt
by those of another character who may at some future time deserve
it. It formerly was the custom, and still is too much so, when a
hound has hung on a hare, to catch him when he comes up, and
flog him. The consequence of this is, that he takes good care
the next time he indulges in a fault not to come out of cover at all.
We will conclude this part of our subject by a short account of
the splendid kennel at Goodwood, for which we are indebted to
Lord W. Lennox, with the kind permission of the Duke of Richmond. It is described as one of the most complete establishments
of the kind in England. The original establishment of this
building, although a little faulty, possesses considerable interest
from its errors being corrected by the third Duke of Richmond,
a man who is acknowledged to have been one of the most popular
public characters of the day, and who in more private life extended
his patronage to all that was truly honourable. It was to the
Duke's support of native talent that we may trace the origin of the
present Royal Academy. In 1758, the Duke of Richmond displayed, at his residence in Whitehall, a large collection of original
plaster casts, taken from the finest statues and busts of the ancient
sculptors. Every artist was freely admitted to this exhibition




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              129
and, for the further encouragement of talent, he bestowed two
medals annually on such as had exhibited the best models.
We have thus digressed in order to give a slight sketch of the
nobleman by whom this kennel was built, and we do not think that
we can do better than lay before our readers the original account
of it.
Early in life the Duke built what was not then common, a tenniscourt, and what was more uncommon, a dog-kennel, which cost
him above 60001. The Duke was his own architect, assisted by,
and under the guidance of, Mr. Wyatt; he dug his own flints,
burnt his own lime, and conducted the wood-work in his own
shops. The result of his labours was the noble building of which
a plan is here given.
The dog-kennel is a grand object when viewed from Goodwood.
The fropt is handsome, the ground well raised about it, and the
general effect good; the open court in the centre adds materially
to the noble appearance of the building.
The entrance to the kennel is delineated in the centre with a
flight of stairs leading above. The huntsmnan's rooms, four in
number first present themselves, and are marked in the plan before us by the letter C; each of them is fifteen feet four inches,
by folr*teen feet six inches.
At each end of the side towards the court is one of the feedingrooms, twenty-nine feet by fourteen feet four inches, and nobly
constructed rooms they are; they are designated by the letters B.
At the back of the feeding-rooms, are one set of the lodging-rooms,
from thirty-five feet six inches, to fourteen feet four inches, and
marked by the letters A, and at either extremity is another lodgingroom, thirty-two feet six inches in length, and fourteen feet six
inches in width: this is also marked by the letter A.
Coming into the court we find the store-room twenty-four feet
by fourteen and a half, marked by the letter D, and the stable, of
the same dimensions, by the letter E.
At the top of the buildings are openings for the admission of
cold air, and stoves to warm the air when too cold. There are
plentiful supplies of water from tanks holding 10,000 gallons; so
that there is no inconvenience from the smell, and the whole can
at any time be drained, and not be rendered altogether useless.
Round the whole building is a pavement five feet wide; airy
yards and places for breeding, &c., making part of each wing.
For the huntsman and whipper-in there are sleeping-rooms, and a
neat parlour or kitchen.
Soon after the kennel was erected, it would contain two packs
of hounds.




130   SECOND DIVISION OF THE
[ E |I
A
I
aA 
i 
D  IC     S




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               131
THE STAG-HOUND.
The largest of the English hounds that has been lately used, is
devoted, as his name implies, to the chase of the deer. He is
taller than the fox-hound, and with far more delicate scent, but he
is not so speedy. He answers better than any other to the description given of the old English hound, so much valued when the
country, less enclosed, and the forests, numerous and extensive,
were the harbours of the wild deer. The deer-hound and the
harrier were for many centuries the only hunting-dogs. The foxhound has been much more recently bred.
The most tyrannic and cruel laws were enforced for the preservation of this species of game, and the life of the deer, except
when sacrificed in the chase, and by those who were privileged to
join in it, was guarded with even more strictness than the life of
the human being. When, however, the country became more
generally cultivated, and the stag was confined to enclosed parks,
and was seldom sought in his lair, but brought into the field, and
turned out before the dogs, so much interest was taken from the
affair, that this species of hunting grew out of fashion, and was
confined to the neighbourhood of the scattered forests that remained, and enjoyed only by royalty and a few noblemen, of whose
establishment a kennel of deer-hounds had, from time immemorial,
formed a part.
Sihce the death of George III., who was much attached to this
sport, stag-hunting has rapidly declined, and the principal pleasure
seems now to consist in the concourse of people brought together
to an appointed place and hour, to witness the turning out of the
deer. There is still maintained a royal establishment for the continuance of this noble sport; but, unless better supported than it
has of late years been, it will gradually decline.
The stag-hounds are now a part of the regular Crown establishment. The royal kennel is situated upon Ascot Heath, about six
miles from Windsor. At the distance of a mile from the kennel
is Swinley Lodge, the official residence of the Master of the Staghounds.
The stag-hound is a beautiful animal. He is distinguished from
the fox-hound by the apparent broadness and shortness of his head,
his longer cheek, his straighter hock, his wider thigh and deeper
chest, and better feathered and more beautifully arched tail. His
appearance indicates strength and stoutness, in which indeed he
is unequalled, and he has sufficient speed to render it difficult for
the best horses long to keep pace with him; while, as is necessary,
when the distance between the footmarks of the deer is considered,
his scent is most exquisite. He is far seldomer at fault than any




132                SECOND DIVISION OF THE
other hound except the blood-hound, and rarely fails of running
down his game.
Of the stoutness of this dog, the following anecdotes will be a
sufficient illustration. A deer, in the spring of 1822, was turned
out before the Earl of Derby's hounds at Hayes Common.      The
chase was continued nearly four hours without a check, when,
being almost run down, the animal took refuge in some outhouses
near Speldhurst in Kent, more than forty miles across the country,
and having actually run more than fifty miles. Nearly twenty
horses died in the field, or in consequence of the severity of the
chase.
A stag was turned out at Wingfield Park, in Northumberland.
The whole pack, with the exception of two hounds, was, after a
long run, thrown out. The stag returned to his accustomed
haunt, and, as his last effort, leaped the wall of the park, and lay
down and died. One of the hounds, unable to clear the wall, fell
and expired, and the other was found dead at a little distance.
They had run about forty miles.
When the stag first hears the cry of the hounds, he runs with
the swiftness of the wind, and continues to run as long as any
sound of his pursuers can be distinguished. That having ceased,
he pauses and looks carefully around him; but before he can determine what course to pursue, the cry of the pack again forces
itself upon his attention.  Once more he darts away, and after a
while again pauses.  His strength perhaps begins to fail, and he
has recourse to stratagem  in order to escape.  He practises the
doubling and the crossing of the fox or the hare.    This being
useless, he attempts to escape by plunging into some lake or river
that happens to lie in his way, and when, at last, every attempt to
escape proves abortive, he boldly faces his pursuers, and attacks
the first dog or man who approaches him.a
a The late Lord Orford reduced four  to the utmost, the terrified animals
stags to so perfect a degree of sub- bounded away with the swiftness of
mission, that, in his short excursions, lightning, and entered Newmarket at
he used to drive them in a phaeton  full speed. They made immediately
made for the purpose. He was one  for the Ram Inn, to which his lordday exercising his singular and beau-  ship was in the habit of driving, and,
tiful steeds in the neighbourhood of  having fortunately entered the yard
Newmarket, when their ears were  without any accident, the stablesaluted with the unwelcome cry of a  keepers huddled his lordship, the
pack of hounds, which, crossing the  phaeton, and the deer into a large
road in their rear, had caught the  barn, just in time to save them from
scent, and leaving their original ob- the hounds, who came into the yard
ject of pursuit, were now in rapid  in full cry a few seconds afterwards.
chase of the frightened stags. In  -Annals of Sporting, vol. iii. 1823.
vain his grooms exerted themselves




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               133
THE SOUTHERN HOUND.
There used to be in the south of Devon a pack or cry of the
genuine old English or southern hounds. There is some reason
to believe that this was the original stock of the island, or of this
part of the island, and that this hound was used by the ancient
Britons in the chase of the larger kinds of game with which the
country formerly abounded. Its distinguishing characters are its
size and general heavy appearance; its great length of body, deep
chest, and ears remarkably large and pendulous. The tones of
its voice were peculiarly deep. It answered the description of
Shakspeare,"So flewed, so sanded; and their heads are hung
With ears that sweep away the morning dew;
Crook.knee'd, and dew-lapp'd, like Thessalian bulls;
Slow in pursuit, but match'd in mouth like bells,
Each under each."
It was the slowness of the breed which occasioned its disuse.
Several of them, however, remained not long ago at a village
called Aveton Gifford, in Devonshire, in the neighbourhood of
which some of the most opulent of the farmers used to keep two
or three dogs each. When fox-hunting had assumed somewhat of
its modern form, the chase was followed by a slow heavy hound,
whose excellent olfactory organs enabled him to carry on the scent
a considerable time after the fox-hound passed, and also over
grassy fallows, and hard roads, and other places, where the modern
high-bred fox-hound would not be able to recognise it. Hence
the chase continued for double the duration which it does at present, and hence may be seen the reason why the old English hunter, so celebrated in former days and so great a favourite among
sportsmen of the old school, was enabled to perform those feats
which were exultingly bruited in his praise. The fact is, that the
hounds and the horse were well matched. If the latter possessed
not the speed of the Meltonian hunter, the hounds were equally
slow and stanch.
THE BLOOD-HOUND.
This dog does not materially differ in appearance from the old
deer-hound of a larger size, trained to hunt the human being instead of the quadruped. If once put on the track of a supposed
robber, he would unerringly follow him to his retreat, although at
the distance of many a mile. Such a breed was necessary when
neither the private individual nor the government had other means
to detect the offender. Generally speaking, however, the bloodhound of former days would not injure the culprit that did not
attempt to escape, but would lie down quietly and give notice by
12                  i




134              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
a loud and peculiar howl what kind of prey he had found. Some,
however, of a savage disposition, or trained to unnatural ferocity,
would tear to pieces the hunted wretch, if timely rescue did not
arrive.
Hounds of every kind, both great and small, may be broken in
to follow any particular scent, and especially when they are feelingly convinced that they are not to hunt any other. This is the
case with the blood-hound. He is destined to one particular
object of pursuit, and a total stranger with regard to every other.
In the border country between England and Scotland, and until
the union of the two kingdoms, these dogs were absolutely necessary for the preservation of property, and the detection of robbery
and murder. A tax was levied on the inhabitants for the maintenance of a certain number of blood-hounds. When, however,
the civic government had sufficient power to detect and punish
crime, this dangerous breed of hounds fell into disuse and was
systematically discouraged. It, nevertheless, at the present day,
is often bred by the rangers in large forests or parks to track the
deer-stealer, but oftener to find the wounded deer.
The blood-hound is talker and better formed than the deerhound. It has large and deep ears, the forehead broad and the
muzzle narrow. The expression of the countenance is mild and
pleasing, when the dog is not excited; but, when he is following
the robber, his ferocity becomes truly alarming.
The Thrapstone Association lately trained a blood-hound for
the detection of sheepstealers. In order to prove the utility of
this dog, a person whom he had not seen was ordered to run as
far and as fast as his strength would permit. An hour afterwards
the hound was brought out. He was placed on the spot whence
the man had started. He almost immediately detected the scent
and broke away, and, after a chase of an hour and a half, found
him concealed in a tree, fifteen miles distant.
Mr. John Lawrence says, that a servant, discharged by a sporting country gentleman, broke into his stables by night, and cut
off the ears and tail of a favourite hunter. As soon as it was discovered, a blood-hound was brought into the stable, who at once
detected the scent of the miscreant, and traced it more than
twenty miles. He then stopped at a door, whence no power could
move him. Being at length admitted, he ran to the top of the
house, and, bursting open the door of a garret, found the object
that he sought in bed, and would have torn him to pieces, had not
the huntsman, who had followed him on a fleet horse, rushed up
after him.
Somerville thus describes the use to which he was generally put,
in pursuit of the robber -




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                 135
"Soon the sagacious brute, his curling tail
Flourished in air, low bending, plies around
His busy nose, the steaming vapour snuffs
Inquisitive, nor leaves one turf untried,
Till, conscious of the recent stains, his heart
Beats quick. His snuffing nose, his active tail,
Attest his joy. Then, with deep opening mouth,
That makes the welkin tremble, he proclaims
Th' audacious felon. Foot by foot he marks
His winding way. Over the watery ford,
Dry sandy heaths, and stony barren hills,
Unerring he pursues, till at the cot
Arrived, and, seizing by his guilty throat
The caitiff vile, redeems the captive prey."
THE SETTER
is evidently the large spaniel improved to his peculiar size and
beauty, and taught another way of marking his game, viz., by setting
or crouching. If the form of the dog were not sufficiently satisfactory on this point, we might have recourse to history for information on it. Mr. Daniel, in his Rural Sports, has preserved a
document, dated in the year 1685, in which a yeoman binds himself for the sum of ten shillings, fully and effectually to teach a
spaniel to sit partridges and pheasants.
[As this old document may prove interesting to the curious, we
take the liberty of inserting it, knowing full well, that Mr. Daniel's
work is quite rare in this country, and copies of it are not easily
obtained even in England.
Ribbesford, Oct. 7, 1685.
"I, John Harris, of Willdon, in the parish of Hastlebury, in
the county of Worcester, yeoman, for and in consideration of ten
shillings of lawful English money this day received of Henry
Herbert of Ribbesford, in the said county, Esqr., and of thirty
shillings more of like money by him promised to be hereafter
pay'd me, do hereby covenant and promise to and with the said
Henry Herbert, his exors and admors, that I will, from the day of
the date hereof, untill the first day of March next, well and sufficiently mayntayne and keepe a Spanile Bitch named Quand, this
day delivered into my custody by the said Henry Herbert, and
will, before the first day of March next, fully and effectually traine
up and teach the said Bitch to sitt Partridges, Pheasants, and other
game, as well and exactly as the best sitting Doggers usually sett
the same. And the said bitch, so trayned and taught, shall and
will delivere to the said Henry Herbert, or whom he shall appoint
to receive her, att his house in Ribbesford aforesaid, on the first
day of March next. And if at anytime after the said Bitch shall,
for want of use or practice, or orwise, forgett to sett Game as




136              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
aforesaid, I will, at my costes and charges, maynetayne her for a
month, or longer, as often as need shall require, to trayne up and
teach her to sett Game as aforesaid, and shall and will, fully and
effectually, teach her to sett Game as well and exactly as is above
mentyon'd.
Witness my hand and seal the day and year first above written,
JOHN HARRIS, his P mark.
Sealed and delivered in presence of
H. PAYNE, his >X mark."
L.]
The first person, however, who systematically broke-in setting
dogs, is supposed to have been Dudley Duke of Northumberland,
in 1335.
A singular dog-cause was tried in Westminster, in July, 1822.
At a previous trial it was determined that the mere possession of
a dog, generally used for destroying game, was sufficient proof of
its being actually so used. Mr. Justice Best, however, determined
that a man might be a breeder of such dogs without using them
as game-dogs; and Mr. Justice Bailey thought that if a game-dog
was kept in a yard, chained up by day, and let loose at night, and,
being so trained as to guard the premises, he was to be considered
as a yard-dog, and not as a game-dog.
The setter is used for the same purpose as the pointer, and
there is great difference of opinion with regard to their relative
value as sporting-dogs.  Setters are not so numerous; and they
are dearer, and with great difficulty obtained pure. It was long
the fashion to cross and mix them with the pointer, by which no
benefit was obtained, but the beauty of the dog materially impaired; many Irish sportsmen, however, were exceedingly careful
to preserve the breed pure. Nothing of the pointer can be traced
in them, and they are useful and beautiful dogs, altogether different in appearance from either the English or Scotch setter.
The Irish sportsmen are, perhaps, a little too much prejudiced
with regard to particular colours. Their dogs are either very red,
or red and white, or lemon-coloured, or white, patched with deep
chestnut; and it was necessary for them to have a black nose, and
a black roof to the mouth. This peculiar dye is supposed to be
as necessary to a good and genuine Irish setter as is the palate of
a Blenheim spaniel to the purity of his breed. A true Irish setter
will obtain a higher price than either an English or Scotch one.
Fifty guineas constituted no unusual price for a brace of them,
and even two hundred guineas have been given. It is, nevertheless, doubtful whether they do in reality so much exceed the other
breeds, and whether, although stout and hard-working dogs, and




ht its, 
_,& G v   ch'"
THE SETTER.








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              137
with excellent scent, they are not somewhat too headstrong and
unruly.
The setter is more active than the pointer. He has greater
spirit and strength. He will better stand continued hard work
He will generally take the water when necessary, and, retaining
the character of the breed, is more companionable and attached.
He loves his master for himself, and not, like the pointer, merely
for the pleasure he shares with him. His somewhat inferior scent,
however, makes him a little too apt to run into his game, and he
occasionally has a will of his own. He requires good breaking,
and plenty of work; but that breaking must be of a peculiar character: it must not partake of the severity which too often accompanies, and unnecessarily so, the tuition of the pointer. He has
more animal spirit than the pointer, but he has not so much patient
courage; and the chastisement, sometimes unnecessary and cruel,
but leaving the pointer perfect in his work, and eager for it too,
would make the setter disgusted with it, and leave him a mere
blinker. It is difficult, however, always to decide the claim of
superiority between these dogs. He that has a good one of either
breed may be content, but the lineage of that dog must be pure.
The setter, with much of the pointer in him, loses something in
activity and endurance; and the pointer, crossed with the setter,
may have a degree of wildness and obstinacy, not a little annoying to his owner. The setter may be preferable when the ground
is hard and rough; for he does not soon become foot-sore. He
may even answer the purpose of a springer for pheasants and
woodcocks, and may be valuable in recovering a wounded bird.
His scent may frequently be superior to that of the pointer, and
sufficiently accurate to distinguish, better than the pointer, when
the game is sprung; but the steadiness and obedience of the pointer will generally give him the preference, especially in a fair and
tolerably smooth country. At the beginning of a season, and
when the weather is hot, the pointer will have a decided advantage.
[We beg leave to finish this history of the setter by referring to
our essay on this dog, published in vol. xv, No. 47, of the " New
York Spirit of the Times," or as lately transferred to the pages
of an interesting and valuable sporting work, about being published by our esteemed friend, Wm. A. Porter, and from which
we now abstract our remarks upon
THE MERITS OF THE SETTER COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE
POINTER.
It cannot for a moment be doubted that the setter has superior advantages to the pointer, for hunting over our uncleared
country, although the pointer has many qualities that recommend
12*




138              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
him to the sportsman, that the setter does not possess. In the
first place, the extreme hardiness and swiftness of foot, natural to
the setter, enables him to get over much more ground than the
pointer, in the same space of time. Their feet also, being more
hard and firm, are not so liable to become sore from contact with
our frozen ground. The ball pads being well protected by the
spaniel toe-tufts, are less likely to be wounded by the thorns and
burs with which our woods are crowded during the winter season.
His natural enthusiasm for hunting, coupled with his superior
physical powers, enables him to stand much more work than the
pointer, and oftentimes he appears quite fresh upon a long continued hunt, when the other will be found drooping and inattentive.
The long, thick fur of the setter, enables him to wend his way
through briary thickets without injury to himself, when a similar
attempt on the part of a pointer, would result in his ears, tail, and
body being lacerated and streaming with blood.
On the other hand, the pointer is superior to the setter in retaining his acquired powers for hunting, and not being naturally
enthusiastic in pursuit of game, he is more easily broken and kept
in proper subjection.
The setter frequently requires a partial rebreaking at the commencement of each season, in his younger days, owing to the
natural eagerness with which he resumes the sport. The necessity
of this, however, diminishes with age, as the character and habits
of the dog become more settled, and then we may take them into
the field, with a perfect assurance of their behaving quite as well
on the first hunt of the season, as the stanchest pointer would.
The extreme caution, and mechanical powers of the pointer in
the field, is a barrier to his flushing the birds, as is often witnessed
in the precipitate running of the setter, who winds the game and
frequently overruns it in his great anxiety to come up with it. But
this occasional fault on the part of the setter, may be counterbalanced by the larger quantity of game that he usually finds in a
day's hunt, owing to his enthusiasm and swiftness of foot. Setters
require much more water while hunting than the pointer, owing
to their thick covering of fur, encouraging a greater amount of insensible perspiration to fly off than the thin and short dress of the
pointer. Consequently they are better calculated to hunt in the
coldest seasons than early in our falls, which are frequently quite
dry and warm.
A striking instance of this fact came under our own immediate
observation this fall, when shooting in a range of country thinly
settled and uncommonly dry. The day being warm and the birds
scarce, the dogs suffered greatly from thirst, in so much that a
very fine setter of uncommon bottom, was forced to give up entirely, completely prostrated, foaming at the mouth in the most




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               139
alarming manner, breathing heavily, and vomiting from time to
time a thick frothy mucus.
His prostration of both muscular and nervous powers was so
great, that he could neither smell nor take the slightest notice of a
bird, although placed at his nose. He could barely manage to drag
one leg after the other, stopping to rest every few moments, and
we were fearful that we should be obliged to shoulder and carry
him to a farm-house, a considerable distance off. However, he
succeeded, with much difficulty, in reaching the well, where he
greedily drank several pints of water administered to him with
caution.
He recovered almost immediately, gave me a look of thanks, and
was off to the fields in a few moments, where he soon found a fine
covey of birds.
The pointer, his associate in the day's work, and a much less
hardy dog, stood the hunt remarkably well, and seemed to suffer
little or no inconvenience from the want of water. The setter
has natural claims upon the sportsman and man generally, in his
affectionate disposition and attachment to his master, and the
many winning manners he exhibits towards those by whom he is
caressed.
The pointer displays but little fondness for those by whom he
is surrounded, and hunts equally as well for a stranger as his
master.-L.]
Of the difference between the old English setter and the setters
of the present day, we confess that we are ignorant, except that
the first was the pure spaniel improved, and the latter the spaniel
crossed too frequently with the pointer.
It must be acknowledged, that of companionableness, and disinterested attachment and gratitude, the pointer knows comparatively little. If he is a docile and obedient servant in the field, it
is all we want. The setter is unquestionably his superior in every
amiable quality. Mr. Blaine says, that a large setter, ill with the
distemper, had been nursed by a lady more than three weeks.
At length he became so ill as to be placed in a bed, where he remained a couple of days in a dying state. After a short absence,
the lady, re-entering the room, observed him to fix his eyes attentively on her, and make an effort to crawl across the bed towards
her. This he accomplished, evidently for the sole purpose of
licking her hand, after which he immediately expired.
[Daniel Lambert celebrated for his enormous magnitude, weighing seven hundred and thirty-nine pounds, had a very superior
oreed of setters, which were publicly sold, at the following prices;
ifter his death, which forcibly illustrates the immense value placed
on this dog in England; whereas, many American sportsmen con



140              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
siders it a great hardship to be obliged to give thirty or forty dollars for a well-bred setter in this country.
Guineas
Peg, a black  Setter Bitch..........................  41
Punch, a Setter Dog..................             26
Brush,      do.............................. 17
Bob,        do.............................. 20
Bell,       do.............................. 32
Bounce,     do.............................. 22
Sam,        do...............................  26
Charlotte, a Pointer Bitch.................      22
Lucy,          do..........................  12
218
-L.]
THE POINTER.
The pointer is evidently descended from the hound.
[We beg leave to make the following extracts from our essay
on this subject, published in No. 1, vol. xvi, of the " Spirit of the
Times:"
The origin of the pointer, like that of the setter, is involved in
much obscurity; he is of mixed blood, and no doubt largely indebted to both hound and spaniel for his distinct existence.
Many sportsmen are under the erroneous idea that the pointer
is contemporary with, if not older than, the Setter. Such, however, is not the case; and we are led to believe that the Pointer
is of quite modern origin; at all events, the production of a much
later date than the spaniel.
Strut, in his "Sports and Pastimes," chap. 1, sects. xv. and
xvi., mentions a MS. in the Cotton Library, originally written by
William Twici, or Twety, Grand Huntsman to Edward II., who
ascended the throne in 1307.
This manuscript contains the earliest treatise on hunting that
the English possess, and enumerates the various kinds of game
and different species of dogs then in existence, as also the modes
of taking the former and using the latter.
After describing, in the usual minute manner, the specific employment of each dog, he finishes by stating:-" The spaniel was
for use in hawking, hys crafte is for the perdrich or partridge, and
the quail; and when taught to couch, he is very serviceable to the
fowler, who takes these birds with nets."
No mention is made in this treatise of the pointer, and we
naturally infer that he did not exist, or he would have been noticed
in connexion with the spaniel, who, it appears, even at this early




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~~~ —-- ~ ~ ~ ~~~ —
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VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                    141
period, was taught to couch on and point out game to those employed in netting it.
In the early portion of the sixteenth century, we have another
enumeration of dogs, then in use, in a book entitled —" A Jewel
for Gentrie;" which, besides the dogs already descanted upon by
Twici, we find added to the list, " bastards and mongrels, lemors,
kenets, terrours, butchers' hounds, dung-hill dogs, trindel-tailed
dogs, prychercard curs, and ladies' puppies." (Chap. 1st., Sec.
XVI.-Strut.)
The pointer being the offspring of the fox-hound and spaniel, is
consequently sprung from the two ancient races known as Sagaces
and Pugnaces or Bcllicosi. He certainly evinces a larger share
of the Bellicosi blood than the setter, being ever ready for fight
when assailed, while the latter generally exhibits a conciliatory
disposition under the most trying circumstances.-L.]
It is the fox-hound searching for game by the scent, but more
perfectly under the control of the sportsman, repressing his cry
of joy when he finds his game, and his momentary pause, and
gathering himself up in order to spring upon it artificially, converted into a steady and deliberate point. There still remains a
strong resemblance, in countenance and in form, between the
pointer and the fox-hound, except that the muzzle is shorter, and
the ears smaller, and partly pendulous.
Seventy or eighty years ago, the breed of pointers was nearly
white, or varied with liver-coloured spots; some, however, belonging to the Duke of Kingston, were perfectly black. This peculiarity of colour was supposed to be connected with exquisite
perfection of scent.  That is not the case with the present black
pointers, who are not superior to any others.
Mr. Daniel relates an anecdote of one of his pointers. He had
a dog that would always go round close to the hedges of a field
before he would quarter his ground. He seemed to have observed
that he most frequently found his game in the course of this circuit.a
The author of the Field Book says  and numerous small dark-brown spots
that he saw an extremely small pointer, appeared over his whole body and
whose length, from the tip of the nose  legs.
to the point of the tail, was only two  This beautiful little animal had an
feet and half an inch, the length of  exquisite sense of smell. Some of the
the head being six inches, and round  same breed, and being the property
the chest one foot and three inches. of the Earl of Lauderdale, were broHe was an exquisite miniature of the  ken-in and made excellent pointers,
English pointer, being in all respects  although, from their minute size, it
similar to him, except in his size. could not be expected that they would
Iis colour was white, with dark liver-  be able to do much work. When incoloured patches on each side of the  tent upon any object, the dog ashead, extending half down the neck. sumed the same attitude as other
The ears, with some patches on the  pointers, holding up one of his feet.
back, were also of the same colour, -The Field Book, p. 399.




142              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
Mr. Johnson gives the following characteristic sketches of the
different breeds of pointer:THE SPANISH POINTER,
originally a native of Spain, was once considered to be a valuable
dog. He stood higher on his legs, but was too large and heavy in
his limbs, and had widely spread, ugly feet, exposing him to fre.
quent lameness. His muzzle and head were large, corresponding
with the acuteness of his smell. His ears were large and pendent,
and his body ill-formed. He was naturally an ill-tempered dog,
growling at the hand that would caress him, even although it were
his master's. He stood steadily to his birds; but it was difficult
to break him of chasing the hare. He was deficient in speed.
His redeeming quality was his excellent scent, unequalled in any
other kind of dog.
[To convince our readers of the value of this particular breed,
we may mention the very singular sale of Colonel Thornton's dog
Dash, who was purchased by Sir Richard Symons for one hundred
and sixty pounds worth of champagne and burgundy, a hogshead
of claret, and an elegant gun and another pointer, with a stipulation that if any accident befell the dog, he was to be returned to
his former owner for fifty guineas. Dash unfortunately broke his
leg, and in accordance with the agreement of sale was returned to
the Colonel, who considered him a fortunate acquisition as a stallion to breed from. (See Blain or Daniel).-L.]
THE PORTUGUESE POINTER,
although with a slighter form than the Spanish one, is defective in
the feet, often crooked in the legs, and of a quarrelsome disposition. He soon tires, and is much inclined to chase the hare.
The tail is larger than that of the spaniel, and fully fringed.
THE FRENCH POINTER
is distinguished by a furrow between his nostrils, which materially
interferes with the acuteness of smell. He is better formed and
more active than either the Spanish or Portuguese dog, and capable
of longer continued exertion; but he is apt to be quarrelsome,
and is too fond of chasing the hare.
[We will close this account of the Pointer by transferring from
the pages of the " Spirit of the Times" our remarks upon this
particular breed.
The French variety, as described by English authors, is much
smaller than either of the above breeds; and although possessed
of great beauty, acute scent, and other qualifications that would
render him valuable in their eyes, still is considered much inferior,




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                143
not being able to cope with their dogs in hunting, owing to a want
of physical power of endurance.
Youatt states, that he is distinguished by a furrow in his nose,
which materially interferes with his acuteness of smell.
These accounts do not agree with the French writers, to whom,
it is very true, the English should not look for any particular
information respecting hunting or shooting. Nevertheless, all
must admit that they are quite as capable of describing their particular breeds of animals as other nations; and, in fact, we might
go farther, and say that they are much more competent to the task
than English writers, judging from their extensive knowledge in
comparative anatomy, and their long array of celebrated writers
on natural history-the Cuviers, Buffon, &c.
Baudrillart, in his Dictionnaire des Chases, describes the
Prench Pointer as having endurance and great industry, and of
their being used oftentimes solely for la grande chasse. In the
atlas of plates accompanying this interesting work, will be found
two distinct and extremely correct drawings of the English Pointer,
and also an engraving of the French variety, which latter, certainly, is represented as being equally, if not more muscular and
hardy, than the English.
As for the furrow in the nose, as mentioned by Youatt, no reference is made to it in connection with this species, and in the
engraving the nose is square. But in describing another variety,
known in France as coming from Spain, Baudrillart states, that
they are vulgarly called " a'deux nez,parceque ce chien a les narines
separees par une gouttiere."
As for Mr. Youatt's declaration in reference to the furrow in
the nose "materially interfering with the acuteness of smell," I
cannot understand how, or on what principle of reasoning, this
slight deviation from nature should affect the properties of the
olfactory apparatus. That these furrow-nosed dogs are inferior to
the English in scenting powers, as stated by Mr. Youatt, we do
not question; but that their deficiency depends upon this furrow,
remains to be proved.
This furrow in the nose is merely a deformity, and like many
others in various breeds of animals, was solely the result of accident in the first place; and as we often see, even in the human
species, the deformities and infirmities of our ancestors entailed
upon their progeny, so has this'cut in the nose' been so exten
sively inherited by succeeding generations, that it has now become
a distinctive mark of a whole class of dogs.
The French Pointer, as known in this country, is a beautiful,
well-shaped, compact, square-nosed dog; not so long or high as
the English, but extremely well built, full-chested, large head
pendent ears, projecting eyes, large feet, and thickish tail.




144              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
His colour, seldom white, but generally intermingled with small
spots of brown or chocolate over the body, and more particularly
over the head and ears. Such a dog is in the possession of the
writer, who knows nothing of his ancestry; but is convinced from
those he saw in France, that they must have been imported from
that country.
The English Pointer will now claim more particularly our attention. It is quite useless to go into a general description of an
animal of whom we have already said much, and with whom we
are all familiar; but we will endeavour to mention the most striking
points of the species, which marks can be referred to as guides in
the purchase of a dog.
It is a difficult matter to put on paper, in a manner satisfactory
either to the reader or writer, the peculiarities of any animal,
whereby he may be judged pure or mixed. However, there are,
generally, some few points in each species, that can be selected
as proofs of their genuineness and ability to perform certain actions
peculiar to the race.
But, after all, more reliance must be placed upon the good faith
of the seller, or the previous knowledge of the strain from which
the purchaser selects-and what is better than either, from actual
observation in the field; all of which precautions may, nevertheless, prove abortive, and our dog be worthless.
As regards the size of the English Pointer, we may say, that he
averages in length about 3 feet from the tip of the muzzle to the
base of the tail, and from 22 to 26 inches high. His head not
bulky nor too narrow, the frontal sinuses largely developed.
The muzzle long and rather tapering, the nostrils large and
well open, the ear slightly erect, not over long, and the tip triangular; if too pendent, large and rounded at the tip, there is too
much of the hound present. The eyes lively, but not too prominent; the neck rather long and not over thick, the chest broad,
the limbs large and muscular; the paws strong, hard and wide.
The body and loins thin, rather than bulky, the hind quarters
broad, and the limbs in the same proportion with the fore members; the tail long and tapering.-L.]
THE RUSSIAN POINTER
is a rough, ill-tempered animal, with too much tendency to stupidity, and often annoyed by vermin. He runs awkwardly, with
his nose near the ground, and frequently springs his game. He
also has the cloven or divided nose.
THE EARLY TRAINING OF THE DOG.
The education of these dogs should commence at an early period, whether conducted by the breeder or the sportsman; and




VARIETIES OF THE DOG,               145
the first lesson-that on which the value of the animal, and the
pleasure of its owner, will much depend-is a habit of subjection
on the part of the dog, and kindness on the part of the master.
This is a sine qud non. The dog must recognise in his owner a
friend and a benefactor. This will soon establish in the mind of
the quadruped a feeling of gratitude, and a desire to please. All
this is natural to the dog, if he is encouraged by the master, and
then the process of breaking-in may commence in good earnest.
No long time probably passes ere the dog commits some little
fault. He is careless, or obstinate, or cross. The owner puts on
a serious countenance, he holds up his finger, or shakes his head,
or produces the whip, and threatens to use it. Perhaps the infliction of a blow, that breaks no bones, occasionally follows. In the
majority of cases nothing more is required. The dog succumbs;
he asks to be forgiven; or, if he has been self-willed, he may be
speedily corrected without any serious punishment.
A writer, under the signature of " Soho," in The New Sporting
Magazine for 1833, gives an interesting account of the schooling
of the pointer or setter, thus commenced. A short abstract from
it may not be unacceptable:"The first lesson inculcated is that of passive obedience, and
this enforced by the infliction of severity as little as the case will
admit. We will suppose the dog to be a setter. He is taken into
the garden or into a field, and a strong cord, about eighteen or
twenty yards long, is tied to his collar. The sportsman calls the
dog to him, looks earnestly at him, gently presses him to the
ground, and several times, with a loud, but not an angry voice,
says,' Down!' or' Down charge!' The dog knows not the meaning of this, and struggles to get up; but, as often as he struggles,
the cry of' Down charge!' is repeated, and the pressure is continued or increased.
"This is repeated a longer or shorter time, until the dog, finding that no harm is meant, quietly submits. He is then permitted
to rise; he is patted and caressed, and some food is given to him.
The command to rise is also introduced by the terms' Hie up!'
A little afterwards the same process is repeated, and he struggles
less, or perhaps ceases altogether to struggle.
" The person whose circumstances permit him occasionally to
shoot over his little demesne, may very readily educate his dog
without having recourse to keepers or professional breakers, among
whom he would often be subject to imposition. Generally speaking, no dog is half so well broken as the one whose owner has
taken the trouble of training him. The first and grand thing is
to obtain the attachment of the dog, by frequently feeding and
caressing him, and giving him little hours of liberty under his own
inspection; but, every now and then, inculcating a lesson of obe13




146              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
dience, teaching him that every gambol must be under the control
of his master; frequently checking him in the midst of his riot
with the order of'Down charge!' patting him when he is instantly obedient; and rating, or castigating him, but not too severely, when there is any reluctance to obey. Passive obedience
is the first principle, and from which no deviation should be
allowed.a
" Much kindness and gentleness are certainly requisite when
breaking-in the puppy, whether it be a pointer or a setter. There
is heedlessness in the young'dog which is not readily got rid of
until age has given him experience. He must not, however, be
too severely corrected, or he may be spoiled for life. If considerable correction is sometimes necessary, it should be followed, at a
little distance of time, by some kind usage. The memory of the
suffering will remain; but the feeling of attachment to the master
will also remain, or rather be increased. The temper of a young
dog must be almost as carefully studied as that of a human being.
Timidity may be encouraged, and eagerness may be restrained,
but affection must be the tie that binds him to his master, and
renders him subservient to his will.
" The next portion of the lesson is more difficult to learn. He
is no longer held by his master, but suffered to run over the field,
seemingly at his pleasure, when, suddenly, comes the warning'Down!' He perhaps pays no attention to it, but gambols along
until seized by his master, forced on the ground, and the order
of'Down!' somewhat sternly uttered.
"After a while he is suffered again to get up. He soon forgets
what has occurred, and gallops away with as much glee as ever.
Again the'Down!' is heard, and again little or no attention is
paid to it. His master once more lays hold of him and forces
him on the ground, and perhaps inflicts a slight blow or two, and
this process continues until the dog finds that he must obey the
command of' Down charge!'
" The owner will now probably walk from him a little way backward with his hand lifted up. If the dog makes the slightest
motion, he must be sharply spoken to, and the order peremptorily
enforced.
" He must then be taught to' back,' that is, to come behind his
master when called. When he seems to understand all this, he is
called by his master in a kindly tone, and patted and caressed. It
is almost incredible how soon he will afterwards understand what
he is ordered to do, and perform it.
"It will be seen by this that no one should attempt to break-in
1 Another writer in the same volume gives also an interesting account of
the management of the setter.




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              147
a dog who is not possessed of patience and perseverance. The
sportsman must not expect to see a great deal of improvement
from the early lessons. The dog will often forget that which was
inculcated upon him a few hours before; but perseverance and
kindness will effect much: the first lessons over, the dog, beginning to perceive a little what is meant, will cheerfully and joyfully do his duty.
" When there is much difficulty in teaching the dog his lesson,
the fault lies as often with the master as with him; or they are,
generally speaking, both in fault. Some dogs cannot be mastered
but by means of frequent correction. The less the sportsman has
to do with them the better. Others will not endure the least correction, but become either ferocious or sulky. They should be
disposed of as soon as possible. The majority of dogs are exceedingly sagacious. They possess strong reasoning powers;
they understand, by intuition, almost every want and wish of their
master, and they deserve the kindest and best usage.
" The scholar being thus prepared, should be taken into the
field, either alone, or, what is considerably better, with a welltrained, steady dog. When the old dog makes a point, the master
calls out,'Down!' or'Soho!' and holds up his hand, and approaches steadily to the birds; and, if the young one runs in or
prepares to do so, as probably he will at first, he again raises his
hand and calls out,' Soho!' If the youngster pays no attention
to this, the whip must be used, and in a short time he will be
steady enough at the first intimation of game.
"If he springs any birds without taking notice of them, he
should be dragged to the spot from which they rose, and,' Soho!'
being cried, one or two sharp strokes with the whip should be inflicted. If he is too eager, he should be warned to' take heed.'
If he rakes or runs with his nose near the ground, he should be
admonished to hold up, and, if he still persists, the muzzle-peg may
be resorted to. Some persons fire over the dog for running at
hares: but this is wrong; for, besides the danger of wounding or
even killing the animal, he will for some time afterwards be
frightened at the sound, or even at the very sight of a gun. The
best plan to accustom dogs to the gun, is occasionally to fire one
off when they are being fed.
"Some persons let their dog fetch the dead birds. This is
very wrong. Except the sportsman has a double-barrelled gun,
the dog should not be suffered to move until the piece is again
charged. The young one, until he is thoroughly broken of it, is
too apt to run in whether the bird is killed or not, and which may
create much mischief by disturbing the game.
" Although excessive punishment should not be administered,
yet no fault, however small, should pass without reproof: on the




148              SECOND DIVISION OF THE
other hand, he should be rewarded, but not too lavishly, for every
instance of good conduct.
" When the dog is grown tolerably steady, and taught to come
at the call, he should also learn to range and quarter his ground.
Let some clear morning, and some place where the sportsman is
likely to meet with game, be selected. Station him where the
wind will blow in his face; wave your hand and cry,' Heigh on,
good dog!' Then let him go off to the right, about seventy or
eighty yards. After this, call him in by another wave of the
hand, and let him go the same distance to the left. Walk straight
forward with your eye always upon him; then, let him continue
to cross from right to left, calling him in at the limit of each
range.
"This is at first a somewhat difficult lesson, and requires careful teaching. The same ground is never to be twice passed over.
The sportsman watches every motion, and the dog is never trusted
out of sight, or allowed to break fence. When this lesson is
tolerably learned, and on some good scenting morning early in
the season, he may take the field, and perhaps find. Probably he
will be too eager, and spring his game. Make him down immediately, and take him to the place where the birds rose. Chide
him with' Steady!'' How dare you!' Use no whip; but scold
him well, and be assured that he will be more cautious. If possible, kill on the next chance. The moment the bird is down, he
will probably rush in and seize it. He must be met with the
same rebuff,'Down charge!' If he does not obey, he deserves
to have, and will have, a stroke with the whip. The gun being
again charged, the bird is sought for, and the dog is suffered to
see it and play with it for a minute before it is put into the bag.
"He will now become thoroughly fond of the sport, and his
fondness will increase with each bird that is killed. At every
time, however, whether he kills or misses, the sportsman should
make the dog'Down charge,' and never allow him to rise until
he has loaded.
" If a hare should be wounded, there will, occasionally, be considerable difficulty in preventing him from chasing her. The best
broken and steadiest dog cannot always be restrained from running
hares. He must be checked with'Ware chase,' and, if he does
not attend, the sportsman must wait patiently. He will by-and-by
come slinking along with his tail between his legs, conscious of
his fault. It is one, however, that admits of no pardon. He must
be secured, and, while the field echoes with the cry of' Ware chase,'
he must be punished to a certain but not too great extent. The
castigation must be repeated as often as he offends; or, if there is
much difficulty in breaking him of the habit, he must be got
rid of."




VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               149
The breaking-in or subjugation of pointers and setters is a very
important, and occasionally a difficult affair; the pleasure of the
sportsman, however, depends upon it. The owner of any considerable property will naturally look to his keeper to furnish him
with dogs on which he may depend, and he ought not to be disappointed; for those which belong to other persons, or are brought
at the beginning of the season, whatever account the breaker or
the keeper of them may give, will too often be found deficient.
THE OTTER HOUND
used to be of a mingled breed, between the southern hound and
the rough terrier, and in size between the harrier and the foxhound. The head should be large and broad, the shoulders and
quarters thick, and the hair strong, wiry, and rough. They used
to be kept in small packs, for the express purpose of hunting the
otter.
Two hundred and fifty years ago, otter-hunting was a favourite
amusement in several parts of Great Britain. Many of our streams
then abounded with this destructive animal; but, since the population of our country has become more dense, and game-keepers
are more numerous, and many contrivances are adopted to ensnare
and destroy otters, few are now to be found.
THE TURNSPIT.
This dog was once a valuable auxiliary in the kitchen, by turning the spit before jacks were invented. It had a peculiar length
of body, with short crooked legs, the tail curled, its ears long and
pendent, and the head large in proportion to the body. It is still
used in the kitchen on various parts of the Continent. There are
some curious stories of the artfulness with which he often attempted
to avoid the task imposed upon him.
There is a variety of this dog; the crooked-legged turnspit.
13*                   K




150               THIRD DIVISION OF THE
CHAPTER IV.
THE VARIETIES OF THE DOG.
THIRD DIVISION.
The muzzle more or less shortened, thefrontal sinus enlarged, and
the cranium elevated and diminished in capacity.
AT the head of this inferior or brutal division of dogs stands
THE BULL-DOG.
The round, thick head, turned-up nose, and thick and penduious lips of this dog are familiar to all, while his ferocity makes
him in the highest degree dangerous. In general he makes a
silent although ferocious attack, and the persisting powers of his
teeth and jaws enable him to keep his hold against any but the
greatest efforts, so that the utmost mischief is likely to ensue as
well to the innocent visitor of his domicile as the ferocious intruder.
The bull-dog is scarcely capable of any education, and is fitted
for nothing but ferocity and combat.
The name of this dog is derived from his being too often employed, until a few years ago, in baiting the bull. It was practised by the low and dissolute in many parts of the country. Dogs
were bred and trained for the purpose; and, while many of them
were injured or destroyed, the head of the bull was lacerated in
the most barbarous manner. Nothing can exceed the fury with
which the bull-dog rushed on his foe, and the obstinacy with which
he maintained his hold. He fastened upon the lip, the muzzle, or
the eye, and there he hung in spite of every effort of the bull to
free himself from his antagonist.
Bull-dogs are not so numerous as they were a few years ago;
and every kind-hearted person will rejoice to hear that bull-baiting
is now put down by legal authority in every part of the kingdom.
THE BULL-TERRIER.
This dog is a cross between the bull-dog and the terrier, and is
generally superior, both in appearance and value, to either of its
progenitors. A second cross considerably lessens the underhanging of the lower jaw, and a third entirely removes it, retaining the
spirit and determination of the animal. It forms a steadier friendship than either of them, and the principal objection to it is its
love of wanton mischief, and the dangerous irascibility which it
occasionally exhibits.




~   ~ ~: ~B-_ _ _ _ _ _ __~s  _ _p   2I..








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.              151
Sir Walter Scott, a warm friend of dogs, and whose veracity
cannot be impeached, gives an interesting account of a favourite
one belonging to him. " The cleverest dog I ever had was what
is called a bull-dog terrier. I taught him to understand a great
many words, insomuch that I am positive the communication between the canine species and ourselves might be greatly enlarged.
Camp, the name of my dog, once bit the baker when bringing
bread to the family. I beat him, and explained the enormity of
the offence; after which, to the last moment of his life, he never
heard the least allusion to the story without creeping into the
darkest corner of the room. Towards the end of his life, when
he was unable to attend me while I was on horseback, he generally watched for my return, and, when the servant used to tell
him, his master was coming down the hill, or through the moor,
although he did not use any gesture to explain his meaning, Camp
was never known to mistake him, but either went out at the front
to go up the hill, or at the back to get down to the moor-side."
THE MASTIFF.
The head considerably resembles that of the bull-dog, but with
the ears dependent. The upper lip falls over the lower jaw. The
end of the tail is turned up, and frequently the fifth toe of the
hind feet is more or less developed. The nostrils are separated
one from another by a deep furrow. He has a grave and somewhat sullen countenance, and his deep-toned bark is often heard
during the night. The mastiff is taller than the bull-dog, but not
so deep in the chest, and his head is large compared with his
general form.
It is probable that the mastiff is an original breed peculiar to
the British islands.
He seems to be fully aware of the impression which his large
size makes on every stranger; and, in the night especially, he
watches the abode of his master with the completest vigilance; in
fact, nothing would tempt him to betray the confidence which is
reposed in him.
Captain Brown states that, " notwithstanding his commanding
appearance and the strictness with which he guards the property
of his master, he is possessed of the greatest mildness of conduct,
and is as grateful for any favours bestowed upon him as is the
most diminutive of the canine tribe. There is a remarkable and
peculiar warmth in his attachments. He is aware of all the duties
required of him, and he punctually discharges them. In the
course of the night he several times examines every thing with
which he is intrusted with the most scrupulous care, and, by re



152              THIRD DIVISION OF THE
peated barkings, warns the household or the depredator that he is
at the post of duty."a
The mastiff from Cuba requires some mention, and will call up
some of the most painful recollections in the history of the human
race. He was not a native of Cuba, but imported into the country.
The Spaniards had possessed themselves of several of the South
American islands. They found them peopled with Indians, and
those of a sensual, brutish, and barbarous class-continually
making war with their neighbours, indulging in an irreconcilable
hatred of the Spaniards, and determined to expel and destroy
them. In self-defence, they were driven to some means of averting the destruction with which they were threatened. They procured some of these mastiffs, by whose assistance they penetrated
into every part of the country, and destroyed the greater portion
of the former inhabitants.
Las Casas, a Catholic priest, and whose life was employed in
endeavouring to mitigate the sufferings of the original inhabitants,
says that " it was resolved to march against the Indians, who had
fled to the mountains, and they were chased like wild beasts, with
the assistance of bloodhounds, who had been trained to a thirst
for human blood, so that before I had left the island it had become
almost entirely a desert."
THE ICELAND DOG.
The head is rounder than that of the northern dogs; the ears
partly erect and partly pendent; and the fur soft and long, especially behind the fore legs and on the tail. It much resembles
the Turkish dog removed to a colder climate.
This dog is exceedingly useful to the Icelanders while travelling
over the snowy deserts of the north. By a kind of intuition he
rarely fails in choosing the shortest and the safest course. He also
is more aware than his master of the approach of the snow storms;
and is a most valuable ally against the attack of the Polar bear,
who, drifted on masses of ice from the neighbouring continent,
often commits depredations among the cattle, and even attacks
human beings. When the dog is first aware of the neighbourhood
of the bear, he sets up a fearful howl, and men and dogs hasten
to hunt down and destroy the depredator.
The travelling in Iceland is sometimes exceedingly dangerous at
the beginning of the winter. A thin layer of snow covers and
conceals some of the chasms with which that region abounds.
Should the traveller fall into one of them, the dog proves a
most useful animal; for he runs immediately across the snowy
a Brown's Biographical Sketches, p. 425.




\Vf
THE SCOTCH TERRIER...K








VARIETIES OF THE DOG.               153
waste, and, by his howling, induces the traveller's friends to hasten
to his rescue.
THE TERRIER.
The forehead is convex; the eye prominent; the muzzle pointed;
the tail thin and arched; the fur short; the ears of moderate size,
half erect, and usually of a deep-black colour, with a yellow spot
over the eyes- It is an exceedingly useful animal; but not so indispensable an accompaniment to a pack of fox-hounds as it used
to be accounted. Foxes are not so often unearthed as they formerly were, yet many a day's sport would be lost without the terrier. Some sportsmen used to have two terriers accompanying in
the pack, one being smaller than the other. This was a very
proper provision; a large terrier might be incapable of penetrating
into the earth, and a small one might permit the escape of the
prey. Many terriers have lost their lives by scratching up the
earth behind them, and thus depriving themselves of all means of
retreat.
The coat of the terrier may be either smooth or rough; the
smooth-haired ones are more delicate in appearance, and are somewhat more exposed to injury or accident; but in courage, sagacity,
and strength, there is very little difference if the dogs are equally
well bred. The rough terrier possibly obtained his shaggy coat
from the cur, and the smooth terrier may derive his from the
hound.
The terrier is seldom of much service until he is twelve months
old; and then, incited by natural propensity, or the example of the
older ones, or urged on by the huntsman, he begins to discharge
his supposed duty.
An old terrier is brought to the mouth of the earth in which a
vixen fox - a fox with her young ones - has taken up her abode,
and is sent in to worry and drive her out. Some young terriers
are brought to the mouth of the hover, to listen to the process that
is going forward within, and to be excited to the utmost extent of
which they are capable. The vixen is at length driven out, and
caught at the mouth of the hole; and the young ones are suffered
to rush in, and worry or destroy their first prey. They want no
after-tuition to prepare them for the discharge of their duty.
This may be pardoned. It is the most ready way of training
the young dog to his future business; but it is hoped that no reader
of this work will be guilty of the atrocities that are often practised.
An old fox, or badger, is caught, his under jaw is sawn off, and
the lower teeth are forcibly extracted, or broken. A hole is then
dug in the earth, or a barrel is placed large and deep enough to
permit a terrier, or perhaps two of them, to enter. Into this cavity
the fox or badger is thrust, and a terrier rushes after him, and




154               THIRD DIVISION OF THE
drags him out again. The question to be ascertained is, how
many times in a given period the dog will draw this poor tortured
animal out of the barrel-an exhibition of cruelty which no one
should be able to lay to the charge of any human being. It is a
principle not to be departed from, that wanton and useless barbarity
should never be permitted. The government, to a certain extent,
has interfered, and a noble society has been established to limit,
or, if possible, to prevent the infliction of useless pain.
The terrier is, however, a valuable dog, in the house and the
farm. The stoat, the pole-cat, and the weazel, commit great
depredations in the fields, the barn, and granary; and to a certain
extent, the terrier is employed in chasing or destroying them; but
it is not often that he has a fair chance to attack them. He is
more frequently used in combating the rat.
The mischief effected by rats is almost incredible. It has been
said that, in some cases, in the article of corn, these animals consume a quantity of food equal in value to the rent of the farm.
Here the dog is usefully employed, and in his very element, especially if there is a cross of the bull-dog about him.
There are some extraordinary accounts of the dexterity, as well
as courage, of the terrier in destroying rats. The feats of a dog
called "Billy" will be long remembered. He was matched to
destroy one hundred large rats in eight and a half minutes. The
rats were brought into the ring in bags, and, as soon as the number was complete, he was put over the railing. In six minutes
and thirty-five seconds they were all destroyed. In another match
he destroyed the same number in six minutes and thirteen seconds.
At length, when he was getting old, and had but two teeth and
one eye left, a wager was laid of thirty sovereigns, by the owner
of a Berkshire bitch, that she would kill fifty rats in less time than
Billy. The old dog killed his fifty in five minutes and six seconds.
The pit was then cleared, and the bitch let in. When she had
killed thirty rats, she was completely exhausted, fell into a fit,
and lay barking and yelping, utterly incapable of completing her
task.
The speed of the terrier is very great. One has been known
to run six miles in thirty-two minutes. He needs to be a fleet
dog if, with his comparatively little bulk, he can keep up with the
foxhound.
A small breed of wry-legged terriers was once in repute, and,
to a certain degree, is retained for the purpose of hunting rabbits.
It probably originated in some rickety specimens, remarkable for
the slow development of their frame, except in the head, the belly,
and the joints, which enlarge at the expense of the other parts.




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VARIETIES OF THE DOG.                155
THE SCOTCH TERRIER.
There is reason to believe that this dog is far older than the
English terrier. There are three varieties: first the common
Scotch terrier, twelve or thirteen inches high; his body muscular
and compact-considerable breadth across the loins -the legs
shorter and stouter than those of the English terriers. The head
large in proportion to the size of the body-the muzzle small and
pointed-strong marks of intelligence in the countenance-warm
attachment to his master, and the evident devotion of every power
to the fulfilment of his wishes. The hair is long and tough, and
extending over the whole of the frame. In colour, they are black
or fawn: the white, yellow, or pied are always deficient in purity
of blood.
Another species has nearly the same conformation, but is
covered with longer, more curly, and stouter hair; the legs being
apparently, but not actually, shorter. This kind of dog prevails
in the greater part of the Western Islands of Scotland, and some
of them, where the hair has obtained its full development, are
much admired.
Her Majesty had one from Islay, a faithful and affectionate
creature, yet with all the spirit and determination that belongs to
his breed. The writer of this account had occasion to operate on
this poor fellow, who had been bitten under somewhat suspicious
circumstances. He submitted without a cry or a struggle, and
seemed to be perfectly aware that we should not put him to pain
without having some good purpose in view.
A third species of terrier is of a considerably larger bulk, and
three or four inches taller than either of the others. Its hair is
shorter than that of the other breeds, and is hard and wiry.
THE SHOCK-DOG
is traced by Buffon, but somewhat erroneously, to a mixture of the
small Danish dog and the pug. The head is round, the eyes large,
but somewhat concealed by its long and curly hair, the tail curved
and bent forward. The muzzle resembles that of the pug. It is
of small size, and is used in this country and on the Continent as
a lap-dog. It is very properly described by the author of "The
Field Book" as a useless little animal, seeming to possess no other
quality than that of a faithful attachment to his mistress.
THE ARTOIS DOG,
with his short, flat muzzle, is a produce of the shock-dog and the
pug. He has nothing peculiar to recommend him.




156    THIRD DIVISION OF THE VARIETIES OF THE DOG.
THE ANDALUSIAN, OR ALICANT DOG,
has the short muzzle of the pug with the long hair of the spaniel
THE EGYPTIAN AND BARBARY DOG,
according to Cuvier, has a very thick and round head, the ears
erect at the base, large and movable, and carried horizontally,
the skin nearly naked, and black or dark flesh-colour, with large
patches of brown. A sub-variety has a kind of mane behind the
head, formed of long stiff hairs.
Buffon imagines that the shepherd's dog-transported to different
climates, and acquiring different habits -was the ancestor of the
various species with which almost every country abounds; but
whence they originally came it is impossible to say. They vary
in their size, their colour, their attitude, their usual exterior, and
their strangely different interior construction. Transported into
various climates, they are necessarily submitted to the influence
of heat and cold, and of food more or less abundant and more or
less suitable to their natural organization; but the reason or the
derivation of these differences of structure it is not always easy to
explain.




GOOD QUALITIES OF TE DOG,             157
CHAPTER V.
THE GOOD QUALITIES OF THE DOG; THE SENSE OF SMELL; INTEL
LIGENCE; MORAL QUALITIES; DOG-CARTS; CROPPING; TAILING;
BREAKING-IN; DOG-PITS; DOG-STEALING.
IN our history of the different breeds of the dog we have seen
enough to induce us to admire and love him. His courage, his
fidelity, and the degree in which he often devotes every power that
he possesses to our service, are circumstances that we can never
forget nor overlook. His very foibles occasionally attach him to
us. We may select a pointer for the pureness of his blood and
the perfection of his education.  He transgresses in the field.
We call him to us; we scold him well; perchance, we chastise
him. He lies motionless and dumb at our feet. The punishment
being over, he gets up, and, by some significant gesture, acknowledges his consciousness of deserving what he has suffered. The
writer operated on a pointer bitch for an enlarged cancerous tumour, accompanied by much inflammation and pain in the surrounding parts. A word or two of kindness and of caution were
all that were necessary, although, in order to prevent accidents,
she had been bound securely. The flesh quivered as the knife
pursued its course-a moan or two escaped her, but yet she did
not struggle; and her first act, after all was over, was to lick the
operator's hand.
From the combination of various causes, the history of no animal
is more interesting than that of the dog. First, his intimate association with man, not only as a valuable protector, but as a constant and faithful companion throughout all the vicissitudes of life.
Secondly, from his natural endowments, not consisting in the
exquisite delicacy of one individual sense-not merely combining
memory with reflection-but possessing qualities of the mind that
stagger us in the contemplation of them, and which we can alone
account for in the gradation existing in that wonderful system
which, by different links of one vast chain, extends from the first
to the last of all things, until it forms a perfect whole on the wonderful confines of the spirittal and material world.
We here quote the beautiful account of Sir Walter Scott and
his dogs, as described by Henry Hallam:"But looking towards the grassy mound
Where calm the Douglass chieftains lie,
Who, living, quiet never found,
I straightway learnt a lesson high;
14




158             GOOD QUALITIES OF THE DOG.
For there an old man sat serene,
And well I knew that thoughtful mien
Of him whose early lyre had thrown
O'er mouldering walls the magic of its tone.
It was a comfort, too, to see
Those dogs that from him ne'er would rove,
And always eyed him reverently,
With glances of depending love.
They know not of the eminence
Which marks him to my reasoning sense,
They know but that he is a man,
And still to them is kind, and glads them all he can.
And hence their quiet looks confiding;
Hence grateful instincts, seated deep,
By whose strong bond, were ill betiding,
They'd lose their own, his life to keep.
What joy to watch in lower creature
Such dawning of a moral nature,
And how (the rule all things obey)
They look to a higher mind to be their law and stay!"
The subject of the intellectual and moral qualities of the inferior animals is one highly interesting and somewhat misunderstood
-urged perhaps to a ridiculous extent by some persons, yet altogether neglected by others who have no feeling for any but themselves.
Anatomists have compared the relative bulk of the brain in different animals, and the result is not a little interesting. In man
the weight of the brain amounts on the average to 1-30th part of
the body. In the Newfoundland dog it does not amount to 1-60th
part, or to 1-100th part in the poodle and barbet, and not to more
than 1-300th part in the ferocious and stupid bull-dog.
When the brain is cut, it is found to be composed of two substances, essentially different in construction and function-the
cortical and the medullary. The first is small in quantity, and
principally concerned in the food and reproduction of the animal,
and the cineritious in a great measure the register of the mind.
Brute strength seems to be the character of the former, and superior intelligence of the latter.  There is, comparing bulk with
bulk, less of the medullary substance in the horse than in the ox
-and in the dog than in the horse-and they are characterized
as the sluggish ox, the intelligent horse, and the intellectual and
companionable dog.
From the medullary substance proceed certain cords or prolongations, termed nerves, by which the animal is enabled to receive impressions from surrounding objects and to connect himself with them, and also to possess many pleasurable or painful
sensations. One' of them is spread over the membrane of the
nose, and gives the sense of smell; another expands on the back




THE SENSE OF SMELL.                159
of the eye, and the faculty of sight is gained; a third goes to the
internal structure of the ear, and the animal is conscious of
sound.  Other nerves, proceeding to different parts, give the
faculty of motion, while an equally important one bestows the
power of feeling. One division, springing from a prolongation
of the brain, and yet within the skull, wanders to different parts
of the frame, for important purposes connected with respiration
or breathing. The act of breathing is essential to life, and were
it to cease, the animal would die.
There are other nerves-the sympathetic-so called from their
union and sympathy with all the others, and identified with life
itself. They proceed from a small ganglion or enlargement in
the upper part of the neck, or from a collection of minute ganglia
within the abdomen. They go to the heart, and it beats; and to
the stomach, and it digests. They form a net-work round each
vessel, and the frame is nourished and built up. They are destitute of sensation, and they are perfectly beyond the control of the
will.
We have been accustomed, and properly, to regard the nervous
system, or that portion of it which is connected with animal life
-that which renders us conscious of surrounding objects and
susceptible of pleasure and of pain-as the source of intellectual
power and moral feeling. It is so with ourselves. All our knowledge is derived from our perception of things around us. A certain impression is made on the outward fibres of a sensitive nerve.
That impression, in some mysterious way, is conveyed to the
brain; and there it is received-registered-stored-and compared; there its connections are traced and its consequences appreciated; and thence a variety of interesting impressions are
conveyed, and due use is made of them.
THE SENSE OF SMELL.
Our subject-the intellectual and moral feelings of brutes, and
the mechanism on which they depend -may be divided into two
parts, the portion that receives and conveys, and that which stores
up and compares and uses the impression.
The portion that receives and conveys is far more developed in
the brute than in the human being. Whatever sense we take, we
clearly perceive the triumph of animal power.
The olfactory nerve in the horse, the dog, the ox, and the swine,
is the largest of all the cerebral nerves, and has much greater cornparative bulk in the quadruped than in the human being. The
sense of smell, bearing proportion to the nerve on which it depends, is yet more acute. In man it is connected with pleasure
-in the inferior animals with life. The relative size of the nerve
bears an invariable proportion to the necessity of an acute sense




160            GOOD QUALITIES OF THE DOG.
of smell in the various animals-large in the horse compared with
the olfactory nerve in the human being-larger in the ox, who is
often sent into the fields to shift for himself —larger still in the
swine, whose food is buried under the soil, or deeply immersed in
the filth or refuse, -and still larger in the dog, the acuteness of
whose scent is so connected with our pleasure.
[The disposition to hunt by scent is not peculiar to the setter
or pointer, but in fact is common to all animals; developing itself
in different proportions according to their various physical constructions and modes of life. The method of finding and pointing at game, now peculiar to these dogs, and engendered in their
progeny through successive generations, is not the result of any
special instinct, that usually governs the actions of the brute creation - but rather the effect of individual education and force of
habit upon their several ancestors. This habit of life, engrafted
through progressive generations into these two breeds, has become
a second nature, and so entirely the property of the species, that
all its members, with but little care on the part of man, will perform these same actions in the same way, and will ever continue
to exhibit these propensities for hunting, provided opportunities
be offered for indulging them. Nevertheless, as these peculiar
predilections for " setting or pointing," as before said, are the
effect of education and habit, the artificial impulse would very
soon be entirely obliterated, if not encouraged in the young dogs
of each generation. This circumstance alone, proves to us the
importance of getting dogs from a well-known good strain, whose
ancestors have been remarkable for their exploits in the field.
This necessary precaution will insure a favourable issue to our
troubles, and lessen materially our labours. In fact young puppies have been frequently known to exhibit this propensity the
first time they have been taken to the field. Some of these dogs
have come under the notice of the writer, who at a few months
old exhibited all the peculiarities of their race; in fact were " selfbroke." These dogs were the progeny of a well-known imported
stock, in the possession of a gentleman who selected them in
England.
Although other dogs, and other animals even, have been with
great difficulty and perseverance taught to find and point game,
still these two breeds seem especially adapted by nature, both in
their physical and intellectual construction, for the performance
of this particular duty to man.
The sense of smell is differently developed in different animals;
the olfactory nerve of the dog is larger than any other in the cerebrum, which peculiarity will at once account for their wonderful
powers of scent.
Suine, also, have these nerves largely developed; and neces



INTELLIGENCE.                   161
sarily so, as both in a state of nature or half-civilization, the
greater portion of their food is buried under the earth or mingled
with the filth and mire of their sties, and would pass unheeded, if
not for the acuteness of their nasal organs.
In Daniels' "Rural Sports," will be found an interesting account of a sow having been taught to find and point game of various kinds, and often having been known to stand on partridges at
a distance of forty yards, which is more than can reasonably be
expected of every first-rate dog. She was not only broke to find
and stand game, but hunted with the dogs, and backed successfully when on a point. This extraordinary animal evinced great
aptness for learning, and afterwards great enthusiasm in the sport;
showing symptoms of pleasure at the sight of a gun, or when
called upon to accompany a party to the field. Her hunting was
not confined to any particular game, but stood equally well on
partridges, pheasants, snipes, rabbits, &c. (See Blaine, part vii,
chap. iii, page 792.)
Most of animals instinctively employ the organ of scent to seek
out food, or avert personal danger, in preference to that of sight;
but some depend more upon the latter than the former, either
from instinct or the force of education.
For instance, the greyhound, though equally gifted with the
sense of smell, as that of sight, has been taught to depend upon
the one organ to the entire exclusion of the other, which is quite
the reverse of the setter and pointer; but the wonderful speed of
these dogs renders it quite unnecessary that he should employ the
olfactory nerves, as no animal, however swift, can hope to escape
from him in a fair race, when once near enough to be seen;
though there are some that may elude his grasp by a " ruse de
guerre" when too hardly pressed. (Extracted from our essay in
No. 1, vol. xvi, of the " Spirit of the Times.")-L.]
INTELLIGENCE.
We find little mention of insanity in the domesticated animals
in any of our modern authors, whether treating on agriculture,
horsemanship, or veterinary medicine, and yet there are some
singular and very interesting cases of aberration of intellect.
The inferior animals are, to a certain extent, endowed with the
same faculties as ourselves. They are even susceptible of the
same moral qualities. Hatred, love, fear, hope, joy, distress,
courage, timidity, jealousy, and many varied passions influence
and agitate them, as they do the human being. The dog is an
illustration of this-the most susceptible to every impressionapproaching the nearest to man in his instincts, and in many actions that surprise the philosopher, who justly appreciates it.
What eagerness to bite is often displayed by the dog when
14 




162            GOOD QUALITIES OF THE DOG.
labouring under enteritis, and especially by him who has imbibed
the poison of rabies! How singular is the less dangerous malady
which induces the horse and the dog to press unconsciously forward under the influence of vertigo!-the eagerness with which,
when labouring under phrenitis, he strikes at everything with his
foot, or rushes upon it to seize it with his teeth! A kind of nostalgia is often recognised in that depression which nothing can
dissipate, and the invincible aversion to food, by means of which
many animals perish, who are prevented from returning to the
place where they once lived, and the localities to which they had
been accustomed.
These are circumstances proving that the dog is endowed with
intelligence and with affections like ours; aid, if they do not
equal ours, they are of the same character.
With regard to the foundation of intellectual power, viz.: attention, memory, association, and imagination, the difference between man and animals is in degree, and not in kind. Thus
stands the account,-with the quadruped as well as the biped,the impression is made on the mind; attention fixes it there;
memory recurs to it; imagination combines it, rightly or erroneously, with many other impressions; judgment determines the
value of it, and the conclusions that are to be drawn from it, if
not with logical precision, yet with sufficient accuracy for every
practical purpose.
A bitch, naturally ill-tempered, and that would not suffer a
stranger to touch her, had scirrhous enlargement on one of her
teats. As she lay in the lap of her mistress, an attempt was repeatedly made to examine the tumour, in spite of many desperate
attempts on her part to bite. All at once, however, something
seemed to strike her mind. She whined, wagged her tail, and
sprung from the lap of her mistress to the ground. It was to
crouch at the feet of the surgeon, and to lay herself down and
expose the tumour to his inspection. She submitted to a somewhat painful examination of it, and to a far more serious operation afterwards. Some years passed away, and whenever she saw
the operator, she testified her joy and her gratitude in the most
expressive and endearing manner.
A short time since, the following scene took place in a street
adjoining Hanover-square. It was an exhibition of a highly interesting character, and worthy to be placed upon record. The
editor of the Lancet having heard that a French gentleman (M.
Leonard), who had for some time been engaged in instructing two
dogs in various performances that required the exercise, not
merely of the natural instincts of the animal and the power of
imitation, but of a higher intellect, and a degree of reflection and
judgment far greater than is commonly developed in the dog, was




INTELLIGENCE.                  163
residing in London, obtained an introduction, and was obligingly
favoured by M. Leonard with permission to hold a conversazione
with his extraordinary pupils. He thus describes the interview:Two fine dogs, of the Spanish breed, were introduced by M.
Leonard, with the customary French politesse, the largest by the
name of M. Philax, the other as M. Brac (or spot); the former
had been in training three, the latter two, years. They were in
vigorous health, and, having bowed very gracefully, seated themselves on the hearth-rug side by side. M. Leonard then gave a
lively description of the means he had employed to develop the
cerebral system in these animals-how, from having been fond of
the chase, and ambitious of possessing the best-trained dogs, he
had employed the usual course of training- how the conviction
had been impressed on his mind, that by gentle usage, and steady
perseverance in inducing the animal to repeat again and again
what was required, not only would the dog be capable of performing that specific act, but that part of the brain which was brought
into activity by the mental effort would become more largely developed, and hence a permanent increase of mental power be
obtained.
This reasoning is in accordance with the known laws of the
physiology of the nervous system, and is fraught with the most
important results. We may refer the reader interested in the subject to the masterly little work of Dr. Verity, " Changes produced
in the Nervous System by Civilization."
After this introduction, M. Leonard spoke to his dogs in French,
in his usual tone, and ordered one of them to walk, the other to
lie down, to run, to gallop, halt, crouch, &c., which they performed as promptly and correctly as the most docile children.
Then he directed them to go through the usual exercises of the
manage, which they performed as well as the best-trained ponies
at Astley's.
He next placed six cards of different colours on the floor, and,
sitting with his back to the dogs, directed one to pick up the blue
card, and the other the white, &c., varying his orders rapidly, and
speaking in such a manner that it was impossible the dogs could
have executed his commands if they had not had a perfect knowledge of the words. For instance, M. Leonard said, "Philax,
take the red card and give it to Brac; and, Brac, take the white
card and give it to Philax;" the dogs instantly did this, and exchanged cards with each other. He then said, " Philax, put your
card on the green, and Brac, put yours on the blue;" and this
was instantly performed. Pieces of bread and meat were placed
on the floor, with figured cards, and a variety of directions were
given to the dogs, so as to put their intelligence and obedience to
a severe test. They brought the meat, bread, or cards, as corn




164            GOOD QUALITIES OF THE DOG.
manded, but did not attempt to eat or to touch unless ordered.
Philax was then ordered to bring a piece of meat and give it to
Brac, and then Brac was told to give it back to Philax, who was
to return it to its place. Philax was next told he might bring a
piece of bread and eat it; but, before he had time to swallow it,
his master forbade him, and directed him to show that he had not
disobeyed, and the dog instantly protruded the crust between his
lips.
While many of these feats were being performed, M. Leonard
snapped a whip violently, to prove that the animals were so completely under discipline, that they would not heed any interruption.
After many other performances, M. Leonard invited a gentleman
to play a game of dominos with one of them. The younger and
slighter dog then seated himself on a chair at the table, and the
writer and M. Leonard seated themselves opposite. Six dominos
were placed on their edges in the usual manner before the dog,
and a like number before the writer. The dog having a double
number, took one up in his mouth, and put it in the middle of the
table; the writer placed a corresponding piece on one side; the
dog immediately played another correctly, and so on until all the
pieces were engaged. Other six dominos were then given to each,
and the writer intentionally placed a wrong number. The dog
looked surprised, stared very earnestly at the writer, growled, and
finally barked angrily. Finding that no notice was taken of his
remonstrances, he pushed away the wrong domino with his nose,
and took up a suitable one from his own pieces, and placed it in
its stead. The writer then played correctly; the dog followed,
and won the game. Not the slightest intimation could have been
given by M. Leonard to the dog. This mode of play must have
been entirely the result of his own observation and judgment. It
should be added that the performances were strictly private. The
owner of the dogs was a gentleman of independent fortune, and
the instruction of his dogs had been taken up merely as a curious
and amusing investigation.a
Another strange attainment of the dog is the learning to speak.
The French Academicians mention one of these animals that
could call in an intelligible manner for tea, coffee, chocolate, &c.
The account is given by the celebrated Leibnitz, who communia Plutarch relates that, at the thea- ment. He first exhibited various
tre of Marcellus, a dog was exhibited  symptoms of pain; he then fell down
before the emperor Vespasian, so well as if dead, and, afterwards seeming
instructed as to exercise in every kind to revive, as if waking from a proof dance. He afterwards feigned ill- found sleep, and then sported about
ness in a most singular manner, so as and showed various demonstrations
to strike the spectators with astonish- of joy.




