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E , 'i ' 0 0 0 d 0 0 \ of X f;:0 If f:;:f f f;R~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f~~f;0wf~~~~I I N -e ------------------------------— ____.:.:i. —i —i *sf'S,. ~ ~ ': ' ': * _ 'i ' * ",*; A Handbook for the Bishop Museum PART I.-HAWAIIAN COLLECTIONS HIS MUSEUM was founded in I889 by Charles Reed Bishop in memory of his wife Pauahi, whose honored name it bears. The Princess Pauahi was great-granddaughter of Kalaniopuu, the Moi of Hawaii at the time of Cook's visit, and was also descended from Kamehameha the Great, the remarkable Hawaiian who extended his conquests to the entire group and consolidated these islands-until then under the uncertain control of several petty chiefs-into one kingdom. Bernice Pauahi was educated at the Royal School, established by the American Mission at the request of Kamehameha III and his chiefs, and at an early age was married to Charles Reed Bishop, a native of the State of New York. Her long and happy life was conspicuous for its usefulness, its singleness of purpose, and the love and devotion of her people. Mrs. Bishop died October 16, 1884, and left her entire estate to found schools for the youth of her race. Five years later Mr. Bishop founded the BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY, which occupies a prominent position in the midst of the Kamehameha School grounds at Kalihi, a western suburb of Honolulu. The original building (Fig. i) consisted of an ornate entrance hall and three exhibition rooms. In 1894 the growth of the collections called for additional accommodation, and the first wing, Polynesian Hall, was built by Mr. Bishop to give workrooms and an exhibition hall for the rapidly increasing collection of southern and western Pacific specimens; but soon again space was inadequate, and in I898 the foundation was laid of another wing in which to display the entire Hawaiian exhibit, with the exception of the important feather-work, to which a room of the original building has always been devoted. The arrangement of the Museum at this stage is shown in the plans (Figs. 2 and 3). While this provided for the Hawaiian collections, it left undisturbed the unfortunate commingling of Polynesian with the Melanesian and Papuan exhibits. A number of years ago the Diretor had made plans for a much-needed laboratory and storeroom for the very many specimens kept for study and not on exhibition; for a library to accommodate our rapidly growing and very valuable working colledion of books (some 8000 volumes, not counting pampletsl and growing at the rate of i8o6 volumes a year from exchanges and purchases) anid for a large wing ior the exhibition of the vastly interesting and iustrumiive Melanesian and Papuan specimens, without which the strictly Poynesianr things cannot always be understood. Of the buildings desigued by the Diredlor the laboratory has been built, and with the future the home of Kamehas1 meh, hich then yielded an income of $4 00, to which was added soon after $3,c0 in Government bonds yielding an annual income of $SSc~. The original staff consisted solely of the Curator (the presret DireClor) for nearly eight years. Mr. Bishop's repeated gifts now permit i. aSigOP aFmusis~ 1. of ai ple asi taner in the M io um work Of the originsal ildi gs the iataerial is gray basalt quarried in the neighborhood, and the interior finish is in iron and koa, an Hawaiian wood remiarkabh for its hardness and the fvariet and richnel s of its color Special precaution has been directed to rendering the Mouseum fire-proof, and heavy sliding doors of opper packed with asaestos separate the principal departments, no open lights are birned in the billding, the electric wires are all enclosed in piping, while the school buildings in the neighborhood have been moved to a snitable distance. The uncleus of the collections of this Museum was the invaluable store of klr;apa, mats, umnekes. featherswork, ornaments and relics which wV ere e queatled to Mrs. Bishop as the last of the Kamehamehasi To this have been added by purchase the J. S. Eserson, George H Dole, Eri Craig, and other ethnologial specimens;: the flire Garrett c6lledfion of moret than nine th.ousan.d species of shellsl. the Maan and irighana colleion of Hawaiiain plants; and the remnarkable series of Pacific region specin ofs which were fornierly in the cabinet of the A m erican Board of Comifissioners for Foreign Missions at Boston. Many Hawaiian insects al soni birds and shells 3 -have been added by the labors of Mr. R. C. L. Perkins employed jointly by the Royal Society, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and this Museum; and many valuable specimens of Polynesian ethnology and natural history by the Museum's collector in the southern Pacific. From the Queen Elmma estate were presented many treasures. The Hawaiian Government gave by Act of Legislation all the collection formerly known as the Government Museum, together with certain relics of royalty including the crown, thrones and sceptre. Mr. J. L. Young presented to the Museum a remarkable collecion of specimens from Rapanui and Tahiti. The Trustees of Oahu College and the Hawaiian Board of Missions generously gave their colletions; Wm. R. Castle, Esq., presented the fine collection of Australian implements made by Mr. J. F. Connelly, a well-known Australian pioneer; and, as may be seen by every annual report of the Director, all the members of the staff are adding greatly to the growth of the Museum possessions. Many private individuals have deposited on loan their collections, and it is probable that the loan collections will increase. The first catalogue of the Bishop Museum, now long out of print, was issued in 1892, and described nearly six thousand articles then in the Museum, but as this number soon doubled and is constantly increasing, and as the arrangement also changed, owing to the considerable additions of case room, a condensed catalogue of the more noteworthy things that might attract a visitor's attention was issued in form of an illustrated handbook in 1903; and, ten years later, the present publication takes its place, appearing first as a guide to the Hawaiian colledtions alone, to be followed by guides to the Polynesian, Melanesian and other divisions of natural history as may be found convenient or desirable. A printing-press had early been procured for the necessary work of printing labels, which can always best be done under the direct supervision of the Museum officials, and this proved so advantageous that the Trustees decided to allow the Director to purchase suitable type and other matters of a printing establishment, and in 1898 a series of publications was begun. As developed this consists of Memoirs, in quarto form, in which are published the more important essays of the Museum workers, or those papers requiring larger illustrations: the Occasional Papers, of which are the DireEtor's Annual Reports and any publications where the octavo form is more convenient. Three volumes of Memoirs and five volumes of the Occasional Papers have been issued at this date. The aim in these publications has been to present a comprehensive history of the ethnology and natural history of first the Hawaiian Islands, then of the other portions of the Pacific region. The Fauna Hawaiiensis, just completed, the result of Mr. Perkins' work as mentioned above, supplies much of the Hawaiian natural history. The separate papers composing the Memoirs and Occasional Papers are for sale, and priced lists may be seen at the superintendent's desk in Hawaiian Hall, and are usually printed on the covers of the separate publications. Some of the Memoirs are intended to illustrate the contents of the Museum as well as the ancient customs of the Polynesians, hence will be referred to in the course of v I@ ci cc 0 Q9 15 *iL, i. ~,,. ".: ~:::: -.Li r To ~\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6 -theBspse patges, and tfrot illustratins cwill be bortrowed With ltese pubheatinses this Musehlas estae ablihied canfge with the pritncipal kindred scienltifie soceties and N 1useums of the wtrl, Twice has the Disreedor veisited i86g and 1912) mars of these museums by the authloriatiol of the Trusteesi atd has tried to learn what may be of use in the studies and arranghellent of the home colle&ionsl It should be stated that the regiob that the Bishop Muiseam endeavors to illstrate hy collectionMs and publications etbraces thei isolands of the Pacific Ocean from Rapanni on the east to and inclading A tlu mstralaad New a Ginea on the west and a carefully prepared chart of lhis region has been p oanted on the wall of hPolyesian Hall and an. 4.PORCH AND stts ssTRNE Imle. publishd ini the eoirs, Vol. 1, No. 2. In te ew Laborn aito the The bui ii as ffooll owe uen ifirs thi ans of ta th t M ue give e iall try th i the Karhiei eu~ ihon the left of the etre, are he specimets of feather work atid the litrns, tftostly Hawaiialli a few oestrneoits specimens are tetmporarflly icluded as the roomt can be darkneiIa for the protedionl of the colors. Tlriting to t e riglit tIhe H ualan Vestitule I ta'S11 skeletons sub crania of Pacific cs, nouited specimens of Pacific uarilne aninls, fossil corals, motdern fHawafikati straw titaltufaitaures and votlcane prodlucts. Th roeug this rtoom otte etiterts Hlawaiiatl H A, devoted especi alIly to H1awaaItLa iattersg evett ittlniitng the Wales that male the arly prsqpferity of the grup The groutd floor is appropriated to ethuoloy btt tas in ts mdst a carefully aide todel of the crater of Kildaua, at the tme of its construc . 7 tion the largest model of an active crater in existence. The first gallery contains the specimens of natural history, a remarkable collection of painted casts of Hawaiian fish-more than three hundred, and the groups of birds; in drawers are shells and insects. The upper gallery contains casts of fruits grown on the group; the botanical exhibit (the herbarium is in the basement of Polynesian Hall and not open to the public); individual collections loaned, implements of the whale fishery, relics of the chiefs, etc. Returning to the entrance hall, the stairway leads to the Picture Gallery over the Hawaiian Vestibule, where will be found paintings and photographs of people and scenery. Midway on the stairway opens the passage to Polynesian Hall where, on the first floor, are the non-Hawaiian ethnological collections arranged in alcoves and central cases; in the gallery will be found the natural history collections from the Pacific, and on the end wall the large chart showing the region the Museum endeavors to illustrate. If the plans are carried out Melanesian Hall will be entered by a bridged gallery from the distal end of this hall, and to the new hall will be removed the Micronesian, Fijian, New Guinean, New Hebridean, Solomon Islands and Australian collections, leaving ample room for the Polynesian specimens to be properly arranged. The new Laboratory, built in one block of reinforced concrete, consisting of workrooms, storerooms and offices, is not open to the public. The exhibition galleries are opened free to the public every day except Sunday and Wednesday, and on all holidays except Thanksgiving, Christmas, Memorial Day and Fourth of July, from 1o A.M. to 4 P.M., subject to the following rules: VISITORS WILL, DEPOSIT ALL STICKS, UMBRELL AS, CAMERAS AND PARCELS IN THE RACKS PROVIDED NEAR TIE- ENTRANCE, ANI THE JANITOR WILL GIVE CHECKS FOR THE SAME FREE OF CHARGE. JAPANESE MUST LEAVE THEIR WOODEN SHOES IN THE OUTER PORCH. NO SMOKING OR SPITTING IS PERMITTEDl; NOR ARE I)OGS ALLOWEI) IN THE BUILDINGS. YOUNG CHILDREN WIL I NOT BE AIDMITTE') UN LESS ACCOMPANIED BY OLDER PERSONS WHO SHALL BE RESPONSIBIE FOR ANY DAMAGE DONE BY THE CHILDREN TO BUILDING OR COLLECTIONS. CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OF AGE W'IIL NOT BE ADMITTED. NO EATABLES MAY BE CARRIED INTO THE MUSEUM, AND VISITORS SPENDING THE DAY THERE MUST ARRANGE FOR ANY FOOl) REQUIRED OUTSIDE TIlE BUILDING. For convenience the following abreviations are used in this handbook: E., Entrance Hall; K., Kahili Room; P.G., Picture Gallery; P., Polynesian Hall; V., Hawaiian Vestibule; H., Hawaiian Hall; H. G. and H.G. 2, Galleries of Hawaiian Hall. These names are suspended on brass tablets over their respective doorways. The cases in each room are numbered independently as may be seen on the plans. Whatever arrangement is adopted at the time of the publication of this handbook, as the Museum is a living institutibon suitably endowedl must change with its natural growth, but; the nmbers on the specimens remain the same, and they will be found without difficulty by studying the case labels. Printed labels will be found on all importatt objects or groups. Entranci Hall. — In the porch is a large roll cut from Hongkong granite for a stgar-nill, and so used I in thle early days of Hawaiian sugar manfatacture (see Fig. 4). Its ax is was placed horiz ontall y, and by spokes wihose soCkits3 are deeplyr cut Z. tin the cylinder was connected to an i overshot