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THE DOG 
 
PQ 
 
 U 
 
 
 2 S 
 < o 
 
 
 
THE DOG 
 
 ITS VARIETIES 
 AND MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH 
 
 ^'STONEHENGE" 
 
 WITH ITS DISEASES AND 
 THEIR TREATMENT 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. 
 
 Formerly Lecturer in the Albert and Glasgozv Veterinary Colleges 
 
 AUTHOR OF "the HORSE DOCTOR," " THE CATTLE DOCTOR*' 
 "the SHEEP DOCTOR," ETC. ETC. 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 LONDON 
 FREDERICK WARNE AND CO. 
 
 AND NEW YORK 
 {All rights reserved] 
 

PREFACE. 
 
 Our dumb friend and companion has advanced to signal 
 prominence in various directions. His mental aptitude, 
 as well as natural capabilities, are better understood, and 
 recent years have witnessed a marvellous increase in his 
 varied spheres of usefulness, with corresponding appre- 
 ciation of his intelligence and intrinsic worth. His 
 management in health and disease is, therefore, a 
 subject of the first importance. To promote the first 
 and remove the latter is the supreme desire of him who 
 rightly appreciates the virtues of his canine friend. 
 How to effect this forms the prominent theme of the 
 following pages. 
 
 The valuable experience of Stonehenge which graced 
 the pages of the first part of former editions has been 
 largely retained, new matter being added where it was 
 expressly needed. 
 
 The second part, relating to Disease, has been entirely 
 re-written, and presents the standard of current experience 
 as to its nature and appropriate treatment. 
 
 In the endeavour to present reliable views regarding 
 the nature of the maladies of the dog, they are arranged 
 as far as practicable in accordance with the supposed 
 causes ; thus, many are conveniently included under the 
 head of Blood Diseases ; others are due to specific or 
 contagious elements ; while the majority, perhaps, arising 
 from interference with organic function, injury, &c., are 
 
viii Preface. 
 
 conveniently dealt with in connection with the several 
 systems, or groups of organs. 
 
 The chapter on Materia Medica deals with the 
 numerous remedies employed in the treatment of disease, 
 their combination and forms of administration, details of 
 which are given in everyday language. The reader will 
 find ample choice, and experience little difficulty in pro- 
 curing from the nearest chemist, the preparations he may 
 need. 
 
 By way of embellishment, faithful portraits of celebri- 
 ties have been secured, through the kindness of several 
 exhibitors, and especially Mr. Charles Reid, of Wishaw, 
 whose similar efforts have satisfactorily enriched previous 
 companion volumes. 
 
 London, 1896. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE DOG AND ITS HABITS. 
 ^ . - ^, 'AGE 
 
 Origin— Characteristics— Age, &c. &c i 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 VARIETIES OF THE DOG. 
 
 Pointer— Setters— Field Spaniels— Sussex Spaniel— Clumber 
 Spaniel— Norfolk Spaniel— Cocker— Water Spaniels— Old 
 English Water Spaniel— North of Ireland Water Spaniel- 
 South Irish Water Spaniel— English Greyhound . . 4 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 VARIETIES OF THE DOG {contimud). 
 
 Hounds— The Bloodhound— Staghound— Foxhound— Harrier 
 —Beagle — Dachshund — Otterhound — Fox Terrier — 
 Truffle Dog— Retrievers— Deerhound— The Borzoi . . 28 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 USEFUL COMPANIONS OF MAN. 
 
 Old English Mastiff— The Great Dane— Newfoundland— St. 
 Bernard — Bulldog — Bull Terriers — Pure Terriers — Smooth 
 English Terrier — Black and Tan English Terrier — Rough 
 or Broken-haired Terrier — Skye Terrier — Dandie Dinmont 
 — Bedlington Terrier — Irish Terrier — Welsh Terrier — 
 Whippet — Bob-tailed Sheep-Dog— Collie — Pomeranian or 
 Spitz 5j 
 
X Contents. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 ladies' toy dogs. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 King Charles Spaniel — Blenheim Spaniel — Italian Greyhound 
 —Pug— Maltese Dog— Toy Terrier— Poodle ... 86 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE DOG. 
 
 General Management of Dogs — Of Whelps — Dressing — Kennels 
 
 — Management of Pet Dogs loo 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 General Observations — Health and Disease— Pathology — Fever : 
 Simple, Sympathetic, and Specific— Inflammation— Abscess 
 — Serous Cyst — Prevention of Disease — Classification of 
 Disease . io8 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA. 
 
 The Dispensing of Medicines — Nursing— Doses of Medicines — 
 Alteratives — Anodynes — Antiseptics — Antispasmodics — 
 Aperients — Astringents — Blisters — Caustics — Clysters, 
 Enemas, or Injections — Cordials — Demulcents — Diapho- 
 retics — Digestives — Diuretics — Electuaries — Embrocations 
 or Liniments — Emetics — Expectorants — Febrifuges — 
 Fomentations — Hypodermic Injections — Inhalations — 
 Lotions — Ointments — External Parasiticides — Poultices — 
 Stimulants — Stomachics — Styptics — Tonics — Worm 
 Medicines, Internal Parasiticides ii6 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 BLOOD DISEASES. 
 
 Plethora — Obesity — Anaemia— Rheumatism — Rickets, or Ra- 
 chitis— Inter-breeding — Crooked or Bandy legs — Leuchae- 
 mia— Jaundice— Ursemia — Apnoea 138 
 
Conte7tts. xi 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 SPECIFIC AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Anthrax — Cholera— Diphtheria — Distemper— Eczema Epizoo- 
 tica — Glanders — Measles — Rabies — Relapsing Fever — 
 Septicaemia — Tuberculosis — Variola, or Small Pox . .146 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 Catarrh, or Coryza — Ozsena — Parasitic Ozsena — Epistaxis — 
 Polypus — Laryngitis — Aphonia — Snoring — Bronchitis — 
 Pneumonia — Pleurisy — Parasitic or Verminous Bron- 
 chitis — Chronic Cough — Asthma . . , .170 
 
 CHAPTER Xn. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.. 
 
 Fatty Degeneration of the Heart— Rupture of the Heart — 
 
 Valvular Disease— Pericarditis — Invasion by Parasites . 180 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 The Teeth : Caries—Abscess of the Jaw— Diseases of the 
 Tongue : Glossitis, Wounds, Paralysis— Ptyalism — The 
 Lips: Pharyngitis— Choking— Stricture of the Gullet — 
 Indigestion — Vomition — Gastric Catarrh — Gastritis- 
 Foreign Bodies in the Stomach— Ulceration— Worms in 
 the Stomach — Colic — Diarrhoea — Dysentery— Constipa- 
 tion— Impaction — Enteritis — Prolapsus — Piles— Atony — 
 Thickening — Hernia— Worms in theBowels — Peritonitis — 
 Ascites, or Dropsy— Hepatitis, Acute and Chronic — Fatty 
 Degeneration — Parasites in the Liver — Diseases of the 
 Spleen and Pancreas — Goitre . . . . . .184 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 
 
 Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys — Albuminous 
 Nephritis — CalcuU, or Stones in the Kidney— Hcemaluria, 
 
xii Contents. 
 
 or Red Water— Atrophy and Hypertrophy— Worm in the 
 Kidney— Impaction of the Ureters— Cystitis, or Inflam- 
 mation of the Bladder— Stone in the Bladder— Rupture of 
 the Bladder— Diabetes— Paralysis of the Bladder— Disease 
 of the Prostate— Stone in the Urethra— Urethritis— 
 Balanitis— Posthitis— Worm in the Urethra . . .204 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 Male Organs: Gonorrhcea— Imperforate Prepuce— The Penis 
 — Amputation — Scrotal Inflammation — Orchitis — Abscess 
 of the Testicles— Scirrhus. Female Organs : Metritis, 
 or Inflammation of the Womb— Dropsy — Inversion, or 
 Prolapsus — Haemorrhage, or Flooding — Amputation — 
 Tumours in the Vagina— Inversion, or Prolapsus— Ampu- 
 tation— Use of the Catheter. Diseases of the Organs 
 OF Lactation: Retention of Milk — Maminitis, or Inflam- 
 mation of the Milk Gland— Malignant Tumours— Warts 
 — CEstrum— Parturition 210 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 diseases of the eyes and ears. 
 
 Organs of Vision : Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunctivitis — 
 Cataract — Iritis — Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena — Staphyloma 
 — Hydrophthalmia — Distension, and Dislocation of the 
 Eyeball — Tumour of the Plaw— Dermatoid Conjunctiva — 
 Ulceration of the Eyelids— Ectropion — Entropion— Watery 
 Eyes. Organs of Hearing : Otitis — Internal Canker — 
 External Canker— Abscess of the Ear-flap, or Blood Abscess 
 —Polypi, or Tumours within the Ear— Squamula, or Scurfi- 
 ness of the Ear-flap— Ticks— Mange of the Ear . . 220 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 diseases of the nervous system. 
 
 Epilepsy — Vertigo— Neuralgia— Apoplexy— Tetanus.orLocked- 
 jaw- Chorea— Cramp — Injuries to the Head : Concussion 
 —Compression— Apoplexy— Encephaliiis— Hydrocephalus 
 —Paralysis— Parasitism . . .... 229 
 
Contents. xiii 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Alopecia, or Baldness — Anasarca, or Dropsy of the Cellular 
 Tissue — Eczema, Surfeit, or ** Red Mange " — Erythema — 
 Warts— Parasitic Diseases of the Skin, Animal 
 Parasites : Scabies, or Sarcoptic Mange — Follicular 
 Mange — The Harvest Bug — Fleas — Lice — Ticks 
 —Vegetable Parasites: Tinea Tonsurans, or Ring- 
 worm — Tinea Favosa, or Honeycomb Ringworm , . 236 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 local injuries. 
 
 Anchylosis, or Stiff-joint — Sprain of Muscle and Sinew — Con- 
 genital Deformity — Dislocations — Fracture of Bone — False 
 Joint — Lameness — Sprain of Muscle — Sprain of Tendon — 
 Lameness of the Feet— Carpet Fever — Injuries by Thorns, 
 Nails, &c. — Raw, Bruised and Bleeding Feet — Mange of the 
 Foot — Overgrown Claws — Wounds — Haemorrhage, or 
 Bleeding 248 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 poisons. 
 
 Empirical Poisoning — Accidental Poisoning — Wilful and Mali- 
 cious Poisoning— Symptoms of Poisoning — Treatment — 
 Mineral Poisons — Vegetable Poisons— Animal Poisons- 
 Snake or Viper-bite— Wasps, Hornets, and Bees— Destruc- 
 tion of Dogs .... .... 254 
 
 INDEX , , 261 
 
LIST OF PLATES 
 
 II. 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 X II. 
 
 XIV. 
 XV. 
 XVI. 
 
 POINTERS " CHAMPION SANDFORD BANG " AND 
 "CHAMPION HEATHER BEE " Frontispiece 
 
 GORDON SETTERS .... tofacep. lO 
 
 IRISH SETTER "CHAMPION HEATHER ROY " ,, 12 
 
 GREYHOUNDS . . . • • • n ^O 
 
 WIREHAIRED FOX TERRIER "JACK ST. 
 
 LEGER " M 40 
 
 FLAT COATED RETRIEVER "HELPFUL" . ., 4^ 
 
 DEERHOUND . . • • • • '> 5° 
 
 BORZOI v 52 
 
 E^^GLISH MASTIFF "PRINCE OF WALES" . ,, 54 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND »i 5^ 
 
 ROUGH COATED ST. BERNARD . . • . ,, Co 
 
 BULLDOG >, 64 
 
 WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER "CHAMPION 
 
 MORNING STAR " ., 69 
 
 IRISH TERRIER "BREDA MIXER " . - ,■> 1^ 
 
 ROUGH COATED COLLIE . . . • ,, 84 
 
 PUG "PRIMROSE KNIGHT" . , . . ,, 9^ 
 
THE DOG. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 THE DOG AND TfS HABITS. 
 
 Origin— Characteristics— Age, &c., &c. 
 
 THE DOG belongs to the division Vertebrata, and 
 the class Mam??ia/ia. It is also in the order Ferce, 
 the family FelidcB, and the sub-family Cajwia, which in- 
 cludes the dog, wolf, jackal, and fox. This sub-family is 
 distinguished by having two tubercular teeth behind its 
 canine teeth in the upper jaw ; and the Canis familiaris 
 has the pupils of the eye round, while in the fox they are 
 like those of the cat, perpendicular slits, and in the wolf 
 oblique ones. Volumes have been written on the origin 
 of the dog, but our knowledge on this subject may easily 
 be summed up in one little word, 7iil; I shall therefore 
 not inflict upon the readers of this book all the various 
 arguments /r^ and con; suffice it to say, that the dog is now 
 an inhabitant chiefly of cold and temperate climates; that 
 it rapidly degenerates if transported to a very warm one, 
 as is seen in India and China, but that it will bear every 
 climate from the Arctic circle to the Equator without loss 
 of life. The dog is a carnivorous animal by nature, 
 though he will feed upon and devour any vegetable sub- 
 stance that comes in his way if pressed by hunger. In 
 his domesticated state he thrives best upon a mixed diet, 
 and is usually considered, and with truth, as omnivorous. 
 His teeth are fitted for tearing flesh, and he has no true 
 grinders suited to bruise grain ; his stomach is a simple 
 
 1 
 
The Doz and its Habits, 
 
 ^t> 
 
 one, and his intestines are of a medium length between 
 the short ones of the true Carnivora, and the long ones 
 of the graminivorous quadrupeds. 
 