INTELLIGENCE.                   165
cated it to the Royal Academy of France. This dog was of a
middling size, and was the property of a peasant in Saxony.
A little boy, a peasant's son, imagined that he perceived in the
dog's voice an indistinct resemblance to certain words, and therefore took it into his head to teach him to speak. For this purpose
he spared neither time nor pains with his pupil, who was about
three years old when his learned education commenced, and in
process of time he was able to articulate no fewer than thirty distinct words. He was, however, somewhat of a truant, and did
not very willingly exert his talent, and was rather pressed than
otherwise into the service of literature. It was necessary that the
words should be pronounced to him each time, and then he repeated them after his preceptor. Leibnitz attests that he heard
the animal talk in this way, and the French Academicians add,
that unless they had received the testimony of so celebrated a person they would scarcely have dared to report the circumstance.
It took place in Misnia, in Saxony.
THE MORAL QUALITIES OF THE DOG.
We pass on to another division of our subject, the moral qualities of the dog, strongly developed and beautifully displayed, and
often putting the biped to shame.
It is truly said of the dog that he possesses
" Many a good
And useful quality, and virtue too,
Attachment never to be weaned or changed
By any change of fortune; proof alike
Against unkindness, absence, and neglect;
Fidelity, that neither bribe nor threat
Can move or warp; and gratitude, for small
And trivial favours, lasting as the life,
And glistening even in the dying eye."
It may here be noticed that, among the inferior animals with
large nerves and more medullary substance, there are acuter senses;
but man, excelling them in the general bulk of his brain, and more
particularly in the cortical portion of it, has far superior powers
of mind. These are circumstances that deserve the deepest consideration. In their wild state the brutes have no concern-no
idea beyond their food and their reproduction. In their domesticated state, they are doomed to be the servants of man. Their
power of mind is sufficient to qualify them for this service: but
were proportionate intellectual capacity added to this-were they
made conscious of their strength, and of the objects that could be
effected by it-they would burst their bonds, and man would in
his turn be the victim and the slave.
There is an important faculty, termed attention. It is that
L




166           MORAL QUALITIES OF THE DOG.
which distinguishes the promising pupil from him of whom no
good hope could be formed, and the scientific man from the superficial and ignorant one. The power of keeping the mind steadily
bent upon one purpose, is the great secret of individual and moral
improvement. We see the habit of attention carried in the dog to
a very considerable extent. The terrier eagerly watching for vermin-the sporting dog standing staunch to his point, however he
may be annoyed by the blunders of his companion or the unskilfulness of his master-the foxhound, insensible to a thousand
scents, and deaf to every other sound, while he anxiously and perseveringly searches out the track of his prey-these are striking
illustrations of the power of attention.
Then, the impression having been received, and the mind hav.
ing been employed in its examination, it is treasured up in the
storehouse of the mind for future use.
This is the faculty of memory; and a most important one it is.
Of the memory of the dog, and the recollection of kindness received,
there are a thousand stories, from the return of Ulysses to the present day, and we have seen enough of that faithful animal to believe most of them. An officer was abroad with his regiment,
during the American war. He had a fine Newfoundland dog, his
constant companion, whom he left with his family. After the
lapse of several years he returned. His dog met him at the door,
leaped upon his neck, licked his face, and died.
Of the accuracy and retentiveness of memory in the dog, as
respects the instruction he has received from his master, we have
abundant proof in the pointer and the hound, and it may perhaps
be with some of them, as with men, that the lesson must sometimes be repeated, and even impressed on the memory in a way
not altogether pleasant.
[We know an imported Irish setter, formerly in possession of a
gentleman of this city, who on many occasions, while hunting,
displayed an extraordinary instinct, even sufficiently remarkable
to make us believe that he possessed not only the most acute
powers of observation, but that he also enjoyed the faculty of
"inductive reasoning," independent of any mechanical training,
many of his performances being entirely voluntary, and the result
of causes dependent upon accidental circumstances alone: for
instance, when lost from observation, he would noiselessly withdraw from his point, hunt up his master, and induce him, by peculiar signs, to follow him to the spot where he had previously observed the birds.
In his old days, " Smoke" was much opposed to hunting with
an indifferent shot, and would leave the field perfectly disgusted,
after a succession of bad shooting; seeming to argue that he no




DOG-CARTS.                    167
longer sought after game for amusement, but that he expected his
efforts to be repaid by the death of the birds.
This dog was of a morose and dignified disposition, surly with
strangers, and inclined to quarrel with any one who carried a
stick or whip in their hands; never forgetting an injury, and
growling whenever any person who had offended him made their
appearance. He was also particularly irritable and tenacious of
his rights when hunting, shunning all puppies or heedless dogs,
and exhibiting a very irascible disposition if superseded in a point
by another dog; and on one occasion attacked a young pointer in
the field, who, in opposition to all his growling and show of irony,
would persist in crawling before him, when on a point.-L.]
DOG-CARTS.
These were, and still are, in the country, connected with many
an act of atrocious cruelty. We do not object to the dog as a
beast of draught. He is so in the northern regions, and he is as
happy as any other animal in those cold and inhospitable countries. He is so in Holland, and he is as comfortable there as any
other beast that wears the collar. He is not so in Newfoundland:
there he is shamefully treated. It is to the abuse of the thing, the
poor and half-starved condition of the animal, the scandalous
weight that he is made to draw, and the infamous usage to which
he is exposed, that we object. We would put him precisely on
the same footing with the horse, and then we should be able, perhaps, to afford him, not all the protection we could wish, but
nearly as much as we have obtained for the horse. We would
have every cart licensed, not for the sake of adding to the revenue,
but of getting at the owner; and therefore the taxing need not be
any great sum. We would have the cart licensed for the carrying
of goods only; or a separate license taken out if it carried or drew
a human being.
It is here that the cruelty principally exists. Before the dogcarts were put down in the metropolis, we then saw a man and a
woman in one of these carts, drawn by a single dog, and going at
full trot. Every passenger execrated them, and the trot was increased to a gallop, in order more speedily to escape the just reproaches that proceeded from every mouth. We would have the
name and address of the owner, and the number of the cart,
painted on some conspicuous part of the vehicle, and in letters
and figures as large as on the common carts. Every passenger
who witnessed any flagrant act of cruelty would then be enabled
to take the number of the cart, and summon the owner; and the
police should have the same power of interference which they
have with regard to other vehicles.
After a plan like this had been working a little while, the nui




168                     CROPPING.
sance would be materially abated; and, indeed, the consciousness
of the ease with which the offender might be summoned, would
go far to get rid of it.
CROPPING.
This is an infliction of too much torture for the gratification of
a nonsensical fancy; and, after all, in the opinion of many, and
of those, too, who are fondest of dogs, the animal looks far better
in his natural state than when we have exercised all our cruel art
upon him. Besides, the effects of this absurd amputation do not
cease with the healing of the ear. The intense inflammation that
we have set up, materially injures the internal structure of this
organ. Deafness is occasionally produced by it in some dogs, and
constantly in others. The frequent deafness of the pug is solely
attributable to the outrageous as well as absurd rounding of his
ears. The almost invariable deafness of the white wire-haired
terrier is to be traced to this cause.
[Among the many tastes and fancies that the Americans have
inherited from their ancestors, the English, may be enumerated
the absurd practice of fashioning the ears of different breeds of
dogs to a certain standard of beauty. Mr. Blain very justly remarks that it must be a false taste which has taught us to prefer a
curtailed organ to a perfect one, without gaining any convenience
by the operation. The dogs upon which this species of barbecuing
are more particularly practised in this country, are the bull-dogs
and terriers.
We imagine that many of our readers will be surprised when
they learn that this operation, although so simple in itself, and
performed by every reckless stable-boy, is attended with great
suffering to the puppy, and not unfrequently with total deafness.
Severe inflammation, extending to the interior of the ear, often
follows this operation, more especially when awkwardly performed,
as is frequently the case, by the aid of the miserable instruments
within the reach of our hostlers; to say nothing of the savage
fashion of using the teeth for this purpose, as is often done by
ignorant fellows, who even take credit to themselves for the clever
style in which they perform this outlandish operation. Mr. Blain
states, that it is a barbarous custom to twist the ears off, by swinging the dog around; and we are satisfied that every sensible person
will respond to this humane sentiment. We have never had the
misfortune to see this latter method put into practice, and trust
that such an operation is unknown among us, although, from the
manner in which this gentleman condemns it, we are led to suppose that this mode is not uncommon in the old country.
As custom has sanctioned the cropping of dogs, in spite of all
that can be said upon the subject, it should be done in such a




TAILING.                     169
manner as to cause the least possible pain to the animal. The
fourth or fifth week is the proper age for this operation; if done
sooner, the flap is apt to sprout and become deformed; if later,
the cartilage has grown more thick and sensitive. The imaginary
beauty of a terrier crop consists in the foxy appearance of the ears,
which is easily produced by the clean cut of a sharp, strong pair
of scissors. The first cut should commence at the posterior base
of the ear, near to the head, and be carried to the extremity of the
flap, taking off about the eighth of an inch or more in width. The
second cut should extend from the base of the ear in front, somewhat obliquely, to intersect the other cut within a few lines of the
point of the flap. These two cuts will shape the ear in such a
style as to please the most fastidious eye, and will require no further trimming. The pieces taken from the first ear will answer
as guides in cutting the other. The mother should not be allowed
to lick the ears of the puppies, as is generally done, under the
supposition that she assists in the healing process, when, in fact,
she irritates them, and occasions increased inflammation. If the
wounds are tardy at healing, or become mangy, they may be bathed
gently with a weak solution of alum.
We regret to find that Mr. Skinner, so well known to the sporting world as the able extoller and defender of the rights of our
canine friends, should recommend the cropping of terriers. We
are convinced that he would change his feelings upon this subject,
if he placed any confidence in the opinions of Blain, Youatt, Scott,
or Daniel, all of whom condemn the practice as barbarous, and as
often occasioning great suffering, and even total deafness, throughout the progeny of successive generations, as witnessed in the
white wire-haired terrier and pug above mentioned.
We have had the good fortune to persuade some of our friends
to desist from thus mutilating their terrier pups, all of whom, consequently, grew up with beautiful full ears and long tails, which
were much admired; and to the eyes of many, the dogs seemed
more sprightly and knowing with their long flaps, than when deprived of those natural appendages.-L.]
TAILING.
Then the tail of the dog does not suit the fancy of the owner.
It must be shortened in some of these animals, and taken off altogether in others. If the sharp, strong scissors, with a ligature,
were used, the operation, although still indefensible, would not be
a very cruel one, for the tail may be removed almost in a moment,
and the wound soon heals; but for the beastly gnawing off of the
part, and the drawing out of the tendons and nerves-these are
the acts of a cannibal; and he who orders or perpetrates a barba15




170                    DEW-CLAWS.
rity so nearly approaching to cannibalism, deserves to be scouted
from all society.
[As a matter of necessity, we cannot sanction the too frequent
and cruel practice of cutting or otherwise barbecuing different
portions of the bodies of our domestic animals, and more particularly the often absurd fancy of cropping and sterning dogs. Nevertheless, we must admit the propriety of, and, in fact, recommend,
the taking off a small portion of the pointer's tail, not to increase
his beauty, but to save him some after suffering. A long tail is
frequently lacerated in close thickets, and thus rendered sore and
mangy: this is prevented by the operation, as it becomes better
protected by the body, as also more thickly covered by the feather
which generally forms over it.
When the pups are a month or six weeks old, this operation can
be performed with little pain to the animal, by means of sharp
scissors or a knife; but never allow any one to bite the tail off, as
is often done by some dirty and unfeeling stable-men. Although
a long tail is inconvenient, a too short one is more unsightly; care
should therefore be taken not to remove too much. The quantity
should be regulated by the size of the breed: for a medium breed,
an inch is sufficient to be cut off at this age. Some sportsmen in
England, Mr. Blain also informs us, draw out the lower tendons
of the tail, which present themselves after amputation, with a pair
of forceps, with a view of causing the tail to be carried higher,
which adds to the style and appearance of the dog, when in the
field. This practice, we agree with Mr. Youatt, is cannibal-like,
and very painful; and, to say the least of it, of very doubtful propriety, as it is but seldom we find a good breed of dog carrying,
while hunting, a slovenly tail.
If there should be any appearance of hemorrhage after this operation, a small piece of tape or twine may be tied around the tail,
which will immediately arrest the bleeding. This ligature should
not remain on longer than a few hours, as the parts included in it
will be apt to slough and make a mangy ulcer, difficult to heal.-L.]
DEW-CLAWS.
Next comes the depriving the dog of his dew-claws —the supplementary toes a little above the foot. They are supposed to interfere with hunting by becoming entangled with the grass or underwood. This rarely happens. The truth of the matter is, they are
simply illustrations of the uniformity of structure which prevails
in all animals, so far as is consistent with their destiny. The dewclaws only make up the number of toes in other animals. If they
are attached, as they are in some dogs, simply by a portion of skin,
they may be removed without any very great pain, yet the man of
good feeling would not meddle with them. He would not unne



BREAKING-IN.                   171
cessarily inflict any pain that he can avoid; and here, in several
of the breeds, the toe is united by an actual joint; and if they are
dissected because they are a little in the way, it is a barbarous
operation, and nothing can justify it.
[Notwithstanding our author's condemnation of this practice,
there are many sportsmen who think it very necessary to remove
this supernumerary toe, fearing that it may interfere with the dog
while hunting, as above stated.
Mr. Blain, both a practical sportsman and scientific gentleman,
to whose opinions we must at all times show a due regard, considers the removal of these false appendages very necessary, stating
that they often become troublesome, not only in the field, but that
they frequently turn in and wound the flesh with their nails.
We have never seen any particular inconvenience arising from
the presence of these dew-claws, and are not in the habit of taking
them off; but, as the operation is a trifling one, and attended with
little or no pain, we are disposed to recommend its general adoption, as it improves the appearance of the legs; and their presence
may sometimes prove inconvenient to the animal, as stated by Mr.
Blain. These claws most commonly have a ligamentous attachment only to the leg, which may be divided, a few days after birth,
by a pair of sharp scissors or a knife; and if a bony union exists,
it is generally of such a trifling nature that it can be severed in
the same way.-L.]
The cruelties that are perpetrated on puppies during the course
of their education or breaking-in, are sometimes infamous. Young
dogs, like young people, must be to a certain degree coerced; but
these animals receive from nature so great an aptitude for learning,
and practising that which we require of them, and their own pleasure is so much connected with what they learn, that there is no
occasion for one-tenth part of the correction that is occasionally
inflicted; and the frequent consequence of the cruelty to which
they are subjected, is cowardice or ferocity during life.
Not many years ago, as the author was going over one of the
commons in the neighbourhood of the metropolis, now enclosed,
he heard the loud sounds of the lash and the screams of a dog.
He hurried on, and found two men, one holding a greyhound while
another was unmercifully flogging him. He had inflicted many
lashes, and was continuing the correction. The author indignantly interfered, and the dog was liberated, but with a great deal
of abuse from the men; and a gentleman galloping up, and who
was the owner of the dog, and a Middlesex magistrate to boot,
seemed disposed to support his people in no very measured terms
On being addressed, however, by name, and recognising the
speaker, and his attention being directed to the whaled and even
bloody state of the dog, he offered the best excuse that he could.




172                   BREAKING-IN.
We met again some months afterwards. "That hiding," said he,
" that offended you so much did Carlo good, for he has not been
touched since." " No," was the reply; " you were a little ashamed
of your fellows, and have altered your system, and find that your
dogs do not want this unmerciful negro-whipping."
Stories are told of the kennel-hare-a hare kept on purpose, and
which is sometimes shown to the fox or stag-hounds. The moment that any of them open, they are tied up to the whipping-post,
and flogged, while the keepers at every stroke call out " Ware
hare!"  A sheep has also been shown to them, or still is, after
which another unmerciful flogging is administered, amidst cries
of " Ware sheep!" If this is not sufficient, some of the wool is
dipped in train oil, and put into the dog's mouth, which is sewed
up for many hours in order to cure him of sheep-biting. There
was an almost similar punishment for killing poultry; and there
was the puzzle and the check-collar, cruelly employed, for killing
other dogs.
There is a great deal of truth, and there may occasionally be
some exaggeration, in these accounts; but the sportsman who is
indebted for the pleasures of the field to the intelligence and exertions of his horses and his dogs, is bound, by every principle that
can influence an honourable mind, to defend them from all wanton
and useless cruelty. There is a dog, and a faithful and valuable
one, that powerfully demands the assistance of the humane-the
yard or watch-dog. He is not only for the most part deprived of
his liberty, but too often neglected and made unnecessarily to
suffer. How seldom do we see him in the enjoyment of a good
bed of straw, or, rather, how frequently is everything about his
kennel in a most filthy and disgusting state! The following hint
not only relates to him, but to every dog that is tied up out of
doors. "Their cribs or their kennels, as they are called, should
be constructed so as to turn, in order to prevent their inmates from
being exposed to the cutting blasts of winter. Where they have
no other refuge, all animals seek shelter from the weather by
turning their backs to the wind; but, as the dog thus confined
cannot do so, his kennel should be capable of turning, or at least
should be placed so as not to face the weather more than is necessary. The premises would be in quite as great security, for the
dog depends as much upon his ear and sense of smell as upon his
eye, and would equally detect a stranger's presence if he were
deprived of sight."
In the Zoological Gardens, an old blind dog used to be placed
at the door of the dissecting-house. Few had any business there,
and every one of them he, after a while, used to recognise and
welcome full ten yards off, by wagging his tail; at the same dislance, he would begin to growl at a stranger unless accompanied




DOG-PITS.-DOG-STEALING.               173
by a friend. From the author's long habit of noticing him, he
used to recognise his step before it would seem possible for its
sound to be heard. He followed him with his sightless eyes in
whatever direction he moved, and was not satisfied until he had
patted and fondled him.
DOG-PITS.
Of the demoniacal use of the dog in the fighting-pits, and the
atrocities that were committed there, I will not now speak. These
places were frequented by few others than the lowest of the low
Cruelties were there inflicted that seemed to be a libel on human
nature; and such was the baneful influence of the scene, that it
appeared to be scarcely possible for any one to enter these pits
without experiencing a greater or less degree of moral degradation
The public dog-pits have now been put down; but the system
of dog-fighting, with most of its attendant atrocities, still continues.
There are many more low public-houses than there used to be
pits, that have roomy places behind, and out of sight, where there
are regular meetings for this purpose. Those among the neighbours who cannot fail of being annoyed and disgusted by the frequent uproar, might give a clue to these dens of infamy; and the
depriving of a few of the landlords of their license would go a
great way towards the effectual suppression of the practice.
Would it be thought possible that certain of our young aristocracy keep fighting-dogs at the repositories of various dealers in the
outskirts of the metropolis; and that these animals remain there,
as it were, at livery, the owners coming at their pleasure, and
making and devising what matches they think proper?
However disgraceful it may be, it is actually the fact. Here is
a field for " the suppression of cruelty!"
DOG-STEALING.
The practice of stealing dogs is both directly and indirectly
connected with a great deal of cruelty. There are more than
twenty miscreants who are well known to subsist by picking up
dogs in the street. There are generally two of them together
with aprons rolled round their waists. The dog is caught up at
the corner of one of the streets, concealed in a moment in the
apron, and the thieves are far away before the owner suspects the
loss. These dogs, that have been used to every kind of luxury,
are crowded into dark and filthy cellars, where they become infected by various diseases. The young ones have distemper, and
the old ones mange, and all become filled with vermin. There
they remain until a sufficient reward is offered for their recovery,
or they are sent far into the country, or shipped for France or
some other foreign market. Little or nothing is done by punishing
15,




174                      DOG-STEALING.
the inferior rogues in this traffic. The blow must be struck at
those of a superior class.  I will not assert that every dog-dealer
is in league with, and profits by, the lower thieves; but it is true
of a great many of them, and it is the principal and most lucrative part of their trade.  They are likewise intimately connected
with the dog-fights, and encourage them, for the sake of their
trade as dealers.  An attempt should be made to bring the matter
home to these scoundrels.a
[Dog-stealing, we are more particularly informed by Col. Hawker, is reduced to a perfect system in London, and carried on by
a set of fellows who, by their cunning and peculiar knack, are
enabled to avoid all detection in their nefarious traffic, and thus,
by extortion of rewards or sales of stolen dogs, reap a rich harvest
for the whole fraternity from  the well-stored pockets of the numerous dog-fanciers of the English capital.
The villains engaged in this business are known among themselves under the too often abused sobriquet of "the Fancy," and
assuming the garb of different mechanics, prowl about the streets,
oftentimes with the proper tools in their hands, carelessly watching
the movements of every dog that passes by, ready to grab him up
the first fitting opportunity.  The dog is then concealed till a
suitable reward is offered for him, when, through the intervention
of a third person, a trusty agent of the society, he is delivered
over to his rightful owner, the actual rogue never appearing in the
whole transaction.
If no reward, or an insufficient one, is offered for the recovery
of the dog, he is either sent off to the country, or, perhaps, cautiously exposed for sale in some distant quarter of the city, or
perhaps killed for his skin alone.
These gentry, however, prefer returning dogs to their owners
for a moderate compensation, as they thus know at what rate the
animal is valued, and cherish the hope of soon being able to steal
him again, and thus obtaining another reward.
a Mr. Bishop, of Bond-street, has  purchase one: I was shown my own
assured the public, that he is able to  dog. I seized it; but there were seprove that money has recently been  veral scoundrels present who professed
extorted from the owners of dogs by  to belong to it, and threatened to kill
dog-stealers and their confederates, to the dog if I did not pay for it. I prothe amount of more than a thousand  ceeded to describe it as my own, statpounds. Surely this calls for the de- ing that it had bad back or double
cided interposition of the legislature. teeth. Judge of my surprise when,
A strange case of atrocity and cruelty  after great difficulty, and the dog
was related by a gentleman to Mr.  crying greatly, its mouth was opened,
Bishop.  "A young dog of mine,"   and all the back teeth had been taken
says he, "was lost in London, and,  out! I paid two pounds for it before
being aware that, if a noise was made  they would let me take it away; but,
about it, a great price would be asked  in consequence of the injuries it had
"or it, I gave out that I wanted to  received, it died a few days afterward.'




DOG-STEALING.                  175
There have been instances of a lady paying, in successive rewards, a sum not less than fifteen guineas for a miserable little
lap-dog not worth as many shillings.
If anything is said about the law, or threats of prosecution held
out in the notice offering a reward for a " lost or stolen dog," the
death of the kidnapped animal is inevitable, as the " Fancy" prefer
sacrificing an occasional prize rather than run the risk of detection
by some enthusiastic or stubborn dog owner. These fellows, as
well as thieves generally, are said to have a method of quieting
the fiercest watch-dogs by throwing them a narcotic ball, which
they call " puddening the animal."
The following account, extracted from Hawker's work, will give
the American reader a perfect insight into the maneouvering of
these sharpers.
"In the month of May, 1830, Mr. Lang lost a favourite setter.
He posted handbills offering two guineas reward; on hearing of
which a man came and told him the reward was not enough, but
that if he would make it four guineas he could find his dog, and
the amount must be deposited in the hands of a landlord who
would procure him a ticket-card. He should then be met to his
appointment in some private field, where he would receive his dog
on condition that no questions should be asked. Mr. Lang sent
his shopman, about half-past ten at night, to White Conduit Fields
to meet the parties, who, on receiving the ticket, delivered up the
dog. But there was great hesitation in transacting this affair, in
consequence of the dog having on a lock to a steel chain collar
with Mr. Lang's name, and which, therefore, induced them to
proceed with extreme caution, through fear, as they supposed, of
detection for felony. The whole amount paid for recovering this
setter was ~4 17s., ~2 10s. of which went to the men who had
him. The rest was divided among others of the " Fancy." The
same person who gave Mr. Lang the information, said that if ever
he lost a dog, and applied to him, he could undertake to get him
back again within thirty-six hours, provided he would make it
worth his while to do so; because all dogs taken by the " Fancy"
are brought to their office and regularly booked by the secretary."
(Hawker on Shooting, p. 592.)-L.]




176        INTRODUCTION TO CANINE PATHOLOGY.
INTRODUCTION TO CANINE PATHOLOGY.
BY THE EDITOR.
PREDISPOSITION TO, AND CAUSES OF, DISEASES IN DOGS. —THE
CLAIMS OF DOGS UPON US.
"Unnumbered accidents and various ills
Attend thy pack, hang hovering o'er their heads,
And point the way that leads to death's dark cave.
Short is their span, few at the date arrive
Of ancient Argus, in old Homer's song
So highly honour'd."
THE dog from early youth, in fact oftentimes at the very period
of birth, is exposed to many dangerous and troublesome affections,
the result of causes not less complex and multifarious than those
that exert an influence over the human organization.  Many
diseases are the consequence of their domesticity and the hereditary defects of their progenitors, others are dependent upon accidental circumstances, bad treatment, and improper nourishment.
Not a few, however, of their most mortal maladies are the production of contagion, infection, and other like causes, all exercising
a general tendency to disease difficult to define and impossible to
avoid.
Although every species of dog is more or less subject to certain
diseases peculiar to their race, those breeds of most value and
more particularly subservient to the will of man are liable to a
greater number of ills and casualties than other dogs, for the
reason that they are more frequently exposed to unnatural fatigue,
extremes of heat and cold, as also to the various dangers dependent
upon the chase of wild animals. Those diseases resulting from
specific causes, either natural to the race or artificially produced
by the animal itself in a state of morbid derangement, are most
frequent and fatal, as witnessed in distemper, rabies, mange, &c.
The intimate connexion existing between the diseases of our
canine friends and those of the human race, as also the strong
similarity in the action of many drugs over the two systems, render
the study of one branch almost synonymous with that of the other.
A little attention, therefore, on the part of the physician will




INTRODUCTION TO CANINE PATHOLOGY.          177
lender him quite familiar with and competent to relieve the many
sufferings of these our most faithful and grateful of companions,
and at the same time create an interest in a study that cannot fail
to be productive of pleasure as well as information.
This subject, though claiming the attention of many skilful and
intelligent persons in England and other countries, has scarce been
thought of among us, and the mere mention of an infirmary or
hospital for the accommodation of invalid dogs, would involuntarily create a smile of incredulity or contempt upon the face of
most of our countrymen. Notwithstanding this display of ignorance and positive want of humane feeling for animal suffering, or
a just appreciation of canine worth, we must beg leave to inform
these unbelievers that such institutions are quite numerous in
many large cities of the old world; and they must also learn that
these institutions are conducted by gentlemen of science upon a
system not less regular and useful in this particular branch, than
similar establishments appropriated for the relief of suffering
humanity.
To these hospitals hundreds of valuable sick dogs are annually
sent, where they receive every attention, and are often snatched
from the very jaws of death, or prevented, when attacked by rabies
or other frightful affections, from doing mischief or propagating
infection. Medicines the most potent are administered to these
interesting patients with the utmost care, either as assuagers of
temporary pain, or as remedial agents in the cure of disease.
Operations the most complex are performed with the greatest skill,
and every attention is bestowed upon these invalids in their different
wards, and no trouble is considered too great to save the life and
secure the services of a valuable and faithful dog.
As we have no such establishments in this country, and but few
persons upon whom we can rely for assistance in case of need, it
behooves every lover of the dog to make himself familiar with,
and the mode of treating the most prominent affections of these
companions of our sports, and at the same time acquire a knowledge of the operations of certain medicines upon the system in a
state of health or disease, so that our trusty followers may not be
left to the tender mercies and physicking propensities of ignorant
stablemen, or the officious intermeddling of the "pill-directing
horse doctor."
The necessity of resorting to the assistance of either one or the
other of these worthies is equally unfortunate, as the former will
most generally kill the patient by slow degrees in forcibly and
largely administering the two modern specifics for all canine affections, viz.: "soap pills and flowers of sulphur." While the latter,
more bold but not less ignorant than the former, and his practice
is perhaps the preferable of the two evils, will murder the dog out



178        INTRODUCTION TO CANINE PATHOLOGY.
right by the free exhibition of calomel, nux vomica and other deleterious substances, of the operation of which he has but little
knowledge or conception. This latter system, as before said, is
the most preferable, as its adoption secures for our favourite a
speedy termination of his sufferings, and also relieves our own minds
from a state of suspense that illustrates too forcibly the remark,
"Hope deferred maketh the heart sick."
REMEDIAL MEANS FOR THE CURE OF DISEASES.
There are but few remedies useful for the cure of diseases in the
human race that might not be employed by a skilful practitioner.n overcoming the same or different ailments in the dog. There
are, however, several drugs that cannot be used in the same proportions for the one as fof the other, without danger of producing
fatal consequences, as instanced in calomel, a medicine so often
abused by those who pretend to a knowledge of its administration
in the maladies of dogs.
This article, though given with impunity to mankind in doses
varying from five grains to twenty grains, as also oftentimes administered to horses in quantities three or four times as great, without any appreciable effect, will not unfrequently, in minute doses
of three grains to four grains, produce the most violent symptoms
in the strongest dogs. We have seen severe vomiting and purging occasioned by these small doses, and we once salivated a large
mastiff by the administration of two blue pills. It is thus that
both the regular physician, and even the veterinary surgeon, unacquainted with this remarkable peculiarity, will make fatal mistakes; and how much oftener must such blunders take place when
we intrust our canine friends to the care of stable-boys, or a
" routine horse-doctor!"
Nux vomica, another medicine much used, and most important
in the treatment of all nervous affections, is particularly noxious
to dogs even in small quantities; a dose sufficient for a human
subject under some circumstances, would almost inevitably destroy
the animal under the same or analogous conditions.
A drachm of the powdered nux vomica is sufficient to destroy
the largest and most powerful dog, while a few grains will sometimes produce death in a few minutes if administered to smaller
animals.
We prescribed forty grains in a roll of butter for a worthless
zur a short time since, which, as expected, produced great anxiety, difficulty of respiration, severe vomiting, tremors, spasmodic
twitchings of the muscles, convulsions, and ultimate death in the
course of half an hour. This powerful drug acts by causing a
spasmodic stricture of the muscles engaged in respiration, as no




INTRODUCTION TO CANINE PATHOLOGY.          179
signs of inflammation are observable in the stomach and other
organs after death.
Spirits of turpentine, another remedy both simple and innocent
in its operations upon the human economy, and so frequently prescribed for the expulsion of worms from the bowels, is a dangerous
medicine for a dog, and will often in very small quantities prove
fatal.
Aloes, a medicine more extensively used in canine pathology
than any other in the materia medica, is also very peculiar in its
operations upon these animals, they being able to bear immense
doses of it, in fact quite sufficient to produce death if given to a
hearty man.
Thus we might continue to enumerate other drugs which we
have ascertained, from practical observation as well as the experiments of other, to exercise a peculiar action on the vital functions of the whole canine race, quite at variance with that common
to both man and the other domestic animals.
In combating with the diseases of animals, the veterinary surgeon has more to contend with than the regular physician, and,
in fact, should possess a knowledge and habit of observation even
superior to the former; although the responsibility of his calling,
in a moral sense, is much inferior to that of the other, as the importance of animal existence, under no circumstances, can be
placed in comparison with that of human life: still acuteness of
observation alone can direct him to the main cause of suffering in
the brute creation, as the animal, though groaning under the most
severe pains, cannot by any word of explanation point out to us
the seat, the probable cause, or peculiar characteristics of such
pain. We see that our dog is ill, he refuses his food, retires
gloomily to his house, looks sullen, breathes heavy, is no longer
delighted at our call. We cannot question him a- to his feelings,
or ask him to point out the particular region of his sufferings; we
watch his motions, study his actions, and rely for our diagnosis
upon general symptoms deduced from close observation.
Besides these external ocular evidences of morbid action, we
have, as in the human subject, guides to direct us in forming a
just opinion as to the nature of a dog's indisposition.
The state of the circulation is the first thing that should command our particular attention.
The pulse of dogs in health varies from one hundred to one
hundred and twenty strokes per minute, according to the size and
peculiar temperament of the animal, being more frequent in the
small breeds.
The standard of tihe setter, pointer, hound, &c., may be stated
at one hundred and five.
The action of the heart may be felt by placing the hand imme



180        INTRODUCTION TO CANINE PATHOLOGY.
diately over that organ, or applying the fingers to several points in
the body and limbs where the large arteries are somewhat superficial, as on the inside of the fore-knee and the thigh of the hindleg.
If the pulse in a state of rest exceeds the average standard in frequency, regularity, and softness, and a general feeling of uneasiness
be present, together with reddened eyes, warm nose, and coated
tongue, we know at once that there is an unnatural derangement
of the vital functions, and that fever in some form is present. The
next question to determine is, upon what does this fever depend?
whether it be idiopathic, arising from morbific causes difficult to
define, or whether it be sympathetic, with some organic affection
yet to be discovered.
The appearance of the tongue in canine diseases will often materially assist us in forming a correct diagnosis; this organ in
simple fever loses its rose-colour and becomes pale and coated, the
gums and fauces also participate in this change.
If, however, the tongue be much furred, with a bright inflammatory appearance around the edges, with high arterial excitement,
and disgust of food, with general anxiety and craving for water in
small but frequent quantities, inflammation of the stomach or bowels
may be suspected. If, on the other hand, the tongue remains
brown and streaked, with less action of the pulse, variable appetite and diminution of pain, derangement of the liver may be
apprehended.
If, in connection with some or all of the above symptoms, the
breathing be laboured and painful, with a disposition to remain in
the erect or sitting position, with great anxiety and general distress, we must look to the pulmonic viscera as the seat of the
disease.
Thus, by examining each and every individual symptom of disease, the intelligent sportsman will soon be able to arrive at the
proximate cause of all this unnatural state of things, and then he
will be competent to administer such remedies as may seem most
likely to afford relief. Without these precautions, however, he
would often be groping in the dark, and, consequently, not unfrequently, apply those remedies more calculated to aggravate than
cure the malady.




THE SKELETON.                 181
CHAPTER VI.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SKELETON.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:- FITS; TURNSIDE, OR GIDDINESS
EPILEPSY; CHOREA; RHEUMATISM AND PALSY.:Z1A:~~~~~~~~~~~*~
16                  M
z 51 T;?  I/~/';`~




182                          THE SKELETON.
THE HEAD AND ITS FUNCTIONS.
1. The intermaxillary bone.             10. 10. 10. Temporal bones.
2. Nasal hone.                          11. 11. 11. Inferior maxillary or jaw bones
3. 3. Maxilla superior.                 12.12. Seven inferior maxillary molar teeth.
4. Lachrymal bone.                      13. 13. Six molar teeth of the superior jaw.
5. Zygornatic bone.                     14. Canine teeth of the superior and infe.
6. Orbit of the eye.                       rior jaws.
7. Frontal bone.                        15. Three incisor teeth of the superior
8. Summit of the head.                     maxillary bone.
9. 9. Occipital bones.                  16. The three inferior ditto.
THE TRUNK.
a. a. a. The ligamentum nuchte.         22. 22. Twenty caudal vertebrae - vertebrae. i. Ii. iv. v. v. vi.. The seven vertebre  of the tail.
of the neck.                         23. Tle left os innominatum.
13. The thirteen dorsal vertebra.       24. Right ditto.
7. The seven lumbar vertebra.          The nine true ribs, with their cartilages.
21. Os sacrum, or rump-bone.            The four false ribs, with their cartilages.
o. The sternum.
THE LEFT ANTERIOR EXTREMITY.
1. The scapula, or shoulder-blade.      10. Os metacarpi digiti terti - the third
2. 2. Os humeri, or shoulder.             metacarpal bone.
3. 3. Radius-the lesser bone of the arm.  II. Os metacarpi algiti quarti-fourth me4. 4. Ulna-tlh elbow.                     tacarpal.
5. Os naviculare-the navicular bone.    12. Os metacarpi digiti quinti.
6. Os triquetrum, or triangulare.       13. 13. 13. 13. The first digits of the fore-feet
7. Os pisiforine, or pisiform bone.     14. 14. 14. 14. The second ditto.
8. Os semilunare, or sernilunar bone.   15. The third ditto.
9. Os capitatum-the nail.               16. The sessamoid bone.
THE RIGHT ANTERIOR EXTREMITY.
1. 1. Radius.                            8. Os metacarpi pollicis-the thumb.
2. Ulna-elbow.                           9. Ossa rnetacarpi digitorum quatuor-the
3. Os triquetrum-the triangular bone.     four bones of the metacarpi.
4. Os naviculare-the navicular bone.    10. Phalanx primna pollicis-first phalange
5. Os semilunare-the semilunar bone.       of the thumb.
6. Os multangulum majus-the larger mul.  11. Phalanx tertia pollicis-third phalange
tangular bone.                          of ditto.
7. Os mnultangulurn minus-the small mul-  12. Digiti quatuor —fourth phalange of
tangular bone.                          ditto.
THE LEFT POSTERIOR EXTREMITY.. 1. Os femoris-thigh-bone.             9. Os cuneiforma tertium et maximum.
2. 2. Patella-the knee-pan.             10. Os metatarsi digiti quarti.
3.3. 3Tibia-the shank of the leg.       11. Os metatarsi digiti tertii.
4. 4. Fibula-the small bone of ditto.   12. Os metatarsi digiti secundi.
5. Calcareus-the heel.                  13. Os metatarsi digiti primi.
6 Astragalus- one of the seven bones of  14. Phalanges primm digitorum pedis.
the tarsus.                          15. Phalanges secundwe.
7 Os naviculare-the navicular bone.     16. Phalanges tertie.
8. Os cuboideum-or cubic bone.          17. Os sesamoideulm-the sessamoid.
THE RIGHT POSTERIOR EXTREMITY.
1. Os femoris-the thigh-bone.          1I. Os cuneiforma secundum et minimum.
2. Patella —the knee-pan.              12. Radimentuin ossis metatarsi hallucis
3. Tibia-the shank of the leg.         13. Os metatarsi digiti primi.
4. Calcareus-the heel.                 14. Os metatarsi digiti secundi.
5. Astragalus-one of the seven bones of  15. Os metatarsi digiti tertii.
the tarsus.                          16. Phalanges primee digitorum pedis.
7. Os naviculare-the navicular bone.   17. Phalanges secunde.
8. Os cuneiforma pririurn et medium.   18. Phalanges tertiae.
9. Os cuboideum, or cubic bone.        19. Os sesamoideum-the sessamoid.
10. Os citdeiforma tertium et maximum.




FITS - TURNSIDE, OR GIDDINESS.         183
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
FITS.
24th Feb. 1814. —A pug was accustomed to howl frequently
when his young master played on the flute. If the higher notes
were sounded, he would leap on his master's lap, look in his face,
and howl vehemently. To-day the young man purposely blew the
shrillest sound that he could. The dog, after howling three or
four times, began to run round the room, and over the tables and
chairs, barking incessantly. This he continued more than an hour.
When I saw him all consciousness of surrounding objects was
gone. He was still running feebly, but barking might and main.
I dashed a basin of cold water in his face, and he dropped as if
he had been shot. He lay motionless nearly a minute, and then
began to struggle and to bark; another cup of water was dashed
in his face, and he lay quite motionless during two minutes or
more. In the mean time I had got a grain each of calomel and
tartar emetic, which I put on his tongue, and washed it down with
a little water. He began to recover, and again began to yelp, although much softer; but, in about a quarter of an hour, sickness
commenced, and he ceased his noise. He vomited three or four
times, and lay frightened and quiet. A physic-ball was given him
in the evening, and on the following morning.
On the next day, the young man put open the door, and sat
himself down, and began to prepare the flute; the dog was out in
a moment, and did not return during a couple of hours. On the
following day he made his escape again, and so the matter went
on; but before the expiration of the week, his master might play
the flute if he pleased.
TURNSIDE, OR GIDDINESS.
This is a singular disease prevalent among cattle, but only occasionally seen in the dog. He becomes listless, dull, off his food,
and scarcely recognises any surrounding object. He has no fit,
but he wanders about the room for several hours at a time, generally or almost invariably in the same direction, and with his head
on one side. At first he carefully avoids the objects that are in
his way; but by degrees his mental faculties become impaired; his
sense of vision is confused or lost, and he blunders against everything: in fact, if uninterrupted, he would continue his strange
perambulation incessantly, until he was fairly worn out and died
in convulsions.
I used to consider the complaint to be uniformly fatal. I have
resorted to every remedial measure that the case could suggest. I
have. bled, and physicked and setoned, and blistered, and used the




184         DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
mnoxa; but all without avail, for not in a single case did I save
my patient
No opportunity of post-mortem examination was lost. In some
cases I have found spicula projecting from the inner plate of the
skull, and pressing upon or even penetrating the dura mater. I
know not why the dog should be more subject to these irregularities of cranial surface than any of our other patients; but
decidedly he is so, and where they have pressed upon the brain,
there has been injection of the membranes, and sometimes effusion
oetween them.
In some cases I have found effusion without this external pressure, and, in some cases, but comparatively few, there has not
been any perceptible lesion. Hydatids have been found in the
different passages leading to the cranium, but they have not
penetrated.
I used to recommend that the dog should be destroyed; but I
met with two or three favourable cases, and, after that, I determined to try every measure that could possibly be serviceable. I
bled, and physicked, and inserted setons, and tried to prevent the
utter exhaustion of the animal. When he was unable longer to
perform his circumvolutions, and found that he was foiled, he laid
himself down, and by degrees resumed his former habits. He was
sadly impatient and noisy; but in a few cases he was cured.
[We have seen but two or three cases of this disease in dogs,
and are led to believe that it is quite uncommon with our domestic
animals. One case in a valuable setter came on suddenly, and
without any apparent cause (except perhaps over-feeding), and
terminated fatally in the course of a few days.-L.]
EPILEPSY
in the dog assumes a most fatal character. It is an accompaniment, or a consequence, of almost every other disease. When the
puppy is undergoing the process of dentition, the irritation produced by the pressure of the tooth, as it penetrates the gum, leads
on to epilepsy. When he is going through the stages of distemper, with a very little bad treatment, or in spite of the best, fits
occur. The degree of intestinal irritation which is caused by
worms, is marked by an attack of epilepsy. If the usual exercise
be neglected for a few days, and the dog is taken out, and suffered
to range as he likes, the accumulation of excitability is expended
in a fit.
The dog is, without doubt, the most intellectual animal. He
is the companion and the friend of man: he exhibits, and is debased by some of his vices; but, to a greater degree than many
will allow, he exhibits all the intelligence and the virtues of the
biped. In proportion to his bulk, the weight of his brain far ex



EPILEPSY.                    185
ceeds that of any other quadruped-the very smallest animals
alone being excepted, in whom there must be a certain accumulation of medullary matter in order to give origin to the nerves of
every system, as numerous in the minutest as in him of greatest
bulk.
As it has been said of the human being that great power and
exertion of the mental faculties are sometimes connected with a
tendency to epilepsy, and, as violent emotions of joy or of grief
have been known to be followed by it, I can readily account for
its occurrence in the young dog, when frightened at the chiding
of his master, or by the dread of a punishment which he was conscious that he had deseryed. Then, too, I can understand that,
when breaking loose from long confinement, he ranges in all the
exuberance of joy; ~and especially when he flushes almost his first
covey, and the game falls dead before him, his mental powers are
quite overcome, and he falls into an epileptic fit.
The treatment of epilepsy in the dog is simple, yet often misunderstood. It is connected with distemper in its early stage. It
is the produce of inflammation of the mucous passages generally,
which an emetic and a purgative will probably, by their direct
medicinal effect, relieve, and free the digestive passages from some
source of irritation, and by their mechanical action unburthen the
respiratory ones.
When it is symptomatic of a weak state of the constitution, or
connected with the after stages of distemper, the emeto-purgative
must be succeeded by an anodyne, or, at least, by that which will
strengthen, but not irritate the patient.
A seton is an admirable auxiliary in epilepsy connected with
distemper; it is a counter-irritant and a derivative, and its effects
are a salutary discharge, under the influence of which inflammation elsewhere will gradually abate.
I should, however, be cautious of bleeding in distemper fits. I
should be fearful of it even in an early stage, because I well know
that the acute form of that general mucous inflammation soon
passes over, and is succeeded by a debility, from the depression
of which I cannot always rouse my patient. When the fits proceed from dentition, I lance the jaws, and give an emetic, and
follow it up with cooling purgative medicine. When they are
caused by irregular and excessive exercise, I open the bowels and
make my exercise more regular and equable. When they arise
from excitation, I expose my patient more cautiously to the influence of those things which make so much impression on his
little but susceptible mind.
If the fit has resisted other means, bleeding should be resorted
to. A fit in other animals is generally connected with dangerous
determination of blood to the head, and bleeding is imperative.
16*




186         DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A fit in the dog may be the consequence of sudden surprise and
irritation. If I had the means I should see whether I could not
break the charm; whether I could not get rid of the disturbance,
by suddenly affecting the nervous system, and the system generally, in another way. I would seize him by the nape of the neck,
and, with all my force, dash a little cold water in his face. The
shock of this has often dispersed the epileptic agency, as it were
by magic. I would give an emeto-purgative; a grain or a grain
and a half of calomel and the same quantity of tartar emetic: I
would soothe and coax the poor animal. Then,-and if I saw it
at the beginning, I would do it early,-if the fit was more dependent upon, or was beginning to be connected with, determination of blood to the head, and not on any temporary cause of excitation or irritation, I would bleed freely from the jugular.
The folowing singular case of epilepsy is narrated by M. W.
Leblanc:A dog of small size, three years old, was very subject to those
epileptic fits that are so frequent among dogs. After a considerable period, the fits would cease, and the animal recover the appearance of perfect health; but the more he advanced in age the
more frequent were the fits, which is contrary to that which usually happens.
The last fit was a very strong one, and was followed by peculiar
symptoms. The animal became dispirited. The eyes lost their
usual lively appearance, and the eyelids were often closed. The
dog was very drowsy, and, during sleep, there were observed, from
time to time, spasmodic movements, principally of the head and
chest. He always lay down on the left side. When he walked,
he had a marked propensity to turn to the left.
M. Leblanc employed purgatives, a seton to the back part of
the neck, and the application of the cautery to the left side of the
forehead; but nothing would stop the progress-of the disease, and
he died in the course of two months after the last fit. The nearer
he approached his end the smaller were the circles that he took;
and, in the latter part of his existence, he did little more than
turn as if he were on a pivot, and, when the time arrived that he
could walk no more, he used to lay himself down on the right
side.
On the post-mortem examination, a remarkable thickness of the
meninges was found on almost the whole of the left lobe of the
brain. The dura mater, the two leaves of the arachnoid membrane,
and the pia mater did not constitute more than one membrane of
the usual thickness, and presented a somewhat yellow colouring.
The cerebral substance of the left lobe appeared to be a little
firmer than that of the right lobe. The fissures of the cerebral
ccavolutions were much less deep than those of the other side




CHOREA.                     187
The red vessels which ran in the fissures were of smaller size, and
in some places could scarcely be discovered.
[Confinement, over-feeding, blows on the head or spine, drying
up of old ulcers, repelling of cutaneous affections, or, in fact, anything that is liable to derange the general health of the animal,
will produce epileptic fits.
We formerly had a beagle hound of very active temperament,
which we were necessarily obliged to keep much confined while
in the city; and to restrain her from running too wildly when
taken into the streets, we were in the habit of coupling her with
a greyhound of much milder disposition. Not being willing to
submit tamely to this unpleasant check upon her liberty, she was
ever making fruitless attempts to escape, either by thrusting herself forwards, or obstinately pulling backwards.  These efforts
resulted on several occasions in fits, produced by congestion of
the brain, owing to the pressure of the collar on the neck, thereby
interrupting the circulation, and inducing an influx of blood to
those parts. We were ultimately obliged to abandon this method
of restraint, which nearly proved fatal to our much-admired beagle:
she being suddenly seized with one of these fits on a hot summer's
day in one of our principal thoroughfares, the crowd of ignorant
bystanders concluded it to be a case of rabies, and nothing but
my taking her up in my arms, and carrying her from the scene
of action, saved her from falling a victim to their ignorance.
If the disease appears dependent upon plethora the result of
confinement and gross living, the animal must be reduced by
bleeding and purging, low diet, and exercise. If, however, the
malady proceeds from weakness, as is sometimes the case in
bitches while suckling a large litter, it will be necessary to relieve
her of some of the pups, and supply her with the most nutritious
diet, as also administer tonic balls; the following will answer.
R      Extract of Gentian,
"     Quassia, aa (each) grs. V, made into two
pills, and one or two given morning and evening; or,
R      Powdered Columbo.
Carbonate of Iron, aa, grs. V, made into two pills,
and one given morning and evening, or more frequently if desirable.
A seton placed in the pole will often prevent these attacks, particularly when depending upon slight cerebral irritation, accompanying distemper and mange. Blisters and frictions to the spine
are also serviceable.-L.]
CHOREA.
This is an irregular reception or distribution of nervous power
-a convulsive involuntary twitching of some muscle or set of




188         DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
muscles. It is an occasional consequence of distemper that has
been unusually severe or imperfectly treated, and sometimes it is
seen even after that disease has existed in its mildest form.
[This nervous affection, more commonly known as St. Vitus'
dance, is not a rare disease, and we doubt not that examples of
it have been seen by most of our readers, more particularly in
young dogs affected with distemper.
This malady is characterized by sudden involuntary twitchings
of the different muscles of the body, the disease being sometimes
confined to one limb, sometimes to two, and frequently pervades
the whole system, giving the dog a distressing and painful appearance. These involuntary motions, it is very true, are generally
restricted during sleep, although in old chronic cases of long
standing they often continue in full activity without any remission
whatever. The disease is not attended with fever, and all the
functions generally remain for a considerable time unimpaired.
-L.1
It first appears in one leg or shoulder, and is long, or perhaps
entirely, confined to that limb. There is a singular spasmodic
jerking action of the limb. It looks like a series of pulsations,
and averages from forty to sixty in a minute. Oftener, perhaps,
than otherwise, both legs are similarly affected. When the animal
is lying down, the legs are convulsed in the way that I have described, and when he stands there is a pulsating depressing or
sinking of the head and neck. In some cases, the muscles of the
neck are the principal seat of the disease, or some muscle of the
face; the temporal muscle beating like an artery; the masseter
opening and closing the mouth, the muscles of the eyelid, and, in
a few cases, those of the eye itself being affected. These convulsive movements generally, yet not uniformly, cease during
sleep, but that sleep is often very much disturbed. If the case is
neglected, and the dog is in a debilitated state, this spasmodic
action steals over the whole frame, and he lies extended with every
limb in constant and spasmodic action.
In the majority of cases, such an expenditure of nervous and
muscular power slowly destroys the strength of the animal, and
he dies a mere skeleton; or the disease assumes the character of
epilepsy, or it quiets down into true palsy.
In the most favourable cases, no curative means having been
used, the dog regains his flesh and general strength; but the
chorea continues, the spasmodic action, however, being much
lessened. At other times, it seems to have disappeared; but it is
ready to return when the animal is excited or attacked by other
disease. In a variety of instances, there is the irritable temper
which accompanies chorea in the human being, and most certainly
when the disease has been extensive and confirmed.




CHOREA.                      189
Chorea, neglected or improperly treated, or too frequently pursuing its natural course, degenerates into paralysis agitans. There
is a tremulous or violent motion of almost every limb. The
spasms are not relaxed, but are even increased during sleep, and
when the animal awakes, he rises with agitation arid alarm. There
is not a limb under the perfect control of the will; there is not a
moment's respite; the constitution soon sinks, and the animal
dies. No person should be induced to undertake the cure of such
a case: the owner should be persuaded to permit a speedy termination to a life which no skill can render comfortable.
Chorea is oftenest observed in young dogs, and especially after
distemper; and it seems to depend on a certain degree of primary
or sympathetic inflammatory affection of the brain.
Chorea is often very plainly a consequence of debility: either
the distribution of nervous power is irregular, or the muscles have
lost their power of being readily acted upon, or have acquired a
state of morbid irritability. The latter is the most frequent state.
Their action is irregular and spasmodic, and it resembles the
struggles of expiring nature far more than the great and uniform
action of health. It is not the chorea that used to be described,
in which there was an irresistible impulse to excessive action, and
which was best combated by complete muscular exhaustion; but
the foundation of this disease is palpable debility.
[Rickets, bad feeding, cold and damp housing, worms in the
alimentary canal, mange, and other chronic affections, are all forerunners of this malady.-L.]
In the treatment of chorea there must be no bleeding, no excessive purgation, but aperients or alteratives, merely sufficient to
keep the fceces in a pultaceous state, so as to carry off any source
of irritation to the intestinal canal, and particularly some species
of worms, too frequent sources of irritation there. To these
should be added nutritious food, gentle exercise, tonic medicines,
and general comforts. Counter-irritants may be applied-such as
blisters over the head, and setons, extending from poll to poll-the
application of turpentine, or the tincture of cantharides; but all
of these will frequently be of no effect, and occasionally a rapid
and fearful increase of irritability will ensue: antispasmodics are
in this case of no use, and narcotics are altogether powerless. As
for tonics, iron and gentian have been serviceable to a certain
extent, but they have never cured the complaint. The nitrate of
silver will be the sheet-anchor of the practitioner, and if early
used will seldom deceive him. It should be combined with ginger, and given morning and night, in doses varying from one-sixth
to one-third of a grain, according to the size of the dog.
The condition and strength of the dog, and the season of the
year, will be our best guides. If the patient has not lost much




190         DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
flesh, and is not losing it at the time that we have to do with him,
and has few symptoms of general debility, and spring or summer
are approaching, we may with tolerable confidence predict a cure;
but, if he has been rapidly losing ground, and is doing so still, and
staggers about and falls, there is no medicine that will restore
him.
5th October, 1S40.-A pointer, eighteen months old, had had
the distemper, but not severely, and was apparently recovering,
when he suddenly lost all voluntary power over his limbs. He
was unable to get up, and his legs were in constant, rapid, and
violent motion. This continued three days, during which he had
refused all food, when, the dog being in the country, my advice
iwas asked. I ordered a strong emetic to be given to him, and:after that a dose of Epsom salts, the insertion of a seton, and, in
addition to this, our usual tonic was to be given twice every day.
His food to consist chiefly of good strong soup, which was to be;forced upon him in a sufficient quantity.
Intwo days he was able to get up and stagger about, although,frequently falling. His appetite returned. He continued to im-:prove, and most rapidly gained strength and especially flesh. A.very peculiar, high-lifting, clambering, and uncertain motion of
-the legs remained, with an apparent defect of sight, for he ran:against almost everything.
In six weeks the seton was removed, and the dog remained in
-the same state until the 7th of December. The uncertain clambering motion was now increasing, and likewise the defect of
sight. He ran against almost every person and every thing. The
cornea was transparent, the iris contracted, there was no opacity
of the lens, or pink tint of the retina, but a peculiar glassy ap-!pearance, as unconscious of everything around it. An emetic
was given, and, after that, an ounce of sulphate of magnesia.
8tk. He was dreadfully ill after taking the salts; perhaps they
were *not genuine. For two days he panted sadly, refused his
food, and vomited that which was forced upon him. His muzzle
was hot:; he could scarcely stand; he lost flesh very rapidly. An
emetic was given immediately, and a distemper-ball daily.
16th. He soon began rapidly to recover, until he was in nearly
the same state as before, except that the sight was apparently more
deficient. The sulphate of magnesia was given every fourth day,
and another seton inserted.
21st. He continued the medicine, and evidently improved, the
sight returning, and the spasms being considerably less. The
distemper-ball was continued.
4th January, 1841.-The spasms were better; but the vision
did not improve. In the afternoon he fell into a momentary fit.
He almost immediately rose again, and proceeded as if nothing




CHOREA.                      191
had happened. An ounce of Epsom salts was given, and then
the tonic balls as before.
22d. The spasms were lessened, the clambering gait nearly
ceased, but the vision was not improved. The seton was removed,
and only an additional dose of salts given.
27th. The spasms suddenly and very considerably increased.
The left side appeared now to be particularly affected. The left
leg before and behind were most spasmed, the right scarcely at
all so. The vision of the left eye was quite gone. The dog had
been taken to Mr. Alexander's, the oculist, who attributed the
affection of the eye and the general spasmodic disease to some
pressure on the brain, and recommended the trial of copious and
repeated bleeding.
28th. The dog was dull; the spasms appeared to have somewhat increased and decidedly to affect the left side. Fever-balls
were ordered to be given.
29th. Considerable change took place. At three o'clock this
morning I was disturbed by a noise in the hospital. The poor
fellow was in a violent fit. Water was dashed in his face, and a
strong emetic given; but it was not until seven o'clock that the
fit had ceased; he lay until eleven o'clock, when the involuntary
spasms were almost suspended. When he was placed on his feet,
he immediately fell; he then gradually revived and staggered
about. His master brought a physician to see him, who adopted
Mr. Alexander's idea and urged bleeding. Ten ounces of blood
were immediately taken; the dog refused to eat.
1st February.-The strength of the animal was not impaired,
but the spasms were more violent, and he lay or wandered about
stupid and almost unconscious. I subtracted eight ounces more
of blood.
2d. The spasms were fully as violent, and no amendment in the
vision. Eight ounces more of blood were subtracted without
benefit. A fever-ball was ordered to be given.
3d. No amendment; but the bleeding having been carried to
its full extent, I again resorted to the tonic balls, which were
given morning and night. The dog was well fed and the seton
replaced.
5th. A very considerable amendment is evident.
9th. The spasms rapidly subsided and almost disappeared.
Vision was not perfectly restored; but the dog evidently saw with
his left eye. He was taken away, and tonic-balls sent with him
and ordered to be continued.
6th Mlarch.-The dog had improved in strength and no spasmodic affection remained; he likewise evidently saw with his left
eye. The tonic-balls had been discontinued for a week, and his
master hoped that all would turn out well, when suddenly, while




192         DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
at home, he was seized with a fit that lasted ten minutes. A
strong emetic was given, which brought up a vast quantity of
undigested food. A strong purging-ball was given to him in the
evening.
13th. The dog had lain slightly spasmed for two or three days,
when they all at once ceased, and,the animal appeared as well as
before. Suddenly he was taken with another fit, and again a vast
quantity of food was vomited. These spasms remained two days,
but on the 21st the fit returned with the same discharge of food.
Courses of purgatives were then determined on. A strong dose
of sulphate of magnesia was given every third day. After four
doses had been given, it was impossible to force any more upon
him. The syrup of buckthorn was tried, but the fourth dose of
that it was impossible to give. The dog was then sent into the
country; no fit occurred, but there were occasional spasms.
23d September.-He was brought back to town, and I saw him.
During the last month he had had many fits. His owner at length
consented that the actual cautery should be applied to his head.
The searing-iron for doctoring was used, and applied red-hot to
the centre of the head. It was exceedingly difficult so to confine
the dog as to make the application effectual, without destroying
the skin.
Under the influence of the sudden violent pain, he wandered
about for more than two hours, and then the spasms returned with
greater force than usual. He refused all food.
We determined to try the cautery to its full extent. We
chained him up in the morning, and penetrated through the skin
with the budding-iron. The spasms were dreadfully violent, and
he was scarcely able to walk or to stand. This gradually subsided, and then he began to run round and round, and that increased to an extraordinary velocity: he would then lie for a while
with every limb in action. The owner then yielded to all our
wishes, and he was destroyed with prussic acid. No morbid appearance presented itself in the brain; but, on the inner plate of
the right parietal bone, near the sagittal suture, were two projections, one-sixth of an inch in length, and armed with numerous
minute spicula. There was no peculiar inflammation or vascularity of any other part of the brain.
[We once cured a case quite accidentally, by throwing a pup
into a cold stream of water, and making him swim ashore; we do
not recommend the plan, although we should be willing to try it
again with one of our own dogs. The animal should be forced
to swim till nearly exhausted, and wrapped up in blankets on
coming out of the water. The intense alarm created in the
pup, together with the violent struggle and coldness of the water,




CHOREA.                     193
all act as revulsives to the disease, which, if purely nervous, may
be overcome by these powerful agents.
If the dog be weak, and the stomach deranged, the following
tonic balls will answer a good purpose:
R.      Carbonate of Iron.
Ground Ginger, a a, grs. X, made into two pills,
one given morning and evening, or more frequently according to
the age or size of the animal.-L.]
RHEUMATISM AND PALSY.
I do not know any animal so subject to rheumatism as the dog,
nor any one in which, if it is early and properly treated, it is so
manageable.
[We agree with our author, that the canine family are exceedingly liable to inflammation of the fibrous and muscular structures
of the body, and there is no disease from which they suffer more,
both in their youth and old age, than rheumatism. No particular
species of dogs are more subject to its attacks than others, all being
alike victims to its ravages. Mr. Blaine remarks, that the bowels
always sympathize with other parts of the body suffering under
this disease, and that inflammation will always be found existing
in the abdominal viscera, if rheumatism be present, and the lower
bowels will be attended with a painful torpor, which he designates
as rheumatic colic. We ourselves noticed, that old setters particularly, when suffering from this disease, are frequently attacked
with an acute diarrhoea, or suffer from obstinate constipation
attended by griping pains, but did not know that this state of
things was so uniform an accompaniment to the other affection.
There are two varieties of rheumatism, the acute and chronic,
both of which are attended with either general fever or local inflammation. The attacks usually come on rather suddenly, the
joints swell, the pulse becomes full and tense, the parts tender,
and the eyes blood-shot, the stomach deranged, and the bowels
costive. Severe lancinating pain runs through the articulation,
and along the course of the larger muscles, the tongue is coated,
the muzzle hot and dry, and the poor animal howls with agony.
The breathing becomes laboured, all food is rejected, and if you
attempt to move the sufferer he sends forth piteous cries of distress.  The causes of this serious affection arervery numerous
among the most usual and active agents may be enumerated, exposure to atmospherical vicissitudes, remaining wet and idle after
coming from the water, damp kennels, suppressed perspiration,
metastasis of eruptive diseases, luxurious living, laziness and overfeeding. These and many other causes are all busy in the production of this disease. Duck dogs on the Chesapeake, we have
17




194         DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
noticed as often suffering from this affection, owing no doubt to
the great exposure they are obliged to endure; but few of them
arrive at old age without being martyrs to the chronic form.
Chronic rheumatism, generally the result of the other form of
disease, is most usually met with in old dogs: it is attended with
little fever, although the local inflammation and swelling is sometimes considerable. The pain is often stationary in one shoulder
or loin, at other times shifts about suddenly to other portions of
the body. The muscles are tender and the joints stiff, the animal
seems lame till he becomes heated, and limber when all appearance of the disease vanishes. In old cases the limbs become so
much enlarged, and the joints so swollen, that the dog is rendered
perfectly useless, and consequently increases his sufferings by
idleness.  This form of the disease is known as gout.
Treatment of acute rheumatism — bleeding largely is very important in this affection, and if followed up with two or three
purges of aloes, gamboge, colocynth and calomel will arrest the
progress of this disease.
1R.   Extract of Colocynth................. i.
Calomel....................... grs. x.
Powdered Gamboge................. grs. ii.
Socet. Aloes........................ grs. x.
Made into four pills, two to be given at night, and the other the
following morning. If these medicines should not be handy, give
a large purging ball of aloes, to be followed by a full dose of salts.
When the inflammatory action is not sufficiently high to demand
depletion, warm bathing, friction and keeping the dog wrapped up
in blankets before a fire will generally afford relief. If the pain
appear very severe, it will be necessary to repeat the baths at short
intervals: great attention must be paid to the state of the bowels:
if a diarrhoea supervenes, it must not be checked too suddenly, by
the use of astringent medicines, but, rather corrected by small
doses of oil and magnesia. If constipation attended with colic
be the character of the affection, small quantities of oil and turpentine in connexion with warm enemata will be the proper remedies. If paralysis should occur, it will be found very difficult to
overcome, but must be treated, after the reduction of inflammation,
upon principles laid down under the head of this latter affection.
Blisters to the spine, setons, electricity, acupuncturation, &c.
Treatment of chronic rheumatism-warm baths are useful, and
warm housing absolutely necessary, attention to diet, and an
occasional purge of blue mass and aloes, together with electricity,
acupuncture, rubefacient applications to the spine, &c.-L.]
A warm bath-perchance a bleeding-a dose or two of the
castor-oil mixture, and an embrocation composed of spirit of tur.




PALSY.                       195
pentine, hartshorn, camphorated spirit, and laudanum, will usually
remove it in two or three days, unless it is complicated with muscular sprains, or other lesions, such as the chest-founder of kennels.
This chest-founder is a singular complaint, and often a pest in
kennels that are built in low situations, and where bad management prevails. Where the huntsman or whippers-in are too often
in a hurry to get home, and turn their dogs into the kennel panting and hot; where the beds are not far enough from the floor, or
the building, if it should be in a sufficiently elevated situation,
has yet a northern aspect and is unsheltered from the blast, chestfounder prevails; and I have known half the pack affected by it
after a severe run, the scent breast-high, and the morning unusually
cold. It even occasionally passes on into palsy.
The veterinary surgeon will be sometimes consulted respecting
this provoking muscular affection. His advice will comprisedryness, attention to the bowels, attention to the exercise-ground,
and perhaps, occasionally, setons-not where the huntsman generally places them, on the withers above, but on the brisket below,
and defended from the teeth of the dog by a roller of a very simple
construction, passing round the chest between the fore legs and
over the front of the shoulders on either side.
The pointer, somewhat too heavy before, and hardly worked,
becomes what is called chest-foundered. From his very make it
is evident that, in long-continued and considerable exertion, the
subscapular muscles will be liable to sprain and inflammation.
There will be inflammation of the fascie, induration, loss of
power, loss of nervous influence and palsy. Cattle, driven far and
fast to the market, suffer from the same causes.
[By palsy, we mean a partial or complete loss of the powers
of motion or sensation in some portion of the muscular system:
this affection is very common to the canine race, and very few of
them reach an advanced age without having at some time in their
life experienced an attack of this malady.
The loins and hind legs suffer oftener than other parts, in fact
we do not recollect ever meeting with paralysis of the fore limbs
alone. Although the limbs become perfectly powerless, and are
only dragged after the animal by the combined efforts of the fore
legs and back, it is seldom that they lose their sensibility.-L.]
Palsy is frequent, as in the dog. However easy it may be to
subdue a rheumatic affection, in its early stage, by prompt attention, yet if it is neglected, it very soon simulates, or becomes
essentially connected with, or converted into, palsy.
No animal presents a more striking illustration of the connexion between intestinal irritation and palsy than the dog. He
rarely or never has enteritis, even in its mildest form, without some




196         DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
loss of power over the hinder extremities. This may at first arise
from the participation of the lumbar muscles with the intestinal
irritation; but, if the disease of the bowels continues long, it will
be evident enough that it is not pain alone that produces the constrained and incomplete action of the muscles of the hind extremities, but that there is an actual loss of nervous power. A
dog is often brought to the veterinary surgeon, with no apparent
disease about him except a staggering walk from weakness of the
hind limbs. lie eats well and is cheerful, and his muzzle is moist
and cool; but his belly is tucked up, and there are two longitudinal cords, running parallel to each other, which will scarcely
yield to pressure. The surgeon orders the castor-oil mixture twice
or thrice daily, until the bowels are well acted upon, and, as soon
as that is accomplished, the dog is as strong and as well as ever.
Perhaps his hind limbs are dragged behind him; a warm bath is
ordered, he is dosed well with the castor-oil mixture, and, if it is
a recent case, the animal is well in a few days. In more confirmed
palsy, the charge, or plaster on the loins, is added to the action of
the aperient on the bowels. The process may be somewhat slow,
but it is seldom that the dog does not ultimately and perfectly recover.
It is easy to explain this connexion, although we should have
scarcely supposed that it would have been so intimate, had not
frequent experience forced it on our observation. The rectum
passes through the pelvis. Whatever may be said of that intestine, considering its vertical position in the human being, it is
always charged with faeces in the quadruped. It therefore shares
more in the effect, whatever that may be, which is produced by
the retention of faeces in the intestinal canal, and it shares also in
the inflammatory affection of other parts of the canal. Almost
in contact with this viscus, or at least passing through the pelvis,
are the crural nerves from the lumbar vertebrae, the obtusator running round the rim of the pelvis, the glutal nerve occupying its
back, and the sciatic hastening to escape from it. It is not difficult to imagine that these, to a certain degree, will sympathize
with the healthy and also the morbid state of the rectum; and
that, when it is inert, or asleep, or diseased, they also may be
powerless too. Here is something like fact to establish a very
important theory, and which should be deeply considered by the
sportsman and the surgeon.
[Loss of the contractile power of the sphincters of the bladder
and rectum, sometimes attends this disease, and involuntary evacuations are constantly taking place, or costiveness and retention are
the consequences.-L.]
Mr. Dupuy has given a valuable account of the knowledge we




PALSY.                       197
possess of the diseases of the spinal marrow in our domestic quadrupeds.
He has proved1. That in our domestic animals the spinal marrow is scarcely
ever affected through the whole of its course.
2. That the dorsal and lumbar regions are the parts oftenest
affected.
3. That inflammation of the spinal marrow of these regions
always produces palsy, more or less complete, of the abdominal
mem bers.
4. That, in some cases, this inflammation is limited to the inferior or superior parts of the spinal marrow, and that there is loss
only of feeling or of motion.
5. That sometimes animals die of palsy without any organic
lesion.
[Blows on the head, producing effusion on the brain, poisoning
by lead, inflammation of the spinal marrow, affections of the
nerves, caries of the spine, costiveness and affections of the
bowels, are all productive of palsy. If the disease proceeds from
rheumatism, or other inflammatory affections, independent of any
organic lesion, the disease, if taken early, is not difficult to overcome in the young subject. Warm baths, bleeding, purging, and
stimulating applications to the parts and along the spine, will
answer. Castor oil and turpentine is a good purge: where the
malady depends upon costiveness, purges of aloes should be administered in connexion with warm enemata, stimulating frictions
along the spine, and hot baths. Croton oil dropped on the tongue
will also be of great benefit: if there should be effusion or compression from fracture of the bones of the cranium, nothing but
trephining will be of any service, as we can hardly hope for the
absorption of the matter, and the removal of the spicula of bone
can alone afford relief to the patient. Paralysis arising from poisoning should be treated as described under the head of mineral
poisons. Chronic cases of paralysis arising from want of tone of
the nerves and spinal marrow, repeated blistering, introduction
of the seton along the spine, electricity, &c., have all been tried
with some success.
Strychnia, from its peculiar effects upon the animal economy,
and its almost exclusive direction to the nerves of motion, makes
it a medicine particularly applicable to the treatment of this disease. It may be given in all stages of the malady, but is most
serviceable after the reduction of inflammatory action, and when
we are convinced that the disease depends upon want of tone in
the motor muscles.
Great care should be had in its administration, as it is a powerful poison in too large doses, to a large dog; commence with a
17*                  N




198         DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
quarter of a grain in pill, three times daily, and gradually increase
to a half grain or more if the animal seems to bear it well. But
it should be discontinued immediately on the appearance of any
constitutional symptoms, such as spasmodic twitchings of the eyelids or muzzle.-L.]
PALSY-MANGE.
11th February, 1835.-A Persian bitch, at the Zoological Gardens, who was well yesterday, now staggers as she walks, and has
nearly lost the use of her hind legs. Gave a good dose of the
castor-oil mixture. 18th. She is materially worse and drags her
hind legs after her. I would fain put on a charge,.but the keeper
does not like that her beautiful coat should be spoiled, and wishes
to try what gentle exercise will do. She certainly, after she has
been coaxed a great deal, will get on her legs and stagger on fifty
yards or more. Gave the castor-oil mixture daily. 19th. She
is a little stronger, and walks a little better. Continue the mixture.
Embrocate well with the rheumatic mixture-sp. tereb., sp. camph.,
liq. ammon., et tinct. opii-and give gentle exercise.
2d March. - She does improve, although slowly; the charge
is therefore postponed. Continue treatment. 30th. She is considerably better. Continue the mixture, and use the embrocation
every second day.
10th April.-She has mange in the bend of her arm, and on
her chest. Use the sulphur ointment and alterative balls, and
omit the embrocation and mixture. In less than a week she
nearly recovered from her lameness, and ran about almost as well
as ever. 30th. She runs about very fairly, but the mange has
assumed that character of scurvy which I do not know how to
grapple with. Continue the alterative balls, and the ointment.
18th May.-The mange has disappeared, but the palsy is returning; she staggers slightly, and droops behind. Give the castoroil mixture and use the embrocation.
14th June.-Mange quite gone, but palsy continues to a very
considerable degree. I want to use the plaster; but the keeper
pleads for a little delay. Continue the treatment.
1st July.-I have at length determined to have recourse to the
charge. A piece of thick sheep's leather was fitted to her loins
and haunches. 18th. She appears to be improving, but it is very
slowly. 31st. Very little change. The plaster keeps on well:
she has no power over her hind limbs; but she eats and drinks as
well as ever.
23d August.-No change. Give her half a grain of strychnia,
morning and night. 26th. That singular secretion of milk, to
which the bitch is subject nine weeks after cestrum, is now appearing. Her mammae are enlarged, and I can squeeze a consider



PALSY.                      199
able quantity of milk out of the teats. Give an aloetic pill, and
continue the strychnia. 31st. The secretion of milk continues.
There is slight enlargement and some heat of the mammae; but
she feeds as well as ever. Increase the dose of strychnia to three.
quarters of a grain.
On the following day she was found dead. In making the usual
Jongitudinal incision through the integuments of the abdomen, a
considerable quantity of milky fluid, mingled with blood, followed
the knife. There was very slight enlargement of the teats, but
intense inflammation of the whole of the mammary substance.
The omentum, and particularly the portion opposite to the external disease, was also inflamed. Besides this there was not a
vestige of disease.
This is an interesting case and deserves record. I fear that
justice was not done to the animal at the commencement of the
paralytic affection. In nineteen cases out of twenty in the dog,
the constant but mild stimulus of a charge over the lumbar and
sacral regions removes the deeper-seated inflammation of the spinal
cord or its membranes, when the palsy is confined to the hind extremities, and has not been sufficiently long established to produce
serious change of structure. The charge should have been applied
at first. The almost total disappearance of the palsy during the
cutaneous disease, which was attended with more than usual inflammation of the integument, is an instructive illustration of the
power of counter-irritation, and of what might possibly have been
effected in the first case; for much time was lost before the application of the charge, and when at length it was applied, it and
the strychnia were powerless.
I consider the following case as exceedingly valuable, at least
with reference to the power of strychnia in removing palsy:19th August, 1836.-A fine Alpine dog was suddenly attacked
with a strange nervous affection. He was continually staggering
about and falling. IIis head was forcibly bent backward and a
little on one side, almost to his shoulder. A pound of blood was
abstracted, a seton inserted from ear to ear, and eight grains of
calomel administered.  21st. He has perfectly lost the use of
every limb. He has also amaurosis, perfect blindness, which had
not appeared the day before. He hears perfectly, and he eats, and
with appetite, when the food is put into his mouth. Gave him
two large spoonfuls of the castor-oil mixture daily; this consists
of three parts of castor-oil, two of syrup of buck-thorn, and one of
syrup of white poppies. 23d. A little better; can lift his head
and throw it upon his side, and will still eat when fed. Continue
the mixture, and give half a grain of strychnia daily. 24th. Little
change. 27th. No change, except that he is rapidly losing flesh.
Continue the treatment. 31st. The strychnia increased to three



200                      RABIES.
fourths of a grain morning and night. The castor-oil mixture continued in its full quantity. He was fed well, but there was a
sunken, vacant expression of countenance.
2d September. - He can move his head a little, and has some
slight motion in his limbs. 4th. He can almost get up. He recognises me for the first time. His appetite, which was never
much impaired, has returned: this is to be attributed to strychnia,
or the seton, or the daily aperient mixture. They have all, perhaps, been serviceable, but I attribute most to the strychnia; for
I have rarely, indeed, seen any dog recover from such an attack.
Continue the treatment. 6th. Fast recovering. Medicine as before. 14th. Improving, but not so fast as before. Still continue
the treatment. 2Sth. Going on slowly, but satisfactorily. Remove
the seton, but continue the other treatment.
13th October.-Quite well.
CHAPTER     VII.
RABIES.
WE are now arrived at one of the most important subjects in
veterinary pathology. In other cases the comfort and the existence
of our quadruped patients are alone or chiefly involved, but here
the lives of our employers, and our own too, are at stake, and may
be easily, and too often are, compromised. Here also, however
other portions of the chain may be overlooked or denied, we have
the link which most of all connects the veterinary surgeon with
the practitioner of human medicine; or, rather, here is the circumscribed but valued spot where the veterinary surgeon has the
vantage-ground.
In describing the nature, and cause and treatment of rabies, it
will be most natural to take the animal in which it oftenest appears, by which it is most frequently propagated; the time at
which the danger commences, and the usual period before the
death of the patient.
Some years ago a dog, naturally ferocious, bit a child at Lisson
Grove. The child, to all appearance previously well, died on the
third day, and an inquest was to be held on the body in the evening. The Coroner ordered the dog to be sent to me for examination. The animal was, contrary to his usual habit, perfectly
tractable. This will appear to be of some importance hereafter.
I examined him carefully. No suspicious circumstance could be




RABIES.                     201
found about him. There was no appearance of rabies. In the
mean time the inquest took place, and the corpse of the child was
carefully examined. One medical gentleman thought that there
were some suspicious appearances about the stomach, and another
believed that there was congestion of the brain.
The owner of the dog begged that the animal might not be
taken from him, but might accompany him home. He took him
home and destroyed him that no experiments might be made.
With great difficulty we procured the carcass, and from some
inflammatory appearances about the tongue and the stomach, and
the presence of a small portion of indigestible matter in the
stomach, we were unanimously of opinion that the dog was rabid.
I do not mean to say that the child died hydrophobous, or that
its death was accelerated by the nascent disease existing in the
dog. There was probably some nervous affection that hastened
the death of the infant, and the dog bit the child at the very
period when the malady first began to develop itself. On the
following day there were morbid lesions enough to prove beyond
doubt that he was rabid.
This case is introduced because I used afterwards to accompany
every examination of supposed or doubtful rabies with greater
caution than I probably had previously used.
It is occasionally very difficult to detect the existence of rabies
in its nascent state. In the year 1813, a child attempted to rob a
dog of its morning food, and the animal resisting the theft, the
child was slightly scratched by its teeth. No one dreamed of
danger. Eight days afterwards symptoms of rabies appeared in
the dog, the malady ran its course, and the animal died. A few
days afterwards the child sickened- undoubted characteristics
of rabies were observed —they ran their course and the infant
was lost.
There are other cases-fortunately not numerous-in the records of human surgery, resembling this. A person has been
bitten by a dog, he has paid little or no attention to it, and no
application of the caustic has been made. Some weeks, or even
months, have passed, he has nearly or quite forgotten the affair,
when he becomes languid and feverish, and full of fearful apprehensions, and this appearing perhaps during several days, or more
than a week. The empoisonment has then ceased to be a local
affair, the virus has entered into the circulation, and its impression
is made on the constitution generally. Fortunately the disposition
to bite rarely develops itself until the full establishment of the
disease, otherwise we might sometimes inquire whether it were
not our duty to exterminate the whole race of dogs.
The following case deserves to be recorded. On the 21st of
October, 1813, a dog was brought to me for examination. He




202                      RABIES.
had vomited a considerable quantity of coagulated blood. I hap.
pened to be particularly busy at the moment, and not observing
anything peculiar in his countenance or manner, I ordered some
astringent sedative medicine, and said that I would see him again
in the afternoon.
In the course of the afternoon he was again brought. The
vomiting had quite ceased. His mouth seemed to be swollen, and,
on examining him, I found that some of his incisor teeth, both in
the upper and lower jaw, had been torn out. This somewhat
alarmed me; and, on inquiring of the servant, I was told that he
suspected that they had had thieves about the house on the preceding night, for the dog had torn away the side of his kennel in
attempting to get at them. I scolded him for not having told me
of this in the morning; and then, talking of various things, in
order to prolong the time and to be able closely to watch my patient, I saw, or thought I saw, but in a very slight degree, that the
animal was tracing the fancied path of some imaginary object. I
was then truly alarmed, and more especially since I had discovered
that in the giving of the physic in the morning the man's hand
had been scratch6d; a youth had suffered the dog to lick his sore
finger, and the animal had also been observed to lick the sore ear
of an infant. He was a remarkably affectionate dog, and was
accustomed to this abominable and inexcusable nonsense.
I insisted on detaining the dog, and gave the man a letter to
the surgeon, telling him all my fears. He promptly acted on the
hint, and before evening, the proper means were taken with regard
to all three.
I watched this dog day after day. He would not eat, but he
drank a great deal more water than I liked. The surgeon was
evidently beginning to doubt whether I was not wrong, but he
could not dispute the occasional wandering of the eye, and the
frequent spume upon the water. On the 26th of October, however, the sixth day after his arrival, we both of us heard the rabid
howl burst from him: he did not, however, die until the 30th. I
mention this as another instance of the great difficulty there is to
determine the real nature of the case in an early stage of the
disease.
M. Perquin relates an interesting case. A lady had a greyhound,
nine years old, that was accustomed to lie upon her bed at night,
and cover himself with the bed-clothes. She remarked, one morning, that he had torn the covering of his bed, and, although he ate
but little, drank oftener, and in larger quantity, than he was accustomed to do. She led him to a veterinary surgeon, who assured
her that there was nothing serious the matter. On the following
day, he bit her fore-finger near the nail, as she was giving him
something to eat. She led him again to the veterinary surgeon,




RABIES.                      203
who assured her that she needed not to be under the least alarm,
and as for the little wound on her finger, it was of no consequence.
On the following day, the 27th of December, the dog died. He
had not ceased to drink most abundantly to the very last.
On the 4th of February, as the lady was dining with her husband, she found some difficulty in deglutition. She wished to
take some wine, but was unable to swallow it.
On the 5th, she consulted a surgeon. He wished her to swallow
a little soup in his presence. She attempted to do it, but could
not accomplish her object after many an effort. She then fell into
a state of violent agitation, with constriction of the pharynx, and
the discharge of a viscid fluid from the mouth.
On the 7th, she died, four days after the first attack of the disease, and in a state of excessive loss of flesh.
There can be no doubt that both the dog and his mistress died
rabid, the former having communicated the disease to the latter;
but there is no satisfactory account of the manner in which the
dog became diseased.a
Joseph Delmaire, of Looberghe, twenty-nine years old, was, on
the 6th of October, 1836, bitten in the hand by a dog that he met
with in the forest, and that was evidently rabid. On the following
morning, he went to a medical man of some repute in the country,
who washed the wound, and scarified it, and terminated the operation by tracing a bloody cross on the forehead of the patient.
He returned home, but he was far from being satisfied. The
image of the dog that had attacked him was always before him,
and his sleep was troubled with the most frightful dreams. So
passed four-and-twenty days, when Delmaire, rising from his bed,
felt the most dreadful trepidation; he panted violently; it seemed
as if an enormous weight oppressed his chest, and from time to
time there was profound sighing and sobbing. He complained
every moment that he was smothered. He attempted to drink, but
it was with great difficulty that a few drops of barley-water were
swallowed. His mouth was dry, his throat burning, his thirst excessive, and all that he attempted to swallow was rejected with horror.
At nine o'clock at night he was largely bled. His respiration
was more free, but the dread of every fluid remained. After an
hour's repose, he started and felt the most fearful pain in every
limb-his whole body was agitated with violent convulsions. The
former place of bleeding was reopened, and a great quantity of
blood escaped. The pulse became small and accelerated. The
countenance was dreadful-the eyes were starting from their
sockets-he continually sprung from his seat, and uttered the
most fearful howling. A quantity of foam filled his mouth, and
a La Folie des Animaux, by M. Perquin.