water-wleel, Two immense surfboards of koa, forerly belongang to Paki, are also in the pals o rch: thei use will be described below. Passing throtugh the doorway the visitor faces two large idols, one on either side of the stairway. One of these s s n w li Fig. 5, which, at the time of tie destruction of the idol worship previous to to the coming of the American missionaries in 18x2o was apparently lcharred and then thrown intto a fisghpond where it becanto in timne a portion of the wall or dam. The wvater was not sufficiently dammted b the discaPded idol and the fish escapedl causing investigations by the owner which led to the resurrettioL of the long-buried antd 5. ANCIENT tHAWAIIAN ttlstt. quaintly carved i mnage. The wootd seens to be black ohFi (M~erosidrsi fpontmrphaq), a commont wood for such purposes, as it is heavy afnd durable. Th6e Russian cannon at its feet is mounted for convenience on an anlcient carriage not its own, It bears the date I8o7, and was ound half bluried in the palace grounds. How this gun came to these islands mav be learned fron Alexatder's History. The wood of which the stair way (Fig. 6) is constructed will attract the visitorfs attention, atnd as it has been generally used for the cases and interior finish it should be stated that it is the native koa (Acacia ka2), a large tree common in the upper regions of the larger islands. The wood used in this htall catne frt Maui that in Polynesian Hall1 from eastern Hawaii, that in Hawaiian Hall from the KoYna district of the same sland. It is very hard and durable but is unf tounately subject to the - 9 ravages of the termites, hence the interior of the cases is constructed of cedar and the exposed parts creosoted. A fine specimen of the wood of the koa roots may be seen on the stairway wall in H., a table-top once belonging to Konia, the mother of Mrs. Bishop. Kahili Room. —At the left of the entrance is a room cased with white cedar (Chamnecyparis Lazsoniana) and containing some of the most remarkable specimens in the Museum. Perhaps of all the native Hawaiian work that in feathers is most generally interesting and most widely known. The avifauna of these islands is limited and not at all remarkable for plumage of bright or varied coloring like those of the Mexican and Brazilian regions. The birds furnishing the ornamental feathers to the old Hawaiians were: Mamo, Drepanis pacifica, Orange and black; Oo, Moho nobilis, Yellow and black; Iiwi, Vestiaria coccinea, Scarlet; Apapane, Himatione sanguinea, Crimson; Ou, Psittacirostra psittacea, Green; Koae, Phaethon, sp. White and red; Iwa, Fregata aquila, Black with greenish sheen; and specimens of all these may be seen in Case i6, and also in more ex~tensive series in H.G., Cases I4-17. In more recent times the advent of foreigners has added to this meagre list peacock, parrot, pheasant, ostrich, mina, duck and barnyard fowl of many strains; but for value no modern feathers compare with the ancient and indigenous product. The mamo and oo formed a kind of golden currency with which taxes might be paid, the gods propitiated, or chiefs mollified, and, with the red feathers of the iiwi, were perhaps the most treasured property of the Hawaiians. Feather hunting was a distinct and hereditary vocation, and as most of the birds whose feathers were sought are only found inland and high on the mountains, courage, patience and industry were necessary to the successful poe hahae nmann. Sometimes a net (No. 138, Case 8) was used, at other times a snare, but oftener the hunter smeared on the twigs birdlime made of the gum of the breadfruit or the viscid milksap of the tree lobeliads; and, to excite the birds' curiosity, even transplanted strange trees to the open spots in the woods frequented by them. To obtain the pair of tail feathers of the koae or tropic-bird, the hunter climbed steep precipices where these birds nest, or made difficult voyages to Nihoa or Necker, bird islands of the Hawaiian group. As brought in by the hunters the feathers of the land birds were securely attached to slender fibres as shown in Nos. 139, 140, Case 8. Kapu protected the birds to some extent, but the customs of the hunters were a more complete protection, for although the oo was very good eating, it was generally spared to renew at the next moulting the small tuft of axillary feathers which was plucked. It is a popular delusion that there are but two feathers taken from each bird that some of the many unknowtig writers on things Hawaiian are responsible for: each tuft from the on contains more than a dozen feathers. Kamehlameha I strictly forbade the killing of the feather producers. The arrangemenlt of feat er on neck or hea-bands, on kahili (Fig. ), on the caps or cloaks (ahui-a Fig. 8), on Ielmets ( mai k&). or on the wicker gods (AKia ihmoka, No. 7855, Case 6), was a favorite occupation of noble women. Feathers for a lei were strung on fibre of olon16 (uafiarcdza atHfolia), of which the preparatioli is shown in Case 25, H., ald the cloaks were niae on a inet of this olt01n (N~os 2840, 2841, Case 8) to which the feathers were careftlly attached. Visitors interf ested in this maitfutadure will find in Meolois I parts i and 5, KaihAi, meaItlng a plaited or twister thintg, also a brooln, sees to Ihtae been originially tsed cike a fly-flap. and ltater to Ihave attaine d the huge d itensio:fs a&&O' d ty the kings and high chi fs. The Rev. C. F. Stewart saw, it teb early days of Katiehauehai II soile with poles near o feett high, the l uiizma/i or feathered portion fort- _ tig cyltiders 5 to t8 itches itI diatetr a tnd 12 to 14 feet tog I but the largetst Ihlumi au in t his Musem tis 2. feet in diameter and 4 fiet hlighl whie the ol es1 are often t to i8 feet long. These were sotietintes A tade of a ka il a wood spefar ( Nos. 2,,. STARwAIv TO OLVS AtN HtALL. 4. r I), or of disks of tortoiseshell strutg on a cetntral wooden rotd atid sotmetinres alterntating witht cvitders of whale ivory or htunai bhone. Two specinmens of the secottd kind of handle, begun by thte Ihighl chilef Paki but ntever llfitshed, mlay be seelt ni Case 8. Itt more tiodertl timttes ashwliod handles and thlose of inlaid native woods tiurned and p olished have been gelterally used. Foritely the base of the hiluitainu was atn inverted cone of feathers, and silks and ribbons shtowi on so tmany specitens are due to a perverted taste for foreign tiings. Ii the present series the oldest dates frot the reigi of KaieiSarieha 1; others have beet tsed at the futerals of all his deseenidaits of royal raik. Note espeially No. a ii Case 7 6, which has a tietal-coverexd pol e and was givei -- II - by half-astes to the young Prince of Hawa lii No. 2, Case 8, made of pure white feathers for Mrs. Bishop's funeral, and Nzo i5, 7Case 7, a similar but smaller one made by Lilinokalani for the same occasion. No. 24, Case 9 (Fig. 9), is interesting from the handle of tortoise-shel and human bone where portfions of the arm and leg bones of some of Hawaii's most distingulished: kings and chiefs are presetrved. Te zin or end boneI iS the right shin hone of Kaneoa o, a noted chief of JKausni who fell in the battle of Nuaanie ( aI795). Qalna, a chief who visited C1h1ina writh Captain Meares, and K. ilanikul le, Ki 11r f OIas, were alsoa. O t h e f e at her le ' " victims of thi; battle aiid their otdies Ia:.': s | E _ _ were sacrificed to the ictetious lKiofleh f e wl a. ( ig 712 ), Every biLt of bone represents a i dfferel t cf'' - ac old natlves in the earis sixties; couhd tell e-very ime, hut thee- are lost ow. is a o1iu-f.''a h tariy No. '8~ a.im l ei fr ll, and there er O! te lei n the! t are tlhers in aeiastesic.l 7This uise of hinleai bone i able:rhil tW iSepat o_ the urn an finework nfrit fish-boek~, spearpo6iits or to lu5AY uhayii aois or oIther ess... ', 7 7J/lei ~fiJsonor wa a te F itijury to the dead aid Isamples11 of b hti base a 0c i _a 4 hi.a(e1~4 + 2.lb ffonrkab lioi 6th Me orners 0of the central case (O6) are of feath ers uhyd red, Miad are noteworthy as 7. St1A51 r5AIIT, uoseul at the funerl of Fanny, the daughter of John li oung, and they wvere also placed asout the cof fi of Iser diaghter Queen Emnia while in state ii Kfawa aio cthrch Thie smaller kafhi are iiet as insiguia of heiieftaiislship and also practicaly as tt flyIapsA (Fig 7 tis. Ohf the fealther i iii thie cohlecftioi thi most Vahuable Af t Nare aNo 80, Case 17, of thien now extint niaiso, coiip o9etd froni three aiicint hef of thei Kamelianseha farnfly No, 2801, a flte oo l1i froii Ithi Haaiian Government collection Other tei are iii Cases 19-22Z -12 AzMle (helmets). The finest maghiole in existence is in Case 06 (Fig. to); at one time the property of Kaunmalii, the last king of Kana i who gave it to Rev. Sam uel Whitney, one of the pioneer American missionaries; and after the death of his widow it was purchased by Mr. Bishop and gien to the Governlmet, whelne it came to this Museuai with the other contents of the Governmuent Museuma. Another hehoet in the same case is from Vancouver's collection (Fig. ), given in exchange 5, by the Trustees of the British M use i umC.. n. ei1Al anatioi (cloaks and capes). i By far thle mot hprecious product of IHawaiian feather-wolr in this or any other nuseonll is the famous robe of Kametba- b meiha I in Case It ois entirely s l of mato feathers, exept a onar row band at the necks, and the gathering of the feathers lastedl a hundred years, according to tradition, while its cost lhas been estinmated at high as a million dollars. In thlle adjoinfig caseA is the cloak of KiwaIla, nIade of 0o and lwsi feathers, and theo cloak is well shown by contrast Sinac e edays of Liholiho these h i two cloaks lhave not been worn, but on state occasions have cbeen placed over the thrones. On the opposite side of the room (Cases ai and 12) hangs the pa' or nlative state dress ofNa hiienaeua, yoaunger sister of Kameshameha ili. When Lord Byron brought tle remains of Lilollho and Karmanala home to Hawaii, in the entertaiumaentis given the distinguished visitors the Princess t was urged to put on this pa'u, which was the female equivalent of the alhunla described, but this girl of thirteen long refused to put on anything so old4fashiioned, and when at last alse yielded she must have been nearly concealed in its voloninouts coils. At some period uso known to the writer this feathered strip, some twenty feet long, was cut ia halves and sewed together lengthwise to be used as a pall on the bier iof Katnehanaeha ItI lin a8. It has covered the coffins of succeedig monarchs, including Kalakauga. Of the three cloaks in the same case, that on the left - 13 -bIelontged to Katlnikauikalanieo6 and was afterwards the property of Kanainat the father of King LnilBlo; of the other two coaks the anident history is utknowon. In Case is Maori ok of kiwi feathers; also oie of various feathers arranged i * squares, sow3ing the great difference of the Manti pattern..Ms. Next in valne to the feathir-work came the fine tmats of the grass talted Niokelaa (31i crs IGa mfanSfacture fast passg iL away, and the middle classes who could not attain to the feather garments treasured these nats as no inconsitderable part of their wealth. The finest of these known belonged to Kamehaiclela I and was of great size (io, x 20 feet), unfigured but very carefully owoven (Case 9, No. 2588). The largest in this Museum hags hin s Cacs 2 and 3 (No. 2574, 14.5 x30.5 feet). The tiiin-akl1oa mats were mainde mostly oni Niihan, although the makalos; growson oa hu and other ilsaniIds as Nwell,I andX those with colored patterns, mfiena IaIitwn/, were seldmt if cver, made elsewhere, The fine mats can onl h1 e plaited while the sedge is young, tence the time of. woki is lifted to a few months eat h year, ant it is certain that the largest fiats in this collection must have been in thi maker's hands seven to ten years. The red portion is fromi the lower paortin of the stein Asd does not showy on the reverse, These nists are still niae, labut the old niakers are fast tying out and the younger _generati1on of feias does not take kindly to were made ofl (andass odaaissmu,), of the spimy edges cut off and the leaf split into strips of suitable width, which are dried in the shatde for the light tints, and in the ftll unlight for the utanned effet, then rolled ti and kept for the wefaer The width of thme strip varies from m, inhells for the coarts floor umats S9 x.. WITH HUMAN,to o02 for those pIaeid on top of the bed or 9, KS;IiXiI w1en Ol C MAS BOa S HANDLES hikiec (see the furnhishin of f the grass house in HM) Is mnats were used for tAbes (No 553, Ce s), also for cami sale i These ala mt are till made ad used, but ithe pandanus tree is far es common than ormerly on these islnds In Cases 22 and, i, ma be een the patterns of weve and alo the partly made mats. A fuller account of both mats and baskets will be found in Vol. It of the Musem Memoirs. Mats of akka (, s &ipes i, lac lrs Nos. 2584, 2585, Case 9) are coarse and not so durable as those of makaloa. The coat of arms above Case 8 was iormerly on the front gate of the palac e wall in Honolulul and the wooden take on the tripod above this was formerly the property of the high chief Paki.:n10. sAcALVU' nI' sEMs. Hawaiian Vestibule.