lif;-:JI~ '~~ -9I~C ~ ~ -- -I~ ----~ — - - 911C ~ l - C~-IV;1 vp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ -r ~a- ~~~ Cs ~ ~ ~- ~ ----~-s- - C-~-, —~l.-:Illl~-~CC~i a~~h Lb "4~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~Iifm iaaf I ~- Qp; -4: i:a:: ib:i ".. —= i ~-,. ~::::d:~i ri~%~:;; ~:;~;~~:.,._-~a;-:-~ —81 ~:e -;~~ i;-~;:~ ~ —:;~ _~~3-:;':- — —::I::. m ~~~I;"-~-I 4'::::: i:l 9%~:: of BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN TO WHICH IS APPENDED A COMPREHENSIVE COMPENDIUM OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY-MEMOIRS OF EMINENT MEN AND WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES, WHOSE DEEDS OF VALOR OR WORKS OF MERIT HAVE MADE THEIR NAMES IMPERISHABLE. I LLUSTRATED EMBELLISHED WITH PORTRAITS OF MANY NATIONAL CHARACTERS AND WELL-KNOWN RESIDENTS OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. LOGANSPORT, INDIANA: B. F. BOWEN, PUBLISHER. 1903. j: a i I:. — "'-.L-~187 a.ri ~ "' I-hB-.:,a _::::::::;: i:~::::I;.;;:;~ i:::;:: - ~ -:__ dli; ur J-: itl "-:,w PREFFACE N PLACING the Biographical Memoirs of St. Clair County, Michigan, before the citizens, the publisher can conscientiously claim that he has carried out in full every promise made in the Prospectus. He points with pride to the elegance of the binding of the volume, and to the beauty of its typography, to the superiority of the paper on which the work is printed, and the truthfulness depicted by its portraits and the high class of art in which they are finished. Every biographical sketch has been submitted for approval and correction, to the person for whom it was written, and therefore any error of fact, if there be any, is solely due to the person for whom the sketch was prepared. The publisher would here avail himself of the opportunity to thank the citizens of St. Clair County for the uniform kindness with which they have regarded this undertaking, and for their many services rendered in assisting in the gaining of necessary information. Confident that our efforts to please will fully meet the approbation of the public, we are, Respectfully, B. F. BOWEN, PUBLISHER. W-:r: i r r~-~~g '; ):-:::: ---:::il::::::-::~.::::I~;:: —~:: ~:::~:;-::~:: -::: ~::: ~ ~;: ~:: i 'is 'IP — ::-::: a. z.a:LG INDEX PART I COMPENDIUM OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY PAGE Abbott, Lyman............. 44 Adams, Charles Kendall..... 143 Adams, John................ 25 Adams, John Quincy......... 61 Agassiz, Louis J. R.......... 37 Alger, Russell A............ 173 Allison, William B.......... I3 Allston, Washington......... I90 Altgeld, John Peter.......... 140 Andrews, Elisha B.......... 184 Anthony, Susan B........... 62 Armour, Philip D.......... 62 Arnold, Benedict........... 84 Arthur, Chester Allen....... 68 Astor, John Jacob........... I39 Audubon, John James........ I66 Bailey, James Montgomery... 177 Bancroft, George............ 74 Barnard, Frederick A. P..... 179 Barnum, Phineas T.......... 4 Barrett, Lawrence........... I56 Barton, Clara.......... 209 Bayard, Thomas Francis..... 200 Beard, William H........... 96 Beauregard, Pierre G. T...... 203 Beecher, Henry Ward....... 26 Bell, Alexander Graham..... 96 Bennett, James Gordon....... 206 Benton, Thomas Hart........ 53 Bergh, Henry............... Bierstadt, Albert............ I97 Billings, Josh................ 66 Blaine, James Gillespie....... 22 Bland, Richard Parks........ Io6 I Boone, Daniel............... Booth, Edwin............... Booth, Junius Brutus........ Brice, Calvin S.............. Brooks, Phillips............. Brown, John................ Brown, Charles Farrar...... Brush, Charles Francis..... Bryan, William Jennings..... Bryant, William Cullen...... Buchanan, Franklin.......... Buchanan, James............ Buckner, Simon Boliver..... Burdette, Robert J'.......... Burr, Aaron................. Butler, Benjamin Franklin... Calhoun, John Caldwell..... Cameron, James Donald..... Cameron, Simon............. Cammack, Addison........... Campbell, Alexander........ Carlisle, John G............. Carnegie, Andrew........... Carpenter, Matthew Hale.... Carson, Christopher (Kit)... Cass, Lewis................ Chase, Salmon Portland..... Childs, George W........... Choate, Rufus............... Chaflin, Horace Brigham..... Clay, Henry................. Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. Cleveland, Grover........... Clews, Henry............... PAGE 36 5I 177 i8i 130 5I 91 I53 I58 44 I05 128 i88 103 III 24 23 14I 141 I97 i8o 133 73 178 86 IIO 65 83 207 107 21 86 I74 I53 I Clinton, DeWitt............. Colfax, Schuyler........... Conkling, Alfred.......... Conkling, Roscoe.......... Cooley, Thomas McIntyre.... Cooper, James Fenimore..... Cooper, Peter............... Copeley, John Singleton...... Corbin, Austin.............. Corcoran, W. W............ Cornell, Ezra................ Cramp, William............. Crockett, David............ Cullom, Shelby Moore....... Curtis, George William..... Cushman, Charlotte.......... Custer, George A............ PAGE IIO I39 32 32 140 58 37 I9I 205 I96 i6i 189 76 II6 I44 I07 95 Dana, Charles A............. 88 "Danbury News Man"....... 77 Davenport, Fanny........... i06 Davis, Jefferson........... 24 De'bs, Eugene V............. I32 Decatur, Stephen............ IOI Deering, William............ I98 Depew, Chauncey Mitchell... 209 Dickinson, Anna............. I03 Dickinson, Don M.......... 39 Dingley, Nelson, Jr.......... 215 Donnelly, Ignatius........... I6I Douglas, Stephen Arnold.... 53 Douglass, Frederick........ 43 Dow, Neal.................. Io8 Draper, John William........ I84 **** INDEX-PAR T 1, PAGE Drexel, Anthony Joseph..... I24 Dupont, Henry.............. 98 Edison, Thomas Alva....... 55 Edmunds, George F.........20I Ellsworth, Oliver............ 68 Emerson, Ralph Waldo...... 57 Ericsson, John...............127 Evarts, William Maxwell.... 89! Farragut, David Glascoe.... Field, Cyrus West........... Field, David Dudley........ Field, Marshall.............. Field, Stephen Johnson...... Fillmore, Millard............ Foote, Andrew Hull......... Foraker, Joseph B........... Forrest, Edwin.............. Franklin, Benjamin.......... Fremont, John Gharles....... Fuller, Melville Weston...... Fulton, Robert.............. 8o I73 126 59 216 II3 176 143 92 I8 29 i68 62 Hobart, Garrett 'A........... Holmes, Oliver Wendell..... Hooker, Joseph.............. Howe, Elias................. Howells, William Dean...... Houston, Sam............... Hughes, Archbishop John.... Hughitt, Marvin............. Hull, Isaac................. Huntington, Collis Potter.... Ingalls, John James.......... Ingersoll, Robert G........ Irving, Washington.......... Jackson, Andrew............ Jackson, "Stonewall"......... Jackson, Thomas Jonathan... Jay, John............. Jefferson, Joseph............ Jefferson, Thomas........... Johnson, Andrew............ Johnson, Eastman........... Johnston, Joseph Eccleston.. Jones, James K.............. Jones, John Paul............ Jones, Samuel Porter........ Kane, Elisha Kent........... Kearney, Philip............ Kenton, Simon.............. Knox, John Jay............. Lamar, Lucius Q. C......... Landon, Melville D......... Lee, Robert Edward......... Lewis, Charles B............ Lincoln, Abraham........... Livermore, Mary Ashton..... Locke, David Ross.......... Logan, John A.............. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Longstreet, James.......... Lowell, James Russell....... PAGE 213 206 52 130 104 120 I57 I59 i69 94 114 85 33 7I 67 67 39 47 34 I45 202 85 171 97 II5 125 210 i88 I34 201 I09 38 I93 I35 131 172 26 37 56 I04 PAGE Morgan, John Pierpont...... 208 Morgan, John T............216 Morris, Robert.............. I65 Morse, Samuel F. B.........124 Morton, Levi P.............142 Morton, Oliver Perry....... 215 Motley, John Lathrop........ I30 "Nye, Bill".................59 Nye, Edgar Wilson.......... 59 O'Conor, Charles...........187 Olney, Richard.............. I33 Gage, Lyman J'..............71 Gallatin, Albert.............. 112 Garfield, James A........... 63 Garrett, John Work......... 200 Garrison, William Lloyd..... 50 Gates, Horatio............. 70 Gatling, Richard Jordan......ii6 George, Henry.............. 203 Gibbons, Cardinal James..... 209 Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield.... 77 Girard, Stephen.............. 137 Gough, John B.............. 31 Gould, Jay.................. 52 Gordon, John B.............215 Grant, Ulysses S............ 55 Gray, Asa...................88 Gray, Elisha............... 149 Greeley, Adolphus W........42 Greeley, Horace............. 20 Greene, Nathaniel........... 69 Gresham, Walter Quintin... I83 Paine, Thomas.............. Palmer, John M............. Parkhurst, Charles Henry.... "Partington, Mrs.".:....... Peabody, George............ Peck, George W............. Peffer, William A........... Perkins, Eli................. Perry, Oliver Hazard........ Phillips, Wendell........... Pierce, Franklin............. Pingree, Hazen S........... Plant, Henry B............. Poe, Edgar Allen............ Polk. James Knox........... Porter, David Dixon........ Porter, Noah............... Prentice, George Denison.... Prescott, William Hickling.. Pullman, George Mortimer.. 147 I95 i6o 202 170 I87 164 I09 97 30 122 212 192 69 102 68 93 II9 96 121 Hale, Edward Everett....... Hall, Charles Francis........ Hamilton, Alexander....... Hamlin, Hannibal.......... Hampton, Wade............. Hancock, Winfield Scott..... Hanna, Marcus Alonzo...... Harris, Isham G............ Harrison, William Henry.... Harrison, Benjamin.......... Harvard, John............... Havemeyer, John Craig...... Hawthorne, Nathaniel...... Hayes, Rutherford Birchard.. Hendricks, Thomas Andrew.. Henry, Joseph............... Henry, Patrick............. Hill, David Bennett.......... 79 167 31 214 192 146 I69 214 87 182 129 182 135 157 212 105 83 90 Mackay, John William...... 148 Madison, James............. 42 Marshall, John.............. I56 Mather, Cotton.............. 164 Mather, Increase........... 163 Maxim, Hiram S............ 194 McClellan, George Brinton.. 47 McCormick, Cyrus Hall..... 172 McDonough, Com. Thomas.. 167 McKinley, William.......... 217 Meade, George Gordon...... 75 Medill, Joseph............... 159 Miles, Nelson A............ 176 Miller, Cincinnatus Heine... 218 Miller, Joaquin.............. 218 Mills, Roger Quarles........ 211 Monroe, James............. 54 Moody, Dwight L........... 207 Moran, Thomas.............. 98 Quad, M.................... 93 Quay, Matthew S........... 171 Randolph, Edmund.........'. 136 Read, Thomas Buchanan.... 132 Reed, Thomas Brackett...... 208 Reid, Whitelaw............. 49 Roach, John................ I90 Rockefeller, John Ravison... 195 Root, George Frederick...... 218 Rothermel, Peter F......... 113 Rutledge, John..............57 Sage, Russell............... 2II Schofield, John McAlister.... I99 Schurz, Carl................ 201 Scott, Thomas Alexander.... 204 Scott, Winfield.............. 79 Seward, William Henry... 44 Sharon, William........... 65 Shaw, Henry W............ I66 Sheridan, Phillip Henry..... 40 Sherman, Charles R......... 87 Sherman, John.............. 86 Sherman, William Tecumseh. 30 Shillaber, Benjamin Penhallow 202 Smith, Edmund Kirby....... 114 Sousa, John Philip.......... 60 Spreckles, Claus............. I59 INDEX-PAR T I. I PAGE Stanford, Leland............ IOI Stanton, Edwin McMasters.. 179 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady..... 126 Stephens, Alexander Hamilton 32 Stephenson, Adlai Ewing.... 141 Stewart, Alexander T........ 58 Stewart, William Morris.... 213 Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher.............. 66 Stuart, James E. B.......... 22 Sumner, Charles............. 34 PAGE Thurston, John M........... 66 Tilden, Samuel J............ 48 Tillman, Benjamin Ryan.... II9 Toombs, Robert............. 205 'Twain, Mlark"............. 86 Tyler, John.................93 Van Buren, Martin.......... 78 Vanderbilt, Cornelius........ 35 Vail, Alfred............... 154 Vest, George Graham........ 214 Vilas, William Freeman..... I40 Voorhees, Daniel Wolsey.... 95 Waite, Morrison Remich..... 125 Wallace, Lewis.............. 199 Wallack, Lester............. I2I Wallack, John Lester........ I2I Wanamaker, John........... 89 Ward, "Artemus"........... 9I PAGE Washburne, Elihu Benjamin.. I89 Washington, George......... 17 Watson, Thomas E.......... 78 Watterson, Henry........... 76 Weaver, James B............ 123 Webster, Daniel............. 9 Webster, Noah.............. 49 Weed, Thurlow.............. 91 West, Benjamin............. II5 Whipple, Henry Benjamin... I6I White, Stephen V........... 162 Whitefield, George........... I50 Whitman, Walt............. 97 Whitney, Eli................ I20 Whitney, William Collins.... 92 Whittier, John Greenleaf..... 67 Willard, Frances E.......... 33 Wilson, William L... i8...... o Winchell, Alexander......... 75 Windom, William........... 38 Talmage, Thomas DeWitt... Taney, Roger Brooks........ Taylor, Zachary............ Teller, Henry M............ Tesla, Nikola.............. Thomas, George H......... Thomas, Theodore......... Thurman, Allen G........... 60 129 io8 127 I93 73 172 90 PORTRAITS OF NATIONAL CELEBRITIES. P2 Alger, Russell A............ Allison, William B......... Anthony, Susan B........... Armour, Philip D........... Arthur, Chester A.......... Barnum, Phineas T......... Beecher, Henry Ward....... Blaine, James G............. Booth, Edwin............... Bryan, Wm. J............... Bryant, William Cullen...... Buchanan, James............ Buckner, Simon B........... Butler, Benjamin F......... Carlisle, John G............. Chase, Salmon P............ Childs, George W........... Clay, Henry................ Cleveland, Grover........... Cooper, Peter............... Dana, Charles A............ Depew, Chauncey M......... Douglass, Fred.............. Emerson, Ralph Waldo...... Evarts, William M.......... Farragut, Com. D. G......... Field, Cyrus W............. AGE I6 99 63 I5I 8I II7 27 I51 63 63 I85 8I I6 I5I I5I I6 99 8i 45 99 I5I II7 63 27 99 I85 63 PAGE Field, Marshall.............. I17 Franklin, Benjamin.......... 63 Fremont, Gen. John C...... I6 Gage, Lyman J..............5I Garfield, James A........... 45 Garrison, William Lloyd.... 63 George, Henry.............. 117 Gould, Jay..................99 Grant, Gen. U. S............ 85 Greeley, Horace............. 8 Hampton, Wade............. 6 Hancock, Gen. Winfield S.... I85 Hanna, Mark A............. 117 Harrison, Benjamin.......... 8 Hayes, R. B.................45 Hendricks, Thomas A....... 8i Holmes, Oliver W...........I5I Hooker, Gen. Joseph......... 6 Ingersoll, Robert G.......... 117 Irving, Washington.......... 27 Jackson, Andrew............ 45 Jefferson, Thomas........... 45 Johnston, Gen. J. E......... 6 Lee, Gen. Robert E.......... 85 Lincoln, Abraham........... 8I Logan, Gen. John A......... 6 Longfellow, Henry W....... 85 PAGE Longstreet, Gen. James...... 16 Lowell, James Russell....... 27 McKinley, William.......... 45 Morse, S. F. B..............85 Phillips, Wendell............ 27 Porter, Com. D. D.......... 85 Pullman, George M.......... 117 Quay, M. S................ 99 Reed, Thomas B............151 Sage, Russell................ 1I7 Scott, Gen. Winfield......... I85 Seward, William H.........45 Sherman, John.............. 99 Sherman, Gen. W. T........ 51 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady.... 27 Stowe, Harriet Beecher...... 27 Sumner, Charles............ 45 Talmage, T. DeWitt........ 63 Teller, Henry M............99 Thurman, Allen G.......... 8 Tilden, Samuel J............ 17 Van Buren, Martin.......... 8 Vanderbilt, Commodore...... 99 Webster, Daniel............. 27 Whittier, John G............27 Washington, George.......... 45 Watterson, Henry........... 63 _ A p o~ llo~-... INDEX-PART II. COMPENDIUM OF LOCAL BIOGRAPHY PAGE A Allen, Darius.............. Ainsworth, Henry E......... Allington, Fred W......... Arnot, Silas S............... Atkins, Allan.............. Atkins, Hugh S.............. Atwell, Ira................. Avery, Hon. Alexander R.... Avery, Hon. Joseph W...... Avery, Hon. Lincoln......... 267 596 6i6 536 240 528 669 427 533 226 B Babel, Joseph............... 692 Babel, Philip J............... 687 Baer, Charles............... 324 Bailey, Mrs. Cordelia....... 639 Bailey, William............. 490 Baird, William.............. 314 Baker, Robert............... 453 Baker, Simon M............ 420 Balden, Adolph.............255 Baldwin, Mahlon D.......... 291 Ballentine, Hon. W. H...... 518 Balner, Robert.............530 Banfill, James H........... 312 Barron, Timothy............ 248 Bartlett, Eugene A........... 228 Beach, Bion E............. 290 Beard. David.............398 Beard, Fred A............. 434 Beebe, Walter... 295 Beecher, Edward R.......... 521 BeehT, Herman.............35 Bell, John............... 406 Bell, Theodore F............ 653 Bennett, Albert D........... 223 Berk, George B. 391 Berney, Thomas........ 337 Bidleman, William 0........ 564 Blvnn, Alonzo M. 459 Boehmer, Valentine 630 Bonker, William A.......... 309 Bourlier, Lewis............. 405 Brabaw, Joseph 650 Bradley, L. H............. 499 PAGE Braidwood, William......... 477 Breen, John................672 Bricker, Elijah B.......... 542 Bricker, George............. 543 Broth.well, Frank S.......... 353 Brown, John R.............. 65 Brown, Orlando............. 549 Buckeridge, Hiel B......... 305 Bullock, William............ 466 Butler, Bernard J............ 354 Butler, William H........... 588 Butlin, Thomas H........... 689 C Cade, William R............ 443 Cady, Burt D................ 506 Cain, Michael............... 350 Campbell, Reuben S., B S.... 527 Cantine, Peter.............. 463 Carleton, Moses F........... 242 Carson, Samuel............. 570 Caster, Timothy............ 595 Catherman, Christian....... 285 Caughell, Clark............. 377 Caughell, Warren........... 371 Cavanagh, Andrew.......... 578 Chamberlain, John.......... 606 Chamberlain, Orin P......... 592 Cheeseman, James A......... 568 Clark, Rev. Lester........... 538 Clausen, George............. 403 Clay, George................ 532 Cogley, James.............. 675 Cogley, John................ 654 Cogley, Patrick............. 664 Cogley, William............ 655 Cohrs, Charles............. 338 Colby, Capt. Isaac............ 640 Cole, Daniel H., M. D........ 483 Cole, Jesse A................ 565 Conklin, J. W............... 283 Cook, Henry................ 299 Coon, James................ 374 Cowan, John................ 257 Cowles, Orville............. 509 Crimmins, Timothy......... 262 PAGE Crocker, Albert B............ 556 Crowley, John.............. 493 Curry, Andrew............. 478 D Dalrymple, George W....... 327 Davidson, George W......... 270 De Graw, William J......... 503 Diem, Henry................ 6oi Dickie, David............... 30I Dohrman, John C. F........ 467 Donahue, David............. 68I Duval, Charles.............. 381 Dysinger, Daniel............ 464 E Elliott, William............. Eiohhorn, Philip, Jr........ Engel, Rudolph............. Evans, George E............. F Fairbrother, Alonzo C....... Fasbender, Charles.......... Fergus, Patrick B............ Fields, William............. Fish, William Q............. Fitz, Charles W.............. Fitz, Lewis................ Folkerts, Robert............ Francis, John B............. French, Seward F........... 343 590 558 579 393 357 411 502 637 500 491 627 516 479 G Geer, Jabez................ 648 Gibbons, Hon. Joseph........ 331 Gillick, Philip............... 667 Glaspie, George........... 482 Glyshaw, John.............. 277 Golding, Benjamin.......... 318 Gottsleben, Adam........... 563 Gould, Rulfus 0............. 392 Graber, Herman............. 395 Graham, David............. 317 INDEX-PAR T II. -- Graham, Joseph............ Green, Daniel A............. Green, Mancer.............. Green, Nathan C............. PAGE 384 629 507 504 Hall, James................. 445 Hall, Sidney S............... 350 Hamilton, James R.......... 372 Harrow, Henry C............ 649 Harsen, Jacob P............. 638 Hart, Samuel............'... 497 Hart, William D............ 683 Hartsuff, Gen. William....... 525 Haskell, A. A............... 657 Hill, William S............. 555 Hoffman, William........... 469 Hood, Henry............... 412 Hopkins, Hannibal A....... 622 Houghton, John............. 476 House, Alfred B., M. D...... 582 Howard, Hon. Henry....... 436 Huggett, William C.......... 3 Hunter, William............ 308 Hyde, William.............. 670 J PAGE Lewis, Charles.............. 274 Livingston, David........... 559 Lockwood, George........... 286 Loomis, Benjamin F......... 487 Lown, Frank.............. 481 Low, James A............... 620 Lutz, Albert............... 536 Lutz, Albert................ 632 Lutz, Fred.................. 636 Lutz, James E............ 631 Lynch, Matthew J........... 574 M McAuley, Charles........... 550 McIntyre, Angus............ 256 McKenna, James C......... 517 McKenzie, Duncan.......... 596 McKenzie, Robert........... 495 McKenzie, William......... 553 McLennan, John............ 252 McMurtrie, John............ 475 McNaught, Archibald J...... 269 McNaughton, Duncan....... 380 Matckey, James.............. 660 Mackey, John............... 663 Maines, Harrison W......... 237 Maurer, Henry.............. 496 Mavis, Charles F............ 548 Meldrum, Theodore......... 347 Menzies, James A............ 522 Merritt, Moses H............ 473 Meskill, Stephen........... 583 Meyer, Henry............... 325 Middleton, Doughty......... 488 Middleton, Joseph........... 571 Miller, Hon. John........... 449 Miller, John E............... 232 Miller, Samuel.............. 297 Mills, Archabild............ 489 Mitchell, Hon. William T.... 219 Montney, Capt. Charles...... 442 Montney, Menzo V........ 474 Moody, John............... 673 Mooney, Daniel H.......... 376 Moore, Hon. Fred T......... 229 Moore, Hon. George W...... 235 Morgan, William H.......... 472 Morley, Philip H............ 546 Mbrris, Isaac............... 628 Muhlitner, Fred............. 618 Mundt, Fred................ 369 Myron, William.......... 364 N p Pace, William H............. Paldi, Joseph D.............. Palmer, Henry.............. Parker, Fred................ Patrick, M. S............... Patterson, John............. Pearce, Ephraim............ Peasley, Henry C............ Peters, John................ Petz, Albert H............... Phelps, George A............ Phillips, Edwin............. Pickard, William............ Plant, Michael.............. Porter, Joseph.............. Port Huron Times.......... Proctor, George W......... 368 566 319 645 307 289 265 360 626 433 643 425 383 259 414 694 363 PAGE Jackson, Frank............. Jenne, Byron M............. Johnson; Roswell........... Johnson, William B.......... Jones, Dennis............... Jones, Edwin L.............. 334 492 501 577 304 303 Q Quain, Patrick..............680 R Ramsey, Thomas............67 Ramsey, William S..........452 Rapley, Thomas............. 570 Randolph, John K...........642 Rawlings, Robert S..........523 Recor, Lamnbert........... 608 Reid, George V.............. 544 Reichenbach, Rev. John..... 587 Richardson, Samuel.........468 Roberts, George.............585 Roberts. Isaac...............545 Robertson, Joel M...........03 Rodgers, Major Edward J.... 423 Rose, James P............... 569 Roy, William E.. 362 Russell, Calvin..............544 Rutledge, Crozier.......... 322 Ryan, John.................313 S K Kasdorf, William........... Keil, George H., Sr........ Kekeisen, Frank A., Jr....... Kendall, Charles............ Kenyon, Seneca............. Kern, Christian............. King, George H............ King, John L................ King, Joseph................ Kingsley. Henry............ Kinney, Francis M'........... Kirk, Richard C............. Koch, William.............. Kruger, Henry J............. 342 390 6I5 498 684 239 339 512 552 416 355 6o0 634 451 L LaBounty, Henry M......... 378 Lamb, MPelvin............. 494 Lambkin, Stephen........... 666 Lashbrook, Harvey L........ 513 Latour, Benjamin...........366 Laughran, Rev. Peter....... 586 Law, Eugene F.............. 234 Lepien, Charles A........... 56I Lepien, John H..............505 Lester, E. Gurley............ 430 Newell, James......... Noble, Bostwick R.......... Nolan, Edmond............. 0 567 520 677 Schnoor, Barney J.......... Schriner, John A............ Schweitzer, Peter........... Seidel, Benjamin............ Seymour, Isaac............. Sharpe, Bernard............ Shepherd, John L............ Shepperd, James.......... Sherman, Fred W........... Sherman, L. A.............. Simpson, George H.......... Skinner, Thomas S......... Smith, Fred A.............. Smi-th, Gilbert R............ Smith, Oris B............... Smith, Simon............... Smith, William............. Sperry, Merritt............ 346 609 345 419 659 678 272 515 693 282 424 400 365 293 44I 396 5II 584 O'Leary, John.............. O'Meara, James............. Osborne, Benton 624 66i 621 INDEX-PAR T II. I PAGE Springborn, Albert.......... 612 Springer, Hermann.......... 288 Sprotberry, Walter..........439 Standel. Fred............... 440 Stein, William, Sr.......... 388 Stevens, John M............ 471 Stewart, Oliver, M. D........ 593 Stone, Alexander...........348 Streeter, Henry............. 572 Strevel, Wesley.............54 Sutton, Frank............... 247 Sweet, Henry J.............. 329 T PAGE V Van Norstrand, William,..... Veitch, Robert W............ Vincent, Edward............ Volker, William............. 402 254 447 6II W PAGE Westrick, Nicholas.......... 598 Whipple, Hon. Frank........ 410 Whitaker, Ellis............ 429 Whilte, Edgar............... 275 White, Hon. James H........ 456 White, Nathaniel P......... 279 Wilks, Tihomas.............. 408 Williams, George N........ 465 Williams, Joseph............594 Wilson, Fred P.............. 580 Wilt, Joseph...............554 Winkel, Joseph M. 686 Wissman, August E.......... 614 Withun, August.............421 Withun, William............ 455 Wonch, G. A................ 508 Wright, Archibald M........ 332 Wright, Asa H.............. 245 Zweng, Frank............... 6 Zweng, Frank............... 69o Tacey, Joseph............... Taylor, Stephen G........... Thomas, William G.......... Todd, George, M. D....... Trumble, Estes........... 53I 460 386 534 298 Walker, Hon. Dewitt Clinton. Ward, Thomas.............. Warner, William N.......... Warren, Tobias S........... Watson, David.............. Watson, Eri................ Weber, Joseph.............. Well, Louis A............... Welch, Willard............. Wendt, Christian........... Wenning, John............. Westcott, David H........... 250 328 416 281 560 330 635 647 576 373 605 370 U Uppleger, William A......... 359 Uppleger, August........... 264 f* I;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S ftu%4Q l INSNti851. UCKN U m COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY C..OF.. CELEBRATED AMERICANS _ _ _ _AKZ-fV —_ | GEORGE WASHINGTON, the first president of the Unit| f^ ed States, called the "Father:,.~eee4 of his Country," was one of the most celebrated characters in history. He was born February 22, I732, in Washington Parish, Westmoreland county, Virginia. His father, Augustine Washington, first married Jane Butler, who bore him four children, and March 6, 1730, he.married Mary Ball. Of six children by his second marriage, George was the eldest. Little is known of the early years of Washington, beyond the fact that the house in which he was born was burned during his early childhood, and that his father thereupon moved to another farm, inherited from his paternal ancestors, situated in Stafford county, on the north bank of the Rappahannock, and died there in I743. From earliest childhood George developed a noble character. His education was somewhat defective, being confined to the elementary branches taught him by his mother and at a neighboring school. On leaving school he resided some time at Mount Vernon with his half *pyight 1897, by Geo.. Ogle & Co. brother, Lawrence, who acted as his guar. dian. George's inclinations were for a seafaring career, and a midshipman's warrant was procured for him; but through the opposition of his mother the project was abandoned, and at the age of sixteen he was appointed surveyor to the immense estates of the eccentric Lord Fairfax. Three years were passed by Washington in a rough frontier life, gaining experience which afterwards proved very essential to him,In I751, when the Virginia militia were put under training with a view to active service against France, Washington, though only nineteen years of age, was appointed adjutant, with the rank of major. In 1752 Lawrence Washington died, leaving his large property to an infant daughter. In his will George was named one of the executors and as an eventual heir to Mount Vernon, and by the death of the infant niece, soon succeeded to that estate. In 1753 George was commissioned adjutant-general of the Virginia militia, and performed important work at the outbreak of the French and Indian war, was rapidly promoted, and at the close of that war we find him commander-in-chief of I 18 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. -- -- all the forces raised in Virginia. A cessation of Indian hostilities on the frontier having followed the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, he resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces, and then proceeded to Williamsburg to take his seat in the Virginia Assembly, of which he had been elected a member. January 17, 1759, Washington marred Mrs. Martha (Dandridge) Curtis, a young and beautiful widow of great wealth, and devoted himself for the ensuing fifteen years to the quiet pursuits of agriculture, interrupted only by the annual attendance in winter upon the colonial legislature at Williamsburg, until summoned by his country to enter upon that other arena in which his fame was to become world-wide. The war for independence called Washington into service again, and he was made commander-in-chief of the colonial forces, and was the most gallant and conspicuous figure in that bloody struggle, serving until England acknowledged the independence of each of the thirteen States, and negotiated with them jointly, asseparate sovereignties. December 4, 1783, the great commander took leave of his officers in most affectionate and patriotic terms, and went to Annapolis, Maryland, where the congress of the States was in session, and to that body, when peace and order prevailed everywhere, resigned his commission, and retired to Mount Vernon. It was in I789 that Washington was called to the chief magistracy of the nation. The inauguration took place April 30, in the presence of an immense multitude which had assembled to witness the new and imposing ceremony. In the manifold details of his civil administration Washington proved himself fully equal to the requirements of his position. In 1792, at thesecond presi dential election, Washington was desirous to retire; but he yielded to the general wish of the country, and was again chosen president. At the third election, in 1796, he was again most urgently entreated to consent to remain in the executive chair. This he positively refused, and after March 4, 1797, he again retired to Mount Vernon for peace, quiet, and repose. Of the call again made on this illustrious chief to quit his repose at Mount Vernon and take command of all the United States forces, with rank of lieutenant-general, when war was threatened with France in 1798, nothing need here be stated, except to note the fact as an unmistakable testimonial of the high regard in which he was still held by his countrymen of all shades of political opinion. He patriotically accepted this trust, but a treaty of peace put a stop to all action under it. He again retired to Mount Vernon, where he died December I4, 1799, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His remains were deposited in a family vault on the banks of the Potomac, at Mount Vernon, where they still lie entombed. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, an eminent American statesman and scientist, was born of poor parentage, January 17, I706, in Boston, Massachusetts. He was apprenticed to his brother James to learn the printer's trade to prevent his running away and going to sea, and also because of the numerous family his parents had to support (there being seventeen children, Benjamin being the fifteenth). He was a great reader, and soon developed a taste for writing, and prepared a number of articles and had them published in the paper without his brother's knowledge, and when the authorship became known it resulted in difficulty for the C OAIPENDIUM OF b'IOGRAPHiT.; 0-~~~~~~~... young apprentice, although his articles had been received with favor by the public. James was afterwards thrown into prison for political reasons, and young Benjamin conducted the paper alone during the time. In 1823, however, he determined to endure his bonds no longer, and ran away, going to Philadelphia, where he arrived with only three pence as his store of wealth. With these he purchased three rolls, and ate them as he walked along the streets. He soon found employment as a journeyman printer. Two years later he was sent to England by the governor of Pennsylvania, and was promised the public printing, but did not get it. On his return to Philadelphia he established the "Pennsylvania Gazette," and soon found himself a person of great popularity in the province, his ability as a writer, philosopher, and politician having reached the neighboring colonies. He rapidly grew in prominence, founded the Philadelphia Library in 1842, and two years later the American Philosophical Society and the University of Pennsylvania. He was made Fellow of the Royal Society in London in I775. His world-famous investigations in electricity and lightning began in 1746. He became postmaster-general of the colonies in I753, having devised an inter-colonial postal system. He advocated the rights of the colonies at all times, and procured the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766. He was elected to the Continental congress of 1775, and in I776 was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, being one of the committee appointed to draft that paper. He represented the new nation in the courts of Europe, especially at Paris, where his simple dignity and homely wisdom won him the admiration of the court and the favor of the people. He was governor of Pennsylvania ocur years; was also a member of the con vention in 1787 that drafted the constitution of the United States. His writings upon political topics, antislavery, finance, and economics, stamp him as one of the greatest statesmen of his time, while his "Autobiography" and "Poor Richard's Almanac" give him precedence in the literary field. In early life he was an avowed skeptic in religious matters, but later in life his utterances on this subject were less extreme, though he never expressed approval of any sect or creed. He died in Philadelphia April 17, I790. D ANIEL WEBSTER.-Of world wide reputation for statesmanship, diplomacy, and oratory, there is perhaps no more prominent figure in the history of our country in the interval between I815 and I86r, than Daniel Webster. He was born at Salisbury (now Franklin), New Hampshire, January I8, I782, and was the second son of Ebenezer and Abigail (Eastman) Webster. He enjoyed but limited educational advantages in childhood, but spent a few months in 1797, at Phillip Exeter Academy. He completed his preparation for college in the family of Rev. Samuel Wood, at Boscawen, and entered Dartmouth College in the fall of 1797. He supported himself most of the time during these years by teaching school and graduated in I80o, having the credit of being the foremost scholar of his class. He entered the law office of Hon. Thomas W. Thompson, at Salisbury. In 1802 he continued his legal studies at Fryeburg, Maine, where he was principal of the academy and copyist in the office of the register of deeds. In the office of Christopher Gore, at Boston, he completed his studies in 1804-5, and was admitted to the bar in the latter year, and at Boscawen and at Portsmouth soon rose to eminence in his profes '20 COMPENVDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. - -F. sion. He became known as a federalist but did not court political honors; but, attracting attention by his eloquence in opposing the war with England, he was elected to congress in I812. During the special session of May, I813, he was appointed on the committee on foreign affairs and made his maiden speech June Io, I 83. Throughout this session (as afterwards) he showed his mastery of the great economic questions of the day. He was re-elected in I814. In I816 he removed to Boston and for seven years devoted himself to his profession, *earning by his arguments in the celebrated ' Dartmouth College Case" rank among the most distinguished jurists of the country. In I820 Mr. Webster was chosen a member bf the state convention of Massachusetts, to revise the constitution. The same year he delivered the famous discourse on the " Pilgrim fathers," which laid the foundation for his fame as an orator. Declining a nomination for United States senator, in I822 he was elected to the lower house of congress and was re-elected in 1824 and I826, but in 1827 was transferred to the senate. He retained his seat in the latter chamber until I84I. During this time his voice was ever lifted in defence of the national life and honor and although politically opposed to him he gave his support to the administration of President Jackson in the latter's contest with nullification. Through all these years he was ever found upon the side of right and justice and his speeches upon all the great questions of the day have be-,ome household words in almost every family. In I841 Mr. Webster was appointed secretary of state by President Harrison and was continued in the same office by President Tyler. While an incumbent of this office he showed consummate ability as a diplomat in the negotiation of the " Ash burton treaty" of August 9, I849, which settled many points of dispute between the United States and England. In May, i843:. he resigned his post and resumed his profession, and in December, I845, took his place again in the senate. He contributed in an unofficial way to the solution of the Oregon question with Great Britain in 1847. He was disappointed in 1848 in not receiving the nomination for the presidency. He became secretary of state under President Fillmore in 1850 and in dealing with all the complicated questions of the day showed a wonderful mastery of the arts of diplomacy. Being hurt in an accident he retired to his home at Marshfield, where he died October 24, 1852. ORACE GREELEY. -As journalist, author, statesman and political leader, there is none more widely known than the man whose name heads this article. He was born in Amherst, New Hampshire, February 3, I8i I, and was reared upon a farm. At an early age he evinced a remarkable intelligence and love of learning, and at the age of ten had read every book he could borrow for miles ground. About 1821 the family removed to Westhaven, Vermont, and for some years young Greeley assisted in carrying on the farm. In 1826 he entered the office of a weekly newspaper at East Poultney, Vermont, where he remained about four years. On the discontinuance of this paper he followed his father's family to Erie county, Pennsylvania, whither they had moved, and for a time worked at the printer's trade in that neighborhood. In I831 Horace went to New York City, and for a time found employment as journeyman printer. January, 1833, in partnership with Francis Story, he published the Morning Post, the first penny C OMPENDIUMlA OF BIO GRA PHr.. 21', --- —-, paper ever printed. This proved a failure and was discontinued after three weeks. The business of job printing was carried on, however, until the death of Mr. Story in July following. In company with Jonas Winchester, March 22, I834, Mr. Greeley commenced the publication of the New Yorker, a weekly paper of a high character. For financial reasons, at the same time, Greeley wrote leaders for other papers, and, in I838, took editorial charge of the Jeffersonian, a Whig paper published at Albany. In 1840, on the discontinuance of that sheet, he devoted his energies to the Log Cabin, a campaign paper in the interests of the Whig party. In the fall of I841 the latter paper was consolidated with the lNew Yorker, under the name of the Tribune, the first number of which was issued April 10, I841. At the head of this paper Mr. Greeley remained until the day of his death. In 1848 Horace Greeley was elected to the national house of representatives to fill a vacancy, and was a member of that body until March 4, I849. In 1851 he went to Europe and served as a juror at the World's Fair at the Crystal Palace, London. In I85.5, he made a second visit to the old world. In 1859 he crossed the plains and received a public reception at San Francisco and Sacramento. He was a member of the Republican national convention, at Chicago in I860, and assisted in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for President. The same year he was a presidential elector for the state of New York, and a delegate to the Loyalist convention at Philadelphia. At the close of the war, in 1865, Mr. Greeley became a strong advocate of universal amnesty and complete pacification, and in pursuance of this consented to be-come one of the bondsmen for Jefferson Davis, who was imprisoned for treason. In I867 he was a delegate to the New York state convention for the revision of the constitution. In 1870 he was defeated for congress in the Sixth New York district. At the Liberal convention, which met in Cincinnati, in May, 1872, on the fifth ballot Horace Greeley was nominated for president and July following was nominated for the same office by the Democratic convention at Baltimore. He was defeated by a large majority. The large amount of work done by him during the campaign, together with the loss of his wife about the same time, undermined his strong constitution, and he was seized with inflammation of the brain, and died November 29, I872. In addition to his journalistic work, Mr. Greeley was the author of several meritorious works, among which were: "Hint; toward reform," "Glances at Europe," "History of the struggle for slavery exten sion," "Overland journey to San Francisco," "The American conflict," and " Recollections of a busy life." ENRY CLAY.-In writing of this eminent American, Horace Greeley once said: "He was a matchless party chief, an admirable orator, a skillful legislator, wielding unequaled influence, not only over his friends, but even over those of his political antagonists who were subjected to the magic of his conversation and manners." A law, yer, legislator, orator, and statesman, few men in history have wielded greater influence, or occupied so prominent a place in the hearts of the generation in which they lived. Henry Clay was born near Richmond, in Hanover county, Virginia, April 12, 1777, the son of a poor Baptist preacher who died when Henry was but five years 22 C OOMPENDIUM OF BIOGRA PH1. --- old. The mother married again about ten yearslater and temoved to Kentucky leaving Henry a clerk in a store at Richmond. Soon afterward Henry Clay secured.a position as copyist in the office of the clerk of the high court of chancery, and four years later entered the law office of Robert Brooke, then attorney general and later governor of his native state. In I797 Henry Clay was licensed as a lawyer and followed his mother to Kentucky, opening an office at Lexington and soon built up a profitable practice. Soon afterward Kentucky, in separating from Virginia, called a state convention for the purpose of framing a constitution, and Clay at that time took a prominent part, publicly urging the adoption of a clause providing for the abolition of slavery, but in this he was overruled, as he was fifty years later, when in the height of his fame he again advised the same course when the state constitution was revised in 1850. Young Clay took a very active and conspicuous part in the presidential campaign in I8oo, favoring the election of Jefferson; and in 1803 was chosen to represent Fayette county in the state legislature. In I806 General John Adair, then United States senator from Kentucky, resigned and Henry Clay was elected to fill the vacancy by the legislature and served through one session in which he at once assumed a prominent place. In 1807 he was again a representative in the legislature and was elected speaker of the house. At this time originated his trouble with Humphrey Marshall. Clay proposed that each member clothe himself and family wholly in American fabrics, which Marshall characterized as the " language of a demagogue." This led to a duel in which both parties were slightly injured. In 1809 Henry Clay was again elected to fill a vacancy in the United States senate, and two years later elected representative in tne lower house of congress, being chosen speaker of the house. About this time warwas declared against Great Britain, and Clay took a prominent public place during this struggle and was later one of the commissioners sent to Europe by President Madison to negotiate peace, returning in September, I8I5, having been re-elected speaker of the house during his absence, and was re-elected unanimously. He was afterward reelected to congress and then became secretary of state under John Quincy Adams. In 1831 he was again elected senator from Kentucky and remained in the senate most of the time until his death. Henry Clay was three times a candidate for the presidency, and once very nearly elected. He was the unanimous choice' of the Whig party in 1844 for the presidency, and a great effort was made to elect him but without success, his opponent, James K. Polk, carrying both Pennsylvania and New York by a very slender margin, while either of them alone would have elected Clay. Henry Clay died at Washington June 29, 1852. JAMES GILLESPIE BLAINE was one of the most distinguished of American statesmen and legislators. He was born January 31, 1830, in Washington county, Pennsylvania, and received a thorough education, graduating at Washington College in I847. In early life he removed to Maine and engaged in newspaper work, becoming editor of the Portland "Advertiser." While yet a young man he gained distinction as a debater and became a conspicuous figure in political and public affairs. In 1862 he was elected to congress on the Republican ticket in Maine and was re-elected five times. In March, I869, he was chosen speaker of the C OMPENDIUM' OF' BIO GRAPH'Y. 23 house of representatives and was re-elected in 1871 and again in I873. In 1876 he was a representative in the lower house of congress and during that year was appointed United States senator by the Governor to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Morrill, who had been appointed secretary of the treasury. Mr. Blaine served in the senate until March 5, i88i, when President Garfield appointed him secretary of state, which position he resigned in December, I88I. Mr. Blaine was nominated for the presidency by the Republicans, at Chicago in June, 1884, but was defeated by Grover Cleveland after an exciting and spirited campaign. During the later years of his life Mr. Blaine devoted most of his time to the completion of his work "Twenty Years in Congress," which had a remarkably large sale throughout the United States. Blaine was a man of great mental ability and force of character and during the latter part of his life was one of the most noted men of his time. He was the originator of what is termed the ( reciprocity idea" in tariff matters, and outlined the plan of carrying it into practical effect. In 1876 Robert G. Ingersoll inmaking a nominating speech placing Blaine's name as a candidate for president before the national Republican convention at Cincinnati, referred to Blaine as the "Plumed Knight" and this title clung to him during the remainder of his life. His death occurred at Washington, January 27, I893. OHN 'CALDWELL CALHOUN, a distinguished American statesman, was a native of South Carolina, born in Abbeville district, March I8, 1782. He was given the advantages of a thorough education, graduating at Yale College in 1804; and adopted the calling of a lawyer. A Demo crat politically, at that time, he took a foremost part in the councils of his party and was elected to congress in 181i, supporting the tariff of I816 and the establishing of the United States Bank. In I817 he became secretary of war in President Monroe's cabinet, and in 824 was elected vice-president of the United States, on the ticket with John Quincy Adams, and re-elected in 828, on the ticket with General Jackson. Shortly after this Mr. Calhoun became one of the strongest advocates of free trade and the principle of sovereignty of the states and was one of the originators of the doctrine that "any state could nullify unconstitutional laws of congress." Meanwhile Calhoun had become an aspirant for the presidency, and the fact that General Jackson advanced the interests of his opponent, Van Buren, led to a quarrel, and Calhoun resigned the vicepresidency in 1832 and was elected United States senator from South Carolina. It was during the same year that a convention was held in South Carolina at which the " Nullification ordinance " was adopted, the object of which was to test the constitutionality of the protective tariff measures, and to prevent if possible the collection of import duties in that state which had been levied more for the purpose of ( protection ' than revenue. This ordinance was to go into effect in February, 1833, and created a great deal of uneasiness throughout the country as it was feared there would be a clash between the state and federal authorities. It was in this serious condition oi public affairs that Henry Clay came forward with the the famous "tariff compromise" of I833, to which measure Calhoun and most of his followers gave their support and the crisis was averted. In I843 Mr. Calhoun was appointed secretary of state in President Tyier's cabinet, and it was under i 24 C OAIPENDIUMEif Oi' BIOGRAPHr. his administration that the treaty concerning the annexation of Texas was negotiated. In I845 he was re-elected to the United States senate and continued in the senate *until his death, which occurred in March, 1850. He occupied a high rank as a scholar, student and orator, and it is conceded that he was one of the greatest debaters America has produced. The famous debate between Calhoun and Webster, in I833, is regarded as the most noted for ability and eloquence in the history of the country. ENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER, one of America's most brilliant and profound lawyers and noted public men, was a native of New England, born at Deerfield, New Hampshire, November 5, i8i8. His father, Captain John Butler, was a prominent man in his day, commanded a company during the war of 1812, and served under Jackson at New Orleans. Benjamin F. Butler was given an excellent education, graduated at Waterville College, Maine, studied law, was admitted to the bar in I840, at Lowell, Massachusetts, where he commenced the practice of his profession and gained a wide reputation for his ability at the bar, acquiring an extensive practice and a fortune. Early in life he began taking an active interest in military affairs and served in the state militia through all grades from private to brigadier-general. In 1853 he was elected to the state legislature on the Democratic ticket in Lowell, and took a prominent part in the passage of legislation in the interests of labor. During the same year he was a member of the constitutional convention, and in 1859 represented his district in the Massachusetts senate. When the Civil war broke out General Butler took the field and remained at the front most of the time during that bloody struggle. Part of the time he had charge of Fortress Monroe, and in February, 1862, took command of troops forming part of the expedition against New Orleans, and later had charge of the department of the Gulf. He was a conspicuous figure during the continuance oT the war. After the close of hostilities General Butler resumed his law practice in Massachusetts and in I866 was elected to congress from the Essex district. In 1882 he was elected governor of Massachusetts, and in I884 was the nominee of the " Greenback" party for president of the United States. He continued his legal practice, and maintained his place as one of the most prominent men in New England until the time of his death, which occurred January o1, 1893. EFFERSON DAVIS, an officer, statesman and legislator of prominence in America, gained the greater part of his fame from the fact that he was president of the southern confederacy. Mr. Davis was born in Christian county, Kentucky, June 3, i808, and his early education and surroundings were such that his sympathies and inclinations were wholly with the southern people. He received a thorough education, graduated at West Point in 1828; and for a number of years served in the army at western posts and in frontier service, first as lieutenant and later as adjutant. In 1835 he resigned and became a cotton planter in Warren county, Mississippi, where he took an active interest in public affairs and became a conspicuous figure in politics. In 1844 he was a presidential elector from Mississippi and during the two following years served as congressman from his d;strict. He then became colonel of a ivississippi regiment in the war with Mexico ani participated in some of the most severe oai COiIfPENDIUJJf On b'IOGRAPHr. 25 - - ties, being seriously wounded at Buena Vista. Upon his return to private life he again took a prominent part in political affairs and represented his state in the United States senate from 1847 to I85. He then entered President Pierce's cabinet as secretary of war, after which he again entered the United States senate, remaining until the outbreak of the Civil war. He then became president of the southern confederacy and served as such until captured in May, I865, at Irwinville, Georgia. He was held as prisoner of war at Fortress Monroe, until I867, when he was released on bail and finally set free in 1868. His death occurred December 6, 1889. Jefferson Davis was a man of excellent abilities and was recognized as one of the best organizers of his day. He was a forceful and fluent speaker and a ready writer. He wrote and published the " Rise and Fall of the Southern Confederacy," a work which is considered as authority by the southern people. JOHN ADAMS, the second president of the United States, and one of the most conspicuous figures in the early struggles of his country for independence, was born in the present town of Quincy, then a portion of Braintree, Massachusetts, October 30, i735. He received a thorough education, graduating at Harvard College in 1755, studied law and was admitted to the bar in I758. He was well adapted for this profession and after opening an office in his native town rapidly grew in prominence and public favor and soon was regarded as one of the leading lawyers of the country. His attention was called to political affairs by the passage of the Stamp Act, in I765, and he drew up a set of resolutions on the subject which were very popular. In 1768 he re moved to Boston and 'became one of the most courageous and prominent advocates of the popular cause and was chosen a member of the Colonial legislature from Boston. He was one of the delegates that represented Massachusetts in the first Con, tinental congress, which met in September, I774. In a letter written at this crisis he uttered the famous words: "The die is now cast; I have passed the Rubicon. Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish with my country, is my unalterable determination." He was a prominent figure in congress and advocated the movement for independence when a majority of the members were inclined to temporize and to petition the King. In May, I776, he presented a resolution in congress that the colonies should assume the duty of self-government, which was passed. In June, of the same year, a resolution that the United States "are, and ot right ought to be, free and independent," was moved by Richard H. Lee, seconded by Mr. Adams and adopted by a small majority. Mr. Adams was a member of the committee of five appointed June 1 to prepare a declaration of independence, in support of which he made an eloquent speech. He was chairman of the Board of War in 1776 and in 1778 was sent as commissioner to France, but returned the following year. In 1780 he went to Europe, having been appointed as minister to negotiate a treaty of peace and commerce with Great Britain. Conjointly with Franklin and Jay he negotiated a treaty in 1782. He was employed as a minister to the Court of St. James from 1785 to 1788, and during that period wrote his famous "Defence of the American Constitutions." In 1789 he became vice-president of the United States and was re-elected in 1792. In 1796 Mr. Adams was chosen presi 26 C O21PENIDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. I -------- -- dent of the United States, his competitor being Thomas Jefferson, who became vicepresident. In I8oo he was the Federal candidate for president, but he was not cordially supported by Gen. Hamilton, the favorite leader of his party, and was defeated by Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Adams then retired from public life to his large estate at Quincy, Mass., where he died July 4, 1826, on the same day that witnessed the' death of Thomas Jefferson. Though his physical frame began to give way many years before his death, his mental powers retained their strength and vigor to the last. In his ninetieth year he was gladdened by.the elevation of his son, John Quincy Adams, to the presidential office. ENRY WARD BEECHER, one of the most celebrated American preachers and authors, was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, June 24,1813. His father was Dr. Lyman Beecher, also an eminent divine. At an early age Henry Ward Beecher had a strong predilection for a sea-faring life, and it was practically decided that he would follow this inclination, but about this time, in consequence of deep relig'ous impressions which he experienced during a revival, he renounced his former intention and decided to enter the ministry. After having graduated at Amherst College, in 1834, he studied theology at Lane Seminary under the tuition of his' father, who was then president of that institution. In 1847 he becamen pastor of the Plymouth Congregational church in Brooklyn, where his oratorical ability and original eloquence attracted one of the largest congregations in the country. He continued to served this church until the time of his death, March 8, 1887. Mr. Beecher also found time for a great amount of literary work. For a number of'; years he was editor of the "Independent" and also the " Christian Union." He also produced many works which are widely known. Among his principal productions are 'Lectures to Young Men," "Star Papers," "Life of Christ," "Life Thoughts," "Royal Truths" (a novel), "Norwood," " Evolution and Revolution," and " Sermons on Evolution and Religion." Mr. Beecher was also long a prominent advocate of anti-slavery principles and temperance reform, and, at a later period, of the rights of women. JOHN A. LOGAN, the illustrious statesman and general, was born in Jackson county, Illinois, February 9, 1824. In his boyhood days he received but a limited education in the schools of his native county. On the breaking out of the war with Mexico he enlisted in the First Illinois Volunteers and became its quartermaster. At the close of hostilities he returned home and was elected clerk of the courts of Jackson county in I849. Determining to supplement his education Logan entered the Louisville University, from which he graduated in 1852 and taking up the study of law was admitted to the bar. He attained popularity and success in his chosen profession and was elected to the legislature in 1852, 1853, I856 and I857. He was prosecuting attorney from 1853 to 1857. He was elected to congress in 1858 to fill a vacancy and again in I86o. At the outbreak of the Rebellion, Logan resigned his office and entered the army, and in September, I86r, was appointed colonel of the Thirty-first Illinois Infantry, which he led in the battles of Belmont and Fort Donelson. In the latter engagement he was wounded. In March, 1862, -he was promoted to be brigadier-general and in the following month participated in the battles of Pittsburg Landing. In November, 1862, I i 11 I -- S. R. LOWE I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C Oi1MPENDIUM OF BIO GRAP HT. 29 for gallant conduct he was made major-general. Throughout the Vicksburg campaign he was in command of a division of the Seventeenth Corps and was distinguished at Port Gibson, Champion Hills and in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. In October, I863, he was placed in command of the Fifteenth Corps, which he led with great credit. During the terrible conflict before Atlanta, July 22, 1864, on the death of General McPherson, Logan, assuming command of the Army of the Tennessee, led it on to victory, saving the day by his energy and ability. He was shortly after succeeded by General O. O. Howard and returned to the command of his corps. He remained in command until the presidential election, when, feeling that his influence was needed at home he returned thither and there remained until the arrival of Sherman at Savannah, when General Logan rejoined his command. In May, I865, he succeeded General Howard at the head of the Army of the Tennessee. He resigned from the army in August, the same year, and in November was appointed minister to Mexico, but declined the honor. He served in the lower house of the fortieth and forty-first congresses, and was elected United States senator from his native state in I870, i878 and 1885. He was nominated for the vice-presidency in 1884 on the ticket with Blaine, but was defeated. General Logan was the author of "The Great Conspiracy, its origin and history," published in 1885. He died at Washington, December 26, i886. JOHN CHARLES FREMONT, the first Republican candidate for president, was born in Savannah, Georgia, January 21p I813. He graduated from Charleston College (South Carolina) in 1830, and turned his attention to civil engineering. He was shortly 2 afterward employed in the department of government surveys on the Mississippi, and constructing maps of that region. He was made lieutenant of engineers, and laid before the war department a plan for penetrating the Rocky Mountain regions, which was accepted, and in I842 he set out upon his first famous exploring expedition and explored the South Pass. He also planned an expedition to Oregon by a new route further south, but afterward joined his expedition with that of Wilkes in the region of the Great Salt Lake. He made a later expedition which penetrated the Sierra Nevadas, and the San Joaquin and Sacramento river valleys, making maps of all regions explored. In 1845 he conducted the great expedition which resulted in the acquisition of California, which it was believed the Mexican government was about to dispose of to England. Learning that the Mexican governor was preparing to attack tne American settlements in his dominion, Fremont determined to forestall him. The settlers rallied to his camp, and in June, I846, he defeated the Mexican forces at Sonoma Pass, and a month later completely routed the governor and his entire army. The Americans at once declared their independence of Mexico, and Fremont was elected governor of California. By this time Commodore Stockton had reached the coast with instructions from Washington to conquer California. Fremont at once joined him in that effort, which resulted in the annexation of California with its untold mineral wealth. Later Fremont became involved in a difficulty with fellow officers which resulted in a court martial, and the surrender of his commission. He declined to accept reinstatement. He afterward laid out a great road from the Mississippi river to San Francisco, and became the first United States senator from Califor w80 COiOPENDIU5,I M OF BIO GRAPHr. I nia, in I849. In 1856 he was nominated by the new Republican party as its first candidate for president against Buchanan, and received I 4 electoral votes, out of 296. In i86I he was made major-general and placed in charge of the western department. He planned the reclaiming of the entire Mississippi valley, and gathered an army of thirty thousand men, with plenty of artillery, and was ready to move upon the confederate General Price, when he was deprived of his command. He was nominated for the presidency at Cincinnati in 1864, but withdrew. He was governor of Arizona in I878, holding the position four years. He was interested in an engineering enterprise looking toward a great southern trans-continental railroad, and in his later years also practiced law in New York. He died July 3, 1 890. W ENDELL PHILLIPS, the orator and abolitionist, and a conspicuous figure in American history, was; born November 29, i8i, at Boston, Massachusetts. He received a good education at Harvard College, from which he graduated in I831, and then entered the Cambridge Law School. After completing his course in that institution, in 1833, he was admitted to the bar, in I834, at Suffolk. He entered the arena of life at the time when the forces of liberty and slavery had already begun their struggle that was to culminate in the Civil war. William Lloyd Garrison, by his clearheaded, courageous declarations of the antislavery principles, had done much to bring about this struggle. Mr. Phillips was not a man that could stand aside and see a great struggle being carried on in the interest of humanity and look passively on. He first attracted attention as an orator in 1837, at a meeting that was called to protest against the murder of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy. The meeting would have ended in a few perfunctory resolutions had not Mr. Phillips by his manly eloquence taken the meeting out of the hands of the few that were inclined to temporize and avoid radical utterances. Having once started out in this career as an abolitionist Phillips never swerved from what he deemed his duty, and never turned back. He gave up his legal practice and launched, himself heart and soul in the movement for the liberation of the slaves. He was an orator of very great ability and by his earnest efforts and eloquence he did much in arousing public sentiment in behalf of the anti-slavery cause-possibly more than any one man of his time. After the abolition of slavery Mr. Phillips was, if possible, even busier than before in the literary and lecture field. Besides temperance and women's rights, he lectured often and wrote much on finance, and the relations of labor and capital, and his utterances on whatever subject always bore the stamp of having emanated from a master mind. Eminent critics have stated that it might fairly be questioned whether there has ever spoken in America an orator superior to Phillips. The death of this great man occurred February 4, 1884. W ILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was one of the greatest generals that the world has ever produced and won immortal fame by that strategic and famous "march to the sea," in the war of the Rebellion. He was born February 8, 1820, at Lancaster, Ohio, and was reared in the family of the Hon. Thomas Ewing, as his father died when he was but nine years of age. He entered West Point in 1836, was graduated from the same in I840, and appointed a second lieutenant in the Third COMPENDIUM3 OF BIOGRAPHT. 81 Artillery. He passed through the various grades of the service and at the outbreak of the Civil war was appointed colonel of the Thirteenth Regular Infantry. A full history of General Sherman's conspicuous services would be to repeat a history of the army. He commanded a division at Shiloh, and was instrumental in the winning of that battle, and was also present at the siege of Vicksburg. On July 4, I863, he was appointed brigadier-general of the regular army, and shared with Hooker the victory of Missionary Ridge. He was commander of the Department of the Tennessee from October 27th until the appointment of General Grant as lieutenant-general, by whom he was appointed to the command of the Department of the Mississippi, which he assumed in March, I864. He at once began organizing the army and enlarging his communications preparatory to his march upon Atlanta, which he started the same time of the beginning of the Richmond campaign by Grant. He started on May 6, and was opposed by Johnston, who had fifty thousand men, but by consummate generalship, he captured Atlanta, on September 2, after several months of hard fighting and a severe loss of men. General Sherman started on his famous march to the sea November 15, 1864, and by December Io he was before Savannah, which he took on December 23. This campaign is a monument to the genius of General Sherman as he only lost 567 men from Atlanta to the sea. After resting his army he moved northward and occupied the following places: Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville, Ayersboro, Bentonville, Goldsboro, Raleigh, and April I8, he accepted the surrender of Johnston's army on a basis of agreement that was not received by the Government with favor, but finally accorded Johnston the same terms as I Lee was given by General Grant. He was present at the grand review at Washington, and after the close of the war was appointed to the command of the military division of the Mississippi; later was appointed lieutenant-general, and assigned to the military division of the Missouri. When General Grant was elected president Sherman became general, March 4, I869, and succeeded to the command of the army. His death occurred February 14, I89I, at Washington. ALEXANDER HAMILTON, one of the most prominent of the early American statesmen and financiers, was born in Nevis, an island of the West Indies, January II, 1757, his father being a Scotchman and his mother of Huguenot descent. Owing to the death of his mother and business reverses which came to his father, young Hamilton was sent to his mother's relatives in Santa Cruz; a few years later was sent to a grammar school at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, and in 1773 entered what is now known as Columbia College. Even at that time he began taking an active part in public affairs and his speeches, pamphlets, and newspaper articles on political affairs of the day attracted considerable attention. In I776 he received a captain's commission and served in Washington's army with credit, becoming aide-de-camp to Washington with rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 178I he resigned his commission because of a rebuke from General Washington. He next received command of a New York battalion and participated in the battle of Yorktown. After this Hamilton studied law, served several terms in congress and was a member of the convention at which the Federal Constitution was drawn up. His work connected with "The Federalist" at about this time attracted much attention. Mr. Hamilton 82 C OMIPENDIUI11f OF BIO GRAPHr. was chosen as the first secretary of the United States treasury and as such was the author of the funding system and founder of the United States Bank. In I798 he was made inspector-general of the army with the rank of major-general and was also for a short time commander-in-chief. In I804 Aaron Burr, then candidate for governor of New York, challenged Alexander Hamilton to fight a duel, Burr attributing his defeat to Hamilton's opposition, and Hamilton, though declaring the code as a relic of barbarism, accepted the challenge. They met at Weehawken, New Jersey, July II, I804. Hamilton declined to fire at his adversary, but at Burr's first fire was fatally wounded and died July 12, 804. LEXANDER HAMILTON STEPHENS, vice-president of the southern confederacy, a former United States senator and governor of Georgia, ranks among the great men of American history. He was born February I, I812, near Crawfordsville, Georgia. He was a graduate of the University of Georgia, and admitted to the bar in I834. In 1837 he made his debut in political life as a member of the state house of representatives, and in 1841 declined the nomination for the same office; but in 1842 he was chosen by the same constituency as state senator. Mr. Stephens was one of the promoters of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. In 1843 he was sent by his district to the national house of representatives, which office he held for sixteen consecutive years. He was a member of the house during the passing of the Compromise Bill, and was one of its ablest and most active supporters. The same year (I850) Mr. Stephens was a delegate to the state convention that framed the celebrated "Georgia Platform," and was also a dele gate to the convention that passed the ordinance of secession, though he bitterly opposed that bill by voice and vote, yet he readily acquiesced in their decision after it received the votes of the majority of the convention. He was chosen vice-president of the confederacy without opposition, and in 1865 he was the head of the commission sent by the south to the Hampton Roads conference. He was arrested after the fall of the confederacy and was confined in Fort Warren as a prisoner of state but was released on his own parole. Mr. Stephens was elected to the forty-third, forty-fourth, forty-fifth, forty-sixth and forty-seventh congresses, with hardly more than nominal opposition. He was one of the Jeffersonian school of American politics. He wrote a number of works, principal among which are: "Constitutional View of the War between the States," and a " Compendium of the History of the United States." He was inaugurated as governor of Georgia November 4th, I882, but died March 4, 1883, before the completion of his term. ROSCOE CONKLING was one of the most noted and famous of American statesmen. He was among the most finished, fluent and eloquent orators that have ever graced the halls of the American congress; ever ready, witty and bitter in debate he was at once admired and feared by his political opponents and revered by his followers. True to his friends, loyal to the last degree to those with whom his interests were associated, he was unsparing to his foes and it is said "never forgot an injury." Roscoe Conkling was born at Albany, New York, on the 30th of October, I829, being a son of Alfred Conkling. Alfred Conkling was also a native of New York, COAIPENDIUJII OF BIOGRAPHr. 38 born at East Hampton, October 12, 1789, and became one of the most eminent lawyers in the Empire state; published several legal works; served a term in congress; afterward as United States district judge for Northern New York, and in 1852 was minister to Mexico. Alfred Conkling died in 1874. Roscoe Conkling, whose name heads this article, at an early age took up the study of law and soon became successful and prominent at the bar. About I846 he removed to Utica and in 1858 was elected mayor of that city. He was elected representative in congress from this district and was re-elected three times. In I867 he was elected United States senator from the state of New York and was re-elected in 1873 and 1879. In May, I88I, he resigned on account of differences with the president. In March, 1882, he was appointed and confirmned as associate justice of the United States supreme court but declined to serve. His death occurred April i8, I888. W ASHINGTON IRVING, one of the most eminent, talented and popular of American authors, was born in New York City, April 3, 1783. His father was William Irving, a merchant and a native of Scotland, who had married an English lady and emigrated to America some twenty years prior to the birth of Washington. Two of the older sons, William and Peter, were partially occupied with newspaper work and literary pursuits, and this fact naturally inclined Washington to follow their example. Washington Irving was given the advantages afforded by the common schools until about sixteen years of age when he began studying law, but continued to acquire his literary training by diligent perusal at home of the older English writers. When nineteen he made his first literary venture by printing in the " Morning Chronicle," then edited by his brother, Dr. Peter Irving, a series of local sketches under the nomn-de-plume of "Jonathan Oldstyle." In 1804 he began an extensive trip through Europe, returned in 8o6, quickly completed his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, but never practiced the profession. In 1807 he began the amusing serial "Salmagundi," which had an immediate success, and not only decided his future career but long determined the character of his writings. In I808, assisted by his brother Peter, he wrote ' Knickerbocker's History of New York," and in I8Io an excellent biography of Campbell, the poet, After this, for some time, Irving's attention was occupied by mercantile interests, baut the commercial house in which he was a partner failed in 1817. In I8'14 he was editor of the Philadelphia "Analectic Magazine." About I818 appeared his "SketchBook," over the nom-de-plume of "Geoffrey Crayon," which laid the foundation of Irving's fortune and permanent fame. This was soon followed by the legends of "Sleepy Hollow," and " Rip Van Winkle," which at once took high rank as literary productions, and Irving's reputation was firmly established in both the old and new worlds. After this the path of Irving was smooth, and his subsequent writings appeared with rapidity, including "Bracebridge Hall," "The Tales of a Traveler," " History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher, Columbus," "The Conquest of Granada," "The Alhambra," " Tour on the Prairies," "Astoria," '"Adventures ot Captain Bonneville," "Wolfert's Roost," "Mahomet and his Successors," and "Life of Washington," besides other works. Washington Irving was never married. C OMPENVDIUMl. OF BIO GRA PYr. I He resided during the closing years of his life at Sunnyside (Tarrytown) on the Hudson, where he died November 28, I859. CHARLES SUMNER.-Boldly outlined on the pages of our history stands out the rugged figure of Charles Sumner, statesman, lawyer and writer. A man of unimpeachable integrity, indomitable will and with the power of tireless toil, he was a fit leader in troublous times. First in rank as an anti-slavery leader in the halls of congress, he has stamped his image upon the annals of his time. As an orator he took front rank and, in wealth of illustration, rhetoric and lofty tone his eloquence equals anything to be found in history. Charles Sumner was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 6, I8II, and was the son of Charles P. and Relief J. Sumner. The family had long been prominent in that state. Charles was educated at the Boston Public Latin School; entered Harvard College in 1826, and graduated therefrom in 1830. In 1831 he joined the Harvard Law School, then under charge of Judge Story, and gave himself up to the study of law with enthusiasm. His leisure was devoted to contributing to the American Jurist. Admitted to the bar in I834 he was appointed reporter to the circuit court by Judge Story. He published several works about this time, and from. 1835 to 1837 and again in 1843 was lecturer in the law school. He had planned a lawyer's life, but in 1845 he gave his attention to politics, speaking and working against the admission of Texas to the Union and subsequently against the Mexican war. In 1848 he was defeated for congress on the Free Soil ticket. His stand on the antislavery question at that time alienated both friends and clients, but he never swerved from his convictions. In 1851 he was elected to the United States senate and took his.! 'seat therein December i of that year. From,. this time his life became the history of the anti-slavery cause in congress. In August, I852, he began his attacks on slavery by,a. masterly argument for the repeal of the fugitive slave law. On May 22, 1856, Pres-. ton Brooks, nephew of Senator Butler, of. South Carolina, made an attack upon Mr. Sumner, at his desk in the senate, striking him over the head with a heavy cane. The attack was quite serious in its effects and kept Mr. Sumner absent from his seat in the senate for about four years. In 1857, 1863 and I869 he was re-elected to the office of senator, passing some twenty-three years in that position, always advocating the rights of freedom and equity. He died March II, I874. THOMAS JEFFERSON, the third president of the United States, was born near Charlottesville, Albemarle county, Virginia, April 13, 1743, and was the son of Peter and Jane (Randolph) Jefferson. He received the elements of a good education, and in I760 entered William and Mary College. After remaining in that institution for two years he took up the study of law with George Wythe, of Williamsburg, Virginia, one of the foremost lawyers of his day, and was admitted to practice in I767. He obtained a large and profitable practice, which he held for eight years. The conflict between Great Britain and the Colonies then drew him into public life, he having for some time given his attention to the study. of the sources of law, the origin of liberty. and equal rights. Mr. Jefferson was elected,to the Virginia house of burgesses in I769, and served in that body several years, a firm supporter. of liberal measures, and, although a slave C OMlPENDIUMl OF BIO GRA PHr. 85 holder himself, an opponent of slavery. With others, he was a leader among the opposition to the king. He took his place as a member of the Continental congress June 21, I775, and after serving on several committees was appointed to draught a Declaration of Independence, which he did, some corrections being suggested by Dr. Franklin and John Adams. This document was presented to congress June 28, 1776, and after six days' debate was passed and was signed. In the following September Mr. Jefferson resumed his seat in the Virginia legislature, and gave much time to the adapting of laws of that state to the new condition of things. He drew up the law, the first ever passed by a legislature or adopted by a government, which secured perfect religious freedom. June I, 1779, he succeeded Patrick Henry as governor of Virginia, an office which, after co-operating with Washington in defending the country, he resigned two years later. One of his own estates was ravaged by the British, and his house at Monticello was held by Tarleton for several days, and Jefferson narrowly escaped capture. After the death of his wife, in 1782, he accepted the position of plenipotentiary to France, which he had declined in I776. Before leaving he served a short time in congress at Annapolis, and succeeded in carrying a bill for establishing our present decimal system of currency, one of his most useful public services. He remained in an official capacity until October, 1789, and was a most active and vigilant minister. Besides the onerous duties of his office, during this time, he published ("Notes on Virginia," sent to the United States seeds, shrubs and plants, forwarded literary and scientific news and gave useful advice to some of the leaders of the French Revolution. Mr. Jefferson landed in Virginia Novem ber I8, 1789, having obtained a leave of absence from his post, and shortly after accepted Washington's offer of the portfolio of the department of state in his cabinet. He entered upon the duties of his office in March, 1791, and held it until January I, 1794, when he tendered his resignation. About this time he and Alexander Hamilton became decided and aggressive political opponents, Jefferson being in warm sympathy with the people in the French revolution and strongly democratic in his feelings, while Hamilton took the opposite side. In I796 Jefferson was elected vice-president of the United States. In 800o he was elected to the presidency and was inaugurated March 4, I801. During his administration, which lasted for eight years, he having been re-elected in 1804, he waged a successful war against the Tripolitan pirates; purchased Louisiana of Napoleon; reduced the public debt, and was the originator of many wise measures. Declining a nomination for a third term he returned to Monticello, where he died July 4, I826, but a few hours before the death of his friend, John Adams. Mr. Jefferson was married January I, 1772, to Mrs. Martha Skelton, a young, beautiful, and wealthy widow, who died September 6, 1782, leaving three children, three more having died previous to her demise. ORNELIUS VANDERBILT, known as I" Commodore " Vanderbilt, was the founder of what constitutes the present immense fortune of the Vanderbilt family. He was born May 27, 1794, at Port Richmond, Staten Island, Richmond county, New York, and we find him at sixteen years running a small vessel between his home and New York City. The fortifications of Staten and Long Islands were just in course of 86 C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PJrY. construction, and he carried the laborers from New York to the fortifications in his "perianger, " as it was called, in the day, and at night carried supplies to the fort on the Hudson. Later he removed to New York, where he added to his little fleet. At the age of twenty-three he was free from debt and was worth $9,ooo, and in 1817, with a partner he built the first steamboat that was run between New York and New Brunswick, New Jersey, and became her captain at a salary of $i,ooo a year. The next year he took command of a larger and better boat and by I824 he was in complete control of the Gibbon's Line, as it was called, which he had brought up to a point where it paid $40,000 ayear. Commodore Vanderbilt acquired the ferry between New York and Elizabethport, New Jersey, on a fourteen years' lease and conducted this on a paying basis. He severed his connections with Gibbons in I829 and engaged in business alone and for twenty years he was the leading steamboat man in the country, building and operating steamboats on the Hudson River, Long Island Sound, on the Delaware River and the route to Boston, and he had the monopoly of trade on these routes. In I850 he determined to broaden his field of operation and accordingly built the steamship Prometheus and sailed for the Isthmus of Darien, where he desired to make a personal investigation of the prospects of the American Atlantic and Pacific Ship Canal Company, in which he had purchased a controlling interest. Commodore Vanderbilt planned, as a result of this visit, a transit route from Greytown on the Atlantic coast to San Juan del Sud on the Pacific coast, which was a saving of 700 miles over the old route. In 1851 he placed three steamers on the Atlantic side and four on the Pacific side to accommodate the enor mous traffic occasioned by the discovery of gold' in California. The following year three more vessels were added to his fleet and a branch line established from New Orleans to Greytown. In I853 the Commodore sold out his NicarauguaTransit Company, which had netted him $I,ooo,ooo and built the renowned steam yacht, the " North Star." He continued in the shipping business nine years longer and accumulated some $Io,ooo,ooo. In I86I he presented to the government his magnificent steamer " Vanderbilt, " which had cost him $800,000 and for which he received the thanks of congress. In 1844 he became interested in the railroad business which he followed in later years and became one of the greatest railroad magnates of his time. He founded the Vanderbilt University at a cost of $I,ooo,ooo. He died January 4, 1877, leaving a fortune estimated at over $Ioo,ooo,ooo to his children. ANIEL BOONE was one of the most famous of the many American scouts, pioneers and hunters which the early settlement of the western states brought into prominence. Daniel Boone was born February II, 1735, in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, but while yet a young man removed to North Carolina, where he was married. In I769, with five companions, he penetrated into the forests and wilds of Kentucky -then uninhabited by white men. He had frequent conflicts with the Indians and was captured by them but escaped and continued to hunt in and explore that region for over a year, when, in I77I, he returned to his home. In the summer of 1773, he removed with his own and five other families into what was then the wilderness of Kentucky, and to defend his colony against the savages, he built, in 1775, a fort at Boonesborough, COMPENDIUMI OF BIOGRAPHr. 37 on the Kentucky river. This fort was attacked by the Indians several times in I777, but they were repulsed. The following year, however, Boone was surprised and captured by them. They took him to Detroit and treated him with leniency, but he soon escaped and returned to his fort which he defended with success against four hundred and fifty Indians in August, 1778. His son, Enoch Boone, was the first white male child born in the state of Kentucky. In 1795 Daniel Boone removed with his family to Missouri, locating about forty-five miles west of the present site of St. Louis, where he found fresh fields for his favorite pursuits -adventure, hunting, and pioneer life. His death occurred September 20, 1820. ENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, said to have been America's greatest poet of the people," was born at Portland, Maine, February 27, 1807. He entered Bowdoin College at the age of fourteen, and 'graduated in 1825. During his college days he distinguished himself in modern languages, and wrote several short poems, one of the best known of which was the "Hymn of the Moravian Nuns." After his graduation he entered the law office of his father, but the following year was offered the professorship of modern languages at Bowdoin, with the privilege of three years study in Europe to perfect himself in French, Spanish, Italian and German. After the three years were passed he returned to the United States and entered upon his professorship in 1829. His first volume was a small essay on the "Moral and Devotional Poetry of Spain" in 1833. In 1835 he published some prose sketches of travel under the title of "Outre Mer, a Pilgrimage beyond the Sea." In 1835 he was eiected to the chair of modern languages and literature at Harvard University and spent a year in Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland, cultivating a knowledge of early Scandinavian literature and entered upon his professorship in 1836. Mr. Longfellow published in 1839 " Hyperion, a Romance," and " Voices of the Night, " and his first volume of original verse comprising the selected poems of twenty years work, procured him immediate recognition as a poet. " Ballads and other poems" appeared in 1842, the "Spanish Student" a drama in three acts, in I843, "'The Belfry of Bruges " in 1846, "Evangeline, a Tale of Acadia," in I847, which was considered his master piece. In 1845 he published a large volume of the "Poets and Poetry of Europe," 1849 " Kavanagh, a Tale," "The Seaside and Fireside" in I850, "The Golden Legend " in I85I, "The Song of Hiawatha " in I855, "The Courtship of Miles.Standish " in I858, " Tales of a Wayside Inn " in 1863; " Flower de Luce" in I866;" "New England Tragedies" in I869; "The Divine Tragedy" in I87I; "Three Books of Song" in I872; 'The Hanging of the Crane" in 1874. He also published a masterly translation of Dante in I867-70 and the " Morituri Salutamus," a poem read at the fiftieth anniversary of his class at Bowdoin Coltege. Prof. Longfellow resigned his chair at Harvard University in 1854, but continued to reside at Cambridge. Some of his poetical works have been translated into many languages, and their popularity rivals that of the best modern English poetry. He died March 24, I882, but has left an imperishable fame as one of the foremost of American poets. ETER COOPER was in three particulars-as a capitalist and manufacturer, as an inventor, and as a philanthropist — connected intimately with some of the most 88 COAMPENDIUMIIM OF BIOGRAPH.: important and useful accessions to the industrial arts of America, its progress in invention and the promotion of educational and benevolent institutions intended for the benefit of people at large. He was born in New York city, February 12, 1791. His life was one of labor and struggle, as it was with most of America's successful men. In early boyhood he commenced to help his _ather as a manufacturer of hats. He attended school only for half of each day for a single year, and beyond this his acquisitions were all his own. When seventeen years old he was placed with John Woodward to learn the trade of coach-making and served his apprenticeship so satisfactorily that his master offered to set him up in business, but this he declined because of the debt and obligation it would involve. The foundation of Mr. Cooper's fortune was laid in the invention of an improvement in machines for shearing cloth. This was largely called into use during the war of 1812 with England when all importations of cloth from that country were stopped. The machines lost their value, however, on the declaration of peace. Mr. Cooper then turned his shop into the manufacture of cabinet ware. He afterwards went into the grocery business in New York and finally he engaged in the manufacture of glue and isinglass which he carried on for more than fifty years. In 1830 he erected iron works in Canton, near Baltimore. Subsequently he erected a rolling and a wire mill in the city of New York, in which he first successfully applied anthracite to the puddling of iron. In these works, he was the first to roll wrought-iron beams for fire-proof buildings. These works grew to be very extensive, including mines, blast furnaces, etc. While in Baltimore Mr. Cooper built in 1830, after his own designs, the first loco motive engine ever constructed on this continent and it was successfully operated on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He also took a great interest and invested large capital in the extension of the electric telegraph, also in the laying of the first Atlantic cable; besides interesting himself largely in the New York state canals. But the most cherished object of Mr. Cooper's life was the establishment of an institution for the instruction of the industrial classes, which he carried out on a magnificent scale in New York city, where the "Cooper Union" ranks among the most important institutions. In May, I876, the Independent party nominated Mr. Cooper for president of the United States, and at the election following he received nearly Ioo,ooo votes. His death occurred April 4, 1883. ENERAL ROBERT EDWARD LEE, one of the most conspicuous Confederate generals during the Civil war, and one of the ablest military commanders of modern times, was born at Stratford House, Westmoreland county, Virginia, January I9, I807. In 1825 he entered the West Point academy and was graduated second in his class in 1829, and attached to the army as second lieutenant of engineers. For a number of years he was thus engaged in engineering work, aiding in establishing the boundary line between Ohio and Michigan, and superintended various river and harbor improvements, becoming captain of engineers in 1838. He first saw field service in the Mexican war, and under General Scott performed valuable and efficient service. In that brilliant campaign he was conspicuous for professional ability as well as gallant and meritorious conduct, winning in quick succession the brevets of major, lieutenant C OMlPEN~DIDUMi OF BIO GR4A PfY. 809 colonel, and colonel for his part in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Cherubusco, Chapultepec, and in the capture of the city Mexico. At the close of that war he resumed his engineering work in connection with defences along the Atlantic coast, and from I852 to 1855 was superintendent of the Military Academy, a position which he gave up to become lieutenant-colonel of the Second Cavalry. For several years thereafter he served on the Texas border, but happening to be near Washington at the time of John Brown's raid, October 17 to 25, I859, Colonel Lee was placed in command of the Federal forces employed in its repression. He soon returned to his regiment in Texas where he remained the greater part of I860, and March I6, I86I, became colonel of his regiment by regular promotion. Three weeks later, April 25, he resigned upon the secession of Virginia, went at once to Richmond and tendered his services to the governor of that state, being by acclamation appointed commander-inchief of its military and naval forces, with the rank of major-general. He at once set to work to organize and develop the defensive resources of his state and within a month directed the occupation in force of Manassas Junction. Meanwhile Virginia having entered the confederacy and Richmond become the capitol, Lee became one of the foremost of its military officers and was closely connected with Jefferson Davis in planning the moves of that tragic time. Lee participated in many of the hardest fought battles of the war among which were Fair Oaks, White Lake Swamps, Cold Harbor, and the Chickahominy, Manassas, Cedar Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Malvern Hill, Gettysburg, the battles of the Wilderness campaign, all the campaigns about Richmond, Petersburg, Five Forks, and others. Lee's surrender at Appomatox brought the war to a close. It is said of General Lee that but few commanders in history have been so quick to detect the purposes of an opponent or so quick to act upon it. Never surpassed, if ever equaled, in the art of winning the passionate, personal love and admiration of his troops, he acquired and held an influence over his army to the very last, founded upon a supreme trust in his judgment, prescience and skill, coupled with his cool, stable, equable courage. A great writer has said of him: "As regards the proper measure of General Lee's rank among the soldiers of history, seeing what he wrought with such resources as he had, under all the disadvantages that ever attended his operations, it is impossible to measure what he might have achieved in campaigns and battles with resources at his own disposition equal to those against which he invariably contended." Left at the close of the war without estate or profession, he accepted the presidency of Washington College at Lexington, Virginia, where he died October 12, 1870. OHN JAY, first chief-justice of the United States, was born in New York, December 12, I745. He took up the study of law, graduated from King's College (Columbia College), and was admitted to the bar in I768. He was chosen a member of the committee of New York citizens to protest against the enforcement by the British government of the Boston Port Bill, was elected to the Continental congress which met in 1774, and was author of the addresses to the people of Great Britian and of Canada adopted by that and the succeeding congress. He was chosen to the provincial assembly of his own state, and t10 COMiPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. I resigned from the Continental congress to serve in that body, wrote most of its public papers, including the constitution of the new state, and was then made chief-justice. He was again chosen as a member of the Continental congress in 1778, and became president of that body. He was sent to Spain as minister in I780, and his services there resulted in substantial and moral aid for the struggling colonists. Jay, - Franklin, and Adams negotiated the treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1782, and Jay was appointed secretary of foreign affairs in 1784, and held the position until the adoption of the Federal constitution. During this time he had contributed strong articles to the "Federalist" in favor of the adoption of the constitution, and was largely instrumental in securing the ratification of that instrument by his state. He was appointed by Washington as first chief-justice of the United States in 1789. In this high capacity the great interstate and international questions that arose for immediate settlement came before him for treatment. In 1794, at a time when the people in gratitude for the aid that France had extended to us, were clamoring for the privilege of going to the aid of that nation in her struggle with Great Britain and her own oppressors, John Jay was sent to England as special envoy to negotiate a treaty with that power. The instrument known as "Jay's Treaty" was the result, and while in many of its features it favored our nation, yet the neutrality clause in it so angered the masses that it was denounced throughout the entire country, and John Jay was burned in effigy in the city of New York. The treaty was finally ratified by Washington, and approved, in August, 1795. Having been elected governor of his state for three consecutive terms, he then retired from active 'life, declining an appointment as chief-justice of the supreme court, made by John Adams and confirmed by the senate. He died in New York in 1829. HILLIP HENRY SHERIDAN was one of the greatest American cavalry generals. He was born March 6, I83I, at Somerset, Perry county, Ohio, and was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated and was assigned to the First Infantry as brevet second lieutenant July I, I853. After serving in Texas, on the Pacific coast, in Washington and Oregon territories until the fall of I861, he was recalled to the states and assigned to the army of southwest Missouri as chief quartermaster from the duties of which he was soon relieved. After the battle of Pea Ridge, he was quartermaster in the Corinth campaign, and on May 25 he was appointed colonel of the Second Michigan Cavalry. On July I, in command of a cavalry brigade, he defeated a superior force of the enemy and was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. General Sheridan was then transferred to the army of the Ohio, and commanded a division in the battle of Perrysville and also did good service at the battle of Murfreesboro, where he was commissioned majorgeneral of volunteers. He fought with great gallantry at Chickamauga, after which Rosecrans was succeeded by General Grant, under whom Sheridan fought the battle of Chattanooga and won additional renown. Upon the promotion of Grant to lieutenantgeneral, he applied for the transfer of General Sheridan to the east, and appoint-ed him chief of cavalry in the army of the Potomac. During the campaign of 1864 the cavalry covered the front and flanks of the infantry until May. 8, when it was wvitl C OMPENVDIU.Ml OF BIO GRA PHI'e 41 I drawn and General Sheridan started on a raid against the Confederate lines of communication with Richmond and on May 25 he rejoined the army, having'destroyed considerable of the confederate stores and defeated their cavalry under General Stuart at Yellow Tavern. The outer line of defences around Richmond were taken, but the second line was too strong to be taken by assault, and accordingly Sheridan crossed the Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge, reaching James River May 14, and thence by White House and Hanover Court House back to the army. The cavalry occupied Cold Harbor May 31, which they held until the arrival of the infantry. On General Sheridan's next raid he routed Wade Hampton's cavalry, and August 7 was assigned to the command of the Middle Military division, and during the campaign of the Shenandoah Valley he performed the unheard of feat of " destroying an entire army." He was appointed brigadier-general of the regular army and for his victory at Cedar Creek he was promoted to the rank of major-general. General Sheridan started out February 27, 1865, with ten thousand cavalry and destroyed the Virginia Central Railroad and the James River Canal and joined the army again at Petersburg March 27. He commanded at the battle of Five Forks, the decisive victory which compelled Lee to evacuate Petersburg. On April 9, Lee tried to break through Sheridan's dismounted command but when the General drew aside his cavalry and disclosed the deep lines of infantry the attempt was abandoned. General Sheridan mounted his men and was about to charge when a white flag was flown at the head of Lee's column which betokened the surrender of the army. After the war General Sheridan had command of the army of the southwest, of the gulf and the depart ment of Missouri until he was appointed lieutenant-generai and assigned to the division of Missouri with headquarters at Chicago, and assumed supreme command of the army November I, 1883, which post he held until his death, August 5, i888. HINEAS T. BARNUM, the greatest showman the world has ever seen, was born at Danbury, Connecticut, July 5, i8io. At the age of eighteen years he began business on his own account. He opened a retail fruit and confectionery house, including a barrel of ale, in one part of an old carriage house. He spent fifty dollars in fitting up the store and the stock cost him seventy dollars. Three years later he put in a full stock, such as is generally carried in a country store, and the same year he started a Democratic newspaper, known as the "Herald of Freedom." He soon found himself in jail under a sixty days' sentence for libel. During the winter of 1834-5 he went to New York and began soliciting business for several Chatham street houses. In 1835 he embarked in the show business at Niblo's Garden, having purchased the celebrated "Joice Heth" for one thousand dollars. He afterward engaged the celebrated athlete, Sig. Vivalia, and Barnum made his " first appearance on any stage," acting as a "super" to Sig. Vivalia on his opening night. He became ticket seller, secretary and treasurer of Aaron Turner's circus in 1836 and traveled with it about the country. His next venture was the purchase of a steamboat on the Mississippi, and engaged a theatrical company to show in the principal towns along that river. In 1840 he opened Vaux Hall Garden, New York, with variety performances, and introduced the celebrated jig dancer, John Diamond, to the public. The next year he quit the show 42 C OCMPENDIUM~ OF BIOGRAPHrY. - -- business and settled down in New York as agent of Sear's Pictorial Illustration of the Bible, but a few months later again leased Vaux Hall. In September of the same year he again left the business, and became "puff" writer for the Bowery Amphitheater. In December he bought the Scudder Museum, and a year later introduced the celebrated Tom Thumb to the world, taking him to England in 1844, and remaining there three years. He then returned to New York, and in 1849, through James Hall Wilson, he engaged the "Swedish Nightingale," Jenny Lind, to come to this country and make a tour under his management. He also had sent the Swiss Bell Ringers to America in I844. He became owner of the Baltimore Museum and the Lyceum and Museum at Philadelphia. In 1850 he brought a dozen elephants from Ceylon to make a tour of this country, and in 1851 sent the "Bateman Children" to London. During 185I and 1852 he traveled as a temperance lecturer, and became president of a bank at Pequonnock, Connecticut. In 1852 he started a weekly pictorial paper known as the "' Illustrated News." In 1865 his Museum was destroyed by fire, and he immediately leased the Winter Garden Theatre, where he played his company until he opened his own Museum. This was destroyed by fire in I868, and he then purchased an interest in the George Wood Museum. After dipping into politics to some extent, he began his career as a really great showman in I87I. Three years later he erected an immense circular building in New York, in which he produced his panoramas. He has frequently appeared as a lecturer, some times on temperance, and some times on other topics, among which were "(Humbugs of the World," "Struggles and mense menagerie and circus known as the "Greatest Show on Earth," and his fame extended throughout Europe and America. He died in 1I891. AMES MADISON, the fourth president of the United States, 1809-I7, was born at Port Conway, Prince George county, Virginia, March I6, 1751. He was the son of a wealthy planter, who lived on a fine estate called " Montpelier," which was but twenty-five miles from Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Madison was the eldest of a family of seven children, all of whom attained maturity. He received his early education at home under a private tutor, and consecrated himself with unusual vigor to study. At a very early age he was a proficient scholar in Latin, Greek, French and Spanish, and in 1769 he entered Princeton College, New Jersey. He graduated in 1771, but remained for several months after his graduation to pursue a course of study under the guidance of Dr. Witherspoon. He permanently injured his health at this time and returned to Virginia in 1772, and for two years he was immersed in the study of law, and at the same time made extended researches in theology, general literature, and philosophical studies. He then directed his full attention to the impending struggle of the colonies for independence, and also took a prominent part in the religious controversy at that time regarding so called persecution of other religious denominations by the Church of England. Mr. Madison was elected to the Virginia assembly in 1776 and in November, 1777, he was chosen a member of the council of state. He took his seat in the continental congress in March, I780. He was made chairman of the committee on foreign relations, and drafted an able memoranda for the use of Triumphs," etc. He was owner of the im C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHT. 43 --- - the American ministers to the French and Spanish governments, that established the claims of the republic to the territories between the Alleghany Mountains and the Mississippi River. He acted as chairman of the ways and means committee in 1783 and as a member of the Virginia legislature in 1784-86 he rendered important services to the state. Mr. Madison represented Virgiana in the national constitutional convention at Philadelphia in 1787, and was one of the chief framers of the constitution. He was a member of the first four congresses, 1789-97, and gradually became identified with the anti-federalist or republican party of which he eventually became the leader. He remained in private life during the administration of John Adams, and was secretary of state under President Jefferson. Mr. Madison administered the affairs of that post with such great ability that he was the natural successor of the chief magistrate and was chosen president by an electoral vote of I22 to 53. He was inaugurated March 4, I809, at that critical period in our history when the feelings of the people were embittered with those of England, and his first term was passed in diplomatic quarrels, which finally resulted in the declaration of war, June I8, I812. In the autumn of that year President Madison was re-elected by a vote of 128 to 89, and conducted the war for three years with varying success and defeat in Canada, by glorious victories at sea, and by the battle of New Orleans that was fought after the treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent, December 24, I814. During this war the national capitol at Washington was burned, and many valuable papers were destroyed, but the declaration of independence was saved to the country by the bravery and courage of Mr. Madison's illustrious wife. A commercial treaty was negotiated with Great Britain in 8I 5, and in April, I816, a national bank was incorporated by congress. Mr. Madison was succeeded, March 4, 1817, by James Monroe, and retired into private life on his estate at Montpelier, where he died June 28, 1836. FREDERICK DOUGLASS, a noted American character, was a protege of the great abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, by whom he was aided in gaining his education. Mr. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe county, Maryland, in February, 1817, his mother being a negro woman and his father a white man. He was born in slavery and belonged to a man by the name of Lloyd, under which name he went until he ran away from his master and changed it to Douglass. At the age of ten years he was sent to Baltimore where he learned to read and write, and later his owner allowed him to hire out his own time for three dollars a week in a shipyard. In September, I838, he fled from Baltimore and made his way to New York, and from thence went to New Bedford, Massachusetts. Here he was married and supported himself and family by working at the wharves and in various workshops. In the summer of I841 he attended an anti-slavery convention at Nantucket, and made a speech which was so well received that he was offered the agency of the Massachusetts Anti-slavery Society. In this capacity he traveled through the New England states, and about the same time he published his first book called "Narrative of my Experience in Slavery." Mr. Douglass went to England in 1845 and lectured on slavery to large and enthusiastic audiences in all the large towns of the country, and his friends made up a purse of seven hundred and fifty dollars and purchased his freedom in due form of law. 44 C OMlPENDIUMl 0OF BIO GRA PHr. Mr. Douglass applied himself to the delivery of lyceum lectures after the abolition of slavery, and in 1870 he became the editor of the "( New National Era " in Washington. In 1871 he was appointed assistant secretary of the commission to San Doningo and on his return he was appointed one of the territorial council for the District of Colorado by President Grant. He was elected presidential elector-at-large for the state of New York and was appointed to carry the electoral vote to Washington. He was also United States marshal for the District of Columbia in I876, and later was recorder of deeds for the same, from which position he was removed by President Cleveland in I886. In the fall of that year he visited England to inform the friends that he had made while there, of the progress of the colored race in America, and on his return he was appointed minister to Hayti, by President Harrison in I889. His career as a benefactor of his race was closed by his death in February, 1895, near Washington. W ILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.-The ear for rhythm and the talent for graceful expression are the gifts of nature, and they were plentifully endowed on the above named poet. The principal characteristic of his poetry is the thoughtfulness and intellectual process by which his ideas ripened 'in his mind, as all his poems are bright, clear and sweet. Mr. Bryant was born November 3, I794, at Cummington, Hampshire county, Massachusetts, and was educated at Williams College, from which he graduated, having entered it in 18io. He took up the study of law, and in IS85 was admitted to the bar, but after practicing successfully for ten years at Plainfield and Great Barrington, he removed to New York in I825. The following year he became the editor of the "Evening Post," which he edited until his death, and under his direction this paper maintained, through a long series of years, a high standing by the boldness of its protests against slavery before the war, by its vigorous support of the government during the war, and by the fidelity and ability of its advocacy of the Democratic freedom in trade. Mr. Bryant visited Europe in 1834, 1845, 1849 and 1857, and presented to the literary world the fruit of his travels in the series of "Letters of a Traveler," and "Letters from Spain and Other Countries." In the world of literature he is known chiefly as a poet, and here Mr. Bryant's name is illustrious, both at home and abroad. Hte contributed verses to the "Country Gazette" before he was ten years of age, and at the age of nineteen he wrote " Thanatopsis," the most impressive and widely known of his poems. The later outgrowth of his genius was his translation of Homer's "Iliad" in 1870 and the "Odyssey" in I87I. He also made several speeches and addresses which have been collected in a comprehensive volume called " Orations and Addresses." He was honored in many ways by his fellow citizens, who delighted to pay tributes of respect to his literary eminence, the breadth of his public spirit, the faithfulness of his service, and the worth of his private character. Mr. Bryant died in New York City June I2, I878. ILLIAM HENRY SEWARD, the secretary of state during one of the most critical times in the history of our country, and the right hand man of President Lincoln, ranks among the greatest statesmen America has produced. Mr. Seward was born May I6, I8oi, at Florida, Orange county, New York, and with such ~J, —.i N: ' xi i 1 5I3 x, y ffl a h ni ~r i: r: a~;p r v, cni ~ rri i" -ec~:L' sasea;gRr/f //;IIIIY': -i I:~i r:: s sC-;D mhL '; CJf Cn:: t ~i_ II;Z r, XI \zc —;j~:i:::::::::i:i::~ a:N- ~ sgg~g.ii:'t a-,x~` -:ai*:p::::::::- P:ii. i ~:-::-: ~:: ram _ -i::: C1:a Iffl pre ~I ~ p- Pi \-:j::,:::: i -' 'L _ r: j: x ~111 ar~ learrrwl::::: 9 ~,. I\hr\LT*JJi li~ 7i:: c::-i.i::::::-::*:i::::-`: '-::: i~:~:-::-':::::~::;::::':: I.i:~ " ~:::.,: i; ~:~:j: *i:-i~_iii-:: —:-::: I~~~~~~ C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHR. 47 facilities as the place afforded he fitted himself for a college course. He attended Union College at Schenectady, New York, at the age of fifteen, and took his degree in the regular course, with signs of promise in I820, after which he diligently addressed himself to the study of law under competent instructors, and started in the practice of his profession in 1823. Mr. Seward entered the political arena and in 1828 we find him presiding over a convention in New York, its purpose being the nomination of John Quincy Adams for a second term. He.was married in 1824 and in 1830 was elected to the state senate. From 1838 to 1842 he was governor of the state of New York. Mr. Seward's next important position was that of United States senator from New York. W. H. Seward was chosen by President Lincoln to fill the important office of the secretary of state, and by his firmness and diplomacy in the face of difficulties, he aided in piloting the Union through that period of strife, and won an everlasting fame. This great statesman died at Auburn, New York, October Io, 1872, in the seventy-second year of his eventful life. JOSEPH JEFFERSON, a name as dear as it is familiar to the theater-going world in America, suggests first of all a funloving, drink-loving, mellow voiced, goodnatured Dutchman, and the name of "Rip Van Winkie" suggests the pleasant features of Joe Jefferson, so intimately are play and player associated in the minds of those who have had the good fortune to shed tears of laughter and sympathy as a tribute to the greatness of his art. Joseph Jefferson was born in Philadelphia, February 20, I829. His genius was an inheritance, if there be such, as his great-grandfather, Thomas 3 Jefferson, was a manager and actor in Eng, land. His grandfather, Joseph Jefferson, was the most popular comedian of the New York stage in his time, and his father, Joseph Jefferson, the second, was a good actor also, but the third Joseph Jefferson outshone them all. At the age of three years Joseph Jefferson came on the stage as the child in "Pizarro," and his training was upon the stage from childhood. Later on he lived and acted in Chicago, Mobile, and Texas. After repeated misfortunes he returned to New Orleans from Texas, and his brother-in-law, Charles Burke, gave him money to reach Philadelphia, where he joined the Burton theater company. Here his genius soon asserted itself, and his future became promising and brilliant. His engagements throughout the United States and Australia were generally successful, and when he went to England in 1865 Mr. Boucicault consented to make some important changes in his dramatization of Irving's story of Rip Van Winkle, and Mr. Jefferson at once placed it in the front rank as a comedy. He made a fortune out of it, and played nothing else for many years. In later years, however, Mr. Jefferson acquitted himself of the charge of being a one-part actor, and the parts of "Bob Acres," "Caleb Plummer" and "Golightly " all testify to the versatility of his genius. EORGE BRINTON McCLELLAN, a noted American general, was born in Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1846 from West Point, and was breveted second lieutenant of engineers. He was with Scott in the Mexican war, taking part in all the engagements from Vera Cruz to the final capture of the Mexi 48 C OMIPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHIr. can capital, and was breveted first lieutenant and captain for gallantry displayed on various occasions. In 1857 he resigned his commission and accepted the position of chief engineer in the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, and became president of the St. Louis & Cincinnati Railroad Company. He was commissioned majorgeneral by the state of Ohio in I86I, placed in command of the department of the Ohio, and organized the first volunteers called for from that state. In May he was appointed major-general in the United States army, and ordered to disperse the confederates overrunning West Virginia. He accomplished this task promptly, and received the thanks of congress. After the first disaster at Bull Run he was placed in command of the department of Washington, and a few weeks later of the Army of the Potomac. Upon retirement of General Scott the command of the entire United States army devolved upon McClellan, but he was relieved of it within a few months. In March, I862, after elaborate preparation, he moved upon Manassas, only to find it deserted by the Confederate army, which had been withdrawn to impregnable defenses prepared nearer Richmond. He then embarked his armies for Fortress Monroe and after a long delay at Yorktown, began the disastrous Peninsular campaign, which resulted in the Army of the Potomac being cooped up on the James River below Richmond. His forces were then called to the support of General Pope, near Washington, and he was left without an army. After Pope's defeat McClellan was placed in command of the troops for the defense of the capital, and after a thorough organization he followed Lee into Maryland and the battles of Antietam and South Mountain ensued. The delay which followed caused general dissatisfaction, and he was relieved of his command,and retired from active service. In I864 McClellan was nominated for the presidency by the Democrats, and overwhelmingly defeated by Lincoln, three states only casting their electoral votes for McClellan. On election day he resigned his commission and a few months later went to Europe where he spent several years. He wrote a number of military text-books and reports. His death occurred October 29, I885. QAMUEL J. TILDEN.-Among the great statesmen whose names adorn the pages of American history may be found that of the subject of this sketch. Known as a lawyer of highest ability, his greatest claim to immortality will ever lie in his successful battle against the corrupt rings of his native state and the elevation of the standard of official life. Samuel J. Tilden was born in New Lebanon, New York, February 9, 1814. He pursued his academic studies at Yale College and the University of New York, taking the course of law at the latter. He was admitted to the bar in I841. His rare ability as a thinker and writer upon public topics attracted the attention of President Van Buren, of whose policy and administration he became an active and efficient champion. He made for himself a high place in his profession and amassed quite a fortune as the result of his industry and judgment. During the days of his greatest professional labor he was ever one of the leaders and trusted counsellors of the Democratic party. He was a member of the conventions to revise the state constitution, both in I846 and I867, and served two terms in the lower branch of the state leg COMPiPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 49 islature. He was one of the controlling spirits in the overthrow of the notorious t Tweed ring" and the reformation of the government of the city of New York. In 1874 he was elected governor of the state of New York. While in this position he assailed corruption in high places, successfully battling with the iniquitous 'canal ring" and crushed its sway over all departments of the government. Recognizing his character and executive ability Mr. Tilden was nominated for president by the national Democratic convention in I876. At the election he received a much larger popular vote than his opponent, and 184 uncontested electoral votes. There being some electoral votes contested, a commission appointed by congress decided in favor of the Republican electors and Mr. Hayes, the candidate of that party was declared elected. In I88o, the Democratic party, feeling that Mr. Tilden had been lawfully elected to the presidency tendered the nomination for the same office to Mr. Tilden, but he declined, retiring from all public functions, owing to failing health. He died August 4, I886. By will he bequeathed several millions of dollars toward the founding of public libraries in New York City, Yonkers, etc. NOAH WEBSTER.-As a scholar, lawyer, author and journalist, there is no one who stands on a higher plane, or whose reputation is better established than the honored gentleman whose name heads this sketch. He was a native of West Hartford, Connecticut, and was born October 17, 1758. He came of an old New England family, his mother being a descendant of Governor William Bradford, of the Plymouth colony. After acquiring a solid education in early life Dr. Webster entered Yale College, from which he graduated in I778. For a while he taught school in Hartford, at the same time studying law, and was admitted to the bar in I78I. He taught a classical school at Goshen, Orange county, New York, in 1782-83, and while there prepared his spelling book, grammar and reader, which was issued under the title of "A Grammatical Institute of the English Language," in three parts,-so successful a work that up to 1876 something like forty million of the spelling books had been sold. In 1786 he delivered a course of lectures on the English language in the seaboard cities and the following year taught an academy at Philadelphia. From December 17, I787, until November, 1788, he edited the "American Magazine," a periodical that proved unsuccessful. In 1789-93 he practiced law in Hartford having in the former year married the daughter of William Greenleaf, of Boston. He returned to New York and November, 1793, founded a daily paper, the "Minerva," to which was soon added a semi-weekly edition under the name of the " Herald." The former is still in existence under the name of the "Commercial Advertiser." In this paper, over the signature of " Curtius," he published a lengthy and scholarly defense of "John Jay's treaty." In 1798, Dr. Webster moved to New Haven and in 1807 commenced the preparation of his great work, the "American Dictionary of the English Language," which was not completed and published until 1828. He made his home in Amherst, Massachusetts, for the ten years succeeding 1812, and was instrumental in the establishment of Amherst College, of which institution he was the first president of the board of trustees. During 1824-5 he resided in Europe, pursuing his philological studies in Paris. He completed his dictionary from the libraries of Cambridge University in 1825, and de Dv50C OOIEPENDIUU OF BIOGRAPHI2-. voted his leisure for the remainder of his life to the revision of that and his school books. Dr. Webster was a member of the legislatures of both Connecticut and Massachusetts, was judge of one of the courts of the former state and was identified with nearly all the literary and scientific societies in the neighborhood of Amherst College. He died in New Haven, May 28, I843. Among the more prominent works emanating from the fecund pen of Dr. Noah Webster besides those mentioned above are the following: "Sketches of American Policy," I"WVinthrop's Journal," " A Brief History of Epidemics," "Rights of Neutral Nations in time of War," "A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English Language," "Dissertations on the English Language," "A Collection of Essays," "The Revolution in France," "Political Progress of Britain," "Origin, History, and Connection of the Languages of Western Asia and of Europe," and many others. 1 W ILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, the great anti-slavery pioneer and leader, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, December 12, 1804. He was apprenticed to the printing business, and in 1828 was induced to take charge of the "Journal of the Times" at Bennington, Vermont. While supporting John Quincy Adams for the presidency he took occasion in that paper to give expression of his views on slavery. These articles attracted notice, and a Quaker named Lundy, editor of the "Genius of Emancipation," published in Baltimore, induced him to enter a partnership with him. for the conduct of his paper. It soon transpired that the views of the partners were not in harmony, Lundy favoring gradual emancipation, while Garrison favored immediate freedom. In I85o Mr. Garrison was thrown into prison for libel, not being able to, pay a fine of fifty dollars and costs. In his cell he wrote a number of poems which stirred the entire north, and a merchant, Mr. Tappan, of New York, paid his fine and liberated him, after seven weeks of confinement. He at once began a lecture tour of the northern cities, denouncing slavery as a sin before God, and demanding its immediate abolition in the name of religion and humanity. He opposed the colonization scheme of President Monroe and other leaders, and declared the right of every slave to immediate freedom. In 1831 he formed a partnership with Isaac Knapp, and began the publication of the "Liberator" at Boston. The "immediate abolition " idea began to gather power in the north, while the south became alarmed at the bold utterance of this journal. The mayor of Boston was besought by southern influence to interfere, and upon investigation, reported upon the insignificance, obscurity, and poverty of the editor and his staff, which report was widely published throughout the country. Rewards were offered by the southern states for his arrest and conviction. Later Garrison brought from England, where an emancipation measure had just been passed, some of the great advocates to work for the cause in this country. In 1835 a mob broke into his office, broke up a meeting of women, dragged Garrison through the street with a rope around his body, and his life was saved only by the interference of the police, who lodged him in jail. Garrison declined to sit in the World's Anti-Slavery cohvention at London in I840, because that body had refused women representation. He opposed the formation of a pulitical party with emancipation as its basis. C OMi'IPENDI UII' OF BI'OGRAPiH. 51 -le favored a dissolution of the union, and declared the constitution which bound the free states to the slave states "(A covenant with death and an agreement with hell." In 1843 he became president of the American Anti-Slavery society, which position he held until 1865, when slavery was no more. During all this time the i' Liberator " had continued to promulgate anti-slavery doctrines, but in 1865 Garrison resigned his position, and declared his work was completed. He died May 24, I879. OHN BROWN (" Brown of Ossawatomie"), a noted character in American history, was born at Torrington, Connecticut, May 9, I800. In his childhood he removed to Ohio, where he learned the tanner's trade. He married there, and in 1855 settled in Kansas. He lived at the village of Ossawatomie in that state, and there began his fight against slavery. He advocated immediate emancipation, and held that the negroes of the slave states merely waited for a leader in an insurrection that would res;ilt in their freedom. He attended the convention called at Chathar, Canada, in S859, and was the leading spirit in organizng a raid upon the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. His plans were well laid, and carried out in great secrecy. -Ice rented a farm house near Harper's Ferry in the summer of 1859, and on October I6th of that year, with about twenty follow-.:rs, he surprised and captured the United States arsenal, with all its supplies and arnms. To his surprise, the negroes did not come to his support, and the next day he was attacked by the Virginia state militia, wounded and captured. He was tried in the courts of the state, convicted, and was hanged at Charlestown, December 2, I859. The raid and its results had a tremendous effect, and hastened the culmination of the troubles between the north and south. The south had the advantage in discussing this event, claiming that the sentiment which inspired this act of violence was shared by the anti-slavery element of the country. DWIN BOOTH had no peer upon the American stage during his long career as a star actor. He was the son of a famous actor, Junius Brutus Booth, and was born in I833 at his father's home at Belair, near Baltimore. At the age of sixteen he made his first appearance on the stage, at the Boston Museum, in a minor part in " Richard III. It was while playing in California in I851 that an eminent critic called general attention to the young actor's unusual talent. However, it was not until 1863, at the great Shakspearian revival at the Winter Garden Theatre, New York, that the brilliancy o[ his career began. His Hamlet held the boards for o00 nights in succession, and from that time forth Booth's reputation was established. In I868 he Qpened his own theatre (Booth's Theater) in New York. Mr. Booth never succeeded as a manager, however, but as an actor he was undoubtedly the most popular man on the American stage, and perhaps the most eminent one in the world. In England he also won the greatest applause. Mr. Booth's work was confined mostly to Shakspearean roles, and his art was characterized by intellectual acuteness, fervor, and poetic feeling. His Hamlet, Richard II, Richard III, and Richelieu gave play to his greatest powers. In 1865, when his brother, John Wilkes Booth, enacted his great crime, Edwin Booth resolved to retire from the stage, but was pursuaded to reconsider that decision. The odium did not in any way. attach to the 5 C 'C OAIPENDDIUM[ OF BIO GRAPHT. great actor, and his popularity was not affected. In all his work Mr. Booth clung closely to the legitimate and the traditional in drama, nlaking no experiments, and offering little encouragement to new dramatic authors. His death occurred in New York, June 7, I894. OSEPH HOOKER, a noted American officer, was born at Hadley, Massachusetts, November I3, I814. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1837, and was appointed lieutenant of artillery. He served in Florida in the Seminole war, and in garrison until the outbreak of the Mexican war. During the latter he saw service as a staff officer and was breveted captain major and lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at Monterey, National Bridge and Chapultepec. Resigning his commission in 1833 he took up farming in California, which he followed until i86I. During this time he acted as superintendent of military roads in Oregon. At the outbreak of the Rebellion Hooker tendered his services to the government, and, May I7, I86i, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in the defence of Washington and on the lower Potomac until his appointment to the command of a division in the Third Corps, in March, 1862. For gallant conduct at the siege of Yorktown and in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Frazier's Farm and Malvern Hill he was made major-general. At the head of his division he participated in the battles of Manassas and Chantillv. September 6. 1862, he was placed at the head of the First Corps, and in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam acted with his usual gallantry, being wounded in the latter engagement. On rejoining the army in November he was made brigadier-general in the regular army. On General Burnside attaining the command of the Army of the Potomac General Hooker was placed in command of the center grand division, consisting of the Second and Fifth Corps. At the head of these gallant men he participated in the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. In January, I863, General Hooker assumed command of the Army of the Potomac, and in May following fought the battle of Chancellorsville. At the time of the invasion of Pennsylvania, owing to a dispute with General Halleck, Hooker requested to be relieved of his command, and June 28 was succeeded by George G. Meade. In September, 1863, General Hooker was given command of the Twentieth Corps and transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and distinguished himself at the battles of Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Ringgold. In the Atlanta campaign he saw almost daily service and merited his wellknown nickname of I Fighting Joe." July 30, 1864, at his own request, he was relieved of his command. He subsequently was in command of several military departments in the north, and in October, I868, was retired with the full rank of major-general. He died October 3I, I879. AY GOULD, one of the greatest financiers that the world has ever produced, was born May 27, I836, at Roxbury, Delaware county, New York. He spent his early years on his father's farm and at the age of fourteen entered Hobart Academy, New York, and kept books for the village blacksmith. He acquired a taste for mathematics and surveying and on leaving school found employment in makingthe surveyor's map of Ulster county. He surveyed very extensively in the state and accumulated five thousand dollars as the fruits of his labor. He C OMPENDIUMlI OF B'IO GRA PIAT. r53 was then stricken with typhoid fever but recovered and made the acquaintance of one Zadock Pratt, who sent him into the western part of the state to locate a site for a tannery. He chose a fine hemlock grove, built a sawmill and blacksmith shop and was soon doing a large lumber business with Mr. Pratt. Mr. Gould soon secured control of the entire plant, which he sold out just before the panic of 1857 and in this year he became the largest stockholderinthe Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, bank. Shortly after the crisis he bought the bonds of the Rutland & Washington Railroad at ten cents on the dollar, and put all his money into railroad securities. For a long time he conducted this road which he consolidated with the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad. In I859 he removed to New York and became a heavy investor in Erie Railroad stocks, entered that company and was president until its reorganization in 1872. In December, I880, Mr. Gould was in control of ten thousand miles of railroad. In 1887 he purchased the controlling interest in the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad Co., and was a joint owner with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Co. of the western portion of the Southern Pacific line. Other lines soon came under his control, aggregating thousand of miles, and he soon was recognized as one of the world's greatest railroad magnates. He continued to hold his place as one of the master financiers of the century until the time of his death which occurred December 2, I892. THOMAS HART BENTON, a very prominent United States senator and statesman, was born at Hillsborough, North Carolina, March 14, I782. He removed to Tennessee in early life, studied law, and began to practice at Nashville about I8io. During the war of I812-1815 he served as colonel of a Tennessee regiment under General Andrew Jackson. In 1815 he removed to St. Louis, Missouri, and in I820 was chosen United States senator for that state. Having been re-elected in I826, he supported President Jackson in his opposition to the United States bank and advocated a gold and silyer currency, thus gaining the name of " Old Bullion," by which he was familiarly known. For many years he was the most prominent man in Missouri, and took rank among the greatest statesmen of his day. He was a member of the senate for thirty years and opposed the extreme states' rights policy of John C. Calhoun. In 1852 he was elected to the house of representatives in which he opposed the repeal of the Missouri compromise. He was opposed by a powerful party of States' Rights Democrats in Missouri, who defeated him as a candidate for governor of that state in I856. Colonel Benton published a considerable work in two volumes in I854-56, entitled " Thirty Years' View, or a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, I820-50." He died April Io, I858. STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS. One of the most prominent figures in political circles during the intensely exciting days that preceded the war, and a leader of the Union branch of the Democratic party was the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. He was born at Brandon, Rutland county, Vermont, April 23, 1813, of poor but respectable parentage. His father, a practicing physician, died while our subject was but an infant, and his mother, with two small children and but small means, could give him but the rudiments of an education. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. At the age of fifteen young Douglas engaged at work in the cabinet making business to raise funds to carry him through college. After a few years of labor he was enabled to pursue an academical course. first at Brandon, and later at Canandaigua, New York. In the latter place he remained until 1833, taking lip the study of law. Before he was twenty, however, his tunds running low, he abandoned all further attempts at education, determining to enter at once the battle of life. After some wanderings tnrough the western states he tooK up his residence at Jacksonville, Illinois. where, after teaching school for three months, he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office in I834. Within a year from that time, so rapidly had he risen in his profession, he was chosen attorney general of the state, and warmly espoused the principles of the Democratic party. IHe soon became one of the most popular orators in Illinois. It was at this time he gained the name of the "Little Giant." In 1835 he resigned the position of attorney general having been elected to the legislature. In 184I he was chosen judge of the supreme,court of Illinois which he resigned two years later to take a seat in congress. It was during this period of his life, while a member of the lower house, that he established his reputation and took the side of those who contended that congress had no constitutional right to restrict the extension of slavery'further than the agreement between the states made in 1820. This, in spite of his being opposed to slavery, and only on grounds which he believed to be right, favored what was called the Missouri ccmpromise. In 1847 Mr. Douglas was chosen United States senator for six years, and greatly distinguished himself. In 1852 he was re-elected to the same office. During this latter term, under his leader ship, the "Kansas-Nebraska bill " was carried in the senate. In 1858, nothwithstanding the fierce contest made by his able competitor for the position, Abraham Lincoln, and with the administration of Buchanan arrayed against hid, Mr. Douglas was re-elected senator. After the trouble in the Charleston convention, when by the withdrawal of several state delegates without a nomination, the Union Democrats, in convention at Baltimore, in I86o, nominated Mr. Douglas as their candidate for presidency. The results of this election are well known and the great events of 186I coming on, Mr. Douglas was spared their full development, dying at Chicago, Illinois. June 3, I86I, after a short illness. His last words to his children were, "to obey the laws and support the constitution of the United States." AMES MONROE, fifth president of the United States, was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, April 28, 1758. At the age of sixteen he entered William and Mary College, but two years later the Declaration of Independence having been adopted, he left college and hastened to New York where he joined Washington's army as a military cadet. At the battle of Trenton Monroe performed gallant service and received a wound in the shoulder, and was promoted to a captaincy. He acted as aide to Lord Sterling at the battles of Brandywine, German. town and Monmouth. Washington theii sent him to Virginia to raise a new regimen: of which he was to be colonel. The exhausted condition of Virginia made this int possible, but he received his commission. He next entered the law office of Thoma Jefferson to study law, as there was no opening for him as an officer in the army. in CO.1IPENDIUMl OF BIOGRAPHr. 55 1782 he was elected to the Virginia assembly, and the next year he was elected to the Continental congress. Realizing the inadequacy of the old articles of confederation, he advocated the calling of a convention to consider their revision, and introduced in congress a resolution empowering congress to regulate trade, lay import duties, etc. This resolution was referred to a committee, of which he was chairman, and the report led to the Annapolis convention, which called a general convention to meet at Philadelphia in I787, when the constitution was drafted. Mr. Monroe began the practice of law at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and was soon after elected to the legislature, and appointed as one of the committee to pass upon the adoption of the constitution. He opposed it, as giving too much power to the central government. He was elected to the United States senate in 1789, where he allied himself with the Anti-Federalists or ''Republicans," as they were sometimes called. Although his views as to neutrality between France and England were directly opposed to those of the president, yet Washington appointed him minister to France. His popularity in France was so great that the antagonism of England and her friends in this country brought about his recall. He then became governor of Virginia. He was sent as envoy to France in I802; minister to England in I803; and envoy to Spain in 1805. The next year he returned to his estate in Virginia, and with an ample inheritance enjoyed a few years of repose. He was again called to be governor of Virginia, and was then appointed secretary of state by President Madison. The war with England soon resulted, and when the capital was burned by the British, Mr. Monroe became secretary of war also, and planned the measures for the defense of New Orleans. The treasury being exhausted and credit gone, he pledged his own estate, and thereby made possible the victory of Jackson at New Orleans. In 1817 Mr. Monroe became president of the United States, having been a candidate of the "Republican " party, which at that time had begun to be called the D' emocratic" party. In 1820 he was re-elected, having two hundred and thirty-one electoral votes out of two hundred and thirty-two. His administration is known as the "Era of good-feeling,".nd party lines were almost wiped out. The slavery question began to assume importance at this time, and the Missouri Compromise was passed. The famous ( Monroe Doctrine" originated in a great state paper of President Monroe upon the rumored interference of the Holy Alliance to prevent the formation of free republics in South America. President Monroe acknowledged their independence, and promulgated his great "Doctrine," which has been held in reverence since. Mr. Monroe's death occurred in New York on July 4, 183I. THOMAS ALVA EDISON, the master wizard of electrical science and whose name is synonymous with the subjugation of electricity to the service of man, was born in 1847 at Milan, Ohio, and it was at Port Huron, Michigan, whither his parents had moved in 1854, that his self-education began-for he never attended school for more than two months. He eagerly devoured every book he could lay his hands on and is said to have read through an encyclopedia without missing a word. At thirteen he began his working life as a trainboy upon the Grand Trunk Railway between Port Huron and Detroit. Much of his time was now spent in Detroit, where he found increased facilities for reading at the public libraries. 56 C COMlPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPH2. He was not content to be a newsboy, so he got together three hundred pounds of type and started the issue of the " Grand Trunk Herald." It was only a small amateur weekly, printed on one side, the impression being made from the type by hand. Chemical research was his next undertaking and a laboratory was added to his movable publishing house, which, by the way, was an old freight car. One day, however, as he was experimenting with some phosphorus, it ignited and the irate conductor threw the young seeker after the truth, chemicals and all, from the train. His office and laboratory were then removed to the cellar of his father's house. As he grew to manhood he decided to become an operator. He won his opportunity by saving the life of a child, whose father Was an old operator, and out of gratitude he gave Mr. Edison lessons in telegraphy. Five months later he was competent to fill a position in the railroad office at Port Huron. Hence he peregrinated to Stratford, Ontario, and thence successively to Adrian, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Memphis, Louisville and Boston, gradually becoming an expert operator and gaining experience that enabled him to evolve many ingenious ideas for the improvement of telegraphic appliances. At Memphis he constructed an automatic repeater, which enabled Louisville and New Orleans to communicate direct, and received nothing more than the thanks of his employers. Mr. Edison came to New York in 1870 in search of an opening more suitable to his capabilities and ambitions. He happened to be in the office of the Laws Gold Reporting Company when one of the instruments got out of order, and even the inventor of the system could not make it work. Edison requested to be allowed to attempt the task, and in a few minutes he had overcome the difficulty and secured an advantageous engagement. For several years he had a contract with the Western Union and the Gold Stock companies, whereby he received a large salary, besides a special price for all telegraphic improvements he could suggest. Later, as the head of the Edison General Electric company, with its numerous subordinate organizations and connections all over the civilized world, he became several times a millionaire. Mr. Edison invented the phonograph and kinetograph which bear his name, the carbon telephone, the tasimeter, and the duplex and quadruplex systems of telegraphy. JAMES LONGSTREET, one of the most conspicuous of the Confederate generals during the Civil war, was born in I820, in South Carolina, but was early taken by his parents to Alabama where he grew to manhood and received his early education. He graduated at the United States military academy in 1842, entering the army as lieutenant and spent a few years in the frontier service. When the Mexican war broke out he was called to the front and participated in all the principal battles of that war up to the storming of Chapultepec, where he received severe wounds. For gallant conduct at Contreras, Cherubusco, and Molino del Rey he received the brevets of captain and major. After the close of the Mexican war Longstreet served as adjutant and captain on frontier service in Texas until 1858 when he was transferred to the staff as paymaster with rank of major. In June, I86I, he resigned to join the Confederacy and immediately went to the front, commanding a brigade at Bull Run the following month. Promoted to be major-general in I862 he thereafter bore a conspicuous C OMPENDIUM/ OF BIO GRA PHr. 5'~ part and rendered valuable service to the Confederate cause. He participated in many of the most severe battles of the Civil war including Bull Run (first and second), Seven Pines, Gaines' Mill, Fraziers Farm, Malvern Hill, Antietam, Frederickburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Wilderness, Petersburg and most of the fighting about Richmond. When the war closed General Longstreet accepted the result, renewed his allegiance to the government, and thereafter labored earnestly to obliterate all traces of war and promote an era of good feeling between all sections of the country. He took up his residence in New Orleans, and took an active interest and prominent part in public affairs, served as surveyor of that port for several years; was commissioner of engineers for Louisiana, served four years as school commissioner, etc. In I875 he was appointed supervisor of internal revenue and settled in Georgia. After that time he served four years as United States minister to Turkey, and also for a number of years was United States marshal of Georgia, besides having held other important official positions. OHN RUTLEDGE, the second chiefjustice of the United States, was born at Charleston, South Carolina, in I739. He was a son of John Rutledge, who had left Ireland for America about five years prior to the birth of our subject, and a brother of Edward Rutledge, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. John Rutledge received his legal education at the Temple, London, after which he returned to Charleston and soon won distinction at the bar. He was elected to the old Colonial congress in I765 to protest against the "Stamp Act," and was a member of the South Carolina convention of 1774, and of the Continental congress of that and the succeeding year. In 1776 he was chairman of the committee that draughted the constitution of his state, and was president of the congress of that state. He was not pleased with the state constitution, however, and resigned. In 1779 he was again chosen governor of the state, and granted extraordinary powers, and he at once took the field to repel the British. He joined the army of General Gates in 1782, and the same year was elected to congress. He was a member of the constitutional convention which framed our present constitution. In 1789 he was appointed an associate justice of the first supreme court of the United States. He resigned to accept the position of chief-justice of his own state. Upon the resignation of Judge Jay, he was appointed chief-justice of the United States in I795. The appointment was never confirmed, for, after presiding at one session, his mind became deranged, and he was succeeded by Judge Ellsworth. He died at Charleston, July 23, i8oo. RALPH WALDO EMERSON was one of the most noted literary men of his time. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, May 25, 1803. He had a minister for an ancestor, either on the paternal or maternal side, in every generation for eight generations back. His father, Rev. William Emerson, was a native of Concord, Massachusetts, born May 6, 1769, graduated at Harvard, in I789, became a Unitarian minister; was a fine writer and one of the best orators of his day; died in 181 I. Ralph Waldo Emerson was fitted for college at the public schools of Boston, and graduated at Harvard College in I821, winning about this time several prizes for es Si8 COMPENDIUNIfM OF BIOGRAPHTr. -- says. For five years he taught school in Boston; in 1826 was licensed to preach, and in I829 was ordained as a colleague to Rev. Henry Ware of the Second Unitarian church in Boston. In 1832 he resigned, making the announcement in a sermon of his unwvillingness longer to administer the rite of the Lord's Supper, after which he spent about a year in Europe. Upon his return he began his career as a lecturer before the Boston Mechanics Institute, his subject being "'Water." His early lectures on ' Italy" and "Relation of Man to the Globe " also attracted considerable attention; as did also his biographical lectures on Michael Angelo, Milton, Luther, George Fox, and Edmund Burke. After that time he gave many courses of lectures in Boston and became one of the best known lecturers in America. But very few men have rendered such continued service in this field. He lectured for forty successive seasons before the Salem, Massachusetts, Lyceum and also made repeated lecturing tours in this country and in England. In 1835 Mr. Emerson took up his residence at Concord, Massachusetts, where he continued to make his home until his death which occurred April 27, I882. Mr. Emerson's literary work covered a wide scope. He wrote and published many works, essays and poems, which rank high among the works of American literary men. A few of the many which he produced are the following: "Nature;" "The Method of Nature;" " Man Thinking;" "The Dial;" ' Essays;' "Poems;" "English Traits;","The Conduct of Life;" "May-Day and other Poems " and " Society and Solitude;" besides many others. He was a prominent member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of the American Philosophical Society, the Massachusetts Historical Society and other kindred associations. A LEXANDER T. STEWART, one of the famous merchant princes of New York, was born near the city of Belfast, Ireland, in 1803, and before he was eight years of age was left an orphan without any near relatives, save an aged grandfather. The grandfather being a pious Methodist wanted to make a minister of young Stewart, and accordingly put him in a school with that end in view and he graduated at Trinity College, in Dublin. When scarcely twenty years of age he came to New York. His first employment was that of a teacher, but accident soon made him a merchant. Entering into business relations with an experienced man of his acquaintance he soon found himself with the rent of a store on his hands and alone in a new enterprise. Mr. Stewart's business grew rapidly in all directions, but its founder had executive ability sufficient for any and all emergencies, and in time his house became one of the greatest mercantile establishments of mod-.ern times, and the name of Stewart famous. Mr. Stewart's death occurred April Io, I876. AMES FENIMORE COOPER. - In speaking of this noted American novelist, William Cullen Bryant said: ' He wrote for mankind at large, hence it is that he has earned a fame wider than any American author of modern times. The creations of his genius shall survive through centuries to come, and only perish with our language." Another eminent writer (Prescott) said of Cooper: ' In his productions every American must take an honest pride; for surely no one has succeeded like Cooper in the portraiture of American character, or has given such glowing and eminently truthful pictures of American scenery." James Fenimore Cooper was born Sep COMPEzVDIZUt OF BIOGRA PHt'f. 59 tember I5, 1789, at Burlington, New Jersey, and was a son of Judge William Cooper. About a year after the birth of our subject the family removed to Otsego county, New York, and founded the town called " Cooperstown." James Fenimore Cooper spent his childhood there and in I802 entered Yale College, and four years later became a midshipman in the United States navy. In I8 1 he was married, quit the seafaring life, and began devoting more or less time to literary pursuits. His first work was " Precaution," a novel published in 1819, and three years later he produced " The Spy, a Tale of Neutral Ground," which met with great favor and was a universal success. This was followed by many other works, among which may be mentioned the following: ' The Pioneers," "The Pilot," ''Last of the Mohicans," "The Prairie," "The Red Rover," "The Manikins," "Homeward Bound,' "Home as Found," "History of the United States Navy," "The Pathfinder," "Wing and Wing," "Afloat and Ashore," "The Chain-Bearer," "OakOpenings," etc. J. Fenimore Cooper died at Cooperstown, New York, September 14, 1851. MARSHALL FIELD, one of the merchant princes of America, ranks among the most successful business men of the century. He was born in 1835 at Conway, Massachusetts. He spent his early life on a farm and secured a fair education in the common schools, supplementing this with a course at the Conway Academy. His natural bent ran in the channels of commercial life, and at the age of seventeen he was given a position in a store at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Mr. Field remained there four years and removed to Chicago in 1856. He began his career in Chicago as a clerk in the wholesale dry goods house of Cooley, Wadsworth & Company,' which later became Cooley, Farwell & Company, and still later John V. Farwell & Company. He remained with them four years and exhibited marked ability, in recognition of which he was given a partnership. In I865 Mr. Field and L. Z. Leiter, who was also a member of the firm, withdrew and formed the firm of Field, Palmer & Leiter, the third partner being Potter Palmer, and they continued in business until I867, when Mr. Palmer retired and the firm became Field, Leiter & Company. They ran under the latter name until I88I, when Mr. Leiter retired and the house has since continued under the name of Marshall Field & Company. The phenomenal success accredited to the house is largely due to the marked ability of Mr. Field, the house had become one of the foremost in 'the west, with an annual sale of $8,ooo,ooo in 1870. The total loss of the firm during the Chicago fire was $3,500,000 of which $2,500,000 was recovered through the insurance companies. It rapidly recovered from the effects of this and to-day the annual sales amount to over $40,000,000. Mr. Field's real estate holdings amounted to $io,ooo,ooo. He was one of the heaviest subscribers to the Baptist University fund although he is a Presbyterian, and gave $I,ooo,ooo for the endowment of the Field Columbian Museumone of the greatest institutions of the kind in the world. DGAR WILSON NYE, who won an immense popularity under the pen name of " Bill Nye," was one of the most eccentric humorists of his day. He was born August 25, 1850, at Shirley, Piscataqua county, Maine, "at a very early age" as he expresses it. He took an academic course in 60 C O6PENVDIUIi OF BIOGRAPHir., River Falls, Wisconsin, from whence, after his graduation, he removed to Wyoming Territory. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in I876. He began when quite young to contribute humorous sketches to the newspapers, became connected with various western journals and- achieved a brilliant success as a humorist. Mr. Nye settled later in New York City where he devoted his time to writing funny articles for the big newspaper syndicates. He wrote for publication in book form the following: "Bill Nye and the Boomerang." "The Forty Liars," "Baled Hay," "Bill Nye's Blossom Rock," "Remarks," etc. His death occurred February 2 I, I896, at Asheville, North Carolina. THOMAS DE WITT TALMAGE, one of the most celebrated American preachers, was born January 7, 1832, and was the youngest of twelve children. He made his preliminary studies at the grammar school in New Brunswick, New Jersey. At the age of eighteen he joined the church and entered the University of the City of New York, and graduated in May, I853. The exercises were held in Niblo's Garden and his speech aroused the audience to a high pitch of enthusiasm. At the close of his college duties he imagined himself interested in the law and for three years studied law. Dr. Talmage then perceived his mistake and prepared himself for the ministry at the Reformed Dutch Church Theological Seminary at New Brunswick, New Jersey. Just after his ordination the young minister received two calls, one from Piermont, New York, and the other from Belleville, New Jersey. Dr. Talmage accepted the latter and for three years filled that charge, when he was called to Syracuse, New York. Here it was that his sermons first drew large crowds of people to his church, and fron thence dates his popularity. Afterward he became the pastor of the Second Reformed Dutch church, of Philadelphia, remaining seven years, during which period he first entered upon the lecture platform and laid the foundation for his future reputation. At the end of this time he received three calls, one from Chicago, one from San Francisco, and one from the Central Presbyterian church of Brooklyn, which latter at that time consisted of only nineteen members with a congregation of about thirty-five. This church offered him a salary of seven thousand dollars and he accepted the call. He soon induced the trustees to sell the old church and build a new one. They did so and erected the Brooklyn Tabernacle, but it burned down shortly after it was finished. By prompt sympathy and general liberality a new church was built and formally opened in February, I874. It contained seats for four thousand, six hundred and fifty, but if necessary seven thousand could be accommodated. In October, 1878, his salary was raised from seven thousand dollars to twelve thousand dollars, and in the autumn of I889 the second tabernacle was destroyed by fire. A third tabernacle was built and it was formally dedicated on Easter Sunday, I89I. OHN PHILIP SOUSA, conceded as being one of the greatest band leaders in the world, won his fame while leader of the United States Marine Band at Washington, District of Columbia. He was not originally a band player but was a violinist, and at the age of seventeen he was conductor of an opera company, a profession which he followed for several years, until he was offered the leadership of the Marine Band at Washington. The proposition was repugnant to him at first but he accepted the COMPENDIUMf OF BIOGRAPHf. 61 offer and then ensued ten years of brilliant success with that organization. When he first took the Marine Band he began to gather the national airs of all the nations that have representatives in Washington, and compiled a comprehensive volume including nearly all the national songs of the different nations. He composed a number of marches, waltzes and two-steps, prominent among which are the "Washington Post," Directorate," "King Cotton," " High School Cadets," " Belle of Chicago," "Liberty Bell March," 'Manhattan Beach," "On Parade March," "Thunderer March," "Gladiator March," 'El Capitan March," etc. He became a very extensive composer of this class of music. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, sixth president of the United States, was born in Braiiitree, Massachusetts, July I, I767, the son of John Adams. At the age of eleven he was sent to school at Paris, and two years later to Leyden, where he entered that great university. He returned to the United States in 1785, and graduated from Harvard in 1788. He then studied law, and was.admitted to the bar in I791. His practice brought no income the first two years, but he won distinction in literary fields, and was appointed minister to The Hague in I794. He married in I797, and went as minister to Berlin the same year, serving until I80I, when Jefferson became president. He was elected to the senate in 183 by the Federalists, but was condemned by that party for advocating the Embargo Act and other Anti-Federalist measures. He was appointed as professor of rhetoric at Harvard in I805, and in I809 was sent as minister to Russia. ' He assisted in negotiating the treaty of peace with England in I814, and became minister to that power the next year. He served during Monroe's administration two terms as secretary of state, during which time party lines were obliterated, and in 1824 four candidates for president appeared, all of whom were identified to some extent with the new " Democratic" party. Mr. Adams received 84 electoral votes, Jackson 99, Crawford 41, and Clay 37. As no candidate had a majority of all votes, the election went to the house of representatives, which elected Mr. Adams. As Clay had thrown his influence to Mr. Adams, Clay became secretary of state, and this caused bitter feeling on the part of the Jackson Democrats, who were joined by Mr. Crawford and his following, and opposed every measure of the administration. In the election of 1828 Jackson was elected over Mr. Adams by a great majority. Mr. Adams entered the lower house of congress in I830, elected from the district in which he was born and continued to represent it for seventeen years. He was known as "the old man eloquent," and his work in congress was independent of party. He opposed slavery extension and insisted upon presenting to congress, one at a time, the hundreds of petitions against the slave power. One of these petitions, presented in 1842, was signed by forty-five citizens of Massachusetts, and prayed congress for a peaceful dissolution of the Union. His enemies seized upon this as an opportunity to crush their powerful foe, and in a caucus meeting determined upon his expulsion from congress. Finding they would not be able to command enough votes for this, they decided upon a course that would bring equal disgrace. They formulated a resolution to the effect that while he merited expulsion, the house would, in great mercy, substitute its severest censure. When it was read in the house the old man, then in his seventy-fifth 62 C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHr. year, arose and demanded that the first paragraph of the Declaration of Independence be read as his defense. It embraced the famous sentence, "that whenever any form of government becomes destructive to those ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, etc., etc." After eleven days of hard fighting his opponents were defeated. On February 2 I, 1848, he rose to address the speaker on the Oregon question, when he suddenly fell from a stroke of paralysis. He died soon after in the rotunda of the capitol, where he had been conveyed by his colleagues. SUSAN B. ANTHONY was one of the most famous women of America. She was born at South Adams, Massachusetts, February 15, 1820, the daughter of a Quaker. She received a good education and became a school teacher, followingthat profession for fifteen years in New York. Beginning with about 1852 she became the active leader of the woman's rights movement and won a wide reputation for her zeal and ability. She also distinguished herself for her zeal and eloquence in the temperance and anti-slavery causes, and became a conspicuous figure during the war. After the close of the war she gave most of her labors to the cause of woman's suffrage. PHILIP D. ARMOUR, one of the most conspicuous figures in the mercantile history of America, was born May I6, 1832, on a farm at Stockbridge, Madison county, New York, and received his early education in the common schools of that county. He was apprenticed to a farmer and worked faithfully and well, being very ambitious and desiring to start out for himself. At the age of twenty he secured a release from his indentures and set out overland for the gold fields of California. After a great deal of hard work he accumulated a little money and then came east and settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He went into the grain receiving and warehouse business and was fairly successful, and later on he formed a partnership with John Plankinton in the pork packing line, the style of the firm being Plankinton & Armour. Mr. Armour made his first great ''deal" in selling pork "short " on the New York market in the anticipation of the fall of the Confederacy, and Mr. Armour is said to have made through this deal a million dollars. He then established packing houses in Chicago and Kansas City, and in I875 he removed to Chicago. He increased his business by adding to it the shipment of dressed beef to the European markets,,and many other lines of trade and manufacturing, and it rapidly assumed vast proportions, employing an army of men in different lines of the business. Mr. Armour successfully conducted a great many speculative deals in pork and grain of immense proportions and also erected many large warehouses for the storage of grain. He became one of the representative business men of Chicago, where he became closely identified with all enterprises of a public nature, but his fame as a great business man extended to all parts of the world. He founded the "Armour Institute " at Chicago and also contributed largely to benevolent and charitable institutions. ROBERT FULTON.-Although Fulton is best known as the inventor of the first successful steamboat, yet his claims to distinction do not rest alone upon that, for he was an inventor along other lines, a painter and an author. He was born at Little Britain, Lancaster county, Pennsyl fE: gZ:::< W l:: I i~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C OMPENVDIU A OF BIO GRA PRiT. 65 _ _.~~~~~~~~~ vania, in I765, of Scotch-Irish ancestry. At the age of seventeen he removed to Philadelphia, and there and in New York engaged in miniature painting with success both from a pecuniary and artistic point of view. With the results of his labors he pur-:hased a farm for the support of his mother. Tle went to London and studied under the great painter, Benjamin West, and all through life retained his fondness for art and gave evidence of much ability in that line. While in England he was brought in contact with the Duke of Bridgewater, the father of the English canal system; Lord Stanhope, an eminent mechanician, and James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. Their influence turned his mind to its true field of labor, that of mechanical invention. Machines for flax spinning, marble sawing, rope making, and for removing earth from excavations, are among his earliest ventures. His "Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation," issued in 1796, and a series of essays on canals were soon followed by an English patent for canal improvements. In 1797 he went to Paris, where he resided until I806, and there invented a submarine torpedo boat for maritime defense, but which was rejected by the governments of France, England and the United States. In I803 he offered to construct for the Emperor Napoleon a steamboat that would assist in carrying out the plan of invading Great Britain then meditated by that great captain. In pursuance he constructed his first steamboat on the Seine, but it did not prove a full success and the idea was abandoned by the French government. By the aid of Livingston, then United States minister to France, Fulton purchased, in I806, an engine which he brought to this country. After studying the defects of his own and other attempts in 4 - this line he built and launched in I807 the Clermont, the first successful steamboat. This craft only attained a speed of 'five miles an hour while going up North river. His first patent not fully covering his invention, Fulton was engaged in many law suits for infringement. He constructed many steamboats, ferryboats, etc., among these being the United States steamer " Fulton the First," built in 1814, the first war steamer ever built. This craft never attained any great speed owing to some defects in construction and accidentally blew up in I829. Fulton died in New York, February 21, I815. QALMON PORTLAND CHASE, sixth chief-justice of the United States, and one of the most eminent of American jurists, was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, January 13, I8o8. At the age of nine he was left in poverty by the death of his father, but means were found to educate him. He was sent to his uncle, a bishop, who conducted an academy near Columbus, Ohio, and here young Chase worked on the farm and attended school. At the age of fifteen he returned to his native state and entered Dartmouth College, from which he graduated in 1826. He then went to Washington, and engaged in teaching school, and studying law under the instruction of William Wirt. He was licensed to practice in 1829, and went to Cincinnati, where he had a hard struggle for several years following. He had in the meantime prepared notes on the statutes of Ohio, which, when published, brought him into prominence locally. He was soon after appointed solicitor of the, United States Bank. In I837 he appeared as counsel for a fugitive slave woman, Ma-. tilda, and sought by all the powers of his, learning and eloquence to prevent her owner, 1 66 C OMPENDIUlD M OF' -10 GRA PHr. from. reclaiming her. He acted in many other cases, and devolved the trite expression, "Slavery is sectional, freedom is national. " He was employed to defend Van Zandt before the supreme court of the United States in 1846, which was one of the most noted cases connected with the great struggle against slavery. By this time Mr. Chase had become the recognized leader of that element known as ' free-soilers." He was elected to the United States senate in I849, and was chosen governor of Ohio in 1855 and re-elected in I857. He was chosen to the United States senate from Ohio in I86I, but was made secretary of the treasury by Lincoln and accepted. He inaugurated a financial system to replenish the exhausted treasury and meet the demands of the greatest war in history and at the same time to revive the industries of the country. One of the measures which afterward called for his judicial attention was the issuance of currency notes which were made a legal tender in payment of debts. WThen this question came before him as chief-justice of the United States he reversed his former action and declared the measure unconstitutional. The national banking system, by which all notes issued were to be based on funded government bonds of equal or greater amounts, had its direct origin with Mr. Chase. Mr. Chase resigned the treasury portfolio in 1864, and was appointed the same year as chief-justice of the United States supreme court. The great questions that came up before him at this crisis in the life of the nation were no lessthan those which confronted the first chief-justice at the formation of our government. Reconstruction, private, -state and national interests, the constitutionality of the acts of congress passed in times of great excitement, the construction and interpretation to be placed upon the several amendments to the national constitution,-these were among the vital questions requiring prompt decision. He received a paralytic stroke in 1870, which impaired his health, though his mental powers were not affected. He continued to preside at the opening terms for two years following and died May 7, 1873. ARRIET ELIZABETH BEECHER STOWE, a celebrated American writer, was born June I4, I812, at Litchfield, Connecticut. She was a daughter of Lyman Beecher and a sister of Henry Ward Beecher, two noted divines; was carefully educated, and taught school for several years at Hartford, Connecticut. In 1832 Miss Beecher married Professor Stowe, then of Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, and afterwards at Bowdoin College and Andover Seminary. Mrs. Stowe published in 1849 "The Mayflower, or sketches of the descendants of the Pilgrims," and in I851 commenced in the " National Era " of Washington, a serial story which was published separately in 1852 under the title of " Uncle Tom's Cabin." This book attained almost unparalleled success both at home and abroad, and within ten years it had been translated in almost every language of the civilized world. Mrs. Stowe published in I853 a "Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin" in which the data that she used was published and its truthfulness was corroborated. In I853 she accompanied her husband and brother to Europe, and on her return published "Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands " in 1854. Mrs. Stowe was for some time one of the editors of the "Atlantic Monthly " and the " Hearth and Home," for which she had written a number of articles. Among these, also published separately, are " Dred, a tale of the Great Dismal Swamp " (later published under the title of "Nina C OMPENDIUMS~ OF BIO GRA PffT. 67 Gordon "); " The Minister's Wooing;" " The Pearl of Orr's Island;" "Agnes of Sorrento;" ",Oldtown Folks;" ''My Wife and I;" "Bible Heroines," and "A Dog's Mission." Mrs. Stowe's death occurred July I, I896, at Hartford, Connecticut. HOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON, better known as "Stonewall" Jackson, was one of the most noted of the Confederate generals of the Civil war. He was a soldier by nature, an incomparable lieutenant, sure to execute any operation entrusted to him with marvellous precision, judgment and courage, and all his individual campaigns and combats bore the stamp of a masterly capacity for war. He was born January 21, 1824, at Clarksburg, Harrison county, West Virginia. He was early in life imbued with the desire to be a soldier and it is said walked from the mountains of Virginia to Washington, secured the aid of his congressman, and was appointed cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point from which he was graduated in I846. Attached to the army as brevet second lieutenant of the First Artillery, his first service was as a subaltern with Magruder's battery of light artillery in the Mexican war. He participated at the reduction of Vera Cruz, and was noticed for gallantry in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Moline del Rey, Chapultepec, and the capture of the city of Mexico, receiving the brevets of captain for conduct at Contreras and Cherubusco and of major at Chapultepec. In the meantime he had been advanced by regular promotion to be first lieutenant in I847. In 1852, the war having closed, he resigned and became professor of natural and experimental philosophy and artillery instructor at the Virginia State Military Institute at Lexington, Virginia, where he remained until Virginia declared for secession, he becoming chiefly noted for intense religious sentiment coupled with personal eccentricities. Upon the breaking out of the war he was made colonel and placed in command of a force sent to sieze Harper's Ferry, which he accomplished May 3, i86i. Relieved by General J. E. Johnston, May 23, he took command of the brigade of Valley Virginians, whom he moulded into that brave corps, baptized at the first Manassas, and ever after famous as the " Stonewall Brigade." After this "Stonewall" Jackson was made a major-general, in i86i, and participated until his death in all the famous campaigns about Richmond and in Virginia, and was a conspicuous figure in the memorable battles of that time. May 2, I863, at Chancellorsville, he was wounded severely by his own troops, two balls shattering his left arm and another passing through the palm of his right hand. The left arm was amputated, but pneumonia intervened, and, weakened by the great loss of blood, he died May 10, I863. The more his operations in the Shenandoah valley in 1862 are studied the nore striking must the merits of this great soldier appear. OHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER.Near to the heart of the people of the Anglo-Saxon race will ever lie the verses of this, the "Quaker Poet." The author of "Barclay of Ury," "Maud Muller" and "Barbara Frietchie," always pure, fervid and direct, will be remembered when many a more ambitious writer has been forgotten. John G. Whittier was born at Haverhill, Massachusetts, December 7, 1807, of Quaker parentage. He had but a commonschool education and passed his boyhood days upon a farm. In early life he learned the trade of shoemaker. At the age of 68 CCOMPENDIUMF OF BIOGRAPHr. eighteen he began to write verses for the Haverhill " Gazette." He spent two years after that at the Haverhill academy, after which, in I829, he became editor of the "American Manufacturer," at Boston. In 1830 he succeeded George D. Prentice as editor of the "New England Weekly Review," but the following year returned to Haverhill and engaged in farming. In 1832 and in 1836 he edited the " Gazette." In 1835 he was elected a member of the legislature, serving two years. In 1836 he became secretary of the Anti-slavery Society of Philadelphia. In 1838 and 1839 he edited the " Pennsylvania Freeman," but in the latter year the office was sacked and burned by a mob. In I840 Whittier settled at Anesbury, Massachusetts. In 1847 he became corresponding editor of the " National Era," an anti-slavery paper published at Washington, and contributed to its columns many of his anti-slavery and other favorite lyrics. Mr. Whittier lived for many years in retirement of Quaker simplicity, publishing several volumes of'poetry which have raised him to a high place among American authors and brought to him the love and admiration of his countrymen. In the electoral colleges of I860 and 1864 Whittier was a member. Much of his time after I876 was spent at Oak Knoll, Danvers, Massachusetts, but still retained his residence at Amesbury. He never married. His death occurred September 7, I892. The more prominent prose writings of John G. Whittier are as follows: "Legends of New England," "Justice and Expediency, or Slavery Considered with a View to Its Abolition," " The Stranger in Lowell," " Supernaturalism in New England," " Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal," ' Old Portraits and Modern Sketches" and "Literary Sketches." AVID DIXON PORTER, illustrious as admiral of the United States navy, and famous as one of the most able naval offi — cers of America, was born in Pennsylvania, June 8, I814. His father was also a naval officer of distinction, who left the service of the United States to become commander of the naval forces of Mexico during the war between that country and Spain, and through this fact David Dixon Porter was appointed a midshipman in the Mexican navy. Two years later David D. Porter joined the United States navy as midshipman, rose in rank and eighteen years later as a lieutenant he is found actively engaged in all the operations of our navy along the east coast of Mexico. When the Civil war broke out Porter, then a commander, was dispatched in the Powhattan to the relief of Fort Pickens, Florida. This duty accomplished, he fitted out a mortar flotilla for the reduction of the forts guarding the approaches to New Orleans, which it was considered of vital importance for the government to get possession of. After the fall of New Orleans the mortar flotilla was actively engaged at Vicksburg, and in the fall of I862 Porter was made a rear-admiral and placed in command of all the naval forces on the western rivers above New Orleans. The ability of the man was now conspicuously manifested, not only in the battles in which he was engaged, but also in the creation of a formidable fleet out of river steamboats, which he covered with such plating as they would bear. In 1864 he was transferred to the Atlantic coast to command the naval forces destined to operate against the defences of Wilmington, North Carolina, and on Jan. 15, 1865, the fall of Fort Fisher was hailed by the country as a glorious termination of his arduous war service.. In 1866 he was made vice-admiral C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHt. 6 and appointed superintendent of the Naval Academy. On the death of Farragut, in 1870, he succeeded that able man as admiral of the navy. His death occurred at Washington, February 13, I89I. ATHANIEL GREENE was one of the best known of the distinguished generals who led the Continental soldiery against the hosts of Great Britain during the Revolutionary war. He was the son of Quaker parents, and was born at Warwick, Rhode Island, May 27, 1742. In youth he acquired a good education, chiefly by his own efforts, as he was a tireless reader. In 1770 he was elected a member of the Assembly of his native state. The news of the battle of Lexington stirred his blood, and he offered his services to the government of the colonies, receiving the rank of brigadier-general and the command of the troops from Rhode Island. He led them to the camp at Cambridge, and for thus violating the tenets of their faith, he was cast out of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. He soon won the esteem of General Washington. In August, 1776, Congress promoted Greene to the rank of major-general, and in the battles of Trenton and Princeton he led a division. At the battle of Brandywine, September I I, 1777, he greatly distinguished himself, protecting the retreat of the Continentals by his firm stand. At the battle of Germantown, October 4, the same year, he commanded the left wing of the army with credit. In March, 1778, he reluctantly accepted the office of quartermaster-general, but only with the understanding that his rank in the army would not be affected and that in action he should retain his command. On the bloody field of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, he commanded the right wing, as he did at the battle of Tiverton Heights. He was in command of the army in I780, during the absence of Washington, and was president of the court-martial that tried and condemned Major Andre. After General Gates' defeat at Camden, North Carolina, in the summer of 1780, General Greene was appointed to the command of the southern army. He sent out a force under General Morgan who defeated General Tarleton at Cowpens, January 17, I781. On joining his lieutenant, in February, he found himself out numbered by the British and retreated in good order to Virginia, but being reinforced returned to North Carolina where he fought the battle of Guilford, and a few days later compelled the retreat of Lord Cornwallis. The British were followed by Greene part of the way, when the American army marched into South Carolina. After varying success he fought the battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8, I781. For the latter battle and its glorious consequences, which virtually closed the war in the Carolinas, Greene received a medal from Congress and many valuable grants of land from the colonies of North and South Carolina and Georgia. On the return of peace, after a year spent in Rhode Island, General Gree'ne took up his residence on his estate near Savannah, Georgia, where he died June I9, 1786. EDGAR ALLEN POE. —Among the many great literary men whom this country has produced, there is perhaps no name more widely known than that of Edgar Allen Poe. He was born at Boston, Massachusetts, February 19, I809. His parents were David and Elizabeth (Arnold) Poe, both actors, the mother said to have been the natural daughter of Benedict Arnold. The parents died while Edgar was 9 V COMi'PENDIUM~ OF BIOGRAPHft. still a child and he was adopted by John Allen, a wealthy and influential resident of Richmond, Virginia. Edgar was sent to school at Stoke, Newington, England, where he remained until he was thirteen years old; was prepared for college by private tutors, and in 1826 entered the Virginia University at Charlottesville. He made rapid progress in his studies, and was distinguished for his scholarship, but was expelled within a year for gambling, after which for several years he resided with his benefactor at Richmond. He then went to Baltimore, and in I829 published a 7i-page pamphlet called "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems," which, however, attracfed no attention and contained nothing of particular merit. In 1830 he was admitted as a cadet at West Point, but was expelled about a year later for irregularities. Returning to the home of Mr. Allen he remained for some time, and finally quarrelled with his benefactor and enlisted as a private soldier in the U. S. army, but remained only a short time. Soon after this, in 1833, Poe won several prizes for literary work, and as a result secured the position of editor of the " Southern Literary Messenger," at Richmond, Virginia. Here he married his cousin, Virginia Clemm, who clung to him with fond devotion through all the many trials that came to them until her death in January, I848. Poe remained with the "Messenger" for several years, writing meanwhile many tales, reviews, essays and poems. He afterward earned a precarious living by his pen in New York for a time; in 1839 became editor of " Burton's Gentleman's Magazine"; in 1840 to 1842 was editor of " Graham's Magazine," and drifted around from one place to another, returning to New York in I844. In 1845 his best known production, "The Raven," appeared in the "Whig Review," and gained him a reputation which is now almost world-wide. He then acted as editor and contributor on various magazines and periodicals until the death of his faithful wife in 1848. In the summer of 1849 he was engaged to be married to a lady of fortune in Richmond, Virginia, and the day set for the wedding. He started for New York to make preparations for the event, but, it is said, began drinking, was attacked with dilirium tremens in Baltimore and was removed to a hospital, where he died, October 7, 1849. The works of Edgar Allen Poe have been repeatedly published since his death, both in Europe and America, and have attained an immense popularity. ORATIO GATES, one of the prominent figures in the American war for Independence, was not a native of the colonies but was born in England in 1728. In early life he entered the British army and attained the rank of major. At the capture of Martinico he was aide to General Monkton and after the peace of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, he was among the first troops that landed at Halifax. He was with Braddock at his defeat in 1755, and was there severely wounded. At the conclusion of the French and Indian war Gates purchased an estate in Virginia, and, resigning from the British army, settled down to life as a planter. On the breaking out of the Revolutionary war he entered the service of the colonies and was made adjutant-general of the Continental forces with the rank of brigadier-general. He accompanied Washington when he assumed the command of the army. In June, 1776, he was appointed to the command of the army of Canada, but was superseded in May of the following C OMIPENDIUsMe OF BIOGRAPHY. 71 year by General Schuyler. In August, 1777, however, the command of that army was restored to General Gates and September 19 he fought the battle of Bemis Heights. October 7, the same year, he won the battle of Stillwater, or Saratoga, and October 17 received the surrender of General Burgoyne and his army, the pivotal point of the war. This gave him a brilliant reputation. June 13, 1780, General Gates was appointed to the command of the southern military division, and August I6 of that year suffered defeat at the hands of Lord Cornwallis, at Camden, North Carolina. In December following he was superseded in the command by General Nathaniel Greene. On the signing of the peace treaty General Gates retired to his plantation in Berkeley county, Virginia, where he lived until 1790, when, emancipating all his slaves, he removed to New York City, where he resided until his death, April Io, I806. LYMAN J. GAGE.-When President McKinley selected Lyman J. Gage as secretary of the treasury he chose one of the most eminent financiers of the century. Mr. Gage was born June 28, 1836, at De Ruyter, Madison county, New York, and was of English descent. He went to Rome, New York, with his parents when he was ten years old, and received his early education in the Rome Academy. Mr. Gage graduated from the same, and his first position was that of a clerk in the post office. When he was fifteen years of age he was detailed as mail agent on the Rome & Watertown R. R. until the postmaster-general appointed regular agents for the route. In I854, when he was in his eighteenth year, he entered the Oneida Central Bank at Rome as a junior clerk at a salary of one hundred dol lars per year. Being unable at the end of one year and a half's service to obtain an increase in salary he determined to seek a wider field of labor. Mr. Gage set out in the fall of 1855 and arrived in Chicago, Illinois, on October 3, and soon obtained a situation in Nathan Cobb's lumber yard and planing mill. He remained there three years as a bookkeeper, teamster, etc., and left on account of change in the management. But not being able to find anything else to do he accepted the position of night watchman in the place for a period of six weeks. He then became a bookkeeper for the Merchants Saving, Loan and Trust Company at a salary of five hundred dollars per year. He rapidly advanced in the service of this company and in I868 he was made cashier. Mr. Gage was next offered the position of cashier of the First National Bank and accepted the offer. He became the president of the First National Bank of Chicago January 24, 189, and in 1897 he was appointed secretary of the treasury. His ability as a financier and the prominent part he took in the discussion of financial affairs while president of the great Chicago bank gave him a national reputation. ANDREW JACKSON, the seventh president of the United States, was born at the Waxhaw settlement, Union county, North Carolina, March 15, I767. His parents were Scotch-Irish, natives of Carr, ickfergus, who came to this country in I665 and settled on Twelve-Mile creek, a tributary of the Catawba. His father, who was a poor farm laborer, died shortly before Andrew's birth, when the mother removed to Waxhaw, where some relatives lived. Andrew's education was very limited, he showing no aptitude for study. In 1780 when but thirteen years of age, he and his 72 C OMP 'E ZND] U1I OF IOGRAP' )- r. -- brother Robert volunteered to serve in the American partisan troops under General Sumter, and witnessed the defeat at Hanging Rock. The following year the boys were both taken prisoners by the enemy and endured brutal treatment from the British officers while confined at Camden. They both took the small pox, when the mother procured their exchange but Robert died shortly after. The mother died in Charleston of ship fever, the same year. Young Jackson, now in destitute circumstances, worked for about six months in a saddler's shop, and then turned school master, although but little fitted for the position. He now began to think of a profession and at Salisbury, North Carolina, entered upon the study of law, but from all accounts gave but little attention to his books, being one of the most roistering, 'rollicking fellows in that town, indulging in many of the vices of his time. In 1786 he was admitted to the bar and in 1788 removed to Nashville, then in North Carolina, with the appointment of public prosecutor, then an office of little honor or emolument, but requiring much nerve, for which young Jackson was already noted. Two years later, when Tennessee became a territory he was appointed by Washington to the position of United States attorney for that district. In 179I he married Mrs. Rachel Robards, a daughter of Colonel John Donelson, who was supposed at the time to have been divorced from her former husband that year by act of legislature of Virginia, but two years later, on finding that this divorce was not legal, and a new bill of separation being granted by the courts of Kentucky, they were remarried in I793. This was used as a handle by his opponents in the political campaign afterwards. Jackson was untiring in his efforts as United States attorney and obtained much influence. He was chosen a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1796, when Tennessee became a state and was its first representative in congress. In 1797 he was chosen United States senator, but resigned the following year to accept a seat on the supreme court of Tennessee which he held until 1804. He was elected major-general of the militia of that state in 180i. In 1804, being unsuccessful in obtaining the governorship of Louisiana, the new territory, he retired from public life to the Hermitage, his plantation. On the outbreak of the war with Great Britain in I812 he tendered his services to the government and went to New Orleans with the Tennessee troops in January, 1813. In March of that year he was ordered to disband his troops, but later marched against the Cherokee Indians, defeating them at Talladega, Emuckfaw and Tallapoosa. Having now a national reputation, he was appointed major-general in the United States army and was sent against the British in Florida. He conducted the defence of Mobile and seized Pensacola. He then went with his troops to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he gained the famous victory of January 8, I815. In I817-18 he conducted a war against the Seminoles, and in 1821 was made governor of the new territory of Florida. In I823 he was elected United States senator, but in 1824 was the contestant with J. Q. Adams for the presidency. Four years later he was elected president, and served two terms. In 1832 he took vigorous action against the nullifiers.of South Carolina, and the next year removed the public money from the United States bank. During his second term the national debt was extinguished. At the close of his administration he retired to the Hermitage, where he died June 8, 1845. COMIPEVDIUM OF BIOGRA PH. 783L N DREW CARNEGIE, the largest manufacturer of pig-iron, steel rails and coke in the world, well deserves a place among America's celebrated men. He was born November 25, 1835, at Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated to the United States with his father in 1845, settling in Pittsburg. Two years later Mr. Carnegie began his business career by attending a small stationary engine. This work did not suit him and he became a telegraph messenger with the Atlantic and Ohio Co., and later he became an operator, and was one of the first to read telegraphic signals by sound. Mr. Carnegie was afterward sent to the Pittsburg office of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., as clerk to the superintendent and manager of the telegraph lines. While in this position he made the acquaintance of Mr. Woodruff, the inventor of the sleoping-car. Mr. Carnegie immediately became interested and was one of the organizers of the company for its construction after the railroad had adopted it, and the success of this venture gave him the nucleus of his wealth. He was promoted to the superintendency of the Pittsburg division of the Pennsylvania Railroad and about this time was one of the syndicate that purchased the Storey farm on Oil Creek which cost forty thousand dollars and in one year it yielded over one million dollars in cash dividends. Mr. Carnegie later was associated with others in establishing a rollingmill, and from this has grown the most extensive and complete system of iron and steel industries ever controlled by one individual, embracing the Edgar Thomson Steel Works; Pittsburg Bessemer Steel Works; Lucy Furnaces; Union Iron Mills; Union Mill; Keystone Bridge Works; Hartman Steel Works; Frick Coke Co.; Scotia Ore Mines. Besides directing his immense iron industries he owned eighteen English newspapers which he ran in the interest o; the Radicals. He has also devoted large sums of money to benevolent and educational purposes. In 1879 he erected commodious swimming baths for the people of Dunfermline, Scotland, and in the following year gave forty thousand dollars for a free library. Mr. Carnegie gave fifty thousand dollars to Bellevue Hospital Medical College in I884 to found what is now called "Carnegie Laboratory," and in I885 gave five hundred thousand dollars to Pittsburg for a public library. He also gave two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for a music hall and library in Allegheny City in I886, and two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to Edinburgh, Scotland, for a free library. He also established free libraries at Braddock, Pennsylvania, and other places for the benefit of his employes. He also published the following works, "An American Four-in-hand in Britain;" " Round the World;" "Triumnphant Democracy; or Fifty Years' March of the Republic." EORGE H. THOMAS, the '"Rock of e Chickamauga," one of the best known commanders during the late Civil war, was born in Southampton county, Virginia, July 31, I816, his parents being of Welsh and French origin respectively. In I836 young Thomas was appointed a cadet at the Military Academy, at West Point, from which he graduated in 1840, and was promoted to the office of second lieutenant in the Third Artillery. Shortly after, with his company, he went to Florida, where he served for two years against the Seminole Indians. In I84I he was brevetted first lieutenant for gallant conduct. He remained in garrison in the south and southwest until I845, at which date with the regiment he joined the army under General Taylor, and participat 74 COMfPEONDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. ed in the defense of Fort Brown, the storming of Monterey and the battle of Buena Vista. After the latter event he remained in garrison, now brevetted najor, until the close of the Mexican war. After a year spent in Florida, Captain Thomas was ordered to West Point, where he served as instructor until 1854. He then was transferred to California. In May, I855, Thomas was appointed major of the Second Cavalry, with whom he spent five years in Texas. Although a southern man, and surrounded by brother officers who all were afterwards in the Confederate service, Major Thomas never swerved from his allegiance to the government. A. S. Johnston was the colonel of the regiment, R. E. Lee the lieutenant-colonel, and W. J. Hardee, senior major, while among the younger officers were Hood, Fitz Hugh Lee, Van Dorn and Kirby Smith. When these officers left the regiment to take up arms for the Confederate cause he remained with it, and April I7th, I86I, crossed the Potomac into his native state, at its head. After taking an active part in the opening scenes of the war on the Potomac and Shenandoah, in August, I86I, he was promoted to be brigadier-general and transferred to the Army of the Cumberland. January 19-20, 1862, Thomas defeated Crittenden at Mill Springs, and this brought him into notice and laid the foundation of his fame. He continued in command of his division until September 20, 1862, except during the Corinth campaign when he commanded the right wing of the Army of the Tennessee. He was in command of the latter at the battle of Perryville, also, October 8, I862. On the division of the Army of the Cumberland into corps, January 9, 1863, General Thomas was assigned to the command of the Fourteenth, and at the battle of Chick amauga, after the retreat of Rosecrans, firmly held his own against the hosts of General Bragg. A history of his services from that on would be a history of the war in the southwest. On September 27, I864, General Thomas was given command in Tennessee, and after organizing his army, defeated General Hood in the battle of Nashville, December 15 and I6, 1864. Much complaint was made before this on account of what they termed Thomas' slowness, and he was about to be superseded because he would not strike until he got ready, but when the blow was struck General Grant was the first to place on record this vindication of Thomas' judgment. He received a vote of thanks from Congress, and fromthe legislature of Tennessee a gold medal. After the.close of the war General Thomas had command of several of the military divisions, and died at San Francisco, California, March 28, I87o. EORGE BANCROFT, one of the most IJeminent American historians, was a native of Massachusetts, born at Worcester, October 3, 800o, and a son of Aaron Bancroft, D. D. The father, Aaron Bancroft, was born at Reading, Massachusetts, November o0, I755. He graduated at Harvard in 1778, became a minister, and for half a century was rated as one of the ablest preachers in New England. He was also a prolific writer and published a number of works among which was "Life of George Washington." Aaron Bancroft died August 19, I839. The subject of our present biography, George Bancroft, graduated at Harvard in I817, and the following year entered the University of Gottingen, where he studied history and philology under the most eminent teachers, and in I820 received the de COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHI. 75,ree of doctor of philosophy at Gottingen. Upon his return home he published a volume of poems, and later a translation of Heeren's "Reflections on the Politics of Ancient Greece." In 1834 he produced the first volume of his "History of the United States," this being followed by other volumes at different intervals later. This was inis greatest work and ranks as the highest authority, taking its place among the greatest of American productions. George Bancroft was appointed secretary of the navy by President Polk in 1845, but resigned in 1846 and became minister plenipotentiary to England. In I849 he retired from public life and took up his residence at Washington, D. C. In 1867 he was appointed United States minister to the court of Berlin and negotiated the treaty by which Germans coming to the United States were released from their allegiance to the government of their native land. In I871 he was minister plenipotentiary to the German empire and served until I874. The death of George Bancroft occurred January 17, 1891. /f EORGE GORDON MEADE, a fa".J mous Union general, was born at Cadiz, Spain, December 30, 1815, his father being United States naval agent at that port; After receiving a good education he entered the West Point Military Academy in I831. From here he was graduated June 30, 1835, and received the rank of second lieutenant of artillery. He participated in the Seminole war, but resigned from the army in October, 1836. He entered upon the profession of civil engineer, which he followed for several years, part of the time in the service of the government in making surveys of the mouth of the Missis-?;ppi river. His report and results of some experiments made by him in this service gained Meade much credit. He alsu was employed in surveying the boundary line of Texas and the northeastern boundary line between the United States and Canada. In 1842 he was reappointed in the army to the position of second lieutenant of engineers. During the Mexican war he served with distinction on the staff of General Taylor in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palna and the storming of Monterey. He received his brevet of first lieutenant for the latter action. In I85I he was made full first lieutenant in his corps; a captain in I856, and major soon after. At the close of the war with Mexico he was employed in lighthouse construction and in geodetic surveys until the breaking out of the Rebellion, in which he gained great reputation. In August, I86I, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of the second brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves, a division of the First Corps in the Army of the Potomac. In the campaign of 1862, under McClellan, Meade took an active part, being present at the battles of Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill and Glendale, in the latter of which he was severely wounded. On rejoining his command he was given a division and distinguished himself at its head in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. During the latter, on the wounding of General Hooker, Meade was placed in command of the corps and was himself slightly wounded. For services he was promoted, November, 1862, to the rank of major-general of volunteers. On the recovery of General Hooker General Meade returned to his division and in December, 1862, at Fredericksburg, led an attack which penetrated Lee's right line and swept to his rear. Being outnumbered and unsupported, he finally was driven back. The same month Meade was assigned to the 76 C OMPENDIUM1 OF BIO GIAPHr. - ---- command of the Fifth Corps, and at Chancellorsville in May, 1863, his sagacity and ability so struck General Hooker that when the latter asked to be relieved of the command, in June of the same year, he nominated Meade as his successor. June 28, 1863, President Lincoln commissioned General Meade commander-in-chief of the Army of the Potomac, then scattered and moving hastily through Pennsylvania to the great and decisive battlefield at Gettysburg, at which he was in full command. With the victory on those July days the name of Meade will ever be associated. From that time until the close of the war he commanded the Army of the Potomac. In 1864 General Grant, being placed at the head of all the armies, took up his quarters with the Army of the Potomac. From that time until the surrender of Lee at Appo. matox Meade's ability shone conspicuously, and his tact in the delicate position in leading his army under the eye of his superior officer commanded the respect and esteem of General Grant. For services Meade was promoted to the rank of major-general, and on the close of hostilities, in July, 1865, was assigned to the command of the military division of the Atlantic, with headquarters at Philadelphia. This post he held, with the exception of a short period on detached duty in Georgia, until his death, which took place November 6, I872. DAVID CROCKETT was a noted hunter and scout, and also one of the earliest of American humorists. He was born August I7, 1786, in Tennessee, and was one of the most prominent men of his locality, serving as representative in congress from 1827 until I831. He attracted considerable notice while a member of congress and was closely associated with General Jack son, of whom he was a personal friend. He went to Texas and enlisted in the Texan army at the time of the revolt of Texas against Mexico and gained a wide reputation as a scout. He was one of the famcus one hundred and forty men under Colonel 'W. B. Travis who were besieged in Fort Alamo, near San Antonio, Texas, by General Santa Anna with some five thousand Mexicans on February 23, I836. The fort was defended for ten days, frequent assaults being repelled with great slaughter, over one thousand Mexicans being killed or wounded, while not a man in the fort was injured. Finally, on March 6, three assaults were made, and in the hand-to-hand fight that followed the last, the Texans were wofully outnumbered and overpowered. They fought desperately with clubbed muskets till only six were left alive, including W. B. Travis, David Crockett and James Bowie. These surrendered under promise of protection; but when they were brought before Santa Anna he ordered them all to be cut to pieces. HENRY WATTERSON, one of the most conspicuous figures in the history of American journalism, was born at Washington, District of Columbia, February I6, 1840. His boyhood days were mostly spent in the city of his birth, where his father, Harvey M. Watterson, was editor of the "Union," a well known journal. Owing to a weakness of the eyes, which interfered with a systematic course of study, young Watterson was educated almost entirely at home. A successful college career was out of the question, but he acquired a good knowledge of music, literature and art from private tutors, but the most valuable part of the training he received was by associating with his father and the throng or COMPENDIUsM OF BIOGRAPHY. public men whom he met in Washington in the stirring days immediately preceding the Civil war. He began his journalistic career at an early age as dramatic and musical critic, and in I858, became editor of the "Democratic Review" and at the same time contributed to the "'States," a journal of liberal opinions published in Washington. In this he remained until the breaking out of the war, when the "States," opposing the administration, was suppressed, and young Watterson removed to Tennessee. He next appears as editor of the Nashville "Republican Banner," the most influential paper in the state at that time. After the occupation of Nashville by the Federal troops, Watterson served as a volunteer staff officer in the Confederate service until the close of the war, with the exception of a year spent in editing the Chattanooga "Rebel." On the close of the war he returned to Nashville and resumed his connection with the "Banner." After a trip to Europe he assumed control of the Louisville "Journal," which he soon combined with the "Courier" and the "Democrat" of that place, founding the well-known "Courier-Journal," the first number of which appeared November 8, 1868. Mr. Watterson also represented his district in congress for several years. PATRICK SARSFIELD GILMORE, one of the most successful and widely known bandmasters and musicians of the last half century in America, was born in Ballygar, Ireland, on Christmas day, I829. I-e attended a public school until apprenticed to a wholesale merchant at Athlone, of the brass band of which town he soon became a member. His passion for music conflicting with the duties of a mercantile life, his position as clerk was exchanged for that of musical instructor to the young sons of his employer. At the age of nineteen he sailed for America and two days after his arrival in Boston was put in charge of the band instrument department of a prominent music house. In the interests of the publications of this house he organized a minstrel company known as "Ordway's Eolians," with which he first achieved success as a cornet soloist. Later on he was called the best E-flat cornetist in the United States. He became leader, successively, of the Suffolk, Boston Brigade and Salem bands. During his connection with the latter he inaugurated the famous Fourth of July concerts on Boston Common, since adopted as a regular programme for the celebration of Independence Day. In I858 Mr. Gilmore founded the organization famous thereafter as Gilmore's Band. At the outbreak of the Civil war this band was attached to the Twenty-Fourth,Massachusetts Infantry. Later, when the economical policy of dispensing with music had proved a mistake, Gilmore was entrusted with the re-organization of state military bands, and upon his arrival at New Orleans with his own band was made bandmaster-general by General Banks. On the inauguration of Governor Hahn, later on, in Lafayette square, New Orleans, ten thousand children, mostly of Confederate parents, rose to the baton of Gilmore and, accompanied by six hundred instruments, thirty-six guns and the united fire of three regiments of infantry, sang the Star-Spangled Banner, America and other patriotic Union airs. In June, -I867, Mr. Gilmore conceived a national musical festival, which was denounced as a chimerical undertaking, but he succeeded and June 15. 1869, stepped upon the stage of the Boston Colosseum, a vast structure erected for the occasion, and in the presence of over fifty 78 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHYr. thousand people lifted his baton over an orchestra of one thousand and a chorus of ten thousand. On the I7th of June, 1872, he opened a still greater festival in Boston, when, in addition to an orchestra of two thousand and a chorus of twenty thousand, were present the Band of the Grenadier Guards, of London, of the Garde Republicaine, of Paris, of Kaiser Franz, of Berlin, and one from Dublin, Ireland, together with Johann Strauss, Franz Abt and many other soloists, vocal and instrumental. Gilmore's death occurred September 24, I892. MARTIN VAN BUREN was the eighth president of the United States, 1837 to I841. He was of Dutch extraction, and his ancestors were among the earliest settlers on the banks of the Hudson. He was born December 5, 1782, at Kinderhook, New York. Mr. Van Buren took up the study of law at the age of fourteen and took an active part in political matters before he had attained his majority. He commenced the practice of law in 1803 at his native town, and in I809 he removed to Hudson, Columbia county, New York, where he spent seven years gaining strength and wisdom from his contentions at the bar with some of the ablest men of the profession. Mr. Van Buren was elected to the state senate, and from 1815 until 1819 he was attorney-general of the state. He was reelected to the senate in 1816, and in 8 I8 he was one of the famous clique of politicians known as the "Albany regency." Mr. Van Buren was a member of the convention for the revision of the state constitution, in 1821. In the same year he was elected to the United States senate and served his term in a manner that caused his re-election to that body in 1827, but resigned the following year as he had been elected governor of New York. Mr. Van Buren was appointed by President Jackson as secretary of state in March, I 829, but resigned in 1831, and during the recess. of congress he was appointed minister to England. The senate, however, when it convened in December refused to ratify the appointment. In May, 1832, he was nominated by the Democrats as their candidate for vice-president on the ticket with Andrew Jackson, and he was elected in the following November. He received the nomination to succeed President Jackson in 1836, as the Democratic candidate, and in the electoral college he received one hundred and seventy votes out of two hundred and eighty-three, and was inaugurated March 4, I837. His administration was begun at a time of great business depression,and unparalled financial distress, which caused the suspension of specie payments by the banks. Nearly every bank in the country was forced to suspend specie payment, and no less than two hundred and fifty-four business houses failed in New York in one week. The President urged the adoption of the independent treasury idea, which passed through the senate twice but each time it was defeated in the house. However the measure ultimately became a law near the close of President Van Buren's term of office. Another important measure that was passed was the pre-emption law that gave the actual settlers preference in the purchase of public lands. The question of slavery had begun to assume great preponderance during this administration, and a great conflict was tided over by the passage of a resolution that prohibited petitions or papers that in any way related to slavery to be acted upon. In the Democratic convention ot 1840 President Van Buren secured the nomination for re-election on that ticket COMilPENDIUMJ OF BIO GRAPHT. 79 without opposition, but in the election he only received the votes of seven states, his opponent, W. H. Harrison, being elected president. In I848 Mr. Van Buren was the candidate of the * Free-Soilers," but was unsuccessful. After this he retired from public life and spent the remainder of his life on his estate at Kinderhook, where he died July 24, I862. W INFIELD SCOTT, a distinguished American general, was born June 13, I786, near Petersburg, Dinwiddie county, Virginia, and was educated at the William and Mary College. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, and in I808 he accepted an appointment as captain of light artillery, and was ordered to New Orleans. In June, 1812, he was promoted to be lieutenantcolonel, and on application was sent to the frontier, and reported to General Smyth, near Buffalo. He was made adjutant-general with the rank of a colonel, in March, 1813, and the same month attained the colonelcy of his regiment. He participated in the principal battles of the war and was wounded many times, and at the close of the war he was voted a gold medal by congress for his services. He was a writer of considerable merit on military topics, and he gave to the military science, General Regulations of the Army " and i System of Infantry and Rifle Practice." He took a prominent part in the Black Hawk war, and at the beginning of the Mexican war he was appointed to take the command of the army. Gen. Scott immediately assembled his troops at Lobos Island from which he moved by transports to Vera Cruz, which he took March 29, 1847, and rapidly followed up his first success. He fought the battles of Cerro Gordo and Jalapa, both of which he won, and proceeded to Pueblo where he was preceded by Worth's division which had taken the town and waited for the coming of Scott.. The army was forced to wait here for supplies, and August 7th, General Scott started on his victorious march to the city of Mexico with ten thousand, seven hundred and thirty-eight men. The battles of Contreras, Cherubusco and San Antonio were fought August 19-20, and on the 24th an armistice was agreed upon, but as the commissioners could not agree on the terms of settlement, the fighting was renewed at Molino Del Rey, and the Heights of Chapultepec were carried by the victorious army of General Scott. He gave the enemy no respite, however, and vigorously followed up his advantages. On September I4, he entered the City of Mexico and dictated the terms of surrender in the very heart of the Mexican Republic. General Scott was offered the presidency of the Mexican Republic, but declined. Congress extended him a vote of thanks and ordered a gold medal be struck in honor of his generalship and bravery. He was candidate for the presidency on the Whig platform but was defeated. He was honored by having the title of lieutenant-general conferred upon him in 185 5. At the beginning of the Civil war he was too infirm to take charge of the army, but did signal service in behalf of the government. He retired from the service November I, I86I, and in 1864 he published his "Autobiography." General Scott died at West Point, May 29, i866. EDWARD EVERETT HALE for many years occupied a high place among the most honored of America's citizens. As a preacher he ranks among the foremost in the New England states, but to the general public he is best known through his writings. Born in Boston, Mass., April 3, 80 COMPENDIENUM1 OF B'IOGRAPHr. 1822, a descendant' of one of the most prominent New England families, he enjoyed in his youth many of the advantages denied the majority of boys. He received his preparatory schooling at the Boston Latin School, after which he finished his studies at Harvard where he was graduated with high honors in 1839. Having studied theology at home, Mr. Hale embraced the ministry and in 1846 became pastor of a Unitarian church in Worcester, Massachusetts, a post which he occupied about ten years. He then, in 1856, became pastor of the South Congregational church in Boston, over which he presided many years. Mr. Hale also found time to write a great many literary works of a high class. Among many other Well-known productions )f his are " The Rosary," " Margaret Percival in America." "Sketches of Christian -listory," "Kansas and Nebraska," "Let-,ers on Irish Emigration," " Ninety Days' Worth of Europe," "If, Yes, and Perhaps," 6Ingham Papers," I Reformation, " Level Best and Other Stories," ( Ups and Downs, " "Christmas Eve and Christmas Day," " In His Name," " Our New Crusade," "Workingmen's Homes," " Boys' Heroes," etc., etc., besides many others which might be mentioned. One of his works, "In His Name," has earned itself enduring fame by the good deeds it has called forth. The numerous associations known as ('The King's Daughters," which has accomplished much good, owe their existence to the story mentioned. D AVID GLASCOE FARRAGUT stands pre-eminent as one of the greatest naval officers of the world. He was born at Campbell's Station, East Tennessee, July 5, I8oi, and entered the navy of the United States as a midshipman. He had the good fortune to serve under Captain David Porter, who commanded the " Essex," and by whom he was taught the ideas of devotion to duty from which he never swerved during all his career. In 1823 Mr. Farragut took part in a severe fight, the result of which was the suppression of piracy in the West Indies. He then entered upon the regular duties of his profession which was only broken into by a year's residence with Charles Folsom, our consul at Tunis, who was afterwards a distinguished professor at Harvard. Mr. Farragut was one of the best linguists in the navy. He had risen through the different grades of the service until the war of 1861-65 found him a captain residing at Norfolk, Virginia. He removed with his family to Hastings, on the Hudson, and hastened to offer his services to the Federal government, and as the capture of New Orleans had been resolved upon, Farragut was chosen to command the expedition. His force consisted of the West Gulf blockading squadron and Porter's mortar flotilla. In January, 1862, he hoisted his pennant at the mizzen peak of the "Hartford" at Hampton roads, set sail from thence on the 3rd of February and reached Ship Island on the 20th of the same month. A council of war was held on the 20th of April, in which it was decided that whatever was to be done must be done quickly. Thesignalwasmade from the flagship and accordingly the fleet weighed anchor at 1:55 on the morning of April 24th, and at 3:30 the whole force was under way. The history of this brilliant struggle is well known, and the glory of it made Farragut a hero and also made him rear admiral. In the summer of 1862 he ran the batteries at Vicksburg, and on March 14, I863, he passed through the fearful and destructive fire from Port Hudson, and opened up communication with Flag-officer Porter, who :CHESTER,.ARTHU I ~TNU TihjA~ -~~, - F OOF~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~D: i:~":: -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~RYC aL wal.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NJ ~CHARRISON.1YLA. ~: 1 1-1 77~~~~~~~~~~~~~'~.~~ ) V I COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 8t had control of the upper Mississippi. On May 24th he commenced active operations against that fort in conjunction with the army and it fell on July 9th. Mr. Farragut filled the measure of his fame on the 5th of August, 1864, by his great victory, the capture of Mobile Bay and the destruction of the Confederate fleet, including the formidable ram Tennessee. For this victory the rank of admiral was given to Mr. Farragut. He died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, August 4, I870. EORGE MW. CHILDS, a philanthropist whose remarkable personality stood for the best and highest type of American citizenship, and whose whole life was an object lesson in noble living, was born in 1829 at Baltimore, Maryland, of humble parents, and spent his early life in unremitting toil. He was a self-made man in the fullest sense of the word, and gained his great wealth by his own efforts. He was a man of very great influence, and this, in conjunction with his wealth, would have been, in the hands of other men, a means of getting them political preferment, but Mr. Childs steadily declined any suggestions that would bring him to figure prominently in public affairs. He did not choose to found a financial dynasty, but devoted all his powers to the helping of others, with the most enlightened beneficence and broadest sympathy. Mr. Childs once remarked that his greatest pleasure in life was in doing good to others. He always despised meanness, and one of his objects of life was to prove that a man could be liberal and successful at the same time. Upon these lines Mr. Childs made a name for himself as the director of one of the representative newspapers of America, "The Philadelphia Public Ledger," which was owned jointly by 5 himself and the Drexel estate, and which he edited for thirty years. He acquired control of the paper at a time when it was being published at a heavy loss, set it upon a firm basis of prosperity, and he made it more than a money-making machine-he made it respected as an exponent of the best side of journalism, and it stands as a monument to his sound judgment and upright business principles. Mr. Childs' charitable repute brought him many applications for assistance, and he never refused to help any one that was deserving of aid; and not only did he help those who asked, but he would by careful inquiry find those who needed aid but were too proud to solicit it. He was a considerable employer of labor, and his liberality was almost unparalleled. The death of this great and good man occurred February 3d, I894. PATRICK HENRY won his way to unm dying fame in the annals of the early history of the United States by introducing into the house of burgesses his famous resolution against the Stamp Act, which he carried through, after a stormy debate, by a majority of one. At this time he exclaimed " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell and George III" (here he was interrupted by cries of " treason ") "may profit by their example. If this be treason make the most of it." Patrick Henry was born at Studley, Hanover county, Virginia, May 29, 1736, and was a son of Colonel John Henry, a magistrate and school teacher of Aberdeen, Scotland, and a nephew of Robertson, the historian. He received his education from his father, and was married at the age of eighteen. He was twice bankrupted before he had reached his twenty-fourth year, when after six weeks of study he was admitted to A C OCMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHr. the bar. He worked for three years without a case and finally was applauded for his plea ior the people's rights and gained immense popularity. After his famous Stamp Act resolution he was the leader of the patriots in Virginia. In 1769 he was admitted to practice in the general courts and speedily won a fortune by his distinguished ability as a speaker. He was the first speaker of the General Congress at Philadelphia in I774. He was for a time a colonel of militiain 1775, and from 1776 to 1779 and 1781 to 1786 he was governor of Virginia. For a number of years he retired from public life and was tendered and declined a number of important political offices, and in March, I789, he was elected state senator but aid not take his seat on account of his death which occurred at Red Hill, Charlotte county, Virginia, June 6, I799. ENEDICT ARNOLD, an American D general and traitor of the Revolutionary war, is one of the noted characters in American history. He was born in Norwich, Connecticut, January 3, I740. He ran away and enlisted in the army when young, but deserted in a short time. He then became a merchant at New Haven, Connecticut, but failed. In 1775 he was commissioned colonel in the Massachusetts militia, and in the autumn of that year was placed in command of one thousand men for the invasion of Canada. He marched his army through the forests of Maine and joined General Montgomery before Quebec. Their combined forces attacked that city on December 31, 1775, and Montgomery was killed, and Arnold, severely wounded, was compelled to retreat and endure a rigorous winter a few miles from the city, where they were at the mercy of the Canadian troops had they cared to attack them. On his re turn he was raised to the rank of brigadiergeneral. He was given command of a small flotilla on Lake Champlain, with which he encountered an immense force, and though defeated, performed many deeds of valor. He resented the action of congress in promoting a number of his fellow officers and neglecting himself. In 1777 he was made major-general, and under General Gates at Bemis Heights fought valiantly. For some reason General Gates found fault with his conduct and ordered him under arrest, and he was kept in his tent until the battle of Stillwater was waxing hot, when Arnold mounted his horse and rode to the front of his old troop, gave command to charge, and rode like a mad man into the thickest of the fight and was not overtaken by Gates' courier until he had routed the enemy and fell wounded. Upon his recovery he was made general, and was placed in command at Philadelphia. Here he married, and his acts of rapacity soon resulted in a courtmartial. He was sentenced to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief, and though Washington performed this duty with utmost delicacy and consideration, it was never forgiven. Arnold obtained command at West Point, the most important post held by the Americans, in 1780, and immediately offered to surrender it to Sir Henry Clinton, British commander at New York. Major Andre was sent to arrange details with Arnold, but on his return trip to New York he was captured by Americans, the plot was detected, and Andre suffered the death penalty as a spy. Arnold escaped, and was paid about $40,000 by the British for his treason and was made brigadier-general. He afterward commanded an expedition that plundered a portion of Virginia, and another that burned New London, Connecticut, and captured Fort Trum COMlPEVDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. bull, the commandant of which Arnold murdered with the sword he had just surrendered. He passed the latter part of his life in England, universally despised, and died in London June 14, i8oI. ROBERT G. INGERSOLL, one of the most brilliant orators that America has produced, also a lawyer of considerable merit, won most of his fame as a lecturer. Mr. Ingersoll was born August 24, 1833, at Dryden, Gates county, New York, and received his education in the common schools. He went west at the age of twelve, and for a short time he attended an academy in Tennessee, and also taught school in that state. He began the practice of law in the southern part of Illinois in I854. Colonel Ingersoll's principal fame was made in the lecture room by his lectures in which he ridiculed religious faith and creeds and criticised the Bible and the Christian religion. He was the orator of the day in the Decoration Day celebration in the city of New York in I882 and his oration was widely commended. He first attracted political notice in the convention at Cincinnati in I876 by his brilliant eulogy on James G. Blaine. He practiced law in Peoria, Illinois, for a number of years, but later located in the city of New York. He published the following: "The Gods and other Lectures;" "The Ghosts;" "Some Mistakes of Moses;" "What Shall I Do To Be Saved;" "Interviews on Talmage and Presbyterian Catechism;" The "North American Review Controversy;" "Prose Poems;" "A Vision of War;" etc. JOSEPH ECCLESTON JOHNSTON, a noted general in the Confederate army, was born in Prince Edward county, Virginia, in 1807. He graduated from West Point and entered the army in 1829. For a number of years his chief service was garrison duty. He saw active service, however, in the Seminole war in Florida, part of the time as a staff officer of General Scott. He resigned his commission in 1837, but returned to the army a year later, and was brevetted captain for gallant services in Florida. He was made first lieutenant of topographical engineers, and was engaged in river and harbor improvements and also in the survey of the Texas boundary and the northern boundary of the United States until the beginning of the War with Mexico. He was at the siege of Vera Cruz, and at the battle of Cerro Gordo was wounded while reconnoitering the enemy's position, after which he was brevetted major and colonel. He was in all the battles about the city of Mexico, and was again wounded in the final assault upon that city. After the Mexican war closed he returned to duty as captain of topographical engineers, but in I855 he was made lieutenant-colonel of cavalry and did frontier duty, and was appointed inspector-general of the expedition to Utah. In i860 he was appointed quartermaster-general with rank of brigadiergeneral. At the outbreak of hostilities in I86I he resigned his commission and received the appointment of major-general of the Confederate army. He held Harper's Ferry, and later fought General Patterson about Winchester. At the battle of Bull Run he declined command in favor of Beauregard, and acted under that general's directions. He commanded the Confederates in the famous Peninsular campaign, and was severely wounded at Fair Oaks and was succeeded in command by General Lee. Upon his recovery he was made lieutenantgeneral and assigned to the command of the southwestern department. He attempted 86 C OMPENDNIUM OF BIO GRA Phi. to raise the siege of Vicksburg, and was finally defeated at Jackson, Mississippi. Having been made a general he succeeded General Bragg in command of the army of Tennessee and was ordered to check General Sherman's advance upon Atlanta. Not daring to risk a battle with the overwhelming forces of Sherman, he slowly retreated toward Atlanta, and was relieved of command by President Davis and succeeded by General Hood. Hood utterly destroyed his own army by three furious attacks upon Sherman. Johnston was restored to command in the Carolinas, and again faced Sherman, but was defeated in several engagements and continued a slow retreat toward Richmond. Hearing of Lee's surrender, he communicated with General Sherman, and finally surrendered his army at Durham, North Carolina, April 26, 1865. General Johnston was elected a member of the forty-sixth congress and was appointed United States railroad commissioner in 1885. His death occurred March 21, I891. QAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS, known throughout the civilized world as "MARK TWAIN," is recognized as one of the greatest humorists America has produced. He was born in Monroe county, Missouri, November 30, I835. He spent his boyhood days in his native state and many of his earlier experiences are related in various forms in his later writings. One of his early acquaintances, Capt. Isaiah Sellers, at an early day furnished river news for the New Orleans " Picayune," using the nomde-plume of "Mark Twain." Sellers died in 1863 and Clemens took up his nom-deplume and made it famous throughout the world by his literary work. In 1862 Mr. Clemens became a journalist at Virginia, Nevada, and afterward followed the same profession at San Francisco and Buffalo, New York. He accumulated a fortune from the sale of his many publications, but in later years engaged in business enterprises, particularly the manufacture of a typesetting machine, which dissipated his fortune and reduced him almost to poverty, but with resolute heart he at once again took up his pen and engaged in literary work in the effort to regain his lost ground. Among the best known of his works may be mentioned the following: ((The Jumping Frog," " Tom Sawyer," Roughing it," ( Innocents Abroad," "Huckleberry Finn," "Gilded Age," "Prince and Pauper," "Million Pound Bank Note," "A Yankee in King Arthur's Court," etc. HRISTOPHER CARSON, better known as "KIT CARSON;" was an American trapper and scout who gained a wide reputation for his frontier work. He was a native of Kentucky, born December 24th, I809. He grew to manhood there, developing a natural inclination for adventure in the pioneer experiences in his native state. When yet a young man he became quite well known on the frontier. He served as a guide to Gen. Fremont in his Rocky Mountain explorations and enlisted in the army. He was an officer in the United States service in both the Mexican war and the great Civil war, and in the latter received a brevet of brigadier-general for meritorious service. His death occurred May 23, I868. OHN SHERMAN. —Statesman, politician, cabinet officer and senator, the name of the gentleman who heads this sketch is almost a household word throughout this country. Identified with some of the most COMPENDIUMI OF BIO GRA PHY. 87 important measures adopted by our Governinent since the close of the Civil war, he may well be called one of the leading men of his day. John Sherman was born at Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio, May Ioth, 1823, the son of Charles R. Sherman, an eminent lawyer and judge of the supreme court of Ohio and who died in I829. The subject of this article received an academic education and was admitted to the bar in I844. In the Whig conventions of 1844 and I848 he sat as a delegate. He was a member of the National house of representatives, from 1855 to I86I. In I860 he was reelected to the same position but was chosen United States senator before he took his seat in the lower house. He was re-elected senator in I866 and 1872 and was long chairman of the committee on finance and on agriculture. He took a prominent part in debates on finance and on the conduct of the war, and was one of the authors of the reconstruction measures in I866 and I867, and was appointed secretary of the treasury March 7th, I877. Mr. Sherman was re-elected United States senator from Ohio January I8th, I88I, and again in I886 and I892, during which time he was regarded as one of the most prominent leaders of the Republican party, both in the senate and in the country. He was several times the favorite of his state for the nomination for president. On the formation of his cabinet in March, 1897, President McKinley tendered the position of secretary of state to Mr. Sherman, which was accepted. W ILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, ninth president of the United States, was born in Charles county, Virginia, February 9, 1773, the son of Governor Benjamin Harrison. He took a course in HampdenSidney College with a view to the practice of medicine, and then went to Philadelphia to study under Dr. Rush, but in I79I he entered the army, and obtained the commission of ensign, was soon promoted- to the lieutenancy, and was with General Wayne in his war against the Indians. For his valuable service he was promoted to the rank of captain and given command of Fort Washington, now Cincinnati. He was appointed secretary of the Northwest Territory in I797, and in 1799 became its representative in congress. In I8oI he was appointed governor of Indiana Territory, and held the position for twelve years, during which time he negotiated important treaties with the Indians, causing them to relinquish millions of acres of land, and also won the battle of Tippecanoe in I8II. He succeeded in obtaining a change in the law which did not permit purchase of public lands in less tracts than four thousand acres, reducing the limit to three hundred and twenty acres. He became major-general of Kentucky militia and brigadier-general in the United States army in I812, and won great renown in the defense of Fort Meigs, and his victory over the British and Indians under Proctor and Tecumseh at the Thames river, October 5, I8I3. In 18 6 General Harrison was elected to congress from Ohio, and during the canvass was accused of corrupt methods in regard to the commissariat of the army. He demanded an investigation after the election and was exonerated. In 1819 he was elected to the Ohio state senate, and in I824 he gave his vote as a presidential elector to Henry Clay. He became a member of the United States senate the same year. During the last year of Adams' administration he was sent as minister to Colombia, but was re 88 COMlPEVNDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. ----— ~- ' called by President Jackson the following year. He then retired to his estate at North Bend, Ohio, a few miles below Cincinnati. In 1836 he was a candidate for the presidency, but as there were three other candidates the votes were divided, he receiving seventythree electoral votes, a majority going to Mr. Van Buren, the Democratic candidate. Four years later General Harrison was again nominated by the Whigs, and elected by a tremendous majority. The campaign was noted for its novel features, many of which have found a permanent place in subsequent campaigns. Those peculiar to that campaign, however, were the (I log-cabin " and " hard cider" watchwords, which produced great enthusiasm among his followers. One month after his inauguration he died from an attack of pleurisy, April 4, 1841. HARLES A. DANA, the well-known and widely-read journalist of New York City, a'native of Hinsdale, New Hampshire, was born August 8, I819. He received the elements of a good education in his youth and studied for two years at Harvard University. Owing to some disease of the eyes he was unable to complete his course and graduate, but was granted the degree of A. M. notwithstanding. For some time he was editor of the " Harbinger," and was a regular contributor to the Boston "' Chronotype." In I847 he became connected with the New York "(Tribune," and continued on the staff of that journal until I858. In the latter year he edited and compiled "The Household Book of Poetry," and later, in connection with George Ripley, edited the "New American Cyclopaedia." Mr. Dana, on severing his connection with the "Tribune " in 1867, became editor of the New York "Sun," a paper with which he was identified for many years, and which he made one of the leaders of thought in the eastern part of the United States. He wielded a forceful pen and fearlessly attacked whatever was corrupt and unworthy in politics, state or national. The same year, 1867, Mr. Dana organized the New York " Sun " Company. During the troublous days of the war, when the fate of the Nation depended upon the armies in the field, Mr. Dana accepted the arduous and responsible position of assistant secretary of war, and held the position during the greater part of I863 and 1864. He died October 17, 1897. ASA GRAY was recognized throughout the scientific world as one of the ablest and most eminent of botanists. He was born at Paris, Oneida county, New York, November I8, I8Io. He received his medical degree at the Fairfield College of Physicians and Surgeons, in Herkimer county, New York, and studied botany with the late Professor Torrey, of New York. He was appointed botanist to the Wilkes expedition in I834, but declined the offer and became professor of natural history in Harvard University in 1842. He retired from the active duties of this post in 1873, and in 1874 he was the regent of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, District of Columbia. Dr. Gray wrote several books on the subject of the many sciences of which he was master. In 1836 he published his "Elements of Botany," "Manual of Botany" in 1848; the unfinished "Flora of North America," by himself and Dr. Torrey, the publication of which commenced in 1838. There is another of his unfinished works called "Genera Boreali-Americana," published in 1848, and the "Botany of the United States Pacific Exploring Expedition in I854." He wrote many elaborate papers CO.M&PENDIUMi OF BIOGRAPHY. 89. on the botany of the west and southwest that were published in the Smithsonian Contributions, Memoirs, etc., of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of which institution he was president for ten years. IIe was also the author of many of the government reports. "How Plants Grow," " Lessons in Botany," "Structural and Systematic Botany," are also works from his ready pen. Dr. Gray published in I86I his "Free Examination of Darwin's Treatise " and his "Darwiniana," in I876. Mr. Gray was elected July 29, 1878, to a membership in the Institute of France, Academy of Sciences. His death occurred at Cambridge, Massachusetts, January 30, 1889. W ILLIAM MAXWELL EVARTS was one of the greatest leaders of the American bar. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, February 6, 1818, and graduated from Yale College in I837. He took up the study of law, which he practiced in the city of New York and won great renown as an orator and advocate. He affiliated with the Republican party, which he joined soon after its organization. He was the leading counsel employed for the defense of resident Johnson in his trial for impeach-.-ent before the senate in April and May of 1868. In July, I868, Mr. Evarts was appointed attorney-general of the United States, and served until March 4, 1869. He was one,f the three lawyers who were selected by President Grant in I871 to defend the intersts of the citizens of the United States before the tribunal of arbitration which met at Geneva in Switzerland to settle the controversy over the I" Alabama Claims." He was one of the most eloquent advocates in the United.States, and many of his public addresses have been preserved and published. He was appointed secretary of state March 7, I877, by President Hayes, and served during the Hayes administration. He was elected senator from the state of New York January 21, I885, and at once took rank among the ablest statesmen in Congress, and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions gave him a national reputation. OHN WANAMAKER.-The life of this great merchant demonstrates the fact that the great secret of rising from the ranks is, to-day, as in the past ages, not so much the ability to make money, as to save it, or in other words, the ability to live well within one's income. Mr. Wanamaker was born in Philadelphia in I838. He started out in life working in a brickyard for a mere pittance, and left that position to work in a book store as a clerk, where he earned the sum of $5.00 per month, and later on was in the employ of a clothier where he received twenty-five cents a week more. He was only fifteen years of age at that time, but was a "' money-getter" by instinct, and laid by a small sum for a possible rainy day. By strict attention to business, combined with natural ability, he was promoted many times, and at the age of twenty he had saved $2,000. After several months vacation in the south, he returned to Philadelphia and became a master brick mason, but this was too tiresome to the young man, and he opened up the " Oak Hall " clothing store in April, I86I, at Philadelphia. The capital of the firm was rather limited, but finally, after many discouragements, they laid the foundations of one of the largest business houses in the world. The establishment covers at the present writing some. fourteen acres of floor space, and furnishes 90 C O.MPENVDIUif OF BIO GRA PHr. employment for five thousand persons. Mr. Wanamaker was also a great church worker, and built a church that cost him $60,000, and he was superintendent of the Sundayschool, which had a membership of over three thousand children. He steadily refused tQ run for mayor or congress and the only public office that he ever held was that of postmaster-general, under the Harrison administration, and here he exhibited his extraordinary aptitude for comprehending the details of public business. AVID BENNETT HILL, a Democratic politician who gained a national reputation, was born August 29, 1843, at Havana, New York. He was educated at the academy of his native town, and removed to Elmira, New York, in I862, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in I864, in which year he was appointed city attorney. Mr. Hill soon gained a considerable practice, becoming prominent in his profession. He developed a taste for politics in which he began to take an active part in the different campaigns and became the recognized leader of the local Democracy. In I870 he was elected a member of the assembly and was re-elected in I872. While a member'of this assembly he formed the acquaintance of Samuel J. Tilden, afterward governor of the state, who appointed Mr. Hill, W. M. Evarts and Judge Hand as a committee to provide a uniform charter for the different cities of the state. The pressure of professional engagements compelled him to decline to serve. In I877 Mr. Hill was made chairman of the Democratic state convention at Albany, his election being due to the Tilden wing of the party, and he held the same position again in 88 I. He served one term as alderman An Elmira, at the expiration of which term, in 1882, he was elected mayor of Elmira, and in September of the same year was nominated for lieutenant-governor on the Democratic state ticket. He was successful in the campaign and two years later, when Grover Cleveland was elected to the presidency, Mr. Hill succeeded to the governorship for the unexpired term. In I885 he was elected governor for a full term of three years, at the end of which he was reelected, his term expiring in I89I, in which year he was elected United States senator. In the senate he 'became a conspicuous figure and gained a national reputation. ALLEN G. THURMAN. -'The noblest Roman of them all" was the title by which Mr. Thurman was called by his compatriots of the Democracy. He was the greatest leader of the Democratic party in his day and held the esteem of all the people, regardless of their political creeds. Mr. Thurman was born November 13, 1813, at Lynchburg, Virginia, where he remained until he had attained the age of six years, when he moved to Ohio. He received an academic education and after graduating, took up the study of law, was admitted to the bar in I835, and achieved a brilliant success in that line. In political life he was very successful, and his first office was that of representative of the state of Ohio in the twenty-ninth congress. He was elected judge of the supreme court of Ohio in 1851, and was chief justice of the same from 1854 to 1856. In I867 he was the choice of the Democratic party of his state for governor, and was elected to the United States senate in 1869 to succeed Benjamin F. Wade, and was re-elected to the same position in I874. He was'a prominent figure in the senate, until the expiration of his service i i I88I. Mr. Thurman was also one of the COMAPENDI UM OF BIOGRAPHY. 91 principal presidental possibilities in the Democratic convention held at St. Louis in I876. In 1888 he was the Democratic nominee for vice-president on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, but was defeated. Allen Granberry Thurman died December I2, I895, at Columbus, Ohio. CHARLES FARRAR BROWNE, better known as " Artemus Ward," was born April 26, 1834, in the village of \Vaterford, Maine. He was thirteen years old at the time of his father's death, and about a year later he was apprenticed to John M. Rix, who published the " Coos County Democrat " at Lancaster, New Hampshire. Mr. Browne remained with him one year, when, hearing that his brother Cyrus was starting a paper at Norway, Maine, he left Mr. Rix and determined to get work on the new paper. He worked for his brother until the failure of the newspaper, and then went to Augusta, Maine, where he remained a few weeks and then removed to Skowhegan, and secured a position on the " Clarion." But either the climate or the work was not satisfactory to him, for one night he silently left the town and astonished his good mother by appearing unexpectedly at home. Mr. Browne then received some letters of recommendation to Messrs. Snow and Wilder, of Boston, at whose office Mrs. Partington's (B. P. Shillaber) "Carpet Bag " was printed. and he was engaged and remained there for three years. He then traveled westward in search of employment and got as far as Tiffin, Ohio, where he found employment in the office of the "Advertiser," and remained there some months when he proceeded to Toledo, Ohio, where he became one of the staff of the "Commercial," which position he held until I857. Mr. Browne next went c, Cleveland, Ohio, and became the local editor of the "Plain Dealer," and it was in the columns of this paper that he published his first articles and signed them "Artemus Ward." In I860 he went to New York and became the editor of " Vanity Fair," but the idea of lecturing here seized him, and he was fully determined to make the trial. Mr. Browne brought out his lecture, "Babes in the Woods" at Clinton Hall, December 23, i86I, and in 1862 he published his first book entitled, " Artemus Ward; His Book. " He attained great fame as a lecturer and his lectures were not confined to America, for he went to England in I866, and became exceedingly popular, both as a lecturer and a contributor to "Punch." Mr. Browne lectured for the last time January 23, 1867. He died in Southampton, England, March 6, i867. ' THURLOW WEED, a noted journalist and politician, was born in Cairo, New York, November 15, I797. He learned the printer's trade at the age of. twelve years, and worked at this calling for several years in various villages in central New York. He served as quartermaster-sergeant during the war of I812. In I818 he established the "Agriculturist," at Norwich, New York, and became editor of the "Anti-Masonic Enquirer," at Rochester, in 1826. In the same year he was elected to the legislature and re-elected in I830, when he located in Albany, New York, and there started the " Evening Journal," and conducted it in opposition to the Jackson administration and the nullification doctrines of Calhoun. He became an adroit party manager, and was instrumental in promoting the nominations of Harrison, Taylor and Scott for the presidency. In I856 and in I86o he threw his support to W. H. Seward, but when defeated in his object, he gave cordial support to 92 COMIPENDIUM2 OF BIO GRA PHr. Fremont and Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln preva2led upon him to visit the various capitals of Europe, where he proved a valuable aid tc the administration in moulding the opinions of the statesmen of that continent favorable to the cause of the Union. Mr. Weed's connection with the " Evening Journal" was severed in 1862, when he settled in New York, and for a time edited the "Commercial Advertiser." In I868 he retired from active life. His "' Letters from Europe and the West Indies," published in 1866, together with some interesting " Reminiscences," published in the "Atlantic Monthly," in 1870, an autobiography, and portions of an extensive correspondence will be of great value to writers of the political history of the United States. Mr. Weed died in New York, November 22, 1882.,W ILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY, one of the prominent Democratic politicians of the country and ex-secretary of the navy, was born July 5th, 1841, at Conway, Massachusetts, and received his education at Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Massachusetts. Later he attended Yale College, where he graduated in 1863, and entered the Harvard Law School, which he left in I864. Beginning practice in New York city, he soon gained a reputation as an able lawyer. He made his first appearance in public affairs in 1871, when he was active in organizing a young men's Democratic club. In 1872 he was the recognized leader of the county Democracy and in 1875 was appointed corporation counsel for the city of New York. He resigned the office, 1882, to attend to personal interests and on March 5, I885, he was appointed secretary of the navy by President Cleveland. Under his administration the navy of the United States rapidly rose in rank among the navies - of the world. When he retired from office in 1889, the vessels of the United States navy designed and contracted for by him were five double-turreted monitors, two new armor-clads, the dynamite cruiser "Vesuvius," and five unarmored steel and iron cruisers. Mr. Whitney was the leader of the Cleveland forces in the national Democratic convention of 1892. EDWIN FORREST, the first and greatest American tragedian, was born in Philadelphia in i806. His father was a tradesman, and some accounts state that he had marked out a mercantile career for his son, Edwin, while others claim that he had intended him for the ministry. His wonderful memory, his powers of mimicry and his strong musical voice, however, attracted attention before he was eleven years old, and at that age he made his first appearance on the stage. The costume in which he appeared was so ridiculous that he left the stage in a fit of anger amid a roar of laughter from the audience. This did not discourage him, however, and at the age of fourteen, after some preliminary training in elocution, he appeared again, this time as Young Norvel, and gave indications of future greatness. Up to 1826 he played entirely with strolling companies through the south and west, but at that time he obtained an engagement at the Bowery Theater in New York. From that time his fortune was made. His manager paid him $40 per night, and it is stated that he loaned Forrest to other houses from time to time at $200 per night. His great successes were Virginius, Damon, Othello, Coriolanus, William Tell, Spartacus and Lear. He made his first appearance in London in I836, and his success was unquestioned from the start. In 1845, on his C OIPENNDI UZ OF BIO GRA PHr. 90 second appearance in London, he became involved in a bitter rivalry with the great English actor, Macready, who had visited America two years before. The result was that Forrest was hissed from the stage, and it was charged that Macready had instigated the plot. Forrest's resentment was so bitter that he himself openly hissed Macready from his box a few nights later. In 1848 Macready again visited America at a time when American admiration and enthusiasm for Forrest had reached its height. Macready undertook to play at Astor Place Opera House in May, 1849, but was hooted off the stage. A few nights later Macready made a second attempt to play at the same house, thistime under police protection. The house was filled with Macready's friends, but the vioolence of the mob outside stopped the play, and the actor barely escaped with his life. Upon reading the riot act the police and troops were assaulted with stones. The troops replied, first with blank cartridges, and then a volley of lead dispersed the mob, leaving thirty men dead or seriously wounded. After this incident Forrest's popularity waned, until in 1855 he retired from the stage. He re-appeared in I860, however, and probably the most remunerative period of his life was between that date and the close of the Civil war. His last appearance on the stage was at the Globe Theatre, Boston, in Richelieu, in April, 1872, his death occurring December 12 of that year. OAH PORTER, D. D., LL. D., was one of the most noted educators, authors and scientific writers of the United States. He was born December 14, I8 I, at Farmington, Connecticut, graduated at Yale College in I83I, and was master of Hopkins Grammar School at New Haven in I831-33. During 1833-35 he was a tutor at Yale, and at the same time was pursuing his theological studies, and became pastor of the Congregational church at New Milford, Connecticut, in April, 1836. Dr. Porter removed to Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1843, and was chosen professor of metaphysics and moral philosophy at Yale in 1846. He spent a year in Germany in the study of modern metaphysics in I853 -54, and in 1871 he was elected president of Yale College. He resigned the presidency in 1885, but still remained professor of metaphysics and moral philosophy. He was the author of a number of works, among which are the following: "Historical Essay," written in commemorationofthe200th aniversary of the settlement of the town of Farmington; " Educational System of the Jesuits Compared;" "The Human Intellect," with an introduction upon psychology and the soul; " Books and Reading;" "American Colleges and the American Public;" Elements of Intellectual Philosophy;" " The Science of Nature versus the Science of Man;" "Science and Sentiment;" " Elements of Moral Science." Dr. Porter was the principal editor of the revised edition of Webster's Dictionary in I864, and contributed largely to religious reviews and periodicals. Dr. Porter's death occurred March 4, 1892, at New Haven, Connecticut. JOHN TYLER, tenth president of the United States, was born in Charles City county, Virginia, March 29, 1790, and was the son of Judge John Tyler, one of the most distinguished men of his day. When but twelve years of age young John Tyler entered William and Mary College, graduating from there in i806. He took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in i809, when but nineteen years 94 C OM.NPENDDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. of age. On attaining his majority in I8II he was elected a member of the state legislature, and for five years held that position by the almost unanimous vote of his county. He was elected to congress in I816, and served in that body for four years, after which for two years he represented his district again in the legislature of the state. While in congress, he opposed the United States bank, the protective policy and internal improvements by the United States government. 1825 saw Mr. Tyler governor of Virginia, but in 1827 he was chosen member of the United States senate, and held that office for nine years. He therein opposed the administration of Adams and the tariff bill of 1828, sympathized with the nullif.ers of South Carolina and was the only senator who voted against the Force bill ior the suppression of that state's insipient rebellion. He resigned his position as senator on account of a disagreement with the legislature of his state in relation to his censuring President Jackson. He retired to Williamsburg, Virginia, but being regarded as a martyr by the Whigs, whom, heretofore, he had always opposed, was supported by many of that party for the vice-presidency in I836. He sat in the Virginia legislature as a Whig in 1839-40, and was a delegate to the convention of that party in I 8'9. This national convention nominated him for the second place on the ticket with General William H. H. Harrison, and he was elected vice-president in November, 1840. President Harrison dying one month after his inauguration, he was succeeded by John Tyler. He retained the cabinet chosen by his predecessor, and for a time moved in harmony with the Whig party. He finally instructed the secretary of the treasury, Thomas Ewing, to submit to congress a bill for the incorporation of a fiscal bank of the United States, which was passed by congress, but vetoed by the president on account of some amendments he considered unconstitutional. For this and other measures he was accused of treachery to his party, and deserted by his whole cabinet, except Daniel Webster. Things grew worse until he was abandoned by the Whig party formally, when Mr. Webster resigned. He was nominated at Baltimore, in May, 1844, at the Democratic convention, as their presidential candidate, but withdrew from the canvass, as he saw he had not succeeded in gaining the confidence of his old party. He then retired from politics until February, i86I, when he was made president of the abortive peace congress, which met in Washington. He shortly after renounced his allegiance to the United States and was elected a'member of the Confederate congress. He died at Richmond, January 17, I862. Mr. Tyler married, in 8I 3, Miss Letitia Christian, who died in 1842 at Washington. June 26, 1844, he contracted a second marriage, with Miss Julia Gardner, of New York. COLLIS POTTER HUNTINGTON, one of the great men of his time and who has left his impress upon the history of our national development, was born October 22, I821, at Harwinton, Connecticut. He received a common-school education and at the age of fourteen his spirit of getting along in the world mastered his educational propensities and his father's objections and he left school. He went to California in the early days and had opportunities which he handled masterfully. Others had the same opportunities but they did not have his brains nor his energy, and it was he who overcame obstacles and reaped the reward of his genius. Transcontinental railways COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 95 were inevitable, but the realization of this masterful achievement would have been delayed to a much later day if there had been no Huntington. He associated himself with Messrs. Mark Hopkins, Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker, and they furnished the money necessary for a survey across the Sierra Nevadas, secured a charter for the road, and raised, with the government's aid, money enough to construct and equip that railway, which at the time of its completion was a marvel of engineering and one of the wonders of the world. Mr. Huntington became president of the Southern Pacific railroad, vice-president of the Central Pacific; trustee of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company, and a director of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company, besides being identified with many other business enterprises of vast importance. GEORGE A. CUSTER, a famous Indian fighter, was born in Ohio in 1840. He graduated at West Point in I86I, anserved in the Civil war; was at Bull Run id I86I, and was in the Peninsular campaign, being one of General McClellan's aides-de, camp. He fought in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam in I863, and was with General Stoneman on his famous cavalry raid. He was engaged in the battle of Gettysburg, and was there made brevetmajor. In 1863 was appointed brigadiergeneral of volunteers. General Custer was in many skirmishes in central Virginia in I863-64, and was present at the following battles of the Richmond campaign: Wilderness, Todd's Tavern, Yellow Tavern, where he wasbrevetted lieutenant-colonel; Meadow Bridge, Haw's Shop, Cold Harbor, Trevillian Station. In the Shenandoah Valley 1864-65 he was brevetted colonel at Opequan Creek, and at Cedar Creek he was made brevet major-general for gallant conduct during the engagement. General Custer was in command of a cavalry division in the pursuit of Lee's army in I865, and fought at Dinwiddie Court House, Five Forks, where he was made brevet brigadier-general; Sailors Creek and Appomattox, where he gained additional honors and was made brevet major-general, and was given the command of the cavalry in the military division of the southwest and Gulf, in I865. After the establishment of peace he went west on frontier duty and performed gallant and valuable service in the troubles with the Indians. He was killed in the massacre on the Little Big Horn river, South Dakota, June 25, 1876. DANIEL WOLSEY VOORHEES, celbrated as ( The Tall Sycamore of the Wabash," was born September 26, 1827, in Butler county, Ohio. When he was two months old his parents removed to Fountain county, Indiana. He grew to manhood on a farm, engaged in all the arduous work pertaining to rural life. In 1845 he entered the Indiana Asbury University, now the De Pauw, from which he graduated in 1849. He took up the study of law at Crawfordsville, and in 1851 began the practice of his profession at Covington, Fountain county, Indiana. He became a law partner of United States Senator Hannegan,, of Indiana, in 1852, and in I856 he was an unsuccessful candidate for congress. In the following year he took up his residence in Terre Haute, Indiana. He was United States district attorney for Indiana from 1857 until I861, and he had during this period been elected to congress, in I860. Mr. Voorhees was re-elected to congress in 1862 and 1 864, but he was unsuccessful in the election of I866. However, he was returned to cqn-.... -,,.,! 96 C OMIPENDIUIM OF BIO GRAPHr. gress in 1868,where he remained until 1874, having been re-elected twice. In 1877 he was appointed United States senator from Indiana to fill a vacancy caused by the death of O. P. Morton, and at the end of the term was elected for the ensuing term, being reelected in 1885 and in 1891 to the same office. He served with distinction on many of the committees, and took a very prominent part in the discussion of all the important legislation of his time. His death occurred in August, I89 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, famous as one of the inventors of the telephone, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3rd, I847. He received his early education in the high school and later he attended the university, and was specially trained to follow his grandfather's profession, that of removing impediments of speech. He emigrated to the United States in x872, and introduced into this country his father's invention of visible speech in the institutions for deaf-mutes. Later he was appointed professor of vocal physiology in,the Boston University. He worked for many years during his leisure hours on his telephonic discovery, and finally perfected it and exhibited it publicly, before it had reached the high state of perfection to which he brought it. His first exhibition of it was at the Centennial Exhibition that was held in Philadelphia in 1876. Its success is now established throughout the civilized world. In 1882 Prof. Bell received a diploma and the decoration of the Legion of Honor from the Academy of Sciences of France. W ILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTT, the justly celebrated historian and author, was a native of Salem, Massachusetts, and was born May 4, I796. He was the son of Judge William Prescott and the grandson of the hero of Bunker Hill, Colonel William Prescott. Our subject in I808 removed with the family to Boston, in the schools of which city he received his early education. He entered Harvard College as a sophomore in I81 I, having been prepared at the private classical college of Rev. Dr. J. S. J. Gardijner. The following year he received an inury in his left eye which made study through life a matter of difficulty. He graduated in 1814 with high honors in the classics and belle lettres. He spent several months on the Azores Islands, and later visited England, France and Italy, returning home in I8r7. In June, I818, he founded a social and literary club at Boston for which he edited "The Club Room," a periodical doomed to but a short life. May 4, I82o, he married Miss Susan Amory. He devoted several years after that event to a thorough study of ancient and modern history and literature. As the fruits of his labors he published several well written essays upon French and Italian poetry and romance in the " North American Review." January 19, 1826, he decided to take up his first great historical work, the " History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella." To this he gave the labor of ten years, publishing the same December 25, 1837. Although placed at the head of all American authors, so diffident was Prescott of his literary merit that although he had four copies of this work printed for his own convenience, he hesitated a long time before giving it to the public, and it was only by the solicitation of friends, especially of that talented Spanish scholar, George Ticknor, that he was induced to do so. Soon the volumes were translated into French, Italian, Dutch and German, and the work was recognized C'O cMEPENDIUiM~ OF BIOGRAPHY. 