 It is impossible to fix the epoch, as we have said, when 
 the dog became the servant of man. The oldest tradi- 
 tions, the most ancient historical documents, show us the 
 dog reduced to a state of domesticity. Thus it may be 
 said that the dog forms an integral part of mankind. 
 This is what Toussenel has well said : " Ce qu'il y a de 
 meilleur dans I'homme, c'est le chien." The dog pos- 
 sesses all the qualities of intelligence and spirit. Where 
 can we find a more certain, more constant, or more de- 
 voted friendship, a more faithful memory, a stronger 
 attachment, more sincere abnegation, a mind more loyal 
 and frank ? The dog does not know what ingratitude is. 
 He does not abandon his benefactor in danger or adver- 
 sity. With joy he ofters to sacrifice his life for those 
 who feed him. He pushes his devotion so far as to for- 
 get himself. He does not recall the corrections, the 
 unkind treatment, to which he has been subjected ; he 
 thirsts for caresses, while the indifference of those who 
 are dear to him plunges him into deep distress. Noble 
 creature ! the favourite of the rich, consolation of the 
 poor, inseparable companion of the unfortunate ; thanks 
 to thee, the miserable individual who dies alone in the 
 midst of society, counts at least one friend at his me- 
 lancholy funeral ; he does not descend alone into the 
 cold grave, for thou comest to shed on his tomb the sin- 
 cere tears of affection and regret, and such is the excess 
 of thy grief, that no one can tear thee from that spot 
 where sleeps the corpse of him thou lovest ! 
 
 And what intelligence ! what penetration ! \\\\'x\. finesse 
 is there in this admirable companion of our gladness 
 and sorrow! How well he can read countenances; how 
 skilfully he knows how to interi^ret the sentiments con- 
 veyed in gestures and words! In vain you may threaten, 
 in vain try to frighten him. Your eye betrays you ; that 
 smile, which scarcely api)ears upon your lips, has un- 
 masked your feelings ; and so far from fearing and avoid- 
 ing vou, he comes to solicit your attention. 
 
Tlic Do(r cind its Habits. 
 
 "<b 
 
 Volumes might be written, if desirable, relating all the 
 extraordinary stories of which dogs are the heroes. 
 Every day, in ordinary hfe, we see something of this 
 kind, and which, although of so frequent occurrence, is 
 none the less curious. Is it necessary to recall to memory 
 the dog of Ulysses, the model of fideHty; the dog of 
 Montargis, the vanquisher of crime; of Munito, the 
 brilliant player at dominoes? Must we mention the 
 Newfoundland dog and the dog of Mount St. Bernard, 
 both of them preservers of human life ? Is it necessary 
 to speak of intelligent dogs going for provisions for their 
 master, and assisting him in his duties with ability ; of 
 the shoeblack's dog, trained to plant his muddy paws on 
 the best polished boots, so as to bring more business to 
 his master, the man of the brush? We should never 
 come to an end if we attempted to register all the ex- 
 ploits of this valuable companion of man. 
 
 Dogs are digitigrade^ or walk on their toes ; their claws 
 are not retractile — they have five toes on the fore-feet and 
 generally four on the hind ones. Their teeth are — 
 
 6 
 
 I— I 
 
 6 6 
 
 Incisors — 
 
 Canine - — 
 
 Molars 
 
 6 
 
 I— I 
 
 8 8 
 
 The tongue of the dog is smooth, not lacerating like that 
 of the cat ; its application to wounds has a healing ten- 
 dency when the animal is in health. Dogs live on an 
 average about fourteen or fifteen years. 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 VARIETIES OF THE DOG. 
 
 Pointer— Setters— Field Spaniels— Sussex Spaniel— Clumber Spaniel— Norfolk 
 Spaniel— Cocker— Water Spaniels— Old English Water Spaniel— North of 
 Ireland Water Spaniel- South Irish Water Spaniel— English Greyhound. 
 
 The Pointer of the present day is no doubt descended 
 from the old Spanish dog, crossed with the foxhound or 
 greyhound, by which he has obtained greater lightness 
 and activity, united with more lasting powers, but at the 
 expense of his nose, which is not so delicate as that of 
 the source from which he sprang. 
 
 The well-bred pointer, in the eyes of the true sportsman, 
 is a grand and graceful dog. His ancestry probably 
 cannot be traced so far back as that of the setter, but as a 
 true sporting dog he is often preferred, to the exclusion of 
 the latter. The habit of pointing at their game is an 
 innate qualification of the breed, and may be observed in 
 young puppies standing to their game when they are first 
 taken to the field. 
 
 At the various shows of the United Kingdom three 
 sizes of this dog may be seen, which are denominated as 
 large, medium, and small weight. Of the first, the dog is 
 estimated to be upwards of 70 lbs., and the bitch over 
 60 lbs. ; medium, dogs, 50 to 70 lbs., and bitches, 45 to 
 60 lbs. ; dogs of small weight are under 50 lbs., the 
 bitches not exceeding 45 lbs. The best colours for show 
 purposes are the lemon and white, quality being more 
 prominent in pointers of this colour. Some sportsmen 
 prefer the liver and white, under the conviction that they 
 are possessed of greater endurance ; others regard colour 
 as a secondary matter, resting on the conviction that a 
 good dog cannot possess a bad colour, always looking 
 forward in their selection to obtaining symmetrical 
 proportions, good build, and muscular development, all of 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 5 
 
 which combine towards the essential qualities of the 
 breed, viz., strength, speed, and endurance. A black 
 nose is common to the liver and white pointer, but it is 
 disastrous to the lemon and white in the show ring. 
 
 The head of the pointer should be large but not 
 heavy, wide across the ears, and showing a raised fore- 
 head. The nose should be long and broad, with its front 
 outline square, the teeth being even. This marks the 
 pointer from the hound, whose nose has a tendency to 
 slope towards the throat, the extreme of which is called 
 the "pig's snout." The lips should be well marked, 
 without running into the flews of the bloodhound. Ears 
 long, soft, and thin, set on low down, and carried quite 
 close to the cheeks. Eyes moderately large, soft, and 
 intelligent, the colour varying from buff to dark brown 
 according to that of the coat. A peculiarly rounded out- 
 line on the upper side of the neck marks the well-bred 
 pointer, which can scarcely be described in words. No 
 throatiness is allowable, as it indicates too much of the 
 Spanish strain. This point should be divided as follows : — 
 Skull, 10 ; nose, lo ; ears, 5 ; neck, 5 — total, 30 
 
 The frame may be divided into loin, hind quarter, 
 shoulders, and chest. The loin, which with the hind 
 quarter constitutes the propellmg powers, must be well 
 arched, broad, and deep, and strongly united to the ribs 
 in front, and to the couples behind, which latter should 
 be wide and somewhat ra,2:ged. Next in importance are 
 the shoulders, upon the obliquity of which depends the 
 elasticity of the action, while they must be well clothed 
 with muscle, to enable the dog to keep up for many 
 hours in succession. The chest must be full, but not so 
 much so as that of the old barrel-shaped Spanish pointer, 
 the back ribs being required to be very deep. Hind 
 quarters well bent at the stifles, provided with strong 
 hocks, and clothed with powerful muscles. In estima- 
 ting these points, I should give to the shoulders and 
 chest, 15 points; back and hind quarters, 15 points- 
 total, 30 points. 
 
 Without the feet and legs the continued action of each 
 dog must altogether be forbidden, as weakly-formed ones 
 
6 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 soon give way, and the dog becomes lame. The feet 
 should be round and cat-like, with hard horny soles, 
 pasterns short, large in the bone and tendons, and not 
 sloping backwards towards the knees to any great extent. 
 A long and muscular arm is specially necessary, and the 
 elbow must be neither in nor out. These points may be 
 valued as follows, viz. : — feet, 6 ; legs, 6 ; elbows, 4 ; 
 hocks, 2 ; stifles^ 2 — total, 20. 
 
 The general quality and stern indicate by their appear- 
 ance the amount of breeding, and are therefore neces- 
 sarily attended to, but the former cannot he described. 
 The stern should be shaped like a bee's stvng, having a 
 strong root, a straight, Jijic, and stiff body, and a pointed 
 tip — total value, 10. 
 
 Of the colour, symmetry, and coat, the first may be 
 selected according to fancy, but most people prefer a dog 
 with a good deal of white, so that he may readily be seen 
 in turnips. Liver and white, or lemon and white, are the 
 most common, next to which come black and white, 
 which, when mixed with tan on the cheeks, indicates the 
 hound cross. Whole colours are liver, red, black, and white. 
 The texture of the coat should be short and soft, but not 
 too fine, the last-named quality being often accompanied 
 by a delicate constitution. T\\qsq. poi?ifs are put at 10. 
 
 Setters of the present day are classed as either Eng- 
 lish, Scotch (Gordon), Irish, or Russian. It is needless 
 to describe the last-named, as the breed, which was com- 
 mon enough thirty years ago, is now seldom met with, 
 and has no advantage to recommend it. It is a very 
 long-haired animal, almost resembling a poodle in coat, 
 except that there is not so much curl. Hence, in the 
 ^ hot weather so often experienced in August and September, 
 ^' it is soon knocked up, and though possessing a very 
 fine nose, this is of little use at its master's heels. 
 
 All the various breeds of the setter are doubtless de- 
 scended from the spaniel, which dog has a natural pro- 
 pensity to pause before springing on his game. This 
 peculiarity has been encouraged and developed until the 
 innate point has become established, and the setter puppy, 
 if well bred, may be expected to point game on the first 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 7 
 
 or second time of showing it to him, or, if very high- 
 couraged, as soon as he finds he cannot run it down by 
 speed. In the early days, after the breed was first estab- 
 lished, it was used solely by the falconer and netter, who 
 were contented with any animal which would find birds, 
 and, setting down on the gromid, would allow the net to 
 be drawn over him, or the hawk to be cast off, without 
 moving. Since the introduction of the plan of shooting 
 flying, a faster and stouter dog has become necessary, and 
 one also which will bear the heats of August and Septem- 
 ber. Hence the object of the breeder has been to get rid 
 of the thick curly coat of the spaniel on the body of the 
 setter, and at the same time to retain and even improve 
 upon the elegant feather beneath the tail, or flag, as it is 
 called, and behind the legs. The three breeds we have 
 mentioned, into which setters are divided, all agree in this 
 point, however much they may differ in others, as we shall 
 presently see. 
 
 Youatt's remarks on the setter are interesting. He 
 says: — *'The setter is more active than the pointer. 
 He has greater spirit and strength. He loves his master 
 for himself, and not, like the pointer, merely for the 
 pleasure he shares with him. His somewhat inferior 
 scent, however, makes him a little too apt to run into his 
 game, and he occasionally has a will of his own. He 
 requires good breaking and plenty of work, but that 
 breaking must be of a peculiar character; it must not 
 partake of the severity which too often accompanies^ and 
 unnecessarily so, the tuition of the pointer." Several 
 distinct breeds of the setter are met with : the Laverack 
 setter, which is probably the purest of the English 
 breeds, the colours being liver and white, flints, or blue, 
 or lemon and white Beltons, or mottles. The Featherston 
 Castle, and also the Newark Castle setters are liver and 
 white, the latter being distinguished by top-knots. The 
 Lort setter is black and white or orange and white. The 
 Earl of Seafield's breed is lemon and white, and that of 
 Lord Lovat is black, white, and tan. The Llewellyn 
 setter is described as a very neat and handsome dog, 
 coming pretty close to the Laverack in many of his points. 
 
b Varieties oj the Dog. 
 
 As his name implies, the setter crouches, sits, or sets his 
 game, a quahfication which is carefully estmiated by 
 experienced judges. If he stands at his game, the fault 
 is supposed to be denved from the pointer. 
 
 The English setter is longer and more open in his frame 
 than the pointer, and has a proportionally longer stride in 
 all his paces. He is capable of harder work than that dog, 
 and as his toes are clothed with hair in the intervals between 
 them, he is not so liable to become "foot-sore," either from 
 very dry or veiy wet ground. In regard to nose, there is 
 much difference of opinion, but I am inclined to believe 
 that the setter has a slight advantage in this respect. 
 When well bred, the setter is as easily broken as the 
 pointer, to the point and back, but he is seldom quite as 
 tractable in regard to the other elements of his education, 
 and is, moreover, more apt to forget his lessons timn his 
 smooth c6mpetitor in the shooting-field. These remarks, 
 however, apply more to the setter of the early part of 
 this century than to the dog of the present day, which is 
 a great improvement upon his ancestors. 
 
 The head is lighter than the pointer's, and narrower 
 across the ears, but equally high at the forehead. The 
 nose is long, and shows a slight tendency to fall inwards 
 towards the eyes, the corners of which should be not 
 Jess than four inches from its tip. This should be broad^ 
 with large open nostrils, well bedewed with moisture, and 
 of a dark colour. Teeth level, and without the slightest 
 tendency to the " snipe" form. Lips full at the angles, 
 but not pendulous even to the extent allowable in the 
 pointer. Ears must be about 6 inches long, set on low 
 and well forward, carried without any approach to the 
 ])rick shape, and rounded at the lower edges. Eyes 
 large, but not protruding, and beaming with love of ap- 
 probation and intelligence. Neck long, thin, and slightly 
 arched above, but showing a clean-cut line where it joins 
 the head. Value of these /^/«/i ; head, ic; nosC; lo; 
 neck, 5 ; ears, 5— total, 30. 
 
 The frame and outline, though different to the eye of 
 the judge from that of the pointer, cannot be separated 
 from the latter by any verbal description, except that the 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 chest is rarely so wide or barrelled as is allowable in that 
 dog. The hips are also more ragged and the loin slightly 
 more arched. 1l\\qsq points are : shoulders and chest, 15 ; 
 back and hind quarters, 15 — total, 30 points. 
 
 In the feet and legs also the remarks on the pointer are 
 equally applicable, but there is some difference of opinion 
 as to the hare-foot, which by many is considered to be 
 necessary to the thorough-bred setter. In this shape the 
 toes are longer than in the cat-foot, more split up, and 
 thickly clothed with strong hair between the toes. No 
 doubt this last feature is of great service in keeping the 
 skin free from inflammation when at work over marshy 
 ground, but the long toes which usually attend this de- 
 velopment do not stand so well as the stout cat-like forma- 
 tion of the other foot. It is somewhat diflicult to strike 
 the balance between these feet, as one form is best suited 
 to wet ground and tlie other to hard. If it is possible to 
 get the cat-like foot with sufficient hair upon it, I should 
 no doubt prefer that form, and though I have never seen 
 the two fully united, I do not despair of getting them by 
 careful breeding. Legs and feet, 1 2 ; elbows, hocks, and 
 stifles, 8. 
 