-On the right as on enters the bulding is the Hawaiian Vestibule through wbich we enter the peculiarly H awaiian portion of the Museum This intermediate roo serves a prse selul in all museuims, for in it are placed ceraini collections not strictly Hawaiian, but which are needed to illustrate Hawaiia methods, while not easily fittin imo the scheme of classification of Hawaiian work and products used in the main Hawaiian Hal.L For instaedie the fossil corals fron the Hamilton and ut-, CI ~t~ ~-~ |B~a _K~t~l- '~9~~ag tqr r~-l -l~$$ 5i88 ~ V~~ _~ _X~~glC~ _~ ______~~ae~Xstslr ~~~~~~1 ~i - 15 - related groups in the Niagara regiol, Cases 3 anld 5, present many genera of which surviving species are found in Hawaiian waters. The palmolithic and neolithic flints flro England, in the table-case i5 and the implements from the Swiss lake-dwellikgs. estitmated to he six thousand years old, illustrate certain primitive forms found throughoutt the Pacific. Even the collection of Amerind implements and products, a gilt from Mrs. Mary D. Hendricks (now Mrs. Prim), the visitor who comes to study will find of great use in his comparisons, Cases 17 ald i8. Another use of this rooti is to exllbiit certaini smpeciiens or col til acco n odaon can be had in a part of the Museum where theo properly elog. Such are thea fe coletionl of iAustralian Other voren of.,";~ ~ B 13~~~iy tphe Goermimbeut of rtai Woods ofr o thei Pclltip w;i Ie Ids. Case i I H awasan canoes adi4 it is be more easly examined fthan i te grad canonseries ofere t rom nge og aia ong narro wout eel t p w ith e oar reaoo an partly cere a t eac e t perei te A ~v~ery:~neceSAstaan Other part o tle cano as he a or outrr-gger n te et tiois of or osteologkical Case i g enraly o od r If) T Ariang ular srlI s of attin r e attach ed tho a at oveable me erf: niorea i yel Oaniiii tha the ad ca oeetson i ro awaiteranmeather canoes were cut rni sially ins, te suall of ka, the noo y w andr Wen oith t keel actual u withere aidn ahods or titmast, kln As pro~tec dtioimroimi water aiid weather canoes were usually06id pine r 16 -Canoes varied fgreatly in sle, from that capahis of carrying one man to the gigantic war-canoes carrying fifty or more; the latter were generally made of pine drifted from the American coast. The canoe N. 407, H. is of the best model for speed known to the old Hawaiians, and was the favorite deepgsea fishing canoe of Kamehalmeha V. Its dimensions are: length over all, 55 feet; depth, outside 237 inches, inside, 3.5 inces; width, outside 23 inches, inside 7.5 inches; centre of canoe to centeroffioltrigger, io,7 feet. Paddlles are uSally of koa, rather heavy and tipped on one face with a slight projection called oi or ap. This io was not al4ways present. The iaverage length of a paddle was 5.5 feet, but the size of the blade ranged from I7 to 26 inches in length. and from 8 to I:5 in breadth. While the steeriig paddles were much larger than these, the paddle nsed by women was innch smaller. Specin ens of all these are arranged over the leithand entrance to H., and a polished paddle, No. 308, is in Case. When another canoe was substituted for the ama a raised platform was built over the iako and avery steady craft resulted. All parts of a canoe were bound together with sennit or aba. and for convenience of fishierme i notched racks, Nos. 3905, a9o8.I a, Case 1 were bound to each place. Often the pious fishermen placed at the how a two-headed god, of which specimens are in Case so, H., Nogs 3906, 39o7. Cross braces, nwe waa, are shown in Nos. 3912I-4, 12. KUKAIKiOKU OF KA MEAAMEHA+ Case l, and an anchor, which was either a perforated stone, No. 8051, or a round stone. or several smaller ones enclosed in a net. The old Hawafians, besides making long voyages (to Tahiti) in their canoes, were decidedly an aquatic people, and canoes were so abundant that Vancouver, at the end of the eighteenth century, counted one thousitand in Kealakeknal Bay. Case 2 contains cass of the turtle found on these shores, Fossil corals are in Cases 3 and 5, while Case 4 contains minerals fron various sources and the shel of one of the huge land trtoises that have given their name to the Galfpagos da., and have for more than half a century been domesticted in Hawaii. While Hawaii is wholly volcanic and cannot boast many fossils, - 17 -et in ase is a portion of a fossil plant so harred by te hot lava whiicvh swa1alowed it that it n hardl be identified; also ct of a Pam and a banana found deep in an ancient lava stream. Cases 6 and 7 cntain the usalt products of our volcanoes, especially KilauCa. PMe's hair and other peculiar f ori are. repre uted and llia labelledbuWt it is i t u Xdd to prepfar a p c ffia c log of t es for. t e use of dents whoF n I e mneantilme say be ferred t:E.~: I 0,~,-~ ii i~4sig;, 0 ' i:li ~MenniiLr. IL _ g de cript1io of the.oo. aOd the ir seruptive at on kaldOiO l rstoe: @~. ~bi~1to froint Kil T 0 M.,r...... 5. 6 w.a S1 |~ t-% n da tes mad6: t e orfi n'... as as j* ' W pii6. ' i' a [..g0.lri.g Wdrift podct ai d.iz te in | thenot ifr f t le faIn Case 9 is a niost tion uf sponges froiii Australia, and labelkile. I Case io are lists of vario mtel a dicatd by the label The fimitation of a tall silk hat isi noteworthy as maide of fern stein anid horse it, a fbri nu e enduring in a ftrpical rain than its protoat their dispsl att Among the ve dd atial at is d Li a P.. the pds of a t tree ACia ka All these h s re tbe t of foreig teachig ti ad i t s hoped at ooe t ime that straw braiding miht be made a While the old Hawaians wore no other headncovring thao e a halir natre provided, their feet were also protected by the toughseog ofa eo.stant exposure still wh thir had to cross lavC a streamgsi, a fqreqeoet Qthin in t Po ri nd Kan on Hawaii, the rorighr ss of tfher a (s the snpecm ~en soh volcanic collection Cas e 6) wa s too sgreat ve or th er ifeet ao they nad thom lves temporay anal from an sbane at hand tohatr in ) forf wh cr o e o p. coold be drafted into te service; ban, waoke, pamlaos, ki, were all sed a as ill be seen i a Cas Aftr the advent of cattle rawhide ws more frequehtly used. The lg-lived old H awa aian needed a staff in etree old aoge, and eamso e e of their kcokon are in tCe s Alt h y never ua lle the Man eof New Zoaland in the carvingt of the ira wailk esickpe sonic show an attempt at this decoration. Combs, ku/l M hloi, were cut from irke the contbs of Mann and Chinese. In Case 2 are placed temporrily specimens of t s or knotted t for ldi the eke or wooden bowls for ofood when carriedn th eh aano or carrtyin gole. This sore elaborate mini was for the chief alone; the haakaalna, or common people must comitent the s elves with noconuit cord made in the sWimlest w1y. Of materiall there was ohon, wao'ke, 6' cnu, t fibre and hair; iexamples I~l~ilil E~l l; f SiShll Clrllil llll:ll~l~ll l ~ll l.i iI Fnll: ~ ~~~~.. Of..,4 '. NOz 4iE 20- of all these are here, and a f ll account of the way of braiding these is given by Mr Stokes in Memoirs, Vol. II, p, io5, with ample illutration. In Case 19 may le seen a remarkably fine specimen of Cook's walrus from the Pribylof tds., prepared at Ward's Establishment, Rochester, N. YV Near it is the skeleton cf a dugoult also mounted specimens of the sea lion and of the fur seals A man-ofwar hawk (ffsldy a a 7ai/a) soars above the walrus, and above the seals is a,. young wad ering albatross (D)/ I isc Ia exu&s). shot off Cape Horn and given hy the late Captain W. L. ~Josylyiz. Thlie antler s a *ve c n-.trance:..I to H are from a d Iccintroduced some years ago and lately become a la pest on Mlok Ai. Hawdaiian Hall ot la i n the most cornplete collectioi of s p cime ns illustrating the ancient life of Hawaii tat has ever been brought together, aTid while there are very few thin gs in European museums, such as feather capes with green feathers, carved dishes and carving tools of shark's teeth, of which this Mu seu n b ft itin6 9or ii f efi ' fe ' t e17. MORiTAR AND PESTI.~' yet the great variety of itnple- meuts and manufactures here brought together in systematic order ii.akes thei tihe one pliace ii which to study iS, cisc eoi-i'ocsueas. rylh tost d 1 r E:8..iNG POI-POUNDURS. tilhe anie nt economy of a most intelligent and iiterestuig race. Hlenee this portioni of the lhandbook wnill be treated with greater detail, in time belief that Hawaiian life will most interest the visitor to these islands. For the same reason the Trastees of the Museum are publislhin in a fully illustrated fornm treatises im various slubdivisions of the Hawaiiaii collection, to which the vsitor mnst be referred for more information than it is possible to offer in a pamniphmet of this size. Turniini to the ri ht (af ter registeriig ), Case i co itaimfa stoe m r farts cups, pestlea amd poidpomders: the first and last of forms peculiar to this 21 - group, while cups and pestles are in r trin uite like those used by most peoples in the stone perod of developraent e A few of the iortoars are of rtIde fofrm No. 1225 and others uear the grass louse (Fig. 17); hut the filly fiuishl T iedclinricl uoritar7 b:, of W1hich No. ie222 is a goud examplle is bett dstuie tl ase awaian. These were used to grind kiikui uts f( AkpiO printina r) for oil to harn in the steu d inuis, or to mm wimth ochre or utarcoas il pl eetilg er cthiei o to etec Coats alrter frcons ere ulsed eto grin o (dl oraied cii/olit ad ther dyes and edic ies. Pestles Mforr these mortars aro 1n the irprp shlfor, te shorter o ies foe slleW dishlike onortars Tlhe rinded amml gooe stome sikers mer the imotes are for smlu moks and mininl be better stdiel in Cas 24. Sttl l e cups were used fufour miitxig is fir kraa pmriitdiig tor for tatumiig and inideed forani y come nieit Pur Ose pfeieitenst, sere erippefd lot frncs Ocmiipat baalt or froit commsnmlatdirl cral k y no amiore cniplicated itIstrmtLent than a Leach pnl.)Jble. ThIm prc6ess is figured n1 tl emf i in time Muscmnn Mie is, Vol. 1, p. 375; a ee Fi., Ol the ind of Kam8l were manI tIe rimig poiiiinlee (Fi i) anidthe stirrup fforb sheu lhere in full series but on then other isanls the onre coails form icth ball hial Auntd conex Waise was prefertred In Mexleni a fboru very like the rking p6moudler Wtas iseml for gel in hi A sAh lber sie,1 {Z ffdkak kiii Pe naa was% earrtid on a journey, for persons of rnk always carrief their owii foodmm akig miteimsils, and sAs oitenu useed fy th e - 22 coinmoer to avoid betraying by a loud noise the preparation of food, lest a chief hearing should levy a contributiofn. Rintg and stirrup ptounfders were also used for griuding drugs or pigments, althoughli the small conical mullers. Nosk 463242, were generally used for such porposes Note the im plneme t * or or. r f used for sptting t e toogh breadfruit, No. 6o19 (Fig. 20). In Case 2 are great stones, Nos. 3212 ad 3213, hiollowed on the top into shallow panrs out of all proportion to the size of the stone in which salt was made by sol er vaporatlio. No. 4177 is a dowr stone p/ a pee/ zaanka, lim= 20. BREADFRUIT SPLITTR used to priotct the grass housc from nocturna l invasion. No l66ks were known, ad Apa b side through the grass walls; as the door6ways were alays low (,for protction ami cntered only on hands and knees., this hiavv stone was suspended over the door so that any one entering after lthei trap was set wsould risk having his back biroken Several stone bowls aid dishes are on the same shelf; these were not comomnly used for domestic t pupo se, but to contain perisaldbe offerings to the gods Aiotbhr importait stmne impleneit was the laup aud froii the nuber preserved it wua1d s ee I t at csi- e h e i ie ad at least oi o of1 the larger adl more ornate specimens belonged to the temnple service. The iform varied considerably (figi ia), but the essential part of 11 was a cup i~~i.3,1 111,.3 i:~~;. i riL i* 21. HAWAIIAN STONi LAm to contain the oil. iIh was burned by one or more wicks of kapa at the rim. a convenieit forw ifor to increase the light it was only oeedful to add ore wicks. A hand y contrivance is f iud ilo mIan of these lmpsp a siiall ph/ or well at the bottom to gther the at drop of oil for the thirsty w ik, and also to hold the stea of the cadile when that was substitited for the oil. These candle, Case E No, 7745, were simply nAts of the kukui tree roasted and sielled, thea struog on a bit of coconut mdrib aal the or given out in burnfig was strong but not ffensve. As the nuts were essentially of uniform size these primifive lights served -24 as timekeepera in the same way that King Alfred's candles marked the hours. To make a lamp advantage was taken of any natural formi, as i No. 1211 where a hhbble 1i thle lava was selected anid the surroutlding stone knocked N i2b.. awvay, The cops hollowed o0t by the sea 3e0 |Winadow case I) coinW i Me; havfe:to (1o elre f pllyer wrlkl itgbl.h tile ads. l all5l axes _5 iiia_ ifac- 6tUres ofoe stole, later we CookN 'ir~ landed ~ _ i n * te1 b a c k'gro ud of>5'- shall consid er thefom asl '50 211( 5sually the Cil ac fr'l ees it t Cidhe a m a o ais, of iMolsi veoL d canllio iniate isite d f me aesthe6is factoryOf tIeilg soiie sd - 1 i; l lopes of Maiiiia Kes, mvliere for aw a of the yarie pae tie DI 5-5. 