204                      RABIES.
compelled a continued expectoration.  In his violent fits, the
strength of six men was not sufficient to keep him on his bed. In
the midst of a sudden recess of fury he would disengage himself
from all that were attempting to hold him, and dash himself on
the floor; there, freed from all control, he rolled about, beat himself, and tore everything that he could reach. In the short intervals that separated these crises, he regained possession of his reasoning powers: he begged his old father to pardon him, he talked
to him and to those around with the most intense affection, and it
was only when he felt that a new attack was at hand, that he
prayed them to leave him. At length his mental excitation began
to subside; his strength was worn out, and he suffered himself to
be placed on his bed. The horrible convulsions from time to time
returned, but the dread of liquors had ceased. He demanded
something to drink. They gave him a little white wine, but he
was unable to swallow it; it was returned through his nostrils.
The poor fellow then endeavoured to sleep; but it was soon perceived that he had ceased to live.
The early symptoms of rabies in the dog are occasionally very
obscure. In the greater number of cases, these are sullenness,
fidgetiness, and continual shifting of posture. Wlere I have had
opportunity, I have generally found these circumstances in regular
succession. For several consecutive hours perhaps he retreats to
his basket or his bed. He shows no disposition to bite, and he
answers the call upon him laggardly. He is curled up and his
face is buried between his paws and his breast. At length he begins to be fidgety. He searches out new resting-places; but he
very soon changes them for others. He takes again to his own
bed; but he is continually shifting his posture. He begins to
gaze strangely about him as he lies on his bed. His countenance
is clouded and suspicious. Ile comes to one and another of the
family and he fixes on them a steadfast gaze as if he would read
their very thoughts. "I feel strangely ill," he seems to say:
"have you anything to do with it? or you? or you?" Has not a
dog mind enough for this? If we have observed a rabid dog at the
commencement of the disease, we have seen this to the very life.
There is a species of dog-the small French poodle-the essence
of whose character and constitution is fidgetiness or perpetual
motion.
If this dog has been bitten, and rabies is about to establish
itself, he is the most irritative restless being that can be conceived
of; starting convulsively at the slightest sound; disposing of his
bed in every direction, seeking out one retreat after another in
order to rest his wearied frame, but quiet only for a moment in
any one, and the motion of his limbs frequently stimulating chorea
and even epilepsy.




RABIES.                      205
A peculiar delirium is an early symptom, and one that will
never deceive. A young man had been bitten by one of his dogs;
I was requested to meet a medical gentleman on the subject: I
was a little behind my time; as I entered the room I found the
dog eagerly devouring a pan of sopped bread. "There is no
madness here," said the gentleman. He had scarcely spoken,
when in a moment the dog quitted the sop, and, with a furious
bark sprung against the wall as if he would seize some imaginary
object that he fancied was there. "Did you see that?" was my
reply. "What do you think of it?" "I see nothing in it," was
his retort: "the dog heard some noise on the other side of the
wall." At my serious urging, however, he consented to excise
the part. I procured a poor worthless cur, and got him bitten by
this dog, and carried the disease from this dog to the third victim:
they all became rabid one after the other, and there my experiment ended. The serious matter under consideration, perha~,
justified me in going so far as I did.
This kind of delirium is of frequent occurrence in the human
patient. The account given by Dr. Bardsley of one of his patients
is very appropriate to our present purpose: "I observed that he
frequently fixed his eyes with horror and affright on some ideal
object, and then, with a sudden and violent emotion, buried his
head beneath the bed-clothes. The next time I saw him repeat
this action, I was induced to inquire into the cause of his terror.
He asked whether I had not heard howlings and scratchings. On
being answered in the negative, he suddenly threw himself on his
knees, extending his arms in a defensive posture, and forcibly
threw back his head and body. The muscles of the face were
agitated by various spasmodic contractions; his eye-balls glazed,
and seemed ready to start from their sockets; and, at the moment, when crying out in an agonizing tone,'Do you not see
that black dog?' his countenance and attitude exhibited the most
dreadful picture of complicated horror, distress, and rage that
words can describe or imagination paint."
I have again and again seen the rabid dog start up after a momentary quietude, with unmingled ferocity depicted on his countenance, and plunge with a savage howl to the end of his chain.
At other times he would stop and watch the nails in the partition
of the stable in which he was confined, and fancying them to move
he would dart at them, and occasionally sadly bruise and injure
himself from being no longer able to measure the distance of the
object. In one of his sudden fits of violence a rabid dog strangled
the Cardinal Crescence, the Legate of the Pope, at the Council
of Trent in 1532.
M. Magendie has often injected into the veins of an hydrophobous dog as much as five grains of opium without producing any
18




206                      RABIES.
effect; while a single grain given to the healthy dog would suffice
to send him almost to sleep.
One of Mr. Babington's patients thought that there was a cloud
of flies about him. " Why do you not kill those flies?" he would
cry; and then he would strike at them with his hand, and shrink
under the bed-clothes, in the most dreadful fear.
There is also in the human being a peculiarity in this delirium
which seems to distinguish it from every other kind of mental
aberration.  "The patient," in Mr. Lawrence's language, " is
pursued by a thousand phantoms that intrude themselves upon his
mind; he holds conversation with imaginary persons; he fancies
himself surrounded with difficulties, and in the greatest distress.
These thoughts seem to pass through his mind with wonderful
rapidity, and to keep him in a state of the greatest distress, unless
he is quickly spoken to or addressed by his name, and, then, in a
moment the charm is broken; every phantom of imagination disappears, and at once he begins to talk as calmly and as connectedly
as in perfect health."
So it is with the dog, whether he is watching the motes that
are floating in the air, or the insects that are annoying him on the
walls, or the foes that he fancies are threatening him on every side
— one word recalls him in a moment. Dispersed by the magic
influence of his master's voice, every object of terror disappears,
and he crawls towards him with the same peculiar expression of
attachment that used to characterize him.
Then comes a moment's pause-a moment of actual vacuitythe eye slowly closes, the head droops, and he seems as if his fore
feet were giving way, and he would fall: but he springs up again,
every object of terror once more surrounds him-he gazes wildly
around -he snaps -he barks, and he rushes to the extent of his
chain, prepared to meet his imaginary foe.
The expression of the countenance of the dog undergoes a considerable change, principally dependent on the previous disposition
of the animal. If he was naturally of an affectionate disposition,
there will be an anxious, inquiring countenance, eloquent, beyond
the power of resisting its influence. It is made up of strange
suppositions as to the nature of the depression of mind under
which he labours, mingled with some passing doubts, and they are
but passing, as to the concern which the master has in the affair;
but, most of all, there is an affectionate and confiding appeal for
relief. At the same time we observe some strange fancy, evidently
passing through his mind, unalloyed, however, by the slightest
portion of ferocity.
In the countenance of the naturally savage brute, or him that
has been trained to be savage, there is indeed a fearful change;
sometimes the conjunctiva is highly injected; at other times it iS




RABIES.                     207
scarcely affected, but the eyes have an unusually bright and dazzling appearance. They are like two balls of fire, and there is a
peculiar transparency of the hyaloid membrane, or injection of
that of the retina.
A very early symptom of rabies in the dog, is an extreme degree of restlessness. Frequently, he is almost invariably wandering about, shifting from corner to corner, or continually rising up
and lying down, changing his posture in every possible way, disposing of his bed with his paws, shaking it with his mouth, bringing it to a heap, on which he carefully lays his chest, or rather the
pit of his stomach, and then rising up and bundling every portion
of it out of the kennel. If he is put into a closed basket, he will
not be still for an instant, but turn round and round without
ceasing. If he is at liberty, he will seem to imagine that something is lost, and he will eagerly search round the room, and particularly every corner of it, with strange violence and indecision.
In a very great portion of cases of hydrophobia in the human
being, there is, as a precursory symptom, uneasiness, pain, or
itching of the bitten part. A red line may also be traced up the
limb, in the direction of the lymphatics. In a few cases the wound
opens afresh.
The poison is now beginning fatally to act on the tissue, on
which it had previously lain harmless. When the conversation
has turned on this subject, long after the bitten part has been
excised, pain has darted along the limb. I have been bitten much
oftener than I liked, by dogs decidedly rabid, but, proper means
being taken, I have escaped; and yet often, when I have been
over-fatigued, or a little out of temper, some of the old sores have
itched and throbbed, and actually become red and swollen.
The dog appears to suffer a great deal of pain in the ear in
common canker. He will be almost incessantly scratching it,
crying piteously while thus employed. The ear is, oftener than
any other part, bitten by the rabid dog, and, when a wound in the
ear, inflicted by a rabid dog, begins to become painful, the agony
appears to be of the intensest kind. The dog rubs his ear against
every projecting body, he scratches it might and main, and tumbles over and over while he is thus employed.
The young practitioner should be on his guard there. Is this
dreadful itching a thing of yesterday, or, has the dog been subject
to canker, increasing for a considerable period. Canker both internal and external is a disease of slow growth, and must have
been long neglected before it will torment the patient in the man
ner that I have described. The question as to the length of time
that an animal has thus suffered will usually be a sufficient guide.
The mode in which he expresses his torture will serve as anotner direction. He will often scratch violently enough when he




208                      RABIES.
has canker, but he will not roll over and over like a football except he is rabid. If there is very considerable inflammation of
the lining membrane of the ear, and engorgement and ulceration
of it, this is the effect of canker; but if there is only a slight redness of the membrane, or no redness at all, and yet the dog is incessantly and violently scratching himself, it is too likely that
rabies is at hand.
In the early stage of rabies, the attachment of the dog towards
his owner seems to be rapidly increased, and the expression of
that feeling. He is employed, almost without ceasing, licking the
hands, or face, or any part he can get at. Females, and men too,
are occasionally apt to permit the dog, when in health, to indulge
this filthy and very dangerous habit with regard to them. The
virus, generated under the influence of rabies, is occasionally deposited on a wounded or abraded surface, and in process of time
produces a similar disease in the person that has been so inoculated by it. Therefore it is that the surgeon so anxiously inquires
of the person that has been bitten, and of all those to whom the
dog has had access, " Has he been accustomed to lick you? have
you any sore places about you that can by possibility have been
licked by him?"  If there are, the person is in fully as much
danger as if he had been bitten, and it is quite as necessary to
destroy the part with which the virus may have come in contact.
A lady once lost her life by suffering her dog to lick a pimple on
her chin.
There is a beautiful species of dog, often the inhabitant of the
gentleman's stable-the Dalmatian or coach dog. He has, perhaps, less affection for the human species than any other dog, except the greyhound and the bull-dog; he has less sagacity than
most others, and certainly less courage. He is attached to the
stable; he is the friend of the horse; they live under the same
roof; they share the same bed; and, when the horse is summoned
to his work, the dog accompanies every step. They are certainly
beautiful dogs, and it is pleasing to see the thousand expressions
of friendship between them and the horse; but, in their continual
excursions through the streets, they are exposed to some danger,
and particularly to that of being bitten by rabid dogs. It is a
fearful business when this takes place. The coachman probably
did not see the affray; no suspicion has been excited. The horse
rubs his muzzle on the dog, and the dog licks the face of the
horse, and in a great number of cases the disease is communicated from the one to the other. The dog in process of time
dies, the horse does not long survive, and, frequently too, the
coachman shares their fate. I have known at least twenty horses
destroyed in this way.
A depraved appetite is a frequent attendant on rabies in the dog.




RABIES.                     209
He refuses his usual food; he frequently turns from it with an
evident expression of disgust; at other times, he seizes it with
greater or less avidity, and then drops it, sometimes from disgust,
at other times because he is unable to complete the mastication
of it. This palsy of the organs of mastication, and dropping of
the food, after it has been partly chewed, is a symptom on which
implicit confidence may be placed.
Some dogs vomit once or twice in the early period of the disease: when this happens, they never return to the natural food of
the dog, but are eager for everything that is filthy and horrible.
The natural appetite generally fails entirely, and to it succeeds a
strangely depraved one. The dog usually occupies himself with
gathering every little bit of thread, and it is curious to observe
with what eagerness and method he sets to work, and how completely he effects his object. He then attacks every kind of dirt
and filth, horse-dung, his own dung, and human excrement. Some
breeds of spaniels are very filthy feeders without its being connected with disease, but the rabid dog eagerly selects the excrement of the horse, and his own. Some considerable care, however, must be exercised here. At the period of dentition, and
likewise at the commencement of the sexual affection, the stomach
of the dog, and particularly that of the bitch, sympathises with,
or shares in, the irritability of the gums, and of the constitution
generally, and there is a considerably perverted appetite. The
dog also feels the same propensity that influences the child, that
of taking hard substances into the mouth, and seemingly trying
to masticate them. Their pressure on the gums facilitates the
passage of the new teeth. A young dog will, therefore, be observed gathering up hard substances, and, if he should chance to
die, a not inconsiderable collection of them is sometimes found in
the stomach. They are, however, of a peculiar character; they
consist of small pieces of bone, stick, and coal.
The contents of the stomach of the rabid dog, are often, or generally, of a most filthy description. Some hair or straw is usually found, but the greater part is composed of horse-dung, or of
his own dung, and it may be received as a certainty, that if he is
found deliberately devouring it, he is rabid.
Some very important conclusions may be drawn from the appearance and character of the urine. The dog, and at particular
times when he is more than usually salacious, may, and does diligently search the urining places; he may even, at those periods,
be seen to lick the spot which another has just wetted; but, if a
peculiar eagerness accompanies this strange employment, if, in the
parlour, which is rarely disgraced by this evacuation, every corner
is perseveringly examined, and licked with unwearied and unceasing
industry, that dog cannot be too carefully watched, there is great
18*




210                      RABIES.
danger about him; he may, without any other symptom, be pronounced to be decidedly rabid. I never knew a single mistake
about this.
Much has been said of the profuse discharge of saliva from the
mouth of the rabid dog. It is an undoubted fact that, in this disease, all the glands concerned in the secretion of saliva, become
increased in bulk and vascularity. The sublingual glands wear an
evident character of inflammation; but it never equals the increased discharge that accompanies epilepsy, or nausea. The
frothy spume at the corners of the mouth, is not for a moment to
be compared with that which is evident enough in both of these
affections. It is a symptom of short duration, and seldom lasts
longer than twelve hours. The stories that are told of the mad
dog covered with froth, are altogether fabulous. The dog recovering from, or attacked by a fit, may be seen in this state; but
not the rabid dog. Fits are often mistaken for rabies, and hence
the delusion.
The increased secretion of saliva soon passes away. It lessens
in quantity; it becomes thicker, viscid, adhesive, and glutinous.
It clings to the corners of the mouth, and probably more annoyingly so to the membrane of the fauces. The human being is
sadly distressed by it, he forces it out with the greatest violence,
or utters the falsely supposed bark of a dog, in his attempts to
force it from his mouth. This symptom occurs in the human
being, when the disease is fully established, or at a late period of
it. The dog furiously attempts te detach it with his paws.
It is an early symptom in the dog, and it can scarcely be mistaken in him. When he is fighting with his paws at the corners
of his mouth, let no one suppose that a bone is sticking between
the poor fellow's teeth; nor should any useless and dangerous effort
be made to relieve him. If all this uneasiness arose from a bone
in the mouth, the mouth would continue permanently open instead
of closing when the animal for a moment discontinues his efforts.
If after a while he loses his balance and tumbles over, there can
be no longer any mistake. It is the saliva becoming more and
more glutinous, irritating the fauces and threatening suffocation.
To this naturally and rapidly succeeds an insatiable thirst. The
dog that still has full power over the muscles of his jaws continues
to lap. He knows not when to cease, while the poor fellow labouring under the dumb madness, presently to be described, and
whose jaw and tongue are paralysed, plunges his muzzle into the
water-dish to his very eyes, in order that he may get one drop of
water into the back part of his mouth to moisten and to cool his
dry and parched fauces. Hence, instead of this disease being
always characterised by the dread of water in the dog, it is marked
by a thirst often perfectly unquenchable. Twenty years ago, this




RABIES.                     211
assertion would have been peremptorily denied. Even at the pre.
sent day we occasionally meet with those who ought to know
better, and who will not believ'e that the dog which fairly, or perhaps eagerly, drinks, can be rabid.
January 22d, 1815. —A Newfoundland dog belonging to a
gentleman in Piccadilly was supposed to have swallowed a pennypiece on the 20th. On the evening of that day he was dull, refused his food, and would not follow his master. 21st. He became
restless and panting, and continually shifting his position.  He
would not eat nor would he drink water, but followed his mistress
into her bed-room, which he had never done before, and eagerly
lapped the urine from her chamber-pot. He was afterwards seen
lapping his own urine. His restlessness and panting increased.
He would neither eat nor drink, and made two or three attempts
to vomit. 22d. He was brought to me this evening. His eyes
were wild, the conjunctiva considerably inflamed, and he panted
quickly and violently. There was a considerable flow of saliva
from the corners of his mouth. He was extremely restless and
did not remain in one position half a minute. There was an occasional convulsive nodding motion of the head. The eyes were
wandering, and evidently following some imaginary object; but he
was quickly recalled from his delirium by my voice or that of his
master. In a few moments, however, he was wandering again.
He had previously been under my care, and immediately recognised
me and offered me his paw. His bark was changed and had a
slight mixture of the howl, and there was a husky choking noise
in the throat.
I immediately declared that he was rabid, and with some reluctance on the part of his master, he was left with me. 23d, 8 A. M.
The breathing was less quick and laborious. The spasm of the
head was no longer visible. The flow of saliva had stopped and
there was less delirium. The jaw began to be dependent; the
rattling, choking noise in his throat louder. He carried straw
about in his mouth. He picked up some pieces of old leather that
lay within his reach and carefully concealed them under his bed.
Two minutes afterwards he would take them out again, and look
at them, and once more hide them. He frequently voided his
urine in small quantities, but no longer lapped it. A little dog
was lowered into the den, but he took no notice of it. 10 P. M.
Every symptom of fever returned with increased violence. He
panted very much, and did not remain in the same posture two
seconds. He was continually running to the end of his chain and
attempting to bite. He was eagerly and wildly watching some
imaginary object. IHis voice was hoarser-more of the howl
mixing with it. The lips were distorted, and the tongue very
black. He was evidently getting weaker. After two or three




212                      RABIES.
attempts to escape, he would sit down for a second, and then rise
and plunge to the end of his chain. He drank frequently, yet but
little at a time, and that without difficulty or spasm. 12 p. M. The
thirst strangely increased. He had drunk or spilled full three
quarts of water. There was a peculiar eagerness in his manner.
He plunged his nose to the very bottom of his pan, and then
snapped at the bubbles which he raised. No spasm followed the
drinking. He took two or three pieces from my hand, but immediately dropped them from want of power to hold them. Yet he
was able for a moment suddenly to close his jaws. When not
drinking he was barking with a harsh sound, and frequently started
suddenly, watching, and catching at some imaginary object. 24th,
A. M. He was more furious, yet weaker. The thirst was insatiable.
He was otherwise diligently employed in shattering and tearing
everything within his reach. He died about three o'clock.
It is impossible to say what was the origin of this disease in
him. It is not connected with any degree or variation of temperature, or any particular state of the atmosphere. It is certainly
more frequent in the summer or the beginning of autumn than in
the winter or spring, because it is a highly nervous and febrile
disease, and the degree of fever, and irritability, and ferocity, and
consequent mischief are augmented by increase of temperature.
In the great majority of cases, the inoculation can be distinctly
proved. In very few can the possibility be denied. The injury
is inflicted in an instant. There is no contest, and before the
injured party can prepare to retaliate, the rabid dog is far away.
It can easily be believed that when a favourite dog has, but for
a moment, lagged behind, he may be bitten without the owner's
knowledge or suspicion. A spaniel belonging to a lady became
rabid. The dog was her companion in her grounds at her country
residence, and it was rarely out of her sight except for a few
minutes in the morning, when the servant took it out. She was
not conscious of its having been bitten, and the servant stoutly
denied it. The animal died. A few weeks afterwards the footman was taken ill. He was hydrophobous. In one of his intervals of comparative quietude he confessed that, one morning, his
charge had been attacked and rolled over by another dog; that
there was no appearance of its having been bitten, but that it had
been made sadly dirty, and he had washed it before he suffered
it again to go into the drawing-room. The dog that attacked it
must have been rabid, and some of his saliva must have remained
about the coat of the spaniel, by which the servant was fatally
inoculated.
Another case of this fearful disease must not be passed over.
A dog that had been docile and attached to his master and mistress, was missing one morning, and came home in the evening




RABIES.                     213
almost covered with dirt. He slunk to his basket, and would pay
no attention to any one. His owners thought it rather strange,
and I was sent for in the morning. He was lying on the lap of
his mistress, but was frequently shifting his posture, and every
now and then he started, as if he heard some strange sound. I
immediately told them what was the matter, and besought them
to place him in another and secure room. He had been licking
both their hands. I was compelled to tell them at once what was
the nature of the case, and besought them to send at once for
their surgeon. They were perfectly angry at my nonsense, as
they called it, and I took my leave, but went immediately to their
medical man, and told him what was the real state of the case.
He called, as it were accidentally, a little while afterwards, and I
was not far behind him. The surgeon did his duty, and they
escaped.
In May, 1820, I attended on a bitch at Pimlico. She had
snapped at the owner, bitten the man-servant and several dogs,
was eagerly watching imaginary objects, and had the peculiar
rabid howl. I offered her water. She started back with a strange
expression of horror, and fell into violent convulsions that lasted
about a minute. This was repeated a little while afterwards, and
with the same result. She was destroyed.
The horrible spasms of the human being at the sight of, or the
attempt to swallow, fluids occur sufficiently often to prove the
identity of the disease in the biped and the quadruped; but not
in one in fifty cases is there, in the dog, the slightest reluctance
to liquids, or difficulty in swallowing them.
In almost every case in which the dog utters any sound during
the disease, there is a manifest change of voice. In the dog
labouring under ferocious madness, it is perfectly characteristic.
There is no other sound that it resembles. The animal is generally standing, or occasionally sitting, when the singular sound is
heard. The muzzle is always elevated. The commencement is
that of a perfect bark, ending abruptly and very singularly, in a
howl, a fifth, sixth, or eighth higher than at the commencement.
Dogs are often enough heard howling, but in this case it is the
perfect bark, and the perfect howl rapidly succeeding to the bark.
Every sound uttered by the rabid dog is more or less changed.
The huntsman, who knows the voice of every dog in his pack,
occasionally hears a strange challenge. He immediately finds out
that dog, and puts him, as quickly as possible, under confinement.
Two or three days may pass over, and there is not another suspicious circumstance about the animal; still he keeps him under
quarantine, for long experience has taught him to listen to that
warning. At length the disease is manifest in its most fearful
form.
o




214                      RABIES.
There is another partial change of voice, to which the ear of
the practitioner will, by degrees, become habituated, and which
will indicate a change in the state of the animal quite as dangerous as the dismal howl; I mean when there is a hoarse inward
bark, with a slight but characteristic elevation of the tone. In
other cases, after two or three distinct barks, will come the peculiar one mingled with the howl. Both of them will terminate
fatally, and in both of them the rabid howl cannot possibly be
mistaken.
There is a singular brightness in the eye of the rabid dog, but
it does not last more than two or three days. It then becomes
dull and wasted; a cloudiness steals over the conjunctiva, which
changes to a yellow tinge, and then to a dark green, indicative of
ulceration deeply seated within the eye. In eight and forty hours
from the first clouding of the eye, it becomes one disorganised
mass.
There is in the rabid dog a strange embarrassment of general
sensibility-a seemingly total loss of feeling.
Absence of pain in the bitten part is an almost invariable accompaniment of rabies. I have known a dog set to work, and
gnaw and tear the flesh completely away from his legs and feet.
At other times the penis is perfectly demolished from the very
base. Ellis in his " Shepherd's Sure Guide," asserts, that, however severely a mad dog is beaten, a cry is never forced from him.
I am certain of the truth of this, for I have again and again failed
in extracting that cry. Ellis tells that at the kennel at Goddesden,
some of the grooms heated a poker red hot, and holding it near
the mad hound's mouth, he most greedily seized it, and kept it
until the mouth was most dreadfully burned.
In the great majority of cases of furious madness, and in almost
every case of dumb madness, there is evident affection of the
lumbar portion of the spinal cord. There is a staggering gait,
not indicative of general weakness, but referable to the hind
quarters alone, and indicating an affection of the lumbar motor
nerve. In a few cases it approaches more to a general paralytic
affection.
In the very earliest period of rabies, the person accustomed to
dogs will detect the existence of the disease.
The animal follows the flight, as has been already stated, of
various imaginary objects. I have often watched the changing
countenance of the rabid dog when he has been lost to every surrounding object. I have seen the brightening countenance and
the wagging tail as some pleasing vision has passed before him;
but, oftener has the countenance indicated the mingled dislike
and fear with which the intruder was regarded. As soon as the




RABIES.                     215
phantom came within the proper distance he darted on it with true
rabid violence.
A spaniel, seemingly at play, snapped, in the morning, at the
feet of several persons. In the evening he bit his master, his
master's friend, and another dog. The old habits of obedience
and affection then returned. His master, most strangely, did not
suspect the truth, and brought the animal to me to be examined.
The animal was, as I had often seen him, perfectly docile and
eager to be caressed. At my suggestion, or rather entreaty, he
was left with me. On the following morning the disease was plain
enough, and on the following day he died. A post-mortem examination took place, and proved that he was unequivocally rabid.
A lady would nurse her dog, after I had declared it to be rabid,
and when he was dangerous to every one but herself, and even to
her from the saliva which he plentifully scattered about. At
length he darted at every one that entered the room, until a footman keeping the animal at bay with the poker, the husband of the
lady dragged her from the room. The noise that the dog made
was then terrific, and he almost gnawed his way through the door.
At midnight his violence nearly ceased, and the door was partially
opened. He was staggering and falling about, with every limb
violently agitated. At the entreaty of the lady, a servant ventured in to make a kind of bed for him. The dog suddenly
darted at him, and dropped and died.
A terrier, ten years old, had been ill, and refused all food for
three days. On the fourth day he bit a cat of which he had been
unusually fond, and he likewise bit three dogs. I was requested
to see him. I found him loose in the kitchen, and at first refused
to go in, but, after observing him for a minute or two, I thought
that I might venture. He had a peculiarly wild and eager look,
and turned sharply round at the least noise. He often watched
the flight of some imaginary object, and pursued with the utmost
fury every fly that he saw. He searchingly sniffed about the room,
and examined my legs with an eagerness that made me absolutely
tremble. His quarrel with the cat had been made up, and when
he was not otherwise employed he was eagerly licking her and her
kittens. In the excess or derangement of his fondness, he fairly
rolled them from one end of the kitchen to another. With difficulty I induced his master to permit me to destroy him.
It is not every dog, that in the most aggravated state of the
disease shows a disposition to bite. The finest Newfoundland
dog that I ever saw became rabid. He had been bitten by a cur,
and was supposed to have been thoroughly examined in the country. No wound, however, was found: the circumstance was almost forgotten, and he came up to the metropolis with his master.
He became dull, disinclined to play, and refused all food. He




216                      RABIES.
was continually watching imaginary objects, but he did not snap
at them. There was no howl, nor any disposition to bite. He
offered himself to be caressed, and he was not satisfied except he
was shaken by the paw. On the second day I saw him. He
watched every passing object with peculiar anxiety, and followed
with deep attention the motions of a horse, his old acquaintance;
but he made no effort to escape, nor evinced any disposition to do
mischief. I went to him, and patted and coaxed him, and he told
me as plainly as looks and actions, and a somewhat deepened
whine could express it, how much he was gratified. I saw him
on the third day. He was evidently dying. He could not crawl
even to the door of his temporary kennel; but he pushed forward
his paw a little way, and, as I shook it, I felt the tetanic muscular
action which accompanies the departure of life.
On the other hand there are rabid dogs whose ferocity knows
no bounds. If they are threatened with a stick, they fly at, and
seize it, and furiously shake it. They are incessantly employed
in darting to the end of their chain, and attempting to crush it
with their teeth, and tearing to pieces their kennel, or the wood
work that is within their reach. They are regardless of pain.
The canine teeth, the incisor teeth are torn away; yet, unwearied
and insensible to suffering, they continue their efforts to escape.
A dog was chained near a kitchen fire. He was incessant in his
endeavours to escape, and, when he found that he could not effect
it, he seized, in his impotent rage, the burning coals as they fell,
and crushed them with his teeth.
If by chance a dog in this state effects his escape, he wanders
over the country bent on destruction. He attacks both the quadruped and the biped. He seeks the village street, or the more
crowded one of the town, and he suffers no dog to escape him.
The horse is his frequent prey, and the human being is not always
safe from his attack. A rabid dog running down Park-lane, in
1825, bit no fewer than five horses, and fully as many dogs. He
was seen to steal treacherously upon some of his victims, and inflict the fatal wound. Sometimes he seeks the more distant pasturage. He gets among the sheep, and more than forty have been
fatally inoculated in one night. A rabid dog attacked a herd of
cows, and five-and-twenty of them fell victims. In July, 1813, a
mad dog broke into the menagerie of the Duchess of York, at
Oatlands, and although the palisades that divided the different
compartments of the menagerie were full six feet in height, and
difficult, or apparently almost impossible to climb, he was found
asleep in one of them, and it was clearly ascertained that he had
bitten at least ten of the dogs.
At length the rabid dog becomes completely exhausted, and
slowly reels along the road with his tail depressed, seemingly half




RABIES.                      217
unconscious of surrounding objects. His open mouth, and protruded and blackened tongue, and rolling gait sufficiently characterise him. He creeps into some sheltered place and then he
sleeps twelve hours or more. It is dangerous to disturb his slumbers, for his desire to do mischief immediately returns, and the
slightest touch, or attempt to caress him, is repaid by a fatal
wound. This should be a caution never to meddle with a sleeping dog in a way-side house, and, indeed, never to disturb him
anywhere.
In an early period of the disease in some dogs, and in others
when the strength of the animal is nearly worn away, a peculiar
paralysis of the muscles of the tongue and jaws is seen. The
mouth is partially open, and the tongue protruding. In some
cases the dog is able to close his mouth by a sudden and violent
effort, and is as ferocious and as dangerous as one the muscles of
whose face are unaffected. At other times the palsy is complete,
and the animal is unable to close his mouth or retract his tongue.
These latter cases, however, are rare.
A dog must not be immediately condemned because he has this
open mouth and fixed jaw. Bones constitute a frequent and a
considerable portion of the food of dogs. In the eagerness with
which these bones are crushed, spicula or large pieces of them
become wedged between the molar teeth, and form an inseparable
obstacle to the closing of the teeth. The tongue partially protrudes. There is a constant discharge of saliva from the mouth,
far greater than when the true paralysis exists. The dog is continually fighting at the corners of his mouth, and the countenance
is expressive of intense anxiety, although not of the same irritable character as in rabies.
I was once requested to meet a medical gentleman in consultation respecting a supposed case of rabies. There was protrusion
and discoloration of the tongue, and fighting at the corners of the
mouth, and intense anxiety of countenance. He had been in this
state for four-and-twenty hours. This was a case in which I should
possibly have been deceived had it been the first dog that I had
seen with dumb madness. After having tested a little the ferocity
or manageableness of the animal, I passed my hand along the outside of the jaws, and felt a bone wedged between two of the
grinders. The forceps soon set all right with him.
It is time to inquire more strictly into the post-mortem appearances of rabies in the dog.
In dumb madness the unfailing accompaniment is, to a greater
or less degree, paralysis of the muscles of the lower jaw, and the
tongue is discoloured and swollen, and hanging from the mouth;
more blood than usual also is deposited in the anterior and inferior
portion of it. Its colour varies from a dark red to a dingy purple,
19




218                       RABIES.
or almost black. In ferocious madness it is usually torn and
bruised, or it is discoloured by the dirt and filth with which it has
been brought into contact, and, not unfrequently, its anterior portion is coated with some disgusting matter. The papillae, or small
projections on the back of the tongue, are elongated and widened,
and their mucous covering evidently reddened. The orifices of
the glands of the tongue are frequently enlarged, particularly as
they run their course along the frcenum of the tongue.
The fauces, situated at the posterior part of the mouth, generally exhibit traces of inflammation. They appear in the majority
of cases of ferocious madness, and they are never deficient after
dumb madness. They are usually most intense either towards the
palatine arch or the larynx. Sometimes an inflammatory character is diffused through its whole extent, but occasionally it is more
or less intense towards one or both of the terminations of the
fauces, while the intermediate portion retains nearly its healthy
hue.
There is one circumstance of not unfrequent occurrence, which
will at once decide the case-the presence of indigestible matter,
probably small in quantity, in the back part of the mouth. This
speaks volumes as to the depraved appetite of the patient, and the
loss of power in the muscles of the pharynx.
Little will depend on the tonsils of the throat. They occasionally
enlarge to more than double their usual size; but this is more in
quiet than in ferocious madness. The insatiable thirst of the
rabid dog is perhaps connected with this condition of them.
The epiglottis should be very carefully observed. It is more or
less injected in every case of rabies. Numerous vessels increase
in size and multiply round its edge, and there is considerable injection and thickening.
Inflammation of the edges of the glottis, and particularly of the
membrane-which covers its margin, is often seen, and accounts for
the harsh guttural breathing which frequently accompanies dumb
madness. The inflammatory blush of the larynx, though often
existing in a very slight degree, deserves considerable attention.
The appearances in the trachea are very uncertain. There is
occasionally the greatest intensity of inflammation through the
whole of it; at other times there is not the slightest appearance
of it. There is the same uncertainty with regard to the bronchial
tubes and the lungs; but there is no characteristic symptom or
lesion in the lungs.
Great stress has been laid on the appearance of the heart; but,
generally speaking, in nine cases out of ten, the heart of the rabid
dog will exhibit no other symptoms of disease than an increased
yet variable deepness of colour in the lining membrane of the
ventricles.




RABIES.                      219
No dependence can be placed on any of the appearances of the
esophagus; and, when they are at the worst, the inflammation
occupies only a portion of that tube.
With regard to the interior of the stomach, if the dog has been
dead only a few hours the true inflammatory blush will remain.
If four-and-twenty hours have elapsed, the bright red colour will
have changed to a darker red, or a violet or a brownish hue. In
a few hours after this, a process of corrosion will generally commence, and the mucous membrane will be softened and rendered
thinner, and, to a certain extent, eaten through. The examiner,
however, must not attribute that to disease which is the natural
process of the cession of life.
Much attention should be paid to the appearance of the stomach
and its contents. If it contains a strange mingled mass of hair,
and hay, and straw, and horse-dung, and earth, or portions of the
bed on which the dog had lain, we should seldom err if we
affirmed that he died rabid; for it is only under the influence of
the depraved appetite of rabies that such substances are devoured.
It is not the presence of every kind of extraneous substance that
will be satisfactory: pieces of coal, or wood, or even the filthiest
matter, will not justify us in pronouncing the animal to be rabid;
it is that peculiarly mingled mass of straw, and hair, and filth of
various kinds, that must indicate the existence of rabies.
When there are no solid indigesta, but a fluid composed principally of vitiated bile or extravasated blood, there willte a strong
indication of the presence of rabies. When, also, there are in
the duodenum and jejunum small portions of indigesta, the detection of the least quantity will be decisive. The remainder has
been ejected by vomit; and inquiry should be made of the nature
of the matter that has been discharged.
The inflammation of rabies is of a peculiar character in the
stomach. It is generally confined to the summits of the folds of
the stomach, or it is most intense there. On the summits of the
rugue there are effusions of bloody matter, or spots of ecchymosis,
presenting an appearance almost like crushed black currants.
There may be only a few of them; but they are indications of the
evil that has been effected.
From appearances that present themselves in the intestines, the
bladder, the blood-vessels, or the brain, no conclusion can be
drawn; they are simply indications of inflammation.
We now rapidly, and for a little while, retrace our steps. What
is the cause of this fatal disease, that has so long occupied our
attention? It is the saliva of a rabid animal received into a
wound, or on an abraded surface. In horses, cattle, sheep, swine,
and the human being, it is caused by inoculation alone; but,




220                      RABIES.
according to some persons, it is produced spontaneously in other
animals.
I will suppose that a wound by a rabid dog is inflicted. The
virus is deposited on or near its surface, and there it remains for
a certain indefinite period of time. The wound generally heals
up kindly; in fact, it differs in no respect from a similar wound
inflicted by the teeth of an animal in perfect health. Weeks and
months, in some cases, pass on, and there is nothing to indicate
danger, until a degree of itching in the cicatrix of the wound is
felt. From its long-continued presence as a foreign body, it may
have rendered the tissue, or nervous fibre connected with it, irritable and susceptible of impression, or it may have attracted and
assimilated to itself certain elements, and rabies is produced.
The virus does not appear to have the same effect on every animal. Of four dogs bitten by, or inoculated from, one that is
rabid, three, perhaps, would display every symptom of the disease.
Of four human beings, not more than one would become rabid.
John Hunter used to say not more than one in twenty; but that
is probably erroneous. Cattle appear to have a greater chance of
escape, and sheep a still greater chance.
The time of incubation is different in different animals. With
regard to the human being, there are various strange and contradictory stories. Some have asserted that it has appeared on the
very day on which the bite was inflicted, or within two or three
days of that time. Dr. Bardsley, on the other hand, relates a case
in which twelve years elapsed between the bite and the disease.
If the virus may lurk so long as this in the constitution, it is a
most lamentable affair. According to one account, more than
thirty years intervened. The usual time extends from three weeks
to six or seven months.
In the dog I have never seen a case in which plain and palpable
rabies occurred in less than fourteen days after the bite. The
average time I should calculate at five or six weeks. In three
months I should consider the animal as tolerably safe. I am,
however, relating my own experience, and have known but two
instances in which the period much exceeded three months. In
one of these five months elapsed, and the other did not become
affected until after the expiration of the seventh month.
The quality and the quantity of the virus may have something
to do with this, and so may the predisposition in the bitten animal
to be affected by the poison. If it is connected with cestrum, the
bitch will probably become a disgusting, as well as dangerous
animal; if with parturition,there is a strange perversion of maternal affection-she is incessantly and violently licking her young,
continually shifting them from place to place; and, in less than
four-and-twenty hours, they will be destroyed by the reckless man



RABIES.                      221
ner in which they are treated. In both cases the development of
the disease seems to wait on the completion of her time of preg.
nancy. It appears in the space of two months after the bite, if
her parturition is near at hand, or it is delayed for double that
time, if the period of labour is so far distant.
The duration of the disease is different in different animals. In
man it has run its course in twenty-four hours, and rarely exceeds
seventy-two. In the horse from three to four days; in the sheep
and ox from five to seven; and in the dog from four to six.
Of the real nature of the rabid virus, we know but little. It
has never been analysed, and it would be a difficult process to
analyse it. It is not diffused by the air, nor communicated by the
breath, nor even by actual contact, if the skin is sound. It must
be received into a wound. It must come in contact with some
tissue or nervous fibre, and lie dormant there for a considerable,
but uncertain period. The absorbents remove everything around;
whatever else is useless, or would be injurious, is taken away, but
this strange substance is unchanged. It does not enter into the
circulation, for there it would undergo some modification and
change, or would be rejected. It lies for a time absolutely dormant, and far longer than any other known poison; but, at length,
the tissue on which it has lain begins to render it somewhat sensible, and assimilates to itself certain elements. The cicatrix
begins to be painful, and inflammation spreads around. The absorbents are called into more powerful action; they begin to attack the virus itself, and a portion of it is taken up, and carried
into the circulation, and acquires the property of assimilating other
secretions to its own nature, or it is determined to one of the
secretions only; it alters the character of that secretion, envenoms
it, and gives it the power of propagating the disease.
Something like this is the history of many animal poisons. In
variola and the vaccine disease the poison is determined to the
skin, in glanders to the Schneiderian membrane, and in farcy to
the superficial absorbents. Each in its turn becomes the depot
of the poison.  So it is with the salivary glands of the rabid animal; in them it is formed, or to them it is determined, and from
them, and them alone, it is communicated to other animals.
Professor Dick, in his valuable Manual of Veterinary Science,
states some peculiar views, and those highly interesting, respecting the disease of rabies. He holds it to be essentially an inflammatory affection, attacking peculiarly the mucous membrane of
the nose, and extending thence through the cribriform plate of
the ethmoid bones to the interior part of the brain, and so giving
rise to a derangement of the nervous system as a necessary consequence.  This train of symptoms constitutes mainly, if not
wholly, the essence of an occasional epidemic not unlike some
19*




222                      RABIES.
forms of influenza or epizootic disease, and the bite of a rabid
animal is not always, to an animal so bitten, the exciting cause of
the disease, but merely an accidental concomitant in the prevailing disorder. Also the disease hydrophobia, produced in man, is
not always the result of any poison introduced into his system, but
merely the melancholy, and often fatal result of panic fear, and of
the disordered state of the imagination. Those who are acquainted
with the effects of sympathy, and imitation, and panic, in the production of nervous disorders, will readily apprehend the meaning
of the Professor.
Some of these diseases speedily run their course and exhaust
themselves. Cowpox and farcy, in many instances, have this
character. Perhaps, to a certain degree, this may be affirmed of
all of them. I have seen cases, which I could not mistake, in
which the symptoms of rabies were one after another developed.
The dog was plainly and undeniably rabid, and I had given him
up as lost; but, after a certain period, the symptoms began to be
less distinct; they gradually disappeared, and the animal returned
to perfect health. This may have formed one ground of belief in
the power of certain medicines, and most assuredly it gives encouragement to perseverance in the use of remedial measures.
It has then been proved, and I hope demonstratively, that rabies
is propagated by inoculation. It has also been established that
although every animal labouring under this disease is capable of
communicating it, yet, with very few exceptions, it can be traced
to the bite of the dog. It has still further been shown that the
malady, generally appears at some period between the third and
seventh month from the time of inoculation. At the expiration of
the eighth month, the animal may be considered to be safe; for
there is only one acknowledged case on record, in which the
disease appeared in the dog after the seventh month from the bite
had passed.
Then it would appear that if a species of quarantine could be
established, and every dog confined separately for eight months,
the disease would be annihilated in our country, or could only
reappear in consequence of the importation of some infected
animal. Such a course of proceeding, however, could never be
enforced either in the sporting world or among the peasantry.
Other measures, however, might be resorted to in order to lessen
the devastations of this malady; and that which first presents
itself to the mind as a powerful cause of rabies is the number of
useless and dangerous dogs that are kept in the country for the
most nefarious and, in the neighbourhood of considerable towns,
the most brutal purposes; without the slightest hesitation, I will
affirm that rabies is propagated, nineteen times out of twenty, by




RABIES.                     223
the cur and the lurcher in the country, and the fighting-dog in
towns.
A tax should be laid on every useless dog, and doubly or trebly
heavier than on the sporting-dog. No dog except the shepherd's
should be exempt from this tax, unless, perhaps, it is the truckdog, and his owner should be compelled to take out a license; to
have his name in large letters on his cart; and he should be
heavily fined if the animal is found loose in the streets, or if he is
used for fighting.
The disease is rarely propagated by petted and house-dogs
They are little exposed to the danger of inoculation; yet, we pity,
or almost detest, the folly of those by whom their favourites are
indulged, and spoiled even more than their children.
We will now suppose that a person has had the misfortune to
be bitten by a rabid dog: what course is he to pursue? What
preventive means are to be adopted? Some persons, and of no
mean standing in the medical world, have recommended a ligature.
The reply would be, that this ligature must be worn during a very
inconvenient and dangerous period of time. The virus lies in the
wound inert during many successive weeks and months.
Dr. Haygarth first suggested that a long-continued stream of
warm water should be poured upon the wound from the mouth of
a kettle. He says that the poison exists in a fluid form, and therefore we should suppose that water would be its natural solvent.
Dr. Massey adds to this, that if the wound is small, it should be
dilated, in order that the stream may descend on the part on which
the poison is deposited. We are far, however, from being certain
that this falling of water on the part, may not by possibility force
a portion of the virus farther into the texture, or cause it to be
entangled with other parts of the wound.
There is a similar or stronger objection to the cupping-glass of
Dr. Barry. The virus, forced from the texture with which it lies
in contact by the rush of blood from the substance beneath, is too
likely to inoculate, or become entangled with, other parts of the
wound.
There is great objection to suction of the wound; for, in addition to this possible entanglement, the lips, or the mouth, may
have been abraded, and thus the danger considerably aggravated.
There also remains the undecided question as to the absorption
of the virus through the medium of a mucous surface.
Excision of the part is the mode of prevention usually adopted
by the human surgeon, and to a certain extent it is a judicious
a The physician Apollonius, having  other dog to lick the wound, " ut idem
oeen bitten by a rabid dog, induced an- medicus esset qui vulneris auctor fuit.'*




224                      RABIES.
practice. If the virus is not received into the circulation, but lies
dormant in the wound for a considerable time, the disease cannot
supervene if the inoculated part is destroyed.
This operation, however, demands greater skill and tact than is
generally supposed. It requires a determination fully to accomplish the desired object; for every portion of the wound with
which the tooth could possibly have come into contact, must be
removed. This is often exceedingly difficult to accomplish, on
account of the situation and direction of the wound. The knife
must not enter the wound, or it will be likely to be itself empoisoned, and then the mischief and the danger will be increased
instead of removed. Dr. Massey was convinced of the impropriety of this when he advised that, " should the knife by chance
enter the wound that had been made by the dog's tooth, the operation should be recommenced with a clean knife, otherwise the
sound parts will become inoculated."
If the incision is made freely and properly round the wound,
and does not penetrate into it, yet the blood will follow the knife,
and a portion of it will enter into the wound caused by the dog,
and will come in contact with the virus, and will probably be contaminated, and will then overflow the original wound, and will be
received into the new incision, and will carry with it the seeds of
disease and death: therefore it is, that scarcely a year passes without some lamentable instances of the failure of incisions. It has
occurred in the practice of the most eminent surgeons, and seems
scarcely or not all to impeach the skill of the operator.
Aware of this, there are very few human practitioners who do
not use the caustic after the knife. Every portion of the new
wound is submitted to its influence. They do not consider the
patient to be safe without this second operation. But has the
question never occurred to them, that if the caustic is necessary
to give security to the operation by incision, the knife might have
been spared, and the caustic alone used?
The veterinary surgeon, when operating on the horse, or cattle,
or the dog, frequently has recourse to the actual cautery. I could,
perhaps, excuse this practice, although I would not adopt it, in
superficial wounds; but I do not know the instrument that could
be safely used in deeper ones. If it were sufficiently small to
adapt itself to the tortuous course of little wounds, it would be
cooled and inert before it could have destroyed the lower portions
of them. If it were of sufficient substance long to retain the
heat, it would make a large and fearful chasm, and probably interfere with the future usefulness of the animal. The result of
the cases in which the cautery has been used proves that in too
many instances it is an inefficient protection. The rabid dog in
Park Lane has already been mentioned. He bit several horses




RABIES.                     225
before he could be destroyed. Caustic was applied to one of them,
and the hot iron to the others. The first was saved, almost all the
others were lost. A similar case occurred last spring; the caustic
was an efficacious preventive; the cautery was perfectly useless.
What caustic then should be applied? Certainly not that to which
the surgeon usually has recourse-a liquid one. Certainly not one
that speedily deliquesces; for they are both unmanageable, and,
what is a more important consideration, they may hold in solution,
and not decompose the poison, and thus inoculate the whole of the
wound. The application which promises to be successful, is that
of the lunar caustic. It is perfectly manageable, and, being sharpened to a point, may be applied with certainty to every recess and
sinuosity of the wound.
Potash and nitric acid form a caustic which will destroy the substances with which they come in contact, but the combination of
this caustic and the animal fibre will be a soft or semi-fluid mass.
In this the virus is suspended, and with this it lies or may be precipitated upon the living fibre beneath. Then there is danger of
re-inoculation; and it would seem that this fatal process is often
accomplished. The eschar formed by the lunar caustic is dry,
hard, and insoluble. If the whole of the wound has been fairly
exposed to its action, an insoluble compound of animal fibre and
the metallic salt is produced, in which the virus is wrapped up,
and from which it cannot be separated. In a short time the dead
matter sloughs away, and the virus is thrown off with it.
Previous to applying the caustic it will sometimes be necessary
to enlarge the wound, in order that every part may be fairly got
at; and the eschar having sloughed off, it will always be prudent
to apply the caustic a second time, but more slightly, in order to
destroy any part that may not have received the full influence of
the first operation, or that, by possibility, might have been inoculated during the operation.
Mr. Smerdon, in the Medical and Physical Journal, March 1820,
thus reasons:-" All the morbid poisons that require to lie dormant a certain time before their effects are manifested, pass into
the system through the medium of the absorbents," (we somewhat
differ from Mr. Smerdon here, but his reasoning is equally applicable to the nervous system,) " and if the absorbents are excited,
their action is increased. I am satisfied that even in a venereal
sore the application of a caustic, instead of destroying the disease,
causes its rapid extension. Then," asks he, " if the virus on a
small venereal sore is rendered more active by the caustic, is it
not highly probable that the same law holds good with respect to
the poison of rabies?"
The sooner the caustic is applied the better; but I should not
hesitate to have recourse to it even after the constitution has be



226                       RABIES.
come affected. It is related in the Medico-Chirurgical Annals of
Altenburg (Sept. 1821), that two men were bitten by a rabid dog.
One became hydrophobous and died; the other had evident symptoms of hydrophobia a few days afterwards. A surgeon excised
the bitten part, and the disease disappeared. After a period of six
days the symptoms returned. The wound was examined; considerable fungus was found sprouting from its bottom. This was
extirpated. The hydrophobic symptoms were again removed, and
the man did well. This is a most instructive case.
In the Journal Pratique de Medecine Veterinaire, M. Damalix
gives an interesting account of the effect of a bite of a rabid dog
on a horse. On the 8th of July, 1S28, a fowl-merchant, proceeding to the market of Colmar, was attacked by a dog, who, after
some fruitless efforts to get into the cart, bit the horse on the left
side of the face, and fled precipitately. A veterinary surgeon was
sent for, who applied the cautery to the horse, gave him some
populeum ointment, and bled him. Everything appeared to go on
well, and on the 16th the wounds were healed.
On the 25th a great alteration took place. The horse was careless and slow; he sometimes refused to go at all, and would not
attend in the least to the whip, which had never occurred before.
In the evening the wounds opened spontaneously, an ichorous and
infectious pus run from them; there was salivation and utter loss
of appetite: strange fancies seemed to possess him; he showed a
desire to bite his master. The veterinary surgeon might approach
him with safety; but the moment his owner or the children appeared, he darted at them, and would have torn them in pieces.
The disease now took on the appearance of acute glanders; livid
and fungous wounds broke out; the stable was saturated with an
infectious smell, the horse refused his food, or was unable to eat
The mayor at last interfered, and the animal was destroyed. In
the Treatises on The Horse, Cattle, and Sheep, in former volumes,
accounts are fully given of this dreadful malady in these animals.
It may not be uninteresting to give a hasty sketch of it in some
of the inferior classes.
Rabies in the Rabbit.-I very much regret that I never instituted a course of experiments on the production and treatment of
rabies in this animal. It would have been attended with little expense or danger, and some important discoveries might have been
made. Mr. Earle, in a case in which he was much interested, inoculated two rabbits with the saliva of a dog that had died rabid.
They were punctured at the root of the ears. One of the rabbits
speedily became inflamed about the ears, and the ears were paralysed in both rabbits. The head swelled very much, and extensive inflammation took place around the part where the virus was




RABIES.                     227
inserted. One of them died without exhibiting any of the usual
symptoms of the disease; the other, after a long convalescence,
survived, and eventually recovered the use of his ears. Mr. Earle
very properly doubted whether this was a case of rabies.
Dr. Capello describes, but in not so satisfactory a manner as
could be wished, a case of supposed rabies in one of these animals. A rabbit and a dog lived together in a family. They were
strange associates; but such friendships are not unfrequent among
animals. The dog became rabid, and died. A man bitten by
that dog became hydrophobous, and died. No one dreamed of
the rabbit being in danger, and he ran about the house as usual;
but, one day, he found his way to the chamber of the mistress of
the house, with a great deal of viscid saliva running from his
mouth, furiously attacked her, and left the marks of his violence
on her leg. He then ran into a neighbouring stable, and bit the
hind-legs of a horse several times. Finally, he retreated to a
corner of the stable, and was there found dead. Neither the lady
nor the horse eventually suffered.
Rabies in the Guinea-pig.-A man suspected of being hydrophobous was taken to the Middlesex Hospital. He was examined
before several of the medical students; one of whom, in order to
make more sure of the affair, inoculated a guinea-pig with the
saliva taken from the man's mouth. The guinea-pig had been
usually very playful, and fond of being noticed; but, on the
eleventh day after this inoculation, he began to be dull and sullen,
retiring into his house, and hiding himself as much as he could in
a corner. On the following day he became out of temper, and
even ferocious in his way; he bit at everything that was presented
to him, gnawed his cage, and made the most determined efforts to
escape. Once or twice his violence induced convulsions of his
whole frame; and they might be produced at pleasure by dashing a little water at him. In the course of the night following he
died.
Rabies in the Cat. —Fortunately for us, this does not often
occur; for a mad cat is a truly ferocious animal. I have seen
two cases, one of them to my cost; yet, I am unable to give any
satisfactory account of the progress of the disease. The first
stage seems to be one of sullenness, and which would probably
last to death; but from that sullenness it is dangerous to rouse
the animal. It probably would not, except in the paroxysm of
rage, attack any one; but during that paroxysm it knows no fear,
nor has its ferocity any bounds.
A cat, that had been the inhabitant of a nursery, and the playmate of the children, had all at once become sullen and ill-tempered. It had taken refuge in an upper room, and could not be
coaxed from the corner in which it had crouched.




228                      RABIES.
It was nearly dark when I went. I saw the horrible glare of
her eyes, but I could not see so much of her as I wished, and I
said that I would call again in the morning.
I found the patient, on the following day, precisely in the same
situation and the same attitude, crouched up in a corner, and
ready to spring. I was very much interested in the case; and as
I wanted to study the countenance of this demon, for she looked
like one, I was foolishly, inexcusably imprudent. I went on my
hands and knees, and brought my face nearly on a level with hers,
and gazed on those glaring eyes, and that horrible countenance,
until I seemed to feel the deathly influence of a spell stealing over
me. I was not afraid, but every mental and bodily power was in
a manner suspended. My countenance, perhaps, alarmed her, for
she sprang on me, fastened herself on my face, and bit through
both my lips. She then darted down stairs, and, I believe, was
never seen again. I always have nitrate of silver in my pocket,
even now I am never without it; I washed myself, and applied
the caustic with some severity to the wound; and my medical
adviser and valued friend, Mr. Millington, punished me still more
after I got home. My object was attained, although at somewhat
too much cost, for the expression of that brute's countenance will
never be forgotten.
The later symptoms of rabies in this animal, no one, perhaps,
has had the opportunity of observing: we witness only the sullenness and the ferocity.
Rabies in the Fowl.-Dr. Ashburner and Mr. King inoculated
a hen with the saliva from a rabid cow. They made two incisions
through the integument, under the wings, and then well rubbed
into these cuts the foam taken from the cow's mouth. She was
after this let loose among other fowls in the poultry-yard. The
incisions soon healed, and their places could with difficulty be
discovered. Ten weeks passed over, when she was observed to
refuse her food, and to run at the other fowls. She had a strange,
wild appearance, and her eyes were blood-shot. Early on the following morning her legs became contracted, so that she very soon
lost the power of standing upright. She remained sitting a long
time, with the legs rigid, refusing food and water, and appearing
very irritable when touched. She died in the evening, immediately after drinking a large quantity of water which had been
offered to her.
Rabies in the Badger.- Hufeland, in his valuable Journal of
Practical Medicine, relates a case of a rabid female badger attacking two boys. She bit them both, but she fastened on the thigh
of one of them, and was destroyed in the act of sucking his blood.
The poor fellow died hydrophobous, but the other escaped. This




RABIES.                     229
fact, certainly, gives us no idea of the general character of the
disease in this animal; but it speaks volumes as to its ferocity.
Rabies in the Wo7f. —Rabies is ushered in by nearly the same
symptoms, and pursues the same course in the wolf as in the dog,
with this difference, which would be readily expected, that his
ferocity and the mischief which he accomplishes are much greater.
The dog hunts out his own species, and his fury is principally
directed against them; although, if he meets with a flock of sheep,
or a herd of cattle, he readily attacks them, and, perhaps, bites
the greater part of them. The dog, however, frequently turns
out of his way to avoid the human being, and seldom attacks him
without provocation. The wolf, on the contrary, although he
commits fearful ravages among the sheep and cattle, searches out
the human being as his favourite prey. He conceals himself near
the entrance to the village, and steals upon and wounds every
passenger that he can get at. There are several accounts of more
than twenty persons having been bitten by one wolf; and there is
a fearful history of sixteen persons perishing from the bite of one
of these animals. This is in perfect agreement with the account
which I have given of the connexion between the previous temper
and habits of the rabid dog, and the mischief that he effects under
the influence of this malady. The wolf, as he wanders in the
forest, regards the human being as his persecutor and foe; and,
in the paroxysm of rabid fury, he is most eager to avenge himself
on his natural enemy. Strange stories are told of the arts to
which he has recourse in order to accomplish his purpose. In the
great majority of cases he steals unawares upon his victim, and
the mischief is effected before the wood-cutter or the villager is
conscious of his danger.
The following observations and experiments respecting rabies,
by Dr. Hertwich, Professor at the Veterinary School at Berlin,
are well worthy of attention.
1. Out of fifty dogs that had been inoculated with virus taken
from a rabid animal of the same species, fourteen only were infected.
2. In the cases where inoculation had been practised without
effect, no reason could be assigned why the disease should not
have taken place. This consequently proves that the malady is
similar to others of a contagious nature, and that there must exist
a predisposition in the individual to receive the disease before it
can occur. In one experiment, a mastiff dog, aged four years,
was inoculated without exhibiting any symptoms of the malady,
while seven others, who had been inoculated at the same time and
place, soon became rabid. Several of these animals had been
inoculated several times before any symptoms showed themselves,
while in others, on the contrary, once was sufficient.
20                  p




230                       RABIES.
3. It appears that in a state of doubtful rabies, one or two accidental or artificial inoculations are not sufficient to create a negative proof of its existence.
4. This disease has never been communicated to an individual
from one infected by means of the perspirable matter; this, therefore, is a proof that the contagious part of the disease is not of a
volatile nature.
5. It does not only exist in the saliva and the mucus of the
mouth, but likewise in the blood and the parenchyma of the salivary glands; but not in the pulpy substance of the nerves.
6. The power of communicating infection is found to exist in
all stages of the confirmed disease, even twenty-four hours after
the decease of the rabid animal.
7. The morbid virus, when administered internally, appears to
be incapable of communicating this disease; inasmuch as of twenty
dogs to whom was given a certain quantity, not one exhibited the
least symptom of rabies.
S. The application of the saliva upon recent wounds appears to
have been as often succeeded by confirmed rabies as when the dog
had been bitten by a rabid animal.
9. It cannot now be doubted that the disease is produced by the
wound itself, as was supposed by M. Girard of Lyons, not by the
fright of the individual, according to the opinion of others, but
only from the absorption of the morbid virus from its surface.
10. Several experiments have proved to me the little reliance
there is to be placed on the opinions of Baden and Capello, who
believe that, in those dogs who become rabid after the bite of an
animal previously attacked with this disease, the contagious properties of the saliva is not continued, but only exists in those primarily bitten.
11. During the period of incubation of the virus there are no
morbid, local, or general alterations of structure or function to be
seen in the infected animal; neither are there any vesicles to be
perceived on the inferior surface of the tongue, nor any previous
symptoms which are found in other contagious diseases.
12. This disease is generally at its height at the end of fifty
days after either artificial or accidental inoculation; and the author
has never known it to manifest itself at a later period.
13. It is quite an erroneous idea to suppose that dogs in a state
of health are enabled to distinguish, at first sight, a rabid animal,
inasmuch as they never refuse their food when mixed with the
secretions of those infected.a
The following singular trial respecting the death of a child by
hydrophobia is worth quoting:a Journal Pratique de Med. V6t.