 In the general quality or character there is not much 
 to alter from the remarks given under the pointer, but the 
 stefji ox fag varies a good deal. It should be set on well 
 up the back, but not carried with the slightest curl over 
 it, though there may be a gentle and regular sweep in its 
 upper outline. The feather should be flat, long, and 
 silky, deep in the centre, and tapering to each end. This 
 should be as pointed as in the pointer, and should be 
 carried in the same perpendicular plane as the rest of the 
 flag, without the slightest approach to the corkscrew form. 
 Total value, 10. 
 
 The coat must be fine and silky, but stifl somewhat 
 hard to the touch, a combination that can only be felt, 
 and not imagined. There must be little or no curl, while 
 the shorter it is on the body, and the longer in the feather, 
 the better for the value of the dog. Value in conjunction 
 with symmetry, 10. The order of merit of the various 
 colours met with is as follows, viz. : — i. Orange and 
 
to Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 white, with freckled nose and legs. 2. Orange and white, 
 plain. 3. Lemon and white. 4. Black and white, espe- 
 cially if ticked slightly with tanned spots on feet and legs, 
 known as " Belton greys." 5. Pare white. 6. Black. 
 7. Fallow or yellow. 8. Liver or liver and white. 9. 
 Liver and tan. 
 
 The Scotch or Gordon Setter has become very 
 fashionable of late years, and especially since dog shows 
 were established. The Gordon differs from the English 
 setter in the following properties : — In stern he is generally 
 shorter, or if long, it has a decided tendency to show the 
 " teapot " form, than which nothing is more ugly. This 
 is probably derived from the collie cross, which, I have no 
 doubt, has been used in some strains with the disadvan- 
 tage of introducing this defect and a more woolly coat. 
 In my own dog Rex (son of Kent and Regent) whose 
 portrait is here given, the flag is faultless, and is some- 
 what longer both in bone and feather than is given by 
 the artist, who sketched him while yet in his puppyhood. 
 The Gordon head is perhaps slightly heavier than the 
 English, and his nose and intelligence are proportionably 
 good. In colour he is a rich black and tan, but it is as- 
 serted by many experienced breeders, that the original 
 colour was more or less mixed with white, and I believe 
 that black, white, and tan colour is quite as correct as the 
 whole black and tan. His carriage .is very lively, and he 
 is full of hunt, but he is apt to be shy and headstrong. 
 My experience of the breed in the field is chiefly con- 
 fined to Rex, who is certainly one of the most perfect 
 dogs I ever saw out ; but though he was selected from a 
 lot as a sample, to test their value, it does not follow that 
 he is not an exceptional animal of his strain. He, like 
 all the dogs of the breed I have seen, does not last more 
 than half a day, but some of the bitches of the same 
 strain are everlasting. The points are nearly the same as 
 in the English dog, the only difference being that 5 points 
 are taken off the ears and neck, and added to the colour 
 and coat. 
 
 The exact origin of the Gordon setter is somewhat 
 enveloped in doubt. As described by judicious authorities 
 
4 
 
Varieties of the Dog. \ t 
 
 the original colour was black, white, and tan, these being 
 derived from the collie, bloodhound, and the English or 
 Irish setter, each of which contributed to the genesis of 
 the breed. On the other hand, it is averred that the 
 breed was determined in the Gordon kennels, by crossing 
 the collie with an English setter or spaniel, while the 
 evidence of the bloodhound is not forthcoming. Again, 
 it is urged that the breed was not the outcome of special 
 design or selection in the first instance, but the result of 
 numerous as well as various crosses conducted on the 
 principles above named. Careful in-breeding has since 
 secured the distinctive characteristics of this, as in all 
 other breeds. A true Gordon setter is said to possess in 
 almost equal proportions, the main qualifications of the 
 collie, bloodhound, and the setter. This breed is 
 eminently distinguished by a remarkably acute intelligence 
 and scenting power, combined with great endurance, 
 as a glance at the construction of the head will clearly 
 indicate. A beautiful feature in this dog is his straight 
 and slightly wavy coat of jet black, and the well defined 
 mahogany tan of the muzzle and inside of the thighs, and 
 downwards from the front of the stifle and knees to the 
 ground. 
 
 As observed in the field, the essential characteristics of 
 the English and Irish setters are great speed, activity, 
 and endurance, especially in the cold and wet during 
 rough work on the moors. In this respect the Irish 
 setter is more suitable than the English; but both are 
 extremely sensible of the heat of the sun without water. 
 Some dogs of both breeds are quite incapable of work 
 under a hot sun unless they can plunge into a pool ; on 
 this account, in the south the pointer, well up to partridge 
 shooting, is generally preferred to the setter, while in the 
 northern moors the setter will range wider and faster, do 
 more work, and endure the vicissitudes of weather, as 
 well as the strong heather, which proves so irritating to 
 the feet and legs of the high-bred pointer. It is supposed 
 that the pointer is also superior with respect to nose, but 
 it is probable that when both are in condition, neither 
 being distressed by heat, but little if any difference will 
 
1 2 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 be found. A moderately slow dog will always appear to 
 have a better nose than a very fast one, and will put up 
 less game ; but, if too slow, he will lose a great many 
 points which are taken from him by his faster competitor. 
 Hence it follows that there is a medium in point of speed 
 which may be possessed by either breed, and a selection 
 need not be made on that account. The setter is, 
 however, acknowledged to be more difficult to break than 
 the pointer, and is apt to forget his lessons ; the pointer, 
 on the other hand, rarely forgets under an intelligent master. 
 Respecting the Irish Setter there is still more difference 
 of opinion as to the shade of colour than in regard to the 
 Gordon. By one party it is asserted that the well-bred 
 Irish setter must be of a deep pure blood-red, without the 
 slightest approach to black or mahogany-colour on the 
 back, ear, or stern. After the publication in the Field of 
 the article on this dog, in which this was laid down as the 
 attribute of the breed, Mr. Hungerford opened the con- 
 troversy by asserting that, according to his experience, 
 they might be either red or red and white, followed by the 
 late Mr. John Walker (the well-known judge at most of the 
 recent dog shows), who raised the question as to the ob- 
 jection to the black tinge, which was answered by Colonel 
 Whyte in the negative, and by Mr. Henry Blake Knox as 
 follows : " The coat should be rather coarse, for you want 
 him for hard work and hardships ; smooth or wavy, not 
 curly ; hair of moderate length on the upper parts of the 
 body ; the foot-half tawny, the tip-half deep senna, ap- 
 pearing as if stained with port wine (blood-red), but never 
 showing black on the ears, back, head, or tail ; the legs 
 and under parts, deep or pale tawny ; white should not 
 appear anywhere except in the centre of the forejijad and 
 the centre of the breast. I breed without any white at 
 all." Captain Hutchinson objects to the black stain, and 
 supports his opinion by adding some high authorities in 
 its favour. On the whole, therefore, it may be assumed 
 that the weight of evidence is against the dark stain. In 
 other respects Mr. Knox's description is so admirable 
 that I quote it in extenso : — " The ears should be long, 
 reaching at the end of the hair to nose, pendulous, and 
 
Varieties of tJie Dog. 1 3 
 
 as if lying in a fold, set well back and low on the head ; 
 they should never be set high, short in length, or half 
 diamond-shaped; their feather should be moderate. The 
 eye is of a rich hazel or bright brown, well set, full, kind, 
 sensible, and loving, the iris mahogany-colour; it should 
 be gooseberry, black, or prominent and staring, like the 
 King Charles. The nose is mahogany, dark flesh, or 
 blackish mahogany, never black or pink. Even dark 
 flesh is not so much admired, though, with a good clear 
 eye, I like it ; but with the gooseberry eye you indeed 
 have a rare brute. My old dog has a dark flesh-colour 
 nose, unlike any of his kind, yet none of his pups got 
 it, all having dark mahogany ; the whiskers red ; the 
 head itself long and narrow, yet wide in the forehead, 
 arched in the peaked cranium behind. A short bullet 
 head, a wide flat one, or one running to a point at the 
 snout, is very common and very bad ; the lips deep or 
 moderately so. The chest should be wide when the dog 
 is sitting on his haunches and the head held back. Too 
 wide a chest is apt to give a dog a waddle and slow gait. 
 The chest ribs cannot be too deep. The loins for speed 
 should be long, moderately wide, and the belly well tucked 
 up. The fore-legs straight, moderately feathered, and the 
 feet close and small, not round like a hound's, or splayed. 
 The ham straight, flat, and muscular, and feathered well 
 with buff-coloured hair, and the hind quarters altogether 
 square and active made. The cail should be well covered 
 with coarse hair curling along the tip, and hanging mode- 
 rately, though bushy from beneath, but not in silken 
 streamers, or in a great bushy flag like a Newfoundland. 
 It should be carried in a horizontal line with the back, or 
 slightly above it, not cocked or curled. In the field or in 
 excitement, I like it carried low, stiff, and beating the hind 
 legs." As in the case of the Gordon setter, there is no 
 difference in the points from those of the English variety. 
 Field Spaniels are divided into two principal groups, 
 the Springers, or larger variety, used for all sorts of covert 
 game, and the Cockers, kept more especially for wood- 
 cocks, to follow which they must be of smaller size. The 
 springer is again subdivided into the Clumber, Sussex, 
 
H 
 
 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 Norfolk, and other strains ; while the cocker includes the 
 Devonshire and Welsh varieties, as well as many other 
 strains without special name. 
 
 The Sussex Spaniel is novv very rare, being replaced 
 by the Clumber, which works mute, and is more easily 
 
 Sussex Spaniel. 
 
 kept under control, and therefore better for assisting the 
 beaters in our modern battues. It is a very old breed, 
 and is probably the earliest of all those used with the gun 
 or net, though by some people the Clumber is considered 
 to have the claim to seniority. 
 
 The head of this spaniel should be long and heavy ; 
 eye large and languishing, with the forehead prominently 
 over it ; muzzle square ; lips somewhat pendulous ; mouth 
 large, with the under iaw receding slightly, though not to 
 
Varieties of the Dog, 1 5 
 
 the extent which could constitute a pig-jaw or snipe nose. 
 Ears large and lobe-shaped, well furnished with silky hair, 
 and set on low down. Nostrils large, and the external 
 nose large and liver-coloured. Neck strong and mus- 
 cular, with the crest slightly arched. Value of these 
 Joints: head, 20; nose, 10; ears, 5 ; neck, 5 — -total, 40. 
 
 The chest should be very wide, with round or barrel- 
 like ribs, deep behind ; shoulders well thrown back ; body 
 long and round. Value : chest, 5 ; shoulders, 5 — total, 
 10. 
 
 The legs should be short and strong, well feathered to 
 the feet before and behind. The feet round, with the toes 
 well arched and abundantly furnished with tan between 
 the toes. Faints : legs, 5 ; feet, 5. 
 
 The loin must be very strong ; back ribs very deep and 
 round ; tail (docked to about 9 inches in length) set low 
 and carried considerably below the level of the back, 
 never above it. Points : loin, 5 ; back ribs, 5 ; low set 
 and carriage of tail, 10. 
 
 The colour is a golden liver without white. Coat waved 
 (not curly), thick, shiny, and abundant. Points: colour, 
 5 ; coat, 5 ; symmetry, 5. 
 
 The temperament must be cheerful, courageous, and 
 docile. Weight from 3 5 lbs. to 40 lbs. 
 
 This dog is not mute like the Clumber, but he is not 
 noisy or babbling, seldom throwing his tongue after he is 
 thoroughly broken. He is faster and more enduring than 
 the Clumber, and also bears water better. 
 
 The Clumber Spaniel has obtained his name from 
 the seat of the Duke of Newcastle, where it is supposed 
 the breed originated. At all events, it was confined to 
 that family until the middle of the nineteenth century. 
 This dog is invariably of great length, low on the leg, 
 and heavy in frame ; his weight varying from 40 lbs. to 
 45 lbs., and his height not exceeding 20 inches. He is 
 devoted to the gun, but cares little for his master without 
 that accompaniment. Dogs of this breed never throw 
 their tongue when at work, being perfectly mute if pure 
 in blood. They are capable of very high training, and a 
 team of them, consisting of three or four couples, may be 
 
I6 
 
 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 broken to do iinything but talk. Hence, where dogs are 
 used in covert, the ckimber has become the general 
 favourite, and it is a treat to shoot over a perfect team. 
 
 The head is large and long, and should be marked with, 
 iemon to a line just in front of the eyes, with a blaze up 
 
 ^=^^\^^«s^-vv-^^^'« 
 
 Clumber Spanitl. 
 
 the face. Eyes large and thoughtful ; nose aniJ li})s flesh 
 or liver-colour, sometimes cherry. Ears large, but not 
 lobe-shaped or so hea\y as those of the Sussex, and with 
 less feather. Neck strong and long. Total value, 40. 
 
 Back long and straight ; chest wide and deep, showing 
 scarcely any daylight under it. Shoulders thick and wide 
 through them; loin straight but strong, with wide couples; 
 back ribs very deep. Total value, 50. * 
 
 The legs must be s-traight, very stout, and very strong. 
 
Varieties of the Dog. i^ 
 
 Fore-arm immense ; shanks and hind legs well developed 
 in bone, and clothed with strong muscles. Value, lo. 
 
 The stern should be set low (it is generally docked, but 
 not always ; if docked, it is left fully 1 1 in. long). It is 
 carried low and is tufted at its extremity, but not to the 
 same extent. Value, lo. 
 
 The colour must be a true lemon, the paler the better. 
 Orange is often thrown, but is objectionable. Any other 
 colour is a mark of impurity. The texture of coat is soft, 
 shiny, silky, and nearly straight. Value, lo. 
 
 These dogs last many years, and seldom give up work 
 till incapacitated by old age or disease. 
 
 The Norfolk Spaniel differs chiefly in length and 
 colour from the Clumber, being shorter and of various 
 shades of black, liver, and yelloWj more or less mixed 
 with white. There are no positive signs by which he 
 may be distinguished from the various mixed breeds of 
 springers found throughout the country. 
 