5j. 5 D.. ~li ir E.i 1. Aother: illl. lKil.uca knowiii as Keaiiakakoi, tcme w orkhop.' of the adt sad where th the quarry wIld all sigLs of the wrlking (bothi iuite visihie ill i164) OIn Maui there was a factory high on the s1opes of Haleakala; aldl oil Kasi, hove Wadinia, the ort where Cook fi fst laladel (seell ill the haekground of Case i, was another from whi ckh the ch ips and cores exldhitted it Case D were obtanied The luakilig of adies helo6ed to a ecliar guild, as di tlae ao-iaking, carving of idOls, Ielc and 6one hiut the inihiateid visited the reiniOte places of tiaalWufa tilre. IiD this 25 - aldzkakoi there were not only holses for shelter and for food, but temples to the totelar deity of the wxorkmen, for the old Hawaiians were a very devout folk and began no new work without craving divine assistance. Here the selected stones were heated to make sure that no air cells were present to cause flaws iln the i.1 Thie lpeble hamers separated the flake or spI alls fro the core anId the proper spalls were first Chpped ito rough forin (seeti No. 3l25, Case D) aind thei grunaa d on the lhoa t or grindstone. an exam lple of which is No. 4553, Case D, and a larger one stalds o p 11) sit a ethe case, No. 5936. _ Tile largest adzes weighed X a dozenl potl s anid were: used to fell trae i the, smallest 16ss than an ounce 9 and serve for carving. In Case 3 is presented a p group showing the process of poi-niakilag. The fijgures, a fully developed man and a rather slim boy, are not modeled but were cast flom life by the sculptor Allai Hutchinson, hence are exact representatins of the people. The house represenited iln the Ibackgromtl is from a photograph taken in Puna, Hawaii, somne years ago. The story of the group is told on the large label.....v~~ |Poiponding was hard work imoderni tiies these meni have passed it on to the Chinese. Tie cultivation of the kao (proiounieed taro [ib casia (tet a'l) was by far the tmost laborious agricultural work of the ttawaiians. and while certain varieties were cltirvated without ponds, the greater portion was grown li Po6ls carefilly prepared, to which water was fBrnished, oftei with coistide 26 - able engineeriog skill, aud the supply of water to each owner was regulated by wise laws. The A/o7 or top sprout of the aroid was planted and in due time developed a bulbous root richly stored with nutrimuent. This root was cooked and scraped, the scrapiugs bellg returned to tluanure the pond, alnd po ldesd as shown in the group. The hard, firm pudding resultiug was called paia, dad when bounld up in ki eaves kept unchauged for soue time, sad in this state was transported. Poi was made by dilutiug this thick mass with water to various grades, as ' oe-gered poi" 'two-fingered poi, etc. It was sometimes so thin as to admit of being sucked up in a tube, but this form nvas mostly confined to the females, The cooked leaves of the kalo, also the fragrant yellow bIossotns, were also used as food. It owas the pleasant custom of the old Hawaiians of the Alii class to associate the birth of a child with a tree: either one was planted oI the birthday. or the first fruit: of a growing tree were pl cked b th growin child. 24. ITAWAIIAN isNGER-BOWLS. For the latter a cocouut was often selected, and in the relic case in the upper gallery are several outits thus associated with well-kunowru Alii. Opposite Case Ii is a section of a tamarind tree cut dowin in 892, which was plaited Deceufber i9, 183i, the day of birth of Bernice Pauahi Bishop; its section meassures, rough ly, 3kX4 feet. Case Ih cotaitis certain smaller iupleitients of household use that were iutlportant to the anciett Hawaiians. The hard and durable shell of the cocontut has bee utilized for cups by all people livig within the range of that most usef l palm. On the Hawaiiatn group where the coco palum cannot be said to thrive it is so tear its uorthiert liit-the fruit is small and not abundatntt. Of late years the larger nuts of the imore southern islands have beets irtrouduced, atdl very fine bowls made from thle uts msiay be seen in Case 7; these are iostly tsed at feasts to contain itdividual portiolA of poi. Cocoutut shells are the orthodox citps for drinking awa all through the Pacific. Here the priestly awa dritnkers used nuts cut letgthlwise, callebd e. - 27 -These shells were also used for spoons or ladles. No. 234, ktai amE olefi Case E. Fanciftlly cut shells, Nos, 4287-89, were used to contain ieaiMea, a relish made of the meat of the kokoi nut roasted and pounded hue with salt. Ssmall disks of the shell were used to contain salt. Coconuts with the eyes left open, katnan-a pat i/, made suitable strainers for the jmasticated aw. Where ktalo did not abound, as in Puna, Hawaii, sweet potato (a/a maei) was used in its stead to make a kind of pot, and, as the viscidity oi the kale pot is entirely wanting, this 5 i suhstitute o6uld not be easily eaten wiJth theF. Cfngersa and a spoon s reqirerd, sinim ly a segimet of shell. The old Hawaiians Ihad an excellemit miethod of cookimtg birds by eeclosingtl a hot stone in the carcass adlt wrapping this in ki leaves; No. 4490 is one of these tIow '._ 5 stomes; No. 449i iS another, tNsed for the 1 on r5'151, l l wh _|'51|5 lbirhd akiekek eiac size of som au hirn had I55g.,5.'555555,its appropriae stme i m well regulated hm p ouseheold. Naosti. a7745 and i94 are specimeas uf the kwkiti calidle, the roastedl xurnta I. ~4a"5 5555 5 1'str5Xg on cocogui t leaf imilrs. lr A limost km w 1_lg iingenious devrie was tihe Hawaiia stonel -. mirror a thi disk of deise ptlolite il 11111|15gromimidal smllmnCtl a1imln bIoided in oil, lbut still Jpreseoitimxg mo rellelig sorface, was placeml in a shallow lisml of water, adl i tthe person mIsimig this device wacs coniely tihe areaoelflt was no dloebt satisfactorv. In wmodei timmes time original uIse of these muirroars falas been florgotteml, and tlthey Are usedl iii kakham praetice as comlimg applicatlans toi _oimls fr sinmilar sores. Aimotlmer mlaimufac-,.,..t..X,, j55g5.'.'...'to:re that has passemd away, althtigl prmbably not very ammiient, is the tortoise-shell 25. INmTm) SmIOP BOWs. indlustrar. Comixs alm disles were once iuale in Honoluli, ail saimles of tie ifonmer are iin Case 3mm of the latter, No. 7526, Case. No. 4233 S a k/a or onimi, merely a huonle m ofemumt-leaf mdris. As the Hawaiians squat i'a1a'i to sweep this makes a sufficifently hamdy tool No. 4i64 Is a woodlen loik on which, wheim tied to the imteror framme of a grass house, umieke or ithfe Ar ticles iiglit be htmdg. No. 163 is a mide bow ammd arrow, pace a wie pan ikol uased for killing, or at least shlotimlg "rats and mice and such fimall micer', with which tIme land was and is itifesteal It is cartioms that, knowing tfimse iriciple of the how, tie Hailais maene dev elomed it byommd 'te feeble instrurfiRmit in this case. TIe arrow was ofteon the flower stalk of lugarcamtme tipped mwith kanila Woodh 28 — Although acquainted with the rotary drill for boriog, the Hawaiians do not appear to have used the fire drill, hot obtained fire by the plow. This was so aucoent a solree of fire that tradition claims it was taught to nman by the iod lietu, who aloue i in tBhe worhtll klew how to make a spark A sall stick of hard wood, the sauZlta, is held in the nhald and ruobed in a groove in a larger sticlk, aa, usuaillt y of lin wood. n fixe seconld the wooid is cIrred and in abolt iniiute the dustr whic collects at the bottom of the groove igiftes al1d the flame is dexterlosly caugli n tht of tli dert or a w/li ahri No. 4247, composed of twisted kapa, No. 66 is a bambu, Oe Pvi tJi a!i used to blow the fire, a prilitive bellows, No. 4237 is a simple gourd fuliiel used to fill the xarrow-mlouthed water hottles; other foris are Nos. 123 aud 1231, Case. The Hawaiians, like their kinsmen tlroughoUt Polynesia, v 8 8 J t:.i $l 25. HAWAIIAN SPITTOONS. did not make pottery but had recourse to the vegelible kiiigdm, aad the Io large oureke of wood used for poi were woiderfully well iade aiid of good fori (ig. 23;i by far the heat tcimes of Hawaiia woodwork. The iocek, whether of kou ( Co rdisbrra/a), kaiaoi ( fYaapWzh/u iaop/iy//ii), or whatever wood as carefully selected, roughly trimme ad thee d for intlis before workiiig. The ottside was filished first sad stoothed, and theii the core laboriousIy picked out leaving walls sometimes an iinch thick_ but often reduced to an eiglith. Inii Case 8 are the tools used for this work and some partly made utneke, etc. In Case 4 are the choicest haiids miade (not tureted specimees of this woodwork, oist of them froi the Katehamoeha family. Aotoog these Nos. 488, 523, 462, 469, 48t are iote5 worthy examiples of poyhesdral, O k.a. howls of kou wood. Fi ger-howls, 0a isho /si h/,ima, were used by the tpper classes at meals, for the aiseitee of fork or spopo, and the sticky tature of the poi, amd the greasy iatire of roast pig or dog, rendered stot washiiig ieedfuol after eating, aid the com iiuniity of dishes iito whi tch each guest cideipsd the hand, or at ileast the fitIger, ftade it a desirable custoim bhefore partaking of footi Tlae forii of thes O is eiz~ /~ ~~lJFfi 7 it~ %5s X~~j~ t~ ~~ (1 e8 poi * i~~ z 1~ ~fa~i: t1f t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6Ja 3~if2~g {illgt weeaeYvteurcassaLllel rtu s1c -- 29 - bowls i es metime odd, as Nos. 62426, 628; but it all of this class is found a projection fron the bottom or side with which to remove the sticky poi from between the fingers. In another class, Nos. 6fo a nd 6i, were con parth neats, one to contain water, others for fragrant leaves on which to wipe the fingers. Awa bowls, a1a ko-a aMa, Nos. 555, 639, were neatly ibt plainly made. Slop basins, iza sf aiga, were used to receive the refuse of a meal, for if belonging to a chief it was kapu and must not be eaten by others. These bowls were muchls thicker atd heavier than the unteke poi, and those of high chiefs were often inlaid with the teeth and bostes of slain enemies, Fig. 25 and others in the relic case in the upper gallery. While it was dIeened honlorable to have one's botes attached to a kahill or a ifood owl, it was a deep disgrace to thle unfortunate lant whose solid parts dsecorated what was looked upon as a vessel of dislLonor. The large trough, No. s 217, in the smidst of this case was used in dissecting the body of a chief to clean the bhones, which were carefull1y hidden, while the softer parts were burned or 1; -^ ^;il|S?:'i'. '"*" iy t * | C 7'g7 j,:"',:,.f S.g l-,i *,,'",..li'': ^gyC * "': '. *^..."'I? The collection of spittoons, sa iu kta, is very large. Of the fi.ve A/'ah, sfif or personal attendantst of an Hawaiian Moi, the I;'ku.hka or Spitttos 7s thle Fst t usted. e life the king was edanere x d r if he1.. s.o sTove re ais inn duty and allow evaf th smiallest rtiona of the royal siidttl ti fall into the hands of the eniy. Thei uten sil Ih e carriedl, asindh fromsr whichl he got hIis trsitle, was a ssall fbox or bowl caewed from sase choaice tsrodI, iand h se at my te daily accumulationfa i tohe sea in the dsrk eas of ight, or, should the court be on a journey inla, he e st with tle 1.totttt secrech biry Ithe possibsle danger. The clipplisgs of the royal fingerails and cuttitng fro it the royal hair wean t the same way, fo r the sorcerer vas reay to pray to dealt if he o tained these offeriangs to the infers l eties. 'The inanimate spittoons were held in great esteem, to which their loable use would tot entitle them elsewiher, and hence those belongin g to Kaielchaieha and other arenwased hiefs have been preserved and are in his Mseun arger owls ofthe samae lomin /aii, were used for other - 30 -excrementitious matter and are on the lower shelf of this ase. In Cases 5 and 6 are the larger unmeke of which the largest, No. 4o, is 85 inches in circumference and 1S& inches deep. Perhaps the finest in form, No. 410, Hawaiian sumac, and No. 422 of coconut wood Nearly all in this case are old and hand-carved. The large bowls with legs were used for isaked p w of the carved owls remain on the islands; many are in the British Museum and elsewhere t two good ones are in thisledio. No. l _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~B~~ | ~ - 11| Ii~x i"~ "' "~_~ _ _ _ _ _ 1 I Earaa g ' Ci::g _ _lllil_ _ ||,..:., o4 and lianii carved te at e o:1 vlth 1e ere dt ilo b k 4~~~~~~~~FL -i~,i = v s.S a e b X &t A ti 1^ s4 aSX~~~~~~~~~i +Sa ralne~~~~~e nn v { +g 9s~~~~~~u4 -tw tgt gtu 0w tX44 U12 W XA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~atty 1~~~tffX U a t1 Ijearxan lsevlr u w o eae1 ixe1e~n N ff g o S* w a dshfor baked pig, with carved figures of Kahahanaad Kekp, is wife conqere rlers e arge ope s of te res serveas t No. t511, a carved meat dish, belonged to King Lunalilo an lils ancestors. Chairs were not used by the old Hawaiians, but the chiefs had a rudely carved seat or throne, none of swhch ias been preserved. No 4345 is a stool of ohia wood with four legs, carved fron a single block. Agains t the wall, between this snd the last case, are two poi boards, papa kul ioi: one very old, No. 7952, and the other, No. 4226, is a good modern specimen 65 inches lobg and 23.5 inches wide. Ha;uSafials ad nlother substitute for pottery in the large fruit of Car-,bifa maxima, a ourd found cultivated here when the group was dis29. STONE. ADZES. ered, and not found on other groups, nor is its istive country known. Tle hard woody raind of this gourd is durable and light, serviig for coitaito Crs of food or clothing. A pair of the gourds suspended from the anamt or rryig stick (see Fig. ) served as late as the early sixties of the last.entury for travelers' trunks, one containing food, the other clothing. They:ere dried sand carefully cleaned, furaisled with a cover which also served s a dish, and a koko or net to hold this cover close and to form a handle. The bottlegomnrd L/gke;aria ittlat') was found oa this aid other Potly 2esiai groups, and on Niiau the art of decoratiag the surface was much w w * 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i.' | — 65 Baskets and Mats.