RABIES.                     231
Jones v. Parry.-The plaintiff is a labourer, who gets only
fourteen shillings a week to support himself and his family. The
defendant is his neighbour, and keeps a public-house. This was
an action brought by the plaintiff to recover damages against the
defendant for the loss of his son, seven years of age, who was bitten
by the defendant's dog, and afterwards became affected with rabies,
of which disease he died.
It appeared in the evidence that the defendant's dog had, some
time ago, been bitten by another dog; in consequence of which
this dog was tied in the cellar, but the length of the rope which
was allowed him enabled him to go to a considerable distance.
The plaintiff's child knew the dog, having often played with him
when he was at large. Some time ago the child crossed the street,
near to the place where the dog was fastened, who rushed out of
* the place in which he was confined to where the child stood, sprung
upon him, and bit him sadly in the face, and afterwards violently
shook him. The child being thus wounded, a surgeon was sent
for, who, after having dressed him, and attended him for a certain
time, gave directions that he should be taken to the sea-side, and
bathed in the salt water.
This having been continued for some time, the child was brought
home, and, at the expiration of a month from the day on which he
was bitten, became evidently and strangely ill. The surgeon
proved beyond all shadow of doubt that the child laboured under
rabies; that he had the never-failing symptoms of that dreadful
affliction; and that, a little while before he expired, he even barked
like a dog..The surgeon's charge to the father for his attendance
was 11. 6s. 6d., which, together with the charge of the undertaker
for the funeral of the child, amounted to between six and seven
pounds. Application was made to the defendant to defray this
expense, which at first he expressed a willingness to comply with,
but afterwards refused; upon which this action was brought.
After some time the defendant offered to pay the plaintiff the
sum of 61. 3s. 6d., and the expense of the funeral and the surgeon,
provided the plaintiff would bear the expenses of the lawsuit, which
he\was not in a condition to do, as -probably it would amount to
more than that money. On this account, therefore, the action
was now brought into court. There was no proof that the defendant knew or suspected his dog to be mad, previously to his attacking the boy; but an animal known to have been bitten by a mad
dog, ought either to have been at once destroyed, or so secured
that it was impossible for him to do mischief.
Lord Kenyon observed to the jury, that this was one of those
causes which came home to the feelings of all, yet must not be
carried farther than justice demanded. A cause like this never,
perhaps, before occurred in a court of justice; but there had been




232                      RABIES.
many resembling it in point of principle. If a dog, known to be
ill-tempered and vicious, did any person an injury without provo.
cation, there could be no question that the owner of the dog was
answerable, in a court of justice, for the injury inflicted. Here
was a worse case. The dog by whom the child was bitten had
been attacked by another that was undeniably rabid. His master
was aware of this, and placed him in a state of partial confinement-a confinement so lax, and so inefficient, that this poor child
had broken through it, and was bitten and died. What other
people would have done in such a situation he could not tell; but,
if he were asked what he would do, he answered, he certainly
would kill the dog, however much of a favourite he had been, because no atonement was within the reach of his fortune to make
to the injured party for such a dreadful visitation of Providence as
this. It was not enough for the owner of such a dog to say, he
took precaution to prevent mischief: he ought to have made it
impossible that mischief could happen; and, therefore, as soon as
there was any reasonable suspicion that the dog was rabid, he
ought to have destroyed him.
But, if the owner wished to save the animal, until he was satisfied of the actual state of the case, he ought to have secured him,
so that every individual might be safe. Whether the defendant
thought he had done all that was necessary, his lordship did not
know; but this he knew, that the dog was not perfectly secured,
otherwise this misfortune could not have happened.
The care which the defendant took in this case was not enough,
and, therefore, he had no doubt that this action was maintainable.
The jury would judge what damages they ought to give. He
would refer this to their feelings. They could not avoid commiserating the distress of the family of this poor man. He should,
however, observe to the jury, that they must not give vindictive
damages; but still he did not think that damages merely to the
amount of 61. or 71., which was stated to be the expense of the
funeral, &c., would at all meet the justice of the case. He was
inclined to advise them to go beyond that, although he did not
plead vindictive damages. There would be costs to be defrayed
by the plaintiff, well known in the profession under the head of
" extra costs," even although he had a verdict. If the verdict had
been at his disposal, he would have taken care that these costs
should have been borne by the party that had been the cause of
the injury. That appeared to him to be the justice of the case.
He trusted that none who heard him would doubt his sincerity,
when he said, he lamented the misfortune which had given birth
to this action; and, with that qualification of the case, he must
say that he was not sorry that this action had been brought. He
thanked the plaintiff for bringing it; for it might be of public




RABIES.                     233
benefit. It would teach a lesson that would not soon be forgotten,
"That a person, who knowingly keeps a vicious, dangerous animal, should be considered to be answerable for all the acts of that
animal." There were instances in which very large damages had
been given to repair such injuries. He did not say that the present case called for large damages; but, if other cases of the same
kind should be brought into court after this had been made public,
he hoped the jury would go beyond the ordinary limits, and give
verdicts which might operate in terrorem on the offending parties.
Verdict for the plaintiff-damages 361.a
A child was bitten by a rabid dog at York, and became hydrophobous. All possibility of relief having vanished, the parents,
desirous of putting an end to the agony of their child, or fearful
of its doing mischief, smothered it between two pillows. They
were tried for murder, and found guilty. They were afterwards
pardoned; but the intention of the prosecutor was that of deterring others from a similar practice, in a like unfortunate situation.b
In 1821, a physician, at Poissy, was sentenced to pay 8000
francs (3201.) to a poor widow whose husband died of hydrophobia,
in consequence of a bite from the physician's dog, he knowing
that the dog had been bitten, yet not confining him.
[Our author having written so extensively upon the subject of
rabies, it would seem superfluous in us to attempt to add anything
more upon a subject so ably and practically handled by one having
so great opportunities to make personal observations. However,
to allay the feelings of many of our dogkilling citizens, we will
not hesitate to assert that we do not place as much credence in the
frequency of rabies as is generally done; but, on the other hand,
are strongly led to believe that the accounts of this much-dreaded
malady are greatly exaggerated both in this country and in England.
That there may be a few cases of rabies in our country in the
course of a year, we do not doubt; but, at the same time, we are
satisfied that the affection in its genuine form is quite rare, and
that the great hue and cry made every season about mad dogs, is
more the result of ignorance and fright than of reality.
Our limits in this publication would not allow us sufficient space
to enlarge upon the many pathological questions naturally arising
from a minute examination of this subject, more particularly as
our views are somewhat at variance with the generally received
opinion, and which, of course, we would be forced to express with
considerable diffidence, owing to the impossibility of collecting
such evidence as might seem necessary to substantiate any peculiar
doctrine.
a Sporting Magazine, vol. xviii. p. 186. b Daniel's Rural Sports, vol. i. p. 220.
20*




234                      RABIES.
That tetanus, hysteria, and other spasmodic affections have often
been mistaken for rabies, there is no doubt, and we can easily
imagine the mental effect produced upon an individual of a highly
nervous temperament, by the knowledge of his being bitten by an
animal known to be hydrophobic; and we can, without difficulty,
reconcile with our best judgment the belief that the workings of
such an individual's imagination, occasioned by the never-ceasing
dread of the horrid malady to which he is now exposed, might be
suficient to produce a train of symptoms somewhat resembling the
actual state of rabies.
For the benefit of these nervous unfortunates, we might say to
them, that the statistics of this affection show a very considerable
ratio in favour of escape from inoculation when bitten, or of entire
recovery even after the developement of the disease, and that there
are many other ills in the catalogue of medicine that they should
take equal pains to provide against as lyssa canina. We doubt not
that the minds of many will be relieved, when informed that John
Hunter mentions an instance, in which, out of twenty persons bitten
by a rabid dog, only one suffered from the malady; and that of
fifty-nine dogs inoculated by Professor Hertwick at the veterinary
school of Berlin, only fourteen were affected; and of eleven patients entrusted to the care of M. Blaise of Cluny, seven recovered
after exhibiting greater or less degrees of spasmodic symptoms.
It may prove interesting to our readers, to insert in these pages
an account of the first two cases of rabies known in Philadelphia,
and as related to us by a venerable and much-esteemed citizen,
who is well known in the scientific world as a gentleman of deep
research, and we agree with him in opinion, that this much-dreaded
disease is most frequently the result of like causes, or rather that
like symptoms often induce the belief of the presence of this
malady, when, in fact, no such disease does exist.
Towards the close of the last century, there lived a tailor in
Front street, near Market, in the midst of the most respectable
people of that period; among the number was our esteemed friend
Mr. Hembel, as also Judge Tilghman. This tailor possessed an
ill-tempered little spaniel, who, lounging about the street-door,
attacked every one that passed by, snapping and snarling in the
most worrisome manner, more particularly at every little urchin
that invaded his " right of pavement," and not unfrequently biting
them or tearing their clothes from their back. The owner of the
dog was appealed to on many occasions by the neighbours, begging that the quarrelsome brute should either be disposed of or
kept within doors. To all these solicitations and warnings the little
tailor paid no heed, but continued stitching his breeches and cribing his customers' goods, while the ugly little spaniel, without inter



RABIES                      235
ruption, amused himself by snapping at and biting the heels of the
passers-by.
The nuisance at last became insufferable, and Judge Tilghman
applied to Mr. Hembel to assist him in getting rid of this troublesome brute; the latter gentleman advised the administration of a
small quantity of strychnia, concealed in a portion of meat, which
proposition was agreed upon and immediately carried into execution. A short time after the administering of this dose the spaniel
sickened, and retired from his post to the kitchen, which was in
the basement, and where an Irish domestic was engaged in washing;
the dog appeared uneasy for a time, and suddenly, being taken with
the involuntary muscular convulsions that so frequently follow the
administration of this powerful drug, ran around the kitchen yelping and howling at a most terrible rate, and ultimately, to the no
small discomfiture and amazement of the maid, sprang up into the
wash-tub, at which unceremonious caper, on the part of the dog,
the woman became greatly alarmed and ran out into the street,
followed by the whole household, crying mad dog, which soon produced an uproar in the neighbourhood, no one daring to satisfy
himself as to the correctness of the report, and all, perhaps, too
ignorant of the subject to discern the real cause of the animal's
singular behaviour. The tailor, still bearing a strong attachment
to his unfortunate favourite, and being somewhat more daring than
his neighbours, ventured, at length, to peep into the kitchen to see
the state of affairs, and seeing the dog still convulsed and foaming
at the mouth, was more than ever confirmed in the belief of hydrophobia, and knowing full well the biting propensities of the animal,
independent of rabies, concluded, much to the relief of every one,
to shoot him. The next step in the programme was the dragging
out and consigning of the patient to a watery grave, which was
accomplished by placing, with a pair of tongs, a noose over the
head of the animal, and thus hawling him out of the basement
window amid the cheers of the assembled populace who soon cast
him into the Delaware.
The second case of rabies as related to us by Mr. Hembel was
as follows:-In 1793 the barbers of the city were in the habit of
going around to the various boarding-houses for the purpose of
shaving the visitors in their apartments, instead of accommodating
them, as at the present time, in their own establishments.
One of these knights of the razor, living also in Front street,
when going to and from a fashionable boarding-house in the vicinity, was not unfrequently assailed by a small cur who often took
him by the heels when hurrying along.
To get rid of this annoying little animal as speedily and secretly
as possible, he had recourse to the powers of strychnia, which pro



236                       RABIES.
duced in a very short time similar effects upon the poor victim,
and tne result was another great hue and cry about mad dogs.
These authentic and remarkable cases of hydrophobia were
heralded in all the papers of the day, which, from that time forward, were filled with notes of caution to all dog-owners.
Of the treatment of rabies we will make but a few remarks, as
of the immense number of specifics proposed for this disease,
amounting in all to several hundred, few or none can be relied on
to the exclusion of the others; but those medicines, perhaps, known
as opiates or anti-spasmodics, claim a larger share of attention than
any others in combating the disease after its development. In
looking over the very original works of Jacques Du Fouilloux, a
worthy cynegetical writer of the sixteenth century, we find a prescription that was supposed by many to be an infallible specific for
this disease, and as it appears to us quite as certain in its effects
on the animal economy as many others of the inert substances
that have been lauded to the skies both in our country and in
other parts of the world as antidotes, we take the liberty of transcribing it, as also of adding a translation of his quaint French.
Autre recepte par mots preservants la rage.'Ay appris vne recepte d'vn Gentil-homme, en Bretaigne, lequel
faisoit de petits escriteaux, ou n'y auoit seulement que deux lignes,
lesquels il mettoit en vne omellette d'aeufs, puis les faisoit aualer
aux chiens qui auorient este mords de chiens enragez, et auoit
dedans l'escriteau, Y Ran Qviran Cafram Cafratrem, Cafratrosqve.  Lesquels mots disoit estre singuliers pour empescher les
chiens de la rage, mais quant a moi ie n'y adiouste pas foy.
I have learned a recipe from a nobleman of Brittany, which is
composed of a written charm, in which there are only two lines;
these he put in an omelet of eggs, he then made the dogs that had
been bitten by a rabid animal swallow them. There was on the
paper "Y Ran Quiran Cafram, Cafratrem Cafratrosque." These
words were said to be singularly efficacious in preventing madness
in dogs, but for my part I do not credit it.
Although our quaint author considered the above charm even
too marvellous for his belief, we give below his own prescription
in which he placed implicit confidence, but, no doubt, on trial it
would prove' as singularly efficacious" as the other.
Baing pour lauer, les chiens, quand ils ont este mords des chiens
enragez, de peur qu'ils enragent.
Qvand les chiens sont mords ou desbrayez de chiens enragez, il
faut incontinent emplir vne pippe d'eau, puis prendre quatre boisseaux de sel et les ietter dedans, en meslaut fort le sel auec vn




RABIES.                     237
baston pour le faire fondre soudainement: et quand il sera fondu,
faut mettre le chien dedans, et le plonger tout, sans qi'il paroisse
rien, par neuf fois: puis quand il sera bien laue, faut le laisser
aller, celi l'empeschera d'enrager.
When a dog has been bitten or scratched by another affected
with madness, we must immediately take a tub of water and throw
into it four bushels of salt, stirring it briskly with a stick to make
it dissolve quickly. When the salt shall be dissolved, put the dog
into the bath, and plunge him well nine times, so that the bath
shall cover him each time; now that he is well washed you may
let him go, as this will prevent his becoming rabid.
Having given publicity to the two preceding valuable receipts,
we must be pardoned for adding our own views upon this point,
as a caution to those who may not feel sufficient faith in the remedies above mentioned.
The wound should be thoroughly washed and cleansed as soon
as possible after the bite is inflicted: no sucking of the parts, as
is advised by many, for the purpose of extracting the poison, as
the presence of a small abrasion of the lips or interior of the mouth
would most assuredly subject the parts to inoculation. If the
wound be ragged, the edges may be taken off with a pair of sharp
scissors; the wound must then be thoroughly cauterized with
nitrate of silver (lunar caustic), being sure to introduce the caustic into the very depths of the wound, so that it will reach every
particle of poison that may have insinuated itself into the flesh.
If the wound is too small to admit of the stick of caustic, it may
be enlarged by the knife, taking care, however, not to carry the
poison into the fresh cut, which can be avoided by wiping the
knife at each incision. Should the wound be made on any of the
limbs, a bandage may be placed around it during the application
of these remedies, the more effectually to prevent the absorption
of the virus. Nitrate of silver is a most powerful neutralizer of
specific poisons, and the affected parts will soon come away with
the slough, no dressings being necessary, except perhaps olive oil,
if there should be much inflammation of the parts. If the above
plan be pursued, the patient need be under no apprehension as to the
result, but make his mind perfectly easy on the point. This is the
course generally pursued by all the veterinary surgeons of Europe,
and there are but few of them who have not, some time in their
practice, been bitten and often severely lacerated by rabid animals;
nevertheless, we never hear of their having suffered any bad effects
from such accidents. If caustic be not at hand, the wound may
be seared over with red-hot iron, which will answer as good a
purpose, although much more painful in its operation. Mr. Blaine,
in closing his able and scientific article on this subject, very justly




238                      THE EYE
remarks, " Would I could instil into such minds the uncertainty
of the disease appearing at all; that is, even when no means have
been used; and the perfect security they may feel who have submitted to the preventive treatment detailed. I have been bitten
several times, Mr. Youatt several also; yet in neither of us was
any dread occasioned: our experience taught us the absolute certainty of the preventive means; and such I take on me to pronounce they always prove, when performed with dexterity and
judgment." We acknowledge ourselves a convert to this gentleman's doctrine; and feel satisfied that if the above course be
adopted, there need be no fear whatever of the developement of
this frightful affection.-L.]
CHAPTER VIII.
THE EYE AND ITS DISEASES.
THE diseases that attack the same organ are essentially different,
in different animals, in their symptoms, intensity, progress, and
mode of treatment. In periodic ophthalmia-that pest of the
equine race and opprobrium of the veterinary profession-the cornea becomes suddenly opaque, the iris pale, the aqueous humour
turbid, the capsule of the lens cloudy, and blindness is the result.
After a time, however, the cornea clears up, and becomes as bright
as ever; but the lens continues impervious to light, and vision is
lost.
Ophthalmia in the dog presents us with symptoms altogether
different. The conjunctiva is red; that portion of it which spreads
over the sclerotica is highly Mjected, and the cornea is opaque.
As the disease proceeds, and even at a very early period of its progress, an ulcer appears on the centre; at first superficial, but enlarging and deepening until it has penetrated the cornea, and the
aqueous humour has escaped. Granulations then spring from the
edges of the ulcer, rapidly enlarge, and protrude through the lids.
Under proper treatment, however, or by a process of nature, these
granulations cease to sprout; they begin to disappear; the ulcer
diminishes; it heals; scarcely a trace of it can be seen; the cornea recovers its perfect transparency, and vision is not in the
slightest degree impaired.
There is a state of the orbit which requires some consideration.
It is connected with the muscles employed in mastication. Generally speaking, the food of the dog requires no extraordinary de



AND ITS DISEASES.                 239
gree of mastication, nor is there usually any great time employed
in this operation. That muscle which is most employed in the
comminution of the food, namely, the temporal muscle, has its action
very much limited by the position of the bony socket of the eye;
yet sufficient room is left for all the force that can be required.
In some dogs, either for purposes of offence or defence, or the more
effectual grasping of the prey, a sudden violent exertion of muscular power, and a consequent contraction of the temporal muscle,
are requisite, but for which the imperfect socket of the orbit does
not seem to afford sufficient scope and room. There is an admirable provision for this in the removal of a certain portion of the
orbital process of the frontal bone on the outer and upper part of
the external ridge, and the substitution of an elastic cartilage.
This cartilage momentarily yields to the swelling of the muscles;
and then, by its inherent elasticity, the external ridge of the orbit
resumes its pristine form. The orbit of the dog, the pig, and the
cat, exhibits this singular mechanism.
The horse is, to a certain extent, also an illustration of this. He
requires an extended field of vision to warn him of the approach
of his enemies in his wild state, and a direction of the orbits
somewhat forward to enable him to pursue with safety the headlong course to which we sometimes urge him; and for this purpose
his eyes are placed more forward than those of cattle, sheep, or
swine. That which Mr. Percivall states of the horse is true of
our other domesticated animals:-" The eyeball is placed within
the anterior or more capacious part of the orbit, nearer to the
frontal than to the temporal side, with a degree of prominence
peculiar to the individual, and, within certain limits, variable at
his will."
In many of the carnivorous animals the orbit encroaches on the
bones of the face. A singular effect is also produced on the countenance, both when the animal is growling over his prey and when
he is devouring it. The temporal muscle is violently acted upon;
it presses upon the cartilage that forms part of the external ridge;
that again forces itself upon and protrudes the eye, and hence the
peculiar ferocity of expression which is observed at that time. The
victims of these carnivorous animals are also somewhat provided
against danger by the acuteness of sight with which they are gifted.
Adipose matter also exists in a considerable quantity in the orbit
of the eye, which enables it to revolve by the slightest contraction
of the muscles.
We should scarcely expect to meet with cases of fracture of the
orbital arch in the dog, because, in that animal, cartilage, or a cartilago-ligamentous substance, occupies a very considerable part of
that arch; but I have again and again, among the cruelties that
are practised on the inferior creation, seen the cartilage partly, or




240                     THE EYE.
even entirely, torn asunder. 1 have never been able satisfactorily
to ascertain the existence of this during life; but I have found it
on those whom I have recommended to be destroyed on account
of the brutal usage which they had experienced. Blows somewhat
higher, or on the: thick temporal muscle of this; animal, will very
rarely produce a fracture.
A few cases of disease in the eye may be interesting and useful.
Case I.-The eyes of a favourite spaniel were found' inflamed
and impatient of light. Nothing wrong had been perceived on the
preceding day. No ulceration could be observed on the cornea,
and there was but a slight mucous discharge. An infusion of digitalis, with twenty times the quantity of tepid water, was employed
as a collyrium, and an aloetic ball administered. On the following
day the eyes were more inflamed. The collyrium and the aloes
were employed as before, and a seton inserted in the poll.
Three or four days afterwards the redness was much diminished,
the discharge from the eye considerably lessened, and the dog was
sent home. The seton, however, was continued, with an aloetic
ball on every third or fourth day.
Two or three days after this the eyes were perfectly cured and
the seton removed.
Case II.-The eye is much inflamed and the brow considerably
protruded.
This was supposed to be caused by a bite. I vainly endeavoured
to bring the lid over the swelling. I scarified the lid freely, and
ordered the bleeding to be encouraged by the constant application
of warm water, and a physic-ball to be given.
On the following day the brow was found to be scarcely or at
all reduced, and the eye could not be closed. I drew out the haw
with a crooked needle, and cut it off closely with sharp scissors.
The excised portion was as large as a small-kidney-bean. The
fomentation was continued five days afterwards, and the patient
then dismissed cured.
Case III. - A pointer was brought in a sad state of mange.
Redness, scurf, and eruptions were on almost every part. Apply
the mange ointment and the alterative and physic balls. On the
following day there was an ulcer on the centre of the cornea, with
much appearance of pain and impatience of light. Apply an infusion of digitalis, with the liquor plumbi diacetatis. He was
taken away on the twelfth day, the mange apparently cured, and
the inflammation of the eye considerably lessened. A fortnight
afterwards this also appeared to be cured.
Case IV.-A spaniel had been bitten by a large dog. There
was no wound of the lids, but the eye was protruded from the
socket. I first tried whether it could be reduced by gentle pressure, but I could not accomplish it. I then introduced the blunt




AND ITS DISEASES.                241
end of a curved needle between the eye and the lid; and thus
drawing up the lid with the right hand, while I pressed gently on
the eye with the left hand, I accomplished my object. I then subtracted three ounces of blood and gave a physic-ball. On the following day the eye was hot and red, with some tumefaction. The
pupil was moderately contracted, but was scarcely affected by any
change of light. The dog was sent home, with some extract of
goulard, and a fortnight afterwards was quite well.
Case V.-A dog received a violent blow on the right eye. Immediate blindness occurred, or the dog could apparently just discern the difference between light and darkness, but could not distinguish particular objects. The pupil was expanded and immovable. A pink-coloured hue could be perceived on looking
earnestly into the eye. A seton was introduced into the poll, kept
there nearly a month, and often stimulated rather sharply. General
remedies of almost every kind were tried: depletion was carried
to its full extent, the electric fluid was had recourse to; but at the
expiration of nine weeks the case was abandoned and the dog
destroyed. Permission to examine him was refused.
I have, in two or three instances, witnessed decided cases of
dropsy of the eye, accumulation of fluid taking place in both the
anterior and posterior chambers of the eye; there was also effusion
of blood in the chambers, but in one case only was there the
slightest benefit: produced by the treatment adopted, and in that
there was gradual absorption of the effused fluid.
About the same time there was another similar case. A pointer
had suddenly considerable opacity of one eye, without any known
cause: the other eye was not in the least degree affected. The
dog had not been out of the garden for more than a week. The
eye was ordered to be fomented with warm water.
On the following day'the inflammation had increased, and the
adipose matter was protruded at both the inner and outer canthus.
The eye was bathed frequently with a goulard lotion. On the
fourth day the eyeball was still more inflamed, and the projections
at both canthi were increased. A curved needle was passed
through both eyes, and there was considerable bleeding. On the
following day the inflammation began to subside. At the expiration of a week scarcely any disease remained, and the eye became
as transparent as ever.
A curious case of congenital blindness was brought to my infirmary. A female pointer puppy, eight weeks old, had both her
eyes of their natural size and formation, but the inner edge of the
iris was strangely diseased. The pupil was curiously four-cornered, and very small. There hung out of the pupil a grayish-white
fibrous matter, which appeared to be the remainder of the pupillary membrane.
21




242                      THE EYE
Six months afterwards we examined her again, and found that
the pupil was considerably enlarged, and properly shaped, and the
white skin had vanished. In the back-ground of the eye there
was a faint yellow-green light, and the dog not only showed sensibility to light, but some perception of external objects. At this
period we lost sight of her.
A very considerable improvement has taken place with regard
to the treatment of the enlarged or protruded ball of the eye. A
dog may get into a skirmish, and have his eye forced from the
socket. If there is little or no bleeding, the case will probably be
easily and successfully treated.
The eye must, first, be thoroughly washed, and not a particle
of grit must be left. A little oil, a crooked needle, and a small
piece of soft rag should be procured. The blunt end of the needle
should be dipped into the oil, and run round the inside of the lid,
first above and then below.  The operator will next -his fingers
being oiled-press upon the protruded eye gently, yet somewhat
firmly, changing the pressure from one part of the eye to the
other, in order to force it back into the socket.
If, after a couple of minutes' trial, he does not succeed, let him
again oil the eye on the inside and the out, and once more introduce the blunt end of the needle, attempting to carry it upwards
under the lid with two or three fingers pressing on the eye, and
the points of pressure being frequently changed. In by far the
greater number of cases, the eye will be saved.
If it is impracticable to cause the eye to retract, a needle with
a thread attached must be passed through it, the eye being then
drawn as forward as possible and cut off close to the lids. The
bleeding will soon cease and the lids perfectly close.
Ophthalmia is a disease to which the dog is often liable. It is
the result of exposure either to heat or to cold, or violent exertion: it is remedied by bleeding, purging, and the application of
sedative medicines, as the acetate of lead or the tincture of opium.
When the eye is considerably inflamed, in addition to the application of tepid or cold water, either the inside of the lids or the
white of the eye may be lightly touched with the lancet. From
exposure to cold, or accident or violence, inflammation often
spreads on the eye to a considerable degree, the pupil is clouded,
and small streaks of blood spread over the opaque cornea. The
mode of treatment just described must be pursued.
The crystalline lens occasionally becomes opaque. There is
cataract. It may be the result of external injury or of internal
predisposition.  Old dogs are particularly subject to cataract.
That which arises from accident, or occasionally disease, may,
although seldom, be reinstated, especially in the young dog, and




AND ITS DISEASES.                243
both eyes may become sound; but, in the old, the slow-growing
opacity will, almost to a certainty, terminate in cataract.
There is occasionally an enlargement of the eye, or rather an
accumulation of fluid within the eye, to a very considerable extent. No external application seems to have the slightest effect
in reducing the bulk of the eye. If it is punctured, much inflarnmation ensues, and the eye gradually wastes away.
In amaurosis, the eye is beautifilly clear, and, for a little while,
this clearness imposes upon the casual observer; but there is a
peculiar pellucid appearance about the eye -a preternatural and
unchanging brightness. In the horse, the sight occasionally returns, but I have never seen this in the dog.
The occasional glittering of the eyes of the dog has been often
observed. The cat, the wolf, some carnivora, and also sheep,
cows, and horses, occasionally exhibit the same glittering. Pallas
imagined that the light of these animals emanated from the nervous membrane of the eye, and considered it to be an electrical
phenomenon. It is found, however, in every animal that possesses
a tapetum lucidum. The shining, however, never takes place in
complete darkness. It is neither produced voluntarily, nor in consequence of any moral emotion, but solely from the reflection that
falls on the eye.
[The eye and its diseases being so concisely treated by Mr.
Youatt, we are emboldened to add a more full and particular treatise on this interesting subject, couched in language the most simple, and we trust sufficiently plain to be understood by the most
unscientific patron of the canine race.
THE EYE AND ITS DISEASES.
THE NICTITATING MEMBRANE.
It is somewhat astonishing that an organ, so delicate and so
much exposed as the eye of the hunting dog necessarily is,
should not more frequently be attacked with disease, or suffer from
the thorns, poisompus briars, and bushes that so constantly oppose
their progress while in search of game. Nature, ever wise in her
undertakings, while endowing this organ with extreme sensibility,
also furnished it with the means of protecting itself in some measure against the many evils that so constantly threaten its destruction.
The plica semilunaris, haw or nictitating membrane, though not
as largely developed in the dog as in some other animals, is, nevertheless, of sufficient size to afford considerable protection to the ball
of the eye, and assists materially in preventing the accumulation
of seeds and other minute particles within the conjunctiva. This
delicate membrapeA is found at the <inner canthus of the eye, and




244                     THE EYE
can be drawn at pleasure over a portion of the globe, so as to fiee
its surface from any foreign substances that might be upon it.
Although the eye of the dog is attacked by many diseases, almost
as numerous as those of the human being, still they are much less
frequent and far more tractable.
OPHTHALMIA-SIMPLE INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE.
In its mild form this disease is frequently met with, and easily
yields to the administration of the proper remedies, but when it
appears as an epidemic, in a kennel, it proves more stubborn. The
discharge in epidemic ophthalmia, when carried from one dog to
the eyes of another, no doubt is contagious, and, therefore, it is
necessary to separate dogs as much from each other as possible
during any prevalent epidemic of this nature.
The disease announces itself by slight redness of the conjunctiva, tenderness to light, and increased flow of the secretions.
The eyeball appears retracted in its socket, and more moist and
transparent than usual. The infected vessels of the conjunctiva
form a species of net-work, and can be moved about with this
membrane, showing that the inflammation is entirely superficial,
and not penetrating the other coverings of the eye. Extravasation
of blood within the conjunctiva, (bloodshot,) is also not an uncommon appearance, but is frequently the first symptom that draws
our attention to the malady.
As the disease progresses, the conjunctiva becomes more vascular, the photophobia intolerable, the cornea itself becomes
opaque, and sometimes exhibits a vascular appearance. There is
considerable itching of the ball, as evinced by the disposition of
the dog to close the eye. If the disease progresses in its course,
unchecked by any remediate means, the cornea may lose its vitality, ulceration commence, and the sight be for ever destroyed
by the bursting and discharge of the contents of the eye.
Causes.-Simple canine ophthalmia proceeds from many causes,
distinct in their character, but all requiring pretty much the same
treatment. Bad feeding, bad lodging, want of exercise, extremes
of heat and cold, are the most active agents in producing this
affection.
Treatment.-The disease in its mild form is very tractable, and
requires but little attention; soothing applications, in connexion
with confinement to an obscure apartment and low diet, will generally correct the affection in its forming stage.
In all inflammations of the eye, tepid applications we consider
preferable to cold, the latter producing a temporary reaction, but
no permanent good, while the former exerts a soothing and relaxing influence over the tissues and parts to which they are applied.
Weak vinegar and water, with a small proportion of laudanum,




AND ITS DISEASES.                 245
we have frequently seen used with advantage as a wash in this
complaint.
When there is fever, it will be necessary to bleed; and purge.
Scarifying the conjunctiva with the point of a lancet, has been
resorted to by some veterinary surgeons with success.
CHRONIC OPHTHALMIA.
When the disease assumes this form, the discharge from the
eyes is lessened, and becomes more thick, the conjunctiva is not
of such a bright arterial red, but more of a brick-dust colour, and
the inner side of the lids when exposed will present small prominences and ulcerations.
Treatment.-More stimulating collyria will now be necessary,
as solutions of sulphate of zinc, copper, acetate of lead, &c. See
No. 1, 2, 3, of the Collyria. The direct application of sulphate
of copper, or nitrate of silver, will often be of great benefit in
changing the action of the parts.
The lids should be turned down and brushed over two or three
times with the above articles in substance, and the dog restrained
for a few moments to prevent him from scratching during the temporary pain inflicted upon him by the application.
Laudanum dropped in the eye will also prove very beneficial,
allaying the itching and pain, at the same time stimulating the
organs to renewed action. If the disease does not succumb under
this treatment, a seton placed in the pole will generally conquer it.
TRAUMATIC OPHTHALMIA
is produced by wounds of poisoned briars, stings of insects, bites
of other dogs, the scratching of cats, or the actual presence of
foreign bodies in the eye itself, which latter cause frequently occurs, and is often overlooked by the sportsman.
Treatment.-This species of ophthalmia is best subdued by the
application of emollient poultices, depletion, purgation and cooling
washes. If a seed, small briar, or other substance has got in
under the lids, or inserted itself in the globe of the eye, the dog
keeps the eye closed, it waters freely, and in a short time becomes
red and inflamed. The removal of the article alone,-will generally produce a cure; sometimes it is necessary to use a cooling
wash and administer a purge or two. Great care should be had
for the extraction of extraneous substances from the eyes of dogs,
as their presence often causes great suffering to the animal even
while diligently employed in the field. The writer has seen dogs
more than once rendered useless while hunting, by grass, cloverseeds, or other small particles burying themselves under the lids.
Ophthalmia of Distemper.-This species of inflammation will
be spoken of when treating of this latter affection.
21*                  Q




246                     THE EYE
SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA
arises from the presence of some other disease located in another
portion of the body, as derangement of the stomach, mange, surfeit, &c. The presence of one of these affections will indicate
the cause of the other.
Treatment.-Soothing applications to the organ itself, and remedies for the removal of the primary affection.
HYDROPHTHALMIA,
though not a common affection in the canine race, is occasionally
met with; several cases have come under the observation of the
writer, and no doubt there are but few dog-fanciers who have not
seen the eyeballs of some dog suffering with this malady, ready
to start from their sockets.
This affection depends upon a superabundance of the humours
of the eye, occasioned by over-secretion, or a want of power in
the absorbent vessels to carry off the natural secretions of the
parts.
Old dogs are more apt to suffer from this disease than young
dogs: nevertheless, the latter are not by any means exempt; we
once saw a pup, a few days old, with the globe of the eye greatly
extended by this affection.
As the disease progresses, the eye becomes more hard and ten
der, the sight is greatly impaired, and ultimately, if not arrested,
the eye bursts, discharges its contents, and total blindness ensues,
greatly to the relief of the poor animal.
Treatment. —This disease is very intractable, and is to be combated by saline purges, bleeding, and stimulating application to
the organ itself. Mercurial ointment, rubbed over the eyebrow,
will assist in stimulating the absorbents.
When the disease has progressed for a long time, and the pain,
as is often the case, seems intense, it will save the animal great
suffering, by opening the ball and allowing the humours to escape.
This may be done by puncturing the cornea or the sclerotic coat
with a needle. Setons introduced along the spine would have a
good effect.
CONGENITAL BLINDNESS
occasionally occurs throughout a whole litter, no doubt being entailed upon the progeny of those dogs who have defective vision,
or who are old and infirm at the time of copulation. The best
and only remedy is speedy drowning.
CATARACT
consists in the partial or complete opacity of the crystalline lens;




AND ITS DISEASES.                247
it results from numerous causes, and is more frequent in the old
than the young subject. In old dogs both eyes are usually attacked, producing absolute blindness, while in young animals one
eye alone is generally attacked.
Causes.-Old age, hard work, and bad feeding, are the agents
most active in the production of this affection; it generally comes
on slowly, but sometimes very quickly.
When the disease occurs in young dogs, it is generally the result of wounds or blows over the head, convulsions and falls.
Treatment.-Little can be accomplished towards curing this disease either in the old or young dog, as the disease, in spite of all our
efforts, will run its course, and terminate in total opacity of the
lens. Mild purging, blistering on the neck, introduction of the
seton, and blowing slightly stimulating powders into the eye, will
sometimes arrest the progress of the disease in the young dog.
ULCERATIONS ON THE CORNEA
are sometimes very troublesome, and if not put a stop to, will often
cause opacity and blindness, if not total destruction of the eye.
Slightly stimulating washes and purges are useful; the careful
application of nitrate of silver will often induce the ulcer to heal;
it must be put on very nicely and gently.
SPOTS ON THE CORNEA
are the result of ulcers and inflammation. If they do not materially interfere with vision, they had better be left alone.
Powdered sugar and a small quantity of alum blown into the
eye daily through a quill, we have seen used with much success.
AMAUROSIS-GUTTA SERENA OR GLASS EYE.
A partial or complete paralysis of the optic nerves of either side
is not a frequent disease. It usually comes on gradually, but
sometimes may appear in the course of a few hours from the effects
of wounds or convulsions. When the paralysis is complete, total
blindness of course ensues. The intimate connection, or sympathy,
existing between the nerves of either eye, is so peculiar that disease of one is quickly followed by a corresponding disease in the
other.
Amaurosis, therefore, ordinarily ends in total blindness. The
disease is characterized by a dilated state of the pupil, which seldom contracts under the effect of any degree of light thrown upon
it. The coats and humours of the eye are perfectly transparent,
in fact appear to be more pellucid than natural.
Causes. -This affection is produced in many different ways;
among the most common causes may be mentioned wounds on the




248                     THE EYE
head, or of the parts surrounding the nerve, strains, falls, disease
of the bone, convulsions, and epileptic fits.
We have seen a case produced by a tumour, which occupied
the posterior portion of the orbit, and caused the organ to be
somewhat protruded from its proper position, giving the eye the
appearance of hydrophthalmia, for which it was taken, the existence
of the tumour never for a moment being suspected. In this case
there was partial amaurosis in both sides, although nothing of
disease could be discovered in the left eye.
Amaurosis is a very deceptive disease, the nerves alone being
affected; the humours and coverings of the eye remaining perfectly
transparent and natural, imposes upon the inexperienced observer,
but is easily detected by those who have witnessed the disease in
others. There is a singular watery appearance and vacant stare
about the eye of the dog that cannot be mistaken. This peculiarity is owing, no doubt, to the enlargement of the pupil, as before
observed.
Treatment.-When proceeding from blows, convulsions, or inflammation of the nerve itself, bleeding will be serviceable, as also
purging and blistering. If the disease should appear without any
symptom, or other cause, to lead us to believe that there is any
local affection, the antiphlogistic course should be laid aside, and
resort be had to local and constitutional tonic applications, and
revulsive frictions to the nape of the neck and spine. A seton
may also be applied; and electricity has been recommended in such
cases, no doubt arising from want of tone in the general system.
This affection, in spite of every effort, is very unmanageable,
and but seldom yields to any course of treatment. Strychnia has
been used lately, both internally and externally, in the cure of this
complaint; it may be sprinkled over a blistered surface immediately above the eye, in the proportion of a grain morning and
evening; it may also be administered inwardly at the same time, in
doses from the half a grain to a grain twice a day.
EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE.
It sometimes becomes necessary, from the diseased state of this
organ, that it should be taken completely from its socket. This
operation, though frightful, perhaps, to consider, is very simple in
its application, and may be performed without difficulty by any one
accustomed to the use of the knife. The animal is to be held
firmly, as before directed, and an assistant to keep the lids widely
extended.
If the lids cannot be drawn well over the eye, owing to enlargement of the ball caused by disease, they may be separated by an
incision at the external angle. A curved needle armed with a
thread is now to be passed entirely through the eye, being careful




AND ITS DISEASES.                249
to include sufficient of the sound parts within its grasp to prevent
its tearing out. This finished, the needle may be detached, and
the ends of the thread being united, the movements of the eye can
be governed by means of this ligature: then proceed as follows:
1st. The assistant keeping the lids well separated, the operator
draws the eye upward and outward, and then inserting the scalpel
at the inner and lower angle of the eye, with a gentle sweep separates the ball from the lids, extending the incisions through to the
external canthus.
2d. The ball is now to be drawn inwardly and downward, while
the scalpel, continuing the circular movement as far as the internal
canthus, separates the upper lid.
3d. The muscles and optic nerves still bind this organ to the
orbit, which attachments can easily be destroyed by the scalpel, by
pulling the eye forward sufficiently to reach them. If the eye has
been extirpated on account of any malignant disease, it is necessary to remove every particle of muscle from the orbit; and when
the disease has extended itself to the lids, it will also be proper to
remove that portion of them included in the affection.
The hemorrhage from the operation is trifling, and may generally
be arrested by the pressure of the fingers, or the insertion of a
conical ball of lint within the socket, which may be allowed to
remain two or three days if necessary. If there is nothing to
apprehend from hemorrhage, it is only necessary to draw the lids
together, and unite that portion which has been separated by a
suture, and place a hood over the whole.
We do not recommend the stuffing of the orbit with lint, except
in case of hemorrhage, as its presence will sometimes produce
violent inflammation, which may extend to the brain. The cavity
of the eye will, in a measure, be filled up by newly formed matter.
The dog must be restricted to a low cooling diet, and have administered two or three saline purges.
ULCERATIONS OF THE EYELIDS
are often met with in old mangy, ill-fed animals, and are difficult
to overcome, except by curing the primary affection, which is often
no easy task. The lids become enlarged, puffy, and tender, the
lashes fall out, and the edges present an angry reddish appearance.
Treatment-Must be directed, in the first place, to the curing
of the old affection, by which, in connection with blisters, purging,
stimulating washes, &c., a cure may be effected. When the
swellihg of the lids is considerable, scarifying them with the point
of a lancet will often be of much service. Ointment of nitrate
of silver may also be smeared on the edges.




250                     THE EYE
WARTS ON THE EYELIDS
sometimes make their appearance; they may be lifted up with
the forceps, and excised with a knife or scissors, and the wound
touched with nitrate of silver. The same treatment will answer
for those warts, or little excrescences, that sometimes come on the
inside of the lids.
ENTROPIUM-INVERSION OF THE EYELIDS.
This disease we do not find mentioned by any of the writers on
canine pathology: nevertheless, we are led to believe that it is not
an uncommon form of ophthalmia; and we must express our surprise that it should have escaped the attention of such close observers as Blain and Youatt.
The acute form of the disease resulting from, or attending, simple
ophthalmia, we have often witnessed, but the chronic form, of which
we more particularly speak, is more rare. We have seen three
cases of the latter, and, no doubt, might have found many more if
our opportunities of studying canine pathology were equal to those
of the English writers. The inversion of the eyelids upon the
globe is accompanied with pain and irritation, swelling and inflammation, both of the lids and eye, which ultimately renders the dog
almost useless, if not entirely blind.
Causes. —Neglected chronic ophthalmia was, no doubt, the
cause of the disease in two cases, a setter and a pointer, while the
other, in a hound, was the result of an acute attack of ophthalmia
brought on by scalding with hot pitch thrown upon the animal.
Some of this substance entered the eye, while a large portion adhered to the muzzle and lids. The eye, as well as the lids, became
inflamed; the latter, being puffed up and contracted on their edges,
were necessarily drawn inwards from the tension of the parts, and
double eutropium was thus produced. The inflammation and
tumefaction of the parts continued for a considerable time, and
when ultimately reduced by the application of tepid fomentations,
the skin appeared greatly relaxed; and the muscular fibres having
lost their power of support or contractility, owing to their long
quiescence, seemed no longer able to keep their lids in their proper
situation; the edges therefore remained in the abnormous position
previously assumed.
By this strange condition of the parts, the eyeball continued
greatly irritated by the constant friction of the lashes; water a as
continually flowing over the lids, and from its irritating character
produced considerable excoriation of the face and muzzle. The
conjunctiva remained inflamed, the cornea in due course became
ulcerous, and the eye was ultimately destroyed by the discharge of
its contents. This was the course and final termination of the




AND ITS DISEASES.                251
disease in the case of the hound above referred to, all of which
disastrous results might have been prevented by proper management.
Treatment.-When in England, we sent to the United States
a fine bred pointer dog, designed as a present for one of our sporting friends. This animal travelled from Leeds to Liverpool,
chained on top of the railroad cars; the journey occupied several
hours, during which the weather was cold and boisterous, and we
noticed on his arrival at the latter place that his eyes were watering and somewhat inflamed. On examining them more particularly, we were enabled to extract several pieces of cinder from
under the lids, which seemed to relieve him somewhat. He went
to sea, in the care of the steward, on the following day; and remained on deck exposed to the inclemency of the weather during
a long voyage. When he arrived in Philadelphia, the inflammation, we were informed, was very considerable, occasioned by the
presence of some other small particles of cinder that may have
escaped our attention before shipping him. The presence of these
foreign substances in the eye, in connection with the salt spray
and irritating atmosphere, greatly aggravated the ophthalmia, and
resolved it into a chronic affection, which ultimately resulted in
entropiumn.
" Fop" was hunted during the same autumn, which no doubt
increased the malady to a considerable extent; and before the
hunting season was over, the dog was rendered almost useless:
the lids becoming so much swollen and the irritation so considerable, that it was deemed cruel to allow him to go into the field.
When we saw him some time in the course of the same winter,
the lower lids of both eyes were completely inverted on their
globes, and the conjunctival inflammation and flow of tears considerable.
The eyes seemed contracted within their sockets, and at times
were nearly hidden from view, the corneas were somewhat opaque,
the photophobia intolerable, and the animal showed evident signs
of extreme pain, by his restless anxiety and constant efforts at
scratching and rubbing the eyes.
Under the judicious application of cooling astringent collyria,
and other remediate means, the irritation and pain of the parts
were relieved, and the lids somewhat retracted.
"Fop" remained in this condition till the following autumn,
suffering at times considerably from the increased inflammation
and tumefaction of the lids, which continued obstinately to persist,
insomuch that when turned out by the pressure of the fingers on
them, they immediately contracted, and were forced inwards on
the ball when freed from the fingers.
Finding that no external application was of any permanent




252                      THE EYE.
benefit, we resolved to have resort to the same operation we saw
practised in the Parisian hospitals for the cure of a similar malformation in the human subject.
To insure quiet we enclosed the body of the dog in a case, made
stationary and sufficiently small to prevent struggling, with the
head firmly fixed by a sliding door, as represented in the accompanying drawing.
aL/               I
iiiiii lllllT!!
The mouth was kept closed by a small strap passed around the
muzzle. This method of fixing a strong dog, we consider the best
ever adopted for all nice operations on the face. The first step in
the operation was to pinch up a portion of the lax skin of the
diseased lid and pass three needles, armed with silk ligatures, successively through the base of the upraised integuments.
One needle approximating the external canthus, another the internal, and a third midway between these two points, as represented
in the annexed drawing.
The next step was to raise up the integuments included in the
ligature, and, by means of a pair of sharp scissors, cut off the super



AND ITS DISEASES.                253
abundant skin as near to the ligatures as possible; having care
however to leave sufficient substance included in the ligatures, to
prevent their sloughing out before adhesion has taken place. The
next and last step of the operation was, to draw the edges of the
wound together by tying each ligature, which procedure immediately secured the lid and held it firmly in its natural position.
The ligatures were now cut short, and a large wire muzzle, covered
over with some dark substance on the operated eye, being put on
him, and his legs hobbled with a piece of strong twine, more
effectually to prevent his scratching the head, " Fop" was then set
at liberty, and soon became reconciled to this eye-shade.
The hemorrhage was trifling, the wound healed up by the first
intention and the ligatures were drawn away in a few days, when
a perfect cure was effected-the conjunctiva having lost its inflammatory appearance, and the cornea having again become quite
transparent.
The other eye was operated on in the same way and with like
success. In the first operation we cut away the loose flaccid integuments only; whereas, in the second, we snipped small longitudinal fibres from the cartilage itself, and the operation consequently
was more perfect, if possible, than in the first instance.
The eyes were now perfectly restored, and remained well during
the whole of the shooting season, after which we lost sight of our
patient, he having accompanied one of our friends as a " compagnon de voyage" on a commercial expedition to Santa F6, and,
when on his return, had the misfortune to lose " Fop," who was
carried off into captivity by some prowling Camanches, who no
doubt have long since sacrificed him to the Great Spirit in celebrating the buffalo or wolf dance.
PROTRUSION OF THE EYE.
The eye may be forced from its orbit by wounds or the bites of
other animals.
If not materially injured, the ball should be cleaned with a little
tepid water, or by wiping off with a fine silk or cambric handkerchief, and immediately replaced within its socket; otherwise the
inflammation and swelling of the lids will soon prevent its easy
admission. When handling the protruded eye, the fingers should
be dipped in olive oil or warm water.
When sufficient time has elapsed from the occurrence of the
accident to prevent the ball being replaced, owing to the swelling
and contraction of the lids, an incision may be made at the external angle of the eye, so as to divide the lids, which will then admit
the eye into its natural position. If not, the lid itself can be raised
up and slit far enough to allow its being drawn over the globe.
22




254                     THE EYE
As considerable inflammation generally follows this accident, it
will be prudent to bleed the animal and confine him.
We have seen eyes replaced, that have been out of their sockets
for several hours, perfectly recover their strength and brilliancy.
WEAK EYES.
Some dogs, particularly several breeds of spaniels, have naturally weak eyes, attended by an over-secretion and constant flow
of tears, more particularly when exposed to the sun. When there
is no disease of the lachrymal duct, the secretion may be diminished and the eyes strengthened by the daily application of some
slightly tonic wash, as No. 1, 2, 3, &c.
FISTULA LACHRYMALIS.
The lachrymal duct is a small canal, leading from the internal
angle of the eye to the nostrils, and is the passage through which
the tears escape from the eye. This duct may become closed by
inflammation of the lining membrane of the nose, caries of the
bone, ulcers, fungous growths, or by the presence of some extraneous substance impacted in it. The tears, no longer having a
natural outlet, are necessarily forced over the lids, accompanied,
not unfrequently, by a good deal of purulent matter.
This canal, when thus obstructed from some one of the above
causes, often forms an ulcerous opening at its upper extremity,
just below the internal canthus, for the escape of the pus that
usually collects in a sac at that point. This perforation is called
" Fistula Lachrymalis."  The tears, entering the canal at its
punctum, are carried along till they pass out at the fistulous
opening.
Treatment.-This is a very troublesome affection, and has been
pronounced incurable by some writers. However, we would not
hesitate making an attempt at relieving a favourite or valuable dog
of this disagreeable deformity. We should first endeavour to clear
out the nasal canal, either by means of a minute flexible probe, or
by directing a stream of water from a suitable syringe through its
course. A small silver or copper style may then be placed in the
canal to keep it open, as also to direct the tears through the natural route. This being done, and the dog confined in such a way
as not to be able to scratch or rub the eye, the fistulous opening
might close up in a short time. However, it might be necessary
to wear the style for many months. In such a case, we see no
reason why a wire muzzle, such as used by us after the operation
for Entropium, might not be worn for an indefinite period, without
any inconvenience to the animal.




AND ITS DISEASES.                 255
CARUNCULA LACHRYMALIS AND PLICA SEMILUNARIS, OR HAW.
The caruncula lachrymalis is a small glandular body situated
at the internal commissure of each eye. This little gland often
becomes greatly enlarged from inflammation or fungous growthsold dogs are much more subject to the disease than young ones.
Treatment.-The application of cooling collyria and a weak
solution of nitrate of silver, will generally suppress the further
growth of this gland. If, however, it continues much swollen
and runs on to suppuration, it may be punctured with a lancet
and poultices applied. If the affection be of a malignant character, the gland may be drawn out by passing a ligature through its
base, and then excised.
The haw is most frequently concerned in the disease, and may
also be removed.
Collyria.
No. 1.
R    Vinegar................................  3  i.
Laudanum.............................       3 i.
Water...............................      3 vii.
Mix.-The eyes to be frequently bathed with the mixture.
No. 2.
R   Sulphate of zinc (white vitriol).............. 9 i.
Water............................... 3 vi.
M.-To be used as above.
No. 3.
R   Sulphate of copper (blue vitriol)............. i.
Water..............................3 vi.
M.-To be used as above.
No. 4.
R   Acetate of lead (sugar of lead)..............  ii.
Water.................................. 3 vi.
M.-To be used as above.
No. 5.
R   Argenti nitrat. (nitrate of silver).............. D i.
Water..................................3 vi.
M.-To be dropped in the eye 2 or 3 times daily.
No. 6.
R   Sub-muriate of mercury (corrosive sublimate)... grs. x.
Water................................. 3 vi.
M.-To be used as the preceding.




256             THE EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
No. 7.
r Argenti nitrat (nitrate of silver)............. grs. v.
Fresh butter or lard..................... 3 i.
No. 8.
R   Powdered alum.......................... grs. xv.
Calomel................................. grs. vii.
M.-Blown in the eye, will often have a most excellent effect,
more particularly in old chronic ophthalmia.
No. 9.
Infusions of slippery elm bark, sassafras or elder pith, infusions
of green tea, flaxseed, &c., are all excellent emollient applications.-L.]
CHAPTER IX.
THE EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
Canker in the Ear.-All water-dogs, and some others, are subject to a disease designated by this name, and which, in fact, is
inflammation of the integumental lining of the inside of the ear.
When the whole of the body, except the head and ears, is surrounded by cold water, there will be an unusual determination of
blood to those parts, and consequent distension of the vessels and
a predisposition to inflammation. A Newfoundland dog, or setter,
or poodle, that has been subject to canker, is often freed from a
return of the disease by being kept from the water.
The earliest symptom of the approach of canker is frequent
shaking of the head, or holding of the head on one side, or violent
scratching of one or both ears. Redness of the integument may
then be observed, and particularly of that portion of it which lines
the annular cartilage. This is usually accompanied by some enlargement of the folds of the skin. As soon as any of these symptoms are observed, the ear should be gently but well washed, two
or three times in the day, with lukewarm water, and after that a
weak solution of the extract of lead should be applied, and a dose
or two of physic administered.
If the case is neglected, the pain will rapidly increase; the ear
will become of an intenser red; the folds of the integument will
enlarge, and there will be a deposition of red or black matter in
the hollow of the ear. The case is now more serious, and should
be immediately attended to. This black or bloody deposit should




CANKER.                     257
be gently but carefully washed away with warm water and soap;
and the extract of lead, in the proportion of a scruple to an ounce
of water, should be frequently applied, until the redness and heat
are abated. A solution of alum, in about the same quantity of
alum and water as the foregoing lotion, should then be used.
Some attention should be paid to the method of applying these
lotions. Two persons will be required in order to accomplish the
operation. The surgeon must hold the muzzle of the dog with
one hand, and have the root of the ear in the hollow of the other,
and between the first finger and the thumb. The assistant must
then pour the liquid into the ear; half a tea-spoonful will usually
be sufficient. The surgeon, without quitting the dog, will then
close the ear, and mould it gently until the liquid has insinuated
itself as deeply as possible into the passages of the ear. Should
not the inflammation abate in the course of a few days, a seton
should be inserted in the poll, between the integument and the
muscles of the occiput, reaching from ear to ear. The excitement
of a new inflammation, so near to the part previously diseased,
will materially abate the original affection. Physic is now indispensable. From half a drachm to a drachm of aloes, with from
one to two grains of calomel, should be given every third day.
Should the complaint have been much neglected, or the inflammation so great as to bid defiance to these means, ulceration will
too often speedily follow. It will be found lodged deep in the
passage, and can only be detected by moulding the ear; the effused
pus will occasionally occupy the inside of the ear to its very tip.
However extensive and annoying the inflammation may be, and
occasionally causing so much thickening of the integument as
perfectly to close the ear, it is always superficial. It will generally
yield to proper treatment, and the cartilage of the ear may not be
in the slightest degree affected. Still, however, the animal may
suffer extreme pain; the discharge from the ulcer may produce
extensive excoriation of the cheek; and, in a few cases, the system
may sympathise with the excessive local application, and the
animal may be lost.
The treatment must vary with circumstances. If the ulceration
is deep in the ear, and there is not a very great degree of apparent
inflammation, recourse may be had at once to a stimulating and
astringent application, such as alum or the sulphate of zinc, and
in the proportion of six grains of either to an ounce of water. If,
however, the ulceration occupies the greater part of the hollow of
the ear, and is accompanied by much thickening of the integument, and apparent filling up of the entrance to the ear, some portion of the inflammation must be first subdued.
The only chance of getting rid of the disease is to confine the
ear  A piece of strong calico must be procured, six or eight
22 




258             THE EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
inches in width, and sufficiently long to reach round the head and
meet under the jaw. Along each side of it must be a running
piece of tape, and a shorter piece sewed at the centre of each of
*he ends. By means of these the cap may be drawn tightly over
the head, above the eyes, and likewise round the neck behind the
ears, so as perfectly to confine them.
After all, no mild ointment will dispose such an ulcer to heal,
and recourse must be had at once to a caustic application. A
scruple of the nitrate of silver must be rubbed down with an ounce
of lard, and a little of it applied twice every day, and rubbed tolerably hard into the sore until it assumes a healthy appearance; it
may then be dressed with the common calamine ointment.
If the discharge should return, the practitioner must again have
recourse to the caustic ointment.
The cartilage will never close, but the integument will gradually cover the exposed edges, and the wound will be healed. The
ear will, however, long continue tender, and, if it should be much
beaten, by the shaking of the head, the ulcer will reappear. This
must be obviated by occasionally confining the ears, and not overfeeding the dog.
Some sportsmen are accustomed to round the ears, that is to cut
off the diseased part. In very few instances, however, will a permanent cure be effected, while the dog is often sadly disfigured.
A fresh ulcer frequently appears on the new edge, and is more
difficult to heal than the original one. Nine times out of ten the
disease reappears.
The Newfoundland dog is very subject to this disease, to remedy
which recourse must be had to the nitrate of silver.
Spaniels have often a mangy inflammation of the edges of the
ear. It seldom runs on to canker; but the hair comes off round
the edges of the ear, accompanied by much heat and scurfiness of
the skin. The common sulphur ointment, with an eighth part of
mercurial ointment, will usually remove the disease.
From the irritation produced by canker in or on the ear, and
the constant flapping and beating of the ear, there is sometimes a
considerable effusion of fluid between the integument and the
cartilage occupying the whole of the inside of the flap of the ear.
The only remedy is to open the enlarged part from end to end,
carefully to take out the gossamer lining of the cyst, and then to
insert some bits of lint on each side of the incision, in order to
prevent its closing too soon. In a few days, the parietes of the
cyst will begin to adhere, and a perfect cure will be accomplished
If the tumour is simply punctured, the incision will speedily
close, and the cyst will fill again in the space of four-and-twenty
hours. A seton may be used, but it is more painful to the dog,
and slower in its operation.




CANKER.                     259
The ear should be frequently fomented with a decoction of
white poppies, and to this should follow the Goulard lotion; and,
after that, if necessary, a solution of alum should be applied. To
the soreness or scabby eruption, which extends higher up the ear,
olive oil or spermaceti ointment may be applied. In some cases,
portions of the thickened skin, projecting and excoriated, and
pressing on each Qther, unite, and the opening into the ear is then
mechanically filled. I know not of any remedy for this. It is
useless to perforate the adventitious substance, for the orifice will
soon close; and, more than once, when I have made a crucial incision, and cut out the unnatural mass that closed the passage, 1
have found it impossible to keep down the fungous granulations or
to prevent total deafness.
The following is a singular case of this disease:-lst July, 1820
a dog was sent with a tulnour, evidently containing a fluid, in the
flap of the ear. A seton had been introduced, but had been sadly
neglected. The hair had become matted round the seton, and the
discharge had thus been stopped. Inflammation and considerable
pain had evidently followed, and the dog had nearly torn the seton
out. I removed it, washed the ear well, and applied the tincture
of myrrh and aloes. The wound soon healed. On the 14th the
ear began again to fill. On the 17th the tumour was ripe for the
seton, which was again introduced, and worn until the 9th of
August, when the sides of the abscess appeared again to have adhered, and it was withdrawn. Canker had continued in the ear
during the whole time; and, in defiance of a cold lotion daily applied, the ear was perceived again to be disposed to fill. The
seton was once more inserted, and the cyst apparently closed. The
seton was continued a fortnight after the sinus was obliterated,
and then removed. Six weeks afterwards the swelling had disappeared, and the canker was quite removed. This anecdote is an
encouragement to persevere under the most disheartening circumstances.
All dogs that are foolishly suffered to become gross and fat are
subject to canker. It seems to be a natural outlet for excess of
nutriment or gross humour; and, when a dog has once laboured
under the disease, he is very subject to a return of it. The fatal
power of habit is in few cases more evident than in this disease.
When a dog has symptoms of mange, the redness or eruption of
the skin, generally, will not unfrequently disappear, and bad
canker speedily follow. The habit, however, may be subdued, or
at least may be kept at bay, by physic and the use of Goulard
lotion or alum.
Sportsmen are often annoyed by another species of canker
Pointers and hounds are particularly subject to it.
This species of canker commences with a scurfy eruption and




'260            TIIE EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
thickening of the edges of the ear, apparently attended by considerable itching or pain. The dog is continually flapping his ear,
and beating it violently against his head. The inflammation is
thus increased, and the tip of the ear becomes exceedingly sore.
This causes him to shake his head still more violently, and the
ulcer spreads and is indisposed to heal, and at length a fissure or
crack appears on the tip of the cartilage, and extends to a greater
or less distance down the ear.
The narration of one or two cases may be useful, as showing
the inveteracy of the disease.
8th Feb. 1832.-A Newfoundland dog, very fat, had dreadful
canker in both ears, and considerable discharge of purulent matter. He was continually shaking his ears, lying and moaning.
Apply the canker lotion, and give the alterative balls.
13th. The discharge considerably lessened from one ear, but
that from the other has increased. Continue the lotion and apply
a seton.
22d. The dog, probably neglected at home, was sent to me.
Both ears were as bad as ever.
25th. The dog is perfectly unmanageable when the lotion is
poured into the ear, but submits when an ointment is applied. Use
ung. sambuci, 3j. cerus. acet. 3j., mix well together. Continue the
alteratives.
30th. Slowly amending; the whining has ceased, and the animal seldom scratches. Continue the lotion, alteratives, and purgatives.
10th Oct. —Slowly improving. Continue the treatment.
17th. One ear well, the other nearly so.
24th. Both ears were apparently well. Omit the lotion.
28th. One ear was again ulcerated. Applied the arugo aris.
31st. This has been too stimulating, and the ulceration is almost
as great as at first. Return to the ung. sambuci and cerusa
acetata.
From this time to the 24th February, 1833, we continued occasionally taking out the seton, but returning to it every two or three
days; applying the canker lotion until we were driven from it,
mixing with it variable quantities of tinctura opii, having recourse
to mercurial ointment, and trying a solution of the sulphate of
copper. With two or three applications we could keep the disease
at bay; but with none could we fairly remove the evil. The sulphate of zinc, the acetate of lead, decoctions of oak bark, a very
mild injection of the nitrate of silver,-all would do good at times;
but at other times we were set at complete defiance.
Another gentleman brought his dog about the same time. This
was also a Newfoundland dog. He had always been subject to
mangy eruptions, and had now mange in the feet, the inside of the




CANKER.                      261
ear covered with scaly eruptions, the skin red underneath, considerable thickening of the ear, and a slight discharge from its
base. A seton was inserted and a physic-ball given every second
day. The canker lotion had little good effect. Some calamine
ointment, with a small portion of calomel, was then had recourse
to.
In ten days the dog had ceased to scratch himself or shake his
head, and the ear was clean and cool. The seton was removed;
but the animal being confined, a little redness again appeared in
the ear, which the lotion soon removed.
At the expiration of a month he was dismissed apparently cured;
but he afterwards had a return of his old mangy complaints, which
bade defiance to every mode of treatment.
Herr Maassen, V. S., Wiirtemburg, has lately introduced, and
with much success, the use of creosote for the cure of canker in
the ear.
The first experiment was on a setter with canker in his ear.
The owner of the dog had ordered it to be hanged, as all remedies
had failed in producing a cure. Herr Maassen prescribed creosoti
3ss. et spirit. vini rectificat. 3ij. This mixture was applied once
in every day to the diseased part. In a few weeks the dog was
completely cured, and has since had no return of the complaint.
In a terrier, and also in three spaniels, the effect of this application was equally satisfactory. In some cases, where the disease
showed itself in a less degree, the creosote was dissolved in water,
instead of spirit of wine. It is always necessary to take away the
collar while the dog is under treatment, in order that the flap of
the ear may not be injured by striking against it.
Vegetating Excrescences in the Ear.  (By F. J. J. Rigot.)Productions of this kind, which he had the opportunity of observing only once, are sometimes united in masses, and completely
close the auditive canal. The surface is granulated and black,
and there escapes from it an unctuous fetid discharge. On both
sides the animal is exceedingly susceptible of pain, and the excrescences bleed if the slightest pressure is brought to bear upon
them.
He thought it right to cut away these excrescences bodily, which
he found to be composed of a strong dense tissue, permitting much
blood to escape through an innumerable quantity of vascular openings. They were reproduced with extreme promptitude after they
had been cut off or cauterized. Some of them appeared no more
after being destroyed by the nitrate of mercury.
Sometimes, however, twenty-four hours after a simple incision,
not followed by cauterization, these productions acquire an almost
incredible size. It seemed, in M. Rigot's case, to be impossible
to conquer the evil, and the patient was destroyed.
R




262            THE EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
Eruptions in the Ear.-A  Newfoundland dog had long been
subject to mangy eruptions on the back and in the feet. They
had suddenly disappeared, and the whole of the inside of the ear
became covered with scaly eruptions. The skin was red; there
was considerable thickening of the ear, and a discharge from the
base of it. The canker-lotion was used, a physic-ball given every
second day, and a seton inserted in the poll reaching from ear to
ear. No apparent benefit resulted. A little calamine ointment,
to which was added one-eighth part of mercurial ointment, was
then tried, and considerable benefit immediately experienced. The
dog no longer continued to scratch himself or to shake his head,
and the ear became clean and cool. The seton was removed, and
nothing remained but a little occasional redness, which the lotion
very soon dispersed.
The owner, however, became ultimately tired of all this doctoring, and the animal was destroyed.
A poodle had had exceedingly bad ears during several months.
There was considerable discharge, apparently giving much pain.
The dog was continually shaking his head and crying. A seton
was introduced, the canker-lotion was resorted to, and alterative
and purgative medicines exhibited. On the 29th of December
the discharge from the ear ceased; but, owing to the neglect of
the servant, it soon broke out again, and there was not only much
excoriation under the ear, but, from the matting of the hair, deep
ulcers formed on either side, the edges of the wound were ragged,
and the skin was detached from the muscular parts beneath.
Probes were introduced on each side, which passed down the neck
and nearly met. The smell was intolerably offensive, and the dog
was reduced almost to a skeleton. I was, for the second time,
sent for to see the case. I immediately recommended that the
animal should be destroyed; but this was not permitted. I then
ordered that it should daily be carefully washed, and diluted tincture of myrrh be applied to the wounds. They showed no disposition to heal, and the dog gradually sunk under the continued
discharge and died.
Violent Affection of the Ear. 20th Maay, 1828. -A spaniel
screamed violently, even when it was not touched, and held its
head permanently on one side, as if the muscles were contracted.
The glands beneath the ear were enlarged, but the bowels were
regular; the nose was not hot; there was no cough. A warm
bath was ordered, with aperient medicine.
On the 22d she was no better. I examined the case more carefully. The left ear was exceedingly hot and tender: she would
scarcely bear me to touch it. I continued the aperient medicine,
and ordered a warm lotion to be applied, consisting of the liquor
plumbi acetatis and infusion of digitalis. She improved from the




CROPPING.                    263
first application of it, and in a few days was quite well. A fortnight afterwards the pain returned. The lotion was employed,
but not with the same success. A seton was then applied. She
wore it only four days, when the pain completely disappeared.
I have an account in my records of the conduct of a coward,
who, coming from such a breed, was not worthy of the trouble we
took with him. He was a Newfoundland dog, two years old, with
considerable enlargement, redness, and some discharge from both
ears. He was sent to our hospital for treatment. When no one
was near him, he shook his head and scratched his ears, and
howled dreadfully. Many times in the course of the day he cried
as if we were murdering him. We sent him home thoroughly
well, and glad we were to get rid of him.
Cropping of the Ears.-I had some doubt, whether I ought not
to omit the mention of this cruel practice. Mr. Blaine very properly says, that "it is one that does not honour the inventor, for
nature gives nothing in vain. Beauty and utility appear in all
when properly examined, but in unequal degrees. In some, beauty
is pre-eminent; while, in others, utility appears to have been the
principal consideration. That must, therefore, be a false taste,
that has taught us to prefer a curtailed organ to a perfect one,
without gaining any convenience by the operation." He adds,
and it is my only excuse for saying one word about the matter,
that "custom being now fixed, directions are proper for its performance."
The owner of the dog commences with maiming him while a
puppy. He finds fault with the ears that nature has given him,
and they are rounded or cut into various shapes, according to his
whim or caprice. It is a cruel operation. A great deal of pain
is inflicted by it, and it is often a long time before the edge of the
wound will heal: a fortnight or three weeks at least will elapse
ere the animal is free from pain.
It has been pleaded, and I would be one of the last to oppose
the plea, that the ears of many dogs are rounded on account of
the ulcers which attack and rend the conch; because animals
with short ears defend themselves most readily from the attacks
of others; because, in their combats with each other, they generally endeavour to lay hold of the neck or the ears; and, therefore, when their ears are shortened, they have considerable advantage over their adversary. There is some truth in this plea;
but, otherwise, the operation of cropping is dependent on caprice
or fashion.
If the ears of dogs must be cropped, it should not be done too
early. Four, five, or six weeks should first pass; otherwise, they
will grow again, and the second cropping will not produce a good
appearance.




264             THE EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
The scissors are the proper instruments for accomplishing the
removal of the ear; the tearing of the cartilages out by main
force is an act of cruelty that none but a brute in human shape
would practise; and, if he attempts it, it is ten to one that he does
not obtain a good crop. If the conch is torn out, there is nothing
remaining to retain the skin round the auricular opening: it may
be torn within the auditory canal, and as that is otherwise very
extensible in the dog, it is prolonged above the opening, which
may then probably be closed by a cicatrix. The animal will in
this case always remain deaf, at least in one ear. In the mean
time, the mucous membrane that lines the meatus auditorius subsists, the secretion of the wax continues; it accumulates and acquires an irritating quality; the irritation which it causes produces
an augmentation of the secretion, and soon the whole of the subcutaneous passage becomes filled, and seems to assume the form
of a cord; and it finishes by the dog continuing to worry himself,
shaking his head, and becoming subject to fits.
Mr. Blaine very naturally observes, that, " it is not a little surprising that this cruel custom is so frequently, or almost invariably,
practised on pug-dogs, whose ears, if left alone to nature, are particularly handsome and hang very gracefully. It is hardly to be
conceived how the pug's head- which is not naturally beautiful
except in the eye of perverted taste-is improved by suffering his
ears to remain.
If the cropping is to be practised, the mother should have been
previously removed. It is quite erroneous, that her licking the
wounded edges will be serviceable. On the contrary, it only increases their pain, and deprives the young ones of the best balsam
that can be applied-the blood that flows from their wounds.
Polypi in the Ears.-Dr. Mercer, in The Veterinarian, of July,
1844, gives an interesting account of the production of polypi in
the meatus of the ear. He considers that there are two kinds of
polypi-first, the soft, vascular and bleeding polypus, usually produced from the fibro-cartilaginous structure of the outer half of
the tube; and, secondly, the hard and cartilaginous polypus or
excrescence produced from the lining membrane of its inner half.
The first is termed the hamatoid polypus, and the other the
chondromatous. The dog suffering under either generally has a
dull, heavy, and rather watery eye. He moans or whines at intervals. If hismaster is present he feels a relief in pressing and
rubbing his aching ear against him. At other times he presses
and rubs his ear against the ground, in order to obtain a slight
relief, flapping his ears and shaking his head; the mouth being
opened and the tongue protruded, and the affected ear pointing to
the ground. Then comes a sudden, and often a profuse, discharge
of fetid pus. The local discharge of pus and blood becomes




POLYPUS.                     265
daily more and more fetid, and the poor animal becomes an object
of disgust.
In the first variety of polypus, where it is practicable, the soft
and vascular excrescence should be excised with a pair of scissors
or a small knife, or it may be noosed by a ligature of silk or of
silver wire, or twisted off with a pair of forceps. Immediately
after its removal, the base of the tumour should be carefully destroyed by the nitrate of silver, and this should be repeated as
long as there is any appearance of renewed growth. Any ulcer
or carious condition of the meatus should be immediately removed.
In order to protect the diseased parts, a soft cap should be used,
and within the ear a little cotton wadding may defend the ear from
injury.
Dr. Mercer very properly remarks that, in the second or chondromatous variety of polypus of the meatus, the treatment must
depend upon the concomitant circumstances. If the tumour is
seated close to the membrana tympani, and has a broad and sessile
base, then it cannot be excised or noosed with any degree of success. It must therefore be treated by the daily application of the
solid nitrate of silver, applied exactly to its surface; and, in the
intervals of application, the use of any collyria may be had recourse
to. If the substance of the growth be firm and solid, and possess
little sensibility, then a very speedy mode of getting rid of it is to
divide its substance with a small knife; and afterwards, by applying the solid nitrate of silver, the tumour will soon be sloughed
away.
The dog is liable to polypi in the nasal cavity, in the anus, and
in the vagina, which it will not be out of place to mention here.
The polypi of the nasal and of the anal cavities often show themselves under the form of rounded bodies, projecting from the nose
or anus. Their size and consistence are variable-sometimes
soft, tearing with the greatest facility, and bleeding at the slightest
touch; at other times, solid and covered with pituitary membrane.
They are generally the result of ulcerations, wounds, fractures,
perforations of the turbinated bones, sinuses, &c. These polypous
productions obstruct the passage of the air, and more or less
impede the breathing. They are best extirpated by means of a
ligature, or circular compression, on the pedicle of the polypus,
and tightened every second day.
We may discover the presence of a tumour of this nature in one
of the nasal passages, when, on putting our hand to the orifice of
the nostril, there issues little or no air; or when we sound the
nostril with the finger or a probe, or examine it on a bright day.
The methods of destroying polypi in the nasal cavity vary with
the texture, size, form, and position of these excrescences. Exci23




266             THE EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
sion with the bistoury, or with scissors, may be tried when the
polypus is near the orifice of the nostril, and particularly when it
is not large at the base. Excision should be followed by cauterization with the red-hot iron, by which a portion of the base of the
tumour is destroyed, and which could not be reached by a sharp
instrument. To succeed in these operations, it is frequently necessary to cut through the false nostril. The edges of the wound
may afterwards be united by a suture.
The ligature, or circular compression, excised immediately on
the pedicle of the polypus, by means of a wire or waxed string,
and directed into the nasal cavity by means of a proper instrument,
may be tried when the polypus is deeply situated, and particularly
when its base is narrow. But, for this operation, which is difficult
to perform, and which may be followed by a new polypous production, when the base is not perfectly destroyed, we may substitute
the forcible detachment, especially when we have to act on vascular and soft excrescences.
The Italian greyhound is strangely subject to these polypi in
the matrix or vagina. The reason it is difficult to explain.
A bitch, ten years old, was brought to the author on the 20th
December, 1843, with an oval substance, as large as a thrush's
egg, occasionally protruding from the vagina. I advised that it
should be removed by means of a ligature; but the owner was
afraid, and a fortnight was suffered to pass before she was brought
again. The tumour had rapidly increased; it was as large as a
pigeon's egg, considerably excoriated, and the pedicle being almost
as large as the tumour itself. The operation was now consented
to. I passed a ligature as firmly round the pedicle and as high
up as I could. The bitch scarcely seemed to suffer any pain.
3d Jan.-The circulation is evidently cut off, and the tumour is
assuming a thoroughly black hue, but it appears to cause no inconvenience to the dog. I tightened the ligature. 4th. The
tumour is now completely black, considerably protruded, and apparently destitute of feeling. I again tightened the ligature. 5th.
The tumour not appearing disposed to separate, and the uterus
seeming to be drawn back by its weight, I cut off the tumour
close to the ligature. Not the slightest pain seemed to be given,
and the tumour was hard and black. There was, however, a very
little oozing of bloody fluid, which continuing to the 8th, I injected
a slight solution of alum into the vagina, and three days afterwards
the discharge was perfectly stopped.
[Although our author has given us several interesting and practical pages upon the diseases of the ear and its appendages, it
seems to us that the arrangement of the matter is rather objectionable, and not sufficiently explicit to be easily comprehended by
sportsmen, not before familiar with the subject; we therefore add




OTORRHIEA-TUMOURS OF THE FLAP.           267
a concise resume or epitome of these troublesome affections, which
we trust will be found of practical utility to the reader.
SIMPLE OTORRH^EA,
or running from the ear, produced by inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the external auditory canal, is of frequent occurrence.
The dog should be purged with salts, and the ear washed with
castile soap and tepid water. The following solution may be inintroduced several times a day:
R     Sulphate of zinc...................       i.
Water......................... 3 i.
Mix.                                        or,
R     Sugar of lead..................... i.
W ater............................   3  i.
If the discharge be fetid, the following may be applied often:
R     Chloride of lime.....................   i.
Water.......................pint.
This affection in old dogs is very troublesome, and in most cases
impossible to cure. Alum, zinc, copper, lead, and other astringent applications may be used in powder, as a local application in
these cases. A seton and blisters will also be serviceable.
TUMOURS OF THE FLAP.
A tumour, particularly in old dogs, is often seen extending from
the tip of the flap even to the base of the ear. It progresses slowly
but surely, if not interfered with in its career, and will become
eventually enormously large and very painful. These tumours are
most common in old setters, Newfoundlands, and hounds.
Treatment.-The tumour, at its commencement, may be discussed by the application of astringent washes, as warm vinegar,
water, and laudanum, or sugar of lead. When, however, it has
become more extensive, the only remedy is opening it through its
whole extent, and pressing out its purulent contents. A poultice
may then be applied, and tepid fomentations used for several days.
It is often extremely difficult to heal up the abscess, or arrest the
fetid discharge that is constantly collecting: a seton placed in the
poll, in connexion with washes of a stimulating character, will,
however, effect a cure, if patiently persevered in. Either of the
following will answer this purpose:
R     Chloride of lime.....................3 i.
W ater............................  vi.
Mix.                                        or,




26F8           THE EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
R     Sulphate of zinc..........1.......     i.
W ater..............................3   ji.
Mix.
We used on one occasion tincture of iodine with perfect success
in an old and obstinate case.
CANKER OF THE EAR.
This is a rather indefinite term, as applied to the diseased ear
of a dog; in fact, any malignant corroding sore may be called a
canker, no matter where situated. Some writers describe, under
the head of canker, a violent chronic otitis, attended by a purulent
sanguinoid discharge. Others understand by canker a species of
erysipelatous inflammation, that makes its appearance on the
inside of the flap, and extends itself to the interior of the ear.
What we understand by canker, is an acute inflammation of the
lining membrane of the ear, destroying the tympanum or drum,
and producing total deafness. The secretion is often considerable,
and if not removed, will soon fill up the cavity of the ear with a
dark reddish deposit, which greatly increases the irritation and
inflammation of the parts. Mr. Blaine states that he has seen this
disease take a very malignant character, and extend its ravages
over the face, destroying the soft parts, and even penetrating
through the bone into the interior of the head.
Causes.-This disease may be excited by any of those causes
that produce a general or local inflammatory action; exposure to
cold, the presence of malignant diseases on other portions of the
body, high living, heat, confinement, or extraneous substances
lodged in the organ itself.
Water-dogs are most subject to this affection, owing, no doubt,
to the frequent afflux of blood to these parts, while the remainder
of the body is immersed in the water. A tendency to this peculiar
inflammation may also be produced in these animals by the action
of the water upon the delicate membranes of the ear, which occasions a violent shaking of the head and beating of the flaps, which
not unfrequently bruises them considerably. Dogs that seldom or
never go into the water are not, however, by any means exempt
from the disease; as we have often seen it developed in terriers,
mastiffs, and every species of mongrel.
Treatment.-When the disease appears in its acute form, and
without any apparent cause beyond luxurious living and confinement, bleeding, purging, low diet, and regular exercise, together
with tepid and soothing washes, will generally relieve the inflammatory action of the parts. The ear should be carefully and tenderly washed out with castile soap, and a small quantity of the
following solution poured into it two or three times daily, and the




CANKER OF THE EAR.                 269
ear worked about gently in the hand to secure the percolation of
the fluid through its structure.
R     Goulard's extract.............   3 sj.
Water...................... 1 pint.
Mix.                                        or,
R     Sugar of lead........................   i.
Water..................3 i.
Mix.                                        or,
R     Powdered  alum........................9 i.
W ater..............................3  i.
Mix.
The above mixtures should be warmed before using, otherwise
the dog may resist their introduction.
When the disease from bad treatment or neglect has subsided
into the chronic form, and ulceration and suppuration have conmmenced, it will be necessary to pursue a somewhat different treatment, and remain more patient, awaiting the result.
At this time the auditory passage is filled with a dark purulent
secretion, which forms a thick and irritating crust.
This deposit should first be removed by washing with castile
soap and tepid water, and the daily application of a hop poultice.
If there be much inflammatory action of the parts, the dog may be
bled. and alterative or purgative balls administered. The following wash must be used two or three times daily.
R     Sugar of lead............... 9 i.
Laudanum.................. gtt.-20 (drops.)
Water...............    3 i.
Mix.
As the discharge is usually very offensive, the following solution
will correct its fetor, and should be injected or poured in the ear
every morning and evening.
R     Chloride of lime................. 3 i.
W ater.............................  3 vi.
Mix.
If granulations have sprung up, touch them with a camel's hair
Drush, dipped in the following mixture:
R     Sulphate of copper.........          i.
Water..................      i.
Mix.
If, however, the excrescences continue to sprout from the cartilage, and the discharge continues unabated and offensive, they
23*




270             THE EAR AND ITS DISEASES.
may be excised and the parts brushed over with nitrate of silver
in substance. After this operation the flap often becomes extremely tender and much swollen; poultices of poppy-heads or
hops will often afford much relief.
Setons are of much value in the treatment of obstinate cases,
and should be placed in the poll, and kept open till a cure is
effected, or the case abandoned.
All greasy applications to the parts should be discarded; the
only one we consider allowable would be a very nice preparation
of fresh butter, alum, and laudanum, smeared over the surface of
the ulcers when very indolent and painful.
The following wash will be found very soothing in the same
case:
1B    Opium.................. gtt. 20.
Gum arabic................... iss.Lime water................... 3 iv.
If the disease has progressed far enough to destroy a considerable portion of the cartilages, and perforate the tympanum, more
care is necessary in using the above washes, as the fluid will enter
the internal ear through this opening, and cause much uneasiness
to the animal, if not fatal consequences.
WOUNDS OF THE EAR.
Wounds of the flap are often occasioned by the tearing of poisonous briars, while hunting in close cover, or in conflicts with
other dogs.
The former will generally heal up without much trouble, but
the latter, when extensive, sometimes two or three inches in length,
require uniting by one or more sutures, to prevent deformity.
WARTS.
When these little excrescences appear on the external or internal portions of the flap, they may be taken off with the knife, and
caustic applied to the wound, to induce them to heal, and keep
down further granulations.
CANKER OF THE EDGE OF THE FLAP.
When a corroding sore of this nature attacks the edges of the
ear, and refuses to yield to the application of a few stimulating
washes, such as sulphate of copper, alum, borax, nitrate of silver,
&c., the diseased edges may be paired off, and the actual cautery
applied to the parts. This will frequently arrest its further progress.