 The Cocker is a much smaller dog than the springer, 
 seldom exceeding i8 lbs. in weight for bitches, and 25 lbs. 
 for dogs. He is much more active than the springer, and 
 of any colour more or less marked with white. The 
 Devonshire and Welsh cocker are, however, of a deep 
 liver-colour, without white, and closely resemble each 
 other in other respects. They are nearly mute, but 
 whimper slightly on a scent, and when well broken they 
 distinguish each kind of game by the note they give out, 
 especially the woodcock, of which they are particularly 
 fond. The head of the cocker should be round and of a 
 medium length. It should not be square, like that of a 
 Clumber spaniel or Sussex spaniel. The muzzle should 
 neither be snipy nor pointed. It should be wide and 
 well developed, and should taper slightly close to the end. 
 The forehead should take a sudden rise from the top end 
 of the muzzle, near the eye, into a finely-arched skull, 
 with a somewhat knotty or jutting occiput, resembling the 
 occiput of a bloodhound. The eye should be of a medium 
 size, not too full (which would indicate a cross with the 
 King Charles spaniel), but should have a gentle, and at 
 the same time a " knowing "' expression. The ears should 
 
1 8 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 measure 22 in. to 24 in. across the head from tip to tip, 
 including the hair, which should be soft and silky. They 
 should lie close to the head, and be set well back. They 
 should not be fixed on the top of the head, but be set 
 rather low. The neck strong and muscular. The 
 shoulders broad and prominent. The chest of medium 
 depth, broad, well developed, and muscular. The body 
 and loins strong and powerful; loins slightly drooping 
 towards root of tail. The legs : fore-legs strong, muscular, 
 straight, and not inclined to be bandied ; hind legs strong 
 and should be like those of a greyhound, well bent, and 
 very short from hock to foot. The feet strong and round, 
 of a good medium size (not too small), and they should 
 be well feathered between the toes. The tail, thin and 
 straight, should be set low, and always carried below the 
 level of the back, with a downward tendency. The coat 
 waved and silky, but never wiry or woolly ; it should be 
 3 in. to 4 in. in length. The feathering on the legs, hams, 
 and tail, and the frill on the breast, should be 4 in. to 5 in. 
 in length. The colours, black, brown, liver, black and 
 white, liver and white, and lemon and white. The points 
 are: head, neck, and ears, 30; chest and shoulders, 10; 
 back and ribs, 10 ; legs and feet, 10 ; low carriage of tail, 
 10 ; symmetry, 10 ; colour and coat, 5. 
 
 Water Spaniels may be classed as English or Irish, 
 besides which there is the Tweedside breed, which re- 
 sembles a good deal in appearance a small ordinary 
 English retriever of a liver-colour. 
 
 The Old English Water Spaniel is now seldom 
 or never seen in any degree of purity, and it is scarcely 
 necessary, or even possible, to describe it with any degree 
 of certainty as to the truth of the particulars. I shall 
 therefore pass on to the Irish breeds. 
 
 The North of Ireland Water Spaniel resembles 
 greatly the old English dog, except in having shorter ears 
 without feather, and in being longer on the legs, which 
 also are without feather. It is seldom met with in this 
 country. 
 
 The Southern Irish Water Spaniel is, on the 
 contrary, more frequently found in England and Ireland, 
 
Varieties of the Dog. \g 
 
 and is highly prized since it was brought to perfection by 
 Mr. Mc Cafthy. He is a very intelligent companion, 
 capable of being broke to retrieve with facility, and a 
 most useful general attendant on the gimner, though 
 specially good at his own vocation in the water. His 
 height is about 21 in. or 22 in., and his weight a little 
 above 40 lbs. 
 
 The head is capacious — forehead high, and eyes intel- 
 ligent, though rather small. The face is clothed with 
 short hair, over which hangs a top-knot of considerable 
 length, coming forward to a peak ; these two points being 
 indicative of true breeding. Ears very long, measuring 
 fully 26 in. across when extended. 
 
 Body moderately long and very strong, covered with 
 short crisp curls, which often become daggled towards 
 the moulting season. Tail round, without feather, termi- 
 nating in a sharp point, and rather short. 
 
 Colour, a pure deep puce, without white. In other par- 
 ticulars these dogs should resemble the ordinary spaniel, 
 so that it is needless to recapitulate them. 
 
 Points : head and nose, 20; top-knot and bareness of 
 face, 10; ears, 10; feet and legs, 10; back and quarters, 
 10; symmetry, 10; coat and colour, 20; tail 10. 
 
 The spaniel, as the name implies, was originally a 
 native of Spain, his class forming the oldest, and possibly 
 the most useful, among the various breeds of sporting 
 dogs. In the field they prove most intelligent, persever- 
 ing and persistent ; and at home are remarkable for their 
 gentleness and loving companionship, besides being 
 exceedingly graceful, docile, and easily trained to almost 
 every degree of house refinement within the compass 
 of canine intelligence. We have similar experience. A 
 dog of this breed was offered to us as a gift, on account 
 of his somewhat " warm temper," which proved to be the 
 result of ill-usage. We took him into our care and he 
 became exceedingly clever, a most faithful guard and 
 amusing companion. One day, a fiend in human form 
 struck him and fractured his fore-leg, when he returned 
 home, limping, and crying piteously, holding the injured 
 
20 
 
 ]\jn'ctics of the Dog. 
 
 member for inspection. It was speedily set and bound 
 in the usual manner, and he was put to rest. Some 
 hours afterwards we heard a banging at the door, and 
 on opening it there stood our maimed friend using his tail 
 to attract attention. We found the member unduly 
 swollen and painful, and at once removed the appli- 
 ances, afterwards replacing them with greater com- 
 
 Iri h Water Spaniei. 
 
 foit and less pressure. He then baiked his thanks, 
 licked our hands, and returned to his bed rejoicingly. 
 He Uved some >ears and endeared himself to us by many 
 acts of true devotion. 
 
 The Scotch Greyhound is now seldom met with in 
 any degree of juuity except in the highland districts of 
 Scotland and Wales, where his rough coat is supposed to 
 render him less obnoxious to cold than the smooth dog. 
 In public coursing he has for som.^ )ears been invariably 
 
o 
 
Varieties of tJic Dog. 2 1 
 
 beaten by the smooth greyhound, and therefore liis use is 
 confined to the districts I have mentioned, where the 
 nature of the country forbids anything in the shape of 
 coursing for sport, and " fox-hunting " is the order of the 
 day. For this purpose he is well quaHfied, as he soon 
 leanis to stoop to a scent. In appearance he exactly re- 
 sembles the deerhound, but in action he may be known 
 from that dog by the different carriage of the head. With 
 the exception of his rough coat, he closely resembles the 
 English or smooth dog. 
 
 'rhe Greyhound is the thorough -bred racer among 
 dogs, and the points which give the faculty are easily 
 recognized by the eye, though all dogs which have them 
 are not necessarily fast. These points are — first, length 
 from the hip-joint to the hock, 7ii/ie7i extended ; and se- 
 condly, powerful and flexible shoulders. 
 
 The head should be wide behind, and should be con- 
 siderably larger in circumference, if measured over the 
 ears, than over the eyebro\vs. For dogs of good size, I 
 believe the measure over the ears should be about 15 in., 
 and for bitches from 14 to 14I in., according to the general 
 size of the head, which is sometimes very small and neat 
 in them without injury. The jaw should be very lean, 
 with a good muscular development on the cheek, which 
 gives a strong hold, and enables the dog to bear his hare 
 in striking at her. The head of the greyhound is com- 
 pared to that of the snake, but it is a far-fetched com- 
 parison, save in the flatness of the top, and the width, 
 which certainly are points of resemblance ; the nose, 
 however, is so different that the likeness is a very poor 
 one. The teeth should be good, and in young dogs 
 white and free from tartar ; indeed, in a well-reared dog, 
 the whiteness is of such a kind as to excel the finest ivory. 
 This is a strong mark of good rearing, and indicates the 
 habitual use of bones, the gnawing of which not only 
 cleans the teeth, but aids in their formation, and also 
 increases the general health of the whole system. The 
 eye should be bright and tolerably full. I have never 
 been able to satisfy myself as to the general possession of 
 any one kind of eye by good public greyhounds. I have 
 
22 
 
 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 seen, 1 think, as many of any one colour which can be 
 mentioned, as of others common in the greyhound. So 
 with the ears ; different breeds are so xexy variously fur- 
 nished with this appendage, that nothing can be made of 
 
 it as a sign of good or bad qualities. Some good ones 
 are possessed of falling, soft, and broad ears ; others of 
 sharp and screwed -up ears; and others again of foxy, 
 pricked ears ; and these are very remarkable in the de- 
 scendants of Heather-jock, belonging to Dr. l)rown, in 
 Scotland, who often inherit this ])eculiarity to the third 
 and fourth generation. 
 
 Tlie neck is a very beautiful part of the high-l)red grey- 
 hound, and is properly compared with that of the drake, 
 though not quite coming up to the elegance of that bird. 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 23 
 
 In many breeds, however, the neck is extremely long and 
 swan-like ; and this point gives great power of reaching 
 the hare without losing the stride, which would be a fatal 
 drawback in the fast dog. 
 
 The chest and neck together constitute the body or 
 trunk. The chest is a conical cavity adapted to contain 
 the lungs, heart, and great vessels, to protect them from 
 injury, and to inflate the lungs by enlarging the capacity 
 of the chamber which contains them. Such a cavity must 
 therefore be of sufficient volume for the first purpose, of 
 sufficient strength for the second, and of sufficiently vary- 
 ing capacity for the third ; and all these offices the chest 
 of the greyhound efficiently performs. But not only must 
 it be thus formed, but it must also be so flattened on the 
 sides that the shoulder-blades shall lie smoothly upon 
 them, and have free play to extend themselves. In order 
 to meet all these requirements, the chest of the greyhound 
 is deeper than in most animals, so as to give increase of 
 volume without separating the shoulders too much, or 
 placing their blades on too convex a surface. But if the 
 chest is prolonged too far downwards, it strikes the ground 
 in the efforts made to stop the speed at the turns, and in 
 that way is prejudicial to the going of the dog. Thus a 
 happy medium is required in this department, and the 
 chest must be wide, but not too round, and deep, without 
 being so much so as to interfere with the working powers. 
 Besides these two points, it is important that the ril3s shall 
 be well separated from each other, so that they may ex- 
 pand the cavity properly, otherwise respiration is not per- 
 formed with sufficient power and velocity. This width of 
 the spaces is known to exist by the comparative length 
 between the breast and the last rib at the loin ; but, again, 
 this must not be too great, or the back is rendered weak, 
 and incapable of those vigorous and quick efforts which 
 the gallop requires. 
 
 The back ought to be well let into the shoulders — that 
 is to say, the muscles which compose it ought to run well 
 forward towards the shoulder-blades, and should leave a 
 strong ridge of muscle standing up above the ribs on each 
 side of the spine. This is a very important point, and 
 
24 Varieties of tJic Dog. 
 
 one which ahiiost every good greyhound exhibits. Its 
 absence betokens great weakness and a want of endurance ; 
 for though the dog may be fast without it, he is seldom 
 capable of continuing his speed. 
 
 The hind quarter is the main element of progression, 
 and upon it in a great measure depend the speed and 
 power of the greyhound. As in all other cases, size is 
 power; and the greater the length and size of the hind 
 quarter, so will be the power of propulsion. This length 
 is variously displayed : sometimes the hind leg being long, 
 but straight ; whilst in others it is more or less bent in two 
 places — the stifle and hock. It will generally be observed 
 that when the part of the leg below the hock is compara- 
 tively short, the bones above that part are bent at the 
 stifle, and the whole hind quarter is long, without raising 
 the back from the ground, as would be the case with the 
 same length of limb in a more straight fonii. As far as 
 my observation goes, the bent hind quarter is the more 
 favourable form ; but I have seen many good dogs with 
 very straight stifles, and there can be no reason why these 
 should not serve the purpose of propulsion as well as the 
 bent ones. But though they can propel as well, and 
 perhaps even better under some circumstances, they are 
 quite useless unless they are accompanied by a low fore- 
 quarter ; for if otherwise, the fore-leg is too long in pro- 
 portion, and the power of working and killing is at a very 
 low ebb. 
 
 Two essentials are required, — speed and working 
 power. Now, speed may be given from length of hind 
 quarter, whether that length is usually in an extended or 
 in a bent form, because, when in action, they both assume 
 the same condition, and are then precisely similar the one 
 to the other ; but the working power is deficient if there 
 is the usual accompaniment of the straight hind quarter — 
 viz., a long fore-leg. It will be evident that if the hind 
 quarter is straight, and the fore-leg is properly propor- 
 tioned — that is to say, short enough for the working 
 powers — the fore-quarter will appear very low, and the 
 hips will stand up far above the slioulder. 
 
 Now, if this formation co-exists with the straisfht hind 
 
Varieties of tJie Dog. 25 
 
 leg, all may be in good proportion ; but if not, it seldom 
 happens that the dog can stoop to reach his hare without 
 spoiling his stride. Nevertheless, a remarkable exception 
 is sometimes seen, in which there is great working and 
 kiUing power displayed, with a high shoulder and long 
 fore-legs. This, however, is contrary to rule ; and in 
 selecting a good shape, no experienced courser would 
 take such a fomiation without a practical proof of its 
 efficiency in that particular instance. Next to the length 
 of limb, the due development of the joints is of great 
 importance ; the stifle-joints ought to be strong and broad, 
 and the bony processes pow^erful and large. The hocks, 
 also, should be long and powerful, and well separated 
 fi-om the leg-bone by that thin double layer of skin which 
 may be felt, and almost seen through. The muscles are 
 divided into two large masses — the upper thigh, which is 
 scarcely to be made out without the touch, being, as it 
 were, buried in the body and flank ; and the lower thigh, 
 which is much more distinct, and of very great impor- 
 tance to the powers of galloping. This lower thigh is a 
 very desirable point, if well developed ; and in making a 
 selection for breeding, its large size should be especially 
 insisted upon. Good hind feet, again, are necessary, but 
 I do not like them too round and cat-like ; at the same 
 time, a long flat foot is opposed to high speed, and also 
 prevents a due hold being taken of the ground. Where- 
 ever there is this long, flat, and broken-down foot, I 
 should not look either for high speed or for the power of 
 continuing the efforts of the greyhound ; there is a want 
 of that elasticity and springiness which characterize the 
 movements of this graceful animal, and he goes dull and 
 dead instead of being animated and ready for any exer- 
 tion. 
 