97 _, throughout the world as one of the most meritorious of historical compositions. In I843 he published the "Conquest of. Mexico," and in 1847 the "Conquest of Peru." Two years later there came from his pen a volume of "Biographical and Critical Miscellanies." Going abroad in the summer of I850, he was received with great distinction in the literary circles of London, Edinburgh, Paris, Antwerp and Brussels. Oxford University conferred the degree of D. C. L. upon him. In I855 he issued two volumes of his "History of the Reign of Philip the Second," and a third in I858. In the meantime he edited Robertson's "Charles the Fifth," adding a history of the life of that monarch after his abdication. Death cut short his work on the remaining volumes oi' (Philip the Second," coming to him at Boston, Massachusetts, May 28, I859. OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, a noted American commodore, was born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, August 23, I785. He saw his first service as a midshipman in the United States navy in April, I799. He cruised with his father, Captain Christopher Raymond Perry, in the West Indies for about two years. In I804 he was in the war against Tripoli, and was made lieutenant in 1807. At the opening of hostilities with Great Britain in 1812 he was given command of a fleet of gunboats on the Atlantic coast. At his request he was transferred, a year later, to Lake Ontario, where he served under Commodore Chauncey, and took an active part in the attack on Fort George. He was ordered to fit out a squadron on Lake Erie, which he did, building most of his vessels from the forests along the shore, and by the summer of 18 3 he had a fleet of nine vessels at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania. September loth he attacked and captured the British fleet near Put-in-Bay, thus clearing the lake of hostile ships.' His famous dispatch is part of his fame, "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." He co-operated with Gen. Harrison, and the success of the campaign in the northwest was largely due to his victory. The next year he was transferred to the Potomac, and assisted in the defense of Baltimore. After the war he was in constant service with the various squadrons in cruising in all parts of the world. He died of yellow fever on the Island of Trinidad, August 23, I819. His remains were conveyed to Newport, and buried there, and an imposing obelisk was erected to his memory by the State of Rhode Island. A bronze statue was also erected in his honor, the unveiling taking place in 1885. JOHN PAUL JONES, though a native of Scotland, was one of America's most noted fighters during the Revolutionary war. He was born July 6, 1747. His father was a gardener, but the young man soon became interested in a seafaring life and at the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a sea captain engaged in the American trade. His first voyage landed him in Virginia, where he had a brother who had settled there several years prior. The failure of the captain released young Jones from his apprenticeship bonds, and he was engaged as third mate of a vessel engaged in the slave trade. He abandoned this trade after a few years, from his own sense of disgrace. He took passage from Jamaica for Scotland in 1768, and on the voyage both the captain and the mate died and he was compelled to take command of the vessel for the remainder of the voyage. He soon after became master of the vessel. He returned to Virginia about 1773 to settle up the estate C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRA PHr. oi his brother, and at this time added the name "Jones," having previously been known as John Paul. He settled down in Virginia, but when the war broke out in 1775 he offered his services to congress and was appointed senior lieutenant of the flagship "Alfred," on which he hoisted the American flag with his own hands, the first vessel that had ever carried a flag of the new nation. He was afterward appointed to the command of the "Alfred," and later of the "Providence," in each of which vessels he did good service, as also in the "Ranger," to the command of which he was later appointed. The fight that made him famous, however, was that in which he captured the " Serapis," off the coast of Scotland. He was then in command of the "Bon Homme Richard," which had been fitted out for him by the French government and named by Jones in honor of Benjamin Franklin, or " Good Man Richard," Franklin being author of the publication known as " Poor Richard's Almanac." The fight between the "Richard" and the "Serapis" lasted three hours, all of which time the vessels were at close range, and most of the time in actual contact. Jones' vessel was on fire several times, and early in the engagement two of his guns bursted, rendering the battery useless. Also an envious officer of the Alliance, one of Jones' own fleet, 'opened fire upon the "Richard " at a critical time, completely disabling the vessel. Jones continued the fight, in spite of coun-, sels to surrender, and after dark the "Serapis" struck her colors, and was hastily 'boarded by Jones and his crew, while the "Richard" sank,- bows first, after the wounded had been taken on board the "Serapis." Most' of the other vessels of *the fleet of' which the." Serapis" was con-voy, surrendered, and were taken with the: "Serapis" to France, where Jones was received with greatest honors, and the king presented him with an elegant sword and the cross of the Order of Military Merit. Congress gave him a vote of thanks and made him commander of a new ship, the "America," but the vessel was afterward given to France and Jones never saw active sea service again. He came to America again, in 1787, after the close of the war, and was voted a gold medal by congress. He went to Russia and was appointed rear-admiral and rendered service of value against the Turks, but on account of personal enmity of the favorites of the emperor he was retired on a pension. Failing to collect this, he returned to France, where he died, July I8, I792. THOMAS MORAN, the well-known painter of Rocky Mountain scenery, was born in Lancashire, England, in I837. He came to America when a child, and showing artistic tastes, he was apprenticed to a wood engraver in Philadelphia. Three years later he began landscape painting, and his style soon began to exhibit signs of genius. His first works were water-colors, and though without an instructor he began the use of oils, he soon found it necessary to visit Europe, where he gave particular attention to the works of Turner. He joined the Yellowstone Park exploring expedition and visited the Rocky Mountains in 1871 and again in 1873, making numerous sketches of the scenery. The most noteworthy results were his "Grand Canon of the Yellowstone," and "The Chasm of the Colorado," which were purchased by congress at $10,000 each, the first of which is undoubtedly the finest landscape painting produced in this country. Mr. Moran has subordinated art to nature, and the subjects he has chosen leave little ground.for fault i I I -T Ti I: A 1.: l} A; \:A:' I:'.z /1 l L: I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHr. 101 finding on that account. "The Mountain of the Holy Cross," "The Groves Were God's First Temples," "The Cliffs of Green River," " The Children of the Mountain," "The Ripening of the Leaf," and others have given him additional fame, and while they do not equal in grandeur the first mentioned, in many respects from an artistic standpoint they are superior. LELAND STANFORD was one of the greatest men of the Pacific coast and also had a national reputation. He was born March 9, 1824, in Albany county, New York, and passed his early life on his father's farm. He attended the local schools of the county and at the age of twenty began the study of law. He entered the law office of Wheaton, Doolittle and Hadley, at Albany, in 1845, and a few years later he moved to Port Washington, Wisconsin, where he practiced law four years with moderate success. In 1852 Mr. Stanford determined to push further west, and, accordingly went to California, where three of his brothers were established in business in the mining towns. They took Leland into partnership, giving him charge of a branch store at Michigan Bluff, in Placer county. There he developed great business ability and four years later started a mercantile house of his own in San Francisco, which soon became one of the most substantial houses on the coast. On the formation of the Republican party he interested himself in politics, and in I860 was sent as a delegate to the convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln. In the autumn of I86I he was elected, by an immense majority, governor of California. Prior to his election as governor he had been chosen president of the newly-organized Central Paciffc Railroad Company, 6 and after leaving the executive chair he devoted all of his time to the construction of the Pacific end of the transcontinental railway. May Io, 1869, Mr. Stanford drove the last spike of the Central Pacific road, thus completing the route across the continent. He was also president of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company. He had but one son, who died of typhoid fever, and as a monument to his child he founded the university which bears his son's name, Leland Stanford, Junior, University. Mr. Stanford gave to this university eightythree thousand acres of land, the estimated value of which is $8,ooo,ooo, and the entire endowment is $20,000,000. In 1885 Mr. Stanford was elected United States senator as a Republican, to succeed J. T. Farley, a Democrat, and was re-elected in I89I. His death occurred June 20, 1894, at Palo Alto, California. TEPHEN DECATUR, a famous commodore in the United States navy, was born in Maryland in I779. He entered the naval service in I798. In I804, when the American vessel Philadelphia had been run aground and captured in the harbor of Tripoli, Decatur, at the head of a few men, boarded her and burned her in the face of the guns from the city defenses. For this daring deed he was made captain. He was given command of the frigate United States at the breaking out of the war of 1812, and in October of that year he captured the British frigate Macedonian, and was rewarded with a gold medal by congress. After the close of the war he was sent as commander of a fleet of ten vessels to chastise the dey of Algiers, who was preying upon American commerce with impunity and demanding tribute and ransom for the release.Of American citizens captured. Decatur 102 C 0OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. captured a number of Algerian vessels, and compelled the dey to sue for peace. He was noted for his daring and intrepidity, and his coolness in the face of danger, and helped to bring the United States navy into favor with the people and congress as a means of defense and offense in time of war. He was killed in a duel by Commodore Barron, March 12, I820. JAMES KNOX POLK, the eleventh president of the United States, 1845 to 1849, was born November 2, 1795, in Mecklenburg county, North Carolina, and was the eldest child of a family of six sons. He removed with his father to the Valley of the Duck River, in Tennessee, in I806. He attended the common schools and became very proficient in the lower branches of education, and supplemented this with a course in the Murfreesboro Academy, which he entered in 1813 and in the autumn of 1815 he became a student in the sophomore class of the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, and was graduated in I818. He then spent a short time in recuperating his health and then proceeded to Nashville, Tennessee, where he took up the study of law in the office of Felix Grundy. After the completion of his law studies he was admitted to the bar and removed to Columbia, Maury county, Tennessee, and started in the active practice of his profession. Mr. Polk was a Jeffersonian " Republican " and in 1823 he was elected to the legislature of Tennessee. He was a strict constructionist and did not believe that the general government had the power to carry on internal improvements in the states, but deemed it important that it should have that power, and wanted the constitution amended to that effect. But later on he became alarmed lest the general government might become strong enough to abolish slavery and therefore gave his whole support to the " State's Rights" movement, and endeavored to check the centralization of power in the general government. Mr. Polk was chosen a member of congress in 1825, and held that office until I839. He then withdrew, as he was the successful gubernatorial candidate of his state. He had become a man of great influence in the house, and, as the leader of the Jackson party in that body, weilded great influence in the election of General Jackson to the presidency. He sustained the president in all his measures and still remained in the house after General Jackson had been succeeded by Martin Van Buren. He was speaker of the house during five sessions of congress. He was elected governor of Tennessee by a large majority and took the oath of office at Nashville, October 4, I839. He was a candidate for re-election but was defeated by Governor Jones, the Whig candidate. In 1844 the most prominent question in the election was the annexation of Texas, and as Mr. Polk was the avowed champion of this cause he was nominated for president by the proslavery wing of the democratic party, was elected by a large majority, and was inaugurated March 4, 1845. President Polk formed a very able cabinet, consisting of James Buchanan, Robert J. Walker, William L. Marcy, George Bancroft, Cave Johnson, and John Y. Mason. The dispute regarding the Oregon boundary was settled during his term of office and a new department was added to the list of cabinet positions, that of the Interior. The low tariff bill of I846 was carried and the financial system of the country was reorganized. It was also during President Polk's term that the Mexican war was successfully conducted, which resulted in the acquisition of Califor. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. 103 nia and New Mexico. Mr. Polk retired from the presidency March 4, 1849, after having declined a re-nomination, and was succeeded by General Zachary Taylor, the hero of the Mexican war. Mr: Polk retired to private life, to his home in Nashville, where he died at the age of fifty-four on June 9, 1849. ANNA DICKINSON (Anna Elizabeth Dickinson), a noted lecturer and public speaker, was born at Philadelphia, October 28, 1842. Her parents were Quakers, and she was educated at the Friends' free schools in her native city. She early manifested an inclination toward elocution and public speaking, and when, at the age of 18, she found an opportunity to appear before a national assemblage for the discussion of woman's rights, she at once established her reputation as a public speaker. From I860 to the close of the war and during the exciting period of reconstruction, she was one of the most noted and influential speakers before the American public, and her popularity was unequaled by that of any of her sex. A few weeks after the defeat and death of Colonel Baker at Ball's Bluff, Anna Dickinson, lecturing in New York, made the remarkable assertion, "Not the incompetency of Colonel Baker, but the treachery of General McClellan caused the disaster at Ball's Bluff." She was hissed and hooted off the stage. A year later, at the same hall and with much the same class of auditors, she repeated the identical words, and Ihe applause was so great and so long continued that it was impossible to go on with her lecture for more than half an hour. The change of sentiment had been wrought by the reverses and dismissal of McClellan and Ilis ambition to succeed Mr. Lincoln as president. Dickinson was not heard of on the lecture platform, and about that time she made an attempt to enter the dramatic profession, but after appearing a number of times in different plays she was pronounced a failure. DOBERT J. BURDETTE.-Some personal characteristics of Mr. Burdette were quaintly given by himself in the following words: "Politics? Republican after the strictest sect. Religion? Baptist. Personal appearance? Below medium height, and weigh one hundred and thirty-five pounds, no shillings and no pence. Rich? Not enough to own a yacht. Favorite reading? Poetry and history-know Longfellow by heart, almost. Write for magizines? Have mo:e ' declined with thanks' letters than would fill a trunk. Never able to get into a magazine with a line. Care about it? Mad as thunder. Think about starting a magazine and rejecting everbody's articles except my own." Mr. Burdette was born at Greensborough, Pennsylvania, in I844. He served through the war of the rebellion under General Banks " on an excursion ticket" as he felicitously described it, "good both ways, conquering in one direction and running in the other, pay going on just the same." He entered into journalism by the gateway of New York correspondence for the "Peoria Transcript," and in 1874 went on the "Burlington Hawkeye" of which he became the managing editor, and the work that he did on this paper made both himself and the paper famous in the world of humor. Mr. Burdette married in 1870, and his wife, whom he called " Her Little Serene Highness," was to him a guiding light until the day of her death, and it was probably the unconscious pathos with which he described her in his work that broke the barriers that had kept him out of the maga Ten years after the close of the war, Anna 104 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. zines and secured him the acceptance of his "Concessions" by Lippincott some years ago, and brought him substantial fame and recognition in the literary world. W ILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS, one of the leading novelists of the present century and author of a number of works that gained for him a place in the hearts of the people, was born March I, 1837, at Martinsville, Belmont county, Ohio. At the age of three years he accompanied his father, who was a printer, to Hamilton, Ohio, where he learned the printer's trade. Later he was engaged on the editorial staff of the "Cincinnati Gazette " and the " Ohio State Journal." During I861-65 he was the United States consul at Venice, and from I87I to 1878 he was the editor-inchief of the "Atlantic Monthly." As a writer he became one of the most fertile and readable of authors and a pleasing poet. In 1885 he became connected with " Harper's Magazine." Mr. Howells was author of the list of books that we give below: "Venetian Life," "Italian Journeys, " ' No Love Lost," "Suburban Sketches," "Their Wedding Journey," "A Chance Acquaintance," "A Foregone Conclusion," "Dr. Breen's Practice," "A Modern Instance," "The Rise of Silas Lapham," "Tuscan -Cities," "Indian Summer," besides many others. He also wrote the "Poem of Two Friends," with J. J. Piatt in I860, and some minor dramas: "The Drawing Room Car," "The Sleeping Car," etc., that are full of exqusite humor and elegant dialogue. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL was a son of the Rev. Charles Lowell, and was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 22, I819. IHe graduated at Harvard College in I838 as class poet, and went to Harvard Law School, from which he was graduated in 1840, and commenced the practice of his profession in Boston, but soon gave his undivided attention to literary labors. Mr. Lowell printed, in 1841, a small volume of poems entitled "A Year's Life," edited with Robert Carter; in I843, "The Pioneer," a literary and critical magazine (monthly), and in 1848 another book of poems, that.contained several directed against slavery. He published in 1844 a volume of "Poems" and in I845 "Conversations on Some of the Old Poets," "The Vision of Sir Launfal," ' A Fable for Critics," and "The Bigelow Papers," the latter satirical essays in dialect poetry directed against slavery and the war with Mexico. In 1851-52 he traveled in Europe and resided in Italy for a considerable time, and delivered in 1854-55 a course of lectures on the British poets, before the Lowell Institute, Boston. Mr. Lowell succeeded Longfellow in January, 1855, as professor of modern languages and literature at Harvard College, and spent another year in Europe qualifying himself for that post. He edited the "Atlantic Monthly " from 1857 to 1862, and the "North American Review" from 1863 until I872. From 1864 to I870 he published the following works: ' Fireside Travels," " Under the Willows," " The: Commemoration Ode," in honor of the alumni of Harvard who had fallen in the Civil war; "The Cathedral," two volunme of essays; "Among My Books" and " My Study Windows," and in 1867 he published a new series of the "Bigelow Papers." He traveled extensively in Europe in 1872-74T and received in person the degree of D. C. L. at Oxford and that of LL. D. at the University of Cambridge, England. H, was also interested in political life and held C OMPENDIUMI OF BIOGRAAPHY. 10o& nany important offices. He was United States minister to Spain in 1877 and was also minister to England in 1880-85. On January 2, 1884, he was elected lord rector of St. Andrew University in Glasgow, Scotiand, but soon after he resigned the same. Mr. Lowell's works enjoy great popularity in the United States and England. He died August 12, I891. OSEPH HENRY, one of America's greatest scientists, was born at Albany, New York, December 17, I797. He was educated in the common schools of the city and graduated from the Albany Academy, where he became a professor of mathematics in I826. In I827 he commenced a course of investigation, which he continued for a number of years, and the results produced had great effect on the scientific world. The first success was achieved by producing the electric magnet, and he next proved the possibility of exciting magnetic energy at a distance, and it was the invention of Professor Henry's intensity magnet that first nmade the invention of electric telegraph a Ipossibility. He made a statement regarding the practicability of applying the intensity magnet to telegraphic uses, in his article to the "American Journal of Science " in 1831. luring the same year he produced the first mechanical contrivance ever invented for maintaining continuous moticn by means of:lectro-magnetism, and he also contrived a imachine by which signals could be made at - distance by the use of his electro-magnet, the signals being produced by a lever strikPig on a bell. Some of his electro-magnets v,'ere of great power, one carried over a ton i nd another not less than three thousand six li;ndred pounds. In I832 he discovered that secondary currents could be produced a long conductor by the induction of the primary current upon itself, and also in the same year he produced a spark by means of a purely magnetic induction. Professor Henry was elected, in 1832, professor of natural philosophy in the College of New Jersey, and in his earliest lectures at Princeton, demonstrated the feasibility of the electric telegraph. He visited Europe in 1837, and while there he had an interview with Professor Wheatstone, the inventor of the needle magnetic telegraph. In 1846 he was elected secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, being the first incumbent in that office, which he held until his death. Professor Henry was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in I849, and of the National Academy of Sciences. He was made chairman of the lighthouse board of the United States in 1871 and held that position up to the time of his death. He received the honorary degree of doctor of laws from Union College in I829, and from Harvard University in I851, and his death occurred May 13, I878. Among his numerous works may be mentioned the following: "Contributions to Electricity and Magnetism," 'American Philosophic Trans," and many articles in the "American Journal of Science," the journal of the Franklin Institute; the proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in the annual reports of the Smitbsonian Institution from its foundation. FRANKLIN BUCHANAN, the famous rear-admiral of the Confederate navy during the rebellion, was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He became a United States midshipman in 1815 and was promoted through the various grades of the service and became a captain in I855. Mr. Buchanan resigned his captaincy in order to join 106" C 03fPENDIUJI, OF BIO GRA PHr. the Confederate service in I86I and later he asked to be reinstated, but his request was refused and he then entered into the service of the Confederate government. He was placed in command of the frigate " Merrimac " after she had been fitted up as an ironclad, and had command of her at the time of the battle of Hampton Roads. It was he who had command when the "Merrimac" sunk the two wooden frigates, " Congress" and "Cumberland," and was also in command during part of the historical battle of the "Merrimac" and the "Monitor," where he was wounded and the command devolved upon Lieutenant Catesby Jones. He was created rear-admiral in the Confederate service and commanded the Confederate fleet in Mobile bay, which was defeated by Admiral Farragut, August 5, I864. Mr. Buchanan was in command of the "Tennessee," an ironclad, and during the engagement he lost one of his legs and was taken prisoner in the end by the Union fleet. After the war he settled in Talbot county, Maryland, where he died May II, 1874. ICHARD PARKS BLAND, a celebrated American statesman, frequently called "the father of the house," because of his many years of service in the lower house of congress, was born August I9, 1835, near Hartford, Kentucky, where he received a plain academic education. He moved, in I855, to Missouri, from whence he went overland to California, afterward locating in Virginia City, nowin the state of Nevada, but then part of the territory of Utah. While there he practiced law, dabbled in mines and mining in Nevada and California for several years, and served for a time as treasurer of Carson county, Nevada. Mr. Blan'd returned to Missouri in I865, where he engaged in the practice of law at Rolla, Missouri, and in I869 removed to Lebanon, Missouri. He began his congressional career in 1873, when he was elected as a Democrat to the forty-third congress, and he was regularly re-elected to every congress after that time up to the fifty-fourth, when he was defeated for re-election, but was returned to the fifty-fifth congress as a Silver Democrat. During all his protracted service, while Mr. Bland was always steadfast in his support of democratic measures, yet he won his special renown as the great advocate of silver, being strongly in favor of the free and unlimited coinage of silver, and on account of his pronounced views was one of the candidates for the presidential nomination of the Democratic party at Chicago in i896. FANNY DAVENPORT (F. L. G. Davenport) was of British birth, but she belongs to the American stage. She was the daughter of the famous actor, E. L. Davenport, and was born in London in I850. She first went on the stage as a child at the Howard Athenaeum, Boston, and her entire life was spent upon the stage. She played children's parts at Burton's old theater in Chambers street, and then, in 1862, appeared as the King of Spain in "' Faint Heart Never Won Fair Lady." Here she attracted the notice of Augustin Daly, the noted manager, then at the Fifth Avenue theater, who offered her a six weeks' engagement with her father in "London Assurance." She afterwards appeared at the same house in a variety of characters, and her versatility was favorably noticed by the critics. After the burning of the old Fifth Avenue, the present theater of that name was built at Twenty-eighth street, and here Miss Davenport appeared in a play written for her by C OMPENDIIUMI OF.BIOGRA PHr. 107 Mr. Daly. She scored a great success. She then starred in this play throughout the country, and was married to Mr. Edwin F. Price, an actor of her company, in I880. In 1882 she went to Paris and purchased the right to produce in America Sardou's great emotional play, " Fedora." It was put on at the Fourteenth Street theater in New York, and in it she won popular favor and became one of the most famous actresses of her time. ORACE BRIGHAM CLAFLIN, one of the greatest merchants America has produced, was born in Milford, Massachusetts, a son of John Claflin, also a merchant. Young Claflin started his active life as a clerk in his father's store, after having been offered the opportunity of a college education, but with the characteristic promptness that was one of his virtues he exclaimed, "No law or medicine for me." He had set his heart on being a merchant, and when his father retired he and his brother Aaron, and his brother-in-law, Samuel Daniels, conducted the business. Mr. Claflin was not content, however, to run a store in a town like Milford, and accordingly opened a dry goods store at Worcester, with his brother as a partner, but the partnership was dissolved a year later and H. B. Claflin assumed complete control. The business in Worcester had been conducted on orthodox principles, and when Mr. Claflin came there and introduced advertising as a means of drawing trade, he created considerable animosity among the older merchants. Ten years later he was one of the most prosperous merchants. He disposed of his business in Worcester for $30,000, and went to New York to search for a wider field' than that of a shopkeeper. Mr. Claflin and William M. Bulkley started in the dry goods business there under the firm name of Bulkley & Claflin, in 1843, and Mr. Bulkley was connected with the firm until i85, when he retired. A new firm was then formed under the name of Claflin, Mellin & Co. This firm succeeded in founding the largest dry goods house in the world, and after weathering the dangers of the civil war, during which the house came very near going under, and was saved only by the superior business abilities of Mr. Claflin, continued to grow. The sales of the firm amounted to over $72,000,000 a year after the close of the war. Mr. Claflin died November 14, I885. CHARLOTTE CUSHMAN (Charlotte Saunders Cushman), one of the most celebrated American actresses, was born in Boston, July 23, I8 6. She was descended from one of the earliest Puritan families. Her first attempt at stage work was at the age of fourteen years in a charitable concert given by amateurs in Boston. From this time her advance to the first place on the American lyric stage was steady, until, in 1835, while singing in New Orleans, she suddenly lost control of her voice so far as relates to singing, and was compelled to retire. She then took up the study for the dramatic stage under the direction of Mr. Barton, the tragedian. She soon after made her debut as " Lady Macbeth." She appeared in New York in September, 1836, and her success was immediate. Her "Romeo" was almost perfect, and she is the only woman that has ever appeared in the part of " Cardinal Wolsey." She at different times acted as support of Forrest and Macready. Her London engagement, secured in I845, after many and great discouragements, proved an unqualified success. 108 C O1IPENPDIUM OF BIO GRA ' H Y. Her farewell appearance was at Booth's theater, New York, November 7, I874, in the part of "( Lady Macbeth," and after that performance an Ode by R. H. Stoddard was read, and a body of citizens went upon the stage, and in their name the venerable poet Longfellow presented her with a wreath of laurel with an inscription to the effect that " she who merits the palm should bear it." From the time of her appearance as a modest girl in a charitable entertainment down to the time of final triumph as a tragic queen, she bore herself with as much honor to womanhood as to the profession she represented. Her death occurred in Boston, February i8, 1876. By her profession she acquired a fortune of $600,000. EAL DOW, one of the most prominent temperance reformers our country has known, was born in Portland, Me., March 20, I804. He received his education in the Friends Seminary, at New Bedford, Massachusetts, his parents being members of that sect. After leaving school he pursued a mecrantile and manufacturing career for a number of years. He was active in the affairs of his native city, and in 1839 became chief of the fire department, and in 1851 was elected mayor. He was re-elected to the latter office in I854. Being opposed to the liquor traffic he was a champion of the project of prohibition, first brought forward in I839 by James Appleton. While serving his first term as mayor he drafted a bill for the " suppression of drinking houses and tippling shops," which he took to the legislature and which was passed without an alteration. In i858 Mr. Dow was elected to the legislature. On the outbreak of the Civil war he was appointed colonel of the Thirteenth Maine Infantry and accompanied General Butler's expedition to New Orleans. In I862 he was made brigadier-general. At the battle of Port Hudson May 27, 1863, he was twice wounded,and taken prisoner. He was confined at Libby prison and Mobile nearly a year, when, being exchanged, he resigned, his health having given way under the rigors of his captivity. He made several trips to England in the interests of temperance organization, where he addressed large audiences. He was the candidate of the National Prohibition party for the presidency in 1880, receiving about ten thousand votes. In 1884 he was largely instrumental in the amendment of the constitution of Maine, adopted by an overwhelming popular vote, which forever forbade the manufacture or sale of any intoxicating beverages, and commanding the legislature to enforce the prohibition. He died October 2, I897. ACHARY TAYLOR, twelfth president of the United States, was born in Orange county, Virginia, September 24, I784. His boyhood was spent on his father's plantation and his education was limited. In I808 he was made lieutenant of the Seventh Infantry, and joined his regiment at New Orleans. He was promoted to captain in 18Io, and commanded at Fort Harrison, near the present site of Terre Haute, in I812, where, for his gallant defense, he was brevetted major, attaining full rank in I814. In 1815 he retired to an estate near Louisville. In I816 here-entered the army as major, and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and then to colonel. Having for many years been Indian agent over a large portion of the western country, he was often required in Washington to give advice and counsel in matters connected with the Indian bureau. He served through the Black Hawk Indian war of 1832, and in 1837 was ordered to the command of the COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHT. 109. army in Florida, where he attacked the Indians in the swamps and brakes, defeated them and ended the war. He was brevetted brigadier-general and made commander-inchief of the army in Florida. He was assigned to the command of the army of the southwest n? I840, but was soon after relieved of it at his request. He was then stationed at posts in Arkansas. In 1845 he was ordered to prepare to protect and defend Texas boundaries from invasion by Mexicans and Indians. On the annexation of Texas he proceeded with one thousand five hundred men to Corpus Christi, within the disputed territory. After reinforcement he was ordered by the Mexican General Ampudia to retire beyond the Nueces river, with which order he declined to comply. The battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma followed, and he crossed the Rio Grande and occupied Matamoras May I8th. He was commissioned major-general for this campaign, and in September he advanced upon the city of Monterey and captured it after a hard fight. Here he took up winter quarters, and when he was about to resume activity in the spring he was ordered to send the larger part of his army to reinforce General Scott at Vera Cruz. After leaving garrisons at various points his army was reduced to about five thousand, mostly fresh recruits. He was attacked by the army of Santa Anna at Buena Vista, February 22, 1847, and after a severe fight completely routed the Mexicans. He received the thanks of congress and a gold medal for this victory. He remained in command of the "army of occupation" until winter, when he returned to the United States. In 1848 General Taylor was nominated by the Whigs for president. He was elected over his two opponents, Cass and Van Buren. Great bitterness was developing in the struggle for and against the extension of slavery, and the newly acquired territory in the west, and the fact that the states were now equally divided on that question, tended to increase the feeling. President Taylor favored immediate admission of California with her constitution prohibiting slavery, and the admission of other states to be formed out of the new territory as they might elect as they adopted constitutions from time to time. This policy resulted in the "( Omnibus Bill," which afterward passed congress, though in separate bills; not, however, until after the death of the soldierstatesman, which occurred July 9, 1850. One of his daughters became the wife of Jefferson Davis. M ELVILLE D. LANDON, better known as Eli Perkins," author, lecturer and humorist, was born in Eaton, New York, September 7, 1839. He was the son of John Landon and grandson of Rufus Landon, a revolutionary soldier from Litchfield county, Connecticut. Melville was educated at the district school and neighboring academy, where he was prepared for the sophomore class at Madison University. He passed two years at the latter, when he was admitted to Union College, and graduated in the class of I86I, receiving the degree of A. M., in 1862. He was, at once, appointed to a position in the treasury department at Washington. This being about the time of the breaking out of the war, and before the appearance of any Union troops at the capital, he assisted in the organization of the " Clay Battalion," of Washington. Leaving his clerkship some time later, he took up duties on the staff of General A. L. Chetlain, who was in command at Memphis. In I864 he resigned from the army and engaged in cotton planting in Arkansas 110 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. and Louisiana. In 1867 he went abroad, making the tour of Europe, traversing Russia. While in the latter country his old commander of the " Clay Battalion," General Cassius M. Clay, then United States minister at St. Petersburg, made him secretary of legation. In I87I, on returning to America, he published a history of the Franco-Prussian war, and followed it with numerous humorous writings for the public press under the name of ' Eli Perkins," which, with his regular contributions to the " Commercial Advertiser," brought him into notice, and spread his reputation as a humorist throughout thecountry. He also published "Saratoga in I89I," "Wit, Humor and Pathos," "' Wit and Humor of the Age," " Kings of Platform and Pulpit," "Thirty Years of Wit and Humor," ( Fun and Fact," and "China and Japan." LEWIS CASS, one of the most prominent statesman and party leaders of his day, was born at Exeter, New Hampshire, October 9, 1782. He studied law, and having removed to Zanesville, Ohio, commenced the practice of that profession in 1802. He entered the service of the American government in 1812 and was made a colonel in the army under General William Hull, and on the surrender of Fort Malden by that officer was held as a prisoner. Being released in 1813, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general and in I814 appointed governor of Michigan Territory. After he had held that office for some sixteen years, negotiating, in the meantime, many treaties with the Indians, General Cass was made secretary of war in the cabinet of President Jackson, in I83I. He was, in 1836, appointed minister to France, which office he held for six years. In I844 he -"as elected United States senator from Michigan. In 1846 General Cass opposed the Wilmot Proviso, which was an amendment to a bill for the purchase of land from Mexico, which provided that in any of the territory acquired from that power slavery should not exist. For this and other reasons he was nominated as Democratic candidate for the presidency of the United States in 1848, but was defeated by General Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate, having but one hundred and thirty-seven electoral votes to his opponent's one hundred and sixtythree. In 1849 General Cass was re-elected to the senate of the United States, and in 1854 supported Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska bill. He became secretary of state in March, I857, under President Buchanan, but resigned that office in December, I860. He died June 17, I866. The published works of Lewis Cass, while not numerous, are well written and display much ability. He was one of the foremost men of his day in the political councils of the Democratic party, and left a reputation for high probity and honor behind him. E WITT CLINTON.-Probably there were but few men who were so popular in their time, or who have had so much influence in moulding events as the individual whose name honors the head of this article. De Witt Clinton was the son of General James Clinton, and a nephew of Governor George Clinton, who was the fourth vicepresident of the United States. He was a native of Orange county, New York, born at Little Britain, March 2, 1769. He graduated from Columbia College, in his native state, in 1796, and took up the study of law. In 1790 he became private secretary to his uncle, then governor of New York. He entered public life as a Republican or antiFederalist, and was elected to the lower COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHT. 11 house of the state assembly in 1797, and the senate of that body in I798. At that time he was looked on as " the most rising man in the Union." In I801 he was elected to the United States senate. In I803 he was appointed by the governor and council mayor of the city of New York, then a very important and powerful office. Having been re-appointed, he held the office of mayor for nearly eleven years, and rendered great service to that city. Mr. Clinton served as lieutenant-governor of the state of New York, I8II-I3, and was one of the commissioners appointed to examine and survey a route for a canal from the Hudson river to Lake Erie. Differing with President Madison, in relation to the war, in I812, he was nominated for the presidency against that gentleman, by a coalition party called the Clintonians, many of whom were Federalists. Clinton received eight-nine electoral votes. His course at this time impaired his popularity for a time. He was removed from the mayoralty in 1814, and retired to private life. In 1815 he wrote a powerful argument for the construction of the Erie canal, then a great and beneficent work of which he was the principal promoter. This was in the shape of a memorial to the legislature, which, in 1817, passed a bill authorizing the construction of that canal. The same year he was elected governor of New York, almost unanimously, notwithstanding the opposition of a few who pronounced the scheme of the canal visionary. He was re-elected governor in I820. He was at this time, also, president of the canal commissioners. He declined a re-election to the gubernatorial chair in 1822 and was removed from his place on the canal board two years later. But he was triumphantly elected to the ofiice of governor that fall, and his pet project, the Erie canal, was finished the next year. He was re-elected governor in I826, but died while holding that office, February I, 1828. AARON BURR, one of the many brilliant figures on the political stage in the early days of America, was born at Newark, New Jersey, February 6, I756. He was the son of Aaron and Esther Burr, the former the president of the College of New Jersey, and the latter a daughter of Jonathan Edwards, who had been president of the same educational institution. Young Burr graduated at Princeton in 1772. In I775 he joined the provincial army at Cambridge, Massachusetts. For a time, he served as a private soldier, but later was made an aide on the staff of the unfortunate General Montgomery, in the Quebec expedition. Subsequently he was on the staffs of Arnold, Putnam and Washington, the latter of whom he disliked. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and commanded a brigade on Mornouth's bloody field. In 1779, onaccount of feeble health, Colonel Burr resigned from the army. He took up the practice of law in Albany, New York, but subsequently removed to New York City. In I789 he became attorney-general of that state. In 1791 he was chosen to represent the state of New York in the United States senate and held that position for six years. In 18o0 he and Thomas Jefferson were both candidates for the presidency, and there being a tie in the electoral college, each having seventy-three votes, the choice was left to congress, who gave the first place to Jefferson and made Aaron Burr vice-president, as the method then was. In I804 Mr. Burr and his great rival, Alexander Hamilton, met in a duel, which resulted in the death of the latter, Burr losing thereby con 112 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. siderable political and social influence. He soon embarked in a wild attempt upon Mexico, and as was asserted, upon the southwestern territories of the United States. He was tried for treason at Richmond, Virginia, in 1807, but acquitted, and to avoid importunate creditors, fled to Europe. After a time, in 18 12, he returned to New York, where he practiced law, and where he died, September 14, I836. A man of great ability, brilliant and popular talents, his influence was destroyed by his unscrupulous political actions and immoral private life. LBERT GALLATIN, one of the most distinguished statesmen of the early days of the republic, was born at Geneva, Switzerland, January 29, 1761. He was the son of Jean de Gallatin and Sophia A. Rolaz du Rosey Gallatin, representatives of an old patrician family. Albert Gallatin was left an orphan at an early age, and was educated under the care of friends of his parents. He graduated from the University of Geneva in 1779, and declining employment under one of the sovereigns of Germany, came to the struggling colonies, landing in Boston July 14, 1780. Shortly after his arrival he proceeded to Maine, where he served as a volunteer under Colonel Allen. He made advances to the government for the support of the American troops, and in November, 1780, was placed in command of a small fort at Passamaquoddy, defended by a force of militia, volunteers and Indians. In 1783 he was professor of the French language at Harvard University. A year later, having received his patrimony from Europe, he purchased large tracts of land in western Virginia, but was prevented by the Indians from forming the large settlement he proposed, and, in 1786, purchased a farm in Fayette county, Pennsylvania. In 1789 he was a member of the convention to amend the constitution of that state, and united himself with the Republican party, the head of which was Thomas Jefforson. The following year he was elected to the legislature of Pennsylvania, to which he was subsequently re-elected. In 1793 he was elected to the United States senate, but could not take his seat on account of not havingbeen a citizen long enough. In 1794 Mr. Gallatin was elected to the representative branch of congress, in which he served three terms. He also took an important position in the suppression of the "whiskey insurrection." In I80I, on the accession of Jefferson to the presidency, Mr. Gallatin was appointed secretary of the treasury. In 1809 Mr. Madison offered him the position of secretary of state, but he declined, and continued at the head of the treasury until 1812, a period of twelve years. He exercised a great influence on the other departments and in the general administration, especially in the matter of financial reform, and recommended measures for taxation, etc., which were passed by congress, and became laws May 24, I813. The same year he was sent as an envoy extraordinary to Russia, which had offered to mediate between this country and Great Britain, but the latter country refusing the interposition of another power, and agreeing to treat directly with the United States, in 1814, at Ghent, Mr. Gallatin, in connection with his distinguished colleagues, negotiated and signed the treaty of peace. In I815, in conjunction with Messrs. Adams and Clay, he signed, at London, a commercial treaty between the two countries. In I816, declining his old post at the head of the treasury, Mr. Gallatin was sent as minister to France, where he remained until 1823. COMPENDIUMJ OF BiIOGRAH 2r. 113 -- After a year spent in England as envoy extraordinary, he took up his residence in New York, and from that time held no public office. In 1830 he was chosen president of the council of the University of New York. He was, in 1831, made president of the National bank, which position he resigned in I839. He died August 12, 1849. M ILLARD FILLMORE, the thirteenth president of the United States, was born of New England parentage in Summer Hill, Cayuga county, New York, January 7, 800o. His school education was very limited, but he occupied his leisure hours in study. He worked in youth upon his father's farm in his native county, and at the age of fifteen was apprenticed to a wool carder and cloth dresser. Four years later he was induced by Judge Wood to enter his office at Montviile, New York, and take up the study of law. This warm friend, finding young Fillmore destitute of means, loaned him money, but the latter, not wishing to incur a heavy debt, taught school during part of the time and in this and other ways helped maintain himself. In 1822 he removed to Buffalo, New York, and the year following, being admitted to the bar, he commenced the practice of his profession at East Aurora, in the same state. Here he remained until 1830, having, in the meantime, been admitted to practice in the supreme court, when he returned to Buffalo, where he became the partner of S. G. Haven and N. K. Hall. He entered politics and served in the state legislature from 1829 to 1832. He was in congress in I833 -35 and in 1837-41, where he proved an active and useful member, favoring the views of John Quincy Adams, then battling almost alone the slave-holding party in national politics, and in most of public ques tions acted with the Whig party. While chairman of the committee of ways and means he took a leading part in draughting the tariff bill of 1842. In 1844 Mr. Fillmore was the Whig candidate for governor of New York. In I847 he was chosen comptroller of the state, and abandoning his practice and profession removed to Albany. In 1848 he was elected vice president on the ticket with General Zachary Taylor, and they were inaugurated the following March. On the death of the president, July 9, 1850, Mr. Fillmore was inducted into that office. The great events of his administration were the passage of the famous compromise acts of 1850, and the sending out of the Japan expedition of I852. March 4, 1853, having served one term, President Fillmore retired from office, and in 1855 went to Europe, where he received marked attention. On returning home, in I856, he was nominated for the presidency by the Native American or " Know-Nothing" party, but was defeated, James Buchanan being the successful candidate. Mr. Fillmore ever afterward lived in retirement. During the conflict of Civil war he was mostly silent. It was generally supposed, however, that his sympathy was with the southern confederacy. He kept aloof from the conflict without any words of cheer to the one party or the other. For this reason he was forgotten by both. He died of paralysis, in Buffalo, New York, March 8, I874. PETER F. ROTHERMEL, one of America's greatest and best-known historical painters, was born in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, July 8, 1817, and was of German ancestry. He received his earlier education in his native county, and in Philadelphia '114 C' OMP'ENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. learned the profession of land surveying. 'But a strong bias toward art drew him away and he soon opened a studio where he did portrait painting. This soon gave place to historical painting, he having discovered the bent of his genius in that direction. Besides the two pictures in the Capitol at Washington-( 'De Soto Discovering the Mississippi" and "Patrick Henry Before the Virginia House of Burgesses"-Rothermel painted many others, chief among which are: "Columbus Before Queen Isabella," "Martyrs of the Colosseum," "Cromwell Breaking Up Service in an English Church," and the famous picture of the "Battle of Gettysburg." The last named was painted for the state of Pennsylvania, for which Rothermel received the sum of $25,ooo, and which it took him four years to plan and to paint. It represents the portion of that historic field held by the First corps, an exclusively Pennsylvania body of men, and was selected by Rothermel for that reason. For many years most of his time was spent in Italy, only returning for short periods. He died at Philadelphia, August I6, I895. EDMUND KIRBY SMITH, one of the distinguished leaders upon the side of the south in the late Civil war, was born at St. Augustine, Florida, in I824. After receiving the usual education he was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in 1845 and entered the army as second lieutenant of infantry. During the Mexican war he was made first lieutenant and captain for gallant conduct at Cerro Gordo and Contreras. From 1849 to i852 he was assistant professor of mathematics at West Point. He was transferred to the Second cavalry with the rank of captain in I855, served on the frontier, and was wounded in a fight with Comanche Indians in Texas, May 13, I859. In January, I86I, he became major of his regiment, but resigned April 9th to follow the fortunes of the southern cause. He was appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate army and served in Virginia. At the battle of Bull Run, July 21, I86i, he arrived on the field late in the day, but was soon disabled by a wound. He was made rajor-general in 1862, and being transferred to East Tennessee, was given command of that department. Under General Braxton Bragg he led the advance in the invasion of Kentucky and defeated the Union forces at Richmond, Kentucky, August 30, 1862, and advanced to Frankfort. Promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, he was engaged at the battle of Perryville, October 10, and in the battle of Murfreesboro, December 31, 1862, and January 3, I863. He was soon made general, the highest rank in the service, and in command of the trans-Mississippi department opposed General N. P. Banks in the famous Red River expedition, taking part in the battle of Jenkins Ferry, April 30, 1864, and other engagements of that eventful campaign. He was the last to surrender the forces under his command, which he did May 26, 1865. After the close of the war he located in Tennessee, where he died March 28, 1893. OHN JAMES INGALLS, a famous American statesman, was born December 29, 1833, at Middleton, Massachusetts, where he was reared and received his early education. He went to Kansas in I858 and joined the free-soil army, and a year after his arrival he was a member of the historical Wyandotte convention, which drafted a free-state constitution. In I860 he was COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHfr. made secretary of the territorial council, and in I86I was secretary of the state senate. The next year he was duly elected to the legitimate state senate from Atchison, where he had made his home. From that time he was the leader of the radical Republican element in the state. He became the editor of the "Atchison Champion " in I863, which was a "red-hot free-soil Republican organ." In 1862 he was the antiLane candidate for lieutenant-governor, but was defeated. He was elected to the United States senate to succeed Senator Pomeroy, and took his seat in the fbrty-third congress and served until the fiftieth. In the forty-ninth congress he succeeded Senator Sherman as president pro tenm., which position he held through the fiftieth congress. BENJAMIN WEST, the greatest of the early American painters, was of English descent and Quaker parentage. He was born in Springfield, Pennsylvania, in 1738. From what source he inherited his genius it is hard to imagine, since the tenets and tendencies of the Quaker faith were not calculated to encourage the genius of art, but at the age of nine years, with no suggestion except that of inspiration, we find him choosing his model from life, and laboring over his first work calculated to attract public notice. It was a representation of a sleeping child in its cradle. The brush with which he painted it was made of hairs which he plucked from the cat's tail, and the colors were obtained from the war paints of friendly Indians, his mother's indigo bag, and ground chalk and charcoal, and the juice of berries; but there were touches in the rude production that he declared in later days were a credit to his best works. The picture attracted notice, for a council was called at once to pass upon the boy's conduct in thus infringing the laws of the society. There were judges among them who saw in his genius a rare gift and their wisdom prevailed, and the child was given permission to follow his inclination. He studied under a painter named Williams, and then spent some,years as a portrait painter with advancing success. At the age of twentytwo he went to Italy, and not until he had perfected himself by twenty-three years of labor in that paradise of art was he satisfied to turn his face toward home. However, he stopped at London, and decided to settle there, sending to America for his intended bride to join him. Though the Revolutionary war was raging, King George III showed the American artist the highest consideration and regard. His remuneration from works for royalty amounted to five thousand dollars'per year for thirty years. West's best known work in America is, perhaps, "The Death of General Wolf." West was one of the thirty-six original members of the Royal academy and succeeded Joshua Reynolds as president, which position he held until his death. His early works were his best, as he ceased to display originality in his later life, conventionality having seriously affected his efforts. He died in 1820. QAMUEL PORTER JONES, the famous Georgia evangelist, was born October i6, 1847, in Chambers county, Alabama. He did not attend school regularly during his boyhood, but worked on a farm, and went to school at intervals, on account of ill health. His father removed to Cartersville, Georgia, when Mr. Jones was a small boy. He quit school at the age of nineteen and never attended college. The war inter. fered with his education, which was intended 116 C 1O13PEONDIUM OF BIOGRAPHf. to prepare him for the legal profession. After the war he renewed his preparation for college, but was compelled to desist from such a course, as his health failed him entirely. Later on, however, he still pursued his legal studies and was admitted to the bar. Soon after this event he went to Dallas, Paulding county, Georgia, where he was engaged in the practice of his profession, and in a few months removed to Cherokee county, Alabama, where he taught school. In 1869 he returned to Cartersville, Georgia, and arrived in time to see his father die. Immediately after this event he applied for a license to preach, and went to Atlanta, Georgia, to the meeting of the North Georgia Conference of the M. E. church south, which received him on trial. He became an evangelist of great note, and traveled extensively, delivering his sermons in an inimitable style that mnade him very popular with the masses, his methods of conducting revivals being unique and original and his preaching practical and incisive. HELBY MOORE CULLOM, a national character in political affairs and for many years United States senator from Illinois, was born November 22, I829, at Monticello, Kentucky. He came with his parents to Illinois in 1830 and spent his early yearson afarm, but havingformed the purpose of devoting himself to the lawyer's profession he spent two years study at the Rock River seminary atMount Morris, Illinois. In 1853 Mr. Cullom entered the law office of Stuart and Edwards at Springfield, Illinois, and two years later he began the independent practice of law in that city. He took an active interest in politics and was soon elected city attorney of Springfield. In I856 he was elected a member of the Illinois house of representatives. He identified himself with Ithe newly formed Republican party and in I86o was re-elected to the legislature of his state, in which he was chosen speaker of the house. In 1862 President Lincoln appointed a commission to pass upon and examine the accounts of the United States quartermasters and disbursing officers, composed as follows: Shelby M. Cullom, of Illinois; Charles A. Dana, of New York, and Gov. Boutwell, of Massachusetts. Mr. Cullom was nominated for congress in 1864, and was elected by a majority of 1,785. In the house of representatives he became an active and aggressive member, was chairman of the committee on territories and served in congress until I868. Mr. Cullom was returned to the state legislature, of which he was chosen speaker in 1872, and was re-elected in I874. In 1876 he was elected governor of Illinois and at the end of his term he was chosen for a second term. He was elected United States senator in I883 and twice re-elected. RICHARD JORDAN GATLING, an American inventor of much note, was born in Hertford county, North Carolina, September 12, I8r8. At an early age he gave promise of an inventive genius. The first emanation from his mind was the invention of a screw for the propulsion oi water craft, but on application for a patent, found that he was forestalled but a short time by John Ericsson. Subsequently he invented a machine for sowing wheat in drills, which was used to a great extent throughout the west. He then studied medicine, and in 1847-8 attended lectures at the Indiana Medical College at Laporte, and in 1848-9 at the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati. He later discovered a method of transmitting power through the medium of compressed air. A I i i IN -N i I I I I 7 - HE RYC I; /1.,:I *.:::8::-:::'::;:::-: -::- -:::: -:-:::_: -i::::: :p," i_ G.tNGERSOLL 0 COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHr. 119 I double-acting hemp break was also invented by him. The invention, however, by which Dr. Gatling became best known was the famous machine gun which bears his name. This he brought to light in 1861-62, and on the first trial of it, in the spring of the latter year, two hundred shots per minute were fired from it. After making some improvements which increased its efficiency, it was submitted to severe trials by our government at the arsenals at Frankfort, Washington and Fortress Monroe, and at other points. The gun was finally adopted by our government, as well as by that of Great Britain, Russia and others. ENJAMIN RYAN TILLMAN, who won a national fame in politics, was born August 1, I847, in Edgefield county, South Carolina. He received his education in the Oldfield school, where he acquired the rudiments of Latin and Greek, in addition to a good English education. He left school in 1864 to join the Confederate army, but was prevented from doing so by a severe illness, which resulted in the loss of an eye. In 1867 he removed to Florida, but returned in I868, when he was married and devoted himself to farming. He was chairman of the Democratic organization of his county, but except a few occasional services he took no active part in politics then. Gradually, however, his attention was directed to the depressed condition of the farming interests of his state, and in August, I885, before a joint meeting of the agricultural society and state grange at Bennettsville, he made a speech in which he set forth the cause of agricultural depression and urged measures of relief. From his active,interest in the farming class he was styled the " Agricultural Moses." He advocated an industrial school for women and for a separate agri7 cultural college, and in 1887 he secured a modification in the final draft of the will of Thomas G. Clemson, which resulted in the erection of the Clemson Agricultural College at Fort Hill. In I890 he was chosen governor on the Democratic ticket, and carried the election by a large majority. Governor Tillman was inaugurated December 4, I890. Mr. Tillman was next elected to the United States senate from South Carolina, and gained a national reputation by his fervid oratory. EORGE DENISON PRENTICE. No journalist of America was so celebrated in his time for the wit, spice, and vigor of his writing, as the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. From Atlantic to Pacific he was well known by his witticism as well as by strength and force of his editorials. He was a native of Preston, Connecticut, born December i8, I802. After laying the foundation of a liberal education in his youth, he entered Brown University, from which he was graduated in 1823. Taking up the study of law, he was admitted to the bar in I829. During part of his time he was editor of the "' New England Weekly Review," a position which he relinquished to go south and was succeeded by John Greenleaf Whittier, the Quaker poet. On arriving in Louisville, whither he had gone to gather items for his history of Henry Clay, Mr. Prentice became identified with the " Louisville Journal," which, under his hands, became one of the leading Whig newspapers of the country. At the head of this he remained until the day of his death. This latter event occurred January 22, 1870, and he was succeeded in the control of the "Journal" by Colonel Henry Watterson. Mr. Prentice was an author of considerable celebrity, chief among his works being 120' COMPENDIU1M OF BIOGRAPHr. "The Life of Henry Clay," and " Prenticeana,"^a collection of wit and humor, that passed through several large editions. AM. HOUSTON, in the opinion of some critics one of the most remarkable men who ever figured in American history, was a native of Rockbridge county, Virginia, born March 2, I793. Early in life he was left in destitute circumstances by the death of his father, and, with his mother, removed to Tennessee, then almost a boundless wilderness. He received but little education, spending the most of his time among the Cherokee Indians. Part of the time of his residence there Houston acted as clerk for a trader and also taught one of the primitive schools of the day. In 1813 he enlisted as private in the United States army and was engaged under General Jackson in the war with the Creek Indians. When peace was made Houston was a lieutenant, but he resigned his commission and commenced the study of law at Nashville. After holding some minor offices he was elected member of congress from Tennessee. This was in 1823. He retained this office until I827, when he was chosen governor of the state. In 1829, resigning that office before the expiration of his term, Sam Houston removed to Arkansas, and made his home among the Cherokees, becoming the agent of that tribe and representing their interests at Washington. On a visit to Texas, just prior to the election of delegates to a convention called for the purpose of drawing up a constitution previous to the admission of the state into the Mexican union, he was unanimously chosen a delegate. The convention framed the constitution, but, it being rejected by the government of Mexico, and the petition for admission to the Confederacy denied and the Texans told by the president of the Mexican union to give up their arms, bred trouble. It was determined to resist this demand. A military force was soon organized, with General Houston at the head of it. War was prosecuted with great vigor, and with varying success, but at the battle of San Jacinto, April 2, I836, the Mexicans were defeated and their leader and president, Santa Anna, captured. Texas was then proclaimed an independent republic, and in October of the same year Houston was inaugurated president. On the admission of Texas to the Federal Union, in 1845, Houston was elected senator, and held that position for twelve years. Opposing the idea of secession, he retired from political life in I86i, and died at Huntsville, Texas, July 25, I863. LI WHITNEY, the inventor of the cotton-gin, was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, December 8, I765. After his graduation from Yale College, he went to Georgia, where he studied law, and lived with the family of the widow of General Nathaniel Greene. At that time the only way known to separate the cotton seed from the fiber was by hand, making it extremely slow and expensive, and for this reason cotton was little cultivated in this country. Mrs. Greene urged the inventive Whitney to devise some means for accomplishing this work by machinery. This he finally succeeded in doing, but he was harassed by attempts to defraud him by those who had stolen his ideas. He at last formed a partnership with a man named Miller, and they began the manufacture of the machines at Washington, Georgia, in I795. The success of his invention was immediate, and the legislature of South Carolina voted the sum of $50,000 for his idea. This sum he had great difficulty in collecting, after years of C OMfPENDIUMI OF BIO GRAPRTr. 121 litigation and delay. North Carolina allowed him a royalty, and the same was agreed to by Tennessee, but was never paid. While his fame rests upon the invention of the cotton-gin, his fortune came from his improvements in the manufacture and construction of firearms. In 1798 the United States government gave him a contract for this purpose, and he accumulated a fortune from it. The town of Whitneyville, Connecticut, was founded by this fortune. Whitney died at New Haven, Connecticut, January 8, 1825. The cotton-gin made the cultivation of cotton profitable, and this led to rapid introduction of slavery in the south. His invention thus affected our national history in a manner little dreamed of by the inventor. ESTER WALLACK (John Lester Wallack), for many years the leading light comedian upon the American stage, was the son of James W. Wallack, the D" Brummell of the Stage." Both father and son were noted for their comeliness of feature and form. Lester Wallack was born in New York, January I, I819. He received his education in England, and made his first appearance on the stage in 1848 at the New Broadway theater, New York. He acted light comedy parts, and also occasionally in romantic plays like Monte Cristo, which play made him his fame. He went to England and played under management of such men as Hamblin and Burton,and then returned to New York with his father, who opened the first Wallack's theater, at the corner of Broome and Broadway, in I852. The location was afterward changed to Thirteenth and Broadway, in I86i, and later to its present location, Broadway and Thirteenth, in 1882. The elder Wallack died in 1864, after which Lester assumed management, jointly with Theodore Moss. Lester Wallack was commissioned in the queen's service while in England, and there he also married a sister to the famous artist, the late John Everett Millais. While Lester Wallack never played in the interior cities, his name was as familiar to the public as that of our greatest stars. He died September 6, I888, at Stamford, Connecticut. EORGE MORTIMER PULLMAN, the palace car magnate, inventor, multi-millionaire and manufacturer, may well be classed among the remarkable self-made men of the century. He was born March 3, I83I, in Chautauqua county, New York. His parents were poor, and his education was limited to what he could learn of the rudimentary branches in the district school. At the age of fourteen he went to work as clerk for a country merchant. He kept this place three years, studying at night. When seventeen he went to Albion, New York, and worked for his brother, who kept a cabinet shop there. Five years later he went into business for himself as contractor for moving buildings along the line of the Erie canal, which was then being widened by the state, and was successful in this. In I858 he removed to Chicago and engaged in the business of moving and raising houses. The work was novel there then and he was quite successful. About this time the discomfort attendant on traveling at night attracted his attention. He reasoned that the public would gladly pay for comfortable sleeping accommodations. A few sleeping cars were in use at that time, but they were wretchedly crude, uncomfortable affairs. In I859 he bought two old day coaches from the Chicago &Alton road and remodeled them something like the general plan of the sleeping 122 C OMfPENDIUMA OF BIOGRA PH. --- cars of the present day. They were put into service on the Chicago & Alton and became popular at once. In 1863 he built the first sleeping-car resembling the Pullman cars of to-day. It cost $I8,ooo and was the " Pioneer." After that the Pullman Palace Car Company prospered. It had shops at different cities. In I88o the Town of Pullman was founded by Mr. Pullman and his company, and this model manufacturing community is known all over the world. Mr. Pullman died October I9, I897. AMES E. B. STUART, the most famous cavalry leader of the Southern Confederacy during the Civil war, was born in Patrick county, Virginia, in I833. On graduating from the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1854, he was assigned, as second lieutenant, to a regiment of mounted rifles, receiving his commission in. October. In March, 1855, he was transferred to the newly organized First cavalry, and was promoted to first lieutenant the following December, and to captain April 22, 1861. Taking the side of the south, May 14, I86I, he was made colonel of a Virginia cavalry regiment, and served as such at Bull Run. In September, I86I, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-generai. and major-general early in 1862. On the reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia, in June of the latter year, when R. E. Lee assumed command, General Stuart made a reconnoissance with one thousand five hundred cavalry and four guns, and in two days made the circuit of McClellan's army, producing much confusion and gathering useful information, and losing but one man. August 25, 1862, he captured part of Pope's headquarters' train, including that general's private baggage and official correspondence, and the next night, in a descent upon Manasses, capturing immense quantities of commissary and quartermaster store, eight guns, a number of locomotives and a few hundred prisoners. During the invasion of Maryland, in September, I862, General Stuart acted as rearguard, resisting the advance of the Federal cavalry at South Mountain, and at Antietam commanded the Confederate left. Shortly after he crossed the Potomac, making a raid as far as Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. In the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, General Stuart's command was on the extreme right of the Confederate line. At Chancellorsville, after "Stonewall "Jackson's death and the wounding of Gereral A. P. Hill, General Stuart assumed command of Jackson's corps, which he led in the severe contest of May 3, 1863. Early in June, the same year, a large force of cavalry was gathered under Stuart, at Culpepper, Virginia, which, advancing to join General Lee in his invasion of Pennsylvania, was met at Brandy Station, by two divisions of cavalry and two brigades of infantry, under General John I. Gregg, and driven back. During the movements of the Gettysburg campaign he rendered important services. In May, 1864, General Stuart succeeded, by a detour, in placing himself between Richmond and Sheridan's advancing column, and at Yellow Tavern was attacked in force. During the fierce conflict that ensued General Stuart was mortally wounded, and died at Richmond, May II, I864. FRANKLIN PIERCE, the fourteenth president of the United States —from 1853 until 1857-was born November 23, I804, at Hillsboro, New Hampshire. He came of old revolutionary stock and his father was a governor of the state. Mr. Pierce entered Bowdoin College in 1820, COMPENDIUMi OF BIOGRAPHr. 123 was graduated in 1824, and took up the study of law in the office of Judge Woodbury, and later he was admitted to the bar. Mr. Pierce practiced his profession with varying successes in his native town and also in Concord. He was elected to the state legislature in I833 and served in that body until 1837, the last two years of his term serving as speaker of the house. He was elected to the United States senate in I837, just as President Van Buren began his term of office. Mr. Pierce served until 1842, and many times during Polk's term he declined important public offices. During the war with Mexico Mr. Pierce was appointed brigadier-general, and he embarked with a portion of his troops at Newport, Rhode Island, May 27, 1847, and went with them to the field of battle. He served through the war and distinguished himself by his skill, bravery and excellent judgment. When he reached his home in his native state he was received coldly by the opponents of the war, but the advocates of the war made up for his cold reception by the enthusiastic welcome which they accorded him. Mr. Pierce resumed the practice of his profession, and in the political strife that followed he gave his support to the pro-slavery wing of the Democratic party. The Democratic convention met in Baltimore, June I2, 1852, to nominate a candidate for the presidency, and they continued in session four days, and in thirtyfive ballotings no one had secured the requisite two-thirds vote. Mr. Pierce had not received a vote as yet, until the Virginia delegation brought his name forward, and finally on the forty-ninth ballot Mr. Pierce received 282 votes and all the other candidates eleven. His opponent on the Whig ticket was General Winfield Scott, who only received the electoral votes of four states. Mr. Pierce was inaugurated president of the United States March 4, I853, with W. R. King as vice president, and the following named gentlemen were afterward chosen to fill the positions in the cabinet: William S. Marcy, James Guthrie, Jefferson Davis, James C. Dobbin, Robert McClelland, James Campbell and Caleb Cushing. During the administration of President Pierce the Missouri compromise law was repealed, and all the territories of the Union were thrown open to slavery, and the disturbances in Kansas occurred. In 1857 he was succeeded in the presidency by James Buchanan, and retired to his home in Concord, New Hampshire. He always cherished his principles of slavery, and at the outbreak of the rebellion he was an adherent of the cause of the Confederacy. He died at Concord, New Hampshire, October 8, I869. JAMES B. WEAVER, well known as a leader of the Greenback and later of the Populist party, was born at Dayton, Ohio, June 12, 1833. He received his earlier education in the schools of his native town, and entered the law department of the Ohio University, at Cincinnati, from which he graduated in I854. Removing to the growing state of Iowa, he became connected with "The Iowa Tribune," at the state capital, Des Moines, as one of its editors. He afterward practiced law and was elected district attorney for the second judicial district of Iowa, on the Republican ticket in I866, which office he held for a short time. In 1867 Mr. Weaver was appointed assessor of internal revenue for the first district of Iowa, and filled that position until sometime in I873. He, was elected and served in the forty-sixth congress. In I88o the National or Greenback party in convention at Chicago, nominated James B. Weaver as 12-1 C OOMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHYi. its candidate for the presidency. By a union of the Democratic and National parties in his district, he was elected to the forty-ninth congress, and re-elected to the same office in the fall of I886. Mr. Weaver was conceded to be a very fluent speaker, and quite active in all political work. On July 4, I892, at the National convention of the People's party, General James B. Weaver was chosen as the candidate for president of that organization, and during the campaign that followed, gained a national reputation. ANTHONY JOSEPH DREXEL, one of the leading bankers and financiers of the United States, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1826, and was the son of Francis M. Drexel, who had established the large banking institution of Drexel & Co., so well known. The latter was a native of Dornbirn, in the Austrian Tyrol. He studied languages and fine arts at Turin, Italy. On returning to his mountain home, in 1809, and finding it in the hands of the French, he went to Switzerland and later to Paris. In 1812, after a short visit home, he went to Berlin, where he studied painting until 1817, in which year he emigrated lo America, and settled in Philadelphia. A few years later he went to Chili and Peru, where he executed some fine portraits of notable people, including General Simon Bolivar. After spending some time in Mexico, he returned to Philadelphia, and engaged'in the banking business. In 1837 he founded the house of Drexel & Co. He died in 1837, and was succeeded by his two sons, Anthony J. and Francis A. His son, Anthony J. Drexel, Jr., entered the bank when he was thirteen years of age, before he was through with his schooling, and after that the history of the banking business of which he was the head, was the history of his life. The New York house of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was established in 1850; the Paris house, Drexel, Harjes & Co.,in 1867. The Drexel banking houses have supplied iand placed hundreds of millions of dollars n government, corporation, railroad and other loans and securities. The reputation of the houses has always been held on the highest plane. Mr. Drexel founded and heavily endowed the Drexel Institute, in Philadelphia, an institution to furnish better and wider avenues of employment to young people of both sexes. It has departments of arts, science, mechanical arts and domestic economy. Mr. Drexel,Jr.,departed this life June 30, 1893. SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE. inventor of the recording telegraph instrument, was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, April 27, I791. He graduated from Yale College in I8Io, and took up art as his profession. He went to London with the great American painter, Washington Allston, and studied in the Royal Academy under Benjamin West. His " Dying Hercules," his first effort in sculpture, took the gold medal in I813. He returned to America in 1815 and continued to pursue his profession. He was greatly interested in scientific studies, which he carried on in connection with other labors. He founded the National Academy of Design and was many years its president. He returned to Europe and spent three years in study in the art centers, Rome, Florence, Venice and Paris. In 1832 he returned to America and while on the return voyage the idea of a recording telegraph apparatus occurred to him, and he made a drawing to represent his conception. He was the first to occupy the chair of fine arts in the University of New C OilPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHT, 125 York City, and in I835- he set up his rude instrument in his room in the university. But it was not until after many years of discouragement and reverses of fortune that lie finally was successful in placing his invention before the public. In 1844, by aid of the United States government, he had constructed a telegraph line forty miles in length from Washington to Baltimore. Over this line the test was made, and the first telegraphic message was flashed May 24, I844, from the United States supreme court rooms to Baltimore. It read, "What hath God wrought!" His fame and fortune were established in an instant. Wealth and honors poured in upon him from that day. The nations of Europe vied with each other in honoring the great inventor with medals, titles and decorations, and the learned societies of Europe hastened to enroll his name upon their membership lists and confer degrees. In 1858 hewas the recipient of an honor never accorded to an inventor before. The ten leading nations of Europe, at the suggestion of the Emporer Napoleon, appointed representatives to an international congress, which convened at Paris for the special purpose of expressing gratitude of the nations, and they voted him a present of 400,000 francs. Professor Morse was present at the unveiling of a bronze statue erected in his honor in Central Park, New York, in I871. His last appearance in public was at the unveiling of the statue of Benjamin Franklin in New York in 1872, when he made the dedicatory speech and unveiled the statue. He died April 2, 1872, in the city of New York. M ORRISON REMICH WAITE, seventh chief justice of the United States, was born at Lyme, Connecticut, November 29, I816. He was a graduate from Yale Col lege in I837, in the class with W'illiam M. Evarts. His father was judge of the supreme court of errors of the state of Connecticut, and in his office young Waite studied law. He subsequently removed to Ohio, and was elected to the legislature of that state in I849. He removed from Maumee City to Toledo and became a prominent legal light in that state. He was nominated as a candidate for congress repeatedly but declined to run, and also declined a place on the supreme bench of the state. He won great distinction for his able handling of the Alabama claims at Geneva, before the arbitration tribunal in I87I, and was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of the United States in 1874 on the death of Judge Chase. When, in 1876, electoral commissioners were chosen to decide the presidential election controversy between Tilden and Hayes, Judge Waite refused to serve on that commission. His death occurred March 23, i888. ELISHA KENT KANE was one of the distinguished American explorers of the unknown regions of the frozen north, and gave to the world a more accurate knowledge of the Arctic zone. Dr. Kane was born February 3, I82O, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a graduate of the universities of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and took his medical degree in 1843. He entered the service of the United States navy, and was physician to the Chinese embassy. Dr. Kane traveled extensively in the Levant, Asia and Western Africa, and also served in the Mexican war, in which he was severely wounded. His first Arctic expedition was under De Haven in the first Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin in I850. He commanded the second Grinnell expedition 126 C OMPEOVDIUM OF BIO GRA PTr. in 1853-55, and discovered an open polar sea. For this expedition he received a gold medal and other distinctions. He published a narrative of his first polar expedition in 1853, and in 1856 published two volumes relating to his.second polar expedition. He was a man of active, enterprising and courageous spirit. His health, which was always delicate, was impaired by the hardships of his Arctic expeditions, from which he never fully recovered and from which he died February i6, 1857, at Havana. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON was a daughter of Judge Daniel Cady and Margaret Livingston, and was born November 12, 1815, at Johnstown, New York. She was educated at the Johnstown Academy,?,here she studied with a class of boys, and was fitted for college at the age of fifteen, after which she pursued her studies at Mrs. Willard's Seminary, at Troy. Her attention was called to the disabilities of her sex by her own educational experiences, and through a study of Blackstone, Story, and Kent. Miss Cady was married to Henry B. Stanton in 1840, and accompanied him to the world's anti-slavery convention in London. While there she made the acquaintance of Lucretia Mott. Mrs. Stanton resided at Boston until I847, when the family moved to Seneca Falls, New York, and she and Lucretia Mott signed the first call for a woman's rights convention. The meeting was held at her place of residence July 19-20, I848. This was the first occasion of a formal claim of suffrage for women that was made. Mrs. Stanton addressed the New York legislature, in 1854, on the rights of married women, and in I860, in advocacy of the granting of divorce for drunkenness. She also addressed the legislature andi the constitutional con vention, and maintained that during the revision of the constitution the state was resolved into its original elements, and that all citizens had, therefore, a right to vote for the members of that convention. After I869 Mrs. Stanton frequently addressed congressional committees and state constitutional conventions, and she canvassed Kansas, Michigan, and other states when the question of woman suffrage was submitted in those states. Mrs. Stanton was one of the editors of the " Revolution," and most of the calls and resolutions for conventions have come from her pen. She was president of the national committee, also of the Woman's Loyal League, and of the National Association, for many years. DAVID DUDLEY FIELD, a great American jurist was born in Connecticut in 1805. He en...ca Williams College when sixteen years old, and commenced the study of law in 1825. In 1828 he was admitted to the bar, and went to New York, where he soon.carne into prominence before the bar of that state. He entered upon the labor of reforming the practice and procedure, which was then based upon the common law practice of England, and had become extremely complicated, difficult and uncertain in its application. His first paper on this subject was published in 1839, and after eight years of continuous efforts in this direction, he was appointed one of a commission by New York to reform the practice of that state. The result was embodied in the two codes of procedure, civil and criminal, the first of which was adopted almost entire by the state of New York, and has since been adopted by more than half the states in the Union, and became the basis of the new practice and procedure in England, contained in the Judicature act. He C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHr. 127 was later appointed chairman of a new commission to codify the entire body of laws. This great work employed many years in its completion, but when finished it embraced a civil, penal, and political code, covering the entire field of American laws, statutory and common. This great body of law was adopted by California and Dakota territory in its entirety, and many other states have since adopted its substance. In I867 the British Association for Social Science heard a proposition from Mr. Field to prepare an international code. This led to the preparation of his " Draft Outlines of an International Code," which was in fact a complete body of international laws, and introduced the principle of arbitration. Other of his codes of the state of New York have since been adopted by that state. In addition to his great works on law, Mr. Field indulged his literary tastes by frequent contributions to general literature, and his articles on travels, literature, and the political questions of the hour gave him rank with the best writers of his time. His father was the Rev. David Dudley Field, and his brothers were Cyrus W. Field, Rev. Henry Martin Field, and Justice Stephen J. Field of the United States supreme court. David Dudley Field died at New York, April 13, I894. HENRY M. TELLER, a celebrated American politician, and secretary of the interior under President Arthur, was born May 23, I830, in Allegany county, New York. He was of Hollandish ancestry and received an excellent education, after which he took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in the state of New York. Mr. Teller removed to Illinois in January, 1858, and practiced for three years in that state. From thence he moved to Colorado in I86I and located at Central City, which was then one of the principal mining towns in the state. His exceptional abilities as a lawyer soon brought him into prominence and gained for him a numerous and profitable clientage. In politics he affiliated with the Republican party, but declined to become a candidate for office until the admission of Colorado into the Union as a state, when he was elected to the United States senate. Mr. 'eller drew the term ending March 4, 1877, but was re-elected December 11,, 1876, and served until April 17, 1882, when he was appointed by President Arthur as secretary of the interior. He accepted a cabinet position with reluctance, and on March 3, 1885, he retired from the cabinet, having been elected to the senate a short tine before to succeed Nathaniel P. Hill.. Mr. Teller took his seat on March 4, I885, in the senate, to which he was afterward re-elected. He served as chairman on the committee of pensions, patents, mines and mining, and was also a member of committees on claims, railroads, privileges and elections and public lands. Mr. Teller came to be recognized as one of the ablest advocates of the silver cause. He was one of tlie delegates to the Republican National convention at St. Louis in 1896, in which he took an active part and tried to have a silver plank inserted in the platform of the party. Failing in this he felt impelled to bolt the convention, which he did and joined forces with the great silver movement in the cam. paign which followed, being recognized in that campaign as one of the most able and eminent advocates of "silver" in America. OHN ERICSSON, an eminent inventor and machinist, who won fame in America, was born in Sweden, July 3, I 803. In early childhood he evinced a decided in 128 C OMPEPNDIUU1M OF BIOGRAPHT. I clination to mechanical pursuits, and at the age of eleven he was appointed to a cadetship in the engineer corps, and at the age of seventeen was promoted to a lieutenancy. In 1826 he introduced a "flame engine," which he had invented, and offered it to English capitalists, but it was found that it could be operated only by the use of wood for fuel. Shortly after this he resigned his commission in the army of Sweden, and devoted himself to mechanical pursuits. He discovered and introduced the principle of artificial draughts in steam boilers, and received a prize of two thousand five hundred dollars for his locomotive, the "Novelty," which attained a great speed, for that day. The artificial draught effected a great saving in fuel and made unnecessary the huge smoke-stacks formerly used, and the principle is still applied, in modified form, in boilers. He also invented a steam fire-engine, and later a hot-air engine, which he attempted to apply in the operation of his ship, " Ericsson," but as it did not give the speed required, he abandoned it, but afterwards applied it to machinery for: pumping, hoisting, etc. Ericsson was first to apply the screw propeller to navigation. The English people not receiving this new departure readily, Ericsson came to America in 1839, and built the United States steamer, "Princeton," in which the screw-propeller was utilized, the first steamer ever built in which the propeller was under water, out of range of the enemy's shots. The achievement which gave him greatest renown, however, was the ironclad vessel, the "Monitor," an entirely new type of vessel, which, in March, 1862, attacked the Confederate monster ironclad ram, "Virginia," and after a fierce struggle, compelled her to withdraw from Hampton Roads for repairs. After the war one of his most noted inventions was his vessel, "Destroyer," with a submarine gun, which carried a projectile torpedo. In I886 the king of Spain conferred on him the grand cross of the Order of Naval Merit. He died in March, I889, and his body was transferred, with naval honors, to the country of his birth. AMES BUCHANAN, the fifteenth president of the United States, was a native of Pennsylvania, and was born in Franklin county, April 23, I79I. He was of Irish ancestry, his father having come to this country in 1783, in quite humble circumstances, and settled in the western part of the Keystone state. James Buchanan remained in his secluded home for eight years, enjoying but few social or intellectual advantages. His parents were industrious and frugal, and prospered, and, in 1799, the family removed to Mercersbur Pennsylvania, where he was placed in school. His progress was rapid, and in I80o he entered Dickinson College, at Carlisle, where he took his place among the best scholars in the institution. In 1809 he graduated with the highest honors in his class. He was then eighteen, tall, graceful and in vigorous health. He commenced the study of law at Lancaster, and was admitted to the bar in I812. He rose very rapidly in his profession and took a stand with the ablest of his fellow lawyers. When but twenty-six years old he successfully defended, unaided by counsel, one of the judges of the state who was before the bar of the state senate under articles of impeachment. During the war of I812-15, Mr. Buchanan sustained the government with all his power, eloquently urging the vigorous prosecution of the war, and enlisted as a private COMPENDIUM ( volunteer to assist in repelling the British who had sacked and burned the public buildings of Washington and threatened Baltimore. At that time Buchanan was a Federalist, but the opposition of that party to the war with Great Britain and the alien and sedition laws of John Adams, brought that party into disrepute, and drove many, among them Buchanan, into the Republican, or anti-Federalist ranks. He was elected to congress in 1828. In 1831 he was sent as minister to Russia, and upon his return to this country, in I833, was elevated to the United States senate, and remained in that position for twelve years. Upon the accession of President Polk to office he made Mr. Buchanan secretary of state. Four years later he retired to private life, and in 1853 he was honored with the mission to England. In I856 the national Democratic convention nominated him for the.presidency and he was elected. It was during his administration that the rising tide of the secession movement overtook the country. Mr. Buchanan declared that the national constitution gave him no power to do anything against the movement to break up the Union. After his succession by Abraham Lincoln in I86o, Mr. Buchanan retired to his home at Wheatland, Pennsylvania, where he died June I, I868. OHN HARVARD, the founder of the Harvard University, was born in England about the year I608. He received his education at Emanuel College, Cambridge, and came to America in I637, settling in Massachusetts. He was a non-conformist minister, and a tract of land was set aside for him in Charlestown, near Boston. He was at once appointed one of a committee to formulate a body of laws for the colony. One year before his arrival in the colony OF BIO GRAPHTr. 129 the general court had voted the sum of four hundred pounds toward the establishment of a school or college, half of which was to be paid the next year In 1637 preliminary plans were made for starting the school. In 1638 John Harvard, who had shown great interest in the new institution of learning proposed, died, leaving his entire property, about twice the sum originally voted, to the school, together with three hundred volumes as a nucleus for a library. The institution was then given the name of Harvard, and established at Newton (now Cambridge), Massachusetts. It grew to be one of the two principal seats of learning in the new world, and has maintained its reputation since. It now consists of twenty-two separate buildings, and its curriculum embraces over one hundred and seventy elective courses, and it ranks among the great universities of the world. OGER BROOKE TANEY, a noted jurist and chief justice of the United States supreme court, was born in Calvert county, Maryland, March 17, 1777. He graduated fiom Dickinson College at the age of eighteen, took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in I799. He was chosen to the legislature from his county, and in I80o removed to Frederick, Maryland. He became United States senator from Maryland in i816, and took up his permanent residence in Baltimore a few years later. In 1824 he became an ardent admirer and supporter of Andrew Jackson, and upon Jackson's election to the presidency, was appointed attorney general of the United States. Two years later he was appointed secretary of the treasury, and after serving in that capacity for nearly one year, the senate refused to confirm the appointment. In 1835, upon the death of 180 COMIPENDIUA OF BIOGRAPHr. Chief-justice Marshall, he was appointed to that place, and a political change having occurred in the make up of the senate, he was confirmed in 1336. He presided at his first session in January of the following year. The case which suggests itself first to the average reader in connection with this jurist is the celebrated ' Dred Scott" case, which came before the supreme court for decision in 1856. In his opinion, delivered on behalf of a majority of the court, one remarkable statement occurs as a result of an exhaustive survey of the historical grounds, to the effect that I for more than a century prior to the adoption of the constitution they (Africans) had been regarded so far inferior that they had no rights which a white man was bound to respect." Judge Taney retained the office of chief justice until his death, in I864. OHN LOTHROP MOTLEY.-Thisgentleman had a world-wide reputation as an historian, which placed him in the front rank of the great men of America. He was born April 15, 1814, at Dorchester, Massachusetts, was given a thorough preparatory education and then attended Harvard, from which he was graduated in 1831. He also studied at Gottingen arid Berlin, read law and in 1836 was admitted to the bar. In I841 he was appointed secretary of the legation at St. Petersburg, and in 1866-67 served as United States minister to Austria, serving in the same capacity during I869 and 1870 to England. In 1856, after long and exhaustive research and preparation,he published in London "The Rise of the Dutch Republic." It embraced three volnumes and immediately attracted great attention throughout Europe and America as a work of unusual merit. From I86i to I868 he produced "The History of the United Netherlands," in four volumes. Other works followed, with equal success, and his position as one of the foremost his, torians and writers of his day was firmly established. His death occured May 29, I877. LIAS HOWE, the inventor of the sewing machine, well deserves to be classed among the great and noted men of America. He was the son of a miller and farmer and was born at Spencer, Massachusetts, July 9, I819. In 1835 he went to Lowell and worked there, and later at Boston, in the machine shops. His first sewing machine was completed in 1845, and he patented it in 1846, laboring with the greatest persistency in spite of poverty and hardships, working for a time as an engine driver on a railroad at pauper wages and with broken health. He then spent two years of unsuccessful exertion in England, striving in vain to bring his invention into public notice and use. He returned to the United States in almost hopeless poverty, to find that his patent had been violated. At last, however, he found friends who assisted him financially, and after years of litigation he made good his claims in the courts in I854. His invention afterward brought him a large fortune. During'the Civil war he volunteered as a private in the Seventeenth Connecticut Volunteers, and served for some time. During his life time he received the cross of the Legion of Honor and many other medals. His death occurred October 3, 1867, at Brooklyn, New York. HILLIPS BROOKS, celebrated as an eloquent preacher and able pulpit orator, was born in Boston on the I3th day of December, I835. He received excellent COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPH r. 131 educational advantages, and graduated at Harvard in I855. Early in life he decided upon the ministry as his life work and studied theology in the Episcopal Theological Seminary, at Alexandria, Virginia. In 1859 he was ordained and the same year became pastor of the Church of the Advent, in Philadelphia. Three years later he assumed the pastorate of the Church of the Holy Trinity, where he remained until 1870. At the expiration of that time he accepted the pastoral charge of Trinity Church in Boston, where his eloquence and ability attracted much attention and built up a powerful church organization. Dr. Brooks also devoted considerable time to lecturing and literary work and attained prominence in these lines. W ILLIAM B. ALLISON, a statesman of national reputation and one of the leaders of the Republican party, was born March 2, 1829, at Perry, Ohio. He grew up on his father's farm, which he assisted in cultivating, and attended the district school. When sixteen years old he went to the academy at Wooster, and subsequently spent a year at the Allegheny College, at Meadville, Pennsylvania. He next taught school and spent another year at the Western Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio. Mr. Allison then took up the study of law at Wooster, where he was admitted to the bar in 1851, and soon obtained a position as deputy county clerk. His political leanings were toward the old line Whigs, who afterward laid the foundation of the Republican party. He was a delegate to the state convention in 1856, in the campaign of which he supported Fremont for president. Mr. Allison removed to Dubuque, Iowa, in the following year. He rapidly rose to prominence at the bar and in politics. In I860 he was chosen as a delegate to the Republican convention held in Chicago, of which he was elected one of the secretaries. At the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed on the staff of the governor. His congressional career opened in 1862, when he was elected to the thirty-eighth congress; he was re-elected three times, serving from March 4, I863, to March 3, I87I. He was a member of the ways and means committee a good part of his term. His career in the United States senate began in 1873, and he rapidly rose to eminence in national affairs, his service of a quarter of a century in that body being marked by close fealty to the Republican party. He twice declined the portfolio of the treasury tendered him by Garfield and Harrison, and his name was prominently mentioned for the presidency at several national Republican conventions. M ARY ASHTON LIVERMORE, lecturer and writer, was born in Boston, December I9, I821. She was the daughter of Timothy Rice, and married D. P. Livermore, a preacher of the Universalist church. She contributed able articles to many of the most noted periodicals of this country and England. During the Civil war she labored zealously and with success on behalf of the sanitary commission which played so important a part during that great struggle. She became editor of the "Woman's Journal," published at Boston in I870. She held a prominent place as a public speaker and writer on woman's suffrage, temperance, social and religious questions, and her influence was great in every cause she advocated. OHN B. GOUGH, a noted temperance lecturer, who won his fame in America, was born in the village of Sandgate, Kent, 182 C OMPENDIDUMf OF BIO GRA PHT. England, August 22, I817. He came to the United States at the age of twelve. He followed the trade of bookbinder, and lived in great poverty on account of the liquor habit. In 1843, however, he reformed, and began his career as a temperance lecturer. He worked zealously in the cause of temperance, and his lectures and published articles revealed great earnestness. He formed temperance societies throughout the entire country, and labored with great success. He visited England in the same cause about the year 1853 and again in 1878. He also lectured upon many other topics, in which he attained a wide reputation. His death occurred February I8, I886. THOMAS BUCHANAN READ, author, sculptor and painter, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, March 12, I822. He early evinced a taste for art, and began the study of sculpture in Cincinnati. Later he found painting more to his liking. He went to New York, where he followed this profession, and later to Boston. In 1846 he located in Philadelphia. He visited Italy in 185o, and studied at Florence, where he resided almost continuously for twenty-two years. He returned to America in 1872, and died in New York May I of the same year. He was the author of many heroic poems, but the one giving him the most renown is his famous "Sheridan's Ride," of which he has also left a representation in painting. EUGENE V. DEBS, the former famous president of the American Railway Union, and great labor leader, was born in the city of Terre Haute, Indiana, in I855. He received his education in the public schools of that place and at the age of sixteen years began work as a painter in the Vandalia shops. After this, for some three years, he was employed as a locomotive fireman on the same road. His first appearance in public life was in his canvass for the election to the office of city clerk of Terre Haute. In this capacity he served two terms, and when twenty six yearsof age was elected a member of the legislature of the state of Indiana. While a member of that body he secured the passage of several bills in the interest of organized labor, of which he was always a faithful champion. Mr. Debs' speech nominating Daniel Voorhees for the United States senate gave him a wide reputation for oratory. On the expiration of his term in the legislature, he was elected grand secretary and treasurer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Fireman and filled that office for fourteen successive years. He was always an earnest advocate of confederation of railroad men and it was mainly through his efforts that the United Order of Railway Employes, composed of the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen and Conductors, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and the Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association was formed, and he became a member of its supreme council. The order was dissolved' by disagreement between two of its leading orders, and then Mr. Debs conceived the idea of the American Railway Union. He worked on the details and the union came into existence in Chicago, June 20, 893. For a time it prospered and became one of the largest bodies of railway men in the world. It won in a contest with the Great Northern Railway. In the strike made by the union in sympathy with the Pullman employes inaugurated in Chicago June 25, I894, and the consequent rioting, the Railway Union C OAMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHYr. 1B lost much prestige and Mr. Debs, in company with others of the officers, being held as in contempt of the United States courts, he suffered a sentence of six months in jail at Woodstock, McHenry county, Illinois. In 1897 Mr. Debs, on the demise of the American Railway Union, organized the Social Democracy, an institution founded on the best lines of the communistic idea, which was to provide homes and employment for its members. OHN G. CARLISLE, famous as a lawyer, congressman, senator and cabinet officer, was born in Campbell (now Kenton) county, Kentucky, September 5, 1835, on a farm. He received the usual education of the time and began at an early age to teach school and, at the same time, the study of law. Soon opportunity offered and he entered an office in Covington, Kentucky, and was admitted to practice at the bar in I858. Politics attracted his attention and in 1859 he was elected to the house of representatives in the legislature of his native state. On the outbreak of the war in I86I, he embraced the cause of the Union and was largely instrumental in preserving Kentucky to the federal cause. He resumed his legal practice for a time and declined a nomination as presidential elector in 1864. In 1866 and again in 1869 Mr. Carlisle was elected to the senate of Kentucky. He resigned this position in 1871 and was chosen lieutenant governor of the state, which office he held until I875. He was one of the presidential electors-at-large for Kentucky in 1876. He first entered congress in 1877, and soon became a prominent leader on the Democratic side of the house of representatives, and continued a member of that body through the forty-sixth, fortyseventh, forty-eighth and forty-ninth con gresses, and was speaker of the house during the two latter. He was elected to the United States senate to succeed Senator Blackburn, and remained a member of that branch of congress until March, I893, when he was appointed secretary of the treasury. He performed the duties of that high office until March 4, I897, throughout the entire second administration of President Cleveland. His ability and many years of public service gave him a national reputation. FRANCES E. WILLARD, for many years president of the 'Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and a noted American lecturer and writer, was born in Rochester, New York, September 28, 1839. Graduating from the Northwestern Female College at the age of nineteen she began teaching and met with great success in many cities of the west. She was made directress of Genesee Wesleyan Seminary at Lima, Ohio, in 1867, and four years later was elected president of the Evanston College for young ladies, a branch of the Northwestern University. During the two years succeeding 1869 she traveled extensively in Europe and the east, visiting Egypt and Palestine, and gathering materials for a valuable course of lectures, which she delivered at Chicago on her return. She became very popular, and won great influence in the temperance cause. Her work as president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union greatly strengthened that society, and she made frequent trips to Europe in the interest of that cause. RICHARD OLNEY. —Among the prominent men who were members of the cabinet of President Cleveland in his second administration, the gentleman whose name 184 C OMPE4NDIUUM OF BIOGRAPHr. heads this sketch held a leading place, occupying the positions of attorney general and secretary of state. Mr. Olney came from one of the oldest and most honored New England families; the first of his ancestors to come from England settled in Massachusetts in 1635. This was Thomas Olney. He was a friend and co-religionist of Roger Williams, and when the latter moved to what is now Rhode Island, went with him and became one of the founders of Providence Plantations. Richard Olney was born in Oxford, Massachusetts, in I835, and received the elements of his earlier education in the common schools which New England is so proud of. He entered Brown University, from which he graduated in 1856, and passed the Harvard law school two years later. He began the practice of his profession with Judge B. F. Thomas; a prominent man of that locality. For years Richard Olney was regarded as one of the ablest and most learned lawyers in Massachusetts. Twice he was offered a place on the bench of the supreme court of the state, but both times he declined. He was always a Democrat in his political tenets, and for many years was a trusted counsellor of members of that party. In 1874 Mr. Olney was elected a member of the legislature. In 1876, during the heated presidential campaign, to strengthen the cause of Mr. Tilden in the New England states, it was intimated that in the event of that gentleman's election to the presidency, Mr. Olney would be attorney general. When Grover Cleveland was elected presiaent of the United States, on his inauguration in March, I893, he tendered the position of attorney general to Richard Olney. This was accepted, and that gentleman fulfilled the duties of the office until the death 4 of Walter Q. Gresham, in May, I895, made vacant the position of secretary of state. This post was filled by the appointment of Mr. Olney. While occupying the later office, Mr. Olney brought himself into international prominence by some very able state papers. OHN JAY KNOX, for many years comptroller of the currency, and an eminent financier, was born in Knoxboro, Oneida county, New York, May I9, 1828,. He received a good education and graduated at Hamilton College in I849. For about thirteen years he was engaged as a private banker, or in a position in a bank, where he laid the foundation of his knowledge of the laws of finance. In I862, Salmon P. Chase, then secretary of the treasury, appointed him to an office in that department of the government, and later he had charge of the mint coinage correspondence. In 1867 Mr. Knox was made deputy comptroller of the currency, and in that capacity, in 1870, he made two reports on the mint service, with a codification of the mint and coinage laws of the United States, and suggesting many important amendments. These reports were ordered printed by resolution of congress. The bill which he prepared, with some slight changes, was subsequently passed, and has been known in history as the " Coinage Act of 1873." In 1872 Mr. Knox was appointed comptroller of the currency, and held that responsible position until 1884, when he resigned. He then accepted the position of president of the National Bank of the Republic, of New York City, which institution he served for many years. He was the author of "( United States Notes," published in I884. In the reports spoken of above, a history of the two United States banks is COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHr. 185 given, together with that of the state and national banking system, and much valuable statistical matter relating to kindred subjects. ATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.-In the opinion of many critics Hawthorne is pronounced the foremost American novelist, and in his peculiar vein of romance is said to be without a peer. His reputation is world-wide, and his ability as a writer is recognized abroad as well as at home. He was born July 4, 1804, at Salem, Massachusetts. On account of feeble health he spent some years of his boyhood on a farm near Raymond, Maine. He laid the foundation of a liberal education in his youth, and entered Bowdoin College, from which he graduated in 1825 in the same class with H W Longfellow and John S. C. Abbott. He then returned to Salem, where he gave his attention to literature, publishing several tales and other articles in various periodicals. His first venture in the field of romance, "(Fanshaw,' proved a failure. In 1836 he removed to Boston, and became editor of the 'American Magazine," which soon passed out of existence. In 1837 he published '.' Twice Told Tales," which were chiefly made up of his former contributions to magazines. In 1838-41 he held a position in the Boston custom house, but later took part in the " Brook farm experiment," a socialistic idea after the plan of Fourier. In I843 he was married and took up his residence at the old parsonage at Concord, Massachusetts, which he immortalized in his next work, "Mosses From an Old Manse," published in 1846. From the latter date until 1850 he was surveyor of the port of Salem, and while thus employed wrote one of his strongest works, "The Scarlet Letter." For the succeeding two 8 years Lenox, Massachusetts, was his home, and the " House of the Seven Gables" was produced there, as well as the " Blithedale Romance." In 1852 he published a "Life of Franklin Pierce," a college friend whom he warmly regarded. In 1853 he was appointed United States consul to Liverpool, England, where he remained some years, after which he spent some time in Italy. On returning to his native land he took up his residence at Concord, Massachusetts. While taking a trip for his health with exPresident Pierce, he died at Plymouth, New Hampshire, May I9, 1864. In addition to the works mentioned above Mr. Hawthorne gave to the world the following books: " True Stories from History," " The Wonder Book," "The Snow Image," " Tanglewood Tales," "The Marble Faun," and ' Our Old Home." After his death appeared a series of "Notebooks," edited by his wife, Sophia P. Hawthorne; " Septimius Felton," edited by his daughter, Una, and "Dr. Grimshaw's Secret," put into shape by his talented son, Julian. He left an unfinished work called " Dolliver Romance," which has been published just as he left it. A BRAHAM LINCOLN, sixteenth president of the United States, was born February 12, I809, in Larue county (Hardin county), Kentucky, in a log-cabin near Hudgensville. When he was eight years old he removed with his parents to Indiana, near the Ohio river, and a year later his mother died. His father then married Mrs. Elizabeth (Bush) Johnston, of Elizabethtown, Kentucky, who proved a kind of foster-mother to Abraham, and encouraged him to study. He worked as a farm hand and as a clerk in a store at Gentryville, and was noted for his athletic.feats and strength, fondness for debate, a fund of humorous 186 CO1MPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. anecdote, as well as the composition of rude verses. He made a trip at the age of nineteen to New Orleans on a flat-boat, and settled in Illinois in I830. He assisted his father to build a log house and clear a farm on the Sangamon river near Decatur, Illinois, and split the rails with which to fence it. In I851 he was employed in the building of a flat-boat on the Sangamon, and to run it to New Orleans. The voyage gave him anew insight into the horrors of slavery in the south. On his return he settled at New Salem and engaged, first as a clerk in a store, then as glocer, surveyor and postmaster, and he piloted the first steamboat that ascended the Sangamon. He participated in the Black Hawk war as captain of volunteers, and after his return he studied law, interested himself in politics, and became prominent locally as a public speaker. He was elected to the legislature in 1834 as a " Clay Whig," and began at once to display a command of language and forcible rhetoric that made him a match for his more cultured opponents. He was adInitted to the bar in 1837, and began practice at Springfield. He married a lady of a prominent Kentucky family in 1842. He was active in the presidential campaigns of I840 and I844 and was an elector on the Harrison and Clay tickets, and was elected to congress in 1846, over Peter Cartwright. He voted for the Wilmot proviso and the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and opposed the war with Mexico, but gained little prominence during his two years' service. He then returned to Springfield and devoted his attention to law, taking little interest in politics, until the repeal of the Missouri compromise and the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1854. This awakened his interest in politics again and he attacked the champion of that measure, Stephen A. Douglas, in a speech at Springfield that made him famous, and is said by those who heard it to be the greatest speech of his life. Lincoln was selected as candidate for the United States senate, but was defeated by Trumbull. Upon the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill the Whig party suddenly went to pieces, and the Republican party gathered head. At the Bloomington Republican convention in 8 56 Lincoln made an effective address in which he first took a position antagonistic to the existence of slavery. He was a Fremont elector and received a strong support for nomination as vice-president in the Philadelphia convention. In 1858 he was the unanimous choice of the Republicans for the United States senate, and the great campaign of debate which followed resulted in the election of Douglas, but established Lincoln's reputation as the leading exponent of Republican doctrines. He began to be mentioned in Illinois as candidate for the presidency, and a course of addresses in the eastern states attracted favorable attention. When the national convention met at Chicago, his rivals, Chase, Seward, Bates and others, were compelled to retire before the western giant, and he was nominated, with Hannibal Hamlin as his running mate. The Democratic party had now been disrupted, and Lincoln's election assured. He carried practically every northern state, and the secession of South Carolina, followed by a number of the gulf states, took place before his inauguration. Lincoln is the only president who was ever compelled to reach Washington in a secret manner. He escaped assassination by avoiding Baltimore, and was quietly inaugurated March 4, 86i. His inaugural address was firm but conciliatory, and he said to the secessionists: "You have no oath registered in heaven COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. 137 to destroy the government, while I have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.' He made up his cabinet chiefly of those political rivals in his own partySeward, Chase, Cameron, Bates-an'd secured the co-operation of the Douglas Democrats. His great deeds, amidst the heat and turmoil of war, were: His call for seventy-five thousand volunteers, and the blockading of southern ports; calling of congress in extra session, July 14, I861, and obtaining four hundred thousand men and four hundred million dollars for the prosecution of the war; appointing Stanton secretary of war; issuing the emancipation proclamation; calling three hundred thousand volunteers; address at Gettysburg cemetery; commissioned Grant as lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States; his second inaugural address; his visit to the army before Richmond, and his entry into Richmond the day after its surrender. Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth in a box in Ford's theater at Washington the night of April 14, I865, and expired the following morning. His body was buried at Oak Ridge cemetery, Springfield, Illinois, and a monument commemorating his great work marks his resting place. TEPHEN GIRARD, the celebrated philanthropist, was born in Bordeaux, France, May 24, I750. He became a sailor engaged in the American coast trade, and also made frequent trips to the West Indies. During the Revolutionary war he was a grocer and liquor seller in Philadelphia. He married in that city, and afterward separated from his wife. After the war he again engaged in the coast and West India trade, and his fortune began to accumulate from receiving goods from West Indian planters during the insurrection in Hayti, little of which was ever called for again. He became a private banker in Philadelphia in 1812, and afterward was a director in the United States Bank. He made much money by leasing property in the city in times of depression, and upon the revival of industry sub-leasing at enormous profit. He became the wealthiest citizen of the United States of his time. He was eccentric, ungracious, and a freethinker. He had few, if any, friends in his lifetime. However, he was most charitably disposed, and gave to charitable institutions and schools with a liberal hand. He did more than any one else to relieve the suffering and deprivations during the great yellow fever scourge in Philadelphia, devoting his personal attention to the sick. He endowed and made a free institution, the famous Will's Eye and Ear Infirmary of Philadelphia-one of the largest institutions of its kind in the world. At his death practically all his immense wealth was bequeathed to charitable institutions, more than two millions of dollars going to the founding of Girard College, which was to be devoted to the education and training of boys between the ages of six and ten years. Large donations were also made to institutions in Philadelphia. and New Orleans. The principal building of Girard College is the most magnificent example of Greek architecture in America. Girard died December 26, I831. OUIS J. R. AGASSIZ, the eminent naturalist and geologist, was born in the parish of Motier, near Lake Neuchatel, Switzerland, May 28, 1807, but attained his greatest fame after becoming an American citizen. He studied the medical sciences at I 188 COMAPENDIUMf' OF BIOGRAPHY. Zurich, Heidelberg and Munich. His first work was a Latin description of the fishes which Martius and Spix brought from Brazil. This was published in 1829-3I. He devoted much time to the study of fossil fishes, and in 1832 was appointed professor of natural history at Neuchatel. He greatly increased his reputation by a great work in French, entitled "Researches on Fossil Fishes," in 1832-42, in which he made many important improvements in the classification of fishes. Having passed many summers among the Alps in researches on glaciers, he propounded some new and interesting ideas on geology, and the agency of glaciers in his "Studies by the Glaciers." This was published in I840. This latter work, with his " System of the Glaciers," published in 1847, are among his principal works. In 1846, Professor Agassiz crossed the ocean on a scientific excursion to the United States, and soon determined to remain here. He accepted, about the beginning of 1848, the chair of zoology and geology at Harvard. He explored the natural history of the United States at different times and gave an impulse to the study of nature in this country. In 1865 he conducted an expedition to Brazil, and explored the lower Amazon and its tributaries. In I868 he was made non-resident professor of natural history at Cornell University. In December, 1871, he accompanied the Hassler expedition, under Professor Pierce, to the South Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, Dece'mber 14, I873. Among other of the important works of Professor Agassiz may be mentioned the following: "Outlines of Comparative Physiology," " Journey to Brazil," and "Contributions to the Natural History of the United States." It is said of Professor Agassiz, that, perhaps, with the exception of Hugh Miller, no one had so popularized science in his day, or trained so many young naturalists. Many of the theories held by Agassiz are not supported by many of the naturalists of these later days, but upon many of the speculations into the origin of species and in physics he has left the marks of his own strongly marked individuality. W ILLIAM WINDOM. -As a prominent and leading lawyer of the great northwest, as a member of both houses of congress, and as the secretary of the treasury, the gentleman whose name heads this sketch won for himself a prominent position in the history of our country. Mr. Windom was a native of Ohio, born in Belmont county, May 10, 1827. He received a good elementary education in the schools of his native state, and took up the study of law. He was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the practice of his profession in Ohio, where he remained until I855. In the latter year he made up his mind to move further west, and accordingly went to Minnesota, and opening an office, became identified with the interests of that state, and the northwest generally. In I858 he took his place in the Minnesota delegation in the national house of representatives, at Washington, and continued to represent his constituency in that body for ten years. In I871 Mr. Windom was elected United States senator from Minnesota, and was re-elected to the same office after fulfilling the duties of the position for a full term, in I876. On the inauguration of President Garfield, in March, I88i, Mr. Windom became secretary of the treasury in his cabinet. He resigned this office October 27, I88i, and was elected senator from the North Star state to fill the va COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHT. 139 cancy caused by the resignation of A. J. E-dgerton. Mr. Windom served in that chamber until March, I883. William Windom died in New York City January 29, 1891. DON M. DICKINSON, an American politician and lawyer, was born in Port Ontario, New York, January 17, 1846. He removed with his parents to Michigan when he was but two years old. He was educated in the public schools of Detroit and at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and was admitted to the 'bar at the age of twenty-one. In 1872 he was made secretary of the Democratic state central committee of Michigan, and his able management of the campaign gave him a prominent place in the councils of his party. In 1876, during the Tilden campaign, he acted as chairman of the state central committee. He was afterward chosen to represent his state in the Democratic national committee, and in 1886 he was appointed postmastergeneral by President Cleveland. After the expiration of his term of office he returned to Detroit and resumed the practice of law. In the presidential campaign of I896, Mr. Dickinson adhered to the ( gold wing" of the Democracy, and his influence was felt in the national canvass, and especially in liis own state. OHN iACOB ASTOR, the founder of the Astor family and fortunes, while not a native of this country, was one of the nost noted men of his time, and as all his wealth and fame were acquired here, he Inay well be classed among America's great inen, He was born near Heidelberg, Gertmany, July 17, 1763, and when twenty years old emigrated to the United States. EXven at that age he exhibited remarkable business ability and foresight, and soon he was investing capital in furs which he took to London and sold at a great profit. He next settled at New York, and engaged extensively in the fur trade. Hie exported furs to Europe in his own vessels, which returned with cargoes of foreign commodities, and thus he rapidly amassed an immense fortune. In I81i he founded Astoria on the western coast of North America, near the mouth of the Columbia river, as a depot for the fur trade, for the promotion of which he sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific ocean. He also purchased a large amount of real estate in New York, the value of which increased enormously All through life his business ventures were a series of marvelous successes, and he ranked as one of the most sagacious and successful business men in the world. He 'iea March 29, 1848, leaving a fortune estimated at over twenty million dollars to his children, who have since increased it. John Jacob Astor left $400,000 to found a public library in New York City, and his son, William B. Astor, who died in I875, left $300,000 to add to his father's bequest. This is known as the Astor Library, one of the largest in the United States. CHUYLER COLFAX, an eminent American statesman, was born in New York City, March 23, 1823, being a grandson of General William Colfax, the commander of Washington's life-guards. In 1836 he removed with his mother, who was then a widow, to Indiana, settling at South Bend. Young Schuyler studied law, and in 1845 became editor of the I"St. Joseph Valley Register," a Whig paper published at South Bend. He was a member of the convention which formed a new constitution for Indiana in I850, and he opposed 140 C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. the clause that prohibited colored men from settling in that state. In I85I he was defeated as the Whig candidate for congress but was elected in I854, and, being repeatedly re-elected, continued to represent that district in congress until I869. He became one of the most prominent and influential members of the house of representatives, and served three terms as speaker. During the Civil war he was an active participant in all public measures of importance, and was a confidential friend and adviser of President Lincoln. In May, I868, Mr. Colfax was nominated for vice-president on the ticket with General Grant, and was elected. After the close of his term he retired from office, and for the remainder of his life devoted much of his time to lecturing and literary pursuits. His death occurred January 23, 1885. He was one of the most prominent members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in America, and that order erected a bronze statue to his memory in University Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, which was unveiled in May, 1887. W ILLIAM FREEMAN VILAS, who attained a national reputation as an able lawyer, statesman, and cabinet officer, was born at Chelsea, Vermont, July 9, 1840. His parents removed to Wisconsin when our subject was but eleven years of age, and there with the early settlers endured all the hardships and trials incident to pioneer life. William F. Vilas was given all the advantages found in the common schools, and supplemented this by a course of study in the Wisconsin State University, after which he studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practicing at Madison. Shortly afterward the Civil war broke out and Mr. Vilas enlisted and became colonel of the Twenty-third regiment of Wisconsin Volunteers, serving throughout the war with distinction. At the close of the war he returned to Wisconsin, resumed his law practice, and rapidly rose to eminence in this profession. In I885 he was selected by President Cleveland for postmaster-general and at the close of his term again returned to Madison, Wisconsin, to resume the practice of law. HOMAS McINTYRE COOLEY, an eminent American jurist and law writer, was born in Attica, New York, January 6, I824. He was admitted to the bar in i846, and four years later was appointed reporter of the supreme court of Michigan, which office he continued to hold for seven years. In the meantime, in I859, he became professor of the law department of the University of Michigan, and soon afterward was made dean of the faculty of that department. In I864 he was elected justice of the supreme court of Michigan, in i867 became chief justice of that court, and in i869 was re-elected for a term of eight years. In I88I he again joined the faculty of the University of Michigan, assuming the professorship of constitutional and administrative law. His works on these branches have become standard, and he is recognized as authority on this and related subjects. Upon the passage of the inter-state commerce law in 1887 he became chairman of the commission and served in that capacity four years. OHN PETER ALTGELD; a noted American politician and writer on social questions, was born in Germany, December 30, 1847. He came to America with his parents and settled in Ohio when two years old. In I864 he entered the Union army C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHY. 141 and served till the close of the war, after which he settled in Chicago, Illinois. He was elected judge of the superior court of Cook county, Illinois, in I886, in which capacity he served until elected governor of Illinois in I892, as a Democrat. During the first year of his term as governor he attracted national attention by his pardon of the anarchists convicted of the Haymarket murder in Chicago, and again in I894 by his denunciation of President Cleveland for calling out federal troops to suppress the rioting in connection with the great Pullman strike in Chicago. At the national convention of the Democratic party in Chicago, in July, 1896, he is said to have inspired the clause in the platform denunciatory of interference by federal authorities in local affairs, and "government by injunction." He was gubernatorial candidate for re-election on the Democratic ticket in 1896, but was defeated by John R. Tanner, Republican. Mr. Altgeld published two volumes of essays on " Live Questions," evincing radical views on social matters. DLAI EWING STEVENSON, an American statesman and politician, was born in Christian county, Kentucky, October 23, I835, and removed with the family to Bloomington, Illinois, in 1852. He was admitted to the bar in I858, and settled in the practice of his profession in Metamora, Illinois. In I86i he was made master in chancery of Woodford county, and in I864 was elected state's attorney. In I868 he returned to Bloomington and formed a law partnership with James S. Ewing. He had served as a presidefitial elector in I864, and in I868 was elected to congress as a Democrat, receiving a majority vote from every county in his district. He became prominent in his party, and was a delegate to the national convention in 1884. On the election of Cleveland to the presidency Mr. Stevenson was appointed first assistant postmastergeneral. After the expiration of his term he continued to exert a controlling influence in the politics of his state, and in 1892 was elected vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Grover Cleveland. At the expiration of his term of office he resumed the practice of law at Bloomington, Illinois. IMON CAMERON, whose name is prominently identified with the history of the United States as a political leader and statesman, was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, March 8, I799. He grew to manhood in his native county, receiving good educational advantages, and developing a natural inclination for political life. He rapidly rose in prominence and became the most influential Democrat in Pennsy2' vania, and in 1845 waselected by that party to the United States senate. Upon the organization of the Republican party he was one of the first to declare his allegiance to it, and in 85c6 was re-elected United States senator from Pennsylvania as a Republican. In March, I86, he was appointed secretary of war by President Lincoln, and served until early in I862, when he was sent as minister to Russia, returning in I863. In I866 he was again elected United States senator and served until 1877, when he resigned and was succeeded by his son, James Donald Cameron. He continued to exert a powerful influence in political affairs up to. the time of his death, June 26, 1889. JAMES DONALD CAMERON was the eldest son of Simon Cameron, and also attained a high rank among American statesmen. He was born at Harrisburg, 141 COMP'ENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. Pennsylvania, May 14, 1833, and received an excellent education, graduating at Princeton College in I852. Hte rapidly developed into one of the most able and successful business men of the country and was largely interested in and identified with the development of the coal, iron, lumber and manufacturing interests of his native state. He served as cashier and afterward president of the Middletown bank, and in I86 r was made vice-president, and in 1863 president of the Northern Central railroad, holding this position until 1874, when heresigned and was succeeded by Thomas A. Scott. This road was of great service to the government during the war as a means of communication between Pennsylvania and the national capital, via Baltimore. Mr. Cameron also took an active part in political affairs, always as a Republican. In May, I876, he was appointed secretary of war in President Grant's cabinet, and in I877 succeeded his father in the United States senate. He was re-elected in 1885, and again in 189I, serving until 1896, and was recognized as one of the most prominent and influential members of that body. A DOLPHUS W. GREELEY, a famous American arctic explorer, was born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, March 27, 1844. He graduated from Brown High School at the age of sixteen, and a year later enlisted in Company B, Nineteenth Massachusetts Infantry, and was made first sergeant. In 1863 he was promoted to second lieutenant. After the war he was assigned to the Fifth United States Cavalry, and became first lieutenant in I873. He was assigned to duty in the United States signal service shortly after the close of the war. An expedition was fitted out by the United States government in I88I, un der auspices of the weather bureau, and Lieutenant Greeley placed in command. They set sail from St. Johns the first week in July, and after nine days landed in Greenland, where they secured the services of two natives, together with sledges, dogs, furs and equipment. They encountered an ice pack early in August, and on the 28th of that month freezing weather set in. Two of his party, Lieutenant Lockwood and Sergeant Brainard, added to the known maps about forty miles of coast survey, and reached the highest point yet attained by man, eighty-three degrees and twenty-four minutes north, longitude, forty-four degrees and five minutes west. On their return to Fort Conger, Lieutenant Greeley set out for the south on August 9, 1883. He reached Baird Inlet twenty days later with his entire party. Here they were compelled to abandon their boats, and drifted on an ice-floe for one month. They then went into camp at Cape Sabine, where they suffered untold hardships, and eighteen of the party succumbed to cold and hunger, and had relief been delayed two days longer none would have been found alive. They were picked up by the relief expedition, under Captain Schley, June 22, I884. The dead were taken to New York for burial. Many sensational stories were published concerning the expedition, and Lieutenant Greeley prepared an exhaustive account of his explorations and experiences. LEVI P. MORTON, the millionaire politician, was born in Shoreham, Vermont, May I6, 1824, and his early education consisted of the rudiments which he obtained in the common school up to the age of fourteen, and after that time what knowledge he gained was wrested from the hard school of experience. He removed to COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHFr. 143 --- Hanover, Vermont, then Concord, Vermont, and afterwards to Boston. He had worked in a store at Shoreham, his native village, and on going to Hanover he established a store and went into business for himself. In Boston he clerked in a dry goods store, and then opened a business of his own in the same line in New York. After a short career he failed, and was compelled to settle with his creditors at only fifty cents on the dollar. He began the struggle anew, and when the war began he established a banking house in New York, with Junius Morgan as a partner. Through his firm and connections the great government war loans were floated, and it resulted in immense profits to his house. When he was again thoroughly established he invited his former creditors to a banquet, and under each guest's plate was found a check covering the amount of loss sustained respectively, with interest to date. President Garfield appointed Mr. Morton as minister to France, after he had declined the secretaryship of the navy, and in i888 he was nominated as candidate for vice-president, with Harrison, and elected. In I894 he was elected governor of New York over David B. Hill, and served one term. HARLES. KENDALL ADAMS, one of the most talented and prominent educators this country has known, was born January 24, 1835, at Derby, Vermont. He received an elementary education in the common schools, and studied two terms in the Derby Academy. Mr. Adams moved with his parents to Iowa in I856. He was very anxious to pursue a collegiate course, but this was impossible until he had attained the age of twenty-one. In the autumn of 1856 he began the study of Latin and Greek at Denmark Academy, and in September, 1857, he was admitted to the University of Michigan. Mr. Adams was wholly dependent upon himself for the means of his education. During his third and fourth year he became deeply interested in historical studies, was assistant librarian of the university, and determined to pursue a postgraduate course. In I864 he was appointed instructor of history and Latin and was advanced to an assistant professorship in 1865, and in 1867, on the resignation oi Professoi White to accept the presidency of Cornell, he was appointed to fill the chair of professor of history. This he accepted on condition of his being allowed to spend a year for special study in Germany, France and Italy. Mr. Adams returned in I868, and assumed the duties of his professorship. He introduced the German system for the instruction of advanced history classes, and his lectures were largelyattended. In 1885, on the resignation of President White at Cornell, he was elected his successor and held the office for seven years, and on January 17, 1893, he was inaugurated president of the University of Wisconsin. President Adams was prominently connected with numerous scientific and literary organizations and a frequent contributor to the historical and educational data in the periodicals and journals of the country. He was the author of the following: ( Democracy and Monarchy in France," " Manual of Historical Literature," " A Plea for Scientific Agriculture," " Higher Education in Germany." OSEPH B. FORAKER, a prominent political leader and ex-governor of Ohio, was born near Rainsboro, Highland county, Ohio, July 5, I846. His parents operated a small farm, with a grist and sawmill, hav 144 C OMPENDIUUM OF BIOGRAPHr. ing emigrated hither from Virginia and Delaware on account of their distaste for slavery. Joseph was reared upon a farm until 1862, when he enlisted in the Eighty-ninth Ohio Infantry. Later he was made sergeant, and in 1864 commissioned first lieutenant. The next year he was brevetted captain. At the age of nineteen he was mustered out of the army after a brilliant service, part of the time being on the staff of General Slocum. He participated in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Lookout Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain and in Sherman's march to the sea. For two years subsequent to the war young Foraker was studying at the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, but later went to Cornell University, at Unity, New York, from which he graduated July I, 1869. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1879 Mr. Foraker was elected judge of the superior court of Cincinnati and held the office for three years. In 1883 he was defeated in the contest for the governorship with Judge Hoadly. In 1885, however, being again nominated for the same office, he was elected and served two terms. In I889, in running for governor again, this time against James E. Campbell, he was defeated. Two years later his career in the United States senate began. Mr. Foraker was always a prominent figure at all national meetings of the Republican party, and a strong power, politically, in his native state. YMAN ABBOTT, an eminent American preacher and writer on religious subjects, came of a noted New England family. His father, Rev. Jacob Abbott, was a prolific and popular writer, and his uncle, Rev. John S. C. Abbott, was a noted preacher and author. Lyman Abbott was born December I8, 1835, in Roxbury, Massachusetts. He graduated at the New York University, in 1853, studied law, and practiced for a time at the bar, after which he studied theology with his uncle, Rev. John S. C. Abbott, and in I86o was settled in the ministry at Terre Haute, Indiana, remaining there until after the close of the war. He then became connected with the Freedmen's Commission, continuing this until I868, when he accepted the pastorate of the New England Congregational church, in New York City. A few years later he resigned, to devote his time principally to literary pursuits. For a number of years he edited for the American Tract Society, its "Illustrated Christian Weekly," also the New York "Christian Union." He produced many works, which had a wide circulation, among which may be mentioned the following: "Jesus of Nazareth, His Life and Teachings," "Old Testament Shadows of New Testament Truths," ' Morning and Evening Exercises, Selected from Writings of Henry Ward Beecher," "'Laicus, or the Experiences of a Layman in a Country Parish," "Popular Religious Dictionary," and "Commentaries on Matthew, Mark, Luke, John and Acts." EORGE WILLIAM CURTIS.-The well-known author, orator and journalist whose name heads this sketch, was born at Providence, Rhode Island, February 24, 1824. Having laid the foundation of a most excellent education in his native land, he went to Europe and studied at the University of Berlin. He made an extensive tour throughout the Levant, from which he returned home in I850. At that early age literature became his field of labor, and in I851 he published his first important work, COMIPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHf. 145 " Nile Notes of a Howadji." In I852 two works issued from his facile pen, "The Howadji in Syria," and " Lotus-Eating." Later on he was the author of the wellknown " Potiphar Papers," " Prue and I," and "Trumps." He greatly distinguished himself throughout this land as a lecturer on many subjects, and as an orator had but few peers. He was also well known as one of the most fluent speakers on the stump, making many political speeches in favor of the Republican party. In recognition of his valuable services, Mr. Curtis was appointed by President Grant, chairman of the advisory board of the civil service. Although a life-long Republican, Mr. Curtis refused to support Blaine for the presidency in 1884, because of his ideas on civil service and other reforms. For his memorable and magnificent eulogy on Wendell Phillips, delivered in Boston, in 1884, that city presented Mr. Curtis with a gold medal. George W. Curtis, however, is best known to the reading public of the United States by his connection with the Harper Brothers, having been editor of the "Harper's Weekly," and of the " Easy Chair," in " Harper's Monthly Magazine," for many years, in fact retaining that position until the day of his death, which occurred August 31, 1892. ANDREW JOHNSON, the seventeenth president of the United States, served from 1865 to 1869. He was born December 8, I808, at Raleigh, North Carolina, and was left an orphan at the age of four years. He never attended school, and was apprenticed to a tailor. While serving his apprenticeship he suddenly acquired a passion for knowledge, and learned to read. From that time on he spent all his spare time in reading, and after working for two years as a journeyman tailor at Lauren's Court House, South Carolina, he removed to Greenville, Tennessee, where he worked at his trade and was married. Under his wife's instruction he made rapid progress in his studies and manifested such an interest in local politics as to be elected as " workingmen's candidate " alderman in 1828, and in 1830 to the mayoralty, and was twice re-elected to each office. Mr. Johnson utilized this time in cultivating his talents as a public speaker, by taking part in a debating society. He was elected in 1835 to the lower house of the legislature, was reelected in I839 as a Democrat, and in 1841 was elected state senator. Mr. Johnson was elected representative in congress in I843 and was re-elected four times in succession until 1853, when he was the successful candidate for the gubernatorial chair of Tennessee. He was re-elected in I855 and in 1857 he entered the United States senate. In I860 he was supported by the Tennessee delegation to the Democratic convention for the presidential nomination, and lent his influence to the Breckinridge wing of the party. At the election of Lincoln, which brought about the first attempt at secession in December, I860, Mr. Johnson took a firm attitude in the senate for the Union. He was the leader of the loyalists in East Tennessee. By the course that Mr. Johnson pursued in this crisis he was brought prominently before the northern people, and when, in March, I862, he was appointed military governor of Tennessee with the rank of brigadier-general, he increased his popularity by the vigorous manner in which he labored to restore order. In the campaign of 1864 he was elected vice-president on the ticket with President Lincoln, and upon the assassination of the latter he succeeded to the 146 C OMIPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHr. presidency, April I15, 1865. He retained the cabinet of President Lincoln, and at first exhibited considerable severity towards the former Confederates, but he soon inaugurated a policy of reconstruction, proclaimed a general amnesty to the late Confederates, and established provisional governments in the southern states. These states claimed representation in congress in the following December, and then arose.the momentous question as to what should be the policy of the victorious Union against their late enemies. The Republican majority in congress had an apprehension that the President would undo the results of the war, and consequently passed two bills over the executive veto, and the two highest branches of the government were in open antagonism. The cabinet was reconstructed in July, and Messrs. Randall, Stanbury and Browning superseded Messrs. Denison, Speed and Harlan. In August, 1867, President Johnson removed the secretary of war and replaced him with General Grant, but when congress met in December it refused to ratify the removal of. Stanton, who resumed the functions of his office. In I868 the president again attempted to remove Stanton, who refused to vacate his post and was sustained by the senate. President Johnson was accused by congress of high crimes and misdemeanors, but the trial resulted in his acquittal. Later he was United States senator from Tennessee, and died July 31, 1875. EDMUND RANDOLPH, first attorneygeneral of the United States, was born in Virginia, August o0, 1753. His father, John Randolph, was attorney-general of Virginia, and lived and died a royalist. Edmund was educated in the law, but joined the army as aide-de-camp to Washington in 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was elected to the Virginia convention in 1776, and attorney-general of the state the same year. In 1779 he was elected to the Continental congress, and served four years in that body. He was a member of the convention in 1787 that framed the constitution. In that convention he proposed what was known as the l Virginia plan" of confederation, but it was rejected. He advocated the ratification of the constitution in the Virginia convention, although he had refused to sign it. He became governor of Virginia in 1788, and the next year Washington appointed him to the office of attorney-general of the United States upon the organization of the government under the constitution. He was appointed secretary of state to succeed Jefferson during Washington's second term, but resigned a year later on account of differences in the cabinet concerning the policy pursued toward the new French republic. He died September 12, 1813. W INFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK was born in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, February 14, I824. He received his early education at the Norristown Academy, in his native county, and, in 1840, was appointed a cadet in the United States Military Academy, at West Point. He was graduated from the latter in I844, and brevetted as second lieutenant of infantry. In 1853 he was made first lieutenant, and two years later transferred to the quartermaster's department, with the rank of captain, and in I863 promoted to the rank of major. He served on the frontier, and in the war with Mexico, displaying conspicuous gallantry during the latter. Ile also took a part in the Seminole war, and in the troubles in Kansas, in I857, and in California, at the out COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHrr. 147 break of the Civil war, as chief quartermaster of the Southern district, he exerted a powerful influence. In I86I he applied for active duty in the field, and was assigned to the department of Kentucky as chief quartermaster, but before entering upon that duty, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. His subsequent history during the war was substantially that of the Army of the Potomac. He participated in the campaign, under McClellan, and led the gallant charge, which captured Fort Magruder, won the day at the battle of Williamsburg, and by services rendered at Savage's Station and other engagements, won several grades in the regular service, and was recommended by McClellan for major-general of volunteers. He was a conspicuous figure at South Mountain and Antietam. He was commissioned major-general of volunteers, November 29, I862, and made commander of the First Division of the Second Corps, which he led at Fredricksburg and at Chancellorsville. He was appointed to the command of the Second Corps in June, 1863, and at the battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2 and 3, of that year, took an important part. On his arrival on the field he found part of the forces then in retreat, but stayed the retrograde movement, checked the enemy, and on the following day commanded the left center, repulsed, on the third, the grand assault of General Lee's army, and was severely wounded. For his services on that field General Hancock received the thanks of congress. On recovering from his wound, he was detailed to go north to stimulate recruiting and fill up the diminished corps, and was the recipient of many public receptions and ovations. In March, 1864, he returned to his command, and in the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania led large bodies of men successfully and conspicuously. From that on to the close of the campaign he was a prominent figure. In November, 1864, he was detailed to organize the First Veteran Reserve Corps, and at the close of hostilities was appointed to the command of the Middle Military Division. In July, I866, he was made major-general of the regular service. He was at the head of various military departments until I872, when he was assigned to the command of the Department of the Atlantic, which post he held until his death. In I869 he declined the nomination for governor of Pennsylvania. He was the nominee of the Democratic party for president, in I880, and was defeated by General Garfield, who had a popular majority of seven thousand and eighteen and an electoral majority of fifty-nine. General Hancock died February 9, i886. THOMAS PAINE, the most noted political and deistical writer of the Revolutionary period, was born in England, January 29, 1737, of Quaker parents. His education was.obtained in the grammar schools of Thetford, his native town, and supplemented by hard private study while working at his trade of stay-maker at London and other cities of England. He was for a time a dissenting preacher, although he did not relinquish his employment. He married a revenue official's daughter, and was employed in the revenue service for some time. He then became a grocer and during all this time he was reading and cultivating his literary tastes, and had developed a clear and forcible style of composition. He was chosen to represent the interests of the excisemen, and published a pamphlet that brought him considerable notice. He was soon afterward introduced to Benjamin Franklin, and having been dismissed from the service on a 148 C 031PENDPIUM O0F RIO GRA PHr. charge of smuggling, his resentment led him to accept the advice of that statesman to come to America, in 1774. He became editor of the " Pennsylvania Magazine," and the next year published his "Serious Thoughts upon Slavery" in the "Pennsylvania Journal." His greatest political work, however, was written at the suggestion of Dr. Rush, and entitled "Common Sense." It was the most popular pamphlet written during the period and he received two thousand five hundred dollars from the state of Pennsylvania in recognition of its value. His periodical, the "Crisis," began in 1776, and its distribution among the soldiers did a great deal to keep up the spirit of revolution. He was made secretary of the committee of foreign affairs, but was dismissed for revealing diplomatic secrets in one of his controversies with Silas Deane. He was originator and promoter of a subscription to relieve the distress of the soldiers near the close of the war, and was sent to France with Henry Laurens to negotiate the treaty with France, and was granted three thousand dollars by congress for his services there, and an estate at New Rochelle, by the state of New York. In 1787, after the close of the Revolutionary war, he went to France, and a few years later published his " Rights of Man," defending the French revolution, which gave him great popularity in France. He was made a citizen and elected to the national convention at Calais. He favored banishment of the king to America, and opposed his execution. He was imprisoned for about ten months during I794 by the Robespierre party, during which time he wrote the "Age of Reason," his great deistical work. He was in danger of the guillotine for several months. He took up his residence with the family of James Monroe, then minister to France and was chosen again to the convention. He returned to the United States in I802, and was cordially received throughout the country except at Trenton, where he was insulted by Federalists. He retired to his estate at New Rochelle, and his death occurred June 8, I809. OHN WILLIAM MACKAY was one of America's noted men, both in the development of the western coast and the building of the Mackay and Bennett cable. He was born in I83I at Dublin, Ireland; came to New York in 1840 and his boyhood days were spent in Park Row. He went to California some time after the argonauts of I849 and took to the primitive methods of mining- lost and won and finally drifted into Nevada about I860. The bonanza discoveries which were to have such a potent influence on the finance and statesmanship of the day came in I872. Mr. Mackay founded the Nevada Bank in I878. He is said to have taken one hundred and fifty million dollars in bullion out of the Big Bonanza mine. There were associated with him in this enterprise James G. Fair, senator from Nevada; William O'Brien and James C. Flood. When vast wealth came to Mr. Mackay he believed it his duty to do his country some service, and he agitated in his mind the building of an American steamship line, and while brooding over this his attention was called to the cable relations between America and Europe. The financial management of the cable was selfish and extravagant, and the capital was heavy with accretions of financial " water" and to pay even an apparent dividend upon the sums which represented the nominal value of the cables, it was necessary to hold the rates COMPENDIUM1 OF 0 BIOGRAPtr. 149 at an exorbitant figure. And, moreover, the cables were foreign; in one the influence of France being paramount and in the other that of England; and in the matter of intelligence, so necessary in case of war, we would be at the mercy of our enemies. This train of thought brought Mr. Mackay into relation with James Gordon Bennett, the proprietor of the "' New York Herald." The result of their intercourse was that Mr. Mackay so far entered into the enthusiasm of Mr. Bennett over an independent cable, that he offered to assist the enterprise with five hundred thousand dollars. This was the inception of the Commercial Cable Company, or of what has been known for years as the Mackay-Bennett cable. ELISHA GRAY, the great inventor and electrician, was born August 2, I835, at Barnesville, Belmont county, Ohio. He was, as a child, greatly interested in the phenomena of nature, and read with avidity all the books he could obtain, relating to this subject. He was apprenticed to various trades during his boyhood, but his insatiable thirst for knowledge dominated his life and he found time to study at odd intervals. Supporting himself by working at his trade, he found time to pursue a course at Oberlin College, where he particularly devoted himself to the study of physicial science. Mr. Gray secured his first patent for electrical or telegraph apparatus on October I, 1867. His attention was first attracted to telephonic transmission during this year and he saw in it a way of transmitting signals for telegraph purposes, and conceived the idea of electro-tones, tuned to different tones in the scale. He did not then realize the importance of his invention, his thoughts being employed on the capacity of the apparatus for transmitting musical tones through an electric circuit, and it was not until I874 that he was again called to consider the reproduction of electrically-transmitted vibrations through the medium of animal tissue. He continued experimenting with various results, which finally culminated in his taking out a patent for his speaking telephone on February I4, 1876. He took out fifty additional patents in the course of eleven years, among which were, telegraph switch, telegraph repeater, telegraph annunciator and typewriting telegraph. From I869 until 1873 he was employed in the manufacture of telegraph apparatus in Cleveland and Chicago, and filled the office of electrician to the Western Electric Company. He was awarded the degree of D. S., and in I874 he went abroad to perfect himself in acoustics. Mr. Gray's latest invention was known as the telautograph or long distance writing machine. Mr. Gray wrote and published several works on scientific subjects, among which were: "Telegraphy and Telephony," and "Experimental Research in Electro-Harmonic Telegraphy and Telephony." HITELAW REID.-Among the many men who have adorned the field of journalism in the United States, few stand out with more prominence than the scholar, author and editor whose name heads this article. Born at Xenia, Greene county, Ohio, October 27, 1837, he graduated at Miami University in 1856. For about a year he was superintendent of the graded schools of South Charleston, Ohio, after which he purchased the "Xenia News," which he edited for about two years. This paper was the first one outside of Illinois to advocate the nomination of Abraham Lincoln, Mr. Reid having been a Republican since the birth of that party in I856. After taking an active 150O COMlPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. part in the campaign, in the winter of 860 -6I, he went to the state capital as correspondent of three daily papers. At the close of the session of the legislature he became city editor of the "Cincinnati Gazette," and at the breaking out of the war went to the front as a correspondent for that journal. For a time he served on the staff of General Morris in West Virginia, with the rank of captain. Shortly after he was on the staff of General Rosecrans, and, under the name of I Agate," wrote most graphic descriptions of the movements in the field, especially that of the battle of Pittsburg Landing. In the spring of 1862 Mr. Reid went to Washington and was appointed librarian to the house of representatives, and acted as correspondent of the "Cincinnati Gazette." His description of the battle of Gettysburg, written on the field, gained him added reputation. In 1865 he accompanied Chief Justice Chase on a southern tour, and published "After the War; a Southern Tour." During the next two years he was engaged in cotton planting in Louisiana and Alabama, and published "Ohio in the War." In I868 he returned to the " Cincinnati Gazette," becoming one of its leading editors. The same year he accepted the invitation of Horace Greeley and became one of the staff on the "New York Tribune." Upon the death of Mr. Greeley in I872, Mr. Reid became editor and chief proprietor of that paper. In I878 he was tendered the United States mission to Berlin, but declined. The offer was again made by the Garfield administration, but again he declined. In 1878 he was elected by the New York legislature regent of the university,' to succeed General John A. Dix. Under the Harrison administration he served as United States minister to France, and in I892 was the -Republican nominee for the vice-presidency of the United States. Among other works published by him were the "Schools of Journalism," "The Scholar in Politics," Some Newspaper Tendencies," and " Town-Hall Suggestions." EORGE WHITEFIELD was one of the most powerful and effective preachers the world has ever produced, swaying his hearers and touching the hearts of immense audiences in a manner that has rarely been equalled and never surpassed. While not a native of America, yet much of his labor was spent in this country. He wielded a great influence in the United States in early days, and his death occurred here; so that he well deserves a place in this volume as one of the most celebrated men America has known. George Whitefield was born in the Bull Inn, at Gloucester, England, December r6, 1714. He acquired the rudiments of learning in St. Mary's grammar school. Later he attended Oxford University for a time, where he became intimate with the Oxford Methodists, and resolved to devote himself to the ministry. He was ordained in the Gloucester Cathedral June 20, 1836, and the following day preached his first sermon in the same church. On that day there commenced a new era in Whitefield's life. He went to London and began to preach at Bishopsgate church, his fame soon spreading over the city, and shortly he was engaged four times on a single Sunday in addressing audiences of enormous magnitude, and he preached in various parts of his native country, the people crowding in multitudes to hear him and hanging upon the rails and rafters of the churches and approaches thereto. He finally sailed for America, landing in Georgia, where he stirred the people to great enthusiasm. During the balance of V 'i I I 11, 00 - K- /;c /...... VY 101 V K V- t w I:: —,:-::::::,~: ~ rv I COMIIPEVDIUM OF BIO GRAPHY. 153 his life he divided his time between Great Britain and America, and it is recorded that he crossed the Atlantic thirteen times. He came to America for the seventh time in I770. He preached every day at Boston from the I7th to the 20th of September, 1770, then traveled to Newburyport, preaching at Exeter, New Hampshire, September 29, on the way. That evening he went to Newburyport, where he died the next day, Sunday, September 30, I770. 'Whitefield's dramatic power was amazing," says an eminent writer in describing him. "His voice was marvelously varied, and he ever had it at command-an organ, a flute, a harp, all in one. His intellectual powers were not of a high order, but he had an abundance of that ready talent and that wonderful magnetism which makes the popular preacher; and beyond all natural endowments, there was in his ministry the power of evangelical truth, and, as his converts believed, the presence of the spirit of God." CHARLES FRANCIS BRUSH, one of America's prominent men in the development of electrical science, was born March 17, I849, near Cleveland, Ohio, and spent his early life on his father's farm. From the district school at Wickliffe, Ohio, he passed to the Shaw Academy at Collamer, and then entered the high school at Cleveland. His interest in chemistry, physics and engineering was already marked, and during his senior year he was placed in charge of the chemical and physical apparatus. During these years he devised a plan fur lighting street lamps, constructed telescopes, and his first electric arc lamp, also an electric motor. In September, I867, he entered the engineering department of the University of Michigan and graduated in 9 I869, which was a year in advance of his class, with the degree of M. E. He then returned to Cleveland, and for three years was engaged as an analytical chemist and for four years in the iron business. In I875 Mr. Brush became interested in electric lighting, and in 1876, after four months' experimenting, he completed the dynamoelectric machine that has made his name famous, and in a shorter time produced the series arc lamps. These were both patented in the United States in I876, and he afterward obtained fifty patents on his later inventions, including the fundamental storage battery, the compound series, shuntwinding for dynamo-electric machines, and the automatic cut-out for arc lamps. His patents, two-thirds of which have already been profitable, are held by the Brush Electric Company, of Cleveland, while his foreign patents are controlled by the AngloAmerican Brush Electric Light Company, of London. In I880 the Western Reserve University conferred upon Mr. Brush the degree of Ph. D., and in I881 the French government decorated him as a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. ENRY CLEWS, of Wall-street fame, was one of the noted old-time operators on that famous street, and was also an author of some repute. Mr. Clews was born in Staffordshire, England, August 14, I840. His father had him educated with the intention of preparing him for the ministry, but on a visit to the United States the young man became interested in a business life, and was allowed to engage as a clerk in the importing house of Wilson G. Hunt & Co., of New York. Here he learned the first principles of business, and when the war broke out in I86i young Clews saw in the needs of the government an opportunity to .154 COMPEONDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. reap a golden harvest. He identified himself with the negotiating of loans for the government, and used his powers of pursuasion upon the great money powers to convince them of the stability of the government and the value of its securities. By enthusiasm and patriotic arguments he induced capitalists to invest their money in government securities, often against their judgment, and his success was remarkable. His was one of the leading firms that aided the struggling treasury department in that critical hour, and his reward was great. In addition to the vast wealth it brought, President Lincoln and Secretary Chase both wrote important letters, acknowledging his valued service. In 1873, by the repudiation of the bonded indebtedness of the state of Georgia, Mr. Clews lost six million dollars which he had invested in those securities. It is said that he is the only man, with one exception, in Wall street, who ever regained great wealth after utter disaster. His " Twenty-Eight Years in Wall Street " has been widely read. LFRED VAIL was one of the men that gave to the world the electric telegraph and the names of Henry, Morse and Vail will forever remain linked as the prime factors in that great achievement. Mr. Vail was born September 25, I807, at Morristown, New Jersey, and was a son of Stephen Vail, the proprietor of the Speedwell Iron Works, near Morristown. At the age of seventeen, after he had completed his studies at the Morristown Academy, Alfred Vail went into the Speedwell Iron Works and contented himself with the duties of his position until he reached his majority. He then determined to prepare himself for the ministry, and at the age of twenty-five he entered the University of the City of New York, where he was graduated in 1836. His health becoming impaired he labored for a time under much uncertainty as to his future course. Professor S. F. B. Morse had come to the university in 1835 as professor of literature and fine arts, and about this time, I837, Professor Gale, occupying the chair of chemistry, invited Morse to exhibit his apparatus for the benefit of the students. On Saturday, September 2, 1837, the exhibition took place and Vail was asked to attend, and with his inherited taste for mechanics and knowledge of their construction, he saw a great future for the crude mechanism used by Morse in giving and recording signals. Mr. Vail interested his father in the invention, and Morse was invited to Speedwell and the elder Vail promised to help him. It was stipulated that Alfred Vail should construct the required apparatus and exhibit before a committee of congress the telegraph instrument, and was to receive a quarter interest in the invention. Morse had devised a series of ten numbered leaden types, which were to be operated in giving the signal. This was not satisfactory to Vail, so he devised an entirely new instrument, involving a lever, or "point," on a radically different principle, which, when tested, produced dots and dashes, and devised the famous dot-and-dash alphabet, misnamed the "Morse." At last the machine was in working order, on January 6, 1838. The machine was taken to Washington, where it caused not only wonder, but excitement. Vail continued his experiments and devised the lever and roller. When the line between Baltimore and Washington was completed, Vail was stationed at the Baltimore end and received the famous first message. It is a remarkable fact that not a single feature of the original invention of Morse, as formulated COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHT. 155 by his caveat and repeated in his original patent, is to be found in Vail's apparatus. From 1837 to 1844 it was a combination of the inventions of Morse, Henry and Vail, but the work of Morse fell gradually into desuetude, while Vail's conception of an alphabet has remained unchanged for half a century. Mr. Vail published but one work, "American Electro-Magnetic Telegraph," in 1845, and died at Morristown at the comparatively early age of fifty-one, on January I9, I859. LYSSES S. GRANT, the eighteenth president of the United States, was born April 27, 1822, at Point Pleasant, Clermont county, Ohio. At the age of seventeen he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in June, I843, and was given his brevet as second lieutenant and assigned to the Fourth Infantry. He remained in the service eleven years, in which time he was engaged in the Mexican war with gallantry, and was thrice brevetted for conduct in the field. In 1848 he married Miss Julia Dent, and in 1854, having reached the grade of captain, he resigned and engaged in farming near St. Louis. In I860 he entered the leather business with his father at Galena, Illinois. On the breaking out of the war, in I86I, he commenced to drill a company at Galena, and at the same time offered his services to the adjutant-general of the army, but he had few influential friends, so received no answer. He was employed by the governor of Illinois in the organization of the various volunteer regiments, and at the end of a few weeks was given the colonelcy of the Twenty-first Infantry, from that state. His military training and knowledge soon attracted the attention of his su perior officers, and on reporting to General Pope in Missouri, the latter put him in the way of advancement. August 7, i86i, he was promoted to the rank of brigadiergeneral of volunteers, and for a few weeks was occupied in watching the movements of partisan forces in Missouri. September i, the same year, he was placed in command of the Department of Southeast Missouri, with headquarters at Cairo, and on the 6th of the month, without orders, seized Paducah, which commanded the channel of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, by which he secured Kentucky for the Union. He now received orders to make a demonstration on Belmont, which he did, and with about three thousand raw recruits held his own against the Confederates some seven thousand strong, bringing back about two hundred prisoners and two guns. In February,lI862, he moved up the Tennessee river with the naval fleet under Commodore Foote. The latter soon silenced Fort Henry, and Grant advanced against Fort Donelson and took their fortress and its garrison. His prize here consisted of sixty-five cannon, seventeen thousand six hundred stand of arms, and fourteen thousand six hundred and twenty-three prisoners. This was the first important success won by the Union forces. Grant was immediately made a major-general and placed in command of the district of West Tennessee. In April, 1862, he fought the battle of Pittsburg Landing, and after the evacuation of Corinth by the enemy Grant became commander of the Department of the Tennessee. He now made his first demonstration toward Vicksburg, but owing to the incapacity of subordinate officers, was unsuccessful. In January, I863, he took command of all the troops in the Mississippi Valley and devoted several months to the siege of Vicksburg, 156 COI'MPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. which was finally taken possession of by him July 4, with thirty-one thousand six hundred prisoners and one hundred and seventy-two cannon, thus throwing the Mississippi river open to the Federals. He was now raised to the rank of major-general in the regular army. October following, at the head of the Department of the Mississippi, General Grant went to Chattanooga, where he overthrew the enemy, and united with the Army of the Cumberland. The remarkable successes achieved by him pointed Grant out for an appropriate commander of all national troops, and in February, 1864, the rank of lieutenant-general was made for him by act of congress. Sending Sherman into Georgia, Sigel into the Valley of West Virginia and Butler to attempt the capture of Richmond he fought his way through the Wilderness to the James and pressed the siege of the capital of the Confederacy. After the fall of the latter Grant pressed the Confederate army so hard that their commander surrendered at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. This virtually ended the war. After the war the rank of general was conferred upon U. S. Grant, and in I868 he was elected president of the United States, and re-elected his own successor in I872. After the expiration of the latter term he made his famous tour of the world. He died at Mt. McGregor, near Saratoga, New York, July 23, I885, and was buried at Riverside Park, New York, where a magnificent tomb has been erected to hold the ashes of the nation's hero. JOHN MARSHALL, the fourth chief justice of the United States supreme court, was born in Germantown, Virginia, September 24, 1755 His father, Colonel Thomas Marshall, served with distinction in the Rev olutionary war, while he also served from the beginning of the war until 1779, where he became noted in the field and courts martial. While on detached service he attended a course of law lectures at William and Mary College, delivered by Mr. Wythe, and was admitted to the bar. The next year he resigned his commission and began his career as a lawyer. He was a distinguished member of the convention called in Virginia to ratify the Federal constitution. He was tendered the attorney-generalship of the United States, and also a place on the supreme bench, besides other places of less honor, all of which he declined. He went to France as special envoy in 1798, and the next year was elected to congress. He served one year and was appointed, first, secretary of war, and then'secretary of state, and in I8oi was made chief justice of the United States. He held this high office until his death, in 1835. Chief Justice Marshall's early education was neglected, and his opinions, the most valuable in existence, are noted for depth of wisdom, clear and comprehensive reasoning, justice, and permanency, rather than for wide learning and scholarly construction. His decisions and rulings are resorted to constantly by our greatest lawyers, and his renown as a just judge and profound jurist was world wide. LAWRENCE BARRETT is perhaps known more widely as a producer of new plays than as a great actor. He was born in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1838, and educated himself as best he could, and at the age of sixteen years became salesman for a Detroit dry goods house. He afterwards began to go upon the stage as a supernumerary, and his ambition was soon rewarded by the notice of the management. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 157 During the war of the Rebellion he was a soldier, and after valiant service for his country he returned to the stage. He went to Europe and appeared in Liverpool, and returning in 1869, he began playing at Booth's theater, with Mr. Booth. He was afterward associated with John McCullough in the management of the California theater. Probably the most noted period of his work was during his connection with Edwin Booth as manager of that great actor, and supporting him upon the stage. Mr. Barrett was possessed of the creative instinct, and, unlike Mr. Booth, he sought new fields for the display of his genius, and only resorted to traditional drama in response to popular demand. He preferred new plays, and believed in the encouragement of modern dramatic writers, and was the only actor of prominence in his time that ventured to put upon the stage new American plays, which he did at his own expense, and the success of his experiments proved the quality of his judgment. He died March 21, I89[. ARCHBISHOP JOHN HUGHES, a celebrated Catholic clergyman, was born at Annaboghan, Tyrone county, Ireland, June 24, 1797, and emigrated to America when twenty years of age, engaging for some time as a gardener and nurseryman. In I819 he entered St. Mary's College, where he secured an education, paying his way by caring for the college garden. In 1825 he was ordained a deacon of the Roman Catholic church, and in the same year, a priest. Until 1838 he had pastoral charges in Philadelphia, where he founded St. John's Asylum in 1829, and a few years later established the "Catholic Herald." In 1838 he was made bishop of Basileopolis in parti&bs and coadjutor to Bishop Dubois, of New York, and in 1842 became bishop of New York. In 1839 he founded St. John's College, at Fordham. In 1850 he was made archbishop of New York. In 1861-2 he was a special agent of the United States in Europe, after which he returned to this country and remained until his death, January 3, I864. Archbishop Hughes early attracted much attention by his controversial correspondence with Rev. John Breckinridge in I 8 3 3-35. He was a man of great ability, a fluent and forceful writer and an able preacher. UTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES was the nineteenth president of the United States and served from 1877 to 188. He was born October 4, 1822, at Delaware, Ohio, and his ancestry can be traced back as far as 1280, when Hayes and Rutherford were two Scottish chieftans fighting side by side with Baliol, William Wallace and Robert Bruce. The Hayes family had for a coat of arms, a shield, barred and surmounted by a flying eagle. There was a circle of stars about the eagle, while on a scroll underneath was their motto, ' Recte." Misfortune overtook the family and in I68o George Hayes, the progenitor of the American family, came to Connecticut and settled at Windsor. Rutherford B. Hayes was a very delicate child at his birth and was not expected to live, but he lived in spite of all and remained at home until he was seven years old, when he was placed in school. He was a very tractable pupil, being always very studious, and in 1838 entered Kenyon College, graduating from the same in I842. He then took up the study of law in the office of Thomas Sparrow at Columbus, but in a short time he decided to enter a law school at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where for two years he was immersed in the 158 COMPENDDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. study of law. Mr. Hayes was admitted to the bar in 1845 in Marietta, Ohio, and very soon entered upon the active practice of his profession with Ralph P. Buckland, of Fremont, Ohio. He remained there three years; and in 1849 removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where his ambition found a new stimulus. Two events occurred at this period that had a powerful influence on his after life. One was his marriage to Miss Lucy Ware Webb, and the other was his introduction to a Cincinnati literary club, a body embracing such men as Salmon P. Chase, John Pope, and Edward F. Noyes. In I856 he was nominated for judge of the court of common pleas, but declined, and two years later he was appointed city solicitor. At the outbreak of the Rebellion Mr. Hayes was appointed major of the Twenty-third Ohio Infantry, June 7, I86i, and in July the regiment was ordered to Virginia, and October I5, I86I, saw him promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy of his regiment. He was made colonel of the Seventy-ninth Ohio Infantry, but refused to leave his old comrades; and in the battle of South Mountain he was wounded very severely and was unable to rejoin his regiment until November 30, I862. He had been promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment on October 15, I862. In the following December he was appointed to command the Kanawa division and was given the rank of brigadier-general for meritorious services in several battles, and in 1864 he was brevetted major-general for distinguished services in 1864, during which campaign he was wounded several times and five horses had been shot under him. Mr. Hayes' first venture in politics was as a Whig, and later he was one of the first to unite with the Republican party. In 1864 he was elected from the Second Ohio district to congress, re-elected in I866, and in 1867 was elected governor of Ohio over Allen G. Thurman, and was re-elected in I869. Mr. Hayes was elected to the presidency in I876, for the term of four years, and at its close retired to private life, and went to his home in Fremont, Ohio, where he died on January 17, I893. W ILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN became a celebrated character as the nominee of the Democratic and Populist parties for president of the United States in i896. He was born March 19, I86o, at Salem, Illinois. He received his early education in' the public schools of his native county, and later on he attended the Whipple Academy at Jacksonville. He also took a course in Illinois College, and after his graduation from the same went to Chicago to study law, and entered the Union College of Law ac a student. He was associated with the late Lyman Trumbull, of Chicago, during his law studies, and devoted considerable time to the questions of government. He graduated from the college, was admitted to the bar, and went to Jacksonville, Illinois, where he was married to Miss Mary Eliza beth Baird. In 1887 Mr. Bryan removed to Lincoln, Nebraska, and formed a law partnership with Adolphus R. Talbot. He entered the field of politics, and in I888 was sent as a delegate to the state convention, which was to choose delegates to the national convention, during which he made a speech which immediately won him a high rank in political affairs. He declined, in the next state convention, a nomination for lieutenant-governor, and in 1890 he was elected congressman from the First district of Nebraska, and was the youngest member of the fifty-second congress. He championed the Wilson tariff bill, and served COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPH. 159 three terms in the house of representatives. He next ran for senator, but was defeated by John M. Thurston, and in I896 he was selected by the Democratic and Populist parties as their nominee for the presidency, being defeated by William McKinley. M ARVIN HUGHITT, one of America's famous railroad men, was born in Genoa, New York, and entered the railway service in 1856 as superintendent of telegraph and trainmaster of the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago, now Chicago & Alton Railroad. Mr. Hughitt was superintendent of the southern division of the Illinois Central Railroad from 1862 until 1864, and was, later on, the general superintendent of the road until I870. He was then connected with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad as assistant general manager, and retained this position until 187I, when he became the general manager of Pullman's Palace Car Company. In I872 he was made general superintendent of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He served during 1876 and up to I88o as general manager, and from I880 until I887 as vice-president and general manager. He was elected president of the road in 1887, in recognition of his ability in conducting the affairs of the road. He was also chosen Dresident of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway; the Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Railroad, and the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, and his services in these capacities stamped him as one of the most able railroad managers of his day. OSEPH MEDILL, one of the most eminent of American journalists, was born in New Brunswick, Canada, April 6, I823. In I83i his father moved to Stark county, Ohio, and until I841 Joseph Medill worked on his father's farm. Later he studied law, and began the practice of that profession in 1846 at New Philadelphia, Ohio. But the newspaper field was more attractive to Mr. Medill, and three years later he founded a free-soil Whig paper at Coshocton, Ohio, and after that time journalism received all his abilities. "The Leader," another free-soil Whig paper, was founded by Mr. Medill at Cleveland in I852. In that city he also became one of the first organizers of the Republican party. Shortly after that event he removed to Chicago and in I855, with two partners, he purchased the " Chicago Tribune." In the contest for the nomination for the presidency in I860, Mr. Medill worked with unflagging zeal for Mr. Lincoln, his warm personal friend, and was one of the president's stanchest supporters during the'war. Mr. Medill was a member of the Illinois Constitutional convention in I870. President Grant, in I87I, appointed the editor a member of the firNUnited States civil service commission, and the following year, after the fire, he was elected mayor of Chicago by a great majority. During I873 and 1874 Mr. Medill spent a year in Europe. Upon his return he purchased a controlling interest in the "Chicago Tribune." LAUS SPRECKELS, the great "' sugar baron," and one of the most famous representatives of commercial life in America, was born in Hanover, Germany, and emigrated to the United States in I84o, locating in New York. He very soon became the proprietor of a small retail grocery store on Church street, and embarked on a career that has since astonished the world. He sold out his business and went to California with the argonauts of 1849, It 160 C OAIPEEVDIUM OF BIOGRA I'Tr. I - not as a prospector, but as a trader, and for years after his arrival on the coast he was still engaged as a grocer. At length, after a quarter of a century of fairly prosperous business life, he found himself in a position where an ordinary man would have retired, but Mr. Spreckles did not retire; he had merely been gathering capital for the real work of his life. His brothers had followed him to California, and in combination with them he purchased for forty thousand dollars an interest in the Albany Brewery in San Francisco. But the field was not extensive enough for the development of his business abilities, so Mr. Sprecklas branched out extensively in the sugar business. He succeeded in securing the entire output of sugar that was produced on the Sandwich Islands, and after 1885 was known as the " Sugar King of Sandwich Islands." He controlled absolutely the sugar trade of the Pacific coast which was known to be not less than ten million dollars a year. HARLES HENRY PARKHURST, famous as a clergyman, and for many years president of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, was born April 17, 1842, at Framingham, Massachusetts, of English descent. At the age of sixteen he was pupil in the grammar school at Clinton, Massachusetts, and for the ensuing two years was a clerk in a dry goods store, which position he gave up to prepare himself for college at Lancaster academy. Mr. Parkhurst went to Amherst in 1862, and after taking a thorough course he graduated in I866, and in 1867 became the principal of the Amherst High School. He retained this position until I870, when he visited Germany with the intention of taking a course in philosophy and theology, but was forced to abandon this intention on account of illness in the family causing his early return from Europe. He accepted the chair of Latin and Greek in Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts, and remained there two years. He then accompanied his wife to Europe, and devoted two years to study in Halle, Leipsic and Bonn. Upon his return home he spent considerable time in the study of Sanscrit, and in 1874 he became the pastor of the First Congregational church at Lenox, Massachusetts. He gained here his reputation as a pulpit orator, and on March 9, I88o, he became the pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian church of New York. He was, in I890, made a member of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, and the same year became its president. He delivered a sermon in I892 on municipal corruption, for which he was brought before the grand jury, which body declared his charges to be without sufficient foundation. But the matter did not end here, for he immediately went to work on a second sermon in which he substantiated his former sermon and wound up by saying, "I know, for I have seen." He was again summoned before that august body, and as a result of his testimony and of the investigation of the jurors themselves, the police authorities were charged with incompetency and corruption. Dr. Parkhurst was the author of the following works: (The Forms of the Latin Verb, Illustrated by Sanscrit," "The Blind Man's Creed and Other Sermons," "The Pattern on the Mount," and "Three Gates on a Side." ENRY BERGH, although a writer, diplomatist and government official, was noted as a philanthropist-the founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. On his labors for the dumb creation alone rests his fame. COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PPHr. 161 - - Alone, in the face of indifference, opposition and ridicule, he began the reform which is now recognized as one of the beneficent movements of the age. Through his exertions as a speaker and lecturer, but above all as a bold worker, in the street, in the court room, before the legislature, the cause he adopted gained friends and rapidly increased in power until it has reached immense proportions and influence. The work of the society covers all cases of cruelty to all sorts of animals, employs every moral agency, social, legislative and personal, and touches points of vital concern to health as well as humanity. Henry Bergh was born in New York City in 1823, and was educated at Columbia College. In 1863 he was made secretary of the legation to Russia and also served as vice-consul there. He also devoted some time to literary pursuits and was the author of "Love's Alternative," a drama; "Married Off," a poem; "'The Portentous Telegram," "The Ocean Paragon;" "The Streets of New York," tales and sketches. HENRY BENJAMIN WHIPPLE, one of the most eminent of American divines, was born in Adams, Jefferson county, New York, February 15, 1822. He was brought up in the mercantile business, and early in life took an active interest in political affairs. In I847 he became a candidate for holy orders and pursued theological studies with Rev. W. D. Wilson, D. D., afterward professor in Cornell University. He was ordained deacon in 1849, in Trinity church, Geneva, New York, by Rt. Rev. W. H. De Lancey, D. D., and took charge of Zion church, Rome, New York, December I, I849. In 1850, our subject was ordained priest by Bishop De Lancey. In 1857 he became rector of the Church of the Holy Communion, Chicago. On the 30th of June, 1859, he was chosen bishop of Minnesota, and took charge of the interests of the Episcopal church in that state, being located at Faribault. In I860 Bishop Whipple, with Revs. I. L. Breck, S. W. Mauncey and E. S. Peake, organized the Bishop Seabury Mission, out of which has grown the Cathedral of Our Merciful Savior, the Seabury Divinity School, Shattuck School and St. Mary's Hall, which have made Faribault City one of the greatest educational centersof the northwest. Bishop Whipple also became noted as the friend and defender of the North American Indians and planted a number of successful missions among them. ZRA CORNELL was oneof the greatest philanthropists and friends of education the country has known. He was born at Westchester Landing, New York, January I, 1807. He grew to manhood in his native state and became a prominent figure in business circles as a successful and self-made man. Soon after the invention of the electric telegraph, he devoted his attention tor that enterprise, and accumulated an immense fortune. In I865, by a gift of five hundred thousand dollars, he made possible the founding of Cornell University, which was named in his honor. He afterward made additional bequests amountingto many hundred thousand dollars. His death occurred at Ithaca, New York, December 9, 1874. GNATIUS DONNELLY, widely knowi. as an author and politician, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvarlia, November 3, 183I. He was educated at the public schocls of that city, and graduated from the 162 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. - ~ "' Central High School in 1849. He studied law in the office of Judge B. H. Brewster, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. In the spring of I856, Mr. Donnelly emigrated to Minnesota, then a new territory, and, at Hastings, resumed the practice of law in partnership with A. M. Hayes. In i857,, and again in 1858, he was defeated for state senator, but in i859 he was elected by the Republicans as lieutenant-governor, and reelected in I86I. In I862 he was elected to represent the Second district of Minnesota in congress. He was re-elected to the same office in I864 and in I866. He was an abolitionist and warmly supported President Lincoln's administration, but was strongly in favor of leniency toward the people of the south, after the war. In many ways he was identified with some of the best measures brought before the house during his presence there. In the spring of I868, at the request of the Republican national committee, he canvassed New Hampshire and Connecticut in the interests of that party. E. B. Washburne about this time made an attack on Donnelly in one of the papers of Minnesota, which was replied to on the floor of the house by a fierce phillipic that will long be remembered. Through the intervention of the Washburne interests Mr. Donnelly failed of a re-election in I870. In 1873 he was elected to the state senate from -Dakota county, and continuously re-elected until I878. In I886 he was elected mem-ber of the house for two years. In later years he identified himself with the Populist party. In 1882, Mr. Donnelly became known as an author, publishing his first literary work, "Atlantis, the Antediluvian World," which passed through over twenty-two editions in America, several in England, and was translated into French. This was followed by "Ragnarok, the Age of Fire and Gravel," which attained nearly as much celebrity as the first, and these two, in the opinion of scientific critics, are sufficient to stamp the author as a most capable and painstaking student of the facts he has collated in them. The work by which he gained the greatest notoriety, however, was "The Great Cryptogram, or Francis Bacon's Cipher in the Shakespeare Plays." "Caesar's Column," " Dr. Huguet," and other works were published subsequently. QTEVEN V. WHITE, a speculator of Wall Street of national reputation, was born in Chatham county, North Carolina, August I, I83I, and soon afterward removed to Illinois. His home was a log cabin, and until his eighteenth year he worked on the farm. Then after several years of struggle with poverty he graduated from Knox College, and went to St. Louis, where he entered a wholesale boot and shoe house as bookkeeper. He then studied law and worked as a reporter for the "Missouri Democrat." After his admission to the bar he went to New York, in I865, and became a member of the banking house of Marvin & White. Mr. White enjoyed the reputation of having engineered the only corner in Wall Street since Commodore Vanderbilt's time. This was the famous Lackawanna deal in 1883, in which he made a profit of two million dollars. He was sometimes called " Deacon" White, and, though a. member for many years of the Plymouth church, he never held that office. Mr. White was one of the most noted characters of the street, and has been called an orator, poet, philanthropist, linguist, abolitionist. astronomer, schoolmaster, plowboy, and trapper. He was a lawyer, ex-congressman, expert accountant, art critic and theo 4 COMIPENDIUMf OF BIOGRAPHY. 163 _w ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6 logian. He laid the foundation for a "Home for Colored People," in Chatham county, North Carolina, where the greater part of his father's life was spent, and in whose memory the work was undertaken. AMES A. GARFIELD, the twentieth president of the United States, was born November I9, 1831, in Cuyahoga county, Ohio, and was the son of Abram and Eliza (Ballou) Garfield. In 1833 the father, an industrious pioneer farmer, died, and the care of the family devolved upon Thomas, to whom James became deeply indebted for educational and other advantages. As James grew up he was industrious and worked on the farm, at carpentering, at chopping wood, or anything else he found to do, and in the meantime made the most of his books. Until he was about sixteen, James' highest ambition was to become a sea captain. On attaining that age he walked to Cleveland, and, not being able to find work, he engaged as a driver on the Ohio & Pennsylvania canal, but quit this after a short time. He attended the seminary at Chester for about three years, after which he entered Hiram Institute, a school started by the Disciples of Christ in I850. In order to pay his way he assumed the duties of janitor and at times taught school. After completing his course at the last named educational institution he entered Williams College, from which he graduated in 1856. He afterward returned to Hiram College as its president. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in I859. November II, 1858, Mr. Garfield and Iucretia Rudolph were married. In 1859 Mr. Garfield made his first political speeches, at Hiram and in the neighborhood. The same year he was elected to the state senate. On the breaking out of the war, in i86r, he became lieutenant-colonel of the Fortysecond Ohio Infantry, and, while but a new' soldier, was given command of four regiments of infantry and eight companies of cavalry, with which he drove the Confederates under Humphrey Marshall out of Ken tucky. January 11, 1862, he was commissioned brigadier-general. He participated with General Buell in the battle of Shiloh and the operations around Corinth, and was then detailed as a member of the Fitz John Porter court-martial. Reporting to General Rosecrans, he was assigned to the position of chief of staff, and resigned his position, with the rank of major-general, when his immediate superior was superseded. In the fall of 1862 Mr. Garfield was elected to congress and remained in that body, either in the house or senate, until 188o. June 8, I880, at the national Republican convention, held in Chicago, General Garfield was nominated for the presidency, and was elected, He was inaugurated March 4, 188i, but, July 2, following, he was shot and fatally wounded by Charles Guiteau for some fancied political slight, and died September 19, I88I. NCREASE MATHER was one of the 1most prominent preachers, educators and authors of early times in the New England states. He was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts, June 21, 1639, and was given an excellent education, graduating at Harvard in I656, and at Trinity College, Dub'lin, two years later. He was ordained a minister, and preached in England and America, and in I664 became pastor of the North church, in Boston. In I685 he became president of Harvard University, serving until I701. In I692 he received the first doctorate in divinity conferred in English 164 COMPENDIUPlf OF BIOGRAPHY. -- speaking America. The same year he procured in England a new charter for Massachusetts, which conferred upon himself the power of naming the governor, lieutenantgovernor and council. He opposed the severe punishment of witchcraft, and took a prominent part in all public affairs of his day. He was a prolific writer, and became the author of nearly one hundred publications, large and small. His death occurred August 23, 1723, at Boston. COTTON MATHER, a celebrated minister in the "Puritan times" of New England, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, February 12, I663, being a son of Rev. Increase Mather, and a grandson of John Cotton. A biography of his father will be found elsewhere in this volume. Cotton Mather received his early education in his native city, was trained by Ezekiel Cheever, and graduated at Harvard College in I678; became a teacher, and in I684 was ordained as associate pastor of North church, Boston, with his father, having by persistent effort overcome an impediment in his speech. He labored with great zeal as a pastor, endeavoring also, to establish the ascendancy of the church and ministry in civil affairs, and in the putting down of witchcraft by legal sentences, a work in which he took an active part and through which he is best known in history. He received the degree of D. D. in I7I0, conferred by the University of Glasgow, and F. R. S. in I713. His death occurred at Boston, February 13, 1728. He was the author of many publications, among which were * "Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcraft," "Wonders of the Invisible World," "Essays to Do Good," " Magnalia Christi Americana," and " Illustrations of the Sacred Scriptures." Some of these works are quaint and curious, full of learning, piety and prejudice. A wellknown writer, in summing up the life and character of Cotton Mather, says: "' Mather, with all the faults of his early years, was a man of great excellence of character. He: labored zealously for the benefit of the poor, for mariners, slaves, criminals and Indians. His cruelty and credulity were the faults of his age, while his philanthrophy was far more rare in that age than in the present." W ILLIAM A. PEFFER, who won a national reputation during the time he was in the United States senate, was born on a farm in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, September Io, 1831. He drew his education from the public schools of his native state and at the age of ffteen taught school in winter, working on a farm in the summer. In June, 1853, while yet a young man, he removed to Indiana, and opened up a farm in St. Joseph county. In I859 he made his way to Missouri and settled on a farm in Morgan county, but on account of the war and the unsettled state of the country, he moved to Illinois in February, I862, and enlisted as a private in Company F, Eighty-third Illinois Infantry, the following August. He was promoted to the' rank of second lieutenant in March, I863, and served successively as quartermaster, adjutant, post adjutant, judge advocate of a military commission, and depot quartermaster in the engineer department at Nashville. He was mustered out of the service June 26, 1865. He had, during his leisure hours while in the army, studied law, and in August, I865, he commenced the practice of that profession at Clarksville, Tennessee. He removed to Kansas in 1870 and practiced there until COMPENDIU2lJ OF BIOGRAPHT. 165 1878, in the meantime establishing and conducting two newspapers, the "( Fredonia Journal " and " Coffeyville Journal." Mr. Peffer was elected to the state senate in 1874 and was a prominent and influential member of several important committees. He served as a presidential elector in I880. The year following he became editor of the (, Kansas Farmer," which he made a prominent and useful paper. In 1890 Mr. Peffer was elected to the United States senate as a member of the People's party and took his seat March 4, I89i. After six years of service Senator Peffer was succeeded in March, 1897, by William A. Harris. ROBERT MORRIS.- The name of this financier, statesman and patriot is closely connected with the early history of the United States. He was a native of England, born January 20, 1734, and came to America with his father when thirteen years old. Until 1754 he served in the counting house of Charles Willing, then formed a partnership with that gentleman's son,which continued with great success until I793. In 1776 Mr. Morris was a delegate to the Continental congress, and, although once voting against the Declaration of Independence, signed that paper on its adoption, and was several times thereafter reelected to congress. During the Revolutionary war the services of Robert Morris in aiding the government during its finan-. cial difficulties were of incalculable value; he freely pledged his personal credit for supplies for the army, at one time to the amount of about one and a half million dollars, without which the campaign of I781 would-have been almost impossible. Mr. Morris was appointed superintendent of finance in 178 and served until 1784, continuing to employ his personal credit to facilitate the needs of - his department. He also served as member of the Pennsylvania legislature, and from 1786 to 1795 was United States senator, declining meanwhile the position of secretary of the treasury, and suggesting the name of Alexander Hamilton, who was appointed to that post. During the latter part of his life Mr. Morris was engaged extensively in the China trade, and later became involved inland speculations, which ruined him, so that the remaining days of this noble man and patriot were passed in confinement for debt. His death occurred at Philadelphia, May 8, i806. W ILLIAM SHARON, a senator and capitalist, and mine owner of national reputation, was born at Smithfield, Ohio, January 9, 1821. He was reared upon a farm and in his boyhood given excellent educational advantages and in 1842 entered Athens College. He remained in that institution about two years, after which he studied law with Edwin M. Stanton, and was admitted to the bar at St. Louis and commenced practice. His health failing, however, he abandoned his profession and engaged in mercantile pursuits at Carrollton, Greene county, Illinois. During the time of the gold excitement of 1849, Mr. Sharon went to California, whither so many went, and engaged in business at Sacramento. The next year he removed to San Francisco, where he operated in real estate. Being largely interested in its silver mines, he removed to Nevada, locating at Virginia City, and acquired an immense fortune. He became one of the trustees of the Bank of California, and during the troubles that arose on the death of William Ralston, the president of that institution, was largely instrumental in bringing its affairs into a satisfactory shape. 166 CO.16PENDIUMlI OF BIOGRAPHY. Mr. Sharon was elected to represent the state of Nevada in the United States senate in 1875, and remained a member of that body until I88I. He was always distinguished for close application to business. Senator Sharon died November 13, I885. ENRY W. SHAW, an American humorist who became celebrated under the non-de-plume of " Josh Billings," gained his fame from the witticism of his writing, and peculiar eccentricity of style and spelling. He was born at Lanesborough, Massachusetts, in 1818. For twenty-five years he lived in different parts of the western states, following various lines of business, including farming and auctioneering, and in the latter capacity settled at Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1858. In I863 he began writing humorous sketches for the newspapers over the signature of "Josh Billings," and became immediately popular both as a writer and lecturer. He published a number of volumes of Gomic sketches and edited an " Annual Allminax " for a number of years, which had a wide circulation. His death occurred October 14, 1885-, at Monterey, California. OHN M. THURSTON, well known throughout this country as a senator and political leader, was born at Montpelier, Vermont, August 21, 1847, of an old Puritan family which dated back their ancestry in this country to I636, and among whom were soldiers of the Revolution and of the war of 1812-I5. Young Thurston was brought west by the family in 1854, they settling at Madison, Wisconsin, and two years later at Beaver Dam, where John M. received his schooling in the public schools and at Wayland University. His father enlisted as a private in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and died while in the service, in the spring of I863. Young Thurston, thrown on his own resources while attaining an education, supported himself by farm work, driving team and at other manual labor. He studied law and was admitted to the bar May 21, 1869, and in October of the same year located in Omaha, Nebraska. He was elected a member of the city council in 1872, city attorney in 1874 and a member of the Nebraska legislature in 1874. He was a member of the Republican national convention of 1884 and temporary chairman of that of 1888. Taking quite an interest in the younger members of his party he was instrumental in forming the Republican League of the United States, of which he was president for two years. He was then elected a member of the United States senate, in I895, to represent the state of Nebraska. As an attorney John M. Thurston occupied a very prominent place, and for a number of years held the position of general solicitor of the Union Pacific railroad system. OHN JAMES AUDUBON, a celebrated American naturalist, was born in Louisiana, May 4, I780, and was the son of an opulent French naval officer who owned a plantation in the then French colony. In his childhood he became deeply interested in the study of birds and their habits. About 1794 he was sent to Paris, France, where he was partially educated, and studied designing under the famous painter, Jacques Louis David. He returned to the United States about 1798, and settled on a farm his father gave him, on the Perkiomen creek in eastern Pennsylvania. He married Lucy Bakewell in I808, and, disposing of his property, removed to Louisville, Ken C OMPENDIUM OF 0 10 GRA PHrT1 167 -- -- tucky, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. About two years later he began to make extensive excursions through the primeval forests of the southern and southwestern states, in the exploration of, which he passed many years. He made colored drawings of all the species of birds that he found. For several years he made his home with his wife and children at Henderson, on the Ohio river. It is said that about this time he had failed in business and was rediuced to poverty, but kept the wolf from the door by giving dancing lessons and in portrait painting. In 1824, at Philadelphia, he met Charles Lucien Bonaparte, who encouraged him to publish a work on ornithology. Two years later he went to England and commenced the publication of his great work, " The Birds of America." He obtained a large number of subscribers at one thousand dollars a copy. This work, embracing five volumes of letterpress and five volumes of beautifully colored plates, was pronounced by Cuvier "the most magnificent monument that art ever raised to ornithology." Audubon returned to America in I829, and explored the forests, lakes and coast from Canada to Florida, collecting material for another work. This was his ' Ornithological Biography; or, An Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States, Etc." He revisited England in I83I, and returned in I839, after which he resided on the Hudson, near New York City, in which place he died January 27, I85I. During his life he issued a cheaper edition of his great work, and was, in association with Dr. Bachman, preparing a work on the quadrupeds of North America. COMMODORE THOMAS McDONOUGH gained his principal fame from he celebrated victory which he gained over the superior British squadron, under Commodore Downie, September I I, 814. Commodore McDonough was born in Newcastle county, Delaware, December 23, I783, and when seventeen years old entered the United States navy as midshipman, serving in the expedition to Tripoli, under Decatur, in I803-4. In 1807 he was promoted to lieutenant, and in July, 1813, was made a commander. The following year, on Lake Champlain, he gained the celebrated victory above referred to, for which he was again promoted; also received a gold medal from congress, and from the state of Vermont an estate on Cumberland Head, in view of the scene of the engagement. His death occurred at sea, November I6, 1825, while he was returning from the command of the Mediterranean squadron. HARLES FRANCIS HALL, one of kJ America's most celebrated arctic explorers, was born in Rochester, New Hampshire, in 1821. He was a blacksmith by trade, and located in Cincinnati, where later he became a journalist. For several years he devoted a great deal of attention to calorics. Becoming interested in the fate of the explorer, Sir John Franklin, he joined the expedition fitted out by Henry Grinnell and sailed in the ship "George Henry," under Captain Buddington, which left New London, Connecticut, in I86o. lie returned in I862, and two years later published his " Arctic Researches." He again joined the expedition fitted out by Mr. Grinnell, and sailed in the ship, " Monticello," under Captain Buddington, this time remaining in the arctic region over four years. On his return he brought back many evidences of having found trace of Franklin. In i871 the " Polaris " was fitted out by the United States government, and Captain 168 C O03PENDINUM OF BIO GRA PHr. Hall again sailed for the polar regions. He died in Greenland in October, I871, and the "Polaris" was finally abandoned by the crew, a portion of which, under Captain Tyson, drifted with the icebergs for one hundred and ninety-five days, until picked up by the " Tigress," on the 30th of April, I873. The other portion of the crew built boats, and, after a perilous voyage, were picked up in June, 1873, by a whaling vessel. LIVER ELLSWORTH, the third chief justice of the United States, was born at Windsor, Connecticut, April 29, I745. After graduating from Princeton, he took up the study of law, and was licensed to practice in I771. In 1777 he was elected as a delegate to the Continental congress. He was judge of the superior court of his state in 1784, and was chosen as a delegate to the constitutional convention in I787. He sided with the Federalists, was elected to the United States senate in 1789, and was a firm supporter of Washington's policy. He won great distinction in that body, and was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of the United States by Washington in I7,96. The relations between this country and France having become violently strained, he was sent to Paris as envoy extraordinary in 1799, and was instrumental in negotiating the treaty that averted war. He resigned the following year, and was succeeded by Chief Justice Marshall. His death occurred November 26, I807. M ELLVILLE WESTON FULLER, an eminent American jurist and chief justice of the United States supreme court, was born in Augusta, Maine, in I833. His education was looked after in boyhood, and at the age of sixteen he entered Bowdoin College, and on graduation entered the law department of Harvard University. He then entered the law office of his uncle at Bangor, Maine, and soon after opened an office for the practice of law at Augusta. He was an alderman from his ward, city attorney, and editor of the " Age," a rival newspaper of the "Journal," which was conducted by James G. Blaine. He soon decided to remove to Chicago, then springing into notice as a western metropolis. He at once identified himself with the interests of the new city, and by this means acquired an experience that fitted him for his future work. He devoted himself assiduously to his profession, and had the good fortune to connect himself with the many suits growing out of the prorogation of the Illinois legislature in 1863. It was not long before he became one of the foremost lawyers in Chicago. He made a three days' speech in the heresy trial of Dr. Cheney, which added to his fame. He was appointed chief justice of the United States by President Cleveland in I888, the youngest man who ever held that exalted position. His income from his practice had for many years reached thirty thousand dollars annually. CHESTER ALLEN ARTHUR, twentyfirst president of the United States, was born in Franklin county, Vermont, October 5, 'I830. He was educated at Union College, Schenectady, New York, from which he graduated with honor, and engaged in teaching school. After two years he entered the law office of Judge E. D. Culver, of New York, as a student. He was admitted to the bar, and formed a partnership with an old room-mate, Henry D. Gardiner, with the intention of practicing law in the west, but after a few months' search for a location, they returned to New York and opened an office, and at once entered COiMPENDIUM1 OF BIO GRAPPHt. 169. upon a profitable practice. He was shortly afterwards married to a daughter of Lieutenant Herndon, of the United States navy. Mrs. Arthur died shortly before his nomination for the vice-presidency. In I856 a colored woman in New York was ejected from a street car and retained Mr. Arthur in a suit against the company, and obtained a verdict of five hundred dollars. It resulted in a general order by all superintendents of street railways in the city to admit colored people to the cars. Mr. Arthur was a delegate to the first Republican national convention, and was appointed judge-advocate for the Second Brigade of New York, and then chief engineer of Governor Morgan's staff. At the close of his term he resumed the practice of law in New York. In 1872 he was made collector of the port of New York, which position he held four years. At the Chicago convention in I88o Mr. Arthur was nominated for the vice-presidency with Garfield, and after an exciting campaign was elected. Four months after the inauguration President Garfield was assassinated, and Mr. Arthur was called to take the reins of government. His administration of affairs was generally satisfactory. At its close he resumed the practice of law in New York. His death occurred November 18, 1886. SAAC HULL was one of the most conspicuous and prominent naval officers in the early history of America. He was born at Derby, Connecticut, March 9, 1775, being the son of a Revolutionary officer. Isaac Hull early in life became a mariner, and when nineteen years of age became master of a merchant ship in the London trade. In 1798 he became a lieutenant in the United States navy, and three years later was made 10 first lieutenant of the frigate ''Constitution. " He distinguished himself by skill and valor against the French on the coast of Hayti, and served with distinction in the Barbary expeditions. July 12, 1812, he sailed from Annapolis, in command of the "Constitution," and for three days was pursued by a British squadron of five ships, from which he escaped by bold and ingenious seamanship. In August of the same year he captured the frigate "Guerriere," one of his late pursuers and for this, the first naval advantage of that war, he received a gold medal from congress. Isaac Hull was later made naval commissioner and had command of various navy yards. His death occurred February I3, 1843, at Philadelphia. M ARCUS ALONZO HANNA, famous as a prominent business man, political manager and senator, was born in New Lisbon, Columbiana county, Ohio, September 24, 1837. He removed with his father's family to Cleveland, in the same state, in I852, and in the latter city, and in the Western Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio, received his education. He became an employe of the wholesale grocery house of Hanna, Garrettson & Co., his father being the senior member of the firm. The latter died in 1862, and Marcus represented his interest until 1867, when the business was closed up. Our subject then became a member of the firm of Rhodes & Co., engaged in the iron and coal business, but at the expiration of ten years this firm was changed to that of M. A. Hanna & Co. Mr. Hanna was long identified with the lake carrying business, beinginterested in vessels on the lakes and in the construction of them. As a director of the Globe Ship Manufacturing Company, of Cleveland, president of the 170 COIMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHY. Union National Bank, of Cleveland, president of the Cleveland City Railway Company, and president of the Chapin Mining Company, oI Lake Superior, he became prominently identified with the business world. He was one of the government directors of the Union Pacific Railroad, being appointed to that position in 1885 by President Cleveland. Mr. Hanna was a delegate to the national Republican convention of 1884, which was his first appearance in the political world. He was a delegate to the conventions of I888 and I896, and was elected chairman of the Republican national committee the latter year, and practically managed the campaign of William McKinley for the presidency. In I897 Mr. Hanna was appointed senator by Governor Bushnell, of Ohio, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Sherman. GEORGE PEABODY was one of the best known and esteemed of all phiianthropists, whose munificent gifts to American institutions have proven of so much benefit to the'cause of humanity. He was born February I8, 1795, at South Danvers, Massachusetts, which is now called Peabody in honor of him. He received but a meager education, and during his early life he was a mercantile clerk at Thetford, Vermont, and Newburyport, Massachusetts. In 1814 he became a partner with Elisha Riggs, at Georgetown, District of Columbia, and in 1815 they moved to Baltimore, MarylanI. The business grew to great proportions, and they opened branch houses at New York and Philadelphia. Mr. Peabody made several voyages to Europe of commercial importance, and in 1829 became the head of the firm, which was then called Peabody, Riggs & Co., and in 1838 he re moved to London, England. He retired from the firm, and established the celebrated banking house, in Which he accumulated a large fortune. He aided Mr. Grinnell in fitting out Dr. Kane's Arctic expedition, in 1852, and founded in the same year the Peabody Institute, in his native town, which he afterwards endowed with two hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Peabody visited the United States in 1857, and gave three hundred thousand dollars for the establishment at Baltimore of an institute of science, literature and fine arts. In 1862 he gave two million five hundred thousand dollars for the erecting of lodging houses for the poor in London, and on another visit to the United States he gave one hundred and fifty thousand dollars to establish at Harvard a museum and professorship of American archaeology and ethnology, an equal sum for the endowment of a department of physical science at Yale, and gave the " Southern Educational Fund " two million one hundred thousand dollars, besides devoting two hundred thousand dollars to various objects of public utility. Mr. Peabody made a final visit to the United States in I869, and on this occasion he raised the endowment of the Baltimore Institute one million dollars, created the Peabody Museum, at Salem, Massachusetts, with a fund of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, gave sixty thousand dollars to Washington College, Virginia; fifty thousand dollars for a "Peabody Museum," at North Danvers, thirty thousand' dollars to Phillips Academy, Andover; twenty-five thousand dollars to Kenyon College, Ohio, and twenty thousand dollars to the Maryland Historical Society. Mr. Peabody also endowed an art school at Rome, in I868. He died in London, November 4, 1869, less then a month after he had returned from the United States, and his COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAP H1r. 171 remains were brought to the United States and interred in his native town. He made several other bequests in his will, and left his family about five million dollars. M ATTHEW S. QUAY, a celebrated public man and senator, was born at Dillsburgh, York county, Pennsylvania, September 30, 1833, of an old Scotch-Irish family, some of whom had settled in the Keystone state in I7I5. Matthew received a good education, graduating from the Jefferson College at Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, at the age of seventeen. He then traveled, taught school, lectured, and studied law under Judge Sterrett. He was admitted to the bar in 1854, was appointed a prothonotary in 1855 and elected to the same office in 1856 and I859. Later he was made lieutenant of the Pennsylvania Re serves, lieutenant-colonel and assistant commissary-general of the state, private secretary of the famous war governor of Pennsylvania, Andrew G. Curtin, colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Pennsylvania Infantry (nine months men), military state agent and held other offices at different times. Mr. Quay was a member of the house of representatives of the state of Pennsylvania from 1865 to I868. He filled the office of secretary of the commonwealth from I872 to I878, and the position of delegate-atlarge to the Republican national conventions of 1872, 1876, i88o and I888. He wasthe editor of the "Beaver Radical" and the "Philadelphia Record " for a time, and held many offices in the state conventions and on their committees. He was elected secretary of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, I869, and served three years, and in 1885 was chosen state treasurer. In I886 his great abilities pointed him out as the natural candidate for United States senator, and he was accordingly elected to that position and re-elected thereto in I892. He was always noted for a genius for organization, and as a political leader had but few peers. Cool, serene, far-seeing, resourceful, holding his impulses and forces in hand, he never quailed from any policy he adopted, and carried to success most, if not all, of the political campaigns in which he took part. JAMES K. JONES, a noted senator and political leader, attained national fame while chairman of the national executive committee of the Democratic party in the presidential campaign of 1896. He was a native of Marshall county, Mississippi, and was born September 29, I839. His father, a well-to-do planter, settled in Dallas county, Arkansas, in 1848, and there the subject of this sketch received a careful education. During the Civil war he served as a private soldier in the Confederate army. From I866 to 1873 he passed a quiet life as a planter, but in the latter year was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law. About the same time he was elected to the Arkansas senate and re-elected in I874. In 1877 he was made president of the senate and the following year was unsuccessful in obtaining a nomination as member of congress. In I880 he was elected representative and his ability at once placed him in a foremost position. He was re-elected to congress in 1882 and in 1884, and served as an influential member on the committee of ways and means. March 4, I885, Mr. Jones took his seat in the United States senate to succeed James D. Walker, and was afterward re-elected to the same office. In this branch of the national legislature his capabilities had a wider scope, and he was rec 172 C OiMPEVNDMIUM OF BIOGRAP.HT. --- ognized as one of the ablest leaders of his party. On the nomination of William J. Bryan as its candidate for the presidency by the national convention of the Democratic party, held in Chicago in I896, Mr. Jones was made chairman of the national committee. THEODORE THOMAS, one of the most celebrated musical directors America has known, was born in the kingdom of Hanover in I835, and received his musical education from his father. He was avery apt scholar and played the violin at public concerts at the age of six years. He came with his parents to America in 1845, and joined the orchestra of the Italian Opera in New York City. He played the first violin in the orchestra which accompanied Jenny Lind in her first American concert. In I86i Mr. Thomas established the orchestra that became famous under his management, and gave his first symphony concerts in New York in 1864. He began his first "summer night concerts" in the same city in i868, and in I869 he started on his first tour of the principal cities in the United States, which he made every year for many years. He was director of the College of Music in Cincinnati, Ohio, but resigned in I880, after having held the position for three years. Later he organized one of the greatest and most successful orchestras ever brought together in the city of Chicago, and was very prominent in musical affairs during the World's Columbian Exposition, thereby adding greatly to his fame. YRUS HALL McCORMICK, the fa'I mous inventor and manufacturer, was born at Walnut Grove, Virginia, February 15, I809. When he was seven years old his father invented a reaping machine. It was a rude contrivance and not successful. In I831 Cyrus made his invention of a reaping machine, and had it patented three years later. By successive improvements he was able to keep his machines at the head of its class during his life. In 1845 he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, and two years later located in Chicago, where he amassed a great fortune in manufacturing reapers and harvesting machinery. In 1859 he established the Theological Seminary of the Northwest at Chicago, an institution for preparing young men for the ministry in the Presbyterian church, and he afterward endowed a chair in the Washington and Lee College at Lexington, Virginia. He manifested great interest in educational and religious matters, and by his great wealth he was able to extend aid and encouragement to many charitable causes. His death occurred May 13, 1884. DAVID ROSS LOCKE.-Under the pen name of Petroleum V. Nasby, this well-known humorist and writer made for himself a household reputation, and established a school that has many imitators. The subject of this article was born at Vestal, Broome county, New York, September 30, 1833. After receiving his educatidn in the county of his birth he entered the office of the ( Democrat," at Cortland, New York, where he learned the printer's trade. He was successively editor and publisher of the ('Plymouth Advertiser," the "Mansfield Herald," the " Bucyrus Journal," and the "Findlay Jeffersonian." Later he became editor of the "Toledo Blade." In I86o he commenced his I Nasby" articles, several series of which have been given the world in book form. Under a mask of misspelling, and in a auaiut COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHTY. 178 - --- and humorous style, a keen political satire is couched-a most effective weapon. Mr. Locke was the author of a number of serious political pamphlets, and later on a more pretentious work, " The Morals of Abou Ben Adhem." As a newspaper writer he gained many laurels and his works are widely read. Abraham Lincoln is said to have been a warm admirer of P. V. Nasby, of "Confedrit X Roads" fame. Mr. Locke died at Toledo, Ohio, February 15, I888. RUSSELL A. ALGER, noted as a soldier, governor and secretary of war, was born in Medina county, Ohio, February 27, I836, and was the son of Russell and Caroline (Moulton) Alger. At the age of twelve years he was left an orphan and penniless. For about a year he worked for his board and clothing, and attended school part of the time. In 1850 he found a place which paid small wages, and out of his scanty earnings helped his brother and sister. While there working on a farm he found time to attend the Richfield Acadeny, and by hard work between times managed to get a fair education for that time. The last two years of his attendance at this institution of learning he taught school during the winter months. In 1857 he commenced the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. For a while he found employment in Cleveland, Ohio, but impaired health induced him to remove to Grand Rapids, where he engaged in the lumber business. He was thus engaged when the Civil war broke out, and, his business suffering and his savings swept away, he enlisted as a private in the Second Michigan Cavalry. He was promoted to be captain the following month, and major for gallant conduct at Boonesville, Mississippi, July I, 1862. October I6, 1862, he was made lieutenant-colonel of the Sixth Michigan Cavalry, and in February, 1863, colonel of the Fifth Michigan Cavalry. He rendered excellent service in the Gettysburg campaign. He was wounded at Boonesboro, Maryland, and on returning to his command took part with Sherman in the campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. For services rendered, that famous soldier recommended him for promotion, and he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. In 1866 General Alger took up his residence at Detroit, and prospered exceedingly in his business, which was that of lumbering, and grew quite wealthy. In 1884 he was a delegate to the Republican national convention, and the same year was elected governor of Michigan. He declined a nomination for re-election to the latter office, in 1887, and was the following year a candidate for the nomination for president. In 1889 he was elected commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, and at different times occupied many offices in other organizations. In March, I897, President McKinley appointed General Alger secretary of war. CYRUS WEST FIELD, the father of submarine telegraphy, was the son of the Rev. David D. Field, D.D., a Congregational minister, and was born at Stockbridge, Massachusetts, November 30, 1819. He was educated in his native town, and at the age of fifteen years became a clerk in a store in New York City. Being gifted with excellent business ability Mr. Field prospered and became the head of a large mercantile house. In 1853 he spent about six months in travel in South America. On his return he became interested in ocean telegraphy. Being solicited to aid in the c;ai 1,74 COM4IPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. struction of a land telegraph across New Foundland to receive the news from a line of fast steamers it was proposed to run from from Ireland to St. Johns, the idea struck him to carry the line across the broad Atlantic. In I850 Mr. Field obtained a concession from the legislature of Newfoundland, giving him the sole right for fifty years to land submarine cables on the shores of that island. In company with Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts and Chandler White, he organized a company under the name of the New York, Newfoundland & London Telegraph Company. In two years the line from New York across Newfoundland was built. The first cable connecting Cape Breton Island with Newfoundland having been lost iii a storm while being laid in I855, another was put down in i856. In the latter year Mr. Field went to London and organized the Atlantic Telegraph Company, furnishing one-fourth of the capital himself. Both governments loaned ships to carry out the enterprise. Mr. Field accompanied the expeditions of I857 and two in 1858. The first and second cables were failures, and the third worked but a short time and then ceased. The people of both continents became incredulous of the feasibility of laying a successful cable under so wide an expanse of sea, and the war breaking out shortly after, nothing was done unrtil I865-66. Mr. Field, in the former year, again made the attempt, and the Great Eastern laid some one thousand two hundred miles when the cable parted and was lost. The following year the same vessel succeeded in laying the entire cable, and picked up the one lost the year before, and both were carried to America's shore. After thirteen years of care and toil Mr. Field had his reward. He was the recipient of many medals and honors from both home and abroad. He gave his attention after this to establishing telegraphic communication throughout the world and many other large enterprises, notably the construction of elevated railroads in New York. Mr. Field died July I, I892. GROVER CLEVELAND, the twentysecond president of the United States, was born in Caldwell, Essex county, New Jersey, March I8, I837, and was the son of Rev. Richard and Annie (Neale) Cleveland. The father, of distinguished New England ancestry, was a Presbyterian minister in charge of the church at Caldwell at the time. When Grover was about three years of age the family removed to Fayetteville, Onondaga county, New York, where he attended the district school, and was in the academy for a short time. His father'believing that boys should early learn to labor, Grover entered a village store and worked for the sum of fifty dollars for the first year. While he was thus engaged the family removed to Clinton, New York, and there young Cleveland took up J;s studies at the academy. The death of his father dashed all his hopes of a collegiate education, the family being left in straightened circumstances, and Grover started out to battle for himself. After acting for a year (1853 -54) as assistant teacher and bookkeeper in -the Institution for the Blind at New York City, he went to Buffalo. A short time after he entered the law office of Rogers, Bowen & Rogers, of that city, and after a hard struggle with adverse circumstances, was admitted to the bar in I859. He became confidential and managing clerk for the firm under whom he had studied, and remained with them until 863. In the latter year he was appointed district attorney I i-,1. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. of Erie county: It was during his incumbency of this office that, on being nominated by the Democrats for supervisor, he came within thirteen votes of election, although the district was usually Republican by two hundred and fifty majority. In I866 Grover Cleveland formed a partnership with Isaac V. Vanderpoel. The most of the work here fell upon the shoulders of our subject, and he soon won a good standing at the bar of the state. In I869 Mr. Cleveland associated himself in business with A. P. Laning and Oscar Folsom, and under the firm name of Laning, Cleveland & Folsom soon built up a fair practice. In the fall of 1870 Mr. Cleveland was elected sheriff of Erie county, an office which he filled for four years, after which he resumed his profession, with L. K. Bass and Wilson S. Bissell as partners. This firm was strong and popular and shdrtly was in possession of a lucrative practice. Mr. Bass retired from the firm in 1879, and George J. Secard was admitted a member in I88I. In the latter year Mr. Cleveland was elected mayor of Buffalo, and in I882 he was chosen governor by the enormous majority of one hundred and ninety-two thousand votes. July II, 1884, he was nominated for the presidency by the Democratic national convention, and in November following was elected. Mr. Cleveland, after serving one term as president of the United States, in I888 was nominated by his party to succeed himself, but he failed of the election, being beaten by Benjamin Harrison. In I892, however, being nominated again in opposition to the then incumbent of the presidency, Mr. Harrison, Grover Cleveland was elected president for the second time and served for the usual term of four years. In 1897 Mr. Cleveland retired from the chair of the first rnmistrate of the nation, and in New York City resumed the practice of law, in which city he had established himself in 1889. June 2, I886, Grover Cleveland was united in marriage with Miss Frances Folsom, the daughter of his former partner. A LEXANDER WINCHELL, for many years one of the greatest of American scientists, and one of the most noted and prolific writers on scientific subjects, was born in Duchess county, New York, December 31, 1824. He received a thorough collegiate education, and graduated at the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, in I847. His mind took a scientific turn, which manifested itself while he was yet a boy, and in 1848 he became teacher of natural sciences at the Armenian Seminary, in his native state, a position which he filled for three years. In I85I-3 he occupied the same position in the Mesopotamia Female Seminary, in Alabama, after which he was president of the Masonic Female Seminary, in Alabama. In 1853 he became connected with the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, at which institution he performed the most important work of his life, and gained a wide reputation as a scientist. He held many important positions, among which were the following: Professor of physics and civil engineering at the University of Michigan, also of geology, zoology and botany, and later professor of geology and paleontology at the same institution. He also, for a time, was president of the Michigan Teachers' Association, and state geologist of Michigan. Professor Winchell was a very prolific writer on scientific subjects, and published many standard works, his most important and widely known being those devoted to geology. He also contributed a large number of articles tc scientific and popular journals. 176 C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHfr. ANDREW HULL FOOTE, of the United States navy, was a native of New England, born at New Haven, Connecticut, May 4, 1808. He entered the navy, as a midshipman, December 4, I822. He slowly rose in his chosen profession, attaining the rank of lieutenant in 1830, commander in 1852 and captain in 1861. Among the distinguished men in the breaking out of the Civil war, but few stood higher in the estimation of his brother officers than Foote,.and when, in the fall of I861, he was appointed to the command of the flotilla then building on the Mississippi, the act gave great satisfaction to.the service. Although embarrassed by want of navy yards and supplies, Foote threw himself into his new work with unusual energy. He overcame all obstacles and in the new, and, until that time, untried experiment, of creating and maintaining a navy on a river, achieved a success beyond the expectations of the country. Great incredulity existed as to the possibility of carrying on hostilities on a river where batteries from the shore might bar the passage. But in spite of all, Foote soon had a navy on the great river, and by the heroic qualities of the crews entrusted to him, demonstrated the utility of this new departure in naval architecture. All being prepared, February 6, 1862, Foote took Fort Henry after a hotly-contested action. On the I4th of the same month, for an hour and a half engaged the batteries of Fort Donelson, with four ironclads and two wooden gunboats, thereby disheartening the garrison and assisting in its capture. April 7th of the same year, after several hotly-contested actions, Commodore Foote received the surrender of Island No. 10, one of the great strongholds of the Confederacy on the Mississippi river.. Foote having been wounded at Fort Donelson, and by neglect it having become so serious -as to endanger his life, he was forced to resign his command and return home. June 16, 1862, he received the thanks of congress and was promoted to the rank of rear admiral. He was appointed chief of the bureau of equipment and recruiting. June 4, 1863, he was ordered to the fleet off Charleston, to supercede Rear Admiral Dupont, but on his way to that destination was taken sick at New York, and died June 26, 1863. ELSON A. MILES, the well-known soldier, was born at Westminster, Massachusetts, August 8, 839. His ancestors settled in that state in 1643 among the early pioneers, and their descendants were, many of them, to be found among those battling against Great Britain during Revolutionary times and during the war of 1812. Nelson was reared on a farm, received an acadehmic education, and in early manhood engaged in mercantile pursuits in Boston. Early in 186I he raised a company and offered his services to the government, and although commissioned as captain, on account of his youth went out as first lieutenant in the Twenty-second Massachusetts Infantry. In 1862 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the Sixty-first New York Infantry. At the request of Generals Grant and' Meade he was made a brigadier by President Lincoln. He participated in all but one of the battles of the Army of the Potomac until the close of the war. During the latter part of the time he commanded the first division of the Second Corps. General Miles was wounded at the battles of Fair Oaks, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and received four brevets for distinguished service. During the reconstruction period he commanded in North Carolina, and on the reorganization of the C OMIPENDIUMI OF BIOGRAPHY. 177 regular army he was made colonel of infantry. In I880 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, and in I890 to that of major-general. He successfully conducted several campaigns among the Indians, and his name is known among the tribes as a friend when they are peacefully inclined. He many times averted war with the red men by judicious and humane settlement of difficulties without the military power. In 1892 General Miles was given command of the proceedings in dedicating the World's Fair at Chicago, and in the summer of I894, during the great railroad strike at the same city, General Miles, then in command of the department, had the disposal of the troops sent to protect the United States mails. On the retirement of General J. M. Schofield, in 1895, General Miles became the ranking major-general of the United States army and the head of its forces. UNIUS BRUTUS BOOTH. the great actor, though born in London (1796), is mnore intimately connected with the American than with the English stage, and his popularity in America was almost unbounded, while in England he was not a prime favorite. He presented "Richard III." in Richmond on his first appearance on the American stage in 1821. This was his greatest role, and in it he has never had an equal. In October of the same year he appeared in New York. After a long and successful career he gave his final performance at New Orleans in I852. He contracted a severe cold, and for lack of proper medical attention, it resulted in his death on November 30th of that year. He was, without question, one of the greatest. tragedians that ever lived. In addition to his professional art and genius, he was skilled in languages, drawing, painting and sculpture. In his private life he was reserved, and even eccentric. Strange stories are related of his peculiarities, and on his farm near Baltimore he forbade the use of animal food, the taking of animal life, and even the felling of trees, and brought his butter and eggs to the Baltimore markets in person. Junius Brutus Booth, known as the elder Booth, gave to the world three sons of note: Junius Brutus Booth, Jr., the husband of Agnes Booth, the actress; John Wilkes Booth, the author of the greatest tragedy in the life of our nation; Edwin Booth, in; his day the greatest actor of America, if not of the world. AMES MONTGOMERY BAILEY, famous as the "Danbury News Man," was one of the best known American humorists, and was born September 25, I84I, at Albany, N. Y. He adopted journalism as a, profession and started in his chosen work on the "Danbury Times," which paper he purchased on his return from the war. Mr. Bailey also purchased the "Jeffersonian," another paper of Danbury, and consolidated them, forming the 'Danbury News," which paper soon acquired a celebrity throughout the United States, from an incessant flow of rich, healthy, and original humor, which the pen of the editor imparted to its columns, and he succeeded in raising the circulation of the paper from a few hundred copies a. week to over forty thousand. The facilities of a country printing office were not so complete in those days as they are now, but Mr. Bailey was resourceful, and he put on relays of help and ran his presses night and day, and always prepared his matter a week ahead of time. The "Danbury News Man" was a new figure in literature, as his humor was so different from that of the newspaper 178 C OMIPEME rDIUM OF BIOGRA PHF. - -- ---- wits-who had preceded him, and he may be called the pioneer of that school now so familiar. Mr. Bailey published in book form "Life in Danbury" and "The Danbury News Man's Almanac." One of his most admirable traits was philanthrophy, as he gave with unstinted generosity to all comers, and died comparatively poor, notwithstanding his ownership of a very profitable business which netted him an income of $40, ooo a year. He died March 4, I894. M ATTHEW HALE CARPENTER, a famous lawyer, orator and senator, was born in Moretown, Vermont, December 22, 1824. After receiving a common-school education he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, but only remained two years. On returning to his home he commenced the study of law with Paul Dillingham, afterwards governor of Vermont, and whose daughter he married. In 1847 he was admitted to practice at the bar in Vermont, but he went to Boston and for a time studied with Rufus Choate. In 1848 he moved west, settling at Beloit, Wisconsin, and commencing the practice of his profession soon obtained a wide reputation for ability. In I856 Mr. Carpenter removed to Milwaukee, where he found a wider field for his now increasing powers. During the Civil war, although a strong Democrat, he was loyal to the government and aided the Union cause to his utmost. In I868 he was counsel for the government in a test case to settle the legality of the reconstruction act before the United States supreme court, and won his case against Jeremiah S. Black. This gave him the election for senator from Wisconsin in I869, and he served until i875, during part of which time he was president pro tempore of the senate. Failing of a re-election Mr. Carpenter resumed the practice of law, and when William W. Belknap, late secretary of war, was impeached, entered the case for General Belknap, and secured an acquittal. During the sitting of the electoral commission of 1877, Mr. Carpenter appeared for Samuel J. Tilden, although the Republican managers had intended to have him represent R. B. Hayes. Mr. Carpenter was elected to the United States senate again in I879, and remained a member of that body until the day of his death, which occurred at Washington, District of Columbia, February 24, 18SI. Senator Carpenter's real name was Decatur Merritt Hammond Carpenter but about 1852 he changed it to the one by which he was universally known. HOMAS E. WATSON, lawyer and congressman, the well-known Georgian, whose'name appears at the head of this sketch, made himself a place in the history of our country by his ability, energy and fervid oratory. He was born in Columbia (now McDuffie) county, Georgia, September 5, 1856. He had a commonschool education, and in 1872 entered Mercer University, at Macon, Georgia, as freshman, but for want of money left the college at the end of his sophomore year. He taught school, studying law at the same time, until 1875, when he was admitted to the bar. He opened an office and commenced practice in Thomson, Georgia, in November, I876. He carried on a successful business, and bought land and farmed on an extensive scale. Mr. Watson was a delegate to the Democratic state convention of I880, and was a member of the house of representatives of the legislature of his native state in 1882. In I888 he was an elector-at-large on the COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 179 Cleveland ticket, and in I890 was elected to represent his district in the fifty-second congress. This latter election is said to have been due entirely to Mr. Watson's "dashing display of ability, eloquence and popular power." In his later years he championed the alliance principles and policies until he became a leader in the movement. In the heated campaign of I896, Mr. Watson was nominated as the candidate for vice-president on the Bryan ticket by that part of the People's party that would not endorse the nominee for the same position made by the Democratic party. FREDERICK A. P. BARNARD, mathematician, physicist and educator, was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, May 5, 1809. He graduated from Yale College in I828,and in I830 became a tutor in the same. From 1837 to 1848 he was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the University of Alabama, and from 1848 to 1850, professor of chemistry and natural history in the same educational institution. In 1854 he became connected with the University of Mississippi, of which he became president in 1856, and chancellor in 1858. In I854 he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1861 Professor Barnard resigned his chancellorship and chair in the university, and in 1863 and 1864 was connected with the United States coast survey in charge of chart printing and lithography. In May, I864, he was elected president of Columbia College, New York City, which he served for a number of years. Professor Barnard received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Jefferson College, Mississippi, in 1855, and from Yale College in I859; also the degree of S. T. D. from the University of Mississippi in I861, and that of L. H. D. from the regents of the University of the State of New York in I872. In I860 he was a member of the eclipse party sent by the United States coast survey to Labrador, and during his absence was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In the act of congress establishing the National Academy of Sciences in 1863, he was named as one of the original corporators. In I867 he was one of the United States commissioners to the Paris Exposition. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, associate member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and many other philosophical and scientific societies at home and abroad. Dr. Barnard was thoroughly identified with the progress of the age in those branches. His published works relate wholly to scientific or educational subjects, chief among which are the following: Report on Collegiate Education; Art Culture; History of the American Coast Survey; University Education; Undulatory Theory of Light; Machinery and Processes of the Industrial Arts, and Apparatus of the Exact Sciences, Metric System of Weights and Measures, etc. EDWIN McMASTERS STANTON, the secretary of war during the great Civil war, was recognized as one of America's foremost public men. He was born December I9, 1814, at Steubenville, Ohio, where he reGeived his education and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in I836, and was reporter of the supreme court of Ohio from I842 until I845. He removed to Washington in i856 to attend to his practice before the United States supreme court, and in I858 he went to California as counsel for the government in certain land cases, which he carried to a successful conclusion. Mr. Stanton was appointed 1ISO COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. attorney-general of the United States in December, I860, by President Buchanan. On March 4, I86I, Mr. Stanton went with the outgoing administration and returned to the practice of his profession. He was appointed secretary of war by President Lincoln January 20, 1862, to succeed Simon Cameron. After the assassination of President Lincoln and the accession of Johnson to the presidency, Mr. Stanton was still in the same office. He held it for three years, and by his strict adherence to the Republican party, he antagonized President Johnson, who endeavored to remove him. On August 5, 1867, the president requested him to resign, and appointed General Grant to succeed him, but when congress convened in December the senate refused to concur in the suspension. Mr. Stanton returned to his post until the president again removed him from office, but was again foiled by congress. Soon after, however, he retired voluntarily from office and took up the practice of law, in which he engaged until his death, on December 24, I869. ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, the eminent theologian and founder of the church known as Disciples of Christ, was born in the country of Antrim, Ireland, in June, 1788, and was the son of Rev. Thomas Campbell, a Scoth-Irish "Seceder." After studying at the University of Glasgow, he, in company with his father, came to America in I808, and both began labor in western Pennsylvania to restore Christianity to apostolic simplicity. They organized a church at Brush.Run, Washington county, Pennsylvania, in 181I, which, however, the year following, adopted Baptist views, and in 8I13, with other congregations joined a Baptist association. Some of the underlying principles and many practices of the Campbells and their disciples were repugnant to the Baptist church and considerable friction was the result, and I827'saw the separation of that church from the Church of Christ, as it is sometimes called. The latter then reorganized themselves anew. They reject all creeds, professing to receive the Bible as their only guide. In most matters of faith they are essentiallyin accord with the other Evangelical Christian churches, especially in regard to the person and work of Christ, the resurrection and judgment. They celebrate the Lord's Supper weekly, hold that repentance and faith should precede baptism, attaching much importance to the latter ordinance. On all other points they encourage individual liberty of thought. In 1841, Alexander Campbell founded Bethany College, West Virginia, of which he was president for many years, and died March 4, I866. The denomination which they founded is quite a large and important church body in the United States. They support quite a number of institutions of learning, among which are: Bethany College, West Virginia; Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio; Northwestern Christian University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eureka College, Illinois; Kentucky University, Lexington, Kentucky; Oskaloosa College, Iowa; and a number of seminaries and schools. They also support several monthly and quarterly religious periodicals and many papers, both in the United States and Great Britain and her dependencies. ILLIAM L.WILSON, the noted West Virginian, who was postmaster-general under President Cleveland's second administration, won distinction as the father of the famous "' Wilson bill," which became a law under the same administration. Mr. Wiison was born May 3, 1843, in Jeffer C OMPENDIUM. OF BI O GRAPHY. 181 son county, West Virginia, and received a good education at the Charlestown Academy, where he prepared himself for college. He attended the Columbian College in the District of Columbia, from which he graduated in I860, and then attended the University of Virginia. Mr. Wilson served in the Confederate army during the war, after which he was a professor in Columbian College. Later he entered into the practice of law at Charlestown. He attended the Democratic convention held at Cincinnati in i880, as a delegate, and later was chosen as one of the electors for the state-at-large on the Hancock ticket. In the Democratic convention at Chicago in I892, Mr. Wilson was its permanent president. He was elected president of the West Virginia University in 1882, entering upon the duties of his office on September 6, but having received the nomination for the forty-seventh congress on the Democratic ticket, he resigned the presidency of the university in June, 1883, to take his seat in congress. Mr. Wilson was honored by the Columbian University and the Hampden-Sidney College, both of which- conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. In 1884 he was appointed regent of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington for two years, and at the end of his term was re-appointed. He was elected to the forty-seventh, forty-ninth, fiftieth, fifty-first, fifty-second and fiftythird congresses, but was defeated for reelection to the fifty-fourth congress. Upon the resignation of Mr. Bissell from the office of postmaster-general, Mr. Wilson was appointed to fill the vacancy by President Cleveland. His many years of public service and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions gave him a national reputation. CALVIN S. BRICE, a successful and noted financier and politician, was born at Denmark, Ohio, September I7, 1845, of an old Maryland family, who trace their lineage from the Bryces, or Bruces, of Airth, Scotland. The father of our subject was a prominent Presbyterian clergyman, who removed to Ohio in I812. Calvin S. Brice was educated in the common schools of his native town, and at the age of thirteen entered the preparatory department of Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and the following year entered the freshman class. On the breaking out of the Civil war, although but fifteen years old, he enlisted in a company of three-months men. He returned to complete his college course, but re-enlisted in Company A,,Eighty-sixth Ohio Infantry, and served in the Virginia campaign. He then returned to college, from which he graduated in I863. In I864 he organized Company E, One Hundred and Eightieth Ohio Infantry, and served until the close of hostilities, in the western armies. On his return home Mr. Brice entered the law department of the University of Michigan, and in I866 was admitted to the bar in Cincinnati. In the winter of I870 -7I he went to Europe in the interests of the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad and procured a foreign loan. This road became the Lake Erie & Western, of which, in 1887, Mr. Brice became president. This was the first railroad in which he had a personal interest. The conception, building and sale of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, known as the "Nickel Plate," was largely due to him. He was connected with many other railroads, among which may be mentioned the following: Chicago & Atlantic; Ohio Central; Richmond & Danville; Richmond & West Point 182 COlIPENVDIUUII OF BIOGRAPHT. Terminal; East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia; Memphis & Charleston; Mobile & Birmingham; Kentucky Central; Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic, and the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon. In 1890 he was elected United States senator from Ohio. Notwithstanding his extensive business interests, Senator Brice gave a considerable time to political matters, becoming one of the leaders of the Democratic party and one of the most widely known men in the country. ENJAMIN HARRISON, twenty-third president of the United States, was born August 20, 1833, at North Bend, Hamilton county, Ohio, in the house of his grandfather, General William Henry Harrison, afterwards president of the United States. His great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison, was a menber of the Continental congress, signed the Declaration of Independence, and was three times elected governor of Virginia. The subject of this sketch entered Farmers College at an early age, and two years later entered Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio. Upon graduation he entered the office of Stover & Gwyne, of Cincinnati, as a law student. He was admitted to the bar two years later, and having inherited about eight hundred dollars worth of property, he married the daughter of Doctor Scott, president of a female school at Oxford, Ohio, and selected Indianapolis, Indiana, to begin practice. In i86o he was nominated by the Republicans as candidate for state supreme court reporter, and did his first political speaking in that campaign. He was elected, and after two years in that position he organized the Seventieth Indiana Infantry, of which he was made colonel, and with his regiment joined General Sher man's army. For bravery displayed at Re.. saca and Peach Tree Creek he was made a brigadier-general. In the meantime the office of supreme court reporter had been declared vacant, and another party elected to fill it. In the fall of 1864, having been nominated for that office, General Harrison obtained a thirty-day leave of absence, went to Indiana, canvassed the state and was elected. As he was about to rejoin his command he was stricken down by an attack of fever. After his recovery he joined General Sherman's armyoand participated in the closing events of the war. In i868 General Harrison declined to be a candidate for the office of supreme court reporter, and returned to the practice of the law. His brilliant campaign for the office of governor of Indiana in I876, brought him into public notice, although he was defeated. He took a prominent part in the presidential canvass of I880, and was chosen United States senator from Indiana, serving six years. He then returned to the practice of his profession. In 1888 he was selected by the Republican convention at Chicago as candidate for the presidency, and after a heated campaign was elected over Cleveland. He was inaugurated March 4, 1889, and signed the McKinley bill October I, 189Q, perhaps the most distinctive feature of his administration. In 1892 he was again the nominee of the Republican party for president, but was defeated by Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate, and again resumed the practice of law in Indianapolis. OHN CRAIG HAVEMEYER, the celebrated merchant and sugar refiner, was born in New York City in I833. His father, William F. Havemeyer, and grandfather, William Havemeyer, were both sugar COMIEPENDIUM_ OF BIOGRAPHTr. 