THE ETHMOID BONES.                271
POLYPUS OF THE EAR.
Polypi often spring up from the interior of the ear; they may
be cut off with the scissors, or by the application of a fine wire,
or horse-hair ligature. The wound should be touched with caustic, tincture of iodine, or the actual cautery.
DISEASES OF THE EAR-MANGY EDGES.
This affection generally accompanies the same disease in other
portions of the body, but may occasionally make its appearance
independent of this cause. The edges of the flap become rough,
thickened, and furrowed, the itching intolerable; and the dog perpetually shaking and scratching the head, occasions a constant
oozing of blood from the wound. Smooth-haired dogs are most
subject to this disease, such as pointers, hounds, and terriers.
Treatment.-Slightly stimulating washes, such as castile soap,
alnm-water, or infusion of oak-bark, will, in the majority of cases,
induce these sores to heal up. If these do not answer, it will be
necessary to use the mange ointment, keeping the animal hobbled
to prevent him from scratching. Old inveterate cases are best
cured by trimming off the affected parts.-L.]
CHAPTER X.
ANATOMY OF THE NOSE AND MOUTH; AND DISEASES OF THE NOSE
AND OTHER PARTS OF THE FACE. —THE SENSE OF SMELL; THE
TONGUE; THE LIPS; THE TEETH; THE LARYNX; BRONCHOCELE;
PHLEGMONOUS TUMOUR.
The Ethmoid Bones.-There is some difficulty in describing
the ethmoid bones; but we shall not, however, deviate far from
the truth if we give the following account:
A great number of small hollow pedicles proceed from and form
around the cribriform plate; as they move downwards, they project into distinct vesicles or cavities, smaller and more numerous
behind, fewer in number and larger in front; and each of them
not a simple cavity, but more or less convoluted, while the long
walls of those cells are of gossamer thinness, and as porous as
gauze. They even communicate, and are lined, and externally
wrapped together, by the same membrane; the whole assuming a
pear-like form, attached by its base or greater extremity, and decreasing in size as it proceeds downwards; the cells becoming




272                THE ETHMOID BONES.
fewer, and terminating at length in a kind of apex, which passes
under the superior turbinated bone, and forms a valve between the
nasal cavity and the maxillary sinuses. If to this is added, that
the olfactory or first pair of nerves abut on these cribriform plates,
and pass through their minute openings, and spread themselves
over every one of these cells, we have a tolerably correct picture
of this portion of the ethmoid bones. This nerve has different
degrees of development in different animals, in proportion to their
acuteness of smell. There is comparatively but little necessity for
acuteness in the horse. The ox has occasion for somewhat more,
especially in the early part of the spring, when the plants are
young, and have not acquired their peculiar scent. In the sheep
it is larger, and fills the superior portion of the nasal cavity; but
in the dog it seems to occupy that cavity almost to the exclusion
of the turbinated bones. It is also much more fragile in the dog
than in the ox, and the plates have a considerably thinner structure.
The ethmoid bone of the horse or the ox may be removed from
its situation with little injury; but that of the dog can scarcely be
meddled with without fracture. Below it are the two turbinated
bones; but they are reduced to insignificance by the bulk of the
ethmoid bone. The inferior turbinated bone in the dog is very
small, but it is curiously complicated.
The meatus contains three distinct channels; and the air, loitering, as it were, in it, and being longer in contact with the sensitive membrane by which it is lined, contributes to the acuter sense
of smell. The larger cavity is along the floor of the nasal duct.
It is the proper air-passage; and because it has this important
function to discharge, it is out of the way of violence or injury.
The lachrymal duct is the channel through which the superfluous tears are conveyed to the lower parts of the nostril. A
long canal here commences, and runs down and along the maxillary bone. I.t is very small, and terminates in the cuticle, in order
that the highly sensitive membrane of the nose may not be excoriated by the tears occasionally rendered acrimonious in inflammation of the eye. The oval termination of this duct is easily brought
into view by lifting the nostril.
From some occasional acrimony of the tears, the lining of this
duct may be inflamed and thickened, or some foreign body, or
some unctuous matter from the ciliary glands, may insinuate itself
into the duct, and the fluid accumulates in the sac and distends
it, and it bursts; or the ulcer eats through the integument, and
there is a small fistulous opening beneath the inner canthus of the
eye, or there is a constant discharge from it. It is this constant
discharge that prevents the wound from healing. In some cases
the lachrymal bone is involved in the ulcerative process and becomes carious. In the dog, and particularly in the smaller spaniel,




THE NASAL BONES.                  273
the watery eye,fistula lacrymalis, is of no unusual occurrence.
The fistula will be recognised by a constant, although perhaps
slight, discharge of pus.
The structure and office of the velum palati, or veil of the
palate, is in the horse a perfect interposed section between the
cavity of the mouth and the nose, and cutting off all communication between them. In the dog, who breathes almost entirely
through the mouth, the velum palati is smaller; the tensor muscle,
so beautifully described by Mr. Percivall, is weak, but the circumflex one is stronger and more developed. When coryza in the
dog runs on to catarrh, and the membrane of the pharynx partakes of the inflammation, the velum palati becomes inflamed and
thickened, but will not act as a perfect communication between
the mouth and the nose. When there is a defluxion from the nose,
tinged by the colour of the food, and particles of food mingle with
it, we have one of the worst symptoms that can -present itself, because it proves.the extent and.violence of the inflammation.
In inflammatory affections of the membrane of the nose in the
dog, we often observe him snorting in a very peculiar way, with
his head protruding, and the inspiration as forcible as the expiration. An emetic will usually afford relief, or grain doses of the
sulphate of copper.
The Nasal Bones.-The nasal bones of the dog (see fig. 2, in
the head of the dog, page 181) are very small, as they are in all
carnivorous animals. Instead of constituting the roof, and part
of the outer wall of the cavity, as in other animals, the nasal bones
form only a portion, and a small one, of the roof.
The superior maxillaries here swell into importance, and constitute the whole of the outer wall, and, sometimes, a part of the
roof. The jaws are the weapons of offence and defence; and as
much space as possible is devoted to the insertion of those muscles that will enable the animal to seize and to hold his prey. One
of the most powerful of them, the masseter, rises from the superior
maxillary bone, and spreads over its whole extent: therefore, that
bone is developed, while the nasal bone is compressed into a very
small space. The substitution of a portion of cartilage, instead
of bone, at the posterior part of the orbital ring, in order to give
more play for the coracoid process of the posterior maxillary,
round which the temporal bone is wrapped, is a contrivance of the
same, nature.
The scent of the dog is not sacrificed or impaired by the apparent diminution of the nasals; for the cavity enlarges considerably
upward, and is occupied chiefly by the ethmoid bone, which, having
the greater portion of nervous pulp spread on it, seems to have
most to do with the sense of smell.
The nasal bones of.the dog are essentially different from those




274                  THE NASAL BONES.
of the horse, cattle, and sheep. They commence, indeed, as high
up in the face as those of the horse, their superior extremities
being opposite to the lachrymal gland; but that commencement is
an apex or point varying materially in different breeds. They
form, altogether, one sharp projection, and are received within
lengthened processes of the frontal bone on either side. In some
breeds these processes extend nearly one-third of the length of the
nasals.
The superior maxillary (3.3.) takes the situation of the nasal
(2.), pushes the lachrymal bone (4.) out of its place, and almost
annihilates it, reaches the frontal bone (7.) and expands upon it,
and forms with it the same denticulated suture which is to be seen
in the nasal. The action of the muscle between these bones, and
for the development of which all this sacrifice is made, is exceedingly powerful. The strength of this muscle in a large dog is
almost incredible: the sutures between these bones must possess
corresponding strength; and so strong is the union between them,
that, in many old dogs, the suture between the superior maxillary
and frontal bones is nearly obliterated, and that between the nasal
and frontal maxillary quite effaced.
As the nasal bones proceed' downward they become somewhat
wider. They unite with a long process of the anterior maxillary
for the purpose of strength, and then terminate in a singular way.
They have their apexes or points on the outer edge of the bone;
and these apexes or points are so contrived, that, lying upon, and
seemingly losing themselves, on the processes of the anterior maxillary, they complete, superiorly and posteriorly, that elliptical bony
opening into the nose which was commenced by the maxillary anteriorly and inferiorly. The nasal cavity of the dog, therefore,
and of all carnivorous animals, terminates by a somewhat circular
opening, more or less in the form of an ellipse. This bony aperture varies in size in different dogs, and, as we should expect-from
what we have seen of the adaptation of structure to the situation
and wants of the animal, it is largest in those on whom we are
most dependent for speed and stoutness.
The olfactory, or first pair of nerves, have a double origin,
namely, from the corpus striatum and the base of the corpus callosum. They are prolongations of the medullary substance of the
central portion of the brain. They are the largest of the cerebral
nerves. Their course is exceedingly short; and they have not a
single anastomosis, in order that the impression made on them may
beg conveyed undisturbed and perfect to the brain.
The olfactory nerve is a prolongation of the substance of the
brain, and it abuts upon the cribriform bone, of which mention has
been made. I will not speak of the singular cavities which it
contains, nor of their function; this belongs to the sensorial sys



THE NASAL BONES.                  275
tem: but its pulpy matter has already been traced to the base of
the ethmoid bone, and the under part of the septum, and the superior turbinated bone. Although we soon lose it in the mucous
membrane of the nose, there is little doubt that in a more filmy
form it is spread over the whole of the cavity, and probably over all
the sinuses of the face and head. It is, however, so mingled with
the mucous membrane, that no power of the lens has enabled us
to follow it so far. It is like the portio mollis of the seventh pair,
eluding the eye, but existing in sufficient substance for the performance of its important functions.
We have frequent cases of ozcena in old dogs, and sometimes in
those that are younger. The discharge from the nostril is abundant
and constant, and sometimes fetid. The Schneiderian membrane, of
more than usual sensibility in this animal, is exposed to many causes
of irritation, and debilitated and worn out before its time. Pugs are
particularly subject to ozwena. I scarcely ever knew a very old
pug that had it not to a greater or less degree. The peculiar depression between the nasal and frontal bones in this breed of dogs,
while it almost totally obliterates the frontal sinuses, may narrow
the air-passage at that spot, and cause greater irritation there from
the unusual rush of the air, and especially if the membrane becomes inflamed or any foreign body insinuates itself.
Little can be done in these cases, except to encourage cleanliness about the face and nostrils. It is, in the majority of these
cases, a disease of old age, and must take its course.
A terrier uttered a continual loud stertorous sound in breathing,
which could be plainly heard in our parlour when the dog was in
the hospital. The animal was evidently much oppressed and in
considerable pain. He made continual, and generally ineffectual,
efforts to sneeze. When he did succeed, a very small quantity of
pus-like fluid was discharged; the dog was then considerably relieved, but a quarter of an hour afterwards he was as bad as ever.
I ordered a slight emetic every third day. There was some relief
for seven or eight hours, and then he was as bad as ever. I could
neither feel nor see any cause of obstruction. The owner became
tired, and the dog was taken away; but we could not learn what
became of it.
Another terrier was occasionally brought for consultation. The
dog breathed with considerable difficulty, and occasionally snorted
with the greatest violence, and bloody purulent matter was discharged; after which he was somewhat relieved; but, in the course
of a few days, the obstruction was as great as ever. I am not
aware of a single instance of this affection of the pug being completely removed. The discharge from the nostrils of the bull-dog
is often considerable, and, once being thoroughly established, is
almost as obstinate as in the pug.




276                       OZ.ENA.
[OZEANA.
Ozaena, or fetid discharge from the nose, is, perhaps, the most
troublesome and frequent affection that this organ is subject to;
it is attended, at first, with slight fever, swelling of the parts, and
a fetid discharge from the nostrils, which, if not corrected in the
early stage of the disease, subsides into a chronic purulent secretion, that not only weakens the dog, but renders him peculiarly
offensive. Caries and destruction of the bones of the nose will
ultimately take place.
Causes. - Inflammation of the lining membrane of the nose,
either idiopathic, or arising from distemper, or other morbid disturbance of the system. It may also be a symptom, or the produce, of polypi in this organ.
Treatment. -In commencing the treatment of this disease, it
will be necessary first to prescribe some alterative medicines, as
balls of aloes and rhubarb, and protect the animal from all severe
atmospherical vicissitudes. This precaution, in connexion with
mild astringent injections into the seat of the disorder, will generally effect a cure.
Injections for Ozana.
No. 1.
R     Sulphate of Zinc................... grs. v to x.
Water....................3 i.
Mix.
No. 2.
R     Alum...................     9 ii.
Water...............................3 i.
Mix.
No. 3.
R     Chloride of Soda.................. grs. v. to x.
Water.............3 i.
Mix.
No. 4.
R     Teneriffe, Madeira or Sherry wine.... 3 i.
Extract of Tannin..............     grs. iv.
Mix.
Any of the above injections will answer a good purpose. No. 3
is particularly useful to correct the fetidness of the discharge.
When the disease is an old chronic affection, it should not be arrested too suddenly by astringent injections; in such cases it will
be better to insert a seton in the poll, and thus keep up a drain
from the system after the suppression of the other.-L.]




THE SENSE OF SMELL.                277
THE SENSE OF SMELL.
In the dog we trace the triumph of olfactory power. How indistinct must be that scent which is communicated to, and lingers
on, the ground by the momentary contact of the foot of the hare,
the fox, or the deer; yet the hound, of various breeds, recognises
it for hours, and some sportsmen have said for more than a day.
He also can not only distinguish the scent of one species of animal from another, but that of different animals of the same species.
The fox-hound, well broken-in, will rarely challenge at the scent
of the hare, nor will he be imposed upon when the crafty animal
that he pursues has taken refuge in the earth, and thrusts out a
new victim before the pack.
The sense of smelling is, to a certain degree, acute in all dogs.
It is a provision wisely and kindly made, in order to guide them to
their proper food, or to fit them for our service. It may possibly
be the medium through which much evil is communicated. Certain
particles of a deleterious nature may be, and doubtless are, arrested
by the mucous membrane of the nose, and there absorbed, and the
constitution, to a considerable degree, becomes affected. Hence
appears the necessity for attention to ventilation, and especially to
prevent the membrane of the nose from being habitually stimulated
and debilitated by the effluvia generated in a close and hot kennel.
M. Majendie instituted some curious experiments on the sense
of smelling, and he was led to believe that it depended more on
the fifth pair of nerves than on the olfactory nerve. He divided
the fifth pair, and from that moment no odour, no puncture, produced the slightest apparent impression on the membrane of the
nose. In another dog he destroyed the two olfactory nerves, and
placed some strong odours beneath the nostrils of the animal.
The dog conducted himself as he would have done in his ordinary
state. Hence he concluded it probable that the olfactory nerve
was not that of smelling.
The simple fact, however, is, that there are two species of nerves
here concerned-those of common and of peculiar sensation. The
olfactory nerve is the nerve of smelling, the fifth pair is that of
common sensation. They are to a certain degree necessary to
each other.
Scent.-This leads us to the consideration of the term "scent."
It expresses the odour or effluvium which is constantly issuing from
every animal, and especially when that animal is in more than
usual exercise. In a state of heat or excitement, the pores of the
skin appear relaxed, and a fluid or aqueous vapour is secreted,
which escapes in small or large quantities, adheres to the persons
or substances on which it falls, and is, particularly, received on
the olfactory organs. The hound, at almost the earliest period,
24                     s




278               THE SENSE OF SMELL.
begins to comprehend the work which he has to perform. The
peculiar scent which his nostrils imbibe urges him eagerly to pursue; but the moment he ceases to be conscious of the presence
of the effluvium, he is at a perfect loss.
Mr. Daniel, in his work on the Chase, very properly observes,
that " the scent most favourable to the hound is when the effluviumn,
constantly perspired from the game as it runs, is kept by the gravity
of the air at the height of his breast. It is then neither above his
reach nor does he need to stoop for it. This is what is meant when
the scent is said to be breast-high."
When the leaves begin to fall, the scent does not lie well in the
cover. It frequently alters materially in the same day. This depends principally on the condition of the ground and the temperature of the air, which should be moist but not wet. When the
ground is hard and the air dry, there will seldom be much scent.
The scent rarely lies with a north or east wind. A southerly wind
without rain is the best. Sudden storms are sure to destroy the
scent. A fine sunshiny day is not good; but a warm day without
sun is always a good one. If, as the morning advances, the drops
begin to hang on the bushes, the scent will not lie. During a
white frost the scent lies high, and also when the frost is quite
gone; but at the time of its going off the scent never lies. In a
hard rain, if the air is mild, the scent will sometimes be very good.
A wet night often produces the best chases. In heathy countries,
where the game brushes the grass or the boughs as it goes along,
the scent seldom fails. It lies best on the richest soils; but the
countries that are favourable to horses are not always so to hounds.
The morning usually affords the best scent, and the game is then
least able to escape. The want of rest, added perhaps to a full
belly, gives the hounds a decided superiority over an early-found
fox; and the condition of the ground and the temperature of the
air are circumstances of much importance.
Such are the results of the best observations on scent; but,
after all, we have much to learn concerning it. Many a day that
predicated to be a good one for scent has turned out a very bad
one, and vice versa. An old or experienced sportsman, knowing
this, will never presume to make sure of his scent.
We shall be forgiven if we pursue this subject a little at length.
There is not only a constant appropriation of new matter to repair the losses that animals are continually sustaining, but there is
a constant elaboration of gaseous or fluid matter maintaining the
balance of the different systems, and essential to the continuance
of life. This effluvium, as the animal moves from place to place,
is attracted and detained for a while by the substances with which
it comes into contact, or it remains floating in the atmosphere




THE SENSE OF SMELL.                279
fhere is a peculiar smell or scent belonging to each individual,
either generally or under peculiar circumstances.
Thle sportsman takes advantage of this; and, as most species of
dogs possess great acuteness of olfactory power, they can distinguish, or are readily taught to distinguish, not only the scent of
the hare from that of the fox, but that of the hare or fox which
they are pursuing from that of half a dozen others that may be
started during the chase.
The dogs that are selected for this purpose are those the conformation of whose face and head gives ample room for the development of the olfactory apparatus, and these are the different
species of hounds; but a systematic education, and too often a
great deal of unnecessary cruelty, is resorted to, in order to make
them perfect in their work. The distinction between the scent
of the fox and that of the hare is soon learned by the respective
packs; and, when it is considered that the hunted hare is perspiring at every pore, and her strength being almost exhausted, she is
straining every limb to escape from her pursuers, the increasing
quantity of vapour which exudes from her will prevent every other
newly started animal from being mistaken for her.
It has been well observed that when the atmosphere is loaded
with moisture, and rain is at hand, the gas is speedily dissolved
and mingles with the surrounding air. A storm dissipates it at
once, while the cessation of the rain is preceded by the return
and increased power of scent. A cold, dry easterly wind condenses and absorbs it, and this is even more speedily and irretrievably done by superabundant moisture. On fallows and beaten
roads the scent rarely lies well, for there is nothing to detain it,
and it is swept away in a moment; while over a luxuriant pasture, or
by the hedge-row, or on the coppice, it lingers, clinging to the grass
or the bushes. In a sunshiny day the scent is seldom strong; for
too much of it is evaporated by the heat. The most favourable
period is a soft southerly wind without rain, the scent being of the
same temperature and gravity with the atmosphere. Although it
spreads over the level, it rises not far above the ground, and, being
breast high, enables the hound, keeping his muzzle in the midst
of it, to run at his greatest speed. The different manners or attitudes in which the dog runs afford pleasing and satisfactory illustrations of the nature of the scent. Sometimes they will be seen
galloping with their noses in the air, as if their game had flown
away, and, an hour or two afterwards, every one of them will have
his muzzle on the ground. The specific gravity of the atmosphere
has changed, and the scent has risen ot fallen in proportion.
A westerly wind stands next to a southerly one, for a hunting
morning. This is all simple enough, and needs not the mystification with which it has been surrounded. A valuable account of




280                    THE TONGUE.
this may be found in Johnson's Shooting Companion, a work that
is justly and highly approved.
Mr. Delm6 Radcliffe has also, in his splendid work on "the
noble science," some interesting remarks on the scent of hounds.
He says that there is an idiosyncracy, a peculiarity, in their several
dispositions. Some young hounds seem to enter on their work
instinctively. From their first to their last appearance in the field
they do no wrong. Others, equally good, will take no notice of
anything; they will not stoop to any scent during the first season,
and are still slack at entering even at the second; but are ultimately distinguished at the head of the pack; and such usually
last some seasons longer than the more precocious of the same
litter.
THE TONGUE.
The manner of drinking is different in the different animals.
The horse, the ox, and the sheep do not plunge their muzzles into
the water, but bring their lips into contact with it and sip it
gradually. The dog, whose tongue is longer, plunges it a little
way into the fluid, and, curving its tip and its edges, laps, in the
language of Johnson, with a " quick reciprocation of the tongue."
The horse sucks the water that is placed before him, the dog laps
it; and both of them are subject to inflammation of the tongue,
to enlargement of that organ, and to a considerable or constant
flow of saliva over it.
Extending from the base to the tip of the tongue there is on
either side a succession of tendons, which help to retain the tongue
in the mouth, and to curve the edge of it, so as to convey the food
or the water to the posterior part of the mouth. These all spring
from one central cord, and ramify over the membrane of the tongue.
On opening the mouth, and keeping it open by means of two pieces
of tape, one behind the upper canine teeth, and the other behind
the lower ones, and drawing the tongue from the mouth and exposing its under surface, a cuticular fold or ridge will present
itself, occupying a middle line from the base of the tongue to its
very point. If this is opened with a lancet, a minute fibrous cord
will be exposed through its whole extent. It is the cord which
governs the motions of the tongue.
This cord is, sometimes, foolishly and uselessly detached from
its adhesions, so far as we can effect it, and drawn forward with a
tenaculum and divided. There is one abominable course pursued
in effecting this. The violence used in stripping down the tendon
is so great, and the lacerated fibrous substance is put so much on
the stress, and its natural elasticity is so considerable, that it recoils and assumes the appearance of a dying worm, and the dog
is said to have been wormed. For the sake of humanity, as well




BLAIN.                      281
as to avoid the charge of ignorance, it is to be hoped that this
practice will speedily cease.
The Blain.-The blain is a vesicular enlargement on the lateral
and under part of the tongue in horses, oxen, and dogs, which,
although not of unfrequent occurrence, or peculiarly fatal result,
has not been sufficiently noticed by veterinary authors. In the
horse and the dog it is often unaccompanied by any previous indisposition, or by other disease; but suddenly there is a copious
discharge of saliva, at first limpid and without smell, but soon
becoming purulent, bloody, and exceedingly fetid. On examination, the tongue is found apparently enlarged. It is elevated
from its base between the maxillary bones, and on the side and
towards the base of it are seen large vesicles, pellucid, red, livid,
or purple; and, if the discharge is fetid, having near their bases
ulcers, irregular, unhealthy, and gangrenous.
In the horse and the dog the progress of the disease is slow,
and seldom extends beyond the sides of the tongue. The vesicles
are not of such magnitude as to interfere with respiration, and the
ulcers are neither many nor foul.
In cattle it is sadly different. The vesicles attain an enormous
size. They quickly break and form deep ulcerations, which are
immediately succeeded by other vesicles still larger. The whole
membrane of the mouth becomes affected; the inflammation and
swelling extend to the cellular substance of the neighbouring
parts, and the head and neck are considerably, and sometimes
enormously, enlarged; the respiratory passages are obstructed;
the animal breathes with the greatest difficulty, and is, in some
cases, literally suffocated.
The primary seat of blain, is the cellular substance beneath the
integument of the part. As the sublingual glands stretch along
the under part of the tongue, and their ducts open on the side of
the franum, it is possible that this disease may proceed from, or
be connected with, obstruction or inflammation of these ducts.
Dissection, however, has not proved this; and the seat of the disease, when the swellings are first discovered, is chiefly the cellular
tissue between the integument and the lateral parts of the tongue,
and also that between the membrane of the mouth and the sublingual glands.
Post-mortcm examination shows intense disease: the small intestines are highly inflamed with red and black patches, which are
also found in the ccecum, colon, and rectum.
The blain is more frequent in spring and summer than at other
seasons of the year. These are the times when the animal is
debilitated by the process of moulting, and is then more than
usually disposed to inflammatory complaints. It is usually an
epidemic disease. Many cases of it occur about the same time
24 *




282           INFLAMMATION OF THE TONGUE.
in certain districts, and over a great extent of country. When it
appears in towns, the country is rarely exempt from it. I am not
prepared to say that it is contagious either in the horse or the
dog. I have not seen any instance of it. At all eients, it is not
so virulent in these animals as it is in cattle.
The vesicles should be freely lanced from end to end. There
will not, perhaps, be much immediate discharge; for the vesicle
will be distended by a substance imperfectly organised, or of such
a glassy or inspissated nature as not readily to escape. It will,
however, soon disappear; and in four-and-twenty hours, in the
majority of cases, the only vestige of the disease will be an incision, not, perhaps, looking very healthy, but that will soon become so and heal. If there have been any previous ulcerations,
or the slightest fetor, the mouth should be frequently washed with
a diluted solution of the chloride of lime; one part of the saturated
solution, and eleven of water. This will act as a powerfil and
useful stimulus to the foul and indolent ulcer. When all unpleasant smell is removed, the mouth should be bathed with a
lotion composed of equal parts of tincture of myrrh and water, or
half an ounce of alum dissolved in a quart of water, and two
ounces of the tincture of catechu added to the solution. I do
not recollect a case in the horse or dog, in which these medicines
were not employed with advantage. In cattle, before there has
been fetor attending the discharge, or the constitution has been
materially affected, these simple means will perfectly succeed.
If the practitioner is consulted somewhat too late, when the
constitution has become affected, and typhoid fever has ensued,
he should still lance the tumours, and apply the chloride of lime
and the tincture of myrrh, and give a gentle aperient. He should
endeavour to rouse and support the system by tonic medicines, as
gentian and colomba with ginger, adding to two drachms of the
first two, and one drachm of the last, half an ounce of nitre; but
he should place most dependence on nourishing food. Until the
mouth is tolerably sound, it is probable that the animal will not be
induced to eat; but it will occasionally sip a little fluid, and, therefore, gruel should be always within its reach. More should
occasionally be given, as thick as it will flow, with a spoon or
small horn.
[Inflammation of the Tongue.-Glossitis or inflammation of the
tongue is not an unfrequent disease, but is occasionally met with
in its simple form or in connexion with inflammatory affections of
the throat. Under all and any circumstances this affection must
be considered a dangerous malady, as it not unfrequently proves
fatal in the course of a few hours from suffocation, occasioned by
the swelling of the organ itself and other portions of the throat.
The disease comes on suddenly with fever, heat, swelling and




THE LIPS.                    283
redness of the tongue. The tongue protrudes from the mouth
and exhibits a dry, hot, inflammatory appearance, the respiration
is hurried, and the animal expresses great uneasiness, and constant desire to lap water, which he can with difficulty accomplish.
If not arrested, the inflammation may terminate in suppuration,
by which process the swelling is relieved, and a cure often effected.
Causes.-Independent of the natural agents before. referred to
in the production of inflammatory affections, there are some few
causes to which we can especially attribute this disease. Direct
injuries done to the member itself, either by wounds or stings of
insects, the taking of poisonous or irritating substances into the
mouth, want of water while hunting in hot weather, &c.
Several years ago we witnessed the death of a very valuable
pointer, suffering from this disease produced by poison maliciously
administered. He was affected so suddenly and violently with inflammation of the throat and tongue that his owner, Mr. F —-,
was lead to believe that a bone had lodged in the throat, which
was the occasion of all the trouble. After proper examination
and considerable delay, he was forced to abandon this erroneous
idea, but not in time to save the poor animal, who soon died from
strangulation or congestion of the lungs. This valuable dog might
have been saved if promptly and energetically treated.
The stings of wasps or bees may also produce this affection.
Treatment. -Nothing can be done with this malady without
the use of the lancet, by which six or eight ounces of blood
should be drawn at the commencement of the disease. If the
tongue is much swollen and very tender, longitudinal incisions
should be made in it, extending as far back as possible, and
their bleeding assisted by sponging the mouth out with tepid
water. Astringent applications may then be used as washes, such
as alum water, strong vinegar, infusions of oak bark or solutions
of nitrate of silver, four or six grains to the ounce, to be applied
once or twice a day. A large blister may also be placed under
the throat, and when the inflammation is sufficiently reduced to
allow the introduction of articles into the stomach, a powerful
purge of aloes should be given. Nothing, however, can be done
without copious bleeding.-L.]
THE LIPS
of the dog discharge, with somewhat less, efficiency, the same
office as in the horse, cattle, and sheep; and are usefully employed in gathering together the food, and conveying it to the
mouth. The lips also secrete the saliva, a fluid that is indispensably necessary for the proper comminution of the food.
Swellings on the inside of the cheek or upper lip, and exterding nearly to the angle of the lip, are of frequent occurrence. A




*284                   THE TEETH.
superficial sore spreads over it, slightly covered by a yellowish,
mattery pellicle; and on the teeth, and extending down the gums,
there is a deposition of hardened tartarous matter, which is scaled
off with a greater or less degree of difficulty. It must be removed, or the sore will rapidly spread over the cheek. A lotion
of equal parts of tincture of myrrh and water, with a few drops
of the tincture of cantharides, will be usually sufficient to cause
the swelling to subside, and the pellicle to be detached. The lip,
however, will generally remain slightly thickened. A little soreness will sometimes return, but be easily reduced.
THE TEETH
next claim attention.
According to the dentition of the dog by M. Girard and Linnaeus, the following is the acknowledged formula:6          1-1         6-6
Incisors,-; Canines,-; Molars, -,-42.
6          1 —1        7-7
The following cuts exhibit the front teeth of the dog in various
stages of growth and decay:
Fig. 1.                      Fig. 2.
K ~~Fig)-. 3.         F~~~~~~ig.4
Fig. 3.                     Fig. 4.
5~~ ii ~




THE TEETH.                    285
Fig. 5.                         Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
The full-grown dog has usually 20 teeth in the upper, and 22
in the lower jaw, with two small supernumerary molars. All of
them, with the exception of the tushes, are provided with a bony
neck covered by the gums, and separating the body of the tooth
from the root. The projecting portion of the teeth is more or less
pointed, and disposed so as to tear and crush the food on which
the dog lives. They are of a moderate size when compared with
those of other animals, and are subject to little loss of substance
compared with the teeth of the horse. In most of them, however,
there is some alteration of form and substance, both in the incisors
and the tushes; but this depends so much on the kind of food on
which the animal lives, and the consequent use of the teeth, that
the indication of the age, by the altered appearance of the mouth,
is not to be depended upon after the animal is four or five years
old. The incisor teeth are six in number in each jaw, and are




286                    THE TEETH.
placed opposite to each other. In the lower jaw, the pincers, or
central teeth, are the largest and the strongest; the middle teeth
are somewhat less; and the corner teeth the smallest and the
weakest. In the upper jaw, however, the corner teeth are much
larger than the middle ones; they are farther apart from their
neighbours, and they terminate in a conical point curved somewhat inwards and backwards.
As long as the teeth of the full-grown dog are whole, and not
injured by use, they have a healthy appearance, and their colour
is beautifully white. The surface of the incisors presents, as in
the ruminants, an interior and cutting edge, and a hollow or depression within. This edge or border is divided into three lobes,
the largest and most projecting forming the summit or point of the
tooth. The two lateral lobes have the appearance of notches cut
on either side of the principal lobe; and the union of the three
resembles the ficur de lis, which, however, is in the process of
time effaced by the wearing out of the teeth. (Figs. 3 and 4.)
While the incisor teeth are young, they are flattened on their
sides, and bent somewhat backwards, and there is a decided cavity,
in which a pulpy substance is enclosed. This, however, is gradually contracted as the age of the dog increases.
M. F. Cuvier speaks of certain supernumerary teeth occasionally
developed in each of the jaws. There is much irregularity accompanying them; and they have even been supposed to have extended
to seven or eight in number.
The Indications of Age.-The dog displays natural indications
of age. The hair turns gray to a certain extent as in the human
being. This commences about the eyes, and extends over the
face, and weakens the sight; and, at ten years old, or earlier, in
the majority of dogs, this can scarcely be mistaken. At fifteen or
sixteen years the animal is becoming a nuisance, yet he has been
known to linger on until he has reached his two-and-twentieth
year.
Among the diseases from which the dog suffers, there are few
of more frequent occurrence than decayed teeth, especially in
towns, or in the habitations of the higher classes of society: the
carious teeth, in almost every case, becoming insufferably fetid, or
so loose as to prevent mastication; or an immense accumulation
of tartar growing round them.
The course which the veterinary surgeon pursues is an exceedingly simple one. If any of the teeth are considerably loose,
they must be removed. If there is any deposit of tartaric acid, it
must be got rid of by means of the proper instruments, not very
different from those which the human surgeon employs. The
teeth must be perfectly cleaned, and every loose one taken away.
Without this the dog will be an almost insufferable nuisance.




THE TEETH-THE LARYNX.               287
The decayed and loose teeth being removed, chlorinated lime
diluted with 15 or 20 times its bulk of water should be applied to
the gums. By the use of this the ulcers will quickly heal; the
fetor will be removed, and the deposition of the tartar prevented.
Mr. Blaine first introduced the chlorinated lime for the accomplishment of these purposes.
Two little histories out of a great number will sufficiently illustrate these cases. A terrier had scarcely eaten during more than
a week. He dropped his meat after attempting to chew it, and
the breath was very offensive. Several of the teeth were loose,
and the rest were thickly encrusted with tartar. The gums had
receded from the teeth, and were red, sore, and ulcerated.
I removed all the loose teeth; for experience had taught me
that they rarely or never became again fixed. I next, with the forceps and knife, cleaned the others, and ordered the diluted chlorinated lime to be alternated with tincture of myrrh and water.
The extraction of the loose teeth, and the removal of the tartar
from those that were sound, occupied a full hour; for the dog
resisted with all his might. He, however, soon began to eat; the
lotions were continued; and five months afterwards, the mouth of
the dog was not in the slightest degree offensive.
An old dog should not be quite abandoned. A pug had only
four teeth remaining beside the canines. They were all thickly
covered with tartar, and two of them were very loose. The gums
and lips were in a dreadfully cankerous state, and the dog was unable to eat. All that he could do was to lap a little milk or broth.
I extracted the two loose teeth, cleaned the others, and ordered
a lotion of equal parts of tincture of myrrh and water to be applied.
13th August, 1S42.-A very considerable discharge of pus was
observed, with blood from the mouth, apparently proceeding from
the cavity whence one of the teeth had been extracted. The dog
is exceedingly thirsty, and walks round and round the water-dish,
but is afraid to lap. He has not eaten for two days. Use the lotion as before, and force him with strong soup.
15tli. T-he dog has not voluntarily eaten, but is still forced with
soup. He is very costive. Give two grains of calomel and an
equal quantity of antimonial powder.
13th. He has eaten a very little, but gets thinner and weaker.
Continue the lotion.
27th. The ulcers are nearly healed, and the discharge of pus
has ceased.
31st. The mouth is clean, the gums are healed, and there is no
longer anything offensive about the dog.
THE LARYNX
is placed at the top of the windpipe, the exit from the lungs, and




288                   THE LARYNX.
is also connected with the Schneiderian membrane. At its upper
part is the epiglottis, the main guard against the passage of the
food into the respiratory tubes, and, at the same time, of the instrument of the voice. It consists of five cartilages united together
by a ligamentous substance, and, by distinct and perfect articulations, adapting itself to every change of the respiratory process
and the production of the voice.
At the base is the cricoid cartilage, the support and bond of
union of the rest. Above are the arytenoid cartilages, resting on
the chordce vocales and influencing their action. The epiglottis is
placed at the extremity of the opening into the windpipe, with its
back opposed to the pharynx, so that when a pellet of food passes
from the pharynx in its way to the esophagus, the epiglottis is
applied over the glottis, and by this means closes the aperture of
the larynx, and prevents any portion of the food from passing into
it. The food having passed over the epiglottis, that cartilage, from
its elastic power, again rises and resumes its former situation.
The thyroid cartilage envelopes and protects all the rest, and
particularly the lining membrane of the larynx, which vibrates
from the impulse of the air that passes. The vibrations spread in
every direction until they reach the delicate membrane of the tympanum of the ear. That membrane responds to the motion without, and the vibration is carried on to the pulp of the auditory
nerve, deep in the recesses of the ear. The loudness of the tone
-its acuteness or graveness-depends on the force of the expired
air and the shortening or lengthening of the chord. Hence it is,
that the tone of the bark of the dog, or the neighing of the horse,
depends so much on the age or size of the animal. Thus we compare the shrill bark of the puppy with the hoarse one of the adult
dog; the high-toned but sweet music of the beagle with the fuller
and lower cry of the fox-hound, and the deep but melodious baying
of the mastiff. I may, perhaps, be permitted to add to these, the
whinnying of the colt and the neighing of the horse.
Each animal has his peculiar and intelligible language. He
who has long lived among them will recognise the tone of delight
at meeting, rising into and terminating in a sharper sound; the
strong and elevated tone when they are calling to or challenging
each other at a distance; the short expression of anger —the
longer, deeper, hoarser tone of fear; the murmur almost as deep,
but softer, of habitual attachment, and the elevated yet melodious
token of sudden recognition. I could carry on a conversation with
a dog that I once possessed for several minutes, and one perfectly
intelligible to both.
Inflammation of the larynx is a frequent and dangerous complaint. It usually commences with, and can scarcely be distinguished from, catarrh, except that it is attended by cough more




FOREIGN ARTICLES IN THE THROAT.         289
violent and painful, and the dog expectorates considerably. Acute
laryngitis is not so frequent an occurrence; but there is much
danger attending it. Blood must be abstracted to as great an
extent as the pulse will bear, or until it becomes evidently affected.
To this must follow digitalis, nitre, tartar emetic, and aloes, and
to these must be added a powerful blister. A considerable quantity is effused and organized, the membrane is thickened, perhaps
permanently so, and the whole of the submucous cellular tissue
becomes oedematous.
The dog is subject to sudden attacks of angina. It has been
imagined, from the appearances that are manifested, that some
strange body is arrested in the windpipe or the throat. There is
no dread of water or of the usual fluids; the dog will lap once or
twice from that fluid which is placed before him, and turns slowly
away from it; and this circumstance gives rise to what is called
dumb madness. The dog barks in a particular manner, or rather
howls like a rabid dog: he is out of spirits, has a strange, anxious,
altered countenance, and is alternately cold and hot. Frequently
added to this is redness of the buccal and nasal membranes. He
refuses all solid food, and either will not drink or finds it difficult
to swallow anything. His mouth is generally open, and contains
a spumy matter exhaling an offensive smell. His tongue, charged
with a great quantity of saliva, protrudes from his mouth, and the
submaxillary glands are enlarged. To these appearances are added
a yellow tint of the eyes, constipation, and a small quantity of
urine, surcharged with a deep yellow colour. At this period the
disease has generally reached a considerable degree of virulence.
Often the inflammation extends to the back part of the mouth and
larynx; and in this last case the respiration is attended by a hoarse,
hissing kind of sound.
The progress of the disease is rapid, and, in a few days, it
reaches its highest degree of intensity. It is always fatal when it
is intense; and, when its influence is widely spread, it is a very
dangerous complaint.
Somewhat rarely the subjects of it recover. After death we
find great redness and injection in all the affected nervous surfaces,
and indications of abscesses in which suppuration was not fully
established.
[FOREIGN ARTICLES IN THE THROAT.
When a substance, such as a bone, has become impacted in the
throat, the better plan is to attempt to push it downwards into the
stomach, as there is but little hope of extracting it.
A portion of sponge may be securely tied on the end of a piece
of ratan, whalebone, or other flexible material, and inserted in the
mouth, may be carried over the tongue down the throat against
25




290                   BRONCHOCELE.
the foreign article, which may then be gently pushed before it. If
this should not succeed, and the substance appears firmly imbedded
in the throat, an incision may be made in the (esophagus and the
bone extracted.-L.]
BRONCHOCELE OR GO1TRE
in the dog is almost daily forced upon our notice. If a spaniel or
pug-puppy is mangy, pot-bellied, rickety, or deformed, he seldom
fails to have some enlargement of the thyroid gland. The spaniel
and the pug are most subject to this disease. The jugular vein
passes over the thyroid gland; and, as that substance increases,
the vein is sometimes brought into sight, and appears between the
gland and the integument, fearfully enlarged, varicose, and almost
appearing as if it were bursting. The trachea is pressed upon on
either side, and the cesophagus by the left gland, and there is difficulty of swallowing. The poor animal pants distressingly after
the least exertion, and I have known absolute suffocation ensue.
In a few cases ulceration has followed, and the sloughing has been
dreadful, yet the gland has still preserved its characteristic structure. Although numerous abscesses have been formed in the
lower part of it, and there has been considerable discharge, viscid
or purulent, the upper part has remained as hard and almost as
scirrhous as before.
Cause of GoTtre.-In many cases, this enlargement of the thyroid glands is plainly connected with a debilitated state of the constitution generally, and more particularly with a disposition to
rickets. I have rarely seen a puppy that has had mange badly,
and especially if mange was closely followed by distemper, that
did not soon exhibit goitre. Puppies half-starved, and especially
if dirtily kept, are thus affected; and it is generally found connected with a loose skin, flabby muscles, enlarged belly, and great
stupidity. On the other hand, I have seen hundreds of dogs, to
all appearance otherwise healthy, in whom the glands of the neck
have suddenly and frightfully enlarged. I have never been able to
trace this disease to any particular food, whether solid or liquid;
although it is certainly the frequent result of want of nutriment.
Some friends, of whom I particularly inquired, assured me, that
it is not to any great extent prevalent in those parts of Derbyshire
where goitre is oftenest seen in the human being.
It is periodical in the dog. I have seen it under medical treatment, and without medical treatment, perfectly disappear for a
while, and soon afterwards, without any assignable cause, return.
There is a breed of the Blenheim spaniel, in which this periodical
goitre is very remarkable; the slightest cold is accompanied by
enlargement of the thyroid gland, but the swelling altogether disappears in the course of a fortnight. I am quite assured that it is




PHLEGMONOUS TUMOUR.                291
hereditary; no one that is accustomed to dogs can doubt this for
a moment.
Treatment.-I am almost ashamed to confess how many inefficient and cruel methods of treatment I many years ago adopted.
I used mercurial friction, external stimulants, and blisters; I have
been absurd enough to pass setons through the tumours, and even
to extirpate them with the knife. The mercury salivated without
any advantage, the stimulants and the blisters aggravated the evil;
the setons did so in a tenfold degree, so that many dogs were lost
in the irritative fever that was produced; and, although the gland,
when dissected out, could not be reproduced, yet I have been puzzled with the complication of vessels around it, and in one case
lost my patient by hemorrhage, which I could not arrest.
When the power of iodine in the dispersion of glandular tumours
was first spoken of, I eagerly tried it for this disease, and was soon
satisfied that it was almost a specific. I scarcely recollect a case
in which the glands have not very materially diminished; and, in
the decided majority of cases, they have been gradually reduced
to their natural size. I first tried an ointment composed of the
iodine of potassium and lard, with some, but not a satisfactory
result. Next I used the tincture of iodine, in doses of from five
to ten drops, and with or without any external local application;
but I found, at length, that the simple iodine, made into pills with
powdered gum and syrup, effected almost all that I could wish. It
is best to commence with the eighth of a grain for a small dog,
and rapidly increase it to half a grain, morning and night. A
larger dog may take from a quarter of a grain to a grain. In a
few instances, loss of appetite and slight emaciation have been
produced; but then, the medicine being suspended for a few days,
no permanent ill effect has ever followed the exhibition of iodine.
PHLEGMONOUS TUMOUR.
A phlegmonous tumour under the throat, and accompanied by
constitutional disturbance, with the exception of there being little
or no cough, often appears in the dog. Comparing the size of the
animals, these tumours are much larger than in either the horse or
ox; but they are situated higher up the face, and do not press so
much upon the windpipe, nor is there any apparent danger of suffocation from them. The whole head, however, is sometimes enlarged to a frightful degree, and the eyes are completely closed.
More than a pint of fluid has sometimes escaped from a middlesized dog at the first puncture of the tumour.
The mode of treatment is, to stimulate the part, in order to
expedite the suppuration of the tumour, and to lance it freely and
deeply, as soon as matter is evidently formed. The wound should
be dressed with tincture of aloes, and a thick bandage placed




292              ANATOMY AND DISEASES.
round the neck, to prevent the dog from scratching the part, which
often causes dreadful laceration.
These tumours in the throat of the dog are not always of a
phlegmonous character. They are cysts, sometimes rapidly formed,
and of considerable size, and filled with a serous or gelatinous
fluid.
CHAPTER XI.
ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE CHEST; THE DIAPHRAGM; THE
PERICARDIUM; THE HEART; PLEURISY; PNEUMONIA; SPASMODIC COUGH.
THE chest is the superior, or in quadrupeds the anterior, cavity
of the trunk of the body: it is divided into two cavities by a membranous partition, termed mediastinum; and separated from the
abdomen, or cavity which contains the liver, spleen, pancreas, and
other abdominal viscera, by the diaphragm, which is of a musculomembranous nature. This membrane may be described,'as it is
divided, into the main circular muscle, with its central tendinous
expansion forming the lower part, and two appendices, or crura,
as they are termed from their peculiar shape, constituting its
superior portion. We trace the fleshy origin of the grand muscle,
laterally and inferiorly, commencing from the cartilage of the
eighth rib anteriorly, and following somewhat closely, as we proceed backward, the union of the posterior ribs with their cartilages,
excepting, however, the two last. "The attachment is peculiarly
strong. It is denticulated: it encloses the whole of the latter and
inferior part of the chest as far as the sternum, where it is connected with the ensiform cartilage.
The diaphragm is the main agent, both in ordinary and extraordinary respiration. In its quiescent state it presents its convex
surface towards the thorax, and its concave one towards the abdomen. The anterior convexity abuts upon the lungs; the posterior
concavity is occupied by some of the abdominal viscera.
Thus far we have described the diaphragm as found in the
horse, ox, and sheep. There is some difference with regard to
the dog. The muscular part of the diaphragm is thick and strong
in every species of dog, while the aponeurotic expansion is comparatively smaller. From the smaller expanse of the thorax of the
dog, and the consequent little expansion of the diaphragm, the
action, although occasionally rapid and violent-for he is an animal of speed-is not so extensive, and more muscle and less




OF THE CHEST.                  293
tendon may be given to him, not only without detriment, but with
evident advantage. Therefore, although we have occasional rupture of the heart of the dog, oftener perhaps than in the horse,
there is no case of rupture of the diaphragm on record.
The cavity of the thorax is lined by a membrane, termed pleura,
which covers the surface of the lungs.
The lungs on either side are enclosed in a separate and perfect
bag, and each lung has a distinct pleura. The heart lies under
the left lung; and, more perfectly to cut off all injurious connexion
or communication of disease between the lungs and the heart, the
heart is enclosed in a distinct pleura or bag, termed the pericardium. This membrane closely invests the heart, supports it in its
situation, prevents too great dilatation when it is gorged with
blood, and too violent action when it is sometimes unduly stimulated. Notwithstanding the confinement of the pericardium, the
heart, when under circumstances of unusual excitation, beats violently against the ribs, and, were it not thus tied down, would
often bruise and injure itself, and cause inflammation in the neighbouring parts.
The heart is composed of four cavities; two above, called
auricles, from their shape, and two below, termed ventricles,
occupying the bulk of the heart. In point of fact, there are two
hearts -the one on the left side propelling the blood through the
frame, and the other on the right side conveying it through the
pulmonary system; but, united in the manner in which they are,
their junction contributes to their mutual strength, and both circulations are carried on at the same time.
The beating of the heart in the dog is best examined behind
the elbow on the left side. The hand, applied flat against the
ribs, will give the number and character of the pulsations. The
pericardium, or outer investing membrane of the heart, is frequently liable to inflammation, indicated by a quickened and
irregular respiration, and an action of the heart, bounding at an
early period of the disease, but becoming scarcely recognisable
as the fluid increases. The patient is then beginning gradually
to sink. A thickening of the substance of the heart is occasionally suspected, and, on the other hand, an increased capacity of
the cavities of the heart; the parietes being considerably thinner,
and the frame of the animal emaciated.
The pulse of the greater part of our domestic animals has been
calculated by Mr. Vatel, in his excellent work on Veterinary
Pathology, to be nearly as follows:In the horse,  from 32 to 38 pulsations in a minute,
ox or cow, "  35 " 42         "
"  ass,     "   48 " 54         "
"  sheep,   "   70 " 79        "
25*                  T




294              DISEASES OF THE CHEST.
"  goat,   from  72 to 76 pulsations in a minute.
"  dog,      "   90 " 100       "
"  cat,     "   110 " 120       "
"  rabbit.        120       "
"  guinea-pig.      140        "
crow..        136
"  duck.            136       "
hen.           140        "
"heron..        200        "
The pulse of the dog may be easily ascertained by feeling at
the heart or the inside of the knee, and it varies materially, according to the breed, as well as the size of the animal. This is
very strikingly the case with some of the sporting dogs, with whom
the force as well as the rapidity of the pulse vary materially according to the character and breed of the dog.
There is, occasionally, in the dog as in the human being, an
alteration of the quantity, as well as of the quality, of the blood.
Anacmia is the term used to designate a deficiency in quantity;
plethora the opposite state of it. M. D'Arbor relates a very curious account of the former:Two dogs were sent into the hospital of the veterinary school
at Lyons. They did not appear to suffer any considerable pain.
Their skin and mucous membranes that were visible had a peculiar
appearance. They had also comparatively little power over their
limbs; so little, indeed, that they rested continually on one side,
without the ability to shift their posture. When they were placed
on their feet, their limbs gave way, and they fell the moment they
were quitted. In despite of the care that was taken of them, they
died on the second day.
Incisions were made through the skin, but in opening them no
blood flowed. The venae cavae themselves did not contain anythere were only two clots of blood in the cavities of their hearts.
One of them, of the size of a small nutmeg, occupied the left ventricle; the other, which was still smaller, was found at the base
of the right ventricle. The chest of one of them enclosed a small
quantity of serosity; a similar fluid was between the dura mater
and the arachnoid membrane, and the same was the case in the
larger ventricles of the encephalon. The other viscera did not
offer anything remarkable, except the paleness and flaccidity of
their tissue. The great fatigues of the chase, and the immersion
of these animals in water at the time that they were very much
heated, appeared to have been the causes of this singular disease.
In the report of the labours of the School of Alfort, in the year
1825, the same anaemia was remarked in two dogs that died there;
one of them had lately undergone a considerable hemorrhage, and
in the other anaemia had developed itself spontaneously.
It is in fact among dogs that this extreme anemia has been




DISEASES OF THE CHEST.'      295
principally observed, and is ordinarily fatal. It has been remarked
by M. Crusal in a bullock attacked with gastro-enteritis.
This disease, according to M. Vatel, is generally the symptom
of a chronic malady, or the instantaneous effect of an excessive
hemorrhage. It is rarely primary. The extreme discoloration of
the tissues, and of the mucous membrane more particularly, the
disappearance of the subcutaneous blood-vessels, and the extreme
feebleness of the animal, are the principal symptoms. There also
often exists considerable swelling of the limbs.
The following singular case of a wound penetrating into the
chest and pericardium of a dog, is recorded by Professor Delafond:
A mastiff dog fighting with another was stabbed in the chest by
the master of his antagonist. Five hours after the accident, the
Professor was sent for. On the exterior of the sternum was a
laceration an inch and a half in length, covered by a spumy fluid,
from the centre of which was heard a gurgling noise, showing
that a wound had penetrated into the sac of the pleura. The
respiration was quick, and evidently painful; the beating of the
heart was also strong -and precipitate. The finger being introduced into the wound, penetrated between the fourth and fifth rib
on the left side. " Having arrived at the pleuritic sac," says the
Professor, "I gently tapped the surface of the lung, in order to
assure myself that it was not injured; my finger penetrated into
the pericardium, and the point of the heart beat against it."
He bathed the wound with a little diluted wine, and brought
the edges of it as near together as he could, and confined them
with a suture, administering a mild aperient.
On the following day, the animal walked slowly about, seeking
for something to eat; he gave him some milk. On changing the
dressing, he tried whether he could again introduce any sound
into the wound; but it would only penetrate a very little way;
indeed, re-union by adhesion had already taken place.
On the fifth day, the animal was in good spirits; the wound had
a healthy red appearance, and all tended to a speedy cure.
On the eighth day he was sent home to his master, a distance
of two leagues from his house. He saw the dog eighteen months
afterwards, and he was as eager as ever after his game.
The following is a case of rupture of the heart: - A black
pointer, of the Scotch breed, had every appearance of good health,
except that she frequently fell into a fit after having run a little
way, and sometimes even after playing in the yard. She was
several times bled during and after these fits. When I examined
her, I could plainly perceive considerable and violent spasmodic
motion of the heart, and the sounds of the beating of the heart
were irregular and convulsive. She was sent to the infirmary, in




296               DISEASES OF THE CHEST.
order to be cured of an attack of mange; but during her stay in
the hospital she had these fits several times: the attack almost
always followed after she had been playing with other dogs. She
appeared as if struck by lightning, and remained motionless for
several minutes, her gums losing their natural appearance and
assuming a bluish hue. After the lapse of a few minutes, she
again arose as if nothing had been the matter. She was bled
twice in eight days, and several doses of foxglove were administered to her. The fits appeared to become less frequent; but,
playing one day with another dog, she fell and expired immediately.
The post mortem examination was made two hours after death.
The cavity of the pericardium contained a red clot of blood, which
enveloped the whole of the heart; it was thicker in the parts that
corresponded with the valve of the heart; and on the left ventricle,
and near the base of the left valve of the heart, and on the external
part of that viscus, was an irregular rent two inches long. It
crossed the wall of the valve of the heart, which was very thin in
this place. The size of the heart was very small, considering the
height and bulk of the dog. The walls of the ventricles, and particularly of the left ventricle, were very thick. The cavity of the
left ventricle was very small; there was evidently a concentric
hypertrophy of these ventricles; the left valve of the heart was of
great size.
The immediate cause of the rupture of the valve of the heart
had evidently been an increase of circulation, brought on by an
increase of exercise; but the remote cause consisted in the remarkable thinness of the walls of the valve of the heart. This case is
remarkable in more than one respect; first, because examples of
rupture of the valve of the heart are very rare; and, secondly,
because this rupture had its seat in the left valve of the heart,
while, usually, in both the human being and the quadruped, it
takes place in the right; and this, without doubt, because the
walls and the valves of the right side are thinner.
Diseases of the investing membrane of the lungs, and the pleura
of the thoracic cavity, and of the substance of the lungs, are more
frequent than those of the heart.
PLEURISY,
or inflammation of the membrane of the chest and the lungs of
the dog, is not unfrequent. There are few instances of inflammation of the lungs, or pneumonia, that do not ultimately become
connected with or terminate in pleurisy. The tenderness of the
sides, the curious twitching that is observed, the obstinate sitting
up, and the presence of a short, suppressed, painful cough, which
the dog bears with strange impatience, are the symptoms that




PNEUMONIA.                    297
principally distinguish it from pneumonia. The exploration of
the chest by auscultation gives a true picture of it in pleurisy;
and, by placing the dog alternately on his chest, his back, or his
side, we can readily ascertain the extent to which effusion exists
in the thoracic cavity; and, if we think proper, we can get rid of
the fluid. It is not a dangerous thing to attempt, although it is
very problematical whether much advantage would accrue from
the operation. With a favourite dog it may, however, be tried;
and, to prevent all accidents, a veterinary surgeon should be entrusted with the case.
PNEUMONIA,
or inflammation of the substance of the lungs, is a complaint of
frequent occurrence in the dog, and is singularly marked. The
extended head, the protruded tongue, the anxious, bloodshot eye,
the painful heaving of the hot breath, the obstinacy with which the
animal sits up hour after hour until his feet slip from under him,
and the eye closes, and the head droops, through extreme fatigue,
yet in a moment being roused again by the feeling of instant suffocation, are symptoms that cannot be mistaken.
Here, from the comparative thinness of the integument and the
parietes, we have the progress of the disease brought completely
under our view. The exploration of the chest of the dog by auscultation is a beautiful as well as wonderful thing. It at least
exhibits to us the actual state of the lungs, if it does not always
enable us to arrest the impending evil.
Mr. Blaine and myself used cordially to agree with regard to
the treatment of pneumonia, materially different from the opinions
of the majority of sportsmen. Epidemic pneumonia was generally
fatal, if it was not speedily arrested in its course. The cure was
commenced by bleeding, and that to a considerahle extent, when
not more than four-and-twenty or six-and thirty hours had passed;
for, after that, the progress of the disease could seldom be arrested.
Blistering the chest was sometimes resorted to with advantage;
and the cantharides ointment and the oil of turpentine formed one
of the most convenient as well as one of the most efficacious blisters.
A purgative was administered, composed of mutton broth with
Epsom salts or castor oil; to which followed the administration of
the best sedatives that we have in those cases, namely, nitre, powdered foxglove, and antimonial powder, in the proportion of a
scruple of the first, fourgrains of the second, and two grains of
the third.
Congestion of the lungs is a frequent termination of pneumonia;
and in that congestion the air-cells are easily ruptured and filled
with blood. That blood assumes a black pulpy appearance, commonly indicated by the term of rottenness, an indication or consequence of the violence of the disease, and the hopelessness of




298              DISEASES OF THE CHEST.
the case. A different consequence of inflammation of the lungs
is the formation of tubercles, and, after that, of suppuration and
abscess, when, generally speaking, the case is hopeless. A full
account of this is given in the work on the Horse.
Two cases of pneumonia will be useful:Oct. 22d, 1820. A black pointer bitch that had been used to
a warm kennel, was made to sleep on flat stones without straw.
A violent cough followed, under which she had been getting worse
and worse for a fortnight. Yesterday I saw her. The breathing
was laborious. The bitch was constantly shifting her position,
and, whether she lay down or sat up, was endeavouring to elevate
her head. Her usual posture was sitting, and she only lay down
for a minute. The eyes were surrounded, and the nose nearly
stopped with mucus. V. S. 3viij. Emet. Fever-ball twice in the
day. 23d. Breathing not quite so laborious. Will not eat. Medicine as before. Apply a blister on the chest. 24th. Nearly the
same. V. S. 3vj., Bol. utheri. 26th. Decided amendment. She
breathes with much less difficulty. Less discharge both from eyes
and nose. Bol. utheri. Nov. 7th. Sent home well.
A singular and not uninstructive case came before me. A lady
in the country wrote to me to say, that her terrier was thin, dull,
husking, and perpetually trying to get something from the throat;
that her coat stared, and she frequently panted. I replied, that 1
apprehended she had caught cold; and recommended bleeding to
the extent of four ounces, a grain each of calomel and emetic
tartar to be given every fourth morning, and a fever-ball, composed of digitalis, nitre, and tartrate of antimony, on each intermediate day.
A few days after this I received another letter from her, saying,
that the dog was bled as ordered, and died on the following Thursday. That another veterinary surgeon had been called in, who
said that the first one had punctured the vena cava in the operation, and that the dog had bled to death internally; and she wished
to know my opinion. I replied, that the charge proceeded from
ignorance or malice, or both. That in one sense he was rightthe jugular, which the other had probably opened, runs into the
vena cava, and may, with some latitude, be considered a superior
branch of it; therefore, thus far the first man had punctured the
vena cava, which I had done many hundred times; but that the
point of union of the four principal veins that form the vena cava
was too securely seated in the upper part of the thorax for any
lancet to reach it. That the rupture of some small arterial vessel
might have caused this lingering death, but that the puncture of a
vein would either have been speedily fatal, or of no consequence;
and that, probably, the animal died of the disease which she had
described




SPASMODIC COUGH.                 299
SPASMODIC COUGH
is a troublesome disease to manage. Dogs, and especially those
considerably petted, are subject to frequent cough, requiring a
material difference in the treatment. Sometimes there is a husky
cough, not to so great a degree as in distemper, but followed by
the same apparent effort to get something from the throat, the same
attempt to vomit, and the ejection of mucus, frothy or adhesive,
and occasionally discoloured with bile. It proceeds from irritability or obstruction in some of the air-passages, and oftenest of
the superior ones. An emetic will clear the fauces, or at least
force out a portion of the adhesive matter which is clogging the
bronchial tubes.
A cough of this kind, and attended in its early stages by little
fever, seldom requires anything more for its cure than the exhibition of a few gentle emetics, consisting of equal portions of calomel and emetic tartar, given in doses varying from half a grain to
one grain and a half of each.
A harsh hollow cough is attended by more inflammatory action.
The depletive system must be adopted here. A loud and harsh
cough will yield only to the lancet and to purgatives, assisted by
sedative medicines composed of nitre, antimonial powder, and
digitalis, or small doses of syrup of poppies, or more minute doses
of the hydrocyanic acid; this last medicine, however, should be
carefully watched, and only given under surgical advice.
28th October, 1842. A spaniel was apparently well yesterday,
but towards evening a violent cough suddenly came on. It was
harsh and hollow, and terminated in retching. There was a discharge. of water from the eyes; but the nose was cool and moist.
Give an emetic, and then two grains of the James's powder. 29th.
The animal coughed almost the whole of the night. There was
more watery discharge from the eyes, which appeared to be red
and impatient of light; the nose continued cool, and the dog did
not refuse his food. An aperient ball was given; and twice afterwards in the day, the nitre, antimonial powder, and digitalis. 30th.
The cough is as frequent, but not very loud. Give a mixture of
syrup of poppies and prussic acid morning and night, and the ball
as yesterday. 31st. Nearly in the same state as yesterday, except
that he is not so thirsty, and does not eat so well. Give the mixture three times daily. Nov. 1st. He had an emetic in the morning, which produced a large quantity of phlegm, but the cough is
no better. No evacuation during the two last days. Give an
aperient ball, and the mixture as before in the evening.
The prussic acid has been fairly tried; it has not in the least
mitigated the cough, but begins to make the dog sick, and altogether to destroy his appetite. Give three times in the day a mix



300              DISEASES OF THE CHEST.
ture consisting of two-thirds of a drachm of syrup of poppies, and
one-third of syrup of buckthorn. The sickness ceased, and the
cough remained as before. I then gave twice in the day half a
grain of calomel, the same of opium, two each of pulvis antimonialis and digitalis, and four grains of nitre, morning and noon,
with six grains of the Dover's powder at night. This was continued on the 3d, 4th and 5th of November, when there were
longer intervals of rest, and the dog did not cough so harshly when
the fit was on him. On the 6th, however, no medicine was given;
but towards evening the dog coughed as much as ever, and a decided mucous discharge commenced from the nose and the eyes,
with considerable snorting. An emetic was given, and the balls
resorted to as before.
7th. He appeared to be much relieved by the emetic. The
cough was better, the dog ate well, and had regained his usual
spirits. The ball as before. 9th. Slight tenesmus now appeared.
It quickly became frequent and violent. The dog strained very
much; but the discharge was small in quantity, and consisted of
adhesive mucus. Give two drachms of castor oil, and the feverball with opium. The cough is worse, and the dog still continues
to strain, no blood, however, appearing. 11th. The opium and
oil have had their desired effect, and the cough is better. 12th.
Except the animal is kept under the influence of opium, the cough
is dreadfully troublesome. I have, however, obtained one point.
I have been permitted to subtract four ounces of blood; but blood
had been mingling with the expectorated mucus before I was permitted to have recourse to the lancet. 13th. The dog is better,
and we again have recourse to the fever mixture, to which, on the
14th, I added a very small portion of the carbonate of iron, for
the dog was evidently getting weak. The sickness has returned,
and the cough is decidedly worse. 16th. Rub a small quantity of
rheumatic embrocation, and tincture of cantharides. 17th. The
first application of the blister had not much effect; but this morning it began to act. The dog ran about the house as cross as he
could be for more than an hour; there was considerable redness
on the throat and chest. The cough, however, was decidedly
better. 18th. The cough is better. Again apply the embrocation. 19th. The cough. and huskiness have returned. Employ
an emetic, and continue the embrocation. 20th. The cough is
decidedly worse. Continue the embrocation, and give the fever
mixture. 23d. The embrocation and medicine have been daily
used; but the cough is as bad as ever. Balls of assafcetida, squills,
and opium were had recourse to. 25th. The second ball produced the most distressing sickness, but the cough was evidently
relieved. The assafoetida was discontinued. 28th. The cough,
during the last two days, has been gradually getting worse. It is




PLEURISY-PNEUMONIA.                      301
more laborious and longer, and the intervals between it are shorter
Give another emetic and continue the other medicine. 30th. The
effect of the emetic was temporary, and the cough is again worse.
Dec. 2d. Very little change. 5th. The cough appears to be
stationary.  Again have recourse to the antimony, digitalis, and
nitre.  8th. The cough is certainly better.   Try once more the
assafcetida. It again produced sickness, but of a very mild character.  12th. The assafcetida was again used morning and night.
The cough continues evidently to abate. 14th. The dog coughs
very little, not more than half-a-dozen times in the day. Notwithstanding the quantity of medicine that has been taken, the appetite is excellent, and the spirits good.  16th. The cough is still
less frequent, but when it occurs it is attended with retching. 19th.
The cough is daily getting better, and is not heard more than three
or four times in the four-and-twenty hours, and then very slight.
30th.   At length I can say that the cough has ceased.    It is seldom that so much trouble would have been taken with a dog. It
is the neglect of the medical attendance which is often the cause
of death.
Professor Delafond, of Alfort, gives a most interesting and complete table of the usual diagnostic symptoms of pleurisy and pneumonia.
PLEURISY.                        PNEUMONIA.
Commencement of the Inflamma-     Commencement of the Inflamma.
tion.-Shivering,usually accompanied  tion.-General shivering, rarely acby slight colicky pains, and followed  companied by colicky pains, followed
by general or partial sweating. In-  by partial sweats at the flanks and
spiration always short, unequal, and  the inside of the thighs. Inspiration
interrupted; expiration full; air ex-  full, expiration short. Air expired
pired of the natural temperature.  hot. Cough frequently followed by
Cough unfrequent, faint, short, and  slight discharge of red-coloured muwithout expectoration. Artery full. cus. Artery full. Pulse accelerated,
Pulse quick, small, and wiry.     strong, filll, and soft.
Auscultation. —A respiratory mur-  Auscultation.-Absence of respiramur, feeble, or accompanied by a  tory murmur in places where the lung
slight rubbing through the whole ex-  is congested; feebleness of that sound
tent of the chest, or in some parts in the inflamed parts, with humid
only.                             crepitating wheezing. The respiratory murmur increased in the sound
parts.
Percussion.-Slight, dead, grating  Percussion.-The dead grating
sound. Distinct resonance through  sound confined to the inflamed parts.
the whole of the chest, and pain ex-  Distinct resonance at the sound parts;
pressed when the sides are tapped or  increased sensibility of the walls of
compressed.                       the chest slight, or not existing at
all.
Terminations.-Delitescence. Ces-  Terminations.-Resolution. Temsation of pain; moderate temperature  perature of the skin moderate. Some.
of the skin; sometimes profuse gene-  times profuse partial sweats. Laboral perspiration. Respiration less ac-  rious respiration subsiding; inspira26




302                  DISEASES OF THE CHEST.
PLEURISY.                          PNEUMONIA.
celerated; inspiration  easier and  tion less deep. Artery less full. Pulse
deeper. Pulse fuller and softer. Breath  yielding. Breath less hot. Gradual
of the natural temperature. Return  and progressive disappearance of the
of the natural respiratory murmur  crepitating rdle. Slow return of the
and resonance.  The walls of the   resonance.
chest cease to exhibit increased sensibility.
Effusion,false Membranes.-Inspi-   Red Hepatization.-Respiration irration more and more full.         regular and interrupted.
Auscultation and Percussion.       Auscultation and Percussion.-CirComplete absence of the respiratory  cumscribed absence of the respiramurmur, with the crepitating wheez-  tory murmur, without any determined
ing always at the bottom of tile chest;  place, in one point, or in many dissometimes a gurgling noise. Vesicu-  tinct parts of the lung. The respiralar respiration very strong in the up-  tory murmur increased in one or more
per region of the chest, or in the sac  of the sound parts of the lungs, or in
opposite to the effusion.          the sound lung if one is inflamed.
Continuance of the Effusion.-Ab-   Passage to a State of Gray Indurasence of the respiratory murmur gains  tion. - The absence of respiratory
the middle region of the chest, follow-  murmur indicates extensive hepatizaing the level of the fluid.  These  tion ofone lung; a circumstance, howsymptoms may be found on only one  ever, of rare occurrence. When the
side; a circumstance of frequent oc-  induration is of both lungs, and
currence in the dog, but rare in other  equally so, the respiratory murmur
animals.  The respiratory murmur   and the inspiration remain the same,
increases in the superior region of the  except that they become irregular.
chest, or on the side opposite to the  The cough dry or humid, frequent,
effusion. Inspiration becomes more  and sometimes varying.   Exercise
and more prolonged. Breath always  accompanied by difficulty of respiracold. Cough not existing, or rarely,  tion, without dyspncea.
and always suppressed and interrupted. Exercise producing much difficulty of respiration.
Resolution, or Re-absorption of the  Resolution or Re-absorption of the
effused Fluid, and Organization of  Products of Inflammation of the Pafalse Membrane, the conseqnence of  renchymatous Substance of the Lungs.
Pleurisy.-Slow but progressive re-  -Diminution of the force of the reappearance of the respiratory mur-  spiratory murmur in the sound parts.
mur, and disappearance of the sounds  Cessation of the crepitating wheezing.
produced by the fluid. Diminution of  Slow return of the respiratory murthe force of the respiratory murmur  mur where it had ceased. Respirain the superior part of the chest, or  tion ceases to be irregular or interof the lung opposite to the sac in  rupted, and returns slowly to its nawhich the effusion exists. Gradual  tural state, or it remains interrupted.
return of the Respiratory murmur to  This indicates the passage from red
the inferior part of the chest. In-  to gray induration.
spiration less deep, and returning to
its natural state.
Chronic Pleurisy, with Hydrotho.   Chronic Pneumonia-(Gray Indu
rax.-Inspiration always deep, expi-  ration.)-Inspiration or expiration inration short. Cough dry, sometimes  terrupted.  Cough unfrequent; sup
with expectoration; frequent or ca-  pressed; rarely with expectoration;
pricious; always absence of complete  always interrupted.  Complete abrespiratory murmur in the inferior  sence of respiratory murmur.
portion of the chest. Sometimes the  (Softening of the Induration, Ulce




ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE GULLET, &C.          303
PLEURISY.                      PNEUMONIA.
gurgling noise during inspiration and  rations, Vomicca, cyc.) - Mucous and
expiration. Strong respiratory mur- wheezing; mucous rale in the bronmur in the superior portion. In dogs  chia; discharge from the nostrils of
these symptoms sometimes have ex- purulent matter, white, gray, or black,
istence only on one side of the chest. and sometimes fetid. Paleness of
The mucous membranes are infil- the mucous membranes. The animal
trated; serous infiltration on the lower  seldom lies down, and never long at
part of the chest and belly; sometimes  a time. Death by suffocation, when
of the scrotum or the inferior ex- the matter proceeding from the votremities; generally of the fore legs. mice, or abscesses, obstructs the
The animal lies down frequently, and  bronchial passages, or by the developdies of suffocation.            ment of an acute inflammation engrafted upon the chronic one.
CHAPTER XII.
ANATOMY OF THE GULLET, STOMACH, AND INTESTINES: TETANUS; ENTERITIS; PERITqONITIS; COLIC; CALCULUS IN THE
INTESTINES; INTUSSUSCEPTION; DIARRH(EA; DYSENTERY; COSTIVENESS; DROPSY; THE LIVER; JAUNDICE; THE SPLEEN AND
PANCREAS; INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEY; CALCULUS; INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER; RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER;
WORMS; FISTULA IN THE ANUS.
THE cesophagus, or gullet, of the dog, is constructed in nearly
the same manner as that of the horse. It consists of a similar
muscular tube passing down the neck and through the chest, and
terminating in the stomach, in which the process of digestion is
commenced. The orifice by which the gullet enters the stomach
is termed the cardia, probably on account of its neighbourhood to
the heart or its sympathy with it. It is constantly closed, except
when the food is passing through it into the stomach.
The stomach has three coats: the outermost, which is the common covering of all the intestines, called the peritoneum; the
second or muscular coat, consisting of two layers of fibres, by
which a constant motion is communicated to the stomach, mingling the food, and preparing it for digestion; and the mucous or
villous, where the work of digestion properly commences, the
mouths of numerous little vessels opening upon it, which exude
the gastric juice, to mix with the food already softened, and to
convert it into a fluid called the chyme. It is a simpler apparatus
than in the horse or in cattle. It is occasionally the primary
seat of inflammation; and it almost invariably sympathises with
the affections of the other intestines.