 The fore-quarter is the complement to the hind quarter, 
 and can do nothing until set in motion by that part of the 
 animal economy ; but, in spite of this secondary part in 
 the locomotive department, it is not less important than 
 the primary cause of motion, because, though not origi- 
 nating it, it can and does neutralize the efforts of the hind 
 quarter, if not calculated to carry them out. The great 
 
26 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 purpose of the fore-quarter is to enable the annual to take 
 advantage of the propulsion given by the vigorous con- 
 traction of the hind one, and thus to carry the animal on 
 in the intervals of the strokes. If, therefore, the fore- 
 quarter is dull, heavy, and incapable of extension, the 
 stroke is broken and suspended, and the pace is reduced 
 accordingly. But besides this purpose, in which the fore- 
 quarter of the race horse bears a similar part, that of the 
 greyhound is also used in stopping the speed, and turning 
 the body to the right or left, when the hare makes one of 
 those turns which she delights in. Here the shoulder 
 requires to be pliable yet strong, and there must be con- 
 siderable play in all its parts, or it will give way in the 
 violent effort made to change the direction of the speed. 
 The outward formation for these purposes is well known 
 and recognized by all in its general principles, though there 
 may be a difference of opinion as to its details. Every 
 one is agreed that the line through the shoulder-blade 
 should be oblique, because that gives, in the first place, 
 greater absolute length of blade ; and, in the second, it 
 gives greater power over the arm, so that it may be pro- 
 truded further and with greater force than is the case 
 with a short and upright blade. It is acknowledged as 
 a fact, that such oblique shoulders conduce to that 
 conjunction of speed and working power Avhich is de- 
 sired. At the same time, I think I have seen so many 
 cases of upright shoulders united with great pace and 
 cleverness, that the rule is by no means an absolute 
 one. But one rule is, I think, of that nature — viz., that 
 where there are confined shoulders not acting with any 
 liberty, but glued in their places, then the speed is not 
 good, and the working power is absolutely null. With 
 good sloping shoulder-blades there is almost always com- 
 bined a formation which is of the greatest consequence, 
 and that is a long upper arm — that is to say, a long bone 
 intervening between the shoulder-blade and the elbow. 
 This length of ami generally coincides with good length 
 from the hip to the hock ; and when that quarter is bent 
 as I have already described, the oblique shoulder-blade, 
 long upper arm, and low elbow, usually accompany it; 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 27 
 
 in most cases, also, there is a knee close to the ground, 
 and thus the fore and hind quarters agree in formation, 
 and will assuredly act together. When these points are 
 combined, they make a perfect fore-quarter, and only 
 want a strong useful foot, with a thick horny sole, to com- 
 plete the requisites. As with the hind foot, so with this : 
 [ am not fond of the very upright, small, and round foot ; 
 such feet are always drawing their nails, though tli^y are 
 certainly well suited for fine turf ; but on fallows, or rough 
 ground of any kind, the strong and moderately flat foot 
 is the more useful kind. The knuckles ought to be strong 
 and well up, but the dog should not be too much on his 
 toes ; a spreading foot, however, with a thin sole devoid 
 of horn, will never stand work, and should on that account 
 be avoided. 
 
 The colour is one of those points in the greyhound 
 which has been most disputed by different judges of his 
 merits ; one party considering it of the greatest impor- 
 tance, while the other decides that '^ a good dog, like a 
 good horse, cannot be of a bad colour." With most 
 people there is more or less of prejudice in this matter, 
 and I am not perhaps exempt from this failing, when I 
 own my leaning is to blacks and reds. This leaning, 
 however, is not entirely guided by the eye, because it will 
 be found that a large proportion of the winners in The 
 Coursing Calendar are of one or other of those colours. 
 Indeed, my belief is, that all the colours exhibited by the 
 greyhound are to be traced to them, and that when united 
 with white (the result of domestication) they will produce 
 an/ of the many other shades which appear in the lists. 
 Thus, by ringing the changes of black, red, and white, every 
 shade will be produced, as shown in the following table :— 
 The Mixture of Result. 
 
 Black and red, No. i ... ... Red, with black muzzle, 
 
 Do. Xo. 2 ... ... Red-brindle. 
 
 Do. No. 3 Black and tan. 
 
 Black and white ... Blue. 
 
 Red and white ... ... ... Fawn or cream. 
 
 Black, red, and white, No. I ... Blue-fawn. 
 Do. do. No. 2 ... Fawn-brindle. 
 
 Do. do. No, '\ ... Blue-brindle. 
 
28 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 These colours only result when they are mixed together 
 in the coat generally ; for when that is not the case, the 
 dog is patched with these colours in blotches, either of 
 colour on a white ground, or of white on a coloured 
 ground. 
 
 The poifits of the greyhound are as follows : — Head, 
 10 ; neck, 5; legs, 10 ; feet, 10; shoulders, 15; hind 
 quarters, 20; back, 10; general symmetry, 10; tail, 5/ 
 colour and coat, 5. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 VARIETIES OF THE DOG (contixued.) 
 
 Hounds — The Bloodhound — Staghound — Foxhound — Harrier— Beacle -Otter- 
 hound — Fox Terrier — Truffle Dog— Retrievers — Deerhound — The Borzoi. 
 
 The various hounds used in the present day for the 
 pursuit of the stag, fox, hare, rabbit, and otter are no 
 doubt descended from one common ancestor, the nearest 
 type of which now existing is the bloodhound ; and, in- 
 deed, it is supposed by many high authorities that this 
 dog is identical with the old Southern hound in all re- 
 spects but colour. The latter was usually white, mottled 
 with blue or badger-colour, whilst the bloodhound has 
 always been known to possess the deep black and tan by 
 which he is now recognized. 
 
 The Bloodhound. Gervase Markham, in his " Mai- 
 son Rustique,"' speaking of hounds, says: *'The baie- 
 coloured ones have the second place for goodnesse, and 
 are of great courage, ventring far, and of a quicke scent, 
 finding out very well the turnes and windings .... 
 They runne surely, and with great boldnesse, loving the 
 stagge more than any other beast ; but they make no 
 account of hares. It is true that they be more head- 
 strong and harde to reclaime than the white, and put men 
 to more i)ainc and travaill about the same." 
 
I'aric/ics of t lie Dog. 
 
 29 
 
 The exact origin of the bloodhound has not been 
 satisfactorily defined. As we see him to-day, he is the 
 evidence of careful selection, and the production of de- 
 velopment of the highest order. He is the perfect com- 
 bination of dignity, with a consciousness of inherent 
 power, yet his movements as a massive animal are really 
 graceful. In temperament he is docile, obedient, affec- 
 
 Blojdhound. 
 
 tionate, faithful, and reliable, and on this account proves 
 the perfect conjpanion and protector to child or adult, 
 qualities derived only under careful training, as the lessons 
 are begun in puppy hood. Even in this he is apt to 
 become self-willed and turbulent, but under prompt re- 
 pression, good lessons are carried home, and at length 
 he assumes his position as companion and protector, his 
 faithfulness being equal if not superior to that of any 
 otlier breed. His proportions are large, even massive, 
 
^0 Varieties of the Dog; 
 
 and in detail, important and interesting. The head iS 
 long, expansive, highly arched, and crested behind, the 
 width not being in proportion to the length. The facial 
 and maxillary bones are unusually developed, and, exten- 
 ding forwards, secure the formation of spacious nasal 
 chambers and voluminous turbinated bones, whereby the 
 sense of scent or smell is surprisingly acute. The lower 
 jaws accommodate large and powerful muscles, which 
 are covered with loose and pliant skin, forming folds or 
 wrinkles at the forehead, and descending down the 
 cheeks are lost in the flows or lips, the upper covering 
 the lower, and in the dewlap, which confers the charac- 
 teristic " throaty " appearance. These provisions not 
 only confer the needful power to seize, but also to retain 
 the hold of large objects. The ears are set on low, and 
 descend gracefully to the shoulder. The eye is deeply 
 set in the orbit, is calm and impressive, and protected by 
 the largely developed *'haw"j the neck is long, but 
 stoutly muscular ; shoulders massive and sloping ; fore- 
 legs straight, strong, and muscular, firmly standing on 
 round and well-padded feet, and the claws are very 
 large, strong, and black. The ribs are well arched, and, 
 carried backwards, give the appearance of needful width 
 and strength to the back loins and hind quarters ; the 
 tail well set on, thick at the base and tapering, carried 
 moderately high and waving. With regard to colour, 
 various opinions are entertained. " Black-tan, or a 
 reddish fawn " was the favourite with " Stonehenge," who 
 admitted no white, "but on just the tip of the stern." 
 The old adage, that '* good dogs cannot be of a bad 
 colour," holds good in this instance, and among the 
 varieties white spots, and the flake or dapple are not 
 uncommon. The coat is largely influenced by method 
 of treatment and work, as well as by breeding and rearing, 
 but, as a rule, the tendency is to be thickly set, but 
 fine and short. The voice is deep-toned, full, and loud, 
 and as echoed by the hills in the stillness of night, is 
 peculiarly impressive. 
 
 The critical judges of this breed are now watchnig with 
 some interest the result of the introduction of a cross of the 
 
Varieties of the Dog. ^ 1 
 
 old southern hound, the object being to remedy the present 
 defective constitution. This has resulted in all proba- 
 bility from what is understood to be " close breeding," 
 which, being freely translated, signifies breeding from 
 defective animals. Close consanguinity with the best and 
 healthiest animals gave us our unparalleled flocks and 
 herds, and the same will hold good with dogs of all 
 breeds. "Like produces like," was the watchword of 
 Bakewell, and as he followed with unerring precision the 
 principles embodied in the phrase, he produced the best 
 animals, and, conversely, he realised that unless he did 
 so, the produce would be anything but good. It is not 
 generally understood how unerringly the defects of an 
 animal are handed down from parent to offspring, and it 
 is chiefly to this that the incongruous mating of animals 
 is due. The general idea is that if a sire possesses a 
 quality which is absent in the dam, the offspring, in 
 accordance with laws hitherto unexplained, will 
 certainly derive that quality. We shall not attempt to 
 argue that this is impossible, but feel at liberty to quote 
 from experience^ and state unhesitatingly whether the 
 desirable qualification is, or is not handed down, it is 
 quite certain, if there are serious defects they will be 
 assuredly transmitted to the offspring. All men of 
 shrewd character and experience in these matters are 
 thoroughly well agreed on the point that half a dozen 
 excellent qualities in the sire will not dissipate or neu- 
 tralise one bad one in the dam. Whatsoever, therefore, 
 we desire in the offspring, we must assure ourselves are 
 to be found in the parents, whether it be soundness 
 of constitution, perfection in form, action, etc, and when 
 these are present, closeness of consanguinity will unerr- 
 ingly perpetuate them. On the other hand, all the 
 desirable qualifications may be found in two strange 
 animals ; if so, there is no reason why they should not 
 be mated. This is the simple law of the question. 
 
 The most celebrated breeders in past years were Lords 
 Yarborough, Fitzwilliam, and Faversham ; the Honour- 
 able Grandey Berkeley; Mr. Jennings, of Pickering, 
 Yorkshire; Mr. Cowen, of Blaydon-on-Tyne; Mr. Harri- 
 
32 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 son, of Dudley ; and Mr. Halford, of Ware, Herts. Of 
 the various dogs exhibited from the above kennels, Mr. 
 Jennings's Druid, to Prince Napoleon, was said to be the 
 best specimen of the breed. Mr. Cowen's Druid was 
 also a grand dog in his prime ; but his head was not 
 equal to that of Mr. Jennings'? old favourite. Mr. 
 Hallford's Regent, a son of Cowen's Druid, was also a 
 magnificent animal, and almost, if not quite, equal to 
 Jennings's Druid. From these have descended the best 
 blood of the present day. 
 
 The Staghound as a distinct breed is completely un- 
 known in this country : all those packs which hunt stag 
 being pure foxhounds, with the exception of ]\Ir. Nevill's, 
 in Hampshire, which he calls ''Black St. Huberts," but 
 which seem to be relics of the old Southern hound. 
 
 The modem Foxhound has had more attention paid 
 to his shape, and has been kept more pure than any other 
 breed of dogs in existence. Most kennels of any stand- 
 ing possess stud-books going back from 80 to 100 years, 
 and can trace the pedigree of every hound in their packs 
 for that time. This is almost equal to that of the English 
 thorough-bred horse, and far greater than that of the grey- 
 hound, few pedigrees of which go back in all their lines 
 more than ten generations. "Cecil" has lately published 
 the " Hound Stud-book," which proves this statement 
 witliout a doubt, and makes the study of the various 
 strains of the foxhound doubly interesting. His points are 
 as follows : — The head varies a good deal, from the com- 
 paratively heavy form characterizing the Beaufort Grasper, 
 to the snipe-nosed light shape of the Puckeridge. It 
 should, however, in any case be light, airy, and sensible, yet 
 full of dignity. There should be a sliglit tendency to chop 
 without actual flew, and the forehead should be a little 
 wrinkled. Circumference of skull in front of the ears, 16 
 to 17 in., and at least 4I in. from the eye to the point o\ 
 the nose. Neck long and clean ; the least looseness or 
 approach to throatiness is tabooed. Where it joins the 
 head it must be fine, and gradually deepen towards the 
 shoulders. Length of neck is necessary to allow the 
 hound to stoop to a scent without losing pace. Ears set 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 3 3 
 
 on low down, and carried close to the head — of course 
 rounded. Total value, 20. 
 
 The back must be straight, wide, and muscular, with 
 an equally strong and square loin, very slightly arched. 
 Back ribs especially deep and wide, not flat. Chest deep, 
 and at the same time, if possible, wide, increasing behind 
 
 Foxhound. 
 
 the elbows to at least 30 in., sometimes 31 in. Shoulders 
 long, sloping, and powerful, elbows perfectly straight and 
 well let do^\^l. Value — back and loins, 20 ; shoulders, 20. 
 The fore-legs, it is insisted by huntsmen, must be as 
 straight as possible, without the slightest tendency back- 
 wards. This, however, I believe to be an exaggerated 
 conception of the form which is best for standing work, 
 as I have no doubt a very slight angle at the pastern is 
 advantogeous. The bone of the leg must be as large as 
 
 3 
 
34 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 possible, and the muscle of the fore-arm, as well as the 
 tendons of the pasterns and toes, proportionably strong. 
 If the foot is not perfectly straight, it must turn in, not 
 out. In shape it should be round and cat-like, but very 
 highly arched toes are apt to give way. Sole hard and 
 thick. Value of legs and feet, 20 points. 
 