-The early voyagers speak of the baskets of the Hawaiians with approbation, perhaps referring to the hinai poepoe shown in Case 22 (see Fig. 49), but in later times the basket work has greatly degenerated and at last has been confined to the making of fish traps and an inferior kind of pandanus basket or sack. The same observation has been made of the mats, of which the finer varieties are no longer made. Certainly basket plaiting and mat weaving was not always a low grade manufacture, and that the voyagers were right in their commendation is proved not only by the hinai poepoe but by several baskets, almost the only survivors, at least none have been found in museums. No. 7651 was for many years preserved in Boston. It is made of the aerial roots of the ieie (Freycinefia arnotti) delicately plaited in two colors, brown and black, and the cover was bound on by means of loops of finely braided coconut fibre. Another, No. 6589, "was originally the property of Mrs. Coan of Hilo, Hawaii, but it has been in use in the family of Mrs. S. N. Castle of Honolulu for over fifty-five years, and was given by her to Mr. Brigham for the Bishop Museum, November 24, I903." A small basket of the same kind, No. 6942, was used in the house of Rev. Asa Thurston at Kailua in 1820 and continued in use in a busy household for nearly eighty years, when it was given by his granddaughter, and is still in good condition save the loss of the cover. The passing of this art is greatly to be regretted for no better baskets are known. With the same material, abundant in the mountain regions, were made the hinai poepoe already mentioned; these were originally bowls, of wood or gourd, around which was plaited the basket so firmly and durably that when the bowl or gourd was broken or decayed the basket remained as good as ever. No. 3889 shows the fine work around a wooden umeke; No. 3890 is complete with cover; No. 1550 is one where the wooden umeke long ago disappeared, and the basket has been used for carrying fish, still strong and useful. Gourd bottles were sometimes covered in the same way, No. 5350; No. 1409 originally had a gourd within. Baskets of a coarser make used for fish, nets, etc., are on the lower shelf. The baskets of pandanus are in Case 23 and are not remarkable for either beauty of form or good workmanship. The bottom is usually square and the sides rise to a circular rim to which a mat handle is attached. Another form has also a square foundation but is closed in at the top, leaving a narrow opening which is closed with a flat cover through which pass the strings which serve both for handle and fastening. Fig. 50 shows both these and other forms. In Case 22 is a portion of a makaloa mat just begun which shows the method of arranging the grass, which differs somewhat from that adopted with the pandanus inats, a specimen of which is in the opposite case. The favorite figures woven on the makaloa or Niihau mats are shown on the back of the case. The mats have already been described and are found in K., but a specimen here, No. 10,072, shows the greatest variety of weaving ever seen by the author in a single mat. In Case 23, No. 5621 is a simple basket of palm leaves much used for fruit. Rolls of pandanus leaves ready for the weaver HANDBOOK B. P. B. M.-5. - ""iE::~. Ii iIE."~. 811 '""... ~'ar g"i;~ :,:sa I sc.. ~:;~:::I ai ~1B;~...:~~ ""8.: ~ar ~~ 'P1 "~:I CtilBil.lln Ili.null """";.i. aii41 i"Iaii~ iBr ,k~ t~~ 9~~,:i;?MI:siRii ~iii IrlllR""'lrns;~ lllia iMI IYi i~il. Ps:la:r:ui CW~ ~5 e ~p I;" rw~ ilil "'~!~ ~lii:11,~i;~,~i p'~;~~~'liBI;I ~Is~"":,~IBp,,r rA~lp: ~isr,,,,z i ~;Fi;~;~~iii,~: ~.~ ~~ ;nn '""~ 6~IP; 8~ i"~ E"li. iE r~ Iip!Plli:sys~~il II1 liliESI.~,il+. T;:p ~"" r 1"1" C'"""";" iiCI,,;,,i li~ta; Is,~ Wg:sii a~. ~ illPB iapjiiar,,,,, 'B iilliii sriioi, ~iilili - 67 are Nos. 8572, 8573. A bit of mat work finished to a suitable form served well for fans (Fig. 51), and the small, narrow specimens shown in this case are very useful and durable for their purpose, unsurpassed by any others in the Pacific. The fan of olden time, peahi, was stiffer and of more complicated structure, but by no means so useful. A number of specimens of this old form are in the British Museum, but here there is only one, No. 7965, Case 23. At the present day fans of foreign form are neatly made of split bambu and variously decorated, of which specimens are shown. Another application of mat work is seen in the pillows, uluna. The pillow is firm, stuffed with hala leaves, and but slightly elastic, a capital accompaniment to the mat bed. No. 1145 is the longest (21 inches) of the collection; No. II44 shows the effect obtained by alternating sun-dried and house-dried leaves. In the second volume of the Museum Memoirs the subject of mat and basket work is treated at length, and the visitor curious in these matters may there find additional information. Fisheries.-We may fairly say that the collection of hooks, nets and other implements for the capture of fish is the most complete to be found in any museum. The Kamehameha family were all noted for skill in the pursuit of the finny tribes, and their choice hooks and other connected matters came, through Mrs. Bishop, to this Museum; and, as in olden time Hawaiians lived largely on fish and were very skilled fishermen, contrivances were many and ingenious to capture this good food. At present the Japanese have taken the place of natives in all important fisheries. Fish hooks were made of tortoise shell, ivory, shell and bone before the introdution of metal. With the nails obtained from early visitors the Hawaiians made hooks similar in shape to their earlier hooks, many of which were also without barbs. The hooks were filed with the bits of lava as shown in Case 8, and the finish is often of the most perfect kind. To each hook, when ready for use, is attached a cord called kaa, bound permanently to the shank and usually whipped with a thread of olona. This, which may be from a few inches to a yard in length, is tied to the a/o or long line when used. The space between the point and shank determines the kind of fish to which the hook is presented, and in many hooks this space is so limited that it is apt to surprise a stranger that the fish could squeeze its lip into it; it is true that the old fishermen caught more with these peculiar hooks than they could with the more dangerous-looking hooks of the foreigner. Of the ^iakau ea or tortoise-shell hooks in this collection the number is so considerable that they would seem the most popular. They varied in size, as they were used for different fish, and they sometimes had a barb inside, siometimes outside, or in both positions as shown in Fig. 52. The makau Plaaoa, made from the tooth of the cachelot, was of similar shape, of circular s- tion, and remarkably well finished. The makan papaua were filed from s ell and were nearly finished before they were detached from the shell which Strved as a convenient handle. These were sometimes very small, and No. 7 is the smallest in the collectin. Another form of shell, or shell and bone or tortoise shell, is the hi or hook for the fish ak There is a shank of papaua or pearl shell to which is attached, by fibres passing though drilled holes, a barb or point of bone, often human bone or ea. Many of these are shown as well as the shanks in process of manofadtre. The bone hooks were either of one piece, often of arge size, N. 7739, or of two pieces ingeniously spliced with siew, No 7 8 i or per- o haps olonfi fibre. it was con- 1 sidered lucky to fh with a hook of human bone No. te~alir~s at t'e ~1to toa a in 5285, and the bones of enemies were often so used. Shark hooks, me at ma~no were often made o wood4 and pointed with bone, Nos~ 6924, 7737. The very large one, No. 7777, was called "kiholo" and was always baited with human flesh.!in this cnnectionb should be mentioned the two enrious double-edged wooden platters of elliptical fokrm used as bait dishes by Alapainni of Ha- waif. A human 1 victim, s - ally a slave, was cooked and 1 left to decompose for several days, then put on these platters and carried to sea on the pol& of a double canoe. The kahN or 1oil which was allowed to drip into the water 52 HAwAnaN visa- n1onKs. attracted the sharks, and the trail thus laid drew then into deep wvater w here the king and alit fought them with great courage and skill. Alapainni is supposed to have died in 1 754; and at that titme these platters were placed with other relics of this king in a Peon at Punanahulo, North Kona, Hawaii, where they were carefnlly guaided by successive generations of oke, nutil the lava flow of i868 threatened to where they were kept until the last of the kahu died ifn:i88 when they Wre purchased for this collectiotn To return to the hooks: the Wakne IN hke or squid hoks (showni in tie upper part of Fig. 52), were a permanent combination of hook and bait, te latter a shell of (OMa n: to this is attached a cut stone sinker of a similar shape, and often of some unusual stone, and between shell and 53. HAWAIIAN MISH BASKES AND TRAPS - 70 - sinker is a stick to one end of which is attached the line, to the other the hook of one and later of metal c led by a wisp of leaves. A similar contrivance buht withou t te s hell ait, was used for turtle Nos, 779, 379i. Halib t ho s maide by the Amerinds of the northwest coast with whom the Hawaiian wha lers had on iderahl intercorurse in early days, were naturalze here and named mk i ha, Nos 775, 3659. The iron hooks need not detain us, except Nos, 3 777, which are made directly of iron nails in the old form. Fish poles were of native bamhub of which a fine specimen hangs over the entrance to this alcove. Fish spears, k, were also used, and one with the seven prongs is shown, No. 769. A more unusual nethod of fishing was in ogte a mong the a old Hawaii ans; on the coast of Hawaii fishing sticks, laa. mee//a:, are employed to attract the fish. They are smeared with a pecui ar bait and left in the water to attract the fish. The fa[s or bait is prepared in various ways, the base being always the roasted ink kag of the squid. In some cases stone is substituted for wood, Nos. 7452, 7453. Bait is mixed in small stone cups with woodei ~Ses used only for 1tlg 6 or l fo 54. HXAIIAN S1P5 5INNG ON 1IS t IG0H1 0 tii purpose; Nobg MM5is. F is hures w ire i ally of olo4 some small ones ot coconut blire. No. 77 is very old and was used for kalekale, oio, i *na, weke, etc. No. 72 is larger for ahi, kahelo, etc. No. 3886 iS 2r fathomis long. Litnes were kept in the paoh aia, a gourd bottle with stout neck and a cover, Anothr forti used for both lines and hooks, if 1eVi consisgts of a thick wooden bowl with a much larger cover of gourd. In some examples, especially the smallh: ones, both bowl and cover are of igourd, No 3994, Case 3o, H. G. Ingenious reels for small lines consist of a portion of the neck of a goind hottle, No 3822. Held on two fingers the delivery of line could easily e regulated. A simpler reel was a fragment o gtourd, No. 3825. When irk' came into use the sharp points of the foreign hooks were often insered i a fold of the fibrous base of a pahn 6lef A basket of pananu1fsi No 1;was used for bait, the sid pocket for hook as - 71 - Of the basketry fish traps or hl&ders i No 4o 2 eot are used to keep a decok fish immleredl in se were until wain ted hen a cod is passed t rough its slnot and it is allowed to swim around a net The small traps are used Nor rstdaceans like shrimps crabs, ete stand the large funi els ihaped ones are for the same game but not baited. Nets rlanged firm a small I an t nelt to ite lar1e draftL nes more than peri haps tweent fathoms tong. The chosen materail was olunfi the sttrongest and of the sal han nets ar i 4 a l s S f t ceiin in front of rhis case, a in Case 25 te arger nets t is a cast of a well-bult HaSpaiar srang the olon fire, wheh is tenr ady to be spun onl the thigh as shown n Fig. 4. The ttig is done with the needls and mesh sfticks alrea1 y noticedin jCa ' 8. Awhip or r 1oo, ale No. 6369, was 55. TuE M1N50 IMAGE. ed to drive fish into the sGiera Govr nets. Whe reflouts wr t l te dfor tme nests block of waiilTei wood wre uslesd andii stones Made sufficient ukerlA Veat fi v of s fishing by Bake tare on the Wall near this case9 Near tme door leading into V. there standts a cast of a curious _ig e lthat said to have been in Manna Valley before Cook's visit. Fifty years ago thme orignal, which is now in the Museu ffhr Vblkerknnde in Berlin, stood at te entrance to Judge fit's estate at K ko, Oh, and there it s uften worshipped, with its comp1aion gate guardian (cast in Case ma). The ruff and queue suggest a Spaniard of the fifteenth cetury, and it may be a rif of the Spanish uiscoverers of this group. The casts of the two images re a gift of the Gern G met at the eq of te ae l Bastian, fibm dieordi of the Berlin Myuseum The flat stone near by is from the altar Iveme~ndt of a fisherman's heiau on the bill-aov the Mloc Spring in Puns Hawaiei, Tme large sA was cut and finished with stone tools Underneath inid stone supposed to have been used to cut the sadston in which a the {cutprints; the story can be gathered briefifly from the label, but more fully _ the Occasional Pap of the Iueum, I VI l IV, p. - 72 Hawaiian Hall Gallery.