18i refiners. The latter named came from Buckeburg, Germany; in I799, and settled in New York, establishing one of the first refineries in that city. William F. succeeded his father, and at an early age retired from business with a competency. He was three times mayor of his native city, New York. John C. Havemeyer was educated in private schools, and was prepared for college at Columbia College grammar school. Owing to failing eyesight he was unable to finish his college course, and began his business career in a wholesale grocery store, where he remained two years. In 1854, after a year's travel abroad, he assumed the responsibility of the office work in the sugar refinery of Havemeyer & Molter, but two years later etablished a refinery of his own in Brooklyn. This afterwards developed into the immense business of Havemeyer & Elder. The capital was furnished by his father, and, chafing under the anxiety caused by the use of borrowed money, he sold out his interest and returned to Havemeyer & Molter. This firm dissolving the next year, John C. declined an offer of partnership from the successors, not wishing to use borrowed money. For two years he remained with the house, receiving a share of the profits as compensation. For some years thereafter he was engaged in the commission business, until failing health caused his retirement. In 1871, he again engaged in the sugar refining business at Greenport, Long Island, with his brother and another partner, under the firm name of Havemeyer Brothers & Co. Here he remained until I880, when his health again declined. During the greater part of his life Mr. Havemeyer was identified with many benevolent societies, including the New York Port Society, Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, American Bible Society, New York Sabbath School Society and' others. He was active in Young Men's. Christian Association work in New York. and organized and was the first president of an affiliated society of the same at Yonkers. He was director of several railroad corporations and a trustee of the Continental Trust Company of New York. W ALTER QUINTIN GRESHAM, an eminent American statesman and jurist, was born March 17, 1833, near Corydon, Harrison county, Indiana. He acquired his education in the local schools of the county and at Bloomington Academy, although he did not graduate. After leaving college he read law with Judge Porter at Corydon, and just before the war he began to take an interest in politics. Mr. Gresham was elected to the legislature from Harrison county as a Republican; previous to this the district had been represented by a Democrat. At the commencement of hostilities he was made lieutenant-colonel of the Thirty-eighth Indiana Infantry, but served in that regiment only a short time, when he was appointed colonel of the Fiftythird Indiana, and served under General Grant at the siege of Vicksburg as brigadiergeneral. Later he was under Sherman in the famous "March to the Sea," and commanded a division of Blair's corps at the siege of Atlanta where he was so badly wounded in the leg that he was compelled to return home. On his way home he was forced to stop at New Albany, where he remained a year before he was able to leave. He was brevetted major-general at the close of the war. While at New Albany, Mr. Gresham was appointed state agent, his duty being to pay the interest on the state debt in New York, and he ran twice for congress against ex-Speaker Kerr, but was 184 COMPENDIUUM OF BIOGRAPHY. -------- - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- ---- - defeated in both cases, although he greatly reduced the Democratic majority. He was held in high esteem by President Grant, who offered him the portfolio of the interior but Mr. Gresham declined, but accepted the appointment of United States judge for Indiana to succeed David McDonald. Judge Gresham served on the United States district court bench until I883, when he was appointed postmaster-general by President Arthur, but held that office only a few months when he was made secretary of the treasury. Near the end of President Arthur's term, Judge Gresham was appointed judge of the United States circuit court of the district composed of Indiana, Illinois and contiguous states, which he held until 1893. Judge Gresham was one of the presidential possibilities in the National Republican convention in I888, when General Harrison was nominated, and was also mentioned for president in I892. Later the People's party made a strenuous effort to induce him to become their candidate for president, he refusing the offer, however, and a few weeks before the election he announced that he would support Mr. Cleveland, the Democratic nominee for president. Upon the election of Mr. Cleveland in the fall of 1892, Judge Gresham was made the secretary of state, and filled that position until his death on May 28, I895, at Washington, District of Columbia. ELISHA B. ANDREWS, noted as an educator and college president, was born at Hinsdale, New Hampshire, January Io, 1844, his father and mother being Erastus and Elmira (Bartlett) Andrews. In I86I, he entered the service of the general government as private and non-commissioned officer in the First Connecticut Heavy Artillery, and in I863 was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. Returning home he was prepared for college at Powers Institute and at the Wesleyan Academy, and entered Brown University. From here he was graduated in I870. For the succeeding two years he was principal of the Connecticut Literary Institute at Suffield, Connecticut. Completing a course at the Newton Theological Institute, he was ordained pastor of the First Baptist church at Beverly, Massachusetts, July 2, I874. The following year he became president of the Denison University, at Granville, Ohio. In 1879 he accepted the professorship of homiletics, pastoral duties and church polity at Newton Theological Institute. In 1882 he was elected to the chair of history and political economy at Brown University. The University of Nebraska honored him with an LL. D. in 1884, and the same year Colby University conferred the degree of D. D. In i888 he became professor of political economy and public economy at Cornell University, but the next year returned to Brown University as its president. From the time of his inauguration the college work broadened in many ways. Many timely and generous donations from friends and alumni of the college were influenced by him, and large additions made to the same. Professor Andrews published, in I887, "Institutes of General History," and in I888, ''Institutes of Economics." OHN WILLIAM DRAPER, the subject of the present biography, was, during his life, one of the most distinguished chemists and scientific writers in America. He was an Englishman by birth, born at Liverpool, May 5, I8iI, and was reared in his native land, receiving an excellent education, graduating at the University of London. In I833 he came to the United States, and - 7> 11 -n _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~" Emn _;PI' 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 I I y:F - Kr i,~ -- 1,?\ — I \.. a C OMIPEVDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 187 -- settled first in Pennsylvania. He graduated in medicine at the University of Philadelphia, in 1836, and for three years following was professor of chemistry and physiology at Hampden-Sidney College. He then became professor of chemistry in the New York University, with which institution he was prominently connected for many years. It is stated on excellent authority that Professor Draper, in 1839, took the first photographic picture ever taken from life. He was a great student, and carried on many important and intricate experiments along scientific lines. He discovered many of the fundamental facts of spectrum analysis, which he published. He published a number of works of great merit, many of which are recognized as authority upon the subjects of which they treat. Among his work were: "Human Physiology, Statistical and Dynamical of the Conditions and Cause of Life in Man," "History of Intellectual Development of Europe," "History of the American Civil War," besides a number of works on chemistry, optics and mathematics. Professor Draper continued to hold a high place among the scientific scholars of America until his death, which occurred in January, I882. GEORGE W. PECK, ex-governor of the state of Wisconsin and a famous journalist and humorist, was born in Jefferson county, New York, September 28, 1840. When he was about three years of age his parents removed to Wisconsin, settling near Whitewater, where young Peck received his education at the public schools. At fifteen he entered the office of the "Whitewater Register," where he learned the printer's art. He helped start the "Jefferson County Republican" later on, but sold out his interest therein and set type in the office of 11 the "State Journal," at Madison. At the outbreak of the war he enlisted in the Fourth Wisconsin Cavalry as a private, and after serving four years returned a second lieutenant. He then started the "Ripon Representative," which he sold not long after, and removing to New York, was on the staff of Mark Pomeroy's "Democrat." Going to La Crosse, later, he conducted the La Crosse branch paper, a half interest in which he bought in I874. He next started "Peck's Sun," which four years later he removed to Milwaukee. While in La Crosse he was chief of police one year, and also chief clerk of the Democratic assembly in 1874. It was in 1878 that. Mr. Peck took his paper to Milwaukee, and achieved his first permanent success, the circulation increasing to 80,000. For ten years he was regarded as one of the most original, versatile and entertaining writers in the country, and he has delineated every phase of country newspaper life, army life, domestic experience, travel and city adventure. Up to 1890 Mr. Peck took but little part in politics, but in that year was elected mayor of Milwaukee on the Democratic ticket. The following August he was elected governor of Wisconsin by a large majority, the "Bennett School Bill" figuring to a large extent in his favor. Mr. Peck, besides many newspaper articles in his peculiar vein and numerous lectures, bubbling over with fun, is known to fame by the following books: "Peck's Bad Boy and his Pa," and "The Grocery Man and Peck's Bad Boy." CHARLES O'CONOR, who was for many years the acknowledged leader of the legal profession of New York City, was also conceded to be one of the greatest lawyers America has produced. He was 188 C OMiPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHY. --- born in New York City in 1804, his father being an educated Irish gentleman. Charles received a common-school education, and early took up the study of law, being admitted to practice in 1824. His close application and untiring energy and industry soon placed him in the front rank of the profession, and within a few years he was handling many of the most important cases. One of the first great cases he had and which gained him a wide reputation, was that of "'Jack, the Fugitive Slave," in 1835, in which his masterful argument before the supreme court attracted wide attention and comment. Charles O'Conor was a Democrat all his life. He did not aspire to officeholding, however, and never held any office except that of district attorney under President Pierce's administration, which he only retained a short time. He took an active interest, however, in public questions, and was a member of the state (New York) constitutional convention in 1864. In I868 he was nominated for the presidency by the "' Extreme Democrats." His death occurred in May, 1884. IMON BOLIVAR BUCKNER, a noted American officer and major-general in the Confederate army, was born in Kentucky in i823. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1844, served in the United States infantry and was later assigned to commissary duty with the rank of captain. He served several years at frontier posts, and was assistant professor in the military academy in 1846. He was with General Scott in the Mexican war, and engaged in all the battles from Vera Cruz to the capture of the Mexican capital. He was wounded at Cherubusco and brevetted first lieutenant, and at Molino del Rey was brevetted captain. After the close of the Mexican war he returned to West Point as assistant instructor, and was then assigned to commissary duty at New York. He resigned in 1855 and became superintendent of construction of the Chicago custom house. He was made adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, of Illinois militia, and was colonel of Illinois volunteers raised for the Utah expedition, but was not mustered into service. In I860 he removed to Kentucky, where he settled on a farm near Louisville and became inspector-general in command of the Kentucky Home Guards. At the opening of the Civil war he joined the Confederate army, and was given command at Bowling Green, Kentucky, which he was compelled to abandon after the capture of Fort Henry. He then retired to Fort Donelson, and was there captured with sixteen thousand men, and an immense store of provisions, by General Grant, in February, I862. He was held as a prisoner of war at Fort Warren until August of that year. He commanded a division of Hardee's corps in Bragg's Army of the Tennessee, and was afterward assigned to the third division and participated in the battles of Chickamauga, and Murfreesboro. He was with Kirby Smith when that general surrendered his army to General Canby in May, 1865. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the vicepresidency on the Gold Democratic ticket with Senator John M. Palmer in I896. IMON KENTON, one of the famous pioneers and scouts whose names fill the pages of the early history of our country, was born in Fauquier county, Virginia, April 3, I755. In consequence of an affray, at the age of eighteen, young Kenton went to Kentucky, then the "Dark and Bloody Ground," and became associated with Daniel Boone and other pioneers of that region. COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 189 For a short time he acted as a scout and spy for Lord Dunmore, the British governor of Virginia, but afterward taking the side of the struggling colonists, participated in the war for independence west of the Alleghanies. In 1784 he returned to Virginia, but did not remain there long, going back with his family to Kentucky. From that time until 1793 he participated in all the combats and battles of that time, and until "Mad Anthony" Wayne swept the Valley of the Ohio, and settled the supremacy of the whites in that region. Kenton laid claim to large tracts of land in the new country he had helped to open up, but through ignorance of law, and the growing value of the land, lost it all and was reduced to poverty. During the war with England in 1812-I5, Kenton took part in the invasion of Canada with the Kentucky troops and participated in the battle of the Thames. He finally had land granted him by the legislature of Kentucky, and received a pension from the United States government. He died in Logan county, Ohio, April 29, I836. _ ELIHU BENJAMIN WASHBURNE, an American statesman of eminence, was born in Livermore, Maine, September 23, 1816. He learned the trade of printer, but abandoned that calling at the age of eighteen and entered the Kent's Hill Academy at Reading, Maine, and then took up the study of law, reading in Hallowell, Boston, and at the Harvard Law School. He began practice at Galena, Illinois, in 1840. He was elected to congress in I852, and represented his district in that body continuously until March, I869, and at the time of his retirement he had served a greater number of consecutive terms than any other member of the house. In 1873 President Grant ap pointed him secretary of state, which position he resigned to accept that of minister to France. During the Franco-Prussian war, including the siege of Paris and the reign of the Commune, Mr. Washburne remained at his post, protecting the lives and property of his countrymen, as well as that of other foreign residents in Paris, while the ministers of all other powers abandoned their posts at a time when they were most needed. As far as possible he extended protection to unfortunate German residents, who were the particular objects of hatred of the populace, and his firmness and the success which attended his efforts won the admiration of all Europe. Mr. Washburne died at Chicago, Illinois, October 22, 1887. W ILLIAM CRAMP, one of the most extensive shipbuilders of this country, was born in Kensington, then a suburb, now a part of Philadelphia, in I806. He received a thorough English education, and when he left school was associated with Samuel Grice, one of the most eminent naval architects of his day. In I830, having mastered all the details of shipbuilding, Mr. Cramp engaged in business on his own account. By reason of ability and excellent work he prospered from the start, until now, in the hands of his sons, under the name of William Cramp & Sons' Ship and Engine Building Company, it has become the most complete shipbuilding plant and naval arsenal in the western hemisphere, and fully equal to any in the world. As Mr. Cramp's sons attained manhood they learned their father's profession, and were admitted to a partnership. In 1872 the firm was incorporated under the title given above. Until I860 wood was used in building vessels, although pace was kept with all advances in the art of shipbuilding. At the opening of r i90 COIICMPENDIUMf OF BLIOGRAPHY. - --— the war came an unexpected demand for war vessels, which they promptly met. The sea-going ironclad "New Ironsides" was built by them in 1862, followed by a number of formidable ironclads and the cruiser "Chattanooga." They subsequently built several war vessels for the Russian and other governments which added to their reputation. When the American steamship line was established in 1870, the Cramps were commissioned to build for it four firstclass iron steamships, the "Pennsylvania," " Ohio," "'Indiana" and "Illinois," which they turned out in rapid order, some of the finest specimens of the naval architecture of their day. William Cramp remained at the head of the great company he had founded until his death, which occurred January 6, I879. Charles H. Cramp, the successor of his father as head of the William Cram'p & Sons' Ship and Engine Building Company, was born in Philadelphia May 9, I829, and received an excellent education in his native city, which he sedulously sought to supplement by close study until he became an authority on general subjects and the best naval architect on the western hemisphere. Many of the best vessels of our new navy were built 'by this immense concern. WASHINGTON ALLSTON, probably the greatest American painter, was born in South Carolina in I779. He was sent to school at the age of seven years at Newport, Rhode Island, where.he met Edward Malbone, two years his senior, and who later became a painter of note. The friendship that sprang up between them undoubtedly influenced young Allston in the choice of a profession. He graduated from Harvard in I8oo, and went to England the following year, after pursuing his studies for a year under his friend Malbone at his home in South Carolina. He became a student at the Royal Academy where the great American, Benjamin West, presided, and who became his intimate friend. Allston later went to Paris, and then to Italy, where fouryears were spent, mostly at Rome. In 1809 he returned to America, but soon after returned to London, having married in the meantime a sister of Dr. Channing. In a short time his first great work appeared, "The Dead Man Restored to Life by the Bones of Elisha," which took the British Association prize and firmly established his reputation. Other paintings followed in quick succession, the greatest among which were "Uriel in the Center of the Sun," "Saint Peter Liberated by the Angel," and "Jacob's Dream," supplemented by many smaller pieces. Hard work, and grief at the death of his wife began to tell upon his health, and he left London in 18I8 for America. The same year he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. During the next few years he painted "Jeremiah," "Witch of Endor," and "Beatrice." In I830 Allston married a daughter of Judge Dana, and went to Cambridge, which was his home until his death. Here he produced the "Vision of the Bloody Hand," "Rosalie," -and many less noted pieces, and had given one week of labor to his unfinished masterpiece, "Belshazzar's Feast," when death ended his career July 9, 1843. OHN ROACH, ship builder and manufacturer, whose career was a marvel of industrial labor, and who impressed his individuality and genius upon the times in which he lived more, perhaps, than any other manufacturer in America. He was born at Mitchelstown, County Cork, Ire COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHr. 191 land, December 25, 1815, the son of a wealthy merchant. He attended school until he was thirteen, when his father became financially embarrassed and failed and shortly after died; John determined to come to America and carve out a fortune for himself. He landed in New York at the age of sixteen, and soon obtained employment at the Howell Iron Works in New Jersey, at twenty-five cents a day. He soon made himself a place in the world, and at the end of three years had saved some twelve hundred dollars, which he lost by the failure of his employer, in whose hands it was left. Returning to New York he began to learn how to make castings for marine engines and ship work. Having again accumulated one thousand dollars, in company with three fellow workmen; he purchased a small foundry in New York, but soon became sole proprietor. At the end of four years he had saved thirty thousand dollars, besides enlarging his works. In I856 his works were destroyed by a boiler explosion, and being unable to collect tlh insurance, was left, after paying his debts, without a dollar. However, his credit and reputation for integrity was good, and he built the Etna Iron Works, giving it rapacity to construct larger marine engines 1han any previously built in this country. Here he turned out immense engines for, the steam ram Dunderberg, for the war vessels Winooski and Neshaning, and other large vessels. To accommodate his increasing business, Mr. Roach, in I869, purchased the Morgan Iron Works, one of the largest in New York, and shortly after several others. In 1871 he bought the Chester ship yards, which he added to largely, erecting a rolling mill and blast furnace, and providing every facility for building a ship out of the ore and timber. This immense plant covered a large area, was valued at several millions of dollars, and was known as the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works, of which Mr. Roach was the principal owner. He built a large percentage of the iron vessels now flying the American flag, the bulk of his business being for private parties. In 1875 he built the sectional dry docks at Pensacola. He, about this time, drew the attention of the government to the use of compound marine engines, and thus was the means of improving the speed and economy of the vessels of our new navy. In 1883 Mr. Roach commenced work on the three cruisers for the government, the " Chicago," " Boston" and "Atlanta," and the dispatch boat "Dolphin." For some cause the secretary of the navy refused to receive the latter and decided that Mr. Roach's contract would not hold. This embarrassed Mr. Roach, as a large amount of his capital was involved in these contracts, and for the protection of bondsmen and creditors, July 18, 1885, he made an assignment, but the financial trouble broke down his strong constitution, and January Io, 1887, he died. His son, John B. Roach, succeeded to the shipbuilding interests, while Stephen W. Roach inherited the Morgan Iron Works at New York. OHN SINGLETON COPLEY, one of the two great painters who laid the foundation of true American art, was born in Boston in 1737, one year earlier than hfs great conterporary, Benjamin West. His education was limited to the common schools of that time, and his training in art he obtained by his own observation and experiments solely. When he was about seventeen years old he had mapped out his future, however, by choosing painting as his pro 192 C O.MIPENDIUM OF. BIOGRAPHr. fession. If he ever studied under any teacher in his early efforts, we have no authentic account of it, and tradition credits the young artist's wonderful success entirely to his own talent and untiring effort. It is almost incredible that at the age of twenty-three years his income from his works aggregated fifteen hundred dollars per annum, a very great sum in those days. In 1774 he went to Europe in search of material for study, which was so rare in his native land. After some timespent in Italy he finally took up his permanent residence in England. In 1783 he was made a member of the Royal Academy, and later his son had the high honor of becoming lord chancellor of England and Lord Lyndhurst. Many specimens of Copley's work are to be found in the Memorial Hall at Harvard and in the Boston Museum, as well as a few of the works upon which he modeled his style. Copley was essentially a portrait painter, though his historical paintings attained great celebrity, his masterpiece being his " Death of Major Pierson," though that distinction has by some been given to his "Death of Chatham." It is said that he never saw a good picture until he was thirty-five years old, yet his portraits prior to that period are regarded as rare specimens. He died in I815. ENRY B. PLANT, one of the greatest railroad men of the country, became famous as president of the Plant system of railway and steamer lines, and also the Southern & Texas Express Co. He was born in October, I819, at Branford, Connecticut, and entered the railroad service in 1844, serving as express messenger on the Hartford & New Haven Railroad until 1853, during which time he had entire charge of the expro.sv business of that road. He went south in 1853 and established express lines on various southern railways, and in I861 organized the Southern Express Co., and became its president. In 1879 he purchased, with others, the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad of Georgia, and later reorganized the Savannah, Florida & Western Railroad, of which he became president. He purchased and rebuilt, in i88o, the Savannah & Charleston Railroad, now Charleston & Savannah. Not long after this he organized the Plant Investment Co., to control these railroads and advance their interests generally, and later established a steamboat line on the St. John's river, in Florida. From 1853 until I860 he was general superintendent of the southern division of the Adams Express Co., and in 1867 became president of the Texas Express Co. The "Plant system" of railway, steamer and steamship lines is one of the greatest business corporations of the southern states. \W ADE HAMPTON, a noted Confederate officer, was born at Columbia, South Carolina, in I818. He graduated from the South Carolina College, took an active part in politics, and was twice elected to the legislature of his state. In I86I he joined the Confederate army, and commanded the "Hampton Legion" at the first battle of Bull Run, in July, I86I. He did meritorious service, was wounded, and promoted to brigadier-general. He commanded a brigade at Seven Pines, in 1862, and was again wounded. He was engaged in the battle of Antietam in September of the same year, and participated in the raid into Pennsylvania in October. In 1863 he was with Lee at Gettysburg, where he was wounded for the third time. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and commanded a troop of cavalry in Lee's C OMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. 198 army during 1864, and was in numerous engagements. In 1865 he was in South Carolina, and commanded the cavalry rear guard of the Confederate army in its stubborn retreat before General Sherman on his advance toward Richmond. After the war Hampton took an active part in politics, and was a prominent figure at the Democratic national convention in I868, which nominated Seymour and Blair for president and vice-president. He was governor of South Carolina, and took his seat in the United States senate in I879, where he became a conspicuous figure in national affairs. IKOLA TESLA, one of the most celebrated electricians America has known, was born in 1857, at Smiljau, Lika, Servia. He descended from an old and representative family of that country. His father was a a minister of the Greek church, of high rank, while his mother was a woman of remarkable skill in the construction of looms, churns and the machinery required in a rural home. Nikola received early education in the public schools of Gospich, when he was sent to the higher "Real Schule" at Karlstadt, where, after a three years' course, he graduated in I873. He devoted himself to experiments in electricity and magnetism, to the chagrin of his father, who had destined him for the ministry, but giving way to the boy's evident genius he was allowed to continue his studies in the polytechnic school at Gratz. He inherited a wonderful intuition which enabled him to see through the intricacies of machinery, and despite his instructor's demonstration that a dynamo could not be operated without commutators or brushes, began experiments which finally resulted in his rotating field motors. After the study of languages at Prague and Buda-Pesth, he became associated with M. Puskas, who had introduced the telephone into Hungary. He invented several improvements, but being unable to reap the necessary benefit from them, he, in search of a wider field, went to Paris, where he found employment with one of the electric lighting companies as electrical engineer. Soon he set his face westward, and coming to the United States for a time found congenial employment with Thomas A. Edison. Finding it impossible, overshadowed as he was, to carry out his own ideas he left the Edison works to join a company formed to place his own inventions on the market. He perfected his rotary field principle, adapting it to circuits then in operation. It is said of him that some of his proved theories will change the entire electrical science. It would, in an article of this length, be impossible to explain all that Tesla accomplished for the practical side of electrical engineering. His discoveries formed the basis of the attempt to utilize the water power of Niagara Falls. His work ranges far beyond the vast department of polyphase currents and high potential lighting and includes many inventions in arc lighting, transformers, pyro and thermo-magnetic motors, new forms of incandescent lamps, unipolar dynamos and many others. HARLES B. LEWIS won fame as an American humorist under the name of "M. Quad." It is said he owes his celebrity originally to the fact that he was once mixed up in a boiler explosion on the Ohio river, and the impressions he received from the event he set up from his case when he was in the composing room of an obscure Michigan paper. His style possesses a peculiar quaintness, and there runs through 194 COMPEIVDIUI OF BrIOGRAPHIT r. it a vein of philosophy. Mr. Lewis was born in 1844, near a town called Liverpool, Ohio. He was, however, raised in Lansing, Michigan, where he spent a year in an agricultural college, going from there to the composing room of the "Lansing Democrat." At the outbreak of the war he enlisted in the service, remained during the entire war, and then returned to Lansing. The explosion of the boiler that "blew him into fame," took place two years later, while he was on his way south. When he recovered physically, he brought suit for damages against the steamboat company, which he gained, and was awarded a verdict of twelve thousand dollars for injuries received. It was while he was employed by the "Jacksonian" of Pontiac, Mich.,that he set up his account of how he felt while being blown up. He says that he signed it " M Quad," because "a bourgeoise em quad is useless except in its own line-it won't justify with any other type." Soon after, because of the celebrity he attained by this screed, Mr. Lewis secured a place on the staff of the "Detroit Free Press," and made for that paper a wide reputation. His sketches of the "Lime Kiln Club" and "Brudder Gardner" are perhaps the best known of his humorous writings. HIRAM S. MAXIM, the famousinventor, was born in Sangersville, Maine, February 5, I840, the son of Isaac W. and Harriet B. Maxim. The town of his birth was but a small place, in the wvoods, on the confines of civilization, and the family endured many hardships. They were without means and entirely dependent on themselves to make out of raw materials all they needed. The mother was an expert spinner, weaver, dyer and seamstress and the father a trapper, tanner, miller, blacksmith, carpenter, mason and farmer. Amid such. surroundings young Maxim gave early promise of remarkable aptitude. With the universal Yankee jackknife the products of his skill excited the wonder and interest of the locality. His parents did not encourage his latent genius but apprenticed him to a coach builder. Fouryears he labored at this uncongenial trade but at the end of that time he forsook it and entered a machine shop at Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Soon mastering the details of that business and that of mechanical drawing, he went to Boston as the foreman of the philosophical instrument manufactory. From thence he went to New York and with the Novelty Iron Works Shipbuilding Co. he gained experience in those trades. His inventions up to this time consisted of improvements in steam engines, and an automatic gas machine, which came into general use. In 1877 he turned his attention to electricity, and in 1878 produced an incandescent lamp, that would burn I,000 hours. He was the first to design a process for flashing electric carbons, and the first to "standardize" carbons for electric lighting. In I88o he visited Europe and exbibiting, at the Paris Exposition of I881, a selfregulating machine, was decorated with the Legion of Honor. In 1883 he returned to London as the European representative of the United States Electric Light Co. An incident of his boyhood, in which the recoil of a rifle was noticed by him, and the apparent loss of power shown, in 1881-2 prompted the invention of a gun which utilizes the recoil to automatically load and fire seven hundred and seventy shots per minute. The MaxirnNordenfelt Gun Co., with a capital of nine million dollars, grew from this. In I883 he patented his electric training gear for large guns. And later turned his attention to fly COMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHr. 195 ing machines, which he claimed were not an impossibility. He took out over one hundred patents for smokeless gunpowder, and for petroleum and other motors and autocycles. OHN DAVISON ROCKEFELLER, one of America's very greatest financiers and philanthropists, was born in Richford, Tioga county, New York, July 8, 1839. He received a common-school education in his native place, and in 1853, when his parents removed to Cleveland, Ohio, he entered the high school of that city. After a two-years' course of diligent work, he entered the commission and forwarding house of Hewitt & Tuttle, of Cleveland, remaining with the firm some years, and then began business for himself, forming a partnership with Morris B. Clark. Mr. Rockefeller was then but nineteen years of age, and during the year I860, in connection with others, they started the oil refining business, under the firm name of Andrews, Clark & Co. Mr. Rockefeller and Mr. Andrews purchased the interest of their associates, and, after taking William Rockefeller into the firm,established offices in Cleveland under the name of William Rockefeller & Co. Shortly after this the house of Rockefeller & Co. was established in New York for the purpose of finding a market for their products,.and two years later all the refining companies were consolidated under the firm name of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler. This firm was succeeded in I870 by the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, said to be the most gigantic business corporation of modern times. John D. Rockefeller's fortune has been variously estimated at from one hundred million to two hundred million dollars. Mr. Rockefeller's philanthropy manifested itself principally through the American Baptist Educational Society. He donated the building for the Spelman Institute at Atlanta, Georgia, a school for the instruction of negroes. His other gifts were to the University of Rochester, Cook Academy, Peddie Institute, and Vassar College, besides smaller gifts to many institutions throughout the country. His princely donations, however, were to the University of Chicago. His first gift to this institution was a conditional offer of six hundred thousand dollars in I889, and when this amount was paid he added one million more. During 1892 he made it two gifts of one million each, and all told, his donations to this one institution aggregated between seven and eight millions of dollars. OHN M. PALMER. -For over a third of a century this gentleman occupied a prominent place in the political world, both in the state of Illinois and on the broader platform of national issues. Mr. Palmer was born at Eagle Creek,. Scott county, Kentucky, September I3, 1817. The family subsequently removed to Christian county, in the same state, where he acquired a common-school education, and made his home until I83I. His father was opposed to slavery, and in the latter year removed to Illinois and settled near Alton. In 1834 John entered Alton College, organized on the manual-labor plan, but his funds failing, abandoned it and entered a cooper shop. He subsequently was engaged in peddling, and teaching a district school near Cantbn. In 1838 he began the study of law, and the following year removed to Carlinville, where, in December of that year, he was admitted to the bar. He was shortly after defeated for county clerk. In 1843 he was elected probate judge. In the constitutional convention of 1847, Mr. Palmer was a delegate, and from I849 to 196 C OMPPENDIUMO OF BIOGRAPHt'. I85 he was county judge. In I852 he became a member of the state senate, but not being with his party on the slavery question he resigned that office in 1854. In 1856 Mr. Palmer was chairman of the first Republican state convention held in Illinois, and the same year was a delegate to the national convention. In I860 he was an elector on the Lincoln ticket, and on the breaking out of the war entered the service as colonel of the Fourteenth Illinois Infantry, but was shortly after brevetted brigadiergeneral. In August, 1862, he organized the One Hundred and Twenty-second Illinois Infantry, but in September he was placed in command of the first division of the Army of the Mississippi, afterward was promoted to the rank of major-general. In 1865 he was assigned to the military administration in Kentucky. In 1867 General Palmer was elected governor of Illinois and served four years. In 1872 he went with the Liberal Republicans, who supported Horace Greeley, after which time he was identified with the Democratic party. In I890 he was elected United States senator from Illinois, and served as such for six years. In I896, on the adoption of the silver plank in the platform of the Democratic party, General Palmer consented to lead, as presidential candidate, the National Democrats, or Gold Democracy. W,ILLIAM H. BEARD, the humorist among American painters, was born at Painesville, Ohio, in I82I. His father, James H. Beard, was also a painter of national reputation. William H. Beard began his career as a traveling portrait painter. He pursued his. studies in New York, and later removed to Buffalo, where he achieved reputation. He then went to Italy and after a short stay returned to New York and opened a studio. One of his earliest paintings was a small picture called "Cat and Kittens," which was placed in the National Academy on exhibition. Among his best productions are "'Raining Cats and Dogs," "The Dance of Silenus," "Bears on a Bender," " Bulls and Bears, " ' Whoo!" "< Grimalkin's Dream," Little Red Riding Hood," "The Guardian of the Flag." His animal pictures convey the most ludicrous and satirical ideas, and the intelligent, human expression in their faces is most comical. Some artists and critics have refused to give Mr. Beard a place among the first circles in art, solely on account of the class of subjects he has chosen. W. CORCORAN, the noted philanthrophist, was born at Georgetown, District of Columbia; December 27, I798. At the age of twenty-five he entered the banking business in Washington, and in time became very wealthy. He was noted for his magnificent donations to charity. Oak Hill cemetery was donated to Georgetown in 1847, and ten years later the Corcoran Art Gallery, Temple of Art, was presented to the city of Washington. The uncompleted building was utilized by the government as quartermaster's headquarters during the war. The building was completed after the war at a cost of a million and a half dollars, all the gift of Mr. Corcoran. The Louise Home for Women is another noble charity to his credit. Its object is the care of women of gentle breeding who in declining years are without means of support. In addition to this he gave liberally to many worthy institutions of learning and charity. He died at Washington February 24, i888. COMlPENDI Ul OF BIOGRAPHT. 197 --- —--------— --- —----- ALBERT BIERSTADT, the noted painter of American landscape, was born in Dusseldorf, Germany, in 1829, and was brought to America by his parents at the age of two years. He received his early education here, but returned to Dusseldorf to study painting, and also went to Rome. On his return to America he accompanied Lander's expedition across the continent, in 1858, and soon after produced his most popular work, "The Rocky MountainsLander's Peak." Its boldness and grandeur were so unusual that it made him famous. The picture sold for twenty-five thousand dollars. In I867 Mr. Bierstadt went to Europe, with a government commission, and gathered materials for his great historical work. " Discovery of the North River by Hendrik Hudson." Others of his great works were " Storm in the Rocky Mountains, 5 Valley of the Yosemite," 'North Fork of the Platte," "Diamond Pool," "Mount Hood," "Mount Rosalie," and "The Sierra Nevada Mountains." His "Estes Park sold for fifteen thousand dollars, and "Mount Rosalie" brought thirty-five thousand dollars. His smaller Rocky mountain scenes, however, are vastly superior to his larger works in execution and coloring. ADDISON CAMMACK, a famous millionaire Wall street speculator, was born in Kentucky. When sixteen years old he ran away from home and went to New Orleans, where he went to work in a shipping house. He outlived and outworked all the partners, and became the head of the firm before the opening of the war. At that time he fitted out small vessels and engaged in running the blockade of southern ports and carrying ammunition, merchandise, etc., to the soutiern people. This made him a fortune. At the close of.the war he quit business and went to New York. For two years he did not enter any active business, but seemed to be simply an on-looker in the great speculative center of America. He was observing keenly the methods and financial machinery, however, and when, in 1867, he formed a partnership with the popular Charles J. Osborne, the firm began to prosper. He never had an office on the street, but wandered into the various brokers' offices and placed his orders as he saw fit. In I873 he dissolved his partnership with Osborne and operated alone. He joined a band of speculative conspirators known as the "Twenty-third party," and was the ruling spirit in that organization for the control of the stock market. He was always on the bear" side and the only serious obstacle he ever encountered was the persistent boom in industrial stocks, particularly sugar, engineered by James R. Keane. Mr. Cammack fought Keane for two years, and during the time is said to have lost no less than two million dollars before he abandoned the fight. W 7ALT. WHITMAN.-Foremost among the lesser poets of the latter part of the nineteenth century, the gentleman whose name adorns the head of this article takes a conspicuous place. Whitman was born at West Hills, Long Island, New York, May I3, I809. In the schools of Brooklyn he laid the foundation of his education, and early in life learned the printer's trade. For a time he taught country schools in his native state. In I846-7 he was editor of the "Brooklyn Eagle," but in I848-9 was on the editorial staff of the "' Crescent, " of New Orleans. He made an extended tour throughout the United States and Canada, and returned to j98 COMPENDIUUMi OF BIOGRAPHT. Brooklyn, where, in 1850, he published the "Freeman. " For some years succeeding.his he was engaged as carpenter and builder. During the Civil war, Whitman acted as a volunteer nurse in the hospitals at Washington and vicinity and from the close of hostilities until 1873 he was employed in various clerkships in the government offices in the nation's capital. In the latter year he was stricken with paralysis as a result of his labors in the hospital, it is said, and being partially disabled lived for many years at Camden, New Jersey. The first edition of the work which was to bring him fame, "Leaves of Grass," was published in 1855 and was but a small volume of about ninety-four pages. Seven or eight editions of "Leaves of Grass" have been issued, each enlarged and enriched with new poems. "Drum Taps," at first a separate publication, has been incorporated with the others. This volume and one prose writing entitled " Specimen Days and Collect," constituted his whole work. Walt. Whitman died at Camden, New Jersey, March 26, 1892. ENRY DUPONT, who became celebrated as America's greatest manufacturer of gunpowder, was a native of Delaware, born August 8, I812. He received his education in its higher branches at the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated and entered the army as second lieutenant of artillery in I833. In 1834 he resigned and became proprietor of the extensive gunpowder manufacturing plant that bears his name, near Wilmington, Delaware. His large business interests interfered with his taking any active participation in political life, although for many years he served as adjutant-general of his native state, and during the war as major-general commanding the Home Guards. He died August 8, I889. His son, Henry A. Dupont, also was a native of Delaware, and was'born July 30, I838. After graduating from West Point in I86I, he entered the army as second lieutenant of engineers. Shortly after he was transferred to the Fifth Artillery as first lieutenant. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1864, serving in camp and garrison most of the time. He was in command of a battery in the campaign of 1863-4. Aschief of artillery of the army of West Virginia, he figured until the close of the war, being in the battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, besides many minor engagements. He afterward acted as instructor in the artillery school at Fortress Monroe, and on special duty at West Point. He resigned from the army March I, I875. W ILLIAM DEERING, one of the famous manufacturers of America, and also a philanthropist and patron of education, was born in Maine in I826. His ancestors were English, having settled in New England in I634. Early in life it was William's intention to become a physician, and after completing his common-school education, when about eighteen years of age, he began ah apprenticeship with a physician. A short time later, however, at the request of his father, he took charge of his father's business interests, which included a woolen mill, retail store and grist mill, after which he became agent for a dry goods commission house in Portland, where he was married. Later he became partner in the firm, and removed to New York. The business prospered, and after a number of years, on account of failing health, Mr. Deering sold his interest to his partner, a Mr. Milner. The C O.MPENDIUMI OF BIO GRA PI!r. 199 business has since made Mr. Milner a millionaire many times over. A few years later Mr. Deering located in Chicago. His beginning in the manufacture of reapers, which has since made his name famous, was somewhat of an accident. He had loaned money to a man in that business, and in 1878 was compelled to buy out the business to protect his interests. The business developed rapidly and grew to immense proportions. The factories now cover sixtytwo acres of ground and employ many thousands of men. OHN McALLISTER SCHOFIELD, an American general, was born in Chautauqua county, New York, September 29, 183 1. Hegraduated at West Point in I853, and was for five years assistant professor of natural philosophy in that institution. In I86I he entered the volunteer service as major of the First Missouri Volunteers, and was appointed chief of staff by General Lyon, under whom he fought at the battle of Wilson's Creek. In November, I86r, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the Missouri militia until November, 1862, and of the army of the frontier from that time until 1863. In 1862 he was made major-general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the Department of the Missouri, and in 1864 of the Department of the Ohio. During the campaign through Georgia General Schofield was in command of the Twenty-third Army Corps, and was engaged in most of the fighting of that famous campaign. November 30, 1864, he defeated Hood's army at Franklin, Tennessee, and then joined General Thomas at Nashville. He took part in the battle of Nashville, where Hood's army was destroyed. In January, 1865, he led his corps into North Carolina, captured Wilmington, fought the battle of Kingston, and joined General Sherman at Goldsboro March 22, 1865. He executed the details of the capitulation of General Johnston to Sherman, which practically closed the war. In June, i868, General Schofield succeeded Edwin M. Stanton as secretary of war, but was the next year appointed majorgeneral of the United States army, and ordered to the Department of the Missouri. From I870 to 1876 he was in command of the Department of the Pacific; from I876 to I88I superintendent of the West Point Military Academy; in 1883 he was in charge of the Department of the Missouri, and in 1886 of the division of the Atlantic. In I888 he became general-in-chief of the United States army, and in February, I895, was appointed lieutenant-general by President Cleveland, that rank having been revived by congress. In September, I895, he was retired from active service. LEWIS WALLACE, an American general and famous author, was born in Brookville, Indiana, April 10, 1827. He served in the Mexican war as first lieutenant of a company of Indiana Volunteers. After his return from Mexico he was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Covington and Crawfordsville, Indiana, until I86i. At the opening of the war he was appointed adjutant-general of Indiana, and soon after became colonel of the Eleventh Indiana Volunteers. He defeated a force of Confederates at Romney, West Virginia, and was made brigadier-general in September, 1861. At the capture of Fort Donelson in 862 he commanded a division, and was engaged in the second day's fight at Shiloh. In 1863 his defenses about Cincinnati saved that city from capture by Kirby Smith. At Monocacy in July, 1864, he was defeated, but 2C00IPENVDIUMl OF BIOGRAPHr. 200 his resistance delayed the advance of General Early and thus saved Washington from capture. General Wallace was a member of the court that tried the assassins of President Lincoln, and also of that before whom Captain Henry Wirtz, who had charge of the Andersonville prison, was tried. In I88I General Wallace was sent as minister to Turkey. When not in official service he devoted much of his time to literature. Among his better known works are his " Fair God," "Ben Hur," " Prince of India," and a" Life of Benjamin Harrison." THOMAS FRANCIS BAYARD, an American statesman and diplomat, was born at Wilmington, Delaware, October 29, 1828. He obtained his education at an Episcopal academy at Flushing, Long Island, and after a short service in a mercantile house in New York, he returned to Wilmington and entered his father's law office to prepare himself for the practice of that profession. He was admitted to the bar in I85I. He was appointed to the office of United States district attorney for the state of Delaware, serving one year. In 1869 he was elected to the United States senate, and continuously represented his state in that body until 1885, and in I88, when Chester A. Arthur entered the presidential chair, Mr. Bayard was chosen president pro tempore of the senate. He had also served on the famous electoral commission that decided the Hayes-Tilden contest in I876-7. In I885 President Cleveland appointed Mr. Bayard secretary of state. At the beginning of Cleveland's second term, in 1893, Mr. Bayard was selected for the post of ambassador at the court of St. James, London, and was the first to hold that rank in American diplomacy, serving until the beginning of the McKinley admin istration. The questions for adjustment at that time between the two governments were the Behring Sea controversy and the Venezuelan boundary question. He was very popular in England because of his tariff views, and because of his criticism of the protective policy of the United States in his public speeches delivered in London, Edinburgh and other places, he received, in March, I896, a vote of censure in the lower house of congress. OHN WORK GARRETT, for so many years at the head of the great Baltimore & Ohio railroad system, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 31, 1820. His father, Robert Garrett, an enterprising merchant, had amassed a large fortune from a small beginning. The son entered Lafayette College in 1834, but left the following year and entered his father's counting room, and in 1839 became a partner. John W. Garrett took a great interest in the development of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He was elected one of the directors in 1857, and was its president from I858 until his death. When he took charge of the road it was in an embarrassed condition, but within a year, for the first time in its existence, it paid a dividend, the increase in its net gains being $725,385. After the war, during which the road suffered much damage from the Confederates, numerous branches and connecting roads were built or acquired, until it reached colossal proportions. Mr. Garrett was also active in securing a regular line of steamers between Baltimore and Bremen, and between the same port and Liverpool. He was one of the most active trustees of Johns Hopkins University, and a liberal contributor to the Young Men's Christian Association of Baltimore. He died September 26, 1884. COM PENDIUAM OF BIOGRAPHY. 201 Robert Garrett, the son of John W. Garrett, was born in Baltimore April 9, 1847, and graduated from Princeton in 1867. He received a business education in the banking house of his father, and in 1871 became president of the Valley Railroad of Virginia. He was made third vice-president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in I879, and first vice-president in I88I. He succeeded his father as president in 1884. Robert Garrett died July 29, 1896. CARL SCHURZ, a noted German-American statesman, was born in Liblar, Prussia, March 2, 1829. He studied at the University of Bonn, and in 1849 was engaged in an attempt to excite an insurrection at that place. After the surrender of Rastadt by the revolutionists, in the defense of which Schurz took part, he decided to emigrate to America. He resided in Philadelphia three years, and then settled in Watertown, Wisconsin, and in 1859 removed to Milwaukee, where he practiced law. On the organization of the Republican party he became a leader of the German element and entered the campaign for Lincoln in I860. He was appointed minister to Spain in I861, but resigned in December of that year to enter the army. He was appointed brigadiergeneral in 1862, and participated in the second battle of Bull Run, and also at Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg he had temporary command of the Eleventh Army Corps, and also took part in the battle of Chattanooga. After the war he located at St. Louis, and in 1869 was elected United States senator from Missouri. He supported Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872, and in the campaign of 1876, having removed to New York, he supported Hayes and the Republican ticket, and was appointed secre tary of the interior in I877. In 1881 he became editor of the "New York Evening Post," and in 1884 was prominent in his opposition to James G. Blaine, and became a leader of the "Mugwumps," thus assisting in the election of Cleveland. In the presidential campaign of 1896 his forcible speeches in the interest of sound money wielded an immense influence. Mr. Schurz wrote a "Life of Henry Clay," said to be the best biography ever published of that eminent statesman. EORGE F. EDMUNDS, an American statesman of national reputation, was born in Richmond, Vermont, February I, 1828. His education was obtained in the public schools and from the instructions of a private tutor. He was admitted to the bar, practiced law, and served in the state legislature from 1854 to 1859, during three years of that time being speaker of the lower house. He was elected to the state senate and acted as president pro tempore of that body in I861 and 1862. He became prominent for his activity in the impeachment proceedings against President Johnson, and was appointed to the United States senate to fill out the unexpired term of Solomon Foot, entering that body in I866. He was re-elected to the senate four times, and served on the electoral commission in I877. He became president pro tempore of the senate after the death of President Garfield, and was the author of the bill which put an end to the practice of polygamy in the territory of Utah. In November, 1891, owing to impaired health, he retired from the sen. ate and again resumed the practice of law. LUCIUS Q. C. LAMAR, a prominent political leader, statesman and jurist, was born in Putnam county, Georgia, Sep -202 COCIMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHt.2 tember 17, 1825. He graduated from Emory College in 1845, studied law at Macon under Hon. A. H. Chappell, and was admitted to the bar in I847. He moved to Oxford, Mississippi, in 1849, and was elected to a professorship in the State University. He resigned the next year and returned to Covington, Georgia, and resumed the practice of law. In 1853 he was elected to the Georgia Legislature, and in 1854 he removed to his plantation in Lafayette county, Mississippi, and was elected to represent his district in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth congresses. He resigned in I860, and was sent as a delegate to the secession convention of the state. He entered the Confederate service in I86I as lieutenant-colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, and was soon after made colonel. In 1863 President Davis appointed him to an important diplomatic mission to Russia. In I866 he was elected professor of political economy and social science in the State University, and was soon afterward transferred to the professorship of the law department. He represented his district in the forty-third and forty-fourth congresses, and was elected United States senator from Mississippi in 1877, and re-elected in I882. In I885, before the expiration of his term, he was appointed by President Cleveland as secretary of the interior, which position he held until his appointment as associate justice of the United States supreme court, in I888, in which capacity he served until his death, January 23, 1894. ENJAMIN PENHALLOW SHILLABER won fame in the world of humorists under the name of "Mrs. Partington." He was born in 1841 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and started out in life as a printer. Mr. Shillaber went to Dover, where he secured employment in a printing office, and from there he went to Demerara, Guiana, where he was employed as a compositor in I835-37. In I840 he became connected with the "Boston Post," and acquired quite a reputation as a humorist by his "Sayings of Mrs. Partington." He remained as editor of the paper until 1850, when he printed and edited a paper of his own called the "Pathfinder," which he continued until 1852. Mr. Shillaber became editor and proprietor of the "Carpet Bag," which he conducted during 1850-52, and then returned to the "Boston Post," with which he was connected until 1856. During the same time he was one of the editors of the "Saturday Evening Gazette," and continued in this line after he severed his connection with the "Post," for ten years. After I866 Mr. Shillaber wrote for various newspapers and periodicals, and during his life published the following books: "Rhymes with Reason and Without," "Poems," "Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington," "Knitting Work," and others. His death occurred at Chelsea, Massachusetts, November 25, 1890. ASTMAN JOHNSON stands first among painters of American country life. He was born in Lovell, Maine, in 1824, and began his work in drawing at the age of eighteen years. His first works were portraits, and, as he took up his residence in Washington, the most famous men of the nation were his subjects. In I846 he went to Boston, and there made crayon portraits of Longfellow, Emerson, Sumner, Hawthorne and other noted men. In I849 he went to Europe. He studied at Dusseldorf, Germany; spent a year at the Royal Academy, and thence to The Hague, where he spent four years, producing there his first pictures COMPENDIUl OF BIOGRAPHr.2 203 of consequence, "The Card-Players " and "The Savoyard." He then went to Paris, but was called home, after an absence from America of six years. He lived some time in Washington, and then spent two years among the Indians of Lake Superior. In 1858 he produced his famous picture, "The Old Kentucky Home." He took up his permanent residence at New York at that time. His " Sunday Morning in Virginia " is a work of equal merit. He was especially successful in coloring, a master of. drawing, and the expression conveys with precision the thought of the artist. His portrayal of family life and child life is unequalled. Among his other great works are "The Confab," "Crossing a Stream,' "Chimney Sweep," " Old Stage Coach," "The New Bonnet," " The Drummer Boy," "Childhood of Lincoln," and a great variety of equally familiar subjects. IERCE GUSTAVE TOUTANT BEAUREGARD, one of the most distinguished generals in the Confederate army, was born near New Orleans, Louisiana, May 28, I818. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1838, and was made second lieutenant of engineers. He was with General Scott in Mexico, and distinguished himself at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and the battles near the City of Mexico, for which he was twice brevetted. After the Mexican war closed he was placed in charge of defenses about New Orleans, and in I860 was appointed superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He held this position but a few months, when he resigned February 20, I86i, and accepted a commission of brigadier-general in the Confederate army. He directed the attack on Fort Sumter, the first engagement of the Civil war. He was 12 in command of the Confederates at the first battle of Bull Run, and for this victory was made general. In 1862 he was placed in command of the Army of the Mississippi, and planned the attack upon General Grant at Shiloh, and upon the death of General Johnston he took command of the army and was only defeated by the timely arrival of General Buell with reinforcements. He commanded at Charleston and successfully defended that city against the combined attack by land and sea in 1863. In 1864 he was in command in Virginia, defeating General Butler, and resisting Grant's attack upon Petersburg until reinforced from Richmond. During the long siege which followed he was sent to check General Sherman's march to the sea, and was with General Joseph E. Johnston when that general surrendered in I865. After the close of the war he was largely interested irn railroad management. In I866 he was offered chief command of the Army of Roumania, and in I869, that of the Army of Egypt. He declined these offers. His death occurred February 20, 1893. ENRY GEORGE, one of America's most celebrated political economists, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 2, 1839. He received acommonschool education and entered the high school in I853, and then went into a mercantile office. He made several voyages on the sea, and settled in California in I858. He then worked at the printer's trade for a number of years, which he left to follow the editorial profession. He edited in succession several daily newspapers, and attracted attention by a number of strong essays and speeches on political and social questions. In 1871 he edited a pamphlet, entitled " Out Land and Policy," in which he outlined a ' 204 C OiM0PE4NDIUMf OF BIO GRA PHr. theory, which has since made him so widely known. This was developed in I" Progress and Poverty," a book which soon attained a large circulation on both sides of the Atlantic, which has been extensively translated. In I880 Mr. George located in New York, where he made his home, though he frequently addressed audiences in Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, and throughout the United States. In I886 he was nominated by the labor organizations for mayor of New York, and made a campaign notable for its development of unexpected power. In 1887 he was candidate of the Union Labor party for secretary of state of New York. These campaigns served to formulate the idea of a single tax and popularize the Australian ballot system. Mr. George became a free trader in 1888, and in I892 supported the election of Grover Cleveland. His political and economic ideas, known as the "single tax," have a large and growing support, but are not confined to this country alone. He wrote numerous miscellaneous articles in support of his principles, and also published: "The Land Question," ' Social Problems," "Protection or Free Trade," "The Condition of Labor, an Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII.," and "( Perplexed Philosopher." HOMAS ALEXANDER SCOTT. —This name is indissolubly connected with the history and development of the railway systems of the United States. Mr. Scott was born December 28, I823, at London, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. He was first regularly employed by Major James Patton, the collector of tolls on the state road between Philadelphia and Columbia, Pennsylvania. He entered into the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 18 50, and went through all the different branches of work until he had mastered all the details of the office work, and in 1858 he was appointed general superintendent. Mr. Scott was the next year chosen vice-president of the road. This position at once brought him before the public, and the enterprise and ability displayed by him in its management marked him as a leader among the railroad men of the country. At the outbreak of the rebellion in I86I, Mr. Scott was selected by Governor Curtin as a member of his staff, and placed in charge of the equipment and forwarding of the state troops to the seat of war. On April 27, I86I, the secretary of war desired to establish a new line of road between the national capital and Philadelphia, for the more expeditious transportation of troops. He called upon Mr. Scott to direct this work, and the road by the way of Annapolis and Perryville was completed in a marvelously short space of time. On May 3, I86I, he was commissioned colonel of volunteers, and on the 23d of the same month the government railroads and telegraph lines were placed in his charge. Mr. Scott was the first assistant secretary of war ever appointed, and he took charge of this new post August I, I86I. In January, I862, he was directed to organize transportation in the northwest, and in March he performed the same service on the western rivers. He resigned June I, 1862, and resumed his direction of affairs on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Colonel Scott directed the policy that secured to his road the control of the western roads, and became the president of the new company to operate these lines in I87I. For one year, from March, 1871, he was president of the Union Pacific Railroad, and in 1874 he succeeded to the presidency of the Pennsylvania Company. He projected the Texas Pacific Railroad and was for many years its president. Colonel Scott's health failed C OMPENDI UM OF BIO GRA PHrT. 205 him and he resigned the presidency of the road June I, I880, and died at his home in Darby, Pennsylvania, May 21, i88I. ROBERT TOOMBS, an American statesman of note, was born in Wilkes county, Georgia, July 2, 1810. He attended the University of Georgia, and graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, and then took a law course at the University of Virginia. In 1830, before he had attained his majority, he was admitted to the bar by special act of the legislature, and rose rapidly in his profession, attracting the attention of the leading statesmen and judges of that time. He raised a volunteer company for the Creek war, and served as captain to the close. He was elected to the state legislature in 1837, re-elected in 1842, and in 1844 was elected to congress. He had been brought up as a Jeffersonian Democrat, but voted for Harrison in I840 and for Clay in I844. He made his first speech in congress on the Oregon question, and immediately took rank with the greatest debaters of that body. In 1853 he was elected to the United States senate, and again in I859, but when his native state seceded he resigned his seat in the senate and was elected to the Confederate congress. It is stated on the best authority that had it not been for a misunderstanding which could not be explained till too late he would have been elected president of the Confederacy. He was appointed secretary of state by President Davis, but resigned after a few months and was commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate army. I-e won distinction at the second battle of Bull Run and at Sharpsburg, but resigned his commission soon after and returned to Georgia. He organized the militia of Georgia to resist Sherman, and was made brigadier-general of the state troops. He left the country at the close of the war and did not return until I867. He died December 15, I885. AUSTIN CORBIN, one of the greatest railway magnates of the United States, was born July II, 1827, at Newport, New Hampshire. He studied law with Chief Justice Cushing and Governor Ralph Metcalf, and later took a course in the Harvard Law School, where he graduated in 1849. He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law, with Governor Metcalf as his partner, until October I2, I85i. Mr. Corbin then removed to Davenport, Iowa, where he remained until 1865. In 1854 he was a partner in the banking firm of Macklot & Corbin, and later he organized the First National bank of Davenport, Iowa, which commenced business June 29, 1863, and which was the first national bank open for business in the United States. Mr. Corbin sold out his business in the Davenport bank, and removed to New York in I865 and commenced business with partners under the style of Corbin Banking Company. Soon after his removal to New York he became interested in railroads, and became one of the leading railroad men of the country. The development of the west half of Coney Island as a summer resort first brought him into general prominence. He built a railroad from New York to the island, and built great hotels on its ocean front. He next turned his attention to Long Island, and secured all the railroads and consolidated them under one management, became president of the system, and under his control Long Island became the great ocean suburb of New York. His latest public achievement was the rehabilitation of the Reading Railroad, of Pennsylvania, and 206 COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. during the same time he and his friends purchased the controlling interest of the New Jersey Central Railroad. He took it out of the hands of the receiver, and in three years had it on a dividend-paying basis. Mr. Corbin's death occurred June 4, I896. AMES GORDON BENNETT, SR., was one of the greatest journalists of America in his day. He was born September I, 1795, at New Mill, near Keith, Scotland. At the age of fourteen he was sent to Aberdeen to study for the priesthood, but, convinced that he was mistaken in his vocation, he determined to emigrate. He landed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in I819, where he attempted to earn a living by teaching bookkeeping. Failing in this he went to Boston and found employment as a proof reader. Mr. Bennett went to New York about 1822 and wrote for the newspapers. Later on he became assistant editor in the office of the "Charleston Courier," but returned to New York in I824 and endeavored to start a commercial school, but was unsuccessful in this, and again returned to newspaper work. He continued in newspaper work with varying success until, at his suggestion, the "Enquirer" was consolidated with another paper, and became the "Courier and Enquirer," with James Watson Webb as editor and Mr. Bennett for assistant. At this time this was the leading American newspaper. He, however, severed his connection with this newspaper and tried, without success, other ventures in the line of journalism until May 6, I835, when he issued the first number of the "New York Herald." Mr. Bennett wrote the entire paper, and made up for lack'of news by his own imagination. The paper became popu lar, and in 1838 he engaged European journalists as regular correspondents. In I841 the income derived from his paper was at least one hundred thousand dollars. During the Civil war the " Herald " had on its staff sixty-three war correspondents and the circulation was doubled. Mr. Bennett was interested with John W. Mackay in that great enterprise which is now known as the Mackay-Bennett Cable. He had collected for use in his paper over fifty thousand biographies, sketches and all manner of information regarding every well-known man, which are still kept in the archives of the "Herald" office. He died in the city of 'New York in 1872, and left to his son, James Gordon, Jr., one of the greatest and most profitable journals in the United States, or even in the world. LIVER WENDELL HOLMES, a noted American, won distinction in the field of literature, in which he attained a world-wide reputation. He was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 809. He received a collegiate education and graduated from Harvard in I829, at the age of twenty, and took up the study of law and later studied medicine. Dr. Holmes attended several years in the hospitals of Europe and received his degree in I836. He became professor of anatomy and physiology in' Dartmouth in 1838, and remained there until I847, when he was called to the Massachusetts Medical School at Boston to occupy the same chair, which position he resigned in 1882. The first collected edition of his poems appeared in 1836, and his "Phi Beta Kappa Poems," "Poetry," in 1836; "Terpsichore," in 1843; "Urania," in 1846, and "Astraea," won for him many fresh laurels. His series of papers in the "Atlantic Monthly," were: C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRAPHr. 207 - "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," "Professor at the Breakfast Table," "Poet at the Breakfast Table," and are a series of masterly wit, humor and pathos. Among his medical papers and addresses,are: "Currents and Counter-currents in the Medical Science," and "Borderland in Some Provinces of Medical Science." Mr. Holmes edited quite a number of works, of which we quote the following: "Else Venner," "Songs in Many Keys," "Soundings from the Atlantic," "Humorous Poems," "The Guardian Angel," "Mechanism in Thoughts and Morals," "Songs of Many Seasons," "John L. Motley"-a memoir, "The Iron Gate and Other Poems," "Ralph Waldo Emerson," "A Moral Antipathy." Dr. Holmes visited England for the second time, and while there the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh. His death occurred October 7, 1894. UFUS CHOATE, one of the most eminent of America's great lawyers, was,orn October I, 1799, at Essex, Massachu-:etts. He entered Dartmouth in 1815,.liid after taking his degree he remained as, teacher in the college for one year. He took up the study of law in Cambridge, and aiubsequently studied under the distinguished i;wyer, Mr. Wirt, who was then United '. ates attorney-general at Washington. Mr. ('hoatebegan the practice of law in Danvers, iMaLssachusetts, and from there he went to Sarlem, and afterwards to Boston, Massachusetts. While living at Salem he was f icted to congress in 1832, and later, in X4 I, he was chosen United States senator tsucceed Daniel Webster, Mr. Webster 1kaving been appointed secretary of state alter William Henry Harrison. After the death of Webster. Mr. Choate was the acknowledged leader of the Massachusetts bar, and was looked upon by the younger members of the profession with an affection that almost amounted to a reverence. Mr. Choate's powers as an orator were of the rarest order, and his genius made it possible for him to enchant and interest his listeners, even while discussing the most ordinary theme. He was not merely eloquent on the subjects that were calculated to touch the feelings and stir the passions of his audience in themselves, but could at all times command their attention. He retired from active life in I858, and was on his way to Europe, his physician having ordered a sea voyage for his health, but had only reached Halifax, Nova Scotia, when he died, July 13, 1858. DWIGHT L. MOODY, one of the most noted and effective pulpit orators and evangelists America has produced, was born in Northfield, Franklin county, Massachusetts, February 5, I837. He received but a meager education and worked on a farm until seventeen years of age, when he became clerk in a boot and shoe store in Boston. Soon after this he joined the Congregational church and went to Chicago, where he zealously engaged in missionary work among the poor classes. He met with great success, and in less than a year he built up a Sunday-school which numbered over one thousand children. When the war broke out he became connected with what was known as the "Christian Commission," and later became city missionary of the Young Men's Christian Association at Chicago. A church was built there for his converts and he became its unordained pastor. In the Chicago fire of I871 the church and Mr. Moody's house and furniture, which had been given him, were destroyed. The 208: C O.COiPEMNDIUM OF BIOGRAPHTr. church edifice was afterward replaced by a new church erected on the site of the old one. In 1873, accompanied by Ira D. Sankey, Mr. Moody went to Europe and excited great religious awakenings throughout England, Ireland and Scotland. In I875 they returned to America and held large meetings in various cities. They afterward made another visit to Great Britain for the same purpose, meeting with great success, returning to the United States in 1884. Mr. Moody afterward continued his evangelistic work, meeting everywhere with a warm reception and success. Mr. Moody produced a number of works, some of which had a wide circulation. OHN PIERPONT MORGAN, a financier of world-wide reputation, and famous as the head of one of the largest banking houses in the world, was born April I7, 1837, at Hartford, Connecticut. He received his early education in the English high school, in Boston, and later supplemented this with a course in the University of Gtttingen, Germany. He returned to the United States, in 1857, and entered the banking firm of Duncan, Sherman & Co., of New York, and, in 86o, he became agent and attorney, in the United States, for George Peabody & Co.., of London. He became the junior partner in the banking firm of Dabney, Morgan & Co., in I864, and that of Drexel, Morgan & Co., in I871. This house was among the chief negotiators of railroad bonds, and was active in the reorganization of the West Shore Railroad, and its absorption by the New York Central Railroad. It was conspicuous in the reorganization of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, in 1887, which a syndicate of capitalists, formed by Mr. Morgan, placed on a sound financial basis. After that time many other lines of railroad and gigantic financial ehterprises were brought under Mr. Morgan's control, and in some respects it may be said he became the foremost financier of the century. THOMAS BRACKETT REED, one of the most eminent of American statesmen, was born October I8, 1839, at Portland, Maine, where he received his early education in the common schools of the city, and prepared himself for college. Mr. Reed graduated from Bowdoin College in 1860, and won one of the highest honors of the college, the prize for excellence in English composition. The following four years were spent by him in teaching and in the study of law. Before his admission to the bar, however, he was acting assistant paymaster in the United States navy, and served on the "tin-clad" Sybil, which patrolled the Tennessee, Cumberland and Mississippi rivers. After his discharge in I865, he returned to Portland, was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession. He entered into political life, and in 1868 was elected to the legislature of Maine as a Republican, and in I869 he was re-elected to the house, and in I870 was made state senator, from which he passed to attorney-general of the state. He retired from this office in I873, and until 1877 he was solicitor for the city of Portland. In I876 he was elected to the forty-fifth congress, which assembled in I877. Mr. Reed sprung into prominence in that body by one of the first speeches which he delivered, and his long service in congress, coupled with his ability, gave him a national reputation. His influence each year became more strongly marked, and the leadership of his party was finally conceded to him, and in the forty-ninth and fiftieth COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRA PHr. 209 ' _ congresses the complimentary nomination for the speakership was tendered him by the Republicans. That party having obtained the ascendency in the fifty-first congress he was elected speaker on the first ballot, and he was again chosen speaker of the fiftyfourth and fifth-fifth congresses. As a writer, Mr. Reed contributed largely to the magazines and periodicals, and his book upon parliamentary rules is generally recognized as authority on that subject. CLARA BARTON is a celebrated character among what might be termed as the highest grade of philanthropists America has produced. She was born on a farm at Oxford, Massachusetts, a daughter of Captain Stephen Barton, and was educated at Clinton, New York. She engaged in teaching early in life, and founded a free school at Bordentown, the first in New Jersey. She opened with six pupils, but the attendance had grown to six hundred up to 1854, when she went to Washington. She was appointed clerk in the patent department, and remained there until the outbreak of the Civil war, when she resigned her position and devoted herself to the alleviation of the sufferings of the soldiers, serving, not in the hospitals, but on the battle field. She was present at a number of battles, and after the war closed she originated, and for some time carried on at her oxwn expense, the search for missing soldiers. She then for several years devoted her time io lecturing on "Incidents of the War." About I868 she went to Europe for her health, and settled in Switzerland, but on the outbreak of the Franco-German war she accepted the invitation of the grand duchess:f Baden to aid in the establishment of her hospitals, and Miss Barton afterward foli;)ved the German army She was deco rated with the golden cross by the grand duke of Baden, and with the iron cross by the emperor of G&rmany. She also served' for many years as president of the famous: Red Cross Society and attained a worldwide reputation. ARDINAL JAMES GIBBONS, one of the most eminent Catholic clergymen in America, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, July 23, I834. He was given a thorough education, graduated at St. Charles College, Maryland, in 1857, and studied theology in St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Maryland. In I86I he became pastor of St. Bridget's church in Baltimore, and in I868 was consecrated vicar apostolic of North Carolina. In 1872 our subject became bishop of Richmond, Virginia, and five years later was made archbishop o Baltimore. On the 30th of Tune, I88, he was admitted to the full degree of cardinal and primate of the American Catholic church. He was a fluent writer, and his book, (Faith of Our Fathers," had a wide circulation. HAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW.This name is, without doubt, one of the most widely known in the United States. Mr. Depew was born April 23, 1834, at Peekskill, New York, the home of the Depew family for two hundred years. He attended the common schools of his native place. where he prepared himself to enter college. He began his collegiate course at Yale at the age of eighteen and graduated in I856. He early took an active interest in politics and joined the Republican party at its formation. He then took up the study of law and went into the office of the Hon. William Nelson, of Peekskilly for that purpose. and in I 858 he was admitted to the bar. 210 C OMPENDIUM OF BIO GRA PHT. He was sent as a delegate by the new party to the Republican state convention of that year. He began the practice of his profession in 1859, but though he was a good worker, his attention was detracted by the campaign of 1860, in which he took an active part. During this campaign he gained his first laurels as a public speaker. Mr. Depew was elected assemblyman in 1862 from a Democratic district. In 1863 he secured the nomination for secretary of state, and gained that post by a majority of thirty thousand. In I866 he left the field of politics and entered into the active practice of his law business as attorney for the New York & Harlem Railroad Company, and in I869 when this road was consolidated with the New York Central, and called the New York Central & Hudson Li~ver Railroad, he was appointed the attorney for the new road. His rise in the railroad business was rapid, and ten years after his entrance into the Vanderbilt system as attorney for a single line, he was the general counsel for one of the largest railroad systems in the world. He was also a director in the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, Michigan Central, Chicago & Northwestern, St. Paul & Omaha, West Shore, and Nickel Plate railroad companies. In I874 Mr. Depew' was made regent of the State University, and a member of the commission appointed to superintend the erection of the capitol at Albany. In I882, on the resignation of W. H. Vanderbilt froln the presidency of the New York Central and the accession to that office by James H. Rutter, Mr. Depew was made second vice-president, and held that position until the death of Mr. Rutter in I885. In this year Mr. Depew became the executive head of this great corporation. Mr. Depew's greatest fame grew from his ability and eloquence as an orator and "after-dinner speaker," and it has been said by eminent critics that this country has never produced his equal in wit, fluency and eloquence. l'HILIP KEARNEY.-Among the most dashing and brilliant commanders in the United States service, few have outshone the talented officer whose name heads this sketch. He was born in New York City, June 2, I 8, and was of Irish ancestry and imbued with all the (lash and bravery of the Ceitic race. lHe graduated from Columbia College an] studied law, but in I837 accepted a commission as lieutenant in the First United States Dragoons, of which his uncle, Stephen W. Kearney, was then colonel. He was sent by the government, soon after, to Europe to examine and report upon the tactics of the French cavalry. There he attended the Polytechnic School, at Samur, and subsequently served as a volunteer in Algiers, winning the cross of the Legion of Honor. He returned to the United States in 1840, and on the staff of General Scott, in the Mexican war, served with great gallantry. He was made a captain of dragoons in 1846 and made major for services at Contreras and Cherubusco. In the final assault on the City of Mexico at the San Antonio Gate, Kearney lost an arm. He subsequently served in California and the Pacific coast. In I851 he resigned his commission and went to Europe, where he resumed his military studies. In the Italian war, in 1859, he served as a volunteer on the staff of General Maurier, of the French army, and took part in the battles of Solferino and Magenta, and for bravery was, for the second time, decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honor. On the opening of the Civil war he hastened home, and, offering his services to the general gov C OM PENDI UM OF BIOGRAPHI.Y. 211' ernmrent. was made brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of a brigade of New Jersey troops. In the campaign under McClellan he commanded a division, and at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks his services were valuable and brilliant, as well as in subsequent engagements. At Harrison's Landing he was made major-general of volunteers. In the second battle of Bull Run he was conspicuous, and at the battle of Chantilly, September I, I862, while leading in advance of his troops, General Kearney was shot and killed. USSELL SAGE, one of the financial giants of the present century and for more than an average generation one of the most conspicuous and celebrated of Americans, was born in a frontier hamlet in central New York in August, I8 6. While Russell was still a boy an elder brother, Henry Risley Sage, established a small grocery store at Troy, New York, and here Russell found his first employment, as errand boy. He served a five-years apprenticeship, and then joined another brother, Elisha M. Sage, in a new venture in the same line, which proved profitable, at least for Russell, who soon became its sole owner. Next he formed the partnership of Sage & Bates, and greatly extended his field of operations. At twenty-five he had, by his own exertions, amassed what was, in those days, a considerable fortune, being worth about seventyfive thousand dollars. He had acquired an influence in local politics, and four years later his party, the Whigs, elected him to the aldermanic board of Troy and to the treasuryship of Rensselaer county. In I 848 he was a prominent member of the New York delegation to the Whig convention at Philadelphia, casting his first votes for Henry Clay, but joining the "stampede" which nominated Zachary Taylor. In 1850 the Whigs of Troy nominated him for congress, but he was not elected-a failure which he retrieved two years later, and in 1854 he was re-elected by a sweeping majority. At Washington he ranked high in influence and ability. Fame as a speaker and as a political leader was within his grasp, when he gave up public life, declined a renomination to congress, and went back to Troy to devote himself to his private business. Six years later, in I863, he removed to New York and plunged into the arena of Wall street. A man of boundless energy and; tireless pertinacity, with wonderful judgment of men and things, he soon took his place as a king in finance, and, it is said, during the latter part of his life he controlled more ready money than any other single individual on this continent. OGER QUARLES MILLS, a noted United States senator and famous as the father of the ' Mills tariff bill," was born in Todd county, Kentucky, March 30, 1832. He received a liberal education in the common schools, and removed to Palestine, Texas, in 1849. He took up the study of law, and supported himself by serving as an assistant in the post-office, and in the offices of the court clerks. In I850 he was elected engrossing clerk of the Texas house of representatives, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar, while still a minor, by special act of the legislature. He then settled at Corsicana, Texas. and began the active practice of his profession.. He was elected to the state legislature in 1859, and in 1872 he was elected to congress from the state at large, as a Democrat. After his first election he was continuously returned to congress until he resigned to accept the position of United States senator, to which he 212 COM2PENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY. was elected March 23, 1892, to succeed Hon. Horace Chilton. He took his seat in the senate March 30, 1892; was afterward re-elected and ranked among the most useful and prominent members of that body, In 1876 he opposed the creation of the electoral commission, and in 1887 canvassed the state of Texas against the adoption of a prohibition amendment to its constitution, which was defeated. He introduced into the house of representatives the bill that was known as the "Mills Bill," reducing duties on imports, and extending the free list. The bill passed the house on July 21, i888, and made the name of "Mills" famous throughout the entire country. HAZEN S. PINGREE, the celebrated Michigan political leader, was born in Maine in 1842. Up to fourteen years of age he worked hard on the stony ground of his father's small farm. Attending school in the winter, he gained a fair education, and when not laboring on the farm, he found employment in the cotton mills in the vicinity. He resolved to find more steady work, and accordingly went to Hopkinton, Massachusetts, where he entered a shoe factory, but on the outbreak of the war he enlisted at once and was enrolled in the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He participated in the battle of Bull Run, which was his initial fight, and served creditably his early term of service, at the expiration of which he re-enlisted. He fought in the battles of Fredricksburg, Harris, Farm, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Harbor. In 1864 he was captured by Mosby, and spent five months at Andersonville, Georgia, as a prisoner, but escaped at the end of that time. He re-entered the service and participated in the battles of Fort Fisher, Boyden, and Sailor's Creek. He was honorably mustered out of service, and in I866 went to Detroit, Michigan, where he made use of his former experience in a shoe factory, and found work. Later he formed a partnership with another workman and started a small factory, which has since become a large establishment. Mr. Pingree made his entrance into politics in 1889, in which year he was elected by a surprisingly large majority as a Republican to the mayoralty of Detroit, in which office he was the incumbent during four consecutive terms. In November, 1896, he was elected governor of the state of Michigan. While mayor of Detroit, Mr. Pingree originated and put into execution the idea of allowing the poor people of the city the use of vacant city lands and lots for the purpose of raising potatoes. The idea was enthusiastically adopted by thousands of poor families, attracted wide attention, and gave its author a national reputation as "Potato-patch Pingree. " THOMAS ANDREW HENDRICKS, an eminent American statesman and a Democratic politician of national fame, was born in Muskingum county, Ohio, September 7, I819. In 1822 he removed, with his father, to Shelby county, Indiana. He graduated from the South Hanover College in I841, and two years later was admitted to the bar. In I851 he was chosen a member of the state constitutional convention, and took a leading part in the deliberations of that body. He was elected to congress in 1851, and after serving two terms was appointed commissioner of the United States general land-office. In 1863 he was elected to the United States senate, where his distinguished services commanded the respect of all parties. He was elected governor of Indiana in 1872, serving four years, and in COMPENDIUIlV[ OF BIO GRAPHIr. 213 1876 was nominated by the Democrats as candidate for the vice-presidency with Tilden. The returns in a number of states were contested, and resulted in the appointinent of the famous electoral commission, which decided in favor of the Republican candidates. In 1884 Mr. Hendricks was again nominated as candidate for the vicepresidency, by the Democratic party, on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, was elected, and served about six months. He died at Indianapolis, November 25, I885. He was regarded as one of the brainiest men in the party, and his integrity was never questioned, even by his political opponents. ARRETT A. HOBART, one of the I many able men who have held the high office of vice-president of the United States, was born June 3, 1844, in Monmouth county, New Jersey, and in i860 entered the sophomore class at Rutgers College, from which he graduated in 1863 at the age of nineteen. He then taught school until he entered the law office of Socrates Tuttle, of Paterson, New Jersey, with whom he studied law, and in I869 was admitted to the bar. He immediately began the active practice of his profession in the office of the above named gentleman. He became interested in political life, and espoused the cause of the Republican party, and in I865 held his first office, serving as clerk for the grand jury. He was also city counsel of Paterson in 1871, and in May, 1872, was elected counsel for the board of chosen freeholders. He entered the state legislature in 1873, and was re-elected to the assembly in 1874. Mr. Hobart was made speaker of the assembly in 1876, and and in 1879 was elected to the state senate. After serving three years in the same, he was elected president of that body in 1881, and the following year was re-elected to that office. He was a delegate-at-large to the Republican national convention in 1876 and I88o, and was elected a member of the national committee in 1884, which position he occupied continuously until I896. He was then nominated for vice-president by the Republican national convention, ancd was elected to that office in the fall of I896 on the ticket with William McKinley. W ILLIAM MORRIS STEWART, noted as a political leader and senator, was born in Lyons, Wayne county, New York, August 9, 1827, and removed with his parents while still a small child to Mesopotamia township, Trumbull county, Ohio. He attended the Lyons Union school and Farmington Academy, where he obtained his education. Later he taught mathematics in the former school, while yet a pupil, and with the little money thus earned and the assistance of James C. Smith, one of the judges of the supreme court of New York, he entered Yale College. He remained there until the winter of 1849-50, when, attracted by the gold discoveries in California he wended his way thither. He arrived at San Francisco in May, 1850, and later engaged in mining with pick and shovel in Nevada county. In this way he accumulated some money, and in the spring of 1852 he took up the study of law under John R. McConnell. The following December he was appointed district attorney, to which office he was chosen at the general election of the next year. In 1854 he was appointed attorney-general of California, and in I860 he removed to Virginia City, Nevada, where he largely engaged in early mining litigation. Mr. Stewart was also interested in the development of the "Comstock lode," and in I86I was chosen a 214 COlOPENNDIUUMI OF BIOGRAPHY. member of the territorial council. He was elected a member of the constitutional convention in I863, and was elected United States senator in I864, and re-elected in 1869. At the expiration of his term in I875, he resumed the practice of law in Nevada, California, and the Pacific coast generally. He was thus engaged when he was elected again to the United States senate as a Republican in 1887 to succeed the late James G. Fair, a Democrat, and took his seat March 4, 1887. On the expiration of his term he was again re-elected and became one of the leaders of his party in congress. His ability as an orator, and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions, gained him a national rep-. utation. G EORGE GRAHAM VEST, for many years a prominent member of the United States senate, was born in Frankfort, Kentucky, December 6, 1848. He graduated from Center College in i868, and from the law department of the Transylvania University of Lexington, Kentucky, in I853. In the same year he removed to Missouri and began the practice of his profession, In I860 he was an elector on the Democratic ticket, and was a member of the lower house of the Missouri legislature in I86o-6I. He was elected to the Confederate congress, serving two years in the lower house and one in the senate. He then resumed the practice of law, and in 1879 was elected to the senate of the United States to succeed James Shields. He was re-elected in 1885, and again in I891 and 1897. His many years of service in the National congress, coupled with his ability as a speaker and the active part he took in the discussion of public questions, gave him H ANNIBAL HAMLIN, a noted American statesman, whose name is indissolubly connected with the history of this country, was born in Paris, Maine, August 27, 1809. He learned the printer's trade and followed that calling for several years. He then studied law, and was admitted to practice in I833. He was elected to the legislature of the state of Maine, where he was several times chosen speaker of the lower house. He was elected to congress by the Democrats in I843, and re-elected in 1845. In 1848 he was chosen to the United States senate and served in that body until I86I. He was elected governor of Maine in 1857 on the Republican ticket, but resigned when re-elected to the United States senate the same year. He was elected vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Lincoln in I86o, and inaugurated in March, I86I. In 1865 he was appointed collector of the port of Boston. Beginning with 1869 he served two six-year terms in the United States senate, and was then appointed by President Garfield as minister to Spain in I.88I. His death occurred July 4, I89I'. SHAM G. HARRIS, famous as Confederate war governor of Tennessee, and distinguished by his twenty years of service in the senate of the United States, was born in Franklin county, Tennessee, and educated at the Academy of Winchester. He then took up the study of law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice at Paris, Tennessee, in I84I. He was elected to the state legislature in 1847, was a candidate for presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in I848, and the next year was elected to congress from his district, and re-elected in I851. In I853 he was renominated by the Democrats of his a wide reputation. C OMPENDIUJlI OF BIOGRAPHr. I 215 district, but declined, and removed to Memphis, where he took up the practice of law. He was a presidential elector-at-large from Tennessee in 1856, and was elected governor of the state the next year, and again in I859, and in I86i. He was driven from Nashville by the advance of the Union armies, and for the last three years of the war acted as aid upon the staff of the commanding general of the Confederate army of Tennessee. After the war he went to Liverpool, England, where he became a merchant, but returned to Memphis in 1867, and resumed the practice of law. In I877 he was elected to the United States senate, to which position he was successively reelected until his death in 1897. ELSON DINGLEY, JR., for nearly a quarter of a century one of the leaders in congress and framer of the famous "Dingley tariff bill," was born in Durham, Maine, in 1832. His father as well as all his ancestors, were farmers, merchants and mechanics and of English descent. Young Dingley was given the advantages first of the common schools and in vacations helped his father 'in the store and on the farm. When twelve years of age he attended high school and at seventeen was teaching in a country school district and preparing himself for college. The following year he entered Waterville Academy and in I851 entered Colby University. After a year and a half in this institution he entered Dartmouth College and was graduated in I855 with high rank as a scholar, debater and writer. He next studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1856. But instead of practicing his profession he purchased the "Lewistown (Me.) Journal," which be-came famous throughout the New England states as a leader in the advocacyof Repub lican principles. About the same time Mr. Dingley began his political career, although ever after continuing at the head of the newspaper. He was soon elected to the state legislature and afterward to the lower house of congress, where he became a prominent national character. He also served two terms as governor of Maine. LIVER PERRY MORTON, a distinguished American statesman, was born in Wayne county, Indiana, August 4, I823. His early education was by private teaching and a course at the Wayne County Seminary. At the age of twenty years he entered the Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and at the end of two years quit the college, began the study of law in the office of Jolin Newman, of Centerville, Indiana, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. Mr. Morton was elected judge on the Democratic ticket, in I852, but on tht. passage of the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" he severed his connection with that party, and soon became a prominent leader of the Republicans. He was elected governor of Indiana in I861, and as war governor became well known throughout the country. He received a paralytic stroke in 1865, which partially deprived him of the use of his limbs. He was chosen to the United States senate from Indiana, in 1867, and wielded great influence in that body until the time of his death, November I, I877. OHN B. GORDON, a brilliant Confederate officer and noted senator of the United States, was born in Upson county, Georgia, February 6, I832. He graduated from the State University, studied law, and took up the practice of his profession. At the beginning of the war he entered the Confederate service as captain of infantry, and rapidly 2i6 C OMPENCDIIUMi OF BIOGRA PHr. --------- - rose to the rank of lieutenant-general, commanding one wing of the Confederate army at the close of the war. In I868 he was Democratic candidate for governor of Georgia, and it is said was elected by a large majority, but his opponent was given the office. He was a delegate to the national Democratic conventions in I868 and 1872, and a presidential elector both years. In 1873 he was elected to the United States senate. In I886 he was elected governor of Georgia, and re-elected in I888. He was again elected to the United States senate in 1890, serving until I897, when he was succeeded by A. S. Clay. He was regarded as a leader of the southern Democracy, and noted for his fiery eloquence. STEPHEN JOHNSON FIELD, an illustrious associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, was born at Haddam, Connecticut, November 4, I8i6, being one of the noted sons of Rev. D. D. Field. He graduated from Williams College in I837, took up the study of law with his brother, David Dudley Field, becoming his partner upon admission to the bar. He went to California in I849, and at once began to take an active interest in the political affairs of that state. He was elected alcalde of Marysville, in I850, and in the autumn of the same year was elected to the state legislature. In 1857 he was elected judge of the supreme court of the state, and two years afterwards became its chief justice. In I863 he was appointed by President Lincoln as associate justice of the supreme court of the United States. During his incumbency, in I873, he was appointed by the governor of California one of a commission to examine the codes of the state and for the preparation of amendments to the same for submission to the legislature. In I877 he was one of the famous electoral commission of fifteen members, and voted as one of the seven favoring the election of Tilden to the presidency. In I880 a large portion of the Democratic party favored his nomination as candidate for the presidency. He retired in the fall of I897, having served a greater number of years on the supreme bench than any of his associates or predecessors, Chief Justice Marshall coming next in length of service. OHN T. MORGAN, whose services in the United States senate brought him into national prominence, was born in Athens, Tennessee, June 20, I824. At the age of nine years he emigrated to Alabama, where he made his permanent home, and where he received an academic education. He then took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in I845. He took a leading part in local politics, was a presidential elector in I860, casting his ballot for Breckenridge and Lane, and in I86i was a delegate to the state convention which passed the ordinance of secession. In May, of the same year, he joined the Confederate army as a private in Company' I, Cahawba Rifles, and was soon after made major and then lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Regiment. In 1862 he was commissioned colonel, and soon after made brigadier-general and assigned to the command of a brigade in Virginia. He resigned to join his old regiment whose colonel had been killed. He was soon afterward again made brigadier-general and given command of the brigade that included his regiment. After the war he returned to the practice of law, and continued it up to the time of his election to the United States senate, iv7 I877. He was a presidential elector in I876 and cast his vote for Tilden and Hendricks C OMPENDIUZif OF BIJO GRA PIHT. 217 He was re-elected to the senate in 1883, and again in 1889, and 1895. His speeches and the measures he introduced, marked as they were by an intense Americanism, brought him into national prominence. ILLIAM McKINLEY,the twenty-fifth president of the United States, was born at Niles, Trumbull county, Ohio, January 29, I844. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and received his early education in a Methodist academy in the small village of Poland, Ohio. At the outbreak of the war Mr. McKinley was teaching school, earning twenty-five dollars per month. As soon as Fort Sumter was fired upon he enlisted in a company that was formed in Poland, which was inspected and mustered in by General John C. Fremont, who at first objected to Mr. McKinley, as being too young, but upon examination he was finally accepted. Mr. McKinley was seventeen when the war broke out but did not look his age. He served in the Twenty-third Ohio Infantry throughout the war, was promoted from sergeant to captain, for good conduct on the field, and at the close of the war, for meritorious services, he was brevetted major. After leaving the army Major McKinley took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar, and in 1869 he took his initiation into politics, being elected prosecuting attorney of his county as a Republican, although the district was usually Democratic. In I876 he was elected to congress, and in a call upon the President-elect, Mr. Hayes, to whom he went for advice upon the way he should shape his career, he was told that to achieve fame and success he nust take one special line and stick to it. Mr. McKinley chose tariff legislation and lie became an authority in regard to import dluties. He was a member of congress for many years, became chairman of the ways and means committee, and later he advocated the famous tariff bill that bore his name, which was passed in I890. In the next election the Republican party was overwhelmingly defeated through the country, and the Democrats secured more than a two-thirds majority in the lower house, and also had control of the senate, Mr. McKinley being defeated in his own district by a small majority. He was elected governor of Ohio in I891 by a plurality of twenty-one thousand, five hundred and eleven, and two years later he was re-elected by the still greater plurality of eighty thousand, nine hundred and ninety-five. He was a delegate-at-large to the Minneapolis Re, publican convention in 1892, and was instructed to support the nomination of Mr. Harrison. He was chairman of the con, vention, and was the only man from Ohio to vote for Mr. Harrison upon the roll call. In November, 1892, a number of prominent politicians gathered in New York to discuss the political situation, and decided that the result of the election had put an end to McKinley and McKinleyism. But in less than four years from that date Mr. McKinley was nominated for the presidency against the combined opposition of half a dozen rival candidates. Much of the credit for his success was due to Mark A. Hanna, of Cleveland, afterward chairman of the Republican national committee. At the election which occurred in November, 1896, Mr. McKinley was elected president of the United States by an enormous majority, on a gold standard and protective tariff platform. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1897, and called a special session of congress, to which was submitted a bill for tariff reform, which was passed in the latter part of July of that vear. 218 COMPE2IPNDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT. INCINNATUS HEINE MILLER, known in the literary world as Joaquin Miller, "the poet of the Sierras," was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in I841. When only about thirteen years of age he ran away from home and went to the mining regions in California and along the Pacific coast. Some time afterward he was taken prisoner by the Modoc Indians and lived with them for five years. He learned their language and gained great influence with them, fighting in their wars, and in all modes of living became as one of them. In I858 he left the Indians and went to San Francisco, where he studied law, and in I86o was admitted to the bar in Oregon. In I866 he was elected a county judge in Oregon and served four years. Early in the seventies he began devoting a good deal of tine to literary pursuits, and about 1874 he settled in Washington, D. C. He wrote many poems and dramas that attracted considerable attention and won him an extended reputation. Among his productions may be mentioned "Pacific Poems," "Songs of the Sierras," "Songs of the Sun Lands," "' Ships in the Desert," ' Adrianne, a Dream of Italy," "'Danites," 'Unwritten History," "First Families of the Sierras " (a novel), "One Fair Woman " (a novel), " Songs of Italy," "Shadows of Shasta," "The GoldSeekers of the Sierras," and a number of others. EORGE FREDERICK ROOT, a noted music publisher and composer, was born in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on August 30, 1820. While working on his father's farm he found time to learn, unaided, several musical instruments, and in his eighteenth year he went to Boston, where he soon found employment as a teacher of music. From 1839 until 1844 he gave instructions in music in the public schools of that city, and was also director of music in two churches. Mr. Root then went to New York and taught music in the various educational institutions of the city. He went to Paris in I850 and spent one year there in study, and on his return he published his first song, "Hazel Dell." It appeared as the work of " Wurzel," which was the German equivalent of his name. He was the originator of the normal musical institutions, and when the first one was started in New York he was one of the faculty. He removed to Chicago, Illinois, in I86o, and established the firm of Root & Cady, and engaged in the publication of music. He received, in I872, the degree of " Doctor of Music" from the University of Chicago. After the war the firm became George F. Root & Co., of Cincinnati and Chicago. Mr. Root did much to elevate the standard of music in this country by his compositions and work as a teacher. Besides his numerous songs he wrote a great deal of sacred music and published many collections of vocal and instrumental music. For many years he was the most popular song writer in America, and was one of the greatest song writers of the war. He is also well-known as an author, and his work in that line comprises: "Methods for the Piano and Organ," "Handbook on Harmony Teaching," and innumerable articles for the musical press. Among his many and most popular songs of the war time are: ' Rosalie, the Prairie-flower,"' "Battle Cry of Freedom," "Just Before the Battle," "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching," "The Old Folks are Gone, " "A Hundred Years Ago," "Old Potomac Shore," and " There's Music in the Air." Mr. Root's cantatas include "The Flower Queen' and "The Haymakers." He died in I896. WILLIAM T. MITCHELL. BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS OF ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICH. HON. WILLIAM T. MITCHELL. Standing out distinctly as one of the central figures in the history of Michigan is the name of Hon. William Thomas Mitchell, of Port Huron. Prominent in local affairs and equally so in public matters beyond the confines of his own jurisdiction, with a reputation in one of the most exacting of professions that won him a name for distinguished service second to that of none of his contemporaries, there is today no more prominent or honored man in the state which lie has long dignified with his citizenship. Achiev. ing success in the courts at an age when most young men are just entering upon the formative periods of their lives, wearing the ju(lge's robe with dignity and bringing to every case submitted to him a clearness of perception and ready power of analysis characteristic of the learned and eminent jurist, his name and works for years have been allied with the legal institutions, public improvements and political interests of the state in such a way as to earn him recognition as one of the distinguished citizens of his gen eration in a community prolific of great men. A high purpose, an unconquerable will, vigorous mental powers, diligent study and devotion to principle and duty are some of the means by which he has made himself eminently useful, and every ambitious youth who must fight the battle of life with the prospect of ultimate success may read with profit the brief biography which is herewith presentel. \Villiam Thomas Mitchell was born in the town of Middlebury, Wyoming (then Genesee) county, New York, on the 27th day of May, 1817. His father, Hon. William Mitchell, a distinguished lawyer and jurist, had immigrated to the above place a short time before from the state of Vermont, being one of the earliest pioneers of Genesee county, as well as one of its prominent citizens and most energetic men of affairs. The country at the early period was almost a wilderness and in its growth and development William Mitchell bore an active part. He attained high and honorable standing as a lawyer and in due time became not only a leader in local affairs, but achieved distinction among the 220 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN... prominent public men of that part of the state. His career both as a practitioner in the various courts and as a Judge won him state repute and at his death he left to his son, the subject of this sketch, the heritage of a proud and honored name, which is still held in grateful remembrance in the community where the latter years of his life were spent. It can also be stated that throughout a long and useful life the subject has added to rather than dimmed this fair heritage left him by his honored sire and made the proud ancestral name which he wears much more widely and favorably known than it was before he attained the years of manhood. The subject's education during his early years was largely under his father's instruction, and while still a youth he received a good classical training preparatory to entering upon a collegiate course. By reason of impaired health, however, he was obliged to abandon the cherished ambition of a finished education and turn his attention for a time to other pursuits. After spending nearly three years as clerk in a mercantile house, he yielded to a desire of long standing by taking up the study of law, first under his father's direction and later in the office of Putnam & Hoyt, well known and successful members of the Attica bar. After three years of close, painstaking application, as then required by the laws of New York and rules of the courts, he was admitted as an attorney, receiving his first diploma from the hands of his father, who at that time was presiding judge of the court of common pleas. At the age of twenty-two Mr. Mitchell was united in marriage to Miss Adeline A. Peck, of Attica, New York, and with his young wife he at once sought a more favorable field for the exercise of his legal talents by removing in the fall of I839 to Lapeer county, Michigan; In November of that year he was formally admitted to all the courts of the state, the circuit court, court of chancery and the supreme court as then organized requiring separate examinations and admissions, diplomas from other states not being passports to the Michigan bar. In February, 1840, he was appointed prosecuting attorney pro tem, and in that capacity he conducted many prosecutions with ability and credit, for one of his years, thus adding to his reputation as an able lawyer and judicious practitioner, although his previous experience in the higher courts had been limited. It was about this time that Mr. Mitchell entered the field of journalism as editor of the Lapeer Plain Dealer, the first Democratic paper ever published in that county, the initial number of which under his management made its appearance in I840. This paper became quite influential in shaping the policy of the party in local affairs and through it he became favorably known as a forceful political factor. his able editorials gaining him wide publicity as a formidable but courteous antagonist in the discussion of the questions and issues then paramount. In the fall of that year he was elected register of deeds for the county of Lapeer, an office worth from two hundred and fifty to three hundred dollars per annum, but in I84I he was compelled to resign the position on account of becoming the victim of the prevalent diseases of fever and ague, his weakened condition interfering very materially with the successful discharge of his duties. With the hope of recovering his health, Mr. Mitchell discontinued business affairs in Lapeer county and returned to Wyoming county, New York, where he remained about one year. Returning to ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 221, Michigan at the expiration of that time greatly benefited physically, he located at the town of Romeo, Macomb county, where he formed a law partnership with his brotherin-law, H. W. Williams. The firm thus constituted soon achieved distinctive prestige at the local bar, but on account of the small fees which it was customary for country lawyers at that time to charge, the two attorneys, although in the enjoyment of a practice of considerable magnitude, did not acquire any great amount of wealth for their services. Some idea of the fees charged at the period mav be obtained when it is learned that three dollars was considered a liberal remuneration for a day's service and even these small fees were by no means abundant, while cases tried before justices and higher courts were few and far between. After a few years' practice at Romeo, Mr. Mitchell was appointed by Governor Barry prosecuting attorney of Macomb county, but resigned before the expiration of his term in order to locate at Port Huron, where he was assured a much wider and more remunerative sphere awaited him. From the time of opening an office in this city until the year I869 he prosecuted his profession with energy and success, his career during the interim presenting a series of continued advancements, which not only won him conspicuous standing at a bar distinguished for the eminence of its talent, but also brought him prominently to the front as a leader in many industrial enterprises and as an influential factor in the business and social world. In I869 he was elected judge of the sixteenth judicial circuit, then first formed, his elevation to that honorable position being a victory in that the district was then normally Republican by a very large majority. During his previous practice, which'took a very wide range, he ranked, as already stated, among the soundest and most logical lawyers of the state, in consequence of which he came to the bench eminently qualified to discharge its many high and arduous duties. Methodical in the disposition of business, fair and essentially impartial in his rulings, clear and unequivocal in the enunciation of his decisions, and withal gentle, manly and courteous to the members of the bar and to all others having business in court, he deported himself with such becoming grace and dignity as to adorn the high station with which he had been honored, and made for himself a reputation as an able and conscientious judge. With a strong and comprehensive grasp of the basic principles of legal science and a familiarity with every detail of practice, he perceived with little effort the merits and demerits of cases submitted to his consideration and such were the clear. ness and wisdom of his decisions that but few of them were ever set aside by higher courts. After occupying the bench for a period of three'years and discharging its varied duties to the satisfaction of lawyers and litigants, Mr. Mitchell was led to resign the position and resume the practice of his profession as more congenial to his tastes and much more remunerative from a financial point of view. With the laudable object in view of regaining the large volume of business which left him while occupying the bench, he threw all of the force of eminent ability into the practice and in due time recovered much of the ground thus lost and built up a respectable clientele. While devoting his time and energy to this large volume of business he was not unmindful of his party's claims or of the duties which every true citizen owes to his county and state. He continued to take a lively interest in political questions and in 1878, at the earnest 222 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. solicitation of his many friends in the seventh congressional district, he was induced to enter the congressional race of that year, his competitor being Hon. O. D. Conger, the old member, and one of Michigan's most distinguished Republican politicians and statesmen. By reason of the overwhelming strength of the opposition, he failed of election, although making a brilliant canvass, during which he gained many friends and carried much more than his party's strength at the polls. In I886 Mr. Mitchell was appointed by President Cleveland United States commercial agent at St. Hyacinth, in the province of Quebec, Canada, an office of the same grade and duties as that of consul, which position he held three years. His relations with the people of his jurisdiction (mostly French) were of the most pleasant and agreeable character and at the expiration of his term he received from them many expressions of favor and not a few regrets upon the event of his departure. Throughout his long and eminently successful professional and official career Judge Mitchell was animated by the loftiest motives and made every personal consideration subordinate to the higher claims of duty. Broad and liberal in his views of men and things, with the highest good of his fellow men ever prominently before him, his conduct was always that of the true lover of his kind and the loyal citizen, who is ready to make any reasonable sacrifice for the cause in which his interests were enlisted. He is withal a man of the people, proud of his distinction as a citizen of a country for whose laws and institutions he has the most profound admiration and respect, while his strong mentality, ripe judgment and unimpeachable integrity demonstrate to the satisfaction of all his ability to fill honorably im portant official station and to discharge worthily high trusts. In point of critical, legal scholarship and keen intellectuality he easily stands in the front rank, while in all that constitute noble manhood and upright citizenship his position in the social circle and the world of affairs has long been established and duly recognized. Judge Mitchell's protracted experience as a politician and successful campaigner is replete with many experiences which if written in connection with his professional and public career would make a large and interesting volume. Like fnany truly great men, he shrinks from, rather than courts, such notoriety, his becoming modesty and desire to keep from the public gaze being among his most pleasing characteristics. The Judge was made a Mason in Port Huron Lodge No. 58, in I852, and (luring the next few years he filled all the chairs in that organization, besides representing it in the grand lodge of the state. He had risen high in the brotherhood, holding the position of grand master of the grand lodge in I865, and being at this time a Royal Arch Mason, Select Master and a Knight Templar, belonging to the different departments of the order in the city of his residence. Judge Mitchell's first wife, to whom reference is made in a preceding paragraph, died a number of years ago, leaving one daughter, whose name is Emily Catalina Dowland. In 1854 was solemnized his marriage with Miss Fannie F. Hosmer, of Stafford, New York, a union blessed with five offspring. Judge Mitchell has lived to the ripe old age of eighty-five years, retaining in a marked degree the keen intellect and strong mental faculties for which he was especially distinguished during the period of his greatest activity and usefulness. Of recent years ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 223 he has been leading a comparatively retired life in the quiet enjoyment of his family and many friends, though still practicing his profession and keeping in touch with the trend of modern thought and manifesting a lively interest in the great public and political questions of the cay. Surrounded by everything calculated to minister to his comfort and happiness, he has the unbounded esteem of a community for the material, social and moral advancement of which so much of his life and interest have been devoted. It would indeed be something anomalous if with such an intellect as Judge Mitchell possesses, he (lid not with the varied subjects that have engaged his attention deeply study and carefully weigh the claims of revealed religion. This he has done with the happy result of strengthening and every day making brighter and surer his faith in an all-wise Father, who doeth all things well, and in his son, Jesus Christ, through the merits of whose sacrifice he expects ultimately to enjoy in a far greater degree the consolation and solace which have been such potent factors in moulding his character and shaping his destiny, not only for the life that now is but for the more abundant life beyond death's mystic stream. For many years he has been an abiding believer in the Christian faith, subscribing to the Episcopal creed, still being, as he long has been, one of the pillars of the church worshipping in Port Huron. ALBERT D. BENNETT. The present age is essentially utilitarian and on every hand the enterprising, Awideawake man of action is in evidence. The life of such a man, especially when he has risen to a position of usefulness and distinction because of his own ability and energy rather than by fortuitous circumstances, cannot fail to prove of interest and serve as an incentive to others. Such a man is the gentleman whose name furnishes the caption to this review. It may be safely asserted that there is not today within the confines of Michigan, and perhaps not within any of her sister commonwealths, a man honored with as many important trusts and certainly none who has discharged his duties more ably and faithfully or shown a greater capacity for undertaking and carrying to successful issue large and important undertakings. His business career has few if any parallels and that he has attended successfully to every detail of the numerous duties coming within his province is to those most familiar with the circumstances little less than phenomenal. Albert D. Bennett, son of Daniel and Helen M. (Sheldon) Bennett, is a native of New York, born in the town of Warsaw on the I th (lay of March, 1858. When he was two years old his parents changed their residence to Geneva, thence a little later migrated to Fox Lake, Wisconsin, where they remained about two years, removing to Saginaw at the end of that time. In the latter place young Albert lived until a lad of twelve and then accompanied his parents to Port Huron, which city was destined to become the scene of his subsequent life and business achievements. Meanwhile he attended the public schools of Saginaw, but the greater part of his intellectual training was received after the family located in 224 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Port Huron. While living at the former place he was employed about two years in a telegraph office, but during that time devoted the winter seasons to his studies, making commendable progress therein. After applying himself very diligently to his school work in Port Huron for a couple of years and demonstrating peculiar aptness as a student, he accepted a position with a dry-goods firm and in that capacity obtained his first introduction to the great world of business in which he was subsequently to perform such a prominent and active part. Three years behind the counter, with the practical knowledge which such experience brings, paved the way to a more responsible and much more lucrative position in the Port Huron Savings Bank, which institution he entered as a collector, subsequently rising to the station of bookkeeper. Mr. Bennett remained with this bank for a period of sixteen years, during which time he became familiar with the intricate problems of finance, besides greatly enlarging his general knowledge of business and becoming one of the enterprising and progressive young men of the city. Severing his connection with the above institution, he became associated with the late Henry Howard, under the name of the Howard Towing Association. Mr. Bennett was made secretary and general manager of the association and as such contributed greatly to the success of the enterprise, being peculiarly fitted by nature and previous business training for the responsibilities of his dual position. He continued te discharge his official duties to the satisfaction of all concerned for a period of five years and upon the death of Mr. Howard, at the end of that time, he was in the will named as executor of the estate, and as such, assumed entire management of Mr. Howard's business. The interests involved were many and extensive. The estate owned a large saw-mill and timber lands, engaged extensively in the sale of lumber of all description and was also the owner of a vast amount of real estate in Port Huron. In the discharge of his duties as manager of these large and far-reaching. interests, Mr. Bennett has demonstrated soundness of judgment, business capacity and executive ability such as few attain, and the continued prosperity of everything connected with the estate marks him as a man without a superior in all that constitutes leadership in large enterprises. In December, I894, Mr. Bennett was made a director of the Commercial Bank of Port Huron and upon the death of the cashier, John W. Porter, in January, 1900, he succeeded to that position and discharged the duties incident thereto until December 30 of the following year. Meantime, on the Ist of January, 190o, he was elected second vicepresident, an office created especially for him. and in January, 1902, he succeeded to the office of president of the institution, and from that date to the present he has had charge of the management of the bank, making it one of the leading financial institutions of the kind in this part of the state. He has been president of the St. Clair County Abstract Company since its organization and was also made vicepresident of the Port Huron Gas Company in I897. He is also president of the Capac Savings Bank, which was established in 1899. In addition to the enterprises ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 225, already enumerated, Mr. Bennett is also officially identified with a number of others, both of a public and a private nature, prominent among which is the Port Huron Southern Railway Company, of which he was elected president in Januarv, I90o. In that year he was also made vice-president of the Draper Manufacturing Company, an office he still retains, and among the other important positions of trust which he noxv holds are the following. in all of which he is treasurer: The Deepspring Company, The United Home Protective Fraternity, the Akman Bakery Colnpany, and the Port Huron Auditorium Company. It would appear from the abovNe that M/r. Bennett's time would be more than occupied attending to his multiplied official and other duties, but those mentioned by no means complete the list of enterprises with which he is connected. He is trustee of several companies, his services in this capacity being in great demiand in Port Huron and elsewhere. His extraordinary memory, quick but accurate judgment, clear mental faculties and capacity for large undertakings have eminently fitted him for a business life and, although a comparatively young man still on the sunny side of the half-century mark, his career, as already stated, has fewl parallels in point of brilliancy and successful results. He has been throughout his life essentially a man of action, thorough in all he does, honest and honorable ill all his dealings, and his integrity has ever been above the breath of suspicion. He first sought fortune within himself and found it in an earnest will, vast industry and a well grounded purpose to succeed. While he is now the possessor of wealth, with a home of elegance and refinement, and occupies an honorable and commanding position in the business and social world, he is decidedly a man of the people, ever having the good of his fellows at heart and ready at all times to encourage with his influence, or support with his means any measure looking to the material, moral and religious advancement of the community. Mr. Bennett was happily married on the i8th of February, I885, to Miss Emily Louise Howard, (laughter of the late Hon. Henry Howard, his former business partner and one of Port Huron's most prominent citizens. Three children have resulted fron this union, namely: Henry, Helen and Elizabeth, who with their parents constitute a domestic circle almost ideal in its mutual relations. Mr. Bennett's fraternal relations are with the Knights of the Maccabees and in religion he subscribes to the creed of the Baptist church. Mrs. Bennett is a member of that communion and, with her husband, is active in all the good work of the local congregation with which the family worship. In addition to holding official station in his own church, Mr. Bennett is a trustee of the First Baptist church of Port Huron, which relation he has sustained for a number of years. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett are well and popularly known in Port Huron and their home is a favorite resort of the best society circles of the city. Of kindly dispositions and with natures overflowing with charity and good will to all, they are universally beloved and respected, and by lives singularly free from fault they have shown themselves eminently worthy of the high esteem in which they are held. 226 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. HON. LINCOLN AVERY. The choice of a profession as a necessity to success is based upon two fundamental principles, one of which is, that he who does not strive does not attain. The fact is immutable that every man is compelled either to work and succeed or worry and be left behind in the race. There is no value which has not become so through patient and long continued toil. There is no achievement disproportionate to the effort spent upon it. All that we call progress, whether in civilization, art, education or prosperity; from the culture of a barley stalk to the construction of a battle-ship; from the sculpturing of a statue to the perfecting of a man, depends upon labor. Activity is the cradle in which God rocks the universe. All that ministers to success in any calling, all that gives peace and secures happiness, springs from hard, honest labor, mental or physical. The highway of fortune, where all labor and success rest, is steep and difficult of access and puts to the proof the energies of him who would reach the summit. Among the many that strive but few succeed in attaining the height, but upon those few very largely rest the responsibility, the success, the destiny of society and the state. The above line of thought is suggested while contemplating the career of the distinguished lawyer and successful self-made man to a brief review of whose career the following lines are devoted, a man who by the sheer force of strong mentality, actuated by an energy such as few have known, has worked himself upward from obscurity to a proud position among the eminent professional and public men of the state which is honored by his citizenship. Hon. Lincoln AVery, the eleventh in a family of twelve children, whose parents were Anthony R. and Sarah (Hilborn) Avery, was born in the township of Pickering, county and province of Ontario, Canada, on the 24th of October, I86o. When he was about ten years old his parents changed their abode to St. Clair county, Michigan, settling on a farm in Grant township, where they spent the remainder of their (lays. There young Lincoln spent his childhood and youthful years, acquiring a preliminary education in the district schools and receiving from his parents those lessons of wisdom and practical industry which had so much to do in forming a symmetrical character and shaping for a career of usefulness the whole trend of his subsequent life. Animated by a desire to add to his intellectual attainments, Mr. Avery entered the State Normal School, where he prosecuted the higher branches of learning for some time, subsequently becoming a student of the Michigan Agricultural College at Lansing, from which he was graduated in 1882 with the degree of B. S. Realizing the advisability of choosing a life work as early as possible, he decided to make law his profession, and after a preliminary course of reading under the direction of competent instructors, entered, in 1885, the law department of the State University at Ann Arbor, from which he received the degree of LL. B. with the class of 1886. Before completing his course in the above institution he was admitted to the bar in Port Huron and immediately thereafter effected a copartnership with his brother, the late Al R. Avery, which in due time became one of the strongest and most successful legal firms in the county of St. Clair. In this connection it may be proper to state that while pursuing his studies in ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 227 the college at Lansing he was elected superintendent of the St. Clair county public schools, a position he held for a period of three years, during which time he did much to advance the standard of education, making the system within his jurisdiction one of the best in the state. From I886 until 1892 Mr. Avery devoted his attention exclusively to the practice of his profession and built up a large and lucrative business in the courts of St. Clair county, winning recognition as one of the ablest as well as one of the most honorable members of the local bar. In the latter year he was the Republican nominee for the office of prosecuting attorney and, after making a brilliant canvass, defeated his competitor by a majority of six hundred votes. This victory in a circuit normally Democratic attested not only his eminent fitness for the office, but also his great personal popularity with the people and with such ability and credit did he discharge the duties of the office that at the ensuing election. in 1894, he was chosen his own successor by the unprecedented majority of two thousand five hundred, running far in advance of his ticket and receiving a larger vote than that cast for any of his predecessors. At the expiration of his second term he was elected city attorney, in which, as in the office of prosecutor, he displayed an ability and conscientious devotion to duty that added greatly to his name and fame as one of the leaders of the Port Huron bar. While serving his second term as attorney for the city, Mr. Avery was appointed collector of customs for the district of Port Huron, immediately after which he resigned the former office to enter upon the duties of the latter. The honorable distinction achieved in the discharge of his functions as prosecutor and city attorney paved the way for a still higher reputation which he attained in one of the most exacting of offices, an office requiring not only sound judgment and straightforward business methods, but also a foresight and executive ability such as few men possess. To say that he fully met these requirements and demonstrated an easy mastery of the situation, besides satisfying the most critical and exacting, as well as coming up to the high expectations of his many friends, is to state a fact which all freely and cheerfully acknowledge. As a zealous Republican, Mr. Avery is not only widely and favorably known in the county of his residence where his services have long been appreciated at their true value, but he has also achieved a state reputation for judicious and effective leadership. For a number of years he has been secretary of the county central committee, in which capacity his wise counsel and success as a planner of campaigns resulted in greatly strengthening the local ticket, while his services as a member of the state committee have been equally valuable in leading his party to more than one victory at the polls. He was also honored with a place on the executive committee of state control in the last state campaign and still retains the position to the satisfaction of all concerned, devoting much of his time to the party and making any reasonable sacrifice within his power to strengthen and promote its interests. To return briefly to Mr. Avery's profession, it can be truthfully said that the bright promises of his youth have been abundantly realized in his career at the bar. He has been a profound student of jurisprudence in its various phases, is well grounded in the great underlying principles of law and familiar with every detail of practice. Careful and 228 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. judicious in the preparation of legal papers, painstaking and thorough in their presentation to the court, he frequently secures verdicts for his clients by skillful and elaborate arguments, delivered with eloquence and force. He is ready in grasping facts pertinent to the issues involved, and, fortified by his convictions of right, seldom recedes from a position when once taken. Courteous in his treatment of opposing counsel, court and jury, he easily won the respect of his professional brethren, all of whom concede to him the distinguished standing which he has attained as a high-minded lawyer whose course has always been in keeping with the dignity of his profession and in accord with his ideal of manly conduct. As stated at the beginning of this article, Mr. Avery is essentially the architect of his own fortunes. Without relying upon prestige or the help of friends for success, he early learned to depend upon his own powers and, having supreme confidence in himself, gradually forged to the front, daily growing in public favor until he became prominent in the affairs of his county and state. A man of prompt decision, he knew how to take advantage of circumstances and in the absence of opportunities possessed the rare power of creating them at will to suit his purposes. He has achieved a large measure of success in one of the most arduous of the learned professions and as an official he has adorned every station to which he has been called. In the domain of private citizenship he has shown himself worthy of the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow men and by heartily seconding or cooperating with every enterprise looking to the material, social and moral advancement of the community has shown himself in the true sense of the word a benefactor and friend of progress. Mr. Avery's marriage with Miss Elizabeth Northup, daughter of Dr. Myron Northup, was solemnized on the 23d day of August, I892, the union resulting in the birth of three children, namely: Florence H., Elizabeth N. and Lincoln J. EUGENE A. BARTLETT. St. Clair county has been signally faored in 'the personnel of its corps of officials, and the present incumbent of the responsible office of county clerk has proved his eligibility for the position through so capable an administration during his first term of office as to lead to his being chosen as his own successor in the last election, in the fall of 1902, and none is more worthy of mention in this volume, not alone on this score of public service and priority, but also by reason of his having long been identified with the business life of the county, where he has maintained his home from the age of nine years to the present time. Eugene A. Bartlett is a native son of the Wolverine state, having been born in Clarkson, Oakland county, Michigan, on the I7th of December, 1857, and being a son of the late Harold J. Bartlett, who removed thence to Memphis, St. Clair county, when the subject was nine years of age, and there engaged in the work of his trade, that of harnessmaker. He became one of the honored business men oi the town and there passed the remaiinder of his life, his death occurring in 1883, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 229 at the age of forty-nine years. His wife, whose maiden name was Rose L. Keys, died in I888, at the age of fifty-six years. Eugene A. Bartlett received his early educational discipline In the public schools, and as a youth of sixteen years he entered upon an apprenticeship at the trade of harnessmaking, in the shop and under the effective direction of his father. Upon the death of his honored sire he succeeded to the business, which he has consecutively carried forward to the present time, a period of a full score of years, though the enterprise is now, as a matter of course, largely left in charge of others, as his official duties place insistent demands upon his time and attention. \t the age of twenty-three years Mr. Bartlett was inducted into official life, being then elected clerk of Riley township, this county, and he continued to retain this incumbency for a period of nine years, while he was also elected to other local offices of trust, including that of school director, which he held for fifteen years, while as a stanch and active worker in the ranks of the Republican party he has served as delegate to various conventions, and was a member of the county central committee about fourteen years. He has been a delegate to a number of the state conventions of the party and his interest in its affairs has been constant and effective. On the 7th of November, I900, Mr. Bartlett was elected to his present office, and was returned to the same in the November election of I902, by a gratifying majority, while his administration has given general satisfaction without regard to political lines. Fraternally he is a Master Mason, being a member of Memphis Lodge No. 142, F. & A. M., at Memphis, and he is also identified with the lodge of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, in Port Huron, where he has resided since his election to the office of county clerk. On the 2Ist of January, 1883, Mr. Bartlett was united in marriage to Miss Julia Bywater, who was born in Macomb county, Michigan, and they became the parents of six children, the eldest of whom, Goldie, died at the age of one year, while the five surviving remain at the parental home, namely: Caroline, Hilda, Una Belle, Zelma and Harold John. By a noteworthy coincidence, Caroline and Una Belle were born on the same day of the month, with an intervening interval of four years, and the same was true of Zelma and Harold, with an interval of two years. HON. FRED T. MOORE. Prominent in the public affairs of Port Huron, distinguished as one of the leading politicians of St. Clair county, and enjoying distinctive prestige in business and financial circles far beyond the limits of the community honored by his citizenship, Hon. Fred T. Moore stands out a conspicuous figure among the successful and representative men of eastern Michigan. Characterized by remarkable breadth of wisdom and strong individuality, his accomplishments but represent the result of fit utilization of innate talent in directing effort along these lines whose mature judgment and rare discrimination lead the way. He has been actively identified 230 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I with this section of the state for a number of years, contributing to its material progress and prosperity to an extent equalled by few of his contemporaries, at the same time lending his influence and means to the generous support of all enterprises having for their object the social and moral welfare of his city and county and the advancement of a higher standard of citizenship. The story of his success is short and comparatively simple, containing no exciting chapter, but in it lies one of the valuable secrets of the prosperity which it records, and his business and private life are fruitful of interest and incentive, no matter how lacking in dramatic action. It is the record of an honorable and essentially useful life, consistent with itself and its possibilities and abounding in much to encourage the youth whose destiny is still a matter of the future. Fred T. Moore is a native of St. Clair county, Michigan, born in Fort Gratiot township on the 27th day of May, I864. He spent the first ten years of his life at the place of his birth, growing up amid pleasing rural scenes which doubtless exercised a potent influence in moulding and shaping his character and directing his mind in proper avenues of thought and action. In 1874 his place of residence was changed to Osceola county and in the autumn of that year he entered the Grand Rapids Business College, where he received a practical educational discipline which served as a foundation for his subsequent career in the world of affairs. Five years later he went to the county of Missaukee, where he resided until his removal, about I888, to St. Clair county, meanwhile devoting his time and attention to various pursuits. Mr. Moore's arrival in the latter county marked the beginning of his career as a business man and as a factor in public life. In the spring of I889, in partnership with his brother, George W\. Moore, he organized a private bank in the town of Capac and after asisting in its management of a few months, came to Port Huron, where the same firm established a savings bank, which in due time grew into one of the most successful as well as one of the most popular institutions of the kind in the western part of the state. By natural inclination and thorough mental training Mr. Moore soon became an accomplished business man and it was not long until he made his presence felt'in financial circles. Possessing executive ability of a high order and an innate capacity for large undertakings, the bank under his management continued to grow in public favor until the soundness of its standing made it, if not the leading monetary establishment in the city, at least the equal of any other in all that enters into the makeup of a safe, conservative and thoroughly reliable institution. When quite a young man Mr. Moore manifested much more than ordinary interest in political affairs and immediately after becoming a resident of Port Huron he began taking an active part in local, state and national politics. In 1894 he was elected to represent the sixth ward in the city council and during his five years' incumbency as alderman he stood for progress and improvement in all the terms imply, doing much for the substantial growth of the municipality and bringing about much needed legislation. His record while serving in the above body proving satisfactory ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 231 to his immediate constituents as well as to the public at large, he was further honored in the fall of I899 by being elected by the Republican party mayor of Port Huron, the duties of which responsible position he discharged in an able and impartial manner, winning the good will and esteem of the people of the city irrespective of political ties. During the year I90o he served as chairman of the board of supervisors, in which he was characterized by the conscientious fidelity to duty which added to the already honorable reputation he had achieved. Mr. Moore is a splendid type of the aggressive, successful American of today and his career from the beginning presents a series of continued successes such as few men of his years attain. Broad mninded and liberal in his views of men and things, there is nothing narrow or intolerant in his nature and thus far the greater lart of his active life has been devoted unselfishly to the public good. In manner he is pleasant and affable, with sympathies that express themselves in kiindness to associates and charities where they are needed. Socially he is a charming gentlemiian, companionable, vivacious, intelligent and genial, while he has ever been appre — c-ative of whatever is noble in man and assists, to the limits of his ability, anything tending to promote the moral and religious welfare of the community. A believer in revealed religion and appreciating the claims which it has on every individual, he early identified himself with the visible church and has ever since enleavored to make his daily life and conversation correspond with his profession as an humble and devout disciple of the Christ. At the present time he holds the dual position of trustee and treasurer in the First Congregational church of Port Huron, with which he holds membership, and, aside from his official capacity, does much to advance the organization, being with this estimable wife among its active workers as well as liberal contributors. Mr. Moore has long been a pronounced factor and leading spirit in the city's social life and for some years past has been prominent in the affairs of the Port Huron Club, being at this time vice-president of its board of directors. He is also a Mason of high degree and, in addition to that order, holds fraternal relations with the Knights of Pythias, having been honored with official station in both brotherhoods. On the 30th clay of October, I889, Mr. Moore was married in Port Huron to Miss Janette C. Maxwell, the accomplished daughter of T. A. Maxwell, Esq., of Clyde township, this county, the union resulting ill the birth of four children, namely: Florence M. C., Marjory, Laura E. and Fred T. In closing this brief review of the career of one of Port Huron's most accomplished, enterprising and up-to-date business men, it is needless to say that he combines the sterling and admirable qualities of head and heart which win success and gain the good will and applause of his countrymen. Vigorous in action, resolute of purpose and with a will that hesitates at no opposing circumstances, he has made his presence felt as a member of the body politic, and the high esteem in which he is held by all classes and conditions of people has been well and faithfully earned. 232 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I In his business and official capacities, he has widely extended his circle of personal as well as political friends and as he is still in the prime of life, with most favorable future prospects, it is predicted that still higher honors await him, although he could well afford to rest on the laurels already won. JOHN E. MILLER. Holding prestige among the successful business men of today, the subject of this review has had much to do in advancing the material interests of Port Huron and making it one of the most important (industrial and commercial centers of Michigan. The study of such a life can not fail of interest and incentive, as he is distinctly representative in his sphere of activity and has contributed in no small measure to the remarkable prosperity of the city in which he was born and reared and which has so long been his home and field of operation. From the most authentic information obtainable the branch of the Miller family to which the subject belongs appears to have had its origin in Germany, but was represented in this country a great many years ago by ancestors who settled in Pennsylvania. Subsequently, offshoots settled in different parts of the United States and Canada, the father of the subject, John Miller, having been born in the latter country. When young he was taken to New York, thence later to Michigan, where he grew to mature years and became prominent in the business circles of the state as a banker and lumber dealer. He was a man of decided ability and pronounced influence and for a number of years was prominently identified with the industrial growth of Port Huron, where his death occurred on the I3th of September, 1873, at the age of sixty-one. When a young man John Miller married Flora Hull, who bore him two children and departed this life at Port Huron in May, I893. Of these two offspring John E. is the younger. John E. Miller was born in Port Huron on the IIth day of September, I847, and it is a fact worthy of record that the house which he now occupies was the one in which he first saw the light of day. His childhood and youthful years were pretty much the same as the majority of boys who grew up in towns or cities, being devoid of dramatic incident and in the main devoted to attendance at school and to the minor duties of the home and his father's business. Alfter completing the prescribed course in the public schools of the city, he acquired a business education in a Detroit commercial college, later supplementing this training by an attendance of two years at the Baptist Theological College in Kalamazoo. With a mind well fortified with intellectual discipline and training in more practical affairs, Mr. Miller addressed himself to a life of business and from the beginning his career has been marked by a series of continued advancements which show him to be the possessor of natural and acquired abilities beyond those of the majority of his compeers. While identified with different enterprises, he has been chiefly engaged in banking, having from an early age mani ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 233 fested an inclination as well as decided capacity to study financial problems and apply their solution to the practical affairs of the business world. For some years past he has been vice-president of the First National Exchange Bank of Port Huron, one of the solid monetary institutions of the state, and for a period of five years he served as its cashier; since its organization he has been a member of the board of directors and to his judicious and reliable counsel, as well as to his familiarity with every detail of modern questions of finance, is the bank largely indebted for the continued success which has marked its record to the present time. In I89I Mr. Miller began dealing in coal, a business which he has since carried on with gratifying financial results, building up a trade of great magnitude in Port Huron and elsewhere and extending his operations to various parts of the state. \While primarily interested in his own enterprises and losing no favorable opportunity to promote their advancement, he has not been unmindful of the duties which every good citizen owes the public, consequently he takes an active part in all matters pertaining to his city and county and lends his influence to legitimate means for their welfare. Not a politician in the sense the term is usually accepted, nevertheless he has long been a student of political questions and an active participant in the deliberations of the Democratic party in Port Huron and the county of St. Clair. With the exception of serving one term as city treasurer, he has never stepped aside from his business affairs to aspire to office or public distinction, yet he adheres strictly to the tenets of his party and, when necessary, makes sacrifices of time and means for the good of its nominees. Mr. Miller is prominent in Masonic circles, having taken a number of degrees in the order, including, among others, that of Sir Knight, and exemplifies in his life the noble tenets of the order. In his domestic life Mr. Miller is exceedingly fortunate, surrounded as he is by a most estimable family, every member of which is not only devoted to him, but mutually loving and forebearing of one another, a family that has deserved all the affections of his heart, stimulated his pride, increased his hope and contributed to his happiness and success in life. His wife was formerly Miss Sarah A. Barnes, daughter of Dan Barnes, of Port Huron, and the ceremony by which her maiden name was changed to the one she now honorably bears took place in the month of August, I868. Mr. and Mrs. Miller are the parents of two sons and one daughter, namely: John B., of California, and Clara A., and Frank E., now living in Port Huron, and it may not be uninteresting to note that the subject's oldest granddaughter was born in the old homestead which is hallowed by so many tender recollections and sacred associations of the past. Such, in brief, is but a feeble attempt to outline the career of one of Port Huron's enterprising and pre-eminently honorable business men; his deeds speak so much louder than words that any attempt to reduce them to record must of necessity prove futile, hence the writer will leave them as a monument to his name and to the beauty and strength of his character, a monument far more enduring than marble shaft or granite obelisk. 234 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. EUGENE F. LAW. The bar of St. Clair county has been honored and dignified by the life and services of this able'jurist and legist, whose native acumen and laudable ambition have won him marked prestige in his profession, while he is at the present time incumbent of the important and responsible position of judge of the thirty-first judicial district, in Port Huron. In no profession is there a career more open to talent than in that of the law, and in no field of endeavor is there demanded a more careful preparation, a more thorough appreciation of the absolute ethics of life or of the underlying principles which form the basis of all human rights and privileges. Unflagging perseverance and application, intuitive wisdom and a determination to fully utilize the legitimate means at hand, are the concomitants that insure personal success and precedence in this great profession, which stands as the stern conservator of justice; and it is one into which none should enter without a recognition of the obstacles to be overcome and the battles to be won, for success comes only and diametrically as the result of capacity and consecutive effort. Judge Law has won a place among the representative and honored members of the bar of his native state of Michigan, and Port Huron numbers him among her valued citizens. Eugene F. Law was born on a farm in Kalamazoo county, Michigan, on the 23d of June, 1859, and there his youthful days were passed, his preliminary educational discipline being received in the district school in the vicinity of his home, while he made so excellent use of his scholastic advantages that as a young man he became eligible for peda gogic work, along. which line were directed his initial independent efforts, and he was a successful teacher in the schools of his native county. His father, William Law, died on the old homestead in 1884, and in the following year the subject came to St. Clair county in company with his mother, whose maiden name was Mary Johnson, and they located in the village of Yale, where the latter still maintains her home. In I879 Judge Law was matriculated as a student in the Michigan State Agricultural College, near the city of Lansing, capital of the state, and there he was graduated as a member of the class of 1883, having continued to devote his attention to teaching in the schools of St. Clair county during his collegiate vacations. After his graduation he became principal of the public schools of Yale, retaining this incumbency for a period of four years and doing a most successful work in the local educational field, while he simultaneously served as a member of the county board of school examiners, of which he was secretary in I889 -90. He had given special attention to the study of civil engineering and surveying while in college and had gained marked practical facility in these lines, to which he devoted more or less attention for several.years. In I89I he entered the law department of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1892, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws and being simultaneously admitted to the bar in the university city. In December, I892, Judge Law located in Port Huron, where he entered upon the active practice of his profession, in which his novitiate was of brief duration, since his abilities and fidelity soon gained to him dis vy-. I' ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 235 tinctive recognition and a representative clientage. Here he entered into a professional alliance with Harvey Sparling and Alexander Moore, and the firm conducted business under the title of Sparling, Law & Moore until the removal of the senior member to California, about five years ago, after which the firm continued as Law & Moore until g900, when the subject was elected to the office of prosecuting attorney, receiving a majority of two thousand four hundred votes. He retained this incumbency up to the time of his elevation to the circuit bench, in 1901, to fill out the unexpired term of the late Judge Frank Whipple, this preferment having come to him upon the unanimous recommendation of the bar of the county, a fact which indicates the esteem and confidence in' -which he is held by his professional confreres. In November, I902, at the regular election in the county, Judge Law was elected as his own successor, receiving the largest majority of any candidate on the county ticket,this being a gratifying evidence of popular esteem as supplementilg that of the bar. His opponent, Judge Herman W. Stevens, was the regular nominee of the Democratic party and was the strongest and most logical candlidate the party could put forth. On the 1)ench Judge Law administers the law with the broadest intelligence and with a keen regard for equity. A man of unimpeaclable claracter, of unusual intellectual endowments, with a thorough understanding of the law, with distinctive patience, urbanity and industry, he has brought to the bench the highest qualifications for this important office, and his record as a judge has been in harmony with his record as a man and a lawyer, distinguished by unswerving integrity and a masterful grasp of every problem that 14 has presented itself for solution. The judge who makes a success in the discharge of his multitudinous and delicate duties, whose rulings are seldom reversed and before whom counsel and litigant come with unshakable confidence, is a man of well rounded character, finely balanced mind and splendid intellectual attainments. Such a man and such a judge has the subject distinctly proved himself to be, while it should be said that he gives special attention to the rapid dispatch of the cases on his docket, believing that the cause of justice and equity is conserved by the prompt attention to cases presented and that delays tend to defeat this cause. Thus in his court the accused person is certain to have his case expeditiously taken up and to receive full justice, whether by conviction or by being cleared of the charges preferred against him. In politics the Judge has ever given a stanch allegiance to the Republican party and has taken a zealous interest in the promotion of its cause. He is known and honored as one of Port Huron's loyal citizens, and his friends are practically in number as his acquaintances. On the 29th of December, 1887, Judge Law was united in marriage to Miss Clara Boice, who was born in St. Clair couintv, and the only child of this union, Ilda, died of diphtheria when two and one-half years of age. HON. GEORGE W. MOORE. George W. Moore is a native son of St. Clair county, Michigan, where he was born on the 12th of April, I859. His place of nativity was a farm in Fort Gratiot township and he is a son of Stephen and Eliza 236 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I (Thompson) Moore, both of whom were of English lineage. Stephen Moore was born in the province of New Brunswick, Canada, on the IIth of December, 1828, and in 1848 he came to Port Huron and was thereafter engaged in lumbering and farming until I88I, having located on his farm in Fort Gratiot township in 1857 and having become one of the influential citizens of that section of the county. He was supervisor of his township in I861-2 and it is interesting to record that forty years later he was again chosen incumbent of this office, which he is holding at the present time. In I894 he was elected county treasurer of St. Clair county, of which office he continued in tenure for a period of four years, giving an able and acceptable administration of the fiscal affairs assigned to his charge. He lived for a number of years in Port Huron county, and there his wife died in 1883, at the age of forty-four years. Later he was for a time a resident of Missaukee county, from which he returned to his old farm in Fort Gratiot township, where he now maintains his home, being one of the honored pioneer citizens of the county. George W. Moore was reared to the age of fifteen on the old homestead where he was born. He attended for several years the district schools and later the public school in the village of Hersey; and while he may not claim to be a scholar in the specific sense of the term, it may be said that his education has not been time-limited by curriculum of school or college and that his diploma is signed by that wise head-master, Experience. In the year 1877, when about eighteen years of age, he went to Muskegon county, where he secured employment in a large sawmill, where his duties were of the most arduous order, consisting principally in the rolling of saw logs. He finally gave up his position and in the fall of 1879, in partnership with L. J. Cody, engaged in the business of logging upon his own responsibility, thus initiating a business career which has been peculiarly successful. This partnership continued until 1885, when Mr. Moore purchased the interest of his associate in the enterprise, the firm having in the meanwhile, in I88I, removed to Missaukee county, where they constructed a steam logging road and handled a large business. Shortly after the dissolution of the partnership Mr. Moore disposed of the business in Missaukee county and returned to St. Clair county, where he became associated with his brother, Fred T. Moore, in the establishing of a bank in the town of Capac. In I890 he assisted in the organization of the St. Clair County Savings Bank, of Port Huron, of which he is cashier, an institution which has had an almost unprecedented success from its formation. In I898 the Moore brothers further extended their operations by establishing a private bank at Mound City, which has proved a valuable accessory to the business interests of the community. Not only in the world of practical industry has Mr. Moore demonstrated his judgnent and discrimination, but also in the domain of politics has he long been recognized as a forceful factor and a leader whose efforts have contributed materially to the success of the Republican party. In Missaukee county he was chairman of the county central committee. He also served as chairman of the board of supervisors of that county and exercised marked influence in all local affairs. In I896 Mr. Moore was made chairman of the St. Clair county central commit ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 237 tee, the 'duties of which he has discharged in an able and satisfactory manner to the present time. In 1898 a consistent distinction was conferred upon him in his election to represent the eleventh senatorial district in the legislature of the state, his opponent being defeated by a majority of nearly twelve hundred votes. His record as a legislator is replete with the evidence of duty ably and faithfully performed. He participated actively in the deliberations of the senate and served on a number of the most important committees. He is remembered as one of the "immortal nineteen" whose determined stand made the session of I899 a landmark in the annals of state legislation. Mr. Moore is a politician in the broad sense of the term, being actively arrayed in defense and support of the party's interests at all times and ever ready to make any reasonable sacrifice to insure its success, though not offensively partisan, as is evident from the fact that many of his stanchest friends are found among his political opponents. His integrity is beyond cavil and in all the relations of life he shows a due sense of responsibility, ordering his course according to the highest ethical principles. He is of liberal ideas, keeps informed on the questions and issues of the hour, and although firm in his convictions, which are invariably well fortified, and fearless in the expression of his opinions, he is tolerant of the opinions of others. Of genial and courteous presence, well poised under all circumstances, vivacious in conversation, an agreeable and entertaining companion, lie is popular with all who know him. Believing in using the good things of this world to useful and practical ends, he has surrounded himself with many of the comforts and luxuries of life, not the least of which is a pleasant and attractive home, the abode of an ideal domestic circle and a center of gracious and generous hospitality. On the I8th of June, 1884, Senator Moore was united in marriage to Miss Harriet E. Radcliffe, of Hersey, Michigan, and they are the parents of five children, namely: Carl R., Ralph T., Mary E., George W. and John S. HARRISON W. MAINES. Deeds are thought crystallized and according to their brilliancy do we judge of the worth of a man to the community in which he lives and in his works do we expect to find a true index to his character. The study of the life of the representative American citizen seldom fails to offer much of pleasing interest and valuable instruction. The subject of this review, the' popular and official sheriff of St. Clair county, affords a striking example of the type of American character and progressive spirit which conserves public interest while promoting individual enterprise and success. Harrison W. Maines is a representative of the best element of New England manhood in western life, inheriting as he does the sturdy characteristics and sterling qualities for which the strong, virile people of his native state have long been distinguished. He was born October 24, 1851, in Pittsfield, Maine, and remained in that commonwealth until about eighteen years of age, meanwhile attending during winter seasons the public schools and spending the remainder of the year at various kinds of manual labor. On severing home ties and starting in life as an independent factor, 238 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. young Harrison entered the employ of the Maine Central Railroad as fireman and after continuing in that capacity about one year, came to Port Huron, Michigan, and engaged in the lake service as a steamboat engineer. His arrival in this city dates back to about I870, when he was only nineteen years of age, and from that time to the present day his life has been very closely identified with the public interests of this section of the state. After following the lakes for some time he turned his attention to vocations on land and in 1883 was elected to the office of chief of the police force of Port Huron, a position for which his natural bent and previous training and experience peculiarly qualified him. Mr. Maines continued as chief of the department until I895 inclusive, and proved a brave, fearless and, in every respect, a most capable official. During his incumbency there was engendered in the city a wholesome respect for law and order, the criminal class being kept under complete control while many violators of municipal authority were brought with little ceremony to the stern bar of justice. \Vitl such ability did Mr. Maines discharge his functions as chief of police that in the year I895 he was further honored by being made under sheriff of St. Clair county, the duties of which office he discharged with credit to himself and to the entire satisfaction of the public for a period of four years. His career in the latter position paved the way to the higher office of sheriff of St. Clair county, to which he was elected in I898, the duties of which office he has discharged with credit to himself and to the public for a period of four years. Entering upon the discharge of his duties, Mr. Maines sustained the high reputation he had previously acquired ini subor dinate capacities and as a stern, inflexible, but eminently courteous conservator of justice, soon made his presence felt to the good of his entire jurisdiction. Carrying out the behests of the courts without fear or favor, and attending to every detail of his office with the most commendable fidelity, he made such a creditable record that when the time approached for another election it was the unanimous sentiment of the party that he be chosen his own successor. Accordingly, in 900o, his name was again placed on the ticket and at the ensuing election he went into the office by a very decided majority, which fact attests not only his eminent fitness for the place, but his great personal popularity with the people of the county irrespective of political creed. Mr. Maines has been a pronounced Republican ever since old enough to wield the elective franchise and for a number of years past his leadership in the county of St. Clair has been duly recognized and appreciated by his party associates. Few men have exercised greater influence as a worker in the ranks, while his services as a planner of campaigns and as a safe adviser in party councils have controlled much to the strength of the ticket in a number of local, state and national contests. While aggressive and untiring in his efforts to promote the success of the cause, he is honorable in his methods, never resorting to the questionable practices of the professional partisan nor stooping to the undignified procedure of the curb-stone politician or demagogue. Intellectually Mr. Maines is direct, incisive and critical, with a mind active, vigorous and intense. Fidelity to trust is among his most marked traits and with him to know a duty is equivalent to performing it with all the ardor of his nature. He has proven ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 239 I faithful in every station to which he has been called, always does the right as he sees and understands the right, and it is a fact cheerfully conceded by all that neither Port Huron nor St. Clair county has ever been honored by a more capable, painstaking or popular public servant. Fraternally Mr. Maines occupies a prominent position in several orders, notably the Masonic, Knights of Pythias, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Ancient Order United Workmen and the Knights of the Maccabees, in all of which he has been honored with important official station. He is a married man and the father of two children, whose names are Charles R. and Lillian I. Mrs. Maines, formerly Miss Dora M. Rodgers, is a native of Pittsfield, Maine, and it was in that town her name was changed to the one she now bears. CHRISTIAN KERN. The prosperity and substantial welfare of a city are in a large measure due to its business and industrial enterprises. It is the progressive, wide-awake man of affairs that makes the real history of a community and his influence as a potent factor of the body politic is difficult to estimate. The wellknown subject of this review is the leading spirit in one of Port Huron's important industries and as such he has contributed much to the material and financial standing of the city as an important business center. Christian Kern is a creditable representative of the German element in our national life, an element that has done more to promote success along industrial, business and intellectual lines than any people that have found refuge on American soil. He was born in the kingdom of Wurtemberg, November 7, I848, grew to maturity in his native land and received his educational discipline in its public schools. Reared to industrious habits, he early formulated plans for his future course of action and while still a youth decided to leave the fatherland and seek his fortunes in America, of which country he had read much and heard many favorably reports. In the fall of I867 he bade farewell to the familiar scenes of his childhood and in due time reached the shores of the United States, where, under new and changed conditions, he entered upon a new destiny. After remaining a few months in the city of Cincinnati, Mr. Kern proceeded as far west as Muscatine, Iowa, and a little later went to Chicago, Illinois, and in I870 came to Port Huron, Michigan, where he has since carried on the brewing business very extensively, building in I894 one of the largest, i-(ost complete and in every way one of the most successful breweries in the state. His operations have greatly increased in scope and magnitude and to meet the heavy demands for his product the plant is kept running at its full capacity, his brands having a very extensive sale all over Michigan and throughout a number of neighboring states. Mr. Kerns' financial success has been commensurate with the energy and enterprise with which he has prosecuted his business, and his reputation for honorable dealing in all of his relations with his fellow men has been such as to gain for him the unbounded esteem of his patrons and the public generally. He takes a lively interest in the material prosperity of his adopted city and lends his aid and influence to all movements and enterprises with that object in view. He has 240 ST. CLAIR COUNTY.MIGHIGAN. - -- ------ -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ served several years as a member of the common council and, as alderman, was instrumental in bringing about much important municipal legislation. He has also been honored with a place on the board of estimates, where his sound judgment and conservative business methods had much weight with his fellow members. He is looked upon by all who know him as a man of high character and sterling worth and his influence on business and financial interests of the city has been such as to gain for him a prominent standing among the leading business men of this part of that state. He is identified with the Pythian Brotherhood and Knights of the Maccabees, and for a number of years has belonged to the German Aid Society, made up of leading men of his nationality in Port Huron. He is a gentleman of pleasing presence, courteous and companionable, and socially is popular with a large circle of warm personal friends in Port Huron and elsewhere. Enjoying distinctive prestige as a man and citizen, it is with much pleasure that the foregoing brief sketch and modest tribute to his worth is accorded a place in this volume. ALLAN ATKINS. Homes and villages have sprung up on every hand since this gentleman first saw St. Clair county in its primitive wildness and beauty; forests have disappeared before the stroke of the ax wielded by the strong arm of the woodman; farms, with fertile, well tilled fields, fine orchards, comfortable buildings and all the adjuncts of civilization have taken the place of the tangled wilderness which sheltered numerous beasts of prey and, at no! very remote period, the painted savage. The music of traffic, mingled with the notes of ceaseless industry, make melody where once the solitudes were broken at intervals by the scream of the ferocious wild animal or disturbed by the symphony of the breeze, the dirge of the winter storm, or the first blasts of the terrible tornado.' Allan Atkins, one of the pioneers of St. Clair county and a late resident of Clyde township, was born September 8, I8o8, about four miles from Glascow at Cambuslarg, Scotland, and died November 27, I902. -He was the son of David and Margaret (Wiley) Atkins, both of whom were of Scotch nativity, he being born at Leeds Hills and she at Ayreshire. In the old country David Atkins was a merchant and also took part in one of the wars, being connected with the commissary department during his period of service. About I809 or iSIo he came across the water and located at Sombre, Canada, where he obtained a grant of land from the government. This grant was made because of the part he took in the McKenzie rebellion and in order to reward him for his service. Subsequently he came to St. Clair county and located on a farm where Marine City now stands, where he died. His first wife died and a short time afterward he married a second time. By his first marriage he was the father of eight children: John, deceased, who settled in Canada about I830; James, also deceased, was a cotton manufacturer in Scotland; Ella lived and died in Canada; Alex, a farmer, died in Clyde township; William was also a farmer in Clyde township; Daniel, who was a British soldier, died in the East Indies; Allan, and Margaret, who married John Davidson, lived in Clyde town ST. CLAIR COUN _ — I -- - -- ---- - ' - I ship. By his second marriage he was the father of the following children: Eleanor, David and Sarah. When Daniel Atkins came to America he brought only part of his family with him, leaving the younger members with some of the relatives in the old country, and at the time of his death he was living with one of his sons who had accompanied him from their native land. The subject's mother having died when he was a very small boy, he made his home with his brother John, in Scotland, until he was nineteen years old, and during his residence in the country of his nativity he learned the trade of a weaver. May 28, I828, he left Scotland on a sailing vessel bound for America and in the following August arrived in Quebec, Canada. He did not tarry in Quebec, but went directly to Montreal, where he obtained employment in the ship yards, remaining there a short time. Leaving Montreal, he next went to Brockville, Ontario, being employed on the Riduan canal, and after a brief sojourn in that place he went to Ottawa. Here he was no better satisfied than at previous places and he soon left Canada and came to the United States, settling in Hartford, New York. Here he worked at different occupations for a short time and then returned to Montreal, where he visited his brother John, who had reared him. At the end of his visit he did not return to New York, but went to Port Lamton, where he remained until I830, when he came to St. Clair county and located at Wadhams. While in Wadhams MIr. Atkins and his brother Alex worked for several months for W. R. Gooding, getting out shingle lumber. During his stay in Wadhams the subject purchased a piece of land, which he later sold to his brother and then 'TY, MICHIGAN. 241 returned to Canada, where he remained for about a year. While in Canada he was employed in clearing and getting out lumber and in time saved enough money to buy a tract of eighty acres in section 3, purchasing it of James Gordon and Solomon Kingsley. When he came into possession of this farm it was only partially cleared and was in a part of the country destitute of roads, but nothing daunted he set to work to clear the place and to erect a log cabin, which was accomplished much sooner than could be expected. From time to time as he prospered he added more land to his original possession, until he owned four hundred acres of land, of which there are two hundred acres cleared and improved. In August, 1835, Allan Atkins was married to Miss Agnes Young, who was born in Scotland and who was a daughter of David and 'Margaret (Miller) Young, her parents never coming to America. To this union eight children were born, Barbara, the wife of John Brigham, a leading attorney of Bay City; Daniel, deceased, was a farmer in Grant township; Elizabeth; David, who farms the home place, is single; Margaret, deceased, was the wife of B. Smith, of Clyde towinship; Allen B. is a farmer in Clyde townlship; Agnes is the wife of Rev. Fred E. York, pastor of the Congregational church in Grand Rapids, and Marion Helen, deceased. David Atkins has always lived at home and has for many years taken entire charge of the farm, being his father's manager and right hand man. He was educated in the schools of Clyde township, carries on general farming and makes a specialty of small fruits and of registered shorthorn cattle, horses and hogs. His hay and grains are always marketable and his other prod 242 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ucts are in demand. He has for some time been a buyer and shipper of cattle and hogs and this with his other interests gives him very little time for pleasure. He has taken some part in the political action of his community and was supervisor of Clyde township from I89I to I902 and for six years was township treasurer. His support has always been given to the Republican party, which counts him one of its strongest members. He is also very prominent in the Maccabees lodge and has for some time been active in the lodge affairs. At present he holds the position of county superintendent of the poor, being also the supervisor of the county farm. The subject's wife died eighteen years ago, after which he and his son lived alone on the place. Allan Atkins was a local minister of the Methodist Episcopal faith from 1845 until his death and was one of the best known men in the county. He was in the early days a believer in Democratic principles, but in later years changed his doctrines and became a Republican. He was never very active in political affairs, but was always a student of political questions. Death came to him while he was apparently in his usual health, the machinery of life simply becoming worn out. MOSES F. CARLETON. Genealogical research has a distinct and unequivocal value, be it in the tracing of an obscure and broken line or the following back of a noble and illustrious lineage, where men have been valorous and women of gentle refinement. We of this twentieth century, democratic type cannot afford to hold in light esteem the bearing of a 'scutcheon upon whose fair face appears no sign of blot, and thus he should be the more honored who honors a noble name and the memory of noble deeds. The lineage of the subject of this review is one of distinguished and most interesting order, touching in America the early settlement of New England, where the family was founded in 1638, while in England the family genealogy is consecutively and clearly traced to Baldwin de Carleton, of io66, the family seat having been at Chirtsey, near London. Edward Carleton came to Rowley, Massachusetts, in 1638, with Roger Williams' colony. The subject has compiled a family tree showing over two thousand seven hundred names, the name occurring in very many counties in the United States. The subject is one of the honored pioneers of St. Clair county, where he has been an important factor in public affairs and in the civic life of the community. He has passed practically his entire life in this county, where the name which he bears has been one of prominence from the early epoch when was instituted the work of reclaiming the sylvan wilds to the uses of cultivation, and thus particular interest attaches to his career, concerning which it is our privilege to offer a brief resume in a work which has to do with those who have been the founders and builders of this favored division of the Peninsular state. Moses F. Carleton was born in North Haverhill, Grafton county, New Hampshire, on the 27th of January, I831, being a son of William H. Carleton, who was born in the same town on the 22d of July, I8II. Edward Carleton, the original progenitor of the family in America, had married, in England, MOSES F. CARLETON. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 243 Miss Eleanor Denton, and upon their emigration was accompanied by their son John, the other children having been born in this country. William H. Carleton, father of the subject, was reared to maturity in the old White Mountain state, where he was married and where Moses F. was born. In 1831 he emigrated to St. Clair county, Michigan, where he took up eighty acres of government land about two and a half miles southwest of the present village of St. Clair, while later in life he removed to the village and served for several years as deputy sheriff of the county. When he located on his farm it was covered with the native timber, though he reclaimed the greater portion of the tract and developed a farm which is now one of the valuable places of the county. His father, Peter Carleton, in company with his brothers, Edward, Jeremiah and Israel, settled in this county in I830, being among the first to establish a permanent residence in the county, and Israel built and operated the first tannery in this section of the state. William H. Carleton did not fully attain the success which would undoubtedly have attended his efforts had his life been spared, for he passed away in I849, at the early age of thirtyeight years. He was a Whig in his political proclivities and was quite active in the party ranks, while he was called upon to serve in various offices of local trust and responsibility, as was also his father, Peter Carleton, who was born in Bath, Grafton county, New Hampshire, in 1781, and who died in 1847. The maiden name of the subject's mother was Lavina Willoughby, and she also was born in New Hampshire, a representative of an old and honored New England family. She survived her husband several years, her death occurring in this county in I864, at the age of fifty-three years. She was a member of the Baptist church, while the husband was inclined to be a Universalist, and both held the unqualified confidence and esteem of the community. Of their five children brief mention is made as follows: Moses F. is the subject; Martha P. first became the wife of L. Lynn, to whom she bore two children, and after his death she became the wife of Benjamin R. Mallory, eight children being born to this union; she was born in 1832 and her death occurred in 1894; Myron B. was born in 1836 and died at the age of thirteen years; Mary E., born in 1838, is the widow of Horace Dickinson, and Miles H., born in 1840, is a teacher in the public schools of the state of Nebraska, having previously taught for many years in Michigan. Moses F. Carleton was but nine months of age when his parents removed to Michigan, and his boyhood days were passed on the pioneer farm, to the work of which he early began to contribute his quota, while he secured such education as was afforded in the public schools of the locality. That he duly profited by his opportunities in this line is evident when we revert to the fact that at the early age of sixteen years he became a teacher and for nineteen winters successfully followed teaching in the district schools in St. Clair and Macomb counties, while he was similarly employed in the state of Illinois during one winter, that of I854. In the intervals of his school work he devoted his attention to farming, having become the owner of a tract of land, the old homestead, two and a half miles from the present village of St. Clair. In September, 1864, he enlisted as a private in Company I, Fourth Regiment Michigan Volunteer Infantry, at its reorganization, the regiment being assigned to the 244 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Army of the Cumberland. In June, 1865, he was granted a furlough and later rejoined his regiment in Texas, where he remained until June, I866, when he received an honorable discharge. He was early made orderly sergeant and in September, I865, was promoted to the office of second lieutenant. He was ever at the post of duty and participated in much skirmishing and in a number of spirited engagements of more general nature, including the battles of Decatur and Murfreesboro. After his discharge from the army Mr Carleton returned to his home in St. Clair county and continued to devote his attention to the cultivation and improvement of his farm until the autumn of 1872, when, as a candidate on the Republican ticket, he was elected to the office of county clerk, whereupon he removed to the county seat, Port Huron, where he has since resided. He had previously for two years, 1870-I, served as drain commissioner of St. Clair county, discharging the duties of that position in a most efficient manner. He held the office of county clerk for three consecutive terms, giving a most careful and discriminating administration of the official duties devolving upon him and placing the records and manifold details of the office in first class order, so that he gained the universal commendation of the public, and especially of the bar. He then served as deputy for his successor for one term and also he held for one term the position of deputy treasurer of the county under E. C. Recor. During the time of his incumbency as clerk he read law and was admitted to practice in 1878, but confined his professional efforts largely to the pension business. For four years he was deputy postmaster under Alexander R. Avery, who transferred to him all the responsible duties of the office, and he also acted in the same capacity for a time under the succeeding postmaster, John Murray. He had earlier served as township clerk and school inspector and has ever been signally faithful to the duties devolving upon him in public capacities. He is an independent Republican and the party cause has ever been a matter of distinctive interest to him, and he, being a close observer and careful student, is strongly fortified in his convictions. He was one of those prominently concerned in the organization of the St. Clair County Pioneer Society, in which he has taken an active interest, serving it as president, secretary and treasurer. He is now living virtually retired, though he is still often called upon to assist in handling pension business, while he also! acts as counsellor for many of his old clients in other branches of his profession. He was at one time sent to Lansing to assist in settling a claim of the state against the county regarding taxes, the matter being amicably adjusted. He is an authority on the early history of the county and has a remarkable memory in regard to dates and other pertinent points, while he retains his mental and physical vigor in a notable degree and gives slight evidence of the fact that he has passed the psalmist's span of three score years and ten. He is well known throughout St. Clair county and it may be said without fear of contradiction that his friends are in number.as his acquaintances. On the 27th of September, 1851, Mr. Carleton was united in marriage to Miss Mary Latham, who was born in Greenwich, Washington county, New York, on the I6th of April, 1831, being a daughter of Thomas and Esther (Hammond) Latham, both of ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 245 I whom were natives of the Empire state, whence they came to St. Clair county in the autumn of 1832. Mr. Latham located on a tract of government land near the village of St. Clair. His wife died in this county at the age of sixty-five years, while he passed the closing years of his life in Illinois, where he died at a venerable age. In politics he was originally a Democrat, but later became a Republican, and he and his wife were zealous members of the Baptist church. They became the parents of several children and two of their sons sacrificed their lives upon the altar of their country's freedom during the war of the Rebellion. To the subject and his wife were born the following children: William H. resides at Cooperstown, North Dakota, where he is now serving as county judge. He was admitted to the bar at Port Huron and was a pioneer of North Dakota. Lura L., the second born, is the wife of James Rankin, of Thompson, Minnesota, and is the mother of six children. Cora A. is the wife of S. Edgar Johnson, of St. Clair, Michigan. Mrs. Carleton passed into the silent land on the I2th of April, 1902, but a few months after the celebration of their golden wedding anniversary. The subject is not a member of any church, but regularly attends religious services and is a liberal supporter of all movements having for their object the elevation of the moral standing of the community. Fraternally he is a member of William Sanborn Post No. 98, G. A. R., in which he has held the office of commander, and he has also served as senior vice-commander of the department of Michigan. In the Knights of Pythias he has been active for twenty-five years, having served as chancellor commander of Charter Lodge No. I8, and he has also been a dele gate to the grand lodge, of which he was elected a trustee. He took an active part in the Patrons of Husbandry, holding membership in Grove Grange in St. Clair county, and also in the county grange, of which he was secretary for a number of years. ASA H. WRIGHT. The industrial enterprise conducted by Mr. Wright in the city of Port Huron is deserving of particular mention, not only by reason of its present extent and importance, but also as typical of the results to be attained by the indomitable pluck and energy of one man who could place in subordination all other affairs and by frugality, constant application and straightforward effort, evolve a most prosperous and remunerative business from a nucleus that represented no capitalistic support, but only subjective vigor and ability. Mr. Wright is consistently to be considered as one of the pioneer business men of Port Huron, and here he is held in the ability. Mr. Wright is consistently to be controls a representative trade as a manufacturer and dealer in carriages and other highgrade vehicles. Mr. Wright is a native of the Empire state, having been born in Orange county, New York, on the 7th of April, 1831, and being the ninth in order of birth of the ten children of John and Phoebe Wright. He was reared and educated in his native county and there learned the trade of carriagemaking, becoming a skilled artisan in the handling of the finest class of products in this line. In 1864, about five years after his marriage, Mr. Wright came to Port Huron, 246 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. and here established himself in an independent business as a manufacturer of highgrade vehicles to order, and he has ever since continued the enterprise, being now the oldest manufacturer in the city devoting exclusive attention to light work in this line. He has constantly given his personal supervision to the work turned out in his shop and the superiority of all products and the absolute reliability and good faith at all times manifested, have gained to his establishment a high reputation and an appreciative supporting patronage. Mr. Wright learned his trade in Beekmanville, Dutchess county, New York, where he served an apprenticeship of five years, receiving in compensation for his services thirty dollars a year and his board. After the completion of his apprenticeship he secured employment as a journeyman in a large carriage manufactory in the city of Poughkeepsie, where he remained six months, at a salary of one dollar a day, being under instruction during this interval in order to thoroughly learn the art of. making carriage bodies. After working for three years as a journeyman he succeeded his brother in an established carriage business in Dover Plains, Dutchess county, where he remained until the time of his removal to Port Huron, in I864. Here his brother Henry had previously established himself in business as a contractor and owner of a planing-mill, and the subject came here for a visit, and soon afterward purchased an established carriage shop, on the site of his present well equipped plant, and here he has been continuously located during the long intervening years. He makes a specialty of the manufacture of light delivery wagons and trucks, and he now utilizes the latest improved roller-bearing axles in turning out the fine vehicles for which his establishment has become noted. In politics Mr. Wright exercises his franchise in support of the principles and policies of the Republican party, but he has never been imbued with ambition for office of any order, though he served for three years as collector of his ward. He is a prominent and zealous member of the Baptist church, and for twenty-eight years served as treasurer and thirty-eight years as trustee of the church in Port Huron. He is a man of inflexible integrity in all the associations of life, has shown himself a discerning and progressive business man and through his own efforts has attained a position of prosperity and independence, while at no time has he lacked the utmost measure of objective confidence and esteem. At Dover Plains, New York, on the I7th of June, 1858, Mr. Wright was united in marriage to Miss Harriet B. Hammond, who proved to him a faithful and helpful companion and coadjutor until the hand of death severed the temporal relationship which had been one of mutual devotion and sympathy, her death occurring on the 22d of December, 1887. She had lived a life of signal purity and consecration to all that was good, having been a sincere and valued member of the Baptist church. Of this union three children were born, one of whom, Rufus E., died at the age of two years, while the two surviving are Harry Howard, who was formerly a clerical attache of the Port Huron Savings Bank, but now a member of the insurance firm of Wright, Hoyt & Company, of Port Huron; he married Miss Edith Boynton, a daughter of Major N. S. Boynton, of this city, and Bertha Hammond, the only daughter of the subject, was graduated in the Michigan State University, at Ann Arbor, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 247 I where she was later a teacher in the high school; she is now the wife of Prof. Henry C. Adams, who occupies the chair of political economy in the State University, and they have three children. FRANK SUTTON. Marine City is fortunate in the citizens who make up its quota of business men, for it is a well established fact that a community is invariably gauged by the character of its representative citizens. The newspapers of a town or city are usually just indices of its commercial and civic status, and, this being the case, too anuch importance can not be attached to them and to their mission. Marine City has an ably conducted weekly newspaper in the Reporter, of which Mr. Sutton is editor and proprietor and which he has made an able exponent of local interests. He is a young man of fine intellectual powers, devel()ped under favorable auspices, and( that he has a natural p1relilection for newspaper work is evident from the success which has attended his efforts in connection with the "art preservative of all arts," to become a devotee of which he withdrew from the practice of law after having been duly admitted to the bar of the state of Michigan. The Marine City Reporter dates its inception back to the year I879, Calvin A. Blood having been its founder and having remained in control of its destinies for a number of years, after which occurred several changes in management and ownership prior to the autumn of I883, when Mr. Sutton effected the purchase of the plant and business. He has materially improved the mechanical equipment and facilities and has vitalized the editorial department to an extent too rarely noted in connection with what is technically denominated as "country journalism." The Reporter is a six-column quarto, is published on Thursday of each week and is circulated throughout the territory normally tributary to the town in which it is published. A modern cylinder press is utilized in the printing of the paper, the same being operated by a gasoline engine, as are also the job presses. A select assortment of the latest font designs enables the office to turn out the most artistic job work and insures effective letter-press on the paper, and by his energy and ability Mr. Sutton has brought the Reporter to the favorable attention of local business men, who find it to their interest to accord a liberal support to its advertising columns. The policy of the paper is independent and Republican, but special attention is given to properly noting local events, the field in this department being admirably covered, so that the people of the community find the paper of marked interest and show their appreciation in a tangible way, the circulation having reached the mark of one thousand copies. Franik Sutton is a native son of the old Buckeye state, having been born in Fulton county, Ohio. His parents are both dead, dying some seventeen and fifteen years ago respectively. When the subject was fourteen years of age his parents removed from Ohio to Lenawee county, Michigan, and he there attended the graded school until he became eligible for admission to college. In 1875 he was matriculated in Hillsdale College, where he continued his educational work for three years, at the expiration of which he began reading law in the office of 248 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I D. B. Morgan, of Morenci, continuing his technical studies until I88.I, when he was admitted to the bar of the state, upon examination before Judge Pratt at Adrian. He began the practice of his profession in Morenci, but eventually became interested in newspaper work, to which he finally turned his entire attention, being connected with several state and county papers about three years and then coming to Marine City and soon afterward securing control of the Reporter. He has shown himself to be thoroughly public-spirited and progressive, and both personally and through the columns of his paper has given his influence in support of all measures for the general good of the community, and he enjoys a marked popularity in business and social circles. He was specially active in securing the establishment of the beet-sugar factory in Marine City, the industry being one which cannot fail to prove of marked benefit to the town. In politics Mr. Sutton is a Republican and takes an active interest in the party cause, having been a delegate to various conventions of the same. Fraternally he is identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias and the Knights of the Maccabees, and in each of these has served as delegate to the grand bodies of the state. Mr. Sutton still clings to a life of celibacy, but so popular a Benedict must eventually succumb to the attractions of the chosen Beatrice. TIMOTHY BARRON. Another of the families furnished to St. Clair county, Michigan, from the rugged hills of New Hampshire is the Barron fam ily. They doubtless were of French extraction, but the present members of the family know very little of any French origin and show much less of it in their appearance and disposition. The subject of this sketch, Timothy Barron, is now in his eighty-fourth year. He was born December 30, I8i8, at Bath, Grafton county, New Hampshire, and was the son of Timothy and Susan (White) Barron, the mother a native of Cambridge, Massachusetts, while the father had been born at Bath. Timothy Barron, Sr., was engaged in the manufacture of lumber in his native town and operated a saw-mill. They were enterprising, prosperous people, good citizens and well respected. Mrs. Barron died February 28, I828, her husband passing away seven years later, June 5, 1833. They were the parents of seven children, all of whom except Timothy, the subject of this sketch, and his sister, Anna, are dead. They Mwere William B., who came to St. Clair county in I836 and engaged in the mercantile business; Anna married William Southard, of Bath, New Hampshire, and resides there; Ruth married S. M. Sanbourn; Thomas E. lived in Port Huron and was quite active in local politics; Timothy is the subject hereof; Charles, who died soon after the death of his father, and the youngest child died in infancy. Timothy Barron was more fortunate in his educational advantages than many of the youths of his day and generation. In addition to the instruction he was able to receive in the district school, he was permitted to complete one year of high school. His proficiency in all of the common school branches secured for him a teacher's license and at the tender age of seventeen he found himself in charge of a school as teacher, at a salary of ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 249 I ten dollars per month. It may be remarked incidentally that the purchasing power of the dollar at that time was much greater than it is at present, hence, the salary was not quite as meager as it would at first appear. In the fall of 1838 he left New Hampshire and made the journey to St. Clair county, Michigan. His brother, William B. Barron, had come out two years previous and established himself in the mercantile business at St. Clair, and Timothy assisted in the store the first winter he was in Michigan. The next spring he took up farming, which he continued for a year, then returned east, where he did not remain long, however. Having once tasted of a life in the west he could no longer content himself in the old home. Back again to the west he came and took his place behind his brother's counter, serving faithfully until 1842. He served as jailor and under sheriff twelve years, part of the time at St. Clair, and while there was also city marshal and constable. He was United States deputy marshal for four years, under Austin E. Wing, of Monroe, Michigan, and he engaged in the sale of groceries and provisions at St. Clair for six years. In December, 1848, Mr. Barron was united in marriage to Miss Sophia P. Carleton, of Bath, New Hampshire. She was a daughter of Israel and Nancy (Demming) Carleton, who were natives of New Hampshire, but who moved to St. Clair county, Michigan, in I830, and located on the farm on which the subject of this sketch now resides. On this place Mr. and Mrs. Carleton made their home, here they reared their children and here they died many years ago. Mr. and Mrs. Barron are the parents of three children, viz: Timothy D., an engineer on one of the boats plying between this point and Detroit, married Martha Fairman, and they are the parents of two children, Lila and George B.; Lila died in 1857, aged three years; George C., who is engaged in business with his father. After his marriage in 1848, Mr. Barron embarked in the grocery and provision business in St. Clair and continued it for a period of six years, meeting with marked success. He then moved to his present location on the farm and in 1873 he and his son, George C., embarked in the dairy business. They established what is known as the "Maple Leaf Dairy Farm," and have continued to operate it ever since. They own at present twentyfive valuable, pure-bred Jersey cows, besides much other stock, including horses, cattle and hogs. They devote one hundred and sixty acres to their dairy farm. It is located on sections 29 and 30 and is splendidly adapted to the purpose for which it is used, being substantially improved and most conveniently arranged. June I8, I894, Mr. Barron met with his first great bereavement. His faithful wife, who for so many years cheered and enlivened his home, passed to her reward. It was a severe blow to the kind old man, but he bore the affliction like a philosopher. Mr. Barron was born, reared and educated during a period in our national history when Democracy stood for everything that was pure, worthy and patriotic. He is, therefore, a very ardent Democrat. His youth was the Jacksonian era of American politics. He was six years old when Jackson first became a candidate for the Presidency, ten when he was first elected, and fourteen when for a second time "Old Hickory" swept the country and a youth of nineteen when the staunch old patriot abandoned the White House. No one need won 250 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. der at Mr. Barron's Democracy. In religion he is free and independent, and he was formerly a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and a believer in fraternal socities. In all works of charity and enterprises calculated to benefit the community he has always been a leading spirit, no worthy object ever failing to find in him a friend. Mr. Barron has in his possession the only parchment deed in St. Clair township. It is dated November 2, 1837, and bears the signature of President Martin Van Buren. HON. DEWITT CLINTON WALKER. Hon. Dewitt C. Walker was born at Clarendon, Vermont, July 17, 1812. He is a son of Lewis Walker, who was a well-todo farmer, born March 4, I797. The father had a family of four children: Elmina Clarinda, born January 9, I805, died Jan. uary 28, 1836. August 24, 1826, she married Orrin Green, of Rutland, Vermont, who died soon after, leaving no children. Lewis Merritt, born February 24, I808, was married to Adah Shepardson in 1829 and was the father of a family of seven children. He was a merchant and farmer in Clarendon, Vermont, and was prominent in the politics of the state. Sarah Marie was born March 23, I8IO, and died June 24, 1843. July 23, I835, she married George Tone, who died at an early day. Dewitt Clinton is the next in order of birth. He was married August 31, I837, to Adeline Ketchum, of Sudbury, Vermont, who was the second daughter of Hon. Barnard Ketchum and born October 15, I8II, and is now deceased. He is the father of eight children, Adelaide, born January 3, 1838; Barnard; Dewitt; Lewis, born June 18, 1846; Byron, born June 7, I848; Caroline, born April I, 1851; Frank, born December 15, 1853, and James Buchanan, born November 15, I856. At about the age of sixteen years, Dewitt C. Walker determined to obtain a liberal education, but his parents, wishing to keep both their sons at home upon the old homestead, were opposed to it and would not accede to his wishes or aid him in his desires for several years. They, however, gave him the facilities, as they did their other children, for securing a good academic education. Unknown to his parents he commenced the study of Greek and Latin while at the Castleton Academy, and made sufficient progress to enable him to pursue them without an instructor. On learning that he was engaged in such studies, his father took him from school and told him he had better learn the art of farming. He submitted to this cheerfully and continued to labor on the farm 'for some time, but also continued to pursue his studies as opportunity offered. During the winters he taught school, carefully saving the proceeds of his labor. In August, 1829, on the day which witnessed the close of the haying season, his father gave his workmen an extra treat, which was then usual upon such occasions. Calling them together for this purpose, he found that his son was absent, and upon inquiring where he was, he was told that he was in his room studying Latin. The son was sent for and upon being asked what good he supposed the Latin would ever do him, his reply was, "I thought I could prepare myself to enter college by the time I am twenty-one years old." The father HON. D. C. WALKER. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 25I then asking how he expected to defray the expenses of a collegiate education, he readily replied, "By economy and industry." He then told his father how much money he had laid up, and said that when that was gone he would suspend his studies for a time and obtain more by teaching. Musing a moment, his father said, "If you are resolved to secure an education, the sooner you are at it the better," and added, "Tell your mother to have your clothes ready and I will take you to Castleton Academy tomorrow." The young man did as he was directed, and the next morning, at four o'clock, he had made the start to "college." In August, I830, he entered Middlebury College, and was graduated there in August, 1834. He read law with John Pierpont, Esq., in Vergennes, Vermont, adapting his studies to the course pursued in Yale. The next year he entered the law school at New Haven and by close application he was enabled to recite and keep up with both the junior and senior classes at the same time, thus completing a two-years course in one year. He was examnined and admitted as an attorney and counselor-at-law, in the state of Connecticut, in July, 1836. After spending a few weeks with his parents at home, he, after receiving and declining several very favorable overtures of a partnership with established lawyers in his native state, determined to seek his fortune in the west. After traveling a couple of weeks in the western states, he finally located for the practice of his profession in Romeo, Michigan. In 1837, while on a visit to the east, the people of the county, including the leading men of each party, unknown to him, petitioned the governor of the state and obtained his appointment as prosecuting attorney of Mc15 Comb county for the term of two years. In the autumn of 1839 he was unanimously nominated by the county convention, upon the first ballot, as a candidate for representative to the state legislature and was triumphantly elected. He was then chosen senator for the term of I84I-2, and in the year of I844 and I846 was again elected as representative, being speaker pro ten and acting speaker during much of the session of 1844. In the state constitutional convention of I85j he was chairman of the committee on education. Experiencing the disadvantages of the school rote system as in force in the eastern states, he had, as early as I840, introduced measures leading to free schools, being an enthusiast on the subject. Of a committee of nine, but two were in favor of free schools, but he succeeded in securing the acceptance of a resolution looking to the establishment of free schools within five years. As chairman of this committee he wrote to the secretary of state of every state in the union. \Visconsin was the only state that had provided for free schools in its new constitution, but this had not as yet been adoptel, and Boston was the only municipality even that had a free school system in force. Mr. Walker may justly feel proud of his efforts in this line as the most farreaching and important of any act of his life. Mr. Walker had earnestly advocated the sale of the railroads owned by the state and in the session of 1846 was a member of the committee on that subject. Opposing a provision providing that the purchasing company should be exempt from all state, county, township or municipal taxes, he was denounced by a mass meeting in Macomb county. But when a delegation was sent to in 252 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I form him of the action of the people he gave reasons for voting against such a bill and when the true situation was understood a second mass meeting declared emphatically for his support and ratified his action. Mr. Walker was appointed one of the regents of the State University in I844, and succeeded in obtaining the establishment of a branch of the university at Romeo, of which he was president until its discontinuance in I853. He served as trustee and president of the Dickenson Institute, established in the place of the branch of the university. As an attorney-at-law, he never advised nor engaged in a suit unless he was morally certain that the cause was a just one. He has the reputation of having been an honest lawyer, and he has had a large and lucrative practice. He is the founder of the town of Capac, having moved there March 4, 1857, laying out the town and calling it Capac, from Manco Capac, the first of the Peruvian Incas. He has been engaged in extensive lumber operations, interested in real estate and has been largely instrumental in the development of the village and surrounding country. He is well known and highly respected by all, and is now spoken of as founder of Capac; and although in his ninety-first year, like an ancient and towering oak of the forest, his rugged trunk stands, typifying the monarch of the grove, which has defied the wintry blasts and storms of almost a hundred years. His mind is clear, his eye bright and his hearing good, and altogether he has been, and is still, a wonderful specimen of physical and mental manhood. Dewitt C. Walker was, in 1837, married to Adeline Ketchum, of Vermont, but she died in 1872. He is now living a retired life, with Dr. Buck, of Capac, and spending his last days in deserved ease and luxury. In the personage of the Hon. Dewitt C. Walker the state of Michigan has the very best type of a western pioneer. JOHN McLENNAN. The general public has ever taken great pleasure in tracing the history of a man who, despite the fact that he was seriously handicapped early in his life career, pushed forward cmanfully and finally reached the goal of success. The career of the widely known and public-spirited citizen whose nanme appears above affords an impressive example of what energy, directed and controlled by correct moral principles, can accomplish in overcoming an unfavorable environment and lifting its possessor to a position of usefulness and influence. Mr. McLennan is too well known in St. Clair county to need a formal introduction to the readers of this volume. John McLennan was born in Dorchester, Ontario, March 12, I863. He was the son of John and Sarah (Garner) McLennan, of Dorchester, Canada, the father being a native of New York state and the mother of Canada. The McLennan family came to Canada among the early settlers and the father of the subject was reared within her borders. His father died when he was a small boy and the mother took her family to Dorchester, Ontario, where she died and where the subject's father grew to manhood. There he married and there learned his trade, that of a carpenter. He also worked with engines and was a natural mechanical engin ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 253 I eer. In 1865 he came to Michigan, settling in Sanilac county, where he was engaged for several years in running the engine in a sawmill. Tiring of this place he came to Verona Mills, Huron county, and was for several years engaged in running an engine in the mill of John Ballentine. Tiring of this, also, he began working at his trade and continued to work at carpentering until his death, March 5, I898. After the death of her husband, Mrs. McLennan lived with her son, the subject of this sketch, until her death, November 8, I900. The subject's father was born February 6, I840, and his mother May 23, 1843. They were the parents of nine children, namely: John, the subject; Margaret, deceased; Mary, living at Port Huron; Iaura, Lucinda, Jennie, Ella and Charles, all living in Huron county, Michigan, and Herbert, residing with the subject. John McLennan received but a limited education in the schools of his native county. Until he reached the age of sixteen he was an inmate of his father's home and at that age started out to make his way in the world. He first secured a position with the Pere Marquette Railroad at Port Huron as a general laborer an(l for some time worked at this until he was able to obtain a position as brakeman, with a run between Saginaw and Port Huron. He was thus employed for two years and in 1889 he lost his right arm while making a coupling near Yale. For one year after this accident he was unable to work and then he came to Gardendale, Mich., and opened a store, which he run for some time. In 1887, two years before the loss of his arm, he was married to Miss Margaret Ann Gibbs, of Port Huron, the daughter of William and Susan Ann Jane (Webster) Gibbs, both of Canada. In I867 the Gibbs family went to Kentucky, where the father (lied, and in 1868 the mother brought her only daughter to Lexington, Michigan, and later to Port Huron. The mother was subsequently married to William Foster, of Fort Gratiot township, and died July I, I886. The subject and wife have three children, Alfred Ray, born August I, 1888; Opal Fay, born September I I, I89I, and Ida May, born June 6, 1893. In 1900 the subject was appointed postmaster of Gardendale and also station agent, which positions he still holds. He is a Republican in politics and has quite an influence in the colmmunity in which he lives. In Ig90 he was elected treasurer of Fort Gratiot township and is at present filling that office. He is one of the rising young men in the county and is a warm advocate of the principles of his party. Being in sympathy with the advocates of public improvements, he has gained many warm friends by the stand he has taken. He is also prominent in church and lodge work. A member of the Baptist church of Gardendale, he is one of its most liberal supporters and active workers. As a lodgeman he is identified with Cedarwood Camp No. 4, WV. W., of Port Huron, and No. 226, A. 0. 0. G.. of Gardendale, in both of which lodges he is very active and one of the prominent menlbers. The subject has achieved a fair degree of success and he and his famnily are among the prominent people of the neighborhood in which they reside. Starting out in life for himself at a tender age, he has succeeded in making for himself and those dependent upon him a name and record such as is not made in a day nor won lightly, but only by the most earnest, faithful and painstaking endeavor. 254 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN..... ROBERT W. VEITCH. A native of the province of Quebec, dominion of Canada, born March 30, 1828, Robert W. Veitch, now a prosperous farmer in Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is a gentleman who has hewed his way through the entanglements and obstructions of life, as he has done through the wilds of that section of Michigan in which he now lives and stands among the most respected residents of his township. William and Isabelle Veitch, the parents of Robert \V., were born in Northumberland, England, the maiden name of Isabelle Veitch having been Hurdman, and in I8Io crossed the ocean and found a home in Canada for some years, where William Veitch worked out at farm labor. In 1840 William became a resident of Detroit, Michigan, but later returned to Canada and purchased one hundred and twentythree acres of woodland, which he was compelled to clear up in order to make habitable. Yet he succeeded in developing a profitable farm, on which he passed the remainder of his life. He was a well educated gentleman, and was considered to he the best penman in his county, and was a teacher and county school superintendent of Elgin county, Ontario. He was a Liberal in politics and active in the cause of temperance, and he and wife (lied in the faith of the Baptist church, he at the age of ninety-eight years and she at ninety-seven. Their children nutnbered ten: Margaret, Mary, Jane, Anna, Elizabeth, all deceased; Isabelle, who still survives; Susan, deceased; Robert W.; Thomas, deceased, and John. Robert W. Veitch remained on the old homestead until eighteen years of age and then learned the trade of cloth manufacture. This trade he followed for twenty-two years, and in I869 came to St. Clair county, Michigan, and located on eighty acres of wild land in section 30, in Mussey township. This tract he has cleared with the exception of a small patch of good timber, which he has reserved. The remainder of the land is nicely tilled, with the exception of a small space which is reserved as an orchard, in which he grows the finest fruits known to the latitude. Mr. Veitch was joined in marriage October 14, I86I, with Miss Matilda Clark, of Ontario, a daughter of Benjamin and Susan Clark. To Mr. and Mrs. Veitch have been born four children, namely: Mary, who is married to W. P. Darling, has two children and lives near Yale; Frances R., who is the wife of George Snyder, a resident of Bay City, Michigan; Anna taught in Michigan and in Missouri, and is now married to Fred E. Sleeper, has one child and lives in Imlay City, Michigan; Russell, who attended college at Lebanon, Ohio, and was a teacher for a time, now operates the farm. Mr. Veitch carries on mixed farming and feeds the greater part of his products to his live stock. He breeds horses and graded and mixed sheep, and his hogs have proven a valuable adjunct. He has been successful in all his undertakings and today stands in the front ranks of the agriculturists of St. Clair county. Politically he is a Republican, but his own affairs have precluded his giving a great deal of attention to party matters, yet he makes himself quite active in the work of his party when it becomes necessary to lead it to triumphant result at the polls. Mrs. Veitch is a member of the Baptist church, to which she contributes liberally and to the precepts of which she conscientiously clings. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 255 She is held, like her husband, in high esteem by her neighbors and, with him, holds the respect of all who know her. Mr. Veitch is emphatically a "self-made" man and has done as much as any man in the township to promote its growth and prosperity. ADOLPH BALDEN. This formerly highly respected farmer of St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, November 29, 1843, and died in Michigan August I4, 1878. He was a son of Frederick and Dorothea (Edhelmann) Balden, the former of whom lied in Germany when Adolph was but nine months old, and in I846 the mother came to America with her three children, Sophia, August and Adolph. The sister and brother respectively are married and both live near Ann Arbor. Soon after coming to the United States Mrs. Balden was married to Casper Wagner, a well-to-do farmer, who died in July, 1891, at Ann Arbor, where she still resides. Adolph Balden lived with his mother near Ann Arbor, until past twenty years of age, working on the farm in summer and attending school in winter. In I868 he came to St. Clair county and purchased one hundred and fifty acres in section 15, Mussey township. The land was partially cleared, but the greater portion of it was still covered with standing timber, and a lumber camp occupied the site of the present home. Mr. Balden cleared up his place and improved it in all essentials, and here passed the remainder of his life, dying August 14, 1878, in the faith of the Evangelical Asso ciation, of which he was an active member and financially a liberal supporter. In politics he was a Republican and was honored by appointment or election to several offices of trust and emolument. He was quite domestic in his habits, being a good husband and indulgent father and a kind neighbor, beloved by all who knew him. The marriage of Adolph Balden took place February 8, 1870, with Miss Mary Berk, daughter of John and Catherine (Heusner) Berk, also natives of Germany, who came to Ohio in the early part of the 'thirties, where they were married, and in 1866 settled in Washtenau county, Michigan, where they lived four years. The family then came to Berlin township, St. Clair county, where John purchased the farm on which he passed the remainder of his life, dying in 1875 at the age of fifty-three years. His widow passed her latter years with Mrs. Balden. To John and Catherine Berk were born seven children, namely: Eva Eliza and William H., deceased; Mary, now Mrs. Adolph Balden; Margaret, John, George, and Anna, who died in infancy. The marriage of Adolph Balden and Mary (Berk) Balden has been blessed with four children, viz: Alvin, born December 29, I870, married Mary Hartwig and has a family of three children, May, Charlotte and Gertrude, and is farming on the old homestead, which he has conducted with success. He is active as a politician in the local Republican party, and at present fills the position of township treasurer. He and wife are members of the Evangelical Association, and both mingle with the best people of the township. Arthur, the second of the four children, was born April 4, I873, but was called away at 256 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. the age of three years and four months. George was born March 5, 1875, and married Augusta Ledebuhr. He is proprietor of the leading general store in Capac, dealing in clothing, dry goods and groceries. He started into business with Clark Warren as a partner, but subsequently bought the latter's interest in the store and is now its sole owner. George Balden and wife are members of the Evangelical Association. In politics he is also a Republican, and for several terms has been councilman and trustee of the village of Capac. Anna, the youngest of the family, was born May 27, I878, was possessed of a lovely disposition, was well read, and proficient in music, but was untimely called away June 24, I896. After the death of Mr. Balden his widow was ambitious to rear her children to be good andl useful members of society, in which she has met with marvelous success, and is justly proud of the career of her sons, who, since they have been old enough, have aided her in the cultivation of the home farm, which for twenty years she had managed with energy, and no more respected a lady has a home in St. Clair county. The attention of the reader may properly be called to the biography of George Balden, to be found on another page, as well as to that of Alvin Balden. ANGUS McINTYRE. A representative agriculturist of Burtchville township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is Angus McIntyre, who was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, September I3, I849. He is a son of Donald and Jessie (McNaughton) McIntyre, who in 1852 came to the United States and for some time resided in the state of New York, whence the family went to Wisconsin, where the father farmed for two years and then came to St. Clair, Michigan, where he worked in a mill about one year. He then came to Grant township and purchased eighty acres of forest land, to which he later added another tract of eighty acres, nearly all of which Mr. McIntyre cleared up and improved. Donald McIntyre was a Republican in politics, but never sought an office of any kind, being contented to pass his life in industrious care of his farming interests and the increase of his worldly possessions for the benefit of his progeny; yet he was a sincere Christian and broad-minded gentleman, and he and his wife passed the remainder of their lives in Grant township and here died at forty-seven and sixty-seven years of age respectively. The children born to them were eight in number and were named as follows: Angus, whose name stands at the head of this biographical record; Daniel, who is farming the old homestead in Grant township; John, who is engaged in railroad work at West Superior, \Visconsin; Mary, who makes her home with her brother Daniel; James, who is the editor of the Hibbing (Minnesota) Tribune; Duncan, who was a farmer, but who died in 1887; David, who is a machinist in the state of Washington, and Gilbert, who is a mechanic in a factory at South Port Huron, Michigan. Angus McIntyre received a good common school education, but lived with his maternal grandfather, Angus McNaughton, until I853, when the McNaughton family moved to Clyde township, where the grandfather, who was a Baptist clergyman as well as a farmer, purchased a large farm. Angus, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 257 however, grew to manhood in Grant township and there married, December 25, I879, Miss Martha Dooley, a daughter of Michael and Margaret (Maskell) Dooley. Michael Dooly was born in Nova Scotia, of ScotchIrish parentage, and Margaret Maskell was born in Chatham, Canada, and was of English extraction. Michael Dooley came to Grant township, St. Clair county, when twenty-seven years old, bought and cleared up a tract of wild land, converting it into a good farm, on which he lived until he retired on a competency to Yale, where he passed the remainder of his life, lying in November, 1897; his widow now resides in Melvin. To Angus and Martha (Dooley) Mclntyre have been born seven children, nlamed as follows: Catherine Helen, James D., Margaret Jane, Duncan Robert, John Frederick, Angus A., and Isabella, Margaret Jane now being a student in the Port Huron high school. \When Angus McIntyre took possession of the first eighty acres of his present farm in Burtchville township, in I876, it was a wilderness, but lie was courageous as well as muscular, and diligently set himself to work to clear off a space sufficiently large on which to erect a cabin and to cultivate a little grain, and eventually (leveloped a farm that will rival any other of its dimensions in the township. Mr. McIntyre, besides con(ucting general farning, makes a specialty of fruit growing and besides his fine orchar(d has about twenty acres devoted to small fruits and berries, for which he finds ready market in Port Huron. He also raises considerable live stock, and owns another tract of eighty acres in Grant township which is devoted to about the same class of production. Mr. McIntyre is a stanch Republican, is extremely popular with his party, has served sixteen years continuously as justice of the peace and now holds the responsible position of treasurer of Burtchville township. He and( family attend the Baptist church, live strictly up to its teachings, and are among the most respected residents of Burtchville township anll vicinage. Mr. McNaughton owes his present high standing in the colnlntunity, as well as all he possesses, entirely to his integrity, fair dealing, industry and judicious economy, and cannot be too highly coimlmen(led for his persistent efforts to succeed. JOHN CONVAN. Success. to be al)lreciated fairly and to be thoroughly enjoyed, must result from an earnest ed(leavor and an ardent desire. She is the child of work and the herald of peace, for to know her one must dip deep into the hardships of life and to love her one must have perfect rest fromi all the cares that so harrassed our footsteps when we were in pursuit of her. She often comes when we least expect her and in a way that we thought not of. \When the biographer says of a man that he was successful, it implies that he has possessed in a high degree those essential (qualities which have enabled him to overcome the obstacles which confronted him an(l that he is now in a position to enjoy the reward which he has so justly earned. The subject of this sketch, John Cowan, was born of that hardy race whose people so seldom fail in their undertakings. The Scotchman is always confident of doing that which he has set himself to do, for he does 258 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I not know the word "failure" and has never been taught the meaning of "cannot." Mr. Cowan was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, in April, 1836, and came to America in I854. His parents, Hugh and Ann (Clark) Cowan, knew America only as a country to which many of their friends were migrating and to which their children might some day go. The father was gamekeeper to Lord Campbell, on the Isle of Islay, and remained on the isle until his death. Six children were born into this Scottish home, Ann, the wife of Walter Guy, died in I902, and her husband now lives in Bothwell, Canada; Margaret, who is the widow of Donald McLaughlin, lives in Australia; Archie is deceased; John is the subject; Helen, the wife of Charles McGinnis, also lives in Australia, and Walter, deceased. John Cowan received his early training in the schools of his native country and after he came to America the thought of a collegiate education was given up by him. He was a careful observer and in this way was able to supplement his early educational endeavors. At the age of eighteen he came to the new continent and settled near Toronto, Canada, where he worked for one year. He then, in I856, came to Port Huron, Michigan, where for several years he was engaged in farming for Alex McNaughton and Edward Vincent in Clyde township. Later he purchased eighty acres of partially cleared land and established a home of his own. His industry was his fortune and by it he has accumulated much land, besides other possessions. As time passed he added to his first investment and at the present time he is the possessor of three hundred and thirtyfive acres. Many improvements have been made in the country since the subject settled down to a life of hardship in his little log cabin in the wilderness and he did not fall behind in the race. His farm has had many improvements, including a modern residence, built in I890, and has been transformed from a trackless woods to one of the finest farms in the country. November 14, I86I, Miss Isabella McNaughton became the wife of Mr. Cowan and it was to the present homestead that he took her as a bride, here that they struggled together for a start in the world and here that they won their triumph. She was the daughter of the Rev. Angus and Christina (Stuart) McNaughton, both of Scotland, and of whom more extended mention is made in the sketch of Duncan McNaughton elsewhere in this volume. Six children were born into the home of John Cowan: Helen, living at home; Walter, deceased; James, also at home; Archie, a farmer in Clyde township, is married to Vina Moore; John, deceased. and Alex, a farmer in Clyde township, who is married to Flora Beard. Mrs. Cowan died September 15, I902, her death occurring quite suddenly. Mr. Cowan has always been a hard worker, which is the secret of his success, and he has made many acquaintances among the people of the county. He is one of the most prominent farmers of the township and while he has never been particularly active in political movements, yet he has made politics a study and is one of the staunch Republicans of the county. He has never aspired to nor held office and his services, which have been purely voluntary, have had no reward other than the pleasure felt in seeing a friend in office. He is one of the deacons of the North Street Baptist church and is very liberal in his support. The Cowan family are among ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 259 the most respected citiens in the county or township and have the respect and admiration of all their acquaintances. The highest tribute that could be paid this most excellent family has been offered by their neighbors, who unite in singing their praises. MICHAEL PLANT. The subject of this memoir was a man,of distinct individuality and forceful personality, and he left an indelible impress in St. Clair county, with whose industrial and civic progress he was intimately concerned, while his name ever stood exponent of the loftiest integrity of purpose, and his mentality was of that order which implies mature judgment and initiative power. Michael Plant was a native of Ontario, having been born in the picturesque town of Fort Erie, in the vicinity of Niagara Falls, on the I6th of January, i818. His parents, Edward and Elizabeth (Beach) Plant, were born in the states of New Jersey and New York, respectively. Edward Plant was an American soldier in the war of 1812, having enlisted on the 6th of March, 1813, in the Second Regiment of Heavy Artillery, commanded by Nathan Townsend, and remaining in active service until the 8th of August, 1815, participating meantime in the battles of Chippewa, Little York, Fort Erie and Stony Creek. He was a prisoner for several months, being taken,on a transport to Halifax, where he was finally exchanged and rejoined his regiment. Thereafter he was engaged in farming in Ontario, and there his son Michael remained until the outbreak of the McKenzie rebellion, in 1837, when he received fron a friend the information that he would undoubtedly be pressed into the Canadian militia, and accordingly he decided to attempt to leave the dominion. He had nearly reached Port Sarnia, when he was arrested at Warwick and taken back to the town of Adelaide, where, presenting adequate proof that he was a citizen of the United States, his father not being a British subject, he was released. He then proceeded to Michigan, coming out of the woods ten miles above Port Sarnia, and shortly afterward, December 14, 1837, he crossed the St. Clair river to Port Huron. For the next few years he gave his attention to lumbering and then purchased a portion of the present fine homestead farm in Clyde township. Here he secured four hundred acres of wild land, and forthwith instituted the work of clearing and improving it, thus being one of the sterling pioneers. On the 20th of May, I839, Mr. Plant was united in marriage to Miss Mary Ann McCallum, of Wallaceburg, Ontario. She was born on the river Thames, on the I4th of February, I820, being a daughter of Captain Hugh and Lydia (Ward) McCallum, the former of whom was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, and the latter at Whitehall, New York. Captain McCallum was an officer in the Canadian militia during the war of I812, and as lieutenant led his commandin the engagement at Malden, the battle of the Thames and at the siege of Detroit, and he was one of the few who in later years received from Queen Victoria a medal for gallant and meritorious service at Fort Detroit. He was reared to manhood in his native land and had the dominating characteristics of the true Scot, including high intellectual attainments. He was a son of Dr. Donald and Mary (Morrison) McCallum, the former be ' 260 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN..... ing a son of John and Ann (McLean) McCallum. Ann McLean was a descendant of the Earl of Mar, while the McCallum line represents the famous Campbell clan of McCallum-Moore. Michael and Mary Ann (McCallum) Plant became the parents of three children, namely: Jane M., of whom more specific mention is made; Emma L., who became the wife of William J. Boyce, a hardware merchant of Port Huron, died at the age of forty-three years and was survived by four children, Florence Alice, Charles Frederick, Jennie Blanche and Kenneth, the last dying in infancy; and Ella M. In I890 Mr. Plant erected an attractive and commodious residence, after having made many other requisite improvements, while his influence and aid were accorded in advancing public improvements throughout the county. He had a host of friends in the community and was popular with all for his integrity of character and his kindliness and tolerance. In 1841 he was elected a justice of the peace, continuing as such for nearly forty years, performing the marriage ceremony for many young couples in Clyde township, including that of Edward Vincent, whose father, the late James I. Vincent, had performed the nuptial ceremony for Mr. and Mrs. Plant many years previously. He was township supervisor for two years, highway commissioner for a full decade and for sixteen years was a member of the directorate of the Farmers' Mutual Insurance Company of Macomb and St. Clair counties. Mr. Plant was an authority in regard to the early history of this county, having witnessed its transformation from a virgin wilderness to its latter-day opulence of resource and attractions, while his own efforts had no slight significance in carrying forward the work of progress. No man in the county merited or retained a higher degree of popular confidence and esteem. His devoted and cherished wife was summoned into rest on the 26th of October, I889, secure in the affectionate regard of all who had come within the sphere of her gracious. and kindly influence. In her youth she received the best advantages of the locality and period, and as a young lady came to St. Clair county to reside with a relative, forthwith becoming a favorite in social circles, having many admirers, though soon bestowing her hand and heart upon him with whom she continued in ideal marital relations for more than half a century. Their golden wedding anniversary was duly celebrated in their new residence, in which assembled more than one hundred of their friends to do honor to the occasion, among them being Mrs. Diantha Hollister Kinney and Mrs. Margaret Atkins, who were present at the original ceremony, the former being bridesmaid. While signally devoted to her home, which was the center of social interest in the neighborhood, Mrs. Plant was a liberal contributor to and a zealous member of the Christian church. She had more than ordinary musical talents, and her melodeon was undoubtedly the first musical instrument, save perhaps a few of smaller and minor order, brought into Clyde township. Her home was headquarters for all clergymen who ministered in the community and both she and her husband took particular pleasure in extending entertainment and unqualified hospitality to all. The death of Mr. Plant occurred on the i th of November, I896, and in the passing of this honored pioneer the entire community felt a sense of personal bereavement. He was a constant attendant at religious services and ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 26I -I ever a liberal supporter. His political allegiance was given to the Democratic party. Mrs. Jane M1. Kinney, the eldest of the three children of Michael and Mary Ann (McCallum) Plant, was born on the old homestead in Clyde township, and in St. Clair county she was reared and educated. On the I th of May, I862, she was united in marriage to Charles Kinney, Twho was born in Clyde township on the 28th of September, 1841, being a son of Arnold and Laura (Balcock) Kinney. The father left the state of New York Nwhen a young man and was engaged in farming for one year in Canada, then coming to St. Clair county, where he worked in the Wadham mills. He soon purchased land in Clyde township, of which he was also a pioneer. He cleared and reclaimed to cultivation a large tract of land, and by his indefatigable application and management became a man of wealth and influence, having been the owner of eleven hundred acres at the time of his death, which occurred in 1870, while he also conducted extensive luembering operations, in which he met with distinctive success. He was for many years treasurer of Clyde and Kimball townships, which were at that time embodied in one. Charles Kinney likewise was interested in lumbering and farming and was held in high esteem by all who knew him. His death occurred on the 24th of July, 1864. His widow resided for twenty years thereafter in the city of Port Huron, where her sisters were attending school. She was the mother of one child, Charles Chester Kinney, born June 23, 1863, and of whom she was bereft four years after the death of her husband. Mrs. Kinney is well known and popular in the county and state, having been closely identified with the leading club and social movements for many years. She has been a member of the St. Clair Pioneer and Historical Society for seventeen years, and for two years served as its president, having been the first woman to be thus honored, while for several years she was its vice-president. She is likewise vice-president of the Michigan State Historical Society, and for lboth has prepared and read valuable and interesting papers. She was president of the board of control of the State Industrial School for Girls, at Adrian, for four years, having been appointed by Governor Cyrus G. Luce, while she has also taken a most lively and helpful interest in the Eastern Michigan Asylum for the Insane, at Pontiac, of which the late Governor Pingree appointed her a member of the board of trustees for six years, her term expiring in January of the present year ( 903), she thus having the distinction of being the only woman ever appointed a member of an asylum board in the state. The Kinney building, or cottage, at the Pontiac institution was named in her honor by her gentlemen colleagues on the board. She has been a communicant of the Congregational church in Port Huron for forty years, and has maintained a working interest in its Sunday school and in the support of its collateral benevolences and other branches of the church work. For several years she was president of the Ladies' Aid Society. Over one hundred children are indebted to her fur pleasant homes which were found for them, while she has also, in several instances, been the means of securing for indigent and homeless old ladies good homes, in which they have been well treated and cared for. Her benevolence has been insistent and far reaching, and many a weary soul 262 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I has been led to the better life through her influence, for she is ever mindful of those "in any way afflicted in mind, body or estate," and her helpfulness to others has been the consolation and compensation of her life, while to these noble works have been devoted not only the strength of her mind and body, but also a large proportion of the liberal income which she has derived from valuable property, while she has thus graciously followed in the footsteps of the divine Master, mindful of the statement that "pure religion and undefiled before God, is to visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction and to do good to all men." Mrs. Kinney became identified with that noble organization, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, at the time of its inception, and was president of the seventh district organization of the state for fifteen years, and during that time ex-officio member of the state executive board. She has also done most effective service as state superintendent of legislative work in the interests of the society, having succeeded in securing the enactment of the present laws relative to the sale of tobacco and the providing of police matrons. For fifteen years she has served as national superintendent of prison and jail work, in which capacity she has visited the penitentiaries and reformatories in many states of the Union, the work having now been systematically organized in every state and territory, the West especially being brought into line through her personal efforts and importunities. From the very beginning she has attended the national conventions of the organization, the prison congress and the national conventions of charities and corrections, generally having been appointed by the governor of Michigan as a delegate to each of the last two mentioned. Through her life and labors, unassuming and unostentatious, she has wrought along the line of greatest good, and the golden aftermath which will be hers to glean will compensate her for all that she has done, for it will merit the words "Well done, good and faithful servant," and only he who serves is royal. Mrs. Kinney and sister have a pleasant home at 524 Union street in the city of Port Huron, and their circle of friends is circumscribed only by their'circle of acquaintances. TIMOTHY CRIMMINS. Some lives open with very little promise, pass to the meridian with meager hope, but along toward life's sunset are blessed with the realization of plenty, the glory of prosperity. Upon some lives blessings are thrust, to others they come without an effort, but by most lives the good gifts are won by the practice of almost every conceivable virtue. In the latter class the subject of this sketch, Timothy Crimmins, of Marysville, St. Clair county, may be found. Born in the county of Limerick, Ireland, in August, 1822, the son of poor but worthy parents, his entire life has been one of continuous struggle against fortune's frigid frown. It was a long ~and terrible battle, but providence kindly smiled upon him, by permitting hilm to live long enough to know that he is the victor. Now, at the age of eighty years, strong in mind and body, he can complacently look upon the past and contemplate the future with pleasure. The parents of the subject of this sketch were Timothy and Jane (Matthew) Crim ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 263 mins. They were natives of the county of Limerick, Ireland, as their forefathers had been for many generations. They were of the peasantry, holding their title to the land which they cultivated at the pleasure of a rapacious, exacting and conscientiousless landlord, represented by a still more barbarous and inhuman agent. To them, as to all the other down-trodden and oppressed of Ireland, the only ray of hope in their lives shone to the westward-toward America. They were the parents of eight children, the youngest of whom died in infancy. The others were Dennis, John, Timothy, Patrick. MIary and Kate. During the early years of these children the struggle for existence in Ireland was each year growing more bitter. \ change was necessary, and accordingly it was decided that Timothy, the youngest son, the mother's favorite, the boy with a good heart and a clean conscience, must be the pioneer of the family in coming to the land of promise to solicit the favor of fortune tor his parents, his brothers, his sisters and for himself. Accordingly, in 1846, just two years previous to the terrible famine which devastated the wretched little island from one end to the other, arrangements were made and transportation secured for Timothy Crimmins to come to America. He was then in the prime of life, in the vigor of manhood, just twenty-four years of age. It is no wonder that the parting almost broke the heart of the poor old mother as she looked upon his face for the last time. The voyage was a long and stormy one, made, like most of the ocean voyages of that time, in a sailing vessel. Adverse winds were encountered (luring the greater part of the trip and there were times when most of those on board felt that their time had come. It was six weeks from the time the vessel left the Irish coast until it arrived at its destination, Quebec, Canada. Timothy Crimmins did not remain long in the Dominion, but hastened to New York and readily secured employment on the New York & Erie Railway, then in course of construction. For four years he followed railroading, the last two being employed on the Columbus & Cleveland road. The work was hard, but he had the constitution and strength to endure it and the many and generous remittances made by him to the family in his native land were at once a blessing to him who gave and them who received. Through his aid other members of the family were enabled to come to America, where they have been prosperous and happy; his parents, however, could not be tempted from their native land, but continued to live happier lives on account of the boy that was in America. There they eventually died and there their remains now repose. The opportunities for education allowed to Timothy Crimmins in his native land were too limited to endow him with a great amount of learning, and he was too busy and too old to acquire much of a knowledge of books in America. However, he was intelligent and shrewd and possessed of a ready wit, and each or all of these faculties were admirably substituted for a knowledge of letters. His lack of learning gave him a high appreciation of it and he determined that any children born to him should never go through life handicapped in this particular. In I850 he was united in marriage, in the city of Cleveland, to Miss Mary Timbers, a native of county Killkenny, Ireland, and very soon thereafter he decided to give up railroading, secure a piece of land and make for himself a home. Accordingly he and his young wife 264 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. came to St. Clair, Michigan, purchased eighty acres of land in section 10, St. Clair township, and proceeded to establish themselves upon it. The job looked very disheartening to begin with, as throughout the entire dense and untraversed wilderness no road had yet shown its face. People lacking in the faculty of locality had to provide themselves with a,mariner's compass or run the chance of becoming lost. In short, the reader may readily infer that it was not an ideal place to bring a bride. However, with love to sweeten the solitude, toil and privation, the most disheartening of tasks may be accomplished. A log shanty was first built and this was their home until later a more pretentious frame house was erected, and acre by acre and year by year that wilderness became a fertile, productive farm, up-todate in all its appointments. To Timothy Crimmins and his wife, Mary, eight children have been born. Five of these have preceded their parents into eternity, viz: Timothy, John, Patrick, Mary and Kate. The other three children are Michael, who is a merchant and mill owner at Copenish, Michigan; Charles, who is a merchant at Moreland, Michigan, and Martin, who continues to live at home, farming the old homestead, which has been broadened by the addition of forty acres more. In May, I885, the life of Mr. Crimmins was greatly saddened by the death of his beloved wife, Mary. To her memory he has remained true, as he knows that were the circumstances reversed she would have remained true to his. In the education of his children he has spent much and would have spent more were the survivors of his family more numerous. One son, Patrick, was educated in the law, passed a most creditable examination and was admitted to the bar. He opened up in the practice at Port Huron and life for him was full of promise. In all of his undertakings at the bar he was very successful and his ability was not only acknowledged, but he had made for himself a reputation, though little more than a youth. But death came and most untimely terminated a brilliant career. Mr. Crimmins is in religion a Catholic and a regular attendant upon the services of that church. He has entirely retired from business, having plenty to keep him and his. Thus he has overcome the frigid frown of fortune and in contrast with the stormy days of his youth and middle life, spends his declining years in ease and comfort. AUGUST UPPLEGER. This thriving and respected farmer, residing in Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Casco township, in the same county, May 23, 1863, and is the eldest of the six children that constitute the family of Christian and Minnie (Kates) Uppleger, natives of Germany, of whom mention is made in the biography of William A. Uppleger, a brother of August, whose biography may be found on another page of this work. August Uppleger was united in marriage May 24, I886, with Miss Maggie Zlendain, daughter of Charles and Sophia Zlendain, farming people who settled here when the father was about twenty years of age. Here, Charles Zlendain industriously followed his calling until his death, which occurred June 9, I902, and at which time he was the owner of sixty acres of as good ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 265 farming land as is to be found in Columbus township. The Zlendain children were nine in number. The felicitous marriage of August and Maggie (Gudeman) Uppleger has been blessed with three children, namely: Viola S., born August 5, I888; Minnie, born February 3, 1884; Walter, born August 5, I895. The farm of August Uppleger comprises eighty acres of arable land, seventy of which he has placed in an excellent state of cultivation and which is unexcelled by any other of similar dimensions in the township. Besides carrying on general farming Mr. Uppleger raises live stock to a considerable extent, including shorthorn cattle and Poland China and Ohio Improved Chester hogs, and of these he ships the greater number. He also grows sugar beets, beans, oats, corn, wheat and hay, and a large quantity of these, with the exception of the wheat, he uses to feed to his stock, the surplus being sent to the market. Mr. and Mrs. Uppleger attended the Lutheran church at Lenox and are free in their contributions to its support, and fraternally Mr. Uppleger is a member of the Tent No. I55, Maccabees, at Richmond. In politics he is now inclined toward the Republican party, although up to this time he has acted with the Democrats, but he has never aspired to public office. Although Mr. Uppleger worked on his father's farm until twenty-three years of age, he is now, at less than forty years old, the owner of a well improved farm, which he has acquired through hard work, good management and commendable frugality. He has raised himself from comparative indigence to a position as one of the substantial men of Columbus township, and can show as satisfactory results from his industry as any man of his age in the county of St. Clair. Mr. Uppleger has always been a public-spirited citizen and has been ready at all times to aid with his means such projects as gave an assurance in their incipiency that their consummation would redound to the benefit of the public in general. His moral character is beyond reproach, his word always being considered by his neighbors to be as sacred as any documentary promise. He and wife enjoy the esteem of the entire community, not only for their usefulness and industry, but for their willingness at all times to lend a helping hand to such as are in need and who have been less fortunate than themselves in securing a fair share of this world's goods. EPHRAIM PEARCE. This venerable and respected resident of Colutmbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born September 25, 1825, in Milksham, Wiltshire, England, which was once part of the estate of Alfred the Great. He is a son of Isaac and Priscilla (Knee) Pearce, the former of whom was born in the same place in I797, and died at the age of eighty-three years. Isaac Pearce was a manipulator of cloth and came to America in 184I, locating in Connecticut. From there he removed to Massachusetts and in I849 came to St. Clair county, Michigan, bought eighty acres of wild land and started the first cloth-making machinery in the county. He afterward settled on his land, where his wife passed away in I88I, he following her to the grave in 1882. They were the parents 266 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I of four children, namely: George, Matilda, Ephraim and Leah. Of these, George learned the printing business in St. Clair county, Michigan, later went to New York, worked on the Tribune for several years, afterwards became the city editor of the journal, and while employed in that capacity died in I895. It is stated that Isaac Pearce, the father, lost a small fortune by having spurious money passed on him in the course of trade, but otherwise he was quite successful and realized a competence. He died a deacon in the Baptist church and in politics a Republican. Ephraim Pearce married, Mfay 7, 1846, Miss Ellen Bailey, a daughter of William and Hannah Bailey, who were all born in the same part of England in which the subject's parents had their nativity. Mr. and Mrs. Bailey were the parents of seven children and died in England, Mrs. Pearce being the only representative of the family in America. In religion Mr. Bailey was reared an Episcopalian, but later became a Baptist, and at his death was the owner of ten or twelve thousand dollars' worth of property. To the old home in England Mr. and Mrs. Pearce made a visit in I868-69, chiefly for the purpose of again beholding the scenes of their childhood days and of meeting once more the surviving friends of their early life. Mrs. Pearce was born March 23, 1826, and was reared and educated in her native England. Religiously she was reared in the faith of the Episcopal church, but in later life she became a zealous member of the Baptist church, having served as treasurer of the Ladies' Mission Circle for seven years. She was a good wife and an affectionate mother. Her death occurred January 29, I894. To the marriage of Ephraim Pearce and wife were born six children, namely: William, a farmer who married Isabell Patterson and has had born to him three children, Cora, Roy and George; Hannah married John McCall, a retired farmer, living in Memphis, Michigan, to whom she has borne seven children, Pearce, an engineer on the Grand Trunk Railroad, is married and has the following named children, Eva, Arthur, Irank, Albert, Daisy L. and Don; Sarah married George Stewart, of Saginaw, and is the mother of two children, John and Robert; Nellie married Sidney Robertson, and is the mother of seven children, Fred, Bertha, Ada A., Nellie, Vera, Sidney and Blanche; Bertha is the wife of A. P. McDonald, a Baptist clergyman at Mount Pleasant, and has four children, Clarence, Grace, Ralph and Norris; Robert, who is farming on the old homestead, is married to Mary Mackley, and has three children, Eleanor, Beatrice and Eunice. Ephraim Pearce on coming to America first set out a nursery on Long Island, New York, which he conducted for three years with very satisfactory results, but the growing reputation of Michigan as a fruit-growing, agricultural and live-stock breeding state were strong inducements for Mr. Pearce to make the Wolverine state his home. Accordingly he came here and settled in Columbus township, St. Clair county, and has since been engaged in general farming and fruit growing, together with stock breeding. Mr. Pearce and his sons have a farm of one hundred and forty acres, nearly all of which is under cultivation and here a great deal of attention is also given to live stock, such as Durham cattle and Berkshire swine, cattle raising being the principal industry. This farm Mr. Pearce, with his own hands, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 267 cleared up almost entirely from the woods, having acquired it through his present exertions and economy. In his political faith Mr. Pearce is a Democrat and has filled the offices of township supervisor, township clerk, township commissioner and all the school offices, having been school director for twenty-nine years. In religion he is a Baptist and for forty years was clerk of the church at Colunmbus. He has always been a liberal contributor to the support of his church in a pecuniary sense and active in every way toward advancing its welfare. He is now well advanced in years, is living in quiet retirement and is most highly respected by all of his neighbors, old and young, and it will certainly be admitted that his long and useful life fully entitles him to all the respect that is paid him. DARIUS ALLEN. Darius Allen was born September 8, 1842, in Armada township, Macomb county, Michigan, and is a son of Douglas and Phebe (Conger) Allen, both natives of Dangersfield, New York. Douglas Allen came to Michigan in I836 and located in Armada township, Monroe county, which at that time was a wilderness, the nearest market being Mt. Clemmens. He died in 1850, leaving his family a piece of land of forty-five acres, with only three acres cleared. He was a Democrat and was an active, daring pioneer, one of the first settlers in that section of the state. The maternal grandfather of the subject was Jesse Conger, who came from New York and settled in 16 Michigan in an early day. Douglas Allen raised a family of nine children: Sylvester, Hezekiah, Alexander, Harriett, Jesse C., Darius, Phoeba, Clarissa and Roswell. All had common school education and have acquired good homes for themselves and are a robust and hearty set of men and women. In early life Darius Allen started out for himself, at the same time assisting his mother and the family all he could. He earned his first suit of clothes by trapping beaver and other fur-bearing animals, and also worked in lumber camps and assisted in clearing up their own land. The first real estate he ever owned was a ten-acre tract. He was married, in 1865, to Mary Jane Stanlake, who died in I896. She was a daughter of Thomas Stanlake, one of the early pioneers and a well-to-do farmer of Berlin township. Darius Allen and wife settled on section 28, il Berlin township, on forty acres of land, and he has added to this, from time to time, until he now has six hundred acres of well improved land. He has a family of five children: George, Elsie Jane, Lula, Ina and Ethan. Mr. Allen has always been known as a famous hunter. He says, and others bear out his assertion. that the number of deer that he has killed will run over the thousand mark, and he has also killed dozens of bear and other game of all kinds. Darius Allen has long been and is now one of the leading citizens of Berlin township and St. Clair county, and is enabled to trace his family lineage back to that of Ethan Allen, of Ticonderoga fame. In his farming operations he follows the system of mixed, or general stock, farming, in which he has been eminently successful. In the carrying on of work on his farm, he requires 268 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. and oversees the labor of twenty-five men and possesses the most complete truck farm in St. Clair county. His crop of this year will give an idea of the magnitude of his estate and his farming operations: Of potatoes, he has out sixty-five acres; corn, sixty acres; chickory, thirty acres; onions, thirty acres; sugar beets, five acres; oats, ninety acres; wheat, twenty acres; and peppermint, a hundred acres. He has also twenty-five acres of clover and one hundred and fifty acres of timothy. He favors a rotation of crops, and is an ideal stock raiser, having five hundred Shropshire sheep and many registered Durham cattle. He built a peppermint distillery in I896, and produces nearly ten thousand pounds of peppermint oil per year, finding in this a profitable source of income. Mr. Allen is a Democrat and is very active in township and county politics. He has been drainage commissioner and commissioner of highways, justice of the peace, etc. He purchased the first gravel pit ever opened in Berlin township, and had the contract for building and fencing ten miles of the Pere Marquette Railroad. He also furnished thirty thousand ties for the same road, has done other extensive contract work and has been interested in several lumber deals that involved large amounts. He is a man among men, and a typical example of the sturdy, honest pioneer class. He is the best type of a successful, self-made man of the world. He commenced life, as so many of the young men of our country do, with no capital save an ambition to excel, backed by an energetic will and the brawn and muscle which the coarse fare and hardy outdoor life gave and which was the foundation for the future achievements of the descendants of the pioneer fathers of our country. Darius Allen is endowed with the mental acumen which enables him to take advantage of the natural tendencies of the times in which he lives and the circumstances by which he is surrounded and to adopt that course which is productive of best results. In all professions and in every line of business the tendency of the age has been along the line of concentration. Experience has demonstrated the fact that in the profession of farming, the application of these ideas is no less successful than in that of others; and the successful, we may say the brilliant, results attained by Mr. Alien are among the striking illustrations of the accuracy of the theory. Starting in life with the comparatively trifling amount of ten acres of land, he has added to this by his industry and successful management, until now he has six hundred or more acres of land in a high state of cultivation. To his general and mixed system of stock raising and cultivation of the staple cereals and grasses, he has added the specialty of market-gardening, with the addition of some products that are comparatively rare and from which he is realizing goo(i results financially. Mr. Allen has at times (luring his life also had charge of and has been engaged in contract work for corporations and public works, which proves the bent of his mind, his ability.to grapple with problems of more than average magnitude; and his disposition to engage in the larger concerns of life. He has also in his busy life found time to devote to his civic duties, being an active worker in his party, in which his interest in the public affairs of his township and county, with his ability and inclination for public service, has been recognized by his selection to fill various township offices and to act as delegate in numerous conventions of his' ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 269 party. He is an intelligent and active citizen, fully alive to all the topics of the day, and especially interested in all questions which concern the interests of the community in which he lives. He is a busy man of affairs, possessing the respect and confidence of the public, and being in the prime of life in regard to years, and sound in mental and physical qualities, many years of future usefulness seem to be vouchsafed to him. ARCHIBALD J. McNAUGHT. A retired farmer and ex-soldier of the Union army, and one of the most respected citizens of Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is Archibald J. McNaught, who was born in Troy, Pennsylvania, April 14, 1839, a son of Malcolm and Rachael (Eastman) McNaught, the former of whom was born in the highlands of Scotland and the latter in Canada. Malcolm was a son of Archibald McNaught, who came with his family from Scotland to the United States albout 1812 and purchased a farm in Delaware county, New York, where he passed the remainder of his life and from which state his son, Malcolm, removed to Pennsylvania soon after his marriage. Malcolm carried on farming very successfully in the Keystone state for some years, when he disposed of his property there and came to Michigan in April, I857, locating on one hundred and twenty acres of wild land in Mutssey township, St. Clair county. This farm he cleared up completely, although when he settled here the woods were filled with game and viands for a substantial meal could he had by the mere pulling of a trig ger. He prospered through hard work and frugality and eventually retired to Capac, where his death took place at the advanced age of ninety-two years. Malcolm McNaught was a Republican in politics, was very popular personally, held all the school offices, and was highway commissioner for several years. He and wife were members of the Baptist church and had born to them a family of four children, viz: Elizabeth married John Neeper, formerly of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, whence he came to Capac, St. Clair county, Michigan, where he followed his trade of cabinetmaker and undertaker for several years and thence moved to Armada, where his death occurred. His widow now resides in Capac. The second of the offspring of Malcolm and Rachael McNaught is Archibald J., whose name opens this biographical notice. The third is Robert, who lives on the old homestead, is married to Lizzie Houghton, of England, and has a family of two children, a son and a daughter. The fourth child, Henrietta, was married to the Rev. E. J. Doyle, at that time a Baptist clergyman of Canada, but now deceased. Mrs. Doyle now resides in Capac, having retired from her farm, and is the mother of one daughter, Alice, who is married and lives in Hillsdale, Michigan. Archibald J. McNaught passed his early life on his father's farm, which he assisted in cultivating in the summer months, and during the winter months was afforded an opportunity of attending school. When old enough he was also sent in winter to the lumber camps of his neighborhood to help in adding to his family income and bearing its expenses. At the age of twenty-two years, he bought a tract of eighty acres in Mussey township, on which he lived two ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 270 years and then enlisted, in August, I864, in the First Michigan Engineers and Mechanics, Company K, under Captain Curtis. He served with Sherman on his march from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Atlanta and to the sea and on to Washington, taking part in the Grand Review. He was discharged in June, 1865. On returning to his farm he lived upon it until I869, when he sold it. He next was employed as a buyer of staves for several years for a New York firm, operating along the Grand Trunk Railroad, and afterwards was employed in various business enterprises until appointed postmaster at Capac under President Harrison, which responsible position he held four years, and four years later was reappointed under McKinley, serving four years more. Mr. McNaught married, September 4, I86I, Miss Maria Alverson, daughter of Daniel Alverson, of New York, an old settler in Michigan, who first located near Romeo, Macomb county, and then came to Lynn township, St. Clair county, and at the latter place ran a saw-mill and also a farm. To Mr. and Mrs. McNaught have been born two children, Clara, who is married to H. C. Siegal, of Capac, and has one child, Will; and Henry, who married Lizzie Fritz, of Pennsylvania, who has borne him one child, Melba. Henry McNaught is a telegraph operator and was in Portland, Oregon, for twelve years, but is now operating at San Francisco, California. In politics Mr. McNaught has always been an active Republican, with which party he is very popular and under the auspices of which he has served as president of the village two years, has for many years been a justice of the peace, and for eight years served as deputy under Sheriff Hilton. In fact, Mr. McNaught has been one of Mussey township's most useful citizens ever since he came here, and it is to be regretted that he has retired from active life. Mrs. McNaught is a member of the Methodist Protestant church, while he is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees. He owns considerable real estate in Capac, has a fine residence, two brick business blocks and other property, all of which he has earned through his own exertions and he stands today one of the most substantial and respected citizens of Capac. GEORGE W. DAVIDSON. The achievements of men have an interest for the human race that is surpassed by nothing. When we read of the success of other members of the large family that inhabits the earth we are seized with a desire to be and do more than we have heretofore been and done. Their achievements are an incentive to the others to put to the best and noblest use the talents which they may possess and to develop within themselves that which is purest and most conducive of good to themselves and others. It is only when we see the lives of others that we realize how narrow and cramped are the paths we perhaps have been following; it is only when we know those who have won success through the close application of the best of their abilities that we see how we also are able to accomplish some of the longings of our hearts, and it is only when we have acted upon the lessons thus imparted that our lives are broadened and brightened and that we impart to the world a life and meaning that it never before possessed and would not have ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 27I possessed had we not lived. As a great family living in the world, with only a shade of difference separating the individuals, we can not live our lives alone and it rests with u's whether the influence which we exert be for the benefit or disparagement of those with whom we come in contact. As it is useless to try to live to ourselves, so is it useless toattempt to think that the life we lead has no influence on our neighbor, for the habits of one unconsciously merge into the habits of the other and the long tendrils of love, affection and friendship twine about one another in such a way that it is only by minute examination that we are able to distinguish the difference between the longings of the two individuals. Should our habits and desires be uplifting and ennobling, then it is well that the tendrils become fastened around the lives of others. Comparison adds to or detracts from the standing of the individuals compared; it puts them on either a higher or lower plane than they have occupied and gives to them a respect that they have perhaps never before enjoyed. When the life of a man will stand the rigid test of comparison with something high, ideal or noble, then have we a character worthy of emulation, and of such is the subject of this brief memoir. George W. Davidson was born on the old homestead in Clyde township, St. Clair county, November 23, I850, and is the son of John N. and Margaret W. (Aitken) Davidson, both of Glasgow, Scotland. The father was employed in the chemical works in his native city and also farmed a little. In I840, thinking that he could better himself, he emigrated with his family to America. Landing in New York, they remained there about six months and then came to St. Clair county, where they rented a farm in Clyde township. Later he bought eighty acres of the place which the subject now owns, which was then all wild, having but a small clearing and on it a little frame house. A year after buying the place he brought his family to their new home and he with the older members began clearing the place. After having cleared this farm, he added fifty-five more acres, making in all one hundred and thirty-five acres. For some time he did a great deal of lumbering in the county and owned a great deal of pine land, which netted considerable money. About 1856 he began working for the Soo Canal Company as timber inspector and estimator, and continued the work some three or four years. In political affairs he was very prominent, taking an active part in local as well as national affairs. He held several offices in Port Huron and was one of the staunchest Democrats in the county. He was a member of the Episcopal church and was one of the best known and most highly respected men in the township. His death occurred May I2, i888, and that of his wife seventeen years previous, her demise having occurred January II, I87I. Five children were born to them: John M., a sailor, was drowned in Lake Michigan in November, I885; James A., a merchant of Port Huron, Michigan, married Helen Loomis; Margaret W. was the wife of D. Hagadorne, but both are deceased; Agnes is the widow of Andrew Sipperly, who was a civil engineer in New York City, and George Wesley, the subject. After leaving his employment with the Soo Canal Company, Mr. Davidson bought the old Huron House and for several years was identified with the hotel business of Port Huron. In I86I he enlisted in the Second 272 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Michigan Cavalry and was in the service for eighteen months,. during which time he was regimental wagonmaster. In the army he was one of the most courageous and faithful of the volunteers. He was well and favorably known both in the township and county. The subject was educated in the schools of Port Huron and lived with his parents until his marriage, February 28, I872, to Miss Mary Corbishley, of Port Huron, a laughter of John G. and Harriet A. (Blennerhassett) Corbishley. Her father was from Cape Town, South Africa, and her mother was a native of Vermont. Her grandfather, Lieut. James Corbishley, came to Canada from South Africa, and later came to Port Huron, where he l)ought a farm in Clyde township. There they lived until the father's death, in I882, when the mother came to Port Huron, where she has since resided. The subject and wife were the parents of nine children: Ethel M. died in 1886: James J. is an under sheriff; Florence M. is the wife of Charles McNaughton; Emma N. lives at home; Helen A. is a teacher in the Greenwood township schools; Alice W. teaches in Grant township; Mary E.. George \V. and Donald L. reside at home. Mr. Davidson has carried on general farming for many years and has been prosperous beyond his early expectations. At present he owns a fine farm of one hundred and thirty-five acres and raises all kinds of grains, hay, hogs and cattle. He has also raised and dealt in fine horses for some time and has on his farm some animals of very good records. Fast horses are a passion with him and those of his farm are of the finest breeds and excellent pedigrees. Politically Mr. Davidson has always been very active and has held office under Democratic administration. He is considered one of the strongest members of the party and is always willing and ready to give both time and money to the furthering of his party's causes. He was township treasurer of Clyde township for four years, justice of the peace for fourteen years and for many years has been a member of the school board. In 1892 he was elected sheriff as the regular Democratic nominee by a majority of fifty-two, while all the remaining candidates on the ticket were defeated by one thousand to one thousand two hundred majorities, with about one thousand five hundred normal Republican majority. He assumed office January I, I903. Mr. Davidson is a Mason, being a member of Port Huron Lodge No. 58. As a member of the Episcopal church he is one of the most liberal of its supporters and anything which he can do to promote its interests is willingly done. He is a man of exemplary habits and possesses many friends, his ability being unquestioned and his integrity undoubted. JOHN L. SHEPHERD. This enterprising and respected young farmer of Capac, Michigan, is a native of Perthshire, Scotland, a son of David and Anna (Lamont) Shepherd, and was born May 21, I856. David Shepherd brought his family to the United States in I859 and selected for his home a tract of eighty acres of wild land in sections 17 and 18, Berlin township, six miles south of Capac. This land he cleared up and improved in all necessary respects, carried on general farming and ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 273 - in course of time increased his farm to one hundred and twenty acres. His live stock coml)rise(l Durham cattle and fine wooled sheel, of w-hich he made a specialty. On this farm he and wife passed the remainder of their days and (lie(l, aged seventy-seven anti eighty-four years respectively, honored and beloved hy all their neighl)ors. They were the l)arents of eight children, born in the followinog order A er \antd Janet, twins, the latter of zwhom is (lecease(l Jean; laryn'; Ellen Ferguson; Peter, who was a meml)er of the Third Mlichigan Cacvalry, serve(l tw(o years in the Civil war, and (lied fromn sickness at Baton Rotuge, Louisiana, just as he was alout to he miustered out; Isahlel' John L., whose name opens this sketch. John L. Shepherd wvas reare(l on his father's farm, received his preliminary education in the district schools and assisted his father until sixteen years of age. when he was graduatedl from the high school at A1 -mont, Michigan. Iee then w-ent to work in the lumher camlps of Michigan, but in the winter season taught school in Lapeer county, until twenty-two. He then returned to the home farm, of which he had charge four years, when lhe purchased it and has since improve(l it with a handsome d(welling. substantial and commodious lharls and other necessary outluildings and good fences, and has made it one of the l)est farmls of its (limensions in the towniship. April IO, I879, Mr. Shepherd was united in marriage with Miss Delsina Holiday, of Romeo, Macoml) county, Michigan, a (laughter of Samuel and Mary (Green) Holiday. Mr. and Mrs. Holiday were natives of New York, who came to Michigan early in the 'forties, and for some years lived on a farm in Macomb county, finally retiring to Romleo, where the mother died in I873, the death of the father occurring at Almont in I89I. Mrs. Shepherd is the seventh child in order of birth of the eight children, six girls and two boys, that constituted the faimily of Saimuel and Mary Holiday. The father was a prosperous farmer and had clearel tip a great deal of land as a pioneer. In lolitics lie was a Democrat and in his time was a very influential citizen. To, Mr. and AMrs. Shelherd have h)een born two children, Neal, i-who was l)orn February 27, I88I, and (lie(l -ovemller I0, I890, and Helen, who Nwas horn June 28, I896. In the fall of 1896 Mr. Shepherd was elected clerk of St. Clair couinty, as the nominee of the Rlel)ullican party. He filled the office for two years, and so satisfactory were his services tlhat lhe was elected in I898 by a mlajority o f one thousand six hundred, thus filling the office four consecutive years. During his incumlency a new and more modern systemn of keeping the hlooks, records anlt files was installed andl he succeeded in rearranging all the old records, making new filings, indexes, etc., placing thenm upon a niuchi more convenient basis. Thile office became mieore labiorious ulpon the addition of the seconol ju(lge of the circuit court. Mr. Shepherd has erected a handsome residence in Capac, keel)ing a supervision over his property in Ilerlin townshil), on which he conducts general farming. Mir. and Mrs. Shepherd attend the Methodlist Protestant church, and Mr. Shepherd has always taken an active part in the public affairs of his township an(l county, using his best efforts to, secure the triumph of the Republicans at the polls. He has served his party and fellow citizens faithfully for three years as township clerk of Berlin, six years 274 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. as drain commissioner and two years as supervisor. Ever since reaching his majority he has taken an active part in political work, often serving as delegate to the various conventions. He belongs to the Knights of the Maccabees, the Modern Woodmen and Berlin Grange, of which he was master for some years; the Knights of Pythias, and Masons. He has been actively identified with the work of the Pythian fraternity, being chancellor commander of Capac Lodge and is now the vice-chancellor. The Maccabees have also had the benefit of his assistance, his official duty placing him in the great camp for three successive years. Mrs. Shepherd is also a member of the Rathbone Sisters and the Ladies of the Maccabees. CHARLES LEWIS. It is a pleasure to investigate the career of a successful, self-made man. Peculiar honor attaches to that individual, who, beginning the great struggle alone and unaided, gradually overcomes unfavorable environments, and removes one by one the obstacles from the pathway of success and by the master stroke of his own force and vitality succeeds in forging his way to the front and winning for himself a competency and a position of esteem and influence among his fellow men. Such is the record of the popular citizen of Clyde township to a brief synopsis of whose life and character the biographer now invites attention. Charles Lewis, born in Oxford county, Canada, October 28, 1840, is the son of Edwin and Barbara (Utley) Lewis, the father born in Bristol, England, and the mother in Toronto, Canada. The subject's father left his native country when a lad and in company with his father, Daniel Lewis, came to Oxford county, Canada, where the latter secured land and where they made their home for many years. The subject's grandfather dealt in land and lumber during his life time and was assisted by his son. He died in Oxford county many years ago. The subject's father grew to manhood in Canada, was married there, and there he remained during his life. He was a member of the council for many years and was prominently connected with local affairs. He was a member of the United Brethren church, in the work of which institution he was very active, being a liberal supporter of the church and a promoter of its interests. He and wife were very popular among their neighbors and at their deaths were much mourned. The were the parents of the following children: Orilla, deceased; Charles, the subject; Lucinda, living in British Columbia; Edwin, a resident of Sanilac county, Michigan; Henry, a farmer in Clyde township; Ann, living in Sanilac county; Eliza, whose home is in Grant township; Florence; John, deceased; Dorcas, of Brantford county, Ontario, and James, in California. Charles Lewis received but a limited education and with this as a foundation he started out in the world. He was but nineteen years old when he left home and went to California, where he located in the Sacramento valley, the journey being made by boat and the voyage consuming thirty days. Five years were spent in the west, during which time he was engaged in farming and in pressing hay. The subject had been in California but one year when his brother James followed in his footsteps and also ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 275 -went to the Sacramento valley, where he engaged in farming and also became a dealer in grains. Later he purchased an elevator and was for some time identified with that business. In I869 Charles Lewis returned to Michigan and settled in Sanilac county, where he bought one hundred and sixty acres of land, and here he remained tilling his land for five years, at the end of which time he sold his farm. During his residence in Sanilac county the subject also was connected with a saw-mill and had many lumbering interests, all of which he disposed of when he returned to this county. He bought the timber on four hundred acres of land in Gratiot township, St. Clair county, and later, in 1875, bought one hundred and sixty acres of land in Clyde township, where he now lives. The subject has had many interests in this and other counties and especially has he been interested in lumbering and in the saw-mill business. While in Fort Gratiot township he was connected for four years with the lumbering and saw-mill business of that community, and he also at one time was in the business at a point sixty miles north of Saginaw, Michigan, for a period of four years. At twenty-two years of age Mr. Lewis married Miss Sarah Bursee, of Oxford county, Canada, though they were married in California. The subject and wife are the parents of six children: Alvira, the wife of Chester Bean,,of Clyde township; Orilla, who is married to John Walker, of Clyde township; Charles; Anna, and Russell, at home. When Mr. Lewis first came into possession of his present farm, which now contains two hundred and thirty acres, it was very rough and the prospects were anything but inviting. Nevertheless he has succeeded in bringing out the good points of the land and it is now one of the finest pieces of farm land in the community. In 1876 he built his present beautiful home and also made other improvements, now having one of the finest homes in St. Clair county. The farm has been cleared with the exception of ten acres and most of it is under cultivation. Mr. Lewis is a raiser of all kinds of grains, hay, horses, hogs and cattle and has some of the finest products of the farm that can be found in the country. He has always been a hardworking man and in his modest way has made many staunch friends. He is not what the world would call a politician, but he has always taken a deep interest in the political affairs of his community and while not aspiring to office or political honors he has assisted many friends to the coveted chair. In the Republican ranks, where he has always placed his interest, he is counted one of the most faithful of the party's adherents. He and family are also members of the Baptist church and are very active in church work. No family in the county is more respected or more fitted for the acceptance of the leadership which they enjoy than that of the Lewis family and the esteem of their neighbors and friends is but a fitting tribute to their popularity. EDGAR WHITE. A man's reputation is the property of the world. The laws of nature have forbidden isolation. Every human being submits to the controlling influence of others, or as a master spirit rises superior to his environment and becomes a leader of men in the 276 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I world of business, in the political arena or in the realm of thought. There can be no impropriety therefore in justly reviewing the acts of any individual as they affect his public or business relations. If he is honest and eminent in his chosen field of labor, investigation will heighten his fame and make plain the path which others may follow to the goal of success. The life of the distinguished gentleman whose name introduces this article had a pronounced influence for many years in shaping the business interests of Port Huron and the active part he took in the city's public affairs won for him high honors and universal esteem as a man and citizen. Edgar White was born in Whitestown, New York, October 2, I820. No event of especial importance occurred during his boyhood and youth and he grew up with the idea ever prominently before him that every individual possesses the inherent power to shape and control his own destiny. The common schools afforded him the means of a preliminary education, after which he pursued his studies for two years in an educational institution of higher grade in the state of New Jersey. The training thus received fitted him for college and in due time he became a student of Yale, where he remained until completing the end of the junior year. Choosing the law for a profession, Mr. White, on leaving college, began the study of the same with his father, Hon. Fortune C. White, a prominent barrister of Whitestown, and in due time he was sufficiently advanced to pass the required examination and receive a license to practice in the courts of his native state. For some reason he did not take kindly to legal life and as a consequence decided to devote his attention to other pursuits. Accordingly, when a young man, he went to Ann Arbor, Michigan, and engaged in business with his brother, James H. White. After remaining two years in that city the brothers disposed of their establishment and came to Port Huron, where the subject took charge of his father's large property interests, in connection with the management of which he also engaged in the real estate business, his brother being his partner in the latter. The firm of White Brothers continued until the subject's death and became widely and favorably known in business circles of Port Huron and throughout the state. Mr. White rose to a prominent position in the world of affairs, took an active part in promoting the material welfare of his adopted city and was honored with many positions of trust. He encouraged the introduction of all enterprises of a business or industrial character and was a warm friend and earnest advocate of every movement tending to advance the social and moral condition of the people. For a number of years he was president of the Port Huron & Lake Michigan Railroad Company, and was also postmaster for four years. Endlowed with strong active faculties, he pursued the purposes of life with fortitude and determination and at the close of his career he st(lod among the leading business men of his part of the state with a distinction which only sterling merit could achieve. Measured by the true standard of success, his life was indeed fruitful of good results, not only in a business way, but in the wholesome influence which he always exerted on those with whom he mingled. He attained the approval of his fellow citizens, not alone by reason of his excellent endowments and attractive personality, but because his faculties, cultivated and developed by diligent la ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. lor, were largely used to promote the public good and also because his motives were pure and his conduct upright. Mr. White was one of the leading Republican politicians of St. Clair county and rendered his party much valuable service in local, state and national campaigns. He was not an office-seeker, yet at one time yielded to the importunities of his friends by running for mayor of Port Huron, to which office lie was elected by an overwhelming majority and the duties of which he discharged in an able and praiseworthy manner. Hie also served as controller of the city, and to him more than to any one man is due the credit of securing the present excellent water works system, an enterprise which he championed from the beginning. He also served as supervisor for twenty-two consecutive years. Mr. White was a lrominent member of the Masonic fraternity and lived so as to exemplify the sublime principles of the order in 1lis daily walk and conversation. His religion was. of that broad humanitarian kind that sees the spark of divinity in every human creature, however humble, and recognized in all churches great moral and spiritual forces destined to work out the higher good of humanity. Mr. \Vhite married his first wife, Adelia Joines, at Ann Arbor, the union resulting in the following children: Charles, Mary, Junius IFranklin, Carrie, and Adalbert, all but Charles and Carrie growing to maturity. Tlhe mother of these children dying about the year 1862, Mr. White subsequently entered the marriage relation with her sister, Mrs. Jane (Jones) Millen, who departed this life on the I7th of April, I900, leaving a son, Shirley White. In closing this brief sketch of a very ac tive and successful career, it may with propriety be said that Mr. White was a man who moved among his fellows as one born to leadership in business affairs, while in private life he proved a great moral incentive to all with whom he came in contact. His brain wNas large, his thought quick and his actions vigorous. Socially he was easily approachable and companionable, but to see him at his best it was necessary to meet him in his own domestic circle where his easy (lignity, generous hospitality and cordial manners marked himi at once as the true gentleman. He was peculiarly blessed in his household and wh-en he laid down the burdens and cares of this world at his home in Port Huron on the 20th (lay of October, 1894, he left to his descendants the reflection of high honors. tle examlle of a useful life and an unsullied reputation. And so at a good age, just past seventy-four, he passed away. Human life is like the waves of the sea. They flash for a few brief moments in the sun, marvels of beauty and power, and than are dashed( upon the remorseless shores of death and disal)pear forever. As the sea has rolled for untold ages in the past and w^ill continue to roll for ages to come, so will the waves of human life follow each other in countless succession until the mighty angel, with one foot on the sea and the other on the land, declares that time shall be no more. JOHN GLYSHAW. To a great extent the prosperity of the agricultural sections of our great country is due to the honest industry, the sturdy perseverance and the wise economy which so 278 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 278 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ prominently characterize the foreign element that has entered largely into our population. By comparison with their "old country" surroundings, these people have readily recognized the fact that in America lie the greatest opportunities for the man of ambition and energy. Because of this many have broken the ties of home and native land and have entered earnestly upon the task of gaining in the new world a home and a competence. By reason of years of indefatigable labor and honest effort, they have not only acquired a well-merited material prosperity, but also richly earned the highest esteem of all with whom they are associated. John Glyshaw, the subject of this sketch, was born in Baden, Germany, May 2, I83'7, and is the son of Thomas and Theresa (Gritman) Glyshaw, both of whom were natives of Baden. The father was a farmer and lived on a farm until his death in 1848. Shortly after her first husband's death the mother was married to Frederick Bomea, who brought his family to America in 1852. They first settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where they remained for three years and then came to St. Clair county, settling at Ruby, where he worked at his trade of wagonmaking. Three children were born to Thomas Glyshaw and wife, John, the subject of this sketch, Frank, a wagonmaker living in Lapeer county, Michigan, and Martin, a farmer of Clyde township. By her second marriage the mother of the subject had two children, Theresa, the wife of Ernest Norteman, of North Attleboro, Massachusetts, and Mary, deceased, wife of Ed Teed, of Canada. John Glyshaw's early education was received in the schools of Germany and it was largely to this early training that he is indebted for the prosperity of today. Having been imbued with the principles of business and having a natural bent in the direction of commercialism, he has always met with exceptional success and is now one of the most prosperous men in the county. He worked at home on the farm until early manhood, when he began to hire himself out to the other farmers in the neighborhood. His first position was with John Baird, for whom he worked for seven years on his farm. During his years of working for others he had been accumulating a little money and in I867 had saved enough to buy a tract of land. He and brother Martin then bought three hundred and twenty acres of land where the subject now lives in Clyde township. This was a partially improved tract, about seventy acres of it being cleared. There were also a few small buildings, which were later remodeled and enlarged. On May 20, i86i, the subject was married to Lydia Hammaker, who was born in Waterloo county, Canada, the daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Gable) Hammaker, both of whom were natives of Canada. They came to Michigan in I860 and bought a farm near Grand Rapids, where they made a home. The subject and his wife are the parents of ten children, as follows: Frankie was born in I862 and died at the age of eighteen years; James, who married Nettie Smith, works for the Grand Trunk Railroad at Port Huron; Mary, wife of Paul Metzger, died in I89I at the age of twenty-five years; Hattie, the wife of John Monroe, lives at Tuscola; Theresa is married to Charles Merritt, a farmer of Ward county, North Dakota; George, who married Miss Mary Brown, has two children, Persus and Erva, and assists in operating the farm; Rosanna, the wife of Lewis McFaddin, lives at Ruby, Michigan; ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 279 Bertha is the wife of Edward Workmaster, of Kanoka, St. Clair county; Ernest, whose wife was Bessie VanLuven, lives at Onawa, Michigan, and Freddie, at home. They have also fifteen living grandchildren, Maggie, Maude and Merrill, children of son James; Gertrude, Frank and Augusta, children of Mary Metzger; Myrtle, Jessie and Ernest, children of daughter Hattie Monroe; Gordon, only son of Theresa Merritt; Percy and Erva, whose father is George Glyshaw; Vernie and Gladys, children of daughter Rosanna, and Helen, who is the daughter of Bertha Workmaster. Mr. Glyshaw has by his energy and industry gained a position of respect and influence in Clyde township and is counted one of the most prosperous and popular citizens of the conimunity. He has for years carried on a general farming business and has no trouble in disposing of his produce at the highest market prices. His grains, hay and small vegetables are especially marketable, and his cattle, hogs and horses are among the finest in the country. At the present time he is the owner of one hundred and sixty acres of fine land. Only thirty acres of this farm are not cleared, the rest being under cultivation and in pasture. The subject has always been identified with the politicians of the county and in the Democratic ranks he is considered a power. He has held several offices, among which were those of highway commissioner and member of the school board. In the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is a member, he is one of the most active workers, as indeed are the entire family. They give liberally to the suplJo-t of the church and are in many other ways connected with her work. The subject and family are among the best respected and most influential citizens of the township and have many warm and true friends throughout the county. To have the respect of an entire community is one of the highest compliments that can be paid to any member of the human race, and this family have been so complimented, not only by the community in which they live, but also by other communities in which they are well and favorably known. NATHANIEL P. WHITE. The subject of this review was for many years one of the trio of White brothers whose lives were so closely interwoven with the business interests of Port Huron and whose influence in promoting the city's material prosperity was second to that of none of their contemporaries. Nathaniel P. White was a native of New York, born in Whitestown in the year I8I8. His father, Hon. Fortune C. White, was a distinguished lawyer of that state and at one time was judge of the county court of Oneida county, New York. He had large and valuable property interests in Port Huron and other parts of Michigan. It was to look after these holdings that first led his sons to come west, and once here they laid the foundation of ample fortunes and, as stated above, became in due time prominent in the business affairs of this section of the state. Nathaniel P. White spent his childhood and youth in the town of his birth and was given the best educational advantages the schools of Whitestown afforded. When young his sense of hearing became greatly impaired, the affliction proving to be not 280 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. - only an unpleasant and grievous personal burden, but interfering very materially with his prearranged life plans. In his young manhood he went to sea, but owing to deafness did not long follow that kind of life, giving up his position on the vessel for the purpose of studying dentistry. Becoming proficient in that profession, he followed it for some years in his native state, principally in the cities of Utica, Yonkers and New York. He and his brother Henry, also a dentist, manufactured the first soft gold for filling teeth, meeting with well merited success. In this as in his former vocation, Mr. White found his continued defective hearing not only a great embarrassment, but a decided hindrance to the successful prosecution of his work, accordingly he abandoned dentistry and, coming to Port Huron, Michigan, became a partner with his brothers, J. H. and Edgar White, in the real estate business. He spent his winters in Florida, where he owned a valuable property at Palatka. The prestige of this firm soon became great and the amount of business transacted by it far transcended in volume that done by any other partnership in this section of the state similarly engaged. Nathaniel P. White was a man happily endowed with those faculties which win success and in due time he rose to a position of prominence and influence in the business world. He continued to deal in real estate as long as he lived and by careful and, in the main, successful operations, accumulated a fortune. Mr. White was married in Albany, New York, to Miss Charlotte J. Henry, a native of Boylston, Saratoga county, New York, and a descendant of one of the oldest and most talented families in that part of New York state. In her youth Mrs. White was given the best educational advantages obtainable and in the course of years she became a lady of true refinement and varied culture. Prior to the Civil war she taught in the South and when the great rebellion was in progress she tendered her services to the government as a nurse. During the trying period between I86I and I866 she was unremitting in her attentic/ns and loving ministrations to the wounded and suffering soldiers and with such devotion did she perform her duties that she attracted the favorable notice of President Lincoln, between whom and herself feeling of the warmest personal friendship sprang up. The great President showed her every attention in his power, assisted her in her labors of love and mercy and remained her true and loyal friend until struck down by the assassin's bullet. Mrs. White was her husband's loving companion and true helpmate until death called him away, since which time she has made her home at Palatka, Florida. Of the personal life of Mr. White much by way of compliment might be said. That he was a man of strong mentality and mature judgment goes without saying and that he ever lived so as to make his presence felt for good among those with whom he had business or other relations is cheerfully admitted by all who knew him. His views of men and life were characterized by a broad catholicity and in all that constitutes true manhood and intelligent, upright citizenship he was easily peer of any of his friends and associates. His daily life and conversation marked the elevated mind and he lived so as to add to, rather than detract from, the luster of the good name for which his family had for so many years been especially distinguished. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 281 Fraternally he was a Mason of high degree and he also belonged to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having been active in his efforts to disseminate the principles of both brotherhoods. Mr. White's life was comparatively uneventful and he lived to a ripe old age, honored and respected by the people of his adopted city, dying on the 2d day of December, 1895, in his eightieth year. TOBIAS S. WARREN. One of the most respected retired farmers of Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and now living in Capac, is Tobias S. Warren, who was born October 12, I832, in Poltney township, Champlain county, New York, a son of Asa and Jane (Daley) Warren, the former a son of Ebenezer Warren, a descendant of Gen. Joseph Warren, the Revolutionary hero, who was a native of Ireland, was a physician by profession, and came to America in company with two brothers. Asa Warren was a prosperous farmer and was, besides, a clergyman in the Methodist church and quite a prominent resident of the township in which he liv\ed. To him and wife were born nine children, of whom Tobias S. is the eldest, the others having been born in the following order: Pliny, deceased; Harris, deceased; Charles, Elizabeth, Lee, Frank, Mary and Asa. The Rev. Asa Warren came to Michigan with his family in I850 and located on a farm near Romeo, Macomb county, but later sold his place and went to Iowa, where he passed the remainder of his life, dying at the age of seventy-six years; his wife passed away in Romeo, Michigan, when sixty-five years old, in the faith of the Methodist church, in which she was a very active worker. Tobias S. Warren came to Michigan with the other members of the family and after reaching mature years became the owner of a farm of two hundlred acres, located near Romeo, and on this farm he passed a quarter of a century, having well improved and stocked it. He sold this place in the spring of 1877 and purchased forty acres near Capac and one hundred and sixty acres in Lynn township, the most of which land was covered with a dense growth of timber. He, however, cleared up the entire tract and improved it thoroughly, and carried on general farming, but eventually sold the one-hundred-and-sixty-acre tract upon retiring to Capac. Tolias S. Warren was first united in wedlock to Miss Manora Wilcox, of Macomb county. Her father, Elias Wilcox, was a pioneer and received the deed for his farm direct from the governor of the state, which, in the early days, often made free grants of land to heads of families who were actual settlers. Mrs. Manora Warren was called away Miarch 2, I899, having borne her husb)and six children, named as follows: Bert, a dealer in pianos and organs, at Davison, Genesee county, Michigan, is married and the father of two exceptionally bright sons, both in business in New York City; Everett, wTho is a tinner, is married, has four children and resides in Capac; Jennie, who is married to Byron Walker, of Clyde, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois, who has a large apiary; he is a graduate of the State Normal School, is a law student, and is the father of four children: Chester died at the age of ten years; Willis, who was graduated from the high 282 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. school and is now engaged in the mercantile business at Yale, St. Clair county, but is still unmarried; Clark, who is manager at Capac of a gents' furnishing goods store for Marshall Brothers, of Imlay City, is married and has a family of two children. The second marriage of Tobias S. Warren took place January 15, I894, to Mrs. Elva (Howe) Green, widow of John M. Green, and the daughter of Rev. Willard Howe, of Ray township, Macomb county, a clergyman in the Methodist church and formerly a farmer, but who, has sold his farm and now lives in retirement in Davis, Macomb county. The first husband of Mrs. Warren, who was a farmer of Lynn township, St. Clair county, was called away in June, 1889. Mrs. Warren is an active worker in the Methodist church, to which she is devotedly attached, and in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, being treasurer of the seventh district and active in the local union. Her children are Addie, wife of Fred Wilcox, of Lynn township; Myrtle, wife of William Murray, of Lynn township; Erma, a dressmaker in Flint; Spicer, a farmer in Lynn township; Joy, and Cora, the latter a school girl. In politics Mr. Warren is a Republican, but at present has a predilection toward the Prohibition party. He has been a justice of the peace two terms and now holds that office, and has also been president of the village for two years and of the schools for nine years; he was also assessor of the village for two years. He has held several township offices while a resident of Macomb county, and has been active in political affairs ever since he has had a right to exercise his franchise as a voter. He is greatly respected as a most useful citizen, his advice and counsel being frequently sought in complex matters of vil LOREN A. SHERMAN. Loren Albert Sherman, an active business man and prominent Republican of Port Huron, was born March 14, 1844, in Bennington, Wyoming county, New York. His father was Albert Clark Sherman, a farmer and merchant, descended from that branch of the Connecticut family of Shermans who had their residence in Woodbury, Litchfield county. His mother's maiden name was Mary Ann Scotford, descended from an English family who came to this country about I8o8. The father died six months after the subject's birth. The son was educated at Olivet and Hillsdale colleges. His first occupation was clerk in grocery, dry goods and book stores. He enlisted in the First Michigan Infantry, Company G, in August, I86i; was afterwards appointed hospital steward, and was discharged July 31, 1862, for disability incurred during the Seven Days' battles. He entered the office of the Adrian Expositor in I864, first as bookkeeper and afterwards became editor; joined the editorial staff of the Detroit Daily Post in April, I866, holding'the position of night and state editor for three and one-half years, and managing editor one year. He became editor and publisher of the Port Huron Weekly Times in October,- 1870; started the Tri-Weekly Times in 1871 and the Daily Times in 1872, and has continued the latter without missing an issue since that year. In addition to his newspaper business, Mr. Sherman was the organizer and is the principal stockholder of the Riverside Printing Company and the Sherman Book Company, organizer and manager of the Port Huron Auditorium Company, and organizer of the Deepspring Company, owning the lage, and township government. mineral bath house of that name. He was 1 I --- —-----— I --- —- -. ----------- L. A. SHERMAN. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 283 chairman of the Port Huron Republican city committee eight years, and secretary of the county committee six years, up to I879. He has attended many Republican state conventions, and has never voted any other than the Republican ticket. He was a member of the board of education of the city of Port Huron six years, and was appointed postmaster April I, I899. He is a member of the Port Huron and Michigan clubs and many associations and societies. He was married September 6, I865, to Estella C. Ward, at Adrian. The children living are Frederick W., born February 3, I867, and Edith W., born March 20, 1873. J. W. CONKLIN. A native of the dominion of. Canada, J. W. Conklin was born in Northumberland county, May 8, 1842, a son of David and Caroline Conklin. The paternal grandfather of J. W., Joshua Conklin, was a native of New York state, was reared a farmer, owned two hundred acres of land, and in 1802 removed to Canada. David Conklin, son of Joshua and father of J. W. Conklin, was also an agriculturist and owned one hundred and fifty acres, eighty of which he cleared up, leaving eighty in timber, but the eighty cleared acres he converted into a profitable farm. David Conklin came from Canada to the United States and purchased the onehundred-and-sixty-acre tract of land on which the subject now resides, and here his wife passed away July i6, I886. In religion she was first a Methodist, but later became a Baptist, and was always a truly pious lady, beloved by all who knew her; the death of David Conklin occurred January 20, I894, 17 and resulted from a cancerous sore. David and Caroline Conklin had born to them five children, named as follows: William C., Rebecca S., Hannah A., J. W. and Rachael M. J. WV. Conklin has a fine tract of one hundred and sixty acres, which is all cleared of timber and excellently improved. Besides conducting general farming, he raises considerable live stock, comprising horses, cattle and Berkshire hogs, the greater part of which he places on the market. All the clearing on the place has been done by himself, and he has also made all the improvements, which will compare favorably with those of any homestead in the township of Columbus. He has been very industrious throughout life, and what he has he has earned with his own hands. December 24, 1875, Mr. Conklin was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth C. Granger, the daughter of George and Susan (Crawford) Granger. She was a native of St. Clair county, Michigan, born January 20, 1848, and was one of three children, the others being William, a millwright, who is married and lives in Colorado. and Anna, the wife of Austin Gilmore, an attorney-at-law in XWoodstock, Illinois. Mrs. Conklin was educated in the schools of St. Clair county and in the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. She subsequently engaged in teaching and followed this occupation four years in St. Clair and Macomb counties. By her marriage to the subject she became the mother of six children, named as follows: George W., who was born October 8, 1876, is now a laundryman at Pontiac, Michigan, and is married to Hattie Navengood; William, born January 8, I879, was graduated from the Richmond high school, and has 284 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I been a teacher in the district schools for four years; Charles S., born December 2, I88o, is married to Laura Cole, and is farming in section 20, Columbus township; Dean, born November 12, 1882, is a painter by trade, but is now assisting in the cultivation of the home farm; Robert C., born March 14, I885, met a sad fate July 29, I9OI, by being drowned while bathing in a pond; Irwin, born June 28, 1887, is still at home. Mrs. Elizabeth Conklin died November 4, I892, and on the i9th of September, I894, Mr. Conklin was married to Mrs. Jennie (Bones) Videau. She was born in Belleville, Ontario, Canada, August 12, 1852, and is the daughter of Christopher and Jane (Ross) Bones, her progenitors being of ScotchIrish blood. She was reared and educated in her native land, and was the only child born to her parents. She was three times married. Her first husband was Nelson Vandewater, by whom she had two children, viz: Albert A., who resides at Hamilton, Ontario, and is a conductor on the Grand Trunk Railway, married. Miss Georgia Wayne; Jessie F. is the wife of Myron Brown, a farmer residing in Columbus township. Mrs. Conklin has for-ten years been a member of Star of Bethlehem Tent, L. O. T. M. Mr. Conklin is a Republican in politics, but his farming industries have taken up too much of his attention to permit his taking part to any great extent in political work, and moreover he has never permitted himself to be attacked by any desire for public office. Fraternally he is a member of the Eagle Tent No. 555, Knights of the Maccabees, at Smith's Creek, and in religion he is a Baptist. He contributes freely to the support of his church, to the tenets of which he clings with true faith and follows with strict fidelity, carrying their teachings through all the walks of life. His integrity has always been beyong the reach of reproach and his habits of industry have won for him the approbation of his neighbors near and far. Mr. and Mrs. Conklin mingle with the best people of Columbus township, and no couple in the community have a higher standing than they. The following beautiful verses were penned in memory of Robert C. Conklin, whose death by drowning has been referred to: Do you see that angel, mother, Coming for our darling son? As the harvest moon was beaming, Across the waters she come; Came to bear Robbie's rescued spirit To that bright and heavenly home; To the bosom of the Savior,. Never, never more to roam. The birds were sleeping peacefully Around their leafy nests; The flowers, too, were blooming gaily When Robbie met his death,When Robbie met his dreadful fate, If fate we have to call,His death, so terrible and sad, And painful to us all. Dear friends, we miss him every day; His merry laugh and song; His loving words, his winning ways, We miss them all day long. A vacant chair sits by the hearth, A heart has ceased to beat; And oft you sigh and anxious list The tread of that loved one's feet. But ah! you watch and wait in vain; Robbie no more will come To make you happy with his love, Or cheer your lonely home, Would you call him back to earth? Is he not safe at rest, With him who calls the loved ones home To lean upon His breast? ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 28Q God holds our lives, each in His hands, And breaks at will the thread, That binds, as a connecting chain, The living and the dead. Wisdom Divine saw best to take Robbie in early life,Safe from the tempest wilding snare; From earth's unending strife,To join with mother in her home, So beautiful and bright,Where death can never more invade, And where there is no night. Live, so that when life's toilsome day And all its cares are o'er, You may those happy spirits meet,In heaven to part no more. -D. William Conklin. CHRISTIAN CATHERMAN. There are a great many large, commodious and substantial frame residences in St. Clair township, and a very large per cent of them is the work of one man, Christian Catherman, the subject of this sketch. He was horn in Hart township and is now a man of considerable strength and vigor in spite of his eighty-two years. In early life hle was a cabinetmaker and well skilled in his calling, but he came west and settled in St. Clair county, Michigan, in 1847. where he found plenty of employment and at remunerative wages. The parents of Christian Catherman were George and Philadelphia (Jones) Catherman, and thirteen children were born to them, of whom the following grew to mature years, viz: Jacob, Elizabeth, George, Samuel, Catherine, Mary, Ann and the subject hereof. The family were members of the Lutheran church and regular attendants upon its services. When Christian Catherman first came to southeastern Michigan "to view the landscape o'er," he found it by no means inviting. Nevertheless he determined to make St. Clair county his future home. Accordingly he purchased a tract of land on the Bowman road, on which he settled and which he proceeded to improve, alternately working at clearing and cultivating his land and at car-;entering, in the latter vocation his services being in much demand. There is scarcely a house, barn or other edifice of any size in the neighborhood that has not been erected by him or upon which he did not work, every one of which is a splendid testimonial to his ability in his calling. Of course for many years, being now eighty-two years old, he has (lone nothing at the 1)usiness, but many a man of high pretentions to ability in that line could receive valuable pointers from Mr. Catherman. Mr. Catherman has been twice married. His first wife was Ellen Derr, daughter of Jacob and Rachael Derr, and five children were born to this marriage, viz: George, James, Elizabeth, Frances and an infant that (lied soon after birth. On the 28th of May, I857, Mr. Catherman was united in marriage to Mrs. Louisa Dunton, the widow of George Dunton and daughter of Levi Chapman. By her first marriage Mrs. Catherman was the mother of one child, Emma. The latter is now the wife of Amsey Moore, of St. Clair, and they have the following children: Louisa, David, Charles, deceased; Thomas, Minnie, Frederick and Pearl. To Mr. Catherman's present union the following children have been born: Jay, deceased; Ida, deceased; Dorr, who is employed in the Upton works at Port Huron, married Miss Maggie Harris and they have six children, Stella, Lulu, Ver 286 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I nal, Hattie, Russell and baby Harley; Rhodema is the wife of Thomas Mackley, a farmer of Columbus township, and they have seven children, Lora, Maud, Christian, Harry, Howard, Thomas and Dottie; Charles, who is engaged in the produce business at Croswell, Michigan, married Louisa Harrington and is the father of three children, Freddie, Janie and an infant; Louisa married George Bowman and they are the parents of five children, Floyd, Roy, Earl, Vere and George. In politics Mr. Catherman is a staunch Democrat, having lived during a period when that party was the dominant one of the country. He was assessor of his township for twenty-one years and also served many years as school director. He never sought or cared to hold office, but has always taken a deep interest in the success of his party. In religion he was a Lutheran in early life, but for many years has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. During the war of the Rebellion, Mr. Catherman did not serve as a soldier in the field, but rendered the country valuable service on construction work in various parts of the south, constructing and rebuilding railroads, bridges, etc. In this way, although taking no part in the fighting, he managed to see considerable service. At one time he was in charge of a gang of some thirty mechanics and laborers on this class of work, when they were attacked by a squad of eighteen guerrillas, who endeavored to prevent the work of construction and break up and destroy their camp. They were driven off by a detachment of Federal troops from General Thomas' command, which succeeded in killing five and wounding one by breaking his leg. This poor fellow was afterward captured. He was brought to camp, his broken leg was set and he was fed, nursed and cared for until he was entirely well, when he was taken out and hanged. Good success has attended the efforts of Mr. Catherman during the course of his entire business career. He is at present the owner of eighty-five acres of good land, sixty acres of which are under cultivation. It is well improved in all particulars, being provided with a good house, barn and other buildings. Otherwise, also, the subject is in good financial circumstances, having abundance to provide comfortably for himself and those depending upon him. He has worked hardl, reared a large family and has seen each member thereof arrive at maturity all that a good man or woman should be, and now he can quietly enjoy the decline f a well spent life in ease and comfort. GEORGE LOCKWOOD. To the early pioneer we owe a debt of gratitude which can never be repaid, one which accumulates as the years pass, and we find that even the interest has not been kept up. At a time when life was almost unendurable in this part of the country, they came here, and without a murmur, cut away into the heart of the woods for the civilization which we now enjoy. It is true they did not in the least realize the great and lasting good they were doing, but had they done so it is doubtful whether their achievements would have been more far-reaching than they have been or whether their ambitions would have been realized more easily, and since they have, without any selfish motive, rendered us so great a service and given us so ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 287 vast an inheritance, we, with our knowledge of the hardships they had to endure for the sake of the future which they have builded for us, should one and all give them our most reverent praise. In the pioneer days of 1828 a babe was born in the new and wild regions of Fort Gratiot township. This child, born on November 6, was the son of David and Mary (Armstrong) Lockwood, both of whom were natives of England. David Lockwood, when George was a small child, went to Illinois and enlisted in the Black Hawk war, (lying while in that service. His wife died in Kimball, St. Clair county, several years later. Four children were born into this family, Mary A., the widow of John D. Thompson, deceased, is living in Port Hope; Isabelle was the wife of James Beard, both of whom are deceased; George, and John, a sailor, who died in young manhood. A limited education, which was received in the schools of Fort Gratiot township, a determination to win and the experience gained early in life through being homeless, were all that the subject had to enable him to carve his way through the world. These he used most advantageously and has come to the front in a way most pleasing to his friends. Even as a child he had to work hard and at the age of eleven, long before he should have been thrown upon the world. he was forced to leave childhood's days behind and take up the burden of making a livelihood. He became an inmate of the home of Norman Smith in Clyde township, where he resided until the death of Mr. Smith, when George was eighteen years old. As assistance was now more necessary than ever, he continued with the family until he was twenty-one years old, when he pur chased his home place of eighty acres in Clyde township. At that time the land was all in the woods and the roadless country offered but a poor invitation to any but the hardy sons of toil. On this land Mr. Lockwood erected a house and established his home and while clearing his own land he also worked for the other farmers in the neighborhood. In this way he spent several years and at the end of that time he was able to look over the past and note with pleasure the realizations of his desires. In June, 1847, he was married to Maria Miller, a native of the state of New York. She was the sister of the late John Miller, of Port Huron, Michigan, and was a girl of much refinement. To this union four children were born, Dwight E., connected as foreman on railway construction in Iowa, is married to Margaret Quail; Ann is the wife of James A. McIntyre, editor and proprietor of the Tribune at Hibbing, Michigan; Rosie is the wife of Nathan L. Roe, a farmer in Louisiana, near Natchez, Mississippi, and Ada, a teacher in the Grand Rapids schools, being principal of the kindergarten department. All the daughters were teachers, being prepared in the State Normal at Ypsilanti, and both Ann and Rosie taught in St. Clair county schools for some years. Since settling in Clyde township Mr. Lockwood has cleared the home place and bought more wild land and has succeeded in clearing about fifty acres of this last accession. He has always been a farmer and has made of his home one of the pleasantest as well as most profitable pieces of land in the neighborhood. His general farm products, especially his hogs and cattle, bring the best market prices and are the chief source of income to him. He is Democratic in politics 288 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. and takes an active interest in the affairs of his township and county. He has never aspired to office, but has given his support unreservedly to those of his party associates who have aspired to official honors. He started out in life a poor boy, without even the elementary knowledge which all are supposed to receive and in the unequal struggle which he has continually kept up he has come out with the flying colors of the victor. Owing to his ambition, determination and energy, he has been able to advance from an obscure position to one of ease and comfort, one in which he takes pride in occupying and which he has created for himself out of the multitude of problems that have beset him. As a man of the people, he is one of the most popular in the county and has the respect not only of his friends, but also of his acquaintances. HERMANN SPRINGER. Few business men at the comparatively early age of fifty are able to retire from active life and to pass the remainder of their days in quiet and comfort, yet such is the case with Hermann Springer, an ex-farmer and business man of Mussey township, having his residence at Capac. Hermann Springer was born in Pommern, Germany, October I9, 1851, a son of William and Amelia (Schaar) Springer, she dying in I868. In June, I869, William and Hermann came to Michigan and both were employed in the construction of the Grand Trunk Railroad during that summer. In the winter of I870 William Springer was married to a Mrs. Tosch, who lived on an eighty-acre farm two miles north of Capac, and he operated that farm for a few years, then came to Capac and resumed work at his trade of cabinetmaker. He now makes his home with his son Hermann, his wife having passed away about eight years ago. To William and Amelia (Schaar) Springer were born six children, of whom August and William also came to America some years later, the first now living in North Dakota and William at Flint, Michigan. Hermann Springer continued to work on the railroads, in the lumber woods and in brick yards until 1876, when he purchased a tract of one hundred and sixty acres of wild land in Lynn township, going in debt about one thousand dollars, which he cleared, improved and lived upon until I884, when he rented the place and engaged in the furniture business in Capac. From this he withdrew in I886, selling out to advantage. He paid a visit to North Dakota, but the land not being in market he returned and clerked for Mr. Lester about two years until he opened a meat market, which he conducted until I890. Then starting a grocery, he conducted it until January, I89I, when he took in the Jonas brothers as partners and made it a general store under the firm name of Springer & Jonas Bros. A!fter about eleven years of successful mercantile life, he retired from active connection, disposing of his interest to his partner, who continues the store. In the meantime, during the fall of I9OI, he erected a three-store two-story brick block, which returns a good rental, being used for business and office purposes. Mr. Springer was united in marriage September 6, I874, with Miss Katherine Weimer, a daughter of William Weimer, of ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I 289 Flint, Michigan. Mr. Weimer was one of the early settlers of Flint, a stonemason by trade, and a highly respected citizen, who died in I900. To Mr. and Mrs. Springer have been born two children, Clara and Ida. The mother of these children, who was a most amiable and accomplished lady, was most untimely called away July Io, I90o, leaving a void in the family circle that can never be filled. With his children Mr. Springer is now passing his declining years in his desirable brick residence at Capac. JOHN PATTERSON. This enterprising young farmer was born in Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, February 25, I86I, and here he still resides. He is a son of Samuel and Ann (Jago) Patterson, the former a native of Ireland, born in 1822, but who, when still a young man, came to America. He was employed in the lumber trade, or engaged in lumbering, for about eleven years in the state of New York, whence he came to Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, purchased eighty acres of farming land and conducted general farming and stock raising until his retirement from the active duties of life. To Samuel and Ann Patterson have been born five children, viz: Lizzie, who is married to Henry Hubble, a farmer; Rebecca is the wife of George Hazel, a policeman at Buffalo, New York; Belle is married to William Pearce, a farmer in Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan; Mary died at the early age of seventeen years, and John, whose name opens this biographical sketch. Samuel Patterson is a Baptist in re ligion and has been in his day a very active and energetic member of his church, always ready with a helping hand to advance its temporal as well as spiritual welfare. He is now living with his son John on the old homestead, highly respected by his neighbors and his few surviving friends of the olden time. John Patterson is now the owner of one hundred and forty acres, eighty of which are under cultivation. The entire tract, however, has been cleared off by the father and son, and by them all the improvements have been made. Their farming operations are of a general character, and a great deal of attention is given to stock, specialties being made of Durham and Jersey cattle and Berkshire swine, large numbers of which are marketed each year. In I889, John Patterson was united in marriage with Miss Fannie Bonker, whose antecedents and genealogy will be found in the biography of William Bonker, on another page of this volume. The union of Mr. and Mrs. Patterson has been graced with two children, Gertie, born June 28, I890, and Lee, born July 23, 1892. Politically Mr. Patterson is a Democrat and is in great favor with his party, which has recognized his fealty by electing him school director, a position he has ably and faithfully filled for twelve years, and also by electing him township treasurer, of which office he is the present incumbent. In religion Mr. Patterson is a Baptist and very liberal in his contributions to the support of this body, and as a layman he is active in his efforts to promote its good work. In all his business transactions Mr. Patterson has been commended for his strict integrity and fair dealing, and it is through 290 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I these sterling qualities that he owes the high esteem in which he is held throughout the entire community. His success in life is due entirely to his personal exertions, backed by the start he derived from the occupancy of the old homestead, his indefatigable industry and skillful management. In the social circles of Columbus township the family hold a most enviable position and are among its brightest ornaments. BION E. BEACH. The wisdom of Horace Greeley's advice to young men to go west and grow up with the country, if it ever was questioned, is now fully conceded. While the great journalist was wise in giving utterance to the advice, others long years before had taken counsel with their condition and moved westward. One of these was the grandfather of Bion E. Beach, the subject of this sketch, who has been a resident of St. Clair county, Michigan, since his birth, March I3, I864. In the year I852 Avetus Beach, who had been a deputy sheriff and held other important positions in his native county in New York, came west to St. Clair county, Michigan, where land was cheap, and purchased one hundred and sixty acres in section 9, St. Clair township. Mr. and Mrs. Beach were the parents of eight children, of whom six, Calvin, Mary, Charles, Lucy, Mark and George, are dead, the last named having been the father of Bion E. Beach, the subject of this sketch. Two of the family are living, Henry, who is a miner and lumberman in the state of Washington, and Clark, who lives in the northeastern part of Arkansas and is a farmer. The parents of Bion E. Beach, George A. and Rosetta (McCurdy) Beach, were born, the former in New York, the latter in Canada. When the elder Mr. Beach came out from New York his son, George A., accompanied him and invested in eighty acres of land on his own account. On this he erected a board stanty, to which he brought his wife and which was occupied by them as a home for years. By patient and persistent toil, in a few years he had the entire tract cleared off and had added thirty-five acres more to it. Here he and his wife and children lived, constantly adding to the improvements of the farm and yearly enhancing the value of the place, until his death in 1876, at the age of forty-two years. His wife survived him fifteen years, her death occurring March 6, 189I. They were the parents of three children, viz: Cora, who married George McCormick, lives at Smith Creek, Michigan, and they have two children, Ralph and Gladys; Bion E. will be referred to more fully hereafter; Thirza died in I896. Bion E. Beach received his education in the public schools of his native county of St. Clair. Being the only boy in the family, the care of his parents devolved upon him, but this he considered a labor of love. August 8, I888, he was united in marriage to Miss Amma Green, daughter of William Green, a respected citizen of St. Clair township, and they are the parents of four interesting children, Percy M., Thirza, Edna L. and George F. At the time of his marriage Mr. Beach was the owner of seventy-five acres of good land, upon which he moved and took up farming, the tract being located in section 4, St. Clair township. Here, however, he resided a short time, when he moved onto the old home place, where he has since lived. He has eighty acres of rich, fer ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 29I I I tile, well-improved land on which he carries on farming and general stock raising. In politics he is a Republican and is active and well informed. He has been supervisor of his township since I897 and administers the affairs of the office to the satisfaction of all, and has also been school director for sixteen years. Office seeking is not in his line, however, as he holds the office not so much because he wants it as because others want him to have it. He is a Master Mason, belonging to Evergreen Lodge No. 9, at St. Clair, and also belongs to Eagle Tent No. 259, Knights of the Maccabees, and to the Foresters, with membership at Smith Creek. Mr. and Mrs. Beach are members of Industrial Arbor at Smith Creek. He is an intelligent, industrious and thrifty business man, a splendid exemplification of the wisdom of his grandfather in moving his family to the west and giving them an opportunity to grow up with -the country. MAHLON D. BALDWIN. The biographies of enterprising men, especially good men, are instructive as guides and incentives to others. The examples they furnish of patient purpose and steadfast integrity strongly illustrate what it is in the power of each to accomplish. Some men belong to no exclusive class in life; apparently insurmountable obstacles have in many in'stances awakened their dormant faculties and served as a stimulus to carry them to ultimate renown. The instances of success in the face of adverse fate would seem almost to justify the conclusion that self-reliance, with a half chance, can accomplish any rea sonable object. The gentleman whose life history is herewith outlined is a man who has lived to good purpose and achieved a much greater degree of success than falls to the lot of the average individual. By a straightforward and commendable course he has made his way to a respectable position in the business world, winning the hearty admiration of the people of his county and earning a reputation as an enterprising, progressive man of affairs which the public has not been slow to recognize and appreciate. Mahlon D. Baldwin, born in Elgin county, Canada, February 15, 1854, was the son of William and Charlotte (Moore) Baldwin, both of Canada. The Baldwin family came to the United States in December of 1863 and located in Port Huron township, where he bought forty acres of land and established a home. He added to his first possessions until he had two hundred acres, which he improved and made one of the finest farms in the township. He is now living with the subject of this memoir. They were the parents of ten children: John A., a farmer living in Port Huron township; \illiam H., who died young; George G., a farmer in Clyde township; Mahlon D.; Alvin, living in Port Huron township; Arthur, who owns a boat house in Port Huron; Marshall, who died in Chicago in I9oo; Willard L., employed by the railroad at Saginaw, Michigan; Carrie, the wife of T. H. Bennett, living at Chicago, Illinois, and Frank, who died in 1883, at the age of eleven years. Mahlon D. Baldwin was given only a common school education, not because he refused to take advantage of schooling, but because at the time of his boyhood there was little chance for a youth to obtain more than the elements of knowledge. He was anxious 292 ST. CLA'IR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I I to obtain all the training which could be given, and even increased this by his habits of observation and thoughtfulness. He lived at home until he was twenty-four years of age, when he went out into the world to make his own way. For many years he was walking boss for a lumber company in northern Michigan and Sandusky, Ohio, and made quite a success in the work. Work in the timber had many things which were disagreeable to him and he eventually gave up his position and returned to life on the farm. In I864 he came to St. Clair county and settled in Port Huron township, where he was for a number of years engaged in lumbering and threshing, at which business he was also successful, but which he later gave up to become a dealer in agricultural implements, handling the De Laval cream separator and the Nast-Foss gasoline engine. He also deals in berry boxes, fertilizers, etc. In I897 Mr. Baldwin bought the City Dairy, and has since run the same in connection with his other business. He was married August 12, 1877, to Miss Anna McGill, of Moore, Lambton county, Canada. She was the daughter of William McGill, born in the county of Down, Ireland, and Margaret Gillchrist, of Glasgow, Scotland. Both came to America at an early age, he when he was eighteen years old and she when but seven. They, with their parents, settled in Lambton county, Canada, and there grew to maturity and were married. The mother died May Io, I865, and the father April 3, 1892. They were the parents of ten children: William P., drowned at Thunder Bay, Lake Huron, in 1885, while connected'with the life-saving service; Joseph, a resident of Moore, Canada; Margaret, the wife of Charles Compton, of El Paso, Texas; John, a farmer in Bowl ing Green, Ohio; Ann, the subject's wife; Mary, the wife of Frank O'Donnell, of Lorain, Ontario; Edward, living at Port Huron; James, an inmate of the subject's home; Eliza, married to Henry Olney, and Mary, who died while young. The subject has always been a prosperous man and has won the regard of his neighbors and friends by his conscientious discharge of all duties, whether social or otherwise. They have two children, both of whom are living at home, Frances A.., the wife of John McLeod, is the mother of one child, Owney B.; Celia Marian, wife of John E. Moore, teacher of music in Port Huron, having for three years followed that calling, and is an accomplished musician. She was educated in the Rivard School of Elocution at Port Huron, and is a member of L. O. T. M. Lodge at Port Huron and also of Oak Leaf Lodge No. 261, Daughters of Rebekah, in both of which she is an active worker and highly respected member. In political affairs Mr. Baldwin has always shown a deep interest and has in every instance worked for the good of the Democratic party, to which he has given his allegiance. He is an active worker in local affairs and a promoter of all public improvements. Under Democratic administration he has held many offices in the township, including school treasurer, school inspector and highway commissioner. He is a member of Port Huron Lodge No. 261, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, with which lodge he has been actively identified for twenty-three years. The Baldwin family are among the most popular members of Diamond Tent of Maccabees at Port Huron, and are in this, as in all other organizations with which they are connected, active in the work. ST. CLA'IR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 293 Mr. Baldwin has risen from an obscure position to one of the first in the county and all by his own industry. At present he is the owner of seventy acres of fine land, nearly all of which is under cultivation. He is extensively engaged in raising small fruits, in which he is quite proficient. In I896 he built his. present beautiful home and all his life he has been engaged in improving his property, while he has also at the same time given much of his time and attention to the needs of his friends. The subject and family are among the best known and respected citizens of the county and have a host of friends in the community. GILBERT R. SMITH. In the early days in this section of the country, when the settlers were struggling with the hardships of life and wrestling with Mother Earth for a competence, there was no easy road to fortune, and the lives of the brave men and women had little of brightness in them. Of necessity they were compelled to work long and hard, or else go down in the struggle for a foothold in the new country-a struggle in which there was so much promise and so much pain. In their weary grind many a heartache permeated the web of their existence, but never was allowed to get into the woof of the weaver, and many a tear watered the bitterness of their thoughts that was never allowed to fall upon the blossoms of their hopes. So determined were they that nothing should cause their failure, that no trouble was allowed to wrap itself around their lives in folds so tight that they could not be torn away to reveal the shining longings of the pure soul within. It was this only that saved them from despair and created, without their realization, a country at once beautiful, strong and useful; one that experiences all the delight of living, in the broadest and most noble sense. Gilbert R. Smith, son of Gideon and Anna (Parrish)'Smith, was born in Brownville, Jefferson county, New York, August 25, 1827. His father was a New Yorker and his mother a native of Vermont. Gideon Smith was a soldier in the war of I812, serving his country for eighteen months. During army days he made many warm friends and was one of the most popular boys of the regiment. He had always been a farmer and after the battle cry had ceased and he had laid down his arms he again returned to the fields for his support and for his pleasure. He never left the state of New York and died on his farm in I843. His wife, being left alone in the world, thought that her chances for making a living were better in Michigan than in New York, and she accordingly brought her family to Michigan shortly after her husband's death. Here she remained until her death, in I863. The father was always a Whig and took a great deal of interest in the affairs of his party. While not as active as some of his fellow politicians, he was a very staunch supporter of the platform and was one of the best workers of the party. Three children were born to this worthy couple, viz: Eunice, who is the wife of Harry Perrington, lives near Janesville, Wisconsin; Gilbert, and Joel, who died when young. The mother was married twice, the first time to Leonard Palmer, of New York state, by which mar 294 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. -- - riage she was the mother of two children, Celinda and Leonard. Gilbert Smith's education was not elaborate, having been received in the district schools of his native township. As a boy he was compelled to work hard and it was but a brief childhood that'he enjoyed, as when other young men were having their round of pleasure he was engaged in looking after the interests of his mother and her family. The life on the farm was kept up until October 14, 1848, when he was married to Miss Lucy Ann Johnson, who was also born at Brownville, New York, the daughter of David and Anna (Reid) Johnson, of New York. The father was born, reared and died in New York, and the mother was a native of New Jersey. Mr. Johnson was always a farmer and tilled the soil to the day of his death. He' was twice married, the first time to her whose maiden name was Eve Sim, by which union he was the father of eight children, Adam, Rufus, John, David, Margaret, Betsy, Caroline and Lucretia. Mrs. Johnson was also twice married, the first time to Thomas Campbell. They were the parents of seven children, Samuel, Thomas. Washington, Alda, Laura, Eliza and Susan. Of the Johnson children there were but two, both daughters, Lucy, the subject's wife, and Jane, who married'Henry Becker and now lives at Footville, Wisconsin. The subject and wife have but one son, William Eugene, who now lives at home. His wife, whose maiden name was Lillis Thornton and whose home was in Canada, died in March, I900, leaving him with three children, Chester, Ernest and Walter. In the spring of 1852 Gilbert Smith and family came to Michigan, located in Clyde township, and bought eighty acres of wild land in section I4, upon which he still lives. The land was uncleared and without buildings, no improvements whatever having been made, and to create a cultivable farm from the wilderness meant in those days much more than it does. in the present; it meant years of hard and unyielding labor before the land could be put in a condition which would warrant it being called a farm. Having paid out one hundred and ninety dollars for this piece of land, Mr. Smith at once set to work to make it pay for itself. Clearing and tilling the ground, working early and late, he was soon able to make a little more than a living and he was in a fair way to save some money. He also had a good yoke of cattle and did considerable teaming, which also helped him toward the prosperity which he so much desired, not so much for his own sake as for the sake of those dependent upon him. As time passed and he became more prosperous, land began to advance in price, and he made such improvements on it as to almost double its value. At present he owns but eighty acres, all of which is cleared and free from debt. From a poor boy he has become a prosperous farmer and has the joy of knowing that he owes no one a dollar. He has always carried on general farming and it is owing to his ability to stick to the things that have proven profitable that has enabled him to achieve the success to which he has attained. It is entirely due to his own efforts and the untiring faith of his faithful helpmate that this family stands today among the most esteemed and popular people of the county, their industry and integrity having won for them a place of honor in the hearts of their acquaintances. Besides being a successful farmer. he has al ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 295 ways been more or less identified with the politics of the community. While he has never held or sought office, he has always studied the issues of the day and taken an active part in local affairs in the political world. The Republican party, for whose principles he has done so much, has in him an able assistant. Because of his courteous manners, genial disposition and genuine worth, he has won and retains the sincere respect of all who know him. WALTER BEEBE. In all parts of the United States are found descendants of distinguished families, famous in history, song and story. Walter Beebe, the subject of this sketch, is a descendant of the Franklin family of which Benjamin, the American patriot, statesman and philosopher, was the most renowned member. WValter Beebe was born in Madison county, New York, May 12, 1848. His parents were David and Amy (Franklin) Beebe, both of the state of New York, he having been born in I803, she in I806. His father was David Beebe, a prosperous farmer, and her father was Benjamin Franklin, a near relative of the gentleman of the same name who will live in history while there remains an American people to do honor to his name, and who died the same year Mrs. Beebe was born. The family of the elder David Beebe consisted of two sons: Philo, born in New York in I798, settled in Michigan in 1841, locating in section 9, Berlin township, St. Clair county, upon eighty acres of government land. He stayed there until 1854, then went west, locating in Washing ton territory, where he remained until his death. He was married and had a family of nine sons, all of whom are still living in the west. David was the father of the subject. The early life of David Beebe was spent upon the farm of his father in New York. In 1848 he moved to Michigan, settling on eighty acres of government land in section 4, Berlin township. His patent for this land, signed by Zachary Taylor, President of the United States, is still among the family papers. It would be impossible to describe the dense wilderness through which the family had to pass to get to their land. There wvere no roads, not even a trail, and it took the family three days to get from the village of St. Clair to the place. At that time there were more Indians than white people in that part of the county and game of all kinds was abundant. In T8 i the father died, at which tine the family consisted of ten children, two having died previously. The condition of the bereaved mother in her home in the wilderness, surrounded by her fatherless children, was indeed pitiable. But she was a woman of much strength of character, having come of the sturdy Franklin stock. She rose to the situation and nobly brought up her family, every member of which became a useful and respected citizen. The children of David and Amy (Franklin) Beebe were twelve in number, viz: Eli, the oldest, died when quite young and another passed away in infancy. The others are Elbert, residing in Capac, and who had a family of nine children, seven of whom, are dead; Myra married Eri Wiggins, and is deceased; George, a farmer, married Mary Ann Wilcox, and resides in Lapeer county; Melissa married William Peacock, and resides in Mussey township; Ellen marriedc 296 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I Joseph Mathewa, and they have their home on Cockburn Island, Canada; Dina married Ezra Little, a farmer of Mussey township; Emily married Henry Bonney, and they reside in Capac; Annetta married Sherman Sherrard, a farmer of Berlin township, but he now resides in Capac, she being deceased; Sarah married Joseph Simpson, of Minnesota, who has since died, and she lives now in South Dakota; Walter, the youngest, is the subject of this sketch. The father of this fanily was an honest, candid, hardworking man, whose life was made brief by this toil in the interest of his numerous sons and daughters, to whom and to his brave wife he was much devoted. In politics he was a Democrat. In the (lays when the Beebe children were of school age there were not many seats of learning in Michigan. Their education therefore is not as good as they and their good mother desired, but they have made up by reading and good common sense what they have lacked in this respect. All own the good, comfortable homes they live in, made by their own industry. If ever a widowed mother labored to bring up her children properly and did it successfully that woman was Amy (Franklin) Beebe. She spun, wove and sewed, and scarcely a garment worn by her children until they went out in the world for themselves but was made by her hands. Cooking was done by the big open hearth of the early day and the children even now often recall with delight the delicious, appetizing meals she sat before them. Her indomitable courage and industry was all that kept the family together until in the usual course of events, they went one by one out into the world to provide for themselves. She remained with her young est child, Walter, until her death, which occurred January 29, I894. At the age of fourteen years Walter Beebe was given responsibilities seldom imposed on any but grown men. The little farm of eighty acres was divided, he taking forty acres and assuming the care and support of his mother and sisters. He spent seventeen years in the woods among the lumber camps, twelve springs he worked on the river driving logs and in many other ways toiled that his mother and sisters might be provided with the necessaries of life. In this way he proved himself a son well worthy of such a mother. He cleared the forty acres given him of his father's farm and to it has added seventy-five more. This farm of olze hundred and fifteen acres he has cleared with his own hand, and fully as much more he has chopped and cleared for his neighbors. His own place, "Elmwood farm," is kept in a splendid state of cultivation, yielding abundant harvests in return. On January 23, 1876, Walter Beebe was united in marriage to Miss Nettie Deneen, a daughter of John and Emaline (Wilcox) Deneen. The father of John Deneen was James Deneen, who came to Michigan in 1837 and settled in Lapeer county, then a wilderness. He had a family of two sons, John and Alexander, twins, and two daughters, Anna and Mary, Anna being the first white child born in Lapeer county. John Deneen was the father of eight children, viz: Lucy married Nelson Still, and lives in Imlay City; Betsey married William Miles, and is deceased; Henry married Phoebe Wilcox, a farmer, and resides in Lapeer county; Frank married Cora Bartlett, and resides in Novesta, Michigan; Nettie is the wife of the subject of this sketch; ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 297 William married Ida Foster and is a farmer in Lapeer county; Emma married William Wilcox, also a farmer of Lapeer county; Eva married Samuel Wheaton and died childless. The mother of this family died August 5, I897, the father March 28, I899. He was a successful farmer, well known and highly respected. She was a zealous member of the Baptist church, and both were prudent, industrious and thrifty, devoting their lives and all at their command to the welfare of their family. Mr. and Mrs. Walter Beebe have a family of five children living, viz: Edith, who married Hugh McDougal, resides in Minneapolis, and they have a family of three children, Bruce, Mabel and Walter; Ethel married James Bowman, a farmer of Berlin township; Jennie, Clark and Gladys are still attending school and reside with their parents. The two older girls are well educated, Edith being an attendant of the Hillsdale (Michigan) College and taught school a number of terms. In his boyhood Walter Beebe often traded with the Indians. They were quite numerous in the vicinity of his home long after the death of his father in I85I. When the family first settled in Berlin township they had to carry their provisions on their backs all the way from Almont. Their nearest neighbor and the only one in sight was Fred Locke. Their bread stuff all came from Webster's mill, fifteen miles up Bell river, to which they had to paddle with their grist in a canoe. "Elmwood farm" has seventy acres under cultivation, the remainder being pasture and timber. The owner follows mixed farming, including the raising of cattle, horses and hogs. The farm is equipped with all modern improvements. Mr. Beebe grows fruit of all kinds in a well selected orchard, and rarely fails to market a valuable crop therefrom. Mrs. Beebe and daughters are members of the Baptist church, where the other members of the family attend. In politics Mr. Beebe is a Democrat, has been highway commissioner two terms and served as constable a number of terms, besides serving in all the school offices of his district. He is a Knight of Pythias, a member of the Maccabees, Gleaners, Royal Neighbors, the Grange and of two farmers' clubs. He is an able, successful business man and exerts an influence throughout the locality. SAMUEL MILLER. The late Samuel Miller, formerly a prosperous and respected farmer of Columbus townshilp, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in England in 1843, but at the early age of fifteen years crossed the broad Atlantic and landed in Canada. There he was employed in farming until 1874, when he came to Michigan, bought forty acres of land in Kimball township, St. Clair county, and farmed for three years. Mr. Miller then returned to Canada, but after residing there for another period of three years, he came i)ack to St. Clair county, Michigan, and purchased forty acres in Columbus township, to which he later addled another forty-acre tract. Here he passed the remainder of his life, successfully engaged in farming, dying January 28, 1894, a devout member of the Baptist church and a Republican in politics. Samuel Miller was joined in marriage January 5, 1879, with Miss Christina McArthur, the amiable and accomplished daugh 298 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ter of Archibald and Jeanette (Campbell) McArthur, the former of whom, a highly respected farmer, was a native of Kentire, Scotland, who settled in Canada, where his daughter, Mrs. Miller, was born in February, I850, on the farm her father then owned and occupied. The congenial union of Mr. Miller and Miss McArthur was blessed with six children, namely: Jennie, born November I0, 1872, is the wife of Gustavus Fisher, a farmer; George, born January 7, 1874, is a farmer, and married Effie Dalrymple, who has borne him three children, Roy C., Myrtle and Lalla G.; Charles A., born August 6, 1876, was in the Philippine Islands two years and is now in a carriage factory at Pontiac, Michigan; John T., born June 4, I880, is still single and resides near Pontiac; Eli S., born February 2, 1883, also lives near Pontiac; Joseph E., born September I4, i888, is still at home with his mother and step-father. For her second husband, Mrs. Christina Miller accepted Oren E. Lashbrook, to w hom she was married June 30, i900. Mr. Lashbrook is a native of New York state, is a farmer and owns ten acres of land, while his wife is the owner of eighty. By his first marriage he had two children, Blanche and Gertie. Mr. Miller was renowned for his industry and during his active early life cleared up a great deal of land. He was a general farmer and breeder of live stock and although he began a poor boy he secured a competency that left his family in comfortable circumstances. Mrs. Miller was very fortunate in her choice of a second husband, as Mr. Lashbrook is also a very industrious and intelligent farmer. Mrs. Lashbrook is regarded as a woman of many pleasing qualities and a most useful worker in church affairs. She is charitable to a fault, liberally contributing to the support of the church to which she belongs, and is willing at all times to render it extra aid in case of financial embarrassment. ESTES TRUMBLE. The Trumble family of St. Clair county, Michigan, is one whose standing in the county is not excelled by any other. The progenitor of the family, Lewis Trumble, father of Estes Trumble, located in Michigan in 1848. He came from Montgomery county, New York, but was a native of England. The mother of Estes Trumble was Elizabeth (Empy) Trumble, a native of the state of New York. When the Trumble family located in St. Clair county in 1848, it was a wild country, thinly populated and none too healthful. A tract of eighty acres of land was purchased, a home built and the land cleared, Mr. Trumble varying his time between working in his clearing and at his trade, that of a carpenter. To Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Trumble six children were born, five of whom are (lead, James, Phoebe, Charlotte, Elizabeth, and William, the death of the latter occurring in May, I902. Mr. Lewis Trumble died in August, 1853, his wife in May, 189I. Estes Trumble was born in Montgomery county, New York, August 8, 1839. He was only nine years of age when his parents moved to Michigan, so that his opportunities of acquiring an education were rather limited. Hard work was the rule in those days and the subject of this sketch had his full share of it. He resided at home, contribut ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 299 ing to the support of the family, until he was twenty-five years of age. Early in 1865, while the war was still in progress, he entered the services of the United States as an engineer and construction carpenter, which occupation lie followed until the close of the war. In November, I865, Mr. Trumble was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Coyle, a lady of amiable disposition and many accomplishmnents. She was the daughter of John Coyle, who was also a native of New York, but who came to St. Clair county about I854 and settled in St. Clair township. He was a farmer, which business he followed until his death, which occurred many years ago. To Mr. and Mrs. Trumlble nine children have been born, viz: James, a farmer and sailor, lived in St. Clair, married Clara Rhodamaker and they are the parents of three children, Mildred, Lenore and Edwin; Lewis is a sailor and resides at home; \Villiani died April 6, I902; W\allace resides at home and is a sailor; Edward died April 29, 1902; Estes, Fred, Lottie and Milton all reside at home. For about five years Mr. Trumble resided near Saginaw, Michigan, working in the woods and manufacturing hoops. At the latter business he was quite an expert and made good wages. When he found that his savings justified him in doing so, he, in 1872, purchased the forty-acre tract of land in St. Clair township on which he now lives. At the time of the purchase it was wholly unimproved, wild and rough, but upon it he erected a home, cleared the land and converted it into a desirable farm. He rents a farm in connection with this and on both carries on general farming, raising grain, hay and vegetables and breeding, rearing and feeding 18 stock. He has also purchased an eightyacre tract adjoining. In politics Mr. Trumble is a Democrat, a firm believer in principles of that political faith and always interests himself in the success of his party ticket. He has, however, no desire for political preferment for himself. His friends have induced him to serve several terms on the school board, but that is as far in the way of office holding as he could be induced to go. He is a level-headed, progressive citizen, the head of a family that would bring credit to any community. HENRY COOK. One finds much pleasure in analyzing the people comprising the cosmopolitan life of the American continent. Among the various nationalities found in our midst none are of more help to the nation, both inl her social and commercial life, than the sturdy Englishman who has come to our shores because he sees here a better opportunity for development for himself and family. Without the vices of some nation, and possibly lacking some virtues, yet our English brothers possess those intrinsic qualities which have compelled the admiration of the world. To them life is a problem which each individual must solve for himself. He can neither drift nor stand still; he must either progress or retrograde. The serious mood enters largely into his make-up and the amusements of which the majority of the world think so much has little or no place in his thoughts. He is a thinker, a worker and a dreamer combined, which combination gives not only stability to the character, 300 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I but also life to the soul. Of this race to which we owe so much of our stability, no praise is too great to be accorded them and no acknowledgement of our appreciation is superfluous. An Englishman by birth, the subject of this sketch came to the shores of America to expand his own life and to give to others the benefit of his experience. Henry Cook, son of George and Anna (Hicks) Cook, was born at Somerset, England, October 3, 1836. His parents were also natives of England, having been born and reared in Somerset, where they were married. His father was a farmer and also an underground ditcher, working for years at these occupations in his native country. In I855 he and family came to America, settling in Vienna, Canada, where he rented a farm and where he lived until his death, in 1857, at the age of forty-two years. His wife then lived with her son Henry, the subject of this sketch, who had preceded the family to America one year. George Cook and wife were the parents of eight children, viz: Henry, the subject; Mary Ann, the wife of George Wildren, both of whom are deceased; Hannah married John Brockwell, now deceased; Fannie, the wife of Samuel Ball, lives in W\right county, Missouri; Susie. deceased, was the wife of M. A. Boyd; Sarah Ann married James Avery and lives in South Dakota, and Serena, the wife of William Beatty, lives in Elgin county, Canada. The subject received a common school education in the schools of England, and, equipped with this, he started for America in I854. He and a party of friends had made arrangements to come to the new country and try their fortunes with the frontiersmen, but the others became discouraged and decided to remain at home. Not so with the youth whose life has shown that he was made of stronger metal. He studied over the matter, and, realizing the hardships he would have to endure, embarked on a sailing vessel for the new world. For five weeks he was on the water and at last landed in New York city, where he remained but a short time, coming on to Buffalo at the earliest opportunity. Here he remained for six months and then went to Vienna, Canada, where he remained for five years, during which time he worked at farming. In I859 he came to St. Clair county and after working in this part of the country for two years he purchased his present farm. At that time it consisted of eighty acres and was situated in section IO, Clyde township. It was all in the woods and the subject immediately moved on the place and began clearing. After accomplishing this task, which was almost herculean, he bought another forty acres, which was also wild, and cleared about twenty acres of that, making in all one hundred acres of cleared land in his possession. During this time he was also very busy making improvements and in time was enabled to convert his wilderness into a beautiful home. He has always been a hard working man and it is owing to this fact that he has always been successful. In I859 he married for his first wife Eliza Hunter, of Norwalk county, Ohio, but she died August II, 1873, leaving five children, namely: George M., a resident of Chicago, Illinois, is married to Emma Batley, and they have one child, Andrew; Anna is the wife of Nelson Humphries, a large farm owner of Sanilac county, Michigan, and four children have been born to them, William, Chester, Clarence and Etta; the third child, Etta, is the ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 301 wife of John McIntyre, a carpenter of Los Angeles, California; Emma, thie wife of Horace Bammer, also lives in Los Angeles, California, and has one child, Clair; and William, a farmer now living on the home place, is married to Annie Aiken and has one child, a daughter, Alice. The subject married for his second wife Frances Titus, of Canada, whose death occurred April 27, I897. She left two children, both of whom died when young. She was a daughter of Peter Weaver, a farmer of Otterville, Ontario. Mr. Cook's third wife was the widow of David Nutt and a daughter of William Morris, of Devonshire, England, and Mary Ann Laing, of Canada. Her father lived in Canada for many years and came to St. Clair county in I850, when he took tp a farm in Clyde township, which he farmed for some time; he is now living in retirement in Burtchville. By her first marriage Mrs. Cook had two sons, \illiam and George. Henry Cook has always been a farmer. Reared amid the scenes of nature, he was never content unless in her company. As a general farmer he has been most successful and his grain, hay, horses, hogs and cattle have been to him a source of much revenue. H-e has also taken a great deal of interest in the cultivation of small fruits, with which he has met with good success. Never having aspired to office, he has been able to give his entire political attention to the aid of his more ambitious brothers and has in many instances been the means of advancing a candlidate to the office sought. In the ranks of the Democratic party he is quite a factor and is recognized as one of the leading men of his party. The Cooks are very active workers in the Methodist Episcopal church, with which institution they have been identified for many years. For twenty years he has been class leader and for many years he has held the office of steward. He is a charter member of Tent No. i68, K. O. T. M. Until I898 Mr. Cook and wife lived on the old place, which is now occupied by their son William, but in the year mentioned he bought his present farm of sixty acres. The subject had a very discouraging start in life, poverty andl ignorance of the customs of the country plroving severe obstacles to his advancement, but, with a determination to win his way through the world by honorable methods, he set to work to carve for himself a name in the new country. How well he has succeeded let his life and the praise of his friends and neighbors proclainl. DAVID DICKIE. It seems a great pity that an earnest man, with a good purpose in view, is often deprived of life and the privileges of seeing the fulfillment of his fondest hopes. Such, however, are the exigencies of life, as is shown in nearly every communiity. Moses was permitted to view the promised land, but not to enter it. The subject of this sketch, David Dickie, sowed the seed, in toil and hardship, when he settled, at an early day, in St. Clair county, Michigan; now his children are reaping the harvest. Of course it was for them he planted, but if he were still in flesh, what pleasure he would derive in seeing the strong youth and graceful maiden his two children have grown to be, and how he would enjoy witnessing the comfort that his early labors have brought them. 302 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I David Dickie, the subject of this sketch, was born in Ayreshire, Scotland, December 13, 1829, and was the son of George and Margaret Dickie, both natives of the same place. He received a fair education in his native land, after which he became a skillful mechanic, carpenter and builder. In 1854 he migrated to the United States, preceding his parents by one year. He located near Almont, where he followed his trade for four or five years, profitably employing his time and saving his money. About I859 he located in Mussey township, purchasing one hundred and twenty acres of land in section 23. He sold forty acres of this purchase, bought another forty acres and in 1878 bought another eighty, which made him a splendid farm of two hundred acres. The land was all dense forest, swarming with game of all kinds, but sport never tempted David Dickie from the task which he had set before him. On December 20, 1877, David Dickie was united in marriage to Miss Mary McLaren, a lady of fair education and amiable disposition. She is the daughter of Malcolm and Margaret (McCallum) McLaren, natives of Scotland. They came to the United States in September, 1856, locating in Emmett township, and were among the first settlers there. Dense woods covered the whole face of the country at that time. They purchased one hundred and twenty acres of land, cleared and made a farm of it and there the family now resides. The father died in I869, the mother in 1873. Four children were born to them, Jane, Ellen, Mary and John. The latter, with the other members of the family, resides on the place, and all are mar ried and comfortably situated. The children of George and Margaret Dickie are David; Jennet, deceased; Mary, who married Andrew Davidson, resides on a farm in LaPeer county; Margaret is supposed to live in Australia; James is a farmer in Nebraska. To the Union of David and Mary (McLaren) Dickie two children were born; George, born January 28, I88I, is at home assisting his mother in the management of the farm; Margaret is still at home aiding her mother in the cares of the household. Both have received good common school educations. In politics George is a Republican, and is also a member of the Grange. He is a popular young man and enjoys a wide circle of friends. The daughter is a young lady of refined and amiable disposition, the two being active participants in the social life of the community. On April 10, I89I, occurred the calamity that brought most poignant sorrow to the Dickie household. The kind husband and indulgent father, the model citizen, David Dickie, passed to his eternal rest. It was a severe blow to the faithful wife and a sad bereavement to the loving children. However, the devoted mother took up the work of acting the part of both parents and from that day to the present she has endeavored to forget her own sorrow in an effort to lessen their loss to her children. While they were young she managed the affairs with commendable prudence and economy and now that they are older they relieve her much of the care she has heretofore borne. All these years she has carried on mixed farming, hiring what help was required, and raising grade cattle, medium-wool sheep, hogs and horses. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 303 Their stock is well fed, all of the produce of the farm being fed upon it, and the animals are all well housed and sheltered, the result being that all the stock they put upon the market invariably commands the top prices. They have one hundred and fifty acres under cultivation, having cleared thirty acres since the death of Mr. Dickie. David Dickie was a man of wholesome impulses, kind, generous disposition and domestic tastes. His home was his paradise, the place of all the earth that he loved best. He recognized no closer companionship than that of his fanily. He shaped his individual conduct so as to make it worthy of what he felt his home andl its inmates ought to be. Profanity he never indulged in and its indulgence on the part of others, in his presence, he always resented. In politics he was a Republican, but too broad minded and liberal to be a partisan. His religion was that of the Scotch Presbyterians and as he was loyal to his family, so wvas he loyal to his creed. The world is much better for his having lived and his children may rejoice that they were blessed, even for a short time, in the possession of such a father. EDWIN L. JONES. This now prosperous farmer and selfnadle citizen of Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Dresden township, Washington county, New York. April 2, 1836, and a full record of his parentage will be found in-the biography of Dennis Jones, on another page of this work. He came to Columbus township, St. Clair county, when twenty years old, and here began his business life as a carpenter and millNwright, but now owns a farm of fifty and one-half acres, of which forty are under a first-class state of cultivation and improved with the conveniences that make farm life pleasant as well as profitable. January i, I865, Edwin L. Jones married Miss Rachael Alverson, a daughter of Thomas and Hannah (Cuthbertson) Alverson, of New York, and this union has been graced with six children. The father of Mrs. Jones was a miller by calling and on coming to Michigan located at Mount Clemens, Macomb county, where he operated a mill for a number of years, then came to Port Huron, St. Clair county, and here passed the remainder of his life. He died in I892, a highly respected and prominent citizen, being a member of the Presbyterian church and in politics a Republican. Mr. Jones is a Republican and has filled numerous offices, among which may be mentioned that of postmaster of Smith's Creek, St. Clair county, for ten years; he was also a deputy 'sheriff one term, during which he was turnkey of the jail at Port Huron; lie likewise was the town clerk of Kimball two years, treasurer of Columbus township one year and was census enumerator of Kimball in I88o; he has, besides, filled all the offices pertaining to his school district. The religious faith of Mr. Jones is to be found within the pale of the Baptist church, of which he is a very active member and to the support of which he most liberally contributes; he was for a long time a Sunday school teacher. During the Civil war Mr. Jones aided in raising a company of sharpshooters, comprising thirty-five members, of which he was elected second lieutenant, but he was 304 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. never sent to the front, although four drafts took place in his military district. Mr. Jones relates many incidents that took place in St. Clair county in the early days, when fish and game abounded, and when he took part in bear hunts and similar expeditions. One fall he killed nine deer, numerous turkeys and small game almost beyond computation. On one occasion Mr. Jones, with nine others, went on a deer hunt and of the twenty-six deer shot by the party in about five weeks, Mr. Jones secured nine. As a farmer, Mr. Jones has met with excellent success. He breeds but few highgrade cattle, Chester White hogs receiving most of his attention in the live stock branch of his farming operations. For the industry and pertinacity with which he has followed his present calling, great credit is freely awarded him by his neighbors, who held him in high repute for his unswerving integrity and many other good qualities, and in this respect his wife has a full share. DENNIS JONES. The community, especially a new settlement, that is blessed with a mechanical genius, capable of putting together any kind of machinery or making any sort of a tool or implement, is one that is specially favored by providence. Such a community was Smith Creek, St. Clair county, Michigan, after the location there of Darius Jones. He was a Yankee of the old fashioned type, one who understood every kind of mechanical contrivance, from a spinning wheel to a patent lever watch. He was born in the state of Con necticut and when well along in life, about 1854, came west and located in Smith Creek, St. Clair county. His abilities made him so popular that his neighbors were unanimous in requesting his appointment as postmaster, and he, therefore, became the first postmaster at Smith Creek. Within a very short time his fame as a skilled mechanic spread far and wide and he never lacked for plenty to do. Had he been of an exacting nature, he might soon have accumulated a fortune, but as it was, he was exceedingly long on thanks but short on cash. His wife, who was born in Vermont, was Miss Parmelia Bullock and they were the parents of six children, viz: Betsey, Lucy, Dennis, Martha Ann, Adelia and Edwin, the last named a farmer and residing in St. Clair township. Dennis Jones, the first son and third child of the family, is the subject of this sketch. He was born in Dresden, Washington township, New York, August 25, 1824, and the advantages of only a very 1lnmited education were accorded him. He inherited a great deal of the versatility and geiius of his father and, though he never could equal him in mechanical genius or skill, he wAas a handy man at almost any calling to which he turned his hand, a fact which secured him employment very readily at many different lines of work. He worked on the Erie Canal, rafted on many of the principal streams of the east, farmed, operated mills of. various kinds and at one time owned a mill of his own. When his father proposed emigrating to St. Clair county, Michigan, he decided to accompany him, and the money that bought the first piece of land the old gentleman owned in his new home in the west ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 305 I was furnished by his son Dennis. It was a forty-acre tract and was located in Kimball township. The elder Mr. Jones served as postmaster for twenty-five years. He was a Republican in politics, well known and liked, and might have secured a more lucrative position, but that of postmaster was all that he ever cared to accept or fill. Late in life he and his wife moved back to the state of New York, where they ended their days in peace and comfort. They were members of the Free Will Baptist church. On his own behalf Dennis Jones invested in some land, which he cleared and cultivated, and having prepared a home, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Jane Thompson. One child was born to this marriage, Fanny, who married John Shennehand; they reside at Grand Rapids and are the parents of two children, Leo and Lucelle. Mrs. Jones did not long survive the birth of her daughter, and subsequently he was for a second time united in marriage. His second wife was Miss Maria Houghton, a native of Canada, but whose family were residents of the state of New York. Various local positions of importance have been held by Mr. Jones. He has served as supervisor of his township, deputy sheriff and for many years was a justice of the peace. In politics he is a Republican, but very much inclined to be fair and liberal to his opponents. During the war of the Rebellion he served in the Lancers and was quartermaster surgeon during I86I and 1862. In his youth and middle life he was a crack shot with a rifle or shot-gun and in the early day killed all kinds of game in the Michigan woods. It is told of him that at one time he put in nine days in pursuit of a bear, finally succeeding in killing the animal. He has slain many deer, wolves, foxes, minks and wild turkeys. Of late the lack of game, his advancing years and impaired eyesight have deterred him from indulging in his favorite pastime of hunting. While feeling the weight of his seventy-eight years, Mr. Jones is by no means either feeble or decrepid, though for several years he has been retired from active pursuits. He has a comfortable estate, and his farm of eighty-two acres in Columbus and St. Clair townships is one of the best improved and most productive in that part of the county. Here he passes the time in the enjoyment of his household and of friends who visit him. He is not burdened in the least with the management of the place, as it is rented. His relatives, friends, books and papers are all that claim his attention. He is a bright, intelligent, well-informed man, who in his old age is reaping the rewards of a well spent life. HIEL B. BUCKERIDGE. It is an axiom of experience that no definite success is attained in life without bringing to bear enthusiasm, which an able writer has consistently termed "interested energy raised to a white heat." The career of Mr. Buckeridge has been one of consecutive and well directed application, and he has never been lacking in that enthusiasm which will not countenance discouragement or admit defeat. Today he is numbered among the popular citizens and representative business 306 ST CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. men of Port Huron, where he is manager of the Union Dock and Storage Company, and incumbent of the office of deputy collector of customs for this port. Familiarly known to his host of friends by the sobriquet of "Buckie," it is evident that he is of genial personality and unvarying kindliness in the varied relations of life. Mr. Buckeridge is a native of Ontario, having been born in the town of Five Stakes, on the Ist of October, I854. When a child his parents removed to Michigan, his earlier boyhood days being passed in Lakeport, St. Clair county, and Romeo, Macomb county. His father, William Buckeridge, was a native of England, whence he came to Canada when young, and being a wagonmaker by trade devoted his active life to that vocation. He came to Port Huron in 1856 and here remained until his death, in I897, at the age of seventy-eight years. His wife, whose maiden name was Margaret Clark, passed away in I898, at the age of seventy-six years. The subject was twelve years of age at the time when the family took up their residence in Port Huron, and here completed his educational discipline in the public schools, though as a boy he assumed individual responsibilities, being for several years engaged as clerk in a grocery, while eventually he established himself independently in the same line of enterprise. In 1880 he engaged in the wholesale produce and commission business, in which line he continued about ten years, when he organized the Union Dock and Storage Company, located at the foot of Butler street, on the St. Clair river, where are excellent dock facilities, and where are handled wood, coal, building materials, etc. The company also acts as agent for the White Star line of lake steamers, whose wharf is at the same dock, while for the past fifteen years Mr. Buckeridge has also been deputy collector of customs for the port, and through his duties as such has become an authority on lake and river traffic. In I896 Mr. Buckeridge established in Port Huron a weekly Democratic paper known as the X-Rays, later selling out his interest, the paper being merged into the Daily Herald. In politics Mr. Buckeridge is a gold Democrat, having ever been a stanch and uncompromising advocate of the principles of the party as expounded by Jefferson and Jackson, and thus he naturally repudiated the Bryan monetary heresy and became known for his allegiance to the gold wing of the party. He has been one of the leaders in local political affairs for a number of years, having been a delegate to the state and national convention of the party up to the time of Bryan's candidacy, in 1896, while for four years he was a member of the state central committee of the party. In i886 he was elected to the city council from the fourth ward, being the first Democrat ever thus honored in said ward, where he had to overcome the normal Republican majority of one hundred and seventy-five. So efficient were his services in the municipal body that he was returned by successive elections and continued in the office for a period of eight years, ever lending his influence in support of a progressive policy and encouraging those legitimate municipal improvements which prove of benefit to the entire community-street paving, good sidewalks, effective sewerage and adequate fire and police protection. Fraternally Mr. Buckeridge is identified with both lodge and encampment of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and also with the Knights of Pythias. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 307. On the 29th of September, I879, Mr. Buckeridge was united in marriage to Miss Louise V. Phoenix, daughter of the late Francis and Victoria Phoenix, of Port Huron, and of their children we enter the following brief record: Francis P. is a reporter for the Port Huron Daily Times; Byron occupies a clerical position in the office of the Union Dock and Storage Company; and Justin R., Gladys Louise, Hortense Beatrice, and Arthur B. still remain beneath the home roof, the family enjoying marked popularity in the social circles of the city, where all of the children were born. MALCOLM S. PATRICK. A man who boldly faces the responsibilities of life and by determined and untiring energy carves out for himself an honorable success exerts a powerful influence upon the lives of all who follow him. Such men constitute the foundation of our republican institutions and are the pride of our civilization. To them life is so real that they find no time to plot either mischief or vice. Their lives are bound up in their duties, they feel the weight of their citizenship, and take pleasure in sowing the seeds of uprightness. Such has been the career of the subject of the sketch. He was born at Paris, Canada, July 12, I843, and is a son of John and Marion (Sinclair) Patrick, both of Glasgow, Scotland. In I837 they came to Canada and settled at Paris, where the father bought a home and remained until 1854, when he came to St. Clair county and bought one hundred and sixty acres of land in Clyde township. The farm was wild and he and the children began at once to clear and cutivate the ground. It was here that Mr. Patrick reared his family and here they learned the first lesons in the art of living in poverty uncomplainingly. Their life, however, while hard and uneventful, was not more narrow than the times would necessitate and the children grew up with a good knowledge of life as taught by nature, which was a great help to them in after years. The father was not ambitious for office and, while he took a deep interest in the politics of the neighborhood, yet he had no passion for it. He was well informed on the leading issues of the day and was one of the stanch Democrats of the county. He was also a member of the Presbyterian church, in which institution he was a very active worker, and was buried in that faith in March, Igoo. His wife had preceded him to the bourne from which no traveler returns in January, I876. They were the parents of the following children: Jane, the wife of Joseph Carnahan, a farmer of Clyde township; John, deceased, was a farmer; Malcolm S., and Maggie (deceased) was the wife of Dr. John Lyon, of Sault Ste Marie, Michigan. Malcolm Patrick was educated in the schools of Canada and while a student in the schools of his native country he spent his time in close application to his books, thus acquiring a good foundation upon which to build his character. He was an inmate of the parental home until he was twenty-four years old, when he started out te make a name for himself. He was a farmer and also a dealer in cattle. He has always lived on the old homestead and is much attached to the home of his parents. 308 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. In January, I89I, he was married to Miss Fanny Day, of Huron county, Michigan, the daughter of John Day. To this union were born four children, John, Maggie, Malcolm, Jr., and Fanny. The subject has been very prosperous and has succeeded to a marked degree in his endeavor to secure a competence. Starting out in the world with no capital but his own determination and his ability to "push," he has succeeded in acquiring one hundred and fifteen acres of fine farm land, ninety-five of which is a part of the old place and the other twenty situated in the Port Huron Reserve No. 75. All his land is under cultivation and his products are the finest on the market. He has always been a general farmer and also a raiser of stock. He has for a number of years been identified with the buying and selling of stock in the county and has made a success of the business. In politics he is a Democrat and has held several offices, of which none were occupied with the idea of his own gain, but rather for the benefit of the communtity. He was township treasurer of Clyde township during I900 and I90o and has also been a school official for a number of years. He is enrolled as a member of Tunnell City Tent No. 371, K. O. T. M., of Port Huron, and he is very active in the work of the organization and enjoys the good will of his fellow lodgemen. The Methodist Episcopal church has also in him a very able and active member, one who spends both time and money for the furthering of her work. As a family the Patricks are among the best people of the county and are highly respected by all and as individuals they are much beloved by their friends and associates. Mr. Patrick has been one of the most successful of St. Clair county's farmers and is considered one of the best business men of the township. With many friends and no enemies, he has been able to win for himself and family a position of prominence in the county. It is with pleasure that such families are given representation in a volume of this character, as it is largely owing to their efforts and influence that the community today enjoys its high standing. WILLIAM HUNTER. The genial and accommodating postmaster at Capac, St. Clair county, Michigan, is William Hunter, who was born near Edinburg, Scotland, June I, 185I, and was in his sixth year when brought to America by his parents. They first located in Rockton, Ontario, whence they came to St. Clair county, Michigan, in March, I860, since which date Capac has been the home of Mr. Hunter, with the exception of four years, which he passed in Port Huron, where he was employed in the customs department of the United States government. For several years dutlring the early part of his residence in Capac, Mr. Hunter was engaged in butchering and also conducted a meat market until September 2, I901, on which day he assumed charge of the postoffice. At the age of about twenty-seven years William Hunter was united in marriage with Miss Mary A. Kelly, who has borne him four children, namely: William, James and Frank, who are still living, and one, Margaret, who died in her twenty-first year. Mr. Hunter has always taken an active ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 309 part in public affairs and has served as supervisor of the township of Mussey, and also served as township treasurer for three terms, having been elected on the Republican ticket. Fraternally Mr. Hunter is a member of Forrest Lodge, F. & A. M., and also of Capac Tent No. 270, K. O. T. M., and the Independent Order of Foresters. Although the village of Capac and the township of Mussey have a population of only about two thousand, Mr. Hunter is kept quite busy in performing the duties pertaining to his office. As a citizen he is very highly respected, and he and his amiable wife have reared their children in the way they should go, the survivors being amply able to care for themselves and being in every instance most useful members of the community in which they live. Although not a native of the country, Mr. Hunter has an innate love of liberty, it being a characteristic of his race, for it is a well-known historical fact that Scotland has never been conquered by any foreign power, not even A\lb)ion, who for years has been "mistress of the seas," and has carried her vanquishing arms to every quarter of the globe, civilized or uncivilized, the United States alone being excepted. WILLIAM A. BONKER. William A. Bonker, a gallant ex-soldier of the Civil war and now a farmer of the highest respectability in Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Jefferson county, New York, May 14, 1838, a son of Marvel G. and Susan A. (Reeves) Bonker, who were respectively born in 1805 and 1812 in Herkimer county, New York. Alexander Bonker, the paternal grandfather of William A., was a native of Scotland, but came to the United States in time to take part in the war of 1812, and at the battle of Sacket Harbor, Jefferson county, New York, displayed all the gallantry for which his countrymen were and still are famous the world over. M. G. and Susan Bonker had born to them a family of seven children, namely: Thomas; Elizabeth, now deceased; William A., whose name stands at the opening of this biography; Margaret, Emma, Henrietta and James. The father of this family was the owner of fifty-three acres of good land in New York state, on which he followed his calling of a farmer until his death, July 9, I879, in the adherency of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics a Democrat. He made all he was worth through his own industry and held the unfeigned respect of all his neighbors, who deepl-y deplored his untimely departure. \\illiam A. Bonker was united in marriage July io, I864, with Miss Mary E. Maynvard, daughter of Edward and Jane (Rogers) Maynard, the former a farmer and speculator from New York and by trade a carpenter and joiner. Edward Maynard was a Democrat in politics and quite famous as an orator in the advocacy of the principles of his party. For several terms he served as township clerk, was a Universalist in religion and at the time of his death was the owner of ninety-seven acres of farming land. The marriage of William A. Bonker and Mary Maynard has been crowned with two children, viz: Fannie, born June 26, 1865, was for eight years a teacher in St. Clair county, and was married to John Patterson, a farmer in Columbus township, to whom she has borne two children, Gertrude and 3Io ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Lee. Mr. Patterson is the owner of one hundred and thirty-six acres of good farming land and has been very successful in his calling, being recognized now as one of the truly substantial agriculturists of the township. Lizzie, the younger of the two children of William A. Bonker, was born September 23, 1867, and is the wife of Joseph Fogarty, to whom she has borne five children, Edward, Mary, Alice, Fannie and Ruth. Mr. Fogarty is also a farmer in Columbus township and owns eighty acres of land. William A. Bonker has a profitable farm of sixty acres, forty-five acres being under a first-class state of cultivation. Besides the usual crops, Mr. Bonker raises cattle and hogs, and also does some dairying. In national politics he is a Democrat, but at township and county elections he votes for the candidate that he deems best fitted to perform the duties of the offices to be filled. He has himself filled the office of justice of the peace four years, and also all the school offices. It is but proper that a brief mention of the military career of Mr. Bonker be now made. He enlisted May 9, I86I, at Brownville, Jefferson county. New York, at the first call for volunteers and from Brownville was sent to Elmira, New York, whence he was sent to the front. He took part in the battles of Bull Run and Fredericksburg, Virginia, and at the battle of South Mountain had a close call, a bullet passing through his cap and rendering him unconscious. At Blue Ridge, Virginia, he was for three days without food, but he bravely endured all the hardships of a soldier's life with fortitude for the sake of "Old Glory." At Fort Tillinghurst he was seriously injured inwardly while assisting to place a gun-carriage wheel in posi tion and was confined in a hospital seven weeks, being still a sufferer from his injury. He served with valor and credit to himself until the latter part of June, 1863, when he was honorably discharged and returned to the peaceful pursuits of civil life. Mr. Bonker is an adherent of the Universalist church, and fraternally is a member of Masonic Lodge No. 142, at Memphis, Michigan. He has been a very industrious man throughout life, and has made for himself a competency, on which he purposes to retire from the activities of life and to pass the remainder of his days in town in peace and comfort. The moral character of Mr. Bonker is without blot or blemish, and he consequently enjoys the unqualified esteem of all who have the pleasure of knowing him. WILLIAM C. HUGGETT. William C. Huggett was born in Sussex, England, December 3I, 1827, the son of Thomas C. and Sarah (Simmons) Huggett, the former born March 25, I805, and the latter February 29, I804. They set sail for this country on the ship "Nancy" April 26, 1836, and upon their arrival located in New York, where the father worked on what was the commencement of the New York Central Railroad, which then had wooden rails, strapped with iron, instead of the fine steel rails of today. Mr. Huggett was a track layer and carpenter by trade. They had a family of eleven children, viz: Jesse, William, Sarah (deceased), Winnifred, Susan, Jane, Thomas, George (died while serving as a soldier in the Civil war), Agnes, John, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 3xI Charles (deceased). George was a member of Company I, Tenth Michigan Cavalry, and was drowned in Cresser Creek, Tennessee, in the line of duty. John was a soldier in the same company and regiment, and Jesse was a sailor on a transport for the Union army. William C. Hugett was married to Miss Anna Green, by the Rev. George Taylor, January IO, I850, at Detroit. She is a daughter of William and Rachel Green, both natives of England, who came to the United States in 1845 and located in Oakland county, Michigan. William C. Huggett came to Michigan in 1848 and took up eighty acres of land in Berlin township, St. Clair county, in I854, it bleing at the time a wilderness, and the nearest market being at Romeo. August 27, 1864, he enlisted in Company H, Fourth Michigan Infantry, and was mustered out of service May 28, I866, at Houston, Texas, having served about two years. His regiment, with others, was retained in the service a year or more after the close of the war, by reason of the strained relations existing at the time between our government and that of France, brought about by the interest manifested on the part of Napoleon III to seat Maximilian upon a throne in Mexico. After the Civil war had closed our army on the Rio Grande was known simply as an army of observation. During his army service Mr. Huggett was with Thomas at Nashville and was in all the battles between Thomas and Hood in the struggle the latter made to again wrest Tennessee from the Union forces, after Sherman had started on his historic marches from Atlanta to the sea. Since the war Mr. Huggett has fol lowed farming as a business. He has always been a Republican and has been active in political matters. He has been a (lelegate to state conventions at Detroit, Grand Rapids and Saginaw; has been highway commissioner and was postmaster at Belle River, (luring Harrison's. administration. He is a charter member of the Charles S. Travers Post of the G. A. R. at Capac, Michigan. He and wife are both members of the Methodist Protestant church, in which they are active workers and of which he has been a trustee. He and his wife are now living in a pleasant little home on thirty acres of land, which he has brought to a fine state of cultivation. The subject is very fond of flowers and indulges his taste in that line in the cultivation and propagation of many fine varieties. He is spending his last days as an onlooker at the'struggles of life in which he used to play an important and active part. He is a wide and intelligent reader, keeping posted on current events, and is a highly respected citizen. In the character as exemplified in the life history of William C. Huggett we have the best type of an American citizen, transplanted from the mother country at an age which makes him to all intents and purposes as thoroughly American as though to the manner born. Coming to this country about nine years after his. birth, he is indeed as much a pioneer, in point of years at least, as many who justly lay claim to the title on account of their early nativity. In conjunction with his. parents, brothers and sisters, he experienced all the privations of the early American settler in founding and clearing up a homestead in the wilderness and he was. 312 'ST. CL'kIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN cognizant of all the changes that marked the development of the country in its stages from the log cabin era to the present palatial surroundings that characterize the progressive farmer. He and two brothers also bore their part as patriotic citizens in the Civil war which convulsed the country and threatened its integrity. After the close of hostilities, in which he had sacrificed one brother, he returned with the hundreds of thousands of others to peaceful pursuits. In all the duties of life, Mr. Huggett has ever been a model example and now, in the closing days of a well spent life, he manifests the traits of a philosopher in relinquishing the active duties of life, and, surrounded by flowers, in the propagation of which he finds his chief pleasure, he calmly views the struggles and activities in which he was wont to engage with the zest of vigorous manhood. JAMES H. BANFILL. James H. Banfill, a son of Reuben and Laura (Phillips) Banfill, was born in the state of New York, April 3, I837. His father was a native of Bath, New Hampshire, and was a farmer and lumberman. He came to Mussey township about 1855, before Capac had its beginning as a town, and engaged in the lumbering business in the vicinity. The latter part of his life he lived retired at Capac, where he died, aged ninety-six years. His wife had died previously at the age of eighty-six years. They had a family of six children: Julia, James H., Mariah, Helen, George and Mary. Mr. Banfill was a Demo crat before the Civil war, but was afterwards a Republican. He filled all the school offices of the township and also that of justice of the peace for many years. He was an active member of the ~Methodist Protestant church, a successful man in business and a well-known and highly respected pioneer. James H. Banfill was married December 23, 1858, to Miss Mary Denton, a daughter of Daniel and Celestia (Towle) Denton. Daniel Denton was an extensive lumber dealer and large land holder, having in one body three hundred acres. in his farm in Mussey township. His latter years were passed in Milan, Monroe county, Michigan, lwhere he died, aged fifty-eight years. He was a Democrat and active in politics. He was treasurer of Mussey township for several years and filled the offices of justice of the peace and supervisor. He was a pioneer of the country and a well-known and respecte(l citizen. James H. Banfill and wife have a family of nine children: Viola married S. M. Vinton, a merchant at Grand Rapids, Michigan; Reuben married Anna Johnson, and has been a marine engineer on the lakes for eight years; James married Anna Arrowsmith and is a miller at Emmett; Elizabeth married C. A. Mann, who is a leading jeweler at Capac. Michigan, where lhe has been in business for eighteen years; Nellie married Fred Stauter, a telegraph operator on a railroad in Indiana; Benjamin married Theresa Hatch and is a telegraph operator at Kinzua, Pennsylvania; Frank is a brakeman on the Pan Handle Railroad at Logansport, Indiana; Hattie is still remaining at home with her parents; Daniel P. is also a brakeman on the Pan Handle Railroad. Mr. Banfill owns eighty acres of land of a good quality, sixty acres of which are un ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 3I3 I der a good state of cultivation. He follows a system of rotation of crops in his farming, and adopts a mixed or general course. He raises Durham and Holstein cattle and good grades of sheep, hogs and horses, and deals in stock generally. In I874 he built a mill in Capac and operated it for a term of twenty years. He moved on to the farm where he now lives in 1896. He is a Republican in politics, and was a member of the village council of Capac for ten years. Fraternally he is a member of the Free and Accepted Masons, his membership being with Forest Lodge No. 126. He is a self-made man, well known and respected by all to whom he is known. JOHN RYAN. This prosperous farmer, of Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan. was born in Canada, July I2, 1840. His father, Edward Ryan, was born in Ireland in T8To, there married Johanna Dawson, and subsequently came to America and engaged in farming in Canada. In 1852 Edward Ryan came to Michigan and for one year lived in Lenox, Macomb county, whence he camne to St. Clair county and settled on the farm now owned by his son John. To Edward and Johanna Ryan there were born seven children, in the following order: Michael, Bridget, Johanna, John, Margaret, James and Catherine. The father in early life was employed as a laborer on public works in Canada, especially in canal digging and railroad construction. Although a sickly person, he was a hardworking man and died in I867, his widow following him to the grave in I871. The farm now owned by John Ryan consists of forty acres and is located in the southeast corner of section 8 and of this tract thirty-one acres are under cultivation. Mr. Ryan, besides conducting general farming, raises a great many sheep, through the sale of which he realizes the greater part of his income, and is also engaged in dairying to a large extent. He has been very active in local politics, working with the Democratic party. He, for three years, served as township clerk, and as school inspector and as health officer three years, and is now a member of the board for the prevention of vice. Mr. Ryan is still unmarried and until about six years ago had for his housekeeper a sister, but has since that time lived alone. He is nevertheless as hard a working man as if he had a large family to support. His reputation for honesty in all his transactions has never for a moment been brought into question, and his word among his neighbors is as reliable as any document he could offer them. His residence in St. Clair county for over half a century under such circumstances has constantly increased the respect which is paid him by all who know him and there are but few persons in the township with whom he is not acquainted. As a farmer Mr. Ryan has met with unusual success. His place is well improved with all modern conveniences and he has made many additions to these since the death of his lamented father. The ground is well drained and tilled, the fences always in good repair, the dwelling neat, compact and well constructed, while the outbuildings are substantial, commodious and well adapted to the purposes for which they were erected. A glance at the premises suffices to convince one that Mr. Ryan fully understands agriculture 3I4 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. in all its details, and that the conclusion is correct is proven by the pecuniary recompense that accrues from his skill, industry and good management. He is, in fact, a model farmer and bears that reputation throughout the township. WILLIAM BAIRD. There is an element of peculiar consistency in reverting in this connection to the genealogy and personal career of the honored citizen of Marine City whose name initiates this paragraph, since he is not only a native son of St. Clair county, and a representative of one of its earliest pioneer families, but it was also his to individually manifest the most exalted loyalty and patriotism at the time when the integrity of the nation was thrown in jeopardy through armed rebellion, his record as a soldier in the Civil war being one which will ever redound to his credit and honor, while in the "piping times of peace" he has held himself with the same undaunted front and has proved as good a citizen as was he a good soldier,and farther than this no word of commendation need be uttered. Mr. Baird is now incumbent of the office of postmaster of Marine City, and is known and honored as one of the thoroughly representative citizens of the community in which practically his entire life has been passed. William Baird was born in China township, St. Clair county, on a farm about three miles distant from Marine City, the date of his nativity having been January 20, I840, while he is a son of Henry and Elizabeth (Shriner) Baird, the former of whom was born in the city of Glasgow, Scotland, in July, I808, and the latter in Germany, in the year 1812. In June, 1827, a company of Scotch colonists, known as the Jones colony, came up the St. Clair river and settled in the province of Ontario, Canada, at a point about twelve miles northeast of the head of the river. Within the next year Henry Baird, father of the subject, left the colony with which he had been thus identified and came across the river to Port Huron, which was then a mere straggling hamlet skirting the river bank, and shortly afterward he settled on a tract of wild land in China township. He purchased the land without ready means, depending upon the returns from his work at his trade of blacksmith for the funds to meet the payments on the embryonic farm. He was favored in securing work at his trade in a shop conducted by Andrew Westbrook, of whom history should make record as having likewise been one of the pioneer workmen at the forge in this section. In 1838, by which time he had made considerable progress in clearing and otherwise improving his farm, Mr. Baird was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Shriner, who had come to the city of Detroit the preceding year and thence to St. Clair county, to join friends. On this old homestead farm, which is now one of the valuable places of the county, the parents of the subject continued to reside for the long period of forty years, the father passing the closing years of his life in the city of Port Huron, where he died on the 20th of January, I877, at the age of sixtynine years. His wife survived him by about a decade, being summoned into the life immortal on the 3Ist of July, I888, at the age of seventy-six years. They became the parents of ten children, but of the number only ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 3I5 one beside the subject of this sketch is now living,-his brother, Dr. Robert E. Baird, being a resident of Marine City, Michigan. William Baird was reared under the environments and influences of the pioneer farm where he was born, and there he remained until he had attained the age of twenty years. He attended the district schools in his boyhood days and at the age of nineteen became a student in the union school in St. Clair, where he made such effective use of the advantages offered that he became eligible for work as a teacher, and he taught successfully for two winter terms in the district schools, having the experience of "boarding around" among the various patrons of the school, as was the custom at the time. When came the clarion call to arms, after the thundering of rebel guns against the walls of old Fort Sumter, his intrinsic patriotism was roused to definite protest, and, on the Ioth of September, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company C, Sixth Michigan Cavalry, with which he proceeded to the front and with which he continued in active service until after the battle of Gettysburg, in which his commnand took part. Previously to this they had been following M\oseby through Virginia, and then followed in the rear of Lee's forces into Pennsylvania, arriving at Gettysburg on the ist of July, 1863. In the engagement on the 3d of that month Mr. Baird, while his command was assisting in the support of a battery, received a severe flesh wound in the left side, and was then sent to the hospital in Philadelphia, where he remained until he received his commission as first lieutenant, and then passed a furlough of thirty days at his home. He received his lieutenancy on the ist of March, I864, and after the expiration of his fur19 lough he was assigned to Company K, Twenty-third United States Regiment, colored troops, assuming the duties of his command on the 3rd of May, at Manassas Junction, Virginia. Soon afterward he took part in the battles of the Wilderness, continuing in active fighting every day until the i8th of June, when the forces came in front of Petersburg, where they lay uhtil the 30th of July. Mr. Baird was one of those to take part in making the fierce charge into the mine at that point after its explosion, on the 3oth of July, and they held the position from five o'clock in the morning until two in the after1oon1, when, not receiving support, they were captured. The prisoners were taken to an island in the James river, where Mr. Baird remained in captivity until the 3d of August, suffering all the hardships implied in almost total lack of food and other necessities, and on the 4th of that month he and his other unfortunate comrades were taken to Saulsbury, where they were held one week. They were then held at Charlotte for two weeks, and finally removed to Columbia, South Carolina, where they were held in duress until the I7th of February, 1865, when a number of them made their escape, the Confederates evacuating the town that night. One hundred and twenty-eight of the ragged and unkempt prisoners, worn with privation, finally succeeded in reaching Sherman's lines and reporting to him. When Mr. Baird enlisted he weighed two hundred and six pounds, and when he regained his liberty his weight was ninety-six pounds. This mere statement is sufficiently significant in the connection. On the 19th of February he left Columbia mounted on a condemned mule, which he rode until towards evening, when he encountered Orson Slocum, 316 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I whom he had known in Michigan, and this friend kindly furnished him with his horse, which he utilized in repairing to the headquarters of his colonel to make his report, having been too weak to walk any considerable distance. He remained with the regiment until the army reached Cape Fear river, in North Carolina, and at Fayetteville he and his comrades who had escaped from captivity secured a transport to Wilmington and thence to old Fortress Monroe, whence they were sent forward to Baltimore, Maryland, there having been more than three hundred former prisoners on this last transport vessel. Their clothes were in a condition that beggars description, they were wasted to mere skeletons in the average case, and constituted a pitiable and pitiful sight, one which will never be forgotten by the loyal souls of both north and south who were compelled to greet their returning heroes, on the one side crowned with victory and the other with defeat. Irom Baltimore they proceeded to Washington, and there Mr. Baird received his pay, if payment could be considered as possible in matter of mere monetary transactions in such cases, and received his honorable discharge on the 20th of April, 1865, having come to his home on leave of absence and being here at the time of Lee's surrender. The next winter after returning to his home Mr. Baird was a teacher in the schools of Marine City, and he then turned his attention to farming, in Cotrellville township. HIe was thus engaged until 1870, when he purchased a saw-mill located eight miles west of the village of St. Clair, the property being destroyed by fire about two years later, entailing a total loss. Mr. Baird now determined to enter an entirely different field of endeavor, and accordingly, in 1873, he was matriculated in the law department of the University of Michigan, where he continued his technical studies for one year, and on the 4th of March, 1874, he was duly admitted to the bar of St. Clair county. Thereafter he was engaged in the active practice of his profession in Marine City until the 3oth of September, 1885, when he engaged in the manufacturing of salt in this city, in partnership with his brother, Dr. Baird. Eighteen months later Mr. Baird made over a deed to his brother, losing all of the accumulations of past years, and he then resumed the practice of his profession in Marine City, and was thus engaged until March 13, I898. On the latter date he received, from President McKinley, the appointment as postmaster at this place, in which office he has since continued to serve, giving a most careful and discriminating administration and one that has met with popular approval and endorsement. Since the year I860 Mr. Baird has been an active worker in the ranks of the Republican party and has served as delegate to various county and state conventions. He was for two terms circuit court commissioner, was city attorney of St. Clair for two years, was a member of the board of aldermen of Marine City five years and was its city attorney two years, while he has received other evidences of popular confidence and esteem. Fraternally Mr. Baird is an honored and valued member of the Grand Army of the Republic, being identified with Henry Tucker Post No. 229, of Marine City, of which he has served as commander, and for seven years he had the distinction of being president of the Soldiers' & Sailors' Association of Macomb, St. Clair and Sanilac counties. On the I4th of May, 1867, Mr. Baird ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 317 was united in marriage to Miss Catherine Frank, who was born in Marine City, St. Clair county, on the 20th of June, 1848, and who was divorced from him in March, I886. Her family consists of five children, namely: Frances, who is the wife of Daniel Webster, who served as a soldier in the Philippines and who is now engaged in the practice of law in Marine City; Catherine, who is a teacher in the public schools of Tomahawk, Wisconsin; Henry, who is an able young member of the bar of this county, residing in St. Clair; William, who is a resident of Oakland, California, and Ira, who is a student in the Michigan State Normal School at Ypsilanti. On the 7th of June, I887, Mr. Baird wedded Miss Grace E. Low, a native of China township, St. Clair county, and of their five children three are living, namely: Grace, Christine and Lydia, all of whom remain at the parental home. DAVID GRAHAM. A native of the Dominion of Canada, David Graham was born in the province of Ontario, January io, 1848, a son of Hiram and Johanna (Bell) Graham. Hiram Graham was born in Orange county, New York, and, as his name indicates, was of Scotch extraction, while his wife was a true native of the "Land o'Cakes," as Scotland is at times familiarly and affectionately designated by her children. Hiram Graham located in Canada in 1835, and was there prosperously engaged in farming until he brought his family to Michigan, ill 1856, and settled on two hundred acres of partially improved land in Kimball township, St. Clair county, at a time when the forests were dense and overcrowded with game, which found an abundance of nutritious food within the limits of the wooded district. Hiram developed a fine farm from this partially improved tract, which he later disposed of by sale, and bought one hundred and sixty acres in Berlin township, in 187I, this place being also partially improved, and here he passed the short remainder of his life, dying in 1873, at the age of sixty-five years. His widow survived about five years, being also about sixty-five years old at the time of her death. Mr. Graham was very active as a Democrat, was a justice of the peace and highway commissioner in Kimball township, was a man of great energy as well as influence, and highly respected by all w\ho knew hium. To Hiram and Johanna (Bell) Graham were born a family of eleven children, namely: Susan, who is married to Andrew Chatran, a farmer in Armada township, Macomb county, to whom she bore eight children; Margaret married John Gillis, a farmer in Canada, and has four children; John, who is living on a farm in Berlin township, is married to Roxanna Caster, who has borne him two children; James, living on his farm in Berlin township, is married to Lucinda Trott, and is the father of two children; Charlotte is married to John Emery, a farmer in Tuscola county, Michigan, to whom she has borne three children; David (first) died in infancy; David (second) is the gentleman in whose interest this biographical record is prepared; Ellen is deceased; May is married to Sanford Hall, a farmer in Berlin town 318 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. _ ship, and has four children; George, married to Mary Cannis, is a farmer in Lynn township, and has had born to him two children, one of whom is deceased, and William, the youngest of the eleven children, died at seventeen years of age. The early life of David Graham was passed with his father, working in the timber district of the neighborhood in the winter months, yet he was offered an opportunity to secure a good common school education. Since the death of his father, which has been alluded to above, he has had charge of and now owns the old homestead of eighty acres, on which he has also erected a fine residence and substantial barn and has otherwise improved the place, until it now compares favorably with any farm of its size in the township. David Graham was joined in marriage October 4, I88I, with Miss Eva E. Howell, daughter of Ashael B. and Catherine (Rice) Howell, natives of New York. The Howell family settled in Michigan in the 'twenties, long before the territory of Michigan was admitted to the Union as a state. Here Ashael B. grew to manhood among the pioneers, became a prosperous farmer and was very active in county and township affairs as a Democrat. He reared to maturity a family of eleven children, of whom six still survive and have families of their own. The death of Ashael B. Howell occurred in I897, when eightythree years old and one of the most venerated of St. Clair county's pioneers. To David and Eva E. (Howell) Graham has been born a family of seven children, namely: Herbert R Anna B., Harvey W., Vernon P., Earl C., Ethel M. and Neil, all of whom are still attending school. I Mr. and Mrs. Graham attend the Methodist church, and as a Democrat he has filled the office of township clerk for seven years; he is likewise a member of Berlin Grange and the Knights of the Maccabees and is one of the most useful as well as respected residents of Berlin township. BENJAMIN GOLDING. An ex-soldier of the Civil war and now an honored resident of Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, Benjamin Golding deserves special mention in this work. He was born in Ontario November 30, 1831, a son of Stephen and Ann (Phips) Golding, the former of whom was a native of France, but reared at St. John's, New Brunswick, and settled in Canada in I812, and for fifteen years was a sailor on the lakes. He passed his declining years with his children, of whom there were six, and passed away in I886 at the patriarchal age of ninety-six years. The six children alluded to were born and named in the following order: Hiram, Stephen, Isaac, Benjamin, Charlotte and Calvin Sanger Golding, all but the one sister now living, Benjamin being the only one in the United States. Benjamin Golding married, March 9, 1853, Miss Sophia Seeley, the sixteen-yearold daughter of Gilbert and Phoebe (Barnes) Seeley, of Connecticut. She was born, reared and married in Sidney, Ontario, where also her husband grew to maturity. Her parents had a family of twelve children, and parents and children were all members of the Baptist church. After his marriage, Mr. Golding lived for two years in Canada, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 319 and then came to Port Huron, Michigan, where he remained about eighteen months engaged in saw-mill work and railroad work, and then settled on a tract of land on the banks of Pine River, in Kimball township, and in the depths of the wilderness. August Io, I862, Mr. Golding enlisted as a recruit and was assigned to Company I, Fifth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and joined the regiment at Upton Hill, Virginia, in which he served until meeting with a singular accident, to-wit: While cutting grass with a large knife for the purpose of making a mattress or bed for himself, he also chopped off two fingers from his left hand, which disabled him from further military duty. He was sent to the hospital at Washington, swhere lie was confined for two months, when he was honorably discharge(d, November 12, 1862. Mr. Golding resumed farming on his forty acres in Mussey township, where he had lived three years and which he has since increased to one hundred and sixty acres, all the additional part having been secured through his personal industry and excellent management. In 187I-2-3 lie was one of the firm of Phips, Rails & Golding, lumlerilng on the Au Sable river. The following seven years he had charge of a grain elevator at Romeo for Millius & Tackles. He then returned for four years to the lumber woods as estimator of timber for different firms, during which time he became familiar with the greater part of northern Michigan. Mr. Golding having acquired a competency, has now retired from the activities of business life, having sold his farm, and now makes his home in Capac, dwhere he has erected a handsome modern dwelling. His only child, Edith, who was born April 25, I86I, is married to Lewis Presley, a farmer in Mussey township, but the owner of other property as well as his farm, and now residing in Capac. Mr. and Mrs. Presley have been blessed with one child, Kitty Belle. Mr. and Mrs. Golding are members of the Baptist church, and fraternally Mr. Golding is a Freemason and Odd Fellow, and a member of Charles S. Travers Post No. 177, Grand Army of the Republic, and, with his wife, a nember of the Order of Eastern Star. She also belongs to the Relief Corps and to the Royal Neighbors. In politics Mr. Golding is a Republican, having cast his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln. He is a popular man, has led an industrious and upright life, andl no family in Mussey township is held in higher esteem than that of Benjamin Golding. Too much credit cannot be awarded him for the skill he has exercised in availing himself of the advantages that have risen before him through life, many of which, semingly trivial in themselves, he has made stepping stones in his advance towar(l the acquisition of a competence. HENRY PALMER. The gentleman whose name forms the caption of this article is one of the honored citizens of St. Clair township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and by a life of strenuous endeavor and honorable purpose has won and retains the esteem and respect of the residents of his community. A veteran of the great Civil war, performing well his part in the defense of his country's flag. he deserves his share of the gratitude of the citizens of this reunited country and a 320 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 1 I volume of this character would be incomplete without due mention of him. Henry Palmer is a native of St. Clair county, having been born on the 3d of August, I844. His parents were Andrew J. and Betsey E. (Dallaba) Palmer. Andrew J. Palmer was born in Ashford, Connecticut, in I809, and in I826, when seventeen years old, came to Michigan and took up one hundred and twenty acres of land on Pine river, in section 9, St. Clair township, St. Clair county. Subsequently at different times he bought other tracts of land as follows: One hundred and twenty acres in sections i6 and 17, forty acres in section 4, forty acres in section 8, and fifty acres in section 9. During his first five or six years in this state he was employed in the woods during the winter months and in the summer worked in saw-mills, clearing up land in the fall and spring. He was frequently compelled to bring his provisions in a canoe up Pine river a distance of twenty miles, and often made the trip to Detroit, forty-six miles, with an ox team and sleigh. In 1832 he had a contract to cut out ten miles of what is now known as the Fort Gratiot turnpike. In 1858 he built a waterpower saw-mill on a stream known as Rattle run, which he operated until I868, when, timber becoming scarce, the mill was closed. About this time he bought forty-two acres of land three miles south of Port Huron, but after living there three or four years he removed back to the old homestead and gave this place jointly to his son Judson and daughter Elvina. They subsequently sold it and it is now known as South Port Huron Park. Andrew J. Palmer was noted as a successful stock I raiser, handling the best breeds of hogs, cattle and horses. His wife was born in Whitestown, New York, and to them were born five children, namely: Henry, the subject, Judson, Elvira, Winfield S. and Thomas, deceased. In their religious affiliations the parents were faithful and consistent members of the Presbyterian church, while in politics he was a stanch Republican. He was active in advancing the interests of his party and was chosen by his fellow citizens to several offices of responsibility, having served as justice of the peace, town clerk and in other official positions. He was among the early settlers of St. Clair county, and bore an active and prominent part in the improvement and development of the region. His death occurred in I881. Henry Palmer was reared upon the home farm and received a fair common school education. In his early life he followed farming and was also to some extent identified with the saw-milling business. When the great' conflict between the North and the South broke out in all its fury he ran away from home for the purpose of enlisting in the army, going to Detroit, Michigan. He there entered the military service and served faithfully in the defense of the flag until his honorable discharge in I865. He participated in all the marches, skirmishes and battles in which his regiment had a part, and bravely and honorably bore his part in the terrible conflict. Among the battles in which he was engaged were the following: Chattahocta; Aldie, April 27, 1863; Gettysburg, July I-3, I863; Lookout Mountain, November 24, 1863; Resaca, May 14, 1864; Rome Cross Roads, May I6, 1864; ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 32I -- ~ --- Kingston, May I8, I864; Lost Mountain, May 27, I864; Dallas, May 27, I864; New Hope Church, May 27-28, I864; Lost Mountain, June 17, I864; Kenesaw Mountain, June 19-25, 1864; Culp Farm, June 22, 1864; Culp Home, July I, 1864; Marietta, July 3, 1864; Chattahoochee, July 4 -9, 1864; Peach Tree Creek, July 20, 1864; T'urner's Ferry, August 29, 1864; the siege of Atlanta. Mr. Palmer had many narrow escapes, but the only wound he received was a slight one in the right leg at the battle of Marietta. At the battle of Gettysburg, the comrade at his side was killed by a rebel bullet and at the siege of A!lanta a comrade in an adjoining tent was killed by a stray bullet. Upon his return from military service Mr. Palmer re-engaged in the pursuit of:griculture, which he has since carried on successfully and with profit. He does not confine himself strictly to any one line of agriculture, but is diversified in his operations, as all up-to-date and progressive farmers should be. In I866 Mr. Palmer was united in imarriage with Miss Augusta McGonegal, the laughter of Abraham and Martha MlcGonegal. Abraham McGonegal was a prominent and well-known man in his day and among the many enterprises which he rndertook and carried to successful completion was the erection of a number of light houses for the government, the first one being built in I848 on St. Lawrence river. He was a Democrat in politics, active and influential in party affairs, and his death occurred in July, 1858. To him and his wife were born three children, Uriah, Augusta (wife of the subject) and Hiram. The union of the subject and wife has been blessed by the birth of four children, briefly mentioned as follows: Andrew, born March 25, I869; Maynard, born September 26, 1872, is a graduate of Cleary Business College at Ypsilanti, Michigan, and now holds the position of postmaster at River Rogue; Anna E., born May 6, I876, was a professional dressmaker, and is now the wife of George Mullen; Lydia Ruth, born June 8, I879, is employed as assistant postmaster under her brother Maynard. Politically Mr. Palmer is affiliated with the Republican party, being firmly convinced that, whatever slight mistakes it may have made in the past, its general past history and its policy at present are those most conducive to the best interests of the citizens of this grand republic. He takes a keen interest in the trend of passing events, is a close observer of men and things and has intelligent and well-defined opinions on all questions of any importance coming before the American people. He keeps alive his old army associations through his membership in Oscar Bartlett Post No. 233, G. A. R., and takes a deep interest in the welfare of his old comrades. His religious creed is that of the Universalist church, to which he contrilutes liberally of his time and means. He is a public spirited and progressive citizen, deeply interested in the welfare of his community and all that contributes to its educational, material or moral advancement. His business efforts have been crowned with a degree of success richly merited and now he holds a pre-eminent position as one of the solid and influential citizens of his township, being widely popular among his acquaintances. 322 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. CROZIER RUTLEDGE. In this country there is one class or race of people noted for its intellectuality, alertness of both body and mind and an aggressiveness that almost amounts to pugnacity. From it springs some of our most learned professors, foremost literary men, generals who never know defeat, statesmen and diplomats of the first water and, last but by no means least, politicians, who, like poets, are born, not made. It is needless to say that reference is made to the Scotch-Irish. There need be no question as to the stock from whence sprang the subject of this sketch, Crozier Rutledge, of Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan. He was born in the county of Peel, Canada, northwest of Toronto, July 13, I85o, and is the son of John I. and Mary (Reyburn) Rutledge. The father of John I. Rutledge was William Rutledge, a native of Enniskillen, Ireland, who was one of the famous "Enniskillen Dragoons," and came with his family to the county of Peel, Canada, in 1835. There he devoted himself to agricultural pursuits until his death, xwhich occurred when he was eighty-seven years of age. He was the father of six children, Crozier, Jane, Ann, Mary, Catherine and John I. The maternal grandfather of Crozier Rutledge was Robert Reyburn, a native of Scotland and a member of tjiat renowned regiment, the '"Scotch Grays." He came to Peel county, Canada, early in the last century. He was twice married. By the first union two children were born, James and Joseph. The following children were born to the second union, Isabella, Mary, Martha, Robert, Elisha, John and Elizabeth. John I. Rutledge, father of the subject, accompanied his parents to the county of Peel, Canada, in I835. He was a miller and followed that calling in Canada many years, very often having the satisfaction of exporting flour to his native land. In latter life he devoted his attention to farming. In I86I he came to Michigan, locating in Burtchville township, St. Clair county, but four years later he moved to Grant township, where he became the owner of two hundred acres of land in section 22, which, when he bought it, was wild and wooded. His wife having died in 1858, previous to his removal to the United States, he married again after coming to St. Clair county, Catharine McCormick becoming his second wife. He died July 7, I871. In politics he was a Republican, served a number of terms as trustee of Grant township and held many minor offices. He was well known and highly respected. To John I. and Mary (Reyburn) Rutledge seven children were born, viz: Robert, a minister of the Methodist Protestant church in St. Clair county, resides near Cairo, Michigan, being also a farmer. He married Amanda Wise; Anna (lied in I891; William (lied in 1858; Crozier will be more particularly referred to hereafter; John died in I890; Elizabeth died in I858; James is foreman in a mill at Alpena, Michigan. Six children were born to the marriage of John I. Rutledge and Catharine McCormick, viz: Margaret married James Moffit, of Alpena; Sarah married David Kinsley, of Lakeport, Michigan; Minnie married Peroy Stephenson, bookkeeper for Armour & Co., Chicago; Martha married Frank Potter, a machinist in the Upton Works, Port Huron; Albert is a farmer of Burtchville ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 323 I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - township; Alburtha makes her home with her mother. Little opportunity was afforded Crozier Rutledge for securing an education. He, however, has read much and observed closely and is a well informed man. After the death of his father he felt it his duty to remain and look after the family. His step-mother had been a model of kindness to him and he felt that he should repay her, in some degree, during the years of her bereavement. On the I7th day of April, 1874, Crozier Rutledge was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Avery, of Grant township, the daughter of Anthony R. Avery, one of the substantial farmers of St. Clair county. To this union two sons have been born, Homer and Bruce. Homer Rutledge is well educated, intelligent, shrewd and aggressive. His Scotch-Irish ancestry is readily recognized in him. He has every element necessary to a successful career in almost any calling he might choose. He is a good talker, a keen observer of men and measures and can size up a situation, especially in politics, far better than some who have devoted their lives to their party and who are old enough to be his grandfather. Already, with still the down of youth upon his cheek, he has a state reputation. When only eighteen years of age, by his own tact and persistence, he secured the position of janitor at the state house at Lansing. He served in the office of the auditor general at the capital city some months, resigning this position to accept the post of state timber warden, with headquarters at Rascommon, Michigan, a position he now -holds. ledge, is much like his elder brother in disposition, except that he is more studious and less aggressive. The elder brother has more of the keen alertness and fertility of resources peculiar to the Irish, while in the latter the Scotch tenacity, stubborn persistence and sound common sense predominates. Bruce has been one of the most efficient teachers in St. Clair county. He is now holding the post of deputy collector of United States customs at Port Huron. From 1867 to '882 Crozier Rutledge lived in Burtchville township, on a little farm of forty acres, after which he was for several years with Joseph Avery, his brother-in-law, in Jeddo. In 1895 he bought his present farm in section 22, Grant township, it being one of the finest farms in the county and containing two hundred acres. The orchard comprises fourteen acres, ten acres of apple trees, one acre of plum trees, six hundred peach trees and almost every variety of small fruit. He carries on general farming, raising all kinds of grain and much stock. He has a number of choice head of registered shorthorn cattle, and for three successive years these took first prize at the fairs of St. Clair and Sanilac counties. He has a number of brood mares and a number of good horses are always to be found on the place. In politics Mr. Rutledge is a Republican, stanch and true. He has never sought office, but has accepted of some of the township offices of Grant and Burtchville. In religion he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, which place of worship is attended by the family. Industry and good business management is what Bruce, the second son of Crozier Rut 324 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. has made the life of Crozier Rutledge successful. Personally he is agreeable and companionable. He relishes a joke and enjoys a hearty laugh, even at his own expense. He has hosts of friends and the joy of his life is that he is able to see a far brighter future open to his two worthy sons than was open to him and that they are far better equipped to take advantage of their opportunities than he ever was. CHARLES BAER. Among the enterprising men who have acted a leading part in promoting the material growth of Port Huron, Charles G. Baer, of this review, has long been a conspicuous figure. During a continuous residence here of forty-six years he has ministered to the city's prosperity in many ways, earning by legitimate efforts honorable position and large wealth and using both for the advancement of the community along legitimate business and industrial lines. Mr. Baer has been essentially a man of action and the beneficial influence which he has exerted in the busy world of affairs cannot be estimated. He has realized the needs of the people and with a liberality of resource has supplied the same unsparingly, devoting the best and most fruitful years of his life to the building up of a city which today is one of the most important social, commercial and industrial centers in this great state. Charles Baer is a native of Germany, a land which doubtless has supplied America with a greater amount of moral bone and sinew than any other European country. He was born in the beautiful city of Dresden on the 26th of January, 1831, and spent the first eighteen years of his life in the Fatherland, meanwhile during his childhood and early youth acquiring a good education in the public school of his native place. In his eighteenth year he decided to seek his fortune in the United States, whither many of his countrymen had preceded him, of which country he had read much and heard numerous flattering reports. Setting sail in I849, he reached the harbor of New York August 2, of that year, after a long and tedious voyage of forty (lays' duration, and immediately made his way to the city of Buffalo, where he remained aout two years variously employed. Leaving Buffalo in I851, Mr. Baer went to Detroit, Michigan, and from that time until I856 he was engaged in the grocery trade in that city. With the desire to find a more inviting field in which to carry on the business, he changed his residence, in the fall of I856, to Port Huron and being pleased with the place and the prospects which it held out, moved his family to the new home the spring following. From that time to the present Mr. Baer has been very closely identified with the business interests of Port Huron, its growth and his continued advancement being coincident. In the fall of I856 he began business with a stock of groceries, which he brought from Detroit, and it was to that line of trade that he devoted his time and attention until selling out and re — tiring from active life in I898. To say that his financial success was fully commensurate with the energy and ability displayed in his undertaking would be to state what is only too plainly apparent to all and it is also needless to record that he continually grew in public favor in all that constitutes true manhood and progressive citizenship. As al ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 325,. ready stated, he has done much to promote the material prosperity of Port Huron; as favorable opportunities presented themselves he made judicious investments in real estate and by erecting on these purchases substantial buildings contributed greatly to the permanent improvement of the city. In I890 he built the Charles Baer block, one of the leading business edifices of the place, in addition to which he has from time to time put up other structures, both for private residence and public use. He owns a large amount of valuable property within the cor)orate limits, adds to the same when he can do so to his advantage, the gradual increase in the value of his various buildings representing in itself a fortune of no small magnitude. In public affairs he has not only been an interested spectator, but an active participant. He served for three years as a member of the board of estimates and in T90I was appointed by Mayor Moore to a place on the library commission, besides filling, at different times, various other official positions. Mr. Baer is a man of excellent business ability, sound judgment and capacity to inaugurate and carry to successful issue large enterprises. Personally he is an agreeable and companionable gentleman, inheriting not only the sturdy characteristics of his nationality, but possessing to a marked degree those attributes of mind and heart which win and retain the respect and gratitude of those with whom he mingles in business and social relations. In all that goes to make up the honorable man and intelligent, enterprising citizen he is easily the peer of any of his contemporaries and, although of foreign birth, the state of Michigan can not boast in its entire populace a more loyal or devoted American. f I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Mr: Baer was married September 22, I855, to fMiss Ernestine Pflugk, whose birth took place in the kingdom of Saxony, in the year 1832. Mrs. Baer bore her husband seven children, viz: Clara, who became the wife of C. F. Hueber, of Port Huron; Charles C.; Lillie, now Mrs. Fred Elliott; Oscar, of Boon City, Montana; Flora, wife of Mr. Doyle, of New York city, and two that died in infancy. The mother of these children died on the 4th of May, I890, since which time Mr. Baer las enjoyed more than ever before the love and devotion of his faithful sons and daughters. While actively engaged in the furniture trade he also manages his other large interests, spending his declining years in honorable activity, surrounded by family and friends who seek by all means to make his life pleasant and agreeable. His has been a long, successful and eminently useful career, and when the time comes for him to lay aside the burdens and cares of this world, he will leave to his posterity the heritage of a spotless character and a reputation untarnished by the commission of any ignoble or unworthy act. HENRY MEYER. Germany has furnished a great many of the early settlers of St. Clair county, Michigan. How it was that German emigration was turned in that direction it would be difficult to determine, but certain it is that it was so diverted and that the population of the county today is very largely impregnated with German blood. One of these early settlers who by the 326 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I probity of his life and the active part he took in the development of the country deserves well to be remembered, Henry Meyer, the subject of this sketch, was born in Hanover, Germany, January I, 1828. The common schools of his native land furnished him an education, upon completing which he was apprenticed to a carpenter, served his time faithfully and became well skilled as a mechanic. When twenty-three years of age, he emigrated to America, locating first at Detroit and following his calling of a carpenter. For twelve years he continued at this, being provident and saving, and succeeded in accumulating enough money to give him a fair start in life in the land of his adoption. July 27, I856, Henry Meyer was united ii marriage to Miss Mary Boeckmann, who was also a native of Hanover, Germany. To this marriage twelve children were born, Henry F., August W., Theodore, Ernst C., Ida, Louisa, Albert, Alvina, Maria, Emil F. and Fred W. In 1864 Henry Meyer moved his family from Detroit to St. Clair county, locating in Ira township, where he bought eighty acres of good land in the woods, upon which he proceeded to build a home. The first years of his residence in St. Clair county, like those of his neighboring settlers, were devoted to hard work, clearing, draining and fencing his land. In time the work of improvement was accomplished, the wilderness became a home and the forest a productive farm. He raised all kinds of grain and hay, and bred and fed cattle, horses and hogs. He was a very successful farmer and a careful, shrewd, conservative business man, who showed good judgment and foresight in all the commercial trans actions in which he engaged. - He knew when to sell and when to buy and rarely made mistakes in doing either. In I874 he engaged in the milling business, carrying it on quite extensively and successful1) for ten years. Here he lived and labored, admired, respected and beloved by kindred friends and neighbors until death called him to his reward, in April, 1884. In politics he was an ardent Republican and served his county as representative in the legislature a number of years; for eight years he was supervisor and he served as justice of the peace a number of terms. His ability was well known, his integrity never questioned. He was a man of unbounded popularity, even his bitterest opponents never thinking of questioning the sincerity of his motives. Most of the time since his death, Mr. Meyer's farm and other business has been conducted under the supervision of Fred W. Meyer, the youngest child of-the family and only son now at home. He is a shrewd, keen, business man, and, like his father, thrifty, enterprising and prosperous. The greater part of his time is devoted to agricultural pursuits, including stock raising, for which he has a great liking. The mantle of his father's popularity has descended upon his shoulders and the future for him appears to be full of promise. He is a Republican, but not a radical partisan; liberal and conservative in his views, he readily commands the respect and admiration of all. Mrs. Mary Meyer, the mother of this family, still lives, mistress of the old home. To her early instruction and example all the children owe much for all that they are and all that they inay hope to be in life. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 327 I GEORGE W. DALRYMPLE. When the gold fever of I849 broke out it not only carried many of the enterprising, hardy youths and middle-aged men of the east to California, but even the thinly settled woods and prairies of the west contributed no insignificant number to the horde which drifted by land and sea to the Pacific coast. Among them was Israel R. Dalrymple, father of George W. Dalrymple, the subject of this sketch. He did not stay long, however, in the west. It was I852 before the crisis of the fever got possession of him and a sojourn of four years in the mining camps of California was sufficient to convince him that finding gold was not as easy or as profitable as it had been represented. Israel R. Dalrymple, father of George W. Dalrymple, was born in New York February 22, 1813. The mother of George WV. was Margaret (Burkholder)' Dalrymple, and she was a native of Pennsylvania. After their marriage, which occurred in Elkhart, Indiana, about I845, they moved to South Bend, Indiana, where they resided a number of years and where George WV. Dalrympie was born, February 25, I849. In 1850 the family moved to Niles township, Berrien county, Michigan, where they purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land, erected a home and were beginning to prosper nicely, when the gold fever came along and swept the head of the house out onto the Pacific coast. Mr. Dalrymple was a carpenter by trade and during the four years of his sojourn in the west he produced more gold with his hammer, saw and square than most of the others who went out there did with their pick and shovel. A favorable opportunity coming his way, he was only too glad to embrace it to get back to his wife and children. To Israel R. and Margaret Dalrymple six children were born, viz: Jackson, George W. Madison, Jefferson, Mehitabel and Lillie. Each grew to maturity and are successful and prosperous. In I868 the father came from Berrien county to St. Clair county, locating at Port Huron. Here he became possessed of a piece of land upon which he built a home and which he proceeded to improve. He continuedl to occupy, cultivate and improve this land up to the time of his death, in I879. In politics he had been a Democrat all his life, but never aspired to any office. In religion he had no choice, but generally attended the meetings of the Adventists with his wife, who was a believer in the teachings of that denomination. Both were people of high standing in the community and their deaths occasioned much sorrow. July 3, 1873, George W. Dalrynple was united in marriage to Susan E. Farquhar, daughter of Thomas and Mary (West) Farquhar. Mr. Farquhar was a native of Ireland, a Presbyterian in religion and a Republican in politics. He came to America when young, landing in Canada, but soon (lrifted to the United States. The family was prosperous and well-to-do, owning a good home and a nice tract of well-improved land. They were the parents of four children, of whom Susan E., wife of the subject, was the youngest. The other children were Jane, John, and Thomas. All are people of recognized worth and respectability in the community. Soon after their marriage the Dalrymples bought a tract of eighty acres of land. in St. Clair township, where they built a home and where they have since resided.. 328 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I They are the parents of three children, viz: George Thomas, born April 29, 1874; Effie Jane, born August I, 1876, and Guy Oscar, born December 6, I880. Mr. Dalrymple has followed general farming all his life and in that calling has been quite successful. In politics he is a Democrat and although no office-seeker, he has been compelled to occupy some of the local offices nearly all the time since his majority. He has been highway commissioner, moderator and member of the school board. For four years he has been justice of the peace, which has given him an opportunity of settling among his neighbors more law suits than ever ought to have been filed or tried. Some officials make that office a position in which to instigate litigation; he makes it one in which to suppress law suits. If all justices' courts were conducted on the plan on which he conducts his, the upper courts and lawyers would not be as hard worked as they are. He is a worthy, capable man, possessed of an abundance of common sense and a wide knowledge of human nature. His motto is "Do good," and his talents afford him ample opportunity of doing so. THOMAS WARD. This gentleman, now a respected farmer in Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, has been a resident of Michigan since I854. He was born in county Limerick, Ireland, March 20, 1829, a son of John and Margaret Ward, the former of whom lived to be quite an old man and died on his farm in Ireland, while his wife was called away when comparatively young. They were the parents of six children, namely: Myrtle, Thomas, Cornelius, John, deceased, Dennis, and Ann, the last named also deceased. Thomas Ward came to America in 1851, worked as a farm hand in the state of New York until 1854, then came to Michigan. While living in New York state he married, in the month of February, 1852, Miss Margaret Neville, daughter of Mortimer and Mary (O'Neil) Neville, who were farming people in Ireland, but never came to the United States. The union of Thomas Ward and Margaret Neville has been blessed with eleven children, viz: Mortimer, John, Michael, Cornelius, Margaret, Mary, Alice, Thomas, Catherine, Ellen and Frank. When Thomas Ward first came to Michigan he located in Memphis, Macomb county, and for a year engaged in lumbering; he then came to St. Clair county and purchased his present farm of one hundred and fifty acres, which he has now occupied for forty-seven consecutive years. Mr. Thomas has done a vast amount of clearing for himself and neighbors, cutting off at least two hundred and fifty acres of timber; in the early days teaming was also one of his occupations. At that time the territory was one dense wilderness, teeming with game as well as beasts of prey and wild turkeys. The forest afforded a good living for the family, but it required an immense deal of labor to convert the place into a modern farm, which Mr. Ward eventually succeeded in doing. The farm is now one of the best cultivated in the township and is as productive and profitable as any place of its size in the county of St. Clair. Michael Ward, the third child of Thomas Ward and wife, is now living on this old homestead and is married to Margaret O'Connell. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 329 r Mr. Ward has been since his young days an admirer of fine live stock, and now devotes a great deal of his attention to the breeding of graded cattle and choice hogs. He is an expert in this branch of farming and consequently has met with unvarying success. He also raises such crops as are usually grown in his latitude and is as fortunate with them as he is with his live stock. He is emphatically a self-made man, as when he came to this country he had but one dollar in his pocket, but with this meager sum, supplemented by his natural good sense, energy and industry, he has raised himself to his present prominent position among the substantial farmers of Columbus township. In religion Mr. Ward is a faithful Catholic and, like most believers in the faith, is very liberal in his contributions toward the support of the church. In politics he is a Democrat, but pays more attention to the cultivation of his fields than to the seeking of office, although he is very popular in a community in which all respect him for his honesty and fair dealing, and admire him for his genial good humor. Mr. Ward has done much toward redeeming the township of Columbus from the wild condition in which it existed when he settled here and may justly be credited with being one of St. Clair county's pioneers, to whose endurance and true bravery the present generation is so greatly indebted. HENRY J. SWEET. A prosperous farmer of Smith, Berlin township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is the gentleman whose name appears at the head of this biographical notice. He was born in the state of New York November 4, 1831, a son of Joseph C. and Polly (Clark) Sweet, of Dunham, Lower Canada, of which the father, Joseph C. Sweet, was an early settler. Joseph C. Sweet came to Michigan early in the 'thirties and settled in Berlin township, St. Clair county, on an eighty-acre tract of wooded land, the country at that time being one vast wilderness. He, however, crossed the line into Macomb county, where he passed two or three years, but returned to St. Clair county and purchased another tract in Berlin township, also in the wilderness. The family sheltered itself in a diminutive log cabin, that had neither fireplace, chimney, door or window, and after a great deal of hard work succeeded in clearing off the timber from the forty-acre tract, to which they later added a tract of eighty acres. Joseph C. was a skillful axman, was a sure shot with his rifle, and was courageous and daring as a pioneer. He was a Democrat in politics and active in his support of his party, was a Freemason, a consistent member of the Methodist church, and passed away in this faith December 3, I887, in his eighty-third year, his wife dying on July 12, I892, in the eighty-sixth year of her age. To this respected couple were born nine children, namely: Melvina; Betsey, deceased; Chastina, deceased; Henry J., whose name heads this sketch; Hannah; Nancy, deceased; Edmund; Maria, deceased, and Alma, also deceased. The children all received good common school educations and Chastina and Maria became successful and popular teachers. Henry J. Sweet assisted his father on the home farm in his early days, doing his share in clearing off the superfluous timber, and 330 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. in the winter also worked in the lumber camps. At his father's death he took charge of the old homestead. March 6, I860, he was married to Miss Harriet Allen, daughter of Douglas and Phebe (Conger) Allen, of Dangerfield, Oneida county, New York, who came to Armada, Macomb county, Michigan, in 1836, and reared one of the most respected families in the district. To Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Sweet have been born two children, viz: Will J., who was born September 22, 1864, and died February 25, I9OI. He was a young man of great promise, was respected by all who knew him, and was the youngest member who ever served as chairman of the board of supervisors, of which he was a member at the time of his death. He had served as town clerk for some time and was supervisor for four years. His wife, Myrtle Gaskell, survives him, residing at Mount Clemens. The daughter, Effie, became the wife of Adam Mackie, who died October 29, 1893, leaving her with a daughter, Aubrey A. Mackie, aged nine years. Mrs. Mackie is now the wife of J. B. Curry. Mr. Sweet owns a well-improved farm of one hundred and twenty acres, and has recently purchased a one-hundred-ten-acre farm at Smith, which he operates. He is an active Democrat and has served as township treasurer several terms, and was moderator of the school for twenty-one years. He has always been controlled by the spirit of industry, a virtue inherited, no doubt, in a great degree from his mother, who was an indefatigable spinner and weaver of wool, not only for her family, but very often in shares with others. She made the clothing for the household, and was one of the most respected ladies that ever lived in Berlin township. I I I ERI WATSON. A greatly respected retired farmer, now residing in Capac, Michigan, is Eri Watson, who was born in Cortland county, New York, February 26, 1833, and is a son of Randolph and Margaret (Sweet) Watson, the former of whom was born in Rhode Island in I809 and the latter in Otsego county, New York. Randolph Watson came to Michigan with his family in 1854 and located in Imlay City, Lapeer county, purchasing a farm of fifty acres, which he cleared up from the forest. He had a family of five children, of whom the gentleman whose name opens this record is the third in order of birth, the other four, named Isaac, James, Benedict and Harriet, being now deceased, as well as the parents, leaving Eri the sole representative of the family. Eri Watson came to Michigan with his father's family in 1854 and settled southwest of Capac, St. Clair county, where he lived on his farm for thirty-five years. Being a pioneer, he has, of course, witnessed the wonderful growth of the county and the miraculous changes that have taken place during this period of nearly half a century. For two years, in the early days, he lived in Wisconsin, trading and buying furs of the Indians, but still considered Michigan as his home. Here, in the old times, he hunted wild animals, which thronged the forests that have since given place to cultivated fields and the improvements of civilized man. Mr. Watson is a true patriot and at the call for volunteers to defend the flag of his country and to crush the rebellion, he enlisted at Almont, Lapeer county, and from Almont was sent to Pontiac, Oakland county, Michigan, and thence to Kentucky. From ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 331 Kentucky he was sent to Tennessee, where he passed three months in the mountains. From Tennessee he was sent to Alabama and Georgia, in which states he saw a great deal of active service, taking part in many skirmishes and in the two-days battle at Sweetwater Bridge, Georgia, and in the pursuit of Hood into Tennessee. He served gallantly and faithfully until September 7, I865, when he was honorably discharged. Mr. Watson on returning from the army, re-engaged in farming and, having been an energetic and hard-working citizen, he secured for himself a well-imlroved farm of eighty acres southwest of Capac, on which he lived until his retirement to the town, where he owns a neat and comfortable home, which he and his wife now occupy. Eri W\atson has been twice married. First he chose for his helpmate Phebe Wilcox, who was born May I6, I845, and died August I8, 1872, the mother of three children, viz: William, who was born in 1857, is a farmer in Lapeer county, is married to Cynthia Clock and has had b)orn to him two children, both of whom (lied in infancy;Harvey, blorn in I86I, married Sarah Peacock, and has had born to him three children, James, Phebe and Harvey; Milo, born in I864, is still single, and is farming, like his brother Harvey, in Mussey township. Mr. \Watson's second marriage was with Celinda Wilcox, daughter of Bradford and Phylina (Fay) Wilcox. Bradford \Vilcox was born in New York in 1806, was reared a farmer, owned eighty acres of good land, was an active Republican in politics and died in I886, the father of ten children, viz: Theatus, Laura, Harriet, Celinda, Nathan, deceased, Elias, John W., deceased, and three others, who died in infancy. To the second 20 marriage of Mr. Watson has been born one child, Humphrey, who was born October 22, I884, and died August 22, 1889. Mr. Watson is a member of the Universalist church, while his wife is a Baptist. Fraternally Mr. Watson is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. In politics he is a Democrat, and for four years was postmaster, but at present takes no very active part in public affairs. He and his wife possess the respect and confidence of their neighbors to an unlimited extent and are quietly awaiting the call to the better home. HON. JOSEPH GIBBONS. This native of the Emerald Isle, but now one of the most substantial and respected Gibbons, both natives of the same county Michigan, was born in Galway, June I2,. 1825, and is a son of Patrick and Bridget Gibbons, both natives of the same county and farming people by calling. The children of Patrick and Bridget Gibbons numbered a large family, but only four survive, as will be seen by the following record, to-wit: Mary, who lives at Fort Benton, Montana; Bridget, James, Thomas and Henry, all four deceased; Joseph, who is the subject of this record: Michael, whose lamented death took place in the Andersonville prison pen when a prisoner of war, in I864; Catherine, now living in Seattle, Washington; Patrick, deceased, and Ellen. of Port Huron, Michigan. Joseph Gibbons was not much inclined toward study in his youthful days, for the reason, perhaps, that his energies were absorbed in earning twelve and a half cents per day with which to pay rent. He lived 332 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. on the home place until he was twenty-three years of age, although he was but fi-fteen when he was put out at farming, also fishing to some extent. In 1849 Mr. Gibbons went to Mobile, Alabama, and for a short time worked on the:Mobile & Ohio Railroad, whence he went to Nashville, Tennessee, having been taken sick. After recovering, Mr. Gibbons went back to work at railroading, continuing at this for four years, and then came to Michigan, in I853, located at Port Huron, and worked for M. S. Gillett for two years. At the end of this time, Mr. Gibbons purchased forty acres of wild land, and later on, in the same year, his mother and her family came to the place. Mr. Gibbons cleared up this forty-acre tract, on which he first put up a log cabin, in which the family lived for some years. He now owns two hundred and forty acres in Grant township, one hundred and sixty acres cleared, and also a farm in Ogemaw county, Michigan, one hundred and sixty acres of which are under cultivation. May 5, I855, in New Orleans, Joseph Gibbons was joined in the bonds of matrimony with Miss Alice Casey, who was a native of Limerick, Ireland. They have been blessed with six children, named as follows: Anna Eliza, who is now the wife of Edward Kiley, of Roscommon, Michigan; Ellen, married to James Sharp, of Ogemaw county, Michigan; Edward, who is married to Lizzie Easton, and is a farmer in Ogemaw county; Michael, a merchant in Roscommon, Michigan; Alice, wife of Joseph Easton, and living in Greenwood township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and Margaret, deceased. In religion Mr. Gibbons is a devout Catholic and attends the chapel at Croswell, to the support of which he most freely contributes. In politics he is a Democrat, and has always been loyal to the party, his services in its behalf being duly appreciated. Under the auspices of his party he has filled several important offices, such as school director for fourteen years, highway commissioner for eight years, justice of the peace eight years, and as representative in the legislature in 1881-2 and I891-2. For many years Mr. Gibbons has been recognized as an influence in Democratic ranks, his services being shown in county, district and state conventions. Mr. Gibbons is what is poetically denominated "the architect of his own fortune." He came to Grant township a poor man, but was industrious and frugal, bought his present farn and became one of the prominent men of his township within a very short period of time. As a steamboatman he ran on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers for about seven years between Cincinnati and New Orleans and New Orleans and St. Louis, and at times between Louisville, Kentucky, and Evansville, Indiana. For some time he was second mate of the "Charles Pitcher," under Captain Rogers, being so employed for several months during the Civil war. As a farmer he is very successful in breeding stock, while his crops of farm products may almost implicitly be relied upon from year to year. ARCHIBALD M. WRIGHT. Deeds are thoughts crystalized, and according to their brilliancy do we judge the worth of the man to the community, while in his works we expect to find a true index ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 333 I to his character. The study of the life of the representative American never fails to offer much of pleasing interest and valuable instruction, showing the power of initiative and the mastering of expedients through which the magnificent prestige of our nation has been attained. One of the noble army of the world's workers is the subject of this review, who is proprietor of the Pioneer Boiler \Works, an important industrial enterp)rise in the city of Port Huron, and who shows the (lonminating characteristics of the sturdy, pragmatic and sterling Scottish stock from which he is sprung. He has passed the major portion of his life in Port Huron. has achieved success through his own efforts, and is well entitled to consideration in this compilation. Mr. \Wright was born in the attractive little town of London, province of Ontario, Canada, on the 25th of August, 1854, being a son of Peter R. W\right, who was born in the city of Glasgow, Scotland, where he was reared and educated and where he learned the trade of blacksmith. As a young man he emigrated to America and took up his residence in London, Ontario, where he was for several years engaged in the work of his trade on his own responsibility. In I865 he came to Mount Clemens, Michigan, where he followed his trade until 1867, when he came to Port Huron, where he continued to be engaged in blacksmithing until his final retirement from active labors, and here he passed the residue of his useful and honorable life, attaining the venerable age of eighty-one years. He was a man of unimpeachible integrity, quiet and reserved in manner and kindly and considerate in his intercourse with his fellow men, while he was endowed with an excellent mentality and was well informed in the practical affairs of life. He was sincere and straightforward in all things and commanded the unequivocal confidence and esteem of all who knew him. After becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States he exercised his franchise in support of the Republican party and took a deep and intelligent interest in the questions and issues of the day. His religious faith was that of the Presbyterian church, and according to its inflexible tenets he guided and governed his life in all its relations. His wife, whose maiden name was. Agnes McCorckendale, was likewise born in Scotland, where she was reared, and as a young woman she accompanied her parents upon their removal to the dominion of Canada, the family locating in London, Ontario, where her marriage was solemnized. She still retains her home in Port Huron, being now seventyeight years of age and being revered as one of the gracious pioneer women of the city. She is a devoted member of the Presbyterian church, and during her more active (das was a zealous worker in the same. She has ever been ready to aid and comfort the afflicted and distressed, her sympathy being instant and unfailing, and thus she has gained the love of a wide circle of devoted friends in the city, where she has made her home for more than thirty-five years. Archibald M. Wright, the immediate subject of this sketch, was about twelve years of age at the time when his parents took up their residence in Port Huron, and here he continued his educational training in the public schools until 1870, when, in preparation for the active duties and responsibilties of life, he entered the boiler shops of W. E. Peach, where he served an apprenticeship of two years, becoming a thoroughly competent 334 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I workman. He then started forth as a journeyman at his trade, and returned to his native town of London, Ontario, where he was employed for a number of years, thereafter visiting divers sections of the Union. He passed one year in the state of Texas, after which he returned to Port Huron, where, in 1882, he was appointed to the responsible position of superintendent of the boiler manufacturing department of the Phoenix Iron Works, an incumbency which he retained for the long period of fourteen years-a circumstance which unmistakably bears evidence of his technical ability and his fidelity to the interests of his employers, while he has ever been appreciative of the feelings of those who have labored under his supervision, being himself proud of the fact that he is a workman and having a supreme appreciation of the dignity of honest toil and endeavor, and thus his attitude has been such as to gain and to retain to him the respect, confidence and good will of those whose efforts he has directed, either as superintendent or employer. Mr. \Vright retired from the service of the Phoenix Iron Works in August, 1896, at which time he effected the lease of his present plant, which is equipped with the best modern machinery and accessories. Here he has brought to bear his knowledge of all details of the boiler-making business in a most effective way, while he has shown that executive capacity and mature judgment which have conserved a success of no uncertain order, while under his control the enterprise is one which can not fail to increase in scope and importance, thus affording a due reward for his efforts. Mr. Wright is progressive in his methods, energetic and sagacious in the execution of his plans and endowed with that well-balanced mentality which enables him to handle his business to the best advantage, while as the architect of his own fortune his life record offers both lesson and incentive. He is a stanch advocate of the principles and policies of the Republican party, but is essentially a business man and has no political ambition in a personal way. Fraternally he is an appreciative member of the time-honored order of Free and Accepted Masons, being affiliated with Pine Grove Lodge No. 45, in his home city, while he enjoys the esteem of all who know him, in both business and social circles. On the 24th of May, 1882, Mr. Wright was united in marriage to Miss Rebecca Stanley, who was born in the province of Ontario, Canada, and who was about twelve years of age at the time of her parents' removal to the village of Yale, St. Clair county, whence they later came to Port Huron, where her marriage to Mr. Wright was solemnized. The subject and his estimable wife became the parents of eight children, of whom two died in childhood, while the surviving six still remain beneath the home roof, their names, in order of birth, being as follows: Agnes, Ina, Walter, Harold, Bruce, and Stanley. FRANK JACKSON. The skilled mechanic always has the advantage over his less accomplished neighbor. This is especially true when both are settlers of a new country and where the mechanic happens to be skilled in some vocation, such as carpentering, blacksmithing, wagonmak ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 335 ing or other calling of which much use can be made in primitive settlements. At either of the trades mentioned a good workman can nearly always find something to do and at fair wages. In the early settlement of St. Clair county, Michigan, the carpenter and 1builder were never hard up. Frank Jackson, the subject of this sketch, was a carpenter and builder, and appreciated his good fortune in having that trade to fall back on. He was born in Mosey township, Middlesex county, Canada, December 8, I842. His father was William Jackson, a native of Pennsylvania. born November I, I809, who moved to Canada when he was sixteen years of age. His mother was Rhoda (Siddall) Jackson. a native of Canada, born March 30, I820. William Jackson was a carpenter by trade and one of the early settlers of Middlesex county. There he worked until he grew to manhood and was married. In I86 hee moved his family to St. Clair township, St. Clair county, and settled on a tract of land, dividing his time between working in the clearing and following the trade of a carpenter. They were the parents of eleven children, viz: Elzathan, born May I, 1841, lives in St. Clair township; Frank, the subject of this sketch, will be more particularly referred to hereafter; Alfred, born August I2, I842, a retired blacksmith, lives in Detroit, Michigan; William, born April 1, 1845, died October 6, I867; Lewis E., born January, 1847, a horse trainer of Wallaceburg, Canada; Sarah Jane, born October 25, I849, married Ed Barnard and resides in Casco township; Joseph M., born July 25, I85I, a farmer of St. Clair township; John W., born March 30, 1854, lives at Cheboygan, Michigan; James, born April 18, I856, a resident of St. Clair township; Alexander, born August 3, I859, lives in St. Clair township; Rhoda, born August I, i86I, married Thomas McClain and resides in China township. Mrs. Jackson died October 6, 1884. Her husland survived her six years, expiring December 13, I890. In politics he was a Republican, but never sought for or accepted any office whatever. The early education of Frank Jackson was sadly neglected. In the home of his childhood in Canada, at that early day, schools were few, far apart and the terms exceedingly short. A great deal of hard xwork was required of the youth of that time and learning was not as popular then as now, especially in the "back woods." Printed matter then was scarce, and so young Jackson grew to manhood with a very limited knowledge of books. He lived at home, working for his father, until he was twentyone years of age. Meanwhile he acquired a very thorough knowledge of the carpenter's trade. If his father was not able to bestow upon him a great amount of schooling, he gave him in mechanical knowledge a passably good substitute. On December i6, i866, Mr. Jackson was unite(l in marriage to Sarah Jane Kelly, a native of Middlesex county, Canada, and the daughter of John and Anna (McClimians) Kelly. They moved to St. Clair county in 1849, residing a short time in St. Clair, Marine City and China township, finally taking up their permanent abode in St. Clair township. He was a farmer, prosperous and enterprising. They were the parents of nine children, viz: Robert, born January 5, I844, is a farmer and resides in St. Clair county; David, born March 6, 1846, is also a farmer in St. Clair county, and has been twice married; his first wife was Miss Al 336 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I zana Mallory, by whom he had four children, two of whom are living, George and William; his second marriage, to Miss Kezedia Rose, resulted in two children, Lydia and Gladys; Sarah, wife of the subject, was born August 27, 1848; John J., born June 24, 1851, a teamster of Detroit, married Lovica Lashbrook, by whom he had two children, Frank and John, the latter deceased; Albert, born February 25, I853, is a butcher and produce buyer of this county, and married Miss Julia Shaftbower, of which union there is one child living, Anna May; Betsey A., born February 24, I856, became the wife of David Vallau, a resident of this county, a sailor by occupation, and this union was blessed with six children, Sarah J., Blanch H., Willie, Harry, Russell and Ralph; William S., born May 24, 1859, is a resident of Sanilac county, Michigan, and married Mary Shaftbower, by whom he has two children, John and Ella; Lydia A., December 22, I862, is the wife of Isaac Justin,. Jr., a farmer of this county; Frank A., born January 9, I865, is a farmer of this county, and married Jennie Palen, by whom he has four children, Miles, John, Stella A. and Clarence. John Kelly was born in Canada May 13, 1822, and his wife in the same country June 6, 1822, their marriage occurring August 23, 1842. He is a Republican in politics and his wife, who died May I9, I902, was a member of the Methodist Protestant church. Mrs. Jackson was but six months old when brought by her parents to St. Clair county. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson are the parents of one son, William John, born June 24, I868. He is a farmer and is married, his wife's maiden name being Miss Jessie Hill. They have been married a number of years and are the parents of four children, viz: Maudie, born March 4, I888; Bruce F., born October 28, I89I; William W., born November 13, I893, died July 19, I899, and one born March 13, I901. After marriage Mr. and Mrs. Jackson took up their abode in section io, St. Clair township, where they purchased twenty acres of land in a desirable location adjoining the turnpike. Here they lived until I870, when they moved to their present location in St. Clair township, where they purchased forty acres of land known as the Murphy place. It was wild and unimproved, but by hard work and the expenditure of some money he has made it a desirable and comfortable place of abode, as well as a productive farm. Hi's business of carpentering has always been the source of a steady income to him and thin. coupled with his general farming, makes the family prosperous. He has dealt a great deal in stock and is a splendid judge of horses. cattle and hogs. In religion he is a Methodist Protestant, in politics a Republican. He has been honored by his township by serving it two years as supervisor and ten years as highway commissioner. At the present time he is drainage commissioner, and has served for twenty years as treasurer of his school district. The disadvantage of a limited education in his youth does not seem to have handicapped him in the least. He is a man who has read much and profited by what he has read. He is cautious and prudent, possessed of a large fund of common sense and a knowledge of the world that is far more beneficial to him than a collegiate education would be to some others. His standing in the community is amply attested by the number of times his neighbors have honored him with their suffrage for local positions. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 337 THOMAS BERNEY. Thomas Berney was a native of England, having been born in Staffordshire, August 24, 1849, and was reared a farmer. His father, Dennis Berney, was born in 1814, and to his union with Miss Anna Kavanaugh there were born five children, viz: John, who married Catherine O'Donnell, and is now farming in Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan; Ellen married Frank Spencer, who was first a wagonmaker and later became a farmer, and they now have four children, Canty, Frank, Edward and Charles; Jane died at the age of sixteen years; Margaret is still single; Thomas, the deceased subject of this biographical record. The father was a carpenter by trade, but on coming to America purchased two hundred and forty acres of woodland, which he cleared up almost entirely, and engaged in farming until his lamented death, which occurred in the faith of the Catholic church, between Christmas day and New Year's day, 1894. Thomas Berney was joined in the holy bonds of matrimony January 7, 1875, at Detroit, with Miss Catherine Ryan, daughter of John and Margaret (Holman) Ryan. The father, John Ryan, was born in county Clare, Ireland, in 1814, came to America in i850 and first lived in Toronto, Canada, where he followed his trade of blacksmith for a number of years, but is now living in retirement at Detroit,!Michigan. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. John Ryan was blessed with eleven children, namely: Mary, born in 1843, but never married; Margaret, horn in I845, married Maurice Gleason; Catherine, now Mrs. Berney; Anna, born in I847, married Michael Collins; James, born in I849, is still unmarried; Dennis died in infancy; Hanora, born in 1851, is deceased; Winnie, born in 1853; John, deceased, born in I855; Ellen, born in I859, is also single. After his marriage the late Thomas Berney.settled in Columbus township, St. Clair county, where he purchased one hundred and twenty acres of wildwood land, which by persistent industry he succeeded in clearing up, nearly all of which he placed under cultivation. He not only carried on general farming, to which calling he had been reared and therefore thoroughly understood, but also bred live stock, horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, which he fattened with the products of his farm and disposed of in the various live stock markets, reserving, of course, all that was necessary for home use, while his amiable helpmate attended to the dairying and poultry departments. On this farm there were born the five children that blessed the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Berney, viz: Jane Mary, born October I9, 1875, and married to Neil Ward, a farmer, to whom she has borne two children, Thomas and John; Margaret E., born March 31, 1877, is still single and lives under the maternal roof; John D., born February 9, I88I, is single, and manages the home farm; Anna E., born June 22, 1884, (lied August Io, I889; Mary C., born March 6, I888, is a student in the Memphis high school; and James J., born January 31, I890. Four of the children, Jane Mary, Margaret E., John D. and Mary C., were confirmed in the Catholic faith by Bishop Foley, of Detroit. In his political views the late Thomas Berney was a Democrat, and although he never sought or even aspired to office, he 338 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. steadfastly adhered to the party and never failed to cast his vote for its nominees. As was his father, so was he a member of the Catholic church, and in this faith his lanented death took place May 21, I902. In this sad event his family keenly felt their bereavement, and the residents of Columbus township realized that they had lost one of their most useful as well as one of their most respected fellow citizens. Mr. Berney was ever a hard-working farmer and excellent manager, and in the year prior to his death he had consummated the beauty and comfort of his home place by the erection of the best dwelling in the township, which is now occupied by his estinmable widow and her home-staying children, who are all held in the highest respect by their neighbors, even down to the youngest child. Mrs. Berney especially is admired for her strength of intellectuality, as well as her equanimity of temper and charitable disposition. CHARLES COHRS. The worthy German emigrants who sought the shores of America forty or fifty years ago have bequeathed to this country a valuable heritage in the sturdy sons and daughters they have left to contribute to the greatness and glory of the land of their parents' adoption. Among those emigrants who arrived in this country in the year I860 was a family named Cohrs, a descendant of which, Charles Cohrs, of Ira township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is the subject of this sketch. The ancestry of the Cohrs family for many generations had been Hanovarian. They were of the peasantry, but the family had always been in comfortable circumstances. About the middle of the last century the subject's grandfather, Henry Cohrs, who was a man of strong intellectual powers and fair education, became imbued with an ambition to better the condition of his family. He traced back the family record and found that his family, while honored and respected among their neighbors, had never been able to accomplish more than the securing of a fairly comfortable livelihood. The present he knew was fruitful of no better things and as for the future, the promise of better conditions was at best but vague and shadowy. This determined him in his plans and he resolved to emigrate to America at the earliest opportunity. Securing the consent of his good wife, Sophia (Miller) Cohrs, he immediately began forming plans, which took time to accomplish. They were the parents of four children, Mary, Louis, Henry and Louisa, and these had to be clothed and fed, and the family income was not of wholly desirable dimensions. However, in I86o, passage for New York was secured in a sailing vessel from one of the ports of their native land, they taking that mode of making the trip because it cost less than the speedier and more popular steamship voyage. Their stay in New York was of short duration, Mr. Cohrs being soon convinced that there must be something better for them in America than life in a large city. He moved westward, finally locating in Ira township, St. Clair county, Michigan, where he bought forty acres of land and, with the assistance of his two sons, Louis and Henry, father of the subject, was soon comfortably situated in a cabin home. All worked as they never did before in clearing the land, with ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 339 the result that not many years had elapsed until they had a neat, productive and well improved farm. It was small, of course, but the income derived from it was more than sufficient to supply all their wants, schooled in the practice of econom~, as they had been in their native land. When the savings of the family permitted, twenty acres more were added to the farm. On this place Henry Cohrs and his good wife Sophia continued to reside in the enjoyment of the love and affection of their children, their grandchildren and their neighbors until their deaths, which occurred several years ago. They were of the Lutheran faith. Henry Cohrs, the third child of the family and father of the subject, grew to manhood in his Michigan home, and he and the other children were not long in acquiring a knowledge of the English language. They attended the district school, with the other children of the vicinity, and thus secured the advantages of a fair common school education. Soon after attaining his majority Henry Cohrs was united in marriage to Miss Anna Burlin, to which union seven children were born, viz: Henry married Rosie Drullier and they are the parents of four children, Allie, Anna, Ida and Willia; Frank, who is a wagonmaker, married and is the father of three children, Florence, Frank and a babe; William is a carpenter at Rogers City, Michigan, and was married to Miss Emma Hops; Sophia was the wife of William Steislouf, a carpenter, but died in I897; Herman is a resident of Cement City and is employed in the factory at that place; Emma resides at home, as does Charles, the subject of this sketch. The father of-his interesting family is a blacksmith by trade and well skilled in his calling, superintending the cultivation of his farm in connection with the management of his blacksmith shop. He is a Republican and a member of the Lutheran church. Charles Cohrs was born in Ira township, St. Clair county, May 21, 1876. He attended the public schools of his native township, was proficient in all of his studies and is now lossessed of a fair education. He is a man who reads much and thinks more. He still lives at home, occupying his time in the management of the old home farm. All of his operations on the farm are conducted on the most approved scientific methods, the old fogy notions that prevailed in other days getting no consideration from him. He raises all kinds of grain, hay and vegetables, besides breeding and feeding stock, and in all of his undertakings he has been most successful. Though his parents and grandparents were German emigrants, he is as typically an -American as if his progenitors had landed with Columbus and resided here ever since. In politics he is a Republican and is always quite interested in the success of his party. Religion does not readily appeal to him, but he is a man who is moral and upright, a credit alike to the race from which. he sprang and the community in which he was horn. GEORGE H. KING. George H. King was a son of W. Harrison and Sarah A. (Derby) King. The Derby family came to Michigan in 1834, and have since lived near Dryden, and all the children had the advantage of good educations. Sarah A. (Derby) King is remarkably active for a lady of her age, being 340 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. -i I now eighty years old. She was one of the first settlers of the state of Michigan, a well known and highly respected lady. She has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal.church since early life, and always an active worker in the church. W. Harrison King, the father of George H., was one of the pioneers of Michigan. He came to the state in an early day, and by reason of his cheerful and happy disposition was a favorite with all who knew him. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, to which he was a very liberal contributor. He was successful in business and a highly respected citizen, being largely instrumental in the erection of the church building in which he worshipped. His farm was situated one and a half miles west of Almont. He was a Republican in politics, and was the father of a family of eight children, of whom George H. was the oldest. George H. King, after attending high school in Almont, went west, Kansas being his destination, where he entered a government claim. He was absent for two years. He then studied telegraphy in Ohio, from where he was called home by the illness and death of a sister. Soon afterward his father was taken ill with typhoid fever and died, and George H. remained on the farm for three years, managing the estate and teaching school. He then purchased a farm of one hundred and three acres, situated on the main road between Capac and Smith, Michigan. He lived on this farm for two years. He then removed to Almont, where he was in the employ of Colerick & Martin. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and an active worker in the church and Sunday school. He was a Republican in his political affiliations, and while he was on the farm he was township superintendent of schools. He was extremely pleasant and companionable in his home life, where he found his greatest comfort and pleasure. He carried life insurance to the amount of three thousand dollars, which enabled his widow to clear up and improve the farm which he had deeded to her, and which she has since managed with wonderful discretion. Before her marriage she was Miss Carrie Edgerton, and was married October 24, I874. She is a daughter of Clarence and Mary M. (Clark) Edgerton, he being a son of Curtis Edgerton, who was a veteran of the war of 1812. He came from Canada to Michigan in a very early day, and settled on a farm in Berlin township, near Smith village, where he lived until his death at an advanced age. Clarence Edgerton was one of nine children. He was township drain commissioner for several years, and directed the location of some important drains, which have made Berlin famous. Mrs. Mary M. (Clark) Edgerton, the mother of Mrs. Carrie King, was a (laughter of Amasa and Roxana Clark, who came from Rutland, Vermont, in a very early day and settled in Berlin township and reared a family of twelve children. Mary M. was the eldest of these children, and by her marriage became the mother of eight children; George married and located in Arenac county, Michigan, and is a prosperous farmer; Carrie; Andrew, a farmer in Berlin township; Emily married Esley Warner and lives on a farm in Tuscola. county, Michigan; Amy married Joseph Carpenter and lives at Maple Ridge; Myron lives in Emmett county, Michigan, and is a farmer; Burton married and lives on the old homestead in Berlin township; Walter is a farmer near Imlay City, Michigan. Carrie (Edgerton) King was a graduate: ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 34I I of the Almont high school, being a member of the first class which graduated from that school in 1872. She received her first certificate as a teacher at the age of fifteen years and taught several years, including a year in high school. She finished up the clearing which remained undone by reason of her husband's death, and now has the whole farm well improved, and is famous for the high grade of stock which she raises and handles, including Durham cattle, fine wooled sheep, good horses, etc. Mrs. King is the mother of three children, Lillian May, Cary Harrison and Elmer E., all of whom are well educated. Lillian and Cary have both attended Ferris Institute at Big Rapids. Both taught for some years, and the former is now a student in the Agricultural College, taking a special course. The youngest, Elmer E., is preparing for college. 'Mrs. King has been for some time an officer of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, being at present the district president of the seventh district, and thus ex-officio vice-president of the State Woman's Christian Tcmperance Union. In November, I9OI, she was sent as delegate to the national convention at Fort Worth, Texas. She is a member of the Methodist Protestant church, and an active worker in the same. For eight years she was a director of school district No. 3, in Berlin township, the only lady acting as a director in the county. She possessed marked literary talent and is a paid contributor to several periodicals. Mrs. King and family live in a pleasant home at Smith. In the personage of Mrs. King the vicinage that has the honor of being her residence and field of labor has an individuality which, while it may be somewhat rare, when its characteristic abilities and powers of accomplishment are associated with that of a highly educated and refined lady, yet it is by no means unique, in these days of co-education and expanding fields of operation for woman's work. In this case, however, a greater part of the labors which have aided in developing the abilities which characterize Mrs. King as an executive of a high order, were forced upon her by the death of her husband. Left with an undeveloped farm, and three orphan children to care for and educate, the latent powers of her nature, stimulated by the inherent ambition which is an inheritance in a large measure from her mother, who, at the age of eighty years, is active in moral and physical qualities, united with mother love for the children of her dead husband and aspiration for their future welfare, were aroused to that degree when the spirit of man or woman says "I will." The love of her husband in his life in making thoughtful provision for those dependent upon him by a liberal policy of life insurance fortunately enabled her, with greater ease than might otherwise have been the case, to accomplish the duties which she had assumed. Nevertheless, the ability she has displayed in the management of the farm, and all the cares and obligations resting upon her in the rearing of her family, may well excite emulation, not only on the part of other women similarly situated, but members of the sterner sex might imitate her methods with advantage to themselves. At the same time, while burdened with the cares and responsibilities unusual of assumption by ladies, she has found time to cultivate the amenities of social life, taking the lead in the efforts which the best women of our land are making in an organized way to further the cause 3142 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. l of temperance and other good work for the elevation of humanity. Mrs. King had the satisfaction of seeing her labors rewarded in the appreciation of her loving care and efforts for her children by their present attainments, and their aspirations for future advancement in the accomplishment of knowledge and graces which dignify and bless the world. WILLIAM KASDORF. Of German extraction, but a native of Ontario, Canada, William Kasdorf was born February 4, 1856, and is now a thriving farmer in Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan. Frederick and Rachel (Brenneman) Kasdorf, the parents of William, came from Germany, and first located in Canada, where they lived on their farm for several years, and then, about I860, came to Michigan and settled on forty acres in section I7, Mussey township, and this has ever since been the home of the family. Their forty-acre tract was situated deep in a forest, and to reach it they were compelled to hew a path through the woods. The forest was filled with game, as well as beasts of prey, affording pleasure in the chase, as well as calling for the destruction of the more savage and obnoxious animals. Eventually, by diligence and persistence, Mr. Kasdorf succeeded in clearing up his tract and in converting it into a well-improved farm. When not engaged on the farm Frederick Kasdorf worked in the timber camps during the winter months, while his wife employed herself in spinning and knitting. They are both members of the Evangelical church, and in politics Mr. Kasdorf is a Republican. Both still reside at their original home. The children born to Frederick and Rachel Kasdorf numbered seven, and were born and named in the following order: William, whose name opens this biographical record; John, who married Minnie Wilcox and is a prosperous farmer in Imlay township, Lapeer county; Minnie, married to Henry Quillman, is the mother of three children, and lives in Capac; Frank, deceased; Albert, who married Gustie Wear, lives on a farm in Mussey township; Henry married Mamie Ledder, who has borne him one child, and is now a resident of Capac; Gustie, married to Frank Congdon, lives in Muskegon, and is the mother of two children. William Kasdorf lived on the old homestead with his father until about I879, when he and his brother John purchased a tract of eighty acres in section I8. This land the brothers succeeded in clearing up, but WVilliam now owns the entire tract, has seventyfive acres under cultivation, and the remainder in standing timber. He has improved the place with a fine residence, and has a good wind-mill for pumping water for his stock. He carries on general farming and breeds horses for general use, graded cattle and hogs, fattening the latter for the markets. February ii, I892, William Kasdorf was united in matrimony with Miss Mary Stammann, daughter of Frederick Stammann, a substantial and respected farmer in Mussey township. This union has been crowned by the birth of two children, Erma, born April 12, I894, and Julia, born November 21, I897. In politics Mr. Kasdorf is a Republican, but has strong predilections in favor of the Prohibitionists. He is active 4 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 343 in political work, but has never aspired to fill office of any kind. He and wife are Gleaners, and are held in high respect by their neighbors. WILLIAM ELLIOTT. Very few of the gray-bearded veterans of the Civil war were mere boys when they entered the service at the opening of hostilities. It takes considerable credulity to believe that a stripling of fourteen or fifteen years will make as good or even a better soldier than the man who is il his prime, has his growth and is endowed with the strength and vigor of mature years; yet we are told 1)y history and by those who participated in that memorable struggle that the boy was a much better soldier than the man. He withstood fatigue, endlure(l privation and complained less than his older brother, and -when it came into the heat of battle he rarely knew anything about fear. As one grizzled veteran expressed it: "The little fools lhadn't sense enough to know when they Nwere in danger." It may not be particularly complimentary to him, but just one of that kind of soldiers was William Elliott, of Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, the subject of this sketch. He entered the service at seventeen, and served nearly three years, or until long after the close of hostilities in 1865. William Elliott was born in Zora county, Canada, November I6, 1847, and was the son of Nathan and Mary Elliott, natives of the state of New York. The mother died when William was a babe of six weeks, and the infant was entrusted to the care of rela tives until the father married a second time. His second wife was Fannie Sales, of Buffalo, New York, who lived only long enough to bear him one child. For a third time he entered( the bonds of matrimony, the third wife being Caroline Tutte. There were eight children by the first marriage and none by the last. In 1849, when the subject was but two years old, Nathan Elliott, his father, moved the family to Michigan. He located in Blaine, Grant township, then in Burtchville, St. Clair county. Here he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of wild land, in the woods an(l far from any road or habitation of man. The first habitation of the family was made of brush, hastily constructed so as to afford some shelter from the storms. In time a log cabin took its place, and this was the abode of the family for many years. The male members of the household were adept in wielding the ax, and under their united efforts the forest soon disappeared and wAas replaced by a fine farm. Thefather lied at the age of eighty-three. In politics he was a Republican, in religion a Baptist. In December, I863, William Elliott, then but a little more than seventeen years old, was nervously anxious to be one of those to go to the front in defense of Old Glory. His age and his size, however, were against him an(l he was unpatriotic enough to entertain fears that the rebellion would be put down before he would be able to take a hand in it. Today if you were to ask him what was theperiod of his slowest growth, he would tell you it was between December, I863, and April I, I864, the time when he was waiting to be big enough to be a soldier. The government's necessity at length gave him the 344 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. coveted opportunity, and William Elliott and his brother John were enrolled in Company C, Twenty-second Regiment Michigan Volunteers, at Port Huron, being among the first recruits from St. Clair county. They were first ordered to Nashville, Tennessee, then to Chattanooga, where the regiment was stationed, and where they helped to build bridges and warehouses. From there they went to Lookout Mountain, where they put in part of one season raising vegetables for the hospitals. Later they went to Kingston and Big Shanty, then back again to Chattanooga, then to Atlanta, and finally they went skirmishing after Hood's army. While they were doing all this marching and countermarching they were, of course, relieving the dull monotony by an occasional fight. Uncle Sam having no more bridges or warehouses to build, southern roads to be traveled or rebels to be licked, he gave Private William Elliott his discharge on August 23, I865. Returning to Michigan, Mr. Elliott found his father an invalid, incapable of taking care of his affairs, and for a period of seven years, or up to the time of his death, he continued so afflicted. After his father's death William Elliott was united in marriage to Miss Clarissa DeFrae Myron, a native of Canada, and an adopted daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Michael Myron. To this union six children were born, viz: Ulysses S. died at the age of four years; Jessie May died at two years; Mary P. married George Kilborn, of Blaine, Michigan, and has two children, William F. and Birdie; Charles, living in Detroit, Michigan, is in the employ of the Michigan Central Railroad; he was twice married, his first wife being Annie Roth; Frank, who is an employe of the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, married Miss Ella Secord, and they have two children, Harold and Beth; Roy is a soldier in the regular army, being now stationed at Fort Quincy, Utah. He served in Cuba and in the' Philippines, and was stationed for a long time in San Francisco. The mother of these children died March 6, I884. Miss Clara Erb, a native of Grant township, St. Clair county, became the present wife of William Elliott, the marriage occurring February 26, I886. She is the daughter of Christopher and Martha Erb, natives of Pennsylvania, who came to St. Clair county about i86o. To this second marriage four children have been born, viz: Pearl died at three years of age; Annie May, Mattie and Claude dying in infancy. After the war Mr. Elliott spent eighteen winters in the woods, lumbering, at Deckerville and Rifle river. The summer time he employed in farming, to which he has continued to devote his attention. In politics he is a Republican, and is one of the active party workers. He served as deputy sheriff for two terms under Sheriffs Mallory and Mann, this being succeeded by four years' service as deputy to Sheriff Maines, during that time residing at Port Huron. He was constable a number of terms, has been school director, and held at different times a number of township offices, being also postmaster of Blaine during Harrison's administration. He is a member of Archie Madison Post, G. A. R., at A'voca. In the settlement of his father's estate he received eighty acres of the old home place, and this he has improved with all necessary buildings, including a comfortable and commodious home. He carries on general farming and stock raising, and has been quite successful. He ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 345 is a capable, intelligent man, whose friends are many and whose foes are few. Mrs. Elliott and daughters are members of the Baptist church at Port Huron, she being also related to Jeddo Golden Lodge, Ladies of the Maccabees. PETER SCHWEITZER. Success in this life comes to the deserving. It is an axiom demonstrated by all human experience than a man gets out of life what he puts into it, plus a reasonable interest on the investment. The individual who inherits a large estate and adds nothing to his fortune cannot be called a successful man. He that falls heir to a large fortune and increases its value, is successful in proportion as he adds to the amount of his possessions. But the man who starts in the world with no inheritance save that which has been given him by the omnipotent Father and by his own unaided efforts, controlled by correct principles, forges ahead and carves a name for himself among the honored of the world, achieves success such as those who have inheritances can neither understand nor appreciate. To this class belong many of those who are the bone and sinew of our country, and to them is due the stability of our government and her institutions. Peter Schweitzer was born in Lorraine, Germany (then France), August 6, 1834, the son of John and Sophia (Flickinger) Schweitzer, both also of Lorraine. John Schweitzer was a farmer in the old country and his children, two in number, Peter and Elizabeth, deceased, were reared among the scenes of rural life, where the son grew up hand in hand with Nature, the great teacher of the universe. The latter lived on his father's farm until he was twenty years old, when he came to America. He left Lorraine in 1854, and after a voyage of thirtytwo days in a sailing vessel landed in New York city, where he remained but a short time, when he came to Buffalo, New York. Here he remained for nearly eight years, working on farms and doing garden work until I860, when he came to Port Huron, Michigan, where he has since resided. He was married to Miss Elizabeth Zimmer in I858. She was a native of Germany, having been born in Hamburg, December I8, I829. She came to America in 1853, landing in New York city, where she remained for seven months, and then went to Buffalo, New York, where she met and married the subject. Two years after his marriage Peter Schweitzer and wife came to Port Huron, Michigan, where they resided for fifteen years. He was employed for twenty-two years by the firm of A. & H. Fish, lumber merchants, mainly in their yards, when he (lecidled to become a farmer. In I876 he l(cated on his present farm, a sixty-acre tract, but since his first purchase he has added to it until now he owns two hundred and forty acres of fine land. He has made all the improvements, building fences and remodeling the buildings, and now has a beautiful home. Since he became the proprietor of this land he has devoted his time to general farming, and raises all kinds of grain and hay, besides cattle, hogs and horses. He also has given much attention to the smaller fruits, and his orchards show evidence of the time and attention that have been bestowed 346 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. upon them. Mr. Schweitzer and wife are the parents of three children, Peter and John, both farmers, living at home, and Georgia, who died at the age of two years and three months. The subject has always been identified with the progressive element of his community, and was for twenty years a member of the board of school directors. He has also been supervisor of Port Huron township for six years, still filling that responsible position. The Republican party has always counted him as one of its most loyal supporters, and one that can be depended upon to take part in the work of the party. He and wife are members of St. John's German Evangelical church at Port Huron. They started in life very poor, but by industry and courage have gained for themselves an enviable competence. Their success has been in proportion to what they have put into life, and they are the possessors of many warm friendships throughout the county in which they reside. BARNEY J. SCHNOOR. The thrifty village of New Baltimore, St. Clair county, Michigan, has many men of enterprise among its inhabitants, not the least among whom is Barney J. Schnoor, the subject of this sketch. It is in that place he was born, January 21, I86I. His father was a native of Germany, born in I834, and came to America when a young man. He was a cooper by trade, settled in New Baltimore, but later moved to Swan Creek, now called Fair Haven. Here, in I86I, he bought a general merchandise store which had been conducted by Tom Delano, and conducted the business for a period of forty years, or up to the time of his death, which occurred November 20, I9o0. During all this time he was doing a prosperous business, not only in his store, but in several other lines. He dealt in real estate, engaged in the manufacture of staves and headings, and even took part in the building of steamboats. In politics he was a Republican, in religion a Lutheran, and was postmaster of Fair Haven for forty years. Twelve children were born to him and his good wife, Louisa. Of these, four, Alvina, Henry, Ernest and Albert, are dead, The living are WV. D., engaged in the sugar refining business at Marine City; Bernard, better known as "Barney," the subject of this sketch; George K., interested in the manufacture of lumber, being the owner of a saw-mill, and who is also a lumber inspector; Louisa and Clara reside at New Baltimore; Harriett, Henry C. and Bessie. The latter is the wife of Alford Marshall, an electrician at New Baltimore, in the employ of an electric railway company. After receiving the benefits of a good common school education, Mr. Schnoor took the business course in the Albion (Michigan) College, then returned home and began as assistant to his father in the store. This position he continued to fill up to the time of his father's death in I9oI, and during this time familiarized himself with every detail of the business. In Fair Haven a corporation was formed for the manufacture of staves and headings, and he became one of its stockholders, knowing the possibilities there were in such an enterprise. He was tendered the management of the corporation's factory, accepted the position and it is now in a flourishing condition. He has held the position for ten years and every year the enterprise 3 I ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 347 has been a money-maker. For eight years he was treasurer of Ira township. He is a member of Huron Camp, Modern Woodmen of America, and also of the Elks, both lodges being located at Port Huron. In July, I890, Barney J. Schnoor was united in marriage to Miss Maggie Furtau, a daughter of Charles and Mary (Chartier) Fuirtau, the father of French descent, the mother a native of Canada. Both came to Michigan while yet young and located in Fair Haven. He was the captain of a ship before locating here, and was a Democrat, but never sought or desired to fill any office. Both were members of the Catholic church and they were the parents of eleven children. To Barney J. and Maggie (Furtau) Sclhnoor have been born four children: Karl, born in February, I89I; Earl died in infancy; Charity, born in August, I894; Una, born in August, 1896. On January 6, 1892, in jumping from a wagon Mr. Schnoor had the misfortune to sustain a fracture of the ankle. The wound was most painful and did not heal. After deferring the operation as long as possible and making a heroic effort to save the leg, he finally was obliged to submit to the amputation of the foot and lower leg, it being cut off about midway between the knee and ankle. The wound healed so well that he is now able to wear an artificial limb and does not suffer a great amount of inconvenience from his misfortune. He is a thrifty, capable, systematic business man, who will not do business at all unless it is (lone right. His ability is well recognized l)y his neighbors and associates, who have no question about the success of an enterprise if Barney Schnoor has something to say in the management. His friends are in number as his acquaintances. 21 THEODORE MELDRUM. First a farmer, then a soldier, next a sailor and then a farmer again, is the way that the lives of many of the pioneer settlers of St. Clair county have been spent. They had arrived at man's estate and had become familiar with farm work, and capable of its performance when the war of the Rebellion broke out. Neither paternal influence nor maternal love was able to restrain them wahen the call to arms came. They went, while fighting was to be done they fought, and when the cruel war was over thev returned to the pursuits of peace. Then many of them sought a life on the inland ocean wave, from which they were at length weaned only by marriage and domestic cares. It was then that they resumed farming, just where they had left off years before, to go to the war. Of the mnany of those whose life is thus briefly outlined none is deserving of more favorable mention than the subject of this sketch, Theodore Meldrum, of Ira township. He was born on the I7th day of -\ugust, 1835, in Macomb county, Michigan, the son of James and Nora (Bourlier) Mieldrum. James Meldrum was a farmer and engaged in that pursuit in Macomb county when his son was born.- It was not long afterward that he transferred his resi(lence to Ira township, St. Clair county, where he and his wife continued to reside up to the time of their deaths, which occurred some years ago. They were the parents of ten children, Alexander, George, Philip, Elizabeth, Nancy, Theodore, James, Nora, Timothy and Julia. Alexander, George, Theodore and James are still residents of Ira township. In his youth Theodore Meldrum had 348 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. very little opportunity of attending school. So far as the knowledge of books, therefore, is concerned, his education may be said to be deficient, but through a retentive memory, a fund of good common sense and an observation that lets little escape it, he has acquired an education that he has found more useful than book learning. From early childhood his time was occupied in the labors of the farm. In I863 he enlisted for service during the Civil war, and was assigned to Company I, First Regiment Engineers and Mechanics Corps, and remained in service until July 3, 1865, when he was mustered out. Alabama was the chief theater of the regiment's activity. It was with Sherman on the celebrated march to the sea, andl larticil)ated in the grand review at Washington City at the close of hostilities. He was never wounded or captured (luring the service, and returned home but little the worse for the service he had seen and the hardships he endured. Theodore Mleldrum has been thrice married. His first wife was Sophia Gavine, a native of Canada. to w-hich marriage two children were born. Both died in early life and were not long survived by the devoted young mother. 'February 2, I866, Mr. Meldrum was for tle second time united in marriage, Miss Mary Moroff, of Grosse Point, Michigan, being the bride. To this union four children were born, viz: Ida is the wife of Daniel Forestall, and resides at Marine City: Lillie is the wife of Harry Boggard, of Cleveland, Ohio, and they are the parents of three children, Walter, Frank and Lillie; Frank and Irene are both at home. For a number of years after leaving the military service of the United States Mr. Meldrum followed the calling of a sailor. He visited at various times most of the ports on the lakes, and was rather fascinated with the life, but the pressing calls of his domestic relations could be put off no longer, and he was finally prevailed upon to buy a piece of land and content himself with farm life. He chose a tract in Ira township, on which he built a home. Here he has resided continuously ever since, each year adding to and improving his place. He devotes his time to general farming and stock raising and has found it profitable. His life has certainly been a busy one and still continues to be, despite his sixty-seven years. He has reared and educated a large family, lived to see all useful members of society, given each a fair start in life and accumulated enough to supply the needs, in their declining years, of himself and the mother of his children. While never seeking popularity, he is, nevertheless. one of the most popular men of the lecality, the secret of his popularity being found in the honest, candid nature of the man. ALEXANDER STONE. There are but few older native-born citizens of Michigan than Alexander Stone, the subject of this sketch. He was born on (rosse Island, Michigan, March 9, 1822, and hence was eighty-one years old his last birthday. His parents were Joseph and Victoria Stone, of Montreal, Canada. the former born in I792 and the latter in October, I800. A tiller of the soil, Joseph Stone was seeking a more fertile field for his labors when lie came from Canada to Michigan in 1815, the trip being made by way of Buffalo and Detroit. Navigation by steam was then in ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. its infancy. One steamboat, called "Walkil-the-Water, was making trips, at irregular intervals, between Buffalo and Detroit, ann ''1 this boat Joseph Stone, then twentythree years old, took passage, not, however, w\ithout many misgivings. In due course of time Ietroit was reached, and the emigrants on hoard were not a little relieved at being permitted to disemblark. Like all other "new-fangled contrivances" of all ages, the stealnloat was not nearly as popular as it might have been. Locating at Malden, his \ife joined him and they were soon deeply absorbed in the labor of making for themselves and their children a home in the Michigan woo(ls. They were of French extraction and Catholics in religion. To them four children were born, Alexander, M\ary, Cliarles and Albert, the two latter deceased. Joseph Stone and his wife Victoria spent tlhe rest of their days in Michigan, each living to a ripe old age. In the Stone family, lduring the youthl of the subject, the only language spoken \was French, in early boyhood he knowing no other. However, a sojourn of six years away from the parental roof wholly dlivested him of his knowledge of that language. English had completely taken its place, and no other has been substituted for it since. Until he was about fourteen years of age he continued to reside on Grosse Island. In I839 he went to Port Huron, Michigan. secured employment in a tannery and remained until he had thoroughly mastered the trade of a tanner and currier. He went then to Pontiac, Michigan, and took a position with G. R. & R. R. Hickson, with whom he remained until 1856, when he came to St. Clair county. Here he entered the employ of Sheldon & Morrel, tanners, with whom he remained until 1892, when he sold out his town property and purchased a farm, on which he now resides. Gaflening is the chief business in which he engages, and, although now past four-score years, he manages his affairs with as much care, precision and as little fatigue as some men not half his years. In the course of his long and useful life Alexander Stone has b)een twice married. His first wife was Sarah McDonald, to whom lie was married May 13, I844. To tllis union six children were born, viz: Elizal)eth, Charles, Etta, George Albert, Ida and \linnie. Mirs. Stone (liedl in 1876, and in May, 1877, le was united in marriage to Miss Anna Low. Two children were the result of tlis union, \\alter A., born in 1879, and Della, born in I885. He has been most happy in all his domestic relations, a faithful, loving husband and a kind and indulgent father, and few fathers have been as ligl ly esteemed, loved and honored by their children as he has been. In p)olitics Mr. Stone is a Democrat, but llas always believel. and still believes, that it is tle dluty of every good citizen to vote for the best man regardless of party. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, holding his membership in Evergreen Lodge No. 9, St. Clair. He is also a Royal Arch Mason, belonging to Chapter No. 12, and John Clark Commandery No. 20. Receiving only the benefits of a meager common school education, he is nevertheless a wellinformed man. He has read much and thought deeply, always making it a point to augment his stock of knowledge day by day. His life has been a pure, moral, upright one and he enjoys the esteem and commendation of his fellow citizens of all classes. 350 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN... MICHAEL CAIN. This highly respected former resident of St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in county Clare, Ireland, in 1823, and was a son of James and (Richard) Cain, natives of the same county. He came to America in 1848 and first located in Port Huron, Canada, where he worked on a farm about three years, and then found employment on the Grand Trunk Railway for nearlv two years, when he decided to try his fortune ill the States. He accordingly came to Port Huron, St. Clair county, Michigan, worked in a shipyard and in mills until, through his industry and frugality, he had acquired sufficient means to purchase eighty acres of land near Port Huron, nearly all of wvhich he cleared up and improved with his own hands. On this place he lived for thirteen years, carrying on the usual class of farming customary in the latitude, and then sold out and came to Columbus township. Here he purchased )one hundred and sixty acres, nearly all of which he cleared up from the forest, and on which he passed the remainder of his life, passing away December 27, 1894, a member of the Catholic church. Michael Cain married, in 1849, Miss Mary Casey, daughter of Thomas and Mary (Kensey) Casey and a native of county Limerick, Ireland. The mother of Mrs. Cain came to America in I846 and located in Canada with her six children, who were named, in order of birth, Catherine, Mary (Mrs. Cain), Johanna, Michael, William anti James. To the marriage of Michael and Mary (Casey) Cain were born thirteen children, viz: James, born in I850, but now deceased; Thomas, born in 185I, is now a farmer in Columbus town ship; Michael, born in 1852, is also a farmer in Columbus township; Mary J., born in June, I854; William, born in December, I855, is now working in the timber district of Wisconsin; John, born in I857, is now employed in the round-house of the railroad in Minneapolis; Bernard, born in 1859, is now a ranchman in Montana; Anna, born in I86I; Patrick died in infancy; Margaret born in I863, married W. Melcier, of Detroit; Edward, born in I865, is now conducting the home farm, and Francis E. is a bookkeeper in the insurance business at Detroit. Michael Cain was a Democrat throughout life and was very popular with his party, which honored him by electing him school treasurer, a very responsible position. He was true to his party principles and to his friends; was a faithful husband and a good provider for his family; was a kind, indulgent and affectionate father and his loss was sincerely mourned by the community in which he had passed so many years of his long and useful life. He reared his children in respectability, and in this was sustained, encouraged and ably aided by his estimable wife, who still lives to enjoy the society of such of her children as are within visiting distance, and who reverence her for her kindness of heart and other womanly virtues. SIDNEY S. HALL. Sidney S. Hall was born in Addison county, Vermont, January 7, I838. He is a son of George and Anna (Sumner) Hall, the former of whom was born in Berlin, New York, in 1812. He came to Michigan ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 351 in 1845, settling in St. Clair township, which was then a wilderness. He remained there fer two years, and then removed to a point five miles west of the St.. Clair river, where he remained for six years, and then removed to Berlin township, where he purchased eighty acres of land, which was partially cleared. He finished the clearing of this land and carried on general farming. Hc (lied June 25, 1876. His children were: Sidney S., Helen, Martha, Solon and Caroline. George Hall was a Republican in his political views and served as justice of the peace and highway commissioner, and held all the offices pertaining to schools in his township. He held to the Universalist belief, and was a member of fraternal societies. He was a successful man and of good repute among his neighbors. Sidnev S. Hall married Susan Chamberlain January I, 1862. She was a daughter of Beekman and Malinda (Adams) Chamberlain. Her father was a native of Massachusetts, born June 28, I792, and died in 1877. He served three years in the war of 1812. He came to Michigan in an early lay, and was a prosperous farmer, owning land in Armada township. Maconmb county, anll ninety-one acres in Berlin township, St. Clair county. He cleared up a great deal of lan(l in his time. He was the father of a family of ten children.: Sally A.. Galen, Julia, John, Jane, Alden, David, Chauncy, Mary-and Susan. He was a Republican in politics and had filled the various school offices in his township. He was a member of the Universalist church, and was a successful man, highly respected by the people among whom he lived. - Sidney S. Hall has two children: George, born December I, 1876, married Nora Lewis, and is a farmer in Berlin; Mary E. Hall was born July 27, 1878, married Edward Summers and is the mother of one daughter, Ethel. S. S. Hall is the owner of a farm of one hundred and thirty-nine acres of land in Berlin township, which is nearly all under cultivation. He has carried on mixed or general farming, and has done much in the way of development of his township. He breeds and raises good cattle,and he also buys and sells cattle. He is also a breeder of improved York hogs, having imported them from Canada. He is a Republican in politics and has filled all the school offices in his township. He is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees at Berville. The mother of S. S. Hall is still living ill Ray township with her daughter. She is eighty-eight years of age. With the exception of a great deal of sickness in his family Mr. Hall has no complaint to make of the natural conditions which have attendled his life and efforts. He has been successful in life, and is well and favorably known as a solid and substantial farmer of Berlin township, possessing the respect and esteem of all by whom he is known. HERMAN BEEHR. Because a man is young, is no reason why he could not have accomplished much in life. History furnishes many examples of great accomplishments by comparatively young men, in every walk of life. Bryant wroteThanatopsis when he was eighteen years old, Jefferson was a statesman of national reputation by the time he reached 352 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I his majority, Alexander the Great had conquered the world before his death at thirty-three, and the Savior had accomplished his mission on earth at exactly a similar period of life. To find a worthy place in history it is not necessary to be tottering on the verge of the grave. Herman Beehr, the subject of this sketch, is only in his twentyfifth year, and while he has, as it were, only laid the foundation for an important life work, the task has been so well accomplished as to deserve flattering notice. He was born in Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, March 22, I878, and is the son of Charles and Wilhellina (Wagner) Beehr, natives of Germany, the father having been born in Mecklenberg, the mother in Prussia. They emigrated to the United States in I865 and located at Mt. Clemens, Michigan. He had learned the trade of a blacksmith in his native land, and equipped and opened a shop at Waldenberg, near Mt. Clemens, which he operated for three years with marked success. But the work was hard, the hours long, and the cash by no means commensurate with the labor, so he moved to Mussey township, where he purchased forty acres of land in section 25, which he proceeded to clear and improve. He was much of a sportsman, game was plentiful and many a day he was lured from his labors by the appearance of game in the adjoining woods. In those days hunting was never time misspent, and he was indeed a poor marksman whlo returned from the chase without something to show for the powder he burned. After clearing and improving the forty acres of land he owned in Mussey township Mr. Beehr went over into Emmett township and invested in one hundred and twenty acres. This is the farm upon which the family now resides. On this farm he prosecuted his labor with such good results that in time he became one of the most successful and substantial farmers in the township. He and his wife are members of the German Lutheran church, active, zealous, and liberal contributors to its support. In politics he is a Democrat, and takes much pleasure in the success of his party. At present he is living a retired life upon the farm. which is managed and operated by his son Herman, the subject. To Mr. and Mrs. Charles Beehr three children were born, viz: William married Amanda Brown, is a farmer, lives at Belle River, and is meeting with good success; August married Kate Schroeder, lives on a farm in Emmett township, and they are the parents of one daughter, now six years of age; Herman will be more particularly referred to hereafter. All received the benefit of a good common school education, were given a fair start in life, and each is the owner of comfortable home. The early years of the life of Herman Beehr were spent upon his father's farm. He attended school at Capac until he had secured a fair education, and at the age of twenty-one he was given entire charge of his father's farm, having managed it very successfully several years previously. The same year, I899, he purchased forty acres of land in Emmett township for himself, which he operated in connection with the homnestead. On July 6, I899, he was united in marriage to Miss Ora Moss, a daughter of Charles and Caroline Moss. The father is one of the prosperous farmers in Mussey township, both parents being natives of Germany and old settlers of St. Clair county. To Herman and Ora (Moss) Beehr two ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 353 - children have been born, Elmer, born September I, 1900, and Irving, born July'26, I902. Both on his own and his father's place Herman Beehr carries on mixed farming, the products of the farm being mainly consumed upon the farm by the stock. He keeps Durham cattle, coarse-wool sheep and Poland China hogs, with just enough allpurpose horses to do the farm work. At present the land cultivated by Mr. Beehr is one hundred and eighty acres, all well improved. In politics he is an active Democrat, but seeks no favor from his party. He is an Odd Fellow, a Modern Woodman, a member of the Grange and of the Kniglts of the Maccabees. He is a young man of excellent habits, good morals and irreproachable character. As was said in the beginning, he has laid the foundation for a most useful and successful life. FRANK S. BROTHWELL. Small country towns are constantly looking for outside capital, and offering inducements to people from abroad to come there and invest. While it is a good thing to secure such investments, time and money are frequently wasted in fruitless efforts to secure them that could be profitably employed in encouraging residents to put in industrial plants, erect business houses, nice residences and to make needed improvements. A few really enterprising men, residing in a town and possessed of some means, can give a town a steadier and more permanent growth than can the investment of a great deal of outside capital. Frank S. Brothwell, the subject of this sketch, a resident of the village of Blaine, Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is one of the men who knows how to contribute his mite of prosperity to his home village. He was born in the city of Rochester, New York, December I6, 1856, the son of Lewis and Jane (Dixon) Brothwell. The father was a native of Nottinghamshire, England, the mother of Durham, Canada. At the age of nineteen years Lewis Brothwell left his native land, crossed the water and located in Canada. After attaining his majority he became a veterinary surgeon and speculated considerably in land and town property. He prospered, married, and in 1850 came to the United States, locating at Rochester, New York, where Frank, the subject, was born. In I86o he returned to Canada with his family, where he remained until 1879, when he came to Michigan and located at Mem)phis, where he remained two years. He then came to Blaine, Grant township, where he remained until his death, which occurred December 29, 1899. His wife is still living in Blaine. They were the parents of five children, John, William, Frank S., Robert and Florence. John is a farmer and a resident of Canada; William and Robert are both (lead; Frank S. is the subject, and Florence is the wife of William H. Gough and lives in West Virginia. Each received a good education, and those living have been successful in life. A liberal common school education was accordled Frank S. Brothwell in Canada. He was twenty-three years of age when he returned, in 1849, with his parents to the United States. He had been industrious and provident, had saved some money, and even at that early age displayed some talent 354 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. for commercial transactions. He dealt some in grain, not speculatively, but in a legitimate way, the commodity being always in sight when the transaction took place. Not, however, until 1884, when he was twentyeight years old, and after his marriage, did he venture into the commercial arena with earnestness. By his dealings in grain Mr. Brothwell profited otherwise than in experience, which not every man who undertakes that branch of business can say truthfully. In I899 he purchased the Kerr grain elevator at Blaine, and has since continued to operate it. He handles all kinds of grain and hay, and in connection therewith owns and operates a farm of one hundred and twenty acres near the village. On this he raises all kinds of grain and hay, and buys, feeds and sells cattle and hogs. In I891 he erected the Brothwell building and hall.in Blaine, and is also the owner of some residence property and choice lots in the village. The display of a little more of this kind of e'iterprise on the part of other residents of the place would give Blaine a boom that wo),uld be beneficial and lasting. It would be more to the purpose than sitting down and waiting for outside capital to be invested. On the 3th day of October, 1884, Fralnk S. Brothwell was united in marriage to NMiss Armintha Tyrrell, of Middlesex cotuntv. Ontario. She was a daughter of Lyman R. and Jane Tyrrell, her mother being a native of Ireland. To Mr. and Mrs. Brothwell four sons and one daughter have been born, Claud, William, Edna, Harry and Roy. In politics Mr. Brothwell is a Republican, but is too deeply interested in his individual affairs to even think of getting or holding a public position of any kind. He is a member of Camp No. 12, W. M. A., and Lodge No. 6I, F. & A. M., of Lexington, Michigan. In business he is prudent and abnormally cautious until he knows that he is right, when he is imbued with a daring that would be reckless under other circumstances. The details of his business are always in his hands and uppermost in his mind, no fact that will contribute to the success of any venture of his being left unattended to. Practically his business career is only begun. It is safe to predict that he who writes the history of St. Clair county twenty years hence will have to devote a great deal more space to Frank S. Brothwell than is here given. BERNARD J. BUTLER. The rising generation of young farmers ire forging to the front in the political world and are taking their places among the veterans in the race. That they are more and more competent to do the work formerly done by those who had grown gray in the service, and that as time passes they are in a measure usurping the places of the older generation, who are but too glad to lay aside the strife and turmoil of the battle, is becoming more and more apparent as the years pass. Not because the aged are incapable of performing this work, which they have so long held il their hands, but because this is a rapid and progressive age, and with progress comes the crowding out of the slower-going of our institutions. This rising young farmer, Bernard J. Butler, was born February 14, 1870, in Port ST CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 355 Huron township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and is the son of Bernard and Elizabeth (Reynolds) Butler, both of county Longford, Ireland. The parents of young Bernard came to America in 1855, and located in Brooklyn, New York, where they remained for nine years. Here the husband was employed as foreman in an oil cloth factory, but being dissatisfied with the work he resigned his position and in I864 came to St. Clair county, where he bought eighty acres of land in section 30. This land he cleared and improved, and soon established a comfortable home. It was on this place that his son was born and reared, and in this township he obtained his first mental training. The father spent many a hard year's work in his attempt to put his farm on equal footing with any in the township, and in the end he was successful even beyond his own expectations, and at his death he left to his children one of the finest pieces of farm land in the state. He was a man of intellect, and won for himself many friends by his genial disposition. His death occurred October 12, I900, at the age of seventy-six years. Hle was a staunch member of St. Stephen's Catholic church at Port Huron, and reared all his children in that faith. In politics he was very active, and was a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party. His widow is now living on the old homestead. They were the parents of eight children: Kate married John Corry, a farmer in Port Huron township; Elizabeth is the wife of M. T. Crimmins, a merchant and mill man of Manistee county, Michigan; James is a mason, and lives in Clinton county; Ann is the wife of. Edward Fitzgerald, a lumberman of Manistique, Michigan; Bernard is the subject, and three who died in linfancy. Bernard J. Butler remained at home and was educated in the township schools of Port Huron township. He was reared a farmer and has followed this calling all his life. June 3, I902, he was married to Miss Kitty Troy, of China township. She was of Irish descent, being the daughter of William and Ella (Shay) Troy. Her father came to America from Ireland when young, and her mother, though a native of St. Clair county, was of Irish birth. Mr. Butler is one of the most energetic young farmers of the neighborhood, and is at present filling his second term of office as treasurer of Port Huron township. He is a staunch Democrat, and for some years has taken an active part in political affairs. He is one of the leading men of the county, and is a promoter of all public affairs. Being one of the most prominent and prosperous young farmers in the township, he has made many friends throughout the county. FRANCIS M. KINNEY. The two most strongly marked characteristics of both the east and west are combined in the residents of the section of the country of which this volume treats. The enthusiastic enterprise which overleaps all obstacles and makes possible almost any undertaking in the comparatively new and vigorous western states is here tempered by the stable and more careful policy that we have borrowed from our eastern neighbors, and the combination is one of peculiar force and power. It has been the means of placing this section of the country on a par with the older east, at the same time producing a reliability and certainty in business affairs 356 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I which is frequently lacking in the west. This happy combination of characteristics is possessed by the subject of this brief sketch, Francis M. Kinney, who has spent his entire life in the county of his nativity. F. M. K'inney, township treasurer of Kimball township, merchant of Wadhams and also postmaster, was born in Clyde township May I9, I84z4, the son of Arnold and Laura (Babcock) Kinney, both of Steuben county, New York. The father left his native state when a young man, and went to Canada, where he remained a few years, after which he came to St. Clair county, Michigan. He finally drifted into Wadhams, and there obtained employment in the mills, where he remained for a time. After leaving the mills he purchased land in Clyde township, which holding in time was increased to eleven hundred acres. He spent his early life in clearing this land and converting it into a valuable farm, as all of the first settlers of the township were obliged to do in order to make the home for themselves and families of which they had dreamed before establishing themselves in the wilderness. He was very poor when he came to this county, and as he had determined to win a home for himself in the new country he had to work hard, but by perseverance and enterprise he at length obtained a good start, and his pluck and industry carried him through. He had good success, and became quite an influential citizen of the township, was a lumberman of some note, and for many years held the office of township treasurer of Clyde and Kimball townships jointly. Under the administrations of the Republican party, of which he was a staunch adherent, he has held numerous minor offices. Both par ents of the subject are dead, the father having died in I870 and the mother in her thirty-ninth year. The second wife of Arnold Kinney was Josella Vincent, the widow of James Vincent. By his first marriage he was the father of six children: Daniel, a contractor and builder at Grand Rapids, Michigan; John, a real estate agent and lumber merchant at Mt. Pleasant, Michigan; Charles N., a farmer; Francis M., the subject; Chester, a land dealer of Seattle, Washington, and Laura, deceased wife of William Gardner. Francis M. Kinney was educated in the schools of his township and lived at home until he was twenty-six years of age, when he established a home of his own. May 23, 1870, he was married to Miss Jeanette Hamilton, of Warwick, Canada. She was a daughter of James and Mary Hamilton, who came to this county when she was twelve years old, and settled in Clyde township, where they resided until their deaths. After his marriage the subject lived on the old homestead, of which he now owns three hundred and fourteen acres, but in I893 he noved to \Wadhams, where he has since resided. He made this move in the interests of the store which he had opened in Wadhams November 25, I889. This venture having proven successful, and his business having increased, it was necessary for him to become a resident of Wadhams. April I, I890, he was appointed postmaster, since which time he has continued to fill the office. In the fall of J897 he built his present brick store. He is one of the progressive men of Kimball township, and has been instrumental in promoting many of the public interests of the township. His prosperity has been equalled only by his popularity, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 357 which is well deserved and honestly gained. The subject and wife are the parents of two children, a son and a daughter. The daughter, Maude M., is the wife of Allen V. Smith, a farmer of Clyde township, and the son, Chester F., who is single, is also a farmer of Clyde township. In political affairs Mr. Kinney has always taken a lively interest and has been an active worker for his party. As a Republican he is counted one of the strongest in the county, and is now filling his second term of office as township treasurer of Kimball township. He was also supervisor of Clyde township for two years, and has served on the school board. All of these offices have been filled by him to the entire satisfaction of the people, and it is their desire that they always be as fortunate in the appointment and election of their officers. Mr. Kinney is a member of Tent No. 71, K. 0. T. M., at Wadhams, and is one of the most popular members of the order, having been its finance keeper for ten years. He is very active in the work of the lodge, and is held in high esteeem by the members. The Kinney family is among the best known and most respected families in the county where its members have spent all their lives, and where they have gained for themselves the regard of the entire neighborhood. As citizens they are exemplary, and as neighbors they are without peers. CHARLES FASBENDER. Fame and fortune may be won by the proper exercise of the gifts of nature in any work of life. People are too apt to con sider none famous except those who achieve a state or national reputation and none in the possession of fortune except those who can count their wealth in the millions. The wealth of the greatest money king in the world is not fortune any more than the humble estate of him who has enough to supply every want and keep him and his in comfort all their days. So it is with fame. The man whose character is above approach, and the worth of whose work is admitted by all who know him, has achieved fame, even though his name may not be known outside of his own county or even his own township. It is not necessary to have the wealth of a Morgan to have a fortune, nor to have the name and character of a Washington to have achieved fame. Fame and fortune are each and both achieved in the humbler walks of life just as they are in the more pretentious thoroughfares. One who has achieved both fame and fortune in a modest way is the subject of this sketch, Charles Fasbencler, who spent nearly fifty years of his life as a resident of Ira township, St. Clair county, Michigan. He was born in Prussia, in the famous valley of the Rhine, December 26, 1832. His father's name was Christian Fasbender and the family had lived in that region for many generations. Christian Fasbender and wife were the parents of eight children, Frank, Kate, Charles, Anthony, John, Catharine, Anna, and Peter. The family emigrated to A'merica in I850 and soon after reaching these shores locate(l in St. Clair county, where the father became possessed of a choice piece of land, but upon which much hard work was required, in the way of clearing, before it became tillable. Here for seven years after coming to America Charles Fasbender la 358 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ bored with his father to make a home for the family. Before leaving his native land he had acquired a fair education, to which he added much by attendance on the public schools of St. Clair county. In I857, when Charles Fasbender was twenty-five years of age, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Miller, the daughter of John and Lucy (Ormslip) Miller, all natives of Saxony, Germany. The Millers came to the United States in 1852 and located in Ira township, St. Clair county, on the farm where Benjamin Latour now resides. He had ninety-six acres of land, all in the woods and heavy timber at that. All of the labor cf clearing, fencing, draining, etc., was done bv Mr. Miller's own hands. He had more to contend with than many of his neighbors, for there were no roads in or near his place, and what thoroughfares he wanted to use had to be made by himself. No one, therefore, need question his industry and the present condition of the place amply attests where it was exercised. He and his wife were the parents of four children, John, Barney, Mary and Minnie. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Fasbender located their home in St. Clair county, where they remained for three years, he holding the responsible position of head sawyer in one of the big lumber mills. Having accumulated enough in this time to make an investment in land, they purchased a tract in Ira township, in I86o, which they proceeded to improve and on which they erected a home. Here they lived for twenty-five years, rearing and educating an interesting family. In I885 they purchased their present home in the same township, moved into it immediately and have occupied it ever since. December I, I896, Charles Fas bender departed this life, having accumulated a comfortable competency for his family and secured for himself a name that is honored and respected wherever he was known. He was loved and at his death mourned by a large circle of intimate friends and relatives. Ten children were born to Mr. and Charles Fasbender: Charles, a substantial farmer of Ira township, married Amelia Erdman, and they are the parents of three children, Lillie, Flora and Pearl; Lucy is dead; John, a wholesale meat dealer at Detroit, married Susan Stratt, and they have two children, Andrew and Jennie; William resides in Minnesota. is a foreman in mines and is married; Barney, who married Louisa Jones, is employed in a piano factory in Buffalo, New York; Mary is the wife of Albert Eder, of Deroit, and they are the parents of two children, Charles and Gertrude; Anna is the wife of William Spangler, of Ira township, an engineer on one of the river boats, and they are the parents of three children, Charles, Nora and Anna; Henry and Fred are both at home farming the old place, though the latter holds a position in the Detroit Dye Works; Frank, the youngest child of the family, died in infancy. At the time of his death Mr. Fasbender was the owner of one of the best farms in St. Clair county, three-fourths of which was clear and under splendid cultivation. It is now operated under the supervision of his two sons, Henry and Fred, and under their care the business is well managed. They raise all kinds of grain and hay, and breed and feed horses, cattle and hogs. They had their tuition in this branch of the business from their father, whose practical experience on the farm amounted almost to a finished education. In religion Mr. Fasbender was ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 359 a Catholic, and died in the full fellowship of that church; his wife and family, however, are members of the Evangelical church. The achievements of his life were not great, but every impulse of his heart was for the good of his own people in particular and of mankind in general. He left a name that will long be honored and revered in St. Clair county-such was his fame; of the material wealth accumulated by him for supplying the wTants of those he loved there was enough and to spare-such was his fortune. Greatness and wealth, doubtless, are not for the modest, humblle toiler, but certainly fame and fortune may both be his by the exercise of the, talents awhich nature has placed at Ilis command. WILLIAM A. UPPLEGER. This native-born farmer of St. Clair county. Michigan, had his nativity in Casco township, February 17, I865, and is the second child of the family of six children born to Christian and Minnie Uppleger, natives of Germany, the father having been born in 1837. Their children were named, in orler of birth, as follows: August, a farmer, married Maggie Leidman, and has had born to him four children: William A.; Christ, a harnessmaker at Lenox, married Mary Baumgarten, who has borne him two children; Alvina is married to Henry Reimer, a farmer in Casco township, and has three children; Rudolph is assisting his father on the home place; Helen married John Trost, who was in early life a farmer, but is now a carpenter, residing in Lenox, Macomb county, and to this couple have been born two children. Christian Uppleger came to Casco township, St. Clair county, when eighteen years of age, and here he has cleared up a great deal of land, both for himself and others. He was very industrious and economical, and with his savings was enabled in course of time to purchase a tract of one hundred and twenty-five acres of good land in Casco, one hundred and five acres of which lie now has under cultivation. He still resides on the old place, is a member of the Presbyteriah church, and in politics is a Demlocrat. William A. Uppleger was joined in matrimony April I, I88, with Miss Anna Lindow, daulghter of \Villiam and Minnie Linlow, of Germany, and early settlers of St. Clair county, and now owners of a farm of seventy acres of land in China township. Mlr. Lindow is in politics a Democrat. To the marriage of William A. Uppleger and Anna Lindow have been born four children: Armeda, October 8, 1893; Mabel, March 19, I895; Helen, December I, I897. and \Villiam, January 27, 1901. Mr. Uppleger's farm comprises seventytwo acres, of which all is under cultivation dwith the exception of about fifteen acres. As is usual with the farmers of the section in which he lives, he raises wheat, corn, oats and hay as his principal crops, adding beets, beans and others in the vegetable kingdom, and cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., in the animal. In politics Mr. Uppleger is a Democrat, and has filled the office of constable one term under the auspices of his party. He is a member of no church society, but is strictly guided by the teachings of Christianity in his walk through life, and is a liberal contributor to all worthy objects. Mr. Uppleger has been a very industrious man throughout 360 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ life, as may well be inferred from the fact that he has won all he owns by personal labor and good management, unassisted by extraneous aid in the way of capital. Although still a young man, he stands among the substantial farmers of Columbus township, and for achieving this enviable position he deserves all the commendation that can be bestowed upon him. He has had one auxiliary only in his labors and progress through life, his most estimable wife, who has always stood by his side to aid him with her willing hands and wise counsel. Mr. and Mrs. Uppleger associate with the best people of the township, and are highly esteemed by them, as well as by all their neighbors, for their many fine personal qualities indicate that the children will inherit the parents' virtues. HENRY C. PEASLEY. W\hen the war of the Rebellion broke out in I86I it was fortunate for the cause of the Union that among the population of the North there were so many youths just entering manhood, intelligent, strong, vigorous, and fired with an ambition to dare everything in behalf of the institutions of their native land. It was this element that swelled the army of the North in the beginning and which kept it replenished in the field year after year, the boy of '60 and '6I becoming the trained soldier of '64 and '65. One of these youths who entered the service of the Union the second year of the war is Henry C. Peasley, a native of Crown Point, Essex county, New York, born November I, I842, who is the subject of this sketch, and now resides in St. Clair county, Michigan. Henry C. Peasley is the son of William and Diana (Moore) Peasley, both natives of New Hampshire. The childhood and youth of both parents were spent in their irative state, and there they were married, soon afterward removing to New York. For a number of years after moving to the Empire state the father followed lumbering, but later turned his attention to farming, in which calling he was quite successful. Here they lived, honored and respected, rearing in comfort an interesting family of ten children, and here they died, beloved and mourned. In politics he was a Republican, and( a man whose influence was not confined to the township in which he lived. In his locality he held many of the minor political offices, but solely as a matter of accommolation to his friends and neighbors. Both parents were members of the Congregational church, and regular attendants upon its services. Their children were Elbert, a blacksmith, who lives at Plattsburg; Annette, Celia, Henry, \illiam and Irvirrg all iesiKle at Crown Point, New York; Henry is the subject of this sketch, and will be more fully referred to later; John, Marvin and Carleton are (lead. Each was favored with the opportunity of obtaining a good comImon school education. The early life of Henry C. Peasley was spent upon his father's farm, and all of the hard work common to the boy of that day and generation fell to him. In the winter he attended the district school, and was farseeing enough to profit by his instruction. He was still vibrating between the farm and the school room when the war of the Rebellion broke out. For a while he hesitated, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 36I as many others did, possibly dissuaded from taking the step by the pleadings of loving relatives and friends. At length, in September, 1862, a period that is considered the darkest of those four terrible years, he could stand it no longer, but donned his uniform, shouldered his nmsket and marched to the front. He enlisted at Crown Point in Comnplany H, Fifth Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry. The services of men were too much in demand at the front at that time to permit of many preliminaries or much drill. The Fifth New York became a part of the Army of the Potomac, and as such was accorded very little rest or recreation. It participated in the battles of Manassas, Winchester. Gettysburg, Hanover, Stevensburg, Milne Run, Cold Harbor, in the nine days' fight of Wilson's raid, and numerous other minor battles, engagements and skirInil-hes, an(l at the battle of W\inchlester the figlt was opened by this regiment. July 29, 1864, the subject was capturel by the Confederates an(l taken to A\nder son ville, Nwhere he remained until September 14, when lie wao one of eleven thousall(l Federal prisoners taken to Florence, South Carolina. Here I:e was released December 28, 1864. on parl-le, an(l came home. June 8, 1865. lhe lgain joined his regiment, then at Winchester, and eleven (lays afterward, with twentynine others, received an honorable discharge, being incapacitate(l by ill-health from duty. About the time of entering the service his customary weight was about two hundred pounds, but the hardships he endured in prison had so undermined his health that he was reduced to a mere shadow of his former self, his weight when he was mustered out being only one hundred and fifteen pounds. At the close of the war Mr. Peasley re turned to Crown Point, and for eight years engaged in teaming. In I873 he moved to St. Clair county, Michigan, and for six years was employed in the pine woods. Then, on September 5, I879, he was united in marriage to Miss Carrie Bartlett, of Kimball township. To them have been born three children, viz: Guy H., who is at Port Huron, employed in the Upton works, is a graduate of Gutcher's Business College at Detroit; Cyrus, who is at home, is a student in the Dean Business College at Port Huron, and Anna, who also resides at home, is a student at the St. Clair high school. In I896 Mr. Peaslev invested in sixty-eight acres of land in St. Clair township. For fifteen years up to 19oI lie has farmed, rented land, and, despite the exactions of a heavy rental, he has been fairly successful. Last year he erected a comfortalle home on his own place andl otherwise improved his land, so that at this time he finds himself and family beneath their own vine and fig tree, comfortable and contented. On his place is twelve acres of nice timl)er, of which he is very proud. He engages in no special or particular line of farming, )but (levotes himself to the cultivation of the soil and the raising of stock. \Vhleat, corn, oats, hay, horses, cattle and hogs, each and all receive a fair share of his attention and labor. While he has always been a very zealous Republican, he never sought any favor at the hands of his party or solicited any political preferment whatever. He is a Master Mason at St.Clair, a Knight of Pythias, a member of Miles Post, G. A. R., and of the Congregational church. All his life hard work has been his portion, and his experience in the army was not calculated to benefit him physically, still, despite the weight of his three-score years, he is vigor 362 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I ous and agile, with a fair promise of many years more of useful life. He is a man of genial, kindly disposition, and of the strictest integrity. WILLIAM E. ROY. William E. Roy was born in Ontario, Canada, November 7, I842, a son of Rev. Nathaniel and Eunice (McCollom) Roy. His father was a son of Stephen Roy, and his mother was a daughter of John McCol1cm. William Roy is descended from an old Scottish Rob Roy family. His greatgreat-grandfather came from Scotland, and was one of the original pioneers of Smithville, near Niagara Falls. His father was a Methodist minister for a number of years, and he had a brother who was also a minister, Rev. Abram Roy, of Ontario. There were twelve brothers and one sister in his father's family, all of whom attained maturity, married and had families of their own, but all are now deceased. The subject's mother was one of a family of nine brothers and sisters, who all lived to adult age, married and reared families, and they also are all deceased. All the members of the families above named had good common school education. William Roy came to Michigan in the spring of 1872 and started a cheese factory at Capac. He also run a dray and express office, and carried the village mail twelve or fourteen years at Capac. In I890 he purclhased one hundred and sixty acres of land in section 8, Berlin township, not an acre of which was cleared. Later he sold the north half of the quarter section he had bought. He has since cleared forty of the remaining eighty acres, and now has his farm nicely improved and in a fine state of cultivation. William Roy married Nancy Willsie, iaughter of Isaac Willsie, of London, Canada, a pioneer of Upper Canada, who is now deceased. To William Roy and wife have been born a family of three children: Phoeba is a graduate of the Capac high school, and has been a teacher for twenty years, now teaching her thirteenth consecutive year in the Yale high school; Mary, who is a graduate of the Capac high school, was a teacher, but married George Slawson, and is now located in Des Moines, Iowa; Louisa, who graduated from the Capac high school at the age of fifteen years, married Andrew Laforge, and is living at Capac. The Roy family have been members of the Methodist church for many years, and the dlaulghters especially are active in church work. Mr. Roy is a Republican in politics, and has been more or less active in political work. IHe has filled the office of justice of the peace for nine years, and had been a constable for four years previously. He has always been interested in municipal politics, recognizing the fact that all good government must originate in the primaries and the elemental principles must have their beginning in the town organizations. William Roy is a self-made man, having been the architect of his own fortunes. He can trace his lineage back to the ancient and famous Scottish clan and family of Rob Roy, which adds a spice of romance and poetic fancy to Scottish history. His family is a highly intellectual one, and ranks high in the social circles which they adorn. Mr. Roy, though an alien by birth, is well versed ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 363 in the principles and politics of our government, and is as thoroughly American and republican in his principles and views of government as it is possible for the ultra American-born citizen to be. It is safe to assume that in a knowledge and interpretation of the laws and the manner of their execution, as applied to local self-governmenct, Mr. Roy stands second to no citizen il the community. He and his family are well known, and possess the respect and confidence of the community in which they li\re. GEORGE \W. PROCTOR. This young, enterprising, capalle and successful farmer of Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Clevelanld, Ohio, April I9, I86I, the next to the youngest of the eleven children that blessed the marriage of William and Elizabeth (Barnsden)' Proctor, natives of Yorkshire, England. On coming to the United States the Proctor family first located in Cleveland, but in a short time thereafter, April 19, 1865, came to Michigan and located in CapIac, where the father purchased forty acres of wild land, three miles north of the village, where he died August 4, I87I; the mother survived until 1892, both dying in the faith of the church of England. By trade William Proctor was a stone-mason, in politics was a Republican, and for three years was a gallant soldier in the late Civil war, serving in the Seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Of the eleven children born to these parents ten were named as follows: John, deceased; Ellen; Nancy; Minnie; Emily, deceased; Julia; Eveline; Ida; Abra22 ham, who died when ten years old; George NV., whose name opens this biography, and an infant. John died at Chattanooga, Tennessee, of illness contracted while serving in the Union army. Of the survivors Nancy is married to A. C. Downey, a prosperous farmer near Capac. George W. Proctor was reared principally on the home farm near Capac, where he assisted very materially in clearing up forty acres of the original tract. To this was added another tract of the same dimensions, which was also cleared up and the combined tract of eighty acres was then dispose(l of by sale. Mr. Proctor then purchased eighty acres one mile northwest of Capac, which was placed in a good state of cultivation, but was subsequently sold, and in 900o p)urchased his present sixty-acre farm. George NV. Proctor has been twice married; first to Ella Shutt, who died in I897, and secondly, January 23, I901, to Miss Anna Graber, a daughter of Frederick Graher. To the second marriage has been born one child, John. Politically Mr. Proctor is active as a Republican, yet, athough he does all in his power to advance the interests of his party, he has never sought office on his (own account. Fraternally he is a member of the Woodmen. Mr. Proctor conducts mixed farming, and feeds the greater part of his farm products to his stock, of which he fattens and sells graded cattle, all-purpose horses and hogs. He has been very successful, and his premises are marked by the neatness that invarially characterizes the world-famous farms which are owned and occupied by husbandmen of his father's nationality. Mr. Proctor is decidedly what is termed a selfmade man, and enjoys the respect of the 364 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. members of the community in which he lives, not only on account of his own personal merits, but also because of the military services rendered by his father to his adopted country during the dark hours of the Civil war.;Vith such citizens as the Proctor family in their midst, the people of any section of the country may well feel assured of prosperity and happiness, and for this reason those of Mussey township are to be earnestly and sincerely congratulated. WILLIAM MYRON. Like many of the intelligent farmers of Grant township. St. Clair county, Michigan, William Myron is a native of Canada. He was born in Picton, April I8, I836, and is a son of Michael and Julia (Doyle) Myron, both natives of County Carlow, Ireland. Michael Myron was a farmer, and when twenty-two years old settled in Canada, where he owned several farms, but later moved to New York state, where he lived for some time, and in 1853 came to St. Clair county, Michigan, and purchased forty acres of wild land in Grant township, where there were very few settlers and no roads. He put up a log calin in this wilderness and cleared up a farm, on which he lived until called away by death, in 1871; his widow survived him twelve years, remaining on the home place until the end. Both were members of the Catholic church, and, while active as a Democrat, Michael was not actuated by any desire for public office, although he was a very popular man and respected by all who knew him. The marriage of Michael and Julia Myron was blessed with six chil dren, namely: Thomas, deceased, who was a farmer in Grant township, was supervisor twelve years and town clerk twenty; he married Julia Newbury, who is still living on the old place, greatly respected by her neighbors; Ann, deceased, was the wife of James Carey, also of Grant township; Mary, deceased, was the wife of George Runyon; William is the gentleman whose name opens this biographical record; Stephen is deceased, and Michael is the youngest of the family, and is farming in Grant township. William Myron was educated in the district schools of Grant township, but did not have much of an opportunity of attending them, as at the age of eighteen he began to work at lumbering at Saginaw, Michigan, and continued in the work for three years, then going to Pine county, Minnesota, where he made a very profitable venture in lumbering, and continued in the business fifteen years, returning to St. Clair county, Michigan, in 1870. In April, 1871, William Myron married Miss Mary E. McGill, daughter of John and Mary McGill, of Grant township, of which township her parents were among the very early settlers. To this marriage have been born seven children, namely: Frank, living at Rochester Mills, and married to Miss Julia Crull; Albert, who married Kittie Livingston, and both are now attendants in the asylum at Pontiac, Michigan; Florence is the wife of William Wood, of Clyde township; John is a teacher at Smith's Creek, St. Clair county, Michigan; Lizzie is also an attendant at the asylum at Pontiac; Essie and Floyd still live under the parental roof. Mr. Myron bought his first land in section 33, Grant township, in I865, the tract comprising eighty acres and being known ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 365 as the Major Campbell farm. Mr. Myron has greatly improved his place and increased its dimensions to one hundred acres, all of which he has under cultivation, devoting it to the cereals and to hay. He also breeds live stock in great numbers, some of which are of choice varieties. Mr. Myron is very popular with the Republican party of Grant township, and un(er its auspices has filled the office of highway commissioner eighteen years and supervisor two years, besides being a member of the school board for twenty years. Fraterlnally Mr. Myron has been a member of the Masonic order forty years, and now affiliates with Pine Grove Lodge No. I i, at Port Huron. As a citizen he is highly esteemed for his many personal excellences and his acuteiiess of perception, and he and family mingle with the best people of Grant township and St. Clair county. As a farmer he has few equals in Grant township, and it is to be greatly doubted if he has a superior. Through his intelligent management he has realized a competence that has placed his falmily in comfortable circumstances, and lias rendered the declining years of his life serene, complacent and enjoyable. FRED A. SMITH. To what may a man, possessed of the mental and physical vigor of youth, not aspire, and what can he not accomplish if he wills. He who possesses all those talents which, backed by youthful enthusiasm and strength, ought to make him a tremendous moving force in the world, and refuses to use the talents which he possesses, is dead to the progressive world, and has no part in her accomplishments. Few there are so wholly without ambition that no desire will arouse them from a state of lethargy, and even these are more to be pitied than censured. To the progressive class belongs the subject of this sketch, and as one of the successful young men of this community he is entitled to representation in this volume. June I8, I870, Fred A. Smith became a citizen of Wales township, St. Clair county. His parents were Fred A. and Theresa (Baker) Smith, of Germany, the father coming as a youth of seventeen from the province of Saxony, and the mother from Baden. This sturdy little German boy grew to manhood in the county where he now lives, and has realized many of his boyhood's aspirations. His father came to America about the year I849 or I850, and landed in New York City, alone and without friends. He remained there but a short time, and then pushed further into the new country, going to Hillsdale, Michigan, where lie worked on a farm for some time. After a residence there of some time he deci(led to buy a farm in the West, and accordingly purchased one in \Visconsin. He was not satisfied there, and returned.to Michigan, settling in St. Clair county, where he later bought eighty acres of land in Wales township, on which farm the subject was born and reared. The place was but a wild tract of land at the time of its purchase, but the father and his family put mind and body to the task, and soon lifted the place out of the wildness into which it had been plunged. By clearing and making improvements they were soon able to see the value of their property. As the father was a carpenter by trade, and times were hard in the new coun 366 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. try, the farm work was left largely to the older children, while the head of the family worked at his trade at Port Huron and other parts of the county. His star of fortune was ever in the ascendant, and in 1884 he male a purchase of eighty acres of land in Port Huron township, where the subject now lives. This place was also very wild, and necessitated an expenditure of much labor to bring it to the point of cultivation, but again, with a stout heart and much more experience than in the former (lays, they set to work and soon had it in shape for farming. The father has always been a traveler, and in I859 he went to California, where he worked in the gold mines, but not being satisfied with that life he returned to Port Huron township, where lie died October 6, I895, aged sixty-three years. In political affairs he was not very active, having been too busy with his farm interests to have taken a very active part in public issues, but at the same time he was able to keel) well informed on all subjects touching the welfare of the commlunity, state or nation. While he had no official asl)irations for himself, he was none the less a staunch Republican and a fervent advocate of the policy of that party. He and wife were the parents of the following children: Emma, deceased; Elizabeth, deceasedl Frank A.; Richard, a farmer in Port Huron township; Louis, a sailor, and George, a stenographer at Detroit. Since the death of her husband Mrs. Smith has made her home with her son at the old homestead. Fred Smith was given but a limited education, for, being one of the older children, he was compelled to help in the support of the family. They meant to make for themselves a name of honor and respect in the new country, and have succeeded in their endeavors to a most pronounced degree. Fred Smith always lived at home and assisted his father on the farm, clearing in the early 'days and later cultivating the crops. On the 3Ist of July, I9OI, he was married to Miss Anna Nolte, of Kimball township. She was the daughter of William and Catherine (Woolenhaupt) Nolte, and was born August 1, I880. Fred A. Smith owns one hundred and twenty acres, much of which is under cultivation. The land has now been almost thoroughly cleared, and is one of the most valuable tracts in the county. Having been brought up as a general farmer he has a fine knowledge of the work, and to his competency is due the success and prosperity that have attended his efforts. In the markets his grains and hay bring the best prices, and at the fairs his cattle, hogs and horses have been awarded prizes. Political affairs have never taken up much of his time, but he is, nevertheless, a loyal supporter of his party principles. In the Republican ranks he is counted one of the most promising members, and although he has never aspired to office he has watched the progress of the party with interest. He and wife are members of St. Stephen Catholic church at Port Huron. Mr. Smith has been one of the leading young farmers of the county for some time, and has won for himself many staunch and true friends. BENJAMIN LATOUR. One of the most progressive and industrious farmers and cattle raisers of Ira township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 367 Benjamin Latour, a native of Detroit, Michigall, born September I 5, 837. the son of JJohn Mll. and( Josephine (Dupont ) Iatour, evidently of French descent. John M. Latour was born in Canada inll 792, came to Mlichigan in I825, and for fifteenl years live(l in Detroit, after xwhich p)eriodl he purchase(l the tract of forty acres of land now owned( and occupied lby his son, Benjamin, and carried on general farming the remainder of his days, his death occurring in June, I86o. The children born to John M. an(d J'osephine (Dupont) Latour wTere eleven in number, viz: Two who (liel in infancy; Mary, John lM., Matilda, Emily, Benjamin, Josephine, Louisa, Delia andi Charles. In politics NMr. Latour was a Republican, and in religion a true Catholic, living a life conlsistent w\itll his profession. Benjamin Latotr xwas reare(l to tlle vocation of agriculture, andl assistedl on tlle 1homle farm until the (leath of hlis father-. Ielruara- 6, I86i, lhe mlarried 'Miss Mary A. b\lair, a tlaughlter of A\nthony and Julia (iPan) \Abair. Her father wcas lorn in Canatda, w-as a farmer, and was fo)r some time a sailo)r. In politics he was a Repult)ican. an(l for o)lne terml served as a higl-hway commissioner of St. Clair county. He owned eightv acres of landl at the date of his death, in.\tugust, I88. He p)rofessed the faith of the Catholic church, was the father of eight clhildren, andl was a highly respected gentlenmn. The union of Benjamin and Mfary A. (Abair) Latour has been blessed with tell chil(lren, viz: Mary, -who w-as born August 22, I863, is mlarried to F-lrank Griffor, a farmer, oN-ning seventy-five acres of lan(l in Casco township; Joe, born October 6, I865, is still at home; Louisa, born in June, 1862', died in middle age; Julia, born in Au gust, I869, (lied at the age of twenty-six years; Delia, born in August, I87I, was married to Augustus Griffor and died in 1892; Nora, born in August, 1873, is married( to Frank Beindit, a farmer owning fiftyfive acres; Benjalnin J., 1born July 31, 1875, is single and is assisting on the home farm; George W., lborn May I8, I878, is a stenographer and bookkeeper at M1enominee, M\ichigan; John M., born July I I, I88I, is still at home, and Henrietta, born March 1S, 1883, is attending school at Ypsilanti, W\\ashtenaw county, Michigan. Benjamin Latour in early life was a sailor on tlle Great Lakes, which dlangerous vocation he followed for fifteen years, and for the greater part of which time he ha(l commandl of a vessel of his own or was in c()m1lan(ll of vessels belonging to other perso)ns. On retiring from marine life the C(aptain elgage(l in the pursuit of agriculture, an1(l now owns ninety-six acres of aralble tland, all utnder cultivation andl cleared anill imnlprovedl 1)v himself. He carries on g'eneral farming, raising as llis usual crops w\hlieat, corn, (oclats, hay an(l b)eets, and also g-ixves a gd yard. In l1844 lie was united in marriag'e to AIiss M'Iary Jane \ard, (laughter of Zael and Susan (Page} WVard, natives of Vermiont. IHe was a man of good ability aind fair attainmenits, served his county as a mIieml-er of the legislature, and was for a 1-unlber of years a justice of the peace. I-e \vas a man of imuch popularity and wide aclquaintalLce, and at his deatlh, Jul' 21, I864, he was sinicerel- mourned. After his miarriage David H. WVestcott settled in New Port (afterwards named 7Mariiie City), Michigan, and for a number of years lie followed the calling of a general trader uponi the lakes. whichl business lihe found clquite l)rofitable. The proceeds secured in this way lie invested in land, well knowing that before maniy vears it would greatly einhance in value. At one time he ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 371 owned over two hundred acres in Cottrell-\-ille township and four hundred acres in Sanilac county, and his wisdom in investing in landl was clearly established by the results. Within a few years he had closed out all his holdings at a good advance. He also invested in considerable village propertv, )but all of his land he has since disposed of, except the home place of forty acres. I-le alnd his wife are the larents of eight children, viz: George S., the oldest of the family, grew to manhood, marriedl Miss (Lorretta \Xestb)rook, and was getting along nicely in life when through an accident he al(l his wife were drowned in Lake Hu}lloln lCharles H. jmarried Hattie Agenls. is industrious anid well-to-do, being employed lby tlhe go\-er-nment as inspector of lake vessels; John 5\. lives in Detroit, Michigan, whllere ihe is agent for the Pittsburg line of one ilun(lred(l and tiwentty-two steamers, fand also sells andl handles sllips; he wedlded Miss -Henrietta Crane; I)avid T\. married MIiss Sarah AMitchell, is a sailor, andl doing well; Susani marriedl Allert (;raves. a wholesale gr-ocer at Port tl-uron l; Edward K. is a sul)erilntenllent of (lredging for the Unite( States governnielnt, an(l resi(les in St. Clair countly; Mary resides at home; Stusa,l de cease(l, was the fourtll in or(ler of birth. TFlhere is scarcelv a local office in his' hlnome to\wnship that Mir. \Westcott has not filledl. -te has b)een 'in turin constable, road c(lminissiooner, township treasurer, supervis(or school director, township commissioner an(l school inspector. If the people of his towi-inship had any more offices to be filled it is; quite likely they w-ouldl call upon him to )cctpy them. In politics lie is a Republican, not l)artisan, but very sincere in his convictiolis. In his lifetime he has done much l!ard work, knows a great deal about the privations of life, and is now bordering upon his eightieth milestone, though still strong, hearty and vigorous. He has reared a large family, one of which any father might feel proud. No w, in his declining years, lihe takes much pleasure in seeing that each is acting his part well, and behaving himself in a manner to reflect credit upon his progenitors. For longevity, present appearanices would indicate that Mr. W\estcott would fully equal the record made by his parents-ninety-four years. The blameless life that lie has led, filled to overflowing with goo(ld works and dee(ls of charity, has won him hosts of friends, who will rejoice to see his useful life lengthened far out beyond that usually allotte(l to man. \VWA;RREN CAUGHELL. O)ne of tile most thriving farmers of Colunilius townlship, St. Clair county, 'Michligan, is \Varren Caughell, a native of Niagara, Canada, wN1ho was born April I, 1844, a son of John and Johanna (MIerriglhthew) Caughell, the former of iw honm was also a native of Niagara, born in 1789. To the mnarriage of John anid Johianna Caughell w\ere borl ninie children, in the following (rlrder: Bienjamini, George (died in I9oI), Jolln. Janes, Elizaleth, W\arren, Catherine, Clark and Abrahlam. John Caughell was a farmer at Niagara, and owned one hundredl acres of lan(l, which he disposed of by sale and remove(l to Samibra. Ontario, in i86o, and there passed the remainder of his life, dying in I862, in the faith of the Cong regational church. 372 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Warren Caughell was married June I, 1865, to Mrs. Johanna (Ellison) Allen, daughter of Richard Ellison, a resident of Sarnia, Canada. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Caughell had been crowned with the following named children: James R., born August 12, I866, married Adell Stocks;.ames is a farmer in Columbus township, and the owner of eighty-five acres, of which forty are under cultivation; Margaret, born February I8, I869, married Mark Davis, a boat builder in New York; William R., a farmer, was born November II, 1871, and married Ellen Chester, who has borne him four children, Chester, Marjorie, Stanley and an infant; Mirza, born April 21, 1876, married John Chester, a farmer, to whom she bore one child, Marvin. Of the farm of sixty acres owned by Mr. Caughell he has cleared, improved and put under cultivation forty acres, raising hay, wheat, corn, etc., sufficient for his own use on the farm, and live stock both for marketing and home consumption. Since coming to the United States Mr. Caughell has affiliated with the Republican party, by which he was elected drain commissioner for one term. His religious faith is that of the Congregational church, and his membership is with the congregation at Columbus. In the early days of his settlement in St. Clair county the woods abounded in game, as well as beasts of prey, deer especially being numerous, and so seldom hunted that they were comparatively tame. Bears, however, were not so numerous, but were exceedingly annoying to the settlers on one occasion, during the great forest fires in the north, when the animals were accustomed to come in large numbers to a spring near Mr. Caughell's residence to slake their thirst. Mr. Caughell selected a very large blackishbrown bear for his prey, and followed it with a lantern and his trusty rifle for three miles and shot at it at least fifty times, but the hide of the beast was so tough that the shots had no visible effect. The less savage and dangerous animals, of course, were easier slain, and generally proved to be more edible. As a farmer Mr. Caughell has been very successful, and his fields and improvements are a matter of compliment by all who behold them. He thoroughly understands his calling, and has, moreover, been a very industrious man, a quality that invariably brings, sooner or later, its reward. He is highly respected throughout the township for his integrity as well as his industry, his word on all occasions being implicitly relied upon by his neighbors. JAMES R. HAMILTON. James R. Hamilton was born in Berlin township, St. Clair county, Michigan, February 8, I849, and is a son of William and Jean (Downey) Hamilton, both natives of Glasgow, Scotland, but now deceased. His parents came to this country in 1841, and located in Berlin township, St. Clair county, Michigan, on sixty-three acres of land, which was in a state of nature and perfect wilderness, the nearest market being Port Huron, a distance of thirty-two miles. He increased his holdings until at the time of his death he owned two hundred and sixty.acres, all of which was well improved. The parents were both members of the New (or better known as the Swedenborgian) church. He died in I886, aged eighty-six ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 373 years, and she in I890, aged eighty years. William Hamilton was a Democrat, and always took a lively interest in political matters, and was also an active church worker. He had an extensive acquaintance and was a highly respected citizen. He was regarded by the people as one of the stanch, sutlstantial pioneers of the country, and served twice as the township supervisor. He was the father of a family of nine children, four of whom died in infancy. Those living are: William B., who is a graduate of the literary and medical department of the State University at Ann Arbor, Michigan. He served three years as a soldier in the Civil war; was for seventeen months a prisoner of war, being confined in the Rebel prisons at Libby, in Richmond, Virginia, Macon, and Columbia. He has practiced medicine and surgery in Lapeer county, Michigan, for many years, and is well known and highly respected as a physician and citizen. He has been actively interested in politics, and has served two terms each as county treasurer and county clerk of Lapeer county. He married Sarah Stone, of Macomb county, and he has retired from business, living in Armada, where he owns a fine farm in Berlin township, St. Clair county. Their children are briefly mentioned as follows: Jeanette Hamilton married John Mair, a prosperous farmer in Almont, Lapeer county. They have a family of six children, four boys and two girls; Margaret married John Rattray, also a prosperous farmer of Almont. John Hamilton, who is a carpenter in Addison, Oakland county, married Nettie O. Rowley, and they have a family of five children. James R. is the subject. James R. Hamilton was educated in the district and high school, and taught school for several terms in Lapeer county, Michigan, and has served two years on the county 'board of examiners in St. Clair county. He has also been school inspector and drain commissioner for one term, and twice township supervisor. He holds also to the Swedenborgian faith, and is a trustee of the church, and for the past twelve years he has been secretary of the general association of that society in the state of Michigan. He is a member of Berlin Grange, P. of H., and served as its master, and is also a member of the Knights of the Maccabees. He is a Democrat in his political affiliations, and active in the interest of his party, and was the party nominee in I902 for state senator. After his father's death James R. devoted his attention to farming the estate, and has since added improvements and kept it in a No. I shape, owning eighty acres of well improved land. He is possessed of many fine personal qualities, and because of his genuine worth he has won and retains the respect of the entire community in which he lives. 'CHRISTIAN WENDT. At present one of the well-to-do farmers of Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, Christian Wendt, was born in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, August 7, I840, a son of Martin and Christina (Rahn) Wendt, who had a family of three sons, Christian, William and Martin. Martin Wendt (lied in Germany at the age of forty-one years, and November I, I862, Mrs. Christina Wendt brought her children to Mussey township and settled on. a farm 374 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. north of Capac. Of the three children more will be said of Christian as this sketch progresses. William enlisted in I863 in the Eighth Michigan Volunteer Cavalry and served until the close of the Civil war, although he was for a long time held a prisoner by the Rebels, being confined for ten months at Andersonville, Georgia, and at Richmond, Virginia, for six months, and from the latter was sent home in a general exchange of prisoners. He married Adeline Allen, has a family of six children, and owns a fine farm in Mussey township. Martin married Elizabeth Gunder, who has borne him five children, and also lives in Mussey township. Christian Wendt purchased his present farm of eighty acres in I863. It is situated in section 10, and is now well improved, although when he located here it was a dense forest, swarming with game and beasts of prey. Mr. Wendt also owns a tract of forty acres in Lynn township which he has cleared up and improved, being an excellent axman. He made staves, bolts and shingles as a means of raising ready money, and also did a great deal of lumbering. Christian Wendt was joined in wedlock in I865, with Miss Mary Schauland, who was born in Germany, but was brought by her parents to the United States when very young. This marriage has been blessed with eight children, namely: Anna, who is married to Herman Seweke, a farmer in Mussey township, to whom she has borne one child; Mary is deceased; Augusta is married to Ernest Plager, also a farmer in Mussey township, and has one son; Albert is still with his parents, and is assisting in the care of the farm; Martha, who was a school teacher for two terms, is married to Manx Hildebrandt, likewise a farmer in Mussey township, but has no children; Emma is still with her parents; William and Charles died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Wendt have been devoted members of the Evangelical Association for the past forty years. This congregation met for worship at first in the little log school house and in private dwellings and continued so to do until the increase in membership justified it in undertaking the erection of a proper church edifice. Mr. Wendt is an active member of the Republican party, but is not ambitious, never having sought a public office nor having made himself too officious in party affairs, contenting himself with the exercise of his franchise and the use of his influence with his friends at the polls whenever he may think such influence will be for the benefit of the cause. He has his farm all under cultivation and improved with all necessary outbuildings, including two fine barns; he has a neat and comfortable dwelling, and a good orchard, all he has being the result of his own industry. He is very highly esteemed by his neighbors for his many good qualities of mind and heart, and for his straightforward walk through life. JAMES COON. A practical and thoroughly experienced farmer, yet a carpenter by trade, James Coon, now a respected resident of Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was horn in Genesee county, state of New York, May I8, 1828. Amasa Coon, father of James, was born in Dutchess county, New ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 375 - York, and was a son of George Coon, of German descent. Amasa was himself a iman of considerable influence in Genesee county, New York, where lhe was extensive]vl engaged in farming, and where lhe held several public offices. He married Sarah IFeck, also born il I)utchess county, in 1796, lwhlio bore him thirteen children, of whom Ionly three survive, namely: James, whose iname opens this biogral)hical sketch Al - il-ra, Nwiho lives in Hamiltton, Canada, andl IRho(la, a resident of the samle city. The father was called fronm eartll ill 878, his (lemise occurring at Glassford, Ontario, wh-ere they had lived( since i852, anll(1 hli widow- followed him to the grav\e l In 899, at the advanced age of ninety-seven years. James Coon receive(l a limited education iii the schools of the Empire state, an(l at the age of nineteen years came to Micligan, l(,cating near Grand Rapids, where his b)r(other Reuben ]ived, and there worked at tile carpenter's tra(le for three years. In I85) lie wvent to Hamiltoni Calia(la, \where l]e continuedl to work at his tra(le, and \lhere, on:igtlust 27, I856, hle married Miss Sarah O'Loane. of that city, a (laughter of James and Christiana (Smith) O'Loane, tlhe former a native of Dub)lin, Ireland, an(l tlhe latter of Canada. James O'Loane reache(l Canada about the year I820. was married there in I823, and there lhe and his w ife passed the remainder of their lives. Iie iwas a professor of mathematics in Coburg College and in other institutions, as well as a private teacher in civil engineering. One (laughter, Elizabeth O'Loane, is principal of Dunham College in Canada. The marriage of James Coon and wife has been l)lessed with five children, namely: Laura, who married Lowell Monroe, of Yale, Michigan, and has two children, Anna M. and( James J.; Luella, wife of Louis Bradt, residing in Burtchville township; Frederick, who married Ruth Giddings and removed to Nebraska; Matilda (lie(l at seventeen years of age, andl Andrew J., now farming the llo()e place, who married Miss May Balmer. in 18()4 James Coon and wife came to St. Clair county, Michigan,. and here Mr. Coon p)turchase(l the eighty-acre tract on which lhe still resides in Grant township, it lbeing then all woo(lland. This tract Mr. Cooon lias complletely cleared up, placed undler culti\vation an(l improved with a fine (lwelling, sublstantial b)arn and all conveniences that make agriculture the profitable all(l attractive vocation that it is at the presi ent (laNy. le raises all the crops usual to the sectioll of the country in which he lives, such as wheat, oats, corn, hay, etc., besides the in(ligenots vegetal)les, or those customarily gro-wn in the state and county, and the fruits for which the state of Michigan is so famlous. He also devotes a great deal of attention to stock raising, especially to the 1)reeding of lhorses,cattle and Chester White hogs. I-e, has likewise done a great deal of Carl)enter w ork since residing in St. Clair county, the country round about being dotted( with (lwellings, barns, etc., of his construction. Farming, however, is the principal occupation to which he now devotes his time, and of this he has made a complete success. He is recognized as one of the most industriouis men in the township of Grant, and as one who may be said to have earned all lie owns by his own intelligent management and exertions. His name stands without a blot or blemish before his fellow citizens, and his word has never been called into question. He has reared his 376 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. family to be useful members of society, the survivors all being well situated in life, and enjoying the respect of all who know them. DANIEL H. MOONEY. To the records of those who have run their course in this earthly existence and have left the accumulated honors of a lifetime behind them the world turns in retrospect, and views the past with interest and profit. It is not what a man wishes to be, nor what he should be, but what he is, that makes his mark upon the waxen tablets of time and casts an influence either for good or evil over the lives of his associates. The noble elements in the character of those who have labored for the highest interests of a community and the deeds accredited to those who have made the world better for their having lived in it, are the elements that enter into the lives of those who follow and make of them men of sterling worth and noble character. To the class to whom the world is, in this sense, a debtor, belonged the subject of this sketch. He possessed a nobility of character seldom surpassed, and when death claimed of him the payment of the debt that all are, sooner or later, called upon to pay, it found him ready to answer the summons, leaving as a legacy a record which has been an incentive to many who knew him in life. Daniel H. Mooney was born at St. Davids, New Brunswick, December I8, I818, the son of Capt. Charles William Mooney, of London, England, and Margaret Gillman, of New Brunswick. The father was a sea captain in young manhood, and after coming to New Brunswick he was a school teacher. He was married to the subject's mother in New Brunswick in I812, and lived there until his death in I820. Both parents died in Canada. They were the parents of three children, Jane, deceased; Daniel, and Eliza, who live in New Brunswick. Mr. Mooney was educated in the schools of New Brunswick, and in the year I850 came to St. Clair county and located in Fort Gratiot township, at Harrington's Mills, on the Black river. He lived here for five years, (luring which time he was a lumberman, and in this period he bought his first forty acres in this part of the country. Then he came to his present place and bought eighty acres, later buying another eighty, making in all one hundred and sixty acres of fine farm land. About forty acres of his land were cleared at the time he purchased it, and he set to work to put the land in shape for cultivation, and by earnest and persistent labor he was soon able to point to his possessions with pride. In his later life he became the possessor of one hundred and seventy acres of land in the home place and in outlands, all of which was acquired by his own efforts. On the first day of November, I849, at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Mr. Mooney was married to Miss Mary Wright, a native of Scotland, born February 12, I824, to Francis and Mary (Napier) Wright, both of Inverary, Scotland. The father was a baker, as was his father before him. The Wright family came to Fredericktown, New Brunswick, in 1825, and the father worked at his trade while in Canada. They were the parents of seven children, Archibald, Robert, Catherine, Margaret, Mary, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 377 Nancy and Francis. Seven children were born to the subject and wife, five of whom are living; Jennie, the wife of Richard Simpson, a farmer of Fort Gratiot township, has three children, Estella, Irene and Harold; Hattie, who resides at home, taught school for several years; Eva resides at home; Charles manages the home farm; Ida, living at home, and two children who died in infancy. After his marriage the subject made many improvements on his land, and created for himself and family one of the cosiest homes in the countryside. As a general farmer he was successful, though his inclinations were more in the line of teaching. Political affairs interested him very much, and much of his time was given to the plrolotion of the interests of the Republican party, of which he was one of the staunchest members. The affairs of the town in which his interests lay were closely followed 1)y him, and all things looking to the welfare of the community in which he lived were sanctioned by him. For many years he was justice of the peace, and also a member of the school board. He was highway commissioner for some time, and was also township treasurer of Fort Gratiot township. During his treasurership he was instrumental in putting the township on a firmer basis financially than it had ever before enjoyed. He attended the Methodist Episcopal church, and, although he was not a member, he was a supporter of the work of that society. Mr. Mooney always worked hard, and took much interest in the affairs of his own community. He had by his own in(lustry and integrity placed himself in a social and commercial position which but few enjoy, and when he was called to the higher and better home, January 25, 1899, he was mourned by a wide circle of admiring friends. He was one of the best known and most respected citizens of the township or county, and his influence for good has been felt by many who were his warm friends in life. The widow of the subject continued to live on the home place after her husband's death, and with the assistance of her son, Charles, who manages the farm, has kept the place in the same fine condition in which it was left by the subject. The son, as did the father, votes the Republican ticket, takes a deep interest in political affairs, and is at present justice of the peace, township treasurer and member of the school board. The M\ooney family has always been held in the highest esteem and enjoys the regard of the entire community. CLARK CAUGHELL. Clark Caughell was born in Canada, November o, 1846, a son of John and Johanna (Merrighthew) Caughell, who were the parents of nine children, born in the following order: Benjamin, George (deceased), John, James, Elizabeth, WVarren, Catherine, Clark and Abraham. Clark Caughell was reared a farmer, and was well instructed and disciplined in the calling which he still pursues. November 8, 1869, he married Miss Hannah Allen, daughter of David and Johanna Allen, of Canada. The former was a farmer, owning forty acres of land, and also a soldier in the Union army during the war of the Rebellion, in which he lost his life, having been shot in the neck. To Mr. and Mrs. Allen were born six children, viz: 378 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Jessie, Joseph, Albert, David, Hannah (Mrs. Caughell) and Adeline. The marriage of,Mr. and Mrs. Clark Caughell has been blessed with seven children, namely: Alfred, born February I9, I871; Charles M., born May 2, 1873, died September 7, I876; Joseph C., born November 25, I874; Warren H., born November 6, I877; Albert, born July 6, 1882; David W., born September 28, I886, died February 3, 1887, and Irene, born November 19, i888. Mr. Caughell is one of the most progressive as well as most extensive agriculturists of Columbus township, inasmuch as he owns two hundred and twenty-five acres of land, nearly all of which is under cultivation. Besides raising hay and the cereals usually cultivated in his section of the country, Mr. Caughell breeds horses for the markets, Durham cattle and hogs of the best varieties. As was his father, Mr. Caughell is a Republican in his party affiliation, but he has never aspired to official position, his farming interests claiming the greater part of his atten-tion. In religion, Mr. and Mrs. Caughell are Congregationalists, and are members of the society at Columbus, St. Clair county, the interests of which they endeavor to advance by all the means in their power, and to which they contribute freely financially. Since 1862 Mr. Caughell has been a resident of Columbus township, and during these forty years has cleared up hundreds of acres of land, working at time for the settlers. Game in the early days was quite plentiful and hunting was the delight of the pioneer, who not only enjoyed the exercise and excitement of the pursuit, but was thus enabled at all times to replenish his cabin buttery with nutritious viands, which at this day would be considered a luxury by the best people in the land, game not being as plentiful or abundant now as it was in the pioneer days, when domestic animals were too costly to be slaughtered for food. They were too much needed for breeding purposes and for use on the farm and road as draft animals. They were the only means of locomotion in transporting freight and passengers, railroads and canals being unknown and water transportation being available to those only who resided on or near lakes and rivers. Contraste(l with the present, however, pioneer life was more pleasant than that of the modern agriculturist or the resident of town or city, and the boon of good health was theirs to enjoy at nearly all times, with the exception of the inevitable fever and ague. The attention of the reader is respectfully called to the life record of Warren Caughell, and the reading of the two sketches in conjunction will afford a clearer understanding of the excellent character and usefulness of the entire family. HENRY M. LABOUNTY. Many of the older residents of St. Clair county, Michigan, are natives of Canada. The opportunities of acquiring a title to a good tract of land in the United States induced many of these Canadians to cross the line during the first generation of the last century. Among these were the parents of Henry M. LaBounty, the subject of this sketch, who was born in Detroit, Michigan, January 2I, I856. He was the son of Michael and Julia (Faitreau) LaBounty, both natives of Canada, the former born in 1804, the latter in I806. While still a young man, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 379 I about 1834, Michael LaBounty crossed the line into the United States and located in Detroit, his wife accompanying him. In early life Michael had been a farmer, but finding his trade of a brick mason more relmunerative he turned his attention to that and in it became very skillful, following it almost steadily until I860, when he moved to Ira township, St. Clair county. Here he remained until his death, which occurred in March, I865, his wife, who was two years his junior, dying April 8, I875. They were the parents of fifteen children: John was lbrn March 27. I829; Julius, wh o was born in Canada, (lied in infancy; their third child, -whose name is not given, was also b)orn in Canada and (lied in infancy; Rose N., born May I, 1834; Mary R., born July 12, 1836; Joseph, born February 24, 1838, died in 1853; Lewis, born in May, 1840, died in 1896; Mary Worthy, born March 19, 1842; MIichael, born December 30, 1843: Susan W\., born September I, 1845: Henry, born in March, 1847; Sophia F., born January o0, 1849: Elizabeth L., born February 27, I85I; Charles, born February 21, 1853, and Henry M., born January 21, I856. Michael LaBounty was a Democrat in olitics and a Catholic in religion. He was a worthy man, of good education and exemplary habits. The subject of this sketch, Henry M. I.aBounty, was only four years old when his father moved from the city of Detroit to his St. Clair county farm. The foundation for his education was therefore laid in the )public schools of that county. He is described as a good student, eager to learn, and apt. After completing the course in the district school he went to Detroit and attended the Michigan Business College, from which 23 he graduated in 1878. All of the expense of going through college was defrayed by himself out of money he had earned working by the day, week or month, on the farm, in the shop or in the factory. January I, I88I, he returned to Ira township and began work in a general merchandise store, which he has continued to do ever since until now he is the owner of considerable stock of the company. He is also interested in the Fair Haven Stave Company, a new corporation which is doing a thriving business, and of this company he is secretary, treasurer and bookkeeper. He has served twelve years as notary public, is agent of the Western Union Telegraph Company and of the Michigan Telephone Company. Besides all these numerous duties and responsibilities he is postmaster at Fair Haven. There may be some 1busier men in St. Clair county than he is, but not many. On December 26, 1883, Henry M. LaBounty was united in marriage to Peternella Johr, a daughter of Johll and Charlotte Johr, the father a German by birth, his wife of Irish descent. They reside in New Baltimore, St. Clair county, and are people of the highest respectability, enjoying the confidence and esteem of the people of the locality. Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. LaBounty are the parents of five children: Selah was born November 5, I884, and is a graduate of the New Baltimore high school in the class of I902; Mary was born in October, I886; Guy was born in October, I889; Vivian was born March 14, 1893; Blanche R. was born March I6, I902. In politics Mr. LaBounty is a Republican, and in religion he is a Catholic, regularly attending the services of that denomination at New Baltimore. Fraternally he 380 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. is a Knight of the Maccabees, belonging to Lake Side Tent No. 158 at New Baltimore. In business circles, as may be seen by the positions he holds, he has been quite successful, and stands high also in the social scale as a man whose honesty or veracity is never questioned. DUNCAN McNAUGHTON. In the death, by accident, of the honored sul)ject of this memoir, September 3, 1897, at his home in Clyde township, there passed away another member of that group of distinctly representative citizens who were the leaders in inaugurating and building up the industrial and commercial interests of St. Clair and other counties of Michigan. His name is familiar, not alone to the residents of the community to whose development he contributed so conspicuously. but to all who have been informed in regard to the history of this particular section of the Wolverine state. He was identified with the growth of St. Clair county for many years and contributed to its material progress and prosperity to an extent unexcelled by any of his contemporaries. He early had the sagacity and prescience to discern the eminence which the future had in store for this great and growing section of the commonwealth, and acting in accordance with the dictates of his faith and judgment, he reaped in the fullliess of time the generous benefits which are the just recompense of indomitable industry, spotless integrity and marvelous enterprise. Greater fortunes have been accumulated by others, but few lives furnish so striking an example of the wise application of sound business principles and safe conservatism as does the subject's. The story of his success is not long nor does it contain many exciting chapters, but in it lies one of the most valuable secrets of the prosperity which it records; his business and private life are replete with interest and incentive, no matter how lacking in dramatic action, the record of a noble life consistent with itself and its possibilities in every way. Duncan McNaughton, one of the most respected and well known of Clyde township's citizens, was born in Perthshire, Scotland. May, I837, and reared in Islay, Scotland. He was the son of Angus and Christina (Stuart) McNaughton, both of Scotland. He and his parents came to America August 3, 1857, to join their son Alexander, who had settled in North Street, Clyde township, two years before, where he had boought one hundred and sixty acres of land in section 24. The country was wild and the new farm of the McNaughtons was in the wilderness. Alexander had erected a log cabin and had begun to clear the tract, in which he succeede(l faster than lie had expected, and as he cleared the ground of the trees and underbrush lie addled more wild land to his possessions until lie had accumulated quite a property. In his native land the elder McNaughton was a minister of the Baptist church and after coming to this country he still followed his calling, and is remembered as a very strict churchman. He reared seven children, John, Jessie, Alexander, Margaret, Duncan, Isabelle and Catherine, and of these Margaret and Catherine are the only survivors. The subject lived with his parents until his marriage, November.6, 1872, to Miss ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 381 \Myra Dole, who was born in Romeo, Michigan. She was the daughter of Charles and Lydia (Pond) Dole, who had come to Macomb county when young. Her father was a native of Springfield, Massachusetts, and her nmother of Pottsdam, New York. Mr. Dole was a plumber and tinsmith by trade, and from the time of his arrival in Port Huron (1859) till the day of his death (I898) worked at his trade. Eight children were born to this couple: M/yra; George, deceasel; George M., a plumber at Port Huron; Charl,tte. deceased; Martha, the wife of T. Walsh, of Port Huron; Ella, married to lames Stone, lives at St. Joseph, Michigan; Minnie, the wife of George Chamberlain. of P'ort Huron, and Fred, a plumber at Port Huron. Mr. McNaulghton and wife have had( three children, Margaret, the wife of Bert Moore, a farmer of Clyde towlnshil), by honlm she has one child, Frances; Charles, a machinist at Port Huron, marrie(l to Florence D)avidson, a(nd John, \who married Miss Belle Ross and operates the home farm. At his marriage he returne(t to live on the ol(l farm, which had been operated from a (listauce for some vears. The farm contains oile hundred and sixty acres and( is in a high state of cultivation. He made extensive improvements, though his residence was l)urne(l in I888. Rebuilding. his second cllmmoldious house was also destroyed Mlarch 31, 1899, when the present one was erected by the widow. Mr. McNaughton lhadl been self-educated for the ministry and freqluently took charge of the services in the Bal)tist churches in the township, after farming all week, as was the custom in those (lays, no other demands being so pressing as to dissuade him from conducting the services in the North Street Baptist church, of which he was the only pastor till his death. He placed great reliance on the Bible, and though a Baptist, was charitable to the views of others, many of his warmest friends differing in belief. His widow still owns his farm of one hundred and sixty acres and is one of the best known and most highly respected women in the country. She and her son carry on a general farming business and are prospering. For several years Mrs. McNaughton taught school in Clyde, Fort Gratiot, Grant and Port Huron townships, an(d met with the same success that both she and her husband had always met with in their undertakings. She is an intelligent and refined woman and both she and her husband were among the most popular people of the townslip and county. Mrs. McNaughton has made a host of friends in her lleighborhood, who join in according her their respect and love. By the death of the sulbject the township and county lost not only a good( man and an intelligent thinker, b)ut also an active and energetic participant il the moral, religious an(d political life of the community, in wlhich he was able to do a great amount of good in the time allotted to his use. CHARLES DUVAL. Of the people of foreign origin who have mingled on our shores and have become a part of our national life, none are so versatile as the gay Frenchman. It is he who has made of our nation one that can with ease turn from one subject to another and it is he that has given to the other qualities within our life the tone and color pleasing to the 382 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. - artistic mind. Whether in politics, in social, life or in the professions, he is always at home and no subject is beyond his comprehensive grasp. Artistic ideas imbued into our nationality are the offspring of our Norman sister and the ease with which we accomplish our tasks is the outcome of long years of intercourse with this most versatile and artistic of nations. In Clayton, Jefferson county, New York, April io, I840, the subject of this sketch was born to Solomon and Clarissa (Duckett) Duval, both of whom were born in France. The father was a ship carpenter by trade and left France as a child, coming to this country with his parents and locating near Montreal, Canada, where they resided for a short time. Later the family moved to Jefferson county, New York, where the subject was born and where they remained until the death of the parents, when the home was broken up and the children drifted out into the world to find homes for themselves. At the age of fifteen Charles Duval went to Ogdensburg, New York, and shipped as cabin boy on a vessel plying between that city and Chicago, Illinois. For some time he held this berth and later sailed out of Buffalo, New York. For years lie sailed as a cabin boy and became familiar with all the lakes and rivers and for the last two years of his life on the water he sailed as mate. After following the lakes for ten years he came, in 1865, to Port Huron, St. Clair county, Michigan, and found employment in the shipyards, which position he held for some time. Later he became foreman of the calking department in the Wolverine dry docks. He also contracted in that line and calked several of the larger vessels on the lakes. Mr. Duval was married in January, 1872, to Mrs. Mary Miller, widow of Henry Miller, a lumberman of Saginaw, Michigan, who was drowned in the Saginaw river in I865. Mrs. Duval is the daughter of Henry and Ruth (Smith) Briggs, both of whom were natives of Orange county, New York, but resided in Clhemnung county. In I859 Mrs. Duval came to Port Huron on a visit, and taught in St. Clair county until her marriage in I862, to Mr. Miller. Mrs. Duval had one son by her first marriage, Jacob H. Miller, now a resident of San Luis Obispo, California, where he is employed as an engineer on the Southern Pacific railroad. He is married to Eliza Dunbar and is the father of one child, Helen. In I88o Mr. Duval came to Kimball township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and purchased his present farm of eighty acres. The land was niew and necessitated much hard work in clearing and freeing it from stumps, but nothing daunted, he set to work and in a comparatively short time had converted it into a flourishing farm. In time he and his wife were rewarded for their energy, a fine farm resulting from their united efforts in the new country. To them were born two children, a son and a daughter: John C. is emlployed as a railroad engineer in Gautemala, Central America, and Viola is the wife of Dr. Morris Evans, of San Francisco, California, and herself a student of medicine. The family of Charles Duval are loyal members of Holy Rosary Catholic church at Smith Creek and are active in the work of the church. None are more faithful in the performance of their duties or more liberal in their support. Next to the church, the father holds politics in reverence. He ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 383 is a Democrat and is one of the most active among the rank and file of that party. Although he has never aspired to office, he has in many ways given aid to those who were office-seekers and in that way has been a great help to his fellow Democrats. Mr. Duval has been one of the most successful general farmers in the county and the prices which he obtains for his grain, hay, cattle and hogs testify to his prosperity. In the community in which they have spent so much of their time the Duval family are among the most highly respected citizens and enjoy not only the esteem of their immediate neighbors, but also of their many acquaintances throughout the county. WILLIAM PICKARD. In every community there are many instances of success attained by those who in early life had nothing with which to make the race but their courage, intelligence and industry. It is with a due sense of appreciation that we review their lives and see the deeds they have accomplished with so few encouragements and so little assistance. Theirs is a success not to be passed lightly 1), for it was earned bv the hardest kind of lalor, both mental and physical. To them, then, let us give the highest meed of praise, for were it not for the men who have the courage to do and dare this country would soon be a wilderness and the civilization of -which we are so proud would be a mockery. William Pickard was ushered into the world at Welshire, England, April 9, I837. He is the son of John and Ann (Osborn) Pickard, both of whom were born, reared and died in England. They were farmers and their children, six in number, were all reared amid the scenes of rural life. The six children, five of whom are living, are as follows: John, in England; Geo'rge, in Australia; Ann is deceased; William is the subject; Edmond, in England, and James, in Detroit. The parents never crossed the ocean, but three of the children left the mother country, two coming to America and the other going to the island of Australia. William and James Pickard left England, where they had been educated, when they were but young men, William but seventeen years old, and, after an uneventful voyage of about six weeks, landed in New York, where they remained but a short time. They separated shortly after landing in America, James going to Detroit and William coming to Port Huron. The education of the subject, which was of a necessity limited, was received in the subscription schools of his native land, and thus equipped he came to the new world to win a home. When Mr. Pickard first arrived in Port Huron it was only a small village and boaste(l of but one brick house, but since that time the village has developed into a city, a growth of which Mr. Pickard has been an interested witness, and has helped in her improvement not a little. For twelve years after coming to Port Huron he was engaged in working for Judge Z. Buner in a sawmill, later coming to the Avery mills, where he was engaged for one year. While at work in the saw-mill he dreamed of some day possessing a farm and with this end in view saved as much of his wages as possible, until he had accummulated five hundred dollars with which, in i866, he purchased a farm of forty acres in Port Huron town 384 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ship. This farm was a wilderness, but with a courageous heart the young man set to work to clear his land. He needed all the courage he possessed and before the farm was a reality he had at times become well nigh disheartened. As quickly as possible he erected a log cabin which, for eight years, was the home of himself and family, but they were not to be overcome by their hard — ships and the family had visions of the time to come when they would have a better home and be able to live in comfort. The time did come, thanks to their loyalty and industry, for in time a new house was built and right glad they were when the day of moving came. This second house is today their home and a more comfortable abode can hardly be imagined. As time passed and the family became more prosperous they were able to add more land to their first possessions and at the present time the subject owns seventy acres of valuable farm land, all of which he has earned by his own unaided efforts. At the age of twenty-four years William Pickard was married to his first wife, Eliza Ann Applegate. She was born in Port Huron and was the daughter of John and Martha Applegate, both of England. The Applegate family came to America in 1832 and settled in Port Huron, where the father entered a farm and where the children were reared. They were divorced in I878. To this union were born three children, Ann, the wife of Philip Sturn, living in Bay City, Michigan; George, deceased, and William, Jr., who married Mary Sturn and is working with his father. William, Jr., is the father of three children, Ruth, Edward and an infant, and has always lived at home with his parents. He farms the home place and is a very intelligent young man, being quite popular with his friends and neighbors. He is also a member of the Port Huron lodge of Masons, in which organization he is very active. In 1884 Mr." Pickard was again married, this time to Miss Amanda Sanderson, of Canada, who died December I8, 1898. Since coming to Port Huron township Mr. Pickard has been prosperous and has always taken an active interest in the affairs of the town, having in many ways been instrumental in promoting its interests. In public affairs he has also been much interested and has taken an active part in politics for many years. He has never aspired to office, but has always been ready and willing to assist the Republican party in any way within his means. He has many friends in the county and township and is one of the most esteemed citizens of his community, being respected for his sterling worth and business ability. JOSEPH GRAHAM. Not all the early emigration to this country came direct through our own seaboard. Eearly in the nineteenth century the fame of America as "the home of the free and the land of the brave" was not nearly so Awidely celebrated as at a later period. The republic at that time was a good deal of an experiment. People who had lived all their lives under a monarchical form of government, and knew no other, were a little shy of the republic experiment. They seemed to think it was something to be feared-like the sanquinary French repub ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 385 lic-and they wanted to approach it stealthily. The government of Canada was well known, hence many of these came to Canada, sojourned there a few years and after wearing off their unfounded fears of republican institutions, crossed the border and became a part of the people of the United States. The family of William Graham, natives of the county of Down, Ireland, were among 'these emigrants. It was prior to the Victorian era of English history that William Graham, his wife and five children, High, Elizabeth, Jane, Margaret and John, set their faces westward from the shores of the Emerald Isle. This was also before much progress had been made in navigation hb steam. Sailing vessels were the best means of oceanic transit at that time, the voyage always taking weeks to accomplish. Enduring the hardships of a stormy voyage, they arrived safe on the American continent and took up their abode in Lower Canada. After a few years' sojourn here William Graham died. Sometime afterward his wife married again, her second husband being a gentle]man named Bush, and three children were the fruit of this marriage. John Graham, the youngest child of the family of W\illiamn Graham, and father of Joseph Graham, the subject of this sketch, was only four years old when the family emigrated to America, and his boyhood and early manhood were spent in Canada. He had the advantages of a fair education at the national schools of the province and by patient energy and hard toil accumulated enough, soon after he attained his majority, to justify him in taking to himself a wife. He married Miss Sarah Stafford, a Canadian by birth, whose parents resided near Montreal.. They took up their abode in Kent county, Canada, where Joseph Graham, the subject of this sketch, was born April 26, I85I. The father at that time, in addition to being the proprietor of a wellpatronized tavern, or hotel, was the owner of a well-improved fifty-acre farm. Upon that the family continued to reside until I860, when they embraced the opportunity of selling out and coming to the United States. He located in Cottrellville township, St. Clair county, where he divided his time between farming and working at his trade, that of a carpenter. To John and Sarah (Stafford) Graham were born nine children, only four of whom are living; Nancy, Elizabeth, W\illiam, Mary and an infant are dead. Of the living, Eliza is the wife of Simon Smith, of Ira township; Joseph is the subject of this sketch; Palmer is employed in the salt works at Marine City, and John is a farmer in Ira township. Mr. Graham died in March, 1889. He was a good citizen, a faithful husband and an indulgent father and his death was greatly deplored and sincerely mourned throughout the locality where he had labored so zealously for the welfare of all. A fair common school education was all that the parents of Joseph Graham were able to afford him. However, he made the most of what he got and was able to add to it steadily (lay by day. He was but twelve years of age when thrown upon his own resources, but he had health and strength, which, coupled with a good character, constitutes a no very insignificant capital. His first employment was on the water, the many boats plying upon the rivers and lakes affording him an opportunity of earning some thing. He learned steam engineering and for several years had plenty of lucrative em 386 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I ployment in this line. Having decided to abandon a life on the wave, he, on February 3, i886, was united in marriage to Miss Mary Wiese, of Ira township. She was the daughter of Joseph and Fredrecha (La Buhn) Wiese, who were natives of Hamburg, Germany, and had emigrated to the United States in I854, settling first near Detroit. Two years later they came to St. Clair county and purchased fifty-two acres of land in the woods. On this they built a hcme, cleared their land and continued to farm it until the time of their deaths. Mrs. Wiese died in I889, while her husband survived her eleven years, dying in 900o. Thev were the parents of six children,viz: Henry, Karl, Henry (second)', Mary, Christian and John. The two latter are farmers and reside in Ira township; Christian married Mary Russell; John married Ida Smith. All are worthy, respected citizens. In I880 Joseph Graham purchased fiftyfive acres of land in Ira township and after having made many substantial improvements thereon, including the erection of a home, established his residence there at the time of his marriage in I886. Since then he has purchased thirty-three additional acres. Out of this has been constructed a model farm, the greater part of all. the improvements having been made by the hand of Mr. Graham himself. He is an up-to-date farmer, a firm believer in the application of modern business principles to all callings and he has made a success of all that he has undertaken. In addition to raising grain, nay and vegetables, he breeds and feeds horses, cattle and hogs and has always been exceedingly lucky with his stock. In politics Mr. Graham is a Republican, but has no aspirations for political preferment. Despite the strain of Irish in his name and nationality, he is a member of the German Lutheran church and is interested in and a liberal giver to all moral enterprises and works of charity. The Graham family of St. Clair is widely known and highly respected far and wide. WILLIAM G. THOMAS. William G. Thomas was born in Prince Edward county, Ontario, Canada, April I8, I827, a son of William J. and Sabra (Groshong) Thomas. The father was born in Falmouth, England, April 4, I80I, learned the trades of stone mason, brick mason and other branches of masonry, and from England came to America, landing in New York whence he went to Canada and in I859 returned to the states. His death occurred in Corunna, Shiawassee county, Michigan, in I87I. He was a Quaker in his religious faith and a Republican in politics. To William J. and 'Sabra Thomas were born eleven children, viz: George, James (deceased), William G., James (second), deceased, John, Stephen, Samuel, Mary J., Jonathan, Gideon and Richard. In 1855 William G. Thomas was united in marriage to Miss Mary Brady, a daughter of John and Agnes (McDonald) Brady, of whom the former was a native of Ireland and a farmer. He early located. near Montreal, Canada, whence he moved to West Oxford county, Ontario, purchased a farm and continued in the pursuit of agriculture until his death, which occurred in I852. John and Agnes Brady were the parents of seven children. William G. and Mary (Brady) Thomas have been blessed with ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.. 387 two children, viz: Marshall S., born April Io, I856, is married to Lydia Hagle, and is now a detective for a railroad in southern Indiana; James B., born February 14, 1858, is a builder and contractor at Owosso, Michigan, is married and is the father of eight children. At his marriage William G. Thomas purchased eighty acres of farming land in Saginaw county, but soon afterward removed to Fentonville, Genesee county, and for some time worked as a carpenter, joiner and builder, having traded his farm for Fentonville property. Later on he sold this property and moved to Reed City, Osceola county, Michigan, where he bought himself a home. He worked at his trade until I88o, then sold out and located in Corunna, Shiawassee county, resided there two years, then traded his city holdings for a farm in Owosso township, on which he lived for eleven years. He there lost his wife, and in I894 married Mercy M. Granger, widow of George Granger. In February, 1894, he came to Columbus township, St. Clair county, and for most of his life has been engaged ii farming. Mr. Thomas is a staunch Republican, and has served as school treasurer three terms, as city marshal of Reeed City four years, as sheriff of Osceola county two years, as township treasurer three years, village treasurer three years, justice of the peace three terms, and as county supervisor one term, having been elected to the last named office from Richmond township, Osceola county, for four years; he has also been health officer. August 28, I86I, Mr. Thomas enlisted at Fentonville, Michigan, in defense of his country's flag against armed treason, and from there he was sent to Detroit, Michigan, and then to Washington, D. C. He took part in a skirmish at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, then fought at Snicker's Gap, Virginia, Middleburg, Virginia, Orange Court House and at Thoroughfare Gap; he was in the second battle of Bull Run, and at Port Tobacco had a three-days' fight with the Rebel cavalry. Mr. Thomas did a great deal of scouting and picket duty, but was always promptly on hand at roll call, and never was known to shirk his duty; he also fought at Cedar Mountain, Virginia, and at Hanover, Pennsylvania, as well as at Gettysburg, in which engagement a brother was shot in the spine, near the left shoulder, and died ten days later. Two other brothers, Jonathan and Gideon, served in General Sherman's division in the South. At Gettysburg W. G. Thomas was thrown from his horse, was rendered senseless by the fall, and while in this condition was robbed of all his personal effects. He was restored to consciousness by the bursting of a shell near by, but the injury to his back, caused by his fall, annoys him even at the present day. Mr. Thomas also had a part in a skirmish with General Jubal Early's forces under the guns of Washington City, but at some distance off, the Rebels being on a march toward the capital with the object, of course, of either capturing it or destroying it. After an army service of four years and two months, marked by gallant bravery and devotion to duty, Mr. Thomas was honorably discharged. On his return home he resumed carpenter work, but has been compelled to decline many jobs, as owing to his injury while in the service he has not been able to do a full day's work since. He has, however, met with fair success through life, 388 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I although he has met with some reverses, and once lost eighteen hundred dollars in one enterprise; his wife, besides, owns a tract of one hundred and twenty acres of good land in St. Clair county. In religion Mr. Thomas is a Quaker, or member of the Society of Friends, while his wife is a Congregationalist. There is no family in Columbus township more respected, and their upright and useful walk through life well entitles them to all the respect which is paid them WILLIAM STEIN, SR. Germany has contributed quite liberally to the peopling and settlement of St. Clair county, Michigan. A very large per cent. of the present population can trace their origin to some sturdy German emigrant, who came out and settled in the woods of that locality fifty or more years ago, and much of the thrift and prosperity to be encountered on almost every hand is traceable to this German strain in the blood of the inhabitants. William Stein, the subject of this sketch, was born in Saxony, Germany, October 27, I835, and is the son of Michael and Anna E. (Creek) Stein, natives of Saxony, who emigrated with their family of nine children to this country in I853. In his home in Saxony Michael Stein was a man of much prominence, keeping the local tavern and conducting the principal meat market of his native town. When he was well along in life and the father of a large family, a desire for the future welfare of his progeny fired him with an ambition to see his children comfortably situated in homes of their own in that new and wonderfully prosperous land, America. Accordingly he disposed of his Saxon possessions and turned his face to the west. The steerage of a sailing vessel in those times was noted for almost anything other than either cleanliness or comfort. It, however, was destined to be the home of the family for seven long weeks. If sea air was necessary to their health they certainly had abundance of it. Upon landing the family repaired immediately to St. Clair county, Michigan, where an investment was made in twenty acres of land in the woods, a log cabin was erected and the family settled down to life in an American forest. If the removal ever caused the sturdy Saxon tavern-keeper any regret he never gave utterance to it. Doubtless he sometimes thought, when the hardships were severest and the privations greatest, that he was foolish to have left the ease and comfort of his German tavern to take up the burden of an American pioneer. His children and children's children today can commend his wisdom in making the move and bless his memory because he had the courage to make the move and the self-sacrifice to endure its consequent trials. Mr. Stein was more fortunate than many other emigrants to the woods of Michigan. [I it cost him more money to get his family across the water, he had by way of compensation valuable and necessary aid in his sons and daughters in their new American home. The subject of this sketch was at that time past eighteen years. Under the steady strokes of Michael Stein and his sons their little tract of twenty acres was soon cleared and rendered productive, and in addition was occasionally made to it until its acres num ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 389 I bered sixty. Of the nine children of Michael and Anna Stein three are dead, viz: George, John and Henry. The others are William, the subject; Fred, a farmer of Huron county, Michigan; Caroline, who was married twice, first to Fred Keeler and next to Fred Rahn, a successful farmer of Casco township; Elizabeth, the wife of John Lindsey; Ann Eliza, wife of Simon Kleim; Sophia, wife of Matthew Welsen. The latter three are all residents of St. Clair township. Mrs. A\nna Stein departed this life in I877. She was survived by her husband some twelve years, he passing away in I889. Only a very limited education was secured by William Stein in his native land of Saxony. After coming to this country, lie worked for his father some three years, until he was twenty-one years of age, and for the next five years he worked out, by the day or month. By that time he had accumulated enough money to justify him in getting married and establishing a home of his own. On October 22, I86i, he was united in marriage to Miss Anna Mary Goodman, who had been born in Germany in I838, the daughter of Otto and Maria (Lukenhaufer) Goodman. Her father had been the proprietor of a hotel in his native land, but emigrated to America with his family, arriving in St. Clair county Decemher 9, I853. Two of the family, Fred and John Goodman, are residents of Detroit, the first named being a carpenter, the second a baker. To Mr. and Mrs. Stein ten children have been born, viz: Sophia, who died February 26, I90o, married Frank Heideman, and to them seven children were born, Carl, Lotta, Lena, Ruby, Walter, Ida and Theresa; Fredereka is a resident of St. Clair township; John W., a carpenter and undertaker at St. Clair, married Johanna Roff, and they are the parents of eight children, Clara, Adolph, Hulda, Lottie, Martin, John, Lena and Emma; Amelia died in 1892, aged twenty-two years; William, a farmer of Huron county, Michigan, married Bertha MAooma; Barbara, who resides in Detroit, married Paul Shubert, and they have one son, Fred; the four younger children, Christian, Henry, Augusta and Lizzie, all reside at home. After his marriage William Stein purchased forty acres of land in the township of St. Clair, built a log cabin thereon and therein began houtsekeeping. He cleared his land, occasionally adding to it by the purchase of other land, until he is now the owner of one hundred and eighty acres in St. Clair township and eighty acres in Huron county. In his time and with his own hands he has cleared not less than one hundred acres of heavy timber land in St. Clair county. Those vwho have tried it can well appreciate the enormous amount of hard work that such a task requires. He has reared and educated a large family and has seen to it that each of those who have entered life's battle for themselves have had a fair start. In his business of general farming, raising grain and feeding stock, he has been quite successful. He has not only provided for the immediate wants of his family, but has laid by something for the declining years of himself and wife. In religion he is a Lutheran and a liberal contributor to the support of that church. He is a Republican in politics, but has never been an aspirant for office, although he served two. years as treasurer of his township. In his community he is a man of worth and influence whose opinions on questions of moment are often sought and always to good purpose. 39~ ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. GEORGE HENRY KEIL, SR. Now a thriving farmer in Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, George Henry Keil was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, July 8, 1834, the second of seven children that constituted the family of George and Martha Keil, natives of the same place. Their children were born in the following order: John, deceased; Henry, of London; George Henry, the subject; Adam, a resident of London, England; Maggie, now in Australia, and Catherine, still in Germany. George Henry Keil, Sr., had an opportunity of attending school but a limited time in his native land and as a young man he worked in a coal mine for three years and was also engaged in farming. In I854 he came to America in a sailing vessel, which had a passenger list of four hundred, and landed in Baltimore, Maryland, after a voyage of sixty-six days' duration. In the Monumental City Mr. Keil worked one year at blacksmithing, next went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked at the same trade two years, and in I857 came to Michigan, locating at Port Huron, where for two years he worked in the Hibbard saw-mill, later being employed in a store house. October I6, I862, Mr. Keil bought forty acres of his present farm in section No. 26, Grant township, which was then an almost impenetrable wilderness. He at first put up a small frame house and then began clearing up the farm preparatory to receiving his wife, Catherine Stein, whom he had married in Buffalo, New York, in 1858. This lady, also a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, came to America in the same year her husband reached this country, and to this hap py union have been born five children, namely: Henry, Jr., who is a farmer in Grant township and also does threshing and feed grinding, is township treasurer, and is married to Malinda Green, who has borne him three children, Olive, Lela and Millie; Maggie is married to Henry Drexler, has one son, Oliver, and lives in Port Huron; Eliza is the wife of Jacob May, a farmer in Port Huron township, and has two children, Myrtie and Floyd; Katie and George R. are still living with their parents. When Mr. Keil settled first on his farm he was in but indifferent circumstances and was obliged to cut and sell a great deal of wood in order to raise the means with which to pay expenses, but through his indomitable industry and pertinacity he has secured for himself a valuable and fruitful farm of two hundred and forty acres, all of which he has cleared with the exception of about twenty acres. He erected his present neat dwelling in 1875, has built all the requisite outbuildings in a substantial manner, and now has one of the best farms in the county. He raises all crops that reach perfection in the latitude and feeds largely of his farm products to his live stock, which comprises horses, cattle, hogs, etc. Mr. Keil votes with the Democratic party, of which he is an energetic and active member, and by which he was elected to the office of roadmaster, a position he filled for several years. In religion Mr. Keil and family are Lutherans, to the teachings of which faith they strictly adhere and to the maintenance of the church they liberally contribute of their means. Fraternally Mr. Keil has for many years been a member of the Knights of the Maccabees at Jeddo, Michigan, his daughter Katie being present com ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 39i - mander of the Ladies of the Maccabees at Lakeport. Socially he and family stand among the best people of Grant township and St. Clair county. Mr. Keil has ever been an industrious and diligent man and may be said to have earned, through his own labor, all he possesses. His undeviating integrity has been a matter of commendation on all sides, and his success in life is but another illustration of the good fortune which awaits the truly industrious and honest immigrant from the old world, however indigent he may be, who comes hither with the intention of doing that which is right and has the intelligence to avail himself of the opportunities, which are here ever open to him. GEORGE B. BERK. George B. Berk was born in Ohio January I3, I857, the son of John and Catherine (Hizener) Berk. John Berk moved with his family to W\ashtenaw county, Michigan, il I866, and purchased one hundred and twenty acres of land, which he improved, anil in 1870 he purchased a hundred and twenty acres in section 32, Berlin township, St. Clair county. He died May 25, 1875. He was a Republican in politics and was well known and highly respected; he was interested in party work, and was elected representative of the third district in 1874, and was so serving at the time of his death. In his religious affiliations he was a Meth((list Protestant, and his wife was a member of the Evangelical denomination. They reared a family of seven children: Eliza, (leceased; William, deceased; Mary, Maggie, John F., George B. and Anna, who died in infancy. George B. Berk was married to Eva A. Smith, of Almont, August 17, I879. She is descended from a well-known and wellto-do family, being a daughter of Herkimer and Mary (Gould) Smith. George B. Berk and wife are parents of a family of nine children: William H., Jennie E. (who died in infancy), Robert H., John, George, Edwin, Carl, Clair and Alada. John and George are attending high school in Almont. George B. Berk has had charge of his father's farm since the former was seventeen years of age. He has been very successful, and has the place well improved and under a high state of cultivation. He later purchased the farm, and since that time lias owne(l and controlled the entire place. He follows the system of mixed farming, raising cattle, sheep and horses. He has always voted the Republican ticket, and takes a lively interest in the political questions of the (lay. He has been township treasurer for two years, and is now serving a second term as township supervisor. He has de v(te(l his life to the farm and farming inter, ests, and owns a hundred and twenty acres of land in Berlin township, St. Clair county, and seventy-five acres in McComb county. He has made a success of his calling in life. He is well known, and commands the reslect and esteem of all who have the pleasure of his acquaintance, being regarded as a solid and substantial citizen and an honor to his calling. HIe belongs to a younger generation of farmers, who, with the facilities that exist for acquiring scholastic knowle(lge, are not less well informed upon all topics which constitute the intelligent and well educated man of the world than any 392 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. other general class of our citizenship. The farmer of today does not need to be patronized or commiserated. He is in the van of human progress, fully abreast of the times, and well informed on all questions of the h:our. The applications of machinery to lis work, and the improved methods of farming, have so shortened his hours of labor -that his position of quiet independence and pleasant surroundings may well excite the envious emulation of any other class of citizens in the endeavor to attain a position of honorable ease, independence and contentment in life. RUFUS O. GOULD. Rufus 0. Gould, w\ho is a son of Sabin S. and Eliza (Richardson) Gould, was born in Berlin township, St. Clair county, Michigan. April II, 1852. Both his parents were natives of New York. the father having been born in Jefferson county and the mother in Cattaragus county. He died July 17. 1898, and she January 14, 1883. Sahin S. Gould came to Port Huron in the year 1837, but after remaining there twro years he came to Berlin township, St. Clair county, having to cut roads through the wNoods to get to his location on section 33. The subject has the deed or patent which his father received at the time, bearing the signature of President Tyler. Sabin S. Gould, with the help of his two sons, Sabin W. and Rufus O., cleared up and improved the land, making a desirable farm. Mrs. Gould was a daughter of Joseph Richardson, who came to St. Joseph county, Michigan, and later located in Berlin township, St. Clair county, where he reared a family. He was a Republican in politics, and held the offices of township clerk and justice of the peace. He was well known and respected by all, and was a substantial citizen of worth and character. The Gould family consisted of Sabin W., Serepta A. and Rufus O. Sabin resides on a part of the estate. He married Abigail Finch, and has two sons, Charles and Garfield. Rufus O. Gould remnained on the farm, assisting his father during the years of his minority, and during the later years of his life he has had the entire charge of the place. He is also proprietor of the well known Gould bee-hive factory, swhich he has successfully operated for the past twenty years. He started to operate the same with horsepower, but now operates it by steam, and sells his goods over a territory of four counties. In the conduct of his farm he follows a system of general or mixed farming, feeding the products of the farm on the place. He l)reeds Durham cattle and sheep, horses andl hogs of the better gra(les. He is a Republican in his political views, and takes a working interest in the success of his party. He has been highway commissioner, and at the present time is secretary and treasurer of the Grange Mutual Fire Insurance Company of St. Clair andl McComb counties. He is an intelligent, prosperous and respected citizen, alive to every interest which affects the advancement, moral or material, of the community in which he lives. He has never married, but that fact is no evidence of a lack of a proper interest in society in general. To all worthy objects and causes he is a liberal contributor, and to no man in the community more than to Rufus O. Gould does the successful termination of any projected social enterprise bring a ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 393 greater degree of satisfaction. As a boy and youth he assisted in carving from out the wilderness the pleasant and finely improved farm he now occupies and manages; he has witnessed the advancement and rapid development in material prosperity of the locality which his father chose as a home for himself and family, and a field of operation for his labor. He is of the class of men -who possess the faculty of a ready adaptability to circumstances, and the ability to grasp opportunities as they pass, and is that type of man to whose usefulness and ingenuity the world is largely indebted. His household is supervised by his sister, Serepta. She began to teach at the age of eighteen, and continued in that calling until the health of her mother demanded her assistance. She has continued in charge of the old home, living in the old house erected by her father nearly fifty years ago. ALONZO C. FAIRBROTHER. One driving through Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, cannot help but 1)e favorably impressed with the appearance of one place in the township, viz: Cedar lIedge farm, owned bv Alonzo C. Fairbrother. the subject of this sketch. It is a beautiful home, with handsome, substantial outlbildings, and grounds that would be an adornment to the fine residence portion of any city. The premises bespeak an owner of refinement and culture, a man of domestic tastes, whose home is his paradise. He is in truth all that the beauty of the place would promise him to be, a man of thrift, good judgment, refinement and esthetic taste. Alonzo C. Fairbrother was born in Cattaragus county, New York, February 3, I844, and is the son of Edwin and Eliza (Jackson) Fairbrother, who were natives of Vermont, but came to New York at an early (lay. Edwin Fairbrother was a shoemaker and followed that calling for a number of years. He made and saved money in his business and when the gold excitement of 1849 swelt the country he was one of the first to cross the plains in search of wealth. Two years sufficed to convince him that tlhere were many ways of securing gold far easier than digging it out of the ground. Ambitious and anxious to better the condition of his family, when he returned from the Pacific, in I851, he moved to Kansas. The strenuous life that he had lived up to that time and the exposures to which lie had been subjected told heavily upon him. In less than a year after his removal to the territory of high winds and slavery agitation he was a corpse. His good wife, with the indlomital)le energy of the early pioneers, imme(liately took up the burden of life where lie laid it down and proved more than a mother to the orphans left in her charge. She was a woman of good intellect and judgment, an accomplished spinner and weaver. \Vhile looking over the claim upon which they had located, she discovered a species of wild hemp from which she manufactured the first cloth ever spun and woven in that state of innumerable natural resources. Every part of the entire work of making the cloth was done with her own hands. Two towels made.out of the Kansas fiber remained in the family, and were exhibited with merited pride by the ingenious old lady, up to a short time previous to her death. She died February 17, I896. She was a Christian and deeply interested 394 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. in church work. She had married David Ford in New York, coming to Michigan in I859. He entered a homestead in Imlay township, Lapeer county, in I86I, about one mile from where Alonzo now lives. After his death she lived with Alonzo till her own death, February 17, I896. Mrs. Eliza (Jackson) Fairbrother and her husband, Edwin, were the parents of five children, viz: Erwin 0.. who was a member of Company H, Fourth Michigan Infantry, and died in the service; Candis married Truman Winship, and resides at Little Valley, New York; Orlando was a farmer in Imlay township, Lapeer county, Michigan, but is dead; Emeline married Burton Chapin, of Saginaw, Michigan, where she died, and Alonzo C. Under the care of his widowed mother the early years of the life of Alonzo C. Fairbrother were spent. She was careful to instruct him in habits of industry, from the double motive of benefitting him and bettering the condition of the family. However, his education was by no means neglected, as he attended the common schools and profited by his opportunities. When only eighteen years of age, on March 4, I862, he enlisted at Detroit, in Company I, Sixteenth Michigan Infantry, under Capt. Jud Mott, who was killed in one of the first battles in which the regiment participated. He joined the regiment at Washington and saw first service at the siege of Yorktown. He was also at Middleberg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and the Wilderness, besides numerous minor engagements. Those were stirring times, and the Sixteenth Michigan Infantry did about as much to make them so as any regiment at the front. At the close of the war, April 26, I865, Mr. Fairbrother was mustered out in the field between Appomatox Court House and Petersburg. Returning from war he set about providing for himself a home and purchased eighty acres of land in Imlay township, Lapeer county. On the 25th of September, I865, he was united in marriage to Mrs. Perthena Crippen, a native of New York, but who had come with her parents to Michigan in 1850. She was the daughter of Nathaniel Haga(lore, and her father having been one of the prosperous farmers of Wayne county and the father of eleven children. Some time after marriage Mr. Fairbrother sold his farm in Lapeer county and purchased a tract of one hundred and twelve acres in Mussey township, section 7, but which was all wild land at that time. He cleared his land and made shingles, hoops and staves. When Mr. and Mrs. Fairbrother were married there were in the family two children by her former husband, a little daughter and son, Eimma and Charles Crippen. These children were cared for and reared as tenderly by Mr. Fairbrother as if they were his own. Emma Crippen is the wife of Frank Hough, a farmer of Mussey township, and Charles Crippen is a prosperous farmer of Burnside township, Lapeer county. To Mr. and and Mrs. Fairbrother four children were born, viz: Jennie, who married George Stanlake, a farmer, and they are the parents of two sons; Frank died, aged twenty-six years; Cora married Melvin Smith, a farmer of Burnside township, Lapeer county; May married Reuben Cannis, a farmer of Mussey township, and they are the parents of one child. In Cedar Hedge farm, the home of Alonzo C. Fairbrother, there are seventy-five acres under cultivation, the remainder being ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 395 timber and pasture. The residence is a neat, comfortable home, surrounded by spacious, well-kept grounds. There are three blarns on the place, showing that the owner believes and finds it profitable to keep his stock well housed and sheltered during severe weather. He is engaged in farming and stock raising, breeding and feeding Durham cattle, Berkshire hogs, all purpose horses and Lincolnshire sheep. He is so independent in politics that he acknowledges allegiance to no political party. At each election, whether national, state or local, he goes over all the candidates, selects his ticket from among them and thus he votes. He never ran for an office in his life and probably never will. He has a most supreme contempt for the chronic office seeker and individuals of that stripe never find a place on his ticket. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, a Maccabee and a member of the Grange. He is thoroughly posted on all public questions, as well as current events, holds upon all subjects broad, liberal views and is always sufficiently candid to express his honest opinion. HERMAN GRABER. Industry and thrift invariably count in the laying of a foundation for fortune in this country, as it does in almost any other. The foundations for the wealth of the millionaire are, with very few exceptions, laid in the cement of industry. It may be but a few generations back, like the Astors, the Vanderbilts and the Goulds, but, nevertheless, industry is the origin of all wealth. Industry has brought to the Graber family, of 24 St. Clair county, Michigan, the fair measure of prosperity which they now enjoy and it will eventually result in a far greater degree of success. They are yet only in the beginning of their career, but what they have accomplished already is well worthy of record. Herman Graber is still a comparatively young man. He was born in Germany January 6, I86I, his parents being Frederick and Caroline (Blochi) Graber, both also natives of Germany. Herman was the first of the family to come to the. United States, being only nineteen years old when he left the land of his nativity to seek his fortune in free America. Two years after his coming, the other members of the family, consisting of father, mother, three brothers and four sisters, followed the youthful pioneer and are now numbered among the population of the United States. How much Herman contributed toward bringing out his parents, brothers and sisters is not stated, but it is reasonable to suppose that most of the savings from the labor of his first two years in America was devoted to that end. In any event it was in the year 1882 that the parents and the seven children landed on these shores. The family are all strictly practical, and they were not many hours on American soil until they commenced their journey to southeastern Michigan, where Herman Graber had located. For twelve long and tedious years each individual memler of the family labored with the single purpose of improving the condition of the family, each contributing toward the general supply of means. In 1894 Herman Graber and his brother August purchased one hundred and twenty acres of land in Mussey township. thirty acres of which was 396 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I chopped, but not cleared, and upon this tract they built a home and improved the place on which there is at the present time a grove of nice hardwood trees. The children of Fredrick and Caroline Graber now residing in the United States are Herman, Augusta, Amelia, August, Bertie, Hannah, Otto and Anna. Originally there were twelve chillren in the family, but four are dead. They. have now on the farm a large, comfortable, well-furnished house and a commodious and substantial barn, waith all necessary and desirable outbuildings. Herman and August Graber jointly conduct the operation of the farm. They devote themselves to the cultivation of the soil and the raising of horses, hogs, sheep and cattle. In cattle they have chiefly Durlham, ill hogs, the Berkshire suits them best, and the Leicester sheep are favorites with them. Of the latter they occasioially secure thoroughbred bucks. In their business of general farming the brothers have been very successful. \Wheat, corn and oats flourish on their place and thus far they have been enabled to reap big harvests. No disease of any kind has yet attacked any of their stock and what they lhave shipped to market has brought them very gratifying prices. The subject of this sketch, Herman Graber, though more than forty-one years of age. has never married. The parents. Frederick and Caroline Graber, reside with their son on the farm, and are yet strong and hearty. Both are members of the German Lutheran church. In politics he is a Republican, as are also his sons, but while quite active, none of them have ever yet sought office. Herman is one of the original Good Roads advocates of that part of the state. He is a Maccabee, a member of Lodge No. 173, and is very devoted to the work of that order. He has served as postmaster, but office holding is something not entirely to his taste. He is educated, well informed and thoroughly conversant with all matters relating to his business, and what opportunities he has had for the accumulation of property have been well improved. It might truthfully be said that he is now only in the beginning of his career. The past twenty years have simply sufficed to give him a start and he is well worthy of all good things the future can accord him. SIMON SMITH. Among the early settlers of St. Clair county', Michigan, still living and residing in that locality, the sailor-soldier-farmer element is quite noticeable. In ante l)ellumn (lays the young men of that region were given the alternative of staying at home and clearing land or a life on the inland ocean wave. It is not at all surprising that a great many of them chose the latter. By I86 a large nullmber of them had "stood Iehind the mast" so long that that life began to grow burdensome. The call for troops found these only too ready for what promised to prove more exciting lives. They enlisted, went to the war, made brave solliers, and such of them as were fortunate enough to return, settled down to peaceful pastoral pursuits. Of this element is Simon Smith, the subject of this sketch. He was born in Cottrellville township, St. Clair county, Michigan, October I, I843, the son of \Walter and Catharine (Sours) Smith. The father is a native of New York, having been born in Cattaragus county in I8I7. He came with his parents to Michigan, while ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 397 still quite young, and settled in what is now Cottrellville township. In early life, like many other young men of St. Clair county, he became a sailor and voyaged about the lakes for a number 'of years. Then he purchased a tract of eighty acres of land, cleared and( improved it, doing the greater part of the work himself, and eventually settled (lown to the quiet, peaceful pursuit of the 1)o1(lding farmer. Catherine Smith died in Joliet, Illinois, leaving to her bereaved husl)and two pledges of her love, a boy and a oirl, Simon and Sophronia, the former being the subject of this sketch. Some years later \Valter Smith again married, this time to Miss Sarah Flood, to which union were born five children, viz: Albert J., Florence, Alolzo, Walter and Lizzie, the latter of \homl died at the age of ten years. \Walter Smith was a man of fair education, chiefly acqu(ire(l in the common schools of the county. In politics he was a Democrat and very active in all political work, but never sought office for himself. tHe was a Imember of the Methodist Episcopal church and interested in all movements that promised to benefit humanity. Until he was nineteen years old Simon Smith continued to make his home with his larents. He regularly attended the public school when it was in session and made several voyages on the lakes as a sailor. In 1862, when nineteen years of age, he enlisted at Marine City, as a private, and was assigned to Company C, Sixth Michigan Volunteer Cavalry. From Grand Rapids, Michigan, the regiment started to Washington, where they remained until early in 1863, \when they were ordered to the front at Gettysburg. For three days they were in the thick of the fight, which, considering that they were only green troops, they stood with ilarvelous fortitude and bravery. During this engagement!Mr. Smith had an experience with a bullet from the depths of a rebel musket, it grazing the tip end of his nose. Had that important facial organ been a little longer there is no doubt that blood would have been shed. As it was the velocity of the missile was so great as to knock him flat to the earth. The command in which he served took part in the battle of Falling WVater, at Cullpeler Court House, and in numerous other important and unimportant fights, skirmishes and battles. Eventually Mir. Smith was captured and taken a prisoner of war to Libby prison. From there lie was transferred to Belle Isle and finally to A\n(lersonville. For a period of nineteen months Simon Smith knew all of the untold and untellable horrors of life in rebel prisons. He was one of the group of famishing humanity, plerishing with thirst, who scoole(dl o(ut the earth under a big stumpl in the prison yard with a view of finding water, andl le was there when, as if by special act of provilence, a stream of water, several inches in diameter, miraculously gushed forth. \\hen released, the clothing he had worn for more than a year and a half was so dilapidate(l as to scarce hide his nakedness, tlhe garments hanging in rags and tatters about his gaunt and fleshless frame. There were others, however, much worse off than he was. At the close of the war he was mustered out and returned to his home in Michigan. On February 5, I870, Simon Smith was united in marriage to Eliza Graham, daughter of John and Sarah Graham. To this marriage two children were born: Sarah, born August 19, 1871, died in infancy; Ida, 398 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I born April I9, I873, married John L. Wiese, an industrious and prosperous farmer. Simon Smith is a believer in the teachings of the Methodist Episcopal church and is a staunch supporter of Democratic principles. He was for years a sailor upon the lakes, both before and after the war, and his experience gained there and in the army has been of much use to him in after life. At present he follows farming and stock raising and is meeting with very gratifying success. He owns a small farm in Ira township, which is well improved and well managed. Modern ways and modern methods are used in its cultivation and they have proven themselves quite profitable to those who have given them a fair test. Personally Mr. Smith is kind and companionable and socially he is well liked and quite popular among all classes. DAVID BEARD. The record of the gentleman whose name appears above is that of a man who largely by his own efforts worked his way from a modest beginning to a position of independence and influence in the community of his residence. His life has been one of unceasing industry and perseverance and the systematic and honorable methods which he has followed have won him the unbounded confidence of his fellow citizens. David Beard was born in Port Huron township, St. Clair county, Michigan, January TO, 1839, and is the son of John and Hannah (Fick) Beard. The father was a native of Chenango county, New York, born May II, I8II, and the mother was a native of Long Point, Canada, born August I5, I817. John Beard was a son of Ai Beard, of the state of New York, and his wife's maiden name was Martha Beard. While a resident of the state of New York, Ai Beard was a mill owner and followed that business for years. After moving with his family to St. Clair county, Michigan, in I830, he continued to follow his trade and built the Beard mill in Clyde township. It was a water-power saw-mill and for many years it (lid the greater part of the sawing for the county. In I837 Mr.'Beard and his son John went to Long Point, Ontario, to build a mill. This was during the Patriot rebellion and before the mill was finished, il fact on the wedding night of John Beard, November 19, I837, he was arrested and thrown into prison. However, as nothing could be proven against him of an incriminating character, he was shortly afterward released. They immediately returned to Clyde and continued the operation of the mill there. Ai Beard finally disposed of this mill to his sons John and James and retired to Port Huron, where he owned property, and there he (lied at the age of about eightyone years. John Beard had five brothers and sisters, briefly mentioned as follows: Pernie married Solomon Kingsley, of Clyde township, and they became the parents of Henry Kingsley, in whose sketch further mention is made of them; Abagail married Lewis Brockway, but both are deceased; Harriet married Frederick Miller and both are likewise deceased; David lived in Greene county, New York, and James died in Port Huron, he having been the father of Frank Beard, of Port Huron. After his return from Canada, in I837, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 399 John Beard, as has been stated, came back to Clyde and, in company with his father and his brother James, operated the old mill there, the two brothers finally succeeding to the sole ownership in I839, and continuing in partnership until I857. They la(l established a lumber yard in Detroit about I847, James remaining in the latter place and attending to the business there, while John continued the operation of the nill. Some years later, 1853, at the close of the Detroit end of the business, James returned to Port Huron, where he remained, while in I856 John became the sole owner of the lumber interests in Clyde. At the time of his death he still owned two thousand eight hundred acres of the original large tract which he had controlled in Clyde, Burtchville and Grant townships, where the greater part of their lumbering had been (lone, his entire estate being valued at between fifty thousand and seventy thousand dollars. John and James Beard had begun lumbering in I830 on a small scale, but were soon able to enlarge their operations and began to buy land. The lumber was sent (lown the Black river in cribs and upon reaching the St. Clair river they were fastened together in the form of rafts and floate(l down to Detroit. While connected with the mill business John Beard was instrumental in building the old plank road known as the Port Huron and Brockway plank road' and when it was worn out he formed a company to build the gravel road which followed. As a politician he was prominent in the township and county, taking much interest in the affairs of both the community and state. Under Democratic auspices he held many local township offices. Though not a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, he was one of its most liberal supporters. In 1872 he built the home which his son David now occupies and lived there until his death, which occurred on the I2th of June, 1879. His wife survived him ten years, her death occurring January 13, 1890. They were the parents of five children, mentioned as follows: David, the subject; Fred A., whose sketch appears in another part of this volume; Elizabeth M., who died in childhood; Sarah Jane is the widow of Fred Nicholis and is living in Oakland, California, and Horace is a merchant and stock dealer at Yale, Michigan. David Beard was educated in the schools of Detroit and Port Huron, having lived with his uncle two years in Detroit and about one year in Port Huron. On November I3, I867, he was married to Miss Mary Ethelin Horton, a daughter of Nelson and Rebecca (Whitman) Horton. She was born at Port Huron, Michigan, April I6, 1845, and spent much of her life in that vicinity. Her father was a native of Marion. New York, and was born November 6, 1809. He came to Port Huron in 1832 and bought land on Military street and also built a frame house which now stands on Wall street. In I843 he went to Oberlin, Ohio, and bought an interest in a saw and flouringm)ill in partnership with a Mr. Beebe, also of Port Huron. He retained this interest for one year, when the mill was destroyed by fire and their entire investment was lost. In November, I844, he returned to Port Huron and got out lumber and timber for a firm at the junction of the Black and St. Clair rivers, his employers being Messrs. Beebe, Mason & Horton. Later the firm became W. B. & J. Hibbard, Smith & Horton. This company was in existence for 400 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.. some years, but on August IO, I875, the mill was burned and the property was purchased by Henry Howard and is now owned by the Howard estate. For two years Mr. Horton was alderman at Port Huron and at the time of his death, which occurred in I865, he was a member of the board of education at Port Huron. He was prominent in political affairs and was one of the stanchest Republicans in the county. As a member of the Congregational church he had a wide influence, which he wielded for the good of the community in which he lived, being liberal in his donations to the church and all other worthy objects. 'Mrs. Beard's mother was also one of the early settlers of Port Huron, having come to that place in I836. After remaining there one year she opened up a millinery and dressmaking establishment, which she managed until the time of her marriage. This was the first store of the kind to be opened in the town. Mrs. Horton was born December 26, I8IO, and died August I6, 1901, at the advanced age of ninety-one years. For six years Mr. Beard was foreman for James Beard & Company, lumber manufacturers at Alcona, Michigan, and for four years and a half previous to that he was engaged in the jobbing business at Port Huron. From I88 to 1887 he traveled for a glassware and crockery house and for the following two years he contracted for the construction of telegraph lines, at the end of which time, on account of the death of his mother, he gave his attention to the management of the home farm. Mr. and Mrs. Beard are the parents of seven children, of whom brief mention is made as follows: Hattie R. died at the age of three years and six months; John Hor ton died in early childhood; Charles David is teller and assistant cashier in the Commercial Bank at Port Huron and is the husband of Eloda Ferguson; Flora Hannah is the wife of Alex Cowan, a farmer of Clyde township; Frank Carlos is still at home; Benjamin Horace died at the age of one year, and Nellie Ethelin is still at home. Mr. Beard owns six hundred and forty acres of the old homestead, of which he has two hundred acres cleared, and is engaged in carrying on general farming. He has always taken an active interest in the affairs of his community and (luring the ten years in which he served as highway commissioner he was instrumental in having six iron bridges constructed. He also served several years in the office of justice of the peace, to the entire satisfaction of his constituents. He is a faithful adherent to Democratic principles and his friends both in political and social way are many. Mrs. Beard is a member of Ruby Hive, Ladies of the Maccabees, and is also a member of the Metho(list Episcopal church, in which she takes an active and efficient part. THOMAS S. SKINNER. Thomas S. Skinner, the present affable and accommodating postmaster at Gardendale, St. Clair county, Michigan, as well as a leading farmer, was born in Waitsfield. Washington county, Vermont, June 12, r824. His parents, Amasa and Hannah (Piper) Skinner, were natives of Massachusetts and New Hampshire respectively. Amasa Skinner located in Vermont when a young man and was engaged in farming un ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 40I til 1826, when he removed to Jefferson county, New York, residing there until 1864, and then went to Calumet county, Wisconsin, with his family. He there lost his wife in I872, and there he himself died in I874. Amasa and Hannah Skinner were earnest members of the Presbyterian church and left a family of six children, who, in order of birth, were as follows: Lavina, now living in Buffalo, New York; Thomas S.; William E., who died in I897 at Washington, D. C.; Maria, now in Greenwich, Kansas; Nancy, who (lied in Wisconsin in I899, as did Aurora in I897. Thomas S. Skinner received his element-.:ry education in the common schools of Jefferson county, New York, which he attende(l until twenty-one years of age, when he apprenticed himself for four years to the millwright's trade, receiving fair wages. M\r. Skinner has been twice married: First, April 29, I850, he chose, for the sharer of life's joys and sorrows, Miss Rhoda Barnes, of Theresa, Jefferson county, New York, and a daughter of Rev. Benjamin and Mary (Shelsy) Barnes. Benjamin Barnes was a mason by trade, and was also a farmer. He was a clergyman in the Methodist Episcol)al church, of which his wife was also a (levout member, and in this faith they both passed away in the Empire state. To Thomas and Rhoda (Barnes) Skinner were born four children: Alice E. is the widow of John W. Porter, late cashier of the Commercial Bank of Port Huron, who (lied in February, I900; Mrs. Porter now resides in Detroit, Michigan, and has three children, Roe, Faye and Lloyd. The second child, George A., is cashier of the Mt. Clemens Savings Bank, is married to Nellie Smart, and has had born to him six children, Alice, Hattie, Helen, Florence, George and Angus. The third child, Carrie, is the wife of John Otto, a furrier in Detroit, and Frank is a farmer at Gardendale; his wife was Dora M. Wait, and they have two children, Lola and Thomas. In 1855 Thomas S. Skinner located in Port Huron and entered into lumber milling under the firm name of Skinner & Ames, and in this trade he continued until 1872, operating the Old Black River steam mill. During these years over one hundred million feet of pine lumber was floated down Black river annually, supplying twenty-five to thirty mills, eight being located at Port Huron. From 1872 to I879 Mr. Skinner, while living in Port Huron, was engaged in lumbering in Alpena and Montmorenci counties, Mwhere a still larger business was conducted, clearing off some five thousand or six thousandl acres. In I879 Mr. Skinner moved to his present farm in Fort Gratiot township,.which farm then comprised five hundred acres, the most of which Mr. Skinner has cleared and converted into a valuable farm, though originally a swamp and thought un — (lesirable, but now being most valuable. Mr. Skinner has two hundred acres of his farm tunler cultivation and raises hay principally; but general farming also engages his attention, in the prosecution of which he raises the usual crops indigenous to the soil and climate. Mr. Skinner is a Republican and for several years served as highway commissioner and also drain commissioner. In I893 he v.went to Washington, D. C., and secured the establishment of the postoffice at Gardenlale, a great boon to the community, and here he has filled the office of postmaster ever since. 402 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Fraternally Mr. Skinner has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal church since I862. The first wife of Thomas S. Skinner was called away January 20, I879, and his second marriage took place November 25, I886, to Hattie Colby, of Albion, Michigan, but to this union no children have been born. Mr. Skinner is strictly a self-made man, in the sense of the term as used in the business world, as he started in life a very poor boy, and all that he owns is the result of his own exertions, backed by the strict sense of honesty which has characterized his whole life and through which he has won the unfeigned and sincere respect of all his fellow citizens. WILLIAM VAN NORSTRAND. William Van Norstrand, an ex-soldier of the Civil war and now a farmer in Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Middlesex county, New Jersey, May 9, I846, a son of Jacob and Cornelia (Cox) Van Norstrand, both also natives of New Jersey and born respectively in I8oI and I808. Jacob Van Norstrand came to Michigan and settled in Columbus township, St. Clair county, in 1836, entered eighty acres of woodland, cleared off the greater part, if not all, of it and built a house and barn. The country all about was a dense wilderness, and bear, deer and other four-footed game abounded, while turkeys were numerous as barnyard fowls are today. Indians still lingered in the township, but were not hostile, the wildcat being the most vicious and destructive. Besides being a farmer, Jacob Van Norstrand was a carpenter, an occupa tion extremely useful in a new country, and found plenty of work to do for his neighbors, although they were far apart. To Jacob Van Norstrand and wife were born eight children, viz: Henry, who died young; two died unnamed in infancy; Catherine, now a resident of Virginia; Maria and Sarah, deceased; John, who lost his life while serving in the army at Spottsylvania Court House, and William, of whom further mention will be made in this biographical record. In politics Jacob Van Norstrand was a Democrat, but was not ambitious as to office holding; in religion he was a Congregationalist and was called away in that faith in the spring of I863. William Van Norstrand was joined in matrimony January Io, 1872, with Miss Hester Powers, daughter of Ira and Hester (Bates) Powers. Ira Powers was born in New Hampshire in I807, and in mature life was a carpenter by trade. He migrated from New Hampshire to New York, thence to Missouri, then to Illinois and died in the last named state in 1872, a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and in politics a Republican. He had met with fair success in business and was highly esteemed by his neighbors, who respected him for his integrity and upright life. To him and wife were born four children, namely: Jennie, who died in infancy; George; Hester, now Mrs. Van Nortstrand, and John. To the marriage of William Van Norstrand and Hester Powers have been born two children, viz: Louis J., born December 12, 1874, married Minnie Sherman, who has borne him two children, Mamie and William; the father is now engaged in farming in Columbus township; Nealie, born March I9, I879, graduated from the Richmond high school in ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 4o3 1897, and has been a school teacher f6r the past five years, still having her home under the parental roof. Besides assisting his father in clearing off the home farm, William Van Norstrand has cleared up and put under cultivation forty-five of the eighty-five acres which constitute his own farm in Columbus township, which farm he has improved with every modern convenience. He raises the cereals usually grown in this latitude and breeds Durham cattle,Ohio Improved Chester hogs and numbers of sheep, making, annual shipments to market. In I897 Mr. Van Norstrand erected his present dwelling, which is one of the finest in Columbus township, and it may be added, to his credit, that all he owns has been realized through his personal industry and skillful management. It is but proper that brief mention should now be made of Mr. Van Norstrand's military career. At seventeen years of age, yet fired with all the patriotism of an adult, he ran away from home and enlisted at Pontiac, Oakland county. Michigan, in 1863. He was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee and was in the fierce and sanguinary engagements at Nashville under General Thomas, whence he was sent to Chattanooga and took part in that dire conflict; he, in fact, fought all through Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia and for some time was a member of the Ninth Michigan Infantry, the bodyguard of Gen. Thomas, "the bravest of the brave." Mr. Van Norstrand served until September 15, I865, when he was honorably:discharged. On his return to Michigan, Mr. Van Norstrand began his farming career, which, as will be seen by the foregoing narrative, has resulted in success. In politics Mr. Van Norstrand is a Republican, has filled the office of constable two years and of school treasurer three years. In his fraternal relations he is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic post at Richmond and of the Woodmen of the World. GEORGE CLAUSEN. From the countries of the old world we are constantly drawing their strongest and best blood to assimilate with and strengthen our own. When a young man of foreign birth wishes to make a record for himself or to carve out an existence above his present station in life, he turns to the shores of America and begins anew the life, which under new-world conditions he may make and mold as he will. The lives of those who preceded him here are an incentive to him and their success is his beacon light. With even a small stock of energy, a little ability and a great amount of what the world calls "push," any man is able to win for himself a position in life here that, if not exalted, is at least honored. George Clausen was born in Norway, September 2I, 1837, the son of Peter and Martha (Oleson) Clausen, both of Norway, and who, though poor, were honorable. Peter Clausen was a blacksmith in his native country and for many years worked at his trade. In I839 he died and George was left to the care of the mother. Five years after her first husband's death Mrs. Clausen again married, this time becoming the wife of Andrew Emerson, who, being dissatisfied with life in Norway, left his native country in I854 and came to the United States, settling at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he 404 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I worked at ship carpentering. After two years at this occupation he came to St. Clair county and purchased eighty acres of land in Wales township. The land was wild and unpromising, but the sturdy Norwegian kept steadily at work until he had cleared a small patch and.erected a log cabin, into which he moved his family and then began the struggle for life in the new and almost unbroken country. After he had succeeded in clearing a garden plot, the father began to prepare the remainder of the land for cultivation. The timber was removed from the farm and as speedily as possible the crops were gotten in. Some time passed in this way and then the family circle was broken by the death of the parents and the children were without the guiding hand or advice of either father or mother. Mrs. Emerson was the mother of three children by her first marriage, Pauline, deceased; Charles, who married Sarah White, was a farmer in Wales township, but is now deceased, and George. Of the Emerson children there were two, Laura, deceased, was the wife of Oliver Bert, and Olaf, also deceased. George Clausen received a limited education in the old country and lived at home until he was eighteen years of age, when he took employment with A. & H. Fish, of Port Huron, but after employment with this firm for ten years he became a farmer. In I862 Elizabeth Kluken, of Prussia, became his wife. He came to Kimball township in I870 and bought eighty acres of land, erected a log cabin and began to clear the place. By degrees he added to the original purchase until he owned at one time one hundred and twenty acres, but he has of recent years divided his farm between his children, retaining but forty acres for himself. As a general farmer he has been one of the most successful men in the county and he is at all times able to find a ready market for his grains and hay. Cattle, hogs and horses have also taken up a great deal of his attention and he has taken a deep interest in stockraising. His prosperity has been due entirely to his own efforts and no one realizes the value of time profitably spent more than this man, who has had so little to throw away. All of his eight children are living of whom some have married and established homes of their own, the others being still under the parental roof. The children are mentioned as follows: Carrie, the wife of Jacob Metzger, lives at Port H-uron; Martha is the wife of John Bradford and is a resident of Pontiac, Michigan; George was twice married, his first wife be — ing Miss Carrie Merrick; Howe is a farmer in Kimball township; Emma is still at home; Fred married Jessie Hume and is a farmer; Libby is still at home; Herbert married Nellie Malloy and lives in Kimball township, and Walter married Sadie Fish. Mr. Clausen has taken a great interest in political affairs and as a Republican has (lone good work for his party. He has always been a promotor of public improvements and in all local affairs has been a factor. For thirteen years he has held the position of school moderator, to the credit and satisfaction of himself and friends. He is a member of the Lutheran church and is consistent and faithful in the performance of his religious duties. He has always been a hard working man and who by his own integrity has won for himself an enviable position in the community in which he lives. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 405 LEWIS BOURLIER. The habits of industry and thrift in which the foreign-born citizen has been schooled in his native land are a valuable capital to him in his struggle for success in the land of his adoption. He almost invariably succeeds where his native-born neighbor, with equal or even better opportunities, fails. The secret of the one's success and the other's failure is found in the habits of economy and self-denial on the part of the one and on the practice of extravagance and self-indulgence on the part of the other. As a rule foreign-born citizens are commendably saving and nativeborn citizens criminally extravagant. This explains why the gentleman from across the water, after being in this country some time, is fairly well-to-do, while his American cousin, with better opportunities, is chronically hard up. An illustration of the success achieved by persons who come to America to better their condition is furnished in the case of George and Lewis Bourlier, father and son,residents of Ira township, St. Clair county, Michigan, who came to America in I869. George Bourlier and his wife, Julia (Dormand) Bourlier, are natives of France, *as also are their five children, Henry, Peter, Lewis, Charles and Josephine. In November, I869, they emigrated to America. It took thrift and industry and the most rigid economy on their part to save out of their slender earnings in France enough to pay their passage across the ocean and their fare to Detroit. It was done, however, and the day they arrived in Detroit they had seven dollars of a surplus. Small capital, surely, to begin on in a strange country, amidst strange people and where a strange 'language is spoken. If, however, they were short in dollars, they were long in hope, energy and determination. All of the family who were able were immediately put to work at whatever'they could get to do, with the result that in a short time they had a little money and by going in debt for the greater part of the purchase price they were able to get possession of a piece of land on which to begin. On this they built a home and set about clearing it. In his own country George Bourlier had been a farmer, but farming there and in America were vastly different. He was not long, however, in getting a comprehensive knowledge of the language, the ways of the people and their manner of doing things. Little by little his clearing spread until he had more farm land than clearing, more clearing than woods. Meanwhile the family lived in comfort, the children were regularly sent to school and then began the dawn of a better day for the Bourliers. Year by year they added to their possessions until now they are owners of two hundred acres of productive, well improved land, have all the necessary implements for,its cultivation and it is well stocked. George Bourlier, at the age of seventy-two years, still hale and hearty, looks back over his thirty-three years in America and admits that this is a wonderful country. Louis Bourlier, the subject of this sketch, was born in France, August 5, I864, and was only five years old when his father emigrated to this country. When the family settled on the little farm in Ira township the lad went to work in a mill, aiding his father in the work of clearing and improving it. In the winter he attended the district school and applied himself zealously to his studies. 4o6 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.... Vibrating between hard work and hard study, he grew up an earnest, thoughtful youth, with a purpose to accomplish. On May I I, I894, he was united in marriage to Louisa Fortain, daughter of Charles and Mary (Chartier) Fortain. Mr. Fortain is a man in comfortable circumstances, owns a small, well improved farm and is quite prosperous in his business, that of a liquor dealer. Of late years most of the work of the farm devolves upon Lewis. But it moves along as smoothly and as successfully as when his fathergave it more of his immediate attention. Everything about the place indicates prosperity and thrift, even the most cursory observation of the premises convincing one that they are in charge of a thorough farmer. He is a leader and raiser of horses, cattle, hogs and sheep, the Berkshire breed of hogs being his favorite. In politics Mr. Bourlier is a Republican and has served his township a number of years as supervisor and as highway commissioner. He takes quite an active part in politics and wields much influence in local affairs. He is a member of Lakeside Tent No. 158, Knights of Maccabees, holding his membership at New Baltimore. To Mr. and Mrs. Bourlier have been born two children, Julia, October 27, I897, and Russel, September 17, I899. The family are members of and attendants at the Methodist Episcopal church at Starville. JOHN BELL. Whatever opinion the German emigrant may entertain of America, that of his offspring, born on this side of the water, is never otherwise than favorable to the new world. The emigrant, especially he who comes after he has passed the meridan of life, is very apt to contrast the customs he has known and liked in his native land, with the new and unfamiliar ones of this country, and often to the discredit of the latter. With young America, however, no matter what alien nationality he springs from, it is different. He is a born patriot. To him no land is superior to that over which waves the stars and stripes; indeed, it would be difficult to convince him that its equal can be found on the habitable globe. The Bell family, of St. Clair county, Michigan, is of German extraction. The father of the family, Peter Bell, having been born in the valley of the Rhine, February 24, I807. He was the son of Jacob and Gertrude (Swichlish) Bell and the family had been residents of the Rhine valley for many generations. They were the parents of eleven children, none of whom left their native land except Peter Bell, father of the subject. In his native land Peter Bell received the benefits of a good common school education, and was a strong, robust youth of good habits, enterprising and thrifty. He worked hard and saved his money until he was thirty-two years of age, when, in February, I839, he was united in marriage to Miss Gertrude Grandamacher, the daughter of a good old German family, natives of the same region as was the Bell family. Three years later, in 1842, Peter Bell and wife decided to seek their fortune in America. Accordingly they took passage in a vessel sailing from the nearest German port, this being some time before the era of steam navigation. The vessel in which they embarked was small, not any too seaworthy, and the voyage was long and stormy, and ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 407 they were more than nine weeks on the ocean before sighting land. New York city was their destination and there they landed after being cooped up in the steerage of the little vessel for sixty-five days. The beauties of America's metropolis had no charm for them. Their means were limited and they hastened on to Detroit, and from there came to St. Clair county, where Mr. Bell had relatives at that time. All the money they had they invested in a tract of forty acres of land. It was wild, rough and covered chiefly with heavy timber. A small log cabin was erected, which made them a home. By working for other people and clearing their own land they managed to get along nicely until I848, when they sold out their little farm at a good price. Just at this time the tide of emigration was turned in the direction of Wisconsin. Some of the stories of the fabulous richness of that country had reached the ears of the credulous German, Peter Bell, and, being a man of decision and energy, he soon had his family, consisting of a wife and several children, on the way to the new region, W\isconsin. Their experience was most disheartening. In traversing that region, seeking a location, the entire family came near drowning in one of the swollen streams. The wildness of the home they left was as nothing compared to that of the region to which they had come. Such a luxury as a road at that time had never been seen in that wilderness and all the time they were there the rain was incessant. Discouraged beyond measure, the wretched family, drenched to the skin, at length turned their faces eastward and began their weary journey back again to their Michigan home. When next Mr. Bell appeared to St. Clair county with his family he was penniless. He had had a hard and bitter experience, for which he dearly paid, and the lesson was not lost upon him. He procured employment for himself and wife at thirteen dollars a month and for a time they were puzzled as to what disposition they should make of their children. At that time the Indians were peaceable and friendly, so the boys and girls of the Bell family were turned loose with the Indian papooses and an accommodating old squaw volunteered to see that none of them got into mischief. In this. way the family managed to get along and save a little money. Finally they felt justified in buying eighty acres of land, going in debt for the greater part of the purchase price. It was located in St. Clair township, leing a part of section 28, and a home was built on this land, which they proceeded to clear and improve. In time the chil — dren grew up and became valuable assistants to their parents. The farm was gradually added to, until it consisted of one hundred and eighty acres, which were splendidly improved and well stocked. To Mr. and Mrs. Peter Bell eleven chil(ren were born, viz: Christina, deceased; Catherine; Peter, a farmer living in St. Clair township; Annie, deceased; Joseph, employed in St. Clair; John died when young; Mary, deceased; Clara; John, the subject of this sketch; Augustus, who resides in Wyandotte. The family are members of the Catholic church and regular attendants upon its services. Politically Mr. Bell was a Republican and although interesting himself much in the success of his party, never sought or accepted any office. He was a man who had accomplished much by hard work, prudence and good manage 408 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ment. He died February 20, 1884, just as he was closing his seventy-seventh year. John Bell was the ninth child of the family of Peter and Gertrude Bell and was born in St. Clair county, Michigan, September 23, I860. His education was procured in attendance upon the district schools of his native township. He was a good student and an extensive reader, well informed upon almost any subject. His early life was passed at home, in hard work upon the parental farm. On November 28, I888, he was united in marriage to Miss Catherine Kelly, a well educated and accomplished young lady of St. Clair. She is the daughter of Michael and Catherine (Needham) Kelly, natives of Ireland, who located in St. Clair county nearly half a century ago. Michael Kelly was only fourteen years of age when he arrived alone in America, and he remained in the employment of one man, D. Sheldon, in the tannery at St. Clair, for forty-five years. Mr. an(d Mrs. Kelly are the parents of five children, viz: John, who lied in 1902; Thomas lives in St. Clair; Mary A\. resides in St. Clair; Catharine is the wife of the sul)ject; Timothy died in April, 1902. To Mr. and Mrs. John Bell no children have been born. Immediately after their marriage Mr. and MArs. Bell took up their residence on the farm upon which they now reside. Farming is the business which he has followed all his life, and that he has made a success of it, the broad, well cultivated fields which he owns amply attest. They own in all two hundred and twenty-eight acres, about one hundred and twenty of which are in a fine state of cultivation. He raises all kinds of grain, vegetables and fruits and breeds and feeds horses, cattle and hogs. He is a Re publican, a Catholic and a Maccabee. In 1893 he met with a very serious financial loss in the burning of his barn. It was w.ell stored with grain and hay and contained agricultural implements, among them a valuable separator, besides eight cows and seven head of young cattle, all of which were totally destroyed. It was a loss well calculated to discourage any one in moderate circumstances, but Mr. Bell bore the loss bravely. He had the barn rebuilt the same year and otherwise repaired his loss as far as possible. Twice he has met with personal accidents which very nearly resulted in his death. In I897 he fell from a scaffold in his barn and receive'd injuries that laid him up for a long time. In I898 a team of horses that he was driving indulged in a runaway andl he was thrown from the wagon while crossing the bridge. His injuries were quite severe, but he almost miraculously escaped with his life. He has strong faith in an overruling provi(ience and is confident that no accident can prove fatal to him. As a citizen and neighbor Mr. Bell has no superior within the limits of St. Clair county..THOMAS WILKS. A thrifty and skillful farmer of Fort Gratiot township, St. Clair county, Michigan, where he stands among the township's prominent citizens, Thomas Wilks, a native of England, was born in Worchester, April IO, 1831, a son of Thomas and Jane (Mansell) Wilks, the former of whom was born in Worchester and the latter in Staffordshire. Thomas Wilks, Sr., who was ST. CLAIR COUN a tailor and draper, was a son of William \Vilks, and with the latter the subject lived, after his parents' deaths, until thirteen years old(, lwhen he was bound out to learn the blacksmith's trade. In I844 young Thomas came to America with his master and fainily, who settled twenty miles northeast of Toronto, but the subject hadl drawn one goo(l breath of freedom in the New W\orld, although he was still under the Britisl) flag, an(l longe(l for a fuller draft of free air, and consequently sought it 1)y running away from1 his Englislh master. lHe worked at shoemaking a year, thein secure(l work on a farm, whlere he obtained a fair insight into lthe mlysteries of farmling. In I85I lie came to Michigan, and worked in the woods near Lexilngton, Sanilac county, one winter, then eniigagel in saw-lnmilling an(l l)oat-loa(ling. Later he returned to Canala, to try to collect somne l)ack salary that was clue him, iremaining in the dolinionll until i866, wlhen lie came back to Salilac county, Michigan, and here lived until 88o0. In the nmeantinme, however, he had purchased his present farm ill Fort Gratiot township, of which llc cleared upl about twenty acres, set out an orchard in I879, otherwise improveed it, anl ha(l it rea(ly for the occuplancy of his famnily the following year. 1Mr-. \Vilks was married ill Canada in July, 1853. to Nancy Reece, of Bufordl, wllo llas borne him fourteen children, Nviz: Jane married Robert Marcot, a contractor at Port Huron; Emilima became the Nwife of Henry Woodruff, of Huron county, Michigan; James is a farmer of Sanilac county; William Henry is farming in Brockxvay township, St. Clair county; Mary married William Jones, of Fort Gratiot township; Martha is the wife of David Herrick, of [TY, MICHIGAN. 4.09 Kenockee township; Thomas is a farmer in Fort Gratiot township; Jonathan follows the same calling in the same township; Elizabeth is deceased; Hiram is deceased; Alice married George Conat, also a farmer in Fort Gratiot townlship; Charles, who is marrie(l to Hattie Dobson, is managing the lhome farm for his father; Nellie is the wife of John Stevenson, of Burtchville towvnship; Adla is now teaching her fourth term in Brockway tonwnship. In politics Mr. Wilks is a Reptublican, andl takes great interest ill to+wn affairs. For several vears he has serve(l as roadl commissioner and( has filled tlhe office of justice of the peace four terms,:1oCV being on his seventeenth year. In reliiio, hlie is a MNlethodist. W\\en Mr. \\Wilks purchased the eight — acre farm- on N~which he nowx resides in Fort (-ratiot to(wnship it wras conl)letely covered \-itll timber. and no imlprovemnents \whatever lhadl been put pl)on the place. He has it not only cleared off, but has erected a fine dwelling an(l w-ell-luilt b)arns and outbuildings of solid construction. He carries on general farming an(l dlairying, and pri(les himself Col his butter, of x-hich he makes a slpecialty, supl)lying many l)rivate customers. Everything al)out the place denotes care and( goodl management, and when it is rememlbered that Mr. WVilks started in life a p)(:or boy, there is certainly not a neighbor Nlwho will not rejoice in his present prosperity, for he is truly respected by all who knowv him. The success of Mr. ~Wilks as an agriculturist is made the more surprising from the fact that he was not born on a farm, and consequently had no paternal instruction in rustic pursuits, such as is given to farmers' sons, and that his skill and knowledge in this line have been acquired 410 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. -- -- through personal observation and close attention to the practices of intelligent farmers with whom he has come in contact, and thus he has benefited himself without trouble or detriment to any one else. HON. FRANK WHIPPLE. It is a satisfaction to prepare and a pleasure to peruse the record of a well-spent life. There is profit to the living in becoming familiar with the labor and accomplishments, during their lifetime, of the worthy dead. "Lives of great.men all remind us we can make our lives sublime," and spur us on to greater effort to benefit ourselves, our neighbors and the world. If it could be truthfully said of all of us, at our death, that the world had been benefited by our having lived in it, death might be robbed of many of its terrors. When Hon. Frank Whipple, the subject of this review, passed to his eternal reward, the sorrowing relatives, friends and the community generally knew that he had performed his life work well and that the world was indeed far better for the sixtythree years that he spent in it. Hon. Frank Whipple was born at Grafton, Vermont, March 7, I838. Only a very minor part of his youth was spent in his native state, the family moving soon after his birth to Saratoga Springs, New York, where they resided until I856, when they moved to Hillsdale, Michigan. There the subject of this review found employment, clerking in a drug store, in which position he continued for about five years. August 21, I86I, he became a Federal soldier, by enlisting in Company B, First Regiment Michigan Volunteers, known as Berdar's Sharpshooters. He entered as a private, in which capacity he served until March, 1863, when he was promoted to second lieutenant and in June, I864, was commissioned first lieutenant of Company B, First Regiment Michigan Sharpshooters. He served gallantly during both periods of his enlistment and was mustered out in December, 1864. His first enlistment was in the three-months service, at the expiration of which time he enlisted for three years, or during the war. Returning from the front immediately upon his discharge, Mr. Whipple came to St. Clair, then the county seat, where he located and engaged in the real estate and abstract business. In I866, when the county seat was moved to Port Huron, the requirements of his business made it necessary for him to change his residence to the latter place. There he entered the office of A. E. Chadwick, a lawyer of ability and some prominence, when he very assiduously pursued the study of law. Zeal and industry were prominent traits in the character of Mr. Whipple, and he studied to fit himself for the bar with an earnestness which few students are capable of, and later becoming a professional man, by being admitted to practice law in the courts of the state, and subsequently being retained in nearly every piece of important litigation that arose in the southern and eastern parts of the state. The death of Judge Vance in April, I900, left a vacancy on the bench of the circuit court, and the legal ability, learning and experience of Hon. Frank Whipple were readily recognized by the governor of the state, who appointed him to the vacant place. Soon thereafter he assumed the duties of the office, and discharged them so acceptably FRANK WHIPPLE. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 4I I that in November of the same year he was elected to the position without opposition. The Democratic party paid him the wellmerited compliment of naming no candidate to oppose him. But a most brilliant career as a jurist was cut short by death in less than a year after his election. He died August i, 901o, sincerely mourned not only by the people of St. Clair county, but of every section of the state where litigants had availed themselves of his talents. In every position that he filled in life he performed his duty nobly and well. As a soldier he was all that could be desired, as a lawyer he zealously guar(led the honor of his profession, and as a jurist, justice found in him one of her most conscientious preservers. PATRICK B. FERGUS. Usually the successful man is not only )rovident, but even parsimonious. Those w-ho are really genial and generous rarely accumulate much. Indeed it is common to find them in their declining years in straightened circumstances, badly in need of a little of the much they have given away. Poverity and generosity are twin brothers, while affluence and avarice are very nearly related. Occasionally a person encounters a character in which generosity and provi(lence are so nicely balanced and united that it would be difficult to tell where the one stopped and the other began. When you meet such an individual you may rest assured that you have found one in whom human perfection has begun and made much plrogress. Patrick B. Fergus, a resident of Grant 25 township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is the subject of this sketch. If there is one leading characteristic of his nature it is generosity, but while free and open, it is so tempered by his common sense, that he has managed to retain enough to keep from want himself and those depending upon him for support. His lungs were first inflated with the breath of life in Belmullet, in the county of Mayo, Ireland, on the IIth day of May, 1836. He was the son of William and Sarah (Minahan) Iergus, natives of the city of Belfast. \Villiam was in the employ of a transportation company as agent or foreman for the loa(ling and unloading of their ships. In the execution of his duties, accompanied by his brothers, Patrick, Faro and Edward, he moved his family froml his native city to the county of Mayo, where Patrick, the subject of this sketch, was born. In i86i the family emigrated to Anerica, in a sailing vessel, being six weeks in making the voyage. They landed in New York city and were not long in making their way to St. Clair county, where they purchased eighty acres of land, in section 26, Grant township. A log cabin was built in which the family lived until 1883, when the present commodious frame structure was erected. With youth, strength and Irish energy, the junior male members of the family were not long in clearing the land, making a good farm out of the wilderness. William and Sarah (Minahan) Fergus were the parents of six children, namely: Edward, Faro, Patrick, Jane, Sarah and Catherine, all of whom are now clead except Patrick, the subject of this sketch. Three years after coming to America, ill I864, the father of this family breathed his last. He was a man of much 412 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ability, native intelligence and fair education. He was very particular to see that each of his children had the opportunity of acquiring some learning, all being well versed in the common school branches. After the death of her husband Mrs. Fergus adopted a boy, Thomas Minahan, the child of a near relative, and reared him to manhood as if he were her own son. He is now a prosperous man, living in Sanilac county, Michigan, and it was at his home she (lied some years ago. Patrick B. Fergus, the subject of this sketch, resided with his parents until the death of his father. It was by him that most of the clearing of the land was done and the improvements made. He was an expert with an ax, and it was beneath his sturdy blows that the giants of the forest were swelt from the Fergus farm. He cut and marketed a great deal of cordwood during the Civil war, and it was from this source that much of the family supplies were procure( during that period of inordinately high prices. At the settlement of his father's estate, by dealing liberally, even generously, with the other heirs, he secured the eighty acres of land which comprised the home place, and has added to it, from time to time, until he nowN owvns two hundred and sixty acres. On August i, I866, he was united in marriage to Dora Fleming, a native of Canada, but of Irish parentage. To them have been born several children, viz: William, Peter, Edward, Faro and Dora. William died at the age of fourteen years; Faro is a school teacher of St. Clair county, and the other children are still at home with their parents. Educationally, physically and intellectually each of the children is well equipped for the battle of life. In politics Mr. Fergus is a Democrat, but has never aspired to any public position whatever. In religion he is a Catholic and a liberal contributor to the support of the church, as he is to every worthy cause. His life has been one of long and patient toil, from which many others have benefited, through his liberality, far more than he has himself. He is a man who never sees human suffering or privation without a desire to relieve it, and if the victim happens to be one in whose veins circulates the same blood as his own, even though the relationship were remote, he has never yet been so needy himself that he would not give of his substance for the relief of his kinsman. One single gift of a farm that he presented to his brother cost him twelve hundred dollars. Personally 1Mr. Fergus is genial and companionable, quick in wit and ready in conversation. The dry humor of many of his daily utterances are well worthy of preservation. He has read much, and his memory of all that has come under his olservation is most remarkable. There is no brighter, better or more popular family in Grant township than that of Patrick B. Fergus. HENRY HOOD. In these days of steamboats, locomotives and electric cars, it would be a strange sight to see a farmer carrying on his back to market the product of his fields. We often hear of such things, but rarely get the actual facts from the parties themselves or those under whose immediate observation the thing occurred. Assurance, however, is given that the first year after their location in St. Clair ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 413 county the parents of Henry Hood, the subject of this sketch, carried upon their backs to the market the grain that they raised. This was away back in I86I, when there were few roads and scarcely any railroads in so(utheastern Michigan. Henry Hood was born in Ontario, Can-;:(la, April 30, I857, and was the son of Eriist Hood and wife, both of whom were nati -es of Germany. They emigrated from tlIeir home in Mecklenburg-Schwerin to \America in I854, locating in Ontario, where tlhey remained for seven years. At the time that he came to America Ernest Hood had II( particular trade, but he found employlient in a shingle factory, and during his stay in the dominion became quite expert in the manufacture of shingles. It was in Miarch, I86I, at a time when political excitement was fervid in the United States, that the Hood family move(l to Michigan ai(d located in section I8, Mussey township. 1\ven at that time there were portions cfi St. Clair county into which civilization lhad scarcely plenetrated, and tile portion of Mussey township where tle Hood family located was of that cliaracter. There was abundance of game, andl the streams, lakes and ponds were practically alive with fish. They purchased 'eighty acres of land, erected a humble home an(l proceeded to make the best of the situatin. The first crop raised on their little clearing was wheat, and after threshing it (ut with a flail, Ernest Hood and his wife c(l-rie(l the grain on their backs to Capac, thrlee and a half miles, to have it ground into fl(ur. To show the backward condition of tie country at that time, it is proper to state tlhat Mr. Hood worked industriously for weven years to get a road from his home to the main thoroughfare. In politics Ernest Hood was a Republican and an active worker, but never sought any public position for himself. He and his wife were both members of the Evangelical Association and were active. workers in religious circles. He.(lied June 14, I88I, but she still lives at the old home. Their two children were Elizabeth, who died at the age of six years, and Henry, the subject of this sketch. Mrs. Hood was a widow and the mother of four daughters and two sons when she married Mr. Hood. The early Ayears of Henry Hood's life were spent with his father on the farm. He was a faithful, ildustrious boy, and labored hard to better the condition of the family. A.s soon as lie was able to work, the entire lal)or of the farm (devolve(1 upon him, and he was benefited by the responsibility to which he was subjected. It made him more industrious than lie mighlt otherwise have been, and caused him to be more studious and attentive to the affairs of the place. On Octol)er 29, I88o. lie was united in marriage to Miss Frederika Zuhlle, whose father was William Zuhllke, a native of (ermanv and a prosperolus farmer of Imlay township, Lapeer county, hIichigan. To this marriage ten children were bo)rn, viz: Ernest, Elizabeth, Emma, Samuel, Minnie, Frank, Henry, Mary, \Veslev and Norman Reuben. Elizabeth, Emma and Minnie are proficient in music. Henry Hood is an up-to-date farmer, the owner of one hundred and twenty acres of land, ninety of which is under cultivation. He conducts two branches of husbandry, cultivating the soil and breeding and feeding stock. He is a believer in the policy of allowing the stock to eat up all that is 414 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. produced on the farm. Durham cattle, coarse-wool sheep, horses and hogs are the species of animal kept on the place. He always keeps a number of brood mares, from which he has raised some excellent colts, which make fine' work horses for general utility. He and his wife are both members of the Evangelical Association and active in the faith. In politics he is a Republican, at the present time serving his second term as highway commissioner, and he has also served two terms as school inspector. He has never sought office of any kind, which accounts for his not having occupied more positions of trust and profit. He is a memler of the Grange, and influential among members of the order. From a very small beginning he has accomplished much. When the family first located in St. Clair county most of the rea(ly money that came to their hands was secured by picking cranberries. The mother was an expert in the matter of spinning and knitting, and most of the clothing of the family for years was the product of her whed. In those (lays no one ever thought of wearing socks or stockings other than those made at home or in the immeliate neighborhood, and Mrs. Hood did the knitting for the entire family. The life of Mr. Hood has been a hard and trying one, despite which he is one of the most pleasant, genial and accomplished gentlemen one could wish to meet. He is well liked among all classes, and particularly popular in his immediate neighborhood. JOSEPH PORTER. Prominence is attained only by the exercise of certain distinguishing qualities and is not retained without effort. Those who have wrought great and epoch-making changes in the history of the world, have in early life given their undivided attention to that preparation that would fit them for this great life work. That life is the most useful and the most to be desired which results in good to the greatest number, and though not all of those who aspire to greatness ever reach the degree of prominence they have dreamed of, yet in a small degree each can be prominent in the community to which he belongs. In the life of the subject of this sketch there is much which is commendable to his associates and to the world at large and he has gained a position of prominence in his county which is indeed flattering. Joseph Porter, one of the most prominent citizens of St. Clair county and a son of John and Jane (Atcheson) Porter, was born in county Armagh, Ireland, July 18, I835. The parents were well educated and prosperous people of the Emerald Isle and came with their children to this continent in I845. After a tedious voyage of seveni weeks on board a sailing vessel they landed in Canada and settled in Middlesex county. Here the father bought a farm of one hundred acres and farmed the place until 1853, when they came to Port Huron township and bought forty acres in section 6. This land was partially cleared and the father at once began farming the place. From the first the family was prosperous and although the hardships were great, they had not nearly so much difficulty in making a living as some of their less fortunate neighbors. It was on this farm that the family of seven children were reared and here they received much of their early training. Thomas A., deceased, was a farmer at St. Louis, Michigan; Bettie Ann, the wife of John J. Camp ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 4I5 field, is living in this state; Jane, the widow (f Robert Stein, lives at Port Huron; Josel)h, the subject, is a farmer in Port Huron township; Susan, widow of Henry Warren, leceased, lives also in this state; Robert J. is a farmer and gardener at Port Huron and John WV., deceased, was a banker at Port tltron. The children began their education in the schools of their native country and finished in the township schools of America. The father was a very finely educated man and imparted much of his knowledge to his children, which gave them the advantage of being able to obtain more than could be receive(d from the district schools which they attended. Mr. Porter was a Republican and -gave much of his time to political affairs. He was a great student of social problems andl in all affairs concerning a community lie was well informed. He never aspired to office and all his time was given to pronmoting the interests of some worthy office seeker and to bettering his county. As a church member he wxas very influential and was an ardent suporter of the Presbyterian faith. No man in the county had more friends or was more respected than was John 1'o(rter and when his death occurred, April 22, I86I, the township and county indeed lost a good man. Mrs. Porter survived her hlusland but one year, her demise occurring A\ril 21, I862. At the age of nineteen the subject left the home of his parents and, on the I4th of l'ebruary, 1856, started for California. He settled in Placer county, where he remained for four years, being engaged in the mining andl lumbering business during that time. He finally tired of that country and returned to Port Huron township, St. Clair county, Michigan. It took him five months to make the return trip and after reaching home he remained with his parents for two years, when he again became dissatisfied and went to Saginaw county, Michigan, where he engaged in the lumbering business, remaining there for nineteen years and acquiring considerable property. He possessed a large lumber business, some farm land and business property. June 29, I863, he united in marriage with Miss Matilda Beach, who was born in Port Huron township July 23, I839. She was a daughter of Luscius Beach, one of the early settlers of St. Clair county, the Beach family having come to this county in 1826. The subject and his wife are the parents of two children, George B., born May 19, I864, and Jennie M., born December 27, I866, both of whom are single an(l living with their parents. After nineteen years spent away from his home county the subject again returned and took up his residence on a farm. He first bought fifty-three acres, which formed the nucleus of the present home. Gradually he has adde(l to his possessions in this county until he now owns two hundred acres of valuable land in the home farm. He is in possession of other farm lands and also property in Port Huron and carries on general farming, stock raising and fruit growing. His orchards are unsurpassed and his small fruits, of which he makes a specialty, are the finest in this section of the country. The grain and hay from his farm always bring good prices and his cattle, hogs and horses are of the best breeds. He is a raiser of shorthorn and Polled Angus cattle and also of Poland China hogs, though his fine horses are the special feature of his farm. Mr. Porter has always been a politician and has taken a deep interest in all local, 416 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. as well as national affairs. He is a Republican and has for years been one of the sub — stantial supporters of his party. Never having aspired to office, he has given his aid to those of his acquaintances who were in need of it and has been instrumental in electing many worthy candidates to office. His first vote was cast on the Republican ticket for Abraham Lincoln. He has been a member of the school board and has in other ways been identified with public works. In his fraternal relations he is very popular and is considered one of the strongest members of Pine Grove Lodge No. II, F. & A. M. He is one of the best known and most prominent men of St. Clair county and is much respected by his associates. He is a man of intelligence, is well informed on the issues of the day and as a citizen he adds to the influence of the community. WILLIAM N. WARNER. William N. Warner was born in Livingston county, New York, April 29, I82I, and is a son of John and Arabella (Tinker) Warner. His father was born in Canaan, New York, and was in Buffalo, New York, in I812, where he was drafted to serve in the war of that year and on that account lost his property. He was a tanner and furrier by trade and opened a tannery at Lima, New York, where he died in 1882, aged eighty-seven years. He had a family of five children, Lavina, Harriett, Stephen, William and Tyler. William N. Warner was married October 7, 1841, to Miss Amanda Warner, daughter of Frederick and Deborah (Evass) Warner, of Lima, New York. Frederick Warner was a farmer, who came to Michigan and remained two years, and then returned to his home in New York. He had a family of nine children, Matthew, Elizabeth, Amanda, Frederick, Henry, James, Mary J., Huldah and Belona. William N. Warner and wife have one child, Alice E., who married Frank J. Groat, a merchant at Lansing, Michigan. They have a family of three children, Harry, Mattie and Alice. Mr. Warner has sixty acres of land, all under cultivation. He has cleared up over a hundred acres of land and has done a great deal of teaming, having hauled flour to the canal at Pittsford, Michigan. He follows a system of mixed farming, raising cattle, sheep and hogs. He is a Republican in his political affiliations and a member of the Methodist Protestant church, being an active worker in the religious field. He came to St. Clair county in I870, having formerly been a resident of Lapeer county, Michigan, where he lived five years, coming from New York at the close of the war. He is spending his remaining days in a very pleasant home near Smith, in Berlin township, as a retired farmer. HENRY KINGSLEY. The importance that attaches to the lives, character and work of the early settlers of a country, and the influence they have exerted upon the cause of humanity and civilization is one of the most absorbing themes that can possibly attract the attention of the local chronicler or historian. If great and beneficial results-those that endure at d ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 4I7 - bless mankind-are the proper measure of the good men do-then who is there in the world's history that may take their places above the hardy pioneer. To point out the way, to make possible our present advancing civilization, its happy homes, its arts and sciences, its discoveries and inventions, its education, literature, culture, refinement and social life and joy, is to be the truly great benefactors of mankind for all time. This was the great work accomplished by the early settlers, and it is granted by all that they builded more wisely than they knew. Even though few ever appreciated in the smallest way the transcendant possililities that rested on their shoulders, and though their lives, in certain instances, were somewhat narrow, and that they realized but vaguely the great results that ultimatelv crovwned their efforts, yet there exists the fact that they followed their restless impulses, took their lives in their hands, and, penetrating the wilderness, worked out their allotted tasks with unparalleled and patient energy, resolution and self-sacrifice, accomplished their destinies, and today their descendants and others enjoy undisturbed the fruitage of their labors. Henry Kingsley was born in Clyde township, St. Clair county, Michigan, Miarch 2, 1836, and is the son of Solomon and Parnell (Beard) Kingsley, of Addison county, Vermont. The father was born March ol, I807, and came to Detroit, Michigan, in I830. Later he came to this county and worked for Judge Bunce for one year. Leaving the Judge, he entered the employ of Ai Beard, with whom he remained until 1838, when he located on the farm now occupied by his son Henry, the deced for which was signed by President Martin Van Buren, August 27, I837. Mr. Kingsley moved to Clyde township July 9, 1838, and first built a cabin, after which during the summer he cleared his land and in the winter months worked in the timber. He was industrious and prosperous, from the first, receiving many honors from his neighbors and friends. He was justice of the peace and road commissioner, and also held other offices. At his death, which occurred March 2, I880, he left property to the amount of sixteen thousand dollars to be divided among his children. His wife had preceded him to the better home, her death having occurred June 25, I879. Five children were born to them: Caroline, who died in I866, at the age of thirty-three years; Henry; Asahel, a resident of Clyde township; Mary, deceased, and Emeline, the wife of John Gardner, also of Clyde township. Henry Kingsley attended the schools of the township in which he was reared, and also the schools of Port Huron, and after he had completed his education began farming on the home place. He remained with his father until the call for volunteers in the Civil war, when he laid aside his farming tools and became a soldier. He enlisted in Company K, Second Michigan Cavalry, August 17, i86I, remaining in the service but six months, when he was discharged at St. Louis on account of disability. After his discharge he returned again to the farm, where he remained until his marriage, October ii, 1864, to Miss Mary A. Saville, of Portland, Maine. To this union four children were born, Jessie, who died in infancy; Carrie, residing at home; Hattie B., who died October 20, I888, at nineteen years of age, and Mabel C., who 4T8 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I died November I5, I888, at the age of thirteen. Besides their own children, an orphan boy, Robert Burns, came into the fanlily at fourteen years of age, remaining till his death, at the age of twenty years and six months, on the 9th of November, I888, of typhoid fever, that scourge taking three from the midst of an interesting family, He was a most excellent boy, and proved as (lear and true as a real son. Legal forms were about to be executed for his adoption when he passed away. Mrs. Kingsley is the daughter of James and Mary (Radford) Saville. The mother was born in October, 1817, and her husband was seventeen years her senior, being born in November, 1800. Mr. Saville was a shoemaker, and worked at this trade for some years, when he became interested in vessels at Portland, Maine. As a young man he had gone to Maine, but in 1856, having a desire to see the West, he left the Pine Tree state and came to Michigan, where he located in Ruby, Clyde township. Here he settled his family, and in 1857, one year after he had left the state of his youthful adoption, he opened a store in Ruby. He was also the postmaster at Ruby until his death, in I879. His wife survived him nine years, her death occurring in I888. Mrs. Kingsley's paternal grandfather, Capt. James Saville, was a vessel owner of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. By his first marriage, t(o Judith Ellery, James Saville was the father of six children; four died young, the others being Captain Edmund Saville, of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, who was lost with his vessel, which was wrecked on the coast within a half day's sail of home; and Ada M., the wife of F. O. Reynolds, post master and railway agent at Atkins, Michigan. Mrs. Kingsley's maternal grandfather was Daniel Bradford, also of Portland, Maine, who was a cabinetmaker, and married Dorcas Barton, also of Portland. They were the parents of eight children, Daniel, Joseph, James, Charles, Benjamin, Jane, Francis and Mary. To the parents of Mrs. Kingsley were also born six children: James, a druggist and mine owner of Denver, Colorado; Mary A.; Walter Scott, deceased; Rhoda E., the wife of George Mickle, of Kansas City, Kansas; Frank, deceased, and Edith, who is the wife of William Bailey, of Port Huron. Mr. Kingsley has always been a follower of general farming, and has been exceedingly prosperous. His three hundred and twenty acres of land are largely devoted to stock raising. His grains are always marketable, and his hogs, cattle and sheep are of the finest breeds. In political affairs he has always been active, and the Democratic party, of which he is a member, has in him an able advocate. He has held several offices, among which were deputy sheriff, justice of the peace, drainage commissioner and school officer. He has also been identified with the musical affairs of the county, having organized and drilled a singing class for some years, and for thirty years he was choir leader in the Methodist church. Mrs. Kingsley is a member of the Universalist church, and among the most active of its members. The subject and his family are among the best known and most respected people of the county. They are kindly neighbors, excellent citizens and intelligent thinkers, thus possessing those attributes which win the highest regard of their friends and neighbors. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 419 BENJAMIN SEIDEL. In driving through Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and noticing the splendid, well-improved farms on every hand, a person would never suspect that less than fifty years ago the whole face of the country was one vast wilderness, a trackless forest, in going through which the early settler had to carry an ax to "blaze" his way in order to escape getting lost. Such, however, is the fact. When the parents of Benjamin Seidel, the subject of this sketch, located near Ridgeway, in 1852, they had to "blaze" a trail from their humble home to the nearest home. Benjamin Seidel, of Mussey township, was born near Ridgeway, September 17, I860. His parents were both natives of Germany. They emigrated to the United States in 1852, went to Macomb county and located near Ridgeway, where they secured eighty acres of land, all in the dense woods. They built a home and resided on this place for a period of ten years. They had their little farm nearly all cleared and well improved, when they sold it in I862. They first moved to Memphis, Michigan, then to Illinois, where they remained two years. Returning to Michigan, they remained a year at Memphis, when they came to Capac and bought eighty acres of land in Mussey township. The land was wild, well wooded, and game was plentiful. By this time the boys were able to do considerable hard work, and upon them devolved part of the task of clearing the land. Industry was one of the cardinal virtues of Mr. Seidel, and he took particular pains to see that his boys were imbued with much of his own spirit. Under these circumstances it may be inferred that the land did not remain wooded very long. Youth and strength and industry soon made a farm out of the last land purchased. April 5, I895, Mrs. Seidel departed this life, deeply mourned, particularly by her children, to whom she had always been a most kind and indulgent mother. After the death of his wife the father moved to Owosso, Michigan, where he married again, and where he is now living a retired life. He and his first wife were the parents of fifteen children, six of whom are dead.' The others are all good, moral, useful men and women, each enjoying a fair measure of prosperity.. A good common school education was the chief capital Benjamin Seidel had to start with in life. He worked with his father until he was thirty-five years of age, when he was united in marriage to Miss Anna Cain, a lady of good education and many accomplishments. She is the daughter of Charles Cain, one of the successful farmers of Mussey township. To them have been born two children, one of whom died in infancy. The other is Herbert, a bright, interesting boy, born April Io, 1897. Mr. Seidel had bought his present farm near the old home, one and a quarter miles wNest of Capac, some six years before. He had about fifteen acres cleared and a house and barn erected. He now has fiftyfive acres in cultivation and devotes his attention entirely to the farm. In politics Mr. Seidel is a Republican, but in local affairs he is more particular about the man than the party. He is a Woodman, and takes much interest in the work of fraternal organization. He has been a very successful in his business of farming and stock raising. He has no use for sheep, but horses, cattle and hogs all receive a portion 420 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN... of his attention. Personally he is a genial, kind, warm-hearted man, who has few, if any, enemies and a host of friends. SIMON M. BAKER. More is heard of the strenuous life today, perhaps, than ever before. Yet it may be truthfully said that to one strenuous life today there were fifty a half century ago. The pioneer settler of southeastern Michigan, if asked to define such a life, need only answer you by pointing to the events in his own career. One of these settlers is the subject of this sketch, Simon Baker, of Marine City, St. Clair county, Michigan. He was the son of Rowling Baker, a native of Nova Scotia born October 5, I834, who in his youth was brought by his parents to the state of New York, locating at (swego, where he became expert as a carpenter and builder. Here he married Miss Susan Rouse. They were the parents of four children, Deborah Ann, Andrew, Simon and Elizabeth, the older two of whom are dead. In I842 Rowling Baker moved his family to East Oxford, Ontario, where he purchased sixty acres of land, built a home upon it, cleared and improved it, and on this he resided until I86i, when he sold it and moved to Wood county, Ohio, where he died. Mrs. Baker died at the home of her son in Marine City, Michigan. Simon Baker, the subject of this sketch, was born in Oswego, New York, October 5, I835. He was only five years old when the family moved to Canada. At the age of eleven he left home and started out to make his own way in the world. Anxious for an education, and knowing that the best way to get a knowledge of the world was by coming in contact with it, he traveled about a great deal. Each winter he made it convenient to be where he could attend school. Being at so much trouble to attend, it is safe to say that he profited by it. He served a three-years apprenticeship at London, Canada, acquiring a knowledge of the trade of a wheelwright. For twenty years he sailed on the lakes, more than half of this time being pilot or master. Wearying of life on the water, April I4, I86o, he abandoned the ship and took up the calling of a wagonmaker. His previous knowledge of the wheelwright trade was of much use to him in this vocation. But he found it no easy task to wean himself from the waves, so he again became a sailor and followed the lakes until I879, when he turned his back upon them with a firm determination never to return. On December 3, 1853, Simon Baker was united in marriage to Miss Beulah Blanchard, of Marine City, the daughter of Ebenezer and Lydia Blanchard. To this marriage ten children have been born, viz: Lydia married G. W. Day, a ship carpenter, of Algonac, Michigan, and has one child, Robert B.; Rowling G., a jeweler in Lenox, married Hattie Sullivan, of Detroit, and has one child, Lina I.; he is a deputy grand master of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and also a Mason; Wellington S. married Almira L. Cottrell, and has four children, John S., Mary C., George C. and Franklin M.; he has always been interested in business with his father, and is worshipful master of Sam Ward Lodge, F. & A. M.; Calvin A. is by trade a carpenter, married Maggie Rush, of Marine City, and ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I 421 is past noble grand of the local lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; George W., a teamster in Marine City, married Martha Noarling and has one son, Curtis W.; Franklin E., who is city marshal of Marine City, married Nellie Duke, and has one child, Gertrude; Henry B.; William A. married Martha Zinke; Cora E. married Fred C. D. Larke, a printer of Rogers City, Michigan; Carrie E. lives at home with her parents. Mr. Baker is a member of Sam Ward Lodge No. 62, F. & A. M., at Marine City, and of Sam Ward Chapter No. I28, also Bell River Lodge No. 66, I. O. 0. F. For many years he has been a member of an(l an attendant upon the services of, the Methodist Episcopal church. The family is distinctively Republican, not only believing in the principles of that party, but expressing their belief in the most effective way at the polls. Mr. Baker is now serving his fourth term as a justice of the peace. At the time Mr. Baker gave up sailing for the last time, an industry that promised to be remunerative in Marine City was the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds. The mechanical knowledge acquired by Mr. Baker in his youth enabled him to readily become familiar with this. He interested his son with him, a partnership was entered into, and in 1879 the firm of S. Baker & Son was established. It was soon upon a paying basis, and for six years was most successful. Then it was converted into a plant for the manufacture of elm hoops and general saw-milling. For seventeen years this has been their business, and during that time they have built up an extensive trade. Having thus lived the "strenuous life," it might be supposed that Mr. Baker, with the weight of his sixty-seven years upon him, would be most anxious to take a rest. He, however, considers that to people of his temperament "rest means rust." Alert in mind, agile in body, despite his years, he still feels that he is capable of accomplishing much. Starting with a capital that consisted of little more than health, without education, knowledge of the world, or even friends or relatives who were interested in his welfare, and at a time not very pregnant with opportunity, his success is really astonishing. AUGUST WITHUN. The early settlers of the Michigan woods did not find as ready a market for the products of their timber land as do the inhabitants of the wooded portion of the United States now. At that time hoops and staves and logs for lumber were about all there was any demand for, and for even those the market was rather limited. Now there is scarcely a piece of timber taken from the woods that will not bring a good price, even the bark of some trees, such as hemlock and oak, always commanding a good figure. \When the parents of August W\ithun, in the early 'forties, located in Casco township, St. Clair county, Michigan, there was very little demand for anything that could be produced in the woods. There were few saw-mills in those days, and the difficulty of getting the logs to them would not compensate for the price received. Hence, the land having to be cleared, the only thing to do was to consume the logs by fire. Looking back from these days of depleted forests and disappearing timber, the waste that was then committed seems almost inexcusable. It 422 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.. had to be done, however, that the land might be cleared, that the homes might be established, and that southeastern Michigan might be made what it is today. August Withun, the subject of this sketch, was born in Casco township in March, I865, and was the son of William and Dora (Lay) Withun, natives of Germany. They emigrated to the United States in the early 'forties and located in Mt. Clemens. For a length of time he worked out for farmers, in lumber camps, and anywhere his services were required, and where he would receive proper remuneration. Later he purchased a forty-acre tract of land in Casco township, St. Clair county, where he built a home and to which he moved his family. He cleared a good portion of his land, planted his crops, and made hoops, staves, cordwood and such other things as he could find a market for, and here he lived until his death, in I872. His good wife, Dora, was a meet and proper help for a man of such simple tastes and untiring energy. She not only attended to her household affairs and to the wants of her babies, but (lay after day went out into the clearing and pulled the cross-cut saw or wielded an ax side by side with her husband. Both were members of the Lutheran church, and believed as much in an active religion as they did in an active life. The following children were born to William and Dora Withun, viz: Minnie married Charles Sohn, with whom she lived until his death, they being the parents of seven children; later she married Charles Stockman, and they are living in Detroit, being the parents of one child; Tena married Charles Draymuiller and resides on a farm in the state of New York, forty miles from Buffalo; Charles married Mary Mundt and they have a family of four; William, who resides in Mussey township, married Amelia Grabbil, and they are the parents of eight children; August, the subject. All received good common school eduications, have good homes and are prosperous. After the death of the father, the family sold their place in Casco township and moved to Mussey township, where they purchased one hundred and sixty acres, all wood land, in section 36. By this time the male members of the family were large, strong and able workers with the ax and cross-cut saw. The better part of their education had been secured in the school of industry, so that it was only a short time until there were many acres suitable for cultivation on the new farm. Here the family lived andl prospered under the direction of the widowed mother. Eventually two of the boys, August and William, purchased the interest of the children and divided the farm between them, each taking eighty acres, most of the share that came to August Withun being unimproved. He has cleared it all, except about fifteen acres, which is in timber, the other sixty-five being in a fine state of cultivation, well improved, with good buildings, sheds and shelters. He carries on mixed farming, but sells considerable of his crops, particularly the grain. He breeds and feeds horses, cattle of a number of varieties and Poland China hogs. He has worked hard, but has met with the gratifying recompense of a fair measure of success. August Withun was united in marriage to Miss Augusta Hoffman, a native of Germany, but whose parents are residents of the state of New York, where her father ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN 423 is a prosperous farmer. The family came to America, located in New York, and have lived there since. To this union six children were born, viz: William, Edward, Arthur, Ernest, August and Rosa, of whom William and August died in infancy. The parents are members of the German Lutheran church and take an active interest in the cause of religion. Mr. Withun is a Republican, and is active in political campaigns, but has not sought or held office. HIe is a man of firm purpose, quick intellect and keen perception, is well known in that region of the country where he lives, and is respected by all and admired by many. MAJOR EDWARD J. RODGERS. Holding w\orthy prestige among the leading men of Port Huron, and maintainilg a representative position in social and business circles, it is eminently proper in this connection that approprihte reference le made to the life and achievements of the worthy gentleman whose name furnishes the captioll to this review. Edward J. 1Ro(lgers is a native of Canada, born in Sarnia, province of Ontario, on the I4th of F:'ebruary, I858. He spent the years of his childhood near where he first saw the light of day, but when a lad of ten years was Irought to Port Huron, Michigan, whlere he grew to maturity and received his e(lucational training. After attending the city schools until attaining a fair knowledge of the branches constituting the curriculum, 1h{ entered the drug store owned by Dr. George J. Parker, remaining in that gentleman's employ nearly eighteen years, dur ing which time he not only acquired a thorough knowledge of pharmacy, but becomilng familiar with the laws governing the world of trade. In I886 Mr. Rodgers was nominated by the Republicans for the office of city clerk, and to him belongs the distinction of being the only candidate on that ticket elected that year. He discharged his ofcial functions with credit to himself and satisfaction to the public, and at the expiration of his term resumed the drug business, purchasing in I889 a store at 929 Military street. He is proprietor of the best equipp)e(l house of the kind in the city, and in the enjoyment of a trade which returns himn a liberal income. He has served as a representative fronm the second ward in the city council, and later as supervisor from the fifth ward. While a member of those lbodlies he was untiring in his efforts to promlote lpul)lic interests, taking an active part ii all legitimate enterprises with that object AMr. Rodgers' interest in public affairs has not been confined to his oxwn city and county, as is atteste(l by the fact of his havilig bee: a)ppointe(l, in January, 1898, a melmber of the personal staff of the late Governor Hazen S. Pingree as judge advocate of the Michigan National Guard, with the rank of major, serving in that capacity until January, I901. He was actively identified with the local military organization known as the Port Huron Guards, in lwhich he held the office of lieutenant, subsequently becoming major. He was largely instrumental in promoting the efficiency of the company and making it one of the best drilled and most thorough military organizations in the state. In his business 424 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I relations, as well as in his public services, he is regarded as possessing a strong sense of truth and justice, and as always endeavoring to shape his life in accord with these principles. Every duty coming within his sphere has been discharged with'energy and fidelity, and as a man of acknowledged acquirements and irreproachable character he easily ranks with the representative citizens of Port Huron and the county of St. Clair. Religiously Mr. Rodgers is a member of Grace Episcopal church of Port Huron, is a Mason of high standing, and is also identified with the Knights of the Maccabees, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Pythian brotherhood. The above brief outline of the leading facts in the career of one of Port Huron's most enterprising and energetic men of affairs is given because the world claims a certain property right in the lives of its people, and biography is the lamp of experience to guide and encourage others on the highway to success. An intelligent and courteous gentleman of high social standing and of unimpeachable integrity, the subject of this sketch has made himself valuable to the community in many ways, and is regarded by all who come within the range of his influence as a man eminently worthy of the esteem in which he is held. He has always had the welfare of the community at heart, and as a public-spirited citizen he lends his support and active co-operation to every enterprise for the general good. He has upheld worthily an honorable ancestral name, has been faithful in official station, loyal in his friendship, and devoted to the interests of the people among whom his lot has been cast. Possessing broad humanitarian principles and cosmopolitan ideas, he is essen tially a man of the people, and no citizen of Port Huron occupies a more conspicuous position than does he. GEORGE H. SIMPSON. Among the truly great and noble the early pioneer is certainly deserving of at least a little space in the category of the immortals. To him more than to any other is civilization indebted for the brightest jewel in its diadem, for it was he that blazed the way and acted as vanguard for the mighty army of progress that has conquered the wilderness and transformed it into one of the fairest and most enlightened of the American commonwealth's domains. George H. Simpson was a native of Fort Gratiot township, having been born to James and Mary (Halsted)' Simpson, February 22, 1858. The father of the subject iwVas born and reared in Scotland, while the mnother was a native of Ireland. When a young man James Simpson left his native heath aild came to America, locating in Detroit, Michigan, where he bought a farm in the woods. He was always a farmer, and clearing was a familiar work to him, and with a right willing heart he started in upon the task of converting the tract of land in his possession into a semblance of civilization. He was a hard-working man, and succeeded in things which looked very formidable to the uninitiated. During his residence in Fort Gratiot township he was interested in lumbering and jobbing, at which he made considerable money, remaining in the business until his death, April I4, I895, aged eighty-three years. He was a politi ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 425 cian, although never aspiring to office, and the Republican party, whose platform he upheld, counted him as one of its strongest followers. The mother of the subject was also reared on the farm, and her life was spent amid the scenes of rural life; her death occurred some twenty-five years before that of her husband. She was married twice, the first time to a man by the name of \olf, to which union was born one child, Matilda, who lives at Alpena, Michigan. By her second marriage Mrs. Simpson was the mother of eight children, viz: James, deceased; Frank, a farmer and dairyman of Fort Gratiot township; Richard, a farmer of Fort Gratiot township; William, of Port Huron, Michigan; Mary, the wife of Joseph Riley, of Port Huron; George H.; Catherine, who is the wife of E. R. Short, a baker at Fort Gratiot, and Charles, a farmer and dairyman of Fort Gratiot. George H. Simpson received but a limite(l education in the schools of his native township. At the age of sixteen he began w\orking out, being employed )by L. B. \Vheeler, of Port Huron, with whoml he remained for three years, when he became a railroader. From I88I to i888 he was employed as a fireman on the Port Huron & Northwestern Railroad between Saginaw and Port Huron, and after leaving the road he again became a farmer. November 28, I883, he was united in marriage with Catherine M. Manion, of St. Clair township. She was the daughter of John and Bridget (Adamson) Manion, who left their native country, Ireland, and came to Canada and later to St. Clair county. He was a farmer and followed the life of a tiller of the soil until his retirement to Port Huron, where he and wife are now living. For three years Mr. Simpson was night hostler for the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad at Saginaw, Michigan, but as the work was not exactly to his liking he left Saginaw and returned to St. Clair county in October, I892. He and wife are the parents of five children, viz: Lillie; Katie, who died at the age of two years and four months; Frank, Mabel and Marie. Immediately after returning to this county the subject purchased ninety acres of the Morden place and took up his residence there. Later he added to his first purchase and now has one hulndred and seventy acres in all, of which ninety are under cultivation. He has carried on general farming since, engaging in the business of tilling the soil and raises all kinds of hay and grains, also making a speciality of dairy products and selling a great deal of milk. He is one of the progressive farmers of the township and his produlce brings the best market prices. Having a taste for business life, he has always met waith the success that to some seems phenomenal, but which is in reality only the reward of the world for labor well exp)enlded. A hard worker, an intelligent thinker and a willing helper, Mr.. Simpson has won and retains a host of warm and loyal friends. EDWIN PHILLIPS. Many of our most noted men made their first start in life as farmers and by their own efforts blazed their way through the wilderness of life to a goal of honor and competence. The elements of industry and ability 426 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. have enabled them to outstrip their fellow aspirants in the race, for the race is not such an uneven struggle as many would suppose. Each representative of the human race is given as an inheritance mind, body and soul, with which he is supposed to carve out his destiny. Those who depend wholly upon the mind are only partial successes, those who look entirely to the soul to raise them to the realization of their hopes are at best but dreamers, and those who give the body full sway are but gross representatives of the race they were meant to adorn, while the combination of the three gives to the world a man after the image of God. The subject of this sketch, Edwin Phillips, was born to Thomas and Anna (Foe) Phillips, at Rumsey, England, January 15, 1828. His father was a master whipsawyer and came to St. Thomas, Canada, in 1834, remaining there until his death. The subject was the oldest of nine children, eight of whom were girls, Mary Ann, Sarah, Eliza, Jane, Matilda, Elizabeth, Malvina and Elsie. When Edwin was six years old he went to live with his grandfather Foe at Port Burwell, on Lake. Erie, and at eleven years of age he went to a farm twenty miles distant, and as a boy helped clean up a new farm. Most of his boyhood life was spent with his grandparents, Phillip and A'nn Foe. The Foes had no sons and were desirous of rearing Edwin as their own, which they were permitted to do. The grandfather was an old sailor, but upon coming to this country he gave up his old life and became a farmer. At the age of eighteen Edwin Phillips also began the life of a sailor and sailed out of Port Burwell on the "Great Western" as a deck hand, which position he held for three months, when he became a wheelsman. He sailed for seven seasons and in 1853 came to St. Clair county and worked for John Beard, in Clyde, at lumbering. He remained here one year, when he took employment with Edwin and Horace Bunce in their mill at Clyde and in the woods. For about twenty years he was thus engaged, most of that time for those men, farming in the summer months and in the winter working in the woods. In the fall of 1853 he was married, in Canada, to Miss Elizabeth White, to which union were born three children, Isabella, the wife of Wesley Smith, of Clyde township, who has seven children; Edward, married to Miss Florence Green, lives at Port Huron and has one child, and Lewis, who is the husband of Alda Glyshaw. a farmer of Clyde township, and has two children. Mr. Phillips bought his first eighty acres of land in Clyde township. At that time it was a wilderness and he had to prepare it for cultivation. In time this Twa accomplishe(l, but he did not move to the place until in I875, when he put up a shack in which they lived for some time. By detgrees he added to his possessions until at the present time he is the owner of one hundred and tlirty-six acres of fine land. He succeedled in clearing about sixty acres and erected a more substantial home. where he continued to reside until 1goI, vwhen he built the brick house where he now lives in Ruby, which was called Abbottsford from the earliest clays. His possessions, which were at one time only timber land, have been improved until now no better farm can be found in the county. In I86I Mr. Phillips enlisted in Company E, Tenth Michigan Regiment, at Port Huron. He was in the service for eleven ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 427 I months, during which time he was taken ill with typhoid fever at Camp Big Springs, Mississippi, and for some time was in the hospital at Farmington, Missouri, and at St. Louis, being discharged as a result of his disability. He holds membership with the \Villiam Sanborn Post No. 98,Grand Army of the Republic, and is popular among his comrades. He is one of the best informed men in the county and is a highly respected andl much esteemed citizen of the town in which he lives. Mrs. Phillips is a member of the Methodist church. HON. ALEXANDER R. AVERY. In the legal profession, which embraces some of the most brilliant minds of the nation, it is not always easy to win a name and place of prominence. Many aspire to distinction, but few attain it. In comnmercial life one may start on a more advanced plane than others: he may enter into a business already established and carry it still further forward. But not so in the legal l)rofession, where merit alone is the true touch stone of success. Here one must commence at the very basic principles and by close and patient mental application work gradually upward and achieve reputation and emolument through the expenditure of brain power and vital force. Peoplle do not place their legal business in unskilled hands; it is the man of recognized attainments and power in the profession that commands patronage and attains to (listinction. A conspicuous example of this class of successful lawyers was the late -\lexander R. Avery, of Port Huron, who 26 rose to prominence at a bar long noted for the high order of its legal talent and made for himself a name and reputation such as few achieve. Mr. Avery was the scion of an old colonial family that figured prominently in the early annals of Connecticut, his ancestors settling in that part of New England in a very early day. On both sides of the house the subject was of English descent, and his paternal great-grandfather, with other members of the Avery family, bore distinguished parts in the war of the Revolution. Anthony R. Avery, father of Alexander, was a New Englander by birth, as was also his wife, who bore the maiden name of Sarah Hilborn, both having been born and reared in the state of Connecticut. Some years prior to the birth of the subject Anthony Avery and wife moved to Ontario county, province of Ontario, and it was there that Alexander was born on the I4th lay of November, I846. He remained in that country until about sixteen years of age, at which time the family moved to St. Clair county, Michigan, and it was here the lad grew to manhood and received the principal part of his educational training. After completing the common school course, he attended for two terms the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, and then began the stud(y of law at Lexington, Michigan, in the office of Nims & Beach, prominent attorneys of that place. The better to prepare himself for efficient service in his chosen calling, Mr. Avery subsequently entered the law department of Michigan University at Ann Arbor, which he attended one term and in the spring of 1872 was admitted to the bar in the city of Port Huron. While prosecuting his legal studies he defrayed his expenses by teaching of winter seasons in 428 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. the schools of St. Clair and other counties and earned the reputation of a very capable and painstaking instructor. Mr. Avery began practicing in Port Huron and soon succeeded in building up a large and lucrative business. He took high rank among the enterprising and successful attorneys of St. Clair county, and his name appears in connection with many of the important cases tried at the Port Huron bar luring the years of his active practice. With a natural predilection for the political arena, \Ir. Avery early became greatly interested in partitsan politics and it was not long until he was a recognized force in the councils of tle Republican party in Port Huron and the county of St. Clair. He was chosen as delegate to the various nominating conventions, local, district and state, and always made his presence felt in the deliberations. The year of his admlission to the bar he was elected circuit court commissioner of St. Clair county and twor years later was his party's choice for the more responsible position of prosecuting attorney. Mr. Avery *was triumphantly elected prosecutor in 1874 and with such signal ability and universal satisfaction did he discharge the functions of the office that he was chosen his own successor at the ensuing election two years later. From the expiration of his second term in 1878 until his appointment as postmaster of Port Huron by President Harrison, Mr. Avery attended closely to his professional duties, adding continually to his reputation and prestige as an able, judicious and eminently successful attorney. His abilities, both natural and acquired, well fitted him for his chosen calling and for a number of years the amount of business which he carried through the various courts was as great perhaps as that of any other attorney of the local bar. His success in a professional way offers the best evidence of his capability in this line. He was careful in the preparation of legal papers, clear and logical in their presentation and on the trial of cases was uniformly courteous to court and opposing counsel. He was a strong advocate and, being familiar with all the minutiae of practice, so conducted his cases as generally to win victory for his clients. Mr. Avery proved a popular postmaster and his management of the office was eminently satisfactory to the public. In I897 he was appointed by the late President McKinley collector of customs for the district of Port Huron, which office he held until his death and in -which he so deported himself as to add to his already well established reputation as a capable and conscientious public servant. Mr. Avery was a Mason of distinguished standing, having attained to a high degree in that ancient and time honored fraternity; he was also identified with the Ancient Order of United Workmen and the Modern Woodmen of America and took an active interest in the welfare of both organizations. Public spirited in all the term implies, he used his influence in behalf of anything tending to advance the interests of Port Huron, materially or otherwise, and few, if any, enterprises for the general good were inaugurated without his liberal assistance and hearty co-operation. He possessed high intellectuality, broad human sympathies and tolerance, and was imbued with fine sensibility and clearly defined principles. His standards of manhood and right were high and he hated hypocrisy and scorned what was little and narrow in ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 429 human kind. Honor and integrity were synonymous with his name, and to say that he enjoyed the respect, confidence and high regard of the people of the city in which the greater part of his life was spent and hlis success achieved is to state what is cheerfully conceded by the entire p)opulace of Port Huron. 3Mr. Avery iwlas married at Jeddo, Michigan., On the 22(1 of July, I866, to Miss Martha Locke, daughter of Thomas Locke, {of that place, lwhich union was blessed with thle hirth of three children. The career of Mlr. Avery abounds in many valuable lesso()s and incentives, besides furnishing a strlikilg examplale of what a youlng man,!)leltifully endowed with good,conmmon selise. 1)acked by a well (lefined p)urlpose, can lccom1pl)lislh in rising to useful and honorable positions. Throughout his life there was ever (lominanit thlat hidden but potenlt moral force which always pointed out the higher wvay aind led to noble achievement. He liv-edl well and the world is better because of h]is having lioved. l-is l)odv is (lea(l, but tlhe l)lesse(l influence of such a life (lies not. lie niee(ls n11o mausoleum to p)erl)etuate his iieillnorv,. for the lhearts and affections of hlis lildiiired and friends constitute all albidling, gmonument. lThe (leath of M1r. AvN\ery )cculrred on the 6th day of May, I9oI. ELLIS WHITAKER. There are but few more prosperous, more respected, or even more enterprising -young farmers in St. Clair county, Michigan, than Ellis Whitaker, who is a native of Michigan, born June 2I, I865, and a son of John and Catherine (Levett) Whitaker. John \Vhitaker was born in England in I822 and came to the United States when a young mnan. He engaged at clearing up land and did an immense amount of hard w-ork, selling railroad ties at fifty cents each and stavres at forty dollars per thousand. As pioneer settlements closed in around him he 1became a man of mark and influence in the county in which lie had cast his lot, and eventually w-as elected justice of the peace by the Democratic plarty, and for several years filled the office with 'great credit to himself and(l to thle satisfaction of the people. — Ie was a membler of the MTasonic lodge at \Temphllis and w-as in every respect a worthy citizen. I-He (lie(l Sel)telmber 4, 1879, leavi'.g eihlit chil(lrelln, viz': Hi1lnman1 zra, Robert,:\ugusta, GEllis, George, HIettie and Eisitt. In 1892, Ellis \\Whitaker was joined in matrilloni-y witlh Miss Dorothy Shirkey, a (laughlter of Richard and Saloma (Stirling) Shirlkev, the former of whom iwas blorn at Mlount Clemens. l acomb county, MAichiw'all, of lFrench pareRntagce. Richard Shirkev is a farmler, is o-wnier of tw-o hundred acres of lall(l and is one of the most highly resplecte(l residents of hIis township. The ullnion of Ellis and Dorothy (Shirkey) \Vlhitaker has been croN-viedl Nwith four chillren, niamelr: Ethel B., born March 19, 1893; Alden G.. born in February, I894I; Elden Royv, born in 1896, and Laura M., born in February, 90oo. Mr. Whitaker has charge of and is conducting a farm of one hundred and forty acres owned by his mother, on which he raises the usual crops of the country and breeds cattle, sheep and Ohio Improved Chester hogs. Although still a young man, 430 ST. CLAIR COU just entering upon life's prime, he has evinced superior abilities, not only as an agriculturist, but as a man of business, and as a rule succeeds in disposing of such products of the farm that he puts on the market at prices commensurate with those obtained by the shrewdest and oldest farmers and dealers, and he keeps as close a watch over his mother's pecuniary interests as it would be possible for him to keep over his own. Reared to farm life and consequently passing most of his time in the open air, he has maintained a splendid physique, building up his muscular tissues and strengthening and enlarging his mental faculties. Mr. Whitaker is capable of thinking for himself, and in political matters is not led away by the bombastic language usually in(lulged in by party demagogues in their en(leavors to form public opinion and to influence the votes of the people through their speeches from the stump or platform, nor is he led away through the gaudy (isplay of meretricious rhetoric in the columns of the partisan or the party press. He votes for the man he decides in his own mind to be best fitted, morally and intellectually, for office, and all his acts are guided by the same upright principles. He has by his integrity and straightforward dealings with his neighbors and with business men won the esteem of them all, and his pecuniary prosperity is entirely due to his own personal exertions. E. GURLEY LESTER. The United States furnished thousands of instances where lads of humble parentage, born and brought up in a country place, NTY, MICHIGAN. with seemingly no opportunity for the acquirement of business tact, develop an astonishing talent for commercial transactions and the management of large affairs in that line. There are few neighborhoods in the United States which have been settled for two or three generations that do not.furnish at least one instance of this kind. Capac, St. Clair county, Michigan, furnishes one such instance in the case of E. Gurley Lester. The Lesters were natives of Connecticutt, where they had resided for many generations. In 1836 Charles Lester, the father of Gurley, residing upon a farm in his native state of Connecticut, decided to try his fortune in the west. He came to Michigan that year and located in Berlin township, where he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land. He could easily be satisfied with the title, for the United States government was the grantor. Upon this land the village of Lesterville was afterward located, deriving its name from him. He was a good farmer, a thrifty, energetic man, but too kind and too good natured to be as successful as he might otherwise have been. He continued to reside on his farm until I870, when he sold out and moved to Capac, where he resided with his son, Gurley. When matches were first introdutlced as an article of personal and doinestic utility, it was Charles Lester who brought the first samples of the new and wonderful invention to St. Clair county. In I893 he went with his son to Mississippi where he stayed until his death, which occurred in 19oo. He was a man of religious tendencies and good Christian character, deeply interested in church work and enjoyed the respect and esteem of all who knew him. E. Gurley Lester was born in Lester S'T. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 431 ville, Berlin township, Michigan, October 5, 1841, and his early life was spent upon his father's farm. The advantage of a good common school education was given him and from early youth he showed a fondness for commercial transactions. He was strictly practical in all things and never permitted outside matters to interfere with the task on hand. At the age of nineteen he was engaged in the mercantile business, though he had neither a pretentious building, an extensive stock or vast capital. The cash on hand the morning he opened his little store in Lesterville in I86o amounted to perhaps five dollars, the amount of small change in the drawer. However, he had plenty of business tact, ambition and industry, which, when well (lirected, is generally the best of capital. For about nine years he condlucted this little store, year after year increasing his business, adding to his stock and enlarging his room. In 1869 he opened a general store in Capac, and it proved such an excellent business venture that in 1876 he added a hardware department. Under his direct supervision each and every department of his business prospered. In 1878 he decided that an ilvestment in real estate could be made profitable. He purchased one tlousand and forty acres of land east of Capac, and later lie added to this five hundred and sixty acres more, making sixteen hundred acres, all in one body. It was called swamp land at the time and was recognized as being of little value, but today it comprises some of the most productive farms in the state. In Sanilac and St. Clair counties he is the owner of some two thousand acres of splendid, well-improved farm lands and he also owns thirteen hundred acres in Alpena and Montmoreiicy counIties. In 1882 he engaged in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds, which business he conducted for some time, but of late years it has not been permitted to interfere in the least with his mercantile business at Capac. His general store, stocked with hardware, agricultural impllements, groceries, dry goods, etc., is conducted with as much zeal and earnestness as ever. He has four excellent pieces of business property in Capac and several pieces of residence property. Mr. Lester is an accomplished business man. He has engaged in many lines of business and been eminently successful in each. In some lines, of course, he did not make as much money as in others, but the average man would be content with his success in any of them. He bought and shipped grain and from I891 to 1894 was in the hotel business at Capac. In the latter year he went south and invested in a plantation acnd some fine timber land, the greater part of the timber being large forest pines in Mississippi. Since T898 he has traveled nearly all over the south. His real estate in that section consists of about twelve hundred acres, two hundred of whlich is under cultivation. He raises corn, cotton and peanuts. His northern push and energy is in marked contrast with the easy inldolence of some of his southern neighbors and his plantation is acknowledged to be the niost thoroughly cleared and best cultivated of any in that section of the south. On his Michigan farm he breeds, raises, buys and sells cattle, horses and sheep, being especially successful with the latter. About two hundred is the customary yearly increase of his flock. He believes in feeding the produce of the farm, with the 432 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I exception of hay, of which he has some thirty or forty car loads a year to be disposed of in the market, after having plenty for his own stock. The Michigan mercantile business is under the supervision of his son, Lawrence S. Lester. In politics E. Gurley Lester is a Democrat, but never sought office or could be induced to accept office of any kind. His first start in life he attributes to a profitable venture he made in staves. He purchased at a time when they were very low and held them until he more than doubled his money. All through his career he has been an honest, candid gentleman, a speculator, who was always ready to back his judgment and take chances on some risky investments. His wonderful success is the best tribute that can be paid to his sagacity. In 1874 Mr. Lester was united in marriage to Miss Mary J. Siegel, a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Siegel, who were natives of Germany. The family came to the United States in 1859 and located in Macomb county. On the voyage across the Atlantic Mrs. Siegel became fatally ill and die(l. With his family of motherless chillren Mr. Siegel came to Michigan, established himself upon a farm and became one of the most successful agriculturists of his county. Later in life, when the cares of the farm became too burdensome, he sold out, moved to Capac and retired from business until his death, which occurred in August, I892. To E. Gurley and Mary J. (Siegel) Lester four children were born, viz: William, born February 27, I877, married Miss Flowers, resides in Capac, and they are parents of one child; Lawrence; Dwight, who died in infancy, and Grace, residing with her parents in Mississippi. All have re ceived good, liberal education, are intelligent and progressive, and are creditable alike to themselves as well as to their parents. Lawrence S. Lester was born in Capac, Michigan, March 20, I880. His early life was passed at the home of his parents in his native town and his educational advantages were received in the public schools of Capac, where he graduated from the high school. He received a practical business education in his father's store and early developed such a talent for business that his father entrusted to him many important matters. At present, during the absence of his father in the south, his commercial interests in Michigan are chiefly in the hands of Lawrence, who is the manager of the Lester hardware store in Capac. The business ability shown by him at such an early age clearly indicates that he has inherited much of his father's talents and that he has coupled to them an energy and perseverance purely his own. He is a moral young man, possesses no bad habits, and is of stainless character. He is a Master Mason, a Royal Arch Mason and a member of the Eastern Star, a Knight of Pythias and a Knight of Khorassan. With all classes of his native town, particularly among the young people, he is very popular. His father is known to have accomplished much; it remains to be seen whether or not the worthy and accomplished son will not in the same length of time do as much or even more. Those who know him best and are best capable of judging him, predict that he will. He was united in marriage October 29, 1902, to Miss Helene Brumm, of Cass City, Michigan, who has proven to him a faithful and devoted wife. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 433 ALBERT H. PETZ. Even under very adverse circumstances, thrift will result in prosperity. He who is industrious and saving rarely makes a failure. Opportunities to make money come to all men, but it is only he who is in a position to take advantage of his opportunities that is benefited. One of the first requisites of success in life is economy, as one of the surest harbingers of failure is extravagance. The thrifty Germans who settled in this country years ago were masters of this lesson long before they set foot on American soil. There are hundreds of them in southeastern Michigan, and their fine farms and comfortable homes indicate how well they are reaping the reward of their early industry and frugality. Among them is the Petz family, one of whom is Albert H. Petz, the subject of this sketch, a resident of Mussey township, St. Clair county. Albert Petz was born in Germany March I6, I865, and is the son of William and Minnie (Shoemaker) Petz, both also natives of Germany. The family came to the United States in 1867 and settled in Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, where the father purchased eighty acres of land. The new home was in the woods, and the father made hoops and staves and found employment in the lumber camps. He also worked for a length of time on the railroad near Romeo. The wife and mother w\as an adept in the use of the spinning wheel and the loom and the garments of the family were generally manufactured at home. In this way the humble home in the woods was kept constantly supplied with all of the necessities, if not the comforts of life. Meanwhile the father utilized the brief hours between his days of toil for others in clearing his own land. Indeed, he often went with insufficient sleep that the trees might be felled and trimmed and the brush burned, and night after night the entire family were in the clearing, illuminating the heavens with the burning piles of brush and longs. Mr. and Mrs. Petz were members of the Evangelical Association and active in church circles even at that early clay. They readily made friends with their neighbors and were well known and( highly respected. He has always been an active Republican, but never sought or held office. He still lives in Mussey, the owner of a fine farm of one hundred and twenty acres in the townships of Mussey and Imlay. His wife passed to her reward in I897. They were the parents of five children, viz: Freebert, who married Lena Kreuger, is a prosperous farmer of Mussey township, and they have a family of two children; Albert is the subject of this sketch and ill l)e more particularly referred to hereafter; Augusta married Michael Myers, a merchant of Capac and they have a fanily of three children; Minnie married Herman Pray, a farmer of Mussey township. Alblert Petz was stu(lious in school and intdustrious in the field and clearing. He was prudent in his conduct and 1)rovident with his earnings. Most of the time until he was twenty he helped his father on the farm. He worked during boyhood much for other people and from the wages thus derived he purchased, in I885, an eigltyacre tract of land in section 26, Mussey township, to which he has since added thirty-five acres. Most of the land was 434 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. cleared, though badly in need of improvement, and on this he has erected a comfortable home and necessary buildings and put it all under cultivation. It is a desirable farm, being well located and quite productive. On the I6th clay of March, I887, Albert Petz was united in marriage to Miss Minnie Ledder. She is the daughter of Christopher and Rachael (Glavey) Ledder, retired farming people of Mussey township. Mr. Ledder is one of the early residents, is comfortably situated financially, and highly respected. To Mr. and Mrs. Petz four children have been born. The first two, a boy and girl, (lied in infancy; Harvey was born April 26, 1892, and Irving was born February 3, I894. On this well improved farm of one hundred and fifteen acres Mr. Petz carries on general farming. He always keeps plenty of stock on the place, which consumes nearly all its products. He feeds grade Durham cattle, Poland China hogs and coarse-wool sheep. Horses also absorb much of his interest. They are of the Percheron breed and are raised for market. He has a stallion, a beautiful equine specimen, raised by himself, and always keeps on the place a number of brood mares, having been exceeding successful in this particular line. Mr. and Mrs. Petz attend the Methodist Episcopal church at Capac, are active in the work and liberal supporters of the cause. In politics he is a Republican and takes an active part in the success of the party, but never sought office. He is a Woodman and a member of the Farmers' Club of Mussey township. His wife is a member of the Maccabees and of the Royal Neighbors. Their home is known as "Beechwood Farm." Strictly a self-made man, it is to his own many good qualites that the splendid success which he has achieved is due. FRED A. BEARD. It is proper to judge of the success and status of a man's life by the estimation in which he is held by his fellow citizens. They see him at his work, in his family circle, at his devotions, hear his views on public questions, observe the outcome of his code of morals, witness him in all the relations of society and civilization and thus become competent to' judge of his merits and demerits. After a long course of years of such daily observation it would be out of the question for his neighbors not to know his worth, because, as has been said, "Actions speak louder than words." In this county there is nothing heard concerning the subject of this sketch but good words. He has passed so many years here that his worth is well known, but it will be of interest to run over the busy events of his life in these pages. He was born in Port Huron township July 28, 1841, and is the son of John and Anna(Fick) Beard. His father was born in Chenango county, New York, May I I, i8II, and the mother's birth occurred at Long Point, Canada, August 15, 18I7. The grandfather of this subject was Ai Beard, of Chenango county, New York. In his native state the grandfather was a mill-man and after bringing his family to Michigan in I83I, having inspected this region the year before, he followed the business in St. Clair county. He was the founier and builder of the first mill in Clyde ST. CLAIR COUNTY,, MICHIGAN. 435 township, unless it be a little mill built by Morass & Tingley on Mill creek previous to the war of I812, and which stood where the Bunce mills were later located. He remained in Clyde township for some years and then removed to Port Huron township, where he died in 1852. John Beard accompanied his father to Long Point, Canada, in I837, and was there married. He began in a modest way to accumulate land and at one time was the owner of seven thousand acres in Clyde township, and adjoining townships, and from the most of which he cut the timber and sawed it into lumber. His first domicile was a log cabin, which he built himself, and for some years he and family made their home in this place. As time passed the long cabin was supplanted by a larger and more modern house. Lumblering and mill interests occupied the mind of Mr. Beard and the subject was himself brought up to the business. John Beard was a leading politician of Clyde township and held many offices during his residence there. He was a Democrat and took a keen interest in the promotion of* his party's principles. In the Methodist church he was also a strong factor and many of her investments were piloted to success by him. His family, of which there were five children, was also very prominent in the church and social affairs of the township.. Of the children. four are living, David, who is mentioned in another part of this volume, Frederick Albert, the subject of this sketch, Jennie C., the wife of Fred Nichols, of Oakland, California, and Horace, merchant, stock dealer and farmer of Yale, Michigan. The third child, Elizabeth, has been deceased some years. Mr. Beard was the organizer of the Clyde township gravel and plank road, which was begun in 1874; also of the Port Huron and Lapeer township plank road, begun in I850. He was one-fourth owner of the stock of the Clyde Plank and Macadamized Road Company. owning forty-nine shares, he and his son Frederick effecting the organization in I874. It extends from Port Huron for six and onehalf miles, and two and one-half miles into Clyde township. It has cost thirty-two thousand dollars. Its tolls the first few years were from five thousand dollars to seven thousand dollars per year, though lnow only about two thousand four hundred dollars. owing to construction of the old Port Huron and Lapeer plank road, started in 1850, was also constructed through Mr. Beard's influence and was planked for twenty miles to Bucknay and was the outlet of that section of the country for upwards of twenty years, paying handsome dividends. Fred A'. Beard was educated in the township schools of Clyde. with two vears in Albion Collegek August 5, 1874, he was married to Miss Anna Conlan, of Clayton, New York, a daughter of Edward Conlan, a native of Ireland, and a Miss Barnhart, who was reared on the Barnhart islands on the St. Lawrence. The father of Mrs. Beard came to Grant township in an early day. Mrs. Beard when a child lived with a sister, Mrs. Charles Farr, before her parents came to Michigan. Fred Beard began his farm life as a stock raiser and has continued to carry on the business, increasing his interests as time passes. In 1894 his fine barn burned and twenty head of shorthorn cattle and twenty horses were destroyed, 436 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. entailing a great loss. About three years ago his commodious residence, one of the largest and lest in the county, costing eight thousand five hundred dollars for labor and trimmings alone and with a frontage of one hundred and four feet, was destroyed. This great structure would cost, nd(ler present conditions, at least fifteen thousand dollars. In his farm of one thousand, six hundred and twenty acres about five hundred acres are cleared and three hundred are in pasture, the remainder being largely covered with valuable timber. His farm is one of the finest in the township or county and Clyde Valley Stock Farm is one of the prettiest homes of the country. At one time his herd of ninety head of registered shorthorn cattle were affected with tuberculosis and it became necessary to dispose of them. He now has a herd of about fifty head of Holsteins. In addition to the interests of his stock and farm Mr. Beard has the management of the old Beard mill and does all kinds of sawing. This mill is one of the oldest in the country and the first frame house to be erected in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, was built with lumber from Beard's mill. The original building was forty by sixty feet and it was rebuilt in I850 and remodeled in I870, being equipped with turbine wheels and circular saws. Mr. Beard is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church of Clyde and is an active worker in the parish, being also one of the most liberal of its supporters. In the lodges of which he is a member he is also very active and this work comes second only to the church. He is enrolled with the Maccabee lodge of Clyde and the Ancient Order of Grangers, Ruby Arbor, Clyde township. He is one of the most prosperous farmers in the county and he and wife are considered among the most popular and best respected citizens of the township. In all ways they have proven themselves more than worthy of the respect and honor that has been shown them by appreciating friends and neighbors. HON. HENRY HOWARD. An enumeration of the men who have won honor and public recognition for themselves and at the same time have honored the state to which they belong would be incomplete were there failure to make prominent reference to the distinguished subject of this memoir. The active period in the career of the late Henry Howard included those (lays which were part and portion of that indissoluble chain linking the annals of an early epoch with those of more recent progress and prosperity, and the history of Port Huron and eastern Michigan cannot be told without intimate reference to the prominent part he took in bringing about results in business and industrial circles such as today exist. Volumes might be written concerning his life and still much touching his active and useful career be omitted. There were in him a weight of character, a native sagacity, a farseeing judgment aiid a fidelity of purpose that commanded the respect and admiration of all and made him one of the notable men of his day and generation. Of indefatigable enterprise and fertility of resource, he carved his name deeply upon the records of his adopted state and left to posterity a character above the suspicion of dishonor and a name conspicuous on the roster of Michigan's representative men. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 437 Nathaniel Howard, of Red Sandstone, Pennsylvania, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born in I77I and spent his latter years at Port Huron, dying in 1846. His son, John Howard, a native of Fayette county, Pennsylvania, was born at Red Sandstone in 1779 and, when a young man, went to Detroit, Michigan, where he engaged in the mercantile business, later opening a hotel for the accommodation of the traveling public. He was among the first to erect business blocks in that city, the "Long Row," in the rear of the former site of the Michigan Exchange Hotel, having been a well known landmark for many years. John Howard continued to reside in Detroit until the breaking out of the cholera in 1833-34, when he disposed of his interests there and came to Port Huron, where a little later he engaged in the manufacture of lumber. He was married in 1825 to Miss Nancy Hubbard, of Detroit, who bore him nine children, four sons and five daughters, the majority of whom grew to maturity and bore well their parts in life. During his operations as a lumberman he erected three different saw-mills at Port Huron and was also for a number of years proprietor of The Columbian, one of the leading hotels of the city. He became prominent in business affairs, took an active interest in promoting the material prosperity of the place, and will live in the annals of Port Huron as one of its most enterprising and successful men. Henry Howard, son of John and Nancy Howard, was born in the city of Detroit on the 8th of March, I833. Brought to Port Huron in his infancy, he was reared to manhood here, acquiring a fair educational discipline in the village schools, which he attended at intervals during his minority. In 1854, when twenty-two years of age, he became associated with his father in the lumber business under the firm name of John Howard & Son, a partnership which soon achieved much more than local repute in business circles. This relationship lasted until the retirement of the senior member in 1877, from which time to the end of his life Henry Howard continued the enterprise, building up a large and lucrative trade and earning the reputation of one of the state's most progressive men. The business was continued on the south side of Black river until I878, when the mill there was abandoned and the mill of NV. B. and J. Hibbard on the north side was purchased. Mr. Howard greatly enlarged the scope of his operations and continued to manufacture and dea! in lumber on a very extensive scale until his death in I894, since which time the business has been continued by his son-inlaw, A. D. Bennett, under the name of the Henry Howard Estate. Mr. Howard was a man of broad calability, with a capacity for large enterprises, and always carried to successful completion all of his undertakings. To no one is the material growth and prosperity of Port Huron more greatly due than to him. Tireless energy, keen perception, honesty of purpose, genius for devising and executing the right thing at the right time, joined to every day common sense, guided 1)y resistless will power, were among the chief characteristics of this notable man. In addition to the lumber business, Mr. Howard was identified with other important enterprises, prominent among which was the Port IHuron Times, in the organization of which he was a prime mover. He served as presi(lent of the Times Company for several years and by his energy and correct business meth 438 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ods did much to establish the paper upon the firm basis which marked its subsequent history. He was also a leading spirit in the,organization of the First National Bank of Port Huron and remained identified with that solid and popular institution to the end of his days, holding the office of president at the time of his death. Among the other large business and industrial interests with which he was connected were the Port Huron Gas Light Company, Michigan Sulphite Company, and for a number of years he served as a director of the Grand Trunk railroad lines west of the St. Clair river. In his political affiliations Mr. Howard was an ardent and uncompromising Republican, believing thoroughly in the principles of his party and in the dignity of its mission. He took an active interest in local, state and national affairs, labored earnestly for the party's nominees and by his wise and judicious counsel, as well as by his work in the ranks, did much to win success at the polls. He served Port Huron as alderman for a period of fourteen years and during his incumbency was untiring in his efforts for municipal honesty as well as for all movements whereby the city's improvement and substantial prosperity might best be promoted. In 1882 he was elected mayor, which office he held one year, discharging the duties incident thereto in a manner creditable to himself and satisfactory to all concerned. Meanwhile, in I870, he was elected to represent St. Clair county in the lower house of the legislature, and while a member of that body made a record as an able, faithful and judicious lawmaker, his course proving eminently satisfactory to his constituents as well as to the state at large. He served in the general assembly until I872 and retired therefrom with the commendation of the people of his county, irrespective of political affiliation. At the time of his death he was a member of the board of regents of Michigan University, in which capacity his clear judgment and sound business abilities were of especial value to his associates. Fraternally Mr. Howard was a Mason of high degree, belonging to the Blue Lodge at Port Huron and Commandery No. 6, Knights Templar, in both of which he had been honored with important official stations. The Baptist creed embodied his religious belief, and for a number of years he was one of the leading members of the congregation worshipping in this city, also one of its most liberal contributors. He served long and faithfully as trustee of the First Baptist church of Port Huron, and to his generous financial support is the organization largely indebted for much of the prosperity which it now enjoys. In I856 Mr. Howard was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth E. Spalding, a union blessed with six children, all of whom have been more or less identified with the retent history of the city in which they were born and reared. It is needless, in concluding this brief memoir, to speak of Mr. Howard as one of the leading characters in the development of the great lumber interest of the Northwest, as this fact is patent to all who have been in any way identified with the industry. It is also useless to reiterate the fact of his having been for years one of the leading public men and prominent citizens of Port Huron and St. Clair county, as this will always stand unchallenged. He was indeed a man who stood "four square to every wind that blew," and whose strength was as the number of his days; one of nature's no ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 439. blemen, true to every trust reposed in him, devoted to the cause of right and honor, and his name is destined to live in the history of Michigan as one of the state's strong, virile characters of the nineteenth century. WALTER SPROTBERRY. This native-born farmer of Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is a son of Henry and Nellie (Purdy) Sprotberry, both of wllom were born in Cleveland, Ohio, and came to Miichigan in i866. The father entered from the government two hundred acres of forest land in Mussey township, in which township there were no roads, but many lumber camps, of one of which Mr. Sprotberry took possession as a place of residence. Game was plentiful, and Mr. Sprotberry kept his larder well supplied through the use of his trusty rifle, but on one occasion was "treed" himself all night by a shebear, with two cubs. Henry Sprotberry eventually sold all his land excepting eighty acres, which he cleared up and improved, and to which lie subsequently added forty acres, which he also cleared in part. In the meantime he worked at making staves and shingles, while his good wife busied herself with spinning and weaving. The nearest mill was at Romeo, but, as there were no roads, access to it was very difficult and wearisome. Yet Mr. Sprotberry struggled on, and became one of the most prosperous farmers in the township. Mr. and Mrs. Sprotberry have two children, viz: Frank, a farmer, who is married to Mary Heckman, who has borne him one daughter, still in infancy. Frank is a Republican in poli tics and in religion the mother is a Lutheran. Walter, the younger child, is married to Emma Miller, daughter of Charles A. Miller, a farmer in Lynn township, who came from Mooretown, Michigan, in I897. Henry Sprotberry is a Republican, and is a veteran of the Civil war, having served three years. He now lives retired on the farm with his. son \Walter, is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic post at Capac, and is one of the most highly respected citizens of the township. \Valter, the son, now has full charge of the eighty-acre farm, which he has iml)roved with a fine modern residence and substantial barn, and has thirty acres under cultivation. He carries on mixed farming, and also breeds horses, Durham cattle, finewool sheep, hogs, etc. He has a fine orchard, and has been as successful a fruit grow-er as he has been a farmer. He is a member of Lynn Grange, P. of H., and takes great interest in its proceedings and in the cause of agriculture generally. The Sprotberry family is of English origin, the paternal grandfather, Henry Sprotberry, who married Anna Overton, having come fromn Richmond, Lincolnshire, to Cleveland, Ohio, in I849, and there he was engaged in quarrying. The family have all held high positions in the social circles of the various communities in which they have lived. Wialter Sprotberry is greatly esteemed throughout Mussey township for his many personal characteristics, his frank, cheerful good nature, and is equally fortunate in retaining the friendship of everybody to whom he becomes attached. His industry and good management are commended by all who have an opportunity of witnessing them, and it may be truthfully stated that Mussey township has but few more useful 440 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I citizens than Walter Sprotberry. Agriculture may be a difficult pursuit to follow in a new country, and by it achieve the desired success, but the elder Sprotberry developed the fact that such a result is attainable, and Walter has diligently followed in the footsteps of his father, standing today amcng the well-to-do and substantial farmers of his township and county. FRED STANDEL. Among the most thriving agriculturists of Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan, stands Fred Standel, a native of Germany, born Felruary 24, I86o, and who came with his parents, Godfrey and Dora (\Veicener) Standel, to the lnited States in 1867. The father purchased eighty acres of forest land from a Mr. Moore, of St. Clair county, started to clear off the superfluous timber and in' due course of time develoled a garden that bloomed as the.rose on the spot that had hitherto been but a desert. He employed all his spare time in lumbering. making bolts, staves, shingles, etc., while his wife spun and knit the wool-clips from the sheep of their own rearing. On the clearing above alluded to Mr. and Mrs. Godfrey Standel passed the remainder of their lives, the mother dying in I874, and the father surviving until June 30, 1902. Both were consistent members of the Evangelical church, in which they did a great deal of useful work and to the maintenance of which they contributed liberally with their funds. The children born to this worthy couple were named as fol lows: Mary; William, who is married to Lottie Leter, is a farmer in Mussey township, and has a family of six children; Hannah, Fred, Augusta and Rachel. Fred Standel, when he began life on his personal account, worked one year at railroading and then bought out the interest of his brothers in the old homestead and has mnanaged the farm ever since. October 31, I889, he married Augusta Clumfoot, a daughter of Christian Clumfoot, formerly one of the most respecte( farmers of Mussey township, but now deceased. This marriage has been crowned with two children, namely: George, who was born November 3, I89o, an(d Vernie. born December 5, 1896. Mr. Standel, since his residence in St. Clair county, has b)een an industrious andi consequently successful farmer- He is a splendid axmanl and has cleared up the old farm of eighty acres, to which he has added forty acres, and now has a total of (onle hundred under cultivation. H-e conducts general farming and cattle breeding, raising gra(le Durhalms; he also breeds draft horses for the market, coarse-wool sheep and Ohio Improved Chester hogs. A selfmade business man, IIr. Standel has made all his property through his own industry and he deserves and receives the commendation of all his neighbors for his industry and success. He is a Republican and is quite popular with his party, which he has twice represented in county conventions, but. like many other hard workers in his party, has never sought office either for its emoluments or honors. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees, and moves in the best social circles of Mussey township. He has ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 441 always been a useful citizen and ready to perform such duties for the public good as he may be called upon to perform, and he is held in high respect by his fellow citizens of Mussey township, irrespective of nationality, creed or politics. ORIS B. SMITH. One of the best known fruit growers and farmers in St. Clair county, Michigan, is Oris B. Smith, who is also an ex-soldier. He was born in Saline, Washtenaw county, this state, October Jo, 1847, a son of Sylvester and Chena (Brown) Smith, w1ho were born in New York state and came to Michigan in the 'thirties and making their home in Washtenaw countv when it was a mere wilderness. John Smith. paternal grandfather of Oris B. Smith, came from Germany to the United States i 1812 and first located in New York state, where he lived until T830, when he lrought his family to Mlichigan. He was a surveyor by profession and on coming here entered from the government two hundred ain( forty acres of prime timiler land, which his profession aided him in selecting to his advantage, this land being still in possession of the family. Svlvester Smith was practically reared in Michigan and was for a number of years a successful farmer in Washtenaw countv, but later retired to Saginaw, where he resided with his wife at the home of a son the remainder of his life. The wife (lied in October, I899, a member of the Baptist church, and Sylvester (lied December 14, 1890. He was a Republican in politics, was a very popular citizen and served his party and fellow citizens for several years as a justice of the peace, school director, etc. To Mr. and Mrs. Sylvester Smith were born two children, viz: Arthur D., who has been a lumberman at Saginaw for forty years, was first married to Sarah Jenners, of Ypsilanti, Michigan, and after her decease married again. Both these childrenl were educated at the State Nornial School at Ypsilanti. Oris B. Smith lived at home until twenty-seven years of age, when he bought a farm of one hundred and sixty acres on Big Beaver, Oakland county, A\iichiganl, but sold it in I878 and purchased eighty acres in Mussey township, St. Clair countv, in section 20, all in the wilderness. This he cleared completely, an(tl to it adlled another adjoining tract of eighty acres and now owns one of the best farms in the township. one-half mile west of Capac. December 14, 1869, Mr. Smith marriedl Miss Sarah Egbert and to this union have been born three children, namely: Nettie, whllo is married to Egbert Norris, a resi(lent of Illinois; Nora, wife of Robert Brough, and Minnie, still under the parental roof. Mr. Smith no-w has one hundred and fifty-four acres of his land in a good state of cultivation, carries on mixed farming and breeds graded Durham and Jersey cattle, coarse-wool sheep, Poland China hogs and horses for all purposes. He and family attend the Methodist Episcopal church and in politics Mr. Smith is of Republican proclivities, but votes for th:e candidates he deems best fitted for the duties of the offices to be filled. Mr. 442 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Smith has filled the offices of drain commissioner and pathmaster, in which capacities he served several years and has been president of the village corporation one year, having resided seven or eight years in Capac, whither he went in order that his children might be properly educated and where he owned some good property which he later sold. He is a member of the Masonic order, and also of the Maccabees, the Woodmen and of the Royal Neighbors, as well as of the Farmers' Club and the Grange. In I862 Mr. Smith enlisted in the Third Michigan Cavalry and while attempting to break a particularly vicious horse was thrown from his seat and so badly injured that he was unable to go to the front and was honorably discharged from the service. The farm of Mr. Smith is known as "The Orchard," on which he grows mammoth apples and other fruits, as well as berries of various kinds, particularly strawberries, in the production of which he has achieved a widespread reputation. He and family are highly respected and move in the best social circles of Mussey township. CAPT. CHARLES MONTNEY. Ex-soldier and grandson of a Revolutionary hero, Charles Montney was born in Jefferson county, New York, March I5, I838. His parents, Joseph and Sarah (Smith) Montney, were natives of the Mohawk Flats, but early went to Canada. Joseph Montney, the grandfather of Charles, was a soldier under Marquis de Lafayette, with whom he fought during the Revolutionary war. Joseph and Sarah (Smith) Moctney had thirteen children, viz: Mary; George, who was a soldier in the Tenth New York Regiment throughout the Civil war; Margaret; Ellen; Jane; Joseph, who served till I865 in the Fourteenth New York Regiment; Louisa; Charles; Christina; Henry, who was also in the Fourteenth New York Regiment; Levi, who served in the Sixteenth Michigan Regiment; Byron, who was a soldier in the Fourteenth New York Regiment, and is now living at Memphis, Michigan, and Francis. Joseph Montney owned and operated a one-hundred-andtwenty-five-acre farm in New York until I866, when he located at Armada, Macomb county. He came to St. Clair county and (lied in I88I, at the age of ninety-six, his widow now having attained the same venerable age, and residing at Clio, Genesee county, Michigan. Charles Montney was united in marriage October 2, 1860, in New York, with Miss Charlotte Sperry, a daughter of Schuyler and Nancy Sperry. Schuyler Sperry was a soldier in the Thirty-fifth New York Infantry, and in 1875 settled on a farm in Riley township, and there died in I88I, a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and a Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Montney had one son, Winslow B., who died in I893, aged thirty-two years. He married Carrie Robinson, who bore him four children, Menzo V., who served in the Third Virginia Regiment during the Spanish-American war and then re-enlisted in the marine service, now being stationed at Cavite, P. I.; Bruce, Mina and Winslow. Winslow B. was a farmer in Brockway, though his widow now resides in Marine City. Mr. Montney has contrib CAPTAIN CHARLES MONTNEY. ST. CLA1R COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 443 uted his share toward the improvement of this section, having personally cleared' upwards of two hundred acres and converting part of the wilderness into a productive farm. He now resides on a neat and carefully operated little dairy farm, just north of Yale, which is mainly devoted to the interests of a herd of well-bred Jerseys. Mr. Montney comes from a military family, as already noticed. His paternal uncles, John, Joseph and Albert, sons of the old Revolutionary veteran, all served in the war of I812, and were all wounded. Charles Montney himself enlisted at Watertown, New York, December I, I86I, in Company A, Thirty-fifth New York Volunteer Infantry. He was in the second Bull Run fight and those at South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg. In December, 1863, he veteranized and was attached to Company K, Eighteenth New York Cavalry, a new regiment, and was sent to New Orleans. It soon joined Banks on the Red River expedition, the subject acting as color bearer. For meritorious services at the battle of the Sabine Cross-Roads he was made first lieutenant of Company K, and was appointed by the colonel as adjutant of the regiment. The captaincy becoming vacant, he was put in command of his company, and in November, 1864, received his commission as captain from Gov. R. E. Fenton, of New York. His later service was of the skirmish character, entertaining Gen. Joseph Wheeler, and he was finally sent to Texas, being discharged at Victoria in the early part of 1866. At the Sabine Cross-Roads Capt. Montney has his horse shot under him, and was himself wounded by canister shot, from which he has never fully recovered. Upon his honorable discharge in I866 he returned 27 to his home, where he resided until coming to Michigan, where he is among the highly respected residents of St. Clair county. He was a charter member of the local post of the Grand Army of the Republic at Yale, and keeps in close touch with his old comrades. WILLIAM R. CADE. The dominion of Canada has parted with many of her native sons, who have sought homes in the United States, and amonlg these is William R. Cade, now a farmer in Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan. He was born in Sheffield, Ontario, June 20, I849, and is a son of Richard E. and Elizabeth (Bowers) Cade, the former of whom was born in England in I805, and there married and brought his family to the new world in 1832, locating on a tract of land which he cleared up and on which he passed the remainder of his life. The father of Richard E. Cade was Thomas Cade, who also located in Canada East, but later removed to Canada West, clearing up farms in both provinces of the dominion. To his marriage there were born seven children, namely: Robert, deceased; Richard E., father of William R.; Thomas, deceased; John, William, Sophia and Sarah. Richard E. Cade, in his early days, assisted in the cultivation of the Canadian farm, and on attaining manhood's estate was married. After the marriage ceremony had been performed he came, in I856, to the state of Michigan, and for one year rented a farm in Washington township, Macomb 4.-4 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. county, whence he came to Mussey township, St. Clair county, and purchased from A. Dwight, a lumberman, eighty acres of forest land in section I8. Mr. Cade here erected a log cabin, and cut a wagon road through the woods to Downey's Corners, a distance of two miles. He was a good axman as well as hunter, and found plentto do at b)oth callings, while Mrs. Cade, as was customary with the pioneer housewives, employed her time in spinning and knitting. When Mr. Cade disposed of this farm he settled on another just east of Romeo, on which he lived twenty years, then sold and went to the state of Vashington, where he is living retired with a laughter. He is in politics a Republican and while in St. Clair county served as highway commissioner, while fraternally lie is an Orangeman. To Richard E. Cade and wife were born eight children, in the following order: Peter B., who married Iettie Reed, and is lumbering at Oscoda, Michigan; William R., whose name opens this record; Elizabeth Ann, wife of a Mr. Norton and now living in the state of Washington; Margaret Jane is married to William Freeman, a farmer at Yale, Michigan, and has a family of six sons and three daughters; Hiram M. is in the lumber trade in Washington; Thomas graduated from the college at Adrian, Michigan, and is a lawyer with a large practice at Whatcom, Washington; Lincoln died at the age of sixteen years, and Angeline lost her life when a little girl, being burned to death by her clothes catching on fire. William R. Cade, when a young man, did all in his power to aid his father in clearing up and improving the homestead, which comprises eighty acres, and when twenty-two years of age his father turned the place over to him. August 15, 1872, he was united in marriage with Miss Anna Jane Bottomly, a daughter of Joseph Bottomly, who came from England with his father at an early day, and located deep in the wilderness ten miles from Detroit, but later bought a farm near Mount Clemens, where he now lives retired. To William R. and Anna Jane (Bottomly) Cade have been born three children, as follows: Ira J., a manufacturer of shingles in Washington; Alfred R., who married Miss Carrie Cannis, and is a farmer in Mussev township; Emma Jane, who married Frank Cannis, a farmer in Mussey township. Mr. Cade has seventy acres of his farm u.der cultivation, conducts general farming and stock breeding, has an excellent barn and a very handsome dwelling, and a wind-mill for pumping water for his home and stock. William R. Cade and his brother, Peter B., enlisted July 26, 1864, in Company H, Fourth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, under Col. J. WV. Hall, and among the battles in which he participated may be mentioned those at Decatur and Newmarket, Alabama. He also fought in the famous Stone River campaign, taking part in the battle of Murfreesboro. He likewise served in other engagements in Ohio, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, and was honorably mustered out at Detroit, Michigan, in June, I866. In I90o Mr. and Mrs. Cade made a visit to Washington, where they passed seven pleasant months with their children, at the end of which period they returned to their home in Michigan, where they are surrounded by a host of warm-hearted ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 445,... friends. In politics Mr. Cade is a Republican and regularly votes for its nominees, but has never himself sought a nomination for an office of any kind. He is one of the most successful agriculturists in Mussey township and the social standing of himself and family is truly enviable. JAMES HALL. The general public has ever taken great pleasure in tracing the history of a man who started upon life's career handicapped in many ways, but who, notwithstanding innumerable obstacles, pushed forward manfully and finally reached the goal of success. The widely known and publicspirited citizen whose name appears above affords an impressive example of what energy, directed and controlled by moral principles, can accomplish in overcoming utifavorable environment and lifting its possessor from a comparatively humble origin to a position of usefulness and influence. Eminently a self-made man, having carved his own way in the world. educating himself and honestly earning every lollar in his possession. he ranks with the most successful and enterprising of his compeers and has won a name and reputation which places him among the representative citizens of his community. James Hall was born in Rochester, New York, April 24, 1825, and is the son of James and Rosella (Vevla Moore) Hall. The father was a resident of New Haven before coming to Michigan and the mother a native of Cornwall, Lower Canada. Mr. Hall was a tanner and shoemaker by trade, at which he worked for many years. He was married at Ogdensburg, New York, in I820 and in 1825 came to St. Clair county and lived on the river a short time. Later lie came to St. Clair, where lie remained for several years, and then came to Port Huron township, settling on Black river, where he worked at his trade. During his residence in Port Huron township he was supervisor and also clerk and took an active part in all of the town's affairs. In politics he was a Democrat and the party found in him an able and efficient advocate. September Io, I837, he left Port Huron township and went to Sackett's Harbor, New York, trading land in St. Clair county for city property. He remained there for some time and then went to Oswego, New York, where he remlained for one year, at the expiration of which time he again started west and located in Cleveland, Ohio, where he died one year later, in T840. After the death of the father, the subject's mother brought her family, consisting of two boys and two girls. back to Port Huron, where they lived for one year. Shortly afterward Mrs. Hall married a second time, her husband being \Villiam Austen, and subsequently the family lived in Clyde township for several years and then went to Lexington, Sanilac county, where they remained for ten or twelve years. Mr. Austen served as city clerk for some years, finally dying at his son's, near Jeddo. After the death of her second husband, Mr. Hall's mother lived with him about thirty years, or until her death, which occurred April 8, I9oI, at the advanced age of one hundred and one years, three months and eight days. 446 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.... There were thirteen children in the Hall family, three of whom are living, James, Phoebe, wife of Charles Page, living at Fort Gratiot, and George, living at Lakeport, St. Clair county. James 'Hall received only a limited education, as he started out in the world to make his own way at the age of nine years. Until the age of fourteen he worked and gave his wages to his parents and in every respect sacrificed his hopes and desires to those of the family. He worked at different places in Fort Gratiot and Port Huron townships until he was twenty-one years old, when he went to work with Mark Madison in the lumber business. For three years he was identified with this business and at the same time rented the place which he now owns. He then purchased forty acres of this place and later acquired eighty acres more, making in all one hundred and twenty acres. After some years, desiring a larger farm, he purchased another one hundred and sixty acres, to which he added from time to time until he had accumulated five hundred acres. Since leaving the lumbering business he has sold much of his land and has now but one hundred and eighty-three acres, which constitutes the home place. He at one time owned property in Port Huron, but has sold his interests in that place in late years. He was married October II, I851, to Mary K. King, a native of New York, and a daughter of John B. King, who came to Michigan in I83I and settled in Monroe county. He was a carpenter by trade, but after coming to Michigan he became a farmer and owned land at Somerfield. This he afterward sold and settled on the river Raisin, near Monroe, where he lived until his death. His wife died at Petersburg and of their family of ten children, there is but one living, Richard, who resides at VWillis, Michigan. For fifty years the subject and his wife lived on the old place, the home being finally broken up by the death of the latter, which occurred January 15, I9go. No children ever blessed this union and the subject and his wife felt the lack of childish voices in their home most keenly. They took into their home a little boy of six years, John W. Rufus, who was reared as one of the family and is now a prosperous farmer near Mr. Hall's. His wife was Miss Edith Bates and they have one son, Ernest. Mr. Hall has always been a general farmer and has taken a great deal of interest in stock and fine horses. He is an authority on the fine points of horses and stock, having at present four thoroughbred colts, which he is raising with great care. As a Republican Mr. Hall has always taken a deep interest in the political affairs of his community and has taken an active part in the issues of the day. He has been honored by his party, having served as justice of the peace and as a school officer for several years. Both he and his wife were members of the Congregational church in Port Huron, in which institution they were very prominent and to which they were very liberal, the parish having few members as willing and cheerful in their aid as the subject and his wife. They were both popular in the township and much respected in the county in which they were so well known. Mr. Hall started out in life very poor and has by his own hard work. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 447 - faithfulness and industry won for himself and family a position in the community that is an honor to him. The family are among the most prominent and best respected in the county and number their friends by the score. Mrs. Hall was also very popular in her neighborhood, being identified wth many of the benevolent movements of the county, and her charity was unending. The library at Fort Gratiot was named for this most excellent lady, showing in what esteem she was held by her associates. EDWARD VINCENT. The history of a county or state, as well as that of a nation, is chiefly a chronicle of the lives and deeds of those who have conferred honor and dignity upon society. The world judges the character of a community by those of its representative citizens and yields its tributes of admiration and respect to those whosei works and actions constitute the record of a state's prosperity and pride. Prominent among the citizens of Clyde township who are well known because of the part they have taken in the affairs of the community is Edward Vincent, one of the best known and most respected men in the county. He was born in St. Armond, Canada, October 31, 1825, and is the son of James I. and Drusilla (Austin) Vincent, both of whom were natives of Canada. The father was a farmer and land owner until he came to Port Huron, in I836, where he established his family at Wadhams. For three years he worked in that place and on March 20, I839, he bought his first eighty acres in section 24, Clyde township. At this time the country was devoid of roads and the tract in question was a veritable wilderness. On this land a small shanty had been built and this served for a home for the family for some time. They lived in their new home but one year, when the father was taken ill with a malady from which he never recovered and after lingering for ten years he died, March I, 1847. Mr. Vincent was prominent in the affairs of the community, for many years being justice of the peace and school inspector. He was a Whig and was active in the interests of the party, as he was also energetic in the work of the Episcopal church, and was one of the most respected and influential citizens of the county. His father, Addi Vincent, was a resident of Dutchess county, New York, and married a Miss Hannah Esmond. Immediately after their marriage they settled in Canada, where they remained until their deaths. They were the parents of five children, Michael, Lettie, Margaret, James I, and 'Hannah. The wife of James I. Vincent was a daughter of Joseph Austin, a native of New York state. The Austin family had early settled on the Canadian border, near the Vincents, and it was here that the children grew up and marriel. They reared four children, viz: Edward is the subject; Addi, who was a lumberman here, went west in 1856, and was in Iowa for one year, then went to Colorado and later to Montana, where he has been a miner and ranchman; Jothan A., a retired farmer at Yale, Michigan, married Julia Michael, and Jane, who married David Newstead, both being now de 44.8 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ceased. After the father's death, Mrs. Vincent was married to Arnold Kinney, of Clyde township, who died in 1872 and was survived by her for twenty-four years, she being in her ninety-fourth year at the time of her death. Edward Vincent was educated in the schools of St. Clair county, but on account of his father's ill health he was permitted to attend but irregularly and at the age of ten had to practically give up his studies in the school room. He kept steadily at work and when a young man he taught one school for sixteen dollars per month. He was the only support of the family after his father's illness and when the latter died there was but forty acres of the land cleared and a debt of three hundred dollars to be paid. After his mother's second marriage he kept the other children together on the home place until his own marriage, March 23, 1853, to Agnes G. Atkins, the daughter of John and Marian (Gibbs) Atkins, both natives of Scotland. Her mother and family came to St. Clair county about I835. They have had thirteen children: Marcia E. lives at home; James I. is also at home; Nellie M. is the wife of Henry McNutt, a merchant of Port Huron, and they have two children, Edith and Agnes; John A. died in infancy; Edward L. is the husband of Florence Moore and is connected with the St. Clair Savings Bank at Port Huron and is also identified with the milling business; Charles S. is still at home; Leonard M. married Ada Moore and is in the county treasurer's office at Port Huron; Grace A.; Webster R. died in youth, and his twin brother, Wesley R., is at home; Blanche E. is the wife of F. G. McNutt, of Port Huron; Fred A. resides at home, and Bernard C. is deceased. Until his marriage Edward Vincent taught school and did other work, making his home on the eighty acres of the home-.stead. With this start he struggled along and added to his possessions until he now has four hundred and eighty acres in the home place, besides two hundred and forty-three acres in two other farms, of which two hundred acres are in cultivation. He has made many improvements and has succeeded in converting a wilderness into one of the finest estates in the country. When he began farming the tiller of the soil had more to do than to prepare the soil and tend the crops. Blacksmithing, harness repairing and such matters, besides the clearing and building, were all done by the "gritty" pioneer, who had no thought that he was building for the succeeding generations a country such as has never been surpassed. Mr. Vincent has always been a general farmer, but has also given much attention to the raising of fine cattle, sheep and draft and road horses. Besides his farming interests he has for years been much interested in the political, religious and business affairs of the community. He first cast his influence with the Whig party and after its disorganization he became a Republican. Under the administration of this party he has held many offices and has filled his charge with credit to both himself and honor to his township and county. In 1848 he was clerk of Clyde township, and for twenty-nine years he was its supervisor. In 1877 he was treasurer of the county and held this office for four years, and for nearly forty years he was school director. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 449 — He was a member of the state legislature in 1882-3 and discharged his duties to the entire satisfaction of his constituents. Besides being a politician, Mr. Vincent is a respected lodgeman, holding, as a Mason, membership in Blue Lodge No. 58, and in the chapter and commandery. For many years he was interested in the mills of the county, but has of late years devoted himself more to agriculture, in which he has prospered even beyond his expectations. During the war he was enrolling officer, which position he held for four years, serving faithfully in that capacity. Mrs. Vincent died September 29, 1902, on the seventieth anniversary of her birth, after nearly fifty years' companionship with her husband, to whom she had been a devoted helpmate. HON. JOHN MILLER. John Miller was born July I, 1813, in Sugar Loaf, province of Ontario, the son of a British soldier of the same name, and was drafted into the British service at the beginning of the war of I812, but his sympathies being altogether with the Americans, he deserted at the first favorable opportunity and joined certain of his friends who had settled some time previously near Buffalo, New York. As soon as he could conveniently' do so he sent to Canada for his family, which, after encountering many difficulties, joined him, the wife walking almost the entire distance and carrying her son on her back. When John, Jr., was about thirteen years old, his parents moved to Michigan, settling at Rochester, Oakland county, at which place he grew to young manhood, meanwhile acquiring a limited educational training in such indifferent schools as the new country afforded. With the object in view of making his own way in the world, he left home before attaining his majority and came to Port Huron, where he entered the employ of his brother, Jacob Miller, who was in the lumber business. Subsequently he purchased a farm in the Black River valley, on which he settled and addressed himself to the task of its improvement; but, after a limited experience as an agricultur. ist, he left the place and engaged with a lumbering company to work in a large steam mill. Later he became the company's agent, in which capacity he traveled over various parts of the state, purchasing timber and selling lumber, and was thus engaged until building a mill at Port Huron and eml)arking in the manufacture of lumber upon his own responsibility. Mr. Miller continued the lumber business with varied success until about 1853, when he disposed of his mill and, in partnership with William Stewart, engaged in the hardware trade at Port Huron until 1855. In the latter year he became associated with Cyrus Miles and Elbert T. Brockway in the banking business, the firm being known in commercial circles as Cyrus Miles & Company. After continuing under the above name about five years he purchased his partners' interests in the enterprise and, under the style of John Miller & Company, managed the business with success and profit until I868, when his son, John E. Miller,.was admitted to partnership, from which time until 1871 the firm was known as John Miller & Son. 45~ ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. In I87I he assisted in organizing the First National Bank of Port Huron, into which he merged his former business. He was elected cashier of the institution, his son John E. becoming his assistant, and continued to discharge the duties of that position until his death, in I873. In addition to his large private interests, Mr. Miller was identified for a number of years with the public affairs of Port Huron and St. Clair county, having served for several terms as mayor of the city. He was also twice elected to represent St. Clair county in the state legislature and as a member of that body proved an able a:;d discreet law maker, serving on a number of the most important committees, introducing and causing the passage of some of the leading bills of the sessions, and making a record which not only reflected credit upon himself, but proved entirely satisfactory to his constituents. In his political affiliation he was a pronounced Democrat and for many years enjoyed the distinction of a party leader in his own county, besides becoming prominently known among the able politicians of the state. Few men stood higher in party counsels and non!e were more active in behalf of the cause of Democracy in the county of St. Clair or (lid as much as he in winning victory in local and state campaigns during the years of his active service. By adopting correct business methods and attending strictly to the demands of his large private interests, Mr. Miller won the esteem of the public, the result of which was the accumulation of a fortune of considerable magnitude, which placed him in a condition of independence. Pos sessing remarkable energy and clear foresight, he took advantage of every opportunity to enhance the enterprises with which he was connected and by straightforward, honorable dealings his name became widely and favorably known in the business world. As an aggressive, publicspirited man, fully alive to everything calculated to benefit his adopted city along commercial and industrial lines, his influence, always potent, was invariably exerted in the right direction..Not only was he actively interested in the material development of the community, but every measure having for its object the improvement of social conditions or the elevation of the standard of morals was sure to enlist his hearty interest and support and, if necessary, his financial encouragement. The worthy poor of Port Huron found in him a generous and unselfish friend and many of the younger business men of the city are indebted to his wise counsel and encouragement for much of the success which they afterwards achieved. By a long residence and an honorable career he won a name which his descendants prize as a priceless heritage, while the people of Port Huron and St. Clair county will always remember him as one of the high-minded, trustworthy and eminently successful men of his day and generation. Like the majority of enterprising, public-spirited men, Mr. Miller was an ardent member of the Masonic fraternity, the precepts and principles of which he exemplified in all of his relations with the world. He took a number of degrees in the order, including that of Sir Knight, and there were few brighter or more enthusiastic Masons in the city than he. In mat ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 451 ters religious he entertained broad and liberal ideas; believing religion in its true sense to be largely a matter of conscience, not to be interfered with. He respected every man's opinions, at the same time maintaining for himself the same right of conviction, which he was always ready to extend to his fellow man. Mr. Miller's domestic relations were of the most pleasant and agreeable type and his home was long noted as the abode of a genuine hospitality, which he generously dispensed to all who claimed it. 'He was happily married on the 29th of October, 1843, to Miss Flora Hull, of Port Huron, who survived him about twenty years, departing this life in the month of May, I893. She presented her husband two children: Clara A., who died in 1862, at the age of seventeen, and John E., whose sketch apears elsewhere in these pages. HENRY J. KRUGER. America is about the only country in which emigrants remain contented with their lot. They doubtless sometimes strike locations not wholly to their liking, but a removal or two soon establishes them in a locality where they are satisfied. Only a few years are necessary for the thrifty, industrious man, woman or family from abroad to find themselves far beyond the reach of want, and this was the case with the Kruger family. Henry J. Kruger, born in Mecklenburg, Germany, July 8, 1854, was the third of a family of five children who came to America with their parents, George and Sophia (Hubner) Kruger, in I86o. George Kruger had been a miller in his native land, but found it rather difficult to get employment in his line in this country. Not the least bit discouraged, he went to Detroit, where he lived for a number of years, when he moved to St. Clair county, where he purchased thirty acres of land, upon which the family took up their abode. He and his sons cleared and improved this land and for nine years cultivated it profitably. Having an oppor. tunity of selling out, they did so and the proceeds of the sale they invested in a piece of mill property, known as the Steve Cummins mill. They also purchased an eighty-acre tract of land, that upon which Charles Kruger, brother of the subject, now resides. Here the family continued to conduct the dual business of farming and milling and steadily increased their worldly possessions. The five children of George and Sophia Kruger who came from Germany were Mary, Sophia, Henry, Charles and Anna. In politics Mr. Kruger was a Republican, but never aspired to office. In religion he was a Lutheran and a liberal contributor to the support of that church. He died in September, I884, sincerely mourned by relatives and friends. The public school system of Michigan had made considerable progress when the Kruger family came to the state and all of the children received the advantage of a fair common school education. This was a great help not only to them, but also to their parents, as it thoroughly familiarized the entire family with the English language. Henry was especially bright and progressive and lost no op 452 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ~ portunity of storing his mind with all available information. It did not take long to become an expert in the management of the mill. On the 2Ist of February, 1877, he was united in marriage 'to Miss Ann Eliza Langley, daughter of James and Anna (Southworth) Langley. Mrs. Kruger was born in Sarnia, Canada, March 12, I849, and was the youngest of eleven children, eight sons and three daughters, of whom there are six yet living, all residents of Michigan. James Langley was born in Vermont in I8oo and died in I882. 'He was a farmer and about 1851 came to St. Clair county, Michigan, where he acquired the ownership of eighty acres of land in St. Clair township. In politics he was a Republican. His wife was born in Vermont in I80o and died about I872. They were both members of the Congregational church. Mrs. Kruger was but two years old when brought to Michigan, and received her education in this state. To the subject and his wife have been born six children, of whom three are living, namely: Erma, who is still under the parental roof, has finished the seventh grade in the public schools and is also taking instruction in instrumental music; Herbert has completed the eighth grade and his parents expect to give him still further educational advantages; Homer is also attending school. At this time Mr. Kruger is the owner of one hundred and twenty acres of good land, eighty of which is cleared and in a fine state of cultivation. He carries on general farming and stock raising. He breeds the Ohio Improved Chester hogs, has a great many and they are splendid sellers. His cattle and horses are all of good stock and in that line of business he has been quite successful. In politics he is a Republican, in religion a Lutheran and he is a member of the lodge of Gleaners at Rattle Run. He has lived in St. Clair county nearly forty years, has an extensive acquaintance throughout the county and is a man who is universally liked and respected. WILLIAM S. RAMSEY. One of the most respected as well as enterprising and successful young farmers of Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is William S. Ramsey, a native of the township and born October 5, 1863, on the farm he still occupies, a son of William and Amanda (Mabon) Ramsey, the latter a daughter of Robert Mabon. Robert Ramsey, father of William and grandfather of William S., was the first of the family to settle in Macomb county, Michigan, where he entered two hundred and forty acres of government land, at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. His son William was born in Detroit, Michigan, where he was reared to manhood, and was the first man to open a hotel at Lenox, Macomb county, where he was also the first to engage in buying and shipping hoop-holes; he was likewise a general merchant in that city, later became a farmer and followed this vocation the remainder of his life, dying in February, I9OI. 'He had been a very industrious man, at one time owning six hundred acres of land, and also dealt considerably in real estate. He was the ma ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 453 ker of his own fortune, and liberally provided for his five children, who were born in the following order: William S., whose name occurs at the opening of this biography; Frederick, James, Frank, and Cora, who is married to George Coughell, a farmer. William S. Ramsey was married August I8, I886, to Miss Jessie Greggs, daughter of James H. and Henrietta M. (Howe) Greggs. The father of Mrs. Ramsey, James H. Greggs, was born in New Jersey in I8631 was a wagonmaker in early life, next was a carpenter and later became a farmer. He owned three hundred and twenty acres of land at one time, did a great deal of clearing and had large lumber interests. He met a tragic fate in I885, being killed by a railway train while attempting to cross the track. He was a member of the Congregational church, in politics was a Republican and a school officer, and left eight children, viz: Helen, Jessie M. (Mrs. Ramsey), Elmer A., 'Carrie M., Carl P., Nettie M., Mabel M. and Pearl. The marriage of William S. and Jessie (Greggs) Ramsey has been blessed with five children, namely: Harold E., born in 1887; Earl C., born in I89I; Leighton H., born in I896; Clarence L., born in I899, and an infant. Mr. Ramsey is the owner of two hundred and thirty-two acres of good land, one hundred acres of which have been cleared and placed under a high state of cultivation, as well as improved with all the conveniences that go to make the farmer's life one of pleasure, comfort and profit. Besides raising all the. crops indigenous to the soil and such as are in as being apt to thrive in this latitude, Mr. Ramsey gives a great deal of his attention to live stock, Durham cattle and choice breeds of sheep being his special favorites. In his political affinities Mr. Ramsey is a Republican and has served on the school board for seventeen years; he is a member of the Congregational church at Columbus and lives fully up to its teachings. Mrs. Ramsey is also an earnest worker in the church, and has done a great deal toward advancing it in temporal matters. She has originated and conducted with admirable tact and success several "sociables," from the proceeds of which the school has secured a clock and bell and has started a library. Mr. and Mrs. Ramsey are greatly appreciated by their neighbors for their unvarying life of good deeds, kindnesses and general usefulness and they well deserve all the respect which is ungrudgingly bestowed upon them. ROBERT BAKER. From the hardy sons of the Emerald Isle we have gained a strain which has impregnated our more stolid nature with a vein of humor or wit which has taken many a rough edge from the cares of life. Their happy and congenial natures make them a valuable addition to a race whose natural bent is toward mercantile affairs and whose lives would otherwise have less of the appreciation of the happier feelings of the soul. Not only are the sons of Ireland the possessors of a fine sense of hu troduced into the region in which he lives 454 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.. mor, but also of an absorbing love for home and nature. No race has a keener love of family than the Irish race, and no people are more true to their familv ties than those of Celtic ancestry. It might be said, too, that no people retain a stronger attachment for their native land than do these sturdy children of the land of the shamrock, thousands of whom left their beloved island and sought homes of greater freedom in America. In every state they have settled and created comfortable homes. They are among our most progressive and enterprising business men and they are occupying some of the most exalted positions within the gift of the American people. Robert Baker was born in Ontario, Canada, April 17, I86o, the son of John and Bridget (Clark) Baker, both of whom were born near Dublin, Ireland. They came to Canada as young people and were married there, he being there employed on a railroad. He came to St. Clair county in 1862 and later bought eighty acres of land in Gratiot township, on which was a small clearing. He bought his Clyde township land in I863 or '64, though he had worked for Michael Plant in the meantime and for five years thereafter, coming to his farm in I869. In time he added more to his possessions until he had in all one hundred and twenty acres, most of which was under cultivation. He was much interested in political affairs and never failed to contribute to his party's success. This worthy couple were the parents of four children: Robert, the subject; Anna, deceased; John, Jr., a farmer of Clyde township, is married to Nora Lewis, and Julius, whose wife's maiden name was Clara Bromer, is farming the old place. Robert Baker was educated in the Clyde' township schools and lived at the home of his parents until he was twentyone years old, when he learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed until he purchased his present farm, which consists of eighty acres in section 2, Clyde township, and which was then but partially improved. He did not move onto the farm immediately, but worked for several years longer at his trade through the county, and in I890 he returned to the farm with his bride, Miss Cora Bartram, of Grant township, St. Clair county. To this union two children were born, Verna and Anna. At the time of his marriage the subject made the improvements on his land, building a large house and all the outbuildings and making other improvements. In the meantime the farm had been cleared and was ready for cultivation. At the present time the subject has about fifty-five acres under cultivation and is carrying on a general farming business, also dairying and stock raising. He raises no horses except for his own use, but those which are found on his farm are fine specimens of the equine race. Hogs have been a source of much revenue to the subject and he has given much attention to their care and breeding. Besides his home place the subject owns forty-two acres of pasture in section 9, the Kinney place in Clyde township. Mr. Baker takes a deep interest in everything affecting the public welfare and has been school director and highway commissioner, and has also held minor offices. As a member of Clyde Tent No. I68, K. O. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 455 T. M., of Clyde, he is very popular and has been very active in the work of the lodge. He is one of the most prominent young farmers in the county and has the respect and good will of all who know him. WILLIAM WITHUN. The boy who receives his first lesson of industry in a lumber camp was never allowed much ease while he was acquiring his industrial education. It is safe to say that he seldom went to bed without a feeling of weariness and never had to invoke alny of the popular modes of wooing slumber. Such was the early life of WNilliam Withun, the subject of this sketch, now a resident of Mussey township, St. Clair county, Michigan. in which county he was born January 26, 1863. His parents were \William and Dora (Tay) Withun, natives of Germany, who emigrated to the United States in the early 'forties. They came to Michigan and located at Mt. Clemens, M/acomb county, where he procured employment on farms, in clearings and in the lumber camps. He was an industrious man and was soon recognized as a valuable workman at any task that he might undertake. He prospered, made money and saved it, and at length was able to purchase forty acres of land in Casco township, in the midst of the forest on which the family home was erected. He cleared the land, making hoops and staves and cordwood from the timber on his l)lace, and cultivating the land acre by acre as he got it cleared. Between what he raised on his cleared land, what he realized from the sales of the hoops and staves he made and the wages he received for the work he did for other people, the family lived quite comfortably. His wife, Dora, was anything but a burden to him. She called for no silk dresses, Easter bonnets, nor costly jewelery. Instead she prepared the meals for her family, cared for her children and went out into the woods with her husland to pull the cross-cut saw or wield the ax in clearing the land. The following children were born to William and Dora \Vithun: Minnie married Charles Lubahn. with whom she resided until his death; they were the parents of seven children; later she married Charles Stockman, by whom she has one child, and they are now living in Detroit; Tena married Charles Draymuiller and they reside on a farm in the state of New York, forty miles from Buffalo; Charles married Mary Mundt and they reside at Al1mont and have a family of four children;. W\illiam, the subject of this sketch, will be more particularly referred to hereafter;. August is referred to on another page in this volume; Augusta is dead; Anna married William Watkins, a hardware merchant in Detroit, and they have two children. A good common school education was accorded to each, and each is the owner of a good home, enjoying prosperity. William Withuin, the father of this family, died in 1872. He and his wife were both members of the German Lutheran church, active in its work and liberal in their contributions to its support. The early years of the life of William \ithun were spent with his father on the farm and in the woods. While quite a. 4.56 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I young lad he worked in the lumber camps, commanding wages equal to many of the men and frequently doing much more work. His life was indeed an active one, but he was blessed with health and strength, a good appetite and a readiness to sleep, and grew into manhood the possessor of a sturdy physique. Some time after the death of his father, an opportunity offering, the little homestead was sold. and with the proceeds they purchased one hundred and sixty acres in section 36, Mussey township. It was heavily timbered and unimproved, but on this they built a home and proceeded to clear the land. The boys were by this time large, strong youths and entered into the task with zeal and energy. The work progressed splendidly until I883, when, upon the death of their mother, William and August purchased the interest of the other members of the family in the place and divided it between them, each taking eighty acres. VWhen William took charge of his portion only fifteen acres were cleared, but only six acres are now il wood. The farm is provided with a large, comfortable residence, substantial barn and good outbuildings. On the 25th of February, 1887, William Withun was united in marriage to Miss Amelia Graybird, the daughter of Frederick Graybird, a retired farmer of Mussey township and a native of Germany. They have seven children, viz: Clarence, Herman, Mabel, Anna, William, Lawrence and Albert, all of whom are attending school except the youngest. The parents are members of the Lutheran church and active workers. Mr. Withun is a Republican and active in the interests of his party, but never an office seeker. No more thorough or progressive farmer resides in Mussey township than William Withun, and while there are those who conduct the business on a larger scale there are none who have met with better success, the area cultivated and the amount of the capital invested considered. He carries on what is known as mixed farming, cultivating the soil and feeding what he raises to his stock. He keeps cattle, Poland China,hogs, coarse-wool sheep and general purpose horses. His place is well drained, well fenced and is always well cultivated. 'He is thoughtful and studious, well known and well liked, and, did he care to do so, he might make good use of his popularity in politics. HON. JAMES H. WHITE. It is a pleasing indulgence to refer to the life and achievements of a man who has been so long and so prominently identifiedl with the material activities of a community as has the subject of this review and( who stands conspicuously forward among the leading factors in the continued growth and prosperity of one of the most flourishing and substantial cities in the commonwealth of Michigan. James H. White is a man of such well-defined traits of character that his fifty-two years of business activity in Port Huron and St. Clair county have left the impress of his strong individuality upon the various enterprises with which he has been connected, and his name wherever known passes current as a synonym for all that is up ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 457 right and honorable in business and citizenship. Endowed by nature with a sturdy frame, a clear and alert intellect, nearly always in the enjoyment of good health and with an exuberance of spirits, it is not strange that time and labor have had so little effect upon his vital forces, although he long since reached an age when the majority of men cease their active life and retire from business cares. Mr. White was born in Whitestown, Oneida county, New York, on the 28th of April, 1822, and remained at the place of his birth until about twenty years of age. After receiving a good practical education in the schools of his native town, he engaged as a clerk in a mercantile house and for several years thereafter obtained a livelihood in that capacity. Subsequently he gave up his position for the purpose of embarking in the grocery and. provision business, selecting the city of Utica as the most favorable place in which to make money in this line of trade. After spending three years in that city with fair financial success, he sold out and went to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where for a period of two years he carried on merchandising with unsatisfactory results. Disposing of his stock, Mr. White returned to his native state and accepting a clerkship with a manufacturing firm in the city of Yonkers, continuing there until I850, when he resigned his place and came to Port Huron with the object in view of dealing in real estate. Mr. White's arrival here was most opportune as the above year marked a very important epoch in the city's growth along all commercial and industrial lines. The advantages of the place as a center of trade and manufacture caused a great demand for real estate and it was not long until dealers were kept exceedingly busy in supplying this constantly increasing demand. Having valuable lanled possessions of his own, Mr. White closed out a large share at liberal figures and by negotiating sales for other parties he was soon in the enjoyment of a business which returned him a handsome income. By judicious investments, as well as sales, he added largely to his business, and from time to time further increased the value of his holdings by the erection of substantial improvements, thus materially aiding the city's growth as well as swelling his own fortunes. About the year T891 he built the White building, a large and imposing structure five stories high, ivhich is among the most substantial b1uildings within the corporate limits, and in addition thereto he made various other ilnprovements, besides leading in business enterprises which have done much to make the city what its inhabitants claim for it and what the people of the state have not been slow to acknowledge-one of the leading commercial points in the northwest. Mr. White has been identified with the city's financial interests for a number of years, having been a prime mover in the organization of the Port Huron Savings Bank, with which institution he is still connected, holding the office of vice-president at the present time. He has earned a well-founded reputation as an able and reliable financier, but his principal business has been in the line of real estate, which from the beginning continued to grow in volume and importance until he easily became the largest dealer in this 458 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN..... city and one of the most successful in the western part of the state. Mr. White also took an active interest in establishing the Port Huron Engine and Thresher Works, one of the most important of the city's industrial enterprises, and for several years served as vice-president of the company. He is also connected with other manufacturing enterprises in South Port Huron. Reared a Whig, Mr. White was an earnest supporter of that old party until its disintegration, since which time he has been equally pronounced in his allegiance to its successor, the Republican party. While taking a lively interest in all political questions, he has not been a partisan in the sense of seeking office, although his friends have elected him to positions of honor and trust at different times, his business qualifications peculiarly fitting him for public station. He was special deputy collector of customs nine years under J. P. Sanborn. In 1854 he was elected sheriff of St. Clair county, which office he filled two terms to the satisfaction of the people regardless of party creed. In 1878 he was elected to represent St. Clair in the state legislature, and two years later was chosen his own successor, his record as a law maker comparing favorably with that of any other member of the body. Among the committees on which he served that pertaining to railroads was perhaps the most important, his sound judgment and careful study of the nature, needs and limitations of corporations being of especial value to his fellow members and to the state. As a member of the city council, in which capacity he served several years, Mr. White was instrumental in bringing about much valuable municipal legislation and during his incumbency he was also untiring in his efforts to benefit the city and promote public improvements. He also served the county as supervisor, in which, as in his other offices, his record justified the people in the wisdom of his election. Fraternally Mr. 'White has long been prominently connected with the Masonic order, in which he has risen to the Knight Templar and other high degrees. He is an enthusiastic worker in the brotherhood, and by a careful study of its principles and precepts and their practical application to daily duties his life affords a living example of their value to society and to the world. Mr. White is a man of strong mentality and active intellect and during the course of a more than ordinarily protracted life he has made a profound study of many important subjects. After a careful investigation of the nature and claims of the various divisions of the Christian church, his researches led him to question the authenticity and credibility of revealed religion as accepted by the orthodox world and he embraced spiritualism as the belief best calculated to meet and satisfy the desires of man's higher being. He is profoundly versed in the teachings of this cult, derives from it much satisfaction and is perfectly content to accept it as a guide through the life that now is, and to rely upon it as a sure and safe passport to the better life behind the veil. Mr. White has been thrice married, the first time in New York to Miss Alice Wetmore, after whose death he took for a companion Miss Charlotte H. Tompkins, also a native of the Empire state, the latter union resulting in the birth of one son, ,x ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 459 Nathaniel C. White. Mrs. Charlotte White departed this life in Wayne county, New York, and subsequently Mr. White entered the marriage relation with her sister, Bertha H. Tompkins, his devoted companion and helpmate in his declining years. From the foregoing brief review it will be perceived that the life of Mr. White has been one of great activity, attended with success such as the majority of men (lo not achieve. His influence upon the business and public interests of Port Huron and St. Clair county has been strong and far-reaching and it is a compliment worthily bestowed to classify him, not only as a representative business man in all the term implies, but as one of the notable men of his generation in western Michigan. A great reader, a close observer, with quick perceptions and broad mind, his judgment almost intuitively gives him the power to analyze the character and motives of mankind. Gentlemanly and urbane in his relations with the world, in private life and the atmosphere of the home circle he has always shone with a spirit wholesome and elevating to the inmates and to those who come within the range of his influence. ALONZO M. BLYNN. Enjoying the afternoon of a well-spent life in ease and comfort, after many long years of toil and hardship, must certainly be a pleasant way of passing the time. Watching the sun of life as it gradually sinks behlind the hills of time, every want supplied, 28 and an abiding peace in possession of mind and body, could earthly reward or compensation for work well done be more gratifying? Such seems to be the situation with the subject of this sketch, Alonzo M. Blynn, of Memphis, Michigan. Daniel Blynn, the father of Alonzo, was a New Englander. He was born in Connecticut in the early part of the last century, but early in life moved to New York. There he grew to manhood, receiving a knowledge of the art of pedagogy, and also mastering the trade of carpentering and joining. During that time the construction of canals was the principal public work under way and upon these Mr. Blynn found considerable employment. He was industrious and economical, and by the time he had reached man's estate he had saved enough to justify him in taking unto himself a wife. At Lyons, New York, he met and married Miss Filena Hovie, and was soon in the possession of a home, with domestic surroundings most happy. Daniel and Filena (Hovie)' Blynn were the parents of six children, viz: Ahira, born in New York, followed the calling of his father, married well, and is prosperous; William, a farmer, was born in New York, is married, and the father of a large family, and is prosperous; Chauncy, a farmer, who was born in New York, but now resides in Canada, is also married, and has children; Julia, born in New York, is married, and resides in Ohio; Eliza, born in New York, is also married. In politics Mr. Blynn was a Democrat; in religion outside of a belief in the principles of Christian religion, he had no choice as to denominations. He was active and energetic up to the time of his death, which occurred a number of years ago. 460 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Alonzo M. Blynn was born at Lyons, New York, November 8, 1832. His boyhood was spent like that of most of the boys of his time and region. He attended the public schools and secured a fair education, enough for all of the purposes of his position in life., He worked at boat-building for some years, and on the breaking out of the Civil war he responded to his country's call, enlisting in Company A, One Hundred and Sixtieth Regiment New York Volunteers, and served for a period of three years and four months. When he entered the service he weighed two hundred pounds, but when mustered out he tipped the beam at only one hundred and forty pounds. Few regiments saw more active service than the One Hundred and Sixtieth New York. It was at the front soon after the opening of hostilities, and was one of the last to be mustered out. Mr. Blynn was in many of the hottest engagements of the rebellion, notably the operations in the Shenandoah valley. He was a brave and dauntless soldier, one who never shrank from duty on account of danger, and always escaped without injury. In I866 he moved to Michigan, locating in St. Clair county, where he purchased forty-three acres of woodland. This he cleared and improved, erecting upon it a comfortable home. Mr. Blynn was married to Miss Lorinda Odle, a native of the state of Michigan, and to this union were born two sons, Edward and Charles, both now residents of Ohio. Mrs. Lorinda Blynn departed this life, and a number of years later Mr. Blynn was united in marriage to Miss Addie Smith, of Memphis, St. Clair county, Michigan. They now reside in a comfortable, well-furnished home in Memphis, possessed of enough to supply their every modest want. Some time ago Mr. Blynn was stricken with paralysis, which to some extent affects his entire right side. This condition, to one who has always been active and energetic, is very trying, though lately he notices some improvement. He suffers no pain, the inconvenience of getting around' being the entire source of discomfort. Being unable to operate his farm, or even superintend its cultivation, he for a time tried renting. It did not prove profitable, so he sold it and invested the proceeds. He has always been a Republican in politics, takes an active interest in political movements and in the success of his party, but has never sought or filled any office. In religion he is most liberal in his views. According to his way of thinking, all churches accomplish more or less good-they are the means of attaining the end, and any means that will produce the desired result is not to be despised. He has a kindly feeling, therefore, for all religious denominations, but no special preference or liking for any. 1He is a man of wide experience and deep penetration, which, coupled with a fund of good common sense and an entertaining way of expressing himself, renders him very companionable. As a man and a citizen his worth is highly appreciated by the people of the entire county. STEPHEN G. TAYLOR. The hardy New Englander who migrated westward half a century ago and established himself in a profession or calling, very rarely failed to make a mark for him ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 461 self and for his posterity in the community to which he transplanted himself. Hun(reds of instances might be adduced where the nervous activity of the New England Yankee in the. west is wholly chargeable with the making of towns, the building of cities and the accomplishment of great enterprises that half a century ago could not be conceived even in the wildest dreams of the most highly imaginative mind. If a roll were called of the names of those who had contributed most to make Chicago what it is, it would be found that the great majority of them were transplanted New England Yankees. One of these New Englanders who has spent the most active part of his business career in the west is Stephen G. Taylor. Elijah and Clarissa (Granville) Taylor, the parents of Stephen G., were natives of New Hampshire. The former was born in 1802, and lived an active, useful life of seventy-eight years. Early in life he served his apprenticeship to the trade of carpenter and joiner, became well skilled in that calling, and for a lnulber of years followed it with marked success, at the same time bestowing a great deal of attention on real estate. In politics he was a Democrat, and held the position of town treasurer for a number of years. He was a regular attendant at the services of the Baptist church. He was a man of much prominence in Effingham, New Hampshire, where he resided and was in business. Mrs. Taylor's maiden name, Granville, indicates that she was of English ancestry, being in(ieed a descendant of that family which has figured so prominently in English history, and of which Lord Granville is the chief living representative. Stephen G. Taylor was the fifth of eight children born to Mr. and Mrs. Elijah Taylor, viz: Anna M. married Jonathan M. Taylor, a namesake, but not a relative, and had two sons, Channing, who followed bookkeeping as a profession, and Auville D., who was a professional athlete; she died in I899 at Brooklyn, Massachusetts; Alphonso was a carpenter and joiner by trade, married Elizabeth Waterhouse, of Biddeford, Maine, and they are the parents of two daughters, Amanda and Clara, both married; he is now retired from business and living in Haverhill, Massachusetts; David W. came to Baltimore, Michigan, in 1854, and in 1855 married Hannah Foss, of Freedom, New lHampshire: while in Michigan he first followedl teaching, and later, from I856 to I86i, was engaged in the mercantile business at New Baltimore; he then went to California and served as deputy in the office of the collector of customs at San Francisco; Emma married a gentlelnan named Lewis, a native of New Hampshire, who died soon afterwardl; she has followed teaching ten years in the graded schools of Detroit, has since taught in Brookline. Massachusetts, avi(l has retired as a member of the Teachers' Guild of Massachusetts, after thirty years' continuous service, and is now living wvith her sister in Brookline; Stephen G.; John died at four years of age; Thomas '. followed farming all his life, and has a fine farm of two hundred acres at Effingham; he married Elizabeth Knowles of that place, and has a family of five children, Herbert, Maud, Edith, and Clara, all graduates of the high school and some of whom have taken a commercial course; Anna M. followed dressmaking in early life, but for the past twenty years has taught school in Brookline, Massachusetts. 462 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I All of the brothers and sisters of Stephen G. Taylor have had exceptionally good educational advantages. Anna M. was a graduate of the College of New Hampshire in the class of '52; David W. was graduated from the high school at the age of fifteen years,, and taught his first term of school immediately thereafter; Emma graduated from Parsonfields Seminary. Stephen G. Taylor was born in Effingham, New Hampshire, October 13, I835. In his native state he had all t.he advantages that could be accorded any youth in the way of a good, liberal education. In 1856, when barely twenty-one years of age, he came west to New Baltimore, Michigan, and the first winter engaged in teaching. It is worthy of note that nearly all of the instructors of those davs in the west were natives of New England. Mr. Taylor's quickness of movement, polished manners and keen business tact soon procured for him a position in one of the early mercantile establishments, and he continued in that line up to the fall of 1859. In December of that year he came to Memphis, Michigan, and opened up a general mercantile store, it being located in the first frame building erected in Memphis. In this he continued with flattering success until June, 1864, when he sold out for the purpose of purchasing a mill and engaging in the manufacture of flour. He entered into partnership in this enterprise, the firm name being Rix & Taylor, but the partnership was of short duration, continuing only to the spring of 1865, when Mr. Taylor went east, spending the summer at his old home at Effingham, New Hampshire. Desirous of knowing a little more of the world, and becoming more familiar with the ways of the people, in August, I865, he went to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he took charge of the general merchandising store for J. M. Taylor, his brother-in-law, and ably managed it until the severe winter season of the North was passed, when he went to Chicago, but did not remain long, going thence to Rhode Island. From there he visited various points, among them Detroit, where he clerked for Newcomb & Endicott, frequently, however, returning to Memphis. At one time he was the senior member of the firm of Taylor & Jenkinson, general merchants, at Memphis, and in I868 and 1869 he was again a member of the milling firm of Rix & Taylor. This partnership being again dissolved, he went to Dunkirk, New York, and kept books for J. M. Taylor until October 31, 1872, when he again returned to Memphis and for the third time became the junior partner in the firm of Rix & Taylor. On the 20th day of October I86I, Mr. Taylor was united in marriage to Miss Sarah A. Rix, of Memphis, the daughter of Oel Rix, who came from Romeo, Michigan, in 1838 and settled in Memphis. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor are the parents of four children viz: Charles Rix, born February 4, 1863, is a graduate of the Memphis high school, and is now a bookkeeper in Detroit for the Detroit Sanitarium Supply Company; he married Netta Johnson, of Memphis; Adrian Granville, born May 20, 1867,. married Mary F. Newberry, of Romney, Michigan, in October, I896, was educated in Melnphis, and is now in the milling business with his father; Mamie L., born September 6, 1877, is a graduate of the high school and proficient in music; she married Herbert Batty, of Richmond, Michigan, a ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 463 cigar manufacturer, now living at Port Huron; Lucy A., born September I I, I882. has had the advantages of a good education and has been keeping house for her father since the death of her mother, which occurred on the 28th day of December, I899. Stephen G. Taylor has the distinction of having been the first purchaser of grain in this part of the state of Michigan. In politics he is and always has been a Democrat. His belief in Democratic principles, however, did not prevent him from voting for two illustrious Republicans, Abraham Lincoln and William McKinley. Under the administration of Grover Cleveland lie was postmaster of Memphis, and he has been president of the board of trustees of the village a number of years. He began life poor-health, strength, a good intellect and a fair education being his only capital. Each he has used in the furtherance of his material interests, and with sufficient effect to place at his disposal today a comfortable fortune and a fair income. He has reared his family in comfort, all being respected and useful members of society and placed in positions where they can exercise the talents with which nature has endowed them. PETER CANTINE. Peter Cantine was born in Wayne county, New York, November 23, 1833, and is the son of Jacob and Eliza (Scott) Cantine. His father was a native of Ulster county, New York, born in the year I8oI, his mother having also been born in the same place and the same year. His father was a farmer, and in 1847 came to Rilev township, St. Clair county, Michigan, which at the time was a wilderness, and purchased eighty acres of land. At that time there was much wild game in the woods, and young Peter early became accustomed to the sport of hunting, which he continued so long as game existed here. Jacob Cantine was a man who did much clearing of land in the early settlement of the country. He reared a family of seven children; Jane, deceased; Louisa, living in Riley township; Sarah Ann, deceased; Peter; William M., living in New Orleans; Charles, who lives in Wales township, and David, now living in Riley township. The father of the children died in I879. He was a Democrat. and took a lively interest in politics. He was a member of the Baptist church in early life, but later became a member of the Congregational church. He was a self-made man, hardworking and successful. He was active in all the duties of citizenship, andl was a respected friend and neighbor. In I86I Peter Cantine married Mary A. Staley, daughter of Jacob Staley, a shoemaker by trade, and also a farmer; he had a family of eight children: John, Eli, Mary, Jane, Nancy, Emma, Henry and Jacob. He was a resident of Canada, but was killed in a railway accident in I88I, in the state of Michigan. Peter Cantine recently sold a farm of one hundred and forty acres in Riley township, but he still has seventy acres of land, and resides in a nice residence in Memphis, Michigan, living the life of a retired farmer and enjoying the fruits of the industry and economy exercised by him in earlier years. In his active life on the farm Mr. Cantine always followed a system of mixed or general stock farming. He did much toward 404 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. the development of the township in which he lived, clearing up and improving one hundred and fifty acres of land. He bred and handled grade Durham cattle, Poland China hogs and good horses. He is the father of two children, Alfarretta, born in I863, married Daniel Rishe, a blacksmith, living at Lamb's Corners, Michigan, and they have one daughter, Ethel; Barton D., born in 1871, married Miss Loomis, and is a carpenter. In his political views Peter Cantine is a Democrat. He takes the interest a good citizen should in political questions, and held the office of justice of the peace for thirty years in Riley township; he has also been highway commissioner six years and assessor and director of the township, and has filled all the school offices in the township. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, belonging to Memphis Lodge No. 142, and Richmond Chapter, R. A. M. He is also a member of the Maccabees. He is affiliated with the Methodist church and is an active worker in everything relating to its interests. He is the type of thousands of citizens of this great country who compose an element of our population which is the most important constituent in the formation of our cosmopolitan citizenship. They are that large class very few of whom distinguish themselves to a great degree above their fellows in any of life's activities, yet the aggregation of which goes to the formation of the record which chronicles advancement in all that makes us great as a nation. They create, in their own plodding way, all that goes to form the material prosperity of our country. They wrest from the richness of the soil our great agricultural resources, and delve into the bowels of the earth to bring forth its mineral wealth. They go down to the sea in ships and gather from the uttermost ends of the earth the riches thereof. To this class whose achievements are seldom heralded the world is largely indebted. And it is an open question if this class as a whole is not happier and more contented, realizing more of the truest and richest blessings of life than the few who attain to a position which attracts the attention of their fellows and to a reputation which the world calls greatness, or that still larger class who spend a fretful existence in striving after the attainment of an unattainable amount of wealth, always seeking the blessing that never is, but always is to be received. Truly the life of Peter Cantine is typical and as a comparison contains a lesson upon which all may ponder advantageously. DANIEL DYSINGER. Daniel Dysinger was born in Seneca county, New York, January 28, 1828, and died at Memphis, Michigan, October 20, 1896. His father was George Dysinger and his mother Elizabeth (Hallenback) Dysinger. His father was a farmer in his earlier life, but later was engaged in the business of hotelkeeping. He was successful in business life, and died at the age of forty years. He was a Democrat in politics, and was a member of the Lutheran church. He was the father of thirteen children. Daniel Dysinger was married June 1, I85I, to Cordelia J. Stebbins, a daughter of Oliver and Laura (Densmore) Stebbi's, both natives of Massachusetts. Oli ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 465 I ver Stebbins was a farmer and also ran a saw-mill, moving from Massachusetts to New York, where he died in 1878. He reared a family of ten children, viz: Cordelia, deceased, John, George, Hollis, deceased, Cordelia J., Alvin, Louisa, Asa, William and Marriett. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and was a highly respected citizen. Daniel Dysinger owned a saw-mill and a farm of one hundred and sixty acres three and one-half miles northwest of Memphis, which he had cleared and improved. He followed a system of mixed or general farming, in which he was successful anld was regarded by his neighbors as an energetic, quiet and substantial citizen of the community. His family consisted of three children, namely: Daniel F. married Ida B. Nye and is a Macomb county farmer; Henry E. married Nora Felker, is a farmer on the old homestead and has two children; Benjamin Dudley married Mary French, and they have one daughter, Gladys. He is also a farmer of Berlin township. In his political views Mr. Dysinger was a Prohibitionist and had the reputation of acting in a political sense, as well as in all the other relations of life bearing on his duties as a citizen, from the highest conscientious notions of right and wrong, which was the keynote of his character as a man and citizen. Upon this high plane of citizenship he endeavored to live, and he and his excellent wife aimed to impress the same high ideas of life in citizenship and manhood upon their sons, who are now grown to mature age and have assumed the duties of active life. Daniel Dysinger was not of that class of men who, to judge from their actions and manner of life, believe that the accumulation and possession of wealth is per se the surest method of obtaining happiness or the greatest results in life. While believing that to eat the bread of slothfulness is a sin, and that diligence in business is a virtue, yet his highest conception of the best results to be attained, as the object of life, was a blameless and upright life on his own part; to exemplify in his daily life the precepts of the Golden Rule, in doing unto others as he would have them do to him; in living a life strictly up to his conceptions of a good husband, neighbor and citizen; providing a competency for the inevitable rainy day for himself, or to leave a provision for those dependent upon him in case he should be called hence. He performed his civic duties as a citizen from conscientious motives, and was highly respected as a citizen and neighbor. GEORGE N. WILLIAMS. Among the young and progressive farmers of Lynn township is to be found George N. Williams, who was born in Ontario, July 1, I868, a son of Harman and Hannah E. (Seeley) Williams, both natives of the New Dominion and the parents of three children, George N., William and Jane. The father of these children was a lumberman, but was called away when his son George N. was but seven years of age, and the latter then went to live with his grandmother, with whom he remained until the age of fourteen. In the fall of 1882 he came to Michigan and lived with 466 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. w _ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Henry Streeter until he was.twenty-one, when he was given forty acres of land by Mr. Streeter, to which he later added another tract of forty acres. Of these eighty acres he now has fifty acres cleared and under a high state of cultivation, while the remainder he reserves for timber culture and pasturage. March 2, I89I, Mr. Williams was united in the holy bonds of matrimony with Miss Effie May Wait, daughter of John D. and Lydia Jane Wait. John D. Wait was one of the most substantial and prosperous farmers in Lynn township, came from Ohio in a very early day, and engaged in lumbering, farming, etc., and cleared off an immense quantity of land. He had a family of six boys and one girl, was widely known and was one of the most respected of the early pioneers. To the marriage of George N. Williams and Effie May Wait have been born three children, of whom the eldest, Herbie A., died in infancy, the others being named Mina and Harry. Mrs. Williams is a devout Christian and member of the Methodist church, to the maintenance of which both she and husband contribute liberally and otherwise aid by every means within their reach. In his political faith Mr. Williams is a Democrat, and is always active in forwarding the interests of his party, and, though not habitually an officer seeker, he feels it his duty to respond to the call of his fellow citizens to fill any position in which they may see fit to place him. He is the present treasurer of Lynn township and has filled the office with fidelity and to the entire satisfaction of the people. He is a member of the Grange and of the Knights of the Maccabees, having been finance keeper of the latter society for the past three years. Mrs. Williams is a member of the Ladies of the Maccabees, and both are among the most highly respected residents of their township. Mr. Williams, like the majority of his neighbors, is engaged in mixed farming, and has been very successful in cultivating the cereals as well as in breeding live stock, the latter of which comprises cattle, sheep and hogs. Mrs. Williams is also the owner of a forty-acre farm in her own right, the tract being in section 14, Lynn township. As will be surmised from the foregoing remarks, Mr. WVilliams is strictly the maker of his own fortune, as he began life a poor, fatherless boy, and has earned all he has through his own industry and good management and well deserves the high esteem in which he is held throughout Lynn township and elsewhere. WILLIAM BULLOCK. This well-known agriculturist of Lynn township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Canada September I8, 1844, but is of United States stock, his parents, Asa and Rachel (Chase) Bullock, having been born in 'the state of New York. The father early located in Canada, where he followed the vocation of farming for several years, and in I859 came to Michigan and purchased eighty acres of wild land in section I I, Lynn township, St. Clair county, to which the father and son were compelled to cut the roads. Here the parents passed the remainder of their lives, he dying April 9, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 467 I880, and she September 6, 1887. Their family were eight children, viz: Lucius, John, Isaac, Elizabeth, Mary, William, Melissa and Rachel, all of whom reached mature years and six are still living. William Bullock assisted his father on the homestead until the latter's death, clearing off the timber, preparing the place for cultivation and ultimately developing it into the profitable farm that it is today, and of which he is now the owner. It contains eighty acres, six and one-half miles west of Yale. April 26, 1872, Mr. Bullock was married to Miss Rebecca Bryce, a daughter of James and Elizabeth (Fenner) Bryce, he an old settler and prosperous farmer of Brockway township, and a greatly respected citizen. To William Bullock and wife have been born six children, namely: Jesse, still on the homestead; Jennie, who died at the age of eleven years; James, who (lied August 15, I898, aged twentythree years; Martha, wife of Richard Burton; Mary, who is the wife of Earl Morley, and lives in Capac, and Roy. Mr. Bullock has sixty acres of his farm under cultivation and raises all the crops usual to the latitude, and also has one of the best orchards in the neighborhood. He likewise breeds cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, which he feeds and fattens with his farm produce. In politics he is a Republican. as is also his son Jesse. Mr. Bullock is a member of the Knights of the MAaccabees and his son a member of the Gleaners. Mr. Bullock has served as highway commissioner two years and as drain commissioner one term. He is what is called in common parlance a "self-made" man, having realized all that he owns en tirely through his own labor, foresight and excellent management. His farm is one of the best cared for in the township and always presents an attractive appearance to the passer. He is a public-spirited citizen, ready at all times to assist with his means and his advice the development of the conveniences designed for public use, is in favor of good roads, free schools and such improvements as may be added to the township for the use of the public without too deeply trespassing upon the public funds. He has done his full share toward redeeming the township from the wilderness since he has resided here and in every way has proved himself to be a moral, useful, intelligent and worthy citizen, fully deserving the high respect in which he is universally held by all who know him. JOHN C. F. DOHRMAN. This young and prosperous farmer of Lynn township was born in Cleveland, Ohio, October 10, 1859, a son of Frederick and Maria (Washer) Dohrman, natives of Germany, who came to the United States in I85o and for one year lived in Cleveland, whence they removed to Canada and cleared up a farm of eighty acres near Strathroy, on which they lived eight years and then came to Michigan, in 1858, and in the month of March, that year, purchased eighty acres in section 3, Lynn township, located deep in the forest and abounding with all manner of game. The father, with the aid of his sons as they became old enough, cleared up this 468 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I tract and developed one of the most productive farms in the township. Here he died February 20, I880, and his widow in October, I900, both in the faith of the Free Will Baptist church. The father was an active Republican in politics, although he never held office. To Frederick and Maria Dohrman were born five children, viz: John C. F.; Mary; Francis; Sarah, deceased wife of Wynet Manderville, a resident of Logansport, Indiana, and has a family of three children; and William, who died at the age of six years. Of these children, Sarah Manderville was a school teacher of considerable merit. John C. F. Dohrman has lived on the old homestead all his life and has done a great deal toward clearing it up and in making of it the profitable farm it is today. For three years, however, from 1876 to 1879, he worked out for neighboring farmers and saved some money. Since the death of his father, J. C. F. and his brother have conducted the old place, mutually sharing the profits, and have made it one of the most productive farms in the township. December 14, I898, John C. F. Dohrman was joined in marriage with Miss Anna Dudley, of Lynn township, but had the misfortune of losing this amiable helpmate December 28, I898, just two weeks after marriage. Mr. Dohrman carries on general farming, and has great faith in the practice of feeding his produce to his stock, believing that he can realize greater profits from his fattened animals than from the crude grain or hay. He breeds horses for general purposes, cattle, sheep and hogs of different varieties. His farm dwelling is one of the best in the township, and his barn is commodious, convenient and substantial. The land is all under cultivation with the exception of ten acres, which are reserved for pasturage. In politics Mr. Dohrman is a Republican and has served his party and fellow citizens as township clerk seven years, as township treasurer two years, and as school treasurer for eighteen years, each of which offices he filled competently and faithfully. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees and of Yale Court of Forestry. He is likewise a Patron of Husbandry, and is well known throughout Lynn township as a gentleman of the strictest honor and of enlightened intelligence. SAMUEL RICHARDSON. One of the most practical and successful farmers of Lynn township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is Samuel Richardson, who is a native of Canada, born in the province of Ontario, July 23, 1841, and who is now consequently in the mellow prime of life, being the youngest in a family of eight children. George and Mary Ann (Pearson) Richardson, the parents of Samuel, were born in England and, early in the 'thirties, settled in Canada, where George carried on farming until coming to Michigan in I86I, bringing with him his unmarried children. He purchased an eighty-acre tract of wild woodland in section 8, Lynn township, but was called away in 1862, a year after his arrival, in the faith of the Wesleyan Methodist church, of which de ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 469 I nomination his wife was also a member. Their eight children were born in the following order: Hannah, widow of Frank Kellog, is living with her only child in Cresco, Iowa; George, now deceased, who was a farmer in Lynn township, married Salane McCoy, and had born to him nine children; Obediah married Charlotte Storey, lives in Marion, is a farmer, and has a family of eleven chillren; Nancy is the widow of Thomas Beauprey and resides in Romeo, Michigan; Harriet was the wife of James Sharp, but is no1w deceased; Jane, widow of Walter Boughner, is also a resident of Romeo; Sarah is the wife of Joseph Collins, a farmer near Yale, Michigan, and has six children, and Samuel. Samuel Richardson was twenty-two years of age at the time of his father's death, at which time he purchased the homestead, which he has since entirely cleared. June 13, 1862, he married Miss Catherine Kinney, daughter of Patrick and Sarah (Golden)' Kinney, natives of Ireland and England respectively, who early settled in Canada, where the father followed his trade of shoemaker and had born to him a family of eleven children, of whom Mrs. Richardson was the second. Mr. and Mrs. Richardson have been blessed with a family of ten children, nlamed as follows: Harriet, who is the wife of Frederick Grice, has seven children, and lives in Marion, Michigan; Sarah narried James Green, a farmer of Lynn township, and is the mother of a family of three; Joseph died at the age of two years; Frank married Ida Beauprey, who has borne him one child, and lives in Muskego:n; Edward died at the age of two years; Ida is the wife of James Brough, a farmer of Lynn township and has four children; Cora is the wife of Mike Huntworth, has one child and lives at Marion, Michigan; Samuel, Rena and Minnie are still living under the parental roof. Mr. and Mrs. Richardson are members of' the Lynn Mennonite church, in which he is class leader, and lead the plain, simple and unobstrusive lives for which the members of this religious denomination are noted. In politics Mr. Richardson is a Republican and has filled the office of pathmaster, as well as all the school offices, for which he is well qualified. On his well improved farm of eighty acres Mr. Richardson raises all the crops common to the soil and climate and breeds the usual varieties of live stock, which he fattens with the produce of his farm, and, with the exception of the number he retained for home use, disposes of the remainder in the most available places of sale, thus realizing a fair compensation for his care, skill and labor. He, as has been intimated now stands among the most respected, substantial and influential citizens of Lynn township, and his pre-eminent position, it may be added, is entirely due to his own personal merits, unaided by any extraneous circumstances. WILLIAM HOFFMAN. A most respected farmer in Lynn township is William Hoffman, who was born in Oakland county October 15, I859, and is a son of Christopher and Hannah (Meltzer) Hoffman, natives of Germany and of 470 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. that class of citizens whose industrious and quiet habits gain them the respect of any community in which they may happen to cast their lot. Christopher Hoffman located in Detroit in I855, on first coming to this county, and resided in the City of the Straits several years, and then purchased forty acres of wooded land in Lynn township. This he partially cleared from the forest, then sold and bought, in I866, a tract of eighty acres in section 5, in the same township, evidence that he had been frugal as well as industrious. With the help of his boys, however, he secured a fine home, on which his wife died in I896, and on which his own death occurred May 4, I9OI, both in the faith of the Methodist Protestant church, of which they were devout and active members. In politics he was decidedly and earnestly a Republican, and, although not an office-seeker, served as pathmnaster for several years. To him and wife were born four children, viz: Theodore, deceased; Amos, who married Grace Booth, after whose death he married Anna Reeder, and lives at Manistee, Michigan; William, whose name opens this biography; and Henry, who is married to Lulu Booth, and lives at Bear Lake, Manistee county, Michigan. William Hoffman was reared to agricultural pursuits on his father's farm and was well instructed in all its mysteries and intricacies, being now the owner of a fine farm of his own, comprising one hundred and twenty acres. October ii, I883, William Hoffman married Maria Roberts, widow of Frank Roberts and a daughter of Samuel Cummings, a well-to-do farmer of Lapeer county. The family consists of the following children: Sylvia Roberts, who is married to Clinton Stephens and lives in Maple Valley; Frankie, a teacher; and May, Ina, Christie, John, Lucille and Bruce (Hoffman), who are still under the parental roof. William Hoffman and wife are members of the Methodist Protestant church, and are liberal contributors financially to its support, besides being active in pushing along the good work in which the congregation is engaged. They are not at all ostentatious in their labor of love and usefulness in this respect, finding their reward within their own breasts. Fraternally, Mr. Hoffman is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees and he and wife are both members of the Patrons of Husbandry. Politically he is a Republican, but although he is always prompt at the polls and active in advancing the interests of his party, he has never sought an office for himself, preferring to leave to others the doubtful honors and uncertain emoluments of office holding, while he attends strictly to his farm duties and the care of his family. He raises all the crops usual to the clime, such as wheat, corn, oats. hay, etc., and also handles horses, cattle. sheep and hogs, and has been very successful in both branches of farming. He feeds his stock from the products of his farm, and finds by this process a more profitable result than if he sold his stock unfattened and disposed of his grain in bulk. William Hoffman, having been reared from childhood in St. Clair county, and having led a life of strict integrity and commendable industry, now counts his friends by the hundreds, and there is prob ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 471 ably no more respected resident within the bounds of Lynn township, in which respect his family have a full share. He is modest and unassuming, but has a full comprehension of his duties as a citizen, is public-spirited and ever ready to contribute toward the construction of such township improvements as he feels will redound to the benefit of all. JOHN M. STEVENS. One of the most enterprising, successful and respected farmers of Lynn township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is John M. Stevens, who was born in Ontario, Canada, February 15, 1836, a son of Nathan antd Janet (McGregor) Stevens, the former of whom was. a native of Canada and the latter of the state of New York, in which state they were joined in lnatrimony. Nathan Steve'rs was a farmer in Canada, where he lived until 1870, when he sold his property and came to Michigan lanld Iurchased eighty acres of wild land in Lynn township and for some time engaged in lumbering and farming. In 1877 John M. Stevens bought out the interest of his father, who returned to Canada and there lived with his son Allena until death. Mrs. Janet Stevens died in 1854, and Mr. Stevens passed the years from I855 to I860 in Wisconsin, and while in that state took out his naturalization papers. While in Canada Nathan Stevens voted the Reform ticket, but here joined the Republicans, with which party he voted until his death, which occurred in I891. Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Stevens were the parents of ten children, namely: Mary Ann, Catherine, Jane and Elizabeth, deceased, Minerva, John M., Allen, Albert,, deceased, Alvira and Weston. John M. Stevens was reared on the home farm, but secured a good education and taught school from the age of twentytwo years until twenty-eight. In the meantime, )ecemler 19, 1862, he was married to Miss Lucy Le Gear, a daughter of Jacob and Lucy (Teskey) Le Gear, and the youngest of a family of nine children. Jacob Le Gear is a well-to-do farmer in Canada and has reared his family in great respectalility, while he and his wife enjoy the profound regard of all who know them. The union of John M. and Lucy (Le Gear) Stevens has been blessed with seven children, namely: Herbert Edson,. born September 19, 1863, and still living with his father; John Clinton, -born September 28, I865, married Sylvia Roberts, has a family of three children, and is living on a farm at Maple Valley, Sanilac county; Maggie Hattie, born October 12, I868, is married to J. H. Murray, a railroad man at Muskegon, and has a family of four children; James Alfred, born December 29, 1871, died January 2, I876; Mary Jane, born December 12, 1873, is married to Harry Morgan, a farmer in Lynn township; Emma Gertrude, born November 29, 188o, is the wife of William Weese, a farmer in Goodland, Lapeer county, and has one child; James Allen, born October 17, 1883, died February 13, 1885. These children have all been well educated, the daughters especially in music, in which they are very proficient. At the age of twenty-nine years, John M. Stevens purchased a farm in Canada, 472 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. - part of which lay within the corporation of St. Mary's, and upon which he lived until I877, when he sold and came to Michigan and bought his father's farm. This he has since cleared and improved with a fine residence and barn, and now has eighty acres under cultivation. He breeds shorthorn grade cattle, coarse-wool sheep and hogs. His farming is of a general character, his produce being fed to his own stock. Mr. and Mrs. Stevens are members of Lynn Methodist Protestant church and are active in the work of the church and Sunday school, he being trustee, class leader and Sunday school superintendent. As to politics, Mr. Stevens votes for the candidate best suited for the office to be filled and has himself served two terms as township treasurer, also one term as drain commissioner, and has likewise filled all the school offices. Fraternally he is a member of the Grange, and is.known throughout the township and county as an honorable man and intelligent citizen, and fully competent to fill any office to which he mav ble elected. WILLIAM HENRY MORGAN. This ex-soldier of the Civil war, now a farmer in Lynn township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Detroit February 7, 1838, a son of Henry and Lydia (Ward) Morgan, the former of whom was a native of the state of New York and the latter of England. Henry Morgan was reared on a farm in the Empire state and early in the 'twenties came to Michigan and became interested in a stage line running out of Detroit, and later purchased a farm nine miles west of that city, being for several years engaged in agricultural pursuits. He then returned to Detroit, but a short time afterward came to Lynn township and for some time worked in the lumber camps. About I850 he brought his family to this township and embarked in lumbering on his own account, employing about twenty-five men for six or seven years. About 1857 he purchased eighty acres of wild woodland in section 24, this township, which he and his sons cleared and converted into a good farm. Mr. and Mrs. Henry Morgan were members of the Methodist church and in politics he was a Republican. He served as a justice of the peace several years, and also filled all the school offices. To Henry and Lydia Morgan were born five children, viz: Wlilliam H., Alsey B., Julia, James and Lydia. Alsey B., deceased in 190T. married Sarah Hollenbach, who bore him two sons and one daughter; he owned a part of the home farm; Julia is the wife of ANndrew Brogan, a lumberman in Saginaw, and has had a family of four children, of whom one died young; two daughters are teachers and a son is engaged in lumbering; James enlisted in 1862 and served one year, returned home an invalid, and died in 1864; Lydia was married to James Sterling, a prosperous farmer of Lynn township, bore her husband two sons and one daughter, and died in 1874. Henry Morgan passed away at the home of his son-in-law, James Sterling, in Lynn township, aged sixty-six years, his wife surviving him eleven years, dying June 24, I890, aged seventy-five years. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 473 William Henry Morgan passed the greater part of his boyhood in lumber camps, beginning at the early age of thirteen to drive a team of four oxen, at which he continued for several winters, and in the spring seasons drove logs on the rivers until he enlisted, under Captain Dake, at Armada, in August, I862, in Company E, Fifth Michigan Cavalry. He saw a great deal of hard and active service with his regiment, including the terrible conflict at Gettysburg. In February, I864, when Kilpatrick and Dahlgren started on their famous raid on Richmond to liberate the prisoners at Libby, when within about six miles of Richmond, on the 2d of March, Dahlgren was killed and a great many of the Federals captured. Before daylight Morgah and six others, thinking they were entering the camp of their own men, got into the hands of the enemy and he was a prisoner for twenty days, when he escaped lby assuming another name and getting into a squad to be exchanged. Mr. Morgan took part in nearly all the marches, skirmishes and battles in which his regiment was engaged for three years, was mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, as sergeant and then returned to Detroit and set to work to clear up a tract of forty acres of land he had purchased a year prior to the war with money he had earned by hunting and teaming and by trading with the Indians. He also resumed work in the lumber camps and now owns a farm of eighty acres, which was part of the old Morgan homestead. January 9, i866, Mr. Morgan was united in marriage with Miss Jane Finch, a daughter of Sylvester Finch, a prosper ous farmer of Macomb county, Michigan, and the father of ten children, of whom Mrs. Morgan was the ninth. The Finch family came from New York in a very early day and walked from Detroit to Romeo, between which points Mr. Finch carried his provisions on horseback. To Mr. and Mrs. Morgan have been born six children,. namely: Clara, who still lives with her parents; Sylvester; May, deceased; Louis, Minnie and Edna. Sylvester is married to Della Emp'ey and operates the farm; May. the deceased daughter, was the wife of Abner Phillips, of Brockway township. The Morgan family attend the Methodist Protestant church and in politics he is a Relpublican. Fraternally he is a member of Charles S. Traverse Post, G. A. R., and Mrs. Morgan is a member of the Ladies of the Maccabees, both being active members of their respective societies. MOSES H. MERRITT. Moses H. Merritt, who is a son of Daniel C. and Lorinda (McNutt) Merritt. was born September 30, I844. He is a grandson of Moses Merritt. who was born in New York and settled in Connecticut in early life, where he reared a family, coming to St. Clair county, Michigan, in I845. Here he cleared up a farm of one hundred and twenty acres in Clyde township, rearing a family there, and died at the age of seventy-two years. He was the father of the following children: George, deceased; Jane, deceased; Daniel, a farmer at Doyle; Harriet, deceased; Charlotte; Nancy; William, deceased; Lovica and 474 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN..................... Emir. Daniel C. Merritt purchased eighty acres of land adjoining that of his father. He married Lorinda McNutt, who died January 12, I900, and lived on his first farm until recently. He is a Democrat in politics and in his religious proclivities affiliates with the Methodist church. He has been a highway commissioner and has also filled various school offices. He reared a family of ten children: Moses H., Zetella, Lois, Norman D., Edward, who (lied in infancy; James, Casper D., Charles, Elmer, deceased, and Sylvester. James, Casper and Norman are residents of Detroit. All the members of the family secured a good common school education, Casper and Elmer also graduating from the Port Huron Business College. Moses H. Merritt remained with his father until he was twenty-two years of age. He married Linna E. Morden October 3, I880, and they have two daughters; Ethel is a student in an agricultural college, and Lois is at home. After marriage Mr. Merritt purchased a farm in Clyde township, northwest of Port Huron, which he cleared, and lived there for twelve years. He then sold and purchased one hundred acres in Riley township, five miles northwest of Memphis, where he now lives. He pursues mixed farming and is fond of horses, raising good Norman, Clyde and Cleveland bays. He believes in stocking the farm and feeding the produce on the land. He is a Republican in his political convictions, was treasurer of Clyde township and is now a school director. He is a self-made, active, influential citizen,,alive to the interests which affect the community in which he lives, and is highly esteemed. MENZO V. MONTNEY. Menzo V. Montney is the son of Winslow B. and Carrie (Robinson) Montney, and was born on the 25th of May, 1883. He was, at the early age of seven years, deprived of his father, who died at the early age of thirty-two years, and from that time on he, with his sister Nina, made their home with their grandparents, Capt. Charles and Charlotte (Sperry) Montney, by whom he was carefully reared, and at whose hands he was given a good practical education. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American war he determined to enlist for military service and \vent to Detroit for that purpose, but was refused on account of his youthful age and size. Not discouraged, he went to Virginia and was there successful in being accepted for service, being assigned to the Third Virginia Regiment. He did not see any very active service, however, as he was on a transport en route to Cuba when news came of the termination of hostilities. Being' honorably discharged from the volunteer service, he, six months later, enlisted in the United States marine service and was assigned to the "Wisconsin," on which he served as orderly sergeant. After a brief service on this boat he was transferred to the Philippine Islands, making the trip on the "Solace." He is now stationed at Cavite, belonging to the army of occupation. When the late President McKinley attended the launching of the "Ohio" at Mare Island the subject was honored by being chosen as a member of the reception committee. His portrait, which appears on another page, will doubtless be appreciated by many of his old friends in the community in which he resides in St. Clair county. I gpp~~~~~ --- pw-1161 N I i. ii *:~;~~ MENZO V. MONTNEY. I I ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 475 I JOHN McMURTRIE. The gentleman whose name opens this biography and who is now one of the most prosperous and highly respected farmers of Lynn township, was born in St. Thomas, Canada, May 8, 1844. His parents, John and Margaret (Gipson) McMurtrie, were natives of Glasgow, Scotland, where the paternal grandfather, also named John, followed his trade of cabinetmaker all his days and where he and his wife were among the most respected of what was called the middle class. The grandfather had a family of two sons and one daughter, namely: John, the father of the gentleman whose name stands at the head of this memoir; Alexander, who went to Australia when a young man, married and became a prosperous farmer, and Margaret, who is married and lives in Glasgow, Scotland. John McMurtrie, father of the subject, was but a young married man when he bade farewell to his native land and sought a home in Canada in I840, and there found employment at his trade of carpenter. A few years later he purchased a farm of two hundred acres, of which one hundred were in the forest,but which, nith the aid of his sons, he cleared up entirely, and on this farm both he and wife passed the remainder of their lives. At the age of seventy-three years he made a visit to the home of his childhood in Scotland, having lost his wife in I88I, and on his return to America, was himself called away, in February, 1897, in his seventyninth' year. Both were members of the Scotch Presbyterian church, and left a faimily of five children, namely: Anna, who is married to George Whitman, a farmer in Canada, and has five children; John; Kate, 29 wife of James Blair, a farmer in Canada, to whom she has borne five children; Alexander, who occupies the old homestead in Canada, is married to Mary Love and has a family of three sons; Maggie, who is the wife of Mr. Wyber, lives in Port Huron. Until reaching his majority, John McMurtrie lived on the farm on which he was born, assisting his father. In 1865 he came to Michigan, found employment in the lumber camps for six winters and in the log drives in the spring seasons, and was also engaged in the manufacture of staves to a large extent until about I873, when he purchased eighty acres of wild land in section 14, Lynn township. Later on he disposed of forty acres of the tract and bought eighty acres from George Reid. The great part of the first tract Mr. McMurtrie cleared up, being an expert axman. His experience in this line was acquired in the lumber camps in the early (lays, and he was moreover a first-class teamster. Although game was superabundant all about him, Mr. McMurtrie hardly ever enjoyed the chase or indulged in hunting, save to supply his immediate needs. John McMurtrie was united in marriage with Mrs. Angeline Spencer, daughter of James Brice, a farmer in St. Clair county. The first husband of Mrs. McMurtrie was John Spencer, who was killed in the battle of the Wilderness. To Mr. and Mrs. McMurtrie have been born two children, viz: Elizabeth, deceased wife of Charles Adams, a farmer of Brockway township, living with his only child,.Ida; Stephen, who is a farmer in Lynn township, is marred to Bessie Cannice, and has two children, Hugh and John. Mrs. McMurtrie is a member of the Methodist church, which 476 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Mr. McMurtrie also attends, and to the maintenance of which both liberally contribute. In politics Mr. McMurtrie is a Republican, yet, while he is active in the support and work of the party, he has never sought an office. Fraternally he, wife and son are members of the Knights of the Mlaccabees. In his farming operations Mr. McMurtrie raises mixed crops, a portion of which he disposes of by sale, but most of which he feeds to his stock. He owes his success in life entirely to his own exertions, as he commenced his business life in but fair circumstances, but has earned for himself a comfortable competency and placed his family beyond the reach of want. He and family are respected wherever known and Mr. McMurtrie is regarded as one of the most progressive and successful -agriculturists of Lynn township. JOHN HOUGHTON. Few English-born agriculturists in Lynn township are better known or more highly respected than John Houghton, who had his nativity in Lincolnshire, July 11, 1824. His parents, William and Elizabeth (Ward) Houghton, were natives of the same shire and there the mother passed her entire life. In I850 the father came to the United States and for a few months worked in New York, and then brought his family to Michigan, where the son, John Houghton, purchased a farm, in January, 1851, which farm had originally been entered by A. A. Dwight, of Detroit. Wlliam Houghton continued to reside with the son John and died in I886. Of his one hundred and sixty acres, John Houghton sold eighty acres a few years after taking possession, and the father entered forty acres adjacent, and John added another forty-acre tract, eventually becoming owner of the entire farm of one hundred and sixty acres, nearly all of which he has cleared with his own hands. William and Elizabeth Houghton had a family of three children, namely: William, who is now deceased, but who had resided at Burnside, Lapeer county, Michigan, was a well-to-do farmer and was twice married; Mary, who was married to Thomas Houghton and passed her life in England, and John, who cared for his father in his declining years until the latter's death, whch resulted from rheumatism. John Houghton was married in England, at twenty-one years of age, to Miss Jane Sleight, a daughter of Shadrach Sleight, and to this union were born seven children, namely: John, now married and prospering as a farmer in Isabella county and the father of five children; Eliza, who first married a Mr. Stephenson, who was the father of one son, the widow later becoming Mrs. Daniel Cartwright, and now living in Tuscola county; Emma is the wife of Daniel McLaughlan, a farmer of Isabella county; Ellen was married to Johnson Steinhoff; Jane died at the age of ten years; Richard married Cora Hallenbruck, who has borne him two children, Herbert and Sadie, and operates the old home farm, to which he has added eighty acres; Elizabeth is married to Robert Shutt, who is a farm tutor in Indian schools, near Tacoma, Washington. Mrs. Jane (Sleight) Houghton died September 17, I896, in the faith of the Methodist Episcopal church, of ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 477 which Mr. Houghton is still a faithful member. In politics he is an active Republican and, although he was never an office-seeker, he has been willing to serve his fellow citizens when called upon. He filled the office of township supervisor for ten years, of which period seven were in consecutive order; for two years he was drain commissioner, and also served one term as constable and four as town treasurer. The Houghton farm is well improved with a fine residence and modern farm buildings, is well drained by tiling and a considerable portion of it is reserved for timber and pasture. Mr. Houghton is the oldest living settler in Lynn township, having come here November 22, 1850, and being followed the day afterward by Abram Savoy, now deceased. Mr. Houghton is highly respected for his unswerving integrity, his public spirit and his many sterling traits of personal character. WILLIAM BRAIDWrOOD. William Braidwood was born in Almont township, Lapeer county, Michigan, February 22, I85I, and is a son of Mark and Mary (Blaine) Braidwood, natives of Scotland, who came to the United States in 1842 or 1843. They settled in Lapeer county, Michigan, taking up one hundred and twenty acres of land in the wilderness. They cleared up this land and improved it with buildings and lived on the place on which they settled until the death of both, he in his ninetieth year and she in her seventy-sixth year. They were both members of the United Presbyterian church. He was a Democrat and the father of nine children, viz: George married and settled in the township of Matemora, Lapeer county; John is living on a farm three miles west of Almont; Mark, deceased; Thomas has a farm in Otter Lake, Michigan; one child died in infancy; Jane married David Borland, a farmer of Almont township; William; Alexander married Eva Hazelton, lives on a farm of one hundred and sixty-three acres in Riley township and has a family of two boys and one girl; Gabriel is living on the old homesteadl. \Villiam Braidwood married Jennie W. Tice. of Riley township, who is nowe deceased, by whom he had one son, Everett. Later lie married Miss Eva Sutton, a daughter of Daniel and Laura (Dusett) Sutton. Daniel Sutton was born in Ray township, Macomb county, Michigan, on May 7, 1842, and his wife was born in New Haven, Maconmb county, Michigan, September 30, 1845. The gralndparents of Mrs. Braidwrood, both paternal and maternal, came to Michigan from New York in the early 'thirties, being among the earliest pioneers. William Braidwood remained( on the farm with his father until he was twenty-one years old, and then came to Riley township, where he and his brother Alexander purchased one hundred and eighty-five acres of land in partnership, which they improved, and later they added to this one hundred and three acres more and farmed the whole amount of land together. After ten years they divided the land and for the past five years have been farming separately, William controlling one hundred and twenty-four acres and Alexander one hundred and sixty-four ,178 i17c ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I acres. Mr. Braidwood conducts his farm under the system of mixed farming, so common among the farmers of the state, and also believes in the practice of feeding the products of the farm on the land. He raises high-grade Durham cattle and general purpose horses. He is a Republican in politics and has filled all the school offices in his district. He is a self-made man, having )been the architect of his own fortunes, and he and wife are among the prominent citizens of their part of the state. Mrs. Braidwood is a member of one of the pioneer families of Michigan and is a cultured and amiable lady, whom, while her husband was engaged in founding a homestead and a pleasant and attractive place of residence, ably seconded his efforts and labors and has proven herself a true helpmate. Among the many pleasant and hospitable homes in Michigan, that of Mr. and Mrs. Braidwood is not less bright and cheerful than the best, and much of the attractiveness that radiates from this pleasant home is due to the lady who so ally and worthily presides at its board. They have one son, William H-enry. ANDREW CURRY. One of the younger soldiers of the Civil war is Andrew Curry, now a quiet, respected and industrious farmer in Lynn township and one of the township's most useful citizens. He was born in county Carlow, Ireland, November 14, I843, a son of Terrence and Mary (Gorman) Curry. Mrs. Curry (lied in the old country and in I849 Terrence Curry came to the United States, lived in New York until 1852, and while there sent for his three children, whom he brought to Michigan the same year. Here the father purchased a tract of wild woodland in section 24, Lynn township. Mr. Curry was a good hunter and followed the pursuit ardently, but to earn a livelihood he lumbered to a large extent and made hoops and staves in great numbers, for which he found a ready sale. With the help of his son he cleared up his eighty-acre tract, to which he later added forty acres and by the same process developed the whole into a first-class farm, on which he resided until within two years of his death, which took place at the home of his daughter in Capac in 1897, at the age of seventy-six years, in the faith of the Catholic church. In politics he was an active Republican and was highly respected as a most industrious citizen. To Terrence andl Mary (Gorman) Curry were born three children: A-ndrew; Catherine, who was married to John Keefe and died in Kansas, the mother of eight children; and Bridget, wife of Jacob Waltz, has a family of four boys and three girls, and lives in Capac. Andrew Curry was one of his father's able assistants in clearing off the timber from the home farm. In I86i he responded to the call to arms and enlisted in Company IF, Tenth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, under Capt. Walter P. Beech, and was ill active service until March 19, I865, when he received a gunshot wound through the shoulder and back at Bentonville, North Carloina. He was sent for treatment to a hospital in New York, and was later transferred to Harper's hospital in Detroit, from which he was honorably discharged in: ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 4-79 October, 1865. Among the many severe engagements in which Mr. Curry took part may be mentioned Corinth, Nashville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Atlanta and Rome. He was also with General Sherman on the famous march to the sea, participating in all for four years il! the hardest service up to that time known to modern warfare. July 8, I867, Mr..Curry was united in the holy bonds of matrimony witih Miss Nancy Burton, a daughter of Henry and Mary (Potter) Burton, pioneers of Lapeer county. Henry Burton, a mechanic, was called away in I866, but his widow survived him until I871. They had six children, namely: Elizabeth, deceased; Henry, residing in Port Huron; Nancy, Mary, Maggie cnd James. The marriage of Andrew Curry and wife has been blessed with nine sons, named in order of birth as follows: Henry, who was called to another sphere at the age of twenty-three; Andrew, who married Fannie Park and is a farmer in Berlin township) Terrence, who lives in Berlin, this state; William, who is married to Elizabeth Stone and is now a foreman in a lumber camp in Minnesota; James Burton, who married Effie Mackey, lives in Berlin township; Gorman, still on the home place: Frederick, who is married to Minnie Empy and is farming in Brockway; Ross, still tunder the parental roof, and George, living also with his parents. Andrew Curry now owns eighty acres, sixty-five being under cultivation. He is a Republican and in his services to his party, in which he is popular, he has frequently been a delegate to county conventions, has filled all the school offices and has been highway commissioner, etc. Fraternally he is a member of Charles S. Traverse Post No. 177, Grand Army of the Republic, at Capac, and, as has already been intimated, is highly respected as a citizen throughout the length and breadth of the community. SEWARD F. FRENCH. Descendants of New England stock enter largely into the thrifty, prosperous population of St. Clair county, Michigan. Especially does this apply to those who are engaged in the mercantile business. It comes as natural to the New England Yankee and his descendants to engage in traffic as it does to the sons of Judah to sell male wearing apparel. One of the prosperous merc!hants of Riley Center, St. Clair county, is Seward F. French, whose father was Ebenezer French, a native of Keene, New Hampshire. The French family was among the early settlers of that state. Ebenezer French was born September 9, 1812, and his youth was spent among the New Hampshire lills. When grown to manhood, he married Miss Susan Cleveland, a member of the same family whence sprang a late president of the United States. Up to this time Mr. French had been engaged in the milling business with flattering success. His father and other members of the family lhaving decided to move to the state of New York, Ebenezer decided to accompany them and, finding land in the Empire state far more fertile than that of their New Hampshire home, all engaged in farming, an occupation which was continued with very gratifying success up to the time of the death of the elder Mr. French. His wife 480 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. - having died some time previous, Ebenezer decided to move, to Michigan. Before doing so, however, he was married to Eliza Richards, of Weathersfield, New York, daughter of Erastus and Amanda (Howe) Richards. They immediately started for Michigan, arriving in Richmond township, Macomb county, September I, I840. For the first three years Mr. French occupied his time in clearing land and then bought an eighty-acre tract at Romeo, which he improved and lived upon for ten years. Having sold out at what was then considered a good price, he purchased one hundred and sixty acres at Lenox, and ten years more of time and toil were expended on this tract, which greatly enhanced its value. This was also sold and for seven or eight years the family engaged in farming at Belle River. By this time Mr. French, who seems to have been possessed of much Yankee shrewdness, decided to quit farming and engage in the mercantile business. Interesting his sons with him, he opened a general store at Richmond, Michigan, and operated it with flattering success for five years. Deciding that an increase of patr;onage might be secured by a removal. hp moved his entire stock and fixtures to Riley Center, where the family have continued in business ever since. Mr. and Mrs. French were the parents of six children, viz: Susan Amanda, born April 2i, 1842, married Reuben Burgess, a farmer of New York, and they now reside in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and have a family of three children; one daughter is accomplished in music and another is a teacher in the public schools; Quincy. born April 1, I844, served as a soldier in the Civil war and died in Kansas a number of years ago; R. Elbert, born March 12, I849, is interested in farming and the mercantile business in Riley Center; he married Amanda Felker and they are the-parents of two bright and interesting children; Mary Dell, born June 12, 1852, married W. Dysinger, who is a prosperous farmer of Riley Center; Seward F.; Lizzie M., born July 21, I860, is married and lives in St. Louis. Seward F. French was born at Lenox, Michigan, August 23, 1858. As a youth he was quick, active, bright and intellectual, attended the district school and early showed an aptitude for learning. He was ambitious and persevering, two very necessary qualities to equip the successful man. While his father remained on the farm he aided in its work, and when the mercantile business was established he was one rf its very necessary adjuncts. To that branch of business most of his time has been devoted ever since. On September 26, 1883, he was united in marriage to Miss Bertha E. Lewis, a lady of good education and many accomplishments. To them have been born three children, viz: Neva B., a graduate of the St. Louis (Michigan) high school; Elmer and Melvin Orville. Mr. French has been a farmer, dealer in real estate and a merchant, besides being interested in various enterprises, both for his own and the public good. He has spent twenty years of his life behind the counter of a mercantile house and has been the architect of his own fortune. Whatever he is or is to be is due to the exertions made by himself. In politics he is a Republican, but liberal in views, believing that in local affairs fitness and not politics should govern in the selection of men for office. Per ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 48I sonally he has no ambition to fill public position, though he has been the village postmaster for the past three years. He is popular because he is generous and unselfish, no reasonable favor being solicited at his hands that is not granted. He believes in religion, but has no choice as to denomination, any religion that does not consist chiefly of doing good being looked upon by him as spurious. He is a most worthy and exemplary man, one of whom any community may well be proud. FRANK LOWN. Frank Lown, a son of David and Louisa (Cantine) Lown, who were both natives of New York, was born in Riley township, St. Clair county, Michigan, November 8, I850. David Lown moved from New York to Michigan in 1844, locating in section I3, iI Riley township, which was then a perfect wilderness, the nearest neighbor being three miles distant. Mt. Clemens was the nearest point at which there was a mill for obtaining flour. Mr. Lown took up eighty acres of land and later secured eighty more. He was well and favorably known and respected by all, was an active Republican in politics and had filled all the township offices. He died October 24, 900o, in his eighty-third year. His widow is still living on the homestead, aged seventy-eight years. They reared a family of four children: Jane married Ed Burt and is now living in Detroit; Frank; Hattie married Charles Fox and died, aged about forty-one years; Omer died in childhood. Frank Lown married Louisa Brown, of Whitby, Ontario, who was born December 8, I85i. Her parents were old settlers of Canada, both of whom died while she was yet a child, after which she lived with E. P. Fraser until married. WNhen she was sixteen years old she accompanied the Fraser family to Riley township. Some years later Mr. Fraser died while on a visit to Canada. Mr. Lown follows 'the mixed system of farming and has one of the best improved farms in Riley township. He is rapidly stocking his place with the best class of stock, preferring Durham cattle and draught horses. He is also a believer in the practice of feeding the product of the farm on the land upon which it is raised, thus keeping up the fertility of the soil. He remained on the farm with his father for eighteen years after marriage, coming to his present eighty-acre farm in I889. He also owns another eighty-acre farm one mile distant, which he also operates, and another tract of sixty acres. In politics he is a Republican, taking an active interest in the success of his party. He has never accepted a nomination for a township office, although frequently requested to do so. He is a successful and prosperous farmer and citizen, widely known and highly respected by all. In the person and character of Frank Lown his vicinage is in possession of a man the like of whom must be an advantage and honor to any community. He is a native of the township where he has lived all his life. For more than half a century, as boy and man, his has been a familiar figure in the community, and his life has been as an open book, which could be read 482 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. by all men. 'He possesses that most valuable attribute.of citizenship-a recognized character of worth and stability. He exhibited the traits of a dutiful son and the possession of a filial nature in his residence at home, and in the carrying out of his father's plans, as the latter had designed them, he still reveres his memory and manifests the tribute of ancestral respect. Mr. Lown is a man whom his neighbors and his party would prefer and honor lby a call to official service, as the frequent calls upon him to stand for a nomination for township offices amply proves. To have lived in a community for more than fifty years and be able to command the confidence and respect of all is an achievement of which any man might well feel proud. He is in the prime of life, and uniting, as he does, in his makeup a natural inclination to become interested in all matters which concern the public welfare, with an ability and aptitude for the performance of public duties, it is not at all unlikely, in the course of events, that he may be called to serve in a public capacity in a position which he might considler it his duty to accept. GEORGE GLASPIE. George Glaspie was born in Marcellus, Onondago county, New York, July 17, I815, the son of John and Katie (Wiltze) Glaspie, who came in an early day from New Jersey to New York, where they settled. His father was of Scotch descent from the north of Ireland. The Wiltze family are descendants of one of the old Holland families of New York. John Glaspie was a Democrat in politics and a Baptist in his religious belief. The grandfather of George was a soldier in the Revolutionary war and his father fought in the war of I812, dying near Clifton, Michigan, in I86o. The mother of George died when he was seven years old. John and Katie Glaspie had four children: George; Cornell, now deceased, came to Michigan in the early 'thirties and died at Port Huron; Polly married John Blanchard, a farmer, and died at Oxford, Michigan, in g19I; James was a prosperous farmer in Oakland county, Michigan, where he died. George Glaspie came to Michigan in 1845. He was married to Mary Jane Salsbury in October, I840, but she (lied in Richmond, Macomb county, Michigan, April 3, 1877, and he later married Miss Grace Bale, who was born in England. She died in January, I892, and he married June 20, 1893, Katherine Hart, who was born in Canada December 24, i829, and came to Michigan with her former husband, James Forshee, in 1852. She is one of the pioneers of the state, having lived in Michigan for fifty years. She is the daulghter of Altamont and Tabita (Cronk) Donaldson, the former of whom was born in New York and was a soldier in the war of 1812. After the death of her husband, Mr. Forshee, she was married to Ashley Hart, of Macomb county, Michigan, with whom she lived three years, until his death near Armada, he being killed by a runaway team. George Glaspie is the father of nine children, viz: Gardner S., James, Alvarado, Elbert, deceased, Monroe W., John, who died when a child, Polly, Elizabeth and Lincoln. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 483 Mrs. Glaspie is the mother of five children by her first husband, James Forshee, viz: Anna Ruth, Altamont, Maryetta, Peter, who died in infancy, and Katherine. Mr. Glaspie came to Michigan in 1845 and purchased twenty acres of land in Washington, Macomb county, which he partially cleared and lived on for eight years and then sold and removed to Richmond township, and purchased one hundred and sixty acres of wild land, of which he sold forty acres and cleared the remainder. He lived there from the year 1856 until quite recently, when he purchased fifty-seven acres in Riley township, one and one-half miles west of Memphis on the county line. He has devoted his life to farming, and has followed the system of mixed farming, raising Durham cattle and general purpose horses. He has been successful in his calling and has been rewarded for his labors in the securing of a substantial competency. In his religious belief Mr. Glaspie is a Baptist. He is a Republican in politics and has always taken a lively interest in the success of his party, though he has never held office. He was once a candidate, but, as he says, he "got left" by one vote. He is a self-made man, who, recognizing the opportunities offered in the development of a new and growing commonwealth, availed himself of those oplortunities and now, in the evening of his life, he is reaping a well-earned reward, spending his last days in the retirement of luxurious ease and privacy in a beautiful little farm home chosen by himself especially for this purpose, having relinquished to younger hands the old homestead. It is scarcely possible for succeeding generations to realize or appreciate the debt of gratitude which they owe to those hardy and resolute fathers and mothers, who, renouncing a life of comparative comfort which they might have lived in the older communities where they had been reared, were willing, for the sake of final ease and independence for themselves, and an inheritance for their children, to take up all the burdens, privations and cares incident to reclaiming from the unbroken wilderness of our public domain homes for themselves. But so has history repeated itself, until, across this broad continent, from the bleak Atlantic coast to the "Golden Gate," one grand chain of finely cultivated agricultural states, each constituting within itself almost an independent domain, marks an epoch in our country's history. DANIEL H. COLE, M. D. If one were to look for a man whose life had been one of ease, comfort and enjoyment, he would not be likely to seek among the pioneers of a new country. There may have been some among this class who did not work quite so hard as their neighbors, some whose hardships were more bearable than those of others, a few whose poverty was less painful and whose sufferings were less poignant, but in some form or degree hard work, hardship, poverty and suffering were the common lot of all. Ease, comfort and enjoyment were abandoned when the pilgrimage for the frontier began. In every frontier settlement, however, there was at least one individual, and he by no means 484 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I was the least among them, whose lot was particularly deplorable. Need you inquire who? It was the doctor. He was required to be a physician and pharmacist, occasionally varying his labors by turning priest, to administer the consolations of religion, or again becoming a lawyer, that he might draw a will for some poor patient pressed for time before entering eternity. One of these early doctors of southwestern Michigan was Dr. Daniel H. Cole, of Memphis, St. Clair county. He was the son of Daniel Cole, of Rehoboth, Massachusetts, who, while still young, was married to a Miss Williams, a lineal descendant of that intrepid Puritan preacher, Roger Williams. Soon after marriage they moved to the state of New York and engaged in farming. He was one of ten children, viz: Nathaniel, who located in Ira township, St. Clair county, about 1839, purchased and cleared about one hundred and sixty acres of land and made it a well improved farm; he had a large family, two of whom are still living, one of them being Daniel W. Cole, who served as lieutenant in the Civil war and is now retired; Joseph, formerly of Lima, Ontario county, New York, but now deceased; Nathan emigrated from Massachusetts to Freedom, Cattaraugus county, New York, and located in what was known as the Cole settlement; he built a saw-mill and about 1835 or 1840 sold and moved to Ohio, where he purchased an improved farm; Ashel located also in the Cole settlement in New York and followed farming, remaining there until his death, which occurred a number of years ago; William grew to manhood, married, lived and died at Rehoboth, Massachusetts; Simon died in Ohio while returning from a visit to his nephew, Dr. Daniel H. Cole, at Memphis, Michigan; of Elsie, the seventh of the family, no account is given; Aaron married, lived and died at the old home in Rehoboth, Massachusetts; no mention other than the name is made of Nancy, the ninth of the family; the tenth was Daniel Cole, the father of Dr. Daniel H. Cole, and both he and his wife died in I826, within a few weeks of each other, leaving a young and helpless family, some of them little more than babes, the oldest being but nine years of age. There were five of these little orphans, viz: William, who was taken by relatives in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, where he lived until he was twenty-one years of age, when he moved to Michigan, married, followed farming some seven or eight years and then returned to New York, where he died while on a visit to a brother, A. N. Cole, in Wellsville, Allegany county: Nancy was adopted by a family in the vicinity, lived in Michigan a number of years with her brother, Dr. Daniel H. Cole, but returned to New York, where she died unmarried in 1892; Ashel N., born in I821, was taken to Pike, New York, soon after the death of his parents, spent his early life at hard work to secure means by which to procure an education, came to Michigan when sixteen years of age, but was forced to return to New York on account of the ague, which was v'ery prevalent in every new settlement; he qualified himself for a teacher and taught for a time, then married Miss Margaret Wildman and soon afterward commenced the publication of the Genesee Valley Free Press at Wellsville; he continued to edit the paper for more than thirty years, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 485 became one of the leading politicians of Allegany county, was intimately acquainted with 'Horace Greeley, held a position in the New York custom house for some time, and was engrossing clerk of the senate a number of legislative sessions. When young he was an abolitionist and later became a Republican; he was the father of three boys and one girl, and died in I890; Daniel H. is the immediate subject; Cordelia was only a year old when left an orphan. While being taken from Freedom to Lima by her uncle, a Mrs. Burroughs, the landlady of a hotel, was touched by the story of the misfortune of the infant and adopted her. She was given a good education, became an accomplished woman and teacher, and was married to Sylvester Jones, who died of typhoid fever, leaving her a widow with two children, Sylvester, the older of her two children, now lives in Clhicago; Phenie, the younger, married a southern gentleman and accompanied him to Tennessee, where they now live; their mother died in June, 1902. Relatives were only too well supplied with little ones of their own to take in any of the parentless children, hence, for the first twelve years, little Daniel, who was but three years old at his parents' deaths, found a home with a family named Brown, near the place of his birth, the next year being spent in the family of another neighbor. Durng these years there was one thing of which he was accorded plentyhard work.. What he ate and wore, the accommodation of a roof to shelter him and a bed on which to sleep, were all well paid for by the work of those little hands and the sweat of that youthful brow. Young as he then was, he began to look into the future. It presented no promising picture. To remain where he was meant only a continuation of the present life; to go out alone into the big, wide world-what did it mean? It is no wonder that the timid child hesitated about accepting the unpleasant alternative. At length, in 1840, accompanied by another lad named Russell, the venture was made. With one dollar in money, poor and insufficient clothing and a few biscuits in his pockets to ward off immediate hunger, and in the month of February, the intrepid lad of sixteen began the battle of life. After traveling fully seventy-five miles on foot, looking for work, the youths, footsore and weary, at length found employment at Walworth Corners, at chopping cordwood. When there was no more wood to cut they wheeled dirt on the canal at seventy-five cents per day and then for a short time tried boating on the canal. But the immoral surroundings there were such as to disgust young Cole and he persuaded his companion to throw up the job and return to Macedon. While returning they stopped at a Quaker settlement, where Russell found employment, young Cole being told that his shoulders were not broad enough. He found a place, however, where he was hired for ten dollars a month. An ambition to secure an education had by this time taken possession of the boy. The Quakers, always devoted patrons of learning, had an academy in the settlement and by long hours, patient labor and hard study the determined boy managed to work his way through this academy until he was qualified to teach. He began a preparatory course in medicine and then went to Al 486 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I legany county and became an instructor. He returned to Lima Seminary and finished a preparatory course in Latin and the higher mathematics. One year exhausted his means and he was obliged to turn to teaching. Tears were in his eyes as he left the seminary, but he consoled himself with the thought that his labors in the school-room need not necessarily preclude him from his medical studies. It was about this time that he became impressed with the belief that the west might furnish a better field for the gratification of his ambition. In April, I845, he came to Detroit, visited his brother William, in Macomb county, and went thence to the Gilbert settlement in St. Clair county, now Memphis, and in June began teaching in Armada township, Macomb county, at fifteen dollars per month. For the next six years he alternately taught school, read medicine and compounded prescriptions in a drug store. Finally he accumulated sufficient funds to take him through the course in the medical department of the University of Michigan, and in 1852 received his degree of M. D. Only a few months since he was notified by the faculty that this was the fiftieth anniversary of his graduation. Immediately after graduation he began practice in Lapeer county, where he remained only about one year and six months. In the fall of 1853 he came to Memphis and has practiced his profession here ever since. Professionally no man in St. Clair county stands higher than Dr. Daniel H. Cole. Medicine is one of the most exacting of professions, but it has not prevented Dr. Cole from branching out into other enterprises that either promised to prove profitable or were calculated to benefit the public. At one time he was the owner of several thousand acres of heavy timber lands, capable of producing millions of feet of the finest lumber. During the panic of 1873 he became deeply involV-'d through some heavy timber contracts he had entered into, but through business ability, foresight and good management, he cleared up every dollar of indebtedness incurred at that time. At all times he has been largely interested in real estate and laid out an addition to Memphis, on the east, that is now considered desirable property. The public school interests of the town and county have always received careful attention from him. He has been engaged in the active practice of medicine forty-eight years, has been health officer for fifteen years and, although now retired from active practice, his services are in much demand for consultation. In some families he has been regularly employed for five generations. Dr. Cole has been twice married, first to Miss Celia Castle, of Cicero, New York, the marriage occurring September 30, I85I. She died July 20, I874, and his second wife was Eliza Burt Jeffers, whose death was caused September I6, 900oo through an accident in dropping a lighted lamp. To Dr. Cole four children have been born, viz: Martha Virginia, who died in childhood; Edgar Grant, born Decemher 20, I863, was killed in a railroad wreck in Washington, at the age of twenty-eight years; Nina May married Frank Bywater, a farmer of Macomb county, but living in Memphis; they have one daughter, Celia Caroline; Arthur C., born January 28, I867, graduated at Olivet College, then ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 487 for one year was professor of languages in Straight University of New Orleans; he then took the theological course in the Chicago University, and is now principal of North Craftsberry Academy. BENJAMIN F. LOOMIS. Benjamin F. Loomis was born in Canada May 19, I852, and is a son of Levi and Phoeba Ann (Clark) Loomis, the latter of whom died December 29, I899. The grandfather of Benjamin F. was also Levi Loomis, who left New York about 1825, removing his family to Canada. He became prominent in the lumber business, and reared a family of eight children: Crowell, deceased; Levi; Chester; Abner; Homer, deceaseld Lorrie, deceased; Martha, deceased, and Ruth. The father of the subject came to Michigan in I856, and located near: \rma(la, in Richmond township. He traded his land there for eighty acres in Berlin township, St. Clair county, in I86I. He (lied in 1864. In politics he was a Republican, and both he and his wife were members of the Methodist church. They were well known and highly esteemed and reared a family of six children: Abner; Nina: Martha, who (lied in infancy; Chester, Medora and Benjamin F. April 20, I874, Benjamin F. Loomis married Lucy Ann Clark, who was born in Macomb county, Michigan, but was living in Riley township, St. Clair county, at the time of her marriage. She is a daughter of Artemus and Jeanette (Bishop) Cook, her father being a native of New York and her mother of Vermont. Artemus Cook served as a soldier'in the Civil war, belonging to Company I, Light Artillery. He came to Michigan in the early 'fifties and became a well-known and well-to-do resident of the state and he and wife still reside in Riley township. His family consisted of two daughters: Lucy Ann and Viletta, the latter the wife of John Green, also of Riley township. After his marriage Mr. Loomis and wife settled on an eighty-acre tract four miles west of Memphis, in Richmond township, Macomb county, which then awaited the woodsman's ax and which was located on the county line. He cleared this up in eight years, and adldel land across the county line in Riley township and in I88I removed to this latter tract. In I882 he aldde(l another forty acres and in 19oo still eighty acres more, making a farm of two; hundred and forty acres, nearly all in cultivation, and improved with tile drainage an(l modern buildings. MIr. Loomis and wife have three children: Vernon; Maud, who married Hiram Jones, \\ho is associated with Mr. Loomis, and Chester. Mr. Loomis has always been a staunch Republican and has taken an active interest in political matters. He is one of the most successful farmers in Riley township, and is one of the few farmers in this section of the state who have their farms well tiled. He has eight miles of tiling on his place and is a strong advocate of the theory that tiling improves either low or high land. He believes in feeding the grain and forage products of the farm to stock on the land, thus making it easy to market and at the same time increasing the fertility of the soil. He finds that sheep are the most profitable stock to keep on the farm, being partial to 488 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. imported Shropshires. He finds that the wool from his flocks commands from one to two cents more on the pound than does that from the ordinary flock. He raises and handles Durham cattle and general purpose horses. He is a man who has seen many ups and downs in life and has had much sickness in his family, but he has ridden above all obstructions, hindrances and disappointments and achieved a grand success. He has an elegant residence, two large barns and a well improved place in every respect. All his surroundings denote thrift and enterprise, and he is regarded as a liberal, energetic citizen, possessing the respect and esteem of all who know him. Benjamin F. Loomis is a splendid type of that class of men to whom the country at large owes more for the large degree of material prosperity which we enjoy than is generally recognized. Agricultural wealth is the basis of all wealth and the foundation stone upon which rests the financial stability of every civilized government upon earth. No class of citizens occupies a more important position il the complex relationship of the individual to the body politic, the harmonious action of which is resultant in our splendid system of government, than the farmer, and especially of that large middle class who own and cultivate their own farms. Every line of business or calling in life must and does have its leaders, and from the primitive methods used in performing the work and developing the resources of every calling and profession we see the results of the achievements of his leadership. Some leaders are born, some have leadership thrust upon them, and some achieve leadership both by a natural adaptatility to their calling or profession and be cause of the results achieved by their work. Of the latter class is Benjamin F. Loomis. Had his lot in life fallen in other lines he would have been no less a leader and would have been found in the front ranks. With the eye of a general, he wais quick to see the advantages offered by a new country, to the importance of securing a farm of his own and of proportions sufficient to make him independent so far as amount of land was concerned. This he accomplished by moving onto land, clearing it up and adding more as rapidly as he could while it was comparatively cheap. After securing as much as he thought necessary to his purpose, he turned his attention to improved methods of farming, to tiling his land and the improvement of the live stock kept on the farm. While others were satisfied to confine their tiling to the low-lying land, he advocated the tiling of the high land also, and found it just as fruitful. DOUGHTY MIDDLETON. The gentleman whose name forms the caption of this article was for many years a prominent citizen of St. Clair county, and a farmer whose efficient and painstaking methods gave him an enviable reputation. He was a native of England, and was born ill 1828. His parents, James and Elizabeth (Doughty)' Middleton, also English, came to America with the early emigrants and settled in Canada, where he worked at his trade of baker. Later he came to St. Clair county and entered a farm in Brockway township, where he remained until his death. They were the parehts of eight chii ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 489 dren, Robert, James, Joseph, Doughty, John, Mary, Betsy and. Louisa. The early life of Doughty Middleton was spent with his parents and while being unable to attend school very much, he managed to get a fair education by reading and observation. After hle had come of age he contented himself with the cultivation of his father's farm. In 1852 he was married to Janette Crawford, a daughter of Robert and Anna Crawford, of Scotland. In I831 the Crawford family came to Albany, New York, where Janette was born. Here they remained for three years and then came to Armada, Michigan, where Mr. Crawford bought eighty acres of land. Seven children were born to the Crawfords, Alex, John, Jane, Robert, Ellen and Janette \When Janette was but one year old the mother died, and when nine years old she was called upon to take charge of the household and for twelve years she was her father's housekeeper. Mr. and Mrs. Middleton had eight children, Iamnely: George, a farmer, who married M-ary Bell and has two children, Harrv and Ethel; Joselh, also a farmer, was first married to Kate Johnson and at her death t(, Delia Clark; Janette E. is deceasedl; Robert C.; Ellen, deceased wife of John Morgan, had one child, \Villiam; Betsey and James (twins); Betsy married James Thompson, a farmer of Sanilac county, and James married Nettie Perry and is a farmer in Brockway township; Doughty married Maggie Brown and is a partner with Philip Walker in an elevator at Yale. Doughty Middleton, being one of the earliest settlers in this section, cleared a great deal of land and helped to cut out many of the first roads. He had eighty acres which he had improved until it was?;..-. one of the valuable farms of the township. Always a farmer, he devoted much of his attention to the raising of horses, hogs and cattle. He was a staunch Republican and belonged to the Free-Will Baptist church at Yale. He was a hard working man and to this he owed his success. His honesty and integrity were never questioned and by his death the community lost a prosperous and influential citizen. ARCHABILD MILLS. Archabild Mills, a son of William and Elenora (Arnold) Mills, both natives of Ireland, was born in the dominion of Canad(a March 9, I840. His parents came to Canada previous to the war of I812, and the father cleared up land and became a lrosperous farmer. He was the father of ten children, viz: Ann married a grocer in Canadla and lives there; Mary Jane married a farmer and is also a resident of the locality in which ' she married; Archabild; Mlartha is married and lives in Chicago; Margaretta married and also lives in Chicago; Elnmer, Agnes and Harriet and two who died young. The family lived a long distance from any school, but they all obtained a good common school education. The father was a Baptist and in Canada a Reformer in politics. Archabild Mills came to Michigan in February, 1865, and located in Berville, where he remained for a period of two years. He then filed a settler's claim on forty acres of land in his present location in Riley township and later added forty acres more to the homestead. He also owns a 490 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. good residence lot in the village of Capac. He has cleared all his land and has it well improved and in a fine state of cultivation. He married Sarah Ann Brown, of Canada, in I860, and is the father of nine children, Elenor, Cynthy Ann, Eliza Jane, Martha L., Mary Elizabeth, Lucy, Charles Henry, Ezra, deceased, and Frederick, deceased. They all obtained a good common school education, are doing nicely for themselves and are prosperous citizens. As a farmer Mr. Mills has always followed what is denominated mixed farming, and has been successful in his calling. In political views he is a Republican and his religious belief is in accord with the creed of the Methodist denomination, being a member of that church. He has been pathmaster for six years, and his service in that capacity attests his efficiency. He has been the architect of his own fortune and has no cause to complain of the results of his efforts to improve his environments. He is a good type of the descendants of that large army of citizens of the old world who, despairing of the attainment to that plane of citizenship and independent manhood which is the birthright of all men and is the inspiration that spurs all to action, aspired to citizenship in the Great Republic. Availing himself of the opportunities for obtaining land in Michigan, he secured and cleared up a farm, thus becoming one of that class of her citizens upon which our country so largely depends for the material prosperity and financial stability which characterize our government. In the great body of independent agriculturists who own and cultivate their farms, the country recognizes her best class of citizens, and to have become one of this class by his own efforts is an attainment which does honor to the aspirations and accomplishments of any man. With and of this class is Archabild Mills, who possesses in a large degree the confidence and esteem of all who know him. WILLIAM BAILEY. William Bailey first say the light of lay November 25, 1821, in the county of Kent, England, and is a son of James Bailey, a native also of England. The parents came to this country in 1830 and settled in New Jersey on a farm. In 1836 they removed to Canada and located on a farm in Oxford county, where they lived the remainder of their lives. There were ten children inJames Bailey's family, and after his removal to Canada he became a well-known and prosperous farmer. Although schools were not over plentiful, his family all obtained common school educations. The subject came to the United States in I85o, and located at Ruby, Michigan, purchasing six hundred acres of land in Sanilac county and mill property at Abbottsford Run and a saw-mill an(l flour and carding-mill at Ruby. Ten years later he purchased a farm near Port Huron. He is now living a retired life with his wife in a comfortable residence in Memphis, Michigan. His wife is a daughter of Jarvis Welton, who came from New York in 1832 and located in Macomb county. becoming' a successful farmer. He reared a family of four children, Henrietta, Perry Walton, Mary, the wife of William Bailey, and Billings, who served in the Civil war. Each of these children obtained a good common school education. William Bailey ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 49I - and wife have a family of four children: William A., a grocer in Port Huron, is married and the father of one son; Alice married Moses McKay and lives in Detroit, Michigan; George. Washington married Savilla Thompson and is a grocer in Port Huron and is a graduate of New Church College at Urbana, Ohio, and is an active member of the church. Mr. Bailey has seen a very active life; he has had many ups and downs, but has been successful in the end and is well known and respected. He is an active member of the New, or Swedenborgian, church. He is an omniverous reader, is an exceptionally well informed man on all the topics of the iay, and takes great pleasure in assisting those who need help. His usual practice is, as is the case with the truly charitable, to dispense the charity first, and inquire as to the worthiness afterward. He is a type of that class of men who, unfortunately for the world, are largely in the minority. But when it comes to aggregating the sum total of individual good done in the world, the innumerable acts of. unostentatious actions that each in its own way carries sunshine and hope to some weary' heart; cheering the faint-hearted and weary-footed pilgrim on life's thorny pathway, then it is that the good that they do is recognized and its full value appreciated. This estimate of the character, ability and intentions of this class of men is thus made because they are so little understood or appreciated by those among whom they live. Their innate comprehension of the occult, their understanding of the obstruse questions of life, and their relations of duty to their fellow men is. made the ruling motive of their lives. But they are little understood by their fel30 lows, the great majority of whom are satisfied to accept the dictum of the established order of things, and are governed in their actions and rule of life accordingly. There is a class of men who make the good that they can render to others the practical form of their religion, and they make this practical religion their chief object in life. As a consequence they and their motives are little understood or appreciated by the great majority, who are content to accept the conventional rules which govern society in general and are willing to leave the extraordinary acts of charity and the uninterrupted flow of the milk of human kindness to reformers 'and unbelievers. LEWIS FITZ. This gentleman, although not one of the most extensive farmers in Wales township, St. Clair county. Michigan, owns one of the best improved farms in the township, the tract having been brought to its present excellent condition through his own personal care and labor. He is a native of St. Clair county, Michigan, born August 6, 1852, and is a son of August and Charlotte (Smith) Fitz, of whom further mention follows. August Fitz was born near Berlin, Germany, and came to the United States in 1849, locating in Detroit, where for the following two years he worked at his trade of carpentering. In I85I he came to Wales township, St. Clair county, and bought a farm in section 29, from which he cleared the heavy timber with which it was entirely incumbered and converted it into one of the most pleasant 492 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I homes in the township, and here he still resides. His family consists of three children, namely: Lewis, whose name opens this record; William, who is a farmer, has also done some carpentering, and is married to Annie Czishke; and Charles, a farmer, who married MaryWilson. August Fitz is a Republican in politics, has filled all the school offices and has also served as highway commissioner; in religion he is a Lutheran. He has been quite successful and through his integrity and industry has wlon the respect of all who know him. June 3. i886, Lewis Fitz was married to Miss Augusta Czishke, daughter of Gottlieb and Caroline (Puttkammer) Czishke, natives of Prussia. Gottleib Czishke was a farmer in the old country and came to the United States in I870, locating in Port Huron. He did laboring work for some time, and then retired to Detroit, where he still resides, being past his eightieth year. He is still the owner of the Port Huron property, which he rents to others and depends largely for his substance upon the income from the same. The mother of Mrs. Lewis Fitz died November 21, 1893, at the age of seventy-one years. She bore her husbaild eleven children, who were named, in order of birth, as follows: Charles. Fred, Ferdinand, Ida, Amelia, Lena, Anna, Augusta, Julius, Tenzie and Emily, the last three of whom are deceased. This family were reared in the faith of the Lutheran church, of which the survivors are still ardent and faithful members and to the maintenance of which they contribute freely. Mr. and Mrs. Fitz had born to them five children, Lena, Mabel, Elsie, Pearl and Henry. Mr. Fitz, as has been intimated at the opening of this record, has his eighty-acre farm under an excellent state of cultivation, and besides doing general farming raises graded Durham cattle and Berkshire hogs. In politics he is a Republican and has filled all the school offices. Fraternally he is a member of Memphis Lodge No. 42, F. & A. M., and in religion, like all his family, is a Lutheran. He has improved his place with a handsome dwelling, barn of substantial construction and conveniently arranged sheds and other outbuildings. BYRON M. JENNE. This native of Jefferson county., New York, was born September 15, 1838, but has been a resident of Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, since 1878, and is a prosperous farmer. His father, Joseph H. Jenne, had. his nativity in Vermont, was born in I8II, and when eight years of age was taken to St. Lawrence county, NewYork, and later to Jefferson county, where he married Miss Nancy Chase, who bore him seven children, in the following order: Byron M., whose name opens this biographical record; Emily, who married Henry Spencer, a farmer; Cepha, wife of Orlando Rogers, formerly a farmer, but now a boatman at One Thousand Islands, in the St. Lawrence river; Sophia M., married to William Hawkins, a jeweler at Syracuse; Evangeline, wife of James Ellis, a mechanic in New York; Charles, who was drowned when six years old; and Wallace, who died in infancy. Joseph H. Jenne, the father of this family, was a dyer in a woolen factory and also a farmer, came ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 493 west in I866, took up a farm in Grand Traverse county, Michigan, but returned to the state of New York two years later. He was very active as a Republican, filled all the school offices of his township, being justice of the peace several years, and died in the faith of the Methodist Episcopal church. Byron M. Jenne was united in marriage in 1865 with Wilrmifred Griffith, a daughter of William Griffith, a native of \Vales, Great Britain, and early settlers in Jefferson county, New York. William Griffith was a very successful farmer, and to him and wife were born six children, namely: John, William, Eva, Edward, Catlherine and WNinnifred. William Griffith was a Republican in politics, but never sought an office. lie died in I858. while Joseph H. Jenne survived until I88I. Byroln Mr. Jenne is the owner of fortysix acres of fine farming land in Wales township, all of which he has placed under cultivation. He is also engaged in dairying, owns ten cows, several of which are pure Jerseys, andl has likewise been an extensive (lealer in real estate. He has al-ways been practical in his business methods, las been a shrewd manager, and has secured a fair provision for his surviving chil(lren, of whom there have been six born to l3im, namely: Carrie, who had her nativity il 1867, but died of black diphtheria at six years of age; Mabel, who died at the same time; Ada, who died at the age of ten -ears; l;yron H., born in I88o, is attending a medical college in Detroit; and Abi is the wife of George Reish, a farmer and merchant of Lamb, Michigan. In politics Mr. Jenne is a Republican, and is very popular with his party. He has served as postmaster eighteen years, having secured the office at Lamb's Corners, St. Clair county, now known as Lamb, and for sixteen years has been a justice of the peace. He has likewise filled all the school offices, being now a director and the school treasurer. His military record is worthy of special mention. He enlisted at Watertown, Jefferson county, New York, on the Ilth day of August, I862, in Company A, Tenth New York Heavy Artillery, and participated in the heavy engagement at XVel(on Railroad, North Carolina, and in the Cornfield battle, as well as in a dozen or more skirmishes in southern Kentucky and Tennessee. A\fter the battle of Weldon, Mr. Jenne was promoted for "gallantry in face of the enemy," by order of President Lincoln, to be second lieutenant of heavy artillery, and with this rank was honorably discharged in October, 1865, after a militarv service of over four years. He now stands among the most prominent residents of Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan. JOHN CROWLEY. Thllis resident of Wales township, St. Clair county., Michigan, was born in tlle state of New York in I852, a son of John and Marv Ann (O'Hara) Crowley. The former was born in county Cork, Ireland, in I823, and in 1840 came to America, landing in Boston, Massachusetts, whence he came to Wales township in I853, bought a forty-acre tract of school land and engaged in farming. To the marriage of John and Mary Ann (O'Hara) Crowley were born seven children, viz: John; Henry, deceased; James, deceased; Edmund; Ellen, married 494 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. to Luke Kinney and living in Saginaw, Michigan; Mary Ann, married to Joseph Palmer, a farmer in Emmett township, this county, and Bartholomew, who is married to Gertrude Tyson, and is an engineer on the Pere Marquette Railroad. John Crowley did some service for his adopted country as a soldier in Company G, Twelfth Michigan Infantry, from 1864 until October, I865, and, while principally detailed as cook, took part in many serious skirmishes. John Crowley, the subject proper of this biographical record, is the owner of one hundred and twenty acres of excellent farming land, on which he has his residence, and on which he not only carries on general farming, but breeds Durham cattle, Berkshire hogs and other stock of choice varieties. July 22, 189I, Mr. Crowley was married to Miss Mary A. O'Connor, a daughter of John and Catherine (Shehan) O'Connor, who were the parents of ten children. John O'Connor was a farmer in Emmett township, St. Clair county, having come here in 1867, and dying in I894, the owner of a well-improved farm, and in politics a Democrat. To John and Mary A. (O'Connor) Crowley have been born three children, namely: Mary A., Catherine and John (the last named deceased), and they have, besides, adopted a boy, Daniel Lynch, now aged twelve years. In politics Mr. Crowley is a Republican, and has filled the office of pathmaster; fraternally he is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees at Emmett; in religion he and family are devout Catholics. Mr. Crowley has led an upright and industrious life, and through his good management has acquired all his present wealth. His farm is one of the most productive and profitable in the township, its dimensions taken into consideration, and is devoted to miscellaneous crops,. including hay the various vegetables, fruits of different kinds, and all the cereals indigenous to the soil and climate of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Live stock also claims his attention, he breeding some choice strains and raising not only a sufficient number for home use, but many head for transportation to different markets, to be disposed of for cash. He is well satisfied that by feeding his produce to his stock he realizes a greater profit than by selling it in bulk. One of the improvements on his farm is an up-to-date ten-room brick house, erected in I902. MELVIN LAMB. This late resident of WVales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Rensselaer county, New York, December 31, I833, and died in Wales township December 5, I888. Melvin Lamb was a son of John and Cynthia (Thurber) Lamb, of English descent. John Lamb was the proprietor of a hotel while a resident of the state of New York, whence he came as one of the first settlers in Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and here followed the pursuit of agriculture the remainder of his life. To the marriage of John and Cynthia Lamb were born four children, viz: John A., a farmer who married Helen Carpenter; Melvin, whose name is given above; George H., who was the first husband of the present Mrs. Melvin Lamb, but is now deceased; and August ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 495. ine, who is also deceased. When John Lamb settled in St. Clair county the woods were thronged with Indians, but they were peaceable, and when Mr. Lamb would arise in the morning he would frequently find a host of the redskins clustered around his fireplace. He was a Democrat in politics, was a good and pious man, and died in the faith of the Methodist Episcopal church. September 28, 1867, Melvin Lamb was united in marriage with Harriet P. (Pennock) Lamb, daughter of B. W\. and Christine (Lamb) Pennock. B. W. Pennock was a native of Vermont, from which state he migrated to Pennsylvania, in 1834, and there followed his compound trade of millwright and carpenter for a number of years, and thence removed to Ohio, where he continued his callings until his death, which occurred on the 25th of September, 1887. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. B. \V. Pennock numbered nine and were born in the following order: Lizzie N., who is married to Albert Matthews, a farmer: Edmond, who first married Amanda Jones, secondly Almira Merrills, and thirdly Esther Jones, and is now a merchant in Liberty Center, Henry county, Ohio; Annette is married to Andrew Burns, a farmer; Louisa M. is the widow of John Jones, who was also a farmer, w\as a soldier in the Civil war and died shortly after the close of hostilities; 'Helen was married to Joseph Pranto, who was a teamster in Ohio, but is now deceased; Harriet is now the widow of Melvin Lamb; Andrew J., deceased, was a carpenter and a drover, and married Lizzie Overmire; Lizzie is living at Liberty Center. Ohio, and Lewis died in infancy. Mr. Pennock was a Democrat in politics and was a justice of the peace for years and a registrar of deeds, being an extremely popular citizen. The children who graced the union of Melvin Lamb and wife numbered eight, the first of whom, Elva, died young; by the second birth came twins, Cynthia and Susan, of whom Cynthia is married to Arthur Sperry, a farmer, and Susan to Frederick Miller, also a farmer; Augustine, likewise a farmer, is married to Julia Van Volkenberg; Christania is the wife of Edward Miller, who is managing the old homestead; Charles and one other died in infancy, and Whipple N. is still at home. Melvin Lamb was a patriotic, true and gallant soldier and served two years in the Civil war, as a member of Company A, Forty-sixth Pennsylvania Infantry. He was a Freemason and was a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and of the Maccabees. Until the (lay of his death no man was more highly honored in the community in which he passed away, and the good name he has left to his family is a richer heritage than the worldly \-ealth that it was his to bestow. Mrs. Lamb was married at the age of eighteen years to George Henry Lamb, younger brother of Melvin Lamb, and lwho died three years later, when she became the wife of the subject. ROBERT McKENZIE. Robert McKenzie was born in Vaughn township, Ontario, Canada, February 23, 184I,being the fourth of the twelve children 496 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. born to Murdock and Jane (McKay) McKenzie. Murdock McKenzie, a native of Scotland, left that country in 1836, lived in Toronto, Canada, for some time, was a farmer by calling, and died on his farm in Canada at about seventy-six years of age. The twelve children alluded to above were as follows: Daniel, Catherine, Alexander, Robert, James, Roderick, William (now mayor of North Bay, Ontario), Margaret, George, John, Elizabeth and Mary A. In 1863 Robert McKenzie was married to Miss Mary A. Dingman, daughter of Cornelius and Mary (Montieth) Dingman, wNhich union has been blessed with seven children, named as follows: Lorenza, who is the wife of John McKenzie; Alexander, a farmer, and married to Miss Rebecca Sharp; Mary and Robert, still under the parental roof; Catherine and Daniel, deceased; and Margaret E., who is teaching ill Greenwood township, and is one of the well-known teachers of St. Clair county. Robert McKenzie, in his early career, was the owner of a threshing machine, which he operated for thirteen years in Ontario. He purchased his present farm of one hundred and twenty acres in the winter of I865, and of which he has cleared off sixty acres and placed it under cultivation, and on which he has made all the improvements, which are of modern style and substantial construction. He carries on general farming, such as that which has been found profitable by his neighbors, growing hay, wheat, corn, oats, etc. He also gives considerable attention to the breeding of choice grades of live stock, which he fattens on the produce grown on his own place, and the surplus of which, after supplying his home wants, he disposes of by sale, re serving enough only for breeding purposes, home consumption, etc. In politics Mr. McKenzie is a stanch Republican, and is loyal and active in the support of his party, with which he is himself quite a favorite, and by which he has been honored by being elected to sundry offices of trust and emolument, such as that of supervisor, in which capacity he served three years; that of highway commissioner, an office he held two years; that of pathmaster and that of school officer, each of which he held one year, and in all of which he gave entire satisfaction. In religion Mr. McKenzie is a Methodist, and he strictly follows the precepts of his church, to the support of which he freely contributes financially, while his social standing is a very desirable one, as he mingles wth the best people of his township and county, and by whom he is greatly honored for his many fine personal characteristics. HENRY MAURER. This highly respected farmer of Wales township was born in Germany on the 28th day of February, I845, but has so long lived in the United States that he feels as if he were a native of this country rather than of the Fatherland. The parents of Henry Maurer, John and Mary (Baker) Maurer, left their native land in I85i, and for three years resided in Liverpool, England, whence they migrated to Hamilton, Canada, John Maurer, in the interval, following the trade of shoemaker. After a residence of six years in Hamilton, he came to Wales township, in 1863, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 497 bringing his family with him, and here engaged in farming until his death, which occurred in I896, while that of his wife took place the preceding year. Both died in the faith of the Methodist Episcopal church, leaving behind them two children, Henry and Phebe, the latter being the wife of Edgar Tompkins, of Wales township. April Io, 1878, Henry Maurer was married to Miss Catherine Burnell, daughter of Meinard and Mary (Wasmer) Burnell, the former of whom came from Germany in I856 and settled on a farm in New York, whence he came to Riley township. Meinard and Mary (Wasmer) Burnell had a family of seven children, namely: Anthony is a merchant at Columbiaville and is married to Amanda Taylor; Jacob is a farmer, and married Ellen Dyson; Mary is the wife of Thomas Conklin, who is also a farmer; Rosie is living in Flint, Michigan; Sophie is the wife of William Wood; Catherine; Joseph is living in Wales. The father of Mrs. Maurer was a Democrat in politics and in religion was a Catholic. The marriage of Henry Maurer has been blessed with three children, viz: Herman, who was born August 20, 1879, and is now assisting his father on the home farm; Clarence, born August I8, 1882, and Howard, born November 2, 1885. Mr. Maurer is the owner of a fine farm of one hundred and sixty acres, all of which is under cultivation and is one of the best improved in the county. Besides carrying on general farming, he gives a great deal of attention to stock, breeding highgrade cattle and Berkshire hogs. In politics he is a stalwart Republican and is constant and ardent in supporting his party. He has filled all the school offices, has been highway commissioner, has served as justice of the peace six years, and is at present a member of the board of supervisors. Fraternally, Mr. Maurer is a member of Memphis Lodge, F. & A. M., and of Bartlett Post, G. A. R., at Wales, being entitled to membership in the latter order from his having served in and being honorably discharged from Company B, Fourth Michigan Cavalry, in which he enlisted at Pontiac in I863, and with which he took part in several severely contested battles, as well as all its marches and skirmishes until the close of hostilities, when he returned to Michigan and settled down to the quiet pursuit of farming, in which he has been very successful. Mr. Maurer is what is usually termed a "self-made" man and his thrift and industry have won for him the unequivocal regard and respect of the members of the community in which he has passed so many years of his useful life. SAMUEL HART. Probably no locality in the northern, middle and eastern region of the United States is more favored as a general farming and fruit growing country than the state of Michigan, and this fact had drawn to its confines many of the best agriculturists of the extreme east, among whom is Samuel Hart, of Wales township, St. Clair county, who was born in Orleans county, New York, August 15, 1841, a son of James and Jane (Kirk) Hart. The father of Samuel wNas among the early pioneers of St. Clair county, settled in the wilderness, cleared off a large tract of land and followed farm 498 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.... ing until his death, which occurred at the age of seventy-six years, in the faith of the Methodist Protestant church. In politics he was a Democrat, but was never an office holder. At one time he was the owner of two hundred and fifty acres of land, but disposed of the greater portion of it, and at his death had but eighty acres. The family of James and Jane (Kirk) Hart comprised five children, who were born in the following order: Samuel; William, who is a farmer and is married to Margaret Gould; Anna, deceased; Charlotte and Saul, twins. Of the latter, Saul is also a farmer and is married to Esther McCormick. At twenty-six years of age Samuel Hart was joined in marriage with Rebecca Houghton, daughter of Joshua Houghton, who came from Canada before the late Civil war, and located in St. Clair county, where he was engaged in farming until I898, when he removed to North Dakota and settled at Coopertown. Joshua Houghton had a family of seven children, namely: Rebecca, who was called away by death in I897; John, Luther, Wilfort, Horace, Douglas and George. While a resident of St. Clair county, Michigan, Mr. Houghton was a devoted member of the Methodist Protestant church, and was also active as a member of the Democratic party. Samuel Hart is the owner of eighty acres of land in Wales township, which land is nearly all under cultivation and is devoted to general farming and cattle raising. Mr. Hart has cleared up one hundred and twenty acres, and has made all the improvements on his place, these being among the best in the township. All that he owns has been earned through his personal labor and skillful management, and he certainly deserves great credit for the exercise of sound judgment in carrying out to success all his various undertakings. In politics Mr. Hart is a Republican, and fraternally is a member of the Maccabees at Smith's Creek. He has never sought a public office, but has left that pursuit to others, while he has devoted his time and attention to the cultivation of his farm. To Samuel and Rebecca (Houghton) Hart were born two children, namely: Elmer, who is a farmer, married Miss Allie Winn and is the father of two children, Fred and Viola; Lillie is the wife of Ffed Winn. CHARLES KENDALL. This gentleman. late a resident of Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was a native of Hadington, England, and was born in Lincolnshire in December, 1820. a son of Charles and Ann (Burgess) Kendall, who. it is known, had a family of five children, of whom the names of four only can now be recalled, William, Thomas, Mary and Charles. May 8, 1872, the subject married Miss Mary O'Mera, daughter of Daniel and Margaret (Dorsey) O'Mera, of whom further may be read in. the sketch of James O'Mera, on another page of this volume. To the marriage of Charles Kendall and MIary O'Mera were born seven children, in the following order: Francis J., a railroad engineer, with his residence in Duluth, Minnesota; Alfred C., a farmer and carpenter and husband of Mary Glason; Margaret, at home; and Daniel, a stampmill builder in Oregon; Lewis, who is over ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 499 seeing the home farm; John, a bridgebuilder in Montana; and Herbert, who was graduated from the Normal at Ypsilanti, taught two years and is now studying law at Calispell, Montana. Charles Kendall was one of his adopted country's most ardent admirers, and in hler direst hour of trouble enlisted, September 27, 1864, in Company I, Fourth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war. A record of the.career of this gallant regiment will be found in the sketch of William Smith, on another page. Nevertheless, it may not be out of place to here add that, although his military service was not of long duration in the cause of the preservation of liberty, it will be admitted that it was a manifestation of that innate sentiment that inspired the heart of the truly patriotic and caused them to take up arms in the cause of liberty. Although a farmer all his life previous to going to the war, he willingly left his plow share in the field at the call to arms, and at the happy close of hostilities returned to his home. Mr. Kendall died November 8, 191o, the end coming suddenly, though he had suffered some time with rheumatism and head troubles. He was a Republican and was an attendant of the Catholic church at Emmett. L. H. BRADLEY. Agriculture in Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, finds one of its most practical followers in the person of L. H. Bradley, who was born in Niagara county, New York, December 17, 1855. His father, Daniel R. Bradley, was born in Ontario, Canada, in I8I9, but left his native land in 1857 and settled in the state of New York, where he passed the remainder of his life, which closed February 3, I901; his wife was called away February 28, I874. Daniel R. Bradley, while living in New York, continued his calling as farmer as he had done in Canada. To the marriage of himself and Almena Winters were born seven children, named as follows: Smith, who married Esther Simmons, is farming in New York; Truman is at Sterling, Ontario; Matthew D., a farmer, is married to Josephine Thompson; Wesley J. is in Texas; Fannie is married to George H. Chipman, a civil engiieer; L. H. and XW. WV., twins, of whom the latter married Sarah Johnson and now practices medicine at Foreman, North Dakota. The father of this family was a Republican in politics and very enthusiastic and active. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and died a firm bleliever in its teachings and until the last contributed liberally to its support. L. H. Bradley was joined in wedlock, March 7, I876, with Miss Candace S. Tillottson, daughter of John and Catherine (Sherman) Tillottson, the former of whom was a farmer of Niagara county, New York. The marriage of L. H. Bradley with Candace S. Tillottson has been graced with four children, namely: Daniel W. is now assisting in the management of the homestead; Jessie M., Howard L. and Grace Mildred. Mr. Bradley has nearly his entire tract of one hundred acres under cultivation, and had cleared off forty acres before leaving the state of New York, an evidence 500 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.. - that he has been accustomed in his day to practical manual labor. He reserves the greater part of his present place for grazing purposes, breeding shorthorn cattle. He is a stalwart Republican, is very popular with his party and has served it and his fellow citizens in several public positions, including that of constable for seven years, all the school offices, and at present is a justice of the peace. For twenty years he has been a very popular auctioneer, for which calling he has a most happy faculty and the demand for his services extends over a wide area. He is also of a very social temperament and organized the first lodge of the Ancient Order of United Workmen in St. Clair county and is also a Gleaner and a member of the Modern \Voodmen of America. He is in his religion a Methodist, while Mrs. Bradley is a Universalist. Both, however, live in gracious accord and are highly esteemed by their neighbors. CHARLES W. FITZ. A veteran of the Civil war, Charles W. Fitz is now leading an industrious, respected life as a farmer in Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan. He was born in Germany, February 28. I842, a son of John and Magdalena (Rudolph) Fitz, the former of whom was a carpenter by trade, but who, on coming to the United States in I851, passed a year in Detroit, and then, in pursuance of his original purpose of engaging in farming, came to Wales township, St. Clair county, and purchased eighty acres of land, on which he passed the remainder of his life, dying a member of the Lutheran church in 1852; his wife survived until February, I886, leaving a family of three children, namely: August, who is a farmer, is married to Charlotte A. Smith; Henry, a tailor by trade, but now farming, married Louisa- Smith; and Charles W. Charles W. Fitz was married December 5, I868, to Catherine Wunderlich, daughter of Nicholas and Catherine (Schubert) Wunderlich. Nicholas Wunderlich was born in Austria, came to the United States in I850, and settled in St. Clair city, which he made a base from which to direct farming operations. He cleared off a great deal of land and extensively engaged in agriculture until his death, which occurred in I891; his wife died in I880. His political proclivities were toward Republicanism, but, although he took a lively interest in the success of the party, he never aspired to office. The marriage of Charles NV. and Catherine (Wunderlich) Fitz has been graced with four children, namely: Lula H., who is married to Dennis McCormick, a farmer in Wales township; Frederick C. is a carpenter and farmer; Lewis H., who is still single, was graduated from the Cleary Business College at Ypsilanti, but is now farming the homestead, and Hattie, the wife of James Miner, also a farmer in \Vales towship. Charles W. Fitz is the owner of a neat farm of sixty acres, which he has entirely cleared and fully improved. He served an apprenticeship in Port Huron at wagonmaking and carriagemaking. He devoted ten years to the manufacture of billiard tables and traveled through Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Pennsylvania. setting up ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 50r and repairing such. He also made a trip to California via Cuba and the Isthmus of Panama, and for some time worked in the Golden state at his trade. In I862 he enlisted, at Detroit, in Company H, Fifth Michigan Cavalry, and bore gallant part in the following engagements: Gettysburg, Boonsboro, Falling Waters, Wilderness, Yellow Tavern, Trevillian Station, Winchester, Cedar Creek, Five Forks, Amelia Court House, Cold Harbor, Clover Hill and Deep Bottom, and was at the surrender of Gen. Lee at Appomattox. He also participated in the Grand Review at Washington, D. C., whence he was sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and then to Detroit, where he was honorably discharged, July 3, I865. He is a Republican and has served as school director for twelve years, and in addition to his farming interests is acting as agent for the German Mutual Fire Insurance Company. He is a member of the Lutheran church, is widely known throughout his township and county and is universally respected. ROSWELL JOHNSON. This late lamented farmer of Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in the adjoining county of Macomb, in the town of Armada, October 24, 1859. His parents were Abner and Philomena (Plumb) Johnson, the former of whom was a'native of New York, born in I817. He came west in an early day, was a carpenter by trade, but later became a farmer, and settled in Wales township, St. Clair county. in I860, in which year he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of forest land, which he converted into a farm, and on which he passed the remainder of his life, dying, at seventy-one years of age, in the faith of the Methodist Protestant church. In politics Abner Johnson was first a Democrat, but with the mutations of political affairs died a member of the Republican party. Roswell Johnson was reared a farmer and was successful in all his agricultural undertakings. In I880 he married Miss Catherine West, a daughter of John and Isabelle (Holmes) West, the former of whom was born in Yorkshire, England, in I813, and the latter in Scotland in I818. John West, on coming to America, first located in Canada, which country he left in I86I and came to Michigan, engaged in farming at Lenox, Macomb county, but later came to Wales township, St. Clair county, and purchased a tract of one hundred and twenty acres. To the marriage of John and Isabelle West were born eight children, namely: Peter, who was a foreman of a bridge gang in an early day, but is now keeping a hotel at Conroe and is married to Sophia Barton; Hector, a farmer, is the husband of Jennie Tigchon; William is a scaler.or land inspector in the woods; John, who was a farmer, married Lizzie Glendenning, but is now deceased; Edward, a merchant at Bay City, is married to Lydia Yarger; Elizabeth is the wife of Franklin Mudge, a farmer; Catherine is the lady who bears the name of Mrs. Roswell Johnson. Mrs. Johnson has two hundred and ten acres of land in her own right. To Mr. and Mrs. Johnson were born seven children, of whom the eldest, Lulu, is married to John Lashbrook, a 502 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.. farmer; Abner and Sadie are still with their mother; Johnnie died young, and Letha, Oberd and Clarissa are also under the maternal roof. In politics Roswell Johnson was a Republican in early life, but later became a Democrat. He never aspired to the holding of public office, however, but devoted his entire interest and attention to the cultivation of his farm, in which he was more than ordinarily successful and was rated by his neighbors as one of the best agriculturists in St. Clair county. He was a popular gentleman and highly respected, and held membership with the Independent Order of Foresters at Smith's Creek. He was an industrious man and earned ly his own efforts the competency he left to his family. He died in full membership with the Methodist Protestant church, beloved and honored by all who knew him, the sad event occurring at his farm residence December 12, I899. Too much credit cannot be awarded to Mrs. Johnson for the capable manner in which, assisted by her son, she is now conducting the home farm. WILLIAM FIELDS. This prosperous farmer and highly respected resident of Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in the state of New York, February 8, I839, a son of Zachariah and Jane (Page) Fields, who came from England to America and settled in Herkimer county, New York, and there passed the remainder of life, engaged in farming. They had a family of four children, of whom Frank, the eld est, died in Libby prison, Richmond, Virginia, having been captured shortly after his enlistment in the New York Volunteer Infantry to serve in the Civil war; William, whose name opens this record, was the second born; John, a farmer in New York state, married a Miss Griswold; and Juliet. married to Christopher C. Jepson, a bookseller. Zachariah Fields, the father of this family, died in New York state in 1884, but had lost his wife in 1867. William Fields, the subject proper of this sketch, was married, in 1865, to Miss Mary J. Galarno, daughter of Elias and Mary A. (Parker) Galarno, who came from Canada to Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, in I858. Elias Galarno, the pioneer, was a farmer by calling, but also did a great deal of hard work in the woods, felling the giants of the forest and making hoops, staves, etc. He served in the late Civil war from the fall of I86I until its close, and also had two sons in the Union army who lost their lives in the service. In politics' he was a Democrat. To William and Mary J. (Galarno) Fields have been born eight children, of whom the four younger died in early life, and the fifth, Zachariah, was called away at the comparatively young age of twenty-two years, he being at the time a banker in Missouri; Mary, the sixth child, is teaching school in the Oakman district, Greenwood township; Frank C. is an employe on the Grand Trunk Railroad and has his residence under the parental roof, and Myrtle, the youngest child, is also at the home of her parents. Mr. and Mrs. Fields are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics Mr. Fields takes an active interest in ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 505 the work of the Republican party. William Fields, who has always been a farmer, came to Wells township, St. Clair county, Michigan, in 1856, was first engaged in lumbering and stave and hoopmaking and other work in the forest until the call to arms in defense of the honor of the country's flag, at which time he was the first man to enlist from the township. In the latter part of March, I86I, he enlisted in'Company G, Fifth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, under Captain \Vilson of St. Clair, and for two months was drilled at Fort Wayne. This regiment was later dubbed the "Fighting Fifth," and in achieving this distinction Mr. Fields took a full part, fighting at Yorktown, Virginia, Williamsburg and Fair Oaks. In the latter fight he wzas wounded in the right shoulder and in consequence was confined in hospital in Philadelphia for two montls, but never fully cured. After convalescence, Mr. Fields was returned to his regiment, and with it took part in the following named engagements: second battle of Bull Run, Charlottesville, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Culpeper Court House and Gettysburg, a three-day fight, and on the second day of the engagement was wounded in the right lower limb and left shoulder. In consequence of these wounds Mr. Fields lay on the ground from the 2d of July until the i3th before he was placed in hospital, where he was confined several months. He was finally transferred to the Invalid Corps and was honorably discharged in November, I863, and returned to his home in Wales township, his regiment having lost more men in battle than any other from Michigan during the same length of time. Later on Mr. Fields farmed in Ells worth county, Kansas, for twelve years and then for nine years lived in Mountain Grove, Wright county, Missouri, where he had a son employed in a bank. Mr. Fields then returned to Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, where he still resides, being one of the county's most honored citizens. \VILLIAM J. DEGRAW. One of the enterprising and successful citizens of Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and formerly the possessor of one hundred and forty acres of good farming land, nearly all of which was under cultivation, \William J. DeGraw may well be congratulated by his numerous friends and his neighbors in general. Mr. DeGraw was born October 14, I867, and is a son of Daniel and Mary (Hornby) DeGraw. These parents were natives of Canada, where the father in early life followed the calling of carpentry, but later turned his attention to agriculture. In 1862 Mr. and Mrs. DeGraw came to the United States and settled on the farm now owned by William, and here were born to them two children, Ella M., September 13, 1865, but who died November 23, 1884, and William J., the date of whose nativity is given above. The farm above alluded to as having been settled upon by Mr. DeGraw, the elder, was deep sunk in a forest, through which not a road ran, and the labor of preparing the means of ingress and egress had to be constructed by the pioneer himself. An Indian trail would occasionally be discovered, but even then, at times, at such a dis 504 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. tance from the habitats of the settler it was found to be more economical to construct a new roadway through the woods or swamps. Mr. DeGraw did a great deal of this hard work, as well as clearing up the farm, and so continued to labor, notwithstanding ten years of ill health, until the hour of expiration, which took place December 22, 1900. Mr. DeGraw was a devout member of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which his wife was also a faithful adherent, and in politics he was an ardent Republican, although never an office seeker. William J. DeGraw was happily joined in marriage on the 29th day of March, 1887, with Miss Emnma Auch, daughter of George and Elizabeth (Lince) Auch, natives of Germany, the former of whom came to America in I86o and settled in Wales township, where for some time he followed shoemaking, but later became a farmer, having acquired through his industry sufficient means for the purchase of the property necessary for his purpose. To the marriage of George and Elizabeth (Lince) Auch there were born seven children, from vhom Mr. DeGraw selected the fourth as the partner of his joys and sorrows through life. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Auch are named as follows, in order of their birth: Eliza, Christina, Rosena, Emma, Grant, Edward and William, who have all been a credit to their parents, and still are a solace and comfort to their hearts. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics Mr. DeGraw is a staunch Republican. The Auch parents are still living, and Mr. Auch, who formerly owned and cultivated ninety acres of profitable farming land, now lives in quiet retirement. William J. DeGraw and wife have been blessed with four children, namely: D. Elmer, who was born February 18, I890; Hugh, born April 13, I895, but died April jo, I898; W. Ray, born June 10, I898, and J. Roy, born May 9, I9oI. Mr. DeGraw gave especial attention to the breeding of Durham cattle, Berkshire hogs and Delaine sheep, all of which he placed on the market, excepting only the few reserved for home and breeding purposes. In politics Mr. DeGraw is a Republican, and has served as township treasurer and has been school assessor for nine years. He is a member of the Methodist church, is a Forester and a Gleaner, and is one of the most highly respected men in WVales township. He has recently sold his farm, and is now living on a smaller place, enjoying the fruits of his former toil. NA\THAN C. GREEN. One of the ex-soldiers of the Civil war who shed glory on himself and on the state of Michigan is Nathan C. Green, now a prosperous farmer in W\ales township, St. Clair county, and a highly respected citizen. He was born in Otsego county, New York, in the town of Burlington, May 25, 1824, and is a son of Isaac P. and Mahala (Anderson) Green, of Westchester county, New York, who were the parents of nine children, namely: Truman, Nathan C., Mary, Nancy, Andrew, Julia, Maria, Hannah and Leonard, the last named of whom died in infancy. In politics Isaac P. Green was first a Whig, but on the disintegration of that party and the forma ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 505. tion of the Republican party, he cast his fortunes with the latter. He came to St. Clair county, Michigan, after the Civil war had closed, and here died in 1876 in the faith of the Baptist church. Nathan C. Green has been twice married. His first marriage took place in Burlington, New York, in 1865, to Marion Hawkins, who bore him six children, namely: Amelia, Marinda, Otis (who died when twenty years old), Isaac, Mariah and Anna M. The second marriage of Mr. Green was on the I8th day of September, 1902, to Mrs. Harriet (Alger) Hawkins, a daughter of Stoughton and Sarah (Gates) Alger, natives of Norwich, Connecticut, and who ha(l a family of nine children, Sarah, Ruth, Lydia, Lovisa, George WV., Julia, Cordelia, Harriet and Caroline. Mr. Alger was a Whig and a successful farmer, who acquire(l a large property and died a member of the Baptist church at Otsego, New York, when seventy-seven years old, ieing one of the most substantial and honored citizens of his county and town. Mrs. Green was first married at the age of twenty-two in Oneonta, Otsego county. New York, to J. Q. A. Hawkins, brother of Marvin Hawkins, of New York, and their married life was passed in New York. Nathan C. Green began his career as an agriculturist on his own account by taking up one hundred and twenty acres of wild land in 1855, and was among the pioneers of Wales township. He has thoroughly cleared and improved this tract and has converted it into one of the most profitable farms in the county. Here he raises all cereals indigenous to the soil and tlimate, together with hay, vegetables and fruits. besides breeding choice strains of horses, cattle, hogs and sheep. Although the military service of Mr. Green was not of long duration, it was sufficient to prove his patriotism and his willingness to make any personal sacrifice on the altar of liberty. He enlisted in Oakland county, in the Eighth Michigan Volunteer Infantry and three days later was sent to the front and took part in the battle of Decatur, Alabama, and next was in the terrible conflict of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. He served in the army eight months and was honorably mustered out at Detroit at the close of that period. He then returned home, resumed his agricultural pursuits, and has since met with well deserved success. He is a Republican and is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, while his belief in futurity is based on the doctrine of spiritualism. His four living children are Marinda, wife of Charles Dunsmore; Isaac, of W\ales township; Mariah, wife of \William Howell, and Ann May, wife of Thomas Sullivan. Mrs. Green has one daughter, Georgiana, wife of John Roberts, of Utica, New York. JOHN H. LEPIEN. This gentleman, who is one of the leading farmers of Greenwood township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Mecklenburg, Germany, February 20, I833, but has been a resident of the state of Michigan ever since I85I. His father, John Lepien, was a laborer, and died in Germany, and in I854 his widow, who had borne the maiden name of Elizabeth Behrns, came to Amer 506 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. i_. ica with her son Charles, and for about three months resided in Detroit, and then came to Greenwood township, St. Clair county, and here passed the remainder of her life, dying in 1875 at the advanced age of eighty-four years. John H. Lepien went to Milwaukee, but in a few days returned to Detroit, where he worked six summers in brickyards, and then bought the farm on which he now. lives in Greenwood township. He has cleared his own and other land amounting to one hundred and fifty acres. Mr. Lepien was married May 7, 1855, to Miss Louisa Miller. Her father, John Miller, a shoemaker, came from Prussia in May, 1854, and died in Detroit of cholera in August of the same year. To John H. and Louisa (Miller) Lepien have been born eight children, namely: Lena, who died young; Mary, who was first married to Earnest Cook, a mason by trade, later a dealer in hay and a general merchant, and who died in I899; the second marriage of Mrs. Cook was to August Hardwick, a farmer owning one hundred and twenty acres in Greenwood township; Caroline is the wife of John Baumgardner, also a farmer in Greenwood township; Henrietta, wife of Charles Pohley, a dealer in live stock at New Haven, Macomb county, Michigan; Louisa, wife of William Lohr, proprietor of a threshing machine and a chopping mill at Fargo, Michigan; Herman, on the homestead of his father, and married to Angie Streeter; Rosie, who died at the age of twelve years, and Ellen, wife of Rev. Henry Grimm, a Lutheran clergyman at Carlton, Saginaw county, Michigan. Mr. Lapien breeds grade Durham cattle and common hogs, which he disposes of in the markets, and also carries on general farming and has this year grown sixty tons of hay. In politics he is a Republican, but leaves the filling of offices to persons more ambitious in that line than himself. In religion he is a Lutheran, and is an elder in his congregation, and financially he is a liberal contributor to its support. He has been a very hard-working man in his day and all he possesses has been gained through his own industry. His integrity has never been impeached, and he stands today among the most respected citizens of Greenwood township, among whom he has lived so many years. BURT DURWARD CADY. Burt Durward Cady was born in Port Huron, St. Clair county, Michigan, July 25, I874. His father was Elwin Marvin Cady, a lumber and grain merchant, and his mother was Mehitable E. Cady. His ancestors on his father's side were early settlers in the Eastern states, mostly Connecticut, and on his mother's side in Vermont and New 'Hampshire. He was educated in the public schools of Port Huron, and his first occupation on his own account was peddling newspapers and working in a grocery store. Mr. Cady entered a law office when eighteen years of age, was admitted to the bar on his twentyfirst birthday, commenced practice October 4, I897, and continued in practice alone until May, I900, when'he formed a partnership with Clifford W. Crandall, under the firm name of Cady & Crandall. He was elected assistant police justice, BURT D. CADY. I ST. CLAIR COUtNTY, MICHIGAN. 507., when twenty-two years of age, at the fall election of I896, carrying the city of Port Huron by eight hundred majority, aldl was elected circuit court commissioner in November, I898, by over twenty-three lhul.dred majority, leading the county ticket. In I900 he was re-elected circuit court commissioner. Before his term of office expired a vacancy occurred in the office of prosecuting attorney of St. Clair county, and Mr. Cady was appointed to fill this vacancy. In I902 he was elected prosecuting attorney, which office he is now filling with marked ability. In I898 lie was appointed member of the advisory counsel of the Republican State League to represent the seventh congressional district; he was elected secretary of the League in February, I899; in February, 19oo, was elected vice-president, and in February, I901, was electedl )resident. He organized the Municipal League of Republican Clubs in Port Huron, in the fall of I898, and is lresident of this League, which embraces eleven active working clubs, with a membership of over one thousand, and is also secretary and treasurer of the Blaine Club of the seventh congressional district. His first presidential vote was cast for McKinley, in I896. Mr. Cady was married to Miss Mary Catherine Beamer, of Lapeer, Michigan, on June 3, I902. He is prominently connected with several of the leading business enterprises of this city, being presi(lent of the Huron Indemnity Union, treasurer of the Edison Theatre Company, and treasurer of the Edison Bill Posting and Advertising Company, and one of the directors of the Port Huron Driving Park 31 Association. He is a member of Pine Grove Lodge, F. & A. M., Port Huron Lodge, B. P. 0. E., Charter Lodge No. I8, K. of P., member of Temple No. 56, D. O. K. K., Port 'Huron Lodge, I. O. O. F., also a nmember of the Society of Sons of the American Revolution. MANCER GREEN. Mancer Green was born in the state of New York and died in St. Clair county, Michigan, in I894. He married, in 1865, Miss Sarah Smith, a daughter of Hiram and Mary (Morgan) Smith, both of whom are of New York state. For a long time Mr. Smith kept a hotel, but throughout life was also a farmer. To Hiram and Mary (Morgan) Smith were born nine children, namely: Rufus, who lost his life in the Civil war; Maredlon, who also died in the army; MIellissa and Wesley, who died young; Edward, a farmer and carpenter, who married Emily Lawrence; Sarah, now the widow of a Mr. Green; Elbert, a farmer, who married Gusta Rice; Flora, married to Newell Moran, a farmer. and Elliott, also a farmer, who married Rachel Mason. Mancer Green was an early settler in Wales township and cleared up a farm from the wilderness. He was a very industrious and successful farmer and realized ten thousand dollars through his own labor. He was a stanch Republican in politics, and died in I894, a devoted member of the Methodist church. Mrs. Green has a farm of forty acres and carries on general farming, which she conducts with unusual ability. She is the mother 508 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. of two children, viz: Hiram married Anna Myers, who bore him one child, Hazel, and died July 4, I9oI; the second child, Eva, is married to Grant Auch, a farmer. The following tribute to the memory of the late Hiram Smith is taken from a local paper: Hiram Smith was born January 22, 1810, and died at the home of his son, Elliott Smith, May 20, 1899. He was directly descended from an old Puritan family who came over in the "Mayflower," several of whom in the early days immigrated to New York. Here Mr. Smith grew to manhood and in 1836 married Mary Morgan. Three years afterward they came together to Michigan in a home-made sleigh, and after a short time located upon the farm north of Lamb, where George Tompkins now resides. In the prime and vigor of early manhood he began his life's work, in the then unbroken wilderness. In that early day he soon gave evidence of those superior qualities of heart and mind that adorned his whole career and at once took the highest rank among his neighbors as a man of high and honorable aims. When the war broke out, Mr. Smith had reared a family of nine children and three of the boys were old enough and enlisted. Devoted to the Union, a patriot in every sense of the word, the old gentleman reluctantly gave his consent to their going. Two of those boys never came back, giving up their lives as a sacrifice to their country. The third came back, but was broken in health. which he never fully regained. This alone is a family record to be proud of, and is indeed worthy of commemoration. On May 10, 1867, Mr. Smith was called to mourn the greatest loss of his life in the death of his beloved wife, to whom he was a most devoted husband. He never married again and the memory of her who had been so faithful a companion to him was fresh in his mind to the last. By untiring industry he acquired a large property, and it was to his great credit that he could say that all came through his own management and the labor of his own hands, and that no man had ever been wronged or made poorer by his success in any way. He was a man whose word was as good as his bond and who was held in the highest respect and esteem by all who knew him. During the active years of his life he was en trusted by his townsmen with many important offices, which he filled to their entire satisfaction and gave proof of a marked ability which would have led to higher positions had he so desired, but the calm pleasures of home and social enjoyment with friends and neighbors were more attractive to him than those of public affairs. His most marked characteristic was his kindness of heart. He was open handed to friend and neighbor, and in his last days it afforded him great satisfaction and he was often heard to say that as he approached nearer and nearer to his final hour nothing else brought him so much peace and contentment of mind as the remembrance that he had always done his best to help instead of hinder others in the journey of life. In politics Mr. Smith was a stanch Republican, in religion a devout Methodist, in morals unimpeachable. He stood as a fair type of the high-minded American citizen, and as such he will be remembered by the people of this township and county in which he was so well known, loved and respected. Only three of his children survive him, one son, Elliott Smith, and two daughters, Mrs. N. Moran and Mrs. W. Green, all oi this township. They are much respected citizens here and have the sympathy of the whole community in their loss of such an estimable parent. Peace to his ashes and would that we all could reach the high standard and Imitate in every way the life and example of Hiram Smith. G. A. WONCH. Although a native of Canada, born near Paris, December 30, 1840, G. A. Wonch has been a resident of Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, since I849. He is a son of Charles and Jane Wonch, the former of whom was also a native of Canada, born in I818, and reared a farmer. Charles Wonch cleared off a great deal of forest land in the New Dominion while residing there, and on coming to Wales township purchased a tract of forty acres in the wilderness, which he also cleared ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 509 up and converted into an excellent farm, on which he resided and which he cultivated until his death, which occurred in 1901. To Charles and Jane Wonch were born eight children, namely: G. A., whose name opens this biographical record; Joseph, xwho is a farmer and is married to Mary Ellen Mias; Eli, deceased; Mary A., wife of Lyman Nestle, a farmer in Sanilac county; Harriet, married to Lee Bush, also a farmer; Elijah, deceased; Barber, married, and Louisa J., wife of Samuel Thompson, a farmer and also a practicing physician. Charles \Vonch was a Republican, but, although loyal to his party, never sought an office. He was a sincere Christian and died a member of the Mlethodist IEpiscopal church. G. k. \VWonch was joined in marriage, in 1864, with Ellen Bush, daughter of Griffin and Hannah (Griswold) Busll, the former of whom was born on the bank of the Hudson river, New York, in 1812, and tle latter in Vermont iln 1:819. (Griffin Bush came from the Empire state to Michigan in 1841, and was one of the earliest pioneers of Columbus township, St. Clair county. Two years later he came to W\ales township, where he did a great deal of clearing, lumbering and hunlting. \s related of one of his exploits in the latter capacity, he was awakened one mlorlning by the squealing of a pig, and on arising lhe caught sight of a large bear lugging off a porker, and of course Mr. Bush gave chase in order to interfere with T4r. Bruin and his breakfast. After a long pursuit Mr. Bush succeeded in killing the bear, which weighed over five hundred pounds and fully compensated him for the loss of the pig. Mr. Bush died November i, I896, leaving a family of five children, born in the following order: Charles, who died young; Ellen, now Mrs. Wonch; Nancy, wife of Albert Vanderlip, who is working in a marble works at Emmett; Edith, married to Jerome Harp, a farmer, and Alfred L., married to Harriet Wonch, and farming in Greenwood township. To the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Wonch no children have been born. In politics Mr. \Vonch has voted with the Republican party ever since entitled to the right of franchise. He has served as justice of the peace for several terms, an office he still fills, and is the present postmnaster at Goodells, which position he llas held for eight years. In addition he has filled all the school offices. In conrvection with the postoffice, Mr. Wonch also conducts a general store and is doing a thriving trade, counting among his patrons the best class of people. In 1864, toward the latter part of the Civil wxar, Mr. Wonch enlisted at Pontiac in Company K, 'llird Michigan V\olunteer Infantry, and with it participated in several lively skirmishes and also did a great deal of plicket lduty, selrving until i865. Thus, through his military as well as his civic services and general usefuless and public spirit, M1r. \Wonch has won for himself a most enviable reputation, which no one can possibly (leny his right to enjoy. ORVILLE COWLES. One of the most respected agriculturists of Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is Orville Cowles, who had his 5IO ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. nativity in Smithville, Ontario, May 3, I847, and is the only child of William J. Cowles, by his first wife, Esther (Williams) Cowles. \Villiam J. Cowles was born in Jefferson county, New York, in 1823. In his early manhood he was captain on a canal boat, but in later years removed to Canada and engaged in getting out square timber, at which he employed himself for five years. He then, in I857, came to Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, bought a fifty-acre tract of land, which he cleared off and improved and on which he resided until called away by death in 188o, being at the time engaged in the practice of law. By the second marriage of W. J. Cowles, which was to Maggie Debbins, was born another child, Alwilda, who is married to Hobart Price. William Cowles was a Republican in politics and for many years served as a justice of the peace. In I86I, William Cowles enlisted, in Wales township, in Company K, Third Michigan Cavalry. He took part in the battles of Island No. Io, Iuka, Mississippi, and at the latter engagement captured the first lieutenant of a company in the Third Louisiana Infantry, together with the regimental colors. Mr. Cowles had at that time attained to the rank of captain, and he turned his prisoner and the colors over to General Rosecrans, on whose staff he was serving, but by twelve o'clock, the same night, he was himself taken prisoner by the Rebels, by whom he was detained ten days, when he was parolled and sent to Camp Chase, Ohio, and was there granted a furlough home. While doing some household chores, Captain Cowles accidentally sank an ax blade into his ankle, which necessitated his reporting his condition to the authorities at Detroit, where he was honorably discharged in 1862. In I869 Orville Cowles married Miss Alice McLain, who bore him one child, William E., who married Katie Thomas and is a stationary engineer at Grand Rapids. After Mrs. Alice (McLain) Cowles had been called away, Mr. Cowles married, in I874, Miss Elizabeth Reish, daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth (Schwartz) Reish, the former of whom came from Pennsylvania to Wales township in 1852, and engaged in farming and blacksmithing. The family of Daniel and Elizabeth Reish comprised six children. viz: Sarah, Henry, Solomon, Lydia A., Elizabeth and one who died in infancy. To Orville and Elizabeth (Reish) Cowles has been born one child, Calvin. Henry Reish, a brother of Mrs. Cowles, went into the Union service, fought through the war and returned home safe and sound, while Solomon, another brother, enlisted at the age of nineteen, served under General Sherman, was caItured by the Rebels and died in prison. Orville Cowles was but sixteen years of age when he enlisted, in Wales township, in 1864, in Company H, Fourth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, went through to Texas and back home with the same regiment, and the greater part of the time was on picket duty, yet took part in several engagements, including Decatur, Alabama, Newmarket, Virginia, and Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and was honorably discharged May 26, I866. Mr. Cowles passed eighteen years in lumbering in northern Michigan, but now owns eighty acres of good land, twenty acres of which are in timber and the remainder under ST. CLAIR COUt cultivation and also devoted to stock raising. Mir. Cowles is a Republican and is an active worker for his party, but has never aspired to office holding. He is a member of Post No. 233, G. A. R., at W\ales Center, and socially mingles with the lest people of the township and county. by whom he is held in the highest esteem. WILLIAM SMITH. Although a native of Canada, \Villiam Slmith, now a well-known agriculturist residing in Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, has been a resident of this township since lbovhood. He was born on Wolf Island at the head of St. Lawrence river, September i, I842, and is a son of James P. and Mary (Randall) Smith, the former of whonm was born in Canada, in i8II, and left his native country in 1855, settling on an eighty-acre tract of wild land in Wales tow\nship, St. Clair county, converted into a profital)le farm, on which he passed the remainder of his life, dying in I89I in the faith of the Methodist Episcopal church. His widow, at the age of eighty-five years. still resides with her son, B. J. Smith. To James P. and Mary (Randall) Smith were born six children, namely: Parker, iwho first married Margaret Holley and secondly Delia Allen, and now lives in Manitoba; \Villiam; Lewis, who conducts a laundry in Chicago and is married to Mary Stephenson; B. J., a farmer, married to Margaret Clarey; Shepherd, deceased, and Caroline, wife of Thomas Dun 4TY, MICHIGAN. 5" ning, a farmer of Manitoba. James P. Smith was a Republican in politics, and was what is sometimes termed "the architect of his own fortune." In 1862 William Smith was united in marriage with Miss Artalissa Persels, a daughter of Lewis and Sarahette (Gleason) Persels. Her father was a native of New Jersey, whence he removed to New York. He was a carpenter by trade and as well followed farming. To his marriage were born seven children, viz: Artalissa, Marion, Squire L., John J., Henry, Ella and Emma. Lewis Persels settled in Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, in 1845, when the country was inhabited almost entirely by Indians. He filled the offices of supervisor and highway commissioner and was also a justice of the peace. He was prosperous and was the owner of four hundred acres of good land. He was a Republican in politics, and died in the faith of the Methodist Protestant church, in his eightieth year. To the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Smith have been born seven children, namely: Lottie is now the widow' of WVilliam Thomas, of Wales; Frederick, a farmer in Wales township, married Edith Czischke; Herbert, a farmer in Kimball township. married Sylvia Parsons; Charles, a farmer in Wales township, married Amelia Fitz; Wesley, a farmer, is still on the homestead; Howard is also still at home; Hattie died at nine years of age. William Smith owns a well cultivated farm of eighty acres and besides conducting general farming breeds Durham cattle and Victoria hogs, which he fattens on the produce of his farm. He is a Republican, has served as township clerk and has been a justice of the peace thirteen years; he 512 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. has also served as supervisor one term, as township treasurer six years, as school inspector four years, and has filled all the other school offices. Mr. Smith has served his adopted country well and faithfully. He was the first man to enlist in Wales township, enlisting in Company G. Fifth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, at St. Clair, April 27, I86I. He re-enlisted in I864, this time in Company I, Fourth Michigan Infantry, his brother-in-law, Squire L. Persels, being in the same company. He was first sent to Adrian, Michigan, and later to Decatur, Alabama, and after this battle took part in the sanguinary affairs at Murfreesboro, Tennessee. His regiment was finally sent to Texas, where it was on provost duty one year, and was eventually mustered out at Detroit, August 20, I866. After being imustered out of the service Mr. Smith returned to St. Clair county, where he has been engaged in farming ever since, and, with his family, stands among the most honored residents of Wales township. JOHN L. KING. This ex-soldier, whose residence is now in Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan. is well entitled to recognition in a volume devoted to the recording of the life careers of men who have made a mark in the communities in which they have lived and in which they still have their being. John L. King was born in Herkimer countl, New York, April 27, 1843, and is the only child of William H. and Catherine (Lyons) King, the former of whom was born in Massachusetts in I819, and the lat ter in Herkimer county, New York, in I800. James King, paternal grandfather of John L., was born in England in I794, and died in 1852. His wife, Polly, who was born in Massachusetts in I797, died in 1840. William H. King followed the calling of a farmer in New York until I866, when he came to St. Clair county, and, although a stonemason by trade, engaged in farming and lived on the tract of land he here secured in the wilderness until his death, May 3, 1885. 'He did a great deal of clearing and redeemed from the wilderness in which he had settled a farm which is now a pride and blessing to the present generation. Mr. King voted the Democratic ticket until I864, when he became an active Republican. June Io, I869, John L. King married Mrs. Lucetta Alseber, (laughter of Samuel Smith and Sallie Vibber and widow of Sanford Alseber. Her mother was born in Otsego county, New York, in 1805 and died in 1867 and her father was born in Vermont in 1799 and died in I873. To their union were born ten children, namelv: Dette and Mariah, deceased: Truman, Julia, Lucina, Lucetta, William, Frances, Sabina and Gordon. Mr. and Mrs. King have been blessed with no children of their own, but, in the kindness of their heart, they have adopted a daughter, Amanda Smith, a child of the brother of Mrs. King. This lady they reared to womanhood, had her well educated, including instruction in music, and she is now the wife of Sebastian Cobe, a sailor. Mr. King for nine years traveled through the states of Ohio and Michigan as a salesman in the machinery line, and also, for eight months, conducted a hotel ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 513 at Memphis, Michigan, and another at Sable River for about a year. He at last decided that agriculture would prove to be more profitable and less vexatious and he took charge of the forty-acre farm that had belonged to his father, but which is now his own, and which, since his father's death, he has placed under thorough cultivation and fenced with wire on cedar posts. He also put up a large barn, which was destroyed by fire, but which he rebuilt, and erected, besides, his present handsome dwelling. He carries on general farming and feeds the greater part of his produce to his stock, which is of the best varieties, such as Berkshire and Poland China hogs, etc., as he argues that good stock costs no more to raise than poor. He owns some of the best in the county, and also conducts an extensive dairy. Mr. King is a Republican and, under the auspices of that party, has filled the office of constable nine years; lie has also served as justice of the peace four years, was health officer three years, was truant officer one year, and has also been a school director for a long time. That Mr. King is of martial instinct is shown by his descent and his own conduct. His great-grandfather served in the war of the American Revolution and the grandfather in the war of 1812 and in the Mexican war, and he had also seven uncles and fourteen cousins in the Civil war. The subject enlisted, at Utica, New York, November 13, I861, in Battery H, Third New York Light Artillery, from which he was transferred in April, at his own request, to Company E, One Hundred and Seventeenth New York Infantry, in which he served until November 4, 1862, when he re-enlisted in Company E, Fifth United States Cavalry, in which he served until November 4, I865, when he was honorably discharged at Edgefield, Tennessee. Among the battles in which he took part may be mentioned the following: Kelly's Ford, Williamsport, Milford, Gettysburg, Manassas Gap, Cold Harbor, Five Forks, Cedarville, Port Republic, Appomattox Court House, Falling Waters, Woodstock, Cedar Creek, Winchester, Deep Bottom, Waynesborough, Beverley Ford, the Wilderness, Smithfield, Trevillian Station, Summit Point, Morton's Ford, Funkstown, Front Royal, Dinwiddie Court House, North Anna, Upperville, Gordonville and Yellow Tavern. Fraternally Mr. King is a member of Iodge No. 142, F. & A. M., at Memphis, and of G. A. R. Post No. 233, in which he was aide-de-camp to Aaron T. Bliss, commander. Mr. King has been an auctioneer for ten years, is a notary public, was formerly military instructor of schools in Wales township, and throughout life has been one of the most useful as he is one of the most honored of men. HARVEY L. LASHBROOK. One of the most prosperous agriculturists of Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is Harvey L. Lashbrook, who was born in Monroe county, New York, in 1842, and is a son of Marion J. and Lorinda J. (McIntosh) Lashbrook, both of whom had their nativity also in Monroe county, the former in I822. The Lashbrook family held their residence in Mon 5 I 4 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. roe county, New York, until I854, then came to Wales township, St. Clair county, Michigan, where the father engaged in farming, but also made several trips to Kansas, where he purchased other property and there resided off and on for six years. He was a stalwart man, and in his time cleared off two hundred.acres of woodland. His death took place in January, I893, leaving quite a valuable estate to his three children, who were born in the following order: Harvey L., whose name opens this record; William, who is married to Elsie Downer, is now employed in cutting spiles for docks and wharfs at ship-yards, in which business he has been engaged for the past twenty years; Freelove is married to Thomas Storey, who was formerly a farmer, but is now living in retirement at Port Huron, Michigan. In his politics Marion J. Lashbrook was a Republican, but was never an aspirant for office. He was a spiritualist as far as his religious convictions were concerned and was sincere in his belief in the intercommunication of the disembodied with the embodied elements of mankind. March 5, I869, Harvey L. Lashbrook was ul'ited in marriage with Miss Dora Owen, a daughter of James and Eunice (Gillam) Owen, the former of whom came from North Carolina and the latter from New York. Mr. and Mrs. Owen had been favored with six children, named as follows: Joseph, deceased; Alice, wife of George Markell, a merchant at Ellsworth, Kansas; John, a carpenter; Walter, deceased; Dora; Ezra, a plumber at Lincoln, Nebraska. The parents of this family, however, were called away while Mrs. Lashbrook was still young. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Lashbrook has proven to be more prolific, as they have had born to them thirteen children, viz: Eunice, a dressmaker; Ezra, a painter and paperhanger, who died December 23, I902, aged thirty years; Alfred and Albert, twins, deceased; Lyman, deceased; Hattie, deceased; Willis, at home; Arthur, at home; Lillie, who is married to Paul Hunter, a farmer and merchant at Wales; Mabel, still at home, and one child that died in infancy, un: amed. Mr. Lashbrook owns one of the largest, if not the largest, farms in the county, as it comprises two hundred and sixty acres under cultivation. The farm is improved in the best possible manner, with a beautiful residence and two commodious barns. Mr. Lashbrook has handled a great many common cattle, but is now turning his attention chiefly to Hereford stock, keeping about one hundred head of high grades. He formerly owned four hundred acres of land, but of this he has disposed of one hundred and sixty. For sixteen years he has been a merchant at \Wales and for the same period of time has been postmaster. In religion he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Fraternally Mr. Lashbrook is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and it is but proper that here should be related the circumstances through which he secured this high privilege. In 1862 he enlisted, at Wales, in Company C, Twentysecond Michigan Volunteer Infantry. Among the greater battles in which he participated were the following: Snow's Pond, Nashville, Ringgold, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and then on the campaign with General Sher ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 515 man through Georgia from Atlanta to the sea, in which campaign he assisted in releasing the unfortunate Union prisoners confined in the horrible Rebel pen at Anlersonville. after accomplishing which feat the Twenty-second Michigan was mustered out of the service and sent home, Mr. Lashbrook, with others, being honorably discharged at Detroit. Since his return Mr. Lashbrook has diligently pursued his vocation of farmer and stock raiser and his present estate, of which he has cleared off one hundred and sixty acres, is the result of his hard labor and skillful management, for which he is entitled to and is willingly accorded full credit by a host of warm-hearted and devoted friends. JAMES SHEPPERD. Prolably the oldest farmer living in Richmond, Macomb county, Michigan, if not the oldest resident of the county itself, is James Shepperd, who was born on the island of Dominique, West Indies, March 6, I818, a son of James and Elsie (Brintle) Shepperd, the former of whom was at least sixty years of age when James was born. James, the father, was a soldier in the Ninth Infantry, British army, twenty-one years, eleven months and six days, and for a long time held the rank of sergeant. To James and Elsie Shepperd were born the following children: Joel, James, Abram, David and Shibley. James Shepperd was married, August 26, 1838, to Rebecca Anders, daughter of Thomas and Hannah (Wood) Anders, the former a farmer of New England, and to Mr. and Mrs. Anders twelve children were born, namely: James, Samuel, William, Thomas (deceased), Thomas (second), Betsey, Polly, Hannah, Amy, Phebe, Almira and Rebecca (Mrs. Shepperd). To James and Rebecca (Anders) Shepperd have also been born twelve children, named as follows: Louisa, Charles, Henry, Shibley, Mary A., John, James, David, Albert, Melser, Sarah Jane and Jennett. All of these children lived to maturity, married and had children of their own. On settling in Canada, in 1832, James Shepperd, Sr., had a grant of one hundred acres issued to him, but this land he afterwards sold. His wife died in Quebec of cholera that same year, while he died some fifteen years later at Belleville, Ontario. In 1864 James Shepperd enlisted at Watertown, New York, in Company F, Fortieth New York Volunteer Infantry, and was assigned to the Army of the Potomac. He took part in all the marches and battles in which his regiment was engaged up to the time of his being wounded. two of which battles took place at Hatcher's Run, Virginia. He also fought at Petersburg, was in the two fights at Cold Harbor and at the second battle of Petersburg, assisting in blowing up the mine, and there lost a thumb and was shot by a musket ball in the hip. He was then sent to a hospital at Washington, and while there confined President Lincoln was assassinated, but Mr. Shepperd was too ill to attend, with the troops, the funeral obsequies of the martyred President. After recovering, he was honorably discharged and he has been engaged in farming ever since. He came to Michigan in 1887 and has cleared up an immense quantity of land, both for 5I6 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. himself and others. For eighteen years he has lived in Memphis. For three years, unfortunately, Mr. Shepperd has been without eyesight, and for that length of time has not seen even the face of his beloved helpmate, with whom he has lived sixty-four years. Mr. Shepperd is a Republican, but he has never been as ambitious to serve the land of his adoption in civil life as he was to assist it in when his military services were in urgent demand. As to the lesson to be learned from the career of this. venerable hero it is left to the intelligence of the young men of the country to form their own conclusions and to them, as to all others, it must be honored as long as the name of Columbia endures. JOHN B. FRANCIS. Of the prosperous agriculturists of Brockway, probably no other is held in higher esteem by his fellow townsmen than John B. Francis, who was born in Canada June 20, I849, and is a son of Foster and Rebecca (Deo), Francis. Foster Francis was also born in Canada in the year 1822, was reared a farmer, owned over five hundred acres of land, and during his active manhood cleared off two hundred acres of timber from his own land. In 1892 he came to St. Clair county, Michigan, and passed the remainder of his life in Brockway township, where he died in g90I. He was broad-minded and a reformer in politics while in Canada, and after becoming a resident of Michigan acted with the Democratic party. He and wife had four children, of whom, George W., was a farmer in early manhood, but is now a broker in London, Canada, and is married to Charlotte Douglas; Elnora is married to James Alldritt; a farmer in Canada; John B. and Celesta J., who was first married to William Ward, a merchant, and who is now the wife of T. A. Bellamy, editor of the Ingersoll Sun. John B. Francis, on reaching manhood's years, was married, in February, I870, to Catherine Fraser, daughter of James I. and Leah (Swan) Fraser, natives of Scotland, and who lived in Canada, whence they came to St. Clair county, and from here went to Los Angeles, California. They had eight children, namely: Elizabeth, the wife of Thomas Grandy, a merchant and sewing machine agent; Catherine; Mary Jane, married to Thomas Darcy, a former blacksmith in this county, and now living in Los Angeles, California; Thomas, who died at the age of twenty years; Alexander. Who married Laura Wedge and is now a real estate dealer in California; Leah, widow -of Oscar Mills, formerly a grain merchant in Detroit; James, who married Mary McCarty, was also a resident of California and a dealer in real estate, but is now deceased, and Ella, widow of Dr.. A. Mitchell, of Los Angeles. John B. Francis farmed the homestead in Canada for ten years, and then, in 1884, came to Michigan and for one year handled grain in Port Huron. He purchased a farm of one hundred and twenty acres of partly cleared land, partly included in the village of Yale. In 1887 he lost his barn by fire, but he was not discouraged by this catastrophe, as he at once replaced this by a much more sub ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 517 stantial structure and also erected one of the best dwellings in the township. He conducts a dairy and supplies Yale with much of its milk and butter. Mr. and Mrs. Francis have nine children, namely: V. Roy, who graduated from the high school at the age of sixteen years, and taught one term, married Louisa Jackson, of Port Huron, and is now employed in the Grand Trunk freight office in Detroit; Frank A. is a druggist at Kingston, Michigan, and is married to Ethel Jeffrey; Alexander M. graduated from a medical college at Detroit in I896 and is now practicing at Port Austin; his wife was Mrs. Cora Church, of Fostoria; Frederick F. married Miss Anna Stevens and resides in Yale; Vaughn R. was graduated from high school and is a student of )harmacy; \Walter died in infancy; Estella G. graduated at Yale in 900o, and is now teaching music; Eva O. is attending high school, and John B. Mr. Francis is a Democrat. JAMES C. McKENNA. It is no doubt true that Ireland, of all countries of the world, has sent more emigrants in proportion to its population to the United States than any other country. For hundreds of years the Emerald Isle has been denied many valuable rights and privileges by Great Britain, and the pride and honor of the people were ground into the dust. This could be avoided by leaving the island and, much as they'loved it, thousands of them have crossed the Atlantic to -nd a home of greater freedom in Ameri ca. They began soon after the Revolution to come in large numbers and have continued to come until the present. In every state they settled and built comfortable homes. They were among our first teachers and business men and today they occupy many of the proudest positions within the gift of the people. James C. McKenna was born in the village of Bayfield, Huron county, Ontario, June I6, 1837. He is the son of Richard and Jane (Glenney) McKenna. The father was born in county Caven, Ireland, in I78I, and came to the city of Oswego, New York, where he remained for a year and a half, wThen he removed to Brockville, Canada. Later he came to Bayfield, where James C. was born, five years after his parents left Ireland. His mother was also born in county Caven, in I800, and died in Brockway April II, 1884. The father was foreman on mill construction for a time and then became a farmer in Huron county, Ontario. They had eight children,,amely: Maria A., the wife of Thomas C. Roach; Mary J. died young; James C.; John, a druggist at Sheperd, Michigan, is married to Dotey Highland; Mary Jane, the wife of Isaac Menerey, a farmer of Brockway; William N., married to Miss Baker, of Port Huron, is a veterinary surgeon and druggist at Yale, though now living in retirement; Richard, who married a Miss Fry, a resident of Picton county, Ontario, is also a veterinary surgeon, and Elizabeth, who was first married to Martin Menerey, a farmer, and is now the wife of James Marsaw. For several years Richard McKenna was deputy sheriff, holding office until his death, which occurred in Huron county, Ontario, September 22. 5IS8 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I 1882. In politics he was conservative, was a member of the Presbyterian church and was one of her most liberal supporters. Both the paternal and maternal ancestors of the subject were from Scotland, his great-grandfather on his mother's side being a merchant in Edinburgh. His son, James Glenny, was a British soldier who, through the influence of Sir Henry Maxwell, afterward Lord Farnen, was discharged and was given the position of land steward on his benefactor's estate in county Caven, Ireland. In 1865 James C. McKenna was married to Isabella Murray, a daughter of Angus and Henrietta (McDonneld) Murray, of Inverness, Scotland. The Murrays came at an early date to Canada, where the father was a farmer and later a fisherman. Until his father's death, when he was fourteen years of age, James C. worked at home and then came to Port Huron, where he remained but a short time, coming to Lakeport in 1852. He worked for B. F. Farren in a saw-mill for two years and then returned to Canada, where he served an apprenticeship at the blacksmith's trade. For some time he followed his trade in Canada and in I860 returned to St. Clair county, where he again took up his trade. He soon tired of blacksmithing and that fall engaged in farming and lumbering, at which he has since continued. He cleared about two hundred acres of land and carries on general farming, including the breeding and growing of fine cattle and Chester White hogs. He kept a flock of about five hundred sheep also for some years. The last few years he has devoted lhis farm more to dairying, finding more satisfactory returns from that line of industry. He has eleven children, viz: William N., who married Anna Sterney, was a railroad conductor for twelve years, dying February IO, 1903, as the result of an accident the day previously at Knife River, Minnesota; Georgiana is the wife of William O'Rourke, agent for the Grand Trunk Railroad at Attica, Michigan; Hiram J. lives at Alpena; Richard R. is associated with his father; Etta E. is the wife of Lemrock Lewis, a mason at Grand Rapids; Maria A. is the wife of Claude Allen, a farmer in Berlin township, St. Clair county; Murray A. served in the Philippines for two years and is now at home; Glen, Elmer, Ewert G. and Jay D. Mr. McKenna has a two-hundred-acre farm in Brockway and an eighty-acre one in Lynn township, both of which are under a good state of cultivation. In political affairs he has always been active and has held several offices under Republican administration, being justice of the peace in Brockway and also treasurer of the school board for fourteen years. The party has in him an able and efficient worker. The Presbyterian church accords with his religious views. He was a charter member of Brockway Lodge No. 316, F. & A. M., and a member of Damascus Chapter at Lexington. HON. W. H. BALLENTINE. Among the many respected citizens of this community none deserve more favorable recognition than does he whose career for more than forty years has been closely identified with the political, commercial, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 519' intellectual and moral life of this most important section of St. Clair county. Few have done as much to transform it from its primitive condition of forest and swamp, and none have done more to advance its social side, which has more than kept pace with material progress, till few communities in the state can lay claim to a better citizenship. For a generation, from 1863 to 9goI, Mr. Ballentine was one of Si. Clair county's energetic merchants, finally retiring with a reasonable competence, though still devoting his attentions to that line of thought and activity that stands for moral progress. W. H. Ballentine was born at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, July I, I832, his parents, William and Ruth Ballentine, being of sturdy Scotch stock. A\s a youth it was necessary he should early become an earning power, and when but thirteen he was apprenticed to the hatter's trade, which was then one of the important openings for a boy, though it is now scarcely a line to be chosen. Growing up in close touch with the great pine forests, it was quite natural that he should also be attached to the saw-mills of his native country and thus much of his life before attaining his majority was spent in the line of lumber manufacture. Nearly two years were so spent in Canada, whither he had gone upon reaching mature years, though, like so many more of Michigan's prosperous men, he secured a tract of land near old Brockway, to which he turned expecting to make a farm, though while doing this he found it necessary to secure employment in the mills along the St. Clair river. He thus assisted for some years in converting the timber into a more convenient commercial commodity, the lumberman mak ing it possible for the farmer to secure an established foothold. In the fall of 1863 Mr. Ballentine opened a store at Brockway and there for thirty years supplied the community with the countless supplies so necessary. The latter seven years of his career as a merchant were passed at Yale, whither he had come in I893. Early becoming a citizen of the States, he naturally took a deep interest in public questions and in I880 was chosen to serve in the lower house of the legislature, being the regular Republican nominee. While his education, being largely self acquired, did not fit him to take a leading part in forensic matters, his service in the house was of more than ordinarv value to his constituents. He wAas postmaster for more than twenty years at Brockway, where he was also retained in the office of justice of the peace, a position to which he was again chosen in I9OI, when he decided to retire from active mercantile life. His probity, his reading, observation, experience and natural inclination peculiarly fit Mr. Ballentine to be an honored dispenser of local justice, and it is but just to observe that his decisions are rendered with that painstaking investigation and careful weighing of facts that each circumstance demands, that they are seldom found at fault by superior courts and are generally accepted by parties concerned as most reasonable and just. For twenty years he has also served as a notary public, much of the legal business of the community having passed under his inspection. Mr. Ballentine was married at Calais, Maine, to Miss Jean F. Barclay, who was also born at the same place as himself.. 520 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I. though reared mainly in the Pine Tree state. Their children are Henry S., William F., Mary L., who is the wife of Frank J. Minnie; Alice, wife of Harvey E. Drake; Wallace B., Jennie, wife of Henry E. Martin, and Glenn. A believer in the principles of the Christian religion, Mr. Ballentine holds membership in the church of Christ, in which he is a deacon. BOSTWICK R. NOBLE. Summoned from the field of temporal activities into the realm of eternal rest while yet in the full maturity of his exceptional powers, with important enterprises under his practical control, the death of this interesting and energetic man, on the 12th of September, 1902, came as a shock to his associates in business, to those who had known him in the various other relations of life, and particularly to the people of the village of Yale, where he had maintained his home for many years prior to his death. It is imperative, in view of his worthy life and his great success in connection with affairs of marked scope and importance, that a tribute of respect and honor be accorded him in this volume, for he was distinctively one of the represontative citizens of St. Clair county. Bostwick Roberts Noble was a native of the old Empire state, having been born in the town of Franklin, Delaware county, New York, on the 3Ist of August, 1848, and there he was reared and educated. Ere he had attained his legal majority Mr. Noble came to Michigan and located in the village of Lowell, Kent county, where he was engaged in the mercantile business about five years, at the expiration of which he removed to Vassar, Tuscola county, where he was associated with Mr. North in the banking business for one year. He then took up his residence in Lexington, Sanilac county, and there maintained his home, being in the meanwhile engaged in the banking business, until the year 1884 when he removed to the city of Detroit. In I886 he came to Yale and secured control of the Lamont Bank, and this he reorganized as the First National Bank, of which he remained president until the time of his demise, his magnificent executive and administrative abilities and his mature jutldgnent being the principal factors in building up the fine business of the institution. At the time of his death he was president of banks in Lexington, Croswell, Brown City, Melvin and Thompsonville, and held prestige as one of the able financiers of the state. He was also president of the Black Hills Porcelain Clay and Marble Company and held other important mining investments, while in the village of Yale his co-operation was enlisted in numerous industrial enterprises of importance, including factories, mills and other concerns. He was a man of distinct individuality and extraordinary initiative power, formulated his plans readily and was determined in their execution. Of him an eminent citizen, who had been a rival in the banking business, spoke as follows at the time of his demise: "I consider that B. R. Noble, of Yale, was the ablest man in his own line that I ever came in contact with. I can say that for clear foresight and magnificent ability in the organization and management of financial institutions and enter B. R. NOBLE. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 52I prises I doubt that he had an equal in this state. Financial opposition seems to be prolific of bitterness, but I think that all may pause and pay deserving tribute to the dead man's tireless energy, foresight that amountted to genius and a persistence that never abated. In his own way he has accomplished more in ten years of time than the average man could in a century." Mr. Noble had been feeling somewhat unwell for about four weeks prior to his death, and finally went to the city of Detroit to consult with a physician, and there his condition grew so much worse that lie finally went to Grace Hospital, where his disease developed into typhoid-pneumonia, whose ravages could not be stayed, andl he passed away a few days later, on the 12th of Septelmber, 1902, at the age of fifty-four years. His remains were laid to rest in Woodmnere cemetery, in the city of Detroit, and the funeral services were attended bv his business associates andl b1 many others who were linked to him in the bonds of appreciative friendship. Resolutions of respect were passed by the directorates of the banking institutions with which lie was identified and also 1v the Masonic lodge, of which he was a member, while in his home town his death was felt to be a genuine calamity, for his dominating- individuality had been a potent force in the promotion of local. interests, while a full measure of popular confidence and esteem was his. He left a competence. and it should be noted that he gained this fortune through his own efforts and in a comparatively brief interval of time, being distinctively a self-made man, in the best sense of the term. In May, 1873, Mr. Noble was united in marriage to Miss Lucy Seward, of Fayetteville, New York, and they became the parents of two daughters and one son, one of the daughters dying in infancy. He is survived by his wife and by the son and daughter. The son Charles is now cashier of the Brown City Savings Bank, of which his father was president, and the daughter, Anna, is the wife of Charles Lawson, of Detroit. His only surviving sister, Mrs. Fannie Beecher, resides in Yale. Mr. Noble was a member of Brockway Lodge No. 316, F. & A. M., in Yale. EDWkARD R. BEECHER. Edward R. Beecher was born in Chenango county, New York, January 3, 1834, and is a son of Julius P. and Elizabeth (Payne) Beecher, the former of whom was bornl in the same county in T8Io. The father of Julius P. Beecher, Parson Beecher, was from Naugatuck, Connecticut, and was born in 1790. and settled in Chenango county just after marriage. Julius P. Beeclher was reared to farming, but became a miller. In 1858 he removed to Allegany county, New York, where he erected a mill and successfully operated it till the close of his life, dying in I887. He was a Republican and for several years was supervisor, and in religion he was a Congregationalist. He was twice married and his first wife, Elizabeth Payne, bore him two children, Edward R. and Elizabeth, who is the widow of C. D. Thompson, a merchant of Franklin, New York, she residing at Providence, Rhode Island. The second marriage was to Sarah 522 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Stewart, who had three children, Robert, Mary and Walter, who was the late secretary of the Southern Marble Company at Atlanta, Georgia, dying in 1902; Mary was the wife of Rev. Grames, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, her death occurring at Niagara Falls some ten years since; Walter Beecher is the editor of the Normal Instructor, of Danville, New York, and formerly publisher of the Cuba (New York) Patriot. Edward Beecher was married September 28, I869, to Miss Fannie M. Noble, who was born in Franklin, New York, June I7, 1843, and is a daughter of Charles and Marcia (Roberts) Noble, the former of whom was born in Delaware county, New York, July 21, 1814, and the latter June IO, 1820. Charles Noble was formerly a teacher and merchant, and was then a banker at Franklin for twenty-three years, retiring but a few weeks before his death, on the 4th day of March, I886. His widow survived until September 2, I891. His two children to reach maturity were Fannie M. and Bostwick R., who married Lucy Seward, of Fayetteville, New York, and who was president of the First National Bank at Yale, where he died, in September, I902. Edward R. Beecher was engaged in merchandising at Franklin, New York, for thirteen years, and was for eight years a 'traveling salesman for a New York drygoods house. In I886 he came to Yale, where he was associated with Bostwick R. Noble in the bank of B. R. Noble & Company for three years. He then engaged in the life insurance business, representing the Security Mutual Life Insurance Compay. He and his wife have valuable town property, including a fine dwelling. I I Mr. and Mrs. Beecher have two children, Bertha, who married James Bright and died but three months later, on the 26th of December, I900, and Marcia E., who is still making her home under the parental roof. Mr. Beecher is a Democrat, though he has not sought political preferment. He is a Mason and Mrs. Beecher was a charter member of Yale Chapter No. 64, 0. E. S., of which she was worthy matron for three years and frequently attended the grand chapter. Both hold membership with the Congregational church at the old New York home, though she works actively with the Presbyterian church at Yale. JAMES A. MENZIES. The Yale Expositor, one of the newsy and ably conducted journels of eastern Michigan, is owned and edited by James A. Menzies, at Yale, St. Clair county. Mr. Menzies was born in Amherstburg, Ontario, January 27, I860, but when an infant was brought to Michigan by his parents, James and Allison Menzies, who located in Macomb county, where they lived until James A. was fourteen years of age, when he went to Detroit and there attended school for three years. He then returned to Amherstburg, where he again attended school during the winter months for a year or two, and then, returning to Michigan, was employed in the office of the Armada Telegraph for a year, as he was also at Romeo and Richmond. In May, 1882, he established the Yale Expositor, which now has a circulation of twelve hundred. The S. L. BALLENTINE. I ST. CLAIR COUNTFY, MICHIGAN. 