 The hind quarters must be as strong as possible, wide 
 as well as deep. Bone of pastern strong and large; hocks 
 strong and straight. Value, 10. 
 
 The stem should be carried gaily upwards without 
 hooping; it should be slightly rough beneath its lower 
 edge, but not feathered ; point straight. The coat should 
 be dense, smooth, and glossy. Colour, black, white, and 
 tan, black and white, or pied with hare, badger, red, tan, or 
 yellow, which colours are preferred in the order I have 
 given. Value, 10, in conjunction with the general symmetry. 
 Height from 22 to 25 in. ; the best average is 2 2| in. for 
 bitches, and 24 in. for dogs; or for a mixed j)ack, 23 in. 
 
 The Harrier comes next in order. His head is 
 heavier in proportion than tliat of the foxhound, and the 
 ears of thinner texture; they are sometimes slightly 
 rounded, but the general practice is to leave them in 
 their natural state. 
 
 In other respects there is little difference between the 
 two breeds, though the eye of the master will readily 
 pick out a true harrier from a foxhound without seeing 
 the head. Thej^^////i- are the same as in the foxhound. 
 
 The Beagle. — The exact origin of this dog is not 
 quite clear. He has been described as a dwarf southern 
 hound, as it was thought the resemblance to him was 
 closer than is observed in the foxhound or harrier. Like 
 the southern hound, he also possesses an extraordinary 
 power of scenting ; his intelligence is acute, and when 
 carefully selected with respect to these requirements, as 
 well as uniformity in size, the pack works evenly and 
 efficiently, giving forth enspiriting music. The Master 
 of the Cockermouth Beagles gives the following descrip- 
 tion and points of the breed : " Head like that of a fox- 
 hound, with sweet, intelligent countenance; the head 
 long, and the nose should not come to a sharp point. 
 
Varieties of tJie Dog. 
 
 35 
 
 Ears long, set on low down, and carried close to head ; 
 not too broad, and the thinner in the leather the better. 
 Neck and throat long and lean ; but some of the 
 heavier hounds are very loose in throat, and have a deep 
 voice. Shoulders, long and strong, well clothed with 
 muscle. Chest, deep and wide ; ribs also deep. Back, 
 
 .. :^^k^^ ,A''\^\ 
 
 Harrier. 
 
 Strong and wide, and especially wide across loins. Bitches 
 are generally better across loins than dogs, for their size. 
 Hind-quarters, the stronger the better, wide and deep ; 
 stern strong at set on, and tapering, carried high, but 
 not curled. Legs straight, although for work they are no 
 worse standing a little over on the forelegs ; strong of 
 bone ; feet round, like those of the cat. Colour, black, 
 white, and tan : black and white. I had a heavy dog 
 
36 Varieties of the Dog, 
 
 the latter colour, that was alv/ays first to find game, and 
 always led. He was well known among the Cumbrians, 
 and they knew his voice, and said : ' 'Dar, that's auld 
 Duster ; we'll have a run noo.' Occasionally beagles 
 are the colour of bloodhounds. The beagle should be 
 hard in condition, with plenty of muscle." These beagles 
 hunt the hare on Skiddaw, and in the Lake District, 
 capital runs being " enjoyed about Buttermere, where it 
 is a grand sight to see the little hounds on the breast of 
 a mountain, when a sheet could cover them sometimes, 
 and their cry is melodious. We do not mount our 
 huntsmen." The height of the dogs at the shoulder 
 varies from 14 in. to 15 in., and the weight from 25 lbs. 
 to 27 J lbs. Some having the harrier cross are higher. 
 The Royal Rock Pack, said to be pure beagles, stand 
 16 inches high. The rabbit beagle, so called, is pro- 
 bably a cross with beagle and the terrier. 
 
 The Dachshund, or German Badger Terrier is not 
 a hound as some conclude. The terminal " hund," sig- 
 nifies a dog, notwithstanding many of his characteristics 
 are those of a hound ; indeed, it is said he comes of a 
 cross with the old English hound and the beagle, and, 
 according to Bewick, known as the Kibblehound. The 
 dog of the present day has a singularly long back, and 
 apparently ill-formed legs. Our friend Punch says he 
 is "sold by the yard." Many years ago, an engineer 
 seeing one of the early specimens, and viewing him only 
 in the light of mechanics, said thoughtfully, "his bearings 
 are too wide apart," and suggested taking "a piece out 
 of his middle and welding him together again." The 
 breed is self-coloured, excepting a stray " beauty spot " 
 on the breast or toes. Black and tan, or fallow red are 
 preferred, though good dogs have shades of red, and 
 smutty, or tawny markings. The Head is of the blood- 
 hound type, and the ears, long and pendulous, measure 
 13 or 14 inches across the head from tip to tip. The 
 Nose is square, and the muzzle about 8^ inches in girth. 
 The Eye, which is lustrous and mild in expression, has 
 the colour of the coat. The Teeth should be white, sound, 
 strong, and recurvate for grip ; a diseased and offensive 
 
Varieties of the Dog. i^j 
 
 mouth being fatal for any purpose. The Neck is long and 
 muscular, the Chest wide, and the brisket well up to the 
 throat. The Shoulders are muscular, covered with loose 
 skin, and the chest apparently swings between them. 
 The limbs are very large and bony, and the elbows turn 
 widely outwards, while the knees are twisted inwards. 
 *'KnuckHng" of the latter is a serious deformity. The 
 feet are large, armed with powerful claws, and are turned 
 outwards for making way in the burrow. To these qualifi- 
 cations must be added a good nose for tracking, length of 
 body to conform to the windings of the badger earth, and 
 lion courage to grapple and seize the quarry, in the earth 
 or in the open. In Germany the dog is used to drive 
 out deer from the thick and short underwood, and to 
 track wounded deer, but are little used for badgering. 
 In Hanover he is employed to kill foxes, for which pur- 
 pose he will lie at the hole for days, being fed meanwhile, 
 until the prisoner ventures forth to avoid starvation, but 
 to be summarily destroyed. Dachshunds are remarkable 
 travellers, and good water dogs, extremely affectionate 
 with themselves, and their masters especially, but re- 
 markably jealous of his favours being transferred to 
 another dog. 
 
 The Otterhound is still more like the old Southern 
 hound than the beagle, being of the same size as the 
 former, and only differing from him in having a long and 
 rough coat. 
 
 His head is heavier in mould and in its flews than that 
 of the foxhound, eyes deeply set like those of the blood- 
 hound, and with the same deep expression, often amount- 
 ing to engaging ; forehead long and narrow, but less so 
 than that of the bloodhound ; nose large and black, with 
 a decidedly wiry-haired muzzle ; lips ample and pendent; 
 ears large, thin, and coated with strong wiry hair, but not 
 feathered at the edges like those of the spaniel or setter ; 
 forehead wrinkled deeply ; neck long and muscular, with 
 a loose skin and some throatiness. Value : head, 15 • 
 ears, 10 ; neck, 5. 
 
 Chest deep but not wide ; elbow let down very low ; 
 back ribs very deep ; loins strong and straight, but looser 
 
38 
 
 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 than those of the foxhound ; shoulders powerful and 
 sloping. 
 
 Arms very large and powerful ; ankles short, and the 
 feet round, but more open than those of the foxhound ; 
 thighs large and strong ; with powerful hocks. 
 
 The stern should be coated moderate!" but not in- 
 
 Uucihound. 
 
 creasing, to the tip, which should be well pointed, whilst 
 the root should be large \ carriage like that of all hounds. 
 Coat hard, wiry, and abundant ; the colours may be black, 
 white, zxi^pale tan ; mixed, or black pied, with the colours 
 strongly Imked with white. 
 
 The origin of this hound is uncertain, but he is most 
 probably descended from the old Southern hound or 
 Talbot. 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 39 
 
 This dog is sometimes confounded with the otter 
 terrier. The otterhound is in all respects what the name 
 impUes, a dog comprising all the attributes of the hound, 
 combined with acute scent, great endurance, strength, 
 and remarkable i?',itelligence. He is not so large as the 
 bloodhound, but greatly resembles him in symmetry, 
 strength of limb, formation of the head, with long droop- 
 ing ears, well-developed nostrils, and eyes deeply set, 
 over which the haw fully protrudes. Whatever may 
 be his true origin, one thing is quite certain, the pure 
 bred dog is always ready when wanted. Few can com- 
 pare with his indomitable pluck, strength, solid wisdom 
 and cunning, wonderful sight and scent. Unfortunately, 
 however, many miserable attempts have been made to 
 improve his breed. He has been crossed with the otter 
 terrier, and the issue is a breed far too small for the 
 common requirements, besides being impudent and 
 tricky, lacking the nobility and grace of the true hound. 
 In order to overcome such an expert, strong, and cunning 
 animal as the otter, he needs the highest endowment of 
 sight, scent, and sound. The first enables him to mark 
 the significant sign of the otter's movement by the smallest 
 ascending bubble; his nose will scent out the coldest 
 trail, and he follows it with astonishing pertinacity, 
 and his sense of hearing is so acute, that amid a very 
 babel of voices, he is obedient to that of the huntsman 
 alone. 
 
 The Fox Terrier. — To class the fox terrier with the 
 hounds may seem a misnomer, but as lie is kept specially 
 for the purpose of being used in their aid when a fox is 
 to be bolted, he is certainly not out of place in this sub- 
 section. 
 
 In the early part of the present century, when hunt- 
 ing the fox was considered of more interest thaa gal- 
 loping after him, one or two terriers were added to the 
 pack, and were not merely kept in readiness to bolt him 
 from his earth when driven to ground by the hounds, but 
 regularly drew each covert with them, and throughout the 
 run followed the line as well as they could, being gene- 
 rally in at the death before the breaking up was over. 
 
4^ Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 When, however, the fields of horsemen increased in num- 
 bers from two or three score to two or three hundred — 
 when their riding became either a steeplechase between 
 those who went straight, or a flat race among the " ma- 
 cadamisers ;" — and when hounds were bred fast enough to 
 get away from all, the little terrier stood a poor chance of 
 escaping with life and limb, and his services were confined 
 to underground work, for which he is now kept handy to 
 the part of the country which is to be hunted, his absence 
 being supplied by the nearest rat or rabbit terrier that can 
 be obtained. In the cub-hunting he is specially service- 
 able, and, indeed, it is for this purpose that he is chiefly 
 kept by the huntsmen of our various packs ; for it is but 
 seldom that a regularly entered fox terrier attached to the 
 pack is at hand when a fox is run to ground during the 
 season. 
 
 The fox terrier is a clever, strong little dog, possessing 
 great endurance and remarkable courage, and a nose 
 almost as sensitive as the harrier or beagle. He derives 
 his pluck from the bull-dog, like other useful vermin 
 killers, and is generally kept for the purpose of destroying 
 those vermin which prove more than a match for the 
 harrier or beagle. In his encounters with such, the fox 
 terrier is rendered more determined, and his natural 
 prowess is encouraged, as with superior ability he brings 
 his antagonist to a state of helplessness or destruction. 
 Hence he becomes the attendant and companion of the 
 ratcatcher, gamekeeper, or farmer, who make use of his 
 attainments in clearing the barns, stables, kennels, etc., 
 of rats and mice, and occasionally other vermin. In 
 former days it was the practice of adding a couple of fox 
 terriers to each pack of fox hounds, for the purpose of 
 bolting the fox when he takes refuge from his pursuers 
 in some accessible drain, or otherwise goes to ground. 
 The pluck and endurance of the fox terrier enables him 
 to follow steadily in the track, finally coming up to do 
 the required unearthing when other means are not avail- 
 able. In later years, hounds have been bred to greater 
 speed, and the terrier has been dispensed with, but re- 
 tained as a companion or guard, and for destroying ground 
 
J -3 
 
 ■5 S 
 
 c < 
 
 -52 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 41 
 
 vermin. He is faithful and tractable, and, under proper 
 care and training, is rarely surpassed. 
 
 The entering and breaking of the fox terrier as a vermin 
 killer is not a process of great difficulty. His innate 
 intelligence rapidly leads him to look upon rats, mice, 
 etc., as his mortal foes, and himself as their especial 
 exterminator. When he is to be used with ferrets, he 
 must be broken to leave them alone, as they are apt to 
 make their appearance suddenly at one hole, from which 
 they pass to another. In order to accomplish this, the 
 ferret and the terrier should be allowed to be in the com- 
 pany of each other within a yard, stable, etc., when the 
 terrier must be carefully watched and cautioned not to 
 molest his companion. After a few such lessons, both 
 animals grow friendly, or at least the terrier learns not to 
 molest the ferret. Some terriers, owing to their breeding, 
 prove to be great cowards, and will not bear the bites of 
 their foes, which renders them perfectly useless as vermin 
 destroyers, to say nothing of the more formidable opera- 
 tion of unearthing the fox. To complete their necessary 
 courage, some breeders contend they should have the evi- 
 dent cross of the bull-dog. But sometimes young dogs of 
 this cross may prove rather timid at first, when they 
 should be encouraged by first trying their skill on young 
 rats, singly. They will thus gain confidence, and rapidly 
 increase in needful courage. This precaution, however, 
 is scarcely called for with respect to well-bred terriers ; 
 as with the opportunity for practice in the exercise of 
 the allotted vocation, they rapidly acquire the proficiency 
 for which the breed is remarkable. 
 
 There has been a good deal of controversy among those 
 interested in this breed on the subject of the bull cross, 
 but the preponderance of evidence is certainly against it. 
 The chief argument is that this cross makes the dog lie 
 too close to his game, and punish him too much if he can 
 reach him, often absolutely preventing his bolting by hang- 
 ing on to him. In any case it is admitted that the strain 
 should not be made visible in the mouth, and that the 
 teeth should be therefore quite level. What is really 
 wanted is a dog small enough to enter any drain or earth 
 which will admit a fox, and consequently not above 16 lbs. 
 
42 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 weight \ while, to give him strength enough for the task 
 which he has to perform, he should be at least 14 lbs. 
 