304           ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE
The successive contractions of each portion of the stomach,
expose by turns every portion of the alimentary mass to the influence of the gastric juice, and each is gradually discharged into
the alimentary canal.
As the chyme is formed, it passes out of the other orifice of the
stomach, and enters the first intestine or duodenum.
It may be naturally supposed that this process will occasionally
be interrupted by a variety of circumstances. Inflammation of
the stomach of the dog is very difficult to deal with. It is produced by numerous different causes. There is great and longcontinued sickness: even the most harmless medicine is not
retained on the stomach.  The thirst is excessive; there are
evident indications of excessive pain, expressed by the countenance
and by groans: there is a singular disposition in the animal to
hide himself from all observation; an indication that should never
be neglected, nor the frequent change from heat to cold, and from
cold to heat.
The mode of treatment is simple, although too often inefficient.
The lancet must be immediately resorted to, and the bleeding
continued until the animal seems about to fall; and to this should
quickly succeed repeated injections. Two or three drops of the
croton oil should be injected twice or thrice in the day, until the
bowels are thoroughly opened. The animal will be considerably
better, or the disease cured, in the course of a couple of days.
There is a singular aptitude in the stomach of the dog to eject
a portion of its contents; but, almost immediately afterwards, the
food, or a portion if not the whole of it, is swallowed again. This
is a matter of daily occurrence. There is a coarse rough grass,
the cynosurus cristatus, or crested dog's-tail. It is inferior for
the purposes of hay, but is admirably suited for permanent pastures.
It remains green after most other grasses are burnt by a continuance of dry weather. The dog, if it be in his power, has frequent
recourse to it, especially if he live mostly in a town. The dry
and stimulating food, which generally falls to his share, produces
an irritation of his stomach, from which he is glad to free himself;
and for this purpose he has recourse to the sharp leaves of the
cynosurus. They irritate the lining membrane of the stomach and
intestines, and cause a portion of the food to be occasionally
evacuated; acting either as an emetic or a purgative, or both.
They seem to be designed by nature to be substituted for the calomel and tartar emetic, and other drugs, which are far too often introduced.
An interesting case of the retention of a sharp instrument in
the stomach is related by Mr. Kent of Bristol.
On the 23d of February, Mr. Harford, residing in Bristol, when
feeding a pointer-dog, happened to let the fork tumble with the




GULLET, STOMACH, AND INTESTINES.        305
flesh, and the dog swallowed them both. On the following morning,
Mr. Kent was desired to see the animal; and, although he could
feel the projection of the fork outwardly, which convinced him
that the dog had in reality swallowed it, yet, as he appeared well,
and exhibited no particular symptoms of pain or fever, Mr. Kent
gave it as his opinion that there was a possibility that he might
survive the danger, and the animal was sent to him, in order to be
more immediately under his care. The treatment he adopted was,
to feed him on cow's liver, with a view to keep the stomach distended and the bowels open; and he gave him three times a day
half a pint of water, with sufficient sulphuric acid to make it rather
strongly sour to the human tongue, with the intention of assisting
the stomach in dissolving the iron.
On the following Sunday, the skin, at the projecting point, began
to exhibit some indication of ulceration; and on Monday a prong
of the fork might be touched with the point of the finger, when
pressed on the ulcer. Mr. Kent then determined on making an
effort to extract the fork on the following morning, which he accordingly did, and with but little difficulty, assisted by a medical
friend of the owner. The dog was still fed on cow's liver; his
appetite remained good, and with very little medical treatment the
external wound healed. The animal improved rapidly in flesh
during the whole time. He left the infirmary in perfect health,
and remained so, with one inconvenience only, a very bad cough,
and his being obliged to lie at length, being unable to coil himself
up in his usual way.
The fork was a three-pronged one, six and a half inches long.
The handle, which was of ivory, was digested: it was quite gone;
and either the gastric fluid or the acid, or both conjointly, had
made a very apparent impression on the iron.
Dogs occasionally swallow various strange and unnatural substances. Considerable quantities of hair are sometimes accumulated in the stomach. Half-masticated pieces of straw are ejected.
Straw mingled with dung is a too convincing proof of rabies. Doggrass is found irritating the stomach, or in too great quantities to
be ejected, while collections of earth and dung sometimes threaten
suffocation. Pieces of money are occasionally found, and lead,
and sponge. Various species of polypus irritate the coats of the
stomach. Portions of chalk, or stone, or condensed matters, adhere to each other, and masses of strange consistence and form
are collected. The size which they assume increases more and
more. M. Galy relates an extraordinary account of a dog. It
was about three years old when a tumour began to be perceived in
the flank. Some sharp-pointed substance was felt; the veterinary
surgeon cut down upon it, and a piece of iron, six inches in length,
was drawn out.
26 




306             DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.
The following fact was more extraordinary: it is related by M.
Noiret. A hound swallowed a bone, which rested in the superior
part of the esophagus, behind the pharynx, and caused the most
violent efforts to get rid of it. The only means by which it could
be made to descend into the stomach was by pushing it with the
handle of a fork, which, escaping from the hand of the operator;
followed the bone into the stomach. Two months afterwards, or
examining the stomach, the fork was plainly felt lying in a longi
tudinal direction, parallel with the position of the body; the owner
of the dog wishing mechanically to accelerate the expulsion of this
body, endeavoured to push it backwards with his hands. When it
was drawn as far back as possible, he inserted two fingers into the
anus, and succeeded in getting hold of the handle, which he drew
out nearly an inch; but, in order to be enabled fully to effect his
object, it was necessary to make an incision into the rectum, and
free the substance from every obstacle that could retain it. This
he did not venture to do, and he was therefore compelled to allow
the fork to pass back into its former position.
About three months after the accident, M. Noiret made an in
cision, three inches from above to below, and the same from the
front backwards. He also made an incision through the muscular
tissue. Having arrived at the peritoneum, he made another incision, through which he drew from the abdomen a part of the floating portion of the large intestines, and introduced his fingers into
the abdominal cavity. He seized the handle of the fork, which
was among the viscera, and free about half-way down, and drew it
carefully towards the opening made in the flank. The other half
of the fork was found to be closely enveloped by the origin of the
mesocolon, which was red, hard, and inflamed. The operator
freed it by cutting through the tissues which held the fork, and
then drew it easily out. The animal was submitted to a proper
course of treatment, and in three weeks afterwards was perfectly
cured.
The food, having been converted into chyme by the digestive
power of the stomach, soon undergoes another and very important
change. It, or a portion of it, is converted into chyle. It is
mixed with the bile and a secretion from the pancreas in the
duodenum. The white thick liquid is separated, and contains the
nutritive part of the food, and a yellow pulpy substance is gradually changed into excrement. As these substances pass on, the
separation between them becomes more and more complete. The
chyle is gradually taken up by the lacteals, and the excrement
alone remains.
The next of the small intestines is the jejunum, so called fromn
its being generally empty. It is smaller in bulk than the duodenum, and the chyme passes rapidly through it.




TETANUS.                      307
Next in the list is the ileum; but it is difficult to say where the
Jejunum terminates and the ileum commences, except that the
latter is usually one-fifth longer than the former.
At the termination of the ileum the ccscum makes its appearance, with a kind of valvular opening into it, of such a nature that
everything that passes along it having reached the blind or closed
end, must return in order to escape; or rather the office of the
caecum is to permit certain alimentary matters and all fluids to
pass from the ileum, but to oppose their return.
The colon is an intestine of very large size, being one of the
most capacious, as well as one of the longest, of the large intestines. It commences at the caecum caput coli, and soon expands
into a cavity of greater dimensions than even that of the stomach
itself. Having attained this singular bulk, it begins to contract,
and continues to do so during its course round the caecum, until
it has completed its second flexure, where it grows so small as
scarcely to exceed in calibre one of the small intestines; and
though, from about the middle of this turn, it again swells out by
degrees, it never afterwards acquires its former capaciousness;
indeed, previously to its junction with the rectum, it once more
materially differs in size.
At the upper part of the margin of the pelvis the colon terminates in the rectum, which differs from the caecum and colon by
possessing only a partial peritoneal covering, and being destitute
of bands and cells. It enlarges towards its posterior extremity,
and is furnished with a circular muscle, the sphincter ani, adapted
to preserve the anus closed, and to retain the feculent matter until
so much of it is accumulated in the rectum as to excite a desire
to discharge it.
TETANUS,
a disease of great fatality, often depends upon the condition of the
stomach; but it is not frequent in dogs.
Why the dog is so little subject to tetanus, or lock-jaw, I am
unable to explain. Sportsmen say that it sometimes attacks him
when, being heated in the chase, he plunges into the water after
the stag. The French give it the name of mal de cerf, from stags
being supposed to be attacked in a similar way, and from the same
cause. In the course of nearly forty years' practice, I have seen
but four cases of it. The first arose from a wound in the foot.
The cause of the second I could not learn. In both the spasmodic
action was dreadful as well as universal. The dogs lay on their
sides, the neck and legs stretched out, and the upper legs kept
some inches from the ground by the intensity of the spasm. They
might be taken up by either leg, and not a portion of the frame
change its direction. At the same time, in their countenances,




308                     TETANUS.
and by their hoarse cries, they indicated the torture which they
endured.
In the third case, which occurred 12th June, 1822, the head
was drawn permanently on one side, and the whole body formed a
kind of bow, the dog walking curiously sideways, often falling as
it walked, and frequently screaming violently. I ordered him to
be well rubbed with an ammoniacal liniment, and balls of tonic
and purging medicine to be given twice in the day. The dog
gradually recovered, and was dismissed cured on the 20th.
On the 16th November, in the same year, a bull-terrier had a
similar complaint. He had been tried in the pit a fortnight before,
and severely injured, and the pain and stiffness of his joints were
increasing. The head was now permanently drawn on one side.
The dog was unable to stand even for a moment, and the eyes
were in a state of spasmodic motion. He was a most savage brute;
but I attempted to manage him, and, by the assistance of the
owner, contrived to bleed him, and to give him a physic-ball. At
the same time I advised that he should be destroyed.
His master would not consent to this; and, as the dog occasionally ate a little, we contrived to give a grain each of calomel
and opium every sixth hour. In the course of three days he was
materially recovered. He could stand, but was exceedingly weak,
I ordered the calomel to be omitted, but the opium to be continued. Three days afterwards he was sent into the country, and,
as I heard, perfectly recovered.
The following is a very interesting case of tetanus, detailed by
M. Debeaux, of the Royal French Chasseurs:
A favourite dog was missing. Four days had passed, and no
intelligence could be obtained with regard to him until he returned
home, fatigued and half-starved. He had probably been stolen.
In the excess of their joy, the owners crammed him with meat
until he became strangely ill. His throat was filled with froth,
the pupils of his eyes were dilated, the conjunctiva was strongly
injected, his neck was spasmodically contracted, and the spine of
the back was bowed, and most highly sensible to the touch. M.
Debeaux was sent for; it was an hour before he could attend.
The dog was lying on his belly; the four limbs were extended and
stiff. He uttered the most dreadful and prolonged howling every
two or three minutes. The surgeon ordered the application of a
dozen leeches to the chest and belly; laxative medicines were
given, and embrocations applied to the spine and back.
Three days passed, and the symptoms evidently augmented.
The excrement was dark and fetid, and the conjunctiva had a
strong yellow tint.  Leeches were again employed; emollient
lotions and aperient medicines were resorted to. The sensibility
of the spine and back was worse than ever; the animal lay on his




ENTERITIS.                    309
belly, stretching out his four limbs, his neck fixed, his jaws immovable, his voice hoarse, and he was utterly unable to move.
The bathings, lotions, and aperients were continued, with very
few intermissions, until the 14th day, when the muscles began to
be a little relaxed; but he cried whenever he was touched. On
the 15th, for the first time, he began to eat a little, and his natural
voice returned; still, however, the spasms occasionally appeared,
but very much mitigated, and on the 20th the pain had entirely
ceased.
On the 5th of the next month he travelled two leagues with his
master. It was cold, and the snow fell. On his reaching home,
all the horrible spasms returned, and it was eleven days before he
was completely cured.a
Mr. Blaine gives the following account of his experience of this
disease: "It is remarkable, that although dogs are subject to
various spasmodic affections, yet they are so little subject to lockjaw that I never met with more than three cases of it among many
thousands of diseased dogs. Two of these cases were idiopathic;
one being apparently occasioned by exposure to cold air all night;
in the other the cause was obscure. The third was of that kind
called sympathetic, and arose from extreme injury done to one of
the feet. In each of these cases the convulsive spasm was extreme,
and the rigidity universal but not intense. In one case the jaw
was only partially locked. Both warm and cold bathings were
tried. Large doses of opium and catnphor were given by the
mouth, and also thrown up in clysters. The spine of one was
blistered. Stimulating frictions were applied to all, but in neither
case with any salutary effect."b
ENTERITIS.
Enteritis, or inflammation of the intestines, is a disease to
which dogs are very liable. It may be produced by the action of
several causes. The intestines of the dog are peculiarly irritable,
and subject to take on inflammatory action, and this tendency is
often much increased by the artificial life which they lead. It is
a very frequent complaint among those dogs that are much petted.
A cold temperature is also a common cause of disease in these
dogs.
I was consulted with regard to a dog who was hiding himself in
a cold, dark corner, paved with stone. Every now and then he
lifted his head and uttered a howl closely resembling that of a
rabid dog. He fixed his gaze intently upon me, with a peculiarity
of expression which many would have mistaken for rabid. They,
a Tetanus observed on a Dog, by M. Debeaux.-Pract. Med. Vet. 1829, p. 543.
b Blaine's Canine Pathology, p. 151.
u




310            DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES.
however, who have had the opportunity of seeing many of these
cases, will readily perceive the difference. The conjunctiva is not
so red, the pupil is not so dilated, and the dog appears to implore
pity and not to menace evil.
In this state, if the dog is approached, he will not permit himself to be touched until he be convinced that no harm is intended.
A peculiar slowness attends each motion; his cries are frequent
and piteous; his belly hot and tender; two cords, in many cases,
seem to run longitudinally from the chest to the pubis, and on
these he cannot bear the slightest pressure. He abhors all food;
but his thirst for water, and particularly cold water, is extreme;
he frequently looks round at his flanks, and the lingering gaze is
terminated by a cry or groan. In the majority of cases there is
considerable costiveness; but, in others, the bowels are freely
opened from the beginning.
The peritoneal inflammation is sometimes pure, but oftener involves the muscular coat of the intestines. Its prevailing cause
is exposure to cold, especially after fatigue, or lying on the wet
stones or grass. Now and then it is the result of neglected
rheumatism, especially in old and petted dogs.
The treatment is simple. Bleed until the pulse falters, put the
animal in a warm bath, and let the belly be gently rubbed while
the dog is in the water, and well fomented afterwards: the drink
should consist of warm broth, or warm milk and water. The
bleeding should be repeated, if little or unsatisfactory relief is
obtained; and the examination of the rectum with the finger, and
the removal of any hardened faeces that may have accumulated
there, and the cautious use of enemata, neither too stimulating
nor too forcibly injected, should be resorted to. No medicine
should be employed until the most urgent symptoms are abated.
Castor oil, the mildest of our purgatives-syrup of buckthorn
assisting the purgative property of the oil, and containing in its
composition as much stimulating power as is safe-and the spirit
of white poppies-the most convenient anodyne to mingle with
the other medicines-will generally be successful in allaying the
irritation already existing, and preventing the development of
more. Even this must not be given in too large quantities, and
the effect must be assisted by a repetition of the enemata every
fifth or sixth hour. On examination after death the nature of the
disease is sufficiently evident: the peritoneum, or portions of it,
is highly injected with blood, the veins are turgid, the muscular
membrane corrugated and hardened, while often the mucous membrane displays not a trace of disease. In violent cases, however,
the whole of the intestines exhibit evidence of inflammation.
I was much gratified a few years ago in witnessing the decided
manner in which Professor Spooner expressed himself with regard




ENTERITIS.                    311
to the treatment of enteritis in the dog. "I should deem it advisable," said he, " to administer a purgative; but of what would
that consist? Calomel? Certainly not. I was surprised to hear
one gentleman assert that he should administer it to the extent of
from five to ten grains, and another to say that he should not hesitate to exhibit a scruple of calomel to a dog, and to all carnivorous
animals. I should never think of exhibiting it as a cathartic. I
should only administer it in small doses, and for the purpose of
producing its specific effect on the liver, which is the peculiar
property of this drug. Given in larger doses it would not be retained, and if it got into the intestines it would act as a powerful
drastic purgative." a
In our treatment of the horse we have got rid of a great proportion of the destructive urine-balls and drastic purgatives of the
farrier. The cow is no longer drenched with half-a-dozen deleterious stimulants. A most desirable change has been effected in
the medical treatment of these animals. Let us not, with regard
to the dog, continue to pursue the destructive course of the keeper
or the huntsman.
The following case of enteritis, with rupture of the colon, may
be useful:On March 15, 1840, I was requested to attend a large dog of
the bull breed, three years old, who had not appeared to be well
during the last four or five days.
I had scarcely arrived ere I recognised it to be a case of enteritis. He had a dreadful shivering fit, to which succeeded heat
of the skin and restlessness. The muzzle was dry and hot, as
also was the tongue. The eyes were sunken and redder than
usual; the breathing was accelerated, but not very laborious; the
extremities were cold, while the surface of the body was hot and
painful to the touch. The bowels were constipated, and had been
so during the last week; some dung however was evacuated, but
it was hard and dry, and in small quantities. The pulse was
quick, but full; and there was a slight pain and considerable irritation in the rectum. I took from him 3x. of blood before the
desired effect was produced, and then gave him tinct. opii gr.xiv.,
et spt. ether. nit. gutt. viij., cum ol. ricini 3iij., and an opiate
enema to allay the irritation of the rectum. This was about 8
o'clock, A. M.
11 A.M.-The bowels have not been moved, and the pain is
more intense; his countenance expresses great anxiety; he frequently lies on his stomach, and the pulse is small but quick. I
gave him a little broth, and ordered the abdomen to be fomented
with hot flannels.
a Proceedings of the Veterinary Medical Association, 1839-40.




312            DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES.
2 P.M.-He has had distressing sickness, and is extremely anxious for water. I introduced my finger into the rectum, but could
not discover any hardened feces. Enemata, composed of mag.
sulphas and warm water, were frequently thrown into the intestines; as soon as one came away another was thrown up.
4 P.M.-No better: gave him pulv. aloes 3j.; calomel, gr. vj.
et pulv. opii gr. viij. The fomentations to be continued, and the
abdomen rubbed with a lin. terebinthinae.
5 P.M.-A great change has taken place within the last hour;
the hind extremities are paralysed; the mouth and ears are cold;
the pulse is more hurried and irregular, and almost imperceptible;
the respiration is laborious and irregular, as is the pulse; and the
dog is frequently sick. To be kept quiet.
6 P.M.-Another change: he lies panting and groaning piteously; his limbs are bathed in sweat, with convulsive struggles. At
twenty minutes past six he died.
A post-mortem examination presented general marks of inflammation; the small intestines were extremely red, while the large
ones were in a gangrenous state and most offensive, with a rupture
of the colon. I did not expect to meet with the rupture, and am
at a loss to account for it. The liver was of a pale ashen colour,
and very light. I put a piece of it into some water, and it floated
on the surface. The other contents of the abdomen did not show
the slightest appearance of disease.
September 2d, 1843.-A black pug-bitch, 18 months old, was
yesterday taken violently sick; the vomiting continued at intervals
the greater part of the day, and she had not eaten during the last
24 hours. I could not possibly get at her, on account of her ferocity: as she had not had the distemper, and as I was misled by
her age and the watery discharge from her eyes, and as she had
had several motions yesterday, I imagined that the attack might
be the beginning of that disease. Learning that she was fond of
sweet things, I prepared an emetic containing a grain of calomel
and a grain of tartar emetic: she took it readily, and I promised
to call on the following day.
Sept. 3.-The weakness at the eyes had disappeared, but there
had been no motion. On getting at her by main force I found
her belly very tense and rather hot: she had again been sick, was
very eager for water, and still refused to eat. The disease was
now evident. As she appeared too unmanageable for anything
else, I produced a physic-ball, in giving which I was bitten.
Six hours afterwards I again went: no fteces had passed: I
administered two enemas, the second of which was returned with
a small quantity of hardened faces and an intolerable smell. I
ordered the water to be removed, and broth to be substituted.
Sept. 4.-The dog is in good spirits, has eaten heartily, and had




PERITONITIS-COLIC.                313
no motion, probably because it was habitually cleanly, and had
not been taken out of doors. Her owner considered her as quite
well, and dismissed me. Three days afterwards a servant came
to say that all was going on very well.
PERITONITIS.
Chronic inflammation of the peritoneal membrane is a frequent
disease among dogs. The animal loses his appetite and spirits;
he sometimes eats a little and sometimes not; he becomes thin,
his belly is tucked up, and when we closely examine him we find
it contracted and hard, and those longitudinal columns of which
I have already spoken are peculiarly dense and almost unyielding.
He now and then utters a half-suppressed whine, and he occasionally seeks to hide himself. In the greater number of cases he
after a while recovers; but he too often pines away and dies. On
examination after death the case is plain enough. There is inflammation of the peritoneal membrane, more indicated by undue
congestion of the bowels than by the general blush of the membrane. The inflammation has now spread to the muscular coat,
and the whole of the intestine is corrugated and thickened.
There is another peritoneal affection, aggravated by combination
with a rheumatic tendency, to which the dog is more disposed
than any other domesticated animal. It has its most frequent
origin in cold, or being too much fed on stimulating and acrid
food, and probably from other causes which have not yet been
sufficiently developed.
Here also no drastic purgative is to be admitted; it would be
adding fuel to fire: not a grain of calomel should be used, if the
life of the animal is valued. The castor oil mixture will afford
the most certain relief, a drop or two of the oil of peppermint being
added to it.
COLIC.
The dog is also subject to fits of colic, principally to be traced
to improper food, or a sudden change of food, or exposure to cold.
This is particularly the case with puppies. There is no redness
of the eye, no heat of the mouth, no quickened respiration; but
the animal labours under fits of pain. He is not quiet for a minute.
He gets into one corner and another, curling himself closely up,
but he does not lie there more than a minute or two; another fit
of pain comes on; he utters his peculiar yelp, and seeks some new
place in which he may possibly find rest.
It is with considerable diffidence that I offer an opinion on this
subject contrary to that of Mr. Blaine. He states that the treatment of this species of colic is seldom successful, and that which
has seemed the most efficacious has been mercurial purgatives;
27




314            DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES.
namely, calomel one grain, aloes a scruple, and opium a quarter
of a grain, until the bowels are opened. I have seldom found
much difficulty in relieving the patient suffering under this affection; and I gave no aloes nor calomel, but the oleaginous mixture
to which I have so often referred. I should not so much object
to the aloes, for they constitute an excellent purgative for the dog;
nor to a dog that I was preparing for work, or that was suffering
from worms, should I object to two or three grains of calomel intimately mixed with the aloes: from the combined effect of the
two, some good might be obtained.
CALCULUS IN THE INTESTINES.
Many persons have a very foolish custom of throwing stones,
that their dogs may dive or run after them, and bring them to their
owner's feet: the consequence is, that their teeth are soon worn
down, and there are too many cases on record in which the stone
has been swallowed. It has been impeded in its progress through
the intestinal canal, inflammation has ensued, and the animal has
been lost, after having suffered the most dreadful torture.
Professor Simonds relates a case in which a dog was thus destroyed. The animal for some days previous to his admission into
the hospital had refused his food, and there was obstinate constipation of the bowels, to remove which aperient medicine had been
given. The pulse was accelerated, there was distension of the
abdomen with evident tenderness on pressure, the extremities were
cold, no faeces were voided, and he occasionally vomited. Some
aperient medicine was given, which was retained on the stomach,
and enemas and external stimulants were resorted to, but two days
afterwards he died.
The intestines were examined, and the offending body was
found to be a common pebble. The dog had long been accustomed to fetch stones out of the water. One of these stones had
passed through the stomach into the intestines, and, after proceeding some distance along them, had been impacted there. The inflammation was most intense so far as the stone had gone; but in
the part of the intestine to which it had not reached there was not
any. This was an interesting and instructive case, and should
make its due impression.
Another account of the strange contents of the intestines of a
bitch may be here introduced.
A valuable pointer-bitch was sent to the infirmary of Mr. Godwin of Litchfield. She presented a very emaciated appearance,
and had done so for four or five months. Her evacuations for a
day or two were very thin and copious, and afterwards for several
days nothing was passed. When pressing the abdomen with both
hands, a hard substance was distinctly felt in the inferior part of




INTUSSUSCEPTION.                 315
the umbilical region. She was destroyed, and, upon post-mortem
examination, a calculus was discovered in the ileum about the size
and shape of a hen's egg, the nucleus of which was a portion of
hair. The coats of the intestines were considerably thickened
and enlarged, so as to form a kind of sac for its retention. Anterior to this was another substance, consisting of a ball of hair,
covered with a layer of earthy matter about the eighth of an inch
thick, and next to this another ball of hair of less dimensions, intermixed with a gritty substance. The stomach contained a large
quantity of hair, and a portion of the omentum, about the size of
a crown piece, was thickly studded with small white calculi, the
largest about the size of a pea, and exceedingly hard.
INTUSSUSCEPTION.
If peritonitis-inflammation-is neglected, or drastic purgatives
are too often and too plentifully administered, a peculiar contraction of the muscular membrane of the intestine takes place, and
one portion of the bowel is received within another-there is intussusception. In most cases, a portion of the anterior intestine
is received into that which is posterior to it. Few of us have
opened a dog that had been labouring under this peculiar affection
without being struck with the collapsed state of the canal in
various parts, and in some much more than in others. Immediately posterior to this collapsed portion, it is widened to a considerable extent. The peristaltic motion of the intestine goes on, and
the consequence is, that the constricted portion is received into
that which is widened, the anterior portion is invaginated in the
posterior: obstruction of the intestinal passage is the necessary
consequence, and the animal dies, either from the general disturbance of the system which ensues, or the inflammation which is set
up in the invaginated part.
I will say nothing of medical treatment in this case; for I do
not know the symptoms of intussusception, or how it is to be distinguished from acute inflammation of the bowels. Acute inflammation will not long exist without producing it; and, if its existence should be strongly suspected, the treatment would be the
same as for inflammation.
The domesticated dog, from the nature of his food, more than
from any constitutional tendency, is liable to constipation. This
should never be neglected. If two or three days should pass without an evacuation, the case should be taken in hand; otherwise
inflammation will be very soon established. In order to procure
an evacuation, the aloetic ball, with one or two grains of calomel,
should be given. Beyond that, however, I should not dare to go;
but, if the constipation continued, I should have recourse to the
castor-oil mixture. I should previously examine and empty the




316            DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES.
rectum, and have frequent recourse to the enema-syringe; and I
should continue both. It would be my object to evacuate the intestinal canal with as little increased action as possible.
DIARRH(EA
is the discharge of feces more frequently than usual, and thinner
than their natural consistence, but otherwise not materially altered
in quality; and the mucous coat of the intestines being somewhat
congested, if not inflamed. It is the consequence of over-feeding,
or the use of improper food. Sometimes it is of very short continuance, and disappears without any bad consequence; the health
being unaffected, and the character of the feces no otherwise
altered than by assuming a fluid character. It may not be bad
practice to wait a day, or possibly two, as it is desirable for the
action of the intestines to be restored without the aid of art. I
should by no means give a physic-ball, or a grain of calomel, in
simple diarrhea. I should fear the establishment of that species
of purging which is next to be described. The castor-oil mixture
usually affords the best hope of success.
Habitual diarrhoea is not an unfrequent disease in petted dogs:
in some it is constitutional, in others it is the effect of neglected
constipation. A state of chronic inflammation is induced, which
has become part of the constitution of the dog; and, if repressed
in the intestines, it will appear under a more dangerous form in
some other place.
DYSENTERY
is a far more serious complaint. In most cases a considerable degree of inflammation of the mucous coat exists, and the mucus is
separated from the membrane beneath, and discharged per anum.
The mucus thus separated from the intestinal membrane assumes
an acrid character. It not only produces inflammation of the
membrane, dangerous and difficult to treat, but it excoriates the
anus and neighbouring parts, and produces pain and tenesmus.
This disease has sometimes been fatally misunderstood. A
great deal of irritation exists in the intestinal membrane generally,
and in the lower part of the rectum particularly. The faeces passing over this denuded surface cause a considerable degree of
pain, and there is much straining, and a very small bit or portion
of feces is evacuated. This has often been seen by the careless
observer; and, as he has taken it as an indication of costiveness,
some drastic purgative has been administered, and the animal
quickly killed.
No one that had ascertained the real nature of the disease would
administer calomel in any form or combination; but the anodyne




COSTIVENESS-DROPSY.                317
mixture as an enema, and also administered by the mouth, is the
only medicine from which benefit can be expected.
COSTIVENESS
is a disease when it becomes habitual. It is connected with disease of the intestinal canal. Many dogs have a dry constipated
habit, often greatly increased by the bones on which they are too
frequently fed. This favours the disposition to mange and to
many diseases depending on morbid secretions. It produces indigestion, encourages worms, blackens the teeth, and causes fetid
breath. The food often accumulates in the intestines, and the
consequence is inflammation of these organs. A dog should never
be suffered to remain costive more than a couple of days. An
aloetic ball or some Epsom salts should then be administered; and
this failing to produce the desired effect, the castor-oil mixture,
with spirits of buckthorn and white poppies, should be administered, and the use of the clyster-pipe resorted to. It may be necessary to introduce the finger or the handle of a spoon when the
faecal matter is more than usually hard, and it is with difficulty
broken down: small doses of castor-oil should be afterwards resorted to, and recourse be occasionally had to boiled liver, which
the dog will rarely refuse. The best means, however, of preventing costiveness in dogs, as well as in men, is regular exercise. A
dog who is kept chained up in a kennel should be taken out and
have a certain quantity of exercise once in the twenty-four hours.
When this cannot be done, the food should consist chiefly of wellboiled farinaceous matter.
DROPSY.
Another disease, which is not confined to the abdominal cavity,
is dropsy: but, as in the dog it most commonly assumes that form
which is termed ascites, or dropsy of the abdomen, it may be noticed in this place. It is seldom an idiopathic or primary affection, but is generally the consequence of some other disease, most
commonly of an inflammatory kind.
Dropsy is a collection of fluid in some part of the frame, either
from increased exhalation, or from diminished absorption, the consequence of inflammation. The divisions of dropsy are into active
and passive, or acute and chronic. The causes are also very pro
perly arranged as predisposing and exciting. The diseases on
which dropsy most frequently supervenes are fevers and visceral
inflammations and obstructions. The dog is peculiarly subject to
ascites or dropsy of the belly, and the quantity of fluid contained
in the abdomen is sometimes almost incredible. It is usually accompanied or characterised by a weak, unequal, small, and fre27 *




318            DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES.
quent pulse-paleness of the lips, tongue, and gums-flaccidity
of the muscles, hurried breathing on the least exertion, feebleness
of the joints, swellings of the lower limbs, effusion of fluid into the
integuments or among the muscles, before there is any considerable effusion into the thorax or the abdomen, and an unhealthy
appearance of the cutaneous surface. The urine seldom coagulates. This form of dropsy is usually seated in the abdomen or
cellular tissue.
The treatment of ascites is seldom perfectly successful. The
great extent of the peritoneum, the number and importance of the
viscera with which it is connected, and of the absorbent glands
which it encloses, the number and weakness of the veins which
transmit their blood to the portal vessels, and the absence of
valves, in some measure account for the frequent accumulation
of fluid in this cavity. It appears in both sexes from the usual
causes of inflammatory disease. Unwholesome diet, the drastic
operation of purgatives, external injuries, the suppression of
accustomed secretions and discharges, all are exciting causes of
dropsy.
The animal has suffered materially from mange, which has been
apparently cured: the itchiness and eruption altogether disappear,
but many weeks do not elapse ere ascites begins to be seen, and
the abdomen is gradually distended with fluid. When this appears
in young and healthy animals, it may be conquered; but when
there has been previous disease of almost any kind, comparatively
few patients permanently recover. Irritability of the stomach, and
a small and accelerated pulse, are unfavourable. If the operation
of tapping has taken place, at all times there is danger; but, if
there is a thick, brown, albuminous or fetid discharge, it is very
unlikely that any permanent advantage will result from the operation.
We will introduce a few cases as they occur in our clinical
records.
November 7th, 1821.-A spaniel, nine years old, had been, during four months, alternately asthmatic or mangy, or both. Within
the last few days she had apparently increased in size. I was sent
for. The first touch of the abdomen betrayed considerable fluctuation. She likewise had piles, sore and swelled. I ordered an
alterative ball to be given morning and night. 8th. One of the
balls has been given, and two doses of castor oil; but no effect
has been produced. An injection was administered. 9th. A small
evacuation of water has been produced, and the bowels have been
slightly opened. Give a dose of the castor-oil mixture. 10th. The
obstruction has been removed; the enlargement is somewhat diminished; much water has passed. Give an alterative ball every
morning   14th. The alteratives have been continued, and there




DROPSY.                      319
is a slow but evident decrease of the abdomen. 18th. I cannot
detect any effusion in the abdomen. Give a pill every alternate
day for a fortnight. At the expiration of this period the dog was
apparently well.
April 23d, 1822. —A terrier, ten years old, had cough and
mange, which ceased. The belly for the first time began to enlarge, and on feeling the dog considerable fluctuation was evident.
He would not eat, but he drank immoderately. Give daily a ball
consisting of tonic and physic mist., with powdered digitalis and
tartrate of iron. May 6th.-He is in better spirits, feeds tolerably well, but is rather increased in size. Give daily a ball of tartrate of iron, digitalis, ginger, and a grain of calomel. 22d. Much
thinner, the belly very considerably diminished: a slight fluctuation is still to be perceived. Continue medicine, with a half-grain
only of calomel. July 17th. —The medicine has been regularly
given, and the water of the abdomen has rapidly disappeared, until
a fortnight ago: since that time it has been once more filling.
The medicine was ordered to be repeated. August 6th.-The
medicine has once more produced its proper effect, and the fluid
has disappeared. On the 16th, however, the fluctuation was again
too plainly felt, and the owner determined to have nothing more
to do with the case. The animal was never brought again, nor
could I trace it. The dog might have been saved if the owner
had done it justice.
As soon as dropsy appears to be established, proper medicines
must be resorted to. Foxglove, nitre, and ginger should be first
tried in the proportional doses of one, ten, and eight grains, given
morning and night. If this does not succeed, iodine from half-agrain to a grain may be given morning and night, and a weak
solution of iodine rubbed on the belly.
This being ineffectual, recourse may be had to tapping, taking
care that the trocar is not plunged sufficiently deep to wound the
intestines. The place for the operation is directly on the linea
alba, or middle line of the belly, and about midway between the
pubis and the navel. The whole of the intestinal fluid may be
suffered to escape. A bandage should then be applied round the
belly, and retained there a week or more.
Mr. Blaine very properly states, that the difference between fatness and dropsy is, that the belly hangs pendulous in dropsy, while
the back bone stands up, and the hips are protruded through the
skin; while the hair is rough, and the feeling of the coat is peculiarly harsh. It may be distinguished from pregnancy by the teats
enlarging, in the latter case, as gestation advances, and the young
ones may occasionally be felt to move. In addition to this it may
be stated, that the presence of water is readily and unerringly de
tected. If the right hand is laid on one side of the belly, and the




320            DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES.
other side is gently struck with the left hand, an undulating motion
will be readily perceived.
In old dogs, dropsy, under the title of" anasarca," is an unfrequent but occasional accompaniment of ascites. If pressure is
made on any particular parts, they yield and continue depressed
for a longer or shorter period of time, and slowly and by degrees
regain their natural form. The skin is dry and distended, and
with no natural action; the circulation is languid and small, the
muscular powers are diminished, the animal is unquiet, the thirst
is great, the tongue is pale, the appetite diminished, and the limbs
are swelled. The best mode of treatment is the infliction of some
very small punctures in the distended skin, and the application of
gentle friction. The majority of cases of this kind are usually
fatal, and so is almost every case of encysted dropsy.
A dog had cough in February, 1825. Various medicines were
administered, and at length the cough almost suddenly ceased, and
evident ascites appeared. The thirst was insatiable, the dog would
not touch food, and he was unable to lie down more than two
minutes at a time. Digitalis, cream of tartar, and hydrarg. submur. were given on the 9th April. On the 13th he was much
worse, and apparently dying. He had been unable to rise for the
last twelve hours, and lay panting. I punctured the abdomen,
and four quarts of fluid were evacuated. 14th. The panting continues. The dog will not eat, but he can lie down in any posture.
15th. The panting is diminished, the appetite is returning, and
water continues to ooze from the wound. 17th. The wound healed
on the night of the 15th, and already the fluid begins to collect.
The medicine still continued. 20th. The spirits good, and strength
improving; but the belly is evidently filling, and matter is discharged from both the nose and eyes. 26th. The swelling a little
diminished, respiration easy, and the dog walking comfortably
about, and feeding well. May 13th.-The swelling, which for
some days past diminished, is now again increasing; but the dog
is strong and breathes easily. Medicine as before. 24th. The
dog is thinner, weaker, filling fast, and the thirst excessive. R
Crem. tart., ferri tart. 3ij., pulv. flor. anthemid. Siiij., conser. res.
q. s.: divide in bol. xii.: cap. in dies. 27th. During two days he
has been unable to lie down more than a minute at a time. Again
tapped: fully as much fluid was evacuated as before; but there is
now blood mingling with it. 30th. Much relieved by the tapping,
and breathes with perfect ease; but, now that the enormous belly
is reduced, the dog is very thin. Bol. continued. June Sth.
Within the last three days the animal has filled agai'vith extra-mrdinary rapidity. R Ferr. tart. 9j., opii. gr. 4, pulv. gentianar 3j.,
cons. ros. q. s.: f. bol. capiend. in dies. 13th. Is again strangely
distended; I advised, or rather solicited, that it might be destroyed;




DROPSY.                     321
but this not being granted, I once more tapped him. At least a
gallon of dark-coloured fluid was evacuated. 22d. Again rapidly
filling, but not losing either flesh or strength. July 4th.-Once
more punctured, and a gallon of dark-coloured fluid evacuated.
12th. Again filling and rapidly losing flesh and strength. 26th.
Once more tapped: immediately after which he appeared to be
revived, but almost immediately began again to fill. Aug. 2d. -
He had eaten tolerably; appeared to have nothing more than usual
the matter with him, when, being missed for an hour, he was found
dead. No examination was permitted.
In 1824 a spaniel, six years old, was brought to the infirmary.
It had had an asthmatic cough, which had left it. It was now
hollow in the flanks, the belly pendulous, and an evident fluctuation of water. The owner would not consent to any operation.
An aloetic physic-ball, however, was given every fifth day, and a
ball, composed of tartrate of iron, digitalis, nitre, and antimonial
powder, on every intermediate morning and night. The water
evidently accumulated; the dog was sent for, and died in the
course of a week.
There are a few medicines that may be useful in arresting the
effusion of the fluid; but they too often fail in producing any considerable benefit. The fox-glove is, perhaps, possessed of the
greatest power, combined with nitre, squills, and bitartrate of potash. At other times chamomile, squills, and spirit of nitrous
ether, may be tried.
The following case, treated by the administration of iodine, by
Professor Dick, is important:A black and tan coloured retriever was sent to me labouring
under ascites. He was tapped, and two quarts of fluid abstracted.
Tonics, combined with diuretics were given, but the fluid continued
to accumulate, and in three weeks he was again tapped, and another two quarts drawn away. The disease still went on, and a
fortnight afterwards a similar quantity was withdrawn. Various
remedies were tried in order to check the power of the disease,
but without effect, and the abdomen again became as much distended with the effused serum as before. 
He was then put under a course of iodine, which soon began
to show its beneficial influence by speedily allaying his excessive
thirst; and in about a month the whole of the effused fluid was
absorbed, although from the size of the abdomen it must have
amounted to a similar quantity to that drawn off on the previous
occasions. The dog's appetite soon returned; he gained flesh
rapidly, and has continued quite well, and, from being a perfect
skeleton, soon became overloaded with fat.
Induced by the great benefit derived in this case from the iodine,
1 took the opportunity of trying it on a Newfoundland dog similarly




322               DISEASES OF THE LIVER.
affected. He was put on a course of iodine, and the quantity of
the drug was gradually increased. As absorption rapidly commenced, the fluid was completely taken up; but, partly in consequence of pushing the medicine too far, and partly from extensive
disease in the liver, unfavourable symptoms took place, and he
sunk rather unexpectedly. Still, however, from the obvious and
decided advantage derived from the medicine, I have no doubt
that iodine will be found one of the most efficient remedies in
dropsy in dogs.
Iodine is a truly valuable drug. When first introduced into
veterinary practice it was observed that it readily accomplished the
reduction of the enlarged glands that frequently remain after
catarrh; but it was presently evident that it reduced almost every
kind of tumour, even the growth of tubercles in the lungs. Professor Morton, in his Manual of Pharmacy, has admirably described
the different combinations of iodine.
THE LIVER
of the dog seems to follow a law of comparative anatomy, that its
bulk shall be in an inverse proportion of that of the lungs. The
latter are necessarily capacious; for they need a large supply of
arterial blood, in order to answer to their rapid expenditure when
the utmost exertion of strength and speed is required. The liver
is, therefore, restricted in its size and growth. Nevertheless, it
has an important duty to fulfil, namely, to receive the blood that is
returned from the intestines, to separate from the blood, or to
secrete, by means of it, the bile; and then to transmit the remaining portion of it to the lungs, where it undergoes the usual process
of purification, and is changed to arterial blood. In the performance of this office, the liver often undergoes a state of inflammation, and disease ensues, inveterate, and setting at defiance
every means of cure. Both the skin and the urine become tinged
with a yellow effusion. The animal is dull, and gradually wastes
away.
In a few days the yellow hue becomes more intense, and particularly on the cuticle, the conjunctiva, the iris, the gums, and the
lips. A state of fever becomes more and more perceptible, and
there are alternations of cold and heat. The pulse varies from SO
to 120; the dry tongue hangs from the mouth; the appetite ceases,
but the animal is peculiarly desirous of cold water. The dog becomes restless; he seeks to hide himself; and he groans, if the
parts in the neighbourhood of the liver are pressed upon.
Frequent vomitings now appear, slimy, and evidently containing
gall. The animal becomes visibly thinner, obstinately refuses all
solid food, and only manifests thirst. He begins to stagger as he
walks; he withdraws himself from observation; he anxiously seeks




THE LIVER.                     323
some dark place where he may lay himself with his chest and belly
resting on the cold ground, his fore legs stretched out before him,
and his hind legs almost as far behind him. The fever increases,
the skin becomes of a dark yellow colour, the mucous membrane
of the mouth and conjunctiva is of a dirty red, the expired air is
evidently hot, the gaze is anxious, the urine is of a saffron yellow,
or even darker: in short, there now appears every symptom of inflammation of the liver, with jaundice.
As the disease proceeds the animal begins to vomit masses of a
yellowish green substance, occasionally mixed with blood. He
wastes away to a skeleton, he totters in his walk, he is half unconscious, the pulse becomes weak and interrupted, the temperature sinks, and death ensues.
The duration and course of the disease are deceptive. It occasionally proceeds so insidiously that several days are suffered to
pass before the owner perceives any marks of disease, or seeks any
aid. The duration of the disease is usually from ten to twelve
days. It terminates in congestion of blood in the liver, or a gradual restoration to health. The latter can only take place in cases
where the inflammation has proceeded very slowly; where the
commencement and progress of the disease could be discovered
by debility and slight yellowness of the skin, and especially where
speedy recourse has been had to medical aid.
The predisposing causes of this disease are often difficult to discover. The dog, in warm climates, seems to have a natural disposition to it. As exciting causes, atmospheric influence may be
reckoned, sultry days, cold nights, and damp weather. Other
occasional causes may be found in violent falls, bruises, and overfeeding. Fat petted dogs that are easily overheated by exertion
are often attacked by this disease. The result of the disease depends on its duration, course, and complication. If it is attended
to early, it can generally be cured. If it has existed for several
days, and the fever has taken on a typhoid character-if the yellow
hue is perceptible-the appetite failing, and vomiting ensuing, the
cure is doubtful; and, if inflammation of the stomach has taken
place, with high fever, vomiting of blood, wasting away, and fits
occurring, there is no chance of cure.
When simple jaundice alone is visible, a moderate laxative of
sulphate of magnesia and tartaric acid, in conjunction with some
aromatic and mucilaginous fluid, or, quite in the beginning of the
disease, an emetic, will be found of considerable service; but,
when the yellow colour has become more intense, and the animal
will no longer eat, and the fever and weakness are increased, it is
necessary to give calomel, tartar-emetic, camphor, and opium, in
the form of pills, and to rub some strong liniment on the region of
the liver: the doses of calomel, however, must be very small. If




324                     JAUNDICE.
inflammation of the stomach appears, mucilaginous fluids only
must be given. Bleeding may be of service in the commencement
of the disease, but afterward it is hurtful.
This is an account of hepatitis as it occasionally appears, and
particularly on the Continent; but it does not often assume so
virulent a character in our country. There is often restlessness,
thirst, and sickness, accompanied by much prostration of strength;
or general heat and tenderness. Occasionally there is purging;
but much oftener constipation, that bids defiance to almost every
medicine. The principal or almost only hope of cure consists in
bleeding, physicking, and blistering on the right side.
Of bilious disease, assuming the character of inflammation, we
have too many cases. It may be spontaneous or brought on by
the agency of other affections. Long-continued and inveterate
mange will produce it. It is often connected with, or produced
by, distemper, or a dull inflammatory disease of the liver, and it is
generally accompanied by pustular eruption on the belly. The
skin is usually tinged of a yellow hue, and the urine is almost invariably impregnated with bile. The suffusion which takes place
is recognised among sportsmen by the term " yellows."  The remedy should be some mercurial, with gentian and aloes given twice
in the day, and mercurial ointment well rubbed in once in the day.
If this treatment is steadily pursued, and a slight soreness induced
in the mouth, the treatment will usually be successful. Mr. Blaine
observes, "A moderate soreness of the mouth is to be encouraged
and kept up. I have never succeeded in removing the complaint
without it."
JAUNDICE.
M. W. Leblanc, of Paris, has given an interesting account of
the causes and treatment of jaundice in the dog.
The prevailing symptom of this disease in the dog is a yellow
discoloration of the skin and the mucous membranes of greater or
less intensity. It generally announces the existence of very serious
disease, as inflammation of the liver and its excretory ducts, or of
the gall-bladder, or the stomach, or small intestines, or contraction
or obliteration of the excretory ducts of the liver, in consequence
of inflammation of these vessels, or the presence of concrete substances formed from the bile. The dogs in which he found the
most decided traces of this disease laboured under diarrhcea, with
stools of a reddish brown or black colour for one, two, or three
days.
The causes of jaundice are chiefly'over-fatigue (thus, greyhounds are more subject to it than pointers), immersions in water,
fighting, emetics or purgatives administered in over-doses, the
repeated use of poisonous substances not sufficiently strong at




JAUNDICE.                    325
once to destroy the animal, the swallowing of great quantities of
indigestible food, and contusions of the abdominal viscera, especially about the region of the liver. The most serious, if not the
most common cause, is cold after violent and long-continued exercise; and especially when the owners of dogs, seeing them
refuse their food after a long chase, give them powerful purgatives
or emetics.
The treatment should have strict relation to the real or supposed
cause of jaundice, and its most evident concomitant circumstances.
Some of these symptoms are constant and others variable. Among
the first, whatever be the cause of the disease, we reckon acceleration of the pulse; fever, with paroxysms of occasional intensity;
and a yellow or reddish-yellow discoloration of the urine. Among
the second are constipation, diarrhoea, the absence or increase of
colour in the faecal matter, whether solid or fluid. When they are
solid, they are usually void of much colour; when, on the contrary, there is diarrhcea, the faeces are generally mingled with
blood more or less changed. Sometimes the dejections are nearly
black, mixed with mucus. It is not unusual for a chest affection
to be complicated with the lesions of the digestive organs, which
are the cause of jaundice.
With these leading symptoms there are often others connected
that are common to many diseases; such as dryness and heat of
the mouth, a fetid smell, a staggering gait, roughness of the hair,
and particularly of that of the back; an insatiable thirst, accompanied by the refusal of all food; loss of flesh, which occasionally
proceeds with astonishing rapidity; a tucked-up flank, with hardness and tenderness of the anterior part of the belly.
The jaundice which is not accompanied with fever, nor indeed
with any morbid change but the colour of the skin, will require
very little treatment. It will usually disappear in a reasonable
time, and M. Leblanc has not found that any kind of treatment
would hasten that disappearance.
When any new symptom becomes superadded to jaundice, it
must be immediately combated. Fever, injection of the vessels of
the conjunctiva, constipation, diarrhcea, or the discoloration of the
urine, require one bleeding at least, with some mucilaginous
drinks. Purgatives are always injurious at the commencement of
the disease. "I consider," says M. Leblanc, "this fact to be of
the utmost importance. Almost the whole of the dogs that have
been brought to me seriously ill with jaundice, have been purged
once or more; and either kitchen salt, or tobacco, or jalap, or
syrup of buckthorn, or emetic tartar, or some unknown purgative
powders, have been administered.
" Bleeding should be resorted to, and repeated if the fever continues, or the animal coughs, or the respiration be accelerated
28                     v




326             THE SPLEEN AND PANCREAS.
When the pulse is subdued, and the number of pulsations are below
the natural standard -if the excrements are still void of their natural colour - if the constipation continues, or the animal refuses
to feed-an ounce of manna dissolved in warm water should be
given, and the dog often drenched with linseed tea. If watery
diarrhoea should supervene, and the belly is not hot nor tender, a
drachm or more, according to the size of the dog, of the sulphate
of magnesia or soda should be administered, and this medicine
should be repeated if the purging continues; more especially
should this aperient be had recourse to when the freces are more
or less bloody, there being no fever nor peculiar tenderness of the
belly.
"When the liquid excrement contains much blood, and that
blood is of a deep colour, all medicines given by the mouth should
be suspended, and frequent injections should be thrown up, consisting of thin starch, with a few drops of laudanum. Too much
cold water should not be allowed in this stage of the disease. Injections, and drinks composed of starch and opium, are the means
most likely to succeed in the black diarrhea, which is so frequent
and so fatal, and which almost always precedes the fatal termination of all the diseases connected with jaundice.
" In simple cases of jaundice the neutral salts have seldom produced much good effect; but I have obtained considerable success
from the diascordium, in doses of half a drachm to a drachm.
" Great care should be taken with regard to the diet of the dog
that has had jaundice, with bloody or black diarrhoea; for the
cases of relapse are frequent and serious, and almost always caused
by improper or too abundant food. A panada of bread, with a
little butter, will constitute the best nourishment when the dog
begins to recover his appetite. From this he may be gradually
permitted to return to his former food. Most especially should the
animal not be suffered to take cold, or to be left in a low or damp
situation. This attention to the food of the convalescent dog may
be thought to be pushed a little too far; but experience has taught
me to consider it of the utmost importance, and it is neither expensive nor troublesome."
THE SPLEEN AND PANCREAS.
The spleen is generally regarded as an appendage to the absorbent system. Tiedemann and Gmelin consider that its specific
function is to secrete from the blood a fluid which possesses the
property of coagulation, and which is carried to the thoracic duct,
and then, being united with the chyle, converts it into blood, and
causes an actual communication between the arterial and absorbent
systems. According, however, to Dr. Bostock, there is a fatal
objection to this, namely, that animals have been known to live




INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEY.            327
an indefinite length of time after the removal of the spleen, without
any obvious injury to their functions, which could not have been
the case if the spleen had been essentially necessary for so important a process.
A knowledge of the diseases of the spleen in the dog appears to
be less advanced than in any other animal. In the cases that I
have seen, the earliest indications were frequent vomiting, and the
discharge of a yellow, frothy mucus. The animal appeared uneasy, shivering, the ears cold, the eyes unnaturally protuberant,
the nostrils dilated, the flanks agitated, the respiration accelerated,
and the mucous membranes pale. The best treatment I know is
the administration, twice in the day, of a ball composed of a grain
of calomel and the same quantity of aloes, and five grains of ginger.
The dog frequently cries out, both when he is moved and when
he lies on his bed. In the course of three days the yellow mucus
is generally disappearing, and the expression of pain is materially
diminished.
If the bowels are much constipated after two days have passed,
two scruples of aloes may be given, and a grain of calomel; frequent injections may also be administered.
We are almost totally ignorant of the functions of the pancreas.
It probably is concerned in assimilating the food, and converting
the chyme of the stomach into chyle.
INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEY
is a serious and dangerous malady. This organ is essentially vascular in its texture; and although it is small in volume, yet, on
account of the quantity of blood which it contains, and the rapidity
with which its secretions are performed, it is disposed to frequent
and dangerous inflammation. The immediate causes of inflammatory action in this viscus are blows and contusions in the lumbar region; hard work long continued, and the imprudent use of
stimulating substances employed as aphrodisiacs; the presence of
calculi in the kidney, and the arrest of the urine in the bladder.
The whole of the kidney may be affected with anaemia or defect
of blood, or this may be confined to the cortical substance, or even
to the tubular. The kidneys are occasionally much larger than
usual, without any other change of structure; or simple hypertrophy may affect but one of them. They are subject to atrophy,
which may be either general or partial; or one of the kidneys may
be completely wanting, and this evidently the consequence of violence or disease.
Hydatids, though seldom met with in the human kidney, are not
unfrequently found in that of the dog. All these are circumstances
that have not received sufficient attention.




328                    CALCULUS.
CALCULOUS CONCRETIONS
are of more frequent occurrence than is generally imagined, but
they are not confined to the kidneys; there is scarcely a portion
of the frame in which they have not been found, particularly in the
brain, the glandular substance, and the coats of the intestines.
I cannot say with Mr. Blaine that I have seen not less than 40
or 50 calculi in my museum; but I have seen too many fearful
examples of the complaint. There has been usually great difficulty
in the urinary evacuation; and at length one of the calculi enters
the urethra, and so blocks up the flow of the urine that mortification ensues.
M. Lautour relates a case of renal calculus in a dog. He had
occasionally voided his urine with some difficulty, and had walked
slowly and with evident pain. August 20, 1827, a sudden exacerbation came on, and the dog was dreadfully agitated. He barked
and rolled himself on the ground almost every minute; he made
frequent attempts to void his urine, which came from him drop by
drop. When compelled to walk, his hind and fore legs seemed to
mingle together, and his loins were bent into a perfect curve; his
flanks were drawn in; he could scarcely be induced to eat; and
he evidently suffered much in voiding his faeces. Mild and demul(ent liquids were his only food. Warm baths and injections
were applied almost unceasingly, and in eight days he seemed to
have perfectly gained his health.
In March, in the following year, the symptoms returned with
greater intensity. His hind limbs were dragged after him; he
rapidly lost flesh, and his howlings were fearful and continuous.
The same mode of treatment was adopted without any good effect,
and, his cries continuing, he was destroyed.
The stomach and intestines were healthy. The bladder was
enlarged from the thickness and induration of its parietes; the
mucous membrane of it was covered with ecchymoses; the kidneys were three or four times their natural size; and the pelvis
contained a calculus weighing 126 grains, composed of 58 grains
of uric acid and 58 of ammonia, with 10 grains of phosphate of
lime.
Of the nature and causes of urinary calculi in the bladder we
know very little. We only know that some solid body finds its
way or is formed there, gradually increases in size, and at length
partially or entirely occupies the bladder. Boerhaave has given a
singular and undeniable proof of this. He introduced a small
round pebble into the bladder of a dog. The wound perfectly
healed. A few months afterwards the animal was killed, and there
was found a calculus of considerable size, of which the pebble was
the nucleus.




CALCULUS.                    329
Occasionally the pressure of the bladder on the calculus which
it contains is exceedingly great, so much so, indeed, as to crush
the calculus. A small calculus may sometimes be forcibly extracted, or cut down upon and removed; but when the calculus is
large, a catheter or bougie must be passed up the penis as far as
the curve in the urethra, and then somewhat firmly held with the
left hand, and pressing against the urethra. A scalpel should be
taken, and an incision made into the urethra. The catheter being
now withdrawn, and the finger or a pair of forceps introduced into
the bladder, the calculus may be grasped and extracted.
There are some instances in which as many as 20 or 30 small
calculi have been taken from the bladder of a dog. Twice I have
seen calculi absolutely crushed in the bladder of a dog; and Mr.
Blaine says that he found no fewer than 40 or 50 in the bladder
of a Newfoundland dog. One of them had passed out into the
urethra, and had so blocked up the passage that the flow of urine
was prevented, and the animal died of mortification.
With much pleasure I refer to the details of Mr. Blaine with
regard to the management of vesical calculi. " When a small calculus," says he, "obstructs the urethra, and can be felt, it may be
attempted to be forced forward through the urethra to the point of
the penis, whence it may be extracted by a pair of forceps. If it
cannot be so moved, it may be cut down upon and removed with
safety; but when one or more stones are within the bladder, we
must attempt lithotomy, after having fully satisfied ourselves of
their existence there by the introduction of the sound; to do which
it must be remembered that the urethra of the dog in passing the
bladder proceeds nearly in a direct line backwards, and then,
making an acute angle, it passes again forwards to the bladder. It
must be therefore evident, that when it becomes necessary to introduce a catheter, sound, or bougie, it must first be passed up the
penis to the extremity of this angle; the point of the instrument
must then be cut down upon, and from this opening the instrument
may be readily passed forward into the bladder. The examination
made, and a stone detected, it may, if a very small one, be attempted
to be pushed forward by means of a finger passed up the anus into
the urethra; but, as this could be practicable only where the dog
happened to be a large one, it is most probable that nothing short
of the operation of lithotomy would succeed. To this end, the
sound being introduced, pass a very small gorget, or otherwise a
bistoury, along its groove into the bladder, to effect an opening
sufficient to admit of the introduction of a fine pair of forceps, by
which the stone may be laid up and extracted."-Blaine's Canine
Pathology, p. 180.
28 




330             DISEASES OF THE BLADDER.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER
is of frequent occurrence in the dog; it is also occasionally observed in the horse and the ox. It sometimes appears as an epizootic. It is generally announced by anxiety, agitation, trembling
of the hinder limbs, frequent attempts to urine, vain efforts to accomplish it, the evacuation small in quantity, sometimes clear and
aqueous, and at other times mucous, laden with sediment, thick
and bloody, escaping by jets, painfully and with great difficulty,
and then suddenly rushing out in great quantity. To this list of
symptoms colic may often be added. The animal drinks with
avidity, but seldom eats much, unless at the commencement of the
complaint. The skin is hard and dry, he looks at his flanks, and
his back and flanks are tender when pressed upon.
During the latter portion of my connexion with Mr. Blaine, this
disease assumed an epidemic character. There was a great drought
through almost every part of the country. The disease was characterised by general uneasiness; continual shifting of the posture;
a tucked-up appearance; an anxious countenance; a quick and
noisy pulse; continued panting; the urine voided in small quantities, sometimes discharged drop by drop, or complete stoppage of
it. The belly hot, swelled, and tender to the touch; the dog becoming strangely irritable, and ready to bite even his master.
1st May, 1824.-Two dogs had been making ineffectual attempts
to void their urine for nearly two days. The first was a terrier,
and the other a Newfoundland. The terrier was bled, placed in
a warm bath, and an aloetic ball, with calomel, administered. He
was bled a second time in the evening, and a few drops of water
were discharged. On the following day, the urine slowly passed
involuntarily from him; but when he attempted to void any, his
efforts were totally ineffectual. Balls composed of camphor, pulv.
uva ursi, tinct. ferri mur., mass purg., and pulv. lini. et gum. arab.,
were administered morning, noon, and night. On the 5th the
urine still passed involuntarily. Cold lotions were employed, and
tonic and astringent medicines administered, with castor oil. He
gradually got well, and no trace of the disease remained until June
the 6th, when he again became thin and weak, and discharged
much bloody urine, but apparently without pain. The uva ursi,
oak bark, and powdered gum-arabic were employed. On the 12th
he had become much better, and so continued until the 1st of
July, when he again exhibited the same complaint more violently
than before.  He was exceedingly tender on the loins, and
screamed when he was touched. He was bled, returned to his
uva ursi and powdered gum, and recovered. I saw him two years
afterwards apparently well.
The Newfoundland dog exhibited a similar complaint, with




INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.           331
nearly the same accompaniments. May 1.-He was disinclined
to move; his belly was hard and hot, and he was supposed to be
costive. Gave an aloetic ball with iron. 2d. He has endeavoured,
in vain, several times to void his urine. He walks stiffly with his
back bound. Subtract eight ounces of blood; give another physicball, and apply cold affusion to the loins. 3d. He frequently attempts to stale, and passes a little urine at each time; he still
walks and stands with his back bound. Syr. papav. et rhamni,
with tinct. ferr. mur., a large spoonfil being given morning and
night. 4th. He again tries, ineffectually, to void his urine. Mist.
et pulv. 5th. Unable to void a drop of urine; nose hot; tongue
hangs down; pants considerably; will not eat; the countenance
has an anxious character. Bleed to twelve ounces; apply cold
affusion. Medicine as before, with cold affusion. 6th. Appears
to be in very great pain; not a drop of water has passed from
him. Medicine and other treatment as before. In the evening he
lay down quietly. On the next morning he was found dead. All
the viscera were sound except the bladder, which was ruptured;
the abdomen contained two quarts of bloody fluid. The mucous
membrane of the bladder appeared to be in the highest state of
inflammation. It was almost black with extravasated blood. On
the neck of the bladder was an enlargement of the size of a
goose's egg, and almost filling the cavity of the pelvis. On cutting into it, more than two ounces of pus escaped.
On June 29, 1833, a poodle was brought to me. He had not
been observed to pass any urine for two days. He made frequent
attempts to void it, and cried dreadfully. The bladder could
be felt distended in the abdomen. I put him into a warm bath,
and took from him a pound of blood. He seemed to be a little
relieved. I did not leave him until after midnight, but was soon
roused by his loud screams, and the dog was also retching violently.
The cries and retching gradually abated, and he died. The bladder
had burst, and the parietes were in a dreadful state of inflammation.
A dog had laboured under incontinence of urine more than two
months. The water was continually dropping from him. The
servant told me that, three months before, he had been shut into
a room two days, and, being a cleanly animal, would not stale
until he was liberated. Soon after that the incontinence of urine
was observed. I gave the usual tonic balls, with a small portion
of opium, night and morning, and ordered cold water to be frequently dashed on the perinaeum. A month afterwards he was
quite well.
Comparatively speaking, profuse staling is not a common disease, except when it is the consequence of bad food, or strong
diuretics, or actual inflammation. The cause and the result of




332             RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER.
the treatment are often obscure. Bleeding, purging, and counter
irritation, would be indicated to a certain extent, but the lowering
system must not be carried too far. The medicine would pro.
bably be catechu, uva ursi, and opium.
At times blood mingles with the urine, with or without coagulation. The cause and the source of it may or may not be determined. Generally speaking it is the result of some strain or
blow.
A terrier bitch, in January, 1820, had incontinence of urine.
No swelling or injury could be detected. I used with her the
simple tonic balls. 10th January. - She is now considerably
better, and only a few drops are observed. 2d February.-The
disease which had seemingly been conquered began again to reappear; the medicine had been neglected. Again have recourse
to it. 4th liarch.-The disease now appears to be quite checked
by the cold lotion and the balls.
A CASE OF RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER.
This is a singular account, and stands almost alone.
The patient was a valuable spaniel belonging to that breed
known as "The Duke of Norfolk's," and now possessed in its
full perfection by the Earl of Albemarle. Professor Simonds shall
give his own account:-I was informed that almost from a puppy
to the time when he was two years old, the dog had always been
delicate in his appearance, and was observed to void his urine
with difficulty; but there were not sufficient indications of disease
for the owner to suppose that medical attendance was necessary
until within a few days of his death, and then, finding that the act
of staling was effected with increased difficulty, and accompanied
with extreme pain; that the dog refused his food, was feverish;
that at length there were frequent or ineffective efforts to expel
the urine, the dog crying out from extremity of pain, and it was
sufficiently evident that great mischief was going on, he was
placed under my care; and even then he was walked a mile and
a half to my infirmary.
My attention was immediately directed to him; the man who
brought him informing me that he seemed much easier since he
left home. On examination, I at once pronounced that he could
not recover; in fact, that he was rapidly sinking; but, from his
then state, I could give no opinion with regard to the precise
nature or extent of his disease. IIe was placed upon a bed in an
appropriate apartment, with directions not to be disturbed, and in
a few hours he died.
The post-mortem appearances were the abdomen containing
from four to five pints of fluid, having much the character of, but
more bloody than, that found in cases of ascites. The peritoneum




WORMS.                      333
seemed to be dyed from its immersion in this fluid, as it showed a
general red hue, not apparently deeper in some parts than in
others. There was an absence, to a great extent, of that beautiful
appearance and well-marked course of the minute blood-vessels
which accompany many cases of original peritonitis. Extending
the examination, I found the bladder to be ruptured, and that the
fluid of which I have spoken was to a large extent composed of
urine, mingled with some other secretion from the peritoneal investure of the abdomen and its viscera, probably produced from
the presence of an irritant, the urine being brought into direct
contact with the membrane. Farther research showed that this
rupture of the bladder was caused in the manner which I have
stated. The post-mortem examination displayed a chronic enlargement of the prostate gland of a considerable size, causing by its
pressure a mechanical obstruction to the passage of the urine.
Death in this instance was not immediately brought about by the
abnormal state of the original organ affected; but the prostate
gland, having early in the life of the animal become diseased, and,
being gradually increased in size, became a cause of still more
serious disease, attacking more important organs.
WORMS.
There are various kinds of worms to which the dog is subject;
they have occasionally been confounded with each other; but they
are essentially different in the situations which they occupy, and
the effects which they produce.
The ascarides are small thread-like worms, generally not more
than six or ten lines in length, of a white colour, the head obtuse,
and the tail terminating in a transparent prolongation. They are
principally found in the rectum. They seem to possess considerable agility; and the itching which they set up is sometimes
absolutely intolerable. To relieve this, the dog often drags the
fundament along the ground.
All the domesticated animals are subject to the annoyance which
these worms occasion. They roll themselves into balls as large
as a nut, and become entangled so much with each other that it
is difficult to separate them. Sometimes they appear in the
stomach, and in such large masses that it is almost impossible to
remove them by the act of vomiting. It has been said that packets
of ascarides have been collected in the stomach containing more
than one hundred worms. These collections are rarely or never
got entirely rid of. Enormous doses of medicine may be given,
and the worms may not be seen again for several weeks; but, at
length, they reappear as numerous as ever.
Young dogs are exceedingly subject to them, and are with great
difficulty perfectly freed from their attacks.




334                      WORMS.
Another species of worm is the teres. It would resemble the
earth-worm in its appearance, were it not white instead of a red
colour. They are very common among dogs, especially young
dogs, in whom they are often attended by fits. Occasionally they
crawl into the stomach, and there produce a great deal of irritation.
Another, and the most injurious of the intestinal worms, is the
tetnia, or tape-worm. It is many inches in length, almost flat in
the greater part of its extent, and its two extremities are nearly or
quite equal. Tape-worms associate in groups like the others, but
they are not so numerous; they chiefly frequent the small intestines. They are sometimes apt to coil themselves, and form a
mechanical obstruction which is fatal to the dog.
The presence of all these worms is readily detected. There is
generally a dry, short cough, a staring coat, a hot and fetid breath,
a voracious appetite, and a peculiar state of the bowels; alternately
constipated to a great degree, or peculiarly loose and griping. In
young dogs the emaciated appearance, stinted growth, fetid breath,
and frequent fits, are indications not to be mistaken.
At other times, however, the dog is filled with worms with
scarcely any indication of their presence. Mr. Blaine very properly remarks that it does not follow, because no worms are seen
to pass away, that there are none: neither when they are not seen
does it follow even that none pass; for, if they remain long in the
intestines after they are dead, they become digested like other
animal matter.
The means of expelling or destroying worms in the intestines
of the dog are twofold: the first and apparently the most natural
mode of proceeding, is the administration of purgatives, and usually
of drastic ones; but there is much danger connected with this;
not merely the faeces will be expelled, but a greater or less portion
of the mucus that lines the intestinal canal. The consequence
of this will be griping and inflammation to a very dangerous extent.
Frequent doses of Epsom salts have been given; but not always
with success, and frequently with griping. Mercurial medicines
have been tried; but they have not always succeeded, and have
often produced salivation. One method of expelling the worm has
been adopted which has rarely failed, without the slightest mischief-the administration of glass finely powdered. Not a particle
of it penetrates through the mucus that lines the bowels, while it
destroys every intestinal worm. The powdered glass is made into
a ball with lard and ginger.
The following account of the symptoms caused by taenia may
be interesting. A dog used to be cheerful, and particularly fond
of his master; but gradually his countenance became haggard, his
eyes were red, his throat was continually filled with a frothy spume,




WORMS.                       335
and he stalked about with an expression of constant inquietude
and suffering. These circumstances naturally excited considerable fear with regard to the nature of his disease, and he was shut
up in a court, with the intention of his being destroyed. Thus
shut up, he furiously threw himself upon every surrounding object,
and tore them with his teeth whenever he could seize them. He
retired into one of the corners of the court, and there he was continually rubbing his nose, as it were to extract some foreign body;
sometimes he bit and tore up the earth, barking and howling violently; his hair stood on end, and his flanks were hollow.
During the whole of his disease he continued to recognise his
master. He ran to him at the slightest word. He refused nothing
to drink; but he would not eat. He was killed on account of the
fear excited among the neighbours.
The veterinary surgeon who attended him suspected that there
was some affection of the head, on account of the strange manner
in which he had rubbed and beaten it. The superior part of the
nose was opened, and two taenia lanceolata were found: it was
plain enough that they were the cause of all the mischief.
The proprietor of the dog nevertheless believed that it was a
case of rabies; he had the caustic applied to his hands, and could
not persuade himself that he was safe until he had been at the
baths of Bourbonne.a
There is a worm inhabiting the stomach of young dogs, the
Ascaris Marginata, a frequent source of sickness, and occasionally of spasmodic colic, by rolling itself into knots. It seems occasionally to take a dislike to its assigned residence, and wanders
into the oesophagus, but rarely into the larger intestines. A dog
had a severe cough, which could not be subdued by bleeding or
physic, or sedative or opiate medicines. He was destroyed, and
one of these ascarides was found in the trachea. Others find their
way into the nasal cavity;and a dreadful source of irritation they
are when they are endeavouring to escape, in order to undergo
one of the changes of form to which they are destined, or when
they have been forced into the nostril in the act of vomiting.
I once had a dog as a patient, whose case, I confess, I did not
understand. He would sneeze and snort, and rub his head and
nose along the carpet. I happened to say that the symptoms in
some respects resembled those of rabies, and yet, that I could not
satisfy myself that the dog was rabid. The mention of rabies was
sufficient, and in defiance of my remonstrances the animal was
destroyed.
The previous symptoms led me to examine the nasal cavity, and
I found two of these ascarides, one concealed in the middle and
a Prat. Med. Vet. 1824, p. 14.




336                      WORMS.
the other in the upper meatus, through neither of which could any
strong current of air be forced, and from which the ascarides could
not be dislodged.
Worms may be the cause of sudden death in a dog. The following case, communicated by Professor Dick, illustrates this
fact:-I lately had the body of a dog sent to me: his owner sent
the following letter by the same conveyance. "My keeper went
out shooting yesterday morning with the dog which I now send to
you. He was quite lively, and apparently well, during the former
part of the day; but towards evening he was seized with violent
vomiting. When he came home he refused to eat, and this morning about eight o'clock he died. As I have lost all my best dogs
rather suddenly, I will thank you to have him examined, and the
contents of his stomach analyzed; and have the kindness to inform
me whether he has been poisoned, or what was the cause of his
death."
On opening the abdomen, the viscera appeared quite healthy:
the stomach was removed, and the contents were found to be more
decidedly acid than usual. The acids were the muriatic and
acetic: the finding of an increased quantity of these is far from
being unusual. There was not a trace of arsenical, mercurial,
nor any other metallic poison present. Of the vegetable poisons,
I can only say there was not the slightest trace of the morbid
effects of any of them. The pericardium and the left side of the
thorax contained a small quantity of bloody serous fluid, and the
heart was full of black blood. The left lung was a little inflamed.
The trachea contained some frothy yellow mucous matter, similar
to the contents of the stomach. In the larynx was found one of
those worms occasionally inhabiting the cavities of the nose, and
which had probably escaped from the nose while the dog had been
hunting; and, lodging in the larynx, had destroyed the animal by
producing spasms of the larynx. The worm was about one inch
and a half in length, and had partly penetrated through the rima
glottidis. Another worm about the same size was found in the
left bronchia, and a still smaller one among the mucus of the
trachea: there were also four others in the nose.
Some years ago I found some worms of the filacia species in the
right ventricle of the heart of a dog, which had produced sudden
death by interrupting the action of the valves.
The following is a curious case of tape-worm, by Mr. Reynold:On an estate where a great quantity of rabbits are annually
destroyed in the month of November, we have observed that several dogs that were previously in good health and condition soon
became weak, listless, and excessively emaciated, frequently passing large portions of the tape-worm. This induced us to examine




FISTULA IN THE ANUS.                337
the intestines of several hares and rabbits; and, with very few exceptions, we found each to contain a perfect tape-worm from three
to four feet in length. We then caused two of the dogs whose
cases appeared the worst to be separated from the others, feeding
them on potatoes, &c.; and, in eight or ten days, after voiding
several feet of the worms, they were perfectly restored to their
former strength and appearance. The worm disease, hitherto so
formidable to the spaniel and pointer, may in a great measure be
fairly attributed to the custom of giving them the intestines of
their game, under the technical appellation of "the paunch."
The facts above stated, in explaining the cause of the disease, at
the same time suggest the remedy.
A worm in the urethra of a dog.-M. Seon, veterinary surgeon
of the Lancers of the Body Guard, was requested to examine a
dog who strained in vain to void his urine, often uttering dreadful
cries, and then eagerly licking his penis. M. Seon, after having
tried in vain to abate the irritation, endeavoured to pass an elastic
bougie. He perceived a conical body half an inch long protruding from the urethra with each effort of the dog to void his urine,
and immediately afterwards returning into the urethra. He crushed
it with a pair of forceps, and drew it out. It proved to be a worm
resembling a strongylus, four and a half inches long. It was living, and moving about. M. Seon could not ascertain its species.
The worm being extracted, the urine flowed, and the dog soon
recovered.a
FISTULA IN THE ANUS.
This is a too frequent consequence of piles. It is often the
result of the stagnation of hardened faeces in the rectum, which
produces inflammation and ulceration, and frequently leaves a
fistulous opening. If we may judge what the quadruped suffers
by the sufferings of human beings, it is a sadly painful affair, whether the fistula is external or internal. Whether it may be cured
by a mild stimulant daily inserted to the bottom of the abscess, or
whether there is a communication with the opening of the rectum
which buries itself in the cellular tissues around it, and requires
an operation for its cure, it will require the assistance of a skilful
surgeon to effect a cure in this case.
a Prat. Med. Vet., Fev. 1828.
29




338                     BLEEDING.
CHAPTER XIII.
BLEEDING; TORSION; CASTRATION; PARTURITION; AND SOME DISEASES CONNECTED WITH THE ORGANS OF GENERATION.
BLEEDING.
THIS operation is exceedingly useful in many accidents and
diseases. It is, in fact, as in the horse, the sheet-anchor of the
practitioner in the majority of cases of an inflammatory character.
There is some difference, however, in the instrument to be used.
The lancet is the preferable instrument in the performance of this
operation. The fleam should be banished from among the instruments of the veterinary surgeon.
A ligature being passed round the lower part of the neck, and
the head being held up a little on one side, the vein will protrude
on either side of the windpipe. It will usually be advisable to cut
away a little of the hair over the spot designed to be punctured.
When a sufficient quantity of blood is abstracted, it will generally
be necessary, and especially if the dog is large, to pass a pin
through both edges of the orifice, and secure it with a little tow.
When no lancet is at hand, the inside of the flap of the ear may
be punctured with a pen-knife, the course of a vein being selected
for this purpose. In somewhat desperate cases a small portion of
the tail may be amputated.
The superficial brachial vein, the cephalic vein of the human
subject, and the plat vein of the farrier, may be resorted to in all
lamenesses of the fore limb, and especially in all shoulder-wrenches,
strains of the loins, and of the thigh and the leg, and muscular
and ligamentous extensions of any part of the hind limbs; the
vena saphena major, and the anterior tibial vein may be punctured
in such cases.
The quantity of blood to be abstracted must be regulated according to the size and strength of the dog and the degree of
inflammation.
One or two ounces may be sufficient for a very small dog, and
seven or eight for a large one.
TORSION.
To M. Amusat, of Paris, we are indebted for the introduction
of the artery-forceps for the arresting of hemorrhage. I shall do
but justice to him by describing his mode of proceeding. He
seizes the divided vessel with a pair of torsion-forceps in such a
manner as to hold and close the mouth of the vessel in its teeth.