523 - Expositor is an ably edited, newsy sheet that is doing much to advance the interests of Yale in its constant advocacy of all that tends to make a better community. Mr. Menzies was united in marriage at Armada, Macomb county, Michigan, to Miss Elizabeth Granger on the 23rd of September, I886. This lady was born in Macomb county, and is a daughter of Louis and Harriet A. Granger. They have three children living, Leslie J., Ruth E. and Marjorie T., while Stewart G. and Allison died. aged respectively nine and six years. In 1890 Mr. Menzies extended the field of his journalistic operations by estallishing the Brown City Bee, in Sanilac county, )but later disposed of this journal, the Yale Expositor requiring all his attention. Mr. Menzies is a trenchant and fluent writer and sustains Republican principles with a grace, ease and force seldom exhibited. The Expositor, its proprietor and his amiable wife have each contributed in a most commendable manner to the commercial, intellectual and moral forces that have made Yale one of the model residence towns in eastern Michigan. ROBERT S. RAWLINGS. The career of this honored citizen of Port Huron is replete with the evidences of that ability and energy which, when coupled with conservatism and integrity of purpose, invariably lead to success. For nearly three decades he has been established in the blacksmithing business in the city of Port Huron and has ever been recognized 32 as a progressive and public-spirited citizen, doing all in his power to further the best interests of the community and so ordering his life in all its relations as to gain and retain unqualified confidence and esteem. As a loyal and worthy citizen and business man he well merits consideration in this volumne. Mr. Rawlings comes of stanch old English stock and is a native of the dominion of Canada, having been born in the town of Lampton, province of Ontario, on the 2 It of November, 1848. His father, Henry Rawlings, was born in the town of Froome, Somersetshire, England, where he was reared and educated and whence, as a young man, he emigrated to America, locating in the city of Detroit, Michigan, in an early day. when it gave slight evidence of becoming the metropolitan and beautiful city that it stands today. For a number of years he was engaged in driving stage between the City of the Straits and Pontiac, and later he removed into Ontario, Canada, where he devoted the residue of his active life to agricultural pursuits. There was solemnized his marriage to Miss Margaret Coulter, who was likewise born in England, whence she came to Canada with her parents when a girl, the voyage being made on a sailing vessel which was six weeks in making the journey. He located on a tract of wild land in Lampton county, Ontario, where he reclaimed a farm and became one of the successful and influential men of the community, having been the architect of his own fortune and having lived a life of industry, usefulness and distinctive honor. He continued to reside on his homestead until he attained a venerable age, when, 524 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. with his devoted and cherished wife, he came to Port Huron, Michigan, to be with his children, and here both passed the remainder of their days, his death occurring on the 6th of March, I897, at the age of eighty-one years, while his wife survived until December 8, I902, when she entered into eternal rest, at the age of eighty-three years. Both were communicants of the church of England and exemplified their faith in their daily walk and conversation, while in the golden evening of life they were revered for their gracious attributes *of character and loved and cherished by their sons and daughters, whom they had reared to lives of usefulness and honor. They reared to maturity eight sons and three daughters, and of the number all are living except two of the sons. The six surviving sons, all residents of Michigan, acted as pall-bearers for both the father and mother when they were laid to rest with reverent filial solicitude. The subject of this review is the only one of the children now residing in Port Huron. Two of the sons were valiant soldiers in the war of the Rebellion, as was also a brother of their mother. Robert S. Rawlings was reared to the sturdy discipline of the old homestead farm, receiving such educational advantages as were afforded in the schools of his native province of Ontario, and at the age of eighteen years he went to Middlesex, that province, and entered upon an apprenticeship at the blacksmith's trade, at which he served four years, under the direction of the one employer, while he received in compensation for his services, in addition to his board, the sum of thirty dollars the first year, fifty for the second, seventy for the third and one hundred for the fourth, and that he carefully conserved his resources during this period is evident when we revert to the fact that he had saved all but thirty dollars of his earnings and had that amount to his credit when he started out on his own responsibility as a journeyman, while during the entire period of his apprenticeship he had lost but three days, which were passed in a visit to his home. Mr. Rawlings was employed as a journeyman at Park Hill, Ontario, for two years, receiving one dollar and fifty cents a day for the first year and one dollar a:td seventy-five cents per (lay thereafter, and he then came to Port Huron, where he established himself in the independent work of his trade, coming to this city in April, 1874, and here purchased a shop and business, for a consideration of about four hundred dollars. Previously to this, on the i8th of October, 1872, he had married Miss Elizabeth Clara Shaw, who was born in Toronto, Canada, of English parentage, and who was twenty years of age at the time of her marriage. Mr. Rawlings provided himself with a.hone and then turned his attention vigorously and ambitiously to the building up of his business, and it is gratifying to note that during his twenty-eight years of consecutive business here he has retained a large and representative support, being known as a skilled and careful workman and ever commanding the most implicit confidence and esteem in the community. For a number of years his shop was located opposite the city hall, on Huron avenue, but he afterward established himself in his present well equipped quarters at 813 Erie street, where he conducts a large business in the line of general ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 525 blacksmithing. As financial prosperity has attended his efforts Mr. Rawlings has made judicious investments in local realty, and he is today the owner of a number of valuable properties in Port Huron. As soon as possible after coiing to this city he took out naturalization papers and identified himself with the Republican party, in nwhose cause he has ever since taken a lively and intelligent interest, having been a strong worker in its ranks. He constantly refused to become a candidate for office, but was finally prevailed upon to accept membership on the city board of estimates, ill which his efforts were so effective that he was thereafter elected a nmember of the municipal council, as representative from tle fifth ward, to whose interests lie has ever been most loyal, as well as to those of the city at large, hav\ing been a progressive advocate of street improvements, advanced educational facilities and the best possible police and fire protection. He has urged forward, and assisted in paying for. every foot of pavement and sewer in the city, every bridge and every one of the present sclool )buildings, while the efficiency of the present police and fire departlment is in harmony wvith the policy wvhich lie has insistentlv advocated. He has been a delegate to the various conventions of his party and is recognized as one of the prominent workers in its behalf. He is a member lyv baptism of the church of England, but has never been confirmed, though he always lends his influence and aid in support of religious work, while he exemplifies in his life the eminent virtues of temperance, since he has never used either tobacco or intoxicating liquors. He possesses that greatest desideratum, "mens sana in cor pore sano,"-a sound mind in a sound body, and is today an example of vigorous and purposeful manhood. In conclusion we enter brief data relative to the four children of Mr. and Mrs. Rawlings: Summers E. is employed by the Great Lakes Towing and Dredging Company, of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan; Emmett D. is a mechanic by vocation and is employed in Port Huron; Albert E. is a fireman on the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad, and Lee R. is attending the public schools of Port Huron. GEN. WIL IIAM HARTSUFF. Not all of us may have the natural equipment to add the magic touch of genius to the archives of humanity's biography, but each may aid. From the errors of our ancestral chronicles to our own duty in historic studv and recording may seem a far cry indee(l, but we, too, will, in some era, sta(ld as units of a misty past. There is no conmmuniitv but is a mine of research well worthy of investigation. There are lives which reach back to the threshold of St. Clair county's history; vet how fewx can tell the story of their own community. Bust with the task of turning savage man and untrammeled nature toward the grand developlment of our century of civilization, the written record was ignored by the pioneers of our nation, who wrote history with the ax and rifle, caring for the effect rather than the cause. No romance ever written can ever contain a tithe of the romantic legendary lore that annually fades away with the falling of the "clods of the 526 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. valley" upon coffin lids. How essential, then, how clearly a duty, is it that each should not only treasure the memories of worthy ancestry, but also that he should leave a perpetual record to posterity. In every section of the middle west, the scene of so much of brave and noble toil, the fascination of the study of the past will prove such that the few remaining cabins of the pioneers, though old and deserted, will no longer blot the landscape as mere huts, but stand as an epitome of the struggles and aspirations of the noble pioneers the results of whose efforts we of today enjoy, and thus will be held out an incentive for us to leave a record for our own twentieth century of human progress. Not to all comes the privilege of doing "massive deeds and great," and yet no honest life is unworthy of record, while particularly is it due that tributes of honor be given on pages of written history to those who have served well their state and nation. He of whom this brief sketch is penned is a member of a distinguished family, while personally he rendered yeoman service as a gallant son of the republic in the war of the Rebellion, and today he stands as one of the representative and most honored citizens of Port Huron, the family having come to St. Clair county in the early pioneer epoch. General Hartsuff is a native of the old Empire state, having been born in the picturesque lake district of Seneca county, New York, in 1836, and being a son of General Hartsuff, who was an officer in the regular army and assigned to the command of Fort Gratiot. Gen. George Hartsuff, a brother of the subject, was also a soldier, and rose from the ranks to a position of dis tinction, while it was also his privilege to have been secretary of the Lincoln memorial board, organized after the death of the first of our martyred presidents. Iie was in active service throughout the Civil war and was severely wounded in the battle of Antietam. While he was lying in the hospital President Lincoln came to his bedside and asked what he could do for him. He replied: "If I ever get out of this alive you may make me a major-general." Owing to the severity of his injuries lie was at the time partially under the influence of morphine, and thus scarcely accountable for his utterances. Several weeks later, in company with his brother William, he proceeded to the national capital, where they were granted an interview with the President. George Hartsuff, mindful of the statement he had previously made, attempted to apologize for his presumption, but the response of Lincoln was to hand him a commission as major-general, and this he retained until his death. Another brother, Dr. Albert Hartsuff, was a surgeon in the regular army, and retired with the rank of colonel. Thoroughly imbued with the patriotic and military spirit so characteristic of the family, young William Hartsuff tendered his services in defense of the Union at the outbreak of the Rebellion. He organized a company of volunteers in Port Huron and was duly elected captain of the same. He was in active service until the close of the war, rising through the various grades of promotion to the rank of majorgeneral and winning prestige as a gallant and valorous soldier. General Sheridan designated him to receive the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston, with forty ST CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 527 thousand men. Johnston was accompanied by Generals Bragg, Beauregard, Hardee and Simms. Of this climacteric event of the war General Hartsuff has spoken as follows: "I accepted General Johnston's sword and returned it to him. I also paroled the forty thousand men. It was a sight never to be forgotten. I also secured records of the Confederate government and, loading them on twenty-six mule-carts, took them to Washington." After the close of the war General Hartsuff returned to Port Huron, where he has ever since maintained his home, and here he has attained prominence in business circles and has been incumbent of offices of high trust and responsibility. He was postmaster, was later collector of customs for this port, in 188i, was mayor of the city and on several different occasions has been the Republican nominee for congress from the seventh district. He is vice-president of the Commercial Bank and has other capitalistic interests of important order, while he is regarded as one of the most (listinguished citizens of Port Huron, being honored by all who know him. REUBEN S. CAMPBELL, B. S. A representative of one of the honored pioneer families of St. Clair county is the subject of this sketch, the commissioner of schools, who has been identified with educational affairs in this state for nearly a score of years. He has shown marked initiative power and administrative ability, and thus has done much to unify and improve the school system, while his course has received due public commendation. The schools of St. Clair county take high rank and much credit is due to Mr. Campbell for the effective work he has accomplished, his progressive ideas and his enthusiasm having tended to encourage other workers. Reuben S. Campbell was born on a farm in Clyde township, St. Clair county, Michigan, on the 8th of February, 1867, being a son of Cephas and Mary E. (Smith) Campbell, representing English, Dutch and Scottish ancestral strains. Cephas Campbell was born in Canada, his parents being John and Emily Campbell. He became a farmer and lumberman of St. Clair county, and removed eventually from Clyde to Greenwood township, where he became the owner of a well improved farm. His death occurred on the 6th of April, i886, at forty-nine years of age. His widow, who came as a child with her parents, William and Mary Smith, to St. Clair county, still resides on the farm, in Greenwood township. She is a devoted member of the Methodist Protestant church. Of her five children four are living, the subject being the eldest. Reuben S. Campbell was reared to the sturdy discipline of the farm. In I889 he entered the Michigan State Agricultural College, and was graduated in the class of 1894, having had instruction under such educators as Drs. Kedzie and Beal. In the meantime he took a brief course in the Michigan State Normal, while as early as I885 he had begun to teach. For two years, I895-6, he was superintendent of the public schools of Saranac, and then became superintendent of the schools at Yale. While thus engaged, in April, T807, 528 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I he was elected to his present position. He was re-elected in I899 and again in 90oI, so that he is just completing his sixth consecutive year of service. Within his supervision are employed one hundred and seventy-five teachers, fifteen being males, and in the county there are three hundred authorized teachers. There is, however, no surplus, as a number are attending college, while others are not teaching. The entire force changes about once in three years, there now being but one-third of the same teachers who were employed six years ago. The best teachers generally get into city schools, and yet it is gratifying that the corps of teachers is principally-in fact, almost entirely-recruited from the country. For the past three or more years Mr. Campbell and W. F. Lewis, superintendent of the city schools of Port Huron, have conducted summer normal schools, but henceforth' teachers will attend the regular normal schools. However, local institutions are held each year,-usually for a fortnight in the month of August. The county shows a healthful sentiment in favor of better school buildings and equipments and the employment of the most efficient corps of teachers. In May of each year are held, in twelve or fourteen places in the county, public examinations of those who complete the common school course, and to those who satisfactorily finish the work of the eighth grade are issued diplomas entitling them to admission into any high school in the state without examination. About fifty per cent. avail themselves of the privilege. Mr. Campbell accords allegiance to the Republican party, taking an interest in the questions and issues of the hour, while his religious faith, as that of his wife, is that of the Methodist Episcopal church. He has been for a number of years a teacher in the Sunday school. Fraternally he is a Mason, an Odd Fellow, a Maccabee and a Patron of Husbandry. April 6, I892, Mr. Campbell was married to Miss Frances J. McCardle, who was born in Sanilac county, being a daughter of James and Margaret McCardle. They have one child, Margaret Elizabeth. HUGH SANDISON ATKINS. There are few men in the United States approaching three score years of age who can boast of continuous residence in one township of fifty-eight years. The subject of this sketch, Hugh Sandison Atkins, however, can justly lay claim to that distinction. Indeed, it can truthfully be said that he never lived in any other township than the one in which he was born. He was born in Clyde township, St. Clair county, Michigan, August 8, I844. The parents of Hugh S. Atkins were William and Margaret (Young) Atkins, who were natives of Glasgow, Scotland. Thie father was born in March, I809, and died January 26, I88I, and the mother died October I6, I895. When six years old William Atkins was apprenticed to a weaver, and learned the business thoroughly, working at it until he was thirty-six years of age. In October, I838, he came to America, the vessel being long overdue when it reached New York. He had been married in Scotland to Miss Margaret Young and was at the time of C! r T A T T C'f tiTXml X7r ~r~iTTt- A XT I"1. ULEA1K LAJU his emigration the father of four children, one of whom died, the other three, with their mother accompanying him on his long three-months trip across the ocean. On arriving in St. Clair county, in the spring of I839, they sought out a tract of land and found one to suit them in sections 4 and 5, Clyde township. Two brothers, Alexander and Allen Atkins, were already here, which determined his coming to St. Clair county. They were among the very first settlers of that region and at that time it was all trackless woods. A rude log cabin was quickly erected on the one hundred and sixty acres upon which they settled, and here the family found shelter and a home. Here also one of the little ones that had come from Scotland, Barbara, died at the age of ten and found a grave in the woods, and here four other little ones were born. William and Margaret Atkins were the parents of eight children, viz: William, a farmer in Clyde township; Barbara, who died aged ten years; Margaret died in Scotland; Margaret Wyler married John Kinney, a banker of Mt. Pleasant, Michigan; David Young is a retired lumberman of Port Huron; Hugh Sandison; Barbara Miller married Thomas Conlan, a farmer of Grant township, and Alexanlder W. is a retired farmer of Port Huron. In politics the father of this family was a Republican and for many years, the latter part of his life, was a justice of the peace of his township. He was a man who never tolerated games of chance or allowed himself to indulge in speculation of any kind. It was his boast, and those who know say it was not a vain one, that he never signed a promissory note in his life. If all were as I Y, IVlLtnIjAiN. 529 circumspect in the use of their names to evidence of indebtedness, there would not be so many business failures. He and his wife were both members of the Methodist church. A few months each winter for a few years was the extent of Hugh S. Atkins' opportunities for an education. The greater part of the first twenty-five years of his life was spent at home, on the farm and in the clearing. April 9, I868, Mr. Atkins was united in marriage to Miss Annie Balmer, who was born in Peebleshire, Scotland, December 5, 1844, the daughter of Alexander and Isabella (Knox) Balmer, also natives of Peebleshire. Mr. Balmer was by trade a blacksmith and in 1852 came to Port Huron, Michigan. Later he moved to section 33, Grant township, where he bought eighty acres of land in the woods, built a house, equipped and opened a shop and engaged in business. He was prosperous and successful in most of his business ventures. To Hugh S. Atkins and wife six children have been born, viz: Millie Belle, who died September I, I887, at the age of eighteen years; Freddie died in childhood; Aggie Della died at five years of age; Jefinie married Fred Klumpp, of Burtchville township, and they have one daughter; Louis J. is at home; and Margaret is the wife of Charles Grimes. On November 7, I870, the family located on their present farm and for seven years their homes was an old log house. In I877 they built their present comfortable and commodious residence. The farm consists of one hundred and twenty acres and is a valuable tract of land, nearly all cleared and under cultivation and it is sup 530 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. plied with a good barn and substantial outbuildings. Mr. Atkins carries on mixed farming, raises abundant crops and keeps plenty of stock to consume them. In politics he is a Republican, but never sought or held office. Mr. Atkins' life has been an active and busy one and has not failed to be crowned with success. He is a genial, companionable man, one whom it is a pleasure to know and whose friendship is well worth having. ROBERT BALMER. Some men have only to state their calling and the length of time they have worked at it to indicate clearly how much work they have done, the mere statement indicating the amount of their toil. When a man tells you he followed the business of lumbering in the woods of Michigan for twenty-five years, you know without looking that his hand is not small, white, soft or delicate. The simple statement carries with it a story of industry and toil. Robert Balmer, the subject of this sketch, who resides in St. Clair county, Michigan, spent a quarter of a centurv in the woods of Michigan, doing l he work necessary to convert huge trees into marketable lumber. He was born in Peebleshire, Scotland, June 8, 1835, his parents being Alexander and Mary (Lindsey) Balmer, also natives of Scotland. The father was a blacksmith in his native land. He was twice married, first to the mother of the subject, and to them seven children waere born. His second wife was Isabella Knox, and they were the parents of five children. In I85I the family emigrated to the United States and located in Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, where the father purchased eighty acres of land. He erected a house, built a shop and devoted himself to his trade when there was anything to do in his line, his leisure time being applied to the clearing of his land. He was a skilled workman, and became a good farmer, and followed both callings many years, remaining on this place up to the time of his death. The children of Alex. and Mary Balmer were: William, deceased; James, of Coldwater, Michigan; Stephen, a farmer in Brockway township; Elizabeth resides at Sarnia, Ontario; Robert; Agnes resides in Port Huron, Michigan; Alexander, deceased. The five children of the second marriage were: Jeanette, who resides in Detroit; Isabella lives on the old home place; Andrew lives on the old home place; Annie married Hugh S. Atkins, of Grant township, and Mary, who also lives on the old homestead. Robert Balmer attended school in his i)ative Scotland until his sixteenth year, when the family emigrated to America. After locating in St. Clair county he remaiecl with the family for two years. At the age of eighteen, in 1853, he started out to work his own way in the world. Though a young man, he was strong and active, and he worked out for twenty-five years, during eleven of which he was in the employ of one man, Horace Bunce, a lumberman, for whom he was a foreman of a camp during the winter seasons in the woods. In October, 1864, Mr. Balmer enlisted in Company H, Third Regiment Michigan Infantry, at Abbotsford. At that time there was much need for soldiers at the front, and the regiment was hurried to ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 53I Nashville, Tennessee, where it was stationed for some time, then transferred to Huntsville, Alabama. It served in different portions of that state, and early in the spring of 1865 was ordered to Green Lake, Texas, where the regiment was detained until discharged. In I86I Mr. Balmer was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Westbrook, of Clyde township. She died in I866, leaving three children, viz: Euphemia, who married Allen McDonald, of Sanilac county, Michigan; Horace, employed on railroad work in Los Angeles, California, where Robert, his younger brother, is also employed. The present wife of Mr. Balmer was Miss Nancy Davis, a native of Ohio, to whom he was married July 2, 1870. To them have been born four children, viz: Mary, who was a teacher, married Andrew J. Coon, a farmer of Grant township; Jennie is a teacher, and is now engaged.in the Burtchville school; Charles is an electrician; Marion Grace is also engaged in teaching in the Fairhaven school. In I869 Mr. Balmer purchased thirtyfive acres of land in Abbottsford, Clyde township, cultivating it during the summer and working in the woods at lumbering in the winter, until 1882, when he bought his present farm of eighty acres, also in Clyde township. There are at this time about forty-three acres cleared on the place and under cultivation. It is good land, very productive, and the place is well improved. The subject carries on mixed farming, and has met with gratifying success. In politics he is a Republican, but never asked for or occupied any official position. He is a member of the Zion Methodist Episcopal *church of Grant township. He is a man who is well informed in literature and history, who can discuss almost any subject under conversation, and whose tastes require him to be conversant with all popular topics, more especially the current events of the day. JOSEPH TACEY. This ex-soldier of the late Civil war, and now a prosperous farmer in Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in St. Lawrence county, New York, July 12, 1833, a son of Frank and Julia (Vassar) Tacey, who were both also born in St. Lawrence county. Frank Tacey was a practical farmer, and from St. Lawrence county removed to Franklin county, New York. He was twice married, and to his first marriage, which was with Miss Julia Vassar, there were born five children, namely: Margaret, Mary, Livvie, Joseph and Frank. Mrs. Julia Tacey passed away in the faith of the Catholic church in 1836. The second marriage of Frank Tacey was with Mary Foey, of New York, and to this union were born eight children. Mr. Tacey was also a devout Catholic, and died in Franklin county, New York. Joseph Tacey had little or no opportunities for attending school in his youthful (lays, but passed his time in assisting his father on the farm until nineteen years of age. He then worked out on his own account in New York state at farming for a number of years, then went to Roxboro, Canada, where he met and married Miss Julia Compo. He lived in Canada eighteen months only, and then, in I862, came to St. 532 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Clair county, Michigan, and settled on land he had purchased in I863, which purchase consisted of twenty acres only, all deep in the forest, but of which three acres had been cleared, and on which two small log cabins had been erected, which answered Mir. Tacey's purposes for several years. Mrs. Julia (Compo) Tacey was called away in I867, and in April, 1871, Mr. Tacey chose for his second helpmate Margaret. Wamsley, of Norfolk county, Canada, a daughter of Henry and Sarah (Duville) AVamsley, natives of England, but reared in Canada. To his first marriage Mr. Tacey had born to him five children, who were named Joseph, Ellen, John, Benjamin and Julia. Of these, John is farming in Alcona county, Michigan; Ellen is married to Kenneth Gollins, of Alpena, Michigan; John is deceased; Benjamin is also in Alcona. To the second marriage of Mr. Tacey there have been born five children, viz: Mabel, deceased; Nina, married to John Low, of Greenwood township, is the mother of three children, Mabel, Edith and Gladys; Minnie, wife of Charles Gardner, of Grant township; Hattie, wife of Henry Priess, a farmer in Grant township, to whom she has borne one child, Guy; and Omer, who is still at home. To revert to the changes that have been made by Mr. Tacey in his habitations, it may be stated that after abandoning his primitive log cabins, he constructed a hewedlog house, which he occupied until I893, when he erected his present modern dwelling. Let it here be interjected that Mr. Tacey came to Grant township in I862, and in September, IS64, enlisted in the Twentysecond Michigan Volunteer Infantry. The Rebellion at that time was drawing to a close, and Mr. Tacey was placed on garrison duty at Atlantic City for about five months, when he was transferred to Chattanooga, Tennessee, but before the close of the winter was taken sick and was granted a furlough home, where he remained, as peace was declared soon afterward, and it was not found necessary to recall him to the front. Mr. Tacey has a farm of one hundred and twenty acres, on which he grows the usual crops of the latitude, and also gives such attention to live stock as to provide for home consumption. Mr. and Mrs. Tacey are members of the church of the Disciples, and he is also a member of the Archie Madison Post, G. A. R., at Avoca. He enjoys the respect which is meted out to every veteran by all good and loyal citizens. GEORGE CLAY. This well-known farmer and resident of Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Fingal, Elgin county, Ontario, August 21, 1834, a son of Simon and Elizabeth (Cowell) Clay, the former of whom was a native of New York and the latter of the New Dominion. Paul Clay, father of Simon, was one of the first settlers in Tolbert Street, Southold, Elgin township, where Simon passed the greater part of his life in farming. Simon lost his wife in Canada, and came to Michigan, remarried and died on his farm in Wayne county. George Clay, although the only child by his father's first marriage, had no opportunities for acquiring an education in childhood, but was early set to work on the ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHI I 'GAN. 533 family homestead, as well as for the neighbors. At the age of twenty-nine he came to Michigan and first located in Sanilac county, where he worked at lumbering and sawing until I866, when he purchased two hundred acres in Flynn township, all wild forest land. Of this Mr. Clay cleared up about seventy acres, and in I879 sold the tract for three thousand and six hundred dollars, and came to Grant township, St. Clair county, and bought two hundred acres of partially cleared land, but on which there were no buildings. Mr. Clay, however, soon erected a handsome dwelling, a substantial barn and all other requisite farm structures, and now has about fifty-five acres in a fine state of cultivation. He conducts general farming, as is customary in the neighborhood, raising hay, wheat, corn and oats, and breeding horses, cattle, hogs, etc., of which he has made a thorough success. At the age of thirty years Mr. Clay was joined in marriage with Miss Margaret Monroe, a native of Ontario, and to this union have been born six children, in the following order: Elizabeth died in infancy; Emma is the wife of Frank Young, a farmer in Clyde township; Grace married Francis Watson, and is the mother of six children, and is living in Fargo, Michigan; Lewis died in infancy; Edward, farming in Grant township, first married Lizzie Reeves, and secondly Bertha Lawson; William, who was the youngest of the family, also died in childhood. Mr. Clay votes with the Republican party, and under its auspices filled the office of township treasurer while a resident of Sanilac county. In religion he places his faith in the doctrines of the church of the Disciples, to the maintenance of which he is a liberal contributor, and the principles of which he strictly adheres to, and is largely instrumental in promulgating and inculcating. He has led a very industrious as well as upright life, and what he has he has chiefly earned through his personal exertions and good management. His social standing is with the best classes in the township and county. Notwithstanding the fact that Mr. Clay's opportunities in early life were very meager for securing an education, he has acquired a vast amount of knowledge not to be found in books, as he is a very close observer of men and things, and is quick in forming his conclusions and in making his deductions. He never loses his grip on what he acquires, and hence it is that he holds the prominent position he now does in Grant township, St. Clair county. HON. JOSEPH W. AVERY. Ex-Judge Joseph W. Avery was born in Pickering township, Ontario, December 24, 1848, a son of Anthony R. and Sarah (Hilbourne) Avery, the former a native of Syracuse, New York, and the latter of Pennsylvania, of good old Quaker stock. Anthony R. and Sarah Avery were married in Canada, and in I862 came to St. Clair county, Michigan, and here Mr. Avery bought eighty acres of land in section 4, Grant township, improved the place, and later on added another eighty-acre tract. He finally sold this property and made a prospecting trip to Illinois and Missouri to buy land, but soon returned to St. Clair county and bought a farm in section 534 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I 2, Grant township, where his wife passed away June 30, I890, and where his own death occurred September 28, I895, both in the faith of the Baptist church. In politics Anthony R. Avery was a Republican, but never held a public office. To Anthony R. and Sarah Avery were born the following children: Joshua B., who is a farmer in Sanilac county; Stephen H., in Jackson, Michigan; Alexander R., who resided in Port Huron, and there died in May, I901; Joseph W., whose name opens this record; Hannah J., who is the wife of Eli McLain, and is living in Clyde township; Sarah, wife of Crozier Rutledge, lives in Grant township; Lincoln, of Port Huron, of whom a record is given on another page of this volume, and Margaret, who lives in Greenwood township, this county. Hon. Joseph W. Avery was primarily educated in the common schools, after leaving which he attended the Normal Institute at Ypsilanti, from which he was graduated as a teacher, and for two years taught at Yale, Michigan. Judge Avery was married December 31, I876, to Miss Carrie C. Potter, of Jeddo, Michigan, a daughter of Nielson and Lurena Potter, both of whom were born in New York. Nelson Potter came to St. Clair county and settled in Jeddo, where he died in September, 1887; his widow now resides with Mrs. Avery and his daughter at Jeddo, having attained the advanced age of ninety-two years. To Judge Avery and wife were born two children: Jessie J. and Harry. Mrs. Avery departed this life May 5, I899. In 1876 J. W. Avery was admitted to the bar at Port Huron, where he practiced until I898, when he was forced to relinquish his extensive legal business on account of failing health. In the meantime, however, he had been elected probate judge of St. Clair by the Republican party, of which he is a leading member, and filled this respolisible and honorable position from I882 to I890. Since I898 he has lived on his farm at Jeddo, which consists of two hundred and twenty acres of most valuable land, and is looked upon as one of the finest homesteads in St. Clair county. Judge Avery takes pride in his live stock, and makes a specialty of breeding thoroughbred shorthorn cattle, having a herd of thirty head. He is a member of Pine Grove Lodge, F. & A. M., and the chapter at Port Huron; he is also a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and the Baptist church of the same city. From what has been said of the Judge, the reader will readily perceive that he is one of the prominent and useful residents of Grant township and St. Clair county. He has been one of the most public spirited citizens of St. Clair county, and has ever been among the forenlost in contributing his full share toward promoting such measures as have been conducive to the happiness and prosperity of the community. GEORGE TODD, M. D. This well-known and successful physician, now residing and in active practice at Jeddo, was born in Elgin county, Canada, May 25, I838, and is a son of Francis and Susan (Finch) Todd. the former of whom was a native of Yorkshire, England, and the latter of the state of New York. Francis Todd was reared a farmer, and while yet ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 535 a single man left his native land to seek his fortune in the new world, and became a prosperous agriculturist in Elgin county, Canada. There, in I860, he lost his wife, whom he survived eight years, when he, too, passed away in the faith of the Metho(list Episcopal church. The children born to Francis and Susan (Finch) Todd numbered seven, and were born in the following order: John, who is now (lecease(l; George, whose name opens this biographical record; Abraham, Milton, Joseph, Mary and Eliza. Dr. George Todd was primarily educated in the common schools of his native county, and at the early age of fifteen began teaching, a profession he followed for ten years in all. He began to read medicine in I858, at Aylner, Ontario, with Dr. E. Price, under whose instruction he continued for three years, though he taught in the meantime. He entered the University of Michigan, where he took a two-years course in the medical department, and from which he graduated with the class of I865, and immediately began practice at Jeddo. His abilities were soon recognized, and he has since been favored with a large and lucrative practice. and holds today an exalted position in his profession throughout St. Clair county. Dr. Todd was joined in marriage May 28, 1859, with Miss Sarah Haney, who was born in Norfolk county, Ontario, Canada, and is a daughter of the Rev. Isaac and Sarah (Cottington) Haney, her father formerly a clergyman in the Methodist Episcopal church, as well as farmer. The Rev. Isaac Haney was born in i80o and (lied at the age of seventy-nine years. To Dr. and Mrs. Todd have been born nine children in the following order: Dr. Francis J., who graduated from the university of Ann Arbor in 1883, and is now in active practice in Oakland, California; Ida, who has been a teacher since 1884; Susie A. is the wife of Janes Moran, a farmer of Jeddo, Michigan, and has three children, Verna, Mabel and Francis Todd; S. Edith, a teacher in Fostoria, Ohio, who commenced the profession in 1886, but has since further qualified herself by study at the State Normal and the University of Chicago; Catherine, a telegraph operator at Detroit; Elizabeth, still at home; Helen L., attending the Cleary Business College at Ypsilanti; George Edward, who died young, and Isaac W., a farmer in Grant township, and married to Lillian Aiken. Dr. Todd, besides doing a large professional business, is the owner of a farm of seventy-seven and a half acres, known as the Porter farm, and another of eighty acres, on both of which he carries on general farming, in which he is as successful as he is in the practice of medicine. He has but recently retired from the general mercantile business, in which he was engaged for fifteen years, and during which he erected a grain elevator at Jeddo station, and shipped grain for a period of eight years. He is a member of the State Medical Society, to which he has contributed many valuable papers. He was made a Mason ill 86I, and is now a member of Lexington Lodge No. 6I. He attends the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics is a Democrat, under the auspices of which party he has filled the office of justice of the peace four years, and has been school board clerk and health officer, capably discharging the: duties of each office. 536 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. SILAS S. ARNOT. This extensive land owner, fruit grower and agriculturist, of Jeddo, Grant township, is a native of Darlington, Ontario, Canada, is a son of Robert J. and Sarah (Hall) Arnot, and was born November 25, I85I. Robert J. Arnot was a native of New York, and migrated to Canada, where he married Miss Hall, a native of the Dominion, and there followed farming until 1852, when he came to Michigan and located in Lexington township, Sanilac county. He secured land until he owned a farm of three hundred and twenty acres, all of which he cleared, and devoted his life to its operation, dying January 21, I896. He reared six children, viz: Ira, who is a banker in Deckerville, Michigan; Elizabeth, a resident of Croswell; Cephas W., a farmer at Croswell; Silas S.; George, a farmer at Lexington, and Phebe J., now the wife of Dr. W. O. Randall, of Port Huron. Silas S. Arnot was fairly well educated in the common schools of his neighborhood, and after attaining his majority entered a general store at Croswell, in which he clerked three years, thus gaining a thorough practical knowledge of business methods. In I888 he came to Grant township and settled on a farm in section 4, on which he made all the improvements. January 21, I880, Mr. Arnot was married to Miss Emma L. Streeter, who was born in Jeddo, Michigan, a daughter of Solomon N. and Jane E. (Hogan) Streeter, of whom further may be learned by a perusal of the biographical record of Henry Streeter, to be found on another page of this volume. The union of Silas S. and Emma L. (Streeter) Arnot has been blessed by the birth of three children, Alta J., Frank S. and Helen Lucile. Mr. Arnot carries on mixed or miscellaneous farming, growing hay, wheat, corn, oats, some barley, and a great deal of fruit, and gives besides considerable atten — tion to live stock. In politics Mr. Arnot is a staunch Republican, and is ever active in promoting the interests of his party, which has, in turn, recognized his loyalty by twice electing him township treasurer, and to several other minor offices. Fraternally he is member of Golden Tent No. 58, K. O. TM., at Jeddo, likewise of the Woodmen of the World at Blaine, and of the Independent Order of Foresters at Grant Center. Mr. Arnot's farm, one mile west of Jeddo, comprises two hundred and sixty acres, which is well improved, and in section 3, one-half mile east of Jeddo, he owns a farm of seventy-seven acres. These he operates, though residing in Jeddo, where he operated a grain elevator for some years, beginning that line about twenty years ago. The elevator at Jeddo was burned about 1890, and he has since confined his dealings to Deckerville, where he erected an elevator about fifteen years ago, and where he has continued ever since, and from which he ships about two hundred and fifty car loads annually. ALBERT LUTZ. Albert Lutz, late of Greenwood township, was born in the township of Caiston, Ontario, Canada, September 20, 1852, and died March 9, I902. His parents were Simeon and Eliza C. (Bowman) Lutz. The ;ST. CL AIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN 537 family came to St. Clair county in April, 1859, and here the mother died August Io, I890, and the father September Io, I896. Of the seven children born to them Albert was the oldest, and here grew to manhood, learning the carpenter's trade meanwhile from his father, which trade he followed with fair success until 1884, when he embarked in the insurance business, which was thereafter his principal occupation. In April, I898, Mr. Lutz was elected secretary of the Michigan Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company of St. Clair and Salina Counties. He filled a number of minor township offices, and in the spring of 19oo was elected supervisor of Greenwood township, an office he held until his death. He was an active worker in the Democratic party ever since first entitled to exercise his franchise. Mr. Lutz was joined in marriage in Fremont, Sanilac county, Michigan, February 9. I886, with Miss Mary Ida Slosser, a daughter of David and Sarah (Bloomfield) Slosser. Mrs. Slosser was called away by death September 29, 1901. MIrs. Lutz is the oldest of the four children born to her parents, her birth having taken place near Albion, Noble county, Indiana, May 22, 1864. The marriage of Albert Lutz and wife was graced with six children, named in order of birth as follows: David S., Neva E., Grover F., William A., Mary Leota, and Maggie, who was but eight weeks old when she died. Albert Lutz, although but entering upon the prime of life, realized for himself a fair proportion of success, through his persistent industry and commendable frugality. His name stands without reproach in the community in which he lived, and he and his family were held in the highest respect socially wherever known. As a business man he was straightforward and open, and no chicanery was used by him. He made his way through the world by his own exertions, without extraneous assistance. and consequently was more respected by his neighbors and friends than if he had been pushed forward by outside parties. The2 insurance business everywhere is one of strenuous competition, companies throughout the civilized world having their agents in every little hamlet as well as large city in the United States, and the local agent who makes a success of it certainly deserves commendation. But it must be borne in mind that insurance is a good thing in itself, and it is the bounden moral duty of every honest man to so protect himself from the evil effects of disaster in business, by covering his property as well as his life -with a policy issued by some sound insulrance company; that his family, as well as his creditors, may not witl him be drarwn into a vortex of possible misfortune. Moreover, the individual who covers himself w ith a good insurance policy feels more complacent than he otherwise would, and thus prolongs his longevity, a desideratum usually deemed desirable by most men. The Lutz farm of one hundred and twenty acres in Greenwood township, three miles southeast of Yale, is in an excellent state of cultivation, and improved with a first-class line of buildings. It was almost wholly cleared from the wild by Mr. Lutz, though personally he had devoted much of his attention to fire insurance, the needs of the farmers resulting in he and his brother, James E., organizing the above company. Mrs. Lutz, though being left 538 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.. with a family of six children, the eldest being but fifteen years old has remained on the farm renting part of it but keeps the stock, and is raising her children with that training that will insure respected and commendable citizenship. REV. LESTER CLARK. Rev. Lester Clark was born in Rutland county, Vermont, April 22, I833, a son of Amasa and Roxanna (Carpenter) Clark, the former of whom was born in the same state January 17, 1812, and died in St. Clair county, Michigan, March 8, I893. He came to St. Clair county'in I850, and settled on forty acres of land in the wilds of Berlin township. He cut the first road to his log cabin, into which he moved before the doors were in. The forest was full of bears, deer, wolves and turkeys, the last being so numerous that he attempted to kill them by throwing rocks. The Riley tribe of Indians then occupied that region, and it was among them that the Clark home was established. They were friendly, and young Lester carried on quite a traffic with them, becoming somewhat intimate with the chief, of whom he learned many of the woodman's arts, so that he had more than ordinary success as a hunter, killing in one season as many as twenty-one deer. Joseph Carpenter, the father of Roxana Clark, came from Vermont to St. Clair county, Michigan, in I830, being among the pioneers of that section. After Amasa Clark had partially cleared his land he removed to Fremont township, Sanilac county, on the northern boundary line of St. Clair township, and purchased one hundred and sixty acres of partly cleared land. While at work he had the misfortune to fall and break a hip bone, from which injury he died a year later. He lived and died in the faith of the Methodist Protestant church- and in politics was a Republican. His children were: Mary, Lester, Eveline, Angeline, Philinda, Susan, Jason, Newton, Dallas, Pearl and two who (lied in infancy. Lester Clark married July 9, I855, Miss Susan Smith, a daughter of Albert and Lavina (Atwell) Smith, who came from Canada to St. Clair county the same year in which his parents came. Mr. and Mrs. Clark have eight children, viz: Eveline first married Franklin Jones, who died five years later; she then married John Black, who also died five years after marriage, and she now conducts a millinery store in Yale; Roxy is married to John Collins, a farmer of Lynn township; Lavina died at four years of age; Melinda died in infancy; Jason is a merchant in Saginaw, and is married to Addie Leaman; Carrie makes her home with her sister, Mrs. Black; Alice is the wife of Charles Ferguson, a painter of Yale; and Lester is at home. Mr. Clark, although owning eighty acres in a fine state of cultivation, has been a clergyman in the Methodist Protestant church thirty-seven years, and as such laid the foundations of nine church edifices. He was for three years formerly a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, traveling and preaching all through St. Clair and adjoining counties as a circuit rider. He is now living in retirement on his farm south of Yale. He cast his first presidential vote for James Buchanan, but is not at present k REV. AND MRS. LESTER CLARK. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 539 an adherent of any political organization. The following reminiscences furnished by Mr. Clark will no doubt be of interest to the readers: "While working in a shanty in the woods I fell in with the Rev. Thomas Nichols, of the Methodist Episcopal conference, who said to me: 'Clark, you ought to preach,' and said that he would announce that I would speak in Speaker township, in an old log school house in the woods. The night came and I arrived on time, having walked six miles. Others had arrived, too, including many boys, with whisky bottles and the like to help on the spirit of the revival. I took for a text, 'And Satan appeared also.' I had talked for only a few minutes when one man arose and said: 'Mr. Clark, what business have you to come up here and abuse us neighbors? What have we ever done to you?' Then two others got up and spoke. Well, I just listened while they gave in their testimonies and afterward went on with the service. The next night, on my way to the old log school house, I stopped for a while to pray in the woods and to ask God to give me some evidence that night as to whether or not, He wanted me to preach. Well, I arrived and found the school house full again with the same crowd I had the night before. I took for a text, 'Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.' I had only talked a few minutes when the first speaker of the preceding night arose and said, 'I'm an awful sinner; if it is possible for me to be a Christian, I want to be one,' and he requested prayer. Then the other speakers of the preceding night arose and said about the same, and still others, until nine in all had asked for prayers, and gave themselves to God. Well, it was 33 glorious, and forever after that I never doubted my call to the work. "In the year 1862 I conducted a campmeeting in the township of Wales. For a few evenings I was assisted by Father Tomlinson, president of the Methodist Protestant conference, a man full of the Holy Ghost. The community was infested with spiritualists, and when the meeting had gotten well under way they assembled with us, with one Mr. Cole, a medium, and had secretly arranged to form a circle and bring us all under their spiritualistic spell. This Mr. Cole came with us to the altar, Father Tomlinson kneeling at one side of him and I at the other. Father Tomlinson prayed thus: 'O God, demonstrate thy power over familiar spirits and devils,' and after praying for some time I prayed. All the time the old spiritualist kept waving his hands over the heads of those around him, and when I had finished praying he put his arm around me and drew me close up to him, struck me with his half-closed hand upon the breast three times. He might as well have hugged an oak tree, for all the influence it had upon me. The people kept agonizing in prayer, when suddenly Father Tomlinson qried out: 'O thou familiar spirit, in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth. come out of the man,' and instantly Cole fell flat upon the floor, and laid there for over two hours. The old man's son, seeing what had happened, made a rush for the platform, jumped over the altar and cried for mercy, while others of the spiritualists disbanded. The old man slowly rallied and asked. 'Where am I? What has happened?' Father Tomlinson replied, 'You are here, and God is here,' and the old man answered, 'Yes, I know God is here.' Looking about he saw 540 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I his son, and said, 'Are you here?' The son replied, 'Yes, father, glory to God, and I've got religion.' The old man became thoroughly converted and died in the faith. "After the experience with the spiritualists, I was invited to attend a social to be held at William Shirkey's, in Wales township, and Mr. Shirkey wanted me to preach to them a little, which I consented to do. After the social a part of the company assembled in the. dining room to engage in playful sports, when 'Mr. Shirkey came to me and said, 'Elder, isn't it time to have some preaching?' I replied, 'This is your house, and I am ready to preach if you wish it.' He then called the assembly to order, and I stood in the doorway between the rooms and began to preach, when suddenly a man cried out, 'You're a liar.' 'Why, no,' I answered. 'God bless you, man, I love you,' and I continued, when suddenly a second time he shouted out, 'You're a liar.' Mr. Shirkey immediately sprang to his feet, and I feared a collision, but he took his chair and placed it directly in front of the man, then sat down, clenched his fist and held it up into the man's face, and said, authoritatively, 'Dry right up, or you see what you'll get,' and there he sat in front of his mal while I preached the gospel into him. The man must have been suddenly possessed with an evil spirit, for on going home that night in company with his wife, he said to her, 'What ever possessed me tonight? I would not have said that for my whole farm.' These were evidently the days of demoniacal possession. "In the year I868 I was conducting a meeting at Grant Center, now Blaine, on the Sand Beach division of the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad. In the neighborhood lived an old man by the name of Reeves. He was an infidel, the dread of the community, a man who had not been inside a church door for nigh twenty years. I thought I would call one day on Black River street, when a man said to me: 'Mr. Reeves lives on Black River street. You had better not go in there, or he'll take his cane to you.' 'Why,' I said, 'if God wants me to go in there he'll take care of the old man, and the cane, and me, too,' so I started for the house, walked up to the door and knocked. The door was opened and I entered. Upon the sofa, back to the stove, sat the old man with his cane in hand-of course, ready for use. The old lady sat by the fire. After chatting a little I requested to have prayer, when the old man replied, 'I'll let you know that I don't have any praying in my house.' So I said, 'Well, father, perhaps you have no objections to my singing,' and I commenced to sing 'The Christian Soldier.' The old man rose, gripped'his cane, and intended to give me its weight, as he afterward confessed, but instead, however, he took his exit through the back door, so I bade the old lady a good morning. Soon afterward the old man was stricken with paralysis, and I again called upon him. I said to him, 'Father, wouldn't you like for me to have prayer with you this morning?' 'No, sir,' he replied, 'I've got my mind made up.' Then the burden of his lost soul so weighed upon me that I simply sat on his bed and sobbed and groaned in the spirit, I then exhorted him, and told him of Jesus' love, of how he saved the thief on the cross, when suddenly, great drops of sweat gathered upon the old man's face and he muttered, 'God be merciful to me, a sinner.' He soon afterward died, rejoicing in God's pardoning ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 54I. love. In 1868 my wife and I were preparing to attend a camp-meeting. She had baked up all the flour in the house, and then said to me, 'Now we've baked up all the flour in the house to go to this camp-meeting, what will we do for bread for the children when we come home?' 'Why, God bless you, woman,' said I, 'Don't you know what God said about the ravens?' Well, we attended, and had a glorious time. A Mr. Wilson fell under the mighty power of God and became gloriously converted. One day before the camp-meeting closed he came to me, put his hand upon my shoulder, and said: 'The Lord sent me, Brother Clark, to see if you had flour in the house.' So I told him what my wife had said, and what I said to her. 'Well,' said he, 'there'll be flour in your house when you get home,' and so there was. In conclusion I may say that my ministerial work all through was male up of numerous remarkable incidents and experiences." WESLEY STREVEL. This native of Northumberland county, Canada, but now one of the most respected residents of Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born March 7, I832, a son of Matthias and Sarah (McNary) Strevel, who were born in Albany, New York, and there married about 1825. From New York they migrated to Canada and cleared up from the primeval forest a farm of three hundred and twenty-five acres, and in February, I850, came to Grant township, and settled on a half section of land in section 15, which Matthias Strevel had purchased in June, I849. They lived on a tract of eighty acres, from which he cleared ten or a dozen acres, built a large cabin, and lived there the remainder of his life, dying at the age of sixty-three years, his wife dying at the same age, both in the faith of the Methlodist Episcopal church. In politics he was a Democrat, but was never an aspirant for public office. The children of Matthias and Sarah (McNary) Strevel were as follows: Elizabeth, deceased: Clark, who was a farmer in Grant township, and is also deceased; Phebe has likewise passed away; Wesley; Norman, also a resident of Grant townlship: A)bbott, living in W\orth township, Sanilac county; and one who died in in fancy. Wesley Strevel, who had acquired a fair education in the district schools of his native township, bent his best energies in early manhood toward assisting his father on the home farm, on -which he lived until alout tweenty-three years of age. In February, 855, lhe was married to Miss Sarah Ann Beal, a native of York county, Maine, but who (lied in October, I878. His second marriage occurred in April, I880, to Miss Pauline Beal, a cousin of Sarah Ann Beal, also of York county, Maine, and a daughter of Theodore and Sarah Ann (Fitzgerald) Beal, who came from the old Pine Tree state to Grant township, in October, I900. Here the father (liedl, January 31, I901, the mother now having her home with her (daughter. The union of Wesley and Sarah Ann (Beal) Strevel resulted in the birth of fourteen children, namely: Simon B., still at home; Oren, farming in Faulk county, South Dakota; Paulina, wife of Richard Ind, of Sarnia, Ontario; Rosette, married to James Monroe of Grant township; Ella, 542 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. married to Barney Lafferty, of Hitchcock, South Dakota; Miranda, wife of Charles Seeley, of Belding, Michigan; Charles, deceased; Effie, at home; Fred B., in the Black Hills, South Dakota; the others died young. Alfter his marriage Mr. Strevel settled on his present farm in section 9, Grant township, a tract of two hundred and twenty acres of densely wooded land, on which was a log cabin. He has now about one hundred and fifty acres cleared. His farming operations are of a miscellaneous character, and his live stock is by no means neglected, as he breeds cattle, sheep and hogs. In I88I and 1882 Mr. Strevel conducted an agricultural implement warehouse at Croswell, but decided that farming was more profitable than merchandising, and therefore resumed its pursuit. Mr. Strevel is a Democrat, and has served his party and his fellow citizens as township treasurer two terms, in I896 and 1897. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees, having joined the order in I88I. Mrs. Strevel is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and socially the family occupy a high position. ELIJAH B. BRICKER. This young and prosperous agriculturist, residing in section 4, Greenwood township, was born on a farm in Waterloo county, Ontario, Canada, January 22, 1858, a son of Benjamin and Esther (Bechtel) Bricker, residents of the same county and the parents of thirteen children. Elijah B.. Bricker was reared to farming on the Canadian homestead, and was educated in the common schools. November 26, 1878, he married, in Waterloo, Ontario, Miss Louisa Burkholder, daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth (Erb) Burkholder, both of whom died in Waterloo county. Of the nine children born to these parents, Mrs. Bricker is the youngest, and was born October I9, i86i. The young couple came to St. Clair county, Michigan, in April, I879, and settled on the farm which they still occupy, and which Mr. Bricker has improved with all the modern conveniences that go to make the farm. er's life congenial and profitable. Hi'i dwelling is one of the best in the township. his outbuildings are commodious and substantial, and his one hundred and sixty acres are under a fine state of cultivation. Mr. Bricker gives a great deal of attention to the breeding, fattening and shipping of choice grades of live stock, as well as to buying and selling. For eight years he shipped stock quite extensively to Buffalo markets. His breeding has been of the grade shorthorn, his herd of about forty head being one of the choicest line of grade animals in the state. One of the modern improvements is a one-hundred-ton silo, which is filled with the corn crop, and furnishes the best food for all stock. The three children born to Mr. and Mrs. Bricker on this farm were named as follows: Ira, who graduated from the Yale high school with the class of I9go, and is now the cashier of the State Savings Bank at Peck, Michigan, a position voluntarily offered him when he was attending the Detroit University; Ora, who died when but six months old, and Roy, a student in the Yale high school. In politics Mr. Bricker is a Republican, and has served his party and his fellow citi ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 543 zens as delegate to conventions and in the offices of school director and highway commissioner. He is public spirited, is a friend to public improvements, and a strong advocate of public instruction, and is ready at all times to aid financially such undertakings as will conduce to the prosperity and well doing of the public at large. Fraternally Mr. Bricker is a member of the Ancient Order of Gleaners, Modern Woodmen of America, and Star Grange, and has held all the principal offices in those societies. In social circles Mr. and Mrs. Bricker hold a very high station, being classed with the best people. As a business man Mr. Bricker's every transaction has been honest and straightforward, and his good faith has never been overcast by the shadow of a doubt. By his hard work and strict frugality he has become one of the most substantial citizens of Greenwood township, and the credit is due to himself alone, aided by the willing assistance of his amiable helpmate, who is entitled to a share of the credit. GEORGE BRICKER. One of tire youngest of the rising farmers of Greenwood township is George Bricker, who was born in Waterloo county, Ontario, September 24, I866, and is a son of Benjamin and Esther (Bechtel) Bricker, of whom mention is made in the biography of Elijah B. Bricker, an elder brother, to be found on another page of this work, and who are still residents of Ontario. George Bricker, a younger member of the large family, thirteen in number, reared by his parents, was brought up to farming on the home place, oh which he lived until he reached twenty-two years of age, when, in the spring of I889, he came to Greenwood township with his wife and settled on the farm of one hundred and sixty acres, in section 9, where he still resides, engaged in farming and stock raising. The marriage of George Bricker took place in Waterloo county, Ontario, March 13, 1889, to Miss Mary Ann Good, a daughter of Jonathan and Maria (Rosenberger) Good, also natives of Ontario, and late residents of Alberta, where he died in I902. Mr. and Mrs. Good are the parents of eleven children, and of these Mrs. Bricker is the fourth in order of birth, her nativity having taken place in Waterloo county, Ontario, June 6, 1867. To Mr. and Mrs. Bricker have been born three children, named, in order of birth, Eden, Ruth and Harvey. In politics Mr. Bricker is a Republican, and has the full confidence of his party, whom he has served with ability and faithfulness as school inspector and as a member of school board for several years. He prefers, however, to devote his time and attention to the cultivation of his farm, but is ever ready to work in the political field awhen called upon. He is no office seeker, and serves his party and his fellow citizens rather from feelings of duty than from a desire of profit or emolument. As a farmer, he has been successful, and as a citizen he holds a high position in the esteem of his neighbors, who respect him for his integrity as well as his industry and many personal good qualities. He and Mrs. Bricker mingle with the best social circles of Greenwood township, and the children are growing in 544 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I favor each day, and promise to become, in the near future, useful and valuable members of society. GEORGE V. REID. The leading livery establishment in Yale is that owned by George V. Reid, who was born in Canada, in November, I85I. His parents, Robert and Susanna (Vosburg) Reid, who were also born in Canada, had a family of five children, to-wit: Cora, who is a professor in the high school at Oklahoma City; Henry and Robert, deceased; Bert is a United States soldier in the Philippines, and George V. Robert Reid came to Michigan in I858 and settled near Yale, on eighty acres of unimproved land, on which he still lives, engaged in growing wheat, corn, oats, hay, etc., and where he has made a pleasant as well as a profitable home. He was formerly a Democrat, but now affiliates with the Republican party. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Reid are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and Mr. Reid is a member of the Masonic lodge at Yale. George V. Reid was reared on his father's farm from about seven years of age. In 1878 he married Miss Ellen Adams, a daughter of Alexander and Margaret Adams, natives of Scotland, who on coming to America first made their home in Canada, whence they came to Brockway township, where Mr. Adams owns and operates an improved farm of eighty acres. His five children were: James, Ellen, Wallace, Margaret and Charles. In politics Mr. Adams is a Republican and in religion is a Presbyterian. George V. Reid was employed for sixteen years in lumbering at Saginaw, where he engaged in farming for five years in Brockway township, and then opened his present business. He has a well selected line of rigs, suitable for all purposes, and by close attention to the demands of his patrons has secured an extensive and lucrative business. To Mr. and Mrs. Reid has been born six children: Robert, who is a clerk in a clothing store at Port Huron; Maud, wife of Glenn Ballentine, an employe in the Grand Trunk railroad shops at Port Huron; Floyd, Alex and Hazel. Fraternally Mr. Reid is a Knight of the Maccabees. CALVIN RUSSELL. One of the gallant soldiers who bore arms in defense of the flag of the Union for nearly four years during the late Civil war, was Calvin Russell, now a resident of Greenwood township, St. Clair county, Michigan. Calvin Russell was born in the township of Warwick, Lampton county, Ontario, Canada, October 9, 1838, and is a son of Nathan and Margaret (Brown) Russell, who were both born in Genesee county, New York. Calvin was reared on the Canadian farm on which he was born, until he reached his eighteenth year, when he came to St. Clair county, with his parents, who settled in Kenockee township, where they passed the remainder of their days, and here Calvin lived until I890, when he came to his present farm in Greenwood township. This farm comprises two hundred and forty acres, which Mr. Russell ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 545 has improved with first-class modern buildings and placed under cultivation. To Nathan and Margaret (Brown) Russell were born twelve children, of which family Calvin was the fifth child in order of birth. Calvin married in Kenockee township, December 3, I865, Miss Margaret Shannon, who was born in the township of Adelaide, Essex county, Ontario, March 31, I847, a daughter of James and Margaret (Morgan )) Shannon, natives of Ireland. This marriage has been blessed with a family of eleven children, of whom ten survive, namely: Frederick, Chauncey E., Guy, Adelaide, Agnes, wife of John L. Patterson, Alice J., Calvin J., Archie M., William S. and Margaret. The deceased child passed away in infancy. It is stated, at the opening of this biography, that Mr. Russell is an ex-soldier, and it is proper that some account of his military career shoud here be given: August 17, I86I, he enlisted in Company E, Fifth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and his service was, throughout nearly four years, a very eventful one. He was wounded at Fair Oaks, Virginia, at the battle of Locust Grove and also at Petersburg. At the latter battle he was taken prisoner and was sent to the pen at Andersonville, where he was confined for four months, when he was sent to Millen and to Florence and after a month at each was exchanged and sent to parole camp at Columbus, Ohio, and discharged four months later. After his return from the army Mr. Russell resumed farming in Kenockee township, where he remained, as intimated, until coming to Greenwood township. In politics, he is a Republican, is very popular with his party, and has been honored by election to several township offices. As a farmer he is classed with the best in the township of Greenwood, and as a citizen no man is held in higher respect. It may be truly said that no community is so prosperous as that which is made up of just such citizens as Calvin Russell; of men who have shown their patriotism on the field of battle, their patience and vigilance in the camp, and their endurance on the march, qualities which are strengthened and improved by military service and so fit the veteran for the better performance of his duties as a civilian. ISAAC ROBERTS. Of the few natives of Nova Scotia who reside in Greenwood township, Isaac Roberts is the most prominent. His birth took place on Gage river, Halifax county, June 9, 1832. His father, George Roberts, was born in Queens county, Ireland, in I805, left his native land when ten years of age, and located in Nova Scotia. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Agnes Ogleby, was born in Nova Scotia in I8II. In 1849, George Roberts came from Nova Scotia to Hamilton, Ontario, and in 1853 came to St. Clair county and entered one hundred and twenty acres on a soldier's warrant, at one dollar per acre, in the wilderness of Greenwood township. He was a blacksmith by trade, but cleared off the timber from his land and tilled it while still following his trade. To George and Agnes (Ogleby) Roberts were born ten children: Isaac, Elizabeth, Rebecca, Jane, Ellen, Agnes, one that died in infancy, George, Thomas and 546 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I Mary Ann. The family are Presbyterians in religion, and in politics the father was a Democrat. His death took place in July, I87I. In I86I Isaac Roberts married Miss Susan Hillman, daughter of William and Phebe (Kendrick) Hillman. William Hillman-was born in New Brunswick, whence he went to Canada and located near Toronto, where he resided until 1855, when he came to St. Clair county, bought eighty acres of forest land which he began to clear up, but, the Civil war breaking out while he was thus engaged, he enlisted in Company H, Third Michigan Volunteer Infantry, but while in the service he was taken sick, was furloughed home and died shortly afterward. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics was a Republican. Isaac Roberts owns and lives on a farm of one hundred and twenty acres, of which eighty are under a high state of cultivation and the remainder covered with good, solid timber. He grows the crops usual to the latitude. Mr. and Mrs. Roberts have seven children, viz: Agnes, who is the wife of Charles Hull, a farmer in Greenwood township; Bertha, who died at the age of eighteen years; Arthur, who is the township clerk, who married Miss Daisy Probst, and is farming the Roberts homestead; George, who also died when but eighteen years old; Matilda, wife of Frederick Sharpstien, captain of a sailing vessel and a resident of Sebewaing, Michigan; Minnie, married to Charles Priest, a farmer, and Delbert. Isaac Roberts has been loyal to his adopted country and true to her in her hour. of peril. In October, 1864, he enlisted in Company H, Third Michigan Volunteer In fantry, was mustered in at Pontiac, and thence sent to the front. He served gallantly in the engagements at Nashville, Decatur, Murfreesboro, Huntsville, Knoxville, Bulk's Gap, Greenville, at several of these places a second time, and was finally sent to Texas, and was mustered out at Victoria, May 26, I866, when he returned and resumed his agricultural operations, at which he has since been engaged. Mr. Roberts has made all the improvements on his farm, which is one of the best of its dimensions in the county, and on which he not only raises the usual crops, but breeds large numbers of cattle and hogs. In his politics he is a Democrat and by his party has been honored by being elected township treasurer, which position he filled for two years, and also filled school offices fifteen years. Mr. Roberts was reared in the Presbyterian church and in his fraternal relations he is a member of Madison Post, G. A. R., at Avoca. As his merits well entitle him, he holds the unfeigned respect of his fellow citizens. PHILIP H. MORLEY. Formerly a-railroad man, but now one of the most respected and prosperous farmers of St. Clair county, Michigan, Philip H. Morley was born at Bury Saint Edmond, England, April 23, 1841, and is the youngest of the five children that constituted the family of Isaac and Rebecca (Tucker) Morley, who both passed their lives as farming people on Albion's Isle, the father dying in February, 1859, and the mother July 6, I893. The five children alluded to ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 547 I above were named in order of birth as follows: Sarah, who still lives in England and is married to a Mr. Harding, but has no children; James married Elizabeth - but died in England, where his widow still resides; Martha died in England, leaving a family of four children, her husband having died but a week before her own demise; Harriet, who was married to Henry Hayhoe, also died in England, and Philip H., the youngest of the family, is the gentleman whose name opens this record. Philip H. Morley left his native land when he was seventeen years of age and worked on various farms in Canada for six years. In 1865 he came to Michigan and located at Port Huron, where he was employed by the Grand Trunk Railway Company and assisted in laying the first track from Port Huron to Capac, there being but two foremen on the work at that time. After a service of seventeen years witli the Grand Trunk Company, Mr. Morley left its service in 1882 and entered the employ of the Michigan Central Railroad Company as section foreman, which position he retained ten years. He then resigned, and 1892 purchased one hundred and five acres of fine land adjoining the village of Capac, improved with a handsome residence, good barn, etc., and here he has ever since been successfully engaged in farming. Philip H. Morley, on June 23, 1872, led to the bridal altar Miss Mariett Alverson, the accomplished daughter of Lafayette and Delilah (Smith) Alverson, who were respectively born near Mount Clemens, Michigan, and in Canada. Lafayette Alverson was a son of Daniel Alverson, of New York, who came to Michigan with his family early in the 'twenties and settled near Mount Clemens, Macomb county, but later removed to Mussey township, St. Clair county. The family of Lafayette Alverson comprised six children, namely: Mariett (Mrs. Morley); Emily, who is married to Oliver Millpaugh, lives at Merrill, Wisconsin, and has two children, Andrew and Erwin; Daniel, who also lived in Merrill, Wisconsin, is a sash and door manufacturer, is married to Frank Stewart, and has a family of six children, Maud, William, Burr, Grover, Fredie and Erwin; Esther is married to Frank Miller and lives in Detroit, but has no family; George, who married Emma Bohmen, lives in Port Moody, British Columbia, but has no family; and James, unmarried, and living in Merrill, Wisconsin. Lafayette Alverson, about the year I859, went with his family to Kansas, Daniel, his father, accompanying him. Lafayette, who was a mighty hunter, remained in the state and devoted his time to the hunting of buffalo, of which he made a legitimate business, while the father continued on his way to the far West, built the first cabin on Pike's Peak, and then passed on to Oregon, with wagons, and in that state passed the remainder of his life. Lafayette Alverson eventually returned to Michigan and in 1864 enlisted for service during the Civil war, serving until the close of the struggle. He then returned to St. Clair county and for several years lived in Capac, where he conducted a hotel until I88I, when he went to Merrill, Wisconsin, where he still resides. He is a member of the Masonic brotherhood, and in politics is a Democrat. Philip H. and Mariett (Alverson) Morley have been blessed.with four children, viz: Robert H., born November 14, 1873, 548 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. f lives in Capac and is,tarried to Flossie Rowley; Earl, born September i, 1875, married Mary Bullock, and also lives il Capac; Philip F., born January 3, I882, married Maud Compau, and lives in Capac. and James I., born July 6, 1885, lives on the home farm. Mr. Morley gives his wife a great deal of credit for aiding him in acquiring the elegant home he now owns, as the pair started their married life with little or no capital. Mrs. Morley is an active and consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and fraternally Mr. Morley is a Royal Arch or seventh-degree Freemason. In his political predilections Mr. Morley is a Republican, but as a rule votes for the candidate he deems best fitted to perform the duties of the office to be filled. He is the only member of his family to leave England and since reaching America he has never met a boyhood acquaintance, but he has made many warm friends and he and family are among the most respected residents of St. Clair county. CHARLES F. MAVIS. This practical blacksmith, as well as inventor of great merit, and a prominent resident of Greenwood township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Prentzlau, Germany, in 1846, the fifth and youngest of the children that graced the marriage of Charles W. and Carlotta (Karwitz) Mavis, natives of the same place. Charles W. Mavis was a blacksmith by trade and in 1867 brought his family to America, settled in Romeo, Macomb county, Michigan, where he passed the remainder of his life and died in 1872. The five children born to Charles W. and Carlotta Mavis were named in order of birth as follows: August, who is married to a Miss Buchholtz, and is the postmaster at Writzen, Germany; Adolph, who is a blacksmith, still has his home in Germany, and is also married to a Miss Buchholtz; Gustie, wife of William Behm, a farmer at Imlay City, Lapeer county, Michigan; Hannah, who was married to Carl Pretznow, who was a farmer, but is now deceased, and Charles F., whose name opens this record. Charles V. Mavis was a Republican in politics, but never aspired to office, although he took an active part in promoting the success of his party. He was likewise very earnest in the work of the Evangelical church, of which he was a member and in the faith of which he passed away. In 1869 Charles F. Mavis was united in marriage with Miss Minnie Ledebuhr, of the province of Pomerania, Germany, where her father was a farmer and xwhere he had a family of six children. To Charles F. and Minnie (Ledebuhr) Mavis have been born nine children, namely: August H., in I870, now a motorman on a street car line in Chicago, and married to Gertrude Snyder; Ida, who was born in I874, and is the wife of Charles Sterritt, who is one of the three firemen out of twenty-seven who stood the run from Santiago, on the "Oregon" in pursuit of the "Viscaya," and is now the lighthouse keeper at Muskegon, Michigan; Frank, deceased; Mattie, born in 1876, is the wife of Joseph Dorse, a sailor; Charles L., born in 1879, is a farmer and is married to Gertrude Dingman; Leo died at six years of age; Anna M., born in I884; ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 549 John L., born in 1887, and Floyd V., born in I89I, are still under the parental roof. Although Mr. Mavis is a blacksmith by trade, he is an expert farmer, and at one time owned one hundred acres of land, and has since engaged in the coal and hay trade at Yale. Mr. Mavis lived in Marlette, Sanilac county, eleven years, where he followed his trade of blacksmith, and as a Republican was a member of the village council. In 900o Mrs. Minnie (Ledebuhr) Mavis was called from earth in the faith of the Evangelical church, of which Mr. Mavis is still an ar(lent member. Besides being an expert blacksmith, Mr. Mavis is quite an inventor, and, besides other devices, patented, July 6, 1897, both in the United States and Canada, a most valuable agricultural imple. ment which he entitles an "Attachment for harrows for cutting thistles." With this implement a farmer is quickly enabled to transform an ordinary harrow into a weed or thistle-cutting machine, without in any way impairing the harrow for its primitive purposes, when the attachment is removed. This ingenious device will be certain to revolutionize the present system of clearing fields of weeds and other rank growth. In 1876 Mr. Mavis first located in Sanilac county, and formed a partnership with R. A. Kilgour, under the firm name of Kilgour & Mavis, for the purpose of manufacturing wagons, and in June, I879, they added a foundry to that industry, which was continued until June 15, I884, when the firm dissolved and Mr. Mavis formed a partnership with Ferdinand Ludke, under the style of Mavis & Ludke, for the purpose of manufacturing wagons and agricultural implements in general, at Marlette, Sanilac county, which industry is still in a thriving con dition. The ingenuity and inventive faculty of Mr. Mavis have made a name for him lhat is honored throughout the township in which he lives, as well as throughout the county of St. Clair, the state of Michigan, and in all places where agricultural implements are used. ORLANDO BROWN. Another of the brave defenders of the flag of this Union during the late Civil war, and who came from Canada, as did many more mentioned in this volume, is Orlando Brown, who was born near St. Thomas, in the New Dominion, in 1844, a son of George and Catherine (Meadow) Brown. George Brown was born in New York, near Niagara Falls, and was always a farmer. He reared a family of eleven children and left his native state and crossed the line into the New Dominion, where he was drafted into the British army, but at the first opportunity took "French leave" and returned to his native state. A few years later he went back to Canada and bought a farm, but made most of the improvements himself, then sold it and bought another, which he also improved, and then came to St. Clair county, and purchased eighty acres in ]Kenockee township. He later made a purchase of one hundred and sixty acres in Greenwood township, and in 1856 made another purchase of one hundred and sixty acres in Brockway township. He was a Republican in politics, and died in 1872, a member of the Baptist church. In I866 Orlando Brown was married to Miss Persis Allen, a daughter of Houghton 550 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I and Mary (Otis) Allen. Houghton Allen was born in Vermont in I807, where he was reared to farming and whence he removed to the state of New York and thence to Canada, and later came to St. Clair county, and settled in Kenockee township. Mr. Allen was twice married, and became the father of sixteen children, who, in order of birth, were named as follows: Seth, Elijah, Dennis, Adaline, Calvin, Merritt, Luther, Ann, Persis, Lucy, Amasa, Thomas, Alvina, James, Hannah and Harriet. Mr. Allen was a Republican and was always a farmer, owning two good farms. He died September 7, I893, in the faith of the Methodist church. Orlando Brown's farm comprises forty acres, on which he grows cattle, hogs and other stock, and on which he carries on the usual miscellaneous farming practiced in the 1neighborhood. In politics he is a Republican and is popular with his party, having served it several years as school treasurer and one year as constable. In religion he and family belong to the Methodist Episcopal church, to the support of which they are liberal contributors financially, and to the teachings of which they implicitly adhere. The military career of Mr. Brown is well worth recording: August II, 1862, he enlisted in Kenockee township, in Company C (Captain John Atkinson), Twentysecond Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and took an effectual part in the following named engagements: Danville, Hickman's Bridge, and Chicamaugua, where his lieutenant-colonel was wounded. Mr. Brown made a desperate effort to remove his wounded superior from the field and eventually succeeded, but in his attempt to re turn to the regiment found it had surrelldered, the entire force being taken prisoners. Mr. Brown thereupon fell in with another regiment. After the battle he discovered that nine bullets and fragments of shell had pierced his clothing, one bullet having gone through the rim of his hat, but fortunately not one penetrated his person. Mr. Brown served until June, I865, when he was honorably discharged, and then returned to St. Clair county, and resumed his vocation of farming. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are the parents of eleven children, Ann, George, Nelson, Lottie, Willie, who died in infancy, Mary, Elvira, Sarah, Christopher, who died aged eighteen years, Alice and Persis, the two latter still being school girls. Nelson is in the Boise Blanc Island United States Life Saving Station. Mr. Brown was a charter member of Archie Madison Post, G. A. R., at Avoca, and receives a suitable pension for his services. Few families 'in Greenwood township receive or deserve so large a part of the public esteem as does that of Orlando Brown. CHARLES McAULEY. This valiant ex-soldier of the late Civil war is now a prosperous farmer and postmaster at Fargo, Greenwood township, St. Clair county, Michigan. He is a son of David and Elizabeth (Lossing) McAuley, and was born in Canada, December 23, I843. David McAuley was born in Adrian, Michigan, in I809, and was reared to farming and blacksmithing. In middle age he left his native town and went to Norwich, Canada, where he followed his trade, in con ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 55I junction with farming, until I857, when he came to St. Clair county, Michigan, bought one hundred and sixty acres of wild wooded lalnd( in Greenwood township, cut all the roads to his place, cleared off the surplus timber and developed a first-class farm. The family of David and Elizabeth (Lossing) M cAuley comprised eight children, who were born in the following order: Darragh, who died young; John, who was killed in the Petersburg mine explosion, while serving in Company F, Twenty-seventh Michigan Infantry; Andrew, of the same company, died in Salisbury prison; Charles; Elisha M. is a farmer and teamster at Sanilac Center, and is married to Mary J. Hull; Mary is the wife of Herbert Lossing, a farmer; William died young, and Lovina is the wife of Marshall Mudgridge, a farmer at Sanilac Center. In politics David McAuley was a Republican, but never held a public office. His death took place in 1863, in the faith of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he was an ardent and consistent member. Charles McAuley was married, in I867, to Miss Esther Twichell, a daughter of L. H. and Laura A. (Peram) Twichell. L. H. Twichell was born in South Buffalo, New York, and in I857 came to Greenwood township. Here he followed farming for several years, then engaged in the sale of patent medicines, and is now living in Kenockee township. Mr. and Mrs. Twichell have four children, namely: Esther, Watson, Albert and Rosella. In politics Mr. Twichell is a Republican, and in religion is a faithful member of the Methodist Episcopal church. The union of Charles and Esther (Twichell) McAuley has been graced with two children, viz: Elmer, who was born on the I2th day of July, 1874, is a harnessmaker at Fargo,; and is married to Mamey Paton; Francis was born February I, I875, is married to Carrie Burckholder, and is farming on the old homestead. Besides owning property in Fargo village, Mr. McAuley owns sixty acres of farming land in Greenwood township, nearly all of which is operated by his son Francis. The military career of Mr. McAuley is. well worth recording: August 10, I862, he enlisted at Fargo, Michigan, in Company C, Twenty-second Michigan Volunteer Infantry. The regiment was mustered in at Pontiac, whence it was sent to Covington, Kentucky, took part in the battle at that city, next in the one at Hickman Bridge, and following that fought in the desperate struggle at Chickamauga, where Mr. McAuley was taken prisoner and confined in the prison at Belle Island, in the James river, Virginia, about three months. He was then transferred to Libby prison, Richnond, where he was detained four months; the next four months he passed in the Rebel prison at Danville, Virginia, from which he was taken to the vile pen at Andersonville, North Carolina, the horrors of which are matters of history. Here he was confined for another period of four months, and was then sent to Charleston, South Carolina, and two weeks later to Florence, South Carolina, where he was paroled December 6, 1864, and later honorably discharged from the service. Generally weighing one hundred and fifty-six to one hundred and sixty pounds, when he was released from prison he was but a skeleton of his former self, weighing but sixty-nine and 552 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. - three-quarter pounds. He is a member of Archie Madison Post, G. A. R., at Avoca, of which he was adjutant for some years, and in recognition of his suffering and position the government awards him a suitable pension. August 3, I897, Mr. McAuley was appointed postmaster at Fargo, and continues to serve faithfully in that capacity. He is an active Republican, and is frequently selected as a delegate to the party's conventions. He is a justice of the peace, now serving his sixteenth year as such. Mr. McAuley well deserves the credit which is awarded him by his neighbors, not only for his services to his adopted county, but for his usefulness in the community in which he lives and his strictly upright walk through life. JOSEPH KING. Few of the young farmers of Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, have attained a higher position in the esteem of their fellow citizens than has Joseph King.. He was born on his father's farm in Grant township, August 31, I871, and is a son of Gilbert and Louisa (Lapeer)( King, both of whom had their nativity in Quebec, Canada, and were of French extraction. Gilbert King came to Grant township, St. Clair county, in I850 and found a home with the other pioineers in the wilderness, bringing provisions for his immediate use on his back from Port Huron. On his arrival here he purchased an eighty-acre tract of land, cut out the timber from which to build a cabin, and, having thus provided a shelter for him self and family, started to farming. That he was successful in his efforts is proven by the fact that he owned at the time of his death one hundred and sixty acres, but the acquiring and clearing up of this estate cost him much hard labor. Although he could neither read nor write, he was a man of keen perception and well knew how to adapt means to ends, as was proven by results. In religion he was a Catholic and died in that faith at Port Huron, March 20, I894, honored by all who knew him; his widow survived until March 17, I899, when she, too, passed away in the same faith. Joseph and Louisa King were blessed with a family of eleven children, born in the following order: Gilbert, who is living in Port Huron; Louisa, now the wife of William Ross: Mary. deceased: Frank, a drover and farmer of Greenwood township; John, deceased; James, living in St. Louis-county, Minnesota; Joseph, of this sketch; William, deceased; Lena, single and also living in St. Louis county, Minnesota; Laura, and John Attey, of Memphis, Michigan. Joseph King was educated in the home schools of his township and at those of Port Huron, whither he had gone with his father in I89I. September I9, I892, Mr. King married Miss Jessie Dempster, a native of Toronto, Canada, and a daughter of Thomas and Emma (Lord) Dempster, natives, respectively, of Toronto, Canada, and England, and who came to Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and settled on a farm, where Mrs. Dempster died, August 19, 1892. Mr. and Mrs. King have been blessed with five children, namely: Theressa, born July 2, I893; George, born April 4, I895; Nora and Dora, twins, de ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 553 I ceased, and Joseph, born July 19, I899. Mr. King now carries on general farming, growing hay, wheat corn, oats and all kinds of fruits. He also devotes a great deal of attention to live stock, breeding horses, cattle and hogs, and buying and fattening stock, which he later sells, acting as his own drover. Politically he votes with the Democratic party, but is not "offensively partisan," nor has he ever sought or held a public office. Mr. and Mrs. King stand deservedly high in the esteem of their neighbors, and are regarded with unfeigned respect. Mr. King is a very intelligent and industrious farmer, keeps a close wvatch over the market prices of live stock, and seldlom fails in getting his animals into market in time to avail himself of the best rates. WILLIAM McKENZIE. While Scotland has given to America many of her best citizens, the McKenzie family, of Greenwood townshilp may be said to hold a foremost position. William McKenzie was born in Dumfries, Scotland, on the 24th day of May, 1824, a son of James and Catherine (Brown) McKenzie. When the subject was about eighteen years of age, the family came to America and located near Toronto, Canada, where his father purchased a farm, on which he lived until he had attained the age of ninety years. He was one of Wellington's old soldiers, serving in the famous campaigns in Spain and was also in the battle of Waterloo, where his regiment, the Royal Horse Artillery, did effective service. William McKenzie, in I856, came to Michigan and for two years rented a farm in Sanilac county, and then came to Kenockee towship, St. Clair county, where he purchased one hundred and forty acres, nearly all of which was in a wilderness. But this he succeeded in clearing and in converting into a pleasant home, as well as a profitable farm, on which he resided twenty years, and then came to Greenwood township, and finally retired to Fargo. Mr. McKenzie has in his day cleared off over two hundred acres of wild land and is still of the opinion that were he young again he \-ould re-engage in this same occupation. He still keeps a supervision over the working of his farm, near Fargo, although he makes his residence in the village. He finds it profitable to breed ordinary cattle, instead of paying fancy prices for graded cattle, but as to swine he gives preference to Poland China. Mr. McKenzie was united in marriage, in 1872, to Mrs. Mary Gruel, whose maiden name was Prist, a native of Germany, she having come to America in company with her husband, Arthur Gruel, and their children, namely: Carrie and Charles, the latter being married to Freda Westphal and is engaged in the manufacture of temperance beverages at Port Huron, in which pursuit he has achieved quite a reputation. Miinnie, who is the wife of Charles Reeves, a prosperous hay and grain buyer at Brown City, Lapeer county, Michigan, is the only child of Mr. McKenzie and wife. Mr. McKenzie has never lost his interest in the politics of the United States and is still active in his support of the Republican party, with which he is personally popular in local affairs. He has served as post 554 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.. master, and as such has had an opportunity of studying the advantage of good roads to any community and especially to the agricultural element. He advocates so constructing and keeping in repair roadways as to render them of easy travel, believing that true economy is to be found for all concerned in smooth and well-ballasted pikes. In religion Mr. McKenzie places his faith in the doctrines of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is a consistent member, while Mrs. McKenzie adheres to the faith of the Lutherans. Mr. McKenzie is now the owner of seven building lots in Fargo, Michigan, all of which he has improved, and is also the owner of thirty acres of improved farming land in the township, all of which property has been acquired through his own labor and excellent management. He is honored for the industrious life he has led, as it is known that he has cleared up three farms, but he is more respected for his strict integrity and upright walk through life. JOSEPH WILT. This well-known agriculturist and stock breeder and ex-soldier, with his residence in Greenwood township, was born neai Strasburg, on the Rhine river, in Alsace, France, March 17, 1842, a son of Joseph and Teressa (Le Hard) Wilt, natives of the same place. Joseph AWilt was a sailor in the old country, as well as farmer, but in 1848 came to Canada, where he remained three years, and then came to St. Clair county, buying eighty acres of his son's present farm, then all a wilderness, and aided in cutting through some of the early roads. He lumbered for several years and cleared off his farm, cultivating it until his death, which occurred July 22, 1892, in the faith of the Catholic church. In politics he was a Democrat. The family of Joseph and Teressa (Le Hard)' Wilt comprised eight children, who were born in the following order: Lena, Caroline, Catherine, Teressa, Rosie, August, Joseph and Edward, all but Lena, August and Joseph, being deceased. Joseph Wilt has a farm of one hundred and twenty acres of excellent land, twentyfive acres of which are covered with superior timber and the remainder under a high state of cultivation. On this he grows all the crops usual to the latitude and soil, and raises cattle, hogs and other breeds of live stock, the greater part of which he disposes of through the markets. This stock is fed from the produce of his own farm, as Mr. Wilt is fully convinced that he realizes a larger profit by selling his hay and grain in the animal than in the original vegetable form. He also has a fine orchard, which comprises cherry, peach and apple trees, from which he annually gathers abundant crops, and his grape vines are equally prolific, while he has never known his smaller fruits to fail in affording their quota to his income. All he has is the result of his own hard labor and his good management. Mr. Wilt enlisted, August 22, i86i, at Port Huron, in Company A, Seventh Michigan Volunteer Infantry, under Captain Hunt, rendezvoused at Monroe, Michigan, and thence went to Washington, D. C., and then to Poolsville, Maryland, where the regiment went into winter quarters and did picket duty along the Potomac river until the opening of spring, March, 1862, partici ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 555 pating in the battle of Ball's Bluff. The army made a reconnoitering march through Shenandoah Valley and then returned to Washington, where transports were taken for Fortress Monroe, whence the march was made up the Peninsula to Fair Oaks, where the Seven Days' battles began, including Peach Orchard, Savage Station, White Oak Swamp, Glensdale Farm and Malvern Hill, and then retreated to Harrison's Landing, where it was encamped about three months and then embarked for Alexandria, Virginia. From Alexandria the regiment marched to Bull Run; then to Chain Bridge and down to Georgetown, and thence to South Mountain, where they took part in the battle. They then followed General Lee four days, fought the battle of Antietam, and then went on to Harper's Ferry. During all this time, the troops were short of provisions and clothing, and what little clothing they had swarmed with vermin. The next great fight in which Mr. Wilt took a part was the sanguinary contest at Fredericksburg, Virginia, 1863, where the regiment was selected to make the first crossing of the Rappahannock, which was done by rowing the pontoons over and then protecting the engineers while laying the pontoon blridge for the crossing of the army. At the famous charge on the Rebel fortifications the following day the remnant of the same regiment occupied a leading position and during this charge the blanket worn over Mr. Wilt's shoulder was cut in two by a grape shot. Shortly afterward Mr. Wilt was honorably discharged from'a hospital at Philadelphia, having been reduced in weight from one hundred and eightythree to one hundred and nineteen pounds. He is one of the most prominent men in 34 Greenwood township and one of its most successful farmers and highly honored wherever he is known. In politics he is a Democrat, though liberal in his views, voting for men rather than party. WILLIAM S. HILL. This well known farmer and live stock breeder of Greenwood township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Lower Canada, September II, I842, and is the eldest of the eight children that constitute the family of James and Almeda (Schegel) Hill, both of whom were born in the state of Vermont, in I820 and 1823, respectively. The paternal and maternal great-grandfather of WV. S. Hill were among the gallant heroes who achieved the independence of the American colonies, rescuing them from the sway of Breat Britain and aiding in founding the grandest- republic the world has yet seen. The paternal great-grandfather, however, was born in Ireland, which fact doubtless increased his love for his adopted country and his animosity toward Albion. The paternal and maternal grandfathers of Mr. Hill were natives of Vermont, which state James Hill, the subject's father, left while still a young man and sought a home in Canada, where he married, his wife being of English descent. The eight children alluded to above as constituting the family of James and Almeda Hill were named as follows: W. S.; Ann E., who is the widow of John P. Cure, late a farmer of Grant township, St. Clair county, who died in I899 and where she still resides; Aaron, who was born in Canada in I846, 556 ST. CLA'IR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I married a Miss Potter and is now farming in Greenwood township; Royal, born in 1848, is also a farmer, resides in Clifford, Lapeer county, and is married to Mary A. Schegel; Henry, born in I850, married for his first wife Clara Streeter, and was again married; he is a shoemaker and harnessmaker and resides in Coleman; James E., born in I853, is a blacksmith by trade, but is now mining in northern California and is married to Delilah Cline; Frank A., born in 1855, married a Miss Bradley, and is a merchant at Avoca, this county, and Emma J., who was born in 1857, is married to Frank Nesbitt, who is operating a saw-mill at Big Sandy, Michigan. 'Whien James Hill first located in Canada he engaged in lum1;ering, but later became a farmer. He left the New Dominion in 1865, came to St. Clair county, Miichigan, and purchased an eighty-acre tract of land near Jeddo, Grant township, which he cleared up, and, being a very industrious man, also cleared up at least two hundred acres for other parties. He (lied July 31, 189o, but his family are all still living. He was a Republican in politics, but never aspired to office, andl in religion lie was a dlevout member of the Methodist Episcopal church. August 12, I867, W. S. Hill was united in the bonds of matrimony with Miss Nancy Finney, a daughter of John and Mary Finney, natives of Scotland, but who passed the latter part of their lives in Canada. John Finney was a blacksmith by trade, was a highly respected citizen, and to him and wife were born six children. Mr. Hill's farm in Greenwood township, St. Clair county, comprises eighty acres, but he has cleared off at least two hundred acres within the limits of the township. On his home place he carries on general farming and also gives a great deal of attention to stock-raising, devoting much time to shorthorn cattle, Berkshire hogs and more or less to all-purpose horses. The only child that has blessed the marriage of W. S. and Nancy (Finney) Hill was born in Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, August 31, I868, and is named Telford E.; he is married to Estella Gardner, daughter of William Gardner, a pioneer of Grant township, and to them have been born two children, Harold and Verna L. He is now the manager of the old Hill homestead and is also the manager of a famous Percheron stallion, which was imported from France at a cost of fifteen hundred dlollars. In politics W. S. Hill is a Republican, has been a justice of the peace fourteen years and health officer for twelve vears and has also filled all the school offices. In religion his membership is with the Methodist Protestant church, and his fraternal connections are with the Modern Maccabees at Fargo, and the Grange. ALBERT B. CROCKER. Among the prosperous and popular Canadian-born farmers of St. Clair county, Michigan, is Albert B. Crocker, who was born April 29, 1847, in Cayuga, province of Ontario. His father, John Crocker, a farmer, was a native of Nova Scotia, and his mother, Hannah (Weaver) Crocker, was born in the state of New York. John Crocker brought his family from Canada to Michigan some time in the 'thirties, lived on Pine River in the lumber district ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 557 for about ten years, and then returned with his family to Canada, and there passed the remainder of his life, dying in 1852. He was a well educated gentleman, a Republican in politics and greatly respected in the communities in which he had lived. His widow afterward married George \Voods, who died in I886. She now makes her lhome with a daughter in Grant township, St. Clair county. She is a nmember of the Methodist Episcopal church, and venerated by all who know her. To John and Hannah (\Weaver) Crocker wvere born four children. Of these, Ellen was married first to William AWatson, who lost his life in the army in 1864, and she was next married to Henrv Hewitt. a farmer, who lives in Grant township, and has a family of five children; Charles \\oods, a brother, who never used the name Crocker, married Ruth \Vallace, lives in West Branch, Ogemaw county, Michigan, is a lumberman and has had born to him a family of five girls and one boy; Alb)ert B.; Martha, the youngest of the four children, is the widown of Merritt Zavitz, and lives in (Greenwood township, and has a family of two boys and three girls. Albert B. Crocker, until twenty years of age, lived on the homestead with his father. With his mother and stepfather he came to Michigan in I858, and for a number of years worked in the lumber camps of Saginaw during the winters, and at the rise of the waters in the spring drove logs down the streams to the booms. For some time, also, he employed himself in the making of hoops, staves and shingles. In 1870 he purchased a tract of one hundred and twenty acres in the wilds of Speaker township, Sanilac county, and there made his residence for three years, when he sold and bought another farm in the same township, on which he lived for five years. After selling this land he, in 1879, bought another tract of eighty acres in section 26, Greenwood township, nearly all in the woods, but all of which he has since cleared and improved with a superior line of improvements, and to which he has added forty acres. September 4, I87o, Albert B. Crocker married Miss Mary A. Gingrich, daughter of John Gingrich, a respected farmer of Greenwood township, and a pioneer from W\aterloo, Canada. To the subject and wife five children have been horn, of whom the eldest, Loella, died at eleven years of age; Bertha is the wife of Charles Bush, a carpenter, and lives at Sault Ste. Marie; Charles, Fred and Lulu, whose amiability and spirit make the Crocker home the social center of the neighborhood. Mr. Crocker, like nearly all his neighbors, carries on mixed farming, having ninety acres tunder a high state of cultivation and a reserve of thirty-five acres in pasture. He has cleared in all one hundred and fifty acres, and has in his present home as pleasant and profitable a place as there is in the township. Mrs. Crocker is a member of the Methodist church, in the faith of which she is rearing the children Nwho are still under her care, and to the support of which all the family contribute. In politics Mr. Crocker is a Republican, and fraternally is a member of the Masons. He has served his political friends and his fellow citizens for two years as township treasurer, in which position he has given the utmost satisfaction, performing his duties in a most efficient manner. 558 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.. RUDOLPH ENGEL. This native of Prussia, but now an honored resident of Greenwood township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born June 23, I846, and is a son of John and Amelia (Sholtz) Engel, the former of whom was born March 27, 1822, died May 5, 1902, and the latter of whom died in 1872. John Engel brought his family to the United States in 1853, about three years after he had come over and taken up his residence in New York city, where he followed his trade of tailor until I86I, August I, of that year, John Engel and his son Rudolph enlisted in Company F, Sixty-eighth New York Volunteer Infantry, under Captain Koenig, and saw a service of three years. They fought at Cross Keys, Slaughter Mountain, through the Shenandoah Valley, the second battle at Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Chattanooga, Knoxville, Ringgold, Kenesaw Mountain and all through the Atlanta campaign. Both were honorably discharged, Rudolph at Nashville, Tennessee, August 22, I864, and his father at Washington in the same month. John Engel was taken prisoner at the second battle of Bull Run, but was soon afterward exchanged. On being discharged from the army, the father and son went to New York city, but almost immediately started for Port Huron, Michigan. In the fall of 1864, Rudolph Engel purchased the Cogswell place, which is now the site of the life saving station at Lakeport, but sold this property in that winter and moved to Greenwood township. Here the father bought one hundred and twenty acres of land in section 32, all in woods, with no roads in the vicinity except a few rude lumber trails. This tract the father cleared up, and in I868 the son, Rudolph, bought eighty acres on section 27, all of which was a swamp and also deep in the forest, without a foot of roadway. He worked several winters in the lumber camps, while the father attended to the farm and the mother employed herself in spinning and knitting. John and Amelia Engel are both members of the Lutheran church and in the early days walked through snow two feet deep to reach their house of worship. In politics John Engel was an active Republican, but never held a public office. The family of John and Amelia Engel comprises seven children, of whom Rudolph, the gentleman whose name opens this record, is the eldest; Ferdinand is married to Charlotte Konrump, and is now farming in Oklahoma; Robert, who married a Miss Wallhaup, lives in northern Michigan; Amos, who married Lena Chrismen, lives in Lynn township, St. Clair county, is farming and has a family of six children; Louis has been called away; John is proprietor of a sample room on Woodward avenue in Detroit, and Bertha, who is the wife of Isaac Roy, also lives in Detroit and has a family of five children. In 1871 Rudolph Engel was first joined in marriage with Asenath Simpson, a daughter of Jesse Simpson, of Iowa. This lady died October 26, I879, the mother of five children, viz: John Jesse, who is married to Emma L. Fusse and lives in Kenockee township; Elion, who married Cora Armstrong, also lives in Kenockee township and is farming; Cora, wife of Anthon Lepien, has three children and resides in Greenwood township; Iva Dell and Ermina both still with their parents. The second ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 559 marriage of Mr. Engel took place April 7, 1881, to Barbara Cressman, a daughter of Daniel Cressman, who came from Canada to Michigan in I879, but moved to Kansas in 1885, and is now farming in that state. To this second marriage have been born eight children, namely: Ira, who still lives at home; Asenath, who is married to Charles Manns; Maud, Ida, Daisy, William, Frederick and Pearl. Mr. Engel has one hundred and sixty acres of land under an excellent state of cultivation. He raises the crops usual to the latitude, and also breeds horses, Jersey cattle, hogs, etc., in large numbers. The military career of Rudolph Engel was somewhat peculiar, if not romantic. He was an exceptionally well-developed boy, and when about fifteen years of age came home one evening and learned that his father had enlisted. Rudolph went to the post next morning, passed an examination by the surgeon, and when asked as to his age, replied, "I am old enough." He was about to be enrolled, -when his father came forward and ordered him home, but the next day, finding him determined to enlist, the father gave his consent, and thus it came about that father and son fought side by side throughout the war. Rudolph Engel is the youngest I86I veteran in the county of St. Clair. In politics Rudolph Engel is an active Republican, has filled the office of drain commissioner, and in I900 was his party's candidate from the third district for the state legislature. Fraternally he is a member of the Yale Blue Lodge, F. & A. M., also of the Knights of the Maccabees, of the Archie Madison Post, G. A. R., at Avoca, and of the Patrons of Husbandry. Mrs. Engel is a member of the Ladies of the Maccabees. Mr. Engel has but recently made a visit to Washington, D. C., including also a cursory trip over the old battle grounds. He is greatly respected by his neighbors, and deserves the high esteem in which he is held. DAVID LIVINGSTON. This gentleman is well known throughout Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, as one of its most skillful and successful fruit growers and agriculturists, and, being a native of Scotland, is endowed with all the shrewdness innate with the children born in that somewhat barren land and uncongenial climate. He is a son of David and Christina (Ewing) Livingston, and had his nativity near Glasgow, January 27, I848. Their father was also born near Glasgow, and the mother in Ayrshire, the father being by calling a gardener. In the year I85I the Livingston family left their native land, and in due course of time arrived in Canada. where they resided until 1872, in the spring of which year they came to Grant township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and here the father purchased a tract of one hundred and sixty acres of partially cleared forest land, on which there was an old dilapidated log cabin and an equally dilapidated log barn. He succeeded in clearing off a considerable portion of the remaining standing timber on this place, and converted it into a fruitful farm, on which he passed the remainder of his life, dying April 7, I889, a member of the Presbyterian church; his wife passed away, however, in 560 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I Canada, in August, I869, in the same faith. In politics Mr. Livingston was a Republican, but was never an office-holder. To David and Christina Livingston were born five children, namely: John, who is living in Grant township; David, whose name stands at the head of this sketch; Alexander, who has his home with his brother David; James, deceased; and Mary, who passed away January Io, I902, the wife of S. E. Rider, also a resident of Grant township. David Livingston, of this sketcl, had but limited opportunities for an education in his boyhood days, his attendance at school not exceeding six months all told, that attendance being in Canada. But he was apt in his lessons, and acquired sufficient knowledge for the practical performance of his limited business transactions. He remained with and assisted his father on the home farm until the latter's death, doing his share of the work dutifully and filially. He is now the owner of one hundred and sixty acres, about ninety acres of which are improved by the superfluous timber having been cleared off by his own labor. The remainder is under a high state of cultivation, as the reader may well infer, his nativity being conducive to industry, frugality and close study of the means that lead to the desired end. His crops are of course usual to those of the soil and latitude, being hay, wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, apples and the small fruits, in the latter class of which he has been phenomenally successful. In early life Mr. Livingston had learned much of the carpenter's trade, and was, in consequence, quite competent to erect with his own hands the buildings with which his farm is now improved. Mr. Livingston has never married. In politics he is a Republican, and, while not aspiring to the holding of public office, he has been willing, as a public-spirited citizen, to fill a number of minor official positions. In religion he adheres to the church of the Disciples, to the support of which he is a liberal contributor, and the doctrines of which he implicitly adheres tb. DAVID WATSON. Of the many model farms of medium dimensions that dot the surface of Greenwood township, St. Clair county, Michigan, that of David Watson is one of the neatest. and best cultivated. He, like many other of Michigan's most enterprising farmers, is a native of Canada, and was born near Toronto, August 22, 1842. His father, John Watson, was born in Scotland, and his mother, Isabella Watson, was a native of Canada, of Irish descent. John Watson was a farmer by calling, and passed the latter years of his life in Canada. At the early age of eight years David Watson left the home of his parents and went to Albion township, where, until eighteen years of age, he was employed by James Muncie, a storekeeper and farmer. In I86I he came to Michigan and went to work in the lumber camps, and in I869 he purchased eighty acres of wild woodland, beyond the reach of any road. The place was fully up to the average as far as pioneer comforts were concerned, and in clearing up the timber and in making staves he found plenty to keep himself busy. He met with the prosperity that usually rewards in ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 56I I dustry, and in 1872 was united in marriage with Miss Wealthy Dodge, a daughter of the late William A. Dodge, at that time a farmer in Clyde township. This union has been graced with three children, the eldest of whom, William, however, was called away in infancy, the two survivors being named Francis and Jennie. Of these, Francis is a farmer, owns eighty acres in Greenwood township, and is married to Bertha Lawson, who has borne him one child; Jennie is married to William Wurzel, also a farmer in Greenwood township, and has one son. After having cleared up his original eighty-acre tract, Mr. Watson added a forty-acre tract, which he has also cleared, and later has added a twenty-acre tract. He carries on mixed farming, feeds his produce largely to his live stock, of which he breeds some choice varieties, and still has a surplus to place on the market. Mrs. Wealthy (Dodge) W.atson is a member of the Methodist church, to the support of which Mr. and Mrs. Watson both freely contribute. In politics Mr. Watson is a Republican, but has always been too busy with his farming affairs to devote much time to party or to officeseeking. Francis Watson, son of David Watson, is also a Republican. His wife, Bertha (Lawson)Y Watson, is a daughter of Gilbert Lawson, an old settler, a successful farmer and a highly respected citizen. Fraternally Francis is a member of the Gleaners, and, like his father, is an industrious, hardworking and prosperous agriculturalist, who is recognized as one of the most useful residents of Greenwoodtownship. The career of David Watson is another instance of the success which attends honest endeavor in the favored region of Michigan when the husbandman understands his calling and diligently pursues it as David Watson has done, thereby winning not only the respect of his fellow citizens, but the means that make life pleasant and provide for the day when labor becomes irksome, and ease and rest the things most to be desired and enjoyed. CHARLES A. LEPIEN. This ex-soldier of the Civil war, but now a highly respected farmer in Greenwood township, was born in MecklenburgSchwerin, Germany. January I6, 1836, a son of John and Elizabeth (Behrns) Lepien. The father passed all his life in Germany, and died in 1844. The mother, who was born December Io, I79I, brought her family to the United States in I854, landed in Detroit on the i8th day of August, and in the following December came to Greenwood township, where two of her sons had settled, having come to Michigan in I851. The family of John and Elizabeth (Behrns) Lepien comprised four children: Christian, who married Maria Shrader, and had born to him ten boys and one girl; Christian settled in Greenwood township in 1854, bought a forty-acre tract of land, which, before his death, in April, 1873, he had increased to eighty acres, and had cleared it all up. His widow survived him until December 15, 1882; Henry, the second child of John and Elizabeth Lepien, died in Germany; John came to Greenwood township in 1854, and married Louisa Miller, who has borne him seven girls and one 562 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I boy, of whom two of the girls are deceased. On coming to Greenwood with his mother in 1854, Charles A. Lepien purchased forty acres from Christian, his brother, who had entered it from the government. Here the mother lived with her son, Charles A., until her death, which took place April 29, I874, in the faith of the Lutheran church, of which her husband had also been a member. Charles A. Lepien, on locating in St. Clair county, at once cleared up his farm, which was deep in the woods. He made bolts, shingles and staves, and for twentythree winters worked in lumber camps. and several seasons ran logs down the rivers in the high waters of the spring. March 4, I863, Mr. Lepien was married to Miss Eliza A. Wood, a daughter of George and Eliza Wood, of Nova Scotia, the former of whom was born December 2, 1792, came to Michigan in 1858, and located in Grant township, where he lived two years, but died near Amadore, Sanilac county, March 7, I886, at the age of ninetythree years. His family of twelve children were: Mary, Alice, James E., Joseph H., George R., William, who died at eighteen years, Rebecca A., John, who died in infancy, Abraham, Eliza, Lydia S., Emeline and Jane, who also died in infancy. These children all were well educated, Mary, Eliza, Lydia and Emeline being school teachers. Charles A. Lepiemn enlisted September I, 1864, in Company H, Third Michigan Volunteer Infantry, under command of Captain Andrews, experienced a great deal of hard marching in Tennessee, and saw active service at Decatur,. Alabama. He was in the army one year and nine months, and was mustered out after receiving an honorable discharge at Victoria, Texas, May 25, I866, long after the war had practically closed. Mr. Lepien has developed a fine farm of forty acres, and has erected one of the handsomest residences of Greenwood township. The family of Mr. Lepien comprises rnine children, viz: Augustus married Miss Mary Bannan, has one daughter, and lives at Crawfordsville, Indiana; Grace A. is the wife of Louis Jurn, of Old Brockway; Alice Olive married George Rogers and lives in Ashland, Wisconsin; George D., who lives in Earlville, Iowa, served with Company E, Forty-ninth Iowa Volunteer Infantry, under Captain Hubert A. Allen, in the Spanish-American war; Amanda E. married Albert Hardy, a blacksmith, and resides in Lansing, Michigan; Wealthy E. is married to Roy Wolfe, a farmer of Ortonville, Michigan; Effie E. married Melvin Seeley, and lives in Clarkston, Oakland county, Michigan; Carlyle died in infancy, and Jessie May, the youngest, is married to William Gardner, a farmer in Greenwood township. In their religious affiliations Mr. Lepien adheres to the Lutheran faith, Mrs. Lepien to the Methodist. Mr. Lepien is an active Republican, and has served as highway commissioner eight years, his last term being in I90g. He has likewise filled the office of township treasurer two terms, and has held all the school offices with the exception of that of director. Fraternally he is a charter mem her of the Grange, a charter member of the Knights of the Maccabees, and is, also a member of Archie Madison Post No. I95, G. A. R., at Avoct. The first year after marriage Mrs. Le ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 563 I pien sheared the sheep, spun, wove and knit the wool, and made clothing, and also made all the carpets for her home. Mr. Lepien carried the butter made by his wife on foot to Port Huron bi-weekly, and in a similar manner brought back the provisions for family use. Later on he secured a team of two-year-old oxen, and these he utilized for all practical purposes, such as hauling logs, attending picnics, plowing, etc., for fourteen years, when he traded the oxen, three steers and ten dollars in cash for a team of horses. The reader will readily infer from the foregoing that Mr. Lepein has led an industrious and upright life, and that his present high standing in the community results entirely from his personal merits. He is well and favorably known throughout the township, and it may be repeated that no farmer is more generally respected. ADAM GOTTSLEBEN. One of the most prosperous farmers of Greenwood township is Adam Gottsleben, who was born in Hesse, Prussia, August 6, 1836, a son of Johan Klaus and Barbara Gottsleben, who had a family of four children, viz: Adam, whose name opens this record; Catherine, widow of John Ripple, lives in Pennsylvania, and is the mnother of six children; Jacob lives in Canada and is married to Elizabeth Kimball, who has borne him four children; Alice is the wife of Elias Mack, of northwest Canada, and has three children. Johan Klaus Gottsleben, father of the above family, was a mason and weaver, passed all his life in Germany and died a member of the German Reformed church. His widow came to the United States in her latter days and located in Pennsylvania, but afterwards removed to Canada, where she died in.I872, also in the faith of the German Reformed church. Adam Gottsleben, when about eighteen years of age, migrated from Germany to Canada and for five years worked on a farm; he next went to Union county, Pennsylvania, and worked out at farm labor until May, I86I, when he enlisted in Company B, Sixth Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteers, was detailed to hospital duty, and continued with the army in field hospitals until 1864. He was mustered out at Harrisburg, having been honorably discharged, and for which service he receives suitable recognition through a pension. Mr. Gottsleben, after leaving the army, returned to Union county, where he worked on a farm for two years, then purchased a farm in Snyder county, on which he resided until the 'seventies, when he went to Canada, where he lived five years. March 4. I88I, he came to Michigan and bought forty acres of cleared land in section I, Greenwood township, built a good dwelling and substantial barn, and later added forty acres to his original purchase. Mr. Gottsleben was joined in marriage December I8, I866, with Miss Anna Schill, a native of the same province as himself. They have nine children, who were born in the following order: Elizabeth, who is the wife of Jacob Zuelch, lives on a farm in Greenwood township; John Henry, who died December 26, I902, in his thirty-third year, had lived at home; Anna, wife of Noah Bean, of Greenwood; George, who married Ada Preston; Matilda, William, 564 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Charles, Rosa and Earnest, all under the parental roof. Mr. and Mrs. Gottsleben and elder children are members of the Evangelical Association, in which they take an active interest and to the support of which they liberally contribute. In politics Mr. Gottsleben is a Republican, under the auspices of which party he has held the position of school director thirteen years. As a farmer, Mr. Gottsleben raises mixed crops, such as hay, wheat, corn and oats, a considerable quantity of which he disposes of by sale, and the remainder of which he feeds to his stock, which comprises high-grade cattle, horses and hogs, in the breeding of which he has been very successful. He has been a hard-working man all his life, notwithstanding the fact that he is now rewarded for his labors with a comfortable home and a profitable farm, on which he can implicitly rely for support the remainder of his days. He may truly be termed a "self-made" man, and his habits of industry still cling to him, having become to him a sort of "second nature." He has won for himself the warm regard of all his fellow citizens for the reason that he was never known to violate his word, and honasty, coupled with industry and economy, will ever secure the respect of all. WILLIAM O. BIDLEMAN. One of the most enterprising young farmers of Brockway township is William O. Bidleman, a native of Durham, Ontario, born in I857 and a son of Lansing and Amarilla (Tucker)' Bidleman, of New York. Lansing Bidleman was one of the pioneers of the California gold fields, and in 1851 he returned, locating in Canada. In I866 he came to St. Clair county and purchased one hundred and sixty acres of the farm now owned by his son, William O. Mr. Bidleman cleared the original tract and did much hard work in developing and improving a farm, and finally succeeded in securing as comfortable and as profitable a homestead as is to be found in the township. Here he passed the remainder of his life, dying in 1893, having survived his wife four years, her death occurring in I889. Mr. Bidleman was an active Republican. He never sought an office, but accepted that of pathmaster, inasmuch as he was always interested in good roads. To Lansing Bidleman and wife were born four children, namely: Henrietta is married to Amasa Brown, a farmer; Caroline is the wife of Isaac Mudge, also a farmer; William 0., and Henry, a farmer in Brockway township, who is 'married to Delphine Semages. William O. Bidleman married, in 1884, Miss Margaret E. McElroy, a daughter of Thomas and Eleanor (Evans) McElroy, the former of whom was born in Scotland, but early in life settled in Canada. These parents had a family of six children, as follows: Sarah J., Margaret E., Lizzie, Matilda, George and Richard. Thomas McElroy was a well-to-do farmer, and in politics a Republican. Mr. and Mrs. Bidleman have seven children, viz: Amarilla, Thomas, Margaret, Ethel S., William, Karl and Merlie. Mr. Bidleman owns a farm of two hundred acres, three and one-half miles northwest of Yale, nearly all of which he has under cultivation, and besides carries on ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 565 - general farming, growing shorthorn cattle for market. He is an admirer of the equine race and breeds horses, havng owned several very fine animals. Mr. Bidleman is active in the work of the Republican party and is generally sent as a delegate to its various conventions. For several years he filled the office of school treasurer. Mrs. Bidleman is a member of the Methodist Protestant church at Yale. Fraternally Mr. Bidleman is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees, also of the Foresters, and of the Woodmen. He is an ildustrious and intelligent man and is consequently a successful agriculturist. JESSE A. COLE. Jesse A. Cole was born at Manlius, Onondaga county, New York, in I825, and lied August 14, I896. He was the son of Hiram and Elizabeth (Gallop) Cole, both of Montgomery county, New York. Seven children comprised the Cole family, Mariah, A;rtemissia, Jesse A., John, Orin, Mary and Laura. Jesse Cole received a common school education and increased his knowledge by reading in his leisure hours. March 5, 1850, he was married to Miss Marriette Stark and immediately afterward the young couple began the struggle for the success which they finally obtained. Mrs. Cole was the daughter of Daniel D. and Elizabeth (Schermerhorn) Stark, of New York. Her father was born in Herkimer county, New York, October 3, I80o, and came to Michigan in 1854, settling in Brockway township, where he remained until his death. October 23, 1885. In early life he was a shoemaker and later a cooper, but after coming to Michigan he became a farmer. He owned one hundred and thirteen acres of land in Brockway township and improved it until it ranked with the best. Although he was an active Republican, he never held office nor aspired to party honors. In the Methodist Episcopal church he was one of the active workers and was liberal in its support. He had thirteen children, namely: Hester A., Marriette, Melvin E., deceased, Antoinette, Helen, Korissand, deceased, Elizabeth J., Antle S., George W., deceased, Orlando and Arley (twins), the former deceased, Alma V. and Frances. Mrs. Stark survived her husband less than a year, dying in I886. Jesse A. Cole and wife were successful throughout life, although they had worked hard. Three children were born to them, two of whom are living, Hiram, born in New York in January, I851, (lied at the age of twenty-three years; Addie E., born in March, I86I, is the wife of Frederick McConnell, a farmer of Brockway township, and has six children, Jesse D., Charles A., Aldis F., Mary E., Goldy M. and Merton L.; Hattie R., born in I862, is married to George Turner, also a farmer of Brockway township, and has four children, Glenn E., Roy C., Grant and Neva. It was industry and ability as financiers that enabled Mr. and Mrs. Cole to reach a position in life which would reflect honor on themselves. Mr. Cole took an active part in public affairs and held several offices, such as township treasurer for fifteen years. justice of the peace for several years and school officer. He gave his allegiance to the Republican party and no more faithful member could be found. In religion he was a member of the Methodist Episcopal 566 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. = church in his early life, changing to the Methodist Protestant church, which he supported until his death. He was a self-made man and had made a name for himself and family among the best in the community. His integrity and honesty were above question and his industry proverbial. He possessed much strength of character and never gave up until he had accomplished his task. This alone saved him from despair in the struggles incident to the life of the pioneer. Being one of the best known and most highly respected men, his loss is keenly felt. JOSEPH D. PALDI. One of the most prosperous farmers of Brockway township is Joseph D. Paldi, who was born in Detroit, May 2, 1848, a son of Angelo and Honerine (Philips) Paldi, the latter of whom traces her ancestry to King Philip. Angelo Paldi was the architect and for many years the superintendent of the waterworks at Detroit, and was also a major in the First Michigan Volunteer Cavalry, having been promoted from the ranks of Company G. To Angelo and Honerine Paldi were born five children, namely: Jeston, ex-county surveyor and living in Port Huron; Lewis D., dealer in musical instruments at St. Paul, Minnesota; Angeline, who conducts a first class restaurant in St. Paul, Minnesota; Joseph D., and Julius, who owns and lives on a farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Sanilac county. Joseph D. Paldi, in July, I877, married in Brockway, Miss Edith Eggert, daughter of John and Mary (Peterson) Eggert, the former of whom was born in Germany, was a gamekeeper, and later came to America. He located in Greenwood township, St. Clair county, whence he removed to Kenockee township, where he followed his calling of farmer until the end of his life. Joseph Paldi has eight children: Nettie, wife of Frank Knebel, an employe of the Maple Leaf Railroad; Zachariah and Eugene, now farming the homestead; Lewis, Allie, Angie, Charles and Joseph. Mr. Paldi's farm comprises one hundred and twenty acres in St. Clair and eighty in Salinac, nearly all of which is in cultivation and devoted to general farming. He also breeds some of the best of horses in St. Clair county, including one high-grade pacer. Mr. Paldi possesses quite a faculty for invention and has patented, among other conceptions of his brain, an indestructible fence post, that he guarantees will not burn, rot nor rust, and can be made of clay, cement or any kind of metal. To further the manufacture and sale of this important article a company has been formed, under the title of the Joseph D. Paldi Fence Post and Fencing Company, Limited, the capital of which is six thousand dollars. The stockholders are Joseph D. Paldi, Daniel Foley. Eugene F. Law, William Jurden, Harvey Tappan and Charles Zinzo. This association has acquired all the Joseph D. Paldi patents relating to fence posts, which include the original cement post patented by Mr. Paldi in 1893 with all modifications of the same. Also the post patented in 900o by Mr. Paldi, consisting of a cement base and an iron or trussed galvanized wire top, and all modifications of the same. This last named post is said to be the only post of its kind ever patented or used, and is practically indestructible. It can be manufactured at a ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 56; moderate cost and seems to solve the problem of securing posts that confronts the farmer since timber has become scarce. The secretary of the company is Daniel Foley, whose address is Emmet, Michigan, and the president, Eugene F. Law, of Port Huron, and the treasurer, William Jurden, of Brockway, Michigan. Mr. Paldi is a Republican, but is not active as a politician, nor has he ever felt the slightest ambition for office-holding. He is a Granger and a firm friend of the farmer, and since taking up his residence in St. Clair county has done a great deal toward developing the resources of his township and in improving agricultural methods. JAMES NEWELL. James Newell is a native of county Down, Ireland, and was born January 30, 1832, being a son of John and Mary (Molyneux) Newell, who migrated from Ireland to Canada in 1872. John Newell became baggage master on the Great Western Railroad, at Kamocke, Ontario. The death of Mr. Newell took place in St. Catherine's in 1887, and his wife's occurred January 29, I888, both dying in the faith of the Presbyterian church. Their children were named as follows: Frank, Edward, Margaret, James, Sarah, William, Robert, Jane and Mary. In his thirteenth year James Newell went to Cumberland, England, and remained there for seven years, employed on farms, part of his wages being sent to his parents. In his twenty-second year he came to an uncle in Hallon county, Ontario, and soon secured contracts of clear ing land, employing assistants and so continued till his marriage. He was united in marriage, in Kent county, Ontario, November 5, 1865, with Miss Betsey McKay, daughter of George and Grace (Gilchrist) McKay, who migrated from Scotland to Canada in 1832, and settled on a farm of one hundred and seventy-five acres in Howard township, Kent county, all of which Mr. McKay cleared and placed under cultivation. The family of Mr. and Mrs. McKay comprised eight children, of whom four (ied in infancy, the survivors being: Wylena, Margaret, Betsey and John. George Mc'Kay was called away in I866, and his widow in October 1873, both members of the Presbyterian church. The children born to John Newell and wife are six. namely: George is in the West; John, who died at twenty-six years of age, was a farmer, and married Lizzie Beadle; Cassie, who was a teacher for eleven years, is now the wife of Joseph Williams, a farmer; Benjamin died at the age of two years; William married Dollie Johnson and is farming the Newell homestead, and Grace, who graduated from the high school at Yale, in 1902, and is now taking a special course in stenography in a business college in Detroit. Mr. Newell has a farm of two hundred and twenty acres, of which about fifty acres are in timber. He is a Republican in politics and has been honored with several offices of responsibility, such as those of highway commissioner, member of the board of review and school director for nine years. He is a Presbyterian. Mr. Newell is ranked among the pioneers of St. Clair county, having purchased his first land from Lewis Brockway, in whose honor the township was named. He 568 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. has done as much as any man to redeem the township from the wilderness and to convert it into the blooming garden it now is, and the happy abiding place of hundreds of prosperous citizens, who owe much to his energy and perseverance. While he has made progress, it has been done in the face of some misfortune in the loss of stock,having upwards of twenty head of sheep stolen at one time, and the loss by fire of his residence, it alone entailing more than two thousands dollars' loss. However, he immediately erected his present commodious brick house on the site of the former. JAMES A. CHEESEMAN. The late James A. Cheeseman, who was one of the most respected farmers of Brockway township, was a native of Canada, where he was born January 28, I848, and was a son of Robert and Elizabeth (Dacens) Cheeseman, who were born in England. On coming to America they located in Canada, but, after the close of the Civil war, came to St. Clair county, and settled on a farm in Brockway township. Mrs. Elizabeth Cheeseman died in 1898, and Robert Cheeseman, who had always been a farmer, passed away in 900o. Both parents were members of the Methodist Protestant church, and in politics the father was a Republican. James A. Cheeseman was united in marriage, October 12, 1874, with Miss Hannah Walker, a daughter of George and Charlotte (Appleford) Walker, the former of whom was born in England and was but' three years of age when taken to Canada by his father. Mrs. Charlotte (Appleford) Walker was born in the New Dominion. George Walker came to St. Clair county, Michigan, in 1870, and purchased a farm of one hundred and twenty acres, which he improved. He and wife had twelve children, viz: William, now deceased, was a farmer and married Euphemia Ross, of Ann Arbor; Hannah, the subject's wife; Carrie, the wife of Rev. Robert Brown, of Yale; Martha, wife of James Rath, a farmer; Mary, who was married to Thomas Hickey, a farmer and grain buyer, but both of whom are now deceased; Sarah, wife of John Streivel and living in Yale; Philip, a grain buyer, also in Yale, and married to Mattie Brown; John, Lottie and James, all three of whom died young; Lizzie, who is the wife of Robert Warner, a farmer, and Bert, still at home. Mr. Walker is a member of the Disciples church, at Yale, and in politics is a Republican. To Mr. and lMrs. Cheeseman were born three children: Lottie, who died in infancy; William, who was born in I880, is now managing the home place, and Cora, also at home. Mr. Cheeseman was the owner of eighty acres of excellent land at the time of his death, which occurred December 12, 1890. This land, located three and one-half miles southwest of Yale, he himself cleared and improved, and placed nearly all of it under cultivation. He was a successful agriculturist and conducted mixed or general farming, including the breeding and handling of cattle and hogs. He was an industrious man and earned a competency through his personal' labor and his prudent and skillful management. He was a Republican and was active in promoting the party's interests although he was never ambitious of becom ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 569 ing an office-holder. As a member of the Disciples church, in the faith of which he was called away, Mr. Cheeseman was sincere and faithful. He was likewise a liberal citizen and ever ready to promote such measures and local improvements as tended to add to the convenience and comfort of his fellow citizens. A gentleman of the strictest integrity, he was honored and respected by every member of the community il. which he had passed so many years of his useful life. Mrs. Cheeseman still resides on the homestead, which she conducts with masculine energy and success, and is also honored as one of the most worthy of the lady residents of Brockway township. JAMES P. ROSE. James P. Rose was born in Brockw-ay township, April 21, I864, his parents, H-ugh and Elizabeth (Watson) Rose, being of Scotch and Irish parentage. From Scotland the father migrated to Quebec, near where he was in charge of a large fr.rm for several years, and then remove(l to Walpole county, where he was married and worked as foreman of a sawmill. A few years later he- removed to Houghton county, and bought two hundred acres of land on speculation. From Canada the family came to Brockway township, in I863. Hugh Rose purchased eighty acres of wild land, which he cleared and transformed into the fertile farm on wwhich his son James now resides. Here he passed the remainder of his life and died February 9? 1898; his wife had died February 28, 1885. The children of Hugh and Elizabeth Rose are as follows: Margaret is the wife of William Grinnell, a railway agent at Midland; Agnes is the wife of Willard Welch, a farmer in Brockway township; Isabelle is married to William Brown and lives at Richmond; Lizzie is the widow of Robert Lothian, who was a merchant and drover at Yale, Michigan, and died in 90oo; James, the subject; Hugh, who was formerly an ore teamster at Leadville, Colorado, but now a farner in Brockway, and married to Anna Mickle, of Lynn; and Ida, who died in infancy. James Rose was married, March I8, I886, to Miss Hattie Wait, daughter of H. S. and Margaret (Atkins) Wait, and a native of Elgin county, Canada. H. S. Wait is also a Canadian, is a painter by trade and is likewise a farmer. On coming to Michigan, in I879, he located in St. Clair county, where he followed farming and painting twelve years, then removed to Sanilac county, where he owns one hundred and sixty acres, which he cultivates, though he still works at his trade. His five children are: Susan, who married Robert Carson, anld died aged twenty-two years; Harriet: Daniel, who is a farmer and the husband of Lulu Smith; Jennie, wife of Peter Lestie, a farmer, and Melissa, at home. James Rose and wife are also the parents of three children, Earl, Elmer and Lizzie. Mr. Rose has a fine farm of eighty acres three miles west of Yale, nearly all under cultivation and well improved. Besides conducting general farming he breeds and deals in live stock. His farm is a model of neatness and his dwelling, which is of brick and which he erected in I90o, compares favorably with any in the neighborhood. The family are Presbyterians. Mr. Rose is a Republican 570 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. and for two years served as township treasurer. Fraternally he is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees, and also of the Foresters. Mrs. Rose is a member of the Ladies of the Maccabees and both belong to the Grangers. THOMAS RAPLEY. Thomas Rapley, later proprietor of the Rapley House, of Yale, was born in Sussex, England, in I826. His parents were James and Mary (Collins) Rapley, the former of whom is a farmer. He settled in Canada in 1832, but died three weeks afterward at the age of fifty-two years. Thomas Rapley, on June I9, 1846, married Miss Emma Cooper, a daughter of James and Harriet (Carter) Cooper, and a native also of Sussex. Mr. Rapley came to Old Brockway in 1852 and became a lumber contractor for a period of nine years, mainly in Brockway township, working on such contracts thirty to forty men. He at one time was the owner of four hundred acres, two hundred of which he cleared. Mr. Rapley went to Canada in I86I, remaining twenty years, ten years of that time a merchant. In I88I Mr. Rapley started a hotel in the village, and later erected the Rapley House, which he conducted for fifteen years, when he retired, renting his house to his son-in-law, Jerry Paisley, who carried on the old place five years and then erected the Paisley House, which compares favorably with the best hotels throughout the state. The eleven children born to Mr. and Mrs. Rapley are as follows: Carrie; Henry, a carpenter, who is married to Lizzie Ste phenson; Frank, who married Mary Devell, and is now a policeman in Toledo, Ohio; Mary, who was married to Arthur Hennessey, a carpenter, but who is now deceased; Hattie, who is the wife of Wallace Adams, a harnessmaker in Yale; William, who married Dora Manson and is foreman of a street-construction force in Port Huron; Sarah, who lives with her sister at the Hotel Paisley; Josephine, who is married to Jerry Paisley, the proprietor of the Hotel; Jesse, a lawyer at Yale, and Zorado, a music teacher and still living with her parents. Mr. Rapley is a Republican and for two years-I854 and 1855-he was a school director. The father and daughters are all members of the Maccabees. Mr. Rapley was one of the hard-working and enterprising young men of Brockway when he first came here, and did as much as any man in clearing up and improving the township. He is a broad-minded and public-spirited citizen and has ever been ready with his means to advance the interests of the community. In his latter years he retains a lively interest in the progress of Brockway township and St. Clair county. tie is greatly esteemed where he has resided for so long, and in Yale no man stands higher.. SAMUEL CARSON. Samuel Carson, a son of John and Mary (McBride) Carson, and a thriving farmer in Brockway township, was born in Ontario, October 24, 1834, his parents, who were natives of Ireland, having settled in the dominion in I833. John Carson, who ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 57I I had been a farmer all his life, cleared a wild tract and lived on it until sixty years of age, when he died at the home of his son Samuel, in St. Clair county. He was a member of the Presbyterian church, and while a resident of Canada a Reformer in politics. He and wife-the latter also a member of the Presbyterian church-were the parents of seven children, namely: Robert, who was born in Ireland, married Margaret Robison, who has borne him seven children, and he and family now live on a farm in Norfolk county, Ontario; Samuel; M\ary Jane died at the age of seventeen years; James, who married Lissie Jane Tibl)ets, lives on a sixty-acre farm in Brockway township; John, married to Matilda McConkey, lives on a farm in Canada; William was first married to Elizabeth Mosher; his second wife bore the maiden name of Josephine Burchell, and they live in Canada; Alexander married Mary Gavett, and also lives in Canada. Samuel Carson, when twenty-three years old, was united in marriage with Sarah Mosher, daughter of Daniel Mosher, a native of Nova Scotia, and a farmer, miller, etc., in Canada. After marriage, Mr. Carson engaged in farming in Canada, but in i865 came to Michigan and bought eighty acres in section I8, Brockway township. Here he worked several winters in the lumber regions, meantime clearing his own tract of eighty acres, which he in time converted into a most productive farm. To Samuel Carson and wife have been born four children, namely: Mary Jane, who still lives at home; Daniel Archie, who died November 13, I894, at the age of thirty years; Robert, who was twice married, first to Susan Wait, and secondly to Elizabeth 35 Beadle; Sarah is also at home. Robert owns sixty acres of land adjoining his father's farm, is a Republican in politics, and for two years has filled the office of township treasurer. Mrs. Sarah (Mosher) Carson, who had been a most faithful and industrious helpmate to her husband, was called away March 4, I895, a member of the Church of Christ. Mr. Carson is a Republican, but has never been an office-seeker. As a farmer he grows all the crops usual to the neighborhood and also raises horses, shorthorn cattle, coarse-wool sheep and hogs. He has always been a hard-working and frugal husbandman, and what he owns has come as the result of his personal labor. He is broad minded and public spirited, and ready at all times to aid financially any and all projects designed to promote the general welfare. His integrity and other personal qualities place him on a high plane in social relations, and no family in Brockway township is more greatly respected than his. JOSEPH MIDDLETON. This native-born farmer of Brockway township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is a son of Doughty and Janet (Crawford) Middleton, and had his nativity December 9, I857. He filially and ably assisted his father until the latter's death, and then, in I88o, bought forty acres of woodland, in section 21, which he cleared of superfluous timber and converted into a profitable farm. in I888 he and a brother bought eighty acres in Lynn township, and this they worked together for two years, when Joseph traded 572 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I his Brockway farm for his brother's interest in the eighty-acre tract. Joseph bought sixty acres in Brockway township six years later, and this is now his home. That Mr. Middleton has been industrious and skillful is shown by the fact that when he started for himself he had no capital, and that he worked in the lumber woods at the early age of fifteen years, driving cattle in the winter seasons and floating logs down the rivers in the springs for about eight years. At the age of twenty-four he had saved one hundred (lollars, which he paid out as the first installment on a purchase of forty acres. For two years he plowed with an ox team, and all his implements were of a primitive class, but he was persevering and has increased his acreage to one hundred and forty, most of which is now under cultivation, and upon which farm he is now erecting an elegant brick dwelling. Mr. Middleton has been twice married. His first marriage took place November I, 188i, to Miss Kate Johnson, who (lied August 15, 1896, the mother of four children, namely: Cora, who is married to Edwar(l Welch, has one child, and lives in Flint, MIichigan: Harvey, Clayton and Hazel. The second marriage was to Miss Della Clark, dlaughter of Reinard Clark, a farmer of Brockway township. This lady was born in Romeo, Macomb county, and when nine years of age was taken by her father to Kansas, but both returned in I895, making the distance in a covered wagon. Two children were born to this marriage, Florence and Nelllie. Joseph Middleton carries on mixed farming, his crops comprising wheat, corn, oats and hay, as well as small fruits, and his live stock includes horses for all purposes, graded cattle, coarse-wool sheep' and Chester White hogs. Mrs. Middleton is a member of the Methodist church, to the support of which both she and her husband contribute, and the precepts of which they observe in their daily walk. Mr. Middleton is an active Republican, but, although loyal to his party, he has never sought an office. Fraternally, he is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of the Maccabees and the Patrons of Husbandry. HENRY STREETER. Ai man of fine business qualifications and well fitted by nature and training to discharge worthily high public trusts, Henry Streeter, the late efficient and popular treasurer of St. Clair county, is eminently deserving of mention with the representative men of the county in which lie lives. Mr. Streeter is a native of St. Clair county, Michigan, born in Giant township on the 28th of April, I855. He spent his early life on a farm and after an educational discipline embracing the common school course followed various occupations until about twenty-seven years of age, when he began dealing in hay and grain at the town of Jeddo, with which place he has been quite actively identified since I882. Commencing in a modest way, Mr. Streeter gradually enlarged his operations until gaining a prominent position in the commercial world, meanwhile becoming interested in the public and political affairs of his town and county, besides taking an active part in promoting and encouraging various enterprises ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 573 - for the industrial advancement of the community in which he lived. In the year 1893 he was elected supervisor of Grant township, in which capacity he served until I898 inclusive, the last two years of the time as chairman of the county board of supervisors. Mr. Streeter discharged the duties inculmbent upon him in an able and satisfactory manner, bringing to the office the straightforward methods with which he so successfully conducted his own business affairs and inaugurating and carrying out reforms in the administration of the county affairs that have had a decidedly beneficial influence in promoting the public welfare. MIr. Streeter was elected supervisor by the Republicans of his township and for a numler of years prior to that time he had been one of the party's leaders in his part of the county. In I898 lie was considered the strongest and most availalle man in the larty for county treasurer and when the c(invention assembled he received the nomination by acclamation, being the first candidate to be so selected in a convention in St. Clair county. He made a systematic and thorough canvass of the county and at the ensuing election led his competitor by eleven hundred and fifty-five votes, entering tle office by a larger majority than had been received by any candidate for the position previous to that year. As custodian of the public funds his course was eminently satisfactory and with such interest and ability lidl he attend to the duties of the office that in 1900 he was re-nominated and reelected by a largely increased majority, receiving twenty-three hundred and twentytwo more votes than the number cast for his opponent. This public expression of his great personal popularity as well as over whelming indorsement of his administration of one of the people's most important trusts was certainly a great compliment and right worthily has he shown himself entitled to such honorable consideration. He has proven himself a model officer, courteous to all with whom he transacts official business, and the record of his stewardship demonstrates beyond doubt the fact that the county lias never been served by a more efficient or more popular public servant. As a citizen Mr. Streeter has ever been interested in enterprises for the advancement of his own town alnd county along commercial and industrial lines, while personally his genial (lisposition and careful regard for the ethics of life have won the confidence and esteem of a widle circle of friends. Although an active politician and ready at all times to make any reasonable sacrifice for the good of the party in whose principles he so conscientiously believes and which he fearlessly defends with all the power of his strong and vigorous mind, he is by no means a narrow partisan, as is attested by the fact that many of his warmest friends and greatest admirers belong in the ranks of the opposition. In his private business affairs he has met with well merited success, as is demonstrated by the handsome competence which he has accumulated entirely through his own agency. With no advantages in youth worthy of mention, he succeeded in overcoming a rather discouraging environment and surmounting a number of formidable obstacles in the way of his success, and his life forcibly illustrates what a young man of energy and well-defined purpose can accomplish. In his fraternal relations Mr. Streeter holds membership with the Knights of the Maccabees and the 574 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - Independent Order of Foresters. On the Ioth day of November, I880, Mr. Streeter was united in marriage with Miss Lucinda Roberts, of St. Clair county, the union resulting in four children, whose names are Ruth, Guy J., Bessie E. and Glenn R. MATTHEW J. LYNCH. Matthew J. Lynch, the editor and proprietor of the Labor Leader, at Port Huron, is numbered among the earnest young men whose depth of character and adherence to principle have gained to him the admiration of his contemporaries, and in his independent business career he has shown a tenacity of purpose, an indomitable energy and that self-reliant courage whose natural concomitant is definite success. He has been the artificer of his own fortunes and though the struggle has not been an easy one, his courage has never flagged and he has shown himself to be thoroughly appreciative of the dignity of honest toil and endeavor, in whatever sphere of action, while he is today numbered among the leading advocates of the labor cause in this section of the state of Michigan, wielding personally and through the medium of his alert and significantly able publication, a distinctive influence, while he has shown that he can not be cajoled by flattery, nor menaced into compromise, individual expediency invariably being subordinated to the furtherance of the general welfare. Such is his prestige locally and throughout labor circles in the state that it becomes specially consistent that we accord him due recognition in this volume. Matthew J. Lynch is a native of the city of Toronto, Canada, where he was born on the 6th of June, 1875, a son of Michael J. and Mary Lynch, who became the parents of three sons and two daughters, of whom the subject was the only one to survive infancy. His early educational discipline was received in the schools of Toronto and was there completed in the De la Salle Institute, a well-conducted academic institution. When thirteen years of age he inaugurated his independent career by securing a position as messenger boy in the employ of the Great Northwestern Telegraph Company's office in Toronto, where he received twelve dollars a month in compensation for his services. At the expiration of about a year he entered the employ of the firm of T. Cleghorn & Son, engaged in the fish, fruit and oyster business, with which concern he was identified about a year. At the age of sixteen years it was his misfortune to lose both of his parents and he was thus left entirely dependent upon his own resources. He then started from Toronto for the state of Michigan and in due time reached Port Huron, and it is a matter of significance to recall the fact that when he landed on the Military street bridge his financial reinforcement was represented in the sum of exactly three cents. His resourceful and self-reliant nature did not allow him to long remain under Micawber's "temporary stress of financial embarrassment," and he soon found employment on the farm of H. D. Norris, a farmer of Port Huron township, with whom he remained two years, receiving ten dollars a month and his board. Within the interval noted he carefully husbanded his resources, saving somewhat more than fifty dollars ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 575 - from his meager wages. He then went into the lumber woods of Roscommon county, where he was employed until I897, when he returned to Mr. Norris' farm, having added about eighty dollars to his savings within the interin. After the death of Mr. Norris he operated his farm one year on shares, and then, having received an offer from H. C. Hope, of the same township, to assume charge of his fruit farm, he responded favorably to the overtures thus made and continued as manager of the place for two years. In the spring of 900o he established himself in the wholesale commission and produce business on Water street, in the city of Port Huron, but a year later, finding his capitalistic resources inadequate to the successful continuation of his increasing business, he disposed of the same at a small profit and entered the employ of the Jenks Shipbuilding Company, of Port Huron, and (luring a strike in the establishment of this concern, in May, 1902, he identified himself with the Federal Labor Union No. 8250, and in the connection became a prominent factor in the adjustment of the trouble involved, and thus was led to a study of the labor problem in its various features and to become a stalwart advocate of effective and well-ordered organization. After the strike was settled Mr. Lynch enlisted capital and established the Labor Leader, a weekly publication, and is now editor and publisher of the same, which he has made a potent factor in behalf of the labor cause and good government. In I902 he attended the conven — tion of the Michigan Federation of Labor, held in the city of Owosso, Shiawassee county, and with the co-operation of his delegated colleagues secured to Port Huron the convention of the same body for the ensuing year, while he was also honored with election to the office of first vice-president and made chairman of the legislative committee, in both of which capacities he has rendered most timely and efficient service. His paper, the Labor Leader, has now been in existence less than one year, and within seven months has gained a subscription list of more than twenty-five hundred,-a fact which indicates the estimate placed upon its functions and the adequacy of their discharge, the growth having been almost phenomenal, while the cumulative tendency in the subscription line is strongly marked at the present time. The paper is looked upon as an able and properly conservative exponent and champion of the cause of the workingman in this section of the state, and, indeed, it may be consistently said that the title of the Labor Leader is no misnomer, since the paper, in its editorial utterances, is regarded as an authority in its immediate province and is ranked as one of the best of its kind in the entire state, exercising an influence throughout an ever-expanding and important field of usefulness. One who has watched with pleasure and appreciation the course of the publisher has written of him as follows: "Mr. Lynch has, by his fearless and able writings, already demonstrated in no equivocal way that his present vocation is not only one for which he is eminently fitted, but also that he is one of those men who are born to fill some special position in life rather than to attain the same through mere study and application to the subject or the work in hand. His able and natural style of oratory, no less than his straightforward and simple manner of handling matters pertaining to the interests of the 576 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I cause he has espoused, has served, within a comparatively short period, to place him in the position of an influential and respected citizen. During the recent political campaign he devoted his personal energies and abilities, and also the columns of his paper, to the one object of reform in the administration of the municipal government, his policy being that of no compromise with any ring or faction, and his party concede to him the honor of having brought about ran almost complete,- certainly a radical - change in local government and officials. As a staunch adherent of the cause of the Democratic party, Mr. Lynch his, by his untiring efforts in its behalf, succeeded in gaining to himself a position as one of the wheel-horses of the party in this section, while his influence in the line is certain to pervade still farther and more potently. He is a distinct individual, a model citizen, and fully merits the most ample measure of success." WILLARD WELCH. One of the successful farmers of Brockway township, St. Clair county, Michigan, i3 Willard Welch, who was born in White Rock, Huron county, January 4, 1857, and is a son of Samuel 0. and Betsey (Barrett) Welch, who came from New York in the 'fifties. Samuel 0. Welch operated a sawmill there for a short time and then came to Brockway township, and secured a tract of eighty acres in the forest and became a lumber contractor on Cass river, Elk creek, Muskegon river, etc. Mr. Welch later owned four hundred acres, the greater part of which he cleared, being an expert woodsman and ever accustomed to the most difficult labor. Mr. Welch was twice married. His first wife, Betsey Barrett, bore him eight children, namely: George married Mary Van Slyke, and lives in Bay City; Samuel married first Rachel Wedge, and secondly Martha Van Slyke; James married Ruth Turner and is a Brockway township farmer; Luke died in infancy; Maria is the wife of William Rath, a farmer in Greenwood township; Emerson, now deceased, married Sarah Barriger, and Willard. Mrs. Betsey (Barrett) W\elch died in I860, and Mr. Welch next married Ann Barrett, who bore him four children, namely: A daughter who died in infancy; William, deceased, who married Fannie Williams; Roger first married Hattie Brooks, and after her death married, Mrs. Fannie Welch, widow of his brother William; David married Ann Newell, and lives on a farm in Brockway township. Samuel 0. Welch died May 17, I896, sincerely and deeply mourned. He was a most enterprising man, operating a grist and saw-mill at Peck for several years, and later a flouring-mill at Yale. Willard Welch assisted his father until December 17, I875, when he was married to Miss Mary- A. Rose, daughter of Hugh and Elizabeth (Watson) Rose, the former of whom was born in Scotland. When twenty-one years old he settled in Canada, and lived there until 1864, when he came to Michigan and engaged in lumbering. His wife died March i, I885, while he survived until February I, I897. Mr. and Mrs. Rose had seven children, namely: Margaret J., Mary A., Isabelle, Elizabeth, James, Hugh and Ida, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 577 the last named deceased. After marriage, Willard Welch settled on his farm, which contains one hundred and twenty acres. Mr. Welch has four children: Elbert M., who is managing the home farm; Rose, the wife of John Moloney, of Detroit; J. Grant lives on the home place and runs a threshing machine, and Mary Grace. Mr. and Mrs. Welch are members of the Presbyterian church and in politics he is a Republican. He has held all the school offices, has been road superintendent, and is a member of the L. O. L. Mr. Welch has retired from active farming and is now traveling as salesman for the J. R. Watkins Medical Company, leaving to his son, Elbert M., the care of the farm. This young man is a skillful agriculturist and stock breeder, carries on general farming, including the growing and study of stock, comprising cattle and swine. WILLIAM B. JOHNSON. A descendant of a hero of the American Revolution, William B. Johnson, himself an ex-soldier, was born in Norfolk, Ontario, in 1830, but is now one of the most respected residents of Brockway township, St. Clair county, Michigan. Levi Johnson, father of William B., was born in New Brunswick in 1798, and was a son of the Revolutionary soldier alluded to. He married Margaret Bacus, who bore him seven children, in the following order: William B.; Jeremiah, who was a farmer in Brockway township, married Rebecca Bell, and died in 900o; Leah is married to Darwin Gilmore, a millwright; Levi died in I90o; Peter, a black smith; Hannah, wife of George Mennery, a farmer; and Edward, who died young. Levi Johnson came to Brockway in I866, and here his death took place the same year. He was a devoted member of the Baptist church and was a Democrat, and although his life in this township was brief, he had many friends who became sincerely attached to him. William B. Johnson was reared a farmer in his native province, and May 7, I852, was joined in marriage with Miss Mary Du Gurd, of Scotch descent, and a daughter of William Du Gurd, a farmer from New York, who died comparatively young, his wife surviving until I866. The children born to \Villiam B. and Mary Johnson are three in number, namely: Johanna, who is married to Joseph Davis, a farmer in Wisconsin; Delphi, wife of Lemuel Brown, a farmer, and Levi, who is managing the home farm. IM/r. Johnson settled in a dense wilderness, of which he has cleared two hundred acres, developing one of the best homesteads in the county. Here he carries on general farming and stock raising, including all the crops grown in this latitude, and breeding cattle, hogs, sheep, etc. Mr. Johnson enlisted at Port Huron in 1862, in Company C, Twenty-second Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and was sent to the front in Kentucky, and took part in several skirmishes. At the battle of Chickamauga, September 20, I863, he was taken prisoner and sent to Libby prison, whence he was sent to Danville, where he was confined until March following, when he was transferred to Andersonville. From March until August he was cooped up in this vile pen, when what was left of him was trans 578 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I ferred to Charleston, South Carolina, where he was paroled March 7, 1865, after a confinement of about eighteen months, and a reduction in weight from one hundred and fifty to seventy-four pounds. He is a member of the Baptist church at Yale, and of the Masonic fraternity. In politics he is a Democrat, is popular in the party, and socially he and family are among the most respected residents of St. Clair county. ANDREW CAVANAGH. The late Andrew Cavanagh was born in Ireland about the year 1828, and was a son of John Cavanagh, but little further is known touching his antecedents or family, though it is probable that he was the only member of the family to come to America. He first located deep in the wilderness in Canada, cleared up a tract of land and engaged in farming. During the late Civil war he came to Michigan and purchased a farm, or the land which he intended to convert into a farm, and he did much in clearing off the forest and in constructing the early roads in Brockway township. Mr. Cavanagh worked for some years in the lumber region as a teamster, although he was practically a farmer, and followed that vocation with success. Mr. Cavanagh was joined in matrimony in I857 with Miss Anna McKay, who was born in 1838, a daughter of Allen and Mary (McPherson) McKay, natives of Scotland, and who in I85I settled in Oneida county, Ontario, where Allan McKay, who was a quarryman and stone-mason, died shortly afterward, leaving a family of twelve chil dren. To Andrew and Anna (McKay) Cavanagh have been born the following children: William, who is a popular and influential merchant at Yale, Michigan, and is also the efficient town clerk, married Alice Presley; Joseph married Anna Lee, who is now deceased, he being still on the farm; John is assisting on the farm; George, a farmer, married Maggie Johnston; Juston is at home, and Wesley is a dealer in pianos, organs, etc., at Yale. Mrs. Cavanagh is the owner of one hundred and sixty acres of excellent land, nearly all of which is under cultivation, and under the oversight of herself and sons is worked in a profitable and modern manner. All the cereals indigenous to the soil and climate are raised, while the larger and small fruits are grown for home use, with a surplus to market. Live stock is not omitted as one of the main products of the farm, and the breeding of horses, choice grades of cattle and hogs yield a handsome return that adds no small part to the total income. Mr. Cavanagh was a Prohibitionist in his political proclivities, but was never active in advocating his principles, permitting all men to reach their own conclusions. He was a member of the Christian church, and a liberal contributor to its maintenance, and was honored as a citizen wherever he was known. He died November 28, I88I. Although Mrs. Cavanagh and her sons have been very successful in their farming operations, they have met with some drawbacks, and had the misfortune, June 13, 1902, of having their barn consumed by lightning, but the recuperative spirit is strong in the family, and the building is replaced by a more substantial and commodious structure. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 579 GEORGE E. EVANS. Notwithstanding the long strides that have been made in civilization within the past half century, the discoveries and inventions that have materially lightened the labors of the world, notwithstanding the fact that the early settlers had fewer advantages in their work, yet they did that which wse can never hope to accomplish-the building up of a country. The very advantages which we enjoy have kept back our endeavors in this line, while they have stimulated our efforts in other directions, and if we today fail to build up a new country are we not in as worthy work when we keep that which has been given us as an inheritance free from blemish, and by advancing her to a more prominent place among the leading nations, are we not doing the work our forefathers planned for us? They had a larger field in which to work, but they lacked the finely tempered implements with which to labor, and their work, while rude, no doubt, and laboriously performed, was nevertheless noble, and no less important because of the disadvantages under which they struggled. In the pioneers were exemplified ruggedness, determination and energy, and the work which they accomplished was of the most enduring, noble and far-reaching quality. George E. Evans was born in Brockway township, St. Clair county, Michigan, February 28, I846, and is the son of D. S. and Bulia (Ashley) Evans, of Vermont, who came to St. Clair county in 1845. 'His grandfather, David Ashley, came to St. Clair county in 1844, put up a rough board shanty, and engaged in the saw-mill business, which occupied his attention until his death. D. S. Evans was also a lumberman, farmer and hunter. He was born in I818, and was twice married. By his first marriage he was the father of two children, Sarah J., the wife of George M. Granger, sailor, merchant and insurance agent, now a coal dealer of Chicago, and George. By his second marriage he was the father of six children, five of whom died in infancy, the only one living, Arvilla, being the wife of George Weston, a brick and stone mason of Brockway. Mr. Evans was a Republican and took an active interest in politics, being a school officer for many years. His influence was always for the good of the community in which he lived, and in political affairs he always wished to take such a stand that the county and township would be benefited by the election. That he was successful in his endeavor is patent to those who knew him, and needs no word in this instance to proclaim his prominence. He was a member of the Methodist Protestant church, and was an active worker in her cause, being one of the most liberal of its supporters. George Evans received but a limited education in his youth, but in later years has added to what he did get by observation and reading many of the higher and finer branches of knowledge, and has thus fitted himself for a better position than he would otherwise have been able to occupy. On the 3ISt day of August, 1875, he was married to Eliza J. Rose, daughter of John H. and Rhoda (Clapp) Rose. Her father was a native of New York, and went to Canada at the age of seventeen. There he became a farmer, and in 1872 came to St. Clair county, and settled in Brockway township, where he lives with his son Alva. 580 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I Four children were born to this union, Joseph, Alva, Matilda and Eliza. In politics Mr. Rose was active both in Canada and in this county, there as a Conservative and here as a Republican. George Evans was reared a farmer, and has followed this calling all his life, with the exception of three years, which were spent as a sailor. He has eighty acres of land, all of which is cleared, and he has taken great pride in the improvements. He has considerable artistic ability and has many excellent drawings. He has also some meritorious specimens of mechanical skill, notably a center table that shows great care and delicacy of workmanship. Political questions have always interested him, and he has been active in political campaigns. He is a Prohibitionist, and one of the influential men of the county. All good men are supported by him without regard to party, his aim being to support men of moral and intellectual worth, and those who will be a credit to the community whicl they represent. He is an Orangeman and a Granger. FRED P. WILSON. In the daily laborious struggle for an honorable competence and a solid career on the part of a business or professional man there is little to attract the casual reader in search of a sensational chapter; but to a mind thoroughly awake to the reality and meaning of human existence there are noble and imperishable lessons in the career of an individual who, without other means than a clear head, strong arm and true heart, di rected and controlled by correct principles and unerring judgment, conquers adversity and, toiling on, finally wins not only pecuniary independence, but, what is far greater and higher, the deserved respect and confidence of those with whom he has spent his active years. The subject of this sketch, Fred P. Wilson, postmaster, merchant and farmer, was born in Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan, March 13, I859, the son of Robert Wilson, of Middlesex county, New Jersey, and the grandson of Freeman Robert Wilson. The father, Robert Wilson, was married first to a Miss Fenton, to which union four children were born; Miranda, wife of Henry Wheeler, a resident of Isabelle county, Michigan; Sarah, married to George W. Tappen, living in New Brunswick, New Jersey; Catherine, the wife of Richard Miner, lives in Allegan county, Michigan, and Edward J., deceased. Mr. Wilson's second marriage was to Sophia Bindewaldt, of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, who came to the United States with friends and settled in Detroit, where she was married. Robert Wilson left New Jersey at the age of fifteen years and went to the state of New York, where he remained but a short time. Upon leaving that state he went to Fort Sumter, where h-e was employed in building the fort. By trade he was a stone-mason and also a civil engineer, and for some years worked at these trades in different parts of the country. Subsequently he came to Michigan and settled at Kalamazoo. He had been induced to come to this state by his brother, Edward, but, not liking the place, he remained but a short time. Upon leaving Kalamazoo he went to Detroit, and later, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. in 1833, he came to St. Clair county and took up land in section 33, Columbus township, on which land he erected a cabin and established his family. The father worked il the woods during the winter months and in the summer worked at his trade, that of stone-mason, clearing his land at odd times. The life was a hard one, and it seemed that he must surely fail, but the plucky man kept steadily at work, and in the end possessed one of the finest farms in the township. By degrees he added to his first possessions, and finally owned one hundred and 'eighty acres of valuable land. He was a man of exceptional fortitude, and it was owing solely to his determination to win that he was at last able to gain a foothold in the new country. In his later years, when the strain of establishing a home in the wilderness was no longer upon him, he became a close student of politics, and was in his time one of the leading politicians of the county. His vote was always cast vWith the Democratic party, and, while he never held office himself, he was instrumental in helping into office many of his friends and neighbors. At his death, in February, 1867, he was mourned by a wide circle of friends and neighbors, who in life had been often benefited by his sage advice and wise. counsel. By his second marriage he was the father of three children: Lena, the wife of Joseph Lambert, a farmer and coal dealer of Smith Creek; Fred P., the subject, and Mary, the wife of Charles Fitz, a farmer of WTrales township. Fred P. Wilson received his education in the township schools of St. Clair county. He always lived at home, and assisted his father on the farm until the latter's death. In 1867 the mother and family came to Smith Creek, where she bought eighty acres of land, comprising her present home. In the spring of 1887 the subject purchased the general store of W. R. Gillett, at Smith Creek, and since that time he has been identified with the mercantile interests of the village. He was later appointed postmaster of Smith Creek, and now has the postoffice located in his store. He was united in marriage to Miss Ella Hubble, of St. Clair township, November 15, I866. He has become a farmer, as well as merchant, and now owns forty acres of farm land in Kimball township, where he carries on general farming, grains being a specialty with him. He is the father of the followinlg children: Fred H., Henry M., Stanley, George G., who (lied at the age of eight months, Mark and Maud. Mr. Wilson and family are among the most respected and popular residents of the county, and for integrity and honesty are noted throughout the township. The subject has always been a Republican, although reared a Democrat. Under the administration of his party he has held several offices, including those of school inspector, member of the school board and township treasurer, which last office he held in Kimball township for four years. He is an active worker in the party, and is counted one of the staunchest supporters of the platform. He is a member of several lodges, in all of which he is very popular, and in whose work he is very active, being affiliated with the blue lodge and Memphis Chapter, F. & A. M.; Lodge No. 243, B. P. 0. E., of Port Huron; Eagle Tent, K. O. T. M., of Smith Creek; Court No. 3534, I. O. F., of Smith Creek, and the M. 0. W. of Smith Creek. Mr. Wilson is one of the most genial 582 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. and whole-souled men in the township and to know him is to be his friend. His intelligence and business ability have won for him many staunch friends, and he is looked upon as one of the most progressive citizens of the township. Being well informed on the issues of the day, he is always an authority on public questions. The family are among the best respected and most popular in the county, than which no higher compliment can be paid them. ALFRED B. HOUSE, M. D. An able and popular physician and surgeon of Memphis, Michigan, is Dr. Alfred B. House, a native of England, born September 2, 1835, and the third of five children that constituted the family of James and Elizabeth (Prew) House, the former of whom was born in Wales in I80o. The five children alluded to were born and named in the following order: The eldest died in infancy; Edward, Alfred B., Emily and Frederick. James House was graduated from the University of Oxford, England, and on coming to America was appointed by the governor of Canada surveyor of the dominion. While a resident of Canada he made several trips to England, where he owned considerable real estate, but the last fourteen years of his life were passed in the United States, where his death took place in I885. Dr. Alfred B. House acquired his literary education in England, under a private tutor, a clergyman of some considerable ability and prominence, and on coming to America, at the age of fourteen years, en tered the University of Toronto, Canada, from the medical department of which institution he was graduated in I86I. He then came to the United States, after two years' practice at Port Stanley, Canada, and entered the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, which he attended in I864-5-6, and from which he was graduated in the last named year. He then came to Memphis, which has since been his home, and where he now stands in the front rank of his profession, or did until he retired after an active practice of over forty years. The Doctor now owns the best drug store in the city and confines his occasional professional services to his old-time patients and to cases of emergency. Dr. House was united in marriage in Canada, in I86I, with Miss Sarah Pollard, daughter of William Pollard, who was the father of seven children. Mr. Pollard was at the time one of the most prominent agriculturists of the New Dominion, but is now retired, and devotes his time solely to the supervision of his large real estate interests. The Doctor and his wife are also the owners of a large number of town lots, improved and unimproved, and are passing the closing years of life in ease and comfort, ranking among the best and most respected residents of Memphis. The Doctor and wife have two daughters, Ida E., who assists her father in the store, and Lina, the wife of Burton Pemberton, of New Haven, Michigan. Dr. House has always been independent in politics, and votes for the candidate he deems best fitted to perform the duties of the office to be filled. Personally he is himself very popular with the people of Memphis, and had he chosen to enter upon the ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 583 field of public affairs might have aspired to any position with the assurance of being elected. He has, however, served as health officer for several years, but simply from a sense of public duty. As a physician he has never had a superior in St. Clair county, and there is not a home in Memphis where sickness existed during the long period of his active practice to which he was not summoned at one time or another to exercise his skill, or to be consulted by other physicians in serious or complicated cases. Of such a professional career any physician might feel a commendable pride. STEPHEN MESKILL. The late Stephen Meskill was in his lifetime one of the most widely known and respected farmers of Columbus township, St. Clair county, Michigan. He was born il county Cork, Ireland, May I, I840, his parents being Stephen and Elizabeth Meskill, who had a family of three children. Of these, James, the eldest, married Matilda Drury, and was a farmer, owning eighty acres of land in Columbus township; Stephen was the second in order of birth, and Margaret is married to Peter Cunningham, a farmer and veterinary surgeon. Stephen Meskill was married, April 24, 1865, to Miss Johanna Ryan, daughter of Edward and Johanna (Dawson) Ryan, of whom more may be learned by a perusal of the life record of John Ryan, to be found on another page of this work, but of whom it may here be stated that these parents were natives of Ireland, but settled in Michigan in I852. The union of Stephen and Johanna (Ryan) Meskill was blessed with nine children, namely: Edmund, born February 20, I866, and still living under the parental roof; Lizzie, born May 5, 1867, and now a dressmaker at Detroit; Stephen, born September 2, I870; William, born March I, I874; Daniel, born February 9, 1876; John, born January IO, 1878, and now a fireman at Detroit; Anna, born January 30, 1883; James, born July 27, I885; Lucy, born November 15, 1887. To the marriage of Edward and Johanna (Dawson) Ryan the following named children were born: Michael was drowned at the age of seventeen years; Bridget, wife of Thomas Balkwell, a wagonmaker at Port Huron; John; Margaret, married to Thomas Needham, a resident of Smith's Creek, where he owns one hundred and twenty acres of land, and who for thirtyfive years was foreman of a section gang; James, who died in Canada in I893; Kate, who died August 28, 1897, at the age of forty-four years; James, a wagonmaker and farmer at Westport, Ontario, and who married Mary McCann. Although Stephen Meskill was but seventeen years of age when he came to America, and with no capital, but he was a hardworking and frugal young man, and eventually gained a prominent position in the community. On his arrival in America he passed a few days in New York city and then came to Columbus, where he had an uncle, Daniel Dilworth, living. For three years he was employed by the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and then purchased a farm of one hundred and forty acres of good farming land, one hundred of which he cleared and placed under cultivation. Hedied January 30, I890. In 1893 the family 584 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. - erected a substantial and handsome residence. Politically Mr. Meskill was a Democrat, but never aspired to public office. He was faithful to his party, however, and did his best to promote its success at the polls. He was a devout member of St. Philip's Catholic church at Columbus, and freely contributed to its support, and lived strictly to its teachings. He was looked upon as one of the best farmers in Columbus township, and when the fact is recalled that he began life a poor man, and died in good circumstances, when yet in the prime of life, it will be plainly seen that the opinion formed of him was well founded. His amiable widow still resides on the old homestead, where she enjoys, with the children who have not gone forth to found families of their own, the unfeigned respect of the entire community. MERRITT SPERRY. Merritt Sperry, one of the ex-soldiers of the late Civil war, an ex-merchant, and now a justice of the peace for St. Clair county, Michigan, with his residence in Riley township, was born in Jefferson county, New York, September 14, 1835, a son of Schuyler and Nancy. Sperry, who were born in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1814 and I815 respectively, and died in 1885 and I890, leaving five children, viz: Merritt, whose name opens this biographical record; Delilah, Charlotte, William, and Alford, deceased. Schuyler Sperry was a farmer by calling, and was the owner of one hundred and twenty acres of good land, on. which he raised the usual cereals grown in the latitude, together with live stock, of which he marketed large numbers. In politics he was a Republican, but was never an officeseeker, neither was he ever a member of a secret society, but found felldwship within the pale of the Baptist church, in which he was an active worker, while his wife was equally active in the work of the Methodist Episcopal church. Merritt Sperry was reared to farming on his father's homestead until he was nearly seventeen years of age, when he enlisted, at Watertown, New York, in I861, in Compainy A, Thirty-fifth New York Volunteer Infantry. From New York his regiment was sent to Washington, D. C., where it lay in camp two months, and was then placed in active service and took part in the battles of Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Round Oak, Fair Oaks and Round Top. At the last named battle iM\r. Sperry was wounded in the head, necessitating a surgical operation, which rendered him a cripple for life. On his return from the war Mr. Sperry engaged in merchandising, and later in farming, his present occupation. He has been twice married, first to Louisa Montney, who bore him two children, Delia M. and Armada, both still living. Mrs. Louisa Sperry passed away, and Mr. Sperry next married Miss Isadora J. Babett, daughter of James Babett, a farmer from Germany. This marriage has been blessed with one child, George B., born in I863. In politics Mr. Sperry has been a Republican almost ever since the party was founded, about I856, and has been honored by appointment or election to various responsible positions of public trust. For many years he was postmaster at Smith ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 585 I Creek, St. Clair county, was deputy sheriff of the county for fifteen years, has served as town clerk and town treasurer, and for twelve years has filled his present office of justice of peace. Besides his farm in Riley township, Mr. Sperry is the owner of some valuable real estate in lMemphis, and all has been secured by his personal good nianagement and persistent industry. The farm is well improved in all respects, and on it he raises all the cereals usual to the latitude and live stock of best grades. Merritt Sperry is one of the most substantial and useful citizens of Riley township, St. Clair county. He bears an unsullied name, and he and family are respected by every member of the comuninnity in which they live. When his disabled condition, incurred in his patriotic defense of his country's flag, is taken into consideration, it would seem that much more than ordinary praise should be awarded him for his success in all the undertakings in lwhich he has had ad part since his return to civil pursuits. GEORGE ROBERTS. The leading shoe merchant in Memlphis, Michigan, is George Roberts, a native of Germany, born January I, I832, a son of Frank and Catherine Roberts, the former of whom was born in I805, and lived to be nearly ninety-five years of age. To Frank and Catherine Roberts were born four children, George, Michael (deceased), Arnold, a wagonmaker, and Catherine, deceased. Frank Roberts brought his family to America in I849 and settled in Detroit, that city being then little more than a village, and the now famous Woodward avenue was then surrounded with the primeval forest trees, and later enclosed with rail fencing. Frank foresaw the wonderful growth of the city, cleared away a great deal of the forest in which it was situated, and there made his home until his death, which occurred in 1899; his wife passed away in I896. Mr. Roberts was an industrious man, made money and invested it in Detroit. In politics he was a Democrat. George Roberts started out in life on his own account in I856. He was married in I855 to Miss Walber Baker, a daughter of Joseph and Frances Baker, who were the parents of seven children, viz: Walburger, Mary, Tracy, Sophia, Bertie, Valentine and Richard. The marriage of George Roberts and Walber Baker has been blessed with four children, namely: Michael, who was born in 1856, is now in Idaho, he is married, and is engaged in butchering and meat packing; George J., born in I858, is employed in a shoe store in Chicago; Louis and Frank are deceased. George Roberts was employed at shoemaking from I856 until I869, and then became a salesman in a shoe store, which position he held for a few years, when he started the store he now owns in Memphis, and which he has since conducted with very satisfactory results. Besides his store Mr. Roberts now owns considerable town property, all of which has been acquired through his personal industry and close attention to business. Mr. Roberts is a Democrat in politics, and is an ardent worker for his party at the polls. He has served one term as postmaster of Memphis, but has never thrust himself forward as a candidate for any pub 586 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I lic office, although he is very popular with all classes, irrespective of politics or nationality. He at one time affiliated with the Masonic order, but of late years has not been an active member of any lodge, his advancing years and business demands rendering it inconvenient to attend the meetings. The career of Mr. Roberts is but another example of what may be accomplished by close attention to business and sterling honesty. He has reared his family in respectability, has given his children good educations, and prepared them for the activities of business life. He and wife are highly respected by the residents of Memphis and the neighborhood, and mingle with the best people of Riley township. As to religion, they attend the Catholic church, to the support of which they are willing and liberal contributors, and to the teachings of which they strictly adhere in all their intercourse with their fellow citizens. REV. PETER LAUGHRAN. A magnificent Catholic church edifice was recently erected in Emmett, St. Clair county, Michigan. It is an imposing structure, large, stately, beautiful, and the attention of a stranger in the town is immediately attracted to it. Its appearance bespeaks a rich, prosperous, strongly Catholic and liberal community. This, however, is only partially true. There is but one man in the community who knows just the amount of earnest effort, patient soliciting and nights of sleepless planning it required, on his part, to make that edifice what it is. It cost in the neighborhood of fifty thousand dol lars, and every dollar of the amount was secured by the effort of the one man referred to, Rev. Peter Laughran. Eight years ago, when he took charge of the congregation, the parish was badly in need of a church. Although there were a number of well-to-do parishioners, little money was subscribed, and much less paid. Many seemed to think that all the benefits of religion might be secured without any material expense on their part, and acted accordingly. It took time, patience and not a little admonition and remonstrance to alter these notions, but Rev. Laughran was equal to the emergency, and the result is the present magnificent house of worship, a monument alike to the noble work of the priest and the liberality of the people. Rev. Peter Laughran was born in the county of Armagh, Ireland, November 26, 1857, and is the son of Patrick and Jane Laughran, who were of the sturdy Irish peasantry. Patrick Laughran had devoted his life to farming in the modest way that farming has to be conducted in that country, and under the difficulties of the most grinding oppression and merciless exactions which often practically amounted to robbery. By the practice of prudence and economy the parents supplied the wants of a large family, giving to each of their children a good education and a fair start in life. They were the parents of ten children, three of whom died before reaching the age of maturity. Those living are Mary, Sarah, Peter, Thomas, Kate, Jane and Patrick. Mr. Laughran was quite successful in his calling, and lived to a ripe old age, dying in I892. Mrs. Laughran preceded him into the hereafter only a few months. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 587 In his youth Rev. Peter Laughran attended St. Patrick's College in Armagh, Irelan(l, where he laid the substantial foundation for his education. When he was twenty years of age, in 1877, he emigrated to New York, and took up his residence near the city of Buffalo. Here he attended St. Bonaventure Alleghany College, from which institution of learning he graduated in 1883, took the sacrament of holy orders and was ordained a priest. From thence lie came to Michigan to engage in the work of the church. His first location was St. Joe, where he remained one year, from where he went to Detroit, where he remained three years, and was then at Dexter two years, and two years at Hastings, before coming to Emmett. For the past eight years, or since I894, he has been in this place. The authorities of the church had a purpose in sending Rev. Laughran to Emmett. In the other positions he occupied he had shown much executive ability, and it was surmised by them that he was equal to far greater things. Conditions in Emnmiett needed the guidance and direction of a master hand, and it was believed that his was equal to the task. That these opinions were not wrong, the work he has accomplished amply indicates. Not only has he succeeded in raising necessary funds for the erection of a church, but in addition he has huilt a substantial and commodious home for the resident priest, and a fine barn, each being of brick. Financially the paiish is in excellent condition, its income having been carefully husbanded, an accurate account of all receipts and disbursements having been kept, and the most rigid economy practiced. While many of the parishioners, especially those possessed of the most ma36 terial wealth, may have in the beginning questioned the judgment of their priest in his endeavors to conduct these enterprises on so grand a scale, now that it is done all commend his foresight, energy and wisdom in having attempted and so successfully executed the task. They know now that he was wholly unselfish in all of the undertakings. They love him for the earnestness, energy and devotion that induced him to burden himself with the responsibility and labor of the undertaking, but they love him above all for the Christian piety of his life, for the uniform kindness and generosity of his dispositon, for the fatherly affection toward them he has shown in his daily contduct and for the willing hand and sympathetic ear he has ever accorded to the suffering and distressed. REV. JOHN REICHENBACH. This clergyman of the Catholic church,, now living in retirement at Emmett, Michigan, was born at Conner's Creek, Wayne county, Michigan, a son of Engerbert and Christina (Reber) Reichenbach, natives of Germany. Enger Reichenbach was born in I799, came to the United States in 1831 and bought a farm near Detroit. Although called a farm, it was nothing but a dense tract of forest, which he cleared up and converted into a productive farm, improving it with a comfortable habitation and substantial outbuildings, built of logs. In course of time he possessed as fine a homestead as there was in his neighborhood. He was a Democrat in politics, and in religion was a Catholic, in which faith he was called 588 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. away. To Mr. and Mrs. Reichenbach were born six children, namely: Margaret, who has her residence in Detroit; Anthony, a retired farmer of Detroit, which city is likewise the home of Henry, also a retired farmer; Rev. John is the fourth of the family; the next in order is Christina, who lives at Conner's Creek, Wayne county; Amelia died young. Rev. John Reichenbach acquired his classical education at Bardstown, Kentucky, and St. Francis Seminary at Milwaukee, whence he went to the American College at Gouvain, Belgium, from which he was graduated in I865. He was ordained, and on his return was stationed at St. Clair, Michigan, where he officiated for eighteen years. In I902 Father Reichenbach came to Emmett, not for the purpose of assuming charge of a congregation, but because his lengthened and faithful services in the church rendered repose absolutely necessary. A scholar of erudition and a devout servant of the church, with an affection for his fellowmen, the labors of the reverend father were incessant and untiring, until nature demanded surcease. He is beloved by the entire community. Abstinent in all things pertaining to himself, he is liberal in extending aid to others, and the cry of distress ever secures a speedy response. WILLIAM H. BUTLER. Seventy years ago the state of Michigan was not very populous. Miles upon miles of the dense forests in and about St. Clair county could be traversed at that time without encountering a human being. To sever one's connection with civilization and move out into the woods, peopled only by wild beasts and merciless red savages, must have required far more courage. than the average man of today is in the habit of displaying. Yet that is what thousands upon thousands of the pioneer settlers of nearly every state in the Union did. The parents of William H. Butler were among those early pioneers. In 1832 William and Mary (Dunn) Butler bade farewell to the heatherclad hills of the Emerald Isle, and after a long and stormy voyage found themselves upon the hospitable shores of America. They quickly hastened to the West, where an undeveloped empire awaited the skill and industry of man to make it what it has since become. In the year 1832 they located in what is now the township of Riley, St. Clair county. There he purchased two hundred and forty acres of land, and besides this took up one hundred and sixty acres from the government at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. He built a home and settled down to the business of improving it. For close neighbors he had the Indians, who found him far more sincere, honest and companionable than many other whites have shown themselves to be. At that time and place the noble red man did not have to be a dead Indian to be a good one. Those who settled this part of Michigan about that time received nothing but kindness from the dusky inhabitants of the wilderness. Despite all that we hear of the dangers, hardships and privations encountered by the early pioneers, at that time the wilderness was not such an unpleasant place to live. The lakes and rivers abounded with fish of all kinds, the woods and prairies swarmed with game of every desirable char ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 589 acter, and for clothing the skins of beasts was found to be all that a person could desire. Some fishing tackle, an occasional supply of ammunition, a few vegetables and a little bread, and every conceivable want was supplied for the hardy pioneer. It is generally conceded that an Irishman, especially to the manner born, can wield a shovel with far more grace and dexterity than he can swing an ax. In the case of William Butler it was, however, different. In early life he had learned the trade of a carpenter and joiner, was quite handy with tools of all kinds, and, anticipating what was expected of him in the woods of America, had become especially skilled in the use of the ax. It therefore transpired that there were few woodsmen the superior of William Butler in any of the work required of him in the clearing of his land, and preparing it for the plow. He made a fine farm, upon which he lived and enjoyed life many years. His faithful and devoted wife, who had shared the dangers of his busy life, died June 15, I863, and he survived her more than twenty-two years, death's summons coming to him October I5, 1885. They were the parents of ten children: Edward J., Ann M., William H., Mary, Catherine, Thomas, Elizabeth, Ellen, John and George. William Butler was a Democrat and an ardent admirer of Andrew Jackson, who was President of the United States, serving the last year of his first term, when Mr. Butler came to America. The latter helped many to taste the sweets of official life, but never asked for, nor would he consent to receive, anything for himself. He was a Catholic in belief, and died confident in the faith of that church. January 25, 1863, William H. Butler was united in marriage to Eliza Timbers, whose parents were also natives of Ireland. To them were born two children, Mary and Anna. The former is the wife of H. H. Bailey, railroad agent at Emmett, and they are the parents of four children, Clinton, William, Edward and Francis. Anna, the second daughter, is the wife of John Orr, a butcher and meat dealer of Battle Creek, Michigan, and they have one child, Leslie. On December 22, 1867, Eliza, the faithful wife of Mr. Butler, departed this life, and on April 12, I869, he was for the second time united in marriage, on this occasion to Catharine Buckley, daughter of Thomas and Ann Buckley. The Buckleys were also natives of Ireland, coming to the United States about 1862, and settling in Riley township, where they have since continued to reside. Thomas Buckley died in I900. He was a Democrat, firm in his political convictions, but not inclined to be active in the manipulation of party affairs. He and his wife were the parents of five children, Patrick, Bridget, Catherine, Mary and John. They were members of the Catholic church and regular attendants on all services. Mr. Buckley was the owner of a fine farm in Riley township. The children of William H. and Catharine Butler are eight in number, two of whom, William, the only son, and Martha, are dead. Alice is a young lady of splendid education, having attended the best schools in the city of Detroit. She taught in the district schools of St. Clair county and in the high schools of Marquette, and is now holding a very responsible position as bookkeeper for the leading department store of Detroit, Pardridge & Blackwell. Gertrude is the wife of Frank Brogan, a railroad conductor on the Grand 59~ ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Trunk. She also received the advantages of a splendid education, and taught four years in the public schools of St. Clair county, a part of the time in the St. Clair high school; Catherine is a dressmaker at Emmett; Elizabeth is a graduate of St. Joseph's Academy, Adrian, and is teaching in Emmett; Clara and Florence are both still in school. Mr. Butler has been thrifty, industrious and enterprising in his time, and now has a farm of one hundred and twenty acres, well cultivated, and under his own immediate supervision. With his own hand he has cleared more than eighty acres of heavy timber land. In I870 he erected a combined saw-mill and flouring-mill at Emmett, which he has conducted upwards of thirty years. Although well along toward his three-score and ten years, he is still robust and hearty and capable of performing a very creditable (lay's work. Besides the possessions heretofore mentionedl he has other valuable town property. Schools were practically unknown in this part of the land when Mr. Butler was a lad of school age, and his education, therefore, has been exceedingly limited. Still he is neither ignorant nor illiterate. Being a man of good common sense, observant, of an inquiring turn of mind and a retentive memory, he is possessed of more valuable learning than many another man with the contents of a whole library at his command. In politics he is a Democrat, served for six years as supervisor of his township, and ten years as president of the village board. In I880 he ran for representative, and gave his opponent a hard struggle. He is a man whose worth is appreciated not only in the community where he lives, but wherever he is known. Mr. Butler has ever shown a keen interest in the public school, being specially instrumental in securing a school for the village which was accomplished only after an interesting contest. PHILIP EICHHORN, JR. No nation has contributed to the complex composition of our American social fabric an element of more sterling value in fostering and supporting our national institutions than has the great empire of Germany. The fatherland has given to us men of sturdy integrity, indomitable perseverance, high intellectuality and business sagacity,-the result being the incorporation of a firm and strength-giving fiber, ramifying through warp and woof. A man who may well look with pride upon his German-American ancestry as well as upon his record of personal prestige and accomplishment is Mr. Eichhorn, who possesses the dominating characteristics noted above and who has attained a success worthy the name and the confidence and regard of his fellow men. He is one of the representative business men of Port Huron, where he is proprietor of the Union Hotel, a well equipped and popular caravansery, while to him applies the distinction of representing the first district of St. Clair county in the lower house of the state legislature. Philip Eichhorn, Jr., was born in Port Huron on the Ist of February, 1859, being a son of Philip Eichhorn, Sr., who was born in Hessen, Germany, where he was reared and educated and where he learned the trade of cooper. In I855 he-severed the ties which PHILIP EICHHORN, JR. I l ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 59I, bound him to home and fatherland and set forth to seek his fortune in a strange land. He arrived in Port Huron and here continued to devote his attention to his trade for a number of years. In 1857 he was united in marriage to Miss Catherine Hoffman, who was born in the same locality in Germany as was he himself, and they became the parents of three sons and two daughters, all of whom are still living with the exception of a daughter, who died at the age of five years. For many years the father was engaged in the grocery business at the corner of Eighth and Pine streets, and held the unequivocal respect of all who knew him, being a man of impregnable integrity and one who was signally true in all the relations of life. He died in this city in I9Oi at the age of sixty-nine years, and here his venerable xwidow still maintains her home. Philip Eichhorn, Jr., was reared in Port Huron, and attended a private school condutcte(l by Rev. C. Bofinger until he had attained the age of fourteen, in the meanwhile gaining his initial business experience as parcel boy in Meisel Brothers' local mercantile estallishment. Later he took a course of study in Goldsmith's Business College, in Detroit, and upon his return to Port Huron, at the solicitation,f General Hartsuff, then incumbent of the office of postmaster, he accepted a clerical position in the postoffice. where he continued to be employed for a period of twelve years, during the last two of which he was assistant postmaster. When General Hartsuff was chosen collector of customs he appointed Mr. Eichhorn a deputy, and he continued in tenure of this position during the regime of the Gen eral. He then resigned and for two years was bookkeper for the firm of S. L. Boyce & Son. From I888 until I891 he was engaged in the grocery trade in company with his brother-in-law, Charles Grieb, Jr. In June of the latter year he and Guss A. Grieb became proprietors of the Union Hotel, continuing to be associated in its management until June, I898, when Mr. Eichhorn assumed entire control of the enterprise. He has ever since conducted this popular hotel, gaining an appreciative patronage and making it the best paying hostelry in the city. Mr. Eichhorn has ever given an unequivocal allegiance to the Republican party and has been a stanch advocate of its principles,. taking an active interest in its cause and in public affairs of a local nature. In I900 he was elected to the office of )public estimator of Port Huron, anl was thus serving at the time of his election as representative in the state legislature, in the autumn of 1902, from the first district of the county, when he received the gratifying majority of eight hundred and fifty votes, his distinctive eligilility for the office being popularly recognized and the honor being one which his course as a legislator will amply justify. He was made a memler of the committees on College of Mines, private corporations and federal relations. Fraterially he is identified with the Masonic order, being affiliated with Port Huron Lodge, F. & A. M., and also with Teutonia Lodge, Knights of Pythias, and with the Knights of the Maccabees. He is also a valued member of the German Aid Society and is a trustee and treasurer of St. John's church. He is a stockholder in 592 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I the National Exchange Bank and a member of its directorate, while he is also a director of the Port Huron Building and Loan Association and president of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Association, facts clearly indicating his progressive attitude as a citizen and business man. In September, 1883, Mr. Eichhorn was united in marriage to Miss Otillia B. Grieb, daughter of Charles Grieb, an honored pioneer of St. Clair county, and former proprietor of the hotel.' They have three sons, Clarence, who is a student in the Michigan School of Mines, at Houghton; Harry and Carl. ORIN P. CHAMBERLAIN. It is proper to judge of a man's success by the estimation in which he is held by his fellow citizens. They see him at his work, in his family circle, in the church and hear jis views on public questions, observe the operation of his code of morals, witness how he conducts himself in all the relations of civilization and society, and therefore become competent to judge of his merits and demerits. In this connection it is safe to say that the subject of this sketch passed a life of unusual honor, that he was industrious and had the confidence of all who had the pleasure of his friendship, the names of his friends being legion. Orin P. Chamberlain first saw the light of day in Canada in I830 and is the son of Myron and Electa (Carpenter) Chamberlain, both also of Canada, whose children were named Abel, Harriet, Alma; Emma, Oliver G., Orin P. and Eli B. The father had al ways been a farmer and Orin was reared to a similar life. The subject was married to Amy J. Vandarburgh, a daughter of Peter and Mary (Comstock) Vardarburgh. Her father was born in New York in I797 and he and family moved to Canada, where they resided for eight years. From Canada they came to Port Huron and took up a farm, but one year later the father was killed by a runaway team. The widow was left with five children; Martha, who died in 1875, was the wife of John D. Jones, a lumberman, raftsman and farmer; Jane died June 30, I887; Mary became the wife of David Stephens, also a lumberman; Celestial, who was first married to Charles Ferguson, a land inspector and farmer, was later married to a Mr. Clark, also a farmer; and Amy. The Vandarburgh family were members of the Methodist Protestant church, in which institution they were active. The mother of Mrs. Chamberlain lived to the advanced age of ninety-two years, the last twenty years being spent with Mrs. Chamberlain, and for the last fourteen years of her life was deprived of the use of her eyes, spending that time in total darkness. Her demise occurred in I895. Mr. Chamberlain was always a business man, having been the proprietor of a store in Canada and also becoming a merchant when he came to Yale. Mrs. Chamberlain owns in her own right two hundred and forty acres of farm land, besides city property in Yale, and is a woman of much business ability. As Mr. Chamberlain's health was not robust, he was content to manage the farms, while he hired others to till the soil. The children of this couple were two, Mary, who married Frank Putney, a merchant and farm-owner, and Fred J., who is man ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 593 ager of the farm and a furniture dealer in Yale. Where the town of Yale now stands was once occupied as a farm owned by Orin P. Chamberlain, though at that time there were but two houses in the vicinity. It was to this home that he came about forty years since, and it was here that he lived and reared his family while the march of civilization changed the wilderness to a thriving community. His farm soon became absorbed into the village and farm land was purchased farther away. This is now the home of a herd of Durham cattle and a drcve of Chester White hogs, to the breeding of which the subject had been lmtch devoted. Cattle and hogs were favorite stock with him and his land was used for little else but pasture. For fifteen years he was postmaster at Yale and was also township treasurer for several years. He was active in l)!litical affairs and alhays voted the Republibcan ticket and, although he was not Ln: office-seeker, he had influence among the rank a.nd file of the party. The Methodist Episcopal church claimed him as a adherent, and had no better or more loyal member. Having spent many years in this vicinity, Mr. Chamberlain and his worthy wife had many friends among the residents, all of whom have nothing but words of praise for them. By the death of Mr. Chamberlain, April 26, I899, the county lost one of her noblest and best citizens, the wife a kind husband, and the children one of the best of fathers. Mrs. Chamberlain and her children are counted among the best and most highly respected citizens of Brockway township and have the friendship of the entire township in which their lives have been spent, and in which their deeds shine to their credit. OLIVER STEWART, M. D. Dr. Stewart is a native of the province of Ontario, born in what was formerly Bothwell county, on the I3th of November, 186I. When he was about two years of age his parents removed to Rondeau, on the shore of Lake Erie, where the subject lived until about the age of eighteen years, meanwhile receiving a good practical education in the public schools and becoming familiar with such manual labor as boys of his years are supposed to know how to accomplish. From Rondeau he accompanied his parents to Blenheim, Ontario, where he followed agricultural pursuits until attaining his majority, and it was there also that he yielded to a desire of long standing by beginning a preliminary course of medical study under the direction of Drs. Sampson and Van Velsor. After spending one year in the office of these well-known physicians, the subject entered the old Detroit School of Medicine, where he prosecuted his studies and investigations until completing the prescribed course in the latter part of 1887, and in April of the following year he opened an office in Port Huron, swung his shingle to the breeze and announced himself in readiness to minister to the ills of suffering humanity. Dr. Stewart began the practice in the face of such opposition as usually besets the pathway of youth and inexperience in the medical world, but, actuated by a laudable determination to succeed, he refused to become discouraged and in due time was rewarded with a large and lucrative patronage. He brought to his life work a strong, vigorous mind, well stored with valuable in 594 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. formation obtained by close and conscientious study, and, possessing the natural and acquired elements essential to success, he soon found himself on the highway to professional advancement and financial prosperity. He gradually worked himself upward to a prominent position among the leading physicians and surgeons of the city and earned a reputation of which many men much longer in the profession might well be proud. He possesses a strong, yet sympathetic nature, and by conscientious fidelity to duty has won the confidence of those who rely upon him, which, as every one knows, is a prominent factor in the successful treatment of disease. His course thus far has been not only satisfactory in the line of his chosen calling, but reflects credit upon him as a man and citizen and he is held in high esteem in the community because of his many sterling qualities of head and heart, having a host of warm friends. At the present time Dr. Stewart holds the position of United States pension examiner for Port Huron, having been appointed to the place by the late Presi(lent William McKinley. The press of his professional duties is such as to preclude his taking much part in public or political affairs, although he keeps well informed concerning current events and is by no means a stranger to the trend of thought on all great questions, national and international, calculated to engage the minds of the more intelligent class of people. He is a stanch friend, a kind and obliging neighbor and endeavors to discharge the duties of citizenship worthily and as becomes a true and loyal member of the lody politic. JOSEPH WILLIAMS. Joseph Williams had his nativity on the farm which he still occupies, May 20, I865, a son of Charles and Catherine (Mclsaac) Williams. Charles Williams, a native of Kent, England, located in Canada in I850, where he lived for two years and then came to St. Clair county, and settled on a farm of eighty acres, then deep in the wilderness, but now highly cultivated and occupied by his son Joseph. For provisions it was necessary to walk to Port Huron, a distance of twenty-five miles. Mr. Williams prospered, however, and increased his holdings to two hundred acres, from one hundred and fiftyseven of which he cleared the timber. He here passed the remainder of his life and died in I895. He had eight children, namely: Maggie, who is the wife of Benjamin Taylor, a veterinary surgeon in North Dakota; Mary, deceased; Susan, married to William Mackman, a farmer; Joseph; John D., married Miss Ella Barrett, and is a farmer near Peck, Sanilac county; Fannie, wife of William Welch, a farmer; Charles, who (lied young, and Archie, who is married to Ida Sherer and resides in Chicago. Mr. Williams was a Republican in politics and for twenty years filled the school offices of his township. When he settled here he had but four dollars, but he was a skillful manager and industrious and by his labor in the lumber woods paid for his farm. Joseph Williams was joined in marriage, September 28, 1898, with Miss Cassie Newell, daughter of James Newell, of Brockway, of whom a full record is given on another page of this volume. He began his business career as a machinery salesman, for two years travelling in this section ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 595, of the state, and then returned to the farm on which he had been born and reared. Of the one hundred and twenty acres which it contains, eighty are in Brockway township and ninety-five are under cultivation. He grows hay and the usual cereals of his region and live stock receives his special attention. He now breeds thoroughbred Durham cattle and Ohio Improved Chester hogs. Joseph Williams is a Republican and has been honored by his party by being elected to various offices, among which was that of highway commissioner, which he held two years. He was next elected as a member of the board of review, and in this position he also served two years, after which he filled the office of school treasurer for six years. Fraternally he is a Maccabee and a Patron of Husbandry. Mr. and Mrs. Williams are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, to the maintenance of which they contribute and the teachings of which they consistently follow. TIMOTHY CASTER. Timothy Caster, an ex-soldier, sailor and farmer, is now living in retirement at Yale, having realized a competence through his diligence, good management and industry. He was born in Pickren, Ontario, July 27, 1843, and is a son of Peter and Mary (Anderson) Caster, natives of the same township. When young they were brought to Pennsylvania, but after a short residence there, removed to Canada, where he owned a one-hundred-acre farm, upon which the subject was born. In I849 the family came to Michigan and for about four years resided in Lexington, Sanilac county. They then lived about three years in Lakeport, where he purchased forty acres in Abbottsford, Clyde township, where he worked as a carpenter and joiner, as well as a farmer until his death, in I865. Peter Caster was of Pennsylvanian German descent. He was deputy sheriff while a resident of Canada, and here filled school and township offices, being an active Democrat. He was a Freemason and a member of the Metho(list Episcopal church. The Caster family consisted of four children: Timothy; Henry, who married Miss Mary Turner; Mary C., wife of Edward McFarland, a blacksmith and farmer, and Sarah, wife of Bethel West, a farmer in Brockway township. Timothy Caster enlisted in Company H, Third Michigan Volunteer Infantry, in August, I864, joining his regiment at Nashville. It was soon sent to Decatur, Alabama, where he participated in his first battle. While endeavoring to retake a runaway mule he was thrown against a stake and seriously injured inwardly, but was able to return to Nashville in time to take part in the battle of Stone River, where he sustained two slight flesh wounds in the left leg. Shortly afterward the explosion of a piece of ordnance so injured his head that he still suffers with pain and was rendered partially deaf. He was sent to the hospital at Murfreesboro, where he remained nine nonths, when, in I865, he was honorably discharged. He then became a sailor and for thirty years followed this life, being for fifteen years master of various vessels. For six years he operated an elevator in Chicago and then located on a tract of one hundred and sixty acres in Hudson, Charle 596 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. voix county, Michigan. He also invested in village,property in East Gordon and South Arm. Mr. Caster was married in I869 to Miss Emily Willard, a daughter of John M. and Angeline (Potts) Willard, who came to Michigan from New York. John M. Willard, who was born in 1827, died in 1848 at the early age of twenty-one years. His widow is now an esteemed resident of Sanilac county. In I900 Mr. Caster retired to Yale, where he lives in a snug and comfortable brick dwelling which he erected. He is a Republican and has served as treasurer of Hudson township. DUNCAN McKENZIE. Duncan McKenzie, a pioneer of the county, now living in retirement at Yale, was born in Scotland, April I8, I830, his parents being John and Mary (Livingston) McKenzie Duncan. These parents early came to Canada, where the father for some years followed farming and then, in I856, came to Emmett township, St. Clair county, where he purchased two hundred and forty acres of forest land. He was a shepherd in the hills of Scotland, and being a shrewd observer and a (liligent workman, made quite a success of general farming. His death occurred in I883 in Emmett, where he was greatly mourned by a large number of warm friends. He was a member of the Presbyterian church. His children were Belle, deceased, Duncan, Colin, Sarah and John. Duncan McKenzie was an able assistant to his father until his marriage, in Feb ruary, I850, to Sarah McFarland. He has been an industrious and skillful farmer, the greater part of the two hundred and forty acres he owns in Emmett township having been secured by his own energy and industry. Nearly all of this has been cleared with his own hands, and all the improvements are modern and substantial. Besides his farm in Emmett, Mr. McKenzie owns other property in Yale, including his modern dwelling. His family consists of seven children, namely: Mary married John McLaren, a farmer in Emmett; Isabel lives with her parents; John, a farmer, married Razine McKenzie; Catherine is the wife of Wallace Ballentine, a merchant in Yale; Duncan, a farmer, married Anna Poppelwell; Sarah C. is a teacher in the Yale high school and Alice M. is an employe in the postoffice at Yale. Mr. McKenzie is a Republican, having cast his first presidential vote for John C. Fremont, in I856. He has been active in local party work and has served several terms as commissioner of Emmett and has likewise filled all the school offices. He is active in the Presbyterian church. HENRY E. AINSWORTH. The early settlers of St. Clair county,. Michigan, as a general rule came from the east. There is, however, one notable exception, Henry E. Ainsworth coming to Clay township, St. Clair county, from the west. His father was Henry Ainsworth, a native of Vermont, born in Elizabeth county. His mother, Flora (Morri ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 597 son) Ainsworth, was a native of Scotland and when she was but thirteen years old accompanied her parents to America, they locating at Prairie du Chein, Wisconsin. Henry E. Ainsworth was born April 2, 1820, and soon after his birth his father, Dr. Henry Ainsworth, who was a surgeon in the military service of the United States, came to St. Clair county and invested in one hundred and sixty acres of land which constitutes the farm on which his son now resides. He then located his family on the present farm in St. Clair county, upon which he built a home and which he proceeded to improve, cultivating each field as it was cleared and breeding and caring for such stock as he could afford to keep. But this life did not seem to agree with him physically. He took sick and, after a lingering illness, died, having resided only some four or five years in this county. He and his wife were the parents of five children: Elizabeth, Henry E., Flora, Charlotte and William. The latter died in infancy and Elizabeth has since passed away. Dr. Ainsworth made considerable money in his time, especially during his life in the army. 'He was provident and saving and at his death his family was in far better circumstances than many of their neighbors. Some time before his death he had been appointed by Gen. Lewis Cass a captain of militia. Henry E. Ainsworth was but five years old at tie death of his father, and in a few years thereafter much of the responsibility devolved upon him, he being then the only boy in the family. The confidence reposed in him and the burden he had to sustain had the subduing and softening influence upon his nature that made him I I seem old beyond his years. He attended the district school and acquired such educational advantages as that institution afforded, caring meanwhile for his mother and the family. He and family spent two years in western Michigan, hoping to find a better location, but was glad to return to the old home place. Farming has been his business from his youth up. The crops with which he succeeds best are oats, corn and hay, and he is quite successful in breeding and raising stock of all kinds, especially cattle, horses, hogs and sheep. At the age of twenty-five years Mr. Ainsworth was united in marriage to Miss Mary Etta Abel, daughter of Azel and Marv Abel. Mr. Abel was a native of Vermont, having been born i:n that state in I8Io. He came to Michigan when about twenty-five years of age and followed the calling of a hunter and trapper, rwhich business at that time he found quite profitable. Later in his life he secured one hundred and twenty acres of good land, which he improved. In politics he was a Whig and although quite active, never sought office for himself. He was a nmember of the Christian church, in the faith of which he died in 1890, after having completed his four-score years. He and his wife were the parents of ten children, viz: Edward, Willis, Mary E., Azel, Eunice, Caroline, John, Oliver, Charlotte and Lydia. All grew to be good men and women, respected and worthy members of society. To Mr. Ainsworth and wife have been born ten children, viz: Orena married George P. Phelps; Mary J. married Walter Nelson, and died in I890; William H. is a sailor and married Miss. Minnie Buroughs; James E. is a farmer, and mar 598 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ried Charlotte Rhodeman; Eunice H. died in infancy; Charles Azel is a sailor and married Eliza Braban; Charlotte E. resides at home with her parents; Ella married Henry Avers, a farmer; George B. died in infancy and Douglass T. is a sailor. Politically Mr. Ainsworth is a Democrat, religiously, a Methodist, and fraternally, an Odd Fellow. 'He is prosperous and fairly well-to-do. Besides owning considerable personal property, he is the owner of a one hundred and sixty acres of land, well improved and in a fine state of cultivation, the greater part of the work of clearing the farm having been done by his own hands. It is the old home place settled upon by his father, but every dollar required for its purchase was earned and paid by the subject after his father's death. He has reared and educated and given a start in life to a large family of children. All are useful, worthy members of society. Mr. Ainsworth is loved, honored and respected not only by his family, but by all the people of the locality. NICHOLAS WVESTRICK. America is largely indebted to the foreign element of her population for the sturdiness, perseverance and energy which has accomplished so much in the development of her various resources, especially in the agricultural line. Southeastern Michigan has a large share of these desirable people and largely through their indefatigable efforts has reached an enviable position among her sister commonwealths of this great republic. The gentleman whose name appears at the head of this sketch, though foreign born, has not allowed that fact to prevent him from fully identifying himself with his adopted country and in many ways shown himself to be in full touch and sympathy with the very spirit of our American institutions. Nicholas Westrick was born in Zweibricken, Bavaria, on the I4th of January, 1843, and is a son of Bernard and Catherine (Klein) Westrick. The parents were both born in the same place as was the subject, and in that place they were reared and married. The father was a stone-cutter by trade and followed that occupation a number of years in his native land. Realizing that larger possibilities awaited him in the new world, he decided to emigrate, and in 1852, after a tedious voyage of sixty-eight days, landed in New York harbor. From there he came to St. Clair county, Michigan, and purchased forty acres of land in the woods. He put up a small log cabin and at once began the work of clearing the land, preparing it for tillage. The land was all wild and unimproved, there being not even roads through it, but by steady, persevering industry he at length succeeded in creating a comfortable home and resided there seventeen years. He died there at the age of sixty-five years and his wife died ten years later. He was a Democrat in politics. though he never held public office. He and his wife were earnest and faithful members of the Catholic church and by lives consistent with their religion won and retained the warm regard of a large circle of friends. They were the parents of eight children, as follows: Catherine, deceased; Jacob, a farmer in China township; John, deceased, was a farmer in China township; ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 599. Nicholas; Bernard, deceased, was also a farmer in China township; Philip, a farmer also in China township; Isabelle, the wife of Leo Deedler, of the same township; Lena, deceased. Nicholas Westrick attended the public schools of his native country and also attended school after arriving in this country, attaining a fair education. In his youth he was employed in cutting wood and remained under the parental roof until he was twentyfive years old. After his marriage, in i868. Mr. Westrick bought his present farm of eighty acres, which at that time was in a wild and unimproved condition. He has worked faithfully and now has all cleared but about twenty acres, the whole tract comprising one of the best farms for its size in this locality. He erected a cosy, comfortable home in 1885 and has otherwise improved the place until it is now in an excellent condition and brings its owner handsome returns for the labor bestowed upon it. He does not confine himself to any particular line of endeavor, but carries on diversified fl-rming and has made a success of his business. In I88o Mr. Westrick assisted to organize the German Fire Insurance Company of St. Clair county and was made a director of the company. So efficient were his services in connection with that business that he, in I897, was chosen president and cashier of the company and is now serving in these capacities. The company carries four million dollars insurance at risk, confined to farms, and conducted on purely mutual principles, and at such cost to the insured as to prove most satisfactory for all concerned. This company is strong and reliable and has established itself firmly in the confidence of the business public and especially of those who are personally acquainted with the personnel of its board of officers. Not a little of the success of the organization has been directly due to the active and effective part Mr. Westrick has taken in its managenent and to the business-like methods with which its operations have been carried on. Mr. Westrick has long held the confidence of his fellow citizens, as is evidenced by the fact that he was elected treasurer of China township two terms and also has held the office of justice of the peace for two terms. His duties in these important and responsible positions were always performed in a manner that reflected credit upon himself and to the entire satisfaction of his constituents. He has always taken a keen interest in affairs affecting the public welfare and his influence has ever been exerted in the interests of education, morality and economic advancement of his community. On the 23d of November, I868, Mr. Westrick was united in the holy bonds of matrimony with Miss Rosa Dietlin. She' was born in Berne, Switzerland, December 21, I848, and is a daughter of Joseph F. and Magdalena (Roll) Dietlin. Her parents were also natives of Berne, Switzerland, and emigrated to America in I852, locating in China township, St. Clair county, Michigan. There they bought forty acres of wild land, created a comfortable home and lived there during the remainder of their lives, the father dying there and the mother at Marine City. They were the parents of five children, Philomenia, Justina, Rosa, Dominick and Adel. To Mr. Westrick and wife have been born eight children, as follows: Annie is the wife of' 6oo ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Joseph Prior, a farmer in Columbus township, and they have three children, Elmer, Raymond and Floyd; Joseph, a farmer in China township, married Catherine Schneider and has two children, Julius and Leona; Mary married John Schafer, a farmer in St. Clair township, and is the mother of two children, Irene and Grace; Lizzie is the wife of Joseph Schafer, also a farmer in the township, and is the mother of two children, Melvin and Edna; Albert, Florent, Clara and Milton are all at home. Fraternally Mr. Westrick is a member of the Knights of the Maccabees, being affiliated with the subordinate tent at Adair. Religiously he and family are members of St. Mary's Catholic church at St. Clair. He started out in life very poor in this world's goods, but richly supplied with those essential qualities for the attainment of success,ambition, industry and perseverance-and las so managed his affairs that he is now enabled to take life more easily and enjoy more of its luxuries and pleasures. He has steadfastly and consistently adhered to the highest ideals of living and today is numbered among the foremost citizens of his township. RICHARD C. KIRK. The late Richard C. Kirk was, during his useful life in St. Clair county, Michigan, one of China township's most highly respected citizens, although a native of England. He was born in Lincolnshire, March I, 1812, and was a son of John Kirk. He was educated in England, where he learned the tailor's trade, and in I833 came to America. He married, in London, the widow Eliza Tomlin, whose maiden name was Vanlinn, and after arriving in New York worked at his trade for one year. He then went to Hamilton, Ontario, resided there about four years, then came to St. Clair, Michigan, and continued to work at his trade for about seven years, when he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of farm land in China township. Here he lost his wife, December 28, I89I, when she was eighty-four years old, and here his own death took place January 30, I902. Both were communicants of the Episcopal church. They were the parents of four children: Frederick J., Anna, George and Rebecca Mary. Of these, Frederick J. married Margaret Blakie, but died at forty-five years of age, leaving his widow with one child, Richard Ray; Anna is the widow of Chester Rankin, who died April 4, I875, leaving her with two children, Harry, a clerk in Ashtabula, Ohio, and Eliza, a dressmaker in Detroit; George died at the age of three years, and Rebecca Mary, the youngest of the four, has never married. Miss Rebecca Kirk was always a dutiful daughter and took the most tender care of her parents during their declining years; watched all their interests and property and conducted the cultivation of the farm. She is a lady of more than ordinary business qualifications, and owns sixty-seven acres of the old homestead. Miss Kirk keeps her place in as high a state of cultivation as that of any farm in China township, taking into consideration its dimensions. She raises all the crops indigenous to the soil and climate, together with. what live stock is necessary ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 6oi for home use, with an overplus, which she places on the markets. The farm is well improved in every respect and presents an appearance to the passing traveler such as would lead him to infer that it is managed by one of the best agriculturists in the county. Miss Kirk is a lady of most amiable disposition, is kind and charitable to all, and there are but few residents in China township, of either sex, who occupy a higher position in the esteem of the population than herself. Her merits are such that would make a favorable impression on any community and to them she owes her enviable standing with her neighbors. As a general rule, the gentler sex is seldom ambitious in commercial lines, but occasionally there is to be found a lady whose success in life might cause a blush to rise to the cheek of a man conscientious enough to confess that he would in all probability have met with defeat where she met with unequivocal triumph. HENRY DIEM. In this grand, free country, the beacon light shining through the darkness for the poor and downtrodden of the world, Europe's sturdy sons and daughters have found the homes, the peace and comfort for which they longed. It was this that drew the witty sons of Ireland from her verdant hills, the stolid Englishman from his factories, the gay French man from his scenes of revelry and the sturdy German from his beloved fields. To the latter race we owe many of the qualities of which we are so proud; to all nations we owe something of our strength, from each we have borrowed the best they had. To the sons of Ireland we owe our wit; to the Englishman, our tenacity; the French have given us versatility; while from the Germans we have obtained stability and depth of character. 'Henry Diem was born December II, I841, at Detroit, on the present site of the Central depot. His parents, Godfrey and Elizabeth (Hess) Diem, were natives of Bavaria, Germany, where the father was born in I8I7. In 1835 Godfrey Diem left Germany, took passage on a sailing vessel and after a voyage of six weeks landed in New York, ignorant of the language of the new country and with very little capital. His determination to win saved him and after some time he obtained employment at his trade, that of a shoemaker, in New York city, where he remained for three years. In 1838 he came to Detroit, where he worked at his trade one year, when he returned to New York city. Times were hard in the latter city and the plucky shoemaker was forced to work for fifteen dollars per month, out of which he was obliged to pay for board and clothes. By perseverance he managed to keep from going down in the crush and struggled along until the spring of 1840, when he came again to Michigan, this time bringing his wife, and in 1842 settled in St. Clair county. About three years later, in 1845, Otto and Marillus Diem, parents of Godfrey, were drawn to the new country by the favorable reports of their son, and coming direct to China township, St. Clair, Michigan, bought forty acres of uncleared land, which they proceeded at once to render fit for culti 602 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I vation. Here they established a home, where they remained until their deaths. Thy were the parents of five children, all of whom were boys, Jacob, Godfrey, Henry, Charley and Peter. Immediately after coming to St. Clair county Godfrey Diem bought forty acres of woodland in China township. The country was wild and uncleared, each family being dependent entirely upon itself. When taking corn to the mill he was forced to walk the entire distance and carry the corn on his back. This meant a tramp of many miles through a lonely, unbroken. roadless woods and the trip, which was one of necessity rather than pleasure, was made as seldom as possible. They were poor and for years the family had a hard time to make a living, but things could not always be so and the reward for which they had longed came, as it comes to all deserving ones, at a time when they had all but given up the struggle. The forty acres were at last cleared, the boys now being large enough to look after the farm, and the father saw an opening for plying his trade among the rapidly increasing settlers. He turned the place over to his sons and once more became a cobbler, and by dint of hard work and thrift he was at last able to add forty acres more to his place, making eighty in all. Although a frontier cobbler and farmer, with little time which he might call. his own, he allowed nothing to interfere with his politics nor political affairs to interfere with anything else. He voted the Republican ticket, took a hand in party campaigns, kept well informed on the issues of the day and in every way possible furthered the interests of his party. With no personal desire for office, his sole motive was to advance the standing of his party and of those whom he deemed best fitted for the office to be filled. As a member of the Methodist church, he was faithful and consistent in the performance of his religious duties. He was always ready to assist in any way possible in the church work and thereby gained for himself many staunch friends among the congregation. Mr. Diem lived a good and useful life and died in August, I899. His wife had preceded him five years, her demise having occurred in December, 1894. Eight children shared their early struggles and subsequent success: Mary married first Adam Heisner, who was killed in the battle of Bull Run, and she later married John Minnie, a resident of Marine City; Elizabeth, wife of Dominick Minnie, of Saginaw; Henry; Margaret, deceased, was the wife of Stephen Reed; Charles is an engineer on the lakes, living at Flint; Emma, married to Albert Stephenson, is living in Columbus township; Godfrey, deceased, was a farmer in China township and the husband of Catherine Rhemick; Martha is the wife of James Foltz, of Columbus. 'Henry Diem received but a limited education in the district schools, though it was not neglected by him from choice, but from necessity. In after years, however, realizing his handicapped condition, he attempted to rectify the deficiency of his education and in a measure was successful. Until the age of twenty-six he was an inmate of his father's home, farming the home place and saving his money that he might be able to buy Iand of his own. His first piece of property was pur ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 603 chased in 1863, and was a forty-acre tract in China township. It was unimproved and he set to work immediately to make the necessary improvements, clearing the land and erecting good, substantial buildings. December 3I, 1866, he was married to Charlotte Schunk. a native of Germany and a daughter of Michael and Catherine (Hoffman) Schunk, who came to America in 1852 and located in China towsnship, where they entered a farm -which they cleared, and here resided until their deaths. Immediately after his marriage the subject brought his bride to the present home. The work of homemaking then began in earnest and both husband and wife set to work with a will to glean from the earth a living and, as they hoped, a fortune. Little by little the improvements were made and the farm pushed gradually from the position of an obscure bit of woodland to that of one of the first farms in the township. Mr. and Mrs. Diem are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and their zeal in this work can only be measured by their many good (leeds. With them the work of the church is not discharged as an unwelcome duty, but as a genuine pleasure. In political affairs Mr. Diem has always taken an active part. Botl local and national politics have received his attention, and in the issues of the day no man in the county is better informed. His first vote was cast for Abraham Lincoln, since which time he has been identified with the Republican party. Under Republican administration he held the office of township supervisor during the years I889 to I895 and discharged his duties to the entire satisfaction of the 37 party. He is a self-made man and has much in his life of which he may well be proud. He is intelligent and is well informed in all the questions of the day, being well known and highly respected throughout the county. Though having no children of their own, Mr. and Mrs. Diem made a home for several years for a little girl, who was afforded the best of home and school training till reaching years of young womanhood. JOEL M. ROBERTSON. A man who boldly faces the responsibilities of life and by determined and untiring effort carves out for himself an honorable success, exerts a powerful influence over the lives of all who follow him. Such men constitute the foundation of our republican institutions and are the pride of our civilization. To them life is so real they find neither time nor inclination to plot either mischief or vice. Their lives are bound up in their duties, they feel the weight of their citizen — ship, and take pleasure in sowing the seeds of uprightness. Such has been the career of the subject of this brief sketch. Some sixty-eight years ago a child was born on a farm in China township and within a half-mile of his present home, at a time when the progress of time was not so apparent as now and when the lives of children had not their present roseate hue. Joel M. Robertson was born to John and Nancy (McQueen) Robertson, January 25, I834. The father was a native of Michigan, having been born in Cottrellville township, St. Clair county, where he lived all his life. The 604 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. mother, Nancy McQueen, was a daughter of Daniel McQueen and was born in New York, from whence her parents brought her at an early age. Her mother's maiden name was Harrison and she, too, was a native of New York. When John Robertson was a child his parents moved from Cottrellville township and settled in China township, where the son grew up and married. Reared on the farm, the attractions of town life did not exist for him and his children, six in number, were reared in the rural districts. At his death, in 1882, he possessed sixty acres of land, all of which he had cleared himself and which he obtained by reason of his own energy and thrift. Of their six children, whose names follow, four are living: Eliza was the wife of William Butler, of China township, but both are deceased; John, who was an engineer on the lakes, died in I892; Joel M.; Tama E. married S. Simpkins and is living in North Dakota; Martha, deceased, was the wife of Frank Phoinx, also deceased, and Christina is the wife of George Minnie. Joel M. Robertson received only a limited education, having attended the township schools during the winter months and ac the early age of seventeen sailed as an oiler on the steamer "Caspian." This position he held for one season and the next yrar shipped as second engineer on the steamer "Little Huron." For forty years he followed the lakes and held many berths cn different tug boats and lake propellors, advancing each time until he had reached the limit. In his sailor life only one lake was unfamiliar with his presence, that of Ontario. He loved the water and was never happier than when driving a boat at topmost speed over the lake. March 9, I857, he was married to Ellen Wood, who was born in Liverpool, England, and came with her parents, Peter and Anna (Hope) Wood, tc Cottrellville township in I848. The family later came to China township, where the daughter was married. The members of the Wood family had always been farmers and the daughter was reared amid the scenes of rural life. The father followed the plow for some years, but in his later years has lived a retired life in St. Clair township, being now aged eighty-four years. In 1884 his first wife died and he x as shortly afterward married to Lena I.aterck, who died in I900, and in his eighty-third year he was married to Miss Ann Foirister. The children of his first wife were as follows: Ellen; Anna, deceased; Elizabeth; Henry, a resident of Armada; Thomas, a farmer and builder in St. Clair, Emma is Mrs. George Lewis, of Los Angeles, California, and Joshua L. Wood lives at Flint. Mr. and Mrs. Robertson reared but one daughter, Florence, who died at the age of thirty-four; she was the wife of H. J. Bushnell, of St. Clair, and Fred. In I878 Mr. Robertson purchased his present farm of fifty-two acres, all of which was cleared with the exception of eight acres. Here he established a home and since coming to China township has always lived on the farm he now occupies. The tract is one of the most fruitful in the country and the owner has made a good deal of money from the soil. He carries on general farming and also raises all kinds of stock. His grains and hay, as well as his cattle, hogs and horses, find a ready sale in the markets at advanced prices. Besides being a sailor and farmer, he has also ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 605 worked at odd times at carpentering and has been able to accomplish much in this line, doing his own and much of his neighbor's work. As a neighbor the people of the township have only words of praise for Mr. Robertson as well as for his family, and this is the highest compliment that could bc paid them. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and an earnest worker in the parish. He has never had but a mild interest in politics and has, therefore, never aspired to office. His influence in this direction is always for the best and in the county where he has lived for so many years he is known as an honest, upright man, working for the good of the community. JOHN WENNING. Fame may look to the clash of resounding arms for its heroes; history's pages may be filled with a record of the deeds of the great who have deluged the world with blood, destroyed kingdoms, created dynasties and left their names as plague spots upon civilization's escutcheon; the poet may embalm in deathless song the short and simple annals of the poor; but there have been few to sound the praise of the brave and sturdy pioneer who among the truly great and noble is certainly deserving of at least a small space in the category of the immortals. To him more than any other is civilization indebted for the brightest jewel in her diadem, for it was he who blazed the way and acted as vanguard for the oncoming army of progress that within the last century has taken full possession of our country, conquering the wilderness and transforming it into one of the fairest and most enlightened garden spots on the earth's domains. The subject of this sketch, John Wenning, was born in Bavaria, Germany, January I6, I83I. He was the son of George and Margaret (Beim) Wenning, sturdy, self-respecting farmers of Germany, who, unlike their son, had no desire to found a family in the new world or to make a fortune in the land of progressive humanity. They were the parents of six children, Annie, John (deceased), John, Debolt, Margaret and George. John Wenning was educated in the select and common schools of Germany and had a good education, which he has enhanced by years of thought and observation in America. In his youth he learned the trade of a miller, at which he worked during his residence in his native country. He left Germany in I853, took passage on a sailing vessel bound for America, and after a voyage of six weeks landed in New York, where he remained a short time, when he came to Chathan, Canada. He remained in Canada until I858, when he came to Marine City, St. Clair county, Michigan, where for one year he was proprietor of a store. Tlhe enterprise not proving as profitable as he desired, he sold, and for one year worked in the Marine City ship yards. This not proving to his liking, he left the yards and came to China township, where he bought eighty acres of land in the woods, which he at once set to work to clear. In I86o he was married to Miss Margaret Ogden, of Cincinnati, Ohio, immediately bringing his wife to his farm in the woods, where they established their domicile and have since resided. Since his 6o6 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. residence on his farm he has made many improvements and now has about sixty-five acres cleared and under cultivation. He is one of the most successful general farmers in the township and his hay, grain, hogs, cattle, etc., always bring the best market prices. Mr. and Mrs. Wenning are the parents of the following children; William, deceased; George, deceased; Annie, wife of John Baird, of Marine City; Christian, deceased, and John, the husband of Annie Schneider, and the father of two children, Roy and a daughter. John, the last named of the children, was a sailor on the lakes for three years. Retiring, he came to Marine City, where for two years he was proprietor and manager of a hardware store. At present he is his father's assistant and manager on the home place. John Wenning has always been a hard working man and is what the world styles 'self-made." By his energy and thrift he has been able to raise from a poor, obscure youth, alone in a country of whose customs he was entirely ignorant, to that most honorable station, that of an honored citizen. As a politician his efforts were always confined to the advancement of Republican interests, with no thought of personal reward. In the common walks of life, as in politics, he is modest, unassuming and always desirous of assisting friend or stranger to the achievement of their noblest desires. JOHN CHAMBERLAIN. In the respect that is accorded to men who have fought their own way to success through unfavorable environments we find an unconscious recognition of the intrinsic worth of a character which not only can endure so rough a test, but gain new strength through the discipline. The gentleman to whom the biographer now calls the reader's attention has by his own efforts, in spite of the unfavorable circumstances attending his life, gained a position for himself and family which is well worth attaining. John Chamberlain was born in China township, February 7, 1844, a son of Porter and Lovicia (Worden) Chamberlain, who came to Michigan from New York in I829. Porter Chamberlain, who was born February 22, I8IO, had always been a farmer and when he came to Michigan as a pioneer settler he began looking about for a suitable location. The Worden family were originally from Massachusetts, where the daughter was born and later came to the state of New York, where she was married to Porter Chamberlain. In 1835 the young husband and wife entered land in China township and settled down to a life of frontier hardships. Their first possessions amounted to eighty acres, which were soon cleared and increased to one hundred and sixty. The lumber from this netted him a sufficient sum to enable him to make other investments and some time after he came to Michigan he purchased a tract of pine land in Casco township. This also proved to be a valuable acquisition and. the struggle which dominated his early life in this county was practically at an end. At the time of his death, September 9, 1887, he was in comfortable circumstances and had been instrumental in promoting many interests of his neighborhood. Five children were ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 607 born to this couple: Jane was the wife of John E. Robertson, but both are deceased; Calvin was a farmer and merchant at Saginaw, Michigan, but is also deceased; John; Ellen first married Robert Campbell and later married A. C. McMillen and lives in China township; Ada is the wife of Nelson Robbins, of China township. Mrs. Chamberlain, who was born April 20, I816, in Ontario county, New York, died in China township, February I6, I898. They were faithful and enthusiastic members of the Methodist Episcopal church and had many friends among the members of the congregation. Mr. Chamberlain was a Democrat and was an ardent worker in political affairs. He at one time held the office of justice of the peace and was also a member of the school board. John Chamberlain was educated in the township schools and lived at home until the age of twenty-eight. For four years lie sailed the lakes as master of a boat, but as the life did not suit him he again took up farming. June 1, I867, he was married to Miss Blanche E. Kenvon, who was born in East China township March 21. Io85, She was the daughter of Myron and Barbara (Mitchell) Kenyon, the former of whom was born April 20, 1824, in Wrarren county, New York. The Kenyon family came to Michigan in 1832 and located on the St. Clair river, and there Myron Kenyon was reared. He helped to clear his father's farm, got out cord wood and lumber and in many ways helped the family in their efforts to establish a footing in the wilderness. For many years he sailed the lakes and later in life became the owner of a line of boats. He was also one of the first men to build a steamer, he with several others building the steamer "Porter Chamberlain." His first wife died in 1852 and he then married Sarah Mitchell, and later he took Mrs. Catherine White, a widow, for his third wife. Mr. Kenyon (lied October I6, I896. By his first marriage he was the father of but one child, Blanche E. His second wife bore him one child, Maria, the wife of Thomas Wood, of St. Clair township. Seneca, who is farming the old place, and Mary C., the wife of D. Smith, of St. Clair, White, a widow, for his third wife. Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain are the parents of two children, Catherine B., the wife of George Martin, who farms the old place in China township, and Myron, captain of the steamer "Mariposa." He has been a sailor for many years and was married some years ago to Miss Nora Springborn, of St. Clair county. Mr. Chamberlain has always been a farmer, but for many years has had an interest in some of the boats plying the river. In I874 he, with Myron Kenyon, John C. Robinson and T. Schunk, built the steamer "Porter Chamberlain," which ran on the river for a number of years. In 1877 he sold his interest in the boat and devoted his attention to farming. Mrs. Chamberlain was also a boat-owner, having an interest, until 1902, in the steamer "Oscar T. Flint." Mr. Chamberlain has always taken a lively interest in political affairs, and has held several offices under Democratic administration, those of township clerk, supervisor and justice of the peace having all been filled by him with credit to himself and to his party. He is a charter member of Palmer Lodge No. 20, K. P., at 6o8 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. St. Clair. Since I899 he has lived a comparatively retired life, enjoying, in his beautiful home on the banks of the St. Clair river, the ease which is the just reward of a busy and fruitful life. LAMBERT RECOR. A man who boldly faces the responsibilities of life and by determined and untiring energy carves out for himself an honorable success exerts a powerful influence upon the lives of all who follow him. Such men constitute the foundation of our republican institutions and are the pride of our civilization. To them life is so real that they find no time to plot either mischief or vice. Their lives are bound up in their duties, they feel the weight of their citizenship, and take pleasure in sowing the seeds of uprightness. Such has been the career of the subject of this brief notice. Lambert Recor, lumber merchant, grain dealer, ship and land owner, of East China township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born on the old Recor homestead, Noveml1er 30, I853. He is a son of Lambert Recor, Sr., who was born in East China township, and died in the same township in August, I867, at the age of forty-four. The grandfather of the subject was Francis Recor, who was born in Quebec, Canada, and upon attaining maturity came to East China township, this county. He was a farmer and owned three hundred and fifty-fotr acres. This he cleared and by the sale of lumber, his profits in general farming, and by trading with the Indians was able to get along very nicely in the new country. Early in life he married, and to this union were born four children, who reached maturity, namely: Oliver, Francis, Joseph and Lambert. He died on the homestead where his grandson now lives, at the age of eighty-six years. Lambert Recor, Sr., always lived on the old homestead and, as his father had done before him, became a dealer in wood, hay and grain, also being proprietor of a store. In his early days, when wood was more plentiful and coal had not as yet been used for heating purposes to any great extent, Lambert Recor dealt extensively in wood, finding it a profitable business. He always took an active interest in the affairs of his town and county and was an influential member of the Republican party. At one time he held a township office, discharging his duties with a precision that won for him the high regard of the entire township. He was married to Miss Margaret Baird, of Scotland, and they were the parents of five children: Mary, the wife of William Wesbrook, both deceased; Edward C., boat owner and merchant at St. Clair; Charles WV., sailing on the lakes, lives at St. Clair, Michigan; John B., who died at the age of twenty-two, and Lambert. Lambert Recor, Jr., was educated in the schools of his township and always lived at home on the old place. He was married, February I, I879, to Miss Florence E. Broadbridge, the daughter of John and Nancy Broadbridge, of Cottrellville township. To this union was born one son, Lee, now living at home. Forty and one-half acres of the old homestead are now in the possession of the subject and, besides carrying on gneral farming, he deals in shingles, posts, lumber, hay and grain. He is a man ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 609 of many interests, having an interest in the river traffic and owning in part the boats, "Canturien," "Kaligiaga," "Edward P. Recor" and the "Golden Rule." He also owns a business block and some residence propert in Marine City, Michigan, and is one of the directors of the Marine Savings Bank at Marine City. With all of his interests, he has found time to devote to politics, and is at present the township treasurer of East China township. He is an influential Republican and the party has an able advocate in him. He is a member of the Newport Club, at Marine City, and is very popular with its members. The Recor family is one of the most popular and prosperous in the county, the son as well as the parents, enjoying the highest esteem and regard of the entire countryside, their genial and neighborly spirit drawing around them a wide circle of devoted and admiring friends. JOHN A. SCHRINER. It is always pleasant and profitable to contemplate the career of a man who has made a success of life and won the honor and respect of his fellow citizens. Such is the record of the well known farmer whose name heads this sketch, than whom a more whole souled or popular man it would be difficult to find within the limits of the township where he has his home. John A. Schriner was born on the farm on which he now lives, in China township, St. Clair county, Michigan, March 28, 1858. He is of German parentage, his father, Jacob Schriner, being a native of Bavaria, Germany, and his mother, Margaret Groll, having been born in Hesse Darmstadt. Jacob Schriner came to America in a sailing vessel and, after spending about three months on the water, landed in New York, where he stayed but a short time, when he came to Michigan and settled in St. Clair county. He first entered a place in China township and there set up his abode. The land was but partially cleared, but he worked hard and in time was able to purchase more land, buying in all three hundred acres, most of which was uncleared. He lived a lonely life of hardship at first, gradually approaching the time when he would be not only a man of ease, but of wealth. In the new home many things had to be done and many interests had to be attended to in order that the family might exist. As time passed and the father was able to give less of his attention to the farm, he began to take an interest in other affairs and to plan new investments. A brick and a lime-kiln and also a grist-mill in Marine City were the outgrowth of his planning. These he run for many years and became quite a factor in the business life of that place. He was twice married, first to a Miss Frank, by which union he became the father of seven children, namely: Theobold, a retired farmer of Marine City; Jacob, a farmer in China township; Martin, in the dairy business at Marine City; Frederick, engaged with a creamery at Marine City; George, a farmer in China township; Maggie, the wife of John Emig, of Marine City; and Sarah, who married David Beard, of China township. After his first wife's death, Mr. Schriner married Miss Margaret GrolI, 6io ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I to which union were born three children, John A., Charlie, who died at twenty-four, and Lizzie, the wife of Ernest Pleudeman, a salesman at Detroit. After his children had become old enough to be able to assist in making the living, Jacob Schriner began giving some attention to politics and became quite an enthusiastic worker in the Democratic ranks. Although he never was an office-holder, he had quite an influence with the rank and file, which he exerted for the good of the party. This, with his church duties, filled the latter part of his life and it can truthfully be said that the Evangelical church had no more loyal or ardent man among its enrollment. He passed away May 12, 1875, after having spent a useful life in the community where he had made his greatest efforts. John A. Schriner was educated in the schools of his native township, which has always been his home. He was married to Miss Rickie Volker, November I6, 1882, and immediately after marriage he settled down to the pursuit of agriculture. He began in a modest way and has at the present time sixty acres of the old home place, forty acres being cleared. He has a fine home and has improved the property, making it one of the best farms in the neighborhood. For some time he was interested in other enterprises besides farming, but of late years has devoted most of his attention to his land. The creamery business claimed his attention for three years, during which time he was connected with the Schriner Brothers' creamery of China township. In his younger days he worked for three years at the painter's trade, and was a teacher in the county schools for about five years. At present he is engaged in general farming and is meeting with gratifying success. Hogs, grains and milk are his chief resources and return him a very satisfactory income. The raising of hogs has occupied most of his time and he has some of the finest specimens ever raised in this part of the county. Mr. and Mrs. Schriner are the parents of three children, Florence, a teacher in the home school; Bertha, a student in high school, and Carl. Mr. Schriner is a staunch Republican and is an active worker in the party, being generally found in the party conventions. Political affairs possess a fascination for him and he has devoted much of his time to the study of the issues of the day and on such questions is one of the best informed men in the community. He is a member of the following lodges: Ancient Order of Gleaners, Knights of the Maccabees, of Marine City, and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of Marine City. He has been a member of the school board and was counted one of its most efficient members, his work for the institutions of learning in his township being always his first thought and giving his own children the best advantages. The family are attendants at the German Methodist church of China township, of which they are liberal supporters, and take an active part in all departments of church work. Mr. Schriner is known far and wide as an industrious and energetic man, one who has always had the good of his neighbors and friends at heart. No more loyal and helpful man can be found in the township than he, as he has in every way possible striven to exert his influence in such a manner as to effect the best results. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 6iI WILLIAM VOLKER. The office of biography is not to give voice to a man's modest estimate of himself and his accomplishments, but rather to leave upon the record the verdict establishing his character by the consensus of opinion on the part of his neighbors and fellow citizens. In touching upon the life history of the subject of this sketch the writer aims to avoid fulsome encomium and extravagant praise; yet he desires to held up for consideration those facts which have shown the distinction of a true, useful and honorable life-a life characterized by perseverance, energy, broad charity and well-defined purpose. To do this will be but to reiterate the dictum pronounced upon the man by the people who have known and well. William Volker, son of Fredrick and Sophia (Widder) Volker, both of Saxony, Germany, was born in China township, June 26, I873. The father was a carpenter by trade and came to America in 1852, first locating in Detroit, Michigan, where he worked at his trade for two years. After leaving Detroit he came to China township, St. Clair county, and bought forty acres of land, which he converted into a home. The first forty acres was the nucleus of his present farm and at the time of its purchase was an uncleared wilderness, which he inproved and made one of the finest of farms. He first cut the logs for his house and when that was finished began clearing and cultivating the soil. He found it not an easy matter to wrest a livelihood from the earth, but by perseverance he was able to keep ahead and at last was able to add twenty acres to his small plot, making sixty acres in all. Time passed, the settlers prospered and twenty more acres found their way into his possession. He was kept busy clearing, for every addition to the original acres meant so many more weary days of work; yet when it had been put in shape for cultivation and the owner saw what his work really amounted to he was satisfied with results. He had found time, meanwhile, to do some carpentering and many were the times when the neighbors needed assistance and he helped them with his superior knowledge of the trade. Subsequently he worked on the Sault St. Marie canal, but finding the work not to his liking, he again became a farmer. In I897 his wife died and he retired from active life. To them were born nine children, seven of whom are living: Edward, a carpenter, lives in Allegan county, Michigan; Fred, deceased, was a sailor; Joseph is engaged in farming in Allegan couptv; Benjamin is running a sawmill in Wyoming; Rickie is married to John Schriener, of China township; John, a sailor, is living in Cottrellville township; Mary is living at home; Christian is deceased, and William is the subject. Fred, Volker is a Republican and is active in political affairs. Never having held any office, he has devoted all his energy to the promotion of the political interests of those who desire preferment. The Methodist Episcopal church claims him as one of her most ardent and active workers, and lie is one of her most liberal supporters, being ever willing and ready to give any assistance needed. The education of William Volker was obtained in the schools of the county and, while not complete, it was of sufficient nature to enable him to make his way in the world without difficulty. He always lived 612 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. at home and worked on the farm which he has occupied ever since his marriage, January 22, 1893, to Miss Ida Guldenstein, of China township. They are the parents of three daughters, Clara, Mabel and Erma. The subject has always been a farmer and, having grown up heart to heart with nature, he has in every respect fitted himself for the life he has chosen. He is one of the most prosperous of the young farmers of the county and is in a fair way to become one of the wealthy men of the township. He makes no pretense of breeding cattle or following any fads. In politics he is a Republican and has always given his support to that party. Local affairs have been of interest to him, but except in a general way he has taken very little part in politics. Departing from the teaching of his father, he became a member of the Lutheran church of Casco township and is an active worker among the church people. He is liberal of his means and time, and cheerfully gives of both to the needs of his church. He is one of the most popular men in the township and besides his circle of friends in his own immediate vicinity, has a large acquaintance among the residents of the county. ALBERT SPRINGBORN. The youth who is imbued with proper respect for his parents is possessed of an excellent trait of character. It is, however, the mature man, who, when the feebleness of old age has come upon his father and mother, for their sakes forgets himself and his own interests and devotes his time, talents and strength to making the closing years of their lives comfortable and happy, who is deserving of all praise for his filial devotion. As King Lear says, "How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child," so also nature's richest blessing to an aged and infirm parent is a grateful offspring. The subject of this sketch, Albert Springborn, of China township, St. Clair county, is one man who is certainly deserving of commendation for his filial devotion. He has lived with his parents from infancy, cared for them in their old age and now attends to the comforts and wants of his mother, in her eightieth year, as carefully as she cared for him in his infancy. His. father died in March, I899. Albert Springborn was born June I4, I856, on what is known as the Springborn farm, in China township, St. Clair county, Michigan, his parents being John and Louisa (Goldenbaugh) Springborn, natives of Mecklenberg, Germany. The calling which the father followed in his native land was that of gardener. In I850, some time after their marriage, they emigrated to America, came west and located in China township, St. Clair county. Here they invested the greater part of what money they brought with them in a tract of eighty acres of land in the dense forest and commenced the laborious task of converting it into a farm and a home. In this task they encountered hardships they never dreamed of before coming to America. There were no roads and at that time it looked very much as if there never would be any. Even when an opening was cleared of the big trees and stumps the. ground was so soft and wet as too ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 613 make it impassable for almost any kind of wheeled vehicle. Many and many a time did Mr. Springborn carry his grain upon his back to the mill to procure the flour for the family breadstuff. Despite all of the disheartening conditions, however, the family prospered. Piece after piece was added to the original tract until their farm consisted of one hundred and forty acres, all choice land, which in time they succeeded in clearing and improving. To John Springborn and his wife six children were born, only three of whom are still living. They are Harman, residing in Marine City, Michigan; Ferdinand, proprietor of a hotel at Lenox, Michigan, and Albert, the subject of this sketch, who will be more particularly referred to hereafter. The other children died when quite young. The father, John Springborn, died in March, 1899. The last fifteen years of his life he spent in retirement from all business cares in Marine City. In politics he was a Republican and took a great deal of interest in the success of his party. He was a devout member of the German Lutheran church and one of the most liberal contributors to the support of that denomination in his part of the country. His wife is still living, in her eightieth year, at the home of her son, the subject of this sketch. Few men of his years can truthfully say, as can Albert Springborn, that for forty-six years he has resided and still continues to reside on the farm whereon he was born. When age and decrepitude came upon his parents, he felt that he could not leave them. They had cared for him in the feebleness of infancy and he felt it his duty to care for them in their age. He was given a good common school education, but had never employed either his time or his talents in any other calling than that of a farmer, hence had less temptation to leave the old homestead than others might have. On January 6, I88o, Mr. Springborn was united in marriage to Miss Augusta Lindke, a native of Casco township, St. Clair county, her parents being Christian and Willamina Lindke, both natives of Germany. After marriage the young people took up their abode on the Springborn farm, which had been under the control and management of the subject of the sketch for several years. There they still reside, contented and prosperous, and there, doubtless, they will remain yet many years. Mr. and Mrs. Springborn are the parents of six children, Alfred, Harry, Martha, Otto, Edna and Lizzie. Each has received, or is receiving, a good common school education. They are all studious and intelligent and give promise of making useful, worthy citizens. Their home is a most pleasant one, the farm being a fertile and productive one, consisting of one hundred and eighty acres, in China township, about one hundred and forty acres of which are under cultivation. They engage in general farming, raising grain and vegetables of all kinds, hay and some fruit. In recent years sugar beets have received a great deal of their attention. The farm is always well stocked with cattle, hogs and horses, and by good management the yearly income derived from the place is most satisfactory. In politics, Albert Springborn always votes for the best man, regardless of party 614 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ties, though he was reared a Republican. He takes an active interest at the polls, though he never aspired to office. The management of his own private affairs has occupied all of his time and he has given no particular attention to politics. He is a member of the Lutheran church of Casco township, and believes in giving liberally to religion and every other worthy cause. He is a member of the A. O. O. G., of China township. In every relation in life he is all that could be desired in a man and a citizen, but, more than all, he has been a true and grateful son. SOll. AUGUST E. WISSMAN. This gentleman, the most popular auctioneer in St. Clair county, Michigan, and residing on his farm in China township, was born in Casco township, in the same county, March 23, 1863, and is a son of August and Annie (Peters)' Wissman, the former of whom was born in Brandenburg, Prussia, and the latter in Mecklenberg, in the same empire. August Wissman, father of August E., was taught the wagonmaker's trade in his native land, and while still a single man, came to the United States. For about a year he resided in Detroit, Michigan, whence he came to Casco township, St. Clair county, and purchased twenty acres or' woodland deep in the forest, being at the time one of the primitive pioneers of the section. He cleared away a space on his tract sufficiently large to accommodate a small log cabin and to furnish a garden patch large enough to grow grain, etc., for his immediate use, but had a hard time of it at the start. He was nevertheless perse x ering and industrious and increased his holdings to eighty acres, notwithstanding the fact that at his settlement here he was for years without roads or even neighbors. But civilization gradually closed in around him and the wilderness was eventually annihilated, in which latter work Mr. Wissman took an active part. He died on his farm in October, I890, a Republican in politics; his widow survived until February, I898, both dying in the faith of the German Methodist Episcopal church. They left two children, viz: Charles F., who is farming on the old homestead in Casco township, and August E., whose name opens this biographical record. August E. Wissman received but a limited education in the district schools, and at the age of fourteen years began to learn the carpenter's trade, which he thoroughly mastered, and followed exclusively for a number of years, when he combined farming with the trade, settling on an eighty-acre tract in section 31, China township, which his father had given him. To this farm Mr. Wissman has since added forty acres, and of his total of one hundred and twenty acres has now about seventy acres under cultivation. Mr. Wissman continued to work at carpentering, in conjunction with farming for some years, when he relinquished his trade, but continued the pursuit of agriculture, which he still successfully follows, raising wheat, corn, oats, hay, cattle and hogs, nearly all of which he ships or otherwise disposes of. Mr. Wissman has made all the improvements on his place, erected his present dwelling in I896, and put up his substantial barn in I898, and no better ap ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. pearing farm is to be seen in China township. On November 23, I898, Mr. Wissmal was united in marriage with Miss Mamie La Forge, who was born in Macomb county, Michigan, December i, I878, and is the daughter of Peter and Alice (La Croix) La Forge, natives of Michigan and of French descent. They are the parents of three children, namely: Alfred, of Lenox, Macomb county, Michigan; Mamie, now Mrs. Wissman, and Clarence, who is still unmarried and makes his home with his parents. To Mr. and Mrs. August E. Wissman no children have yet been born. In politics Mr. Wissman is a Republican and has served his party six years as drainage commissioner, was school director for five years and is now road commissioner of China township. He has been an auctioneer in St. Clair county for a number ot years and is as great a favorite in this calling as he is popular with his party and the general public. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church and are very liberal in their contributions toward its maintenance, strictly adhering to its teachings. Socially they mingle with the best people of the township and county, by whom they are held in the highest esteem. FRANK KEKEISEN, JR. While success cannot be achieved without unflagging industry, the futility of effort is often noticeable in the business world and results from the fact that it is not combined with sound business judgment. Many a man who gives his entire life to toil, earnest and unremitting, never acquires a competence, but when his labors are well directed, prosperity always follows. Mr. Kekeisen is one whose work las been supplemented by careful management and today he stands among those who have triumphed over adverse conditions and won success. As a general farmer and manufacturer of butter, he is now actively connected with the industrial interests of St. Clair county. Frank A. Kekeisen, Jr., was born in China township, July 22, 1870, the son of Frank and Josephine (Lochbiller) Kekeisen, and has the blood of two of the hardiest and Imost independent people surging through his veins. His father emigrated from Switzerland directly to Detroit, Michigan, and later went to northern Michigan, where he worked in the mines. His mother, Josephine Lochbiller, emigrated from Germany with her parents in 1852, and came to America, where she met and married Frank Kekeisen, Sr. Subsequently the latter came to China township and bought thirty acres of land in the woods. For some time he was kept hard at work clearing his small farm and had no time to think of increasing his possessions, but as time passed and fortunefavored him he was able to add more land to his original farm and at the time of his retirement, November 25, I90o, his real estate amounted to eighty acres. He was always a hard worker and it was solely by his own thrift and economy that he. was enabled to achieve the success that attended him. For many years he carried on the business of cheese-making and found it a very profitable source of income. He has always been identified with the: 616 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Democratic party and, while he has held no office, his influence has been widespread and his work for the party has been duly appreciated. Mr. and Mrs. Kekeisen were the parents of the following children: John, who was teacher in the schools of this county, is now teaching in Rineland, Texas; Jacob died at the age of twentyfive years; Frank A. is the subject; Victor is a resident of Marine City; Josephine is unmarried and lives at home; Betronilla is deceased, and Joseph is a clerk in Detroit. For some years Mr. and Mrs. Kekeisen have resided in Marine City, Michigan. Frank A. Kekeisen, Jr., was fortunate in the attainment of a good education, having acquired his mental training in the schools of China township and later in those of Marine City. His training in the latter school was very valuable to him and since leaving the school he has supplemented his education by wide reading and close observation. 'He lived at home with his parents until 900o, when he took upon himself the management of the Hillside Creamery, of China township, which he ran for one year, returning to his home place in I9OI, when his father retired from active life. Since that year he has' resided on the home place and at the present time owns forty acres of his father's farm, also tending the other forty acres. November 26, I9I0, he was married to Miss Rosa j. Wagner, who was born in China township, January 15, 1865, the daughter of Valentine and Beina (Andres) Wagner, highly respected people of that township. In I895 her father, who was a farmer and carpenter, died and the mother still resides in China township. Besides carrying on general farming Mr. Kekeisen also has a creamery on his farm, which he conducts, the product of which is largely shipped to Detroit, where a ready market is found for all he can produce. As a young man of energy and enterprise, Mr. Kekeisen 'ranks among the first in the county and his success is well deserved. All' he possesses has been attained by hard work and none have an ill word for the young farmer, who has come to the front so rapidly. In I898 he was treasurer of China township and at the present time is justice of the peace. He is a Democrat in politics and has always been loyal to the party, aiding her interests whenever opportunity offers. The Catholic church embodies his religious creed and a more faithful member the parish never possessed. With many friends, an honorable past and a promising future, there are few men in China township who stand higher in popular regard than does Mr. Kekeisen. FRED W. ALLINGTON. The language of the United States is English, the people are usually referred to as Anglo-Saxon, and Great Britain is spoken of as the mother country, and yet there is scarcely one person in a thousand in the United States who can trace his ancestry directly to English origin. People of German, Irish, Scotch or Scandinavian extraction are quite common, but the EnglishAmerican is comparatively seldom found. In the earlier days of the republic he figured much more prominently than he does today. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 617 Many of the Revolutionary heroes were either of English birth or parentage, or, like Washington, needed turn back only a couple of generations to find their forefathers loyal Englishmen. The subject of this sketch, Fred W. Allington, of China township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is of English extraction, having been born June 28, 1862. His grandfather, Richard Ailington, was a native of England and was the first of the name to locate in America. He came to the United States and located in St. Clair county, entering eighty acres of land in China township. The country was then a wilderness, with no roads, farms or even clearings, but he proceeded to erect an humble log cabin, furnished it as comfortably as his means and the distance from civilization permitted, and here established a home for himself and family. The country was then scarcely settled, and the inhabitants for many miles around were well known to each other, so that they had, indeed, a "wide and extended acquaintance." Mr. Allington's wife, the sharer of his joys and sorrows in the wilderness, had been Miss Elizabeth Baird, and to them six children were born, viz: Sarah, who resides in Port Huron; Margaret is the wife of Charles Spadman, of Marine City; Susan married Edwin Butler and lives in Jackson, Michigan; William B. is still a resident of St. Clair county; Mary married Richard Simons, a farmer of Columbus township; Lydia married Thomas Lowe, of Marine City. Fred W. Allington, the subject of this sketch, is a native of St. Clair county, as was his father, Rev. William B. Allington, and his mother, Mary (St. Clair) Allington. Her parents were John and Mary St. Clair, natives of Ireland, who had come to the United States, located in Michigan and were two of the earliest settlers of St. Clair county. Mr. and Mrs. St. Clair were the parents of six children; Rosaline, Phoebe Ann, Mary Jane, Eleanor, Elizabeth and Alexander J. The St. Clairs were people of intelligence and refinement, far beyond what might have been expected in the wilds of Michigan at that early day. Rev. William B. Allington was a man of firm convictions and much devotion to duty. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and a sincere believer in its teachings. He studied for the ministry of that denomination, was ordained, and occupied the pulpit for about fifteen years. The early settlers of Michigan were possessed of much religious fervor and piety, and as ministers were not numerous among them, the services of Rev. Allington were in much demand in all parts of the state. He managed, however, to give some of his time to his farming operations and there are many reasons for believing that he derived much more pecuniary profit from his labor in the field fhan his service in the pulpit. In politics Rev. Allington was a Republican, but never sought or held office. In October, 1872, Mrs. Allington died. The faithful, devoted life passed out peacefully, it being given up by her without regret in the midst of her sorrowing children. Four of the five children born to this union survived their mother: Fred, the subject of this sketch, who is a resident of China township; Richard, a farmer, married Myrtle Hall and lives in the same locality; John resides in Pennsylvania, and George, a farmer of Columbus township, married Carrie Sea-fort; Mary, the second child, and only 6I8 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ daughter of the family, died when only three years old. Since the death of his fitst wife, Mr. Allington was again married, his present wife having been Lucy Atchinson, a native of New Brunswick. They are still living, residing on a farm in Columbus township. To them two children have been born, Mary Gertrude and Robert A. Up to the time of his marriage, April 13, 1884, Fred W. Allington lived at home with his parents, devoting his time to the work of the farm. He attended the district schools of his native township and become proficient in all of the common school branches. The lady whom he married was Miss Mary Muhllitner, a native of China township, and to them have been born five children, viz: Mabel M., Fred B., Cora L., Faith M. and William Baird. Soon after marriage Mr. Allington rented a farm in China township and cultivated it for six years, carrying on general farming and stock raising. He then located on the old Allington homestead, where he has since lived. He has eighty acres cleared and in his business of farming he has been gratifyingly successful. He raises corn, wheat, fruit, vegetables and hay, besides breeding and feeding stock, cattle, horses, hogs, etc. For some time he engaged in the manufacture of lumber, operating a saw-mill. He is quite handy with machinery of all kinds and for a number of years things which he has undertaken have not been successful. For politics he has little taste, never asking for, desiring or accepting any position at the hands of his party. He is a Republican, firmly believing in the principles of that party and generally voting the ticket. Religiously he belongs to the Methodist Episcopal church and contributes I liberally to its support and to every deserving charitable work brought to his attention. He is a member of the Maccabees at St. Clair and of the Gleaners at Adair. He has led a moral, upright, praiseworthy life, which in all respects meets the approval of his relatives, friends and neighbors. FRED MUHLITNER. No people that go to make up our cosmopolitan civilization have better habits of life than those who came originally from the great German empire. The descendants of those people are distinguished for their thrift and honesty, and these two qualities in the inhabitants of any country will in the end make that country great. WVhen with these two qualities is coupled the other quality of sound sense, which the German descendants in the main possess, there are afforded such qualities as will enrich any land and place it high among the countries of the world in the scale of elevated humanity. Of this excellent people came the subject of this brief memoir. He comes of a race that produced the "Iron Chancellor," the greatest statesman, all things considered, in the history of Europe. Fred Muhlitner is the son of John B. and Mary Ann (Satler) Muhlitner, both of German birth and parentage, being natives of Hesse Darmstadt. When a young man John Muhlitner emigrated to America, landing in New York, where he remained only a short time, then moving westward to St. Clair county. He located here and for four years was employed at ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 6Ig such work as he could get to do, on the farm, in the clearing, or anywhere. Meanwhile he had secured an eighty-acre tract of government land and put in what few spare hours he had in improving it. About this time he met Miss MIary A. Satler, who was from the same section of the Fatherland from whence he came. There w-as thus a bond of friendship between them, which soon ripened into a more ardent passion and culminated in their marriage. A rough log cabin was erected 1upon the place and here the couple proceeded to make their home. Plenty of lhard work awvaited them, but they were voung and ambitious and wasted little time that could be devoted to the improvement of the farm. With that thrift and industry so characteristic of the Germans, they yearly added to their possessions until at one time they were the owners of four hundred and thirty acres, two hun(red of which, by their own labor, they had cleared and rendered fit for cultivation. He was a man as economic in the expenditure of time as he was in the disbursement of money and hence made every moment and every penny count. His wife was all that a man of his habits and disposition could desire, and her home, though an humble one, was her kingdom. Her kitchen was a place of neatness, in which no waste was committed, and the provisions that came in never went out unaccounted for. She had emigrated to America when twenty years of age, came west to a sister who lived in Columbus township, and worked out by the week up to the time of her marriage. To Mr. and Mrs. Muhlitner ten children were born, viz: Lisetta married 38 George Balfour, a farmer and sailor of St. Clair; John married Agnes Johnson, and is a farmer in China township; Barbara married James McDaniel, but both have since died; Mary and Martha were twins, the latter of whom died and the former became the wife of Fred Allington, one of the successful agriculturists of China township; Fred is more fully referred to elsewhere; Frank married Flora Fenton and is a substantial farmer of China township; Emma married George Buggee, a sailor; Lewxis married Anna Jackson, is a farmer and also lives in China township; Albert, the youngest child, is a sailor, an(l, with his wife, Mabel (McMillan), makes his home with his mother on the old homestead. The Muhlitners were formerly Lutherans, but after coming to America they became members of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Muhlitner was in politics a Republican, but never entertained ambition for office. He (lied February 28, I892. He was a man of unblemished character, who found plenty to (lo in looking strictly after his own affairs, and his standing in the community as a man, a neighbor and a citizen was high. The youth of Fred Muhlitner was spent upon his parents' farm, where he was born. The public schools of his time were better than they had been at any time previous and his education was by no means neglected, as he attended the district schools and profited by the instruction he there received. He continued to reside at home and work on the farm until he was twenty-five years of age. August 19, I89I, he was united in marriage to Miss Olive Boyd, of Memphis, Michigan, the daugh 620 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. ter of Joseph and Mary (McConnell) Boyd, her father a native of Canada, and his wife of Michigan. He was a carpenter by trade, and both are now living at Owosso. To Fred and Olive (Boyd) Muhlitner two children have been born, Hazel Mary and Justin Boyd. Soon after marriage Mr. Muhlitner took up his residence on a tract of sixty acres, of which fifty are cleared and under cultivation. The land is fertile, rarely failing to produce an abundant yield. Mr. Muhlitner does not devote all of his time to his farm, however, as he is the owner of a portable saw-mill, which'he has operated for years and which by care and good management brings him a nice income each year. For six years he has also taken advantage of the threshing season, having a good machine with which he does a fine business. He is at the present time clerk of his township and for a number of years was a member of the school board. In politics he is a Republican and is ever active in the interest of his party. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. He is a member of the Maccabees and of the Gleaners and much interested in the work of these fraternal societies. JAMES A. LOW. Forty years' residence in one township is not a bad record for any person, being indicative of a happy, contented disposition. Whatever else may be said of James A. Low, he never can truthfully be accused of being a rover. On July 31, I86I he first saw the light of day, the interesting event occurring in China township, St. Clair county, Michigan. During infancy, boyhood, youth and manhood he has been a resident of that township and there still continues to make his home. His parents were Thomas and Lydia (Allington) Low, of China township. They were born and reared in St. Clair county, brought up as children in the same township, and it was here that they loved, courted and wed, and here they reared their children. The grandfather of James A. was James Low, who was born in Scotland and was the first of the family to emigrate to America. He came with a Scotch colony, which settled in Canada, with which he remained for a time, but soon branched out for himself and settled in China township, St. Clair county, on the same land upon which James A. now lives. At that time the country was wild, the timber heavy and the number of inhabitants to the square mile few and far between. His first possession consisted of an eighty-acre-tract upon which he built a log cabin and in which he established his home. He had married a Miss Blakie and to them were born six children, viz: Jeanette, Thomas, Margaret, Mary, James and Clara. Left a widower while still a strong, vigorous man, he again sought consolation in wedlock, this time marrying a widow, Mrs. Green. To this union three children were born, David, Annie and Peter. The elder Mr. Low lived to a ripe old age and died deeply loved and sincerely mourned. Thomas Low was born May 28, 1834, on the homestead and here grew to maturity, received a good common school education, the period between the terms of school being occupied with plenty of hard work. He ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 621 continued to reside upon the farm, caring for his father while he lived and lightening life's burden for him as much as possible. In I860 he was united in marriage to Miss Lydia Allington, daughter of Rev. William B. Allington. To this marriage six children were born. James A. Low received a good common school education and lived at home with his parents until he was twenty years of age. He then became a sailor for two years. He spent one year in North Dakota and then returned to the farm for one year, and was in the retail grocery business one year, and one year lived on the lakes. He then worked three years in stave mills and spent two years in railroad work at Marquette, returning one year to the lakes, and has since been engaged in farming. At Marine City, on April 3, I895, Mr. Low was married to Miss Daisy Fenton, of Bay City, Michigan, the daughter of James and Lucretia (McLaughlin) Fenton, the father a native of Michigan, and she of the state of New York. He was a railroad conductor, and was killed while working as such on the Michigan Central Railroad, when Daisy was a little girl. To Mr. and Mrs. Low three children have been born, viz: Avis, Charles Fenton and Ethel L. Soon after marriage Mr. and Mrs. Low located on the old Low homestead, where they have since lived. In I900 Mr. Low was elected treasurer of China township and also served as pathmaster one year. In politics he is a Republican and is always deeply interested in the success of his party. A member of the order of Maccabees, his lodge being at Adair, he is a regular attendant on the meetings of that order. He and family attend divine service at the Methodist Epis copal church and contribute to the support of that denomination. BENTON OSBORNE. The heavy timber of southeastern Michigan, along about the middle of the last century, attracted a large number of wood workers from Canada and the eastern states. Even then, material was getting scarce and in seeking a place that promised some permanency to the vocations in which they had become skilled, they very naturally selected the dense forests and heavy timber of St. Clair county. Among the many who were thus attracted thither was John Fletcher Osborne, a native of Livingston county, New York. He came in I86o, being then twenty-eight years of age, having been born in October, 1832. Before leaving for the wilds of the west, he took the precaution to secure a wife by marrying Miss Henrietta Hayward, a girl of superior education and good attainments, a resident of Niagara county, New York. His business had been that of a stave and shingle maker, and on the first twenty acres of land that he bought there was material for millions of shingles and staves. But the facilities for shipment were limited, the cost of procuring and landing machinery on the ground was enormous and the fashion of forming syndicates to put up the capital, prices, etc., had not yet come in vogue. He, therefore, had tb content himself with work in the clearings for those who had work to do and money to pay for it. His first little purchase was twenty acres in 622 ST. CLAIR COU China township, a part of section 5. His skill in wood working was quite valuable to him and he made thousands upon thousands of ash hay hoops, which then commanded a ready market and a good price. In this way and through his labor in the clearings, he not only managed to keep the wolf from the door, but to lay up a little money for the extension of his landed possessions. To him and his wife three children were born, viz: Benton, the subject of this sketch, Leonard and Daisy, all of whom are still single and reside with their parents. In the fields and in the forests the boys have been of much assistance to their father, not only in the clearing of their own lands, but in the clearing of land for neighbors, taken on contract. Hundreds of acres of the virgin forests of St. Clair county have been cut down by the stalwart Osbornes and the place where the forests stood have been converted into fertile fields, green pastures and blooming meadows. All of the children of Fletcher Osborne have received the advantage of a good common school education, have profited by the opportunity afforded them and are intelligent and well informed. In politics Fletcher Osborne is a Democrat and an active worker in behalf of his party, especially in township affairs. He was for a number of years justice of the peace, served as highway commissioner and member of the school board. The Osbornes own one hundred acres of land, which is well improved, and fifty acres of the tract are under cultivation. They own considerable stock and realize handsomely each year from the products of the farm. Benton Osborne was born December 4, I865. At a very early age he and hard NTY, MICHIGAN. work became familiarly acquainted and have remained fast friends ever since. To the work of the farm he devotes all of his time, and being of a sturdy disposition and methodical habits, he accomplishes much more each season than many who are possessed of more strength. His work is always well done, nothing being slighted or neglected. From early manhood he had taken very kindly to politics. He believes, as does his father, in the principles of the Democratic party and loses no opportunity to advance the interests of the cause. At present he is holding the position of supervisor of his township and tor six years has acceptably discharged the duties of the position. He was township clerk two years, member of the school board nine years and school inspector four years. This is, to say the least, a slight indication of his standing at home. He is a member of the order of Gleaners at Adair. HANNIBAL ALLEN HOPKINS. Some months ago an illustrated edition of the St. Clair Republican was in course of preparation and the friends and business associates of Mr. Hopkins, knowing that the edition would not be complete without reference to him, used every argument and artifice to glean from him the particulars of his career, but without success. At the last moment a contributor, "L. W. H.," prepared the following and slipped it into the forms just as they were about to be put upon the press: "There are several Hopkinses in St. Clair, but only one Hannibal Allen Hop ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 623. kins,-only one 'Hop,'-he who guides the destinies of the St. Clair Republican, the St. Clair postoffice and some other things. Hopkins has only one shortcoming that I know of-he's too modest, at least about some things. For instance, to make him a part of this edition I've had to steal a photo of him and gain such information- concerning him as his friends might divulge. No one seems to be certain of his age-he looks anywhere from twenty-three to forty, according to the mood he is in. I find, however, he took up Republican politics back in I889, at which time he was appointed a page in the Michigan senate, and that he remained in the legislature in the capacity of press clerk the succeeding four sessions. It was at Lansing that he made his first hit as a newspaper correspondent, and his work was of such a different character from the general run of newspaper writers that in I893 he was sent to Washington as special correspondent. And it was there that he made the greatest scoop of his lifehe met his fate in the person of Pamelia, the charming daughter of Congressman Justin R. WVhiting, and the union of the two souls that had been beating in unison for a year or more, took place in April, 1895. This event is no doubt what made 'Hop' a permanent resident of St. Clair, for three months later he 'held up' an old school boy friend for five thousand dollars and bought the St. Clair Republican, which he made such a remunerative newspaper property that he has been enabled to repay his friend, although I believe he still owes the interest on the money. Hopkins is of 'Mayflower' and Revolutionary ancestry, the son of Colonel Ethan Allen. of Fort Ticonderoga fame, having had the good judgment to marry a great aunt of 'Hop's;' yet the tracing of his lineal tree down to the roots is not a hobby with him, for he could never have been more than the plain, every-day, hail-fellow, wellmet 'Hop' had he been born of the most royal blood. He is an all-round good fellow, whose principal stock in trade is a plentitude of good nature and brains, a prodigality of energy and a legion of friends in every part of Michigan-in fact, he counts the latter his greatest asset. "Hopkins is a natural-born politician, having been thoroughly inoculated with political virus in his pageship days in the Michigan legislature. He takes active interest in all local affairs of the Republican party, is called into counsel at all meetings of the pioneers in this congressional district and is credited with being one of the shrewdest and most successful among the younger element of politicians in this part of the state. He was appointed postmaster at St. Clair in I898 and has just been reappointed, his hustling proclivities during the first four years having brought the office into the second class, which fact means a much better service for the people and a materially increased salary for the postmaster, really not a bad showing for the man who is said to be the youngest presidential postmaster in the state. 'Hop' is possessed of a wonderfully capacious maw for work, for aside from his duties as editor of the Republican and his postmastership, he is secretary-treasurer of the Michigan Postmasters' Association; secretary of the Michigan Press Association, a member of the executive committee of the Michigan Republican Newspa 624 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. per Association, member of the press committee of the Michigan Club, steward of the crack yacht Sultana, considerable of a fraternal order man, having reached the Knight Templar degree in Masonry, and being secretary of the blue lodge; he is also a Knight of Pythias; member of the Knights of the Loyal Guard, of which he is a captain-general; member of the Royal Arcanum, of which he is treasurer; member of-but that's enough to demonstrate his capacity for work. Yet, with all his public life, he's decidedly a home man, and nothing on earth gives him greater enjoyment than being at home, surrounded by his wife, his little daughter and her 'chum,' a thoroughbred St. Bernard. "Hopkins, I imagine, will go to the front politically within the next few years, even more prominently than he has in the past, unless somebody stops him, and how or why that feat could or should be accomplished I know not, for his party needs to encourage such far-seeing, level-headed, clever young men as he." March I, I903, the Republican passed, by lease, under the management of Charles E. Parker, who has served as business manager of the plant for some months. Mr. Hopkins established The Postmaster Everywhere on January I, I903. It is a thirty-two-page monthly magazine and is the official paper of the Michigan Postmasters' Association. It is devoted to the interests of postmasters and carriers and within three months it has an established circulation of five thousand. In all the relations of life Mr. Hopkins has earned an enviable reputation for honesty and integrity. JOHN O'LEARY. Many examples may be found in St. Clair county of what industry, thrift and economy can do in a country like southeastern Michigan, which for years has been pregnant with opportunity. There is scarcely an old settler within the borders of the county whose entire earthly possessions on coning to Michigai were worth more than a few hundred dollars. Yet today there are hundreds of these same old residents who are illustrious examples of the results of close application to business demands. One of those who have profited by the opportunity afforded them is John O'Leary, of Cottrellville township. Charles and Catharine O'Leary were natives of the county of Wexford, Ireland, and early in the last century emigrated to America with their children. They located in Prince Edward's country, Canada, secured a piece of land, erected an humble home and proceeded to carve a farm out of the wilderness. They were the parents of several children, among them nWilliam O'Leary, who was the father of John, the subject of this sketch. Charles and Catharine O'Leary continued to reside in Canada, prospering in their new home far beyond their expectations. Eventually they died, full of years and thankful that they were enabled to procure for the future members of their family a better home, amid better surroundings and under better laws more wisely administered than they had known in their native land. William O'Leary was born in 1817 in the county of Wexford, Ireland, and there grew to manhood. He had the advantage of a good education, both in his native land and in the land of his adoption. His ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 625 I early experience had taught him the value of money. He was industrious and provident and by the time he had attained his majority he had saved considerable money and was contemplating the wisdom of providing a home of his own. About 1840 he was united in marriage to Miss Catharine Synon, a native of county Limerick, Ireland, who, when quite young, had also emigrated to America with her parents. For about ten years William continued his farming operations in Prince Edward's country, meeting with flattering success. In I850 he moved to Lambton county, invested in land, built a home and began clearing a farm of his own. The country was new, the timber heavy, the toil hard and the )rivations many, but all the difficulties were soon surmounted and overcome by the persistent energy of the young Irishman and his faithful, devoted wife. Their savings steadily increased and their possessions broadened until at one time they were the owners of two hundred acres of fine land, one hundred and fifty acres of which were cleared. To them seven children were born, viz: James operates an elevator and deals in grain and stock at Port Lambton; Ann became the wife of John McCarron, but both have since died; Mary Eliza is Sister Immaculate and Superioress of the Orphan Asylum at London, Ontario: John: Catharine died a maiden lady; Agnes married Thomas Doran, and resides at Delray, Michigan; William is a farmer at Sonbra, Lambton county, Canada. In I896 Mr. O'Leary died after a long and well-spent life surrounded by loving children and friends, being preceded by his life companion by one year. Both were devoted Catholics and died in the faith of that church. John O'Leary, born July 13, I846, resided at home, helping his parents with the work of the farm until twenty-five years of age. His father, knowing its value, was careful to see that all of his children had the advantage of an education, both the public and parochial schools being patronized in supplying John with an education. He profited by his opportunities, with the result that when he left school he was far better educated than most of the lads of his day and condition in life. For about ten years he was engaged in the wood business at Port Lambton and Robert's Landing. In I876 he came to Michigan, locating in Cottrellville township, where he purchased eighty acres of land, the same upon which he now resides. On November I9, 1877, he was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Fitzgerald, daughter of Thomas and Catharine Fitzgerald, natives of Ireland, who had emigrated to the United States, Margaret being born in Cottrellville township on the banks of the St. Clair river, and she still owns the old homestead. To this marriage seven children have been born, viz: Catherine, Thomas, William, Anna, Edward, Agnes and Nellie. Farming has been the principal vocation of Mr. O'Leary since his marriage, although for the past ten years he has been one of the most successful fishermen on the lakes, and finds the two callings by no means incompatible. He markets all of his fish products in Detroit, and was in the business three years for the government. Each of his callings have proven not only renumerative, but quite profitable. He is at present the owner of about four hundred acres of land, much of it well improved. The O'Leary home, four miles below Marine City, and opposite Port Lambton, is 626 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. a delightful one, most pleasantly situated on the banks of the St. Clair river, the handsome modern residence commanding an attractive expanse of the river and affording a magnificent view of the thousands of vessels that pass annually. Mr. O'Leary and his family are members of St. Catherine's Catholic church at Algonac. Politically he belongs to the Democratic party, but he is not a partisan and makes no pretensions to being a politician. Personally he is a man of fine intellect, keen wit and good judgment. Mentally and physically, he is alert, quick and active. In business he is cautious and calculating, rarely moving until the right time and then with precision and decisiveness. Every proposition presented to him is carefully gone over, and thoroughly comprehended by him before he undertakes to pass judgment upon it. Others, if they choose, may take chances and "go off half cocked"; he never does. In 1892 he erected on his farm a beautiful, commodious home for himself and family, in which he and they are always "at home" to their friends. The present year a fine barn was erected, so that at this time the improvements on the place are among the finest in the county. JOHN PETERS. John Peters, Jr., one of the most prosperous German-born residents of Casco township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born October 12, I855, and is a son of John and Fredericka (Hornberg) Peters, who were natives of Germany and emigrated from thence to this country in I856. They first settled in Detroit. Michigan. where the father engaged for about fourteen years in teaming and milling, and then removed to New Baltimore, Macomb county, where he lived until 1871, when he came to St. Clair county and purchased forty acres of the present family homestead. To this forty-acre tract, through his industry and frugality, he was able to add another tract of forty acres, and of the total eighty acres there are now seventy acres under cultivation, the remaining ten being covered with the primeval growth of the forest. To John Peters and wife have been born six children, namely: Frederick, deceased; John, whose name heads this sketch; William, Ida, Amelia, deceased, and Mary, deceased. The subject's father, ever since his residence in Casco township, has devoted his attention almost exclusively to the cultivation of cereals and hay and the breeding of horses, cattle and hogs. Being an expert in this latter branch of farming industry, he has as a rule met with much success. In this line his son John has also maintained an ascendancy and but few in the township c.in compare with him in the pursuit of agriculture. In politics Mr. Peters is a Repulblican, and in religion a Lutheran. Although he had a common school education, he has made a careful study of events as they have passed before him, and he is about as well ii-formed on general matters as those who boast of a larger amount of book learning. He is respected as one of the township's l:est citizens and still makes his home with the subject, who is as yet unmarried and mnanages his father's business. John Peters, Jr., whose name heads this sketch, is a Republican in his political affiliations and under the auspices of his party ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 627 served for six years as school treasurer. He is not, however, an office-seeker, but is willing to serve his fellow citizens whenever his services may be in demand or when he feels that he can really be of any service to them. He has been remarkably successful in the management of his father's affairs and his industry and skill have won for him the unfeigned respect of his neighbors. He is still a young man and, judging from what he has already accomplished, it may well be inferred the future has much in store for him. ROBERT FOLKERTS. It is probably not known to many outside of his immediate relatives that one of the soldiers of Napoleon Bonaparte. who followed that military genius through the wars of the beginning of the last century, later became one of the early settlers of St. Clair county. Such is the fact, nevertheless. Robert Folkerts, who in 1852 located in Algonac and was the father of Robert Folkerts, now of Marine City, served in the army of the "Little Corporal" from I809 until the ruin of the Napoleonic dynasty on that momentous (lay at Waterloo, June I8, 1815. Robert Folkerts, Sr., was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1793. At the age of sixteen, being of venturesome disposition, he determined to see the world, and one bright morning found the lad within the borders of France, at that time the great military hero being at the zenith of his power and glory. Whether forced into the service or going as a volunteer, it is not quite -clear, but certain it is he became a sol dier of France. After the capture and banishment of Napoleon he returned to his native land, married, took up the calling of a baker and hotel-keeper and followed it for years. To him and his wife, Margaret, five children were born, only two of whom are living, Robert, and John R., who is a farmer and lives in Cottrellville township, St. Clair county. Charles, Henry and Garrett are dead, the latter having given up his life for his adopted country in the war of the Rebellion. In 1852 the family emigrated to America, crossing the ocean in a sailing vessel and being five weeks on the water. They landed in New York, but soon pushed westward, finally locating at Algonac, St. Clair county, where they bought forty acres of land and started to make a home. Life in A\merica, however, did not seem to agree with the old soldier. Within a year after he landed he sickened and died and thus passed away probably the only soldier of the Napoleonic wars ever a resident of St. Clair county. When Robert Folkerts, Jr., arrived in this country he was twenty-two years old, his birth having occurred July I, I830, and as his father was in his sixtieth year much of the work of clearing and building devolved upon the young man. At the father's death the other members of the family looked to him as the provider and for seven years it was his pleasure to look after the household. However, he deemed it prudent to provide a home of his own, and on October 6, 1859, he was united in marriage to Miss Isabella Campbell, whose parents were Alexander and Margaret Campbell, residing near Detroit, her father being a farmer and a native of 628 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN., - Ireland. Two children were born to this marriage, John C. married Miss Nellie Manion, and lives on a farm adjoining his father and has three children, Ida, Robert H. and Andrew; Ida married Henry Manion, a sailor, of Marine City, and has four children, Leo, Stella, Jennie and Blanche. Early in 1864 Mr. Folkerts was bereft of his wife, and on December I, I864, he was married to Mrs. Lavina M. Tucker, widow of Harvey Tucker, who lost his life in the service of his country during the war of the Rebellion, dying from a gunshot wound received in the battle of the Wilderness. Mrs. Folkerts was born in Canada March 30, 1833, and is the daughter of John and Betsy Staley, of Chautauqua, New York. She was reared on Grand Island, New York, and when a young lady she came, with her parents, to Marine City, where her parents lived and died. She was married at the age of nineteen years to Harvey Tucker, a blacksmith and farmer at Cottrellville, where he enlisted in Company C, Sixth Michigan Cavalry. She had four children, viz: Susan, wife of Henry T. Dust, county recorder; Lyman, of Marine City; Mary, wife of Harrison Butler, of Marine City, and Harvey, who was a marine engineer, but who died July 8, I902, of consumption contracted from his wife, who had died of the same disease six years before. Besides the six children of their own, Mr. and Mrs. Folkerts had reared from infancy a grandson, Harry Harvey Tucker, son of Lyman Tucker, and has given him the same advantages as they did their own children. He still makes his home with his grandparents, though he has passed three seasons on the lakes as a sailor. For eight years Mr. Folkerts had been engaged in the manufacture of lumber, operating saw-mills at Algonac, Marysville and St. Clair, his connection with the lumber business proving profitable. He has also interested himself in the rearing of Jersey cattle, and makes dairying a special feature of his farming. He owns a farm of two hundred acres, five miles west of Marine City. He is a stockholder and director in the Marine City Bank. In politics he is a Republican, and takes much interest in the success of his party. He served as treasurer of Cottrellville township, and has held other positions, though never at his own solicitation. A member of the Masonic fraternity, he is now senior warden of Sam Ward Lodge No. 62. Both himself and wife hold membership in the Starrville Methodist church, in which he is steward and director. ISAAC MORRIS. One of the most enterprising and popular farmers of Casco township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is Isaac Morris, who was born in Cottrellville township, this county, December 2, 1845, and is a son of Albern and Mary A. (Root) Morris, the former of whom came from Pennsylvania early in life and for some years worked as a laborer at Marine City. He was industrious and frugal, and was soon able to purchase part of the farm on which his son Isaac now lives, and here followed agriculture as a calling until his death, which occurred in March, I884, his wife having died in April, I874. This respected couple were the parents of ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 629. eight children, born in the following order: Sarah, Fannie, Isaac, Nancy, Miles, Pauline, Elihu and Alta. Isaac Morris early became familiar with the occupation of farming, which he has made his life pursuit. November 4, i868, he married Miss Catherine Laforge, daughter of Peter and Mary (Yax) Laforge, who came from Ohio and had a family of seven children, namely: Nancy, Catherine (Mrs. Morris)', Peter, Mary, Lucy, Emory and Willie. The mother of this family died while her daughter, Mrs. Morris, was still a young woman, but the father still survives, and lives on his farm in Macomb county, three miles west of the home of Mir. Morris, at the age of eighty-five years. Mr. Laforge is a Democrat in politics, and is a member of the Congregational church at New Baltimore. Albern Morris was a Republican, was first a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, but died a Baptist. The marriage of Isaac Morris and Catherine Laforge resulted in the birth of five children, viz: Miles, who died in infancy; another infant that died unnamed; Willie 0., who was born September 14, I876, and married Anna Baumgarten; Mabel G., born August 8, I879, and Clara C., born February i, I88I. Mr. Morris also has one grandchild, Roy M. Gaedcke, who was born March 14, I898. For four seasons Mr. Morris ran a threshing machine. and did a great deal of work in that line in his neighborhood. Through his industry and frugality he has become the owner of one hundred and thirty-four acres of good land, ninety acres of which he has placed under cultivation. That part of his farm which he has devoted to his dwelling, and what is usually denominat ed the farm yard, is improved with a modern dwelling, and all the necessary outbuildings for the accommodation of his live stock, and, taken as a whole, his farm presents to the eye of the passerby an appearance of thrift, beauty and comfort unsurpassed by any farm of similar dimensions in the county of St. Clair. In politics Mr. Morris is a Republican, and under the auspices of his party has held the office of school director for eight years. In religion he is a Methodist, and is a very liberal contributor financially to the maintenance of his church, to the tenets of which he strictly adheres. Fraternally he is a member of Wayside Tent No. I74, K. 0. T. M., at New Haven, Macomb county, Michigan, and socially he and family fill high positions in the esteem of their neighbors in Casco county. They will deserve all the respect accorded them, for no couple in the township have led more upright lives than Mr. and Mr. Isaac Morris. DANIEL A. GREEN. Few men engaging in agriculture in Michigan have been more prosperous than Daniel A. Green, whose present homestead is situated in Casco township, St. Clair county. This gentleman was born in Clarkson, Monroe county, New York, February 8, 1835, a son of Daniel and Almira (Lanfier) Green, the former of whom was a native of New Hampshire and born April I5, I8.04, and the latter born near Auburn, New York, March 29, 1808. In the latter state this couple were married, and had born to them seven children, in the following or 630 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. der: Esther, Laura (deceased), Rosal, Daniel A., Eli, Martin and Almira. Daniel Green, the father of the above named children, came to Michigan with his family in 1844 and located in Macomb county, where he purchased land and engaged in farming, in which pursuit he was quite successful. He later purchased more land, and at one time was the owner of several hundred acres, which he subsequently divided among his sons. He also engaged for some years quite extensively in the stave business. He was a Democrat in politics, and for some time filled the office of highway commissioner; but for nearly thirty years he suffered from impaired health, and passed away in 1875, a member of the Christian church, in which he had been an active worker and had filled all the offices. Daniel A. Green was reared to manhood on his father's farm, in Macomb county, and on November 23, I858, married Miss Emeline Newberry, daughter of George and Rebecca (Butterfield) Newberry, of New York, but early in life settled in Michigan, followed his trade of shoemaker, although he was likewise a mechanic and the owner of some land. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Green has been graced with two children, namely: Ada R., born September 25, 1862, and Louis D., born November 4, I869. At his marriage Mr. Green settled on the tract of land on which he now resides, from which not a tree had been cut, but the entire tract of one hundred and forty acres is now all under fence and well drained, and ninety acres in a fine state of cultivation and improved with first-class structures, while on fifty acres stands the virgin growth of timber. In the early days Mr. Green em ployed himself in making staves, and also in teamifig, but his skill as a farmer and his indomitable industry soon placed him in the front rank of the agriculturists of the county. Besides carrying on general farming, Mr. Green makes a specialty of breeding thoroughbred Poland China hogs, in which industry he has been very successful. In his political predilections Mr. Green is a Democrat, but he is not a partisan, and never has been an office-seeker. Louis D. Green, a son of Daniel A., still farms on the old homestead. He married Ida Corton, who bore him two children, viz: Ada R., born July 26, 1894, and Iva L., January o0, 1895. Daniel A. Green belongs to no secret order, being contented with his affiliation with the Baptist church, of which he is a devoted member. He is universally respected, and there is probably no better known citizen throughout all St. Clair county. As has been intimated above, Mr. Green has won his own way through the world, and can now afford to take the ease and comfort that his commendable industry in earlier years so justly entitles him to, and which not one of his many warm friends will begrudge him. VALENTINE BOEHMER. Germany has sent to America many of her children, and the usual result has been the betterment of those who have been fortunate enough to survive the perils of a voyage across the Atlantic ocean and to reach in safety the welcoming arms of Columbia. Valentine Boehmer was born in the empire of Germany, in that part for ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 631. merly known as Prussia, December 8, 1852, a son of Valentine and Catherine (Erbach) Boehmer, and the eldest of their five children, the younger four being Charles, Kate, Philip and Herman. Valentine Boehmer, the father, was born in 1824, came to America in 1855, and first sought a home in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, where he bought a tract of one hundred acres, followed his trade of cooper, and there passed the rem-ainder of his life, dying August Io, 1896. He was a member of the Lutheran church, and in politics a Conservative, as well as a member of his town council. Valentine Boehmer remained at home with his parents until about twenty-six years of age, when he came to Greenwood township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and here married, in 1878, Miss Mary Rau, a daughter of Rev. J. L. and Mary (Berthoum) Rau, the former of whom owned one hundred and twenty acres in Greenwood township, followed farming, in addition to preaching, was a Republican in politics, and died in I882. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Valentine Boehmer has been blessed with four children, namely: Charles, born May 15, 1879, and now residing in Detroit; Alfred, born December 8, i88i, and at present a sailor on the great lakes; Harry, born November 22, I855, also a sailor, and Mary, born May I8, I896. Valentine Boehmer acquired an excellent education in youth, and for thirty years has followed the vocation of teacher in St. Clair county, ten years in one district. He was, however, reared to practical farming, and owns at least twenty acres of good land, and this he cultivates, in addition to teaching school. He thus makes a comfortable living, and wins the respect of all who know him, for his industry redounds to his credit as also does his ability as a teacher. In politics Mr. Boehmer is a Democrat, is very popular with his party, and has been elected to all the school offices, and as supervisor of Greenwood township for one term. In all the positions Mr. Boehmer has filled he has exhibited decided ability, and he has served in each with conscientious devotion to duty. In religion he is a devout member of the Lutheran church, and freely contributes of his means to its support, and aids it otherwise when circumstances render such aid desirable or will permit. Fraternally Mr. Boehmer is a memlber of the tent of Maccabees at Jeddo, St. Clair county, and socially he and family mingle with the best circles of Casco township and St. Clair county. Mr. Boehmer has ma(le his way unaided through life, and all lie owns is the result of his own industry, good management and innate good sense. He has always been frugal, but never stingy, his heart and hand being ever open in response to the appeals of the poor or needy. His integrity has never been impugned, and his word is considered as reliable as his sigi:ature to any document in which he makes a promise of any kind whatsoever. JAMES E. LUTZ. In the death of the subject of this memoir, on the 4th of March, I898, St. Clair county and the village of Yale lost one of their most honored citizens, and one whose life had been one of signal usefulness. He was postmaster of the village at the time of his demise, and had filled other important. 632 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. offices of trust and responsibility, while he was known as a man of marked initiative power, and as one who "stood four square to every wind that blows." He was promii:ent in the civic and business life of the county, and commanded unequivocal confidence and esteem. Mr. Lutz was born in the township of Caister, province of Ontario, Canada, on the Ioth of July, I856, and three years later his parents, Simcoe and Eliza (Bowman) Lutz, came to Michigan and located on the old homestead farm still retained by the family, about two miles east of the village of Yale, in Brockway township, where they continued to reside until their death. Concerning the parents, more specific mention is made in the sketch of their son Fred, appearing elsewhere in this volume. Concerning the career of James E. Lutz, we can not do better than to quote from an obituary notice appearing in one of the local papers at the time of his death: "He worked on the farm in summer and attended school in winter, and by faithful study he obtained an education which enabled him to become one of our most successful business men. In I877 he was elected to the office of township superintendent of schools. which office he filled three successive terms. In I885 he taught the Yale school for one term. Mr. Lutz was appointed postmaster in I888 to fill a vacancy caused by the removal of the former incumbent to California. In I890 he was elected township clerk of Brockway township, which position he held three years. In I893, during Cleveland's second administration, he was reappointed postmaster, and held that office at the time of his death. Mr. Lutz and his brother Albert were the organizers of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company of St. Clair and Sanilac counties, and they continued to be associated in the insurance business in Yale until the time of the death of the subject. Mr. Lutz, by reason of his honest and upright life, was an example worthy of the emulation of any young man. By his death Yale loses one of her most valuable citizens, and the different societies a beloved brother." Mr. Lutz was a stanch Democrat in politics and was a power in the local ranks of the party, and fraternally he was identified with the Masonic order, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of the Maccabees. His death resulted from an attack of appendicitis, and his illness was of very brief duration. His funeral services were held at the Methodist Episcopal church, on Sunday, March 6. 1898, and his remains were laid to rest in Elimwood cemetery. A local paper spoke as follows concerning the final obsequies: "Many who had come to pay their last respects to the honored dead were unable to even get inside the church, owing to the great crowd that had assembled to be present at the funeral of one so well beloved and respected." ALBERT LUTZ. The Lutz family has been one of prominence in St. Clair county from the early pioneer epoch, and within the pages of this work will be found individual mention of three of the sons of the honored early set — tiers, Simcoe and Eliza (Bowman) Lutz, and by reason of the appearance of the two other sketches it will be unnecessary to recapitulate the family history in this con ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 633 rection. A son of the worthy couple just mentioned, and a man who well upheld the prestige of an honored name, was Albert Lutz, the immediate subject of this memoir. Such was his life, such his position as a man and a citizen, and such his prominence in the business and Industrial affairs of his section of the county, that it is clearly incuimbent that a tribute be here paid to his inemorv. Albert Lutz was born in Caister county, Ontario, Canada, on the 20th of September, I85I, and was reared under the invigorating discipline of the old homestead farm in Brockway township, this' county, while his educational advantages were such as were offered in the public schools. He continued to be actively identified with agricultural pursuits until the time of his death, and was the owner of one hundred and twenty acres of land in Greenwood township, near the village of Yale, when he was called from the scene of life's activities. He died on the 9th of March, I902, and from an obituary notice and appreciative estimate appearing at the time in a local paper we make excerpt as follows: "There was probably never in the history of Yale such a shock of regret to our community as that felt when the news spread that our fellow citizen, Albert Lutz, had passed to the great beyond on Sunday night. Only a week before his demise he was on our streets, enjoying the best of health. He was stricken down with a severe attack of measles, contracted no doubt from his little ones at home who were afflicted, and this was followed by pneumonia and heart failure. We have known him but a few short months, but long enough to know that his heart was that of one of nature's noblemen and that he was one of those persons who have the happy faculty of saying something that made another feel that life was worth the living, if it were only to make one live better after meeting him. He was a Freemason and exemplified its noble teachings in his daily life. He was a distinct man,-just, upright and honorable. Up to the time of his death he held the office of supervisor of Greenwood township for two years, and was also secretary of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company of St. Clair and Sanilac Counties, in whose organization he and his brother James were primarily instrumental. In politics he was a Democrat, and his personal popularity was demonstrated in his election to the office of supervisor in so strong a Republican district as Greenwood township. He leaves a wTidow and six children to mourn the loss of a loving husband and indulgent father, and is also survived by two brothers and two sisters. His funeral was conducted under Masonic auspices, at the Methodist Episcopal church, and his remains were laid to rest in Elmwood cemetery in Yale, many visiting Masons from other lodges joining their brethren here and taking part in the last sad rites at the grave. The deceased was also a member of the Maccabees and the Gleaners." Mr. Lutz was a man of forceful individuality, plain and unassuming in manners and kindly and charitable in his judgment of his fellow men, thoroughly understanding the well-springs of human thought and action and having the tolerance ever born of such knowledge. He was systematic in his business affairs, clear-sighted and broadminded, and he became one of the influential citizens of the county. 634 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. In I886 Mr. Lutz was united in marriage to Miss Mary Slusser, of Fremont township, and she survives him, as do also their six children, whose names, in order of birth, are as follows: David, Neva; Grover, Willie, Leota and Maggie. WILLIAM KOCH. \Villiam Koch, postmaster at Peters, Casco township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born December 8, 1867, a son of John and Minnie (Schroeder) Koch, the former of whom was born in Germany about 1844, and when fourteen years of age was brought to the United States by his father, who settled in Casco township, St. Clair county, Michigan, where he died the following year. The father of William IKoch was reared to manhood in Casco township, and here married Minnie Schroeder, who bore him seven children, viz: William, whose name stands at the opening of this biography; Charles A., Bertha, Alvena, John H., Minnie and Louis. The mother of this family was called away, however, December 19, 1882, and the father subsequently married Miss Lena Deutsch, who bore him four children, viz: Anna, Edward (deceased), Henry and Laura. John Koch is a hard-working man and a general farmer, and gained all he owns by his own labor. He is not active as a politician, but is nevertheless very popular and was elected to fill the office of township treasurer for one term by the Democratic l-party. He is a member of the Lutheran church, in the faith of which his wife passed away. William Koch was reared on his father's farm in Casco township, and on January 20, I895, married Alvena Schroeder, a daughter of Chris and Johanna Schroeder, who came from Germany to the United States about the same time the Koch family came. He purchased land and settled in China township, where he afterward resided until death. He also owned a saw-mill, and for twenty years operated a threshing machine. Mr. Schroeder was a Republican in politics, and in religion a Lutheran, in which faith he died March i, I899, leaving ten children, namely: William, John (deceased), Lena, Charles, Julia, Alvena (Mrs. William Koch), Gustave. Bertha, Anna and Lizzie. William Koch, for a few years after marriage, continued to work on the farm, and then opened a general store at Peters, which he has since conducted with success. He is also identified with the manufacture of cheese to a considerable extent, buying his materials from the farmers of the neighborhood, and in this industry has acquired quite an enviable reputation. Although he is independent in politics, and votes for the candidate he deems most suitable to carry out or fill the duties of the office to which he is to be chosen, he has himself been elected township treasurer on the Democratic ticket, and is the present postmaster at Peters, St. Clair county, having been appointed under the administration of President McKinley in I899. He has filled this office to the entire satisfaction of the people and the postoffice department, and although the duties are not very onerous, they are still of quite a responsible character. Mr. and Mrs. William Koch are consistent members of the Lutheran church, and stand in high esteem in the social circles of Peters and Casco township. While William Koch has led the some ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 635 what quiet life of a villager, he has exhibited a capacity for business seldom equalled by those who are reared amid surroundings of so secluded a character, but he is still a young man, and there is doubtless much even in the near future that will develop into broader and more diversified opportunities for the exercise of his undeniable business talents. The ability is within him; the opportunities alone are lacking, but that they will be forthcoming is hardly a matter of a shadow of doubt. JOSEPH WEBER. Young farmers seldom attain any great degree of fame, even as agriculturalists, yet when one makes a success of his calling and forges ahead of his competitors of the same age he deserves the approbation of his neighbors, old and young. Such a young man is Joseph Weber, of Casco township, St. Clair county, Michigan, who was born here February 21, J869, a son of Joseph and Philomena (Deidlin) Weber. Joseph Weh)er, father of the gentleman whose name opens this biographical record, was born in Germany, May 4, 1826, and in 1854 came to America. For a year he lived in Detroit, Michigan, and then came to Casco township, St. Clair county, where he purchased twenty acres of land in section 26, on which he subsequently settled, and has made it his home ever since. He later added twenty acres to his original purchase, and still lated added forty acres more, and now has a good farm of eighty acres, of which sixty-five acres are under cultivation. To Joseph Weber, Sr., and wife have been born four children, 39 namely: Mary, who died at the age of nineteen years; Joseph, the subject proper of this sketch; Lizzie, deceased wife of August Bousson, and John, who died in infancy. Mr. Weber was well educated in the German tongue, and also in the French language, but cannot speak English fluently, though he reads it understandingly. He is a Catholic in religion, and in politics was a Republican up to the (late of Abraham Lincoln's death, since which he has affiliated with the Democrats. Joseph Weber, Jr., was reared on his father's farm, and it may readily be supposed that he was taught those habits of industry which since resulted in his success as a practical farmer. On May 12, I896, he was married to Miss Josephine Rehbein, dlaughter of Daniel and Abbie (Krantz) Rehbein, who was born in Ira township, this county, December 22, 1872. Mr. Weber manages the old homestead, on which he makes his home. As has been stated above, he was taught the various processes through which a young man becomes a master of this vocation, and hence his invariable success in its pursuit. His crops compare favorably in quality and quantity with those grown by any of his neighbors on any farm of similar dimensions, his method being to rotate or change crops, or planting as his judgment and experience suggest giving nature an opportunity to restore to the soil the elements exhausted by previous crops of the same character, and which, if continued year after year continuously and consecutively, must necessarily impoverish the ground. Hence it is stated at the opening of this narrative that success in his calling should not arouse the envy of his competitors. Although Mr. Weber acquired but a 636 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. common school education in his young days, it was sufficient for the purpose of his vocation and the business transactions pertaining thereto. He is a close observer of men and things, and. a lesson once learned he never forgets-a most excellent qualification toward progress in all things. In politics Mr. Weber is a Democrat, but has so far contented himself with merely exercising his franchise at the polls, leaving to more ambitious fellow citizens the doubtful reward of office-seeking. As a citizen he stands very high in the esteem of his neighbors, and certainly deserves all the respect in which he is universally held. The integrity of Mr. Weber has never yet had cast over it the shadow of even a suspicious thought, and he stands an upright man before his fellow men. FRED LUTZ. He to whom this brief sketch is dedicated is a member of one of the old and honored families of St. Clair county, where his parents located in the year I859 and where his entire life has been passed. He is known as one of the progressive farmers of his native county, having consecutively maintained his allegiance to the fundamental art of agriculture, under whose influences he was reared. He was born on the old homestead farm, about two miles east of the village of Yale, in Brockway township, on the 2d of August, 1871, being a son of Simcoe and Eliza (Bowman) Lutz, the former of whom was born in Pelham, Ontario, July 13, 1826, while the latter was born in Caister, Ontario, February 28, I833. In I859 they removed from Caister township, Ontario, Canada, to St. Clair county, Michigan, and located on the present homestead farm in Brockway township, the land being entirely unreclaimed, so that they here became pioneers in the most strenuous sense of the term. Here they reared their children and here passed the remainder of their lives, being persons of sterling character and ever commanding the respect of all who knew them. Simcoe Lutz succeeded in developing the major portion of his farm, upon which he made good improvements, and there his death occurred September lo, I896, at which time he was seventy years of age, while his devoted and cherished wife passed away August Io, I890, at the age of fifty-seven years. Fred Lutz was reared to manhood on the old homestead and the same has been his place of abode consecutively from the time of his birth to the present. He was educated in the public schools of his native county, where he gained that practical knowledge which has conserved his success in his business affairs in later years. He now owns two tracts of land, each comprising forty acres and situated in Brockway township, and in addition to this he has an interest in the old homestead, upon which he still resides, and he is engaged in general farming, carrying forward his operations with energy and good judgment and thus having attained a position of independence and definite prosperity. In politics he gives his allegiance to the Democratic party, and he has served in the office of treasurer of his school district. Fraternally he is identified with the Knights of the Maccabees, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 637 being a member of Yale Tent No. 86, and in his native county he has gained and retained the confidence and good will of those with whom he has come in contact in the varied relations of life, while he has a wide circle of friends in the community in which his life has been spent. Mr. Lutz is one of a family of seven children, of whom four are living at the present time, he having been the sixth in order of birth. Melinda is the widow of Alfred Bowles, a resident of the village of Yale; Austin is a railway postal clerk and resides in the city of Port Huron, and Lucy resides on the old homestead with the subject. Ellsworth Lutz died at the age of eight years, and of the two other deceased brothers, Albert and James E., individual mention is made elsewhere in this publication. On the iith of March, I897, Mr. Lutz was united, in marriage to Miss Anna Rath, a daughter of William and Maria (Welch) Rath, who were born in Canada and the state of New York, respectively, while the father of Mr. Rath was a native of Ireland. Samuel Welch, the father of Mrs. Rath, was a pioneer lumberman and miller of St. Clair county, having settled on a farm one and one-half miles south of Yale, when his daughter Maria was but nine years of age. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in his political adherency he was a stanch Democrat. He died on the farm mentioned, in I897, and his wife passed away in I899. In the pioneer days William Rath accompanied his parents, John and Agnes Rath, on their removal from Canada to St. Clair county, and they settled a short distance south of the present town of Yale, where both parents lived during the remainder of their days, each attaining an advanced age, while Mr. Rath there cleared and improved a good farm. His son William early found employment in the lumber woods, and for seventeen spring seasons he was employed in running logs on Mill creek. After his marriage he settled on a tract of swamp land two miles east of Yale, developing an excellent farm of eighty acres in Greenwood township, and this homestead still continues to be the residence place of the family. William and Maria Rath became the parents of seven children, namely: Anna, Orson, William, Jr., Floyd, Ethel, Bessie and Gladys. Mr. and Mrs. Lutz have two children, Iva and Bernice. WILLIAM Q. FISH. This respected farmer, residing on Harsen Island, Clay township, St. Clair county, was born on Walpole Island, Canada, in 1842 and is a son of George and Mary Jane (Rattaray)' Fish, the former of whom was a native of England. He came to America in 1835, two years before Michigan was admitted to the sisterhood of states and was one of the pioneers who lived on 'Walpole Island until driven off by Indians but a few years later, when he took up his residence on Harsen Island for many years in peace and comfort on his farm of one hundred and twenty acres. He was, besides being a farmer, a sailor for about ten years and was known as Captain Fish. He eventually moved to Port Huron, Michigan, where he passed the remainder of his life, 638 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I dying April I, I898, honored and esteemed by all who knew him. To George and Mary Fish were born eight children, in the following order: Mary J., William Q., George, Eliza, Ellen, Thomas, John and Emma. William Q. Fish was but two years of age when his parents located on Harsen Island, and this has been his own home ever since. For fourteen years he sailed the lakes, beginning as pot-washer and ending as captain. On withdrawing from sea life, Captain Fish engaged in farming and now owns eighty acres on the banks of the St. Clair river. He has sold forty-five acres to the Tashmoo Park Company, which park borders on the south and east part of his own place, making the latter a very lovely and desirable home. Captain Fish was married April 22, 1876, to Ruth C. Lee, and this union has been crowned with one child, Eleanor L., a student in the Detroit high school. The Captain raises the usual crops indigenous to the latitude in which his farm is situated, carries on dairying to a large extent, and also sells large quantities of ice during the camping season. Mr. and Mrs. Fish are members of the Christian church at A1 -gonac. Fraternally the Captain is a member of the United Workmen, and in politics is a Republican. He and family are highly thought of in Clay township and surrounding country and his word is regarded as good as his bond. He has always been a hard worker, but has met his reward in his present pleasant home. He has surrounded himself with all the comforts of life and many of its luxuries, and is now living in comparative ease, in contrast with his former condition. He has no longer to brave the perils of the deep, and he can congratulate himself that his opulence is of his own creation, and that he has no one else to feel under obligation to or who can claim his thanks. JACOB P. HARSEN. This experienced and enterprising farmer was born on Harsen Island, in St. Clair county, Michigan, November 25, I829, a son of William and Isabella (McCollum) Harsen, the former of whom was a native of Albany, New York, and the latter of Scotland. Jacob Harsen, paternal grandfather of Jacob P., came from the Empire state in 1769, and was the first of the family to come to St. Clair county, Michigan. He settled on the island which has since borne his name, the island, like all the surrounding country, being at that time the home of numerous redskins and wild animals. Mr. Harsen was a gunsmith by trade and the only one in that region of the country, but was always friendly with the Indians. His island home conmprised over three thousand acres, for which he received a grant from the government. and there he worked at his trade, farmed, tradled with the Indians and there passed the remainder of his life. He was the father of six children, William, James, Francis, Jacob, Barney and Catherine. XWilliam Harsen, the father of Jacob P. Harsen and the eldest of the above family, came west with his father, William, and grew to manhood on Harsen Island. He was married in St. Clair county, but lost his wife in December, I829, and for a sec ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 639 ond wife married the widow Simmons, a native of Pennsylvania. To William and Isabella (McCollum) Harsen were born eight children, named as follows: James, Oliver, William, Henry and Mary (twins), John, Barney and Jacob P., the last named being the only survivor. \William Harsen, the father of this family, did a great deal of hunting, trapping and fishing in early life, and also cleared up a great deal of land, of which he owned six hundred and forty acres. He died a true and faithful member of the Presbyterian church and was greatly respected by all who knew him, and that included nearly everybody in St. Clair county. Jacob P. Harsen was a babe but six weeks old when his mother was called away, and the child was adopted and reared by a paternal uncle, Jacob Harsen, whose sole heir he became, receiving five hundred and forty acres of farming land, as well as everything he possessed, horses, cattle, etc., Jacob dying when he was b)ut fifty-five years old. March 8, 185I, Jacob P. Harsen married Miss Pollv \A. Perrv, who was born in Canada, a dlaughter of James W. and Elizabeth (\Ward) Perry, who came to St. Clair county in 1837, and settled in Clay township, at Point Tremb1le, and here Ml. Perry engaged in farming, and here he and his wife passed the remainder of their days. To the marriage of Jacob P. Harsen and Polly A. Perry have been born the following named children: Mary L., deceased wife of Alfred Johnson, who is also deceased, leaving two children, Harry, wnho has since died, and Burton, a sailor; Augustus is the proprietor of the Kimball House at Algonac, and is married to Nancy Lee, who has borne him three children, viz: Clark, Florence and Floyd; the third child is named Alfred, lives at Grand Point, and is married to Etta Johnson, who has borne him two children, Mabel and Maggie. Mr. 'Harsen was but a lad of ten iwhen his uncle Jacob died and he chose his brother William as his guardian, with whom lhe lived till twenty-one, when he took possession of the property and to which he has ever since devoted his attention. His residence was built before he was born by his uncle Jacob and on which practically his entire life has been l)assed. In 1769 the north channel of the St. Clair river was the boundary line, Harsen island being in Canada. Jacob Harsen bought the island of its Indian owners, five chiefs signing the grant. Harsen was an Indian trader and free buyer. By later arrangements the island passed to the United States, the south channel being deeme(l the boundary. He carries on general farming, cattle raising, fruit growing, etc., and has made a success of life at this place, having never been away from home with the exception of five days, and out of the state but once. Mr. Harsen is a member of the Methodist church, to which lhe is a liberal contributor, is well known throughout St. Clair county, and is greatly respected everywhere. MRS. CORDELIA BAILEY. One of the most worthy among the citizens of St. Clair county is Mrs. Cordelia (Tuttle) Bailey. Mrs. Bailey was the 640 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I daughter of Israel and Tempi (Gilmore) Tuttle, early residents of Bertie, Ontario, where she was born in I834. The other children were: Sophia, William H., Hannah, Jeremiah, Samanth'ia and James G. The three sons entered the service of the United States during the war of the Rebellion. William became second lieutenant and died on the field; Jeremiah also perished in the cause and James G. received a liberal pension for injuries sustained July I6, I850, at Detroit. Cordelia Tuttle was united in marriage to Charles Gilbert, who was born in New York, February I8, 1824, the son of Mason and Susan Gilbert. Mason Gilbert was a native of Pennsylvania, but resided the greater part of his life in New York, the last years of his life being spent at the home of his son Charles, where he died in I864. Soon after his marriage Charles Gilbert established a grocery business at Algonac, and did a profitable business for many years. He died October 8, 1892, and Mrs. Cordelia was later united in marriage to Samuel Bailey. At the present Mrs. Bailey owns considerable valuable property, not a little of which has been made through her own business foresight. CAPT. ISAAC COLBY. One of the oldest, best known and most highly respected residents of St. Clair county, Michigan, is Capt. Isaac Colby, of Algonac. He was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, October 28, I820, his parents being William and Sarah (Clogston) Colby. They were of ancient New England stock, the father having been born in Boston, in I804, and the mother in Goffstown, New Hampshire, in I806. The Colby family moved from Boston to New Hampshire, where William Colby grew to manhood, married, settled down in life and there his children were born. They were tillers of the soil, but as that occupation was not profitable among the bleak and barren hills of New Hampshire, the family was neither rich nor affluent. In early life William Colby was a Democrat, but after the organization of the Republican party he affiliated with it and continued to vote that ticket while he lived. Eight children were born to William and Sarah Colby, two of whom died in infancy. Of the six who lived and grew to manhood, three, William, Matthew and Timothy are now dead. Those living are Isaac, Charles E., a resident of Detroit, and Andrew J., who resides in San Francisco. William Colby was a member of the Universalist church and a firm believer in its broad and liberal doctrines. He was able to provide well for his family, giving each of his children the advantage of a fair education and assisting them in starting out in life for themselves. The early years of the life of Isaac Colby were spent amidst the freedom of the New England hills. At the age of fourteen years, after he had acquired some knowledge of letters and books, he went to Waltham, Massachusetts, and there became skilled as a merchant tailor. For a number of years he traveled about the country as a journeyman tailor, remaining only a few years in each place. He was three years at Hopkinston, New Hampshire, then went to Manchester, for two ears; from there to Brattleborough, Ver ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 641 mont, where he remained three years; next to Albany, New York, for two years; then came westward and about the year 1852 settled in West Detroit, Michigan. His travels through the country and work in the different localities had thoroughly skilled him in his calling and given him a satisfactory knowledge of life and of human nature. He took a broad, comprehensive view of the world and its people, and, though liberal in his views, he was ardent and aggressive in the advocacy of any cause he espoused. When the war of the Rebellion broke out it found in him an enthusiastic supporter of the Lincoln administration and of the Union. Abandoning his needle, bench and goose, the erstwhile tailor turned his attention to the raising of troops for the war. He was not long in enrolling about two hun(Ired of the stalwart youths of eastern Michigan and was soon much gratified by the receipt, from Governor Blair, of a commission as captain of Company E, Fourth Regiment Michigan Volunteer Infantry. Much of the time, however, he was in command of three companies. A member of his command, John B. Bradley, had a brief but decisive experience with a rebel sharpshooter. The latter had ensconced himself in a tree not a great distance away from the location of Captain Colby's command, and was picking off the men with a precision and regularity worthy of a better cause. Bradley's sharp eyes located him in his leafy quarters and with a well-directed shot he sent him toppling to the ground. He then walked over to where the rebel lay weltering in blood, found him dead and quickly relieving him of his possessions, shouldered his musket. and returned to his command amidst the cheers of his comrades. The command of Captain Colby was not always in touch with the commissary department and frequently was left dependent upon its own resources for supplies. On many occasions he and his men were detailed on foraging expeditions, wherein they were expected to supply the wants of the entire regiment and so often were they assigned to duty of this kind that they became quite expert at the business, very little escaping them in the way of eatables on the plantations they visited. They were located for a length of time at various points in Alab)ama, among them at Whittsburg and Huntsville. During its entire service the Fourth Michigan Infantry acquitted itself most creditably. At one time Captain Colby was given by General Granger his choice of three important points that were to be held and guarded, the most important point being Crow Creek, Alabama. This was chosen by Captain Colby, and he held it in spite of the repeated attacks of the enemy. The regiment was later transferred from Alabama to Memphis, Tennessee, and at the close of the war was mustered out. At the close of hostilities Captain Colby returned to Michigan and settled in Detroit. He was united in marriage to MIrs. Hannah (Smoot) Fleming, and they had five children, three of whom are dead. Sarah F. is the wife of Capt. H. C. Harrow, of Algonac; Mary, deceased, was the wife of George Fisher, a merchant tailor. The present Mrs. Colby, to whom the Captain was married April 6, 1892, was Miss Hannah Allison, a native of England, and reared in Sandwich, Ontario, who had 642 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I resided in Michigan about ten years previous to her marriage. She had learned telegraphy in Canada and had charge of the office at Sandwich for thirteen years. In his early manhood Captain Colby was a Democrat; that, however, was before the organization of the Republican party, and during and since the war he has been quite active in politics, affiliating with the Republican party. 'He is a member of the Universalist church and a firm believer in the broad and liberal teachings of that denomination. He was ever kind, generous and charitable all his life, a man who readily made friends and had little difficulty in keeping them. He is a member of the G. A. R., being elected commander of Harvey Tucker Post when past eighty years old, and loves to meet and talk with the few old comrades in arms who are left. At one time he was the owner of a tract of land that is now a part of West Detroit. If put on the market today it would easily bring one million dollars. He has seen much of nature and of life in all its phases. He knows some of the hardships and much of the delights that people encountered during the elapse of the last three score and ten years. JOHN K. RANDOLPH. In the counties of the old world it is no uncommon thing to find people who have spent the entire years of a long life in sight of the spot upon which they were born. In America, however, instances of that kind are rare. The active American, less inclined to contentment, yearns for a change and seldom maintains through life a residence at the place of his birth. However, there are some localities in this country where people are found so contented with their lot that they have remained near the place of their birth more than half a century. One of these localities is Clay township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and one of the inhabitants thus attached to it is John K. Randolph, the subject of this sketch. He was born in that township, August 31, I845, and there remained during the successive stages of a babe, child, boy and man for very nearly three score years without once changing his residence or wishing to abandon the place of his birth, a temporary sojourn of about two years in Wisconsin being all the time he has spent away from home. His parents were Jonathan and Phoeba (Mosier) Randolph, the former a native of Canada, born February 13, I798, the latter of the state of Connecticut, born April 29. 1806. Jonathan Randolph was a farmer and a hardworking, intelligent man. He did much heavy labor in his time in the way of clearing land and in its improvement and cultivation. 'He and his wife were the parents of seven children: Hannah, Abraham, Jonathan, Jeanette. William F., John K. and Eunice A. In politics Mr. Randolph was a Republican, and was also a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and active in all matters connected with religion, morality and education. While by no means opposed to lodges and fraternal societies, he joined none of them. His education was confined to the common school branches, but by extensive reading he had acquired a vast fund of learning. He died on the 7th day ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 643 of March, 1883, having lived to past the patriarchial period of three score and ten years. John K. Randolph grew to manhood in his native township of Clay. He attended the district schools and improved his time in the acquisition of learning. From his earliest youth he has pursued the calling of a farmer and has met with not a little success, being now the owner of seventy acres of excellent land, all under splendid cultivation. It is well stocked with cattle and hogs and he has all the necessary forces for the proper conduct of his farm work. He does not lelieve in overburdening any animal and therefore keeps constantly eight or ten head of work horses on his premises. That portion of his land lying along the beach is quite valuable, is steadily increasing in value and would easily command at the present time eight to ten dollars per front foot. August 4, I866, John K. Randolph was united in marriage to Miss Esther Green, a lady of education, talent and refinement and the daughter of Jacob and Hannah (Mosier) Green, early settlers of this locality. Jacob Green is a native of New York, having been born near Albany. To Mr. and Mrs. Randolph have been born eight children: Jonathan is a farmer; Jacob G. died in childhood; the third child died in infancy; William was drowned at the age of twenty years; Albert, who is assisting his parents, married Bertha Simons; Curtis died at nineteen years of age; Arthur D. still resides with his parents; Nellie E. also resides at home. The drowning of William was a most severe shock to his parents, broth ers and sisters. He was in the flower of manhood and just closing his twentieth year. With a number of other young men, including his brother Jonathan, he was swimming in their customary bathing place. He was an expert swimmer and entertained no fears whatever of the water. In the midst of their enjoyment, while in deep water, he was taken with cramp and his cry for help quickly brought to him his older brother, who heroically risked his own life to save him. His efforts, however, were unavailing and the unfortunate young man sank to his death. It was months before Jonathan recovered from the shock and the almost superhuman efforts he had put forth to rescue his sinking brother. The family of Mr. and Mrs. Randolph are memlbers of the Methodist church at Algonac and each takes an active interest in church work. Mr. Randolph is a member of two fraternal societies, the Ancient Order of United 'Workmen, and of the Knights of the Maccabees, and carries a two thousand dollar policy of insurance in each. His son Jonathan also belongs to the Maccabees, is the holder of a two thousand dollar policy of life insurance and is also a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. The family is recognized as among the best and most influential in St. Clair county. GEORGE A. PHELPS. Many of the early settlers of St. Clair county, Michigan, and their sons made the sailing of the lakes their vocation in life. 644 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I Some, anticipating that in their latter years they would be obliged to abandon the water, purchased land at a desirable point and, as tl eir means and time permitted, improved it. The family resided on shore and at the end -of each voyage was visited by the husband, father, brother or son, who enjoyed a brief respite from the labors of his floating home until another voyage began. The subject of this sketch, George A. Phelps, was among the settlers of. St. Clair county who, in this way, divided their time between land and water. Aaron Phelps, the father of George A., was a native of Vermont, born in 1802. His wife, whose maiden name was Mary A. Proctor, was born in England in I809 and came to America with her parents when quite young. From Vermont the Phelps family crossed the line into Canada and there Aaron grew to manhood. His education was limited and he was quite successful, especially in the raising of horses, cattle and sheep. He was still quite a young man when he met and married Mary A. Proctor. They were the parents of five children, two of whom, Mariah and Millie, are dead; three, Adaline, Joseph and George, are still living. Some time after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Aaron Phelps moved to the United States, locating in what is now St. Clair county, Michigan. They procured land in what has since become Clay township, built upon it a home and proceeded to convert the wilderness into a farm. Here George A. Phelps was born, November 13, I844. In his new home Aaron Phelps was quite successful'in his work as a farmer and stock raiser. He made money, provided well for his family, gave each a far better opportunity for securing an education than he had and died after many years of usefulness, carrying with him the blessings, not only of his children and other relatives, but of many whom he had aided and befriended. One period in his life he was fond of relating. When a young man he located on Stromless Island, among a people whose pursuits were entirely pastoral. They possessed much stock of all kinds and an abundance of fodder. Upon one occasion the island was visited by a fearful storm, which, continuing a number of days, caused the surrounding water to rise to an unprecedented height. The live stock could be reached only by wading or in boats, and at length the supply of feed became exhausted and straw was taken from bedticks that the animals might be kept alive. The poor beasts huddled near the homes of their masters, many 'dying close by the threshholds. It was a terrible experience for both man and beast, and Mr. Phelps lost no time in getting away from the island at the first opportunity. George A. Phelps grew to manhood in the township in which he was born. He received a good common school education and, from extensive reading, travel and close observation, has become a well informed man. At the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion he went to Indianapolis, Indiana, and enlisted in the Twenty-second Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He followed the fortunes of that regiment all through the war and participated in many of the hottest engagements of that struggle. He was with Sherman on his march to the sea and on many days marched a distance of twenty ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 645 five miles and upwards. Often he had nothing to eat and seldom better than ditch water to drink. If the boys who made that trip had even "embalmed beef" they would not have made many inquiries as to the process of embalming. At Savannah, Georgia, as a result of the fatigues of the march, the lack of provisions and exposure, many of the boys were taken sick and had to go into a hospital, the subject being among the number. He was laid up there for four months, but had recovered, rejoined his command and was stationed in South Carolina when orders came for the regiment to go to Washington to participate in the review. He was mustered out with his regiment in June, I865, and returned to his home in St. Clair county. At twenty-one years of age Mr. Phelps was united in marriage to Miss Rena Ainsworth, daughter of Henry and Hattie (Able) Ainsworth. Her paternal grandfather was an officer in the war of 1812. The family is of old preRevolutionary stock and some of its members have made their mark in every interesting period of American history. Henry Ainsworth is still living in the enjoyment of fair health. He has devoted the greater part of his life to agriculture. Politically he is a Democrat and religiously he is a Methodist. Two children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Phelps, A. W. and Josephine. The youth and early manhood of George A. Phelps were spent upon the water, he following the laborious and hazardous life of a sailor upon the lakes. During the voyages made by him there was scarcely an important point upon the shores of the great lakes that he did not visit. For fourteen years he was, as a sailor, in the employ of one man, Robert Holland, of Marine City. While voyaging, Mr. Phelps secured some fame as being adept in the manly art of self defense, in sparring matches he always coming out ahead, and in scuffling or wrestling he seldom encountered a man he could not handle. In almost all athletic sports the crew of the various boats on which he sailed accorded him the palm. Even now, when well along toward the three-score mark, it would take a good man to handle him. He is strong and vigorous, quick and nimble in his movements and displays a dexterity in all that he undertakes that would be creditable to a man twenty years his junior. He is the owner of eighty acres of fine land, well improved and supplied with buildings that are the equal of any farm buildings in that part of the state. The house was built in I889, the barn in I90I, and these, with their well kept surroundings, present to the eye an ideal country home. It was only in I898 that he gave up the life of a sailor and permanently settled down to the less exciting calling of an agriculturist. In disposition he is genial and agreeable and popular among his associates and neighbors. FRED PARKER. Fred Parker, of Clay township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and a prosperous farmer, was born near Boston, Lincolnshire, England, May 4, 1831, a son of Thomas and Ellener (Robins) Parker, the former of whom was born in I802 in Cam 646 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.., _ bridgeshire. He was a successful farmer, and there died in I875, a member of the Established church and the father of thirteen children. Fred Parker came to Algonac, Michigan, in 1852, and for three years worked in a saw-mill. He then purchased a farm and also some village property and for three years engaged in huckstering, then in butchering for one year, and then for two years in timbering. He then came into possession of his present farm of one hundred and seventy acres, all of which he has placed under a superior state of cultivation, with the exception, perhaps, of about forty acres, which he reserves for timber. Besides carrying on general farming, Mr. Parker gives attention to the breeding of horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, for marketing, and in this industry has met with invariable success. In March, 1852, Mr. Parker married Miss Ann Wells, a daughter of Frederick and Elizabeth (Cordwin) Wells and a native of England, in which county the father was a substantial farmer. To Frederick and Elizabeth Wells were born thirteen children, and to Fred and Ann (Wells) Parker have been born eight children in the following order: Ellen E. died in childhood; Sarah J. married Norman J. Markle, a furniture dealer and undertaker in Marine City; Fred W.; Nellie F. is married to Luke Broughton, a retired farmer; Naomi is married to Chauncey F. Marks, a grocer at Marine City; William died at twelve years of age; Fannie is married to Edward W. Hill, a farmer, and James R. is mate of the "John W. Gates," one of the largest steamers on the great lakes, and who spends his winters in Flori da, where he has an orange grove. He is a member of Sam Ward Lodge No. 62, F. & A. M., and Sam Ward Chapter, both at Marine City. The mother of these children, a most estimable lady, was called away in 900o, and, it is needless to add, it was an irreparable loss to her husband and children, as well as to her immediate neighbors, who had held her in the highest possible esteem. She was a member, as is her husband, of the Episcopalian church, and died a true and faithful Christian. In politics Mr. Parker is a "Roosevelt Democrat." He erected his present dwelling in I893, and it is considered one of the handsomest on the road on which it is situated, being remarkable for the quiet and homelike appearance that always characterizes the dwelling of an English husbandman. Mr. Parker is to be credited with his success as being entirely due to his own skill and good judgment, and the qualities have won for him the high esteem in which he is held by all his neighbors. Fred WV. Parker was born May 14, I858, in Algonac, and was educated in the local schools and under the private instruction of D. G. Jones, who was one of the ablest educators of Algonac. He also taught two terms of school. From the fall of I88I he was engaged in the grocery and vessel supply trade in Detroit for four years. He has since been associated with his father in the operation of the farm and in connection therewith he bought fruit for twelve years, making three trips to England with shipments of fruit. He holds membership in Ashlar Lodge No. 9I, F. & A. M., in Detroit, and in Sam Ward Chapter at Marine City. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 647 LOUIS A. WEIL. No better index of the generic status of any community can be had than that afforded in its new spaper press, through which are shown forth the civic pride, commercial and industrial prestige and social advantages of said community. Port Huron has reason to be proud of her newsplapers, and among the most progressive anld ably conducted in the city, as well as the state, is the Daily Herald, which, under its present management has mnade rapid strides toward the forefront and which is meeting with popular favor of a cumulative order, as in justice due. The subject of this review, a young man of progressive ideas, distinctive executive ability and thorough knowledge of the newspaper business, is secretary, treasurer and manager of the Daily Herald Company, an(l by reason of his precedence in the connection, as well as on account of his having passed the major portion of his life in Port Huron, it is most consonant that he ble accorded consideration in this volume as one of the representative young business men of the county. Louis A. Weil, who is of sterling Jewish ancestry, was born in the city of Brooklyn, New York, on the i9th of June, 1877, being a son of Abraham and Caroline Weil, the former of whom became a representative clothing merchant. Louis A. received his early educational discipline in the public schools of Port Huron, completing the literary course in the local high school, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of I896. He early manifested literary tastes and prediiections and was editor of the first high school paper published in Port Huron. After leaving school he passed a short interval in the law office of O'Brien J. Atkinson, of this city, and then took the position of reporter on the Port Huron News, being successful in his efforts and enjoying the work to the utmost. Soon afterward he secured a position on the reportorial staff of the Detroit Tribune, later becoming police reporter on that paper, an incumbency which he retained some time and then accepted a similar position on the reportorial staff of the Detroit Free Press, with which old and prominent journal he continued to be i(lentified until I900, when he returned to Port Huron and founded the Daily Herald, a stock company being organized, under the title of the Daily Herald Company,. and of the same Mr. Weil was elected secretary, treasurer and manager, his associate in the enterprise being John Murray,. ex-postmaster of Port Huron. The Herald met with a favorable reception at the time of its inception, and is an alert, progressive and admirably conducted paper, attractive in makeup and letter-press, securing a good advertising patronage and being thoroughly metropolitan in appearance and in the methods of handling the various departments of its business. Mr. \Veil is a thorough, enthusiastic and enterprising newspaper man and the Herald is creditable to him and his coadjutors and to the city in which it is published. Fraternally Mr. Weil is identified with the Knights of Pythias, the Woodmen of the World, Knights of the Modern Maccabees and several social clubs, being popular in both business and social circles and having a wide acquaintance in the city in 648 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. which essentially his entire life has been passed. JABEZ GEER. The agriculturists of Clay township, St. Clair county, Michigan, have among them a no more successful and respected man, ex-soldier, farmer and fellow citizen than Jabez Geer, who was born in this township March 23, I837, and is a son of Joseph W. and Theda (Crane) Geer, natives of Vermont, and born respectively June 22, I798, and September 23, I802, and married May 4, 1820. About 1833 Joseph W. Geer and wife came from the Green Mountain state to Michigan and first located in Plymouth, Wayne county, whence they came, two years later, to Algonac, where for several years he followed his trade of millwright and carpenter, but later became a farmer. To Joseph W. and Theda Geer were born seven children, namely: Abigail, Charles, Hannah, in Pinconning, Michigan, Sallie, Jabez, of whom further mention will be made, Franklin and Theda E. The father of this family owned forty acres of good land, which he himself cleared up from the wilderness of Clay township, St. Clair county, and developed into a valuable homestead. In politics he was in early life a Whig, but upon the decadence of that party became a Republican. He was elected a justice of the peace, which office he held for several years, and was also elected to several minor offices, all of which he filled with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of his constituents. His death occurred November 13, I879. His wife had died in April, 1845, and he, in 1862, married Miss Jannette Warner, also from Vermont, and who survived him some eight years. Jabez Geer was reared to manhood in Clay township and was trained to the vocation of farming, which he followed until 1863, when he enlisted at Algonac in Company I, First Regiment Michigan Engineers and Mechanics, and was assigned to the Army of the Cumberland. At the conclusion of that glorious military spectacle, the grand review at Washington, he was ordered to Louisville, Kentucky, then to Nashville, Tennessee, and thence to Jackson, Michigan, where he was mustered out of the service with the rank of sergeant. After his return he engaged in carpentering and ship-building, was subsequently a lighthouse keeper for nine years on the St. Clair flats. He then engaged in farming, which is still his occupation. For two terms he was township drain commissioner. Jabez Geer was first joined in marriage August 23, I859, with Mrs. Theda L. (Warner) Bartholomew, daughter of Capt. Edward B. and Olive (Reed) Warner, natives respectively of Ohio and New York. Capt. Edward Warner was born April I4, I811, was a sailor for thirty years and was captain from the age of nineteen, and served as master of both sailing vessels and steam boats. For some years he was a resident of Ohio, then of the northern part of Indiana, and in 1845 brought his family to Algonac, where he passed the remainder of his life, dying February II, I89I. -He was first a Whig and later a Republican. To Capt. Edward B. and Olive (Reed) Warner were born eight children, in the following order: Willis ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 649 - E., Susannah, Theda L., George E., Stephen A., Amanda R., Harriet A. and Mary A. Mr. and Mrs. Geer have also eight first married to Frank Bates and secondly at fourteen years of age; Salina L. was children, namely: Edward J., who died at fourteen years of age; Salina L. was first married to Frank Bates and secondly to Elisha B. Moore; Reuben G. died at two years of age; Addie A.; George F. is a sailor and married Ann Macdonald; Henry H. died at four years of age; Pearl; Sybelia is married to Gilbert Quackenbush, an electrician. Mrs. Geer was married at the age of sixteen years to Albert Bartholomew, who died three years later, leaving one daughter, Harriet A., wife of S. O. Durrant, of Marine City. Mr. Geer owns forty acres of good land, which he has cleared and improved and has converted into one of the handsomest and most profitable farms of its dimensions in the county. He is a member of the F. & A. M. lodge at Algonac, and he and family are held in the highest esteem throughout St. Clair county. HENRY C. HARROW. There were a few white people in that part of the Northwest Territory now known as the state of Michigan when, in I805, under the administration of Thomas Jefferson, that region was organized as a territory and received its name. On March 20, that same year, and within the limits of the new territory, the father of Henry C. Harrow, the subject of this sketch, was born. If the west is justly des ignated in this day and generation as having been "wild and woolly," how infinitely more wild and how transcendantly more woolly it must have been at that time. Still it was habitable. The simple people of that time had few wants, which were easily supplied. All through that region the red man was greatly in evidence, but at that time he was harmless, as his feet had long before strayed from the path of war and the delights of the pipe of peace were to him very enticing. The white settlers, therefore, had nothing to fear from that source and so pursued their various vocations in perfect security. In such a wilderness was George Harrow, the father of Henry C. Harrow, born, reared and given such knowledge of letters and books and experience in the ways of frontier life as his parents were able to bestow. In this region he spent all of the years of a long and useful life. He was united in marriage to Miss Lucretia Peer and settled on the banks of the St. Clair river one mile above Algonac and on land, a part of a tract extending two miles along the river and containing over one thousand acres owned by his father, Captain Alexander Harrow, who came from Scotland and who was formerly in the employ of the Canadian government. He had married a young girl from Amherstburg, where he first saw her when windbound. He learned that she had been stolen by Indians when a child and was kept by the chief, from whom Captain Harrow took her and married her. They lived here during their lives, he dying at forty-five years of age and she reaching past ninety years of age. They were the parents of twelve children, two of whom died in infancy. The living 650 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I are Mary J., James, Lucy A., Lucretia, John, Henry, Charlotte, Catherine, Washington and William. George Harrow owned at one time three hundred and twenty acres of fine land and by his own hand cleared and prepared it for the plow. He lived to the ripe old age of eighty-two years, greatly beloved and respected, and for years before his death was the only native inhabitant of St. Clair county living therein. Henry C. Harrow was born in Clay township January 22, I844. At the age of fifteen he began a career of sailing that has continued upwards of forty-two years. His service has extended over the lakes, either as master or engineer, and largely confined to what is known as towing service. At the age of twenty-four years he was united in marriage to Harriet Templeton, a native of New York and a most estimable lady. To this marriage were born two children, Josephine, who is now the wife of Henry Siskind, a lawyer at Boston, Massachusetts, and Mabel L., who resides at the home of her father. The second marriage of Henry C. Harrow was to Mrs. Sarah F. Pulsipher, widow of William Pulsipher and daughter of Isaac and Hannah Colby. Mrs. Harrow is an active worker in the Sunday school and is the president of the local organization of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, with which she has been identified for twenty years. Mr. Harrow is a member of the Methodist church at Algonac and belongs to the Masonic order, Lodge No. 35, Detroit. His title of captain he acquired by his experience as a navigator. He has been quite successful in the battle of life, at present owning considerable property in Algonac. He is respected and admired by his neighbors and acquaintances and is the proud possessor of hosts of warm personal friends. JOSEPH BRABAW. This highly respected citizen, ex-soldier and agriculturist of Clay township, St. Clair county, Michigan, was born in Detroit July 14, I838, the third of the five children that graced the marriage of Anthony and Mary (Parrell) Brabaw, the former a native of Montreal, Canada, and the latter of Detroit. Anthony Brabaw was a farmer by vocation, and in 1857 came to St. Clair county and purchased one hundred and sixty acres of woodland at Pearl Beach, in Clay township, which he cleared up and improved in all necessary respects, making it a comfortable home and a fruitful farm. Although a man of but limited education, he was possessed of strong, good sense, great energy, and an excellent comprehension of business methods, and for nineteen years peddled his products up and down the river, where he was well known, realized a fair competency, and finally settled at Pearl Beach, where he and wife passed the remainder of their days. They had born to them a family of five children, in the following order: Anthony, a farmer at Algonac; Michael, living at Monroe; Joseph, whose name opens this article; Francis, living at St. Clair Flats, and Mary, deceased. Joseph Brabaw received a fair common school education in his native town, and at the age of eighteen started out in life as a ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 65I _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - teamster, working by the month. In I858 he came to Clay township, and here for two years farmed on shares, and here also, in December, I860, he married Miss Elizabeth A. Hawkins, who was born in England, a daughter of David and Elizabeth Hawkins, natives of Wales. David Hawkins died in his native land, and Mrs. Elizabeth Hawkins came with her children to America and settled in I850 near Mount Clemens, where she was married to William Lawrence, and where she passed the remainder of her life. To Joseph and Elizabeth A. (Hawkins) Brabaw have been born eleven children, namely: Joseph, Jr., a teamster at Algonac, married Lizzie Row, who has borne him two children, Andrew and Catherine; Michael, living at St. Clair Flats; George, who is married, also lives at St. Clair Flats; Mary is married to Isaac Littleton, who is employed in the salt works at Marine City, and has one child, Lottie M.; William, who married Anna Row and lives in Algonac; Albert, who married Minnie Colward and is living at Port Austin; Fred, an engineer on the steam yacht "Caliph"; Delilah, wife of Captain Charles Ainsworth; Edward, David and Anna. At his marriage Joseph Brabaw located at Pearl Beach, where he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of farm land, on which he lived eight years. He then sold and bought eighty acres in Casco township, on which he lived one year, and then cane back to Pearl Beach and purchased his present farm of eighty-two acres, on which he carries on general farming. Here Mr. Brabaw erected his modern two-story dwelling of thirteen rooms in 900o, at a cost of three thousand three hundred dollars, and all his farm buildings are substantial and commo40 dious, and well adapted for the purpose for which they were built. Although the military service of Mr. Brabaw was but short, it evinced a patriotism commendable to a marked degree, and consisted of three months service, from March, I865, in Company G, Twenty-eighth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, from which he was honorably discharged at the expiration of his term of enlistment. Mr. Brabaw may be termed a self-made man in the business sense of the term, and in his family relations is very felicitously situated, all being members of the Catholic church, of which they are liberal supporters financially, and to their duties as such they are faithful and unwaverng, thus gaining the respect of their fellow residents of Clay township, as well as that of the county in general, where they are widely known. JOHN R. BROWN. This vigorous, middle-aged lumberman and farmer was born in Glasgow, Scotland, May 15, 1851, a son of Thomas and Jeannette (Robinson) Brown, who came to America in 1857, settled in Mussey township, one-half mile east of the village of Capac, where he purchased the one-hundredacre tract of wild land now known as the Frank Knoll farm. There were no roads in this region at that time, and Mr. Brown was compelled to carry his provisions on his back as he threaded his way through the forest-these provisions consisting almost entirely of game, which was very plentiful. Mr. Brown never hunted, however, but obtained his provisions from the Indians, who 652 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I were very numerous, and with whom Mr. Brown carried on a regular business as a trader. In one morning Mr. Brown counted forty-six Indian camps within the sweep of his eye, and it may be inferred that he had at that time all the trading he could well attend to. Mr. Brown cleared up his land and converted it into a first-class farm, on which he resided until I890, when he sold out and passed the remainder of his life with his children, dying November 5, I9OI. Mr. Brown's family comprised six children, born and married in the following order: Peter and Hugh, both deceased; John R., whose name opens this record; Jennie and William, both of whom died in infancy, and Cecilia, who is married to James Godder, an old soldier and a farmer in Goodland, Iapeer county, and has a family of four children, viz: Daisy, wife of Thomas Clark; Eva M., wife of George Clark, and George and Amy, still at home. Thomas Brown was among the earliest pioneers of Mussey township, and was largely instrumental in clearing away the forest. He was a Freemason in early manhood, in politics was a Democrat, and as a citizen was held in the highest esteem. Mrs. Jeannette (Robinson) Brown, mother of John R. Brown, was called away in I859, and Mr. Brown chose for his second helpmate Jeannette Dickson, who bore him four children, named as follows: Mary, now the wife of William Stein, who lives on a farm north of Brown City, and has children; Maggie, married to Henry Anderson, and living in Gooodland, Lapeer county, Michigan; Jennie, wife of Neil Connell, in Brockway township, and one child who died in infancy. John R. Brown lived with his father until he had attained the age of seventeen years, and then went to Saginaw, Michigan, to work in the lumber camps during the winter months, but continued to assist his father in the summer until he reached the age of twenty-two. In 1873 he went to Alpena, Michigan, where he worked in the lumber regions ten years and four months, cutting lumber in the winter and driving lumber rafts down the rivers during the summer for Talcott, McFee & Company. Mr. Brown left Alpena with two thousand seven hundred dollars in his pocket, the result of his industry, came to Lynn township, St. Clair county, and purchased the west half of the northeast quarter of section 22, which was then a solid forest. For two summers after coming here Mr. Brown continued his vocation of raftsman on Presque Isle bay, and then settled down to farming on his present homestead, which he now has fully cleared and improved. March I8, 1872, Mr. Brown was united in marriage with Mrs. Elizabeth Jackson, daughter of David Yazer and widow of William Jackson. This lady was born in Grand River, Canada, but was married to Mr. Brown in Michigan. Mrs. Brown has unfortunately become an invalid. In politics Mr. Brown is a Democrat, and has filled the position of highway commissioner for three years, having previously had much experience in road work. He has also been influential in securing the cutting through of the Mill Creek drain, and its dredging, having carried a petition through Lynn and Murray townships in order to secure the signatures of land owners most interested in bringing about this most desirable end, and was also most influential in securing the passage of the law which has resulted in the present sound sys ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 653 I tern of drainage. Mr. Brown has also served as a delegate to the county conventions of the Democratic party for twelve years. Fraternally he has been a member of the Maccabees three years, and of the Patrons of Husbandry one year. As a citizen he is one of the most respected in Lynn township, and as a farmer has met with the success which almost invariably rewards agriculturists of his nationality. THEODORE F. BELL. Few parts of Michigan can boast of more thrifty, industrious or enterprising farmers than those of the vicinity of Algonac, Clay township, St. Clair county. Substantial and commodious barns, handsome residences and sightly fences are the rule in that part of the county. The stock, too, seems to be better cared for, and even the inhabitants present a most cheerful and prosperous appearance. They are intelligent, evidently studious, and seem to have given the conditions which surround them sufficient attention to enable them to overcome climatic and other difficulties, in the conduct of their affairs. One of the best and most systematic of these farmers is Theodore F. Bell, of Clay township. He is the son of Lewis and Lizetta (Peters) Bell, and was born July 12, 1872. His parents are natives of Germany, his father having been born October I8, I830, in Rostoch, Mecklenburg-Schwerin. There he received his education, and entered the Prussian army, as all young men are required to do, serving the full time required by law. He was united in marriage to Miss Lizetta Pe ters and emigrated to America, coming by steamer and landing in New York. Here they remained about nine months, when, in the hope of bettering their condition, they moved to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. There he worked for a time as a gardener, and, although fairly successful, he was again induced to shift his location, this time to Dearborn, Michigan, where he was fortunate in securing employment at remunerative wages. His duties consisted of packing arms, ammunition, etc., for shipment to soldiers in different parts of the country, and this position he held until the close of the war. Altogether, he resided in Dearborn about seven years, and then, in 187I, moved to the place where he now resides in Clay township. Here he has a well-improved, well-stocked farm of eighty acres, and forty acres of the best and heaviest timber in St. Clair county. In politics Lewis Bell is a Republican, is always interested in the success of his party, and, while ready and anxious to aid others in securing offices of trust and profit, he has never had any aspirations in that direction himself. He is content to devote himself to that which he knows and understands, and let others who take more enjoyment in a scramble for office inveigle the voters. Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Bell are the parents of two children, Mata, who is the wife of Nicholas Zaetsch, who is a sailor and resides in Algonac, and Theodore F., the subject of this sketch. Mr. and Mrs. Zaetsch are the parents of one child, Lillian. The boyhood of Theodore F. Bell was spent on the farm where he now lives. He received his education at the district schools of St. Clair county, but has added much to it since leaving school by varied and judi 654 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. cious reading. At the present time and for many years past he has been associated with his father in the management of the farm. They have been quite successful in the matter of crops, raising each year an abundance of oats, corn, wheat and hay. They also gather each year considerable fruit and root crops, such as potatoes, turnips, etc., which are raised by them in abundance. They are, besides, interested in stock of all kinds, horses, cattle and hogs. They disclose their good judgment in handling only the best breeds, in most cases thoroughbreds, and, in addition, their poultry crop is by no means insignificant. Not a season passes that they do not realize quite a comfortable income from butter and eggs alone, and their supply of garden produce of various kinds is by no means limited. Mr. Bell is still enjoying the pleasures of single blessedness, though the reason therefor is not easily understood by those who know him. He is generous, warm-hearted and jovial, and has every element in his makeup necessary to make a good husband. In politics he is a Republican, and for the past three years he has been a notary public. He holds membership in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows at Algonac, and with the Gleaners. There are very few young men in the county who have a more extensive acquaintance or possess a higher reputation for honesty and integrity than he does. JOHN COGLEY. A dispute often arises in this country, especially during political campaigns, as to the relative prosperity of the farming com munities of Canada and the United States. People may talk and discuss the matter, looking at it from different standpoints, and adducing statistics to strengthen their various positions, but it is doubtful if the real truth can ever be established. As an indication, however, it might be well to take the condition of a number of families living in the United States for forty or fifty years and the same number of families living in Canada for that period, and see which have made the greatest advancement. This, of course, is open to the objection that too much depends upon the families and not enough upon the opportunities. Admitted, and yet, a very fair illustration of the possibilities of the two countries is furnished in the case of the family of Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Cogley, who came from Canada to St. Clair county, Michigan, in I855. John Cogley was born in Kilmore, in the county of Wexford, Ireland, in the year of I836, and was the son of Patrick and Mary (Murphy) Cogley, who emigrated from Ireland in 1847, with their ten children, six sons and four daughters, and located on a farm near Belleville, Canada, where they resided for a period of eight years. In I855 they came to St. Clair county, Michigan, where they resided until the death of the parents, some years ago, and where several of the younger members of the family still reside. John Cogley, who was about ten years of age when he came to America, received some education in the primary branches before leaving his native land, which was added to and enlarged upon during the eight years of his residence in Canada. His good health and vigorous constitution, coupled with his activity and industry, made him a valuable assistant to his father and brother ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 655 I in the work of clearing and farming their land, both in Canada and in Michigan. The family secured five hundred actres of heavy timber in St. Clair county, and with the sturdy energy of the father and sons they were not many years in converting the tract into a large and fertile farm. In February, 1865, John Cogley was united in marriage to Miss Catherine Kelly, daughter of John A. Kelly, who came to the United States many years ago and settled at Conner Creek, near Detroit. They were the parents of nine children. Mr. Kelly was a life-long Democrat, but never an aspirant for office. Mr. and Mrs. Cogley began housekeeping in a log house erected by him on a piece of land which he had purchased in the woods of Kenockee township, and with characteristic energy he proceeded to clear this land, and within a short time had a well-improved, productive farm. To him and his wife nine children were born, viz: John is a carpenter and farmer; James lives in this township; Margaret is the wife of William Cameron, a farmer of Kenockee township; William is a farmer, and married Lillie Mackey; Frank married Rosie Elair, is a moulder and lives in Detroit; Charles, Edward, George and Thomas are still at home. Each has received a good school education, is intelligent and capable and gives fair promise of being able to accomplish much in life. In his time John Cogley has cleared not less than two hundred acres of land, much of this for himself. In the farm which he owns and occupies there are one hundred and sixty acres, and it is nearly all under cultivation. He raises grain, hay, vegetables and some fruit, and breeds and feeds cattle, horses and hogs, of the latter Chester White being his favorite. He also devotes some time to dealing in stock, buying, shipping and selling. In all that he has undertaken he has been very successful, and while by no means rich, or anxious to be considered so, he is possessed of an enviable financial standing. In politics he is a Democrat, but never could be prevailed upon to aspire for or hold office outside of a membership in the school board. In local affairs he always considers the man, and not the party. He is a member of the Catholic church, and all of his children have been brought up in that creed, and are substantial contributors to the support and propagation of the faith. With the equipment supplied him by nature in the way of brain, muscle and energy, he has accomplished much for himself, his family and the community. His ready intelligence, genial disposition and unselfish nature have won for him the admiration and respect of all. WILLIAM COGLEY. Few of us who enjoy the blessings of free institutions here in America consider what our lot might have been had not some worthy, hard-working old ancestor conceived the idea of abandoning home, kindred and all that was dear to him in some country over in Europe in order that he might create in this country a home and fortune for his posterity. We are all accustomed to lavish much praise on the fortitude of Columbus. and justly so, but our' progenitors - the men and women who years ago crossed the water -had in each of them something of the 656 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I fortitude of Columbus, and are therefore entitled to a very large share of our gratitude. They had an end in view that was not wholly selfish; it was to benefit their children. They had fortitude, and it was of the right sort, for they risked all in the perilous voyage. Such a voyage was the one made by Patrick Cogley and his wife Mary, natives of the county of Wexford, Ireland, who, with their six sons and four daughters, emigrated to America in I847. William Cogley, one of the six sons, is the subject of this sketch. He was born in the county of Wexford, Ireland, September 23, 1842, and hence was but five years old when he came to America. They landed in Canada and wasted little time in making an investment in eighty acres of land. Upon this they erected a home and at once set about the difficult task of clearing the land. For eight years the family abided in a Canadian forest, but by that time Mr. Cogley became aware of the much better opportunities afforded a settler in the United States. He sold his Canadian farm and again moved westward with his family, this time settling in St. Clair county, where he secured five hundred acres of land, built another home and again, with the aid of his six sons, proceeded with the task of clearing the land. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Cogley are Nicholas, Kate, John, Patrick, Clement, James, William, Maggie, Mary and Anna. James is a foundryman and hardware merchant at Emmett; Kate resides in Port Huron, and Nicholas, John, Patrick, Clement and William are all farmers. The members of the family are all Catholics, devout and attentive to the duties of their church and liberal contributors to its support. In politics Mr. Cogley was a Democrat, but never had any taste whatever for the spoils of office. In the early day, when game was plenty, he was something of a sportsman and was famed for good marksmanship. He kept the family larder well supplied the first years of his residence in Canada and Michigan with venison and other wild game. He died in I880. After William Cogley grew to manhood and began working for himself he was not long in securing a piece of land and put in his spare time clearing and improving it. On the 25th of May, 1870, he was united in marriage to Miss Maggie Powers, daughter of Nicholas and Mary (McGraw) Powers, natives of Ireland, who immigrated to the United States a number of years ago. To Mr. and Mrs. William Cogley eight children have been born, viz: Nellie married John Kennedy and they are the parents of a son, Leo; Maggie died at the age of twenty-one; Louisa is also dead; Kathleen is at home; William graduated fromn the Jesuit College of Detroit in I898 and is now in the University of St. Louis, preparing himself for the priesthood; James is working on the home farm and Mark is still at home. All of the children have had the benefit of a good education, are possessed of good habits, moral and thrifty. Mr. Cogley is the owner of one hundred and twenty acres of choice land, one hundred of which is clear and under cultivation. He devotes his time to general farming and stock raising. His favorite stock is Durham cattle and Poland China hogs, of which breeds he always keeps a good supply. In connection with the ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 657 I operation of his farm, he buys, ships and sells cattle and hogs, having a preference for the Buffalo market. In politics he is a Democrat. He served four years as school inspector and is at the present time holding the office of justice of the peace. He is a member of the Catholic church and a devout observer of his religious duties. He is a good citizen and a man of integrity and ability, whose many sterling good qualities are appreciated by his neighbors and friends. A. A. HASKELL. Very few postoffices in the United States have continued during the first twenty-two years of their existence without a change of postmasters. However, this unique distinction belongs to the postoffice of Kenockee. It was through the instrumentality of A. A. Haskell, the subject of this sketch, that the office was established. He was appointed the first postmaster and for twenty-two years, with the exception of four years while Mr. Haskell resided at Brockway, where he was also postmaster, he has administered the affairs of the office to the satisfaction of the patrons and with the sanction and approval of the government. Mr. Haskell is a native of St. Clair county, Michigan, and was born January I8, 1845. He is the son of Hezekiah and Sarah (Miller) Haskell, natives of the state of New York, who emigrated westward in 1840 and settled in St. Clair, where they remained until I865, when they moved to a farm adjoining the one upon which A. A. Haskell now lives. There the father died, about i888, and the mother still resides there. They were the parents of twelve children, four of whom are dead, Ann, Florence, Carrie and Frances. The others are A. A., Melvin, Nelson, Fred, Eugene, Jessie, Frank and May. In politics the elder Mr. Haskell was a Republican and one of the first advocates of that political creed. He espoused the cause as early as i855 and never wavered in his faith in the principles of that party until his death, which occurred at the age of sixty-seven years. He was elected sheriff of St. Clair county, and serving for a period of five years, and also filled a number of minor offices. Soon after the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion he entered the service of the United States and served until I863, most of the time on Island No. Io, returning home at the expiration of his term of enlistment. In religion he was a Baptist. The benefits of a good common school education were accorded to A. A. Haskell in his native city of St. Clair, and as he was a good student he profited well by the instruction he received. He was only fifteen years old when the war of the Rebellion broke out, but it inspired in him an intense desire to become a soldier Nwhich was intensified later when his father entered the service and went to the front. The impulsive youth was restrained with difficulty until September 4, 1864, when he enlisted in Company I, Fourth Michigan Infantry, and went to Pontiac. From thence they went to the front and were in active service within one week after leaving Pontiac. They were stationed at Bull's Gap, a place which is in itself a natural fortification. For a while they 658 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. were at Chattanooga, then they went to Nashville, where they headed off General Hood and a hot skirmish followed. With his regiment Mr. Haskell took part in the New Market raid, was at Stone River and at Murphreesboro. Near the latter place they were cut off from their commissary stores for ten days and their rations consisted of a half-pint of corn meal each day, without seasoning of any kind. Mr. Haskell tells a story of how he and a companion, Moses Carlton, of Port Huron, induced a government mule to be liberal with them. They had nothing for breakfast but a rugged, healthy appetite and in wandering about the camp they noticed a mule banqueting on an ear of corn. The morsel was too tempting, under the circumstances, to be resisted and one of the boys dexterously twitched the ear from between the mule's jaws and carried it off in triumph to their mess. In April, 1865, Lee had surrendered, President Lincoln had been assassinated and it was generally recognized that the war was over, but they were still fighting down in Texas. Marching orders were received by the Fourth Michigan and within a short time they found themselves in the land of sage-brush and cactus. That summner Mr. Haskell describes as simply a fore-taste of the infernal regions. Many of the regiment were stricken by the terrible heat and there were several fatalities among the soldiers and civilians. At that time Mexico and the United States were on the verge of war and the Fourth Michigan had a number of lively skirmishes with the militia of that country. The presence of Federal soldiers is all that prevented an invasion of Texas by the Mexicans at that time. The Fourth Michigan captured several loads of weapons of all kinds, consisting of guns, pistols, knives, etc., from marauders from across the border. When the last armed Confederate had ceased to be hostile and the threatening war cloud with Mexico had been swept away, the Fourth Michigan was ordered to Galveston, Texas, thence they took boat to New Orleans, from there up the river to Cairo, Illinois, and there boarded the cars for Detroit, where the regiment was mustered out in May, I866. Returning home from the service Mr. Haskell purchased the farm upon which he now resides. It consists of one hundred and sixty acres and is nearly all under cultivation, well improved, with a substantial residence, commodious barn and extensive outbuildings. On July 13, 1874, the subject was united in marriage to Miss Margaret A. Card, a lady of talents and accomplishments, and the daughter of Charles M. and Jane (Olds) Card, of New York. Her father is a carriage builder and conducts his business at Edenville, Midland county, Michigan, and is also the owner of a farm of seventy acres, which is well improved. He and his wife are the parents of six children, viz: Mary Jane, Maria S., Leander, Margaret, Harriett and Charles. Mr. Card is a Democrat in politics and in religion a Baptist. The family attend the services of that church and are liberal contributors to its support. To Mr. and Mrs. Haskell five children have been born, viz: Ella F., deceased; Maynard, deceased; Ada married John W. Card, a prosperous farmer; Laura B. and Lewis D. Since leaving the United States service ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 659 I Mr. Haskell has followed farming and, in connection with the raising of grain, hay and vegetables, he breeds and feeds cattle, horses and hogs. 'He believes that the proper way to reach the market is with stock, instead of with the other products of the farm. Durham and Hereford cattle and Poland China hogs he prefers to other varieties and has met with marked success in the rearing and feeding of these. In politics Mr. Haskell is a Republican. Through him Kenockee was given a postoffice and he was made the first postmaster. He also served seven years as clerk of his township and might have had various other positions but that his time was too much occupied to attend to them. He is a member of the Baptist church at Goodless and is a friend and supporter personally of every deserving cause. His worth and abilities in the community where he resides are well appreciated. ISAAC SEYMOUR. Isaac Seymour was born in Canada in February, 1836. He was the son of Robert and Elizabeth (Smith) Seymour, who were natives of Ireland. In the first quarter of the last century they left their home in the Emerald Isle and came to America, with the view of improving their own fortune and that of their posterity, and settled ir: Canada, securing one hundred acres of good land in Lampton county. They were the parents of twelve children: William, Rebecca, Matthew, Esther, Isaac, Alexan der, Robert, Eliza, Thomas and three that died in infancy. Robert Seymour, the father, was a Conservative in politics, a member of the church of England, and an intelligent, well-educated, hard-working man. He and his wife conducted the affairs of their farm up to the time of their deaths, which occurred many 'years ago. As the children grew to maturity they branched out for themselves, a number of them coming to the United States. The early life of Isaac Seymour was spent upon his father's farm. He attended school with his brothers and sisters, and all were favored with a good common school education. He worked in the clearing and on the farm with his father and brothers, and became very familiar with the arts of plowing and planting, sowing and reaping. He took much interest in the care and feeding of stock, and by the time he had attained his majority he was not only a wellinformed man, but a thorough farmer. On October 22, I864, he was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Morgan, daughter of David and Ann (Harvey) Morgan, who were natives of Ireland, but had emigrated to Canada at an early day. They settled on a tract of land, cleared and improved it, and he was recognized as one of the most substantial farmers of the section in which he lived. Mr. and Mrs. Morgan are both dead, having been called to their eternal reward many years ago. To Mr. and Mrs. Seymour ten children were born, viz: Robert is a lumberman in Wisconsin; Harvey is in business in Minnesota; Norman is a farmer, and resides on the home place; Eliza A. married Alexander Benner, a farmer; Lucinda J. married Edward Peasall, a farnmer; Nina married Joseph Stubbs, a farmer; 66o ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN...... Maggie is the wife of Edward Morgan, Isaac B. is now a resident of North Dakota; Garfield is a North Dakota farmer, and Joseph is in the lumber business in Wisconsin. All have received the benefit of good education, and have had the advantage of a fair start in life. They are thrifty, energetic men and women, of whom any parent may well be proud. While looking about for a more promising field for the exercise of his industry and talents, Isaac Seymour, in 1864, decided to settle in southeastern Michigan. Canada was good enough when his father located there, but the opportunities were much more restricted when his children had attained maturity. He arrived in St. Clair county in October, I864, secured a tract of eighty acres of land in the wilderness, erected a home for his family, and entered with zeal and energy into the difficult task of transforming the dense forest land into a productive farm. That the task has been accomplished and well, the broad, fertile fields of his present farm in Kenockee township amply attest. The farm contains eighty acres, is all cleared, and is well improved with a good residence, commodious barn and substantial outbuildings. He carries on general farming and stock raising, and has been very successful in business. In politics he is a Republican, but no politician or office-seeker, although he has had some of the local offices thrust upon him, having been a school officer and a member of the board of review. He is a member of the Methodist Protestant church and of the O. L. Lodge at Spring Hill, Michigan. The great calamity of his life occurred when his good wife passed away in 1882. She had been to him more than a companion, was his most prudent counselor and truest friend, and he felt her loss grievously. Despite his three-score and six years, he is still imbued with life and energy and bids fair to be one of the dwellers of earth for more than another score of years. That he has done nobly, not only by the large family of boys and girls which he has raised, but by the community in which he has lived, all appreciated. JAMES MACKEY. Southeastern Michigan received a very valuable accession to its population when John Mackey, with his eight stalwart sons and one daughter, moved from their former home in Canada and took up their abode in Kenockee township, St. Clair county. This important circumstance occurred in the year 1867, when the subject of this sketch, James Mackey, was in his twentieth year. He was born in Hastings county, Canada, in April, I847. His parents were John and Elizabeth (O'Brien) Mackey, natives of Ireland, who, on coming to St. Clair county, purchased one hundred and sixty acres of land in Kenockee township, where they built their home, cleared their land and added steadily to it, and are now the possessors of five hundred and forty acres of good land. Hard work seemed to be the portion of John Mackey and his eight sons, but that was a condition of which they did not complain. They even seemed to relish it, for they were blessed with health and strength, each being a model of manly development. The children were, Richard, James, William, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 66i John, Christopher, Edward, Joseph, Patrick and Kate. John Mackey, the father, is still living at the age of eighty-one years, sound in mind and body, the grand old patriarch of St. Clair county. He is a Republican and a Catholic and can most graphically assign his reasons for having faith in the party and in the church. James Mackey received the benefit of a common school education in Canada. After coming to Michigan he continued to reside with his parents the greater part of the time up to his marriage. He was a man of good habits, prudent and thrifty, and although most of his time was occupied on his father's farm he managed to make and accumulate money. In 1879, when he was thirty-two years old, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Hennigan, of Macomb county, Michigan, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Hennigan, who were the parents of three children, John, Kate and Mary. All are people of the highest respectability and well worthy of the high estimation in which they are held in the county. Immediately after marriage Mr. and Mrs. Mackey took up their residence upon their own land, which they proceeded to clear and improve. They are the parents of eight children, viz: Charles is a street car conductor in Detroit; William is still at home helping on the farm; Lizzie, James, Mary, Christopher, George Dewey and Martin H. At this time James Mackey is the owner of a farm of one hundred and twenty acres, well improved and nearly all under cultivation. He is a farmer of the most progressive type, his harvests are rarely otherwise than abundant, for he plants with care and everything is done for the crop during its growth and development that will conduce to its productiveness. Every year he raises immense crops of grain, hay and vegetables and very little of it ever gets off the place in another form than in cattle or hogs. He believes that nothing short of a miracle can make a farmer thrifty who hauls his grain, hay and vegetables off to the market. He breeds and feeds Durham cattle and Berkshire hogs and has also a number of good horses and several brood mares on his place. In politics Mr. Mackey is a Republican. He has never sought office, but that did not prevent him from having to serve in nearly all the local offices of his township. For six years he was supervisor, two years treasurer, nine years a member of the school board and four years justice of the peace, which position he now holds. In religion he and his family are Catholics, regular attendants upon the services of that church and liberal contributors to the support of that denomination. Mr. Mackey is a well-bred, well-informed man, of keen observation, who has made good use of the opportunities afforded him. He and his people have done much for the growth and development of their part of St. Clair county and their services are widely acknowledged and appreciated. JAMES O'MEARA. It astonishes the natives to see the readiness with which foreigners of all nationalities adapt themselves to prevailing conditions in the United States. They not 662 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN.... only acquire our language with surprising facility, but get in touch with the prevailing trend of thought and feeling and in business methods they become more intensely American than many of the Americans themselves. Ireland is anything but a wooded country-in the nature of things it never could be a country of extensive farmers-nevertheless, many of the best woodmen in Michigan and other timber regions of the United States were born in Ireland and some of the best farmers and capable managers of extensive plantations are natives of the same land. St. Clair county is largely peopled by persons of Irish birth, who are among its most successful and thrifty inhabitants. Among them is the family of James O'Meara, the subject of this sketch. He was born in the county of Tipperary, Ireland, in I840, and was the seventh child of a family of nine who accompanied their parents, Daniel and Margaret (Dearcy) O'Meara, to America, in I847. They settled in Plempton township, Lambton county, Canada, where they took up farming and fairly prospered until 1852, when they moved to the United States. They located in Kenockee township, St. Clair county, Michigan, upon a tract of wild woodland. The children of the family were Mary, Eliza, Bridget, Margaret, Theresa, Patrick, James, John and William. These four boys, who probably never handled an ax in their lives until they came to America, soon became experts in wielding it and in clearing land. They remained with their parents until they had cleared and improved the farm, making it a valuable and productive piece of property. Their work, however, was never permitted to interfere with the acquisition of an education. Each of the children attended school until they became well versed in all the common school branches and when they started out in life for themselves each went equipped, mentally and physically, to make a success of the battle of life. Daniel O'Meara was a man possessed of excellent common sense, and was a devout Catholic, strict in the observance of his religious duties. In politics he was a Democrat, but not a politician and was never possessed of any aspiration in that line. He died on the old home farm in 1888. Starting out in life for himself, James O'Meara devoted a number of years working for other people for wages. He was never out of employment, his strength and ability being always in demand, and in this way he accumulated sufficient money to enable him to invest in land. This he selected in Kenockee township, preferring to make that locality his future home. On January 9, 1876, he was united in marriage to Miss Johanna Casey, daughter of Jeremiah and Mary (Holiean) Casey, natives of Ireland. He was a farmer and settled in Kenockee township in I851, about a year previous to the coming of the O'Mearas, but later he moved to Riley township. He was a devout member of the Catholic church and in politics was a Democrat. By hard work and good management he had made all that he possessed and at the time of his death he owned three hundred and sixty acres of land. He was the father of six children, viz: Patrick, Michael, John, James, Johanna and Bridget. His death ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 663 I occurred in 1878. To Mr. and Mrs. O'Meara nine children have been born, viz: William resides at home; Mary is a modeste in Detroit; Louisa is in a convent at Carthage, Ohio, a Sister of Charity; John is a railroad man in San Francisco; Josephine resides with her aunt, in Wales township; Anna, James, Alfred and Ella all still reside at home with their parents, Alfred being an accomplished artist on the violin. Each of the children has been given the benefit of a good education, and they are all far better equipped to engage in life's battles than many of their ancestors were. The mother of this family died in I894 and Mr. O'Meara chose for his second wife Catherine Garvey, but this union did not result in the birth of any children. This lady departed life March Io, 1903. Mr. O'Meara follows the business of general farming, including stock raising. Durham cattle and Chester White hogs are the species he considers most profitable to breed and feed. He also deals in stock, buying, shipping and selling. He is the owner of one hundred and sixty acres of land, nearly all under cultivation, comprising a splendid farm, well improved and well managed. He makes no pretention to being a politician, but is always interested in the success of his party, the Democratic. In religion he is a Catholic, and is devout and strict in his religious duties. He is an intelligent, capable man, possessed of a fund of valuable information on many subjects, a genial, companionable personality, and has hosts of admirers and friends. In all of life's relations he has cast his influence in favor of a high standard of living. JOHN MACKEY. One of the oldest and most venerated residents of Kenockee township, St. Clair county, Michigan, is John Mackey, who was born in Queens county, Ireland, in 1822. He is the son of James and Catharine (Dolan) Mackey, natives of the same county, all of whose ancestors were of good old Irish stock of the province of Linster. The family emigrated to America in 1831 and located in Canada, where an investment was made in two hundred acres of land, which they proceeded to clear. James and Catharine Mackey were the parents of ten children, James, Mary, Ann, Catherine, Nellie, Richard, Patrick and John. There were also two other children, Catherine and Patrick, who died when quite young and these names were given to twoof the children of the family born later. In politics, in their native land the Mackeys were liberals and in religion they were Catholics. They were quite successful in their home in the western hemisphere, where the children thrived and prospered to a degree far beyond any possible hope in their native land. When he came to America with his parents, John Mackey was but fifteen years of age and was a strong, robust, manly little fellow. 'He was more-familiar with the implements of labor than he was with books, but he had a good heart and a wise head, which compensated to some extent for the learning that he lacked. He worked on his father's farm and in the clearing until he grew to manhood and after working a number of years for himself and saving his money, he decided that it was about time for him to settle down. 664 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I and establish a home of his own. Accordingly, in 1845, he was united in marriage to'Miss Betsey O'Brien, a native of Canada. In 1867 Mr. Mackey decided that he could better the condition of himself and family by moving to the United States. He came to Kenockee township, St. Clair county, purchased the land on which he now lives, soon had his family comfortably situated upon it and it has been his home ever since. To Mr. and Mrs. Mackey nine children have been born, viz: Richard, James, William, John, Christopher, Edward, Patrick, Joseph and Kate. The fifth son of this interesting family of eight boys and one girl, Christopher, quite early in life became passionately fond of hunting. From early boyhood every spare moment at his disposal he spent in the woods or on the prairies hunting game of all kinds. He was only a child of nine years when, with his dogs and an ax, he succeeded in slaying his first deer, and of course the little fellow was very proud of the achievement and his fame as a Nimrod spread far and wide. He has even frequently indulged his passion for the chase at night, having more pressing and profitable pursuit for the day time. At the present time, with the weight of his many years upon him, it would not be expected that Mr. Mackey would attend personally to a great amount of business. However, he supervises to a great extent the work of the farm. He has a tract of forty acres all splendidly improved, every stroke of the hard labor required in making it so having been done by his own hand. He at one time owned one hundred and sixty acres, but has disposed of all except forty acres. He carries on general farming and stock raising, breeding and feeding Durham cattle and Chester White hogs, with which he has had marked success. In politics he usually votes for the best man. In religion he is a Catholic and a firm believer in the faith of his father. He has reared and educated a splendid family of eight sons and one daughter, all worthy and respected. His life work has been nobly done, and when the final summons comes there can be no doubt that he will be greeted with words of commendation from the Giver of all good. PATRICK COGLEY. In one of the numerous "risings" of the liberty-loving Irish against British rule a battle was fought in or near the county of Wexford, Ireland, that has found a place in Irish history and is designated as the battle of Vinegar Hill. It did not attain as wide celebrity as the battle of the Boyne, for the reason that as much did not depend upon the result and the slaughter was not nearly so great, but the fighting was sufficiently exciting, while it lasted, to make a lasting impression upon the participants. Within sight of this famous battleground was the home of the Cogleys for many generations. Of course they were ardent patriots and many members of the family and their kinsmen stood shoulder to shoulder, practically without arms, and withstood volley after volley from the English musketry. The battle resulted, as might easily have been anticipated, in the retreat of the Irish, who were without weapons of mod ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN 665 ern warfare, having to come within reaching distance of the foe before they could inflict any injury whatever. Nevertheless the encounter cost Britain the lives of many of her gallant soldiers. At the home of the Cogleys, in the county of Wexford, within the shadow of Vinegar Hill, on the i6th day of September, 1836, Patrick Cogley, the subject of this sketch, was born, the son of Patrick and Mary (Murphy) Cogley, both of whom were the descendants of good Irish stock. They were the parents of six sons and four daughters, all strong, healthy children. In I847 the parents decided to take their children and come to America, the political conditions prevailing in Ireland at that time being the chief incentive to Mr. and Mrs. Cogley to get out of the country. They landed in Canada and took up their residence near Belleville, Ontario. Here they cleared land and farmed for about eight years, but having aspirations for true liberty, which could not be found elsewhere but under the aegis of the American flag, they determined to move where such freedom could be obtained, consequently they disposed of their possessions in Canada and in 1855 the family moved to St. Clair county, Michigan. Here they purchased land, having at one time five hundred acres, and after building a home in Kenockee township went to clearing up their land. Within a few years they had a large, well improved and productive farm and were among the most prosperous people of the county. The parents died many years ago. When the family moved to Michigan, Patrick Cogley was about nineteen years old, and was a youth of fair education, bright intellect, strong constitution and vigorous health. His life of eight years in the Canadian woods, most of the time swinging an ax, had hardened his muscles and inured him to hard labor. It is told of him that some time after coming to Michigan he cleared up with his ax ten acres of timber in five weeks. In the early days it was said of him that he was one of the best men with an ax in St. Clair county. The first two months of his residence in Michigan were spent in Port Huron and from there he went to Kenockee township and has been one of its active residents ever since. He helped to lay out and make some of the first roads constructed in the township. On the 30th day of October, I865, Mr. Cogley was united in marriage to Miss Bridget McFarland, a lady of good education and attainments, and the daughter of John and Mary (McHugh) McFarland, who had emigrated from Ireland and settled in Essex county, Canada, where Bridget was born. Mr. McFarland was a thrifty and enterprising farmer, and never left Canada after locating there. In politics he was a Conservative and quite active. He was township treasurer several times, assessor and member of the school board. He owned two hundred acres of well improved land and was eminently successful in his business of farming. He died in 1873; his widow survived him seventeen years, going to her reward in I890. To Mr. and Mrs. Cogley five children have been born, viz: Jennie resides with her parents; Edward married Stella Ramsey, is a farmer in Kenockee township and owns a choice piece of land; Clarence helps in the management of the 666 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. home farm and resides at home; Nellie and Irene, the two younger girls, are also at home. The home farm consists of eighty acres, is highly improved and under a splendid state of cultivation. It is a valuable piece of property and handsomely serves the purpose for which it is used. The subject and his son carry on general farming and stock raising, preferring Durham cattle and Poland China hogs to other breeds. Buying, shipping and selling stock enters largely into the business of Mr. Cogley and his experience has made him an excellent judge of stock. The modern method of farming, viz: Keeping enough stock to eat up the crops, meets with favor in his sight and is practiced by him with profit. In politics Mr. Cogley is a Democrat, but at all local elections he prefers to be independent. In state and national elections he is always interested and often is the means of rendering his party effective service. For eight years he served as justice of the peace, has been a member of the school board and in educational work is always active. He is a member of the Catholic church and strict in the observance of his religious duties. Few men wield greater influence in a community than does he in matters which he considers of sufficient moment. STEPHEN LAMBKIN. During the ten years immediately preceding the war of the Rebellion Canada gave up considerable of its. population to the United States. The spirit of restlessness that settled down upon the country through the California gold excitement was not abated for many years and to it much of the growth of some of the new sections of the country at that time may be attributed. This is true of southern Michigan, into which hundreds of families came from Canada during the administrations of Pierce and Buchanan. Many more doubtless would have followed, for the movement was only just getting well under way when the opening of hostilities in the South effectually stopped the migration. Among those who came from Canada and settled in St. Clair county, Michigan, in 1856, was Stephen Lambkin. His father, Stephen also by name, was born in Kentshire, England, in I809, and there married Frances Allen, also a native of England. Some time in the 'thirties Stephen Lambkin, Sr., with his wife and one child, emigrated from England to Ontario, Canada, where he purchased land and afterwards resided until death. They were the parents of seven children, Sarah, Enoch, John, Stephen, James, Elisha and Mary J. Stephen Lambkin, the subject of this review, was the fourth child of the above mentioned family. He was born in Ontario, Canada, October 7, 1844, and was but twelve years old when he came with his guardian, Thomas H. Martin, to St. Clair county. Even at that tender age he acquired considerable skill in swinging an ax, and helped his guardian in the clearing, and whenever the district school was in session was there, diligent in his studies. In this way he learned habits of industry and acquired an education. In 1864 he purchased eighty acres of land, ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 667 a part of the old homestead on which he now resides, on which he at once began the improvements. He erected a house and established a home, and in September, 1869, was united in marriage to Miss Mary Jane Fisher, who was born in Ontario, Canada, May 29, 1848, the (laughter of Robert and Mary (Hope) Fisher. They were also natives of England, the parents of seven children, Mrs. Lambkin being the youngest; the others are Elizabeth, John, Rosana, Martha, Amos, William and Mary Jane. They located in Kenockee township in I856, having come from England to Canada a numl)er of years previous. Like most of the settlers, they located in the wilderness and took plenty of exercise carving out their fortunes and a farm from the woods. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Lambkin, viz: Chester, born May 17, I870; Rosie A., born June 19, I872, married Wellington Long; Robert E., born October 7, I874, married Maud Mclntire; Stephen J., born September 1, I876, married Harriet Martin; Mary Mabel, born June I3, 1884, is unmarried and still has her home under the paternal roof. Mr. Lambkin has added to his original purchase, until he is now the owner of two hundred and ninety acres of good land, about two hundred and forty of which are under cultivation. Few men living in Michigan today have cleared more land and made more sulbstantial improvements than he, and none are more enterprising and industrious. He began in the woods when little more than a child and all his life he has been a hard, persistent worker. Now in his declining years he has his reward. He is 41 very comfortably situated domestically, socially and financially. He has arrived at a period in his life when he can afford to take matters easy, though he still supervises the operation of his fine farm. He raises good crops and splendid stock, Durham cattle. Berkshire hogs and Shropshire sheep being favorites with him. In politics he is a Republican and is alxwavs interested in the success of his party. He was highway commissioner two years and served sixteen years as school director. In religion he is a Baptist, but does not affiliate with any fraternal order. He has reared a family of moral, industrious sons and daughters, and his standing in the community is all that is merited by a man possessed of so many sterling good qualities. PHILIP GILLICK. The average farmer is a modest man, seldom having an exalted opinion of his strength, abilities or accomplishments. It is not often that he considers himself a particularly useful member of society, being rather inclined to look up to the man who wields the pen, the yardstick or the square and compass. It requires some special talent to work with any of these implements, in his estimation. Modesty is always commendable, but, like other virtues, it may be perverted. It comes very near being a perversion of modesty on the part of Philip Gillick, the subject of this sketch, when he underestimates the splendid work he has done on the land which he owns in Kenockee township, St. Clair county. He felled the 668 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I trees, sawed the logs, trimmed the tops, piled and burned the brush, dug up the roots, plowed and planted. The man who has ever tried this work knows what it means. Mr. Gullick knows it, but does not place a particularly high estimate upon the task. In speaking of it recently he said, "Why, yes, I've whittled out a pretty fair sort of a farm out of the timber." Some men would have said they had made the farm, others would have even claimed to have created it, but Philip Gillick only "whittled it out of the timber." The statement is a fair illustration of the native modesty of the man. Philip Gillick was born in the county of Cavan, Ireland, in 1833, and was the oldest of the seven children of Peter and Hanora (Coyl) Gillick, who emigrated to America in I843, when Philip was ten years old, bringing their four sons and three daughters with them. The children were, Philip, Mary, Mathew, John, Kate, Alice and Owen. They located in Jefferson county, New York, where the parents afterward resided until their deaths, the mother dying in I888, the father ten years later. In politics Peter Gillick was a Democrat. He was a man of good judgment and sound common sense, hence could always see more money in plowing, planting and reaping his crops than in spending time even in thinking about holding office. He had little taste for politics outside of casting his ballot for him whom he considered the best man. He was a devout Catholic and strict in attendance upon the duties of his religion. Before leaving his native land Philip Gillick had attended school and made good progress toward acquisition of learning. A few terms in the district schools of the United States fitted him out with a fair common school education. He was a good student, bright and intelligent, and acquired learning much more readily than some of his fellow students. He worked with his father until attaining his majority, but in the meantime had done considerable work for other people and had saved some money. Not being satisfied with his surroundings in New York state and believing he could better his conditions in the West, he concluded to try Wisconsin, and, consequently went there in 1854, but not being satisfied there, he, about two years later, came to St. Clair county, Michigan, where he was married on the 27th day of October, I860, to Miss Elizabeth Donovan, daughter of Thomas and Bridget (Fogarty) Donovan, natives of Ireland, who had located in Canada, many years previous. There their daughter Elizabeth was born in I843. They afterward moved to Detroit and later located in Kenockee township, St. Clair county. They were the parents of four children, Lawrence, Mary, Elizabeth and Patrick. In politics Thomas Donovan was a Democrat and in religion a Catholic, all his children being brought up in the teaching of that church. Each received a good common school education and all turned out to be prosperous and useful citizens. On the I6th of April, 1872, Thomas Donovan departed this life. Realizing that without children a home is not all that it should be and having no children of their own, Mr. and Mrs. Philip Gillick adopted four little ones: Thomas and Katie Ryan, Luke and Agnes Cahill. It will be noticed that in each instance a boy and girl, each from the same family, were taken. On the surface there is little significance in this, but when properly con ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 669 sidered it speaks volumes for the kindness and humanity of the foster parents. In neither instance would they allow the little brother and sister to be seperated. Thomas Ryan became a sailor, is married, resides in New York and is doing well; Katie became the wife of Martin Conger, a prosperous farmer; Luke Cahill was a farmer, but is now a railroad man, and Agnes is the wife of Michael Murphy, a fireman on the Grand Trunk Railroad. Each of the four children received the advantage of as good education from Mr. and Mrs. Gillick as would have been bestowed on their own children had they been so favored by fortune. In politics Mr. Gillick is frequently classed as a Democrat, but while he may have a predisposition for that party, he is a true specimen of the independent voter. He has no fear that either political party, when in power, can send the country to destruction, hence he usually supports the party which he feels is best able to cope with the existing situation. In local affairs, with him, the man is always above the party. He is a Catholic in religion and a liberal contributor to the support of that church. He has always worked hard, and if the number of acres of land which he has cleared were numbered they would foot up not less than' two hundred. On his splendid farm, seveneighths of which is clear and under cultivation, he raises large crops of grain, vegetables, hay and some fruit. He also breeds and feeds cattle, horses and hogs. Poultry receives special attention from him, he each year raising large flocks of chickens and turkeys. He has been very successful, accomplishing a great deal from a very small beginning. A strong, manly man, he is one of those whom it is a pleasure to meet, whom it is a real boon to have as an intimate friend. IRA ATWELL. The farmer who raises crops of grain, hay, straw, etc., to be put immediately upon the market and converted into cash, is not met with as frequently as he was a few years ago. The past twenty years have worked a wonderful revolution in the manner of operating the farm. Year by year the importance of the live stock interests in connection with farming has been more emphasized, until now the farmer who makes the raising of stock a matter of minor consideration or ignores it altogether is considered either lacking in judgment or shiftless and trifling. Ira Atwell, of Emmett township, St. Clair county, Michigan, early recognized the wisdom of feeding instead of marketing the crops. He was born near St. Mary's, Ontario, May 31, 1851, and is the son of Burden and Eliza Atwell, natives of New York, who had moved to Canada with the view of bettering themselves financially. They remained in Canada only a few years, when, in I85I, they came to Michigan and settled in St. Clair county. Burden and Eliza Atwell were parents of seven children, Ira, Eliza, Susan, Viletta, George, Isabell and Levi. Mr. Atwell was by trade a carpenter and joiner, but made farming his principal business. In politics he was a Democrat and while quite active in the interest of his party he never aspired to any public position. He belonged to the Methodist 'Episcopal church and was always a liberal contributor to the 670 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. support of that denomination, as to all charitable and other worthy objects. In the common schools of St. Clair county Ira A'twell received his education. He was a dilligent student, a bright pupil and profited by his opportunities. Much of the work of his father's farm devolved upon him, but he was strong, healthy and willing, and between his labors on the farm and his studies in the school room he grew to sturdy manhood. On the 2d day of May, I881, he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Clingham, a daughter of James and Sarah (Brown) Clingham. He was a native of Ireland, emigrated to Canada at an early day and followed farming. He died in Sanilac county, Michigan and his widow is now the wife of Archibald Mills, of Riley township. To Mr. and Mrs. Atwell five children have been born, viz: Nelson, who is at home assisting in the operation of the farm; Lora, Ella, Anna and James. Each has been given the advantage of a good education. Mr. Atwell is the owner of one hundred and forty acres of choice land, the improvements thereon being all that could be desired, and the entire tract being cultivated and productive. The place is well stocked with cattle, horses and hogs and all of the stock is well cared for, no negligence whatever in this line being tolerated. In politics Mr. Atwell is a Democrat, but not a bitter partisan. He feels that nature never cut him out for a politician and he has the good sense not to aspire for office. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, attendants upon divine service and contributors regularly to the support of the church. Mr. Atwell belongs to the Gleaners at Belle River. He is a worthy citizen, WILLIAM HYDE. William Hyde was born in the county of Wexford, Ireland, during one of the worst periods of famine and distress that that unfortunate country has ever known, I849. He was the son of George and Alice (Connors) Hyde, who were of the' well-to-do Irish peasantry, and who were already parents of four children. Considering the deplorable condition of the country, and the lack of anything in the way of hope that the future seemed to promise, it is no wonder that they began to consider ways and means whereby they could shield their offspring. A home in America seemed the only sure way. To that end, therefore, they began shaping their plans, but it was not until three years later that they were able to take passage in a sailing vessel, landing on the shores of Columbia. They came to St. Clair county and located in Emmett township and here Mr. Hyde purchased one hundred and twenty acres of land, built a small home, furnished it in a modest way and began to enjoy life in free America. Hard work, exposure to the rigors of a climate to which he was not accustomed and the miasmatic atmosphere of decaying vegetation soon told upon the rugged nature of the hardy Irishman and he died in I855, less than three years after coming. George and Alice Hyde were the parents of nine children, Elizabeth, Richard, Robert, George, William, John, Emma, Alice and Mariah. The father's death made it a bitter struggle for the bereaved widow, but she met it bravely and lived to express her approval of the lives of her noble sons and daughters. Of his father William Hyde remembers lit a good husband and an intelligent father. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 671 tie, being but six years old when he died. His three older brothers were able to contribute to the support of the family, which was kept unbroken by the indomitable mother. William attended the district school and soon realized the responsibility that must devolve upon him and made the most of his opportunities for an education. He worked with his brothers and gladdened the heart of his mother by his industry, kind disposition and thrift. The boys cleared and improved the farm, cultivated the crop and reaped the harvest, each year adding a little to the family store. In 1878 William Hyde was united in marriage to Miss Kate Breen, a lady of character and refinement, the daughter of Daniel and Mary (Casey) Breen. They were natives of Ireland who had settled in Emmett township. They were the parents of nine children, Hanora, Mary, John, Bridget, Henry, Margaret, Johanna, David and Kate. Mrs. Breen died in I897. She is survived by her husband, who is still hale and hearty, residing only a short distance from the home of his daughter. He was at one time the owner of three hundred and fifty acres of land, but much of this he has disposed of. He is, however, in comfortable financial circumstances. No children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Hyde, nevertheless they have a happy home and pleasant surroundings. They own one hundred and twenty acres of land, nearly all of which is under cultivation. Mr. Hyde carries on farming and stock raising and is recognized as one of the most substantial farmers of Emmett township. What he has, has been made by his own industry and man= agement. He is a Democrat, but has no craving for office. He and his wife are consistent members of the Catholic church and were among the liberal concontributors toward the erection of the church recently built in Emmett, a structure that is among the magnificent edifices of the state. Personally and socially, Mr. and Mrs. Hyde are held in the highest esteem by their neighbors and acquaintances. THOMAS RAMSEY. Of all the countries of Europe, but one shows a decrease in population from what it was one hundred years ago, that country being Ireland. Today its population is less than fifty per cent. of what it was sixty years ago. It is not that the Irish race are dying out, nor that its members have ceased to propagate. It simply means that, so far at least as numbers are concerned, Ireland has ceased to be the home of the Irish. Almost every country on the face of the earth has absorbed a portion of this noble race. No climate is too cold or latitude too torrid to suppress the enthusiasm of the Irishman. All over the earth he is in evidence and in some countries, like the United States, Canada and Australia, so extensively in evidence as to make the little remnant of him that is left in Ireland look small and insignificant. There is a cause for this, into which, however, the historian hereof is not warranted in inquiring. It is enough to know that this condition prevails, that in the last one hundred years, hundreds of thousands of Irish men and women have come to America 672 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. - and have materially helped to swell the population of this country away above the eighty million mark. Among the emigrants who came to these shores from that unfortunate island about the time of the famine of 1848, was Thomas Ramsey, of Kenockee township, St. Clair county, Michigan, the subject of this sketch. He was born in county Antrim, Ireland, June 6, 1826, and is a son of Samuel and Jane (Raney) Ramsey. The parents, desiring to better the condition of the family, induced Thomas to come to America that he might pave the way for the rest of the family. On arriving here he readily secured employment in Detroit and for more than thirteen years remained with his employers, finally relin. quished his position only that he might take up life on a farm in St. Clair county. While residing in Detroit, he met and married Miss Charlotte Caldwell, who was also a native of Ireland. Doubtless it was at the instigation of this good wife that he was induced to give up city life and take up his abode in the woods, and if it was, it speaks well for her sound sense and good judgment. It was about the year 1862 that Mr. and Mrs. Ramsey settled in St: Clair county. A piece of government land eighty acres in extent was selected by them ii. Kenockee township and on this they established their home and began a life which, if not one of ease, was certainly one of contentment. It was here that the faithful wife passed to her eternal rest March 2, I897. To them nine children were born, viz: Robert, deceased; Jane married Thomas Cattell and lives in Detroit; Anna married George Beach and resides at Port Hudson; Sarah, deceased wife of Oren Streavel; Charlotte married Dr. Fred Jeffery and lives at Springport, Michigan; John resides in Detroit; Estella married Edward Cogley, a farmer of Kenockee township; Thomas married Jennie Morey, and lives on the home place; William and Frank are unmarried and reside at home. All of the children have received a good common school education, are intelligent and well informed. Thomas Ramsey is a self-made man in the strictest and best sense of the term, what he has being the result of his own effort. Financially he is comfortably situated, but his competency has not been won at the sacrifice of the finer feelings of nature. Indeed it might well be said of him that he has given away more than many men have earned. In politics he is a Republican and always wields an influence in the interest of his party. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and is a liberal contributor to all religious and charitable works, possessing in a very marked degree the confidence and esteem of all of his fellow citizens. JOHN BREEN. John Breen was a native of the county of Kerry, Ireland, the son of John and Hanora (Shay)' Breen. His people were intelligent, thrifty, and noted for mental vigor and keen wit. Kerry is the county of O'Cornell and other men of letters and eloquence. When Irish schools were suppressed, seats of learning still continued to flourish in the rugged mountains of Kerry where they could not be reached by the officers of the law. Today about the only part of Ireland where the ancient Gaelic language is spoken with any degree ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 673. of purity is among the hills and mountains of Kerry, and it is from this people that the Breens, the Shays, the Kelleys and the Connors sprang. They are a people much like the liberty-loving Swiss-ready to sacrifice every comfort and convenience, even civilization itself, rather than bow their neck to the oppressor's yoke. It was along in the early 'forties that John Breen decided to abandon his native land and take up his abode in America. Though young, he was of quick thought and ready action and almost before his relatives and friends suspected that the movement was seriously contemplated, his passage was paid, his "box" packed and he was on his way. When he had the means of maintaining a home, which was not until I853, he was united in marriage to Miss Abigail Connors, also a native of Ireland, being the daughter of Bartholomew and Julia (Kelley) Connors, whose lives were passed on a little farm in Ireland. They were the parents of seven children. All were well-to-do, living in comparative comfort, but feeling the wrongs under which they, their neighbors and their country suffered. After his marriage Mr. Breen devoted himself to the clearing, cultivation and improvement of his farm. He was a hard worker, persevering and systematic, and few men cleared as much land as he or placed what they did clear in as good condition for cultivation. He and wife were the parents of eleven children, nine of whom are dead, viz: John, David, Daniel, Henry, Bridget, Hanora, Margaret, Julia and Michael. The two living are Mary, who married Michael Abbott, a prosperous farmer of Riley township, and Catharine, the wife of James O'Connor, and the mother of three children, John, and Mary and Joseph (twins). Mr. O'Connor is now cultivating the home farm. John Breen passed to his eternal rest May 29, I897. Mrs. Breen, after the death of her son Michael, adopted a little four-year-old boy, George Mooney. He, now a lad of fifteen years, is attending the seminary at Kirkwood, Missouri, with the intention of becoming a priest. From a child a great interest was shown in him by the priest at Springwalls, where his parents belonged, and who had placed him in St. Vincent's Asylum at his mother's death when he was still an infant. When he was about fifteen the same priest made inquiries about him and it was through him that he is given the education he is now receiving. Mr. Breen was a Democrat, but never a partisan or aspirant for office. His duties required too much of his attention and he was too sensible a man to waste time in politics. He was a Catholic, as is his wife, and all the family have been reared in that faith. Mrs. Breen has been a liberal contributor to the Catholic church and priest's residence recently erected in Emmett. JOHN MOODY. If farming in various parts of the habitable globe, in divers climates and under different conditions for a period covering the greater part of a century, can make a man a thorough farmer, certainly Thomas Moody, the father of the subject of this sketch, was a thorough 674 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I farmer. He began his career as an agriculturist in Ireland, where every foot of soil is so valuable it must be utilized and made to produce to its utmost capacity in order to meet the exactions of a rapacious landlord and afford the tenant a scant subsistence. From there he went to Canada with his three Irish-born children, Henry, William and Mary, and there conducted farming at different times in three or four different counties, eventually locating in Manitoba on a farm, where he and his wife both died, he at the age of ninety-six years. Such an experience, embraced in the span of a single existence, is certainly sufficiently varied to make such a parson a thorough authority on farming. To Mr. and Mrs. Moody, while they were in Canada and Manitoba, nine other children were born, George, Elizabeth, Edward, Thomas, Joseph, Sarah Jane, Catherine E., Emily M. and Mary. All grew to maturity, married, prospered and became parents of interesting families. The parents were members of the Wesleyan Methodist church. John Moody, now a resident of Emmett township, St. Clair county, Michigan, resided with his parents and worked on the farm until 1867, when he was twenty-six years of age. Equipped with a good education, a robust constitution and vigorous health, he started out to make his own way in the world. He worked for people who had work to do and money to pay for it, operated a threshing machine a season or two, rented land and farmed it for some time, and then made up his mind it was about time for him to prepare a home of his own. He was united in marriage to Miss Maria J. Harris, daughter of Henry W. and Mary Harris, of Bedford township, Ontario. Mr. Harris was a prosperous farmer and a man of means and influence. In 1872 Mr. and Mrs. Moody moved to St. Clair county, rented a farm in Brockway township, which they cultivated for three years, when they purchased one hundred and twenty acres of land in Emmett township, the land being then a dense forest, wholly unimproved. A comfortable home was erected and within a few years eighty acres were cleared, all being now under a high state of cultivation, and forty acres in pasture and timber. Having no children of their own, Mr. and Mrs. Moody adopted a daughter, Frances A. Ranker, who was reared and educated by them as if she were their own child. She grew to womanhood, married Marshall E. Cope, an industrious farmer of Emmett township, and died in April, I902, leaving three children. A boy named Porter H. Harris was also taken by Mr. and Mrs. Moody when he was nine years old and reared and educated until he was seventeen. Mr. Moody is an educated, progressive farmer, conducting the work on scientific principles and profiting by all the latest discoveries and inventions. He believes in marketing as little of the crops raised as possible in the condition they are taken from the soil, turning corn or other grain into hogs or cattle. His harvests are nearly always abundant and the returns from his stock marketed almost invariably show a gratifying profit. He keeps a good grade of Durham cattle, farm horses, sheep and Berkshire hogs. He has also a number of fine Ohio Im ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 675 -- ported Chester hogs, some of them pedigreed. In all things in which he believes or is interested Mr. Moody is active. In politics he is a Prohibitionist and active in the faith. 'He is also a firm believer and deeply interested in all church and charitable work, he and his wife being liberal contributors to every worthy object. JAMES COGLEY. The man who has native worth and ability in his composition always grows and develops with his surroundings. He is in the forefront of every enterprise, the herald of every worthy improvement, the intimate friend of local development, the boon companion of municipal thrift. Such a man, no matter how old he gets, never becomes a back number, nor can he ever be truthfully accused of being a "has been." With him life is real and earnest. He may begin in a log cabin, but keeps pace with the advancement of the community and stands eventually the peer of his neighbors. This trait of character distinguishes the American from the inhabitant of any other nation. It is not confined to any race or class of people on this continent, but seems to be in the very atmosphere itself. The fever for growth and development permeates every being and everything. The German, the Irishman, the Scandinavian, all catch the contagion once they set foot on the shores of America. Though James Cogley, the subject of this sketch, was born in Ireland and lived there until he was seven years old, his subsequent typical American. In habits, thrift, enterprise and bent of mind he is a true son of the soil of his adopted country. It is America that is now dominating the world and that domination does not come from any one race or stock, but from the entire American people collectively. James Cogley was born in Ireland, August 5, I840, the son of Patrick and Mary (Murphy) Cogley, who were the parents of nine children, viz: Nicholas, Catharine, John, Patrick, Clement, James, William, Peter and Michael. They had the good sense to emigrate to America before the famine of 1848 and brought all of their bright-eyed, rosy-cheeked boys and girls with them. The first eight years of their residence in America were spent in Belleville, Ontario, Canada, to which they came in 1847. In I855 the family came to St. Clair county. Two more babies, Margaret and Mary, were added to the interesting group in Canada and another, Anna, came after the family located in Michigan. A tract of three hundred and twenty acres of land was purchased in Kenockee township and the family built a modest home and set about clearing the land, which was then a dense forest in which wild game of all kinds abounded. Each of the boys cu1ltivated a passion for hunting, but it was not so intense as to cause them to neglect their regular employment of clearing the land. The family larder was always kept well supplied with the choicest wild game the forest afforded and the first year of their residence on the land sixty acres of the virgin forest fell before the sturdy strokes of the young woodsmen's axes. Later one hundred and sixty acres more were added and within a very few years the Cog -residence in this country has made him a 676 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I ley farm was one of the model farms of St. Clair county. In religion Mr. and Mrs. Cogley were Catholics, firm believers and active workers in the faith, and all their children were brought up in the fold of that church. The father of the family.passed to his eternal rest, August 15, I880, conscious of the noble work he had done for his posterity in locating his children in a free, independent country, abounding in opportunity, prosperity and happiness for all whose lives are deserving of these blessings. The children each received a good common school education, married well and all have been gratified in seeing their children grow up to be useful men and women. When he came to choose his life calling, Thomas Cogley decided to become a blacksmith. Accordingly, when still quite young, he went to Memphis, Michigan, and entered the blacksmith shop of S. S. Eaton, where he remained three years. The boy was quick and observing and was not long in familiarizing himself with every phase of the work in the shop. At the end of his threeyears apprenticeship he went to Detroit and readily secured a position at his trade. In 1863 he was united in marriage to Miss Ellen Furlong, a native of Detroit. Soon afterward he decided to go into business for himself and moved to Memphis and entered into partnership with Frank Spencer in the wagonmaking and blacksmithing business. They fitted up and equipped a shop with all necessary appliances and did a thriving business for three years, when they dissolved partnership. Mr. Cogley then moved to Kenockee township, purchased eighty acres of land and took up life on a farm. But the life was too slow for a man with the of mechanics possessed by Mr. Cogley and he yearned for the activities of a business life. In 1872 he moved his family to Emmett and invested in a foundry, blacksmith and carriage shop. Here he displayed business ability of a high order and showed such a comprehensive knowledge of the details of the concern that he surprised his friends. The business grew and with it the establishment. Man after man was added to his force, and still the work came in. After conducting his business for a period of twenty years, he, in I892, opened up a hardware and implement store in connection with it, which from the very beginning prospered. In I890 he took his son, James P. Cogley, into partnership with him, and since then he has delegated much of the management to him, though he has never relinquished his grasp of the conduct of affairs. Each and every department is as familiar to him now as it ever was. It is an American institution, conducted on American principles, by Americans and of course it receives the American measure of success. To Mr. and Mrs. James Cogley eight children have been born, seven of whom are living: Charles, the first son and third child of the family, is dead; the others are Minnie Emily, Charles, James P., George Francis, Mark, Charles A. and Nellie. The parents have been very particular in seeing that each was equipped with a good education. Charles A., the youngest boy, is a graduate of a commercial college; Nellie attended St. Joseph Academy, at Adrian, Michigan, and George attended Berlin College; Emily is married and is living in Calumet. She and all of her sisters are very proficient in music, nervous energy, enterprise and knowledge she having been an organist in a church for a ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 677 I long time. On March 5, I902, Mrs. Cogley departed this life, it being the first real affliction that the family had ever known. But the good mother passed away with the light of love and contentment transfiguring her care-worn countenance, knowing that those she loved were well provided for, and that their happiness was assured. In politics Mr. Cogley was a Democrat and at the present time presides over the sessions of the village board. As a slight indication of his standing among the voters of his township, it may be mentioned that for eighteen years he was justice of the peace, four years township treasurer and nine years a member of the school board. He is the owner of fifty acres of valuable land adjoining the town of Emmett on the south. The cement sidewalk was first introduced by him in Emmett, has since become quite popular and has added much to the appearance of the streets of the place. He is a man who would be looked up to as a leader in almost any community, one of those men who rise equal to every occasion. T'']e more trying and momentous the crisis, the greater the strength and energy to enccunter it. Not all communities are blessed with such a personality, but those that are have reason to be grateful. EDMOND NOLAN. The early pioneers of St. Clair county, Michigan, are rapidly passing away. Not many of them are left and what few still remain realize that their sojourn here must necessarily be brief. But the work done by them will long live as a monu ment to their industry and thrift and that which they began and left unfinished has been taken up by younger hands and pushed forward to successful completion. None of those who have departed this life in recent years, in Emmett township, commanded a higher degree of respect or are more sincerely and universally mourned than Edmond Nolan, the subject of this sketch. He was born in the southern part of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, in I828, and was the son of Moses and Mary Nolan, who passed all the years of their lives in the island of their birth. Both died in Ireland many years ago, but of the particulars of their life or death little can be learned. When a young man Edmond Nolan emigrated to America. Unlike many of his countrymen, the charms of life in the big cities of the east had no attractions for him. He loved nature as he worshiped nature's God, and when an opportunity offered he wasted little time in making his way to the then wilds of Michigan. There he entered upon his career, first as a woodsman, then as a farmer and stock raiser. Inured to hard work from earliest childhood in his native land, he had no desire to make quarrel with it in the land of his adoption. The ax, the saw and the hand-spike he became familiar with and an adept in the use of each, while clearing up the eighty acres of heavy timber land he had secured. Within a few years he had changed the face of his broad acres. Where wild woods once were, green pastures and fertile fields I:;d taken their place. In the year I862 Mr. Nolan was united in marriage to Miss Rosanna Fennell, 678 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. daughter of William and Margaret (Carney) Fennell, who were natives of the county of Wicklow, Ireland. Wicklow and Wexford are of the same province in Ireland and are adjoining counties and perhaps it was the close proximity of the places of their birth which drew toward each other these two emigrants in America. Whatever it was, it proved a most happy and congenial union. Eight children were born to William and Margaret Fennell, parents of Mrs. Nolan, viz: Edward, Patrick, John, Michael, Christopher, Mary, Bridget and Rosanna. Of these, only Patrick and Rosanna are living. With his own hands and by his own labor, Edmond Nolan cleared, drained, fenced, improved and cultivated his eighty-acre farm in Emmett township, and became acquainted with all of the hardships, dangers and privations of pioneer life. While liberal and charitable, giving freely to every worthy cause brought to his attention, he was, nevertheless, saving, provident and thrifty. Durham cattle and Chester White hogs were favorites with him. He cared well for his crops and for his stock, kept his eye on the market, generally sold at the right time and was very circumspect as to the time and conditions when important purchases were made, this being the secret of his success. He had shrewdness, sagacity and good common sense, and brought them into active practice in his transactions. It is not surprising, therefore, that he was looked upon by his neighbors as an exceedingly lucky man, and he certainly was a successful one. For himself he knew very well how much of his good fortune to attribute to luck and how much to good management. It is generally conceded that Emmett township and St. Clair county owe much to Edmond Nolan for what each is today. Ten children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Nolan, Andrew, Mary, Maggie, William, Kate, Moses, Edmond, Rose, James and Lizzie. Mr. Nolan was a zealous Catholic, as is also his family, and gave freely of his means at all times of his life to the support of the church, the new house of worship recently erected at Emmett being donated to liberally by him. About the last important work of his life was the erection of a substantial and commodious brick residence upon his premises in I894. He died in the full faith of the church in which he was baptized and reared and the entire community mourned the loss of the one whom it had known so long, so well and who was so universally admired and respected. BERNARD SHARPE. The accomplished Irish gentleman is one of the most polished and graceful to be encountered. He is rarely met with outside of the most refined circles of his own country or among the most polished people of other lands. Wit, intellect and fine sensibility are his by nature, and learning, culture and good manners are accomplishments which he has easily acquired. Such a man was Arthur Sharpe, who emigrated from Ireland and took up his residence in Canada, in 1840. Highly educated, an accomplished literary critic and always accustomed to associate with the best people of his native land, lacking only the one thing-noney ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 679 to enable him to enter into the best society of the dominion of Canada, the question with him was as to what use to make of his talents in order to procure necessary funds to supply the profession of teaching. For a number of years he followed this calling, his abilities being recognized and his services being in constant demand. Eventually he decided to marry. Esthetic in his taste in all other things, it was no easy task to find a woman who would make a wife that would fulfill the measure of his desires. This problem, however, he succeeded in solving with as much ease as if it were one of his favorite propositions in geometry, when he met Miss Mary McCollom. She was refined, wTell-educated, intellectual and modest and came of a good family, being a native of Canada. They were married and settled down to the task of making a home. Before long the dull routine of the school room palled upon him and he yearned for a life in the open air. Selecting a piece of land near Strathroy, Canada, he built a home and proceeded to clear and improve the claim. Here they resided until I856, when they moved to Kenockee township, St. Clair county, Michigan. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Sharpe were the parents of seven children, viz: Mary E. is the wife of Luke Kenny, a prosperous farmer, of Kenockee township; Anna M. is dead; Bernard; John has a home in Montana; Neil resides in Ashland, Wisconsin; Theophilus is a butcher in Detroit; Alphonsus is a Catholic priest, located at Pontiac, Mvichigan he was educated in Berlin, Ontario, then took a course in Sandwich, Ontario, and graduated at Baltimore, Maryland; James married Mary Mullally, of Emmett, and resides at Pontiac. All the children were richly endowed with learning. Mrs. Sharpe. departed this life in March, I880, and her husband survived her only six years, dying March 17, I886. In politics Mr. Sharpe was a Democrat and much interested in affairs of the state, and he was also one of the most renowned penmen in southern Michigan. Both were zealous members of the Catholic church. Bernard Sharpe was born in Kenockee township, St. Clair county, Michigan, May 7, I860, on the farm purchased by his parents some six years previously. In this home, in the midst of the forest, his youth was spent. The country was wild and the neighbors not numerous, so the lad had plenty of time for his dog, gun and books after he learned to read. All of his early instruction he received at home from his parents and while yet little more than a child he was far better informed than many men and women of the locality. Still the lad was by no means brought up in idleness as in the clearing and in the fields and meadows he assisted his father with the farm labor. When twenty-two years of age he secured forty acres of land in Kenockee township. This he sold in I886, realizing a nice profit and invested the proceeds in an eighty-acre tract of unimproved land in Emmett township, which he now has cleared, well improved and under cultivation. On the 13th day of September, I900, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Abbott, daughter of Charles and Hanora Abbott, of Riley township. Mr. and Mrs. Sharpe had two children, Alphonsus and Mary. 'Mr. Sharpe is one of the progressive farmers of Michigan. He raises all kinds of grain, and feeds and breeds cattle, horses and hogs, the Durham being his favorite 68o ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I breed of cattle. In his line of farming he has always been successful and prosperous. He began with little, but within a few years has succeeded in accumulating a comfortable fortune. The most valuable bequests left him by his parents were a good constitution, a comprehensive mind and fair education, and these he has used to good advantage in bettering his condition in life. He has a fine farm, well stocked, and at present there is not even the remotest possibility of his ever being required to chase the wolf from the door. In politics he is a Democrat, in religion a Catholic. He was one of the liberal contributors toward the erection of the new Catholic church at Emmett, an edifice that is a credit to the county. He is at present the justice of the peace of his township, the duties of which position he discharges most acceptably. He is a man of broad mind, genial manners, frank and candid in all his relations with his fellow men and is of that class in every well regulated community without whom it would be difficult to get along. PATRICK QUAIN. It is not often that a family can acquire property, going in debt for the greater part of the purchase price, hold it until it is paid for, each contributing, in the way of labor, toward releasing the property from indebtedness, and eventually dividing it satisfactorily, so that each individual member of the family is content with the portion allotted to him. Ordinarily an undertaking of that kind would wind up in courts, and the property in all probability would be divided, but the share of the various members of the family would be infinitesimally small. Such an undertaking was entered upon by William Quain, years ago, when he acquired five hundred acres of land in Emmett township, St. Clair county, Michigan. Not only was it undertaken, but it was successfully carried out, without resultant quarrels, and, let it be said to the credit of the family, that each individual member was perfectly satisfied with the share accorded him. William Quain was the father of Patrick Quain, the subject of this sketch, and a member of the family by whom this unique project was successfully accomplished. William and Elizabeth (Fitzgerald) Quain were natives of Ireland, who emigrated to America and located in New York, in I847. William's first employment in America was on a railroad. He only engaged in that kind of work for the first two years after coming, but in that length of time he aided in the construction of many miles of railroad track. He was with the gang that laid the first railroad track into Ravenna, Ohio. In I849 he located in Emmett township, St. Clair county, where he took up one hundred and twenty acres. He and his wife were the parents of the following children: John, Thomas, Garrett, William, Patrick, Mary and Jane. The old gentleman proposed to his family that they remain together, work together and together pay for the land, and when every dollar of the indebtedness was liquidated it was to be divided and each was to receive a just and equitable share. If any dropped out, or diverted from the common fund his or her ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 68I services, he or she forfeited all interest in the property. The compact was entered into, lived up to, and carried out with the most gratifying success. All of the children received the advantage of a good education, all are now married, with families of their own, five of the boys are farmers, and one of the girls, Mary, is a farmer's wife. The other two, William and Ann, are living in Chicago. The family is Catholic, all having been brought up in the belief of that church. William Quain died August 29, I89I, while his wife survived him three years, her death occurring May 22, I894. In politics he was a Democrat, and active in his party's interest. Patrick Quain was born in Emmett township September I4, I859, and there he still resides, having continued to make his home in that township ever since his birth. In his youth he secured a good, liberal education. Later he worked on the farm, helping to procure a livelihood for the family, and contributing his portion toward paying for the land. When the division was made, he arranged to secure one hundred of the five hundred acres. Upon this he built a home, cleared and improved it, and is now the owner of a splendid farm, on which he has twenty acres of fine timber, chiefly beech and maple. On the 4th day of November, 1892, Mr. Quain was united in marriage to Miss Kitty O'Brien, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Michael- O'Brien, of Emmett township. They are old citizens and are prosperous and well respected. To Mr. and Mrs. Quain four children have been born, viz: Leo, Joseph, Howard and Francis C. Mr. Quain follows general farming. A progressive, well-informed man, he keeps himself posted on all that is new relating to his calling, and is ever ready to take advantage of every good suggestion. He always keeps on his place plenty of stock to consume all grain and feed which he raises. In connection with his farm he buys and sells stock, and has made this line of business particularly profitable. He notes with pleasure the wonderful changes which the country has undergone in the last thirty-five or forty years. He remembers, he says, the time when his parents walked to market at Port Huron, twenty-five miles away, to dispose of their produce and buy provisions, and would sometimes take as much as seventy-five or one hundred pounds of butter between them to that market. In politics Mr. Quain is a Democrat, and is at present serving as township clerk. He has held, at different times, all of the various school offices and has greatly interested himself in educational work. He is a worthy, exemplary citizen, who has made his impress upon the community in which he was born, and where his life h:is been spent. DAVID DONAHUE. The state of Michigan numbers in its rural population a very large per cent of people of Irish lineage. Some of the most successful farmers are of Irish birth or extraction and many of the most successful merchants of the towns and villages are of the same race. The Hibernian element is noticeable in St. Clair county, and if a stranger 682 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I I were set down in Emmett township, without any knowledge of his location, he might easily imagine himself in the Emerald Isle. One of the most successful farmers of Emmett township was David Donahue. He was born in Canada in 1852 of Irish parents, being the son of John and Anna (Fitzgerald) Donahue. His father settled in Canada, but soon decided to spend the remainder of his life under the stars and stripes, moving to Emmett township, St. Clair county, in 1850. Very few others had preceded him' his own and two other families constituting the population. Farming had ever been his business and he readily set about to clear up his land, and with the aid of his son, David, he soon had a good farm under a splendid state of cultivation. July 17, 1875, David Donahue was united in marriage to Jane Corry, a daughter of Andrew and Eliza (Wallace) Corry. The father of Mrs. Donahue was of Irish birth also, coming to Michigan in 1853 and locating in Kimball township. The country was so wild that deer, unaccustomed to fear, herded with and grazed in the midst of the cattle and were easily approached and shot. Of course it is an Irishman who describes them as being "really so wild they were actually tame." Bears also roamed the woods, causing not a little uneasiness to mothers, youths and children. Mr. Corry was a splendid marksman and passionately fond of hunting, but never allowed it to interfere with its regular business. He owned one hundred and twenty acres of choice land, was successful in his business, and became quite prosperous. He and wife were the parents of four children: Jane; William is a successful farmer; John is also a farmer, and cultivates the old home place, and Sarah is the wife of Robert Wallace, a policeman at Bay City. After having spent an industrious and useful life, Andrew Corry died in September, 1897. In politics he was a Republican, but never aspired to office. Soon after marriage Mr. and Mrs. Donahue moved to Emmett and here he, in I882, established a store of four lines, groceries, hardware, furniture and undertaking. This he conducted successfully while his health permitted. After an illness covering many months, he died, May II, 19oo, sincerely mourned by the whole community. He was for a number of years township clerk, president of the village board, and an officer of the schools. He was a Catholic and always liberal, not only in his support of the church, but to every worthy cause. 'Toward the erection of the new Catholic church at Emmett he paid three hundred and eighty dollars. It is one of the finest houses of worship in Michigan and was erected at a cost of about sixty thousand dollars. He was a member of the Maccabees and of the C. M. B. A. His business was taken in charge by Mrs. Donahue, who in addition to other duties, in I90o, superintended the erection of a large and comfortable home on the farm, three-quarters of a mile north of the village. It is of brick, substantially constructed and beautifully finished, and makes a very desirable residence. Mr. and Mrs. Donahue had six children: Anna is still at home; John is a traveling salesman; William superintends the work on the farm and assists his mother in the management of the furniture and undertaking business; Nellie, Leo and Blanche. Mrs. Donahue is very popular throughout the locality in which she resides. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 683 I WILLIAM D. HART. It is a well-known fact, fully recognized by physicians and all others who have made the subject a study, that a quiet life and steady habits promote longevity. In the cities, where the people are "falling over themselves" in their desperate attempts to make a fortune in a short time, and where they are of a consequence on a severe nervous strain all the time, the mortality tables are much higher than in the country. The farmer may, therefore, congratulate himself that, though his life is less eventful, it is certainly longer than that of the dweller of the city. Such has been the life of the subject of this memoir. William D. Iart was born in Ontario county, New York, June 24, 1820, and is the son of David Hart, born March 26, 1780, and Olive (Flint) Hart, born December Io, I780, the former a native of Long Island and the latter of Connecticut. When a young man David Hart left his native state and came to New York, purchasing a farm in Hopewell, where he lived for many years. He came to Detroit in 1834, but shortly after his arrival was taken sick with the cholera and died August 26, I834. His wife lived in the state of New York until I846, when she came to Michigan, where she died April 26, I867. They were the parents of seven children, Maria, Eliza, Lucy, Mary C., William D., John P. and George. William D. Hart was educated in the common schools, and lived with his mother until 1842, when he came to St. Clair county and bought one hundred and twenty acres of land in Casco township. He built a log cabin in the woods, becoming 42 one of the first settlers of that section of the county. He was accompanied by his brother John and sister Lucy, the latter being their housekeeper. The three lived on the place for some time, the men clearing the farm and tilling the soil, while the sister was busy with the many details of the home. Fourteen years were consumed in this way, and then William D. sold his interest and in 1851 came to China township, where he bought sixty acres bordering on the St. Clair river. He built a home, and in 1852 moved to his new place, where he has since continued to reside. December 7, 1858, he was married to Mrs. Emily J. Woodbury, widow of Judson Woodbury. She was born in Hollowell, Maine, July 13, 1822, being the daughter of John and Mary (Sherburn) Clarke. John Clarke was born in Bath, Maine, while his wife, Mary, was a native of Hollowell, Maine. They, with their family, came to Detroit, in I829, and were residents of that city for three years. They then came to Port Huron, where they remained one year, coming in 1835 to China township, where he bought two hundred and twenty acres of land on the river. He cleared a great deal of land, and, sending to England for seeds, trees and flowers, soon had his place converted into one of the finest and prettiest farms in the neighborhood. For three years he was the master of the ship "Gratiot," and he also at one time was owner of a dock and dealt in wood. In politics he was for many years a Democrat, but later was converted to Republican principles. He served two years in the legislature, and also held many township offices. He was a member of the old school Baptist church 684 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I in whose work he was very active. He died February 3, 1876, aged seventy-eight years. They were the parents of the following children: Louisa, deceased wife of Richard C. Bristol; Emeline; James, deceased; Mary, married to Henry Jenks, and Helen, who is living with Mrs. Hart. Mrs. Hart's first husband, Judson Woodbury, was a native of Manchester, New Hampshire. Later in life he came to Chicago, where he remained for six years, being employed as a bookkeeper. Subsequently he came to China township, where he remained until his death, January 17, I85o. He was the father of two children, Helen Elizabeth, who married Captain Charles Huse and lives in East China township. John, the second child, was born August 27, 1847. He was first married to Abbie Blanchard, and after her death to Kate Fox, and lives in Detroit. Mr. 'Hart has made many improvements on his farm, which at the present time is one of the finest in the county. He has succeeded in clearing nearly all of his land, and is now engaged in general farming, and has also dealt'in hay and wood for many years. He is a Republican, and is very active in political affairs. He was the first supervisor in Casco township, and since coming to China township has held all the offices of the township, being at present justice of the peace. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Hart has been blessed by the birth of two sons; George D., the elder, was born October 10, I86o, was married to Mary Donaldson and is now living in Almont, Michigan, the proprietor of an elevator, and a dealer in wood, lumber and agricultural implements. He is the father of three children, Donaldson, Alva and Robert. The second son, William L., was born in October, I869, and died at the age of three months. Mr. and Mrs. Hart are among the wellknown and popular people of China township, and are ardent promoters of all movements tending to promote the welfare of the community. SENECA KENYON. There could be no more comprehensive history written of a community, or even of a state and its people than that which deals with the life work of those who, by their own endeavor and indomitable energy, have placed themselves where they deserve the title of "prominent and progressive," and in this sketch will be found the record of one who has outstripped the less active and less able trodders on the highway of life, one who has taught the golden lesson of a career surpassed by that of few in his section of St. Clair county. Seneca Kenyon was born on the old Kenyon place in China township, October 25, I857, and is the son of Myron and Catherine (White,) Kenyon, pioneers of the county. Myron Kenyon was a native of Warren county, New York, born on the banks of Lake George. His father was Phinius Kenyon, also a New Yorker, who with his family came to Michigan in 1832 and settled in China township. He entered land in China township, cleared it and established a frontier home in St. Clair county. Here he lived for some time, but finally moved to a home on the banks of the St. Clair river, in East China township, where he died. He was the father of seven ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 685 children, Sidney, Martin, Myron, Phinius, Sumner, Minerva and another daughter. Myron Kenyon became a sailor at the age of seventeen and followed the water for eight years, much of the time as mate. Subsequently he gave up the life of a boatman to become a farmer. He was first married to Miss Barbara Mitchell, of China township, who bore him one child, Blanche E., now the wife of John Chamberlin, of China township. After the death of his first wife he was married to Miss Sarah Mitchell, also of China township, by which union he became the father of but one child, Maria, the wife of Thomas Woods. His third wife was Mrs. Catherine White, a widow, and the daughter of Joseph Stewart, of the state of New York. Mr. Stewart came to St. Clair county and settled in Clay township, near Algonac. Here Mrs. Kenyon was married to her first husband, William White, and came with him to China township, where she later married Mr. Kenyon. Two children were born to this union, Seneca, and Mary C., the wife of Duncan M. Smith, a sailor, living at St. Clair, Michigan. About 1845 Myron Kenyon located on the farm now occupied by his Son Seneca. He first purchased eighty acres of woodland, which he began to clear as soon as he had erected a log house for the family. He cut off about two acres for a garden patch and thus began the work of converting a wild piece of woodland into a flourishing farm. He worked hard at clearing and at the end of a short time he was 'able to increase his modest start to three hundred acres. He soon became interested in boats and for some time had an interest in a line plying the waters of St. Clair river, the following being a list of the boats in which he was for some time interested: "Samuel Ward," "Porter Chamberlain," "James Davidson," "William Case," "Simon Langel," "Oscar T. Flint," and others. He was a very prominent man and was interested in many other enterprises in the county and township. He died October I6, I896, after a very useful and honorable life, and his widow is residing in St. Clair. Seneca Kenyon was educated in the schools of China township, being a faithful attendant until the age of sixteen years, when he began to follow the early occupation of his father, that of a sailor. He followed the lakes until he was twenty-one, but in 1878 he again became a farmer. This life continued for some time, but in I886, feeling the old longing stealing over him, he again took to the water. This time he was engaged as a sailor for eleven years, during four of which he was mate. During his seamanship he sailed on the following boats: "Porter Chamberlain," "Maruba," "Sitka," tug "Parker," "Alphic," "Fletcher," "Snooks" and many others. In 1887 he again left the boats and settled down to the life of a farmer. He was married to Miss Grace D. Hodgson in I896. She was the daughter of Henry and Martha (Cook) Hodgson, of St. Clair county, but both born in Liverpool, England, the father's birth occurring in I830. He left England in 1836 and came to Canada, four years later coming to St. Clair county, where he became an engineer on a boat, later running a stationary engine. His wife died January 3I, I88I. One year after his marriage Mr. Kenyon located in China township on the old homestead, where he has since resided. He has accumulated some good property, having in all one hundred 686 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I and twenty acres, eighty acres of which are cleared, and has carried on general farming since he gave up his sailor life, becoming a very prosperous man. He is the father of four children, Catherine D., Harriet M., Alma C., and S. M. In political affairs Mr. Kenyon has always taken the keenest interest and he is counted one of the staunchest supporters of the Republican party, being well informed on all the questions of the day. He is a member of Parma Blue Lodge No. 9, F. & A. M., of St. Clair, and in his lodge is an active worker and quite popular. He and his family are well and favorably known throughout the neighborhood in which they have spent their lives and are popular with their acquaintances, of which they have many. JOSEPH M. WINKEL. In traveling over southeastern Michigan, seeing the well-improved, productive lands, the handsome homes, the happy, contented people, and noting the general appearance of prevalent prosperity everywhere, it is difficult to realize that less than fifty years ago almost the entire region was a wilderness. Such, however, is the fact. At that time the red Indian was the most numerous inhabitant. It was in primitive days of Casco township, St. Clair county, along about 1852, when Mathias Winkle, father of Joseph M. Winkle, the subject of this sketch, took up his abode there. He was fresh from the old country, his native land being that much disputed territory between France and Germany-Alsace. He had some money and invested it in a piece of land, where he lived for two years, part of the time working in a saw-mill near Port Huron; later he went to Royal Oak, Michigan, and farmed for a period of about two years, when he returned to St. Clair county. A prepossessing widow, a native of Baden, Germany, was the lodestone that drew him back to Casco township. Her name was Catherine (Entz) Feldman, and she was the mother of two interesting children at that time, Caroline, who has since married Bernard Eutener and resides in Detroit, and Frank, who has grown to manhood and lives in Jackson county, Michigan. In I856 Mathias Winkel and Mrs. Feldman were united in marriage. Mr. Winkel was a hard-working, thrifty man, and shrewd withal. He had a faculty of.dickering in land, always without loss to himself, to such an extent that many of his neighbors looked upon him as being more of a Yankee than a Frenchman or German. Within a very few years he had accumulated some two hundred and ten acres of land, besides a miscellaneous and varied assortment of personal property. A man with such a head on him ought not to have been particularly partial to hard work, but he was, nevertheless, and the greater part of the hard work expended in the clearing of this land was done by Mr. Winkel's own hands. He and his' wife were the parents of six children, viz: Joseph, the subject of this sketch, who will be more fully referred to hereafter; Albert follows teaming in Detroit, and is married to Josephine Bur; Anthony married Mary Westrick, and is a resident of Detroit; Emma married John Bur, and lives in Detroit; John is a farmer near Menm ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 687 phis, Michigan, and married Lizzie Andrews; Rosie is the wife of Andrew Hahn and resides in Cqttrellville township. Mrs. Winkel died in September, I897, and her husband survived her three years, passing away July 4, I900. They were members of the Catholic church, and both died in the full faith of that religion. A common school education was all in the way of learning that was accorded to Joseph M. Winkel, the subject of this sketch. He made his home with his parents until he was twenty-five years of age. On the I7th day of January, 1882, he was united in marriage to Delia Laud, of Casco township, the daughter of Justin and Augusta (Villerot) Laud. Both were natives of France, but resided some time in Detroit before coming to Casco township, where he followed farming and was quite successful. His death occurred in 1899. Mrs. Laud still survives, residing with her son Edward, in Casco township. To Mr. and Mrs. WXinkel five children have been born, viz: Joseph WV., Laura M., Bertha R., deceased, Agnes M. and Malel A. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Winkel located on their present farm in Casco township. Up to the time that he was thirty-one years of age he assisted his father in the managenment of his premises, as well as farming his own land. At this time he is the owner of one hundred and forty acres of land, more than half of which he has cleared. He carries on general farming, raising all kinds of grain known to this latitude, and breeding and feeding stock. Besides this, he has for the past five years operated an ashery. In 1878 he was elected constable and served one year; he has been school director eight years, township director two years, and for ten years he has served as supervisor of his township. He is a worthy man, a good citizen, and highly respected throughout the county. PHILIP J. BABEL. Agriculture has always been an honored vocation from the earliest years and as a usual thing men of honored and humane impulses, as well as those of energy and thrift, have been patrons of husbandry. The free outdoor life of the farm, besides inspiring new life and hope, has a tendency to foster and develop the independence of miind and self-reliance which characterize true manhood, and no greater blessing can befall a boy than to be reared in close touch with nature in the healthful, life-inspiring labors of the field. It has always been the fruitful soil from which has sprung the moral bone and sinew of the country and the majority of our nation's great warriors, wise statesmen, renowned scholars and distinguished men of letters were born on the farn, reared hand in hand with mother nature, and are indebted to her early influence for the distinction which they have attained. Philip J. Babel, son of Placidus and Crecentia (Rimmel) Babel, was born January 22, I868, on the old Babel homestead. Being a member of a sturdy German family, he possesses the pluck and energy that has always been manifest in the German race. Both parents were born in Bavaria, Germany, where the father, Placidus Babel, was 688 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I left an orphan at an early age and where he worked at his trade, that of a shoemaker, until he came to America. Having a decided dislike for his trade, the young shoemaker, after having served in the standing army of his country, brought his intended wife to the new world. They landed on American soil in 1854 and were immediately married. They first settled in Canada, where they remained but a short time, then came to China township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and bought forty adres of land which the subject now occupies. Here he erected a cabin and established his home, clearing and improving the land until what had once been but a wild and unyielding woods became a flourishing farm. The forty acres were added to from time to time until he became a well-to-do man, and at the time of his death he owned one hundred acres of good, cultivated land, besides having helped all of his children to a start in the world. All that Mr. Babel ever possessed was solely the result of his own efforts and the fruits of his industry, and when at times it was hard to drive the wolf from the door, the plucky farmer made charcoal and potash and sold it over the county, thus adding to his none too lengthy bank account. He was of a religious nature and held the faith to which he was reared, the Catholic, in great veneration. Although an active politician, he never held office, but this fact did not deter him from giving much of his time and attention to the interests of the party to which he cast his lot and in the ranks of the Democrats he was considered a power. He was the father of twelve children, eight of whom grew to maturity, viz: John, of Tuscola county; Simon, a farmer in China township; Catherine, wife of Peter Markel, of Cottrellville township; Joseph, a farmer in China township; Philip J., the subject; Walburga, deceased wife of Joseph Brandel; Mary, wife of Peter Yeip, of Columbus township, and Elizabeth, the wife of Simon Brown, also of Columbus township. Philip J. Babel always lived at home with his parents, attended the schools of his township and received a common school education. On September I, I894, he was married to Margureat Distlerath, a daughter of Joseph and Gertrude (Hagen) Distlerath. She was born in China township, this county, December 23, I877. Her parents were both natives of Germany and emigrated from thence to America a' number of years ago. To Mr. Babel and wife have been born four children: Carrie, who died young, Le Roy, Lewis and Wilfred. Mr. Babel has always been a farmer and is one of the most prosperous agriculturists in the township, being at present an occupant of the old home place, which consists of sixty acres of good land, forty of which are cleared. He is one of the most esteemed members of the Catholic church at Marine City and he and his family are among the most active and earnest workers in the the church parish, holding the high regard of the entire congregation. Mr. Babel is also a member of the Ancient Order of Gleaners, in which he is an active worker. In politics he has been an ardent worker and has been instrumental in promoting the interest of the Democratic party in his locality, though never seeking office for himself. The family of the subject are well known in the community in which they have always lived and in which they have found so many interests. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 689 - - THOMAS H. BUTLIN. Every country of Europe has been drained of its best and warmest blood to contribute to America their most adventurous, independent, self-reliant and liberty-loving people, and thus our growth and development has been stimulated almost beyond calculation. Every branch of industry has felt the invigorating impulse and has responded with a firmer and more enduring growth. It was some such circumstances that brought the family of the subject of this sketch to our free soil where they have founded a family strong in industry and energy. Thomas H. Butlin was born in China township, St. Clair county, Michigan, March 5, I849. William Butlin, his father. was a native of Brentford, England, where he was born, December i6, I82I. In I834 the mother, with her four sons, of whom William was one, took passage on a sailing vessel and after a tedious voyage of six weeks landed in New York. This brave woman, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Watson, brought her four sons to Michigan immediately, and entered a farm in China township, where William continued to reside. Of her other sons only one, James, living in China township, was content to be a tiller of the soil, the remaining two, Thomas and George, becoming sailors. No doubt their love for the water had been aroused by their never-to-be-forgotten voyage to the new home in the free land of America. The former is retired from active service and is now living in Chicago; the latter died some years ago. The mother died about one year after coming, and her sons rented a small farm and settled down to pioneer life. They were prosperous from the beginning and later were able to buy forty acres in section 9, China township. This was all in the woods, the country was wild and wet, roads were unknown and neighbors few. The boys were set to work at clearing and after much hard work the land was converted into a profitable farm. William Butlin was always a farmer, and in his day had cleared a great deal of land. He had settled soon after his marriage on the tract now contained in the farm of Thomas Butlin and his life thenceforth was passed on this farm. He was married, March 12, 1844, to Eliza Robertson, a daughter of John Robertson, of China township, her birth occurring in that township, February 25, 1827. William Butlin was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which he was an active factor. He also took great interest in politics and the Republican party found in him an 'able assistant. During his political career he was honored with many offices, including those of township treasurer and supervisor. He was a man of many warm friendships and was a highly-respected citizen of this township and county. He passed away January 27, I897, and was followed by his wife December 30, 900o. They were the parents of five children,- only one of whom, Thomas H., is living. Those deceased are: Mary, wife of James Baird, who is also deceased; Martha, wife of Lorqnzo Fulton; Klittie, wife of James Balfour, who lives in St. Clair, and Emma, wife of Albert Balfour. Thomas H. Butlin was reared on his present farm and received but a common school education. However, he always made the best use of such education as he was able to obtain and has supplemented this by liberal reading, deep thinking and 690 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. t close observation. He lived with his parents until I869, after which he was on the lakes until I876. He was a marine engineer on various vessels during that time. November 7, 1877, he was married to Mrs. Rebecca Frederick, a native of Middlesex county, Ontario, but then a resident of Lambton county. Her parents were Jeremiah and Barbara (Fields) Frederick, natives of Canada, and who had resided in China township for a few years, returning to Canada about 1865. To this union five children were born, three of whom, Walter, Edgar and Olive, are living, Cora and an infant being deceased. Both husband and wife were determined to succeed in the world and give to their children opportunities which had been denied them, feeling that the nearer the top of the ladder one starts in life the shorter will be the journey to the last and most important round. Living up to this principle, exercising their industry and energy and training their children in the right path, this couple, through their economical management, at last gained an affluent position. Their land was increased from a mere patch to a farm of one hundred and forty acres, all of which is fine land and of which eighty acres is under cultivation. Most of the remaining land is in pasture, of which Mr. Butlin makes good use, being a raiser of cattle, hogs and horses. A large part of his income has been derived from the sale of his stock and his farm shows some of the finest cattle that are to be seen in this part of the country. He and wife attend the Methodist Episcopal church, and in political affairs, although never having been an office-seeker, Mr. Butlin's support has always been looked upon by the Republican party as never-failing. His chief political ambition is to help carry his party to success and to be instrumental in placing in offices persons of merit and ability. He is a member of St. Clair Camp No. I025, Modern Woodmen of America. As a man of strict morality, the community can ask for no better; as a man of integrity, no district can boast of a citizen more honest, and as a man of intelligence, he stands high. FRANK ZWENG. Statistics show that there is more Germanic blood in this country than any other of foreign origin, and this being a fact, it is easy to account for the morality and prosperity of this community. Germany is famous the world over for the industry, patience, intelligence, morality and steadiness of its citizens. These qualities have been brought to this country and are now part and parcel of this wonderful nationits progress, its domestic economy, its advancement in every branch of material improvement, and its love of country and home. In China township, St. Clair county, Michigan, March I8, I86I, there was born Frank Zweng, the son of John and Christina (Zenybusch) Zweng, the parents being natives of Germany. John Zweng was twice married, the subject's mother being his second wife. By his first marriage he was the father of four children: Wendlin, a lumber merchant, residing at Marine City, Michigan; Mary, wife of V. A. Saph, an attorney of Marine City; George, a traveling salesman, living at Mt. Clemens, Michigan, and Lucius, deceased. His second wife bore ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 69I I him nine children: Frank, the subject; Joseph, who died at the age of six years; John, farming the old place; Christian, a cheesemaker of Cottrellville township; Crescince, married to Charles Westrick, of Marine City; Kate, deceased; Joseph, a farmer in China township; Fred, also of China township; Louisa, who died in I902, and Henry, who died in infancy. John Zweng was a tailor in the fatherland and for a time after landing in America he followed this trade. Subsequently he came to St. Clair county and purchased forty acres of land in China township, where he erected a log shanty and which he farmed for some time. Being of a mercantile turn of mind, he soon began trading in lands and continued to buy and sell land until he retired from actual business and moved to Marine City. During their early life in this county the family had a hard struggle to get along and the father, in order to increase his slender income, farmed all day and worked at his trade at night. At last his efforts were rewarded and he found himself the possessor of one hundred and twenty acres of land, all of which he earned by his own unaided efforts. In February, I901, he retired from active life and took up his residence in Marine City, Michigan. The Democratic party has never rewarded his labors with office of any kind, but his zeal remains unabated and among his fellow partisans he is ranked as,one of the staunchest. He was reared in the Catholic faith and has always been a faithful adherent to the church all his life, being one of the influential members of the parish and a much respected citizen of his,community. Frank Zweng received his education in the township schools of China township and lived at home, assisting his father with the farm work, until his marriage, in I886, to Miss Margaret Lichbihler, of China township, at which time he established a home and began farming on his own account. He immediately located on his present farm in China township, which is known as the Cortes place. His first possession amounted to forty acres of land in China township, but he later purchased twenty acres in Cottrellville township, and still later he added forty acres in China township, making in all one hundred acres, of which he has sixty-five acres under cultivation. He was prosperous from the beginning and the produce of his farm has netted him quite a sum. For years he has given his attention to general farming and stock raising and his grains, hay and sugar beets, as well as his cattle, hogs and horses, command the best market prices. By his first marriage he was the father of three children, Godfrey, Abbie and Arthur. By his marriage to Miss Catherine Meyers, of St. Clair township, which was solemnized in 1893, there were also born three children, Eaetha, Elmer and Leslie. For eight years the subject was proprietor of a cheese factory in Cottrellville township, and after disposing of this interest he run a threshing machine for fourteen years, both enterprises proving quite remunerative. Mr. Zweng has always taken a deep interest in local affairs and is ever ready to promote the interests of his community. His allegiance has always been given to the Democratic party, in whose ranks one more loyal could not be found. At one time he was a member of the school board and during the years I894, I896 and 1897 he held the office of township treasurer, the 692 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. I the duties of which office he discharged with untiring effort and to the entire satisfaction of his constituents. As a member of the Catholic church, his loyalty to his faith and his discharge of his obligations to the church have won for him the lasting regard of his associates. The Ancient Order of Gleaners enrolls him among its membership and in this organization he is an active and influential factor. He is also a member of the Maccabees and Arbiders. He is one of the prosperous farmers in his township, has always been successful, and he and his family enjoy the highest regard of their friends and i ei ghbors. JOSEPH BABEL. Of all the people that go to make up our cosmopolitan civilization none have better habits of life than those who came originally from the great German empire. The descendants of those people are distinguished for their thrift and honesty, two qualities which, possessed by the inhabitants of any country, will in the end make that country great. If with these two qualities is combined that other most essential one of sound sense, which the descendants of the German emigrants possess, there are afforded such qualities as will enrich any land and give it first place among the countries of the world in the scale of elevated humanity. Of these excellent people came the subject of this memoir, of a race that produced the great "Iron Chancellor," the greatest statesman, all things considered, that Europe ever produced. In China township, February 23, 1863, was born Joseph Babel, the son of Placidus and Crecentia (Rimmel) Babel, both of whom were born in Bavaria, Germany. The father was a shoemaker by trade and had from the age of eleven years been left alone in the world. Being accustomed to looking after himself from childhood and having an unconquerable dislike for his trade, he decided, after he had served in the army of the mother country, to come to America, the land of peace and plenty, and carve out for himself a life in' the new country. He landed on our shores in 1854 and soon afterwards located in Chatham, Ontario. Some time afterward he came to China township, St. Clair county, Michigan, and bought forty acres of woodland. At that time the country was very rough, the only roads were blazed paths through the woods and the habitations were small log cabins, mud chinked and unadorned. Placidus Babel entered his wilderness farm, erected his little cabin in a rift in the woods and with his wife settled down to the hard, prosaic life of a frontiersman. In spite of the fact that husband and wife worked hard, straining their endurance to the utmost, hard times fell upon them and they, like their neighbors, suffered poverty in grim silence. However, they perseveringly struggled on until it was at last evident that they were slowly but surely nearing the goal of comfortable existence. Twelve children were born to them, though only eight grew to maturity, the names of whom will be found in the sketch of Philip J. Babel. The father, with the help of the children, farmed his land until the boys were old enough to take the burden of the work upon their own shoulders, when he turned his attention to other things and for some years made charcoal and potash, selling them I FRED W. SHERMAN. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 693 throughout the county, and finding in this enterprise a profitable source of income. Although Mr. Babel had always been a busy man, yet in his later years he found time to promote his party's interests and politics became quite a study with the sturdy, well-poised old German. Being a member of the Democratic party, he ardently espoused its principles and, although never an office-seeker, his time and ability were both cheerfully given to the cause. Himself a member of the Catholic church, his children were all reared in that faith and baptized into the church. He consistently supported the church and its creed and lived up to her teachings in the strictest sense of the word. This well-known and respected citizen, whose good influences are even yet felt in the community, departed this life on September 6, I892, at the age of sixty-seven years, his death being due to an operation performed in a hospital in Detroit, Michigan. His widow is still living and at present makes her home among her children. Joseph Babel was able to obtain only a limited education, owing to the unsettled condition of the country surrounding his home and the necessity that each and every member of the household should lend a helping hand in the maintenance of the family. He did his best, however, and attended school whenever he had a chance, taking advantage of all opportunities of obtaining an education, succeeding even better than could have been expected under the circumstances. As a boy he tilled his father's land and under his tutelage learned his lessons so well that in all the county he has no superior as an agriculturist. November 20, I888, marks the date of his union to Miss Cath erine Johns, who was born and reared in Cottrellville township. With a wife to share his joys and lend encouragement in times of trouble, Mr. Babel began to prosper. Their joint thrift and industry were duly rewarded and at length the old days of struggle, hardships and privation were left behind and they were able to enjoy the fruits of their former toil. Crecentia, Lawrence P., Joseph, Bertha M., Frank R., Irene, Bernard H. and Laura T. comprise the family of the subject and share with each other the devoted attention of the parents. Mr. Babel has always been a farmer and no item of the work is unfamiliar to him; reared a farmer, he has clung to the life as the one offering the best results, the highest gains and the greatest degree of independence: He was reared in the Catholic faith and has instructed his family in the same belief, all being faithful members of the church at Marine City, Michigan. As a politician the subject has always been active and has devoted much time to the furthering of Democratic principles. He is secretary of the Ancient Order of Gleaners and is looked upon as one of the pillars in his lodge. He is a well-known and highly-respected citizen of China township, one of the most prosperous men of the community and enjoys a wide acquaintance in St. Clair county. FREDERICK WARD SHERMAN. The business career of the subject of this sketch has been primarily identified with the printing and publishing business. At the time of this writing Mr. Sherman is. 694 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. secretary and business manager of the Port Huron Times, treasurer of the Riverside Printing Company and also of the Sherman Book Company, manager of the Northwestern Register Company and treasurer of the Port Huron Canning Company, each representing an enterprise of distinctive scope and importance. Frederick Ward Sherman was born on the 3rd of February, I867, at Detroit, Michigan, being a son of Loren A. and Estella C. (Ward) Sherman, the former of whom is the subject of an individual sketch appearing on another page of this work, so that a recapitulation of the family history is not demanded at this juncture. In 1870, when Frederick W. was a child of about three years, the family removed -from Detroit to Port Huron, and here he was reared to maturity, his educational discipline being received under the direction of various private tutors and in the public schools, his graduation in the Port Huron high school being as a member of the class of 1883. In politics he has given a stanch allegiance to the Republican party from the time of gaining the right of franchise, and in I902 he was chosen chairman of the Republican city committee, in which -capacity he is still serving. In a social way he is identified with the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of the Maccabees, the Independent Order of Foresters, the Woodmen of the World, the Port Huron Club, Sons.of Veterans and other organizations. In 1885 Mr. Sherman was united in marriage to Miss Charlotte Esther Wolfe, who was born in Port Huron, Michigan, being a daughter of Richard and Mary,(Downer) Wolfe, and they are the parents of three children, namely: Albert Wolfe, Frederick Carl and Charlotte Esther. THE PORT HURON TIMES. The Port Huron Times has long wielded an important and beneficent influence in local affairs, as well as in the field of politics. The newspaper was founded in I869, as a weekly paper, the interested principals being a corporation of leading business men of the city, while James H. Stone was editor and manager. The initial edition of the paper appeared on Friday, June 25th, of that year. In June, I870, the Times absorbed the Port Huron Press, which had been established a number of years previously, and in November of that year Loren A. Sherman succeeded as editor and manager and has since been at the head of the enterprise, being at the present time editor and proprietor. A tri-weekly edition was established on March 4, I87I, the weekly issue being still continued, and in 1872 Mr. Sherman decided that it was expedient to start a daily issue, the first edition appearing on March 23d of that year, while the tri-weekly was discontinued with the advent of the daily. At the time of the inception of the daily it was issued as a six-column folio and was sold for three cents a copy. The Daily and Weekly Times continued to be published by the original corporation until 1888, when the property was purchased by a stock company, known as the Sherman Company, in which Loren A. Sherman was the principal stockholder, and the old corporation simultaneously lapsed. In 1893 a newspaper-publishing coirporation took over the newspaper plant, and in 1895 the Times absorbed the Commercial-Tribune, the Commercial having been established by the Talbot family in I850, while the Tribune had been founded about ST. CLAIR COUNTY, MICHIGAN. 695. I i880 by Albert H. Finn, and a daily edition was published for some time. The Daily Times has not missed a regular issue from the time of its establishment, in I872, nor has the Weekly failed to put forth its regular editions from its inception, in I869. About five years ago an innovation was inaugurated in the issuing of the Weekly Times, which was sent out in two parts or editions, one part being placed in the mails on Tuesday and the other on Friday, thus virtually constituting a semi-weekly, though the old title of the Port Huron Weekly Times has been retained under this plan, which has met with distinctive popular approval. The Times has always been a stanch advocate of the principles and policies of the Republican party, and during the greater portion of the time has been the only daily in the local field. L. A. Sherman is the principal owner of the stock of the publishing company and is the managing editor of the paper, while his son, Frederick W., is the secretary and business manager, as has already been noted. 4 _ _1__1_11_________ __ ____ __1__11 __________~_1___1____II_ I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I I i I I I - - -1-1