 The head should be flat and narrow forward, gradually 
 K^idening towards the ears, which must be small and fold 
 over, so as to keep out the dirt from their interior in dig- 
 ging, being also set on forward and carried close to the 
 cheeks. Jaw strong and well clothed with muscle ; mouth 
 level and well furnished with teeth ; eyes small, keen, and 
 full of expression ; nose pointed, long, and tipped with 
 black. The back should be strong ; chest deep ; neck 
 light and airy, coming nicely out of oblique but powerful 
 shoulders; loins straightly arched, without slackness; 
 ribs carried well backwards ; quarters and thighs mus- 
 cular ; hocks well let down ; the legs and feet strong 
 and straight, and the stifles not turned outwards; the 
 stern set high, carried gaily, but not over the back. 
 Traces of the bull breed are disqualifying, likewise a long 
 head and narrow chest, minus the needful muscular 
 shoulders, which are serious congenital defects, or due to 
 want of development under suitable care and exercise. 
 
 The symmetry also must be appreciated on the same 
 principle as that of the foxhound, but it is important as 
 showing breeding and general fitness for work. Value, 
 10 points. 
 
 Colour, for which 5 points are allowed, is only to be re- 
 garded as leading to the dog becoming easily seen either 
 underground or above ; hence there must be a prepon- 
 derance of white. With this external configuration the 
 fox terrier must be hardy in constitution, so as to with- 
 stand cold, wet, and fatigue, and he must have that de- 
 gree of courage which will induce him to face any amount 
 of punishment. Possessed of all these qualifications, this 
 dog becomes an excellent companion independently of 
 his use to the M.F.H., and the breed has been in high 
 favour for this purpose since the introduction of dog 
 shows ; from ;^2oo to £^Z^o having sometimes been 
 given for a prize winner. 
 
 The Truflle Dog is little known out of the districts 
 which furnish that esculent, in our knowledge of which 
 we are far behind the Germans, French, and Italians. Our 
 Continental neighbours are far more skilled both in its 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 43 
 
 preservation and production. They can dry it, or pre- 
 serve it in oil, vinegar, or brine ; and in neither case does 
 the conserve lose much of its aroma, flavour, or nutritious 
 quality. One Italian species is produced by scattering a 
 shallow layer of soil upon a porous slab of stone, and 
 occasionally moistening it with water ; another, by slightly 
 burning, and subsequently watering, blocks of hazel-wood; 
 and a third (a species of Agaricus) is cultivated by placing 
 the grounds of coffee in places favourable for its growth. 
 The market returns of Rome show that as much as 
 ;£'4,ooo a year are expended on these productions ; and 
 that the peasantry of France, Germany, and Italy in many 
 places subsist to a great extent upon them, is an estab- 
 lished fact. 
 
 The truffle — an edible underground fungus — is classed 
 by Berkeley with 7norel, as one of the Ascimycetes^ because 
 in these, " spores," or organs of reproduction, are arranged 
 in asci (tubular sacs, or vesicles). The best writers on 
 fungi have arrived at this learned conclusion ; but in spite 
 of all their discoveries, and their elaborate remarks on 
 " spheroidal ceUs," and " spores," and " fructification 
 taking place in some particular membrane," we believe 
 attempts to cultivate the truffle have failed. 
 
 Science has ascertained that it forms an intermediate 
 link between the animal and vegetable kingdom, for it 
 does not absorb carbonic acid from the air and give out 
 oxygen, but, like animals, it absorbs oxygen and gives out 
 carbonic acid. 
 
 The truffle is found in many districts of France, Spain, 
 and Italy ; and in other parts of these countries, doubtless 
 (as in England), it exists, though it has not been dis- 
 covered. 
 
 In this country it may be found on almost every chalky 
 down, especially where plantations of beech flourish, and 
 in many gentlemen's parks, and on lawns. Hampshire, 
 Wilts, Dorset, and Kent, all these counties produce truffles 
 of rich quality and in great abundance. Beneath the 
 beech, the cedar, the lime, the oak, the hazel, the Scotch 
 fir, it is frequently to be found in clusters, one, two, or 
 three feet apart. It is known to be in Tedworth (the seat 
 
44 Varieties of the Dog- 
 
 of the late Mr. T. Assheton Smith) ; at Charbro' Park, 
 Dorset (the seat of Mr. Drax) ; at Olantigh Towers, in 
 Kent, and at Holnest House, in Dorset (both seats be- 
 longing to the same gentleman) ; whilst Kingston Lacey, 
 in Dorset (tlie property of the Bankes family), produces 
 both morels and truffles. Truffles are also found at East- 
 well Park, Kent; at Sir J. Sebright's, in Beechwood Park; 
 at Lord Barrington's ; at Lord Jersey's ; at Longleat, 
 AVilts ; at the Countess Bridgewater's ; at Lord Winchil- 
 sea's; and, we believe, at the Earl of Abingdon's seat, near 
 Oxford. 
 
 In Italy, this fungus is hunted with a pig (a fact con- 
 firmed by Youatt) ; in France (as with us) the truffle- 
 hunter depends upon his dog. The breed is rare, and 
 the men dislike to sell them. It is said that, about two 
 hundred year^ ago, an old Spaniard brought two dogs into 
 Wiltshire, and made a great deal of money by the sale of 
 truffles which his dogs found for him ; that at his death 
 he left his money and his dogs to a farmer from whom he 
 had received some kindness, and that the hunters derive 
 their dogs from those he left that farmer. 
 
 The truffle dog is a small poodle (nearly a pure poodle), 
 and weighing about 15 lbs. He is white, or black and 
 white, or black, with the black mouth and under-lip of his 
 race. He is a sharp, intelligent, quaint companion, and 
 has the " homeing " faculty of a pigeon. When sold to a 
 new master, he has been known to find his way home for 
 sixty miles, and to have travelled the greater part of the 
 way by night. 
 
 It is mute in its quest, and should be thoroughly broken 
 from all game. These are essential qualities in a dog 
 whose owner frequently hunts truffles at night — in the 
 shrubberies of mansions protected by keepers and watch- 
 men, who regard him with suspicion. In order to dis- 
 tinguish a b/nck dog on these occasions, the liunter fur- 
 nishes his animal with a white shirt, and occasionally 
 hunts him in a Hne. 
 
 These dogs are rather longer on the leg than the true 
 poodle, have exquisite noses, and hunt close to the 
 ground. On the scent of a truffle (especially in the 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 45 
 
 morning or evening, when it gives out most smell), they 
 show all the keenness of the spaniel, working their short- 
 cropped tails, and feathering along the surface of the 
 ground, for from twenty to fifty yards. Arrived at the 
 spot where the fungus lies buried some two or three inches 
 beneath the surface, they dig like a terrier at a rat's hole, 
 and the best of them, if left alone, will disinter the fungus 
 and carry it to his master. It is not usual, however, to 
 allow the dog to exhaust himself in this way, and the 
 owner forks up the truffle, and gives the dog his usual re- 
 ward, a piece of bread or cheese ; for this he looks, from 
 long habit, with the keen glance of a Spanish gipsy. 
 
 The truffle-hunter is set up in business when he pos- 
 sesses a good dog ; all he requires besides will be a short 
 staff, about 2 ft. 6 in. long, shod with a strong iron point, 
 and at the other end furnished with a two-fanged iron 
 fork. With this implement he can dig the largest truffle, 
 or draw aside the briars or boughs in copsewood, to give 
 his dog free scope to use his nose. He travels frequently 
 thirty or forty miles on his hunting expeditions, and with 
 this (to use a business term) inexpensive "plant," keeps a 
 wife and children easily. I know personally one blue 
 grizzled dog of the old truffle breed which supports a 
 family of ten children. 
 
 The truffle dog is a delicate animal to rear, and a choice 
 feeder. Being continually propagated from one stock, he 
 has become peculiarly susceptible of all dog diseases, and 
 when that fatal year comes round which desolates the 
 kennel in his quarter, many truffle-hunters are left desti- 
 tute of dogs, and consequently short of bread ; for they 
 will not beheve (as I believe) that any dog with a keen 
 nose and lively temper may be taught to hunt and find 
 truffles. 
 
 The education of the dog commences when he is about 
 three months old. At first he is taught to fetch a truffle, 
 and when he does this well and cheerfully, his master 
 places it on the ground, and slightly covers it with earth, 
 selecting one of peculiar fragrance for the purpose. As 
 the dog becomes more expert and keen for the amuse- 
 ment, he buries the truffle deeper, and rewards him in 
 
46 
 
 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 proportion to his progress. He then takes him where he 
 knows tmffles to be abundant, or where they have been 
 previously found by a well-broken animal, and marked. 
 Thus he gradually learns his trade, and becomes (as his 
 
 Curly-coated Retriever. 
 
 forefathers have been for many generations) the bread- 
 winner for his master and all his master's family ; unless 
 he is so fortunate as to become attache to some lordly 
 mansion, or possibly to a Royal palace, in which case he 
 is a fortunate dog indeed. With regard to points, as he is 
 never shown, none can be laid down. 
 
 The dogs which retrieve game previously wounded by 
 man are very useful, and in the present day, when driving 
 and walking up game are practised extensively without 
 
Varieties of the Do<^. 
 
 M 
 
 pointers or setters, the retriever is an indispensable ac- 
 companiment to every shooter who indulges in this kind 
 of sport. There is no distinct breed recognized, though 
 the cross of the spaniel or setter with the small New- 
 foundland has become now quite as much so as the 
 
 
 ww^.im. 
 
 Wavy-coated Retriever, 
 
 modern Leicester or Southdown sheep. Indeed, the re- 
 currence to this cross is seldom employed in breeding 
 retrievers, males and females of that strain being chosen 
 on each side. I have a great fancy that the modern 
 rough St. Bernard, of which the Rev. J. C. Macdona has 
 some magnificent specimens, will, if crossed with good 
 setter blood, produce an excellent result, and I intended 
 to try the experiment, that gentleman having kindly given 
 me a daughter of his celebrated Tell and Hedwig for the 
 
48 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 purpose, but unfortunately the puppy died of abscess in 
 the head. IntelUgence and dociUty are the qualities 
 which must be looked for, and these are possessed by 
 the St. Bernard in the highest degree, while the setter 
 must furnish nose and the desire to hunt game. 
 
 The modern Retriever is now almost always a cross 
 of the setter and Newfoundland (showing the srnooth or 
 wavy coat), or of the water spaniel (generally Irish) with 
 the same dog, in which case the coat is curly. Very often 
 the two kinds are intermixed, the result of which is a coat 
 showing more or less of each texture. There has been a 
 good deal of discussion on the relative value of these 
 strains, and the question is by no means settled. My 
 own impression is in favour of the smooth, wavy coat, 
 indicative of the setter origin rather than the spaniel, as I 
 believe this cross is more docile and better fitted to be 
 broken to the extent of implicit obedience which is re- 
 quired. It is a great nuisance to have to work a retriever 
 in a slip, but there are very few curly-coated dogs with 
 which it can be dispensed with, whereas it is compara- 
 tively easy to do so with the smooth kind. 
 
 The Norfolk Retriever is a breed introduced within 
 recent years. The colour of the coat is sandy-brown, 
 though this may run so dark as to be called black, and 
 curls somewhat loosely, being open, short, woolly, coarse 
 and harsh under the fingers. The head is massive, and 
 has the appearance of intelligence ; the ears are large, the 
 hair upon them being thick and curly, and the muzzle is 
 broad and square or deep. Along the back the hair lies 
 short and straight. The limbs are strong, stout, well-set, 
 and terminate in feet which are largely developed, and 
 fully webbed. It is stated by " Saxon" to be the usual 
 custom to dock the tail, the utility of which seems 
 questionable in the opinion of sportsmen outside the 
 county. The dogs of this breed run somewhat above the 
 medium size, being also strong and well set. They 
 exhibit a remarkable degree of intelligence and tracta- 
 bility, which under efficient training renders them exceed- 
 ingly clever under the gun, or as the amusing companion 
 in leisure hours. Uncertainty of temper is somewhat 
 
^1 
 
Varieties of the Dog. 49 
 
 rare among them, and any appearance of impatience 
 under restraint, or other defects in the field may as a 
 rule be attributed to imperfect training, or such may be 
 the result of impure descent. They are excellent swim- 
 mers, not in smooth water alone, but prove themselves 
 invaluable on the sea shore, when against surf and swell 
 they resolutely search for the dead or maimed bird. 
 
 The retriever proper should have a long head, wide 
 and flat, and a moderately large eye, lull 01 niieni^ence 
 and docility ; mouth capacious ; ears small, lying close to 
 the face, and set low, with short hair only on them ; nose 
 large ; neck long ; and face covered with short hair only. 
 Head, to; nose, 10; ears, 2; neck, 8 — total, 30. 
 
 The loins and back must be strong and firmly coupled, 
 without which this big heavy dog soon tires, and as he 
 sometimes has to carry a hare for half a mile, and to 
 jump gates and brooks with her in his mouth, this point 
 is of great importance. Quarters also must be thick, and 
 clothed strongly with muscle. Shoulders strong and 
 oblique ; chest broad and also deep. Loins and back, 
 10; hind quarters, 10; shoulders, 6; chest, 4. 
 
 Legs long, straight, and muscular; feet round and 
 compact; toes well arched and not spreading; hocks 
 powerful ; stifles strong and wide. Value : feet, 6 ; legs, 
 6 ; hocks, 6 ; stifles, 2 — total, 20. 
 
 Coat either flat and wavy, or short, curly, and crisp \ 
 the former being in my opinion the best, but in dog 
 shows there is generally now a prize for each kind. 
 Colour either jet black without white, or Uver, also with- 
 out white, or black and tan, or black with brindled legs, 
 or, lastly, whole brindled, Stern well feathered, rather 
 short, but tapering to a point, and carried gaily l3ut not 
 over the back. Colour and coat, 15; stern, 5. The 
 height should be at least 24 in., weight from 70 lbs. to 
 80 lbs. 
 
 The Irish Water Spaniel, and the EngHsh dog of the 
 same breed, are often used as retrievers proper, but I have 
 classed them with the other spaniels, since they are gene- 
 rally used for seeking live as well as dead game. 
 
 Crosses of the terrier and spaniel, and true terriers, are 
 
 4 
 
50 Varieties of the Dog. 
 
 also sometimes employed as retrievers ; and, indeed, fox- 
 hounds, bloodhounds, and pure setters are occasionally 
 broken to this trade. 
 