TORSION.                     339
The slide of the forceps then shuts its blade, and the artery is held
fast. The artery is then drawn from out of the tissues surrounding it, to the extent of a few lines, and fieed, with another forceps,
from its cellular envelope, so as to lay bare its external coat. The
index and thumb of the left hand are then applied above the forceps, in order to press back the blood in the vessel. He then
begins to twist the artery. One of the methods consists in continuing the torsion until the part held in the forceps is detached.
When, however, the operator does not intend to produce that
effect, he ceases, after from four to six revolutions of the vessel on
its axis for the small arteries, and from eight to twelve for the
large ones. The hemorrhage instantly stops. The vessel which
had been drawn out is then replaced, as the surrounding parts
give support to the knot which has been formed at its extremities.
The knot becomes further concealed by the retraction of the artery, and this retraction will be proportionate to the shortening
which takes place by the effect of the twisting, so that it will be
scarcely visible on the surface of the stump. It is of the utmost
importance to seize the artery perfectly, and to make the stated
number of twists, as otherwise the security against the danger of
consecutive hemorrhage will not be perfect.
Mr. W. B. Costello, of London, was present when the operation
was performed at Paris. He brought back a full account of it as
performed there, and availed himself of an early opportunity of
putting it to the test before some of our metropolitan surgeons. A
dog was placed on the table, the forceps were applied, and the
operation perfectly succeeded.
A few days afterwards a pointer bitch was brought to my infirmary, with a large scirrhous tumour near the anterior teat on the
left side. It had been gradually increasing during the last five
months. It was becoming more irregular in its form, and on one
of its tuberculous prominences was a reddish spot, soft and somewhat tender, indicating that the process of suppuration was about
to commence.
I had often, or almost uniformly, experienced the power of iodine
in dispersing glandular enlargements in the neck of the dog, and
also those indurated tumours of various kinds which form about
the joints of some domesticated animals, particularly of cattle;
but frequent disappointment had convinced me that it was, if not
inert, yet very uncertain in its effect in causing absorption of tuinours about the manmme of the bitch. Having also been taught
that the ultimate success of the excision of these enlargements
depended on their removal before suppuration had taken place,
and the neighbouring parts had been inoculated by the'virus which
so plentifully flowed from the ulcer, I determined on an immediate
operation; and, as the tumour was large, and she was in high con



340                     TORSION.
dition, I thought it a good case for thefirst trial of torsion. She
was well physicked, and on the third day was produced before my
class and properly secured. I had not provided myself with the
torsion forceps, but relied on the hold I should have on the vessel
by means of a pair of common artery forceps; and the effect of
these imperfect instruments beautifully established the power of
torsion in arresting hemorrhage.
Two elliptical incisions were made on the face of the tumour,
and prolonged anteriorly and posteriorly about an inch from it.
The portion of integument that could be spared was thus enclosed,
while the opposed edges of the wound could be neatly and effectually brought together after the operation. The dissection of the
integument from the remaining part of the face of the tumour was
somewhat slow and difficult, for it was in a manner identified with
the hardened mass beneath; but the operation soon proceeded
more quickly, and we very soon had the scirrhus exposed, and adhering to the thorax by its base. About two ounces of venous
blood had now been lost.
I was convinced that I should find the principal artery, by which
the excrescence was fed, at its anterior extremity, and not far from
the. spot where the suppuration seemed to be preparing: therefore,
beginning posteriorly, I very rapidly cut through the cellular texture, elevating the tumour and turning it back, until I arrived at
the inner and anterior point, and there was the only source of
supply; the artery was plainly to be seen. In order to give the
experiment a fair chance, I would not enclose it in the forceps,
but I cut through it. A jet of blood spirted out. I then seized
the vessel as quickly as I could, and began to turn the forceps, but
before I could effect more than a turn and a half I lost my hold on
the artery. I was vexed, and paused, waiting for the renewed
gush of blood that I might seize the vessel again; but to my surprise not a drop more blood came from the arterial trunk. That
turn and a half, considerable pressure having been used, had completely arrested the hemorrhage. I can safely say that not more
than four drachms of arterial blood were lost.
The wound was sponged clean: there remained only a very
slight oozing from two or three points; the flaps were brought together, secured by the ordinary sutures, and the proper bandages
applied. The weight of the tumour was twenty-two ounces; there
was no after-bleeding, no unpleasant occurrences; but the -wound,
which had been nearly six inches in length, was closed in little
more than three weeks.
He will essentially promote the cause of science, and the cause
of humanity, who will avail himself of the opportunity which
country practice affords of putting the effect of torsion to the test;




CASTRATION.                    341
and few things will be more gratifying than the consciousness of
rescuing our patients from the unnecessary infliction of torture.
In docking, it will be found perfectly practicable: our patients
will escape much torture, and tetanus will often be avoided. The
principal danger from castration has arisen from the severity with
which the iron has been employed. The colt, the sheep, and the
dog will be fair subjects for experiment. The cautery, as it regards
the first, and the brutal violence too frequently resorted to in
operating upon the others, have destroyed thousands of animals.
CASTRATION.
This operation is performed on a great portion of our domestic
animals. It renders them more docile, and gives them a disposition to fatten. It is followed by fewest serious accidents when it
is performed on young animals. The autumn or spring should, if
possible, be chosen for the operation, for the temperature of the
atmosphere is then generally uniform and moderate. It should be
previously ascertained that the animal is in perfect health; and he
should be prepared by a mash diet and bleeding, if he is in a plethoric state, or possessed of considerable determination. If it is
a young animal that is to be operated upon, an incision may be
made into the scrotum, the testicle may be protruded, and the cord
cut without much precaution, for the blood will soon. be stayed;
but for older animals it will be advisable to use a ligature, applied
moderately tightly round the spermatic cord a little more than an
inch beyond its insertion into the testicle: the scalpel is then used,
and a separation effected between the ligature and the testis. The
vas derens needs not to be included; a great deal of pain will then
be spared to the animal.
The ordinary consequences of castration are pain, inflammation, engorgement, and suppuration. The pain and suppuration
are inevitable, but generally yield to emollient applications. The
engorgement is often considerable at first, but soon subsides, and
the suppuration usually abates in the course of a few days. It has
been said that the castrated dog is more attached and faithful to
his master than he who has not been deprived of his genital powers:
this, however, is to be much doubted. He has, generally speaking,
lost a considerable portion of his courage, his energy, and his
strength. He is apt to become idle, and is disposed to accumulate fat more rapidly. His power of scent is also very considera
bly diminished, and he is less qualified for the sports of the field.
Of this there can be no doubt. It has been said that he is more
submissive: I very much doubt the accuracy of that opinion. He
may not be so savage as in his perfect state; he may not be so
eager in his feeding; but there is not the devotion to his master,
29*                     w




342                   PARTURITION.
and the quickness of comprehension which belongs to the perfect
dog.
The removal of the ovaries, or spaying of the female, used to
be often practised, and packs of spayed bitches were, and still are,
occasionally kept. In performing this operation, an opening is
made into the flank on one side, and the finger introduced -one
of the ovaries is laid hold of and drawn a little out of the belly;
a ligature is then applied round it, just above the bifurcation of
the womb, and it is cut through, the end of the ligature being left
hanging out of the wound. The other ovary is then felt for and
drawn out, and excised and secured by a ligature. The wound is
then sewed up, and a bandage is placed over the incision. Some
farriers do not apply any ligature, but simply sew up the wound,
and in the majority of cases the edges adhere, and no harm comes
of the operation, except that the general character of the animal
is essentially changed. She accumulates a vast quantity of fat,
becomes listless and idle, and is almost invariably short-lived.
The female dog, therefore, should always be allowed to breed.
Breeding is a necessary process; and the female prevented from
it is sure to be affected with disease sooner or later; enormous
collections and indurations will form, that will inevitably terminate in scirrhus or ulceration.
A troublesome process often occurs when the female is not permitted to have young ones; namely, the accumulation of milk in
the teats, especially if at.any previous time, however distant, she
may have. had puppies once. The foundation is laid for many
unpleasant and unmanageable complaints. If she is suffered to
bring up one litter after another, she will have better health than
those that are debarred from intercourse with the male.
The temporary union which takes place between the male and
female at the period'at which they are brought together is a very
singular one. The corpora cavernosa of the male and the clitoris
of the female being suddenly distended with blood, it is impossible to withdraw either of them until the turgescence of the parts
has entirely ceased.
PARTURITION.
The pupping usually takes place from the sixty-second to the
sixty-fourth day; and the process having commenced, from a
quarter to three quarters of an hour generally takes place between
the production of each puppy.
Great numbers of bitches are lost every year in the act of parturition: there seems to be a propensity in the females to associate with dogs larger than themselves, and they pay for it with
their lives. The most neglected circumstance during the period
of pregnancy is the little exercise which the mother is permitted




PARTURITION.                   343
to take, while, in point of fact, nothing tends more to safe and
easy parturition than her being permitted or compelled to take a
fair quantity of exercise.
When the time of parturition has arrived, and there is evident
difficulty in producing the faetus, recourse should be had to the
ergot of rye, which should be given every hour or half hour, according to circumstances. If after a certain time some, although
little, progress has been made, the ergot must be continued in
smaller doses, or perhaps suspended for a while; but, if all progress is evidently suspended, recourse must be had to the hook or
the forceps. By gentle but continued manipulation much may be
done, especially when the muzzle of the puppy can be brought
into the passage. As little force as possible must be used, and
especially the foetus little broken. Many a valuable animal is destroyed by the undue application of force.
If the animal seems to be losing strength, a small quantity of
laudanum and ether may be administered. "The patience of
bitches in labour is extreme," says Mr. Blaine; "and their distress, if not removed, is most striking and affecting. Their look
is at such time particularly expressive and apparently imploring."
When the pupping is protracted, and the young ones are evidently
dead, the mother may be saved, if none of the puppies have been
broken. In process of time the different puppies may, one after
another, be extracted; but when violence has been used at the
commencement, or almost at any part of the process, death will
assuredly follow.
June 15, 1832.-A spaniel bitch was brought to my infirmary
to-day, who has been in great and constant pain since yesterday,
making repeated but fruitless efforts to expel her puppies. She is
in a very plethoric habit of body; her bowels are much confined,
and she exhibits some general symptoms of febrile derangement,
arising, doubtless, from her protracted labour. This is her first
litter. Upon examination, no young could be distinctly felt.
Place her in a warm bath, and give her a dose of castor oil,
morning and evening.
June 16.- The bitch appears in the same state as yesterday,
except that the medicine has operated freely upon the bowels, and
the febrile symptoms have somewhat decreased. Her strainings
are as frequent and distressing as ever. Take two scruples of the
ergot of rye, and divide into six doses, of which let one be given
every half hour.
In about ten minutes after the exhibition of the last dose of this
medicine, she brought forth, with great difficulty, one dead puppy,
upon taking which away from her, she became so uneasy that I
was induced to return it to her. In about a quarter of an hour
after this I paid her another visit; the puppy could not now be




344                   PARTURITION.
found; but a suspicious appearance in the mother's eye betrayed
at once that she had devoured it. I immediately administered an
emetic; and in a very short time the whole foetus was returned in
five distinct parts, viz., the four quarters and the head. After
this, the bitch began to amend very fast; she produced no other
puppy; and as her supply of milk was small, she was soon convalescent.
Twelve months afterwards she was again taken in labour, about
eleven o'clock in the morning, and after very great difficulty, one
puppy was produced. After this the bitch appeared in great pain,
but did not succeed in expelling another foetus, in consequence
of which I was sent for about three o'clock, P. M. I found her
very uneasy, breathing laboriously; the mouth hot, and the bowels
costive; but I could not discover any trace of another fcetus. She
was put into a warm bath, and a dose of opening medicine was
administered.
About five o'clock she got rid of one dead and two living
puppies.
2d. She is still very ill; she evinces great pain when pressed
upon the abdomen; and it is manifest that she has another fcetus
within her. I ordered a dose of the ergot, and in about twenty
minutes a large puppy was produced, nearly dying. She survived
with due care.
I cannot refrain from inserting the following case at considerable length.
Sept. 4, 1820.-A very diminutive terrier, weighing not 5 lbs.,
was sent to my hospital in order to lie in. She was already restless and panting. About eight o'clock at night the labour pains
commenced; but until eleven scarcely any progress was made.
The os uteri would not admit my finger, although I frequently
attempted it.
At half-past eleven, the membranes began to protrude; at one
the head had descended into the pelvis and the puppy was dead.
In a previous labour she had been unable to produce her young,
although the ergot of rye had been freely used. I was obliged to
use considerable force, and she fought terribly with me throughout
the whole process. At half-past one, and after applying considerable force, I brought away a large foetus, compared with her own
size. On passing my finger as high as possible, I felt another
fetus living, but the night passed and the whole of the following
day, and she ate and drank, and did not appear to be much injured.
Several times in the day I gave her some strong soup and the
ergot. Some slight pains now returned, and by pressing on the
belly the nose of the fetus was brought to the superior edge of the
pelvis. The pains again ceased, the pudenda began to swell from
frequent examination, the bitch began to stagger, and made fre



PARTURITION.                  345
quent attempts to void her urine, with extreme difficulty in accomplishing it. I now resorted to the crotchet; and after many unsuccessful attempts, in which the superior part of the vagina must
have been considerably bruised, I fixed it sufficiently firmly to draw
the head into the cavity of the pelvis. Here for a while the
shoulder resisted every attempt which I could make without the
danger of detruncating the foetus. At length by working at the
side of the head until my nails were soft and my fingers sore, I
extracted one fore leg. The other was soon brought down; another large puppy was produced, but destroyed by the means necessary for its production. This was the fruit of two hours' hard
work.
She was completely exhausted, and scarcely able to stand.
When placed on the ground she staggered and fell at almost
every step. Her efforts to void her urine were frequent and ineffectual.
At four o'clock I again examined her; the external pudenda
were sore and swelled, and beginning to assume a black hue. It
was with considerable difficulty that I could introduce my finger.
A third foetus irregularly presented was detected. I could just
feel one of the hind legs. No time was to be lost. I introduced
a small pair of forceps by the side of my finger, and succeeded in
laying hold of the leg without much difficulty, and, with two or
three weak efforts from the mother,-I could scarcely call them
pains,-I brought the leg down until it was in the cavity of the
pelvis. I solicited it forward with my finger, and, by forcibly
pressing back the labia pudendi, I could just grasp it with the
finger and thumb of the right hand. Holding it there, I introduced the finger of the right hand, and continued to get down the
other leg, and then found little difficulty until the head was brought
to the superior edge of the pelvis. After a long interval, and
with considerable force, this was brought into the pelvis, and another puppy extracted. This fully occupied two hours.
The bitch now appeared almost lifeless. As she was unable to
stand, and seemed unconscious of every thing around her, I concluded that she was lost: I gave her one or two drops of warm
brandy and water, covered her up closely, and put her to bed.
To my surprise, on the following morning, she was curled round
in her basket; she licked my hands, and ate a bit of bread and
butter; but when put on her legs staggered and fell. The pudendum was dreadfully swollen, and literally black. In the afternoon
she again took a little food: she came voluntarily from her basket,
wagged her tail when spoken to, and on the following day she was
taken in her basket a journey of 70 miles, and afterwards did
well; no one could be more rejoiced than was her master, who




346                    PARTURITION.
was present at, and superintended the greater part of the proceedings.
The beneficial effect of Ergot of Rye in difficult Parturition.The following case is from the pen of Professor Dick:- On the
10th instant, a pointer bitch produced two puppies; and it was
thought by the person having her in charge that she had no more.
She was put into a comfortable box, and with a little care was
expected to do well. On the next morning, however, she was
sick and breathed heavily, and continued rather uneasy all the day.
On the forenoon of the following day I was requested to see her.
I found her with her nose dry, breath hot, respiration frequent,
mouth hot and parched, coat staring, back roached, pulse 120, and
a black fetid discharge from the vagina. Pressure on the abdomen gave pain. A pup could be obscurely felt; the secretion of
milk was suppressed, and the skin had lost its natural elasticity.
Tepid water with a little soap dissolved in it was immediately
injected into the uterus, which in a considerable degree excited its
action; and this injection was repeated two or three times with
the same effect.
After waiting for half an hour, the foetus was not discharged
nor brought forward; therefore a scruple of the ergot of rye was
then made into an infusion with two ounces of water, and one-third
of it given as a dose; in half an hour, another one-third of it; the
injections of warm water and soap being also continued. Soon after
the second dose of the infusion, a dead puppy was expelled; the
bitch rapidly recovered, and, with the exception of deficiency of
milk, is now quite well.
This case would seem to prove the great power of the ergot of
rye over the uterus; but, until more experiments are made, it is
necessary to be cautious in ascribing powers to medicines which
have not been much tried in our practice. It is not improbable
that the warm water and soap might have roused the uterus into
action without the aid of the ergot; and it is therefore necessary
that those who repeat this experiment should try the effects of the
medicine unaided by the auxiliary.
The Professor adds, that the great power which this drug is said
to have on the human being, and the apparent effect in the case
just given, suggest the propriety of instituting a further trial of it,
and of our extending our observations to cattle, amongst which
difficult cases of calving so frequently occur.
Mr. Simpson thus concludes some remarks on ergot in difficult
parturition. This medicine possesses a very great power over the
uterus, rousing its dormant or debilitated contractility, and stimulating it to an extra performance of this necessary function after
its natural energy has been in some measure destroyed by forcible
but useless action. The direct utility of the ergot was manifested




PUERPERAL FITS.                  347
in cases where the uterus appeared quite exhausted by its repeated
efforts; and certainly it is but fair to ascribe the decidedly augmented power of the organ to the stimulus of the ergot, for no
other means were resorted to in order to procure the desired effect.
Its action, too, is prompt. Within ten minutes of the administration of a second or third dose, when nature has been nearly exhausted, the parturition has been safely effected.
Puerperal Fits. -Nature proportions the power and resources
of the mother to the wants of her offspring. In her wild undomesticated state she is able to suckle her progeny to t'se full time;
but, in the artificial state in which we have placed her, we shorten
the interval between each period of parturition, we increase The
number of her young ones at each birth, we diminish her natural
powers of affording them nutriment, and we give her a degree of
irritability which renders her whole system liable to be excited and
deranged by causes that would otherwise be harmless: therefore it
happens that, when the petted bitch is permitted to suckle the
whole of her litter, her supply of nutriment soon becomes exhausted, and the continued drain upon her produces a great degree
of irritability. She gets rapidly thin; she staggers, is half unconscious, neglects her puppies, and suddenly falls into a fit of a very
peculiar character. It begins with, and is sometimes confined to,
the respiratory apparatus: she lies on her side and pants violently,
and the sound of her laboured breathing may be heard at the distance
of twenty yards. Sometimes spasms steal over her limbs; at other
times the diaphragm and respiratory muscles alone are convulsed.
In a few hours she is certainly lost; or, if there are moments of
remission, they are speedily succeeded by increased heavings.
The practitioner unaccustomed to this fearful state of excitation,
and forgetful or unaware of its cause, proceeds to bleed her, and
he seals her fate. Although one system is thus convulsively labouring, it is because others are suddenly and perfectly exhausted; and
by abstraction of the vital current he reduces this last hold of life
to the -helpless condition of the rest. There is not a more common or'fatal error than this.
The veterinary practitioner is unable to apply the tepid bath to
his larger patients, in order to quiet the erythism of certain parts
of the system, and produce an equable diffusion of nervous influence and action; and he often forgets it when he has it in his
power to save the smaller ones. Let the bitch in a fit be put into
a bath, temperature 96~ Fahrenheit, and covered with the water,
her head excepted. It will be surprising to see how soon the simple application of this equable temperament will quiet down the
erythism of the excited system. In ten minutes, or a quarter of
an hour, she may be taken out of the bath evidently relieved, and
then, a hasty and not very accurate drying having taken place, she




348                PUERPERAL DISEASES.
is wrapped in a blanket and placed in some warm situation, a
good dose of physic having been previously administered. She
soon breaks out in a profuse perspiration. Everything becomes
gradually quiet, and she falls into a deep and long sleep, and at
length awakes somewhat weak, but to a certain degree restored.
If, then, all her puppies except one or two are taken from her,
and her food is, for a day or two, somewhat restricted, and after
that given again of its usual quantity and kind, she will live and
do well; but a bleeding at the time of her fit, or suffering all her
puppies to return to her, will inevitably destroy her.
A bitch that was often brought to my house was suckling a
litter of puppies. She was foolishly taken up and thrown into the
Serpentine in the month of April. The suppression of milk was
immediate and complete. There was also a determination to the
head, and attacks resembling epilepsy. The puppies that were
suffered to remain with the mother, were very soon as epileptic as
she was, and were destroyed. A seton was inserted on each side
of her neck. Ipecacuanha was administered; and that having
sufficiently worked, a small quantity of diluted sulphuric acid was
given. A fortnight afterwards she was perfectly well.
Inversion of the Uterus in a Bull Bitch after Pupping. Extirpation and Cure. By M. Cross, M. V., Milan.-In July, 1S29,
I was desired to attend a small bull bitch six years old, and who
had had puppies four times. The uterus was completely inverted,
and rested all its weight on the vaginal orifice of the urethra, preventing the discharge of the urine, and thus being the cause of
great pain when the animal endeavoured to void it, or the faecal
matter. The uterus was become of almost a black colour, swelled,
softened, and exhaling an insupportable odour. Judging from this
that the preservation of the uterus was impossible, and reckoning
much on the good constitution of the patient, I warned the proprietor of the danger of its reduction, even supposing that it was
practicable, and proposed to him the complete extirpation of the
uterus as the only means that remained of saving the bitch.
Armed with his consent, I passed a ligature round the neck of
the uterus, at the bottom of the vagina, and drew it as tight as I
possibly could. On the following day I again tightened the ligature, in order to complete the mortification of the part, and the
separation of the womb. On the third day I extirpated the womb
entirely, close to the haunch. There was very slight loss of blood,
but there ran from the walls of the vagina a small quantity of
ichorous fluid, with a strong fetid smell. The operation was
scarcely completed ere she voided a considerable quantity of urine,
and then searched about for something to eat and to drink.
The portion of the uterus that was removed weighed fourteen
ounces. The mucous membrane by which it was lined was in a




DISTEMPER.                     349
highly disorganized state. From time to time injections of a slight
infusion of aromatic plants were introduced into the vagina, and
the animal was nourished with liquid food of easy digestion.
The first day passed without the animal being in the slightest
degree affected; but, on the following day, in despite of all our
care, an ichorous fluid was discharged, which the dog would lick
notwithstanding all our efforts to prevent it. The general health
of the animal did not seem to be in the slightest degree affected.
We continued our aromatic infusion and our regimen.
On the fourth day after the operation, the cords that had served
as a ligature fell off, and all suppuration from the part gradually
ceased.
October 20th.-Three months have passed since the operation,
and she is perfectly well.
CHAPTER XIV.
THE DISTEMPER.
BY this singular name is distinguished a prevalent disease now
about to come under our consideration, which was first observed
on the continent. The rapidity with which it spread, the strange
protean appearances which it assumed, and its too frequent fatal
termination, surprised and puzzled the veterinary surgeons; and
they called it " la maladie des chiens," the disease or distemper
in dogs.
It is comparatively a new disease. It was imported from France
about one hundred years since, although some French authors
have strangely affirmed that it is of British origin. Having once
gained footing among us, it has established itself in our country,
to the vexation and loss of the sportsman, and the annoyance of
the veterinary surgeon. However keepers, or even men of education, may boast of their specifics, it is a sadly fatal disease, and
destroys fully one-third of the canine race.
Dogs of all ages'are subject to its attack. Many, nine and ten
years old, have died of pure distemper; and I have seen puppies
of only three weeks fall victims to it; but it oftenest appears between the sixth and twelfth month of the animal's life. If it occurs at an early period, it proves fatal in the great majority of
cases; and, if the dog is more than four years old, it generally
goes hard with him. It is undeniably highly contagious, yet it is
30




350                    DISTEMPER.
frequently generated. In this it bears an analogy to mange, and
to farcy and glanders in the horse.
One attack of the disease, and even a severe one, is no absolute
security against its return; although the dog that has once laboured
under distemper possesses a certain degree of immunity; or, if he
is attacked a second time, the malady usually assumes a milder
type. I have, however, known it occur three times in the same
animal, and at last destroy him.
Violent catarrh will often terminate in distemper; and low and
insufficient feeding will produce it. It frequently follows mange,
and especially if mercury has been used in the cure of the malady.
When we see a puppy with mange, and that peculiar disease in
which the skin becomes corrugated, and more especially if it is a
spaniel, and pot-bellied or rickety, we generally say that we can
cure the mange, but it will not be long before the animal dies of
distemper; and so it happens in three cases out of four. Whatever debilitates the constitution predisposes it for the reception or
the generation of distemper. It, however, frequently occurs without any apparent exciting cause.
That it is highly contagious cannot admit of doubt. A healthy
dog can seldom, for many days, be kept with another that labours
under distemper without becoming affected; and the disease is
communicated by the slightest momentary contact. There is,
however, a great deal of caprice about this. I have more than
once kept a dog in the foul-yard of my hospital for several successive weeks, and he has not become diseased. Inoculation with
the matter that flows from the nose, either limpid or purulent, and
in an early or advanced stage of the distemper, will, with few exceptions, produce the disease; yet I have failed to communicate
it even by this method. Inoculation used to be recommended as
producing a milder and less fatal disease. So far as my experience goes, the contrary has been the result.
Distemper is also epidemic. It occurs more frequently in the
spring and autumn than in the winter and summer. If one or
two dogs in a certain district are affected, we may be assured that
it will soon extensively prevail there; and where the disease could
not possibly be communicated by contagion. Sometimes it rages
all over the country. At other times it is endemic, and confined
to some particular district.
Not only is the disease epidemic or endemic, but the form
which it assumes is so. In one season, almost every dog with
distemper has violent fits; at another, in the majority of cases,
there will be considerable chest affection, running on to pneumonia; a few months afterwards, a great proportion of the distempered dogs will be worn down by diarrhcea, which no medicine




DISTEMPER.                     351
will arrest; and presently it will be scarcely distinguishable from
mild catarrh.
It varies much with different breeds. The shepherd's dog,
generally speaking, cares little about it; he is scarcely ill a day.
The cur is not often seriously affected. The terrier has it more
severely, especially the white terrier. The hound comes next in
the order of severity; and after him the setter. With the small
spaniel it is more dangerous; and still more so with the pointer,
especially if he has the disease early. Next in the order of fatality
comes the pug; and it is most fatal of all with the Newfoundland
dog. Should a foreign dog be affected, he almost certainly dies.
The greater part of the northern dogs brought by Captain Parry
did not survive a twelvemonth; and the delicate Italian greyhound
has little chance, when imported from abroad.
Not only does it thus differ in different species of dogs, but in
different breeds of the same species. I have known several gentlemen who have laboured in vain for many years, to rear particular and valuable breeds of pointers and greyhounds. The distemper would uniformly carry off five out of six. Other sportsmen
laugh at the supposed danger of distemper, and declare that they
seldom lose a dog. This hereditary predisposition to certain kinds
of disease cannot be denied, and is not sufficiently attended to.
When a peculiar fatality has often followed a certain breed, the
owner should cross it from another kennel, and especially from
the kennel of one who boasts of his success in the treatment of
distemper. This has occasionally succeeded far beyond expectation.
It is time to proceed to the symptoms of this disease; but here
there is very considerable difficulty, for it is a truly protean malady, and it is impossible to fix on any symptom that will invariably characterise it.
An early and frequent symptom is a gradual loss of appetite,
spirits, and condition: the dog is less obedient to his master, and
takes less notice of him. The eyes appear weak and watery; and
there will be a very slight limpid discharge from the nose. In the
morning there will, perhaps, be a little indurated mucus at the
inner corner of the eye. This may continue two or three weeks
without serious or scarcely recognisable illness. Then a peculiar
husky cough is heard, altogether different from the sonorous cough
of catarrh, or the wheezing of asthma. It is an apparent attempt
to get something from the fauces or throat. By degrees the discharge from the eyes and nose, and particularly the former, will
increase. More mucus will collect in the corners of the eye;
and the eye will sometimes be closed in the morning. The conjunctiva, and particularly that portion which covers the sclerotica,
will be considerably injected, but there will not be the usual in



352                    DISTEMPER.
tense redness of inflammation. The vessels will be large and
turgid rather than numerous, and frequently of a darkish hue.
Occasionally, however, the inflammation of the conjunctiva will
be exceedingly intense, the membrane vividly red, and the eye
impatient of light. An opacity spreads over the cornea, and this
is quickly succeeded by ulceration. The first spot of ulceration
is generally found precisely in the centre of the cornea, and is
perfectly circular; this will distinguish it from a scratch or other
injury. The ulcer widens and deepens, and sometimes eats through
the cornea, and the aqueous humour escapes. Fungous granulations spring from it, protrude through the lids, and the animal
evidently suffers extreme torture.
A remarkable peculiarity attends this affection of the eye.
However violent may be the inflammation, and by whatever disorganization it may be accompanied, if we can cure the distemper,
the granulations will disappear, the ulcer will heal, the opacity
will clear away, and the eye will not eventually suffer in the slightest degree. One-fourth part of the mischief in other cases, unconnected with distemper, would inevitably terminate in blindness;
but permanent blindness is rarely the consequence of distemper.
It may not be improper here shortly to revert to the different
appearance of the eye in rabies. In the early stage of this malady
there is an unnatural and often terrific brightness of the eye; but
the cornea in distemper is from the first rather clouded. In rabies
there is frequent strabismus, with the axis of the eye distorted outwards. The apparent squinting of the eye in distemper is caused
by the probably unequal protrusion of the membrana nictitans over
a portion of the eye at the inner canthus, in order to protect it
from the light. In rabies, the white cloudiness which I have described, and the occasional ulceration with very little cloudiness,
and the ulceration, are confined to the cornea; but a dense green
opacity comes on, speedily followed by ulceration and disorganization of every part of the eye.
The dog will, at this stage of distemper, be evidently feverish,
and will shiver and creep to the fire. He will more evidently and
rapidly lose flesh. The huskiness will be more frequent and troublesome, and the discharge from the nose will have greater consistence. It will be often and violently sneezed out, and will
gradually become more or less purulent. It will stick about the
nostrils and plug them up, and thus afford a considerable mechanical obstruction to the breathing.
The progress of the disease is now uncertain. Sometimes fits
come on, speedily following intense inflammation of the eye; or
the inflammation of the nasal cavity appears to be communicated,
by proximity, to the membrane of the brain. One fit is a serious
thing. If it is followed by a second within a day or two, the




DISTEMPER.                    353
chances of cure are diminished; and if they rapidly succeed each
other, the dog is almost always lost. These fits seldom appear
without warning; and, if their approach is carefilly watched, they
may possibly be prevented.
However indisposed to eat the dog may previously have been,
the appetite returns when the fits are at hand, and the animal becomes absolutely voracious. Nature seems to be providing for the
great expenditure of power which epilepsy will soon occasion.
The mucus almost entirely disappears from the eyes, although the
discharge from the nose may continue unabated; and for an hour
or more before the fit there will be a champing of the lower jaw,
frothing at the mouth, and discharge of saliva. The chainping of
the lower jaw will be seen at least twelve hours before the first fit,
and will a little while precede every other. There will also be
twitchings of some part of the frame, and usually of the mouth,
cheek, or eyelid. It is of some consequence to attend to these,
as enabling us to distinguish between fits of distemper and those
of teething, worms, or unusual excitement. The latter come on
suddenly. The dog is apparently well, and racing about full of
spirits, and without a moment's warning he falls into violent convulsions.
We may here, likewise, be enabled to distinguish between rabies
and distemper. When a person, unacquainted with dogs, sees a
dog struggling in a fit, or running along unconscious of every surrounding object, or snapping at everything in his way, whether it
be a human being or a stone, he raises the cry of " mad dog," and
the poor brute is often sacrificed. The very existence of a fit is
proof positive that the dog is not mad. No epilepsy accompanies
rabies in any stage of that disease.
The inflammation of the membrane of the nose and fauces is
sometimes propagated along that of the windpipe, and the dog
exhibits unequivocal proofs of chest affection, or decided pneumonia.
At other times the bowels become affected, and a violent purging comes on. The faeces vary from white with a slight tinge of
gray, to a dark slate or olive colour. By degrees mucus begins to
mingle with the fecal discharge, and then streaks of blood. The
faecal matter rapidly lessens, and the whole seems to consist of
mingled mucus and blood; and, from first to last, the stools are
insufferably offensive. When the mingled blood and mucus appear,
so much inflammation exists in the intestinal canal that the case
is almost hopeless.
The discharge from the nose becomes decidedly purulent. While
it is white and without smell, and the dog is not too much emaciated, the termination may be favourable; but when it becomes
of a darker colour, and mingled with blood, and offensive, the
30*




354                     DISTEMPER.
ethmoid or turbinated bones are becoming carious, and death -supervenes. This will particularly be the case if the mouth and lips
swell, and ulcers begin to appear on them, and the gums ulcerate,
and a sanious and highly offensive discharge proceeds from the
mouth. A singular, half-fetid smell arising from the dog, is the
almost invariable precursor of death.
When the disease first visited the continent, it was regarded as
a humoral disease. Duhamel, who was one of the earliest to study
the character of the malady, contended that the biliary sac contained the cause of the complaint; the bile assumed a concrete
form, and its superabundance was the cause of disease. Barrier,
one of the earliest writers on the subject, described it as a violent
irregular bilious fever. Others regarded it as a mucous discharge,
or a depurative; and others, as a salutary crisis, removing from
the constitution that which oppressed the different organs. Others
had recourse to inoculation, in order to give it a more benign character; and others, and among them Chabert, considered that it
possessed a character of peculiar malignity, and he gave it a name
expressive of its nature and situation-nasal catarrh. It exhibited
the ordinary symptoms of coryza: it was a catarrhal affection in
its early stage; but it afterwards degenerated into a species of
palsy. The causes were unknown. By some, they were attributed
to the natural voracity of the dog; by others, to his occasional
lasciviousness; by others, to his frequent feeding on carrion, or
the refuse of fat and soups.
There is no doubt that nasal catarrh is, to a very considerable
degree, contagious on the continent. It often spreads over a wide
extent of country, and includes numerous animals of various descriptions. It is complicated with various diseases; and particularly, at an early stage, with ophthalmia. It may be interesting
to the reader to trace the progress of the disease among our continental neighbours. It commences with a certain depression of
spirits; a diminution of appetite; a heaviness of the head; a heat
of the mouth; an attempt to get something from the throat; an
insatiable thirst; an elevated temperature of the body; a dry and
painful suffocating cough; and all these circumstances continue
from twenty to thirty days, until at length the dog droops and
dies.
The duration of distemper is uncertain. It sometimes runs its
course in five or six days; or it may linger on two or three months.
In some cases the emaciation is rapid and extreme: danger is then
to be apprehended. When the muscles of the loins are much
attenuated, or almost wasted, there is little hope; and, although
otner symptoms may remit, and the dog may be apparently recovering, yet, if he continues to lose flesh, we may be perfectly
assured that he will not live. On the other hand, let the discharge




DISTEMPER.                    355
from the nose be copious, and the purging violent, and every other
symptom threatening, yet if the animal gains a little flesh, we may
confidently predict his recovery.
When the (og is much reduced in strength and flesh, a spasmodic affection or twitching of the muscles will sometimes be
observed. It is usually confined at first to one limb; but the most
decisive treatment is required, or these spasms will spread until
the animal is altogether unable to stand; and while he lies every
limb will be in motion, travelling, as it were, at the rate of twenty
miles an hour, until the animal is worn out, and dies of absolute
exhaustion. When these spasms become universal and violent,
they are accompanied by constant and dreadful moans and cries.
In the pointer and the hound, and particularly when there is
little discharge from the eyes or nose, an intense yellowness often
suddenly appears all over the dog. He falls away more in twentyfour hours than it would be thought possible; his bowels are
obstinately constipated; he will neither eat nor move; and in two
or three days he is dead.
In the pointer, hound, and greyhound, there sometimes appears
on the whole of the chest and belly a pustular eruption, which
peels off in large scales. The result is usually unfavourable.  A
more general eruption, however, either wearing the usual form of
mange, or accompanied by minute pustules, may be regarded as a
favourable symptom. The disease is leaving the vital parts, and
expending its last energy on the integument.
The post-mortem appearances are exceedingly unsatisfactory:
they do not correspond with the original character of the disease,
but with its strangely varying symptoms. If the dog has died in
fits, we have inflammation of the brain or its membranes, and
particularly at the base of the brain, with considerable effusion of
a serous or bloody fluid. If the prevailing symptoms have led our
attention to the lungs, we find inflammation of the bronchial passages, or, in a few instances, of the substance of the lungs, or the
submucous tissue of the cells. We rarely have inflammation of the
pulmonary pleura, and never to any extent of the intercostal pleura.
In a few lingering cases, tubercles and vomicae of the lungs have
been found.
If the bowels have been chiefly attacked, we have intense inflammation of the mucous membrane, and, generally speaking, the
small intestines are almost filled with worms. If the dog has
gradually wasted away, which is often the case when purging to
any considerable extent has been encouraged or produced, we
have contraction of the whole canal, including even the stomach,
and sometimes considerable enlargement of the mesenteric glands."
a The following is a very frequent temper, when calomel has been given
and unexaggerated history of dis- in too powerful doses:



356                       DISTEMPER.
The membrane of the nose will always exhibit marks of in
flammation, and particularly in the frontal sinuses and ethmoidal
cells; and I have observed the portion of membrane on the septum, or cartilaginous division of the nostrils, between the frontal
sinuses and ethmoidal cells, to be studded with small miliary
tubercles. In advanced stages of the disease, attended with much
defluxion from the nose, the cells of the ethmoidal bone and the
frontal sinuses are filled with pus.
Ulceration is sometimes found on the membrane of the nose,
oftenest on the spot to which 1 have referred - occasionally confined to that; and now and then spreading over the whole of the
septum, and even corroding and eating through it; generally equal
on both sides of the septum; in a few instances extending into
the fauces; seldom found in the larynx, but occasionally seen in
the bronchial passages. The other viscera rarely present any remarkable morbid appearance.
The distemper is clearly a disease of the mucous membranes,
usually commencing in the membrane of the nose, and resembling
nasal catarrh.  In the early stage it is coryza, or nasal catarrh;
but the affection rapidly extends, and seems to attack the mucous
membranes generally, determined to some particular one, either
by atmospheric influence or accidental causes, or constitutional
predisposition. The fits arise from general disturbance of the
system, or from the proximity of the brain to the early seat of inflammation.
This account of the nature and treatment of distemper will,
perhaps, be unsatisfactory to some readers.  One thing, however,
is clear, that for a disease which assumes such a variety of forms,
there can be no specific; yet there is not a keeper who is not in
possession of some supposed infallible nostrum. Nothing can be
more absurd. A disease attacking so many organs, and presenting so many and such different symptoms, must require a mode
of treatment varying with the organ attacked and the symptom
August 30, 1828. —A spaniel, six rapidly increased, accompanied by
months old, has been ailing a fort- laborious and hurried respiration.night, and three doses of calomel Bleed to the extent of three ounces.
have been given by the owner. He  -11th. The breathing relieved, but
has violent purging, with tenesmus  he obstinately refuses to eat, and is
and blood. Half an ounce of castor- forced several times in the day with
oil administered.-31 st. Astringents, arrow-root or strong soup.-l8th. He
morning, noon, and night. - Sept. 6. had become much thinner and weaker,
The astringents have little effect, or, and died in the evening. No appearif the purging is restrained one day, ance of inflammation on the thoracic
it returns with increased violence on  viscera, nor in any part of the alithe following day. Getting rapidly  mentary canal. The intestines are
thin. Begins to husk. Astringents  contracted through their whole excontinued.-10th. The purging is at tent.-Veterinarian, ii. 290.
last overcome, but the huskiness has




DISTEMPER.                    357
prevailing. The faith in these boasted specifics is principally
founded on two circumstances-atmospheric influence and peculiarity of breed. There are some seasons when we can scarcely
save a dog; there are others when we must almost wilfully destroy
him in order to lose him. There are some breeds in which, generation after generation, five out of six die of distemper, while
there are others in which not one out of a dozen dies. When the
season is favourable, and the animal, by hereditary influence, is
not disposed to assume the virulent type of the disease, these two
important agents are overlooked, and the immunity from any fatal
result is attributed to medicine. The circumstances most conducive to success will be the recollection that it is a disease of the
mucous surfaces, and that we must not carry the depleting and
lowering system too far. Keeping this in view, we must accommodate ourselves to the symptoms as they arise.
The natural medicine of the dog seems to be an emetic. The
act of vomiting is very easily excited in him, and, feeling the
slightest ailment, he flies to the dog-grass, unloads his stomach,
and is at once well. In distemper, whatever be the form which it
assumes, an emetic is the first thing to be given. Common salt
will do when nothing else is at hand; but the best emetic, and
particularly in distemper, consists of equal parts of calomel and
tartar emetic. From half a grain to a grain and a half of each
will constitute the dose.
This will act first as an emetic, and afterwards as a gentle purgative. Then, if the cough is urgent, and there is heaving at the
flanks, and the nose is hot, a moderate quantity of blood may be
taken-from three to twelve ounces — and this, if there has been
previous constipation, may be followed by a dose of sulphate of
magnesia, from two to six drachms.
In slight cases this will often be sufficient to effect a cure: but,
if the dog still droops, and particularly if there is much huskiness,
the antimonial or James's powder, nitre and digitalis, in the proportion of from half a grain to a grain of digitalis, from two to
five grains of the James's powder, and from a scruple to a drachm
of nitre, should be administered twice or thrice in a day. If on
the third or fourth day the huskiness is not quite removed, the
emetic should be repeated.
In these affections of the mucous membranes, it is absolutely
necessary to avoid or to get rid of every source of irritation, and
worms will generally be found a very considerable one in young
dogs. If we can speedily get rid of them, distemper will often
rapidly disappear; but, if they are suffered to remain, diarrhoea or
fits are apt to supervene: therefore some worm medicine should
be administered.
I have said that vomiting is very easily excited in the dog; and
x




358                    DISTEMPER.
that for this reason we are precluded from the use of a great many
medicines in our treatment of him. Calomel, aloes, jalap, scammony, and gamboge will generally produce sickness. We are,
therefore, driven to some mechanical vermifuge; and a very effectual one, and that will rarely fail of expelling even the tape-worm,
is tin filings or powdered glass. From half a drachm to a drachm
of either may be advantageously given twice in the day. There
may generally be added to them digitalis, James's powder, and
nitre, made into balls with palm oil and a little linseed meal. This
course should be pursued in usual cases until two or three emetics
have been given, and a ball morning and night on the intermediate
days. Should the huskiness not diminish after the first two or
three days, if the dog has not rapidly lost flesh, I should be disposed to take a little more blood, and to put a seton in the poll.
It should be inserted between the ears, and reaching from ear to
ear.
When there is fever and huskiness, and the dog is not much
emaciated, a seton is an excellent remedy; but, if it is used indiscriminately, and when the animal is already losing ground, and
is violently purging, we shall only hasten his doom, or rather make
it more sure.
It is now, if ever, that pneumonia will be perceived. The symptoms of inflammation in the lungs of the dog can scarcely be mistaken. The quick and laborious breathing, the disinclination or
inability to lie down, the elevated position of the head, and the
projection of the muzzle, will clearly mark it. More blood must
be subtracted, a seton inserted, the bowels opened with Epsom
salts, and the digitalis, nitre, and James's powder given more frequently and in larger doses than before.
Little aid is to be derived from observation of the pulse of the
dog; it differs materially in the breed, and size, and age of the
animal. Many years' practice have failed in enabling me to draw
any certain conclusion from it. The best place to feel the pulse
of the dog is at the side. We may possibly learn from it whether
digitalis is producing an intermittent pulse, which it frequently will
do, and which we wish that it should do: it should then be given
a little more cautiously, and in smaller quantities.
If the pneumonia is evidently conquered, or we have proceeded
thus far without any considerable inflammatory affection of the
chest, we must begin to change our plan of treatment. If the
huskiness continues, and the discharge from the nose is increased
and thicker, and the animal is losing flesh and becoming weak,
we must give only half the quantity of the sedative and diuretic
medicine, and add some mild tonic, as gentian, chamomile, and
ginger, with occasional emetics, taking care to keep the bowels in
a laxative but not purging state. The dog should likewise be




DISTEMPER.                    359
urged to eat; and, if he obstinately refuses all food, he should be
forced with strong beef jelly, for a very great degree of debility
will now ensue.
We have thus far considered the treatment of distemper from
its commencement; but it may have existed several days before
we were consulted, and the dog may be thin and husky, and refusing to eat. In such case we should give an emetic, and then a
dose of salts, and after that proceed to the tonic and fever balls.
Should the strength of the animal continue to decline, and the
discharge from the nose become purulent and offensive, the fever
medicine must be omitted, and the tonic balls, with carbonate of
iron, administered. Some veterinary surgeons are very fond of
gum resins and balsams. Mr. Blaine, in his excellent treatise on
the distemper in his Canine Pathology, recommends myrrh and
benjamin, and balsam of Peru and camphor. I much doubt the
efficacy of these drugs. They are beginning to get into disrepute
in the practice of human medicine; and I believe that if they
were all banished from the veterinary Materia Medica we should
experience no loss. When the dog begins to recover, although
not so rapidly as we could wish, the tonic balls, without the iron,
may be advantageously given, with now and then an emetic, if
huskiness should threaten to return; but mild and wholesome food,
and country or good air, will be the best tonics.
If the discharge from the nose become very offensive, the lips
swelled and ulcerated, and the breath fetid, half an ounce of yeast
may be administered every noon, and the tonics morning and night;
and the mouth should be frequently washed with a solution of
chloride of lime.
At this period of the disease the sub-maxillary glands are sometimes very much enlarged, and a tumour or abscess is formed,
which, if not timely opened, breaks, and a ragged, ill-conditioned
ulcer is formed, very liable to spread, and very difficult to heal.
It is prudent to puncture this tumour as soon as it begins to point,
for it will never disperse. After the opening, a poultice should
be applied to cleanse the ulcer; after which it should be daily
washed with the compound tincture of benjamin, and dressed with
calamine ointment. Some balls should be given, and the annual
liberally fed.
Should the fits appear in an early stage, give a strong emetic;
then bleed, and open the bowels with five or six grains of calomel
and a quarter of a grain of opium: after this insert a seton, and
then commence the tonic balls.
The progress of fits in the early stages of the disease may thus
be arrested. The occurrence of two or three should not mnake us
despair; but, if they occur at a later period, and when the dog is
much reduced, there is little hope. This additional expenditure




360                    DISTEMPER.
of animal power will probably soon carry him off. All that is to
be done, is to administer a strong emetic, obviate costiveness by
castor oil, and give the tonic balls with opium.
Of the treatment of the yellow disease little can be said; we
shall not succeed in one case in twenty. When good effect has
been produced, it has been by one large bleeding, opening the
bowels well with Epsom salts, and then giving grain doses of calomel twice a day in a tonic ball.
While it is prudent to obviate costiveness, we should recollect
that there is nothing more to be dreaded, in every stage of distemper, than diarrhea. The purging of distemper will often bid defiance to the most powerful astringents. This shows the folly of
giving violent cathartics in distemper; and, when I have heard of
the ten, and twenty, and thirty grains of calomel that are sometimes
given, I have thought it fortunate that the stomach of the dog is
so irritable. The greater part of these kill-or-cure doses is ejected,
otherwise the patient would soon be carried off by super-purgation.
There is an irritability about the whole of the mucous membrane
that may be easily excited, but cannot be so readily allayed; and,
therefore, except in the earliest stage of distemper, or in fits, or
limiting ourselves to the small portion of calomel which enters into
our emetic, I would never give a stronger purgative than castor-oil
or Epsom salts. It is of the utmost consequence that the purging
of distemper should be checked as soon as possible.
In some diseases a sudden purging, and even one of considerable violence, constitutes what is called the crisis. It is hailed as
a favourable symptom, and from that moment the animal begins to
recover; but this is never the case in distemper: it is a morbid
action which is then going on, and which produces a dangerous
degree of debility.
The proper treatment of purging in cases of distemper, is first
to give a good dose of Epsom salts, in order to carry away anything
that may offend, and then to ply the animal with mingled absorbents and astringents. A scruple of powdered chalk, ten grains of
catechu, and five of ginger, with a quarter of a grain of opium,
made into a ball with palm oil, may be given to a middle-sized
dog twice or thrice every day. To this may be added injections
of gruel, with the compound chalk mixture and opium.
When the twitchings which I have described begin to appear,
a seton is necessary, whatever may be the degree to which the
animal is reduced. Some stimulating embrocation, such as tincture of cantharides, may be rubbed along the whole course of the
spine; and the medicine which has oftenest, but not always, succeeded, is castor-oil, syrup of buckthorn, and syrup of white poppies, given morning and night, and a tonic ball at noon. If the
4og will not now feed, he should be forced with strong soup. As




DISTEMPER.                    361
soon, however, as the spasms spread over him, accompanied by a
moaning that increases to a cry, humanity demands that we put
an end to that which we cannot cure. Until this happens I would
not despair; for many dogs have been saved that have lain several
days perfectly helpless.
As to the chorea which I have mentioned as an occasional sequel of distemper, if the dog is in tolerable condition, and especially if he is gaining flesh, and the spring or summer is approaching, there is a chance of his doing well. A seton is the first thing;
the bowels should be preserved from constipation; and the nitrate
of silver, in doses of one-eighth of a grain, made into a pill with
linseed meal, and increased to a quarter of a grain, should be given
morning and night.
We should never make too sure of the recovery of a distempered
dog, nor commit ourselves by too early a prognosis. It is a treacherous disease; the medicines should be continued until every
symptom has fairly disappeared; and for a month at least.
It may be interesting to add the following account of the distemper in dogs, by Dr. Jenner. Several of our modern writers have
copied very closely from him.
" That disease among dogs which has familiarly been called the'distemper,' has not hitherto, I believe, been, much noticed by
medical men. My situation in the country favouring my wishes
to make some observations on this singular malady, I availed myself of it, during several successive years, among a large number
of foxhounds belonging to the Earl of Berkeley; and, from observing how frequently it has been confounded with hydrophobia, I
am induced to lay the result of my inquiries before the Medical
and Chirurgical Society. It may be difficult, perhaps, precisely
to ascertain the period of its first appearance in Britain. In this
and the neighbouring counties, I have not been able to trace it
back beyond the middle of the last century; but it has since spread
universally. I knew a gentleman who, about forty-five years ago,
destroyed the greater part of his hounds, from supposing them
mad, when the distemper first broke out among them; so little
was it then known by those most conversant with dogs. On the
continent I find it has been known for a much longer period; it
is as contagious among dogs as the small-pox, measles, or scarlet
fever among the human species; and the contagious miasmata,
like those arising from the diseases just mentioned, retain their
infectious properties a long time after separation from the disternpered animal. Young hounds, for example, brought in a state of
health into a kennel, where others have gone through the distemper, seldom escape it. I have endeavoured to destroy the contagion by ordering every part of a kennel to be carefully washed
with water, then whitewashed, and finally to be repeatedly fumi31




362                    DISTEMPER.
gated with the vapour of marine acid, but without any good
result.
"The dogs generally sicken early in the second week after exposure to the contagion; it is more commonly a violent disease
than otherwise, and cuts off at least one in three that are attacked
by it. It commences with inflammation of the substance of the
lungs, and generally of the mucous membrane of the bronchi.
The inflammation at the same time seizes on the membranes of
the nostrils, and those lining the bones of the nose, particularly
the nasal portion of the ethmoid bone. These membranes are
often inflamed to such a degree as to occasion extravasation of
blood, which I have observed coagulated on their surface. The
breathing is short and quick, and the breath is often fetid; the
teeth are covered with a dark mucus. There is frequently a
vomiting of a glairy fluid. The dog commonly refuses food, but
his thirst seems insatiable, and nothing cheers him like the sight
of water. The bowels, although generally constipated as the
disease advances, are frequently affected with diarrhcea at its
commencement. The eyes are inflamed, and the sight is often
obscured by mucus secreted from the eyelids, or by opacity of the
cornea. The brain is often affected as early as the second day
after the attack; the animal becomes stupid, and his general habits
are changed. In this state, if not prevented by loss of strength,
he sometimes wanders from his home. He is frequently endeavouring to expel by.forcible expirations the mucus from the trachea
and fauces, with a peculiar rattling noise. His jaws are generally
smeared with it, and it sometimes flows out in a frothy state, from
his frequent champing.
" During the progress of the disease, especially in its advanced
stages, he is disposed to bite and gnaw anything within his reach;
he has sometimes epileptic fits, and a quick succession of general
though slight convulsive spasms of the muscles. If the dog survive,
this affection of the muscles continues through life. He is often
attacked with fits of a different description; he first staggers, then
tumbles, rolls, cries as if whipped, and tears up the ground with
his teeth and fore feet: he then lies down senseless and exhausted.
On recovering, he gets up, moves his tail, looks placid, comes to
a whistle, and appears in every respect much better than before
the attack. The eyes, during this paroxysm, look bright, and, unless previously rendered dim by mucus, or opacity of the cornea,
seem as if they were starting from their sockets. He becomes
emaciated, and totters from feebleness in attempting to walk, or
from a partial paralysis of the hind legs. In this state he sometimes lingers on till the third or fourth week, and then either begins to show signs of returning health (which seldom happens
when the symptoms have continued with this degree of violence),




DISTEMPER.                    363
or expires. During convalescence, he has sometimes, though
rarely, profuse hemorrhage from the nose.
"When the inflammation of the lungs is very severe, he frequently dies on the third day. I know one instance of a dog dying
within twenty-four hours after the seizure; and in that short space
of time the greater portion of the lungs was, from exudation, converted into a substance nearly as solid as the liver of a sound
animal. In this case the liver itself was considerably inflamed,
and the eyes and flesh universally were tinged yellow, though I
did not observe anything obstructing the biliary ducts. In other
instances I have also observed the eyes looking yellow.
"' The above is a description of the disease in its several forms;
but in this, as in the diseases of the human body, there is every
gradation in its violence.
" There is also another affinity to some human diseases, viz.,
that the animal which has once gone through it very rarely meets
with a second attack. Fortunately this distemper is not communicable to man. Neither the effluvia from the diseased dog nor
the bite have proved in any instance infectious; but, as it has often
been confounded with canine madness, as 1 have before observed,
it is to be wished that it were more generally understood; for
those who are bitten by a dog in this state are sometimes thrown
into such perturbation that hydrophobic symptoms have actually
arisen from the workings of the imagination. Mr. John Hunter
used to speak of a case somewhat of this description in his lectures.
"A  gentleman who received a severe bite from a dog, soon
after fancied the animal was mad. He felt a horror at the sight
of liquids, and was actually convulsed on attempting to swallow
them. So uncontrollable were his prepossessions, that Mr. Hunter
conceived he would have died had not the dog which inflicted the
wound been found and brought into his room in perfect health.
This soon restored his mind to a state of tranquillity. The sight
of water no longer afflicted him, and he quickly recovered."a
Palsy, more or less complete, is sometimes the termination of
the distemper in dogs.
It is usually accompanied by chorea, and it is then, in the majority of cases, hopeless. Setons should be inserted in the poll,
being then, as nearly as possible, at the commencement of the
spinal cord. They should be well stimulated and worn a considerable time. If they fail, a plaster composed of common pitch, with
a very small quantity of yellow wax and some powdered cantharides, spread on sheep's-skin, should be placed over the whole of
the lumbar and sacral regions, extending half-way down the thigh
a Medico.Chirurgical Transactions, 21st March, 1809.




364                     SMALL-POX.
on either side. The bowels should be kept open by mild aperients,
in order that every source of irritation may be removed from the
intestinal canal. Some mild and general tonic will likewise be
useful, such as gentian and ginger.
CHAPTER XV.
SMALL-POX; MANGE; WARTS; CANCER; FUNGUS H2EMATODES;
SORE FEET.
SMALL-POX.
IN 1809, there was observed, at the Royal Veterinary School
at Lyons, an eruptive malady among the dogs, to which they gave
the name of small-pox. It appeared to be propagated from dog to
dog by contagion. It was not difficult of cure; and it quickly
disappeared when no other remedies were employed than mild
aperients and diaphoretics. A sheep was inoculated from one of
these dogs. There was a slight eruption of pustules formed on
the place of inoculation, but nowhere else; nor was there the least
fever.
At another time, also, at the school at Lyons, a sheep died of
the regular sheep-pox. A part of the skin was fastened, during
four-and-twenty hours, on a healthy sheep, and the other part of
it on a dog, both of them being in apparent good health. No
effect was produced on the dog, but the sheep died of confluent
sheep-pox.
The essential symptoms of small-pox in dogs succeed each other
in the following order: the skin of the belly, the groin, and the
inside of the fore arm, becomes of a redder colour than in its natural state, and sprinkled with small red spots irregularly rounded.
They are sometimes isolated, sometimes clustered together. The
near approach of this eruption is announced by an increase of
fever.
On the second day the spots are larger, and the integument is
slightly tumefied at the centre of each.
On the third day the spots are generally enlarged, and the skin
is still more prominent at the centre.
On the fourth day the summit of the tumour is yet more prominent. Towards the end of that day, the redness of the centre
begins to assume a somewhat gray colour. On the following days,
the pustules take on their peculiar characteristic appearance, and




SMALL-POX.                    365
cannot be confounded with any other eruption. On the summit
is a white circular point, corresponding with a certain quantity of
nearly transparent fluid which it contains, and covered by a thin
and transparent pellicle. This fluid becomes less and less transparent, until it acquires the colour and consistence of pus. The
pustule, during its serous state, is of a rounded form. It is flattened when the fluid acquires a purulent character, and even
slightly depressed towards the close of the period of suppuration,
and when that of desiccation is about to commence, which ordinarily happens towards the ninth or tenth day of the eruption.
The desiccation and the desquamation occupy an exceedingly variable length of time; and so, indeed, do all the different periods
of the disease. What is the least inconstant, is the duration of
the serous eruption, which is about four days, if it has been distinctly produced and guarded from all friction. If the general
character of the pustules is considered, it will be observed, that,
while some of them are in a state of serous secretion, others will
only have begun to appear.
The eruption terminates when desiccation commences in the
first pustules; and, if some red spots show therselves at that period
of the malady, they disappear without being followed by the development of pustules. They are a species of abortive pustules.
After the desiccation, the skin remains covered by brown spots,
which, by degrees, die away. There remains no trace of the disease, except a few superficial cicatrices on which the hair does not
grow.
The causes which produce the greatest variation in the periods
of the eruption are, the age of the dog, and the temperature of the
situation and of the season. The eruption runs through its different stages with much more rapidity in dogs from one to five
months old than in those of greater age. I have never seen it in
dogs more than eighteen months old. An elevated temperature
singularly favours the eruption, and also renders it confluent and
of a serous character. A cold atmosphere is unfavourable to the
eruption, or even prevents it altogether. Death is almost constantly the result of the exposure of dogs having small-pox to any
considerable degree of cold. A moderate temperature is most
favourable to the recovery of the animal. A frequent renewal or
change of air, the temperature remaining nearly the same, is highly
favourable to the patient; consequently close boxes or kennels
should be altogether avoided.
I have often observed, that the perspiration or breath of dogs
labouring under variola emits a very unpleasant odour. This
smell is particularly observed at the commencement of the desiccation of the pustules, and when the animals are lying upon dry
straw; for the friction of the bed against the pustules destroys their
31 *




366                      MANGE.
pellicles, and permits the purulent matter to escape; and the influence of this purulent matter is most pernicious. The fever is
increased, and also the unpleasant smell from the mouth, and that
of the feces. In this state there is a disposition which is rapidly
developed in the lungs to assume the character of pneumonia.
This last complication is a most serious one, and almost always
terminates fatally. It has a peculiar character. It shows itself
suddenly, and with all its alarming symptoms. It is almost immediately accompanied by a purulent secretion from the bronchi, and
the second day does not pass without the characters of pneumonia
being completely developed. The respiration i~ accompanied by
a mucous rale which often becomes sibilant. The nasal cavities
are filled with a purulent fluid. The dog that coughs violently at
the commencement of the disease, employs himself, probably, on
the following day, in ejecting, by a forcible expulsion from the
nostrils, the purulent secretion which is soon and plentifully developed. When he is lying quiet, and even when he seems to be
asleep, there is a loud, stertorous, guttural breathing.
MANGE.
The existence of certain insects found burrowing under the skin
of the human being, and of various tribes of animals, has been
acknowledged from the 12th century. In the 17th century, correct engravings of these insects were produced. On the other
hand many doubted their existence, because it had not been their
lot to see them. In 1812, Gales, a pupil in the hospital of St.
Louis, pretended to have found some of them. They were put
into the hands of M. Raspail, of Paris, who proved that they were
nothing more than the common cheese-mites; and substituted by
Gales for those seen by Bonomo.
Professor Hertwig, of Berlin, has given a graphic sketch of
these insects (Veterinarian, vol. xi. pp. 373, 489).
Mr. Holthouse states that, "placed on the skin of a healthy individual, they excite a disease in the part to which they were confined, having all the characters of scabies; that insects taken from
mangy sheep, horses, and dogs, and transplanted to healthy individuals of the same species, produce in them a disease analogous
to that in the animals from which they were taken; and that there
are too many well-attested cases on record to permit us to doubt
of scabies having been communicated from animals to man.
Mange may in some degree be considered as an hereditary
disease. A mangy dog is liable to produce mangy puppies, and
the progeny of a mangy bitch will certainly become affected sooner
or later. In many cases a propensity to the disease will be speedily
produced. If the puppies are numerous, and confined in close
situations, the effluvia of their transpiration and faecal discharges




MANGE.                       367
will often be productive of mange very difficult to be removed,
Close confinement, salted food, and little exercise, are frequent
causes of mange.
The Scabby Mlange is a frequent form which this disease assumes. It assumes a pustular and scabby form in the red mange,
particularly in white-haired dogs, when there is much and painful
inflammation. A peculiar eruption, termed surfeit, which resembles mange, is sometimes the consequence of exposure to cold
after a hot sultry day. Large blotches appear, from which the hair
falls and leaves the skin bare and rough. Acute mange sometimes
takes on the character of erysipelas; at other times there is considerable inflammation. The animal exhibits heat and restlessness,
and ulcerations of different kinds appear in various parts, superficial but extensive. Bleeding, aperient and cooling medicines are
indicated, and also applications of the subacetate of lead, or spermaceti ointment. A weak infusion of tobacco may be resorted to
when other things fail, but it must be used with much caution.
The same may be said of all mercurial preparations. The tanner's
pit has little efficacy, except in slight cases. Slight bleedings may
be serviceable, and especially in full habits; setons may be resorted
to in obstinate cases. A change in the mode of feeding will often
be useful. Mild purgatives, and especially Epsom salts, are often
beneficial, and also mercurial alteratives, as /Ethiop's mineral with
cream of tartar and nitre. The external applications require considerable caution. If mercury is used, care must be taken that
the dog does not lick it. The diarrhoea produced by mercury often
has a fatal effect.
Unguents are useful, but considerable care must be taken in
their application. They must be applied to the actual skin, not
over the hair. In old and bad cases much time and patience will
be requisite. Mr. Blaine had a favourite setter who had virulent
mange five years. He was ordered to be dressed every day, or
every second day, before the disease was completely conquered.
Cutaneous affections have lately been prevalent to an extent
altogether unprecedented on this and on the other side of the
channel. In the latter part of 1S43 the disease assumed a character
which had not been known among us for many years. The common mange, which we used to think we could easily grapple with,
was now little seen: even the usual red mange with the fox-coloured
stain was not of more frequent occurrence than usual, but an intolerable itchiness with comparatively little redness of skin, and
rarely sufficient to account for the torture which the animal seemed
to endure, and often with not the slightest discoloration of the integument, came before us almost every day, and under its influence the dog became ill-tempered, dispirited, and emaciated, until he
sunk under its influence. All unguents were thrown away here




368                  MANGE-WARTS.
Lotions of corrosive sublimate, decoction of bark, infusion of
digitalis or tobacco, effected some little good; but the persevering
use of the iodine of potassium, purgatives, and the abstraction of
blood very generally succeeded.
The sudden appearance of redness of the skin, and exudation
from it, and actual sores attending the falling off of the hair, and
itching, that seemed to be intolerable, have also been prevalent to
an unprecedented extent. This mange, however, is to a certain
degree manageable. A dose or two of physic should be given,
with an application of a calamine powder, and the administration
of the iodide of potassium.
Mr. Blaine gives a most valuable account of mange in the dog,
part of which I shall quote somewhat at length. Mange exerts a
morbid constitutional action on the skin; it is infectious from
various miasmata, and it is contagious from personal communication. In some animals it may be produced by momentary contact:
it descends to other animals of various descriptions; there is no
doubt that it is occasionally hereditary: it is generated by effluvia
of many various kinds; almost every kind of rancid or stimulating
food is the parent of it. High living with little exercise is a frequent cause of it, and the near approach of starvation is not unfavourable to it. The scabby mange is the common form under
which it generally appears. In red mange the whole integument
is in a state of acute inflammation; surfeit, or blotches, a kind of
cuticular eruption breaks out on particular parts of the body without the slightest notice, and, worse than all, a direct febrile attack,
with swelling and ulceration, occurs, under which the dog evidently
suffers peculiar heat and pain. Last of all comes local mange.
Almost every eruptive disease, whether arising from the eye, the
ear, the scrotum, or the feet, is injurious to the quality as well as
the health of every sporting dog: the scent invariably becomes
diseased, and the general powers are impaired.
There are several accounts of persons who, having handled
mangy dogs, have been affected with an eruption very similar to
the mange. A gentleman and his wife who had been in the habit
of fondling a mangy pug dog, were almost covered with an eruption resembling mange. Several of my servants in the dog-hospital
have experienced a similar attack; and the disease was once communicated to a horse by a cat that was accustomed to lie on his
back as he stood in the stall.
WARTS.
These are often unpleasant things to have to do with. A Newfoundland dog had the whole of the inside of his mouth lined
with warts. I applied the following caustic:-Hyd. suc-corrosivi
ij., acidi mur. 5, alcoholis 5iiij., aque 3ij.  The warts were




CANCER.                      369
touched twice every day, and in less than a fortnight they had all
disappeared.
Another dog had its mouth filled with warts, and the above
solution was applied. In four days considerable salivation came
on, and lasted a week, but at the expiration of that time the warts
had vanished. The owner of the dog had applied the solution
with the tip of her finger; she experienced some salivation, which
she attributed to this cause.
The skin of the dog, from the feebleness of its perspiratory
functions, is little sensible to the influence of diaphoretics: therefore we trust so much to external applications for the cure of
diseases of the skin of that animal.
CANCER.
This is a disease too frequent among females of the dog tribe,
and occasionally seen in the male. Its symptoms, local and
general, are various. They are usually very obscure in their commencement; they increase without any limit; they are exasperated
by irritants of any kind; and in the majority of cases their reproduction is almost constant, and perfectly incurable.
With regard to the female, it is mostly connected with the secretion of milk. Two or three years may pass, and at almost every
return of the period of testrum, there will be some degree of enlargement or inflammation of the teats. Some degree of fever
also appears; but, after a few weeks have passed away, and one or
two physic balls have been administered, everything goes on well.
In process of time, however, the period of cestrum is attended by
a greater degree of fever and enlargement of the teats, and at
length some diminutive hardened nuclei, not exceeding in size the
tip of a finger, are felt within one of the teats. By degrees they
increase in size; they become hard, hot, and tender. A considerable degree of redness begins to appear. Some small enlargements are visible. The animal evidently exhibits considerable
pain when these enlargements are pressed upon. They rapidly
increase, they become more hot and red, various shining protuberances appear about the projection, and at length the tumour ulcerates. A considerable degree of sanious matter flows from the
aperture.
The tumours, however, after a while diminish in size; the heat
and redness diminish; the ulcer partly or entirely closes, but, after
a while, and especially when the next period of cestrum arrives,
the tumour again increases, and with far greater rapidity than
before, and then comes the necessity of the removal of the tumour,
or if not, the destruction of the animal. In the great majority of
cases, the removal of the cancer does not destroy the dog, but
lessens its torture. The knife and the forceps must usually be re



370              FUNGUS HA3MATODES.
sorted to, and in the hands of a skilful surgeon the life of the animal will be saved.
When the cancer is attached to the neighbouring parts by cellular substance alone, no difficulty will be experienced in detaching
the whole of it. The operation will be speedily performed, and
there will be an end of the matter; but, if the tumour has been
neglected, and the muscular, the cellular, or even the superficial
parts have been attacked, the utmost caution is requisite that every
diseased portion shall be removed. Mr. Blaine adds to this that
" it must also be taken into the account, that, although in the
canine cancer ulceration does not often reappear in the intermediate part, when the operation has been judiciously performed, yet,
when the constitution has been long affected with this ulcerative
action, it is very apt to show itself in some neighbouring part soon
after."
FUNGUS H./EMATODES.
In the month of March, 1836, a valuable pointer dog was sent
to Mr. Adam of Beaufort, quite emaciated, with total loss of appetite, and with a large fungus hzematodes about the middle of the
right side of his neck. It had begun to appear about five months
before, and was not at first larger than a pea. Mr. Adam gave
him a purgative of Barbadoes aloes, which caused the discharge
of much fetid matter from the intestines. At the expiration of
three days he removed the tumour with the knife. There was a
full discharge of healthy matter from the wound. During the
period of its healing the animal was well fed, and ferruginous
tonics were given. In a little more than three weeks the wound
had completely filled up with healthy granulations, and the dog
was sent home to all appearance quite well.
At the expiration of three months another tumour made its
appearance near the situation of the former one, growing fast; it
had attained nearly the size of the other. Mr. Adam removed it
immediately, ordering a system of nutritive feeding and tonics. It
appeared at first to go on favourably; but, five days after the removal of the second one, a third made its appearance.
This was removed at the expiration of another five days; but
the animal was totally unable to walk, with very laborious breathing
and cold extremities. A cathartic was given and the legs bandaged;
but the wounds made no progress towards healing, and at the end
of three days he died. On exposing the cavity of the thorax it
was almost covered with variously formed tumours, from the size
of a pigeon's egg to that of a small pea. The intercostal muscles
had many of these adhering to them, and a few small ones were
developed on the heart. There were three on the diaphragm, in
the centre of which matter was formed. The blood-vessels, kid



SORE FEET.                    371
neys, &c., were free from disease. These tumours were white,
or nearly so, rather hard, and of a glandular substance. The external ones were soft, red, and almost destitute of blood-vessels,
except the first, which bled considerably. There was dropsy of
the abdomen.
SORE FEET
constitute a frequent and troublesome complaint. It consists of
inflammation of the vascular substance, between the epidermis and
the parts beneath. It is the result of numerous slight contusions,
produced by long travelling in dry weather, or hunting over a hard
and rough country, or one covered with frost and snow. The irritation with which it commences continues to increase, and a certain portion of fluid is determined to the feet, and tubercles are
formed, hard, hot, and tender, until the whole foot is in a diseased
state, considerably enlarged. The animal sadly suffers, and is
scarcely able to stand up for a minute. Sometimes the ardour of
the chase will make him for a while forget all this; but on his return, and when he endeavours to repose himself, it is with difficulty
that he can be got up again. The toes become enlarged, the skin
red and tender, and the horny sole becomes detached and drops.
Local fever, and that to a considerable extent, becomes established;
it reacts on the general economy of the animal, who scarcely
moves from his bed, and at length refuses all food. At other times
a separation takes place between the dermis and the epidermis,
which is a perfect mass of serosity.
Still, however, it is only when all this has much increased, or
has been neglected, that any permanently dangerous consequences
take place. When violent inflammation has set in, the feet must
be carefully attended to, or the dog may be lamed for life. One
or two physic-balls may be given; all salted meat should be removed, and the animal supplied with food without being compelled
to move from his bed. The feet should be bathed with warm
water, and a poultice of linseed meal applied to them twice in the
day. If, as is too often the case, he should tear this off, the feet
should be often fomented. It is bad practice in any master of
dogs to suffer them to be at all neglected when there are any
tokens of inflammation of the feet. The neglect of even a few days
may render a dog a cripple for life. If there are evident appearances of pus collecting about the claws, or any part of the feet,
the abscess should be opened, well bathed with warm water, and
friar's balsam applied to the feet.
When the feet have been neglected, the nail is apt to grow very
rapidly, and curve round and penetrate into the foot. The forceps
should be applied, and the claws reduced to their proper size.
If there are any indications of fever, or if the dog should be




372                    SORE FEET.
continually lying down, or he should hold up his feet, and keep
them apart as much as he can, scarifications or poultices, or both,
should be resorted to.
When the feet of a dog become sore in travelling, the foolish
habit of washing them with brine should never be permitted, although it is very commonly resorted to. Warm fomentations, or
warm pot-liquor, or poultices of linseed meal should be applied,
or, if matter is apparently forming, the lancet may be resorted to.
Dogs are frequently sent to the hospital with considerable redness between the toes, and ichorous discharge, and the toes
thickened round the base of the nails, as if they were inclined to
drop off. The common alterative medicine should be given, and
a lotion composed of hydrarg. oxym. gr. vi., alcohol 3j., et aq. calcis 3iiij., should be applied to the feet three times every day.
Leathern gloves should be sewn on them. These cases are often
very obstinate.
Generally speaking, the dog has five toes on the fore feet, and
four on the hind feet, with a mere rudiment of a fifth metatarsal
bone in some feet; but, in others, the fifth bone is long and well
proportioned, and advances as far as the origin of the first phalanx
of the neighbouring toe.
[The editor begs leave to add a more detailed and systematic
treatise of the affections generally attacking the feet and limbs of
our dogs.
DISEASES OF THE FEET.
SORE FEET.
Inflammation of the feet, a disease somewhat analogous to founder in horses, and often attended with equally bad results, particularly in the English kennels, is comparatively rare with us,
although there are few sportsmen but have met with some cases
among their dogs. The feet become tender, swollen, and hot,
violent inflammatory action sets in, the toes become sore, the
claws diseased, and the balls very painful, and often suppurate.
The animal is thus speedily rendered useless; not being able to
support his body, owing to the intense pain, he remains in his
house, and employs the most of his time in temporarily assuaging
his sufferings by constantly licking the diseased members.
Causes.-Running long distances over frozen or stony grounds,
hunting over a rough and ill-cleaned country, over-feeding, confinement, and lazy habits, are all conducive in some measure to this
affection.
This form of disease is not uncommon among those dogs used
in toling ducks on the Chesapeake bay, these animals being




PUSTULAR AFFECTION OF THE FEET.          373
obliged to run incessantly to and fro over the gravel shores, in
their efforts to attract the canvass-back.  We have seen many
dogs that have been made cripples by this arduous work, and rendered prematurely old while yet in their prime. It would certainly
be wise and humane on the part of those who pursue this sport
either for pleasure or gain, to provide suitable boots for these
sagacious animals, who in return would repay such kindness by
increased ardour and length of service. These articles might be
made of leather, or some other durable substance, in such a manner
that they could be laced on every morning before commencing
their labours.
The claws should be allowed to project through openings in the
boot, as this arrangement will give much more freedom to the feet,
and the boot itself will not be destroyed so soon by the penetration of the toes through its substance. Boots thus neatly made
will neither interfere with his locomotive nor swimming powers,
but add greatly to the comfort of the animal, and secure his services for many years.
Treatment. -No stimulating applications to the feet are to be
used, such as salt water, ley, fish brine, or urine, but rather emollient poultices and cooling washes. These last-mentioned remedies
should be carefully applied, and the dog confined to his house as
much as possible: in fact, there is little difficulty in restraining
him in this respect, as he has but little inclination or ability to
move about.
Purging balls should be administered every night, and blood
abstracted if there be much fever, as indicated in the heat, swelling, and pain of the limbs.
If the balls continue to swell, and there is a collection of pus
within them, they may be opened by the lancet, and the contents
evacuated, after which apply a linseed poultice. When the inflammation has subsided, simple dressings of melted butter or
fresh lard will generally effect a cure.
PUSTULAR AFFECTION OF THE FEET.
Dogs frequently have a pustular eruption between the toes,
either accompanying mange or some other skin disease, or entirely
independent of any other affection.
Causes.-Want of cleanliness, bad housing, improper food, vermin, and depraved constitution.
Treatment.-Frequent washing with castile soap and water will
correct this disease; the feet and legs after washing should be
rubbed dry, particularly between the toes. When the pustules are
large, they may be opened with the lancet and a poultice applied.
If the disease appears complicated with mange, or dependent upon
32                   Y




374                      SPRAINS.
other general causes, the primary affection must be removed by
the proper remedies, which generally carries off with it the second
ary disease.
SPRAINS.
It is not an uncommon occurrence for dogs, while running,
climbing fences, or jumping ditches, to sprain themselves very
severely in the knee, or more frequently in the shoulder-joint; and
if not properly attended to, will remain cripples for life, owing to
enlargement of the tendon and deposition of matter.
We once had a fine, large, powerful bull-dog, that sprained
himself in the shoulder while running very violently in the street
after another dog, and in some way, owing to his great eagerness
to overtake the other, tripped up when at the top of his speed, fell on
his chest, and when he arose commenced limping, and evidently
suffered from considerable pain. On taking him home, we examined his feet, limbs, and chest very particularly, expecting to
find a luxation or fracture of some of the bones of the leg or feet,
or perhaps the presence of a piece of glass or other article deeply
imbedded in the ball. None of the above accidents, however, being
brought to light by our examination, or that of a medical friend
who expressed a wish to see our patient, we concluded that a simple sprain of some of the tendons had taken place.
On the following day there was slight swelling and tenderness
of the shoulder-joint, accompanied by great unwillingness to put
the foot to the ground, owing to the pain that seemed to be produced by the extension of the leg. The limb was fomented, and
the dog confined for several days, till the swelling and tenderness
disappeared; but, greatly to our astonishment and that of others,
he still remained lame as before.
This lameness continued for several months, when we parted
with him, sending him to a relative in the country, who informed
us that he never recovered the use of his limb, but that it became
shrivelled and deformed for want of use.
The cause of lameness in this dog is as unaccountable as some
cases of lameness we see in horses. We are convinced that there
was neither fracture nor luxation, nor any other unnatural displacement of the parts, and can attribute it to nothing but enlargement
of one of the tendons of the shoulder-joint, resulting from inflammation. If it had been in our power, we should have liked to
have examined this animal after death.
Treatment. —Hot fomentations to the part affected, together
with purging balls and bleeding, if there be great tenderness and
swelling of the limb. When the inflammation and tumefaction
have disappeared, rub the parts with opodeldoc, or other stimulating mixtures.