-Passing to the first gallery of Hawaiian Hall where the natural history exhibits are arranged: the rail cases and the wall cases at the front end (Nos. 26-30) are allotted to the extensive collection of painted casts of Hawaiian fishes done by Mr. J. W. Thompson of the Museum staff, and these will be described in a separate handbook due to the importance of the collection. Case 60 at the head of the stairway contains mainly specimens of marine vertebrates, and it is hoped in the near future to exhibit skeletons of typical Hawaiian fishes; here it may be mentioned that the cases in this corner, although at the time of printing this handbook nearly empty, are to be occupied by sundry marine objects now in course of preparation. Returning to Case 6o, note a cast of porpoise head, and several porpoise jaws; two poisonous sea snakes (one cast) captured on opposite shores of Oahu within the same week. These are common in Micronesia and other groups west and south, but are exceedingly rare here; I know of no other record. Casts of local cephalopods and sea slugs show animal life very difficult to prepare for exhibition in any other way. In Case 59 are crustaceans, a family in which Hawaii has many representatives, Echini and Asteroida: noteworthy are the sentinel crabs (Podopthalmus vz-il); painted crab (Grapsus pictus),. Calappa tuberciuata, Ocypoda longicorn2uta, and several good specimens of Ranina serrata. To avoid the usual fading of the color markings on crustacea the device of carefully painting the actual shell of the animal has been adopted. Hawaii has no true lobster but a large crayfish that to some extent takes the place. This and crabs (na papai) are a favorite food of the native population, and with these shrimps (na opae) should be included. In Case 75 (rail) are entomological specimens, including many insects not easily seen in the steel cases where the main collection is preserved. As the many crustacea of these islands are collected and prepared for exhibition they will be found in Cases 58 and 57. In Case 56 are temporarily placed crustacea, corals and certain casts of fish brought from Palmyra Island by Dr. C. M. Cooke. Case 55 contains some deep-sea specimens Opposite this is a series of whaling implements, among them one of the earliest harpoon-guns. Note also the jacket lamp from the forecastle of a whaler at New Bedford; the log book; the bone knife; the ear bones and the bones of a flipper of the sperm whale hanging in this hall. In its early history Honolulu owed much to the whaling industry, and it is hoped that more -may be gathered to preserve the memory of the whaling days and the natural history of the whales. In Cases 48 to 53 inclusive are specimens of Hawaiian corals collected( by Dr. C. M. Cooke and Mr. J. F. G. Stokes on Oahu and Molokai aiil named by Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan. In Case 52 may be seen a very fine collection of Fungia in various stages of growth (see Fig. 57). In the drawers under Case 57 are specimens of the Hawaiian land shell> Under Cases 50 and 5r are drawers containing insects. I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I i~ srl~ach~e ]"~i ~l~X~R iCiTi - 74 -The colledion of Haewaiani irds is undoubtedly the largest n exisrtence and besides the specimens collected in goodly number by our own collectors we have added the extensive collect1nn made by Proif H. W. Hensha, now the hread of rthe Bining ia Department of te United States Boar of Agriclturei While nany Are exhibited rit Cases 4-47 as single specimens, and others in ate good trpl which u e long side of i 1 thisllg ii talie by far the graater prt of the coinledthion is afely presoerad (as sktis) In steel cases in the room in the laboratofy deVoted to ornithology. In Case 45 are specimens of migratery birds frequenating itands of this group, also certisn it rotalcei and nat uralXize species, ai n Cae 43 le othe nesti aollg thsen an interesting specimen found i tin Kilfauel and imae from the fires of 57. vOUNG OP XVINGcA 055'Gri.A. P*ele' hair", the volani glass often very abundant in the crater. in the o 47is a erie of id Arranged to iow In Case 42 is a group of marsh birds, the alae and nine keokeo; the soIe wids in tnative lg and the r ientiso of fired Ovie this group are two Hwiia crotAvrs d these seem to be confined to a port ion of thaie t oast of Hawaii 6On the front is a group of the pueo or owla including a nest of young lsig; the piieo was a demigod among the old Hawaiians, and it was a fatvorable oien to omeet ne When on an e1xpedition. Case 4 his an iens of the Hawaiia hawk. Case 39, 40 coitain a group which well re presents the often crowded coiidiioii of a bid IslAnd in the hireeding ason; some birds burrow in the sand, others are satisfid with the plaii ground, whle otheris bui -in1 the feaw b at had all are in aiiiicabh coimnuAity 75 - Both the sand and the fragmeut of a wreck are fron the 38Iand. Case is n of the m t instctie in ints grop of the blackdkrowned uight heron, where the whole family history is unfolded; the nest of eggs, the little bird half fedged, the first year plumage and the nature birds of both sexes; the water and the ie vine indicae we the natre of the faivrite hau AT58. se oD uF MUNTING SMALL tuRDs In the front of the case are two groups, the lowe one showing the nesti of the ffigtebird; the malea with his seasonal enlareimento of the throat; while the upere one presentsi the Hawaiian goose on the 4lav beds of the Hawaiian usountains. In Case 37 the white tai.ed tropi irdii i is shown nesting in the hih cSiffi and the groupin _ is so well done as to neae no expaa In Caes = I- 6 a lifelk group of Hawaiian shore birds ap. e ai and in thi. In ~ ~ ~ I l~, r~ ~th a r xegra telwron hn~gte eatt r " r * #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: 1;he ~ ~;I f7taetdteml ~hhssaoa nlASenl~l o tljtigywhl the up3Re one presnts the ~twaaiigt gl)0Set1131 Itt~;1gg ttffi1 t t gtttilat Ul~i~tlaULlsr tl a. 3 0t 10 r ~te! WitC G~ ] S sW J. S1 fL 1 L s 1 t F 2 e L t; 8 k.c~~~~~~~~~f~l X 2 si,2S fttl +iES rz rbrA ^ ^crr ere rB fal smil~~~~~~~!hl[. tte lt 3. 1 ~t; tP1!Ei~ Iil,~i 31.1 i.iri l;l;Wal/~, r araara lfelke group of Hawatan~~~~~~~~i sir Ifit perssni.e~:'l; "~ ~"'3. t pll~( 3 g t IIIAUTH4ON LIKIIURUS, CASE 37. 6o. BLACK-FOOTD ALBATROSS. - 78 - next (33 34) the Laysan albatross (Diomedea immiufabilis) or gooney. The case at the end of the line contains a group of the black-footed albatross (D. nigrifies), with much of its housekeeping (Fig. 6o). It shonld be added that all these bird groups have full descriptive case labels. To a visitor desiring to find a specimen of a particular bird the following index may be convenient. Certain birds, from their rarity, are not on exhibition and are marked * Acridotheres tristis, drawers unuder 47. Acrocephalus familiaris. t IXstrelata hypoleuca, 39, 40, 45. phaeopygia. Akialoa, 35, 36. Alae, 42. Alala, 42. Alauda arvensis, 45. Albatross, 31I-34. Anas boscas. laysanlensis, 41. wyvilliana, 44. Anous stolidus, 39, 40, 45. Apapane, 47. Arenaria iinterpres, 35, 36, 45. Asio accipitrinus sandvicensis, 4I, 42, 44. Aukuu kohili, 36, 37. Branta canadensis minima. nigricans. lBulweria buiweri, 39, 4o. Buteo solitarins, 4I. Calidris areliaria, 35. Carpodacus mexicanus obscnrus. Clicetoptila angustipluma.* Charadrius dominicus fulvus, 35, 36. Chasiempis gayi, 44. sandvicensis, 44. sclateri, 44. Chen hyperboreus, 415. Cliloridops kona, 44. Chlorodrepanis chloridioides. chioris. kalaana. parva. stejnegeri, 47._ Chiorodrepanis virens. wilsoni. Chrysomitridops caeruleirostris, 47. Circus hudsonius. Ciridops anna. * Corvus hawaiiensis, 42. Crymophilus fulicarius. Curlew, bristle-thighed, 35, 45. Dafila acuta. Demiegretta sacra. Dioniedea immutabilis, 33, 34. nigripes', 3I, 32. Dove, Chinese, 45. Drepanis pacifica. Drepanorhamphus funerea, 46. Elepaio, 44. Fregata aquila, 37, 38, 45. Fulica alai, 42. Gallinula sandvicensis, 42, 44. Goose, Hawaiian 37, 38, 44. Gygis alba kittlitzi, 39, 40, 45. Hemiguathus lanaiensis. lichtensteini. obscurus, 44. procerus, 44. Heron, 38, 45. Heteractitis incatius, 35, 36, 45. Heterorhynchus affinis, 46. hanapepe, 46. lucidus. wilsoni, 46. Hiniantopus knudseni, 3 6, 44. Hiniatione freethi, 47. sanguinea, 47. Hunakai, 35. Liwi, 46. JO, 41. 1- When no case numbers are given after thle names it (loes not always mean that no specimens are in the Museum, but simply none mounted for exhibition: skins are probably in the store cases. Iwa, 37, 38, 45. Kioea, 35.Kolea, 35, 36. Koloa, 44. Kukuluaeo, 36. Lark, Sky, 45. Larus barrovianus. californicus.* delawarensis. franklin ii. philadelphia. Limiosa lapponica, baueri. Lophortyx californica. Loxioides bailleui, 44. Loxops caeruleirostris, 47. coccinea, 47. ochracea, 47.ruf a. Mamo, 46. Man-o'-war bird, 37, 38, 45. Merganser serrator. Microanous hawaiiensis, 39, 40, 45. Mina, false, drawers und'er 47. Moho apicalis. bishopi, 46. braccatus, 46. nobilis, 46. Mud hen, 42, 44. Muina nisoria. Nene, 37, 38, 44. Nesochen sandvicensis, 37, 38, 44. Noio, 39, 40, 45. Numenius tahitiensis, 35, 45. Nycticorax nycticorax noevius, 38. Oceanodroma cryptoleucura. Oo, 46. Oreomyza bairdi, 47. fiammea,, 47. maculata. mana, 47. mnontana. newtoni, 47. On, 44. Owl, 41, 42. Palila, 44. Palmeria. dolei, 46. Partridge, Californian. 79 - Passer domesticus, 45. Pennula ecaudata, 44. Petrel, Bonin, 39, 40. Phawornis lanaiensis, 47. nmyadestina, 47. oahuensis. obscura. palmeri, 47. Pha~thon lepturus, 39, 40. rubricauda, 45. Phalaropus lobatus. Phasianus torquatus, 45. versicolor, 45. Pheasant, 45. Plegadis guarauna. Plover, Pacific Golden, 45. Porphyrio melanotus (33 P.).Porzanula palmneri, 44. Priofinus cuneatus, 45. Pseudonestor xanthopbrys, 44.' Psittacirostra psittacea, 44. Pueo, 41, 42. Puffinus nativitatis, 39, 40, 45. newelli.* Rail, Wingless, 44. Rhodanthis flaviceps. palnmeri, 44. Rice-bird. Shearwater, Wed ge-tailed, 39, 40. Sparrow, European, 45. Spatula clypeata. Sterna fuliginosa, 39, 40. lunata, 39, 40. m elanaucheil. Stilt, Hawaiian, 35, 36. Sula cyanops, 39, 40. piscator, 39, 40. sula. Telespiza cantans, 44. Tringa acuminata. Tropic-bird, 37, 38. Turustone, 45. Turtur chinensis, 45. Ulili, 45. Uluaihawane.* Vestiaria coccinea, 46. Viridonia sagittirostris, 47. - ----- --------—......................... - 8I - Upper Gallery of Hawaiian Hall. - When Hawaiian Hall was opened this upper gallery was used for library and ornithological study and storeroom. With the completion of the laboratory building the library was moved to more convenient quarters in the two rooms planned for taxidermy, but the bird skins could not be removed until steel cases were provided for them, as they were early in 1915, and now this gallery is largely occupied by the botanical department exhibit (the herbarium-not open to the public-is in the basement of Polynesian Hall), and by exhibits to be removed later to the prospective Melanesian hall, and certain loan collections. Here also are the thrones of the former monarchy and relics of the old chiefs and the monarchy generally. (r_/o t - a I 1_,f _ 2 CL L *i -~ i iSIIeJ>-*-. - ---------- -1 - I --- - 62. PI'LAN OF UPPERI GALLERV. Passing up the stairway from the first gallery the wall is partly occupied with a collection of the most noted Hawaiian ferns in herbarium specimens; these specimens illustrating the principal genera of Hawaiian plants are continued around the rail cases beginning with Case 92. On the wall at the head of the stairway is a large and attractive painting of coconut and banana, the work and gift of Mrs. Sanford B. Dole. The casts of fruits begin in Rail Case No. 97 with many casts of the Palta or Avocado pear; in Cases 95 and 96 are many varieties of mango, Irom the very small "French mango" to the large Indian fruit grown by Ion. S. M. Damon at Moanalua, weighing two pounds. In Case 95 are varieties of banana including some fine native varieties, also the Fei of Tahiti. In Case 132 may be noted the cast of a long-fibred coconut, used for the tnest coir mats. Sour-sop, breadfruit, grenadilla, pineapples, pomeloes, a: reat papaya weighing more than fifteen pounds, the durian, finest of fruits, grown on Kauai, and hardly inferior to those grown in the Malacca Peninsula. HANDBOOK B. P. B. M.