WOUNDS OF THE FEET-LONG NAILS.           375
WOUNDS OF THE FEET.
Dogs are apt to cut their feet by stepping upon sharp tools, bits
of oyster-shell, old iron, &c., or by the introduction of thorns,
burrs, nails, bits of glass, and other articles, into their balls.
Treatment.-If the cut be very deep, or divides the ball, the
foot must be washed in tepid water, and the edges of the wound
drawn together and retained in their position by a couple of sutures
or a strap or two of adhesive plaster, and the animal confined.
Where thorns or sand-burrs have pierced the foot, diligent search
should be made to extract them, or the wound will suppurate, and
the dog continue lame for a long time. This caution is particularly necessary when minute particles of glass have entered the
foot. A poultice in such cases should be applied, after removing
every particle within our reach, and the foot be wrapped up, or,
what is better, enclosed in a boot of some kind, sufficiently strong
to protect it from the dirt or other small particles which otherwise
would enter the wound and prevent its healing. In a case of great
emergency, one of our friends hunted a setter dog three successive
days in a leather boot, which we instructed a country cobbler to
put on him to protect his foot from a recent and deep cut, that he
had received from treading upon some farming utensils. The
boot was taken off every night, the foot nicely cleaned, the leather
oiled and replaced ready for the following day. The wound afterwards healed up, and no trace of the incision now remains. The
boot should be made of stout, flexible leather, and extend beyond
the first joint; the seam must be in front, so as not to interfere
with the dog's tread. There should be openings for the claws,
and the sole large enough to allow the expansion of the ball pads
when in motion: a small layer of tow had better be laid on the
bottom of the foot before putting on the boot.
It is often very difficult to tell the exact spot where a briar or
thorn has entered the foot, owing to its penetrating so far into the
substance of the ball as to be entirely concealed under the skin,
or by the swelling of the parts surrounding it. In all such cases
the bottom of the foot should be gently pressed by the thumb, and
the point where the dog exhibits symptoms of most pain should be
particularly examined, and, if necessary, cut down upon to extract
the extraneous substance, no matter what it may be.
LONG NAILS OR CLAWS.
The nails of some dogs require occasional cutting, otherwise
they grow so long and fast that they turn in and penetrate the ball
of the foot. If we cut them, a strong, sharp knife is necessary for
the purpose; filing them off we consider far preferable.




376               LAMENESS-FRACTURES.
LAMENESS.
Dogs, as well as horses, become lame from stiff joints, splints,
and sprains. Stiff joints are occasioned by anchylosis, or the deposit of calcareous or osseous matter within the ligament or around
the head of the bone, which latter defect is known as ring-bone in
the horse.
Treatment.-Stimulating friction to the parts, such as spirits of
camphor, or camphorated liniment, mercurial ointment, tincture
of iodine, opodeldoc, blistering, &c.-L.]
CHAPTER XVI.
FRACTURES.
THESE are of not unfrequent occurrence in the dog; and I once
had five cases in my hospital at the same time.
In the human subject, fractures are more frequent in adults,
and, perhaps, in old men, than in infants; but this is not the case
with the smaller animals generally, and particularly with dogs.
Five-sixths of the fractures occur between the time of weaning
and the animal being six months old; not, perhaps, because of
their chemical composition, that the bones are more fragile at this
age; but because young dogs are more exposed to fall from the
hands of the persons who carry them, and from the places to which
they climb; and the extremities of the bones, then being in the
state of epiphysis, are easily separated from the body of the bone.
When the fracture takes place in the body of the bone, it is transverse or somewhat oblique, but there is scarcely any displacement.
A simple bandage will be sufficient for the reduction of these
fractures, which may be removed in ten or twelve days, when the
preparatory callus has acquired some consistence. One only out
of twenty dogs that were brought to me with fractures of the extremities, in the year 1834, died. Two dogs had their jaws fractured by kicks from horses, and lost several of their teeth. In one
of them the anterior part of the jaw was fractured perpendicularly;
in the other, both branches were fractured. Plenty of good soup
was injected into their mouths. Ten or twelve days afterwards,
they were suffered to lap it; and in a little while they were dismissed cured.
It will be desirable, perhaps, to describe our usual method of




FRACTURES.                    377
reducing the greater part of the fractures which come under our
notice.
I.-The humerus was fractured just above the elbow and close
to the joint. The limb was enclosed in adhesive plaster, and supported by a firm bandage. The bones were beginning to unite,
when, by some means concerning which I could never satisfy myself, the tibia was broken a little above the hock. Nothing could
well be done with this second fracture; but great care was taken
with regard to the former. The lower head of the humerus
remained somewhat enlarged; but the lameness became very
slight, and in three weeks had nearly or quite disappeared. Nothing
was done to the second fracture; in fact, nothing more than a
slight annular enlargement, surrounding the part, remained -a
proof of the renovating power of nature.
II.-A spaniel was run over by a light carriage. It was unable
to put the left hind leg to the ground, and at the upper tuberosity
of the ileum some crepitus could be distinguished. I subtracted
six ounces of blood, administered a physic-ball, and ordered the
patient to be well fomented with warm water several times during
the night. On the following day no wound could be discovered,
but there was great tenderness.  I continued the fomentation.
Two or three days afterwards she was evidently easier. I then
had the hair cut close, and covered the loins and back with a
pitch-plaster. At the expiration of six days the plaster was getting
somewhat loose, and was replaced by another with which a very
small quantity of powdered cantharides was mingled. At the expiration of the fifth week she was quite well.
III.-The thigh-bone had been broken a fortnight. It was a
compound fracture: the divided edges of the bone protruded
through the integuments, and there was no disposition to unite.
It is not in one case in a hundred that an animal thus situated
can be saved. We failed in o.ur efforts, and the dog was ultimately
destroyed.
IV.-The femur was broken near the hip. I saw it on the
third day, when much heat and swelling had taken place. I
ordered the parts to be frequently bathed with warm water. The
heat and tenderness to a considerable degree subsided, and the
pitch-plaster was carefully applied. At the expiration of a week
the plaster began to be loosened. A second one was applied, and
when a fortnight longer had passed, a slight degree of tenderness
alone remained.
V.-The following account is characteristic of the bull terrier.
The radius had been broken, and was set, and the bones were
decidedly united, when the dog, in a moment of frantic rage,
seized his own leg and crushed some of the bones. They were
once more united, but his wrist bent under him in the form of a
32*




378                    FRACTURES.
concave semicircle, as if some of the ligaments of the joint had
been ruptured in the moment of rage. It was evident on the following day that it was impossible to control him, and he was destroyed.
VI.-A spaniel, three months old, became fractured half-way
between the wrist and the elbow. A surgeon bound it up, and it
became swollen to an enormous size, from the adhesive plaster
that had been applied and the manner of placing the splints. I
removed the splints. On the following morning I had the arm
frequently fomented: a very indistinct crepitus could be perceived
at the point of the humerus: I applied another plaster higher up,
and including the elbow. The hair not having been cut sufficiently close, the plaster was removed, applied much more neatly
and closely, and the original fracture was firmly bound together.
No crepitus was now to be perceived.
I saw no more of our patient for four days, when I found that
he had fallen, and that the elbow on the other side was fractured
within the capsular ligament. A very distinct crepitus could be
felt, and the dog cried sadly when the joint was moved. I would
have destroyed him, but he was a favourite with his master, and
we tried what a few days more would produce. I enclosed the
whole of the limb in a plaster of pitch, and bound it up without
splints. Both the bandages remained on nearly a fortnight, when
the fractures were found to be perfectly united, and the lameness
in both legs gradually disappeared.
VII.-July 22, 1843. A spaniel was frightened with something
on the bed, and fell from it, and cried very much. The instep,
or wrist, of the right leg, before was evidently bowed, and there
was considerable heat and tenderness. It was well fomented on
the two following days, and then set, and adhesive plaster was
tightly applied, and a splint bound over that. 24th. The foot
began to swell, and was evidently painful. The outer bandage
was loosened a little, but the inner bandage was not touched.
Aug. 4. The bandage, that had not been meddled with for eleven
days, now appeared to give him some pain. For the last two days
he has been gently licking and gnawing it. The splints were
removed; but the adhesive plaster appearing even and firm, was
suffered to remain. 26th. Everything appeared to be going on
well, when he again leaped from his bed. The wrist was much
more bowed, and was tender and hot. Simple lint and a firm
calico bandage were had recourse to. 27th. He is unable to put
his foot to the ground, and the joint is certainly enlarging. An
adhesive plaster, made by a Frenchman, was applied at the owner's
request, over which was placed a splint. The dog soon began to
gnaw the plaster, which formed a sticky but not very adhesive
mass. Before night the pain appeared to be very great, and the




FRACTURES.                    379
dog cried excessively. I was sent for. We well fomented the
leg, and then returned to our former treatment. There was evidently a great deal of pain, but it gradually passed over, and a
slight degree of lameness alone remained.
I have great pleasure in adding the following accounts of the
successful treatment of fractures in dogs by Mr. Percivall:"Hopeless as cases of fracture in horses generally are, from
the difficulty experienced in managing the patient, they are by no
means to be so regarded in dogs. I have in several instances
seen dogs recover, and with very good use of the parts, if not
perfect restoration of them, when the accidents have been considered, at the time they took place, of a nature so irremediable
as to render it advisable to destroy the animals.
" May 4, 1839. A valuable Irish spaniel fell from a high wall,
and fractured his of shoulder. On examination, I found the os
humeri fractured about an inch above its radial extremity, causing
the limb to drop pendulously from the side, and depriving the
animal of all use of it. The arm, by which I mean the fore arm,
was movable in any direction upon the shoulder, and there was
distinct crepitus: in a word, the nature of the accident was too
plain to admit of doubt; nor was there any splinter or loose piece
of bone discoverable. I directed that the animal might be laid
flat upon his sound side in a hamper, or covered basket or box,
of sufficient dimensions, but not large enough to admit of his
moving about; to have his hind legs fettered, his mouth muzzled,
and his injured parts covered with a linen cloth wetted with a
spirit lotion. MJay 5. The parts are tumefied, but not more, nor
even so much as onernight have expected. Continue the lotion.
6th. At my request, Mr. Youatt was called in to give his opinion
as to the probability of effecting a cure. He thought from the
inconvenient situation of the fracture, that the chances of success
were doubtful; and recommended that a plaster, composed of
thick sheep-skin and pitch, cut to the shape of the parts, should
be applied, extending from the upper part of the shoulder down
upon the arm, and reaching to the knee; and that the whole should
be enveloped in well-applied bandages, one of them being carried
over the shoulders and brought round between the fore legs, to
support the limb, and aid in retaining the fractured ends in apposition. Prior to the application of the pitch plaster the hair
was closely shorn off. Thus bound up, the dog was replaced in
his hamper, and had some aperient medicine given to him. 8th.
The medicine has operated; and he appears going on well, his
appetite continuing unimpaired. 10th. He growls when I open
the basket to look at him. On examining him (while his keeper
had hold of him), I found the plaster loosening from its adhesion;
I took it off altogether, and applied a fresh one, composed of the




380                    FRACTURES.
stopping composition I use for horses' feet. June 7. Up to this
time everything appears to have been going on properly. The
fracture feels as if it were completely united, and, as the plaster
continues to adhere firmly, I thought the bandages enveloping it,
as they were often getting loose, might now be dispensed with,
and that the dog might with benefit be chained to a kennel, instead of being so closely confined as he has been. In moving, he
does not attempt to use the fractured limb, but hops along upon
the three other legs. July. He has acquired pretty good use of
the limb. Being now at liberty, he runs about a good deal; halting, from there being some shortness of the limb, but not so much
as to prevent him being serviceable, as a' slow' hunter, in the
sporting-field.
"About a twelvemonth ago," continues Mr. Percivall, "I was
consulted concerning a blood-hound of great size and beauty, and
of the cost of 501., that had been a cripple in one of his hind limbs
for some considerable time past, owing, it was said or thought, to
having received some injury. After a very careful handling and
examination of the parts about the hips, the places where he expressed pain, I came to the conclusion that there had been, and
still existed, some fracture of the ischial portion of the pelvis, but
precisely where, or of what nature, I could not determine; and all
the treatment I could recommend was, that the animal should be
shut up within a basket or box of some sort, of dimensions only
sufficient to enable him to lie at ease, and that he be kept there
for at least six months, without being taken out, save for the purpose of having his bed cleansed or renewed. His owner had previously made up his mind to have him destroyed; understanding,
however, from me, that there still remained a chance of his recovery, he ordered his groom to procure a proper basket, and see
that the dog's confinement was such as I had prescribed. The
man asked me to allow him to have his kennel, which, being no
larger than was requisite for him, I did not object to; and to this
he had an iron lattice-door made, converting it into a sort of wild
beast cage. After two months' confinement, I had him let out for
a short run, and perceived evident amendment. I believe altogether that he was imprisoned five months, and then was found so
much improved that I had him chained to his kennel for the remaining month, and this, I believe, was continued for another
month. The issue was the complete recovery of the animal, very
much to the gratification and joy of his master, by whom he is
regarded as a kind of unique or unobtainable production.
"The fractures of dogs and other animals must, of course, be
treated in accordance with all the circumstances of their cases;
but I have always considered it a most essential part of their treatment that such portable patients as dogs and cats, &c., should be




FRACTURES.                    381
placed and kept in a state of confinement, where they either could
not, or were not likely to, use or move the fractured parts; and,
moreover, I have thought that failure, where it has resulted after
such treatment, has arisen from its not having been sufficiently
long persisted in."
In the opinion of Professor Simonds, when there is fracture of
the bones of the extremities, a starch bandage is the best that can
be employed. If applied wet, it adapts itself to the irregularities
of the limbs; and if allowed to remain on twelve hours undisturbed,
it forms a complete case for the part, and affords more equal support than anything else that can possibly be used.
The following case was one of considerable interest. It came
under the care of Professor Simonds. Two gentlemen were playing at quoits, and the dog of one of them was struck on the head
by a quoit, and supposed to be killed. His owner took him up,
and found that he was not dead, although dreadfully injured. It
being near the Thames, his owner took him to the edge of the
river, and dashed some water over him, and he rallied a little.
Professor Simonds detected a fracture of the skull, with pressure
on the brain, arising from a portion of depressed bone. The dog
was perfectly unconscious, frequently moaning, quite incapable of
standing, and continually turning round upon his belly, his straw,
or his bed. It was a case of coma; he took no food, and the pulsation at the heart was very indistinct.
" I told the proprietor that there was no chance of recovery
except by an operation; and, even then, I thought it exceedingly
doubtful. I was desired to operate, and I took him home.
(" The head was nowjalmost twice as large as when the accident
occurred, proceeding from a quantity of coagulated blood that had
been effused under the skin covering the skull. I gave him a dose
of aperient medicine, and on the following morning commenced
my operation."
" The hair was clipped from the head, and an incision carried
immediately from between the eye-brows to the back part of the
skull, in the direction of the sagittal suture. Another incision
was made from this towards the root of the ear. This triangular
flap was then turned back, in order to remove the coagulated blood
and make a thorough exposure of the skull. I was provided with
a trephine, thinking that only a portion of the bone had been depressed on the brain, and it would be necessary, with that instrument, to separate it from its attachment, and then with an elevator
remove it; but I found that the greater part of the parietal bone
was depressed, and that the fracture extended along the sagittal
suture from the coronal and lamdoidal sutures. At three-fourths
of the width of the bone, the fracture ran parallel with the sagittal
suture, and this large portion was depressed upon the tunics of the




382                    MEDICINES.
brain, the dura mater being considerably lacerated. The depressea
bone was raised with an elevator, and I found, from its lacerated
edges and the extent of the mischief done, that it was far wiser to
remove it entirely, than to allow it to remain and take the chance
of its uniting.
" In a few days, the dog began to experience relief from the
operation, and to be somewhat conscious of what was taking place
around him. He still requires care and attention, and proper
medicinal agents to be administered from time to time; but with
the exception of occasionally turning round when on the floor, he
takes his food well, and obeys his master's call."a
CHAPTER XVII.
MEDICINES USED IN THE TREATMENT OF THE DISEASES OF
THE DOG.
THESE are far more numerous and complicated than would, on
the first consideration of them, be imagined. The Veterinary
Surgeon has a long list of them, suited to the wants and dangers,
imaginary or real, of his patients; and he who is not scientifically
acquainted with them, will occasionally blunder in the choice of
remedies, or the application of the means of cure which he adopts.
Little attention may, perhaps, be paid to the medical treatment of
the dog; yet it requires not a little study and experience. I will
endeavour to give a short account of the drugs, and mode of using
them, generally employed.
The administering of medicines to dogs is, generally speaking,
simple and safe, if a little care is taken about the matter, and
especially if two persons are employed in the operation. The one
should be sitting with the dog between his knees, and the hinder
part of the animal resting on the floor. The mouth is forced open
by the pressure of the fore-finger and thumb upon the lips of the
upper jaw, and the medicine can be conveniently introduced with
the other hand, and passed sufficiently far into the throat to insure
its not being returned. The mouth should be closed and kept so,
until the bolus has been seen to pass down. Mr. Blaine thus de.
scribes the difference between the administration of liquid and
solid medicines:-"A little attention will prevent all danger. A
ball or bolus should be passed completely over the root of the
a Trans. Vet. Med. Assoc., i. 51.




MEDICINES.                    383
tongue, and pushed some way backward and forward. When a
liquid is given, if the quantity is more than can be swallowed at
one effort, it should be removed from the mouth at each degluti.
tion, or the dog may be strangled. Balls of a soft consistence,
and those composed of nauseous ingredients, should be wrapped
in thin paper, or they may disgust the dog and produce sickness."
Dogs labouring under disease should be carefully nursed: more
depends on this than many persons seem to be aware. A warm
and comfortable bed is of a great deal more consequence than
many persons who are fond of their dogs imagine. Cleanliness is
also an essential point. Harshness of manner and unkind treatment will evidently aggravate many of their complaints. I have
sometimes witnessed an angry word spoken to a healthy dog produce instant convulsions in a distempered one that happened to be
near; and the fits that come on spontaneously in distemper, almost
instantly leave the dog by soothing notice of him.
Acidum Acetum (Vinegar).-This is useful for sprains, bruises,
and fomentations.
Acidum Nitricum (Nitric Acid; Aqua Fortis).-This may be
used with advantage to destroy warts or fungous excrescences. A
little of the acid should be dropped on the part and bound tightly
down. The protuberance will slough off and healthy granulations will spring up. A surer application, however, is the nitrate
of silver.
Acidum Hydrocyanicum (Prussic Acid).-This is an excellent
application for the purpose of allaying irritation of the skin in
dogs; but it must be very carefully watched. I have seen a drachm
of it diluted with a pint of distilled water, rapidly allay cuticular
inflammation. The dreadful degree of itching which had been
observed during the last two or three years yielded to this application alone; and to that it has almost invariably yielded, a little
patience being used.
Acupuncturation is a practice lately introduced into veterinary
surgery. It denotes the insertion of a needle into the skin or flesh
of a person or animal suffering severely from some neuralgic affection. The needle is small and sharp: it is introduced by a slight
pressure and semi-rotating motion between the thumb and forefinger, and afterwards withdrawn with the same motion. This
should always employ a quarter of an hour at least, and in cases
of very great pain it should continue two hours; but when the
object is to afford an exit to the fluid collected, mere puncture is
sufficient. It is attended with very little pain; and therefore it
may be employed at least with safety if not with advantage. The
operation was known and practised in Japan, many years ago; but
it was only in the seventeenth century that its singular value was
ascertained. In 1810 some trials of it were made in Paris, and




384                     MEDICINES.
M. Chenel took the lead. He had a young dog that he had cured
of distemper, except that a spasmodic affection of the left hind leg
remained. He applied a needle, and with fair success. He failed
with another dog; but M. Prevost, of Geneva, relieved two mares
from rheumatism, and an entire horse that had been lame sixteen
months. In the Veterinary School at Lyons acupuncturation was
tried on two dogs. One had chorea, and the other chronic paralysis of the muscles of the neck. The operation had no effect on
the first; the other came out of the hospital completely cured. In
the following year acupuncturation was tried without success in
the same school. Four horses and two dogs were operated upon
in vain.
Adeps (Hog's Lard) forms the basis of all our ointments. It
is tasteless, inodorous, and free from every stimulating quality.
Alcohol (Rectified Spirit).-This is principally used in tinc.
tures, and seldom or never administered to the dog in a pure
state. 
Aloes, Barbadoes.-From these are formed the safest and best
aperients for the dog-consisting of powdered aloes, eight parts;
antimonial powder, one part; ginger, one part; and palm oil, five
parts; beaten well together, and the size of the ball varying from
half a drachm to two drachms, and a ball administered every
fourth or fifth hour. Mr. Blaine considers it to be the safest
general purgative. He says that such is the peculiarity of the
bowels of the dog, that while a man can take with impunity as
much calomel as would kill two large dogs, a moderate-sized dog
will take a quantity of aloes sufficient to destroy two stout men.
The smallest dog can take 15 or 20 grains; half a drachm is
seldom too much; but the smaller dose had better be tried first,
for hundreds of dogs are every year destroyed by temerity in this
particular. Medium-sized dogs usually require a drachm; and
some large dogs have taken two or even three drachms.
Alteratives are medicines that effect some slow change in the
diseased action of certain parts, without interfering with the food
or work. The most useful consist of five parts of sublimed sulphur, one of nitre, one of linseed meal, and two of lard or palm
oil.
Alum is a powerful astringent, whether employed externally or
internally. It is occasionally administered in doses of from 10 to
15 grains in obstinate diarrhcea. In some obstinate cases, alum
whey has been employed in the form of a clyster.
Oxide of Antimony, in the form of a compound powder, and
under the name of James's powder, is employed as a sudorific, or
to cause a determination to the skin.
The Antimonii Potassio Tartras (Tartar Emetic), besides its
effect on the skin, is a useful nauseant, and invaluable in inflam



MEDICINES.                    385
mation of the lungs and catarrhal affections of every kind. The
Black Sesquisulphuret of Antimony is a compound of sulphur and
antimony, and an excellent alterative.
Argenti Nitras-Nitrate of Silver (Lunar Caustic).-I have
already strongly advocated the employment of this caustic for
empoisoned wounds and bites of rabid animals. In my opinion
it supersedes the use of every other caustic, and generally of the
knife. I have also given it internally as a tonic to the dog, in
cases of chorea, in doses from an eighth to a quarter of a grain.
A dilute solution may be employed as an excitant to wounds, in
which the healing process has become sluggish. For this purpose, ten grains or more may be dissolved in a fluid ounce of distilled water. A few fibres of tow dipped in this solution, being
drawn through the channel which is left on the removal of a seton,
quickly excite the healing action. Occasionally one or two drops
of this solution may be introduced into the eye for the purpose of
removing opalescence of the cornea. In cases of fungoid matter
being thrown out on the cornea, the fungus may be touched with
a rod of nitrate of silver, and little pain will follow.
The Peruvian Bark, or its active principle the disulphate of
quina, is a valuable tonic in distemper, especially when combined
with the iodide of iron; the iron increasing with the general tone
of the system, and the iodine acting as a stimulant to the absorbents.
Blisters are occasionally useful or indispensable in some of the
casualties and diseases to which the dog is liable. They are
mostly of the same description, and act upon the same principles
as in the horse, whether in the form of plaster, or ointment, or
stimulating fluid. Blisters can be kept on the dog with difficulty:
nothing short of a wire muzzle will suffice; Mr. Blaine says, that
for very large dogs, he used to be compelled to make use of a perforated tin one. The judgment of the practitioner will determine
in these cases, as well as with regard to the horse, whether the
desired effect should be produced by severe measures or by those
of a milder character, by active blisters or by milder stimulants:
the difficulty of the measures to -be adopted, and the degree of
punishment that may be inflicted, being never forgotten by the
operator.
We have stated in our work on the Horse, that "the art of
blistering consists in cutting or rather shaving the hair perfectly
close; then well rubbing in the ointment, and afterwards, and,
what is of the greatest consequence of all, plastering a little more
of the ointment lightly over the part, and leaving it. As soon as
the vesicles have perfectly risen, which will be in twenty or twenty-four hours, the torture of the animal may be somewhat relieved
33




386                    MEDICINES.
by the application of olive or neat's-foot oil, or any emollient ointment.
" An infusion of two ounces of the cantharides in a pint of oil
of turpentine, for several days, is occasionally used as a languid
blister; and when sufficiently lowered with common oil, it is called
a sweating oil, for it maintains a certain degree of irritation and
inflammation on the skin, yet.not sufficient to blister; and thus
gradually abates or removes some old or deep inflammation, or
cause of lameness." 
Iodine in various cases is now rapidly superseding the cantharides and the turpentine.
Calomel.-Sufficient has been said of this dangerous medicine
in the course of the present work. I should rarely think of exhibiting it, except in small doses for the purpose of producing that
specific influence on the liver, which we know to be the peculiar
property of this drug. In large doses it will to a certain extent
produce vomiting; and, if it finds its way into the intestines, it
acts as a powerful drastic purgative.
Castor Oil (Oleum Ricini). —This is a most valuable medicine.
It is usually combined with the syrup of buckthorn and white poppies, in the proportions of three parts of the oil to two of the buckthorn and one of the poppy-syrup; which form a combination of
ingredients in which the oleaginous, stimulant, and narcotic ingredients happily blend.
Catechu. -This is an extract from the wood of an acacia-tree
(Acacia catcchu), and possesses a powerful astringent property.
It is given in cases of superpurgation, united with opium, chalk,
and powdered gum. A tincture of it is very useful for the purpose of hastening the healing principle of wounds. Professor Morton says, that he considers it as the most valuable of the vegetable
astringents.
Clysters.-Professor Morton gives an account of the use of
clysters. The objects, he says, for which they are administered,
are — 1. To empty the bowels of faeces: thus they act as an aperient. Also, to induce a cathartic to commence its operations,
when, from want of exercise or due preparation, it is tardy in producing the desired effect. Clysters operate in a twofold way:
first, by softening the contents of the intestines; and, secondly,
by exciting an irritation in one portion of the canal which is communicated throughout the whole; hence they become valuable
when the nature and progress of the disease require a quick
evacuation of the bowels. The usual enema is warm water, but
this may be rendered more stimulating by the addition of salt, oil,
or aloes. 2. For the purpose of killing worms that are found in
a The Horse, p. 501.




MEDICINES.                     387,he rectum and large intestines: in this case, it is usually of an
oleaginous nature. 3. For restraining diarrhoea: sedatives and
astringents being then employed. 4. For nourishing the body
when food cannot be received by the mouth. Gruel is generally
the aliment thus given. 5. For allaying spasms in the stomach
and bowels.
Copper.-Both the verdigris, or subacetate, and the blue vitriol
of sulphate of copper, are now comparatively rarely used. They
are employed either in the form of a fine powder, or mixed with
an equal quantity of the acetate of lead in order to destroy proud
flesh or stimulate old ulcers. They also form a part of the aegyptiacum of the farrier. There are many better drugs to accomplish
the same purpose.
Creosote is seldom used for the dog. We have applications
quite as good and less dangerous. It may be employed as a very
gentle excitant and antiseptic.
Creta Preparata (Chalk), in combination with ginger, catechu,
and opium, is exceedingly useful; indeed, it is our most valuable
medicine in all cases of purging, and particularly the purging of
distemper.
Digitalis is an exceedingly valuable drug. It is a direct and
powerful sedative, a mild diuretic, and useful in every inflammatory and febrile complaint.
Gentian and Ginger are both valuable; the first as a stomachic
and tonic, and the last as a cordial and tonic. It is occasionally
necessary, or at least desirable, to draw this distinction between
them.
Chloride of Lime is a useful application for ill-conditioned
wounds and for the frequent cleansing of the kennel.
Epsom Salts, or Sulphate of Magnesia, are mild yet effective
in their action: with regard to cattle and sheep, they supersede
every other aperient; for the dog, however, they must yield to the
castor-oil mixture.
IMercury.-The common mercurial ointment is now comparatively little used. It has given way to the different preparations
of iodine. In direct and virulent mange, it is yet, however, employed under the form of calomel, and combined with aloes, but in
very small doses, never exceeding three grains. It is also useful
in farcy and jaundice.'Ihe corrosive sublimate is occasionally
used for mange in the dog, and to destroy vermin; but it is a very
uncertain and dangerous medicine.
Palm Oil would be an excellent emollient, if it were not so
frequently adulterated with turmeric root in powder. It is far
milder than the common lard.




388                   MEDICINES.
Nitrate of Potash is a valuable cooling and mild diuretic, in
doses of eight or ten grains.
Sulphur is the basis of the most effectual applications for mange.
It is a good alterative, combined usually with antimonials and
nitre, and particularly useful in mange, surfeit, grease, hide-bound,
and want of condition.
Turpentine is an excellent diuretic and antispasmodic; it is also
a most effectual sweating blister and highly useful in strains.
The Sulphate of Zinc is valuable as an excitant to wounds, and
promotes adhesion between divided surfaces and the radix.




LAWS OF COURSING.                 38
APPENDIX.
THE NEW LAWS OF COURSING,
As Revised and Enlarged at a Meeting of Noblemen and Gentlemen,
held at the Thatched House Tavern, St. James's Street, June 1,1839.
I. Two stewards shall be appointed by the members at dinner
each day, to act in the field the following day, and to preside at
dinner. They shall regulate the plan of beating the ground, under the sanction of the owner or occupier of the soil.
II. Three or five members, including the secretary for the time
being, shall form a Committee of Management, and shall name a
person, for the approbation of the members, to judge all coursesall doubtful cases shall be referred to them.
III. All courses shall be from slips, by a brace of greyhounds
only.
IV. The time of putting the first brace of dogs in the slips shall
be declared at dinner on the day preceding. If a prize is to be
run for, and only one dog is ready, he shall run a by, and his
owner shall receive forfeit: should neither be ready, the course
shall be run when the Committee shall think fit. In a match, if
only one dog be ready, his owner shall receive forfeit; if neither
be present, the match shall be placed the last in the list.
V. If any person shall enter a greyhound by a name different
from that in which he last appeared in public, without giving notice
of such alteration, he shall be disqualified from winning, and shall
forfeit his match.
VI. No greyhounds shall be entered as puppies unless born on
or after the 1st of January of the year preceding the day of running.
VII. Any member, or other person, running a greyhound at the
meeting, having a dog at large which shall join in the course then
running, shall forfeit one sovereign; and, if belonging to either of
the parties running, the course shall be decided against him.
VIII. The judge ought to be in a position where he can see the
dogs leave the slips, and to decide by the colour of the dogs to a
person appointed for that purpose: his decision shall be final.
33*                   z




390                 LAWS OF COURSING.
IX. If, in running for prizes, the judge shall be of opinion that
the course has not been of sufficient length to enable him to decide
as to the merits of the dogs, he shall inquire of the Committee
whether he is to decide the course or not; if in the negative, the
dogs shall be immediately put again into the slips.
X. The judge shall not answer any questions put to him regarding a course, unless such questions are asked by the Committee.
XI. If any member make any observation in the hearing of the
judge respecting a course, during the time of running, or before
he shall have delivered his judgment, he shall forfeit one sovereign
to the fund; and, if either dog be his own, he shall lose the course.
If he impugn the decision of the judge, he shall forfeit two
sovereigns.
XII. When a course of an average length is so equally divided
that the judge shall be unable to decide it, the owners of the dogs
may toss for it; but, if either refuse, the dogs shall be again put
in the slips, at such time as the Committee may think fit; but, if
either dog be drawn, the winning dog shall not be obliged to run
again.
XIII. In running a match the judge may declare the course to
be undecided.
XIV. If a member shall enter more than one greyhound, bona
fide his own property, for a prize, his dogs shall not run together,
if it be possible to avoid it; and, if two greyhounds, the property
of the same member, remain to the last tie, he may run it out or
draw either, as he shall think fit.
XV. When dogs engaged are of the same colour, the last drawn
shall wear a collar.
XVI. If a greyhound stand still in a course when a hare is in
his or her sight, the owner shall lose the course; but, if a greyhound drops from exhaustion, and it shall be the opinion of the
judge that the merit up to the time of falling was greatly in his or
her favour, then the judge shall have power to award the course to
the greyhound so falling, if he think fit.
XVII. Should two hares be on foot, and the dogs separate before
reaching the hare slipped at, the course shall be undecided, and
shall be run over again at such time as the Committee shall think
fit, unless the owners of the dogs agree to toss for it, or to draw
one dog; and if the dogs separate after running some time, it
shall be at the discretion of the Committee whether the course
shall be decided up to the point of separation.
XVIII. A course shall end if either dog be so unsighted as to
cause an impediment in the course.
XIX. If any member or his servant ride over his opponent's
dog when running, so as to injure him in the course, the dog so
ridden over shall be deemed to win the course.




LAWS OF COURSING.                391
XX. It is recommended to all union meetings to appoint a committee of five, consisting of members of different clubs, to determine all difficulties and cases of doubt.
The following general rules are recommended to judges for their
guidance:
The features of merit areThe race from slips, and the first turn or wrench of the hare
(provided it be a fair slip), and a straight run-up.
Where one dog gives the other a go-by when both are in their
full speed, and turns or wrenches the hare. (N. B. If one dog be
in the stretch, and the other only turning at the time he passes, it
is not a fair go-by.)
Where one dog turns the hare when she is leading homewards,
and Keeps the lead so as to serve himself, and makes a second
turn of the hare without losing the lead.
A catch or kill of the hare, when she is running straight and
leading homewards, is fully equal to a turn of the hare when running in the same direction, or perhaps more, if he show the speed
over the other dog in doing it. If a dog draws the fleck from the
hare, and causes her to wrench or rick only, it is equal to a turn
of the hare when leading homewards.
When a dog wrenches or ricks a hare twice following, without
losing the lead, it is equal to a turn.
N. B. It often happens when a hare has been tqrned, and she
is running from home, that she turns of her own accord to gain
ground homeward, when both dogs are on the stretch after her;
in such a case the judge should not give the leading dog a turn.
There are often other minor advantages in a course, such as
one dog showing occasional superiority of speed, turning on less
ground, and running the whole course with more fire than his
opponent, which must be left to the discretion of the judge, who
is to decide on the merits.
LOCAL RULES.
I. The number of members shall be regulated by the letters in
the Alphabet, and the two junior members shall take the letters
X and Z, if required.
II. The members shall be elected by ballot, seven to constitute
a ballot, and two black balls to exclude.
III. The name of every person proposed to be balloted for as a
member, shall be placed over the chimney-piece one day before
the ballot can take place.
IV. No proposition shall be balloted for unless put up over the
chimney-piece, with the names of the proposer and seconder, at




392                 LAWS OF COURSING.
or before dinner preceding the day of the ballot, and read to the
members at such dinner.
V. Every member shall, at each meeting, run a greyhound his
own property, or forfeit a sovereign to the Club.
VI. No member shall be allowed to match more than two greyhounds in the first class, under a penalty of two sovereigns to the
fund, unless such member has been drawn or run out for the
prizes, in which case he shall be allowed to run three dogs in the
first class.
VII. If any member shall absent himself two seasons without
sending his subscription, he shall be deemed out of the Society,
and another chosen in his place.
VIII. No greyhound shall be allowed to start if any arrears are
due to this Society from the owner.
IX. Any member lending another a greyhound for the purpose
of saving his forfeit (excepting by consent of the members present)
shall forfeit five sovereigns.
X. Any member running the dog of a stranger in a match shall
cause the name of the owner to be inserted after his own name in
the list, under a penalty of one sovereign.
XI. No stranger shall be admitted into the Society's room, unless introduced by a member, who shall place the name of his
friend over the chimney-piece, with his own attached to it; and
no member shall introduce more than one friend.
XII. The members of the           Clubs shall be honorary
members of this Society, and when present shall be allowed to run
their greyhounds on payment of the annual subscription.
XIII. This Society to meet on the      in, and
course on the       following days.




INDEX.
ACUPUNCTURATION, used in neural-   BARBARY dog, description of the, 156
gic affections, 383; mode of per-  Barbet, description of the, 83
forming, 383                     Bark, Peruvian, a valuable tonic, 385
Adam, Mr., on fungus haematodes,   Barry, a celebrated Bernardine dog,
370                                anecdote of, 86
Adeps, the basis of all ointments, 384  Bath, use of in puerperal fits, 347
African wild dog, description of the,  Beagle, description of the, 110
46                               Bell, Professor, opinion on the origin
Agassei, British hunting dogs, descrip-  of the dog, 16
tion of, 24                      Bernardine dog, description of the, 85
Age, the indications of, 286       Billy, a celebrated terrier, 154
Albanian dog, description of the, 52  Bladder, inflammation of the, 330;
Alcohol, only used in tinctures, 384  rupture of the, 332
Alicant dog, description of the, 156  Blain, nature, causes, treatment, and
Aloes, Barbadoes, the best purgative,  post-mortem appearances of, 281
384                              Blaine, Mr., opinion on kennel lameAlpine spaniel, description of the, 85  ness, 124; on tetanus, 309; on
Alteratives, the most useful, 384    dropsy, 319; on calculus, 329; on
Alum, a powerful astringent, 384     distemper, 359; on mange, 368
Amaurosis, symptoms of, 243        Bleeding, best place for, 338; direcAmerican wild dogs, description of  tions for, 338; useful in epilepsy,
the, 44                            185; useful in distemper, 357
Anaemia, description of, 294; causes  Blenheim spaniel, description of the,
of, 295; post-mortem appearances,  80
296                              Blisters, uses of, 385; composition,
Anasarca, nature of, 319             386; mode of applying and guardAndalusian dog, description of the,  ing, 386
156                              Bloodhound, description of the, 133
Angina, nature of, 289             Brain, comparative bulk of in differAntimony, the oxide of, a sudorific,  ent animals, 158; description of
384; the black sesquisulphuret of,  the, 158
an alterative, 385               Breaking-in of hounds, 118; cruelty
Anubis, an Egyptian deity with the   disadvantageous, 171
head of a dog, 20                Breeding of greyhounds, 67; should
Anus, polypus in the, 265; fistula in  always be permitted, 342
the, 337                        British hunting-dogs, Agasei, descripAquafortis, a caustic, 383          tion of, 24
Argus, the dog of Ulysses, 28      Bronchocele, nature of, 290; causes
Arrian on hunting, 22                and treatment of, 290, 291
Artois dog, description of the, 155  Biuansfi, or Nepal dog, description of,
Ascarides, a species of worms, 333   35
Ascites, see Dropsy                Buffon, opinion as to the origin of the
Attention, an important faculty, 166  dog, 156
Auscultation, use of, 297          Bull-dog, description of the, 150,
Australasian dog, description of the,  crossed with the greyhound, 62
41                               Bull terrier, description of the, 150
(393)




394                            INDEX.
CiECUM, description of the, 307     Constipation, causes and treatment of,
Calculus, nature, causes, and treat-  315, 317
ment of, 328; in the intestines,  Copper, preparations of, and  their
causes of, 314; cases, 314          uses, 387
Calomel, a dangerous medicine, 386;  Coryza, the early stage of distemper,
should not be used in enteritis,    356
311                               Costiveness, causes and treatment of,
Cancer, symptoms of, 369; treatment   315, 317; means of preventing,
of, 370                             317
Canis, genus, 32                    Cough, spasmodic, nature and treatCanker in the ear, causes, symptoms,  ment of, 299
and treatment of, 256, 257; cases  Coursing, Ovid's description of, 55;
of, 259, 261                        anecdotes of, 62, 63; laws of, 389;
Canute, laws concerning greyhounds    general rules for the guidance of
by, 57                              judges, 390; local rules, 391
Cardia, description of the, 303     Creosote, a dangerous medicine, 387;
Castor oil, a valuable purgative, 386  useful in canker, 261
Castration, proper time for, 341; mode  Creta, an astringent, 387
of performing, 341; not recom-    Cropping of the ears, 168; deafness
mended, 341                         frequently caused by, 168; disapCataract in the eye, 242              proved of, 263; proper method of,
Catarrh, a cause of distemper, 351;   264
nasal, 354                        Cross-breeding, effect of, 33
Catechu, an astringent, 386         Cuba, mastiff of, 152
Caustic, lunar, the best, 385       Cur, description of the, 108
Cayotte, description of the, 45     Cyprus, greyhounds of, described, 69
Chabert, anecdote of the dog of, 96  Cynosurus cristatus, an useful emetic,
Chalk, an astringent, 387             304
Charles I., anecdote of the dog of, 58  Czarina, a celebrated greyhound, 62
Charles II.'s spaniel, description of, 78
Chest, anatomy and diseases of the,  DAIHUN wild dog, description of the,
292; proper form of, in the grey-   37
hound, 64; in the fox-hound, 114  Dalmatian dog, description of the, 26
Chest-founder, nature, causes, and  Danish sacrifices of dogs, description
treatment of, 193                   of, 48; dog, description of the, 26
Chloride of lime, uses of, 387      Deab, description of the, 46
Chorea, nature of, 187; causes, 189;  Deafness frequently caused by croptreatment, 189; cases, 190; in dis-  ping, 168
temper, 361, 363                  Deer-hound, description of the, 71
Chryseus scylex, or dhole, description  Delafond, Professor, his table of the
of the, 38                          diagnostic symptoms of pleurisy
Claret, a celebrated greyhound, 62    and pneumonia, 301
Classification, zoological, 32      Dentition, formula of, 284
Climate, effect of, 32              Dew-claws, 170; their removal unClysters, uses of, 386                necessary, 170
Coach-dog, description of the, 53   Dhole, description of the, 38
Cocker, description of the, 76      Diaphragm, description of the, 292
Colic, causes, symptoms, and treat-  Diarrhoea, causes, nature, and treatment of, 313                        ment of, 316; habitual, 316
Colon, the, 307; rupture of the, 311  Dick, Professor, on rabies, 221; on
Colour of the greyhound, 65; of the   the use of the ergot of rye, 346
pointer, 1 1                      Digestion, the process of, 303, 306




INDEX.                           395
Digitalis, the uses of, 387          pariah, 39; Persian greyhound, 74;
Digitigrade, an order of animals, 32  pointer, 141; Polugar, 37; poodle,
Dingo, description of the, 41        82; Portuguese pointer, 142; Rus
Distemper, origin of the name, 349;  sian greyhound, 73; Russian pointis a new disease, 349; causes of,  er, 144; Scotch greyhound, 70;
351; is contagious, 350; is epi-  Scotch terrier, 155; setter, 135;
demic, 350; effects on different   sheep, 98; shock, 156; southern
breeds, 351; symptoms, 351; na-    hound, 133; spaniel, 76; Spanish
ture of, 354, 356; duration, 354;  pointer, 142; springer, 79; stagpost-mortem  appearances, 355;     hound, 131; Sumatran wild, 40;
treatment, 357; a cause of epi-   terrier, 153; Thibet, 39; Turkish,
lepsy, 184; sometimes terminates   84; Turkish greyhound, 74; Turnin palsy, 363                     spit, 149; water-spaniel, 80; wild,
Dog, early history of the, 13-; used  33; wolf, 73
as a beast of draught, 15; for food,  Dog-carts, prohibition of, disapproved,
16, 46; uses of the skin of the,   15; should be licensed, 167
16; origin of, 16, 32; mention of, Dog-pits, 173
in the Old and New Testaments,  Dog-stealing, 173
19, 21; anecdotes of the sagacity  Dog's-tail grass, the use of, 304
and fidelity of, 27; changes pro-  Dogs, Isle of, origin of the name, 58
duced in, by breeding and climate,  Dropsy, 317; causes of, 317; cases
32; zoological description of, 32;  of, 318; treatment of, 319
natural divisions of, 33; sacrificed  Drover's dog, description of the, 106
by the Greeks and Romans, 47; by  Duodenum, the, 304
the Danes and Swedes, 48; African  Dupuy, M., on diseases of the spinal
wild, 46; Albanian, 26; Alicant,   marrow, 197
156; Alpine spaniel, 85; American  Dysentery, nature of, 316; treatment
wild, 44; Andalusian, 156; Artois,  of, 316
155; Australasian, 41; Barbary,
156; barbet, 83; beagle, 110;   EAR, diseases of the, 256; vegetating
black and tan spaniel, 79; Blen-   excrescences in the, 261; eruptions
heim spaniel, 80; blood-hound,133;  in the, 262; cropping of the, 263;
British, 24; bull, 150; bull terrier,  polypi in the, nature and treatment
150; coach, 53; cocker, 76; cur,  of, 264; pain of, an early symptom
108; Dakhun, 37; Dalmatian, 26;   of rabies, 207
Danish, 26; drover's, 106; Egyp-  Egyptian worship of the dog, 20; dog,
tian, 156; Esquimaux, 94; fox-     description of the, 156
hound, 113; French matin, 54;    Elfric, King of Mercia, possessed greyFrench pointer, 142; gasehound,    hounds, 57
73; Grecian, 22; Grecian grey-  Emetic tartar, uses of, 384
hound, 74; greyhound, 54; Hare  Emetics, useful in distemper, 357
Indian, 25; harrier, 112; Highland  Enteritis, causes, symptoms, and treatgreyhound, 71; Hyrcanian, 24;     ment of, 309, 310
Iceland, 152; Irish greyhound, 73;  Epiglottis, description of the, 288
Italian greyhound, 75; Italian wolf,  Epilepsy, causes of, 184; treatment
108; Javanese, 41; King Charles's  of, 185; cases, 186; puerperal, 347;
spaniel, 78; Lapland, 97; lion, 85;  in distemper, 352, 353.
Locrian, 24; lurcher, 110; Mah-  Epsom salts, a purgative, 388
ratta, 37; Maltese, 84; mastiff,  Ergot of rye, use of, in parturition,
151; Molossian, 25; Nepal, 35;    343, 346
Newfoundland, 86; New Zealand,  Esquimaux dog, description of the, 94
43; otter, 149; Pannonian, 25;  Ethiopia, a dog elected king of, 20




396                            INDEX.
Ethmoid bones, description of the, 271  Ghookhan, or wild ass, hunted by
Extremities, bones of the, 182       Persian greyhounds, 74
Eye, distinctive form of the, 16, 32;  Giddiness, nature and treatment or, 183
diseases of the, 238; construction  Ginger, a cordial and tonic, 387
of the, 239; cases of disease of the,  Glass, powdered, the best vermifuge,
240; congenital blindness, 241;    334, 358
ophthalmia, 242; cataract, 242;  Goitre, nature of, 290; cause and
amaurosis, 243; appearance of in   treatment of, 290, 291
rabies, 214; appearance of in dis-  Good qualities of the dog, 157
temper, 352                      Goodwood kennel, description of, 129;
plan of, 130
FAMILIARIS, sub-genus, 32          Grecian dogs, description of, 22; saFeet, sore, 371                      crifices of dogs, 47; greyhound,
Femur, fracture of the, 377          description of the, 74
Fighting-pits, 173                 Greyhound, description of the, 54;
First division of varieties, 34      puppies, cut of, 22; origin of, 56;
Fistula in the anus, causes and treat-  known in England in the Angloment of, 337                       Saxon period, 57; old verses deFits, symptoms of, 183; treatment of,  scribing the, 61; cross with the
183; distemper, 352, 359; puer-    bull-dog, 62; proper conformation
peral, 347                         of, 64; colour of, 65; breeding, 67;
Fitzhardinge, Lord, his management   rules for age, 67; food, 68; trainof hounds, 125                     ing, 68; laws for coursing with,
Flogging hounds, disapproved of, 118  389; English, 56; Grecian, 74;
Food, the dog used for, 16, 46, 48;  Highland, 71; Irish, 73; Italian,
of the greyhound, 68; of the fox-  75; Persian, 74; Russian, 73;
hound, 126; insufficient, a cause  Scotch, 70; Turkish, 74
of distemper, 350                Grognier, Professor, description of the
Fore-arm, fracture of the, 378       French sheep-dog, 98
Foxhound, description of the, 113;  Gullet, description of the, 303
size and proper conformation of,
114; pupping, 116; treatment of  HARE Indian dog, description of the, 50
whelps, 117; breaking in, 118;   Harrier, description of the, 112
management in the field, 121; ge-  Head, bones of the, 182; form of in
neral management and food of,     the foxhound, 114
127; Lord Fitzhardinge's manage-  Heart, description of the, 293; action
ment, 125                          of the, 293; rupture of the, 294
Fractures, most frequent in young  Hecate, dogs sacrificed to, 47
dogs, 376; of the humerus, 377;  Hepatitis, causes, symptoms, and treatof the thigh, 377; of the femur,   ment of, 324
377; of the radius, 377; of the  Hertwich, Professor, on rabies, 229
fore-arm, 378; of the shoulder,  Highland greyhound, description of
379; of the pelvis, 380; of the   the, 71
skull, 381                       Hindoos regard the dog unclean, 21
French pointer, description of the, 142  Hogg, James, anecdotes of his dog,
Fungus hlematodes, a case of, 370;   101
post-mortem appearances, 370     Hog's lard, the basis of all ointments,
384
GASEHuoUND, description of the, 73  Hound, the various kinds of, 110;
Gelert, the dog of Llewellyn, poem on  blood, 133; fox, 113; otter, 149;
the death of, 59                   southern, 133; stag, 131
Gentian, a stomachic and tonic, 387  Humerus, fracture of the, 377




INDEX.                           397
Hunting with dogs first mentioned by  ness, nature of, 122; causes of,
Oppian, 22                         123; means of prevention, 125
Hunting-kennels, 121               Kidney, inflammation of the, 327;
Huntsman, the requisites of a, 121   hydatids in the, 327
Hydatids in the kidney, 327        King Charles's spaniel, description of,
Hydrocyanic acid, useful in cases of  78
irritation of the skin, 383
Hydrophobia, see Rabies            LACHRYMAL duct, description of the,
Hyrcanian dog, description of the, 24  273
Lapland dog, description of the, 97
ICELAND dog, description of the, 152  Lard, the basis of all ointments, 384
Ileum, description of the, 307     Larynx, description of the, 287; inIncontinence of urine, 332           flammation of the, 288
India, degeneration of dogs in, 37  Laws of coursing, 389
Inflammation of the lungs, 297; of  Leblanc, M., on jaundice, 324
the stomach, 303; of the intestines,  Leonard, M., his exhibition of dogs,
309; of the peritoneal membrane,   162
313; of the liver, 322; of the kid-  Lime, chloride of, the uses of, 387
ney, 327; of the bladder, 330; of  Lion dog, description of the, 84
the feet, 372                    Lips, functions of the, 283; swellings
Intelligence of the dog, 161; anec-  of the, 283
dotes illustrative of the, 162  Liver, description of the, 322; funcIntestines, description of the, 306, 307;  tions of the, 322; inflammation of
inflammation of the, 309          the, 322
Intussusception, nature and causes of,  Llewellyn, poem on the dog of, 59
315; treatment, 315              Locrian dog, description of the, 24
Iodine, a valuable medicine in goitre,  Lunar caustic, the best, 385; recom291; in dropsy, 321                mended for bites of rabid dogs, 224
Irish greyhound, description of the,  Lungs, inflammation of the, 297; con39; wolf-dog, 40; setter, 91       gestion of the, 297
Italian greyhound, description of the,  Lurcher, description of the, 110
73; wolf-dog, 108
MADNESS, canine, see Rabies
JAMEs's powder, a sudorific, 384   Magnesia, sulphate of, a purgative,
Jaundice, causes, symptoms, and treat-  387
ment of, 324, 325               Mahratta dog, description of the, 37
Javanese dog, description of the, 41  Majendie, his experiments on the olJejunum, description of the, 306     factory nerves, 277
Jenner, Dr., on distemper, 361     Major, a celebrated greyhound, 62
Jews regard the dog with abhorrence,  Maltese dog, description of the, 85
19                              Mammalia, a class of animals, 32
John, kept many dogs, 58; received  Management of the pack, 127
greyhounds in lieu of fines, 58  Mange, nature of, 366; is hereditary,
366; the scabby, 367; treatment,
KAMTSCHATKA, uses of the dog as a   367; causes of, 368; frequently
beast of draught in, 15           causes goitre, 290
Kararaihe or New Zealand dog, de-  Mastiff, description of the, 151; used
scription of the, 43              in Cuba to hunt the Indians, 152
Kennel, description of, 121; Good-  Matin, description of the, 54
wood, 129; plan of Goodwood,    Maxillary bones, description of the,
130; for watch-dog, construction  273
of, 172; hare, use of, 172; lame-  Meatus, description of the, 272
34




398                            INDEX.
Medicines, a list of the most useful,  Ovaries, removal of the, 342
383; mode of administering, 382   Ovid, description of coursing by, 55
Medullary substance of the brain, 158  Ozcena, nature and treatment of, 276
Memory of the dog, 166
Mercury, preparations of, 387; uses  PALATE, veil of the, 273; inflamma
of, 387                            tion of the, 273
Milk, accumulation of, in the teats,  Palsy, causes of, 196; treatment of,
342; secretion of, connected with   196; a consequence of chorea, 189;
cancer, 369                         a consequence of distemper, 363
Mohammedan abhorrence of dogs, 21   Palm oil, an emollient, 387
Molossian dog, description of the, 25  Pancreas, functions of the, 326
Moral qualities of the dog, 165     Pannonian dog, description of the, 25
Pariah, description of the, 39
NASAL bones, description of the, 273  Parry, Captain, description of the Es-     catarrh, nature of, 354         quimaux dogs, 94
---  cavity, polypus in the, 265    Parturition, time of, 342; manageNeck, should be long in the grey-     ment during, 343; use of the ergot
hound, 64                           of rye, 343, 344; inversion of the
Nepal dog, description of the, 35     uterus after, 348
Nerves, description of the, 158     Pelvis, fracture of the, 380
Nervous system, diseases of, 183    Percivall, Mr., on fractures, 379
Newfoundland dog, description of the,  Pericardium, description of the, 293;
86                                  case of a wound in the, 295
Hew Holland dog, description of the,  Peritonitis, symptoms and treatment
41                                  of, 313
New Zealand dog, description of the, 43  Persian greyhound, description of the,
Nimrod, opinion on kennel lameness,   74
124                              Peruvian bark, a valuable tonic, 385
Nitrate of potash, a useful diuretic,  Phlegmonous tumour, nature  and
385                                treatment of, 291
Nitrate of silver, a caustic, 385; re-  Pleurisy, nature of, 296; diagnostic
commended for the bites of rabid   symptoms of, 301
dogs, 224; useful in chorea, 189;  Pneumonia, nature and treatment of,
in canker, 258                      297; diagnostic symptoms of, 301;
Nitric acid, a caustic, 383           in distemper, 358; a consequence
Norfolk spaniel, description of the, 79  of small-pox, 366
Nose, anatomy of the, 271; diseases  Pointer, compared with the setter,
of the, 276; discharge from the, in  136; early training of, 144; breakdistemper, 353                      ing-in, 149; English, 140; French,
142; Portuguese, 142; Russian,
OLFACTORY nerves, size of, in different  144; Spanish, 142
animals, 159; development of the,  Pollux, the introduction of hunting
273; description of the, 274        with dogs attributed to, 22
Ophthalmia, symptoms of, 238; causes  Polugar dog, description of the, 37
of, 242; treatment of, 242      Polypus in the ear, 264; in the nasal
Oppian, the first who mentions hunt-  and anal cavities, 265; in the vagiing with dogs, 22; description of   na, 265
British dogs by, 24              Pomeranian wolf-dog, description of
Orbit of the eye, form of the, 239    108
Orford, Lord, first crossed greyhounds  Poodle, description of the, 82
with the bull-dog, 62; death of, 62  Portuguese pointer, description of the,
Otter-hound, description of the, 149  142




INDEX.                            399
Potash, the nitrate of, a useful diuretic,  277; influence of the atmosphere
388                                 upon, 278
Prussic acid, useful in cases of irrita-  Scotch greyhound, description of the,
tion of the skin, 383               70; terrier, description of the, 155
Puerperal fits, causes, nature, and  Scott, Sir Walter, anecdote of the dog
treatment of, 347                   of, 151; verses on the dogs of, 157
Pulse of various animals, 293       Second division of varieties, 76
Pupping, see Parturition            Seton, useful in epilepsy, 185
Purging in distemper, 353; should be  Setter, description of the, 135; early
avoided, 360                        training of, 145; compared with
Pythagoras, his high opinion of the   the pointer, 136
virtues of the dog, 21            Sheep-dog, description of the, 98;
anecdotes of the, 101, 102; supRABIES, 200; cases, 201; early symp-  posed by Buffon to be the original
torns, 204; progress, 209; post-    type, 155; French, description of
mortem appearances, 217; causes,    the, 98
219; period of incubation, 220;   Shock-dog, description of the, 155
duration, 221; nature of the virus,  Shoulder, fracture of the, 379; proper
221; nature of the disease, 221;    form of the, in the greyhound, 64
treatment of persons bitten, 223;  Siberian dog, description of the, 95
in the horse, 226; in the rabbit,  Simonds, Professor, on fractures, 381
226; in the guinea-pig, 227; in   Simpson, Mr., on the use of the ergot
the cat, 227; in the fowl, 228; in  of rye, 346
the badger, 228; in the wolf, 229;  Skeleton, description of the, 181
trials concerning the death of per-  Skin, uses of the, 16
sons by, 231                      Skull, form of, adopted as the arrangeRadius, fracture of the, 377          ment of the varieties of the dog, 32;
Ratcliffe, D., on scent, 280          fracture of the, 381
Rectum, the, 307                    Small-pox, symptoms of, 364; causes
Retriever, Newfoundland dog used as,  of, 365; treatment, 365
93                                Smell, the sense of, 159, 277
Rheumatism, nature, causes, and treat-  Snowball, a celebrated greyhound, 62
ment of, 193, 194                 Sore feet, causes of, 371; treatment,
Richard II., anecdote of the dog of, 58  371
Richmond, the third Duke of, built  Southern hound, description of the, 133
Goodwood kennel, 128              Spaniel, origin of the, 76; description
Roman sacrifices of dogs, description  of the, 76; Blenheim, 80; King
of, 47                              Charles's, 78; Norfolk, 79; water,
Rounding the ear in canker, disap-    80
proved, 258                       Spanish pointer, description of the, 142
Rottenness of the lungs, 297        Spasmodic cough, nature and treatRupture of the heart, case of, 295;   ment of, 299
post-mortem appearances, 296; of  Spaying, mode of performing, 342
the colon, 312; of the bladder, 332  Spleen, functions of the, 326; diseases
Russian greyhound, description of the,  of the, 327
73; pointer, description of the, 144  Springer, description of the, 79
Staghound, description of the, 131,
SALIVA, state of in rabies, 210       anecdotes of the, 132
Salts, a purgative, 387             Staling, profuse, 331
Scabby mange, nature and treatment  Starch bandage, useful in fractures,
of, 367                             381
Scent, the term,; 277; description of,  Stealing of dogs, 174




400                           INDEX.
Stomach, anatomy and diseases of the,  Turkish dog, description of the, 84;
303; case of the retention of a    greyhound, description of the, 74
sharp instrument in the, 304     Turnside, nature and treatment of, 183
Strychnia, a valuable medicine in pal-  Turnspit, description of the, 149
sy, 199                          Turpentine, uses of, 388
Sulphur, the basis of applications for
mange, 388; a good alterative, 388  UNGUENTS, use of, in mange, 367
Sumatra, description of the wild dog  Unguiculata, a tribe of animals, 32
of, 40                           Uterus, case of inversion of the, 348;
Surfeit, an eruption resembling mange,  extirpation and cure, 348
367
Swedish sacrifices of dogs, description  VAGINA, polypus in the, 265
of, 48                           Van Diemen Land, ravages of wild
Sympathetic nerves, 159              dogs in, 42
Varieties, three divisions of, 33; first
TzENTA, a species of worm, 334       division of, 34; second division of,
Tailing, 169                         76; third division of, 150
Tape-worm, the, 334                Vatel, his observations on the pulse
Tapping in cases of dropsy, 319      of different animals, 293
Tartar emetic, a useful medicine, 384  Vegetating excrescences in the ear,
Teeth, distinctive arrangement of the,  nature and treatment of, 261
32; description of the, 284; cuts  Vermifuge, glass the most effectual,
showing various stages of growth   334, 358
and decay, 284, 285; supernume-  Vertebrated animals, what, 32
rary, 286; diseases of the, 286;  Vinegar, useful for fomentations, 383
very early lost by the Turkish dog,  Voice, change of in rabies, 213
85                               Vyner, Mr., opinion on kennel lameTeres, a species of worm, 334        ness, 123
Terrier, description of the, 153; training of the, 153; anecdotes of the,  WARTS, treatment of, 368
154; Scotch, description of the, 155  Washing of hounds disapproved of,
Tetanus, causes of, 307; symptoms    124
and treatment of, 308            Watch-dog, frequent ill-usage of the,
Thibet dog, description of the, 39   172
Thigh, fracture of the, 377        Water-spaniel, description of the, 80;
Third division of varieties, 150     anecdotes of the, 81
Thyroid cartilage, description of the,  Wild dog, description of the, 34; of
288                                Africa, 46; of Australia, 41; of
Toes, sore, 372; number of, 372      Van Diemen Land, 42
Tongue, description of the, 280; mode  Williamson, Captain, account of the
of drinking, 280; worming, 280;    wild dogs of Nepal, 35; on the
blain, 281                         degeneration of dogs in India, 37;
Torsiop, mode of performing, 338;    description of the dhole, 37
forceps, 338                     Wolf, supposed to be the origin of the
Training of the greyhound, 68; of    dog, 16; anecdotes of the, 17
the foxhound, 120; of the pointer  Wolf-dog, Irish, 73; Italian, 108
or setter, 145                   Worming the tongue, a useless prac.
Trimmer, Mr., description of the Span-  tice, 280
ish sheep-dog, 100               Worms, varieties of, 333; symptoms
Trunk, bones of the, 181             of, 334; means of expelling, 334;
Tumour, phlegmonous, nature and      cases of, 335; a cause of sudden
treatment of, 291                  death, 336; causes of, 337; a cause




INDEX.                          401
of epilepsy, 184; a cause of dis- Yellows, the, 324
temper, 357
ZINc, sulphate of, a valuable excitant,
YELLOW distemper, nature of, 355;   388
treatment of, 360               Zoological classification of the dog, 32
APPENDIX
TO THE EDITOR'S ADDITIONS.
AFFECTION of dogs, 14             Colonel Thornton's Spanish pointer,
Age of the pointer, 140              142
Alexander the Great, dogs sent to, 25  Collyria, 255, 256
Aloes, effects of, 179            Congenital blindness, 246
Amaurosis, causes and treatment of,  Cornea, ulceration of the, 247; spots
247                               on the, 247
American greyhound, 55            Coursing, ancient mode of, 56; Gray's
Anecdotes of rabid dogs, 234        poems descriptive of, 57
Arctic fox, 51                    Cropping, a barbarous fancy, 168; recommended by Mr. Skinner, 169
BENGAL, le braque de, 53          Cross of dog with fox, 51; between
Blindness, congenital, 246          the wolf and, opinions of the ancient
Brazen dog of Jupiter, 25           Cynegetical writers respecting, 17;
Byron, Lord, his opinion of the dog's  opinions of the moderns, 18, 19
memory, 28                      Cure of diseases, remedial means for,
178; of chorea, accidental, 192
CANES Celeres, 24
Canine fidelity, anecdote of, 29  DANIEL Lambert's dogs, their price,
Canine pathology, Introduction to,  &c., 139
175                             Dead bodies, dogs kept to devour, 50
Canis Lagopus, 51                 Dew-claws, removal of, Mr. Blaine's
Canis Latrans, 44                   opinion in reference to, 171
Canker of the ear, 268-270; of the  Diana, spotted dogs given by Pan to,
flap, 270                         53
Captain Lyon's account of the Es-  Disease, symptoms of, 179; of the eye,
quimaux dog, 95                   243; of the ear, 270; of the tongue,
Cataract, causes and treatment of, 246  282; of the feet, 372
Catlin's remarks on the Indian dog, 49  Disposition of the dog to hunt by scent,
Chesapeake bay, duck of the, 89     160
Chorea, accidental cure of, 192   Dog, considered as an animal of
Chronic ophthalmia, causes and treat-  draught, 15; length of intestines
ment of, 245                      in the, 16; Molossian, 2Q; fidelity
Circulation, state of the, 179      of the, 29; of Santa Fe and ChiClaims of dogs upon us, 176         huahua, 44; of the Mexicans, worthCocker, method of breaking the, 78;  less, 45; prophylactic properties of
his style of hunting, 77          the, 48; crossed with the fox, 51;
Colonel Hawker's account of dog-steal-  with the wolf, 17; Indian, 51;
ing, 174                          social invitations extended to, 67;




402                            INDEX.
self-broken, 160; claim of, upon  Gutta serena, 247
man, 176; hospitals for, 177; rabid,
anecdotes of, 234; Esquimaux, 95  HAWKER, Colonel, his account of dog.
Duck of the Chesapeake bay, manner   stealing, 174
of toling the, 89; discovery of this  Hembel, Mr., his anecdotes of rabid
method, 90                         dogs, 234
Duke of Norfolk's breed of King    Herds of the Mexicans, immense, 48
Charles' spaniel, 79             Hippocrates, prophylactic properties
of the dog recommended by, 148
EAR, canker of the, causes and treat-  Horse doctors, 177
ment of, 268-270; wounds of the,  Hospitals for dogs, 177
270; warts on the, 270; polypus  Hydrophthalmia, treatment of, 246
of the, 271; mangy edges in the,
271                              INDIAN dog, 51
Editor's remarks on rabies, 233; his  Introduction to Canine Pathology, 175
preventive treatment for, 237    Irish setter, inductive reasoning in an,
English pointer, size and appearance  166
of, 144
Entropium, 250                     JACoQuES du Fouilloux, his recipes for
Epilepsy, treatment of, 187; mistaken  rabies, 236
for rabies, 187
Esquimaux dog, Captain Lyons' ac-  KEYWORTH, Mr., springer belonging
count of, 95                       to, 79
Extirpation of the eye, 248
Eye and its diseases, 243; simple in-  LAMBERT, Daniel, the price of his
flammation of, 244; extirpation of  dogs, 139
the, 248; protrusion of the, 253;  Lord Byron's opinion of the dog's meweak, 254; washes for the, 255,    mory, 28
256                              Louisiana marmot, 44
Eyelids, ulceration of the, 249; in-  Lyon, Captain, his account of the
version of the, operation for, 250  Esquimaux dog, 95
Eye-washes, various, 255, 256
MANGY edges, treatment of, 271
FEET, diseases of the, 372         Marmot, the Louisiana, 44
Fidelity of the dog, 29            Mexicans, immense herds of the, 48
Fistula lachrymalis, 254           Mexico, shepherd dogs of, 105; their
Flap, tumours of the, 267            introduction into this country, 106
Fouilloux, Jacques du, his recipes for  Molossian dogs, 26
rabies, 236
Fox, Arctic, 51; cross of dog with  NEWFOUNDLAND dog, as a retriever,
the, 51                            88; two varieties of, 88; account
of two imported into this country, 89
GLOSSITIS, causes and treatment of,  Nictitating membrane of the eye, 243
282                              Norfolk, Duke of, his breed of King
Gray's poems descriptive of coursing,  Charles' spaniels, 79
57.                           Nux vomica, effects of, 197, 198
Greeks, ancient, domestic manners of
the, respecting their dogs, 57; grey-  OPHTHALMIA, 244; chronic, treatment
hound of, 56                        of, 245; traumatic, 245; sympatheGreek sportsman's care of his dogs, 66  tic, 246
Greyhound of America, 55; of ancient  Otorrhcea, simple, treatment of, 267
Greece, 56                       Ozcena, injection for, 276




INDEX.                           403
PATHOLOGY, Canine, Introduction to,  Social invitations extended to dogs,
175                                67
Pointer, English, his size and appear-  Sow, account of one finding and stand.
ance, 144; merits of, compared with  ing game, 161
those of the setter, 138, 139; age  Spaniel, King Charles', breed of, 79
of, 140; origin of, 141; his dis-  Spanish pointer, Colonel Thornton's,
position to hunt by scent, 160;    142
tailing of the, 170              Spirits of turpentine, effects of, 179
Polypus in the ear, 271            Sportsman, Greek, his care of his dogs,
Predisposition to disease in dogs, 176  66
Preventive treatment for rabies, 237  Spots on the cornea, 247
Prophylactic properties of the dog, as  Spotted dogs given by Pan to Diana,
recommended by Pliny, Hippocra-    53
tes, Aristotle, and others, 48   Sprains, 374
Protrusion of the eye, 253         Springer, 79
Pustular affection of the feet, 373  Stealing dogs, Colonel Hawke's account of, 174
RABID dogs, anecdotes of, 234      Symptoms of disease, 179
Rabies, epilepsy taken for, 187; remarks on, 233; recipes for the cure  TAILING, objections to, 170; of pointof, 236; preventive treatment for, 237  ers, 170
Remedial means for the cure of dis-  Thornton, Colonel, his Spanish pointer,
eases, 178                         142
Rheumatism, causes and varieties of,  Throat, foreign articles in the, 289
193, 194                        Toling ducks, 89, 90
Tongue, appearance of the, in disease,
SCENT, disposition of the dog to hunt  180
by, 160                          Traumatic ophthalmia, treatment of,
Self-broken dogs, 160                245
Setter, old document respecting the  Turnside, uncommon in this country,
training of, 135; merits of, com-  184
pared with those of the pointer, 138,
139; Irish, inductive reasoning in,  ULCERATION of the cornea, 247; of
166                               the eyelids, 249
Shepherd's dog, importance of the, to
our agriculturists, 104; of Mexico,  YOUATT, Mr., his opinion approved,
105; their introduction into this  143
country, 106
Shepherds of Mexico, 105           WARTS of the ear, 270
Skinner, Mr., cropping recommended  Weak eyes, 254
by, 169                          Wounds of the ear, 270
THE    END.