-6. B;"x "" ax.s~ii ii~'l"""""~""""~l:611 I~' l:l;aO iic l~i""iC"" ~-~ I,,; C"' i~ a;r r:o!rn ~st~:: lii a ~,~,~,lli~i".. I~ *;;~ ~" ~a;':~H tii ;;11111;~'. ;~: :8~ ""~ BliOl, I~:~ n:sr ~~wP II :I:lb i ir ~;Hi 8 iiii I, a~H :,~~;~ I:~~ .1~.si~i. I~;;~: Bilis ~'FrllaClaLIIIIllllllli E rB~ ~;'i~.~i..~n S:$l~ii,:~~;I l"s,,i iiiB::~i~~:2.: 1,,,:. IRa~~~ llB pr I, ,:~i~;8:-:~ ~I~~ ilI.i a c"i lii II;,;i ~at r~i~1~ r.ildi li~1 1II l:liil ~~ ai;cr~,li~~ Iliiw ill~ - 84 -In Case 131 are specimens of our varied industries, sisal, rice, cotton, coffee, arrowroot, india-rubber. In Case I30 may be seen the once important export bulu, the silky leaf fringe of several tree ferns; a fine section of pear wood formerly known in the English market as " Barbadoes mahogany"I, grown in Hilo; a considerable collection of small specimens of Hawaiian woods; over, these the silver sword (Argyroxijbhium saudwicense), the ahinahina of the natives. The alcove of Cases 128 and 129 is temporarily filled with the Counelley collection of Australian specimens given to the Museum by William R. Castle (its place is in the Melanesian hall). For the convenience of visitors wishing to find plants in the herbarium specimens exhibited in the rail cases, a list of the genera is given below with the case number. Abrus L., 89. Abutilon Gaertn., 86. Acacia Willd., 88. Achyranthes L., 90. Alphitonia Reis., 87. Alsinidendron Mann, 90. Antidesmia L., 87. Alyxia R. Br., 84. Astelia Bks. & Sol., 92. Bcxehmeria Jack., 91. Breweria R. Br., 83. Brighamnia Gray, 8i. Broussaisia Clautd., 89. Broussonetia Vent., 91. Byronia Endl., 87. Cwesalpinia IL., 89. Calophyllumin L-., 86. Caimpylotheca Cassin., 98. Cassytha L., 89. Charpentiera Gaud., 90. Cheirodendron Nutt., 85. Chenopodiuni L., 90. Clirysophyllumi L., 84. Claoxylon A. Juss., 87. Clermoutia Gaud., 8ix. Cocculus DC., 90. Colubrina Rich., 86. Coprosmna Forst., 82. Cordia Plum., 83. Cryptocarya R. Br., 89. Cyanea Gaud.,, 8i. Dianella Lam., 92. Dodo'nea L,, 87. Drosera L., 89. Dubautia Gand., 98. Elwocarpus L., 86. Erythrina L., 88. Eugenia L., 85. Euphorbia L., 88. Eurya Thilb., 86. Exocarpus Labill., 91. Freycinetia Gaud., 92. Gardenia Ellis, 82. Geranium L., 88. Gonania L., 87. Gouldia Gray, 82. Gunnera 1L., 8,5. Habenaria Willd., 92. Heliotropiuim L., 83. Hesperomannia Gray, 98. Hibiscus L,., 86. Hillebrandia Oliver, 85. Iporncea L., 83. Kadua Chain. & Sch., 82. Kokia Lewt., 86. Labordia Gand., 84. Liparis Rich., 92. Lipochoeta DC., 98. Lobelia L., 8i. Luzula DC., 93. Lysimachia L4., 84. Maba Forst., 84. Metrosideros Banks, 8,5. Mezoneuron Desf., 89. Morinda L., 82. Myoporum Bks. & Sol., 83. Myroxylon Forst., 86. Nerandia Gaud., 91. Nertera Bks. & Sol., 82. Nothocestrum Gray, 83. Nototrichium Gray, 90. Ochrosia Juss., 84. Odontochilus Bi., 92. Osmanthus Lour., 84. Osteoineles Lindl., 89. Pelea Gray, 88. Peperoinia Ruiz & Paxv., 92. Perrottetia H. B. K.. 87. Phyllanthus L., 88. Phyllostegia Benth., 83. Pilea Lindl., 91. Piper 1L., 92. Pipturus, Wedd., 91. Pittosporumn Banks, 89 -Plantago 14., 8-2. Platydesmia Mann, 88 Plectronia L., 82. Psycliotria 1L., 82. Pteralyxia K. Sch., 84 Raillardia Gaud., 98. Ranunculuis L., 90. Rauwolfia L., 84. Rhns L., 87. Rollandia Gaud., 8i. Sanicula L., 85. Santalum L., 90. Sapindus 14., 87. Scaweola L., 8i. Schiedea Chain. & Sch.,~ 90. Sida L., 86. Sideroxylon L., 84. Silene L., 90. Sisyrinchium L., 92. Smilax L., 92. Solanurn L., 83. - 85 Sophora L. E., 88. Stenogyne Benth., 83. Straussia Gray, 82. StrongylodonVog., 88. Suttonia Hk., 85. Tephrosia Pers., 89. Touchardia Gaud., 91. Trema Lour.,1 91I. Trematolobelia Zahib., 8i. Urera Gaud., 91. Vacciniuni L., 85. Viola IL., 86. Viscum L., 91. Wikstrcemia Endi., 85. Xanthoxylum L., 88. The families are distributed in the cases as follows: Amarantaceaie, 90. Apocynacea-j, 84. Aquifoliacea-e, 87. Araliaceae, 85. Begoniaceae, 85. Boraginaceae, 83. Caryophyllacea'e, 90. Celastraceae, 87. Chenopodiaceaw, 90. Compositae, 98. Convolvulaceae, 83. Cyperacexe, 93. Droseraceae, 89. Ebenaceae, 84. Epacridaceax, 85. Ericaceae, 85. Euphorbiaceax, 88. Flacourtaceae, 86. Geraniaceae, 88. Gesneriaceae, 83. Goodeniaceae, 8 i. G"ramlineaw, 93. Guttiferae, 86. Haloragaceae, 85. Iridaceae, 92. Juncaceae, 93. babiatae, 83. bauraceae, 89. Leguminosax, 88, 89. Liliaceae, 92. Lobeliaceax, 8i. Loganiaceoe, 84. Loranthaceax, 91. Malvaceae, 86. MenispermaCeve, 90. Myoporaceaw, 83. Myrsinaceaw, 85. Myrtaceae, 85. Oleaceae, 84 Orchidaceae, 92. Palm aceoe, Pandanaceaw, 92. Piperaceoe, 92. Pittosporaceae, 89. Plantaginaceae, 83. Prinmulacexe, 84. Ranlunculaceax, 90. Rhaninacexi, 86, 87. Rosaceae, 89. Rubiaceaw, 82. Rutaceae, 88. Santalaceae, 90, 91. Sapindaceax, 87. Sapotaceae, 84. Saxifragacee, 89. Solanaceae, 83. Theacea-e, 86. Thymeliaceae, 85. Tiliaceae, 86. Ulimaceae, 91. Unibelliferve, 95. Urticaceae, 91.Vacciniaceoe, Violacexi. 86. Apart from the botanical specimens and the cases containing relics of the chiefs and of the later monarchy there are no permanent exhibits in this gallery, and the visitor must bear in mind that while certain cases have been temporarily occupied by non-Hawaiian collections for which there is no room in Polynesian Hall, and which properly belong in a Melanesiani hail of the future, the cases onl the left-hand side of the gallery are used for the exhibition of loan collections, of which we have some fine ones, as the Edgar Henriques in Case i i0 (Fig. 63), and which we hope may increase. These cannot be described in an orderly way and must depend on labels. Returning to the temporary non-Hawaiian collections: in Case 120 begins a collection of New Hebrides specimens purchased from the Etheridge )rothers, who gathered these during some years residence on various islands. In this case may be noted some interesting drums, spatulas well carved, arm-,ets and belts. In Case 19i note a well-carved male boat figure, a curious,~od and some of the well-known figures of fibre. In Casei i8 are fine yam ~onesand bowls, some interesting pottery, carved flat dishes and clubs. - 86 - Case 17 contains some Santa Cruz mats, while Case ii6 has specimens fron thie Solomoui Islagnds. Figures of many of these are given in the Annual Report of the Director for 1914 -In Case io4 are relics of the Kamebal ehas alnd the older Hawaiian alili Slop bowls and spittoons inlaid with teeth and bones of vanquished enemies (Fig. 25) the iman, once brilliant with feathers ornamented with fine human teeth, No. 692a (Fig. 64), belong to the period of barbaric customs. To this class mfigt be roperiy added No. 7756, a cannon ball fired by a foreign crew, of a government war ship, over the house of the missionary at Lahaainul because he elneavored to sve the natives from tle lcentiousuess of the invaders (Case 1oo). No. 5o01 is a fan handle of whale ivor and tortoise shell once the property of K ni, the of of alaiop he of ii at the time of Cook's visit. No. 4764 is a cane used in his old age by John Young, o isz I6. HAVlAN M11RRORS AT _ _cN 5 O IST0 CENTe R Kaieliamimehla's friend and the grandfather of Queen EIiina. No. 9 is the spit bon of the Conqueror, and No. 50oo his nmedicie bowl of tortoise shell. Here also are his fa orite fih hook, No. 86, and bowls he wa aceustomimed to use when on a fishing cruise. No. 5029 is the blue and gree silk dress made in Ltmidni in 12,4 for the young QuIeen Karmamai, wh' arrived in that city clad in the sufficient bit ufMashiioable garb of her Oativh islamdims: she did not loug smurvive the infliction in comntrast is the blach dress of H. R. ii. Ruta KeeXikolamim the halfsister of Kam mehalmeha IV anc Kamelainehia V, in sie a orthy siuccessor of the great Kaahumain. L. 447 is a mirror m ountei i ivory; it fomerly belonged to Keopuolai I the most respected wife of Kamnelaimeha. Another mirror, No. 229 (Fig 65), w five6 by Valnc ivr to Ka miellmea Nos. 55, I60 ar5 coconumt cups of anuahi, mother of Kelikolai. Three dagu reotype taken by Dr. Stagei a ald, of Kanmel amioea i Il aid the two ons of rKna adopteed by himi amid later on the throne of H awaii as Aiexauder and LI) t I rxoi 1 t t 1{) t 1 TiVt 1~ __ __sa~ll~i~t:lp J. A large tortoise&shell comb given to Mrs. A. Clapiil of the Ameriscn Mission byKapila wie of Nail the national rator i 833 ade and poilished by tone impleme.t= At one timhe the mann aci re of cona and dishe from tortoise shel was a considerable industry on these islands, Some of tbe cgrions flint-lock pistols that belonged to Paki, the father of Mrs, Baisop. From time to atie other relies are added to the colectlon in this case a they come to the Museum. In Case 13 aie first, the tharon of the laMer Ka melhaImha a kna clair covered with critason dainask, and on either side the gilded thrones of 66. daso O e The IaX A I as Ta' Kalak au oxd Kqpilaxa. IThe cpet thaa coy r ta floorof ha ewa wover lexpressly f tx thronea ennoi f the hate paaeA trop\ a dxgax of on ttxe king's throne, Ccxwi, sceptre ana gildhd tirxi xeoa to the hecauhnt days of the mox'rchv, The coat of araax ieaatx the Kaaxaeha~ In Case i, 2 are el of txe k a ii Sdle c1th boixherealrs iit ilcer eax gx eialets l ai cal kiad; the kiag's Ixat wea 6 7-l VEUW o HAWAIIAN HALL APIRIL 21, i915. as adidral he took commsand of the Hawaiian fleet; a Teutonic helhet givel to him ou his journey around the worold his duellitg pistols (put upon him on the same occasion:). more important, the first telephone used on the group. with the kinugs monougrkam: the star and ribbons of various f orders" of whic Klakaug was the prolifi6c creator, and the liveries of high officers and lnere pages, all of which coutribhted to the aiety of the Hawaiian court even if raither unJcomfortahble to the vearers. The curious parapheroaia of the "Hale Naua" or House of Wisdoml. whici was one of the marked features of this reigns are here exhibited although the author of this hladbook is unable to fully tdliterstand or explaiii idot of this. - 89 - It is pleasant to turn to relics of a very different character in Case 99. Here is the Bible given to" Kemehameha" IV by the American Bible Society in 1856; the prayer-book translated into Hawaiian by this same Kamehameha IV, to whom and his queen, Emma, is due the introduction of the Anglican Church to these islands. Here, too, are the very interesting specimens of threads, yarn and knitted stockings made in 1835 under the instruction of Miss Lydia Brown of the American Mission. No. 7752, cotton cloth, of which the material was spun, woven and dyed in the factory established by Governor Kuakini at Kailua, Hawaii, in 1840, "entirely independent of foreign aid or directions," as the old label of the A. B. C. F. M. declares. Several hundred yards were manufactured at this establishment, but foreign cloth was better and cheaper and the work died out. These specimens are, however, striking proofs of the early endeavors of the missionaries to teach the natives useful industries. The spinning wheel in the Picture Gallery belongs to this class. THE PICTURE GALLERY. Returning to the Entrance Hall we shall find many Hawaiian matters on the stairway and in the Picture Gallery. Midway, over the entrance to Polynesian Hall is the inscriptionTO THE MEMORY OF BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP, FOUNDER OF THE KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOLS. A bright light anong hA/e people, iher usefulness survives her earthly life. On either side of this are portraits of Mr. Bishop on the left and Mrs. Bishop on the right; in the corners of the second landing are kahili made of sugar cane presented to Queen Emma. While most of the portraits of Hawaiian alii belonging to this Museum are upon the walls of this entrance hall, a few are in the Picture Gallery, some in the Library and others on the walls of the hallways of the laboratory building, but for convenience the more important ones will be noticed here. They bear numbers in the lower left-hand corner of the canvas. 1-2. Kamehameha the Great, 1737-i8I9. The artist attached to Kotzebue's expedition in 1816 made the only known portrait of the Conqueror, and from the colored lithograph in the account of this voyage the two copies in this Museum have been made by some unskilled hands. They differ greatly both from each other and from the original. 3. Kamehameha II, Liholiho. Born in Hilo, Hawaii, in I797, of Keopuolani, he succeeded his father in I816, and died in England July 14, 1824. A small lithographed portrait by John Hayter. P. G. 4. Kamamalu or Kamehamalu. Half-sister and favorite wife of Liholiho. She accompanied her husband to England and died there July 8, i824. Her mother was Kalakua. Portrait by Hayter. P. G. 5. Boki and his wife Liliha (see P1. VIII in Hawaiian Feather Work, Memoirs I). Boki was the brother of Kalanimoku; was governor of Oah I8 9-I829; went with Liliha to England in Liholiho's suite; sailed December, 90 -I829, on a sandalwood expedition from which he never returned. Liliha was governess of Oahu 1829-I830. A colored lithograph by Hayter. This copy was given by the Bishop of Rochester to Queen Emma as a memento of her visit to him in I865. P. G. 6. Kamehameha III, Kauikeaouli, was born at Keauhou, Kona, Hawaii, August I, 1813, of Keopuolani. He was proclaimed king June 6, 1825, and died December I5, I854. This portrait was painted in Boston from a daguerreotype. 7. Kamehameha IV, Alexander Liholiho, was born February 9, 1834, of Kinau (daughter of Kamehameha I by Kalakua) and Kekuanaoa; was adopted by Kauikeaouli, and on his death in 1854 came to the throne. He married Emma Rooke, granddaughter of John Young, June I9, 1856, and died November 9, I863. A lithograph by Grozelier of Boston. 8. Kamehameha IV. Life-size painting from a photograph by Chase. 9. Emma Kaleleonalani, wife of Alexander Lunalilo; died April 25, 1885. Painting from a photograph. o0. Emma, Queen. A photograph. i. Kauikeaouli Liholiho Alexander Kamehameha, Prince of Hawaii, son of Alexander and Emma; born at Honolulu, May 20, 1858; died August 19, 1862. Painted in his uniform as fireman. 12. The Prince of Hawaii. Painting by Perry. I3. Kamehameha V. Lot Kamehameha was born December 30, I830, of Kinau and Kekuanaoa. He came to the throne in 1863, and died December i, 1872. Life-size painting from photograph. 14. Kamehameha V. Small full length colored photograph. 15. Kamehameha V. Photograph by Weed in i865. 16. Victoria Kamamalu, sister of Alexander and Lot; died May 29, i866. 17. Ruta Keelikolani, daughter of Pauahi and Kekuanaoa, was born in Honolulu, February 9, 1826, and died at Kailua, Hawaii, May 24, 1883. Enlarged photograph. i8. Ruta Keelikolani. Full length photograph. 19. Ruta Keelikolani. Full length photograph by Weed in i865. 20. William Pitt Kinau, son of Keelikolani and Leleiohoku; died September 9, 1850. 21. Mateo Kekuanaoa, superintendent of sandalwood for Kamehameha I, and governor of Oahu for many years; died in Honolulu, November 24, I858. Enlarged photograph. 22. Bernice Pauahi Bishop, daughter, of Konia and Paki; born ill Honolulu, December 19, 1831; died October i6, I884. Photograph by Weed 1865. 23. Bernice Pauahi Bishop. A painting by the Spanish artist F, de Madrazo, I887, from a photograph. Presented by Hon. S. M. Damon. 24. Charles Reed Bishop. A pastel by Clifford. P. G. 25. Abner Paki; died June 13, 155. A photograph. P.. 26. Konia wife of Paki; died July 2, I857. A photograph. P. G. -9I - 27. William Charles Lunalilo, sixth king of the Hawaiian Islands; born in Honolulu January 31, 1835, of Kekauluohe and Charles Kanaina; elected king January I, I873; died February 3, 1874. Painting by a Chinese artist. 28. Lunalilo. Photograph. 29. Lunalilo as a boy at the Royal School. A water-color drawing by one of the artists of the U. S. Exploring Expedition. P. G. 30. Lydia Kamakaeha Liliuokalani; born September 2, I838, of Kapaakea and Keohokalole; adopted by Paki; ascended the throne of Hawaii January 29, 1891; removed from the throne by the people January 17, 1893. Photograph by Weed, I865. P. G. 3I. David Laamea Kamanakapuu Mahinulani Naloiaehuokalani Lumialani Kalakaua, seventh king of Hawaii, was born November i6, 1836, of Kapaakea and Keohokalole; elected to the throne February 12, I874; died in San Francisco January 29, 1891. 32. Kapiolani, widow of Kalakaua; married in 1862; died at Waikiki June 24, 1899. Photograph. 33. Victoria Kawekiu K a iu a ni Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa, daughter of Likelike and niece of Kalakaua and Liliuokalani; born October i6, 1875; died May 24, I899. 36. Kamehameha IV. A photograph, and a most satisfactory likeness. P. G. 45. Thomas Hoopu, George Tamoree, William Tenoe and John Honore. An engraving by Jocelyn, from a painting by Samuel F. B. Morse. It is inscribed "The profits arising from the sale of this print of four Owhyhean Youths will be applied to the Sandwich Islands Missions. New Haven, 1822." P. G. 49. A daguerreotype group of Kauikeaouli, Kalama, Lot, Alexander and Victoria. P. G. 190. Liliuokalani as Queen of Hawaii, 1892. 192. George Vancouver. Copied by Philip L. Hale from the portrait in the National Portrait Gallery, London. P. G. 193-200. Eight bas-reliefs of Hawaiian types by Allen Hutchinson, formerly of Honolulu. 202. Princess Likelike, sister of Kalakaua; died February 2, 1887. Other portraits are in the Cleghorn collection in the Laboratory. The cabinet at the head of the stairs was made of Hawaiian woods in Berlin for Queen Emma, and until the death of Kamehameha IV was in the old palace. After the queen's death it was in Mr. Bishop's drawing-room until removed to this Museum. The contents are mementos of Mrs. Bishop, including some of her paintings on porcelain. The koa cabinet near by formerly belonged to King Lunalilo. On the wall by the front window are ancient Hawaiian kauila spears, which, owing to their size, are separated from the other weapons exhibited in Hawaiian Hall. The poolou was a very long stick with the butt carved in various forms, the shaft often not smoothed, and the point hardly sharpened. It was also sometimes made of great length (No. 800 is 17 feet 3 inches long) -92 and very heavy, to set up before a chief's house as a mark of his rank; in such case the butt was usually squared to fit a socket sunk in the ground. Two very fine ones, carried in processions with kahili, are to be seen in the Kahili Room, and in the same place are a number used as kahili handles. Some of these old weapons have a history. Thepelites histoires of several of these have been preserved, and the following may interest the visitor: No. 804. The tree grew at Puukapele, Kauai, from which this spear was made for Kamehameha I, who gave it to Hema, his aikane, just before the battle of Mokuohai against Kewala6. Hema also used it in six other important battles-at Laupahoehoe against Keoua Kuahuula; in a sea fight in the Moana o Alanuihaha against Kahekili and his brother Kaeo (1791); at Iao against Kalanikupule, the son of Kahekili; at the battle of Kaipalaoa in Hilo against Namakeha; at Keaau, Puna; at Kaunakakai, Molokai. In the peaceful time after Kamehmeha had subdued his rivals the old spear was trimmed into an auamo aipuupiuu and used to carry the food calabashes of the chiefs. No. 817. Originally from Kauai, this spear was in the same family for seven generations. Some of the men were iwikuamoo of the kings of Maui, and used the spear against Kamehameha in the battles of Kulaokamaomao and Iao or Kapaniwai. No. 82I. The tree from which this spear was fashioned was cut with a stone axe by Kanapua about the time of Cook's arrival. It was used in the battle of Kapaniwai on Kamehameha's side. Kanapua died in I843 leaving the weapon to his son Kaneakua, who took it to Waialua, Oahu, in I846, and after thirty years brought it to Honolulu. From the upper landing one enters, after passing a bronze bust of Kalakaua by Hutchinson, the Picture Gallery.-Making no claim to be an art gallery, this room contains very interesting views of the volcanic outbreaks on these islands in recent years, pictures of which the accuracy has not been surpassed. Beginning on the left of the entrance there is a view of the raised lava lake of I893, of which the position in the crater of Kilauea can best be understood by the painting of the entire crater which hangs on the opposite wall of the gallery. In 1896 the bottom dropped (a common way with this crater) and the molten contents escaped by some subterranean channel, leaving a chasm half a mile across and perhaps 600 feet deep. The week after the emptying there was neither fire nor smoke in the conical pit, nor any signs of an opening by which the lava had departed. After some months the lava again began to rise in the well to a height of several hundred feet, in which state Howard Hitchcock, the artist of the two previous paintings, made the view which hangs on the same wall with the comprehensive view of Kilauea. Another important painting on this side is the late Charles Furneaux' view of the eruption of Mauna Loa in i88I, seen from the sea off Kawaihae (Fig. 68). While the summits of the giants of Hawaii were snow-clad, fountains of lava spouted from the flank of Mauna Loa and flowed in several streams toward Hilo, stopping at last within half a mile of the town. In the foreground i; 68. RUPION of MAUNA LOA IN 1881. URNEAUX 94 seen the hill on which Kamehameha built the luakini of Puuokohala to his god Kukailimoku (1791) as a help to the conquest of the group. Near by hangs a picture of "Haleakala", the house built by Paki in which Mr. and Mrs. Bishop long had their hospitable home, now destroyed. The portrait of Judge Lee, the first chief justice of these islands, a lifelong friend of Mr. Bishop, is near this. On the end wall is Hitchcock's remarkable painting of the eruption of Mokuaweoweo, the summit crater of Mauna Loa (1896). The contrast of snow and earth-fire at an elevation of nearly I4,000 feet is noteworthy: the crater walls in the background are 800 feet high: Mauna Kea is seen through a break in the wall. Below the portrait of Vancouver is a water-color sketch of Waimea, Kauai, a facsimile of that (now in the British Museum) made by Waber, Cook's Swiss artist at the time of the rediscovery of these islands. Cook anchored off the mouth of the Waimea River January 20, 1778. In the corner niches at this end of the gallery are: on the left, a clock given by Louis Philippe to Kamehameha III (the case was replaced in Honolulu); and on the right, a bust of Laperouse, from the monument to this unfortunate navigator in the Musee de Marine in the Louvre, Paris. A bust of Bougainville is in the third niche. A bronze bust of Kalakaua, by Allen Hutchinson, stands near the entrance, and a small bust of King Lunalilo by the same sculptor is also in the gallery. Of articles on the floor within the rail: the cradle was presented to the Prince of Hawaii, the child of Kamehameha IV and Emma; it was made in Honolulu. The spinning-wheel was made in the early days of the American Mission when an attempt was made to teach the Hawaiians spinning and weaving, of which some of the results are shown in Case 99 in the upper gallery of Hawaiian Hall. It is interesting to remember that none of the Polynesian peoples had a loom before the advent of foreigners. The rude chair, a manele, was used to carry ladies in difficult paths before horses were introduced. This and the wheel were given by Dr. A. B. Lyons. Beneath the front window is a large lithographic view of Honolulu in 1855, a drawing by Paul Emmert from the tower of the Romanist cathedral. A view of the town in I837, drawn by Edward Bailey of the American Mission and engraved at Lahainaluna is shown on the wall opposite the entrance. Other smaller views and photographs show the town at various dates. In a border extending around the hall are photographs of Pacific islanders, beginning with the Maori of New Zealand on the left of the entrance. A small waxen bust of Liholiho (given to the Museum by Mrs. E. K. Pratt, who was a schoolmate of Mrs. Bishop at the Chiefs' School) was brought home with the royal remains by Lord Byron in 1824 as a present to one of the widows of the departed king, and it is recorded that when Kalanimoku and the other chiefs saw it they wept as they recognized their beloved king. In the cabinet of silver near the window are: a silver teapot sent by King George IV of England to the regent Kaahumanu, and another given by him to Liliha the wife of Boki. A full tea set was given in each case, -95 but it is the Hawaiian custom to divide such property among the heirs of a decedent, and so these teapots are left solitary. A pitcher, salver and six goblets inscribed "Presented by the Insurers of the ship California, of the City of Boston, United States of America, to Mateo Kekuanaoa, Governor of the Island of Oahu, Sandwich Islands. 1842." A cup presented by Queen Victoria to her godson the Prince of Hawaii; it was greatly valued by Queen Emma. Specimens of old jewelry belonging to Mrs. Bishop and other members of the Kamehameha family. A silver speaking trumpet belonging formerly to one of the missionary packets, Morning Star, was given by Rev. Henry H. Parker. The koa table in the midst of the gallery belonged to Mrs. Bishop. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 11111111111111111 11111 1 3 9015 02843 8664 Reviewed by Preservation 1993 t: :I~~~'- ~~~:.'~ ', .~ ~~~i;~ E.~~:::F." ';i~T ~ I~2-. Ii; _:;~ —.,,,,, Ii;iI 1111 pA~~ *.ii"iiiiiii rl(' -nai Blllliii;;;."'""' ~:l'~'li'i'~~~., 8e:1. 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