 The Deerhound is a distinct breed, having been for 
 many years employed to hunt down wounded deer, and, 
 if necessary, bring them to bay till the deerstalker comes 
 up to give the coup de g7'dce with bullet or knife. In the 
 present day he closely resembles in appearance the rough 
 Scotch greyhound, but having each been kept to its 
 separate work, they show their specific natures distinctly 
 when taken to their respective game. 
 
 The points of this dog are the same as those of the 
 rough greyhound, except that he is at least 28 in. high, 
 with a girth of 32 in. In colour he must be fawn, yellow, 
 brindled, or grey, with a rough coat, especially about the 
 face. 
 
 The Borzoi. — Under this name are included several 
 breeds of the deerhound type, especially used in their 
 native wilds for hunting the wolf. The most familiar are 
 the Siberian, or Russian, Pyrenean, and Circassian wolf- 
 hounds. The Siberian wolfhound is of the type and size 
 of the Scotch deerhound, the grisly hue of the coat being 
 replaced by white, with markings of yellow, or fawn, and 
 in a few dark grey. These dogs are singularly handsome, 
 and in movement majestic, good specimens exhibiting the 
 build of our best deerhounds, having a remarkably deep 
 chest, well-shaped and sloping shoulder, and airy neck 
 even with the back. The head is clean throughout, the 
 skull flat, and somewhat narrow, separated by a slight 
 indentation from the long and tapering snout. The nose 
 is black, eyes dark, expressive and almond shape, ears 
 small, somewhat rounded at the tip, set high and almost 
 meet when thrown over the head. The back is strong, 
 and arched in the dog, but level in the bitch ; ribs flat, 
 elongated, and extending to the elbows or lower ; groin 
 capacious in the bitch, and short in the dog. The fore- 
 legs are lean and straight, and, as seen from the front, are 
 narrow and tapering to the feet. The hind legs are 
 slightly beneath the body when standing, free from dew- 
 claws, and not wide apart, the stifle is slightly flexed ; 
 
Useful Companions of Man. 5 1 
 
 pasterns short, toes long and close together ; nails strong, 
 short, and mainly supporting the weight of the animal : 
 tail long and shaped like a sickle ; coat long, wavy and 
 silky, curly only in places. The muscles of the shoulders, 
 chest, and hind quarters are long and flat, roundness or 
 convexity being objectionable. Average height of the 
 dog 28 to 33 inches ; of the bitch 24 to 28 inches. The 
 frill on the neck is long and rather curly, and the fore- 
 legs are well-feathered. The hair on the hind quarters 
 and tail is long ; curling is objectionable. 
 
 The Circassian or Orloff Wolfhound, is said to be 
 derived from the Siberian, cHmatic and other influences 
 combining to produce variations in form and colour. 
 He is swifter than the Siberian, and said to be more 
 intelligent. 
 
 As ornamental dogs these wolfhounds are graceful 
 and dignified, and as companions, gentle, faithful, watch- 
 full and obedient. 
 
 The Pyrenean Wolfhound, is a dog of stronger 
 build, and somewhat shorter, suggesting a cross with the 
 collie and deerhound. The breed is well adapted for 
 the tending of mountain sheep, being employed with 
 especial reference to warfare with wolves and foxes, the 
 enemies of the flock. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 USEFUL COMPANIONS OF MAN. 
 
 Old English Mastiff— The Great Dane— Newfoundland— St. Bernard— Bulldog 
 — Bull Terrier — Smooth English Terrier — Black and Tan English Terrier- 
 Rough or Broken Haired Terrier — Skye Terrier — Dandie Dinmont— Bed- 
 lington Terrier — Irish Terrier — Welsh Terrier — Whippet — Bob-tailed Sheep 
 Dog— Scotch Collie — Pomeranian or Spitz. 
 
 Under this division are included those dogs which 
 serve some purpose in their companionship, either as 
 guards of man or his herds or flocks ; thus, the New- 
 foundland, the mastiff, the St. Bernard, the bulldog, the 
 
$2 Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 bull terrier, and other large terriers, the collie, and the 
 drover's dog, all come under the designation. 
 
 The Old English Mastiff, as being a native of this 
 country, should stand at the head of this section, though 
 by no means so generally met with as the Newfoundland. 
 Like the bulldog, he is peculiar to this country, though a 
 near approach to him, the Cuban mastiff, is met with in 
 the West Indies and America. Whether any of the 
 modern strains can be shown to be really indigenous 
 in their origin it would be difficult to say, as their pedi- 
 grees cannot be traced for many generations. 
 
 Mr. Edgar Hanbury, of Eastrop Grange, Wilts, and 
 Mr. Lukey, of Lock's Bottom, Bromley, Kent, have bred 
 the best specimens of the EngHsh mastiff of late years, 
 and neither of these gentlemen can trace back their 
 blood far enough to enable us to decide whether they 
 are purely English or not. Mr. Hanbury commenced 
 with a bitch without pedigree, but a beautiful animal. 
 This bitch was put to a dog from Wales, also without 
 pedigree, so that his kennel dates from his own knowledge. 
 Mr. Lukey began with a brindled bitch bred by the Duke 
 of Devonshire, which he crossed with Lord Waldegrave's 
 celebrated dog " Turk," a black-muzzled fawn, of great 
 courage and symmetry. The produce consisted of two 
 brindled bitches, which he put to the Marquis of Hertford's 
 Pluto, since which, for a long time, he bred in-and-in 
 from their descendants. Seven or eight years ago, how- 
 ever, he obtained possession of his magnificent stud dog 
 Governor, by Lieut. Gamiefs Lion out of Countess, a 
 daughter of Mr. Bruce's Duchess, and this dog has 
 proved a most valuable sire, having been extensively used 
 by Mr. Hanbury and other breeders. Mr. Hanbury's 
 Prince, descended from Governor and Duchess, is a 
 magnificent specimen, and quite as good as, or better 
 than, his celebrated sire. 
 
 The remarkable power and courage of the mastiff ren* 
 der him peculiarly fit to be the dog of the keeper, when 
 associated with the fine temper which ought never to be 
 dispensed with, since a savage mastiff is a dangerous 
 brute, and should never be unloosed from his kennel. A 
 
Vsejul Companions of Man. 5 3 
 
 well-broken one of good temper may be taken anywhere, 
 and is far more trustworthy than the Newfoundland, and 
 quite equal to the St. Bernard. The sense of smell is 
 acute, and the mastiff has been known to draw up to a 
 covey of partridges like a pointer. 
 
 The mastiff is remarkable for the combination of his 
 general development. The conformation of the head 
 bespeaks an unusual brain power, which is under ad- 
 mirable control. He is a creature of strong and sincere 
 attachment to man, endowed with a wonderful power of 
 discrimination and true nobility of character, all of 
 which he freely exercises in the interests of those for 
 whom alone he seems to live. He is by nature docile 
 and gentle to a fault. He lays aside his giant strength 
 to unite in the gambols of the child with the same spirit 
 of tenderness and grace. If his conduct be otherwise 
 it bespeaks his origin in the mongrel or nondescript races, 
 and his general conformation does not, as a rule, 
 correspond to the portrait we have so feebly outlined. 
 It is possible for apparently well bred animals to inherit 
 the " bad blood of their forefathers ; " but as greater 
 attention is now paid to a careful system of selection and 
 in-breeding, this dangerous element in the character may 
 be kept in abeyance, in common with other serious 
 defects. The well-bred mastiff allies himself to man as 
 his friend, to whom he becomes the closest companion, 
 and serves him with the truest devotion and sincerity. 
 This animal should not be subjected to the restraint of 
 the chain ; if he is, whether young or old, he will be 
 inevitably spoiled in outward form as well as temper. 
 
 The points of this breed are as follows : — The head 
 should be massive, with a broad and flat forehead ; ears 
 small and wholly pendent, lying close to the cheek, 
 though set on farther back than in the hound, pointer, and 
 setter; eyes small, but mild and intelligent in expression; 
 face short, with a square muzzle, not tapering towards the 
 point of the noise ; teeth level, but sometimes there is a 
 slight projection of the lower; flews deep; neck muscular, 
 with the head well set into it, showing a slight prominence 
 at the upper point of junction ; body very large, with 
 
54 Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 deep and wide chest, well ribbed up, and a powerful loin ; 
 legs straight, with great bone (this point is not generally 
 well displayed, owing to confinement, as is also the case 
 with all large breeds); feet round and close ; coat short, 
 and tail fine, but with a very slight indication of roughness : 
 it should be carried high when the dog is excited ; colour 
 most to be desired is fallow (fawn), with black muzzle, 
 and the richer the black the better ; next to this comes 
 brindle, then red with black muzzle, or black ; some- 
 times there is a considerable admixture of white, 
 but this is not desirable. Height, from 29 to 31 in. 
 in the dog, and even more if a fine symmetry can be 
 obtained, but his good shape is seldom met with in so 
 large an animal ; bitches are 2 or 3 in. lower. A dog 
 standing 29 in, high ought to weigh, in good condition 
 (not fat), from 120 lbs. to 130 lbs. 
 
 The Great Dane. — This champion among canine 
 athletes has rapidly advanced to prominent favour. The 
 best specimens stand over 34 inches, and in the scale 
 raise 180 pounds or thereabouts. He is powerful, and 
 elegant in carriage, his enormous size combining to render 
 his general appearance exceptionally grand. In detail 
 he is also remarkable for strict proportion. His faith- 
 fulness and intelligence are equally acute, and his courage 
 unfailing. He is minus the repellant ferocity of the bull- 
 dog, but when occasion demands, his qualities as a 
 mighty defender are never absent. He is a dog of 
 wonderful mould, especial temperament and capabilities, 
 as the close companion of man. The following are the 
 various points adopted by the Great Dane Club : The 
 Head is long, the forehead being slightly elevated and 
 indented between the eyes. Skull not too broad. 
 Muzzle strong and obtuse ; nose large and arched ; cheek 
 muscles large and firm ; lips blunted perpendicularly in 
 front, not hanging too loose at the sides, but with well 
 defined folds at the angles of the mouth. The lower jaw 
 slightly projects. Eyes small, deeply set and expressive. 
 Ears very small, and carried erect. Fashion, however, 
 calls in the aid of cropping. The Neck is strong, muscular, 
 well-arched. No dewlap or loose skin about the throat. 
 
Use/til Companiofts of Man, 55 
 
 Junction of head and neck sharply defined. Chest very 
 deep at the brisket, but not too wide. Back of medium 
 length ; Loins arched and falling in beautiful curve to the 
 insertion of the tail. The latter should reach to the 
 hocks, be strong at the insertion, tapering and ending in 
 a fine curve. During carriage it is elevated, and more 
 curved, but not carried over the back. The belly is well 
 drawn up. Shoulders sloping ; Elbows well under, neither 
 turned inwards nor outwards. Forear??i muscular, ample 
 bone development throughout, and leg straight. Thighs 
 muscular; second thighs long and strong as in the 
 Greyhound ; hocks well let down, and turning neither in 
 nor out. Feet large, round and parallel to the fiont. 
 Toes well- arched and closed. Nails very strong and 
 curved. Hair very short, hard, and dense, and not much 
 longer on the under part of the tail. The recognised 
 colours are the various shades of grey (commonly termed 
 " blue "), red, black, or pure white, or white with patches 
 of the before-mentioned colours. These colours are 
 sometimes accompanied with markings of a darker tint 
 about the eyes and muzzle, and with a line of the same 
 tint (called a " trace ") along the course of the spine. 
 The above ground colours also appear in the brindles, 
 and are also the ground colours of the mottled specimens. 
 In the whole coloured specimens the china or wall eye 
 rarely appears, and the nose more or less approaches 
 black, according to the prevailing tint of the dog, and 
 the eyes vary in colour also. The mottled specimens 
 have irregular patches or "clouds" upon the above 
 named ground colours, in some instances the clouds or 
 markings being of two or more tints. With the mottled 
 specimens the wall or china eye is not uncommon, and 
 the nose is often parti-coloured or wholly flesh-coloured. 
 The whole coloured reddish-yellow, with black muzzle 
 and ears, is the colour least cared for, as indicative of 
 the mastiff cross. 
 
 The Newfoundland Dog is of two distinct breeds, 
 the large and the small, the latter being also called the 
 St. John or Lesser Labrador. The former — subdivided 
 into the Newfoundland proper and the Larger Labrador — 
 
56 Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 is the most common in this country, and is a dog of 
 massive form, possessing great character and inteUigence. 
 My own opinion, however, is that these breeds are so 
 intermixed that they cannot be called distinct, and that 
 though without doubt these several varieties are met with, 
 they occur indiscriminately, and often two are met with 
 in the same litter. " Index," who has studied the sub- 
 ject a good deal, lays it down in the Field that the three 
 breeds may be known by the coat, as follows : — " The 
 dog with long shaggy hair is the Newfoundland pure and 
 simple, and recognized as such in both countries; the 
 dog with the completely curly coat is the Labrador ; and 
 the dog with the close smooth coat is the lesser or smaller 
 Labrador." In Ne^vfoundland he is used as a beast of 
 draught, being harnessed to sledges, which his great form, 
 large feet, and endurance enable him to draw over the 
 snow, while his thick coat and hardy constitution render 
 him little amenable to the effects of cold and wet. Asa 
 water dog he has no equal, and he floats or swims for 
 hours without suffering from the immersion. His patron- 
 age of children, especially when in danger of drowning, 
 is one of the most remarkable features in the canine 
 race, and the way in which he suffers himself to be pulled 
 about by them makes him, when not exceptionally ill- 
 tempered, the pet of many a family. Still it will not 
 always do to trust him, and I have known many examples 
 which were absolutely dangerous even to their masters 
 when excited by deprivation of food or anger against 
 some offender of their own species. 
 
 In dealing with the merits of the Newfoundlander, 
 as he was originally named, we are in company with 
 the aristocracy of the canine race. Faithful and gentle 
 to a degree, sagacious above his fellows of indi- 
 genous breeds, grand in appearance, firm in his attach- 
 ment, and noble in his behaviour, he becomes, at once 
 the general favourite with every child, and the intimate 
 companion of man. Since his introduction to this land 
 his breeding has been considerably improved, and a more 
 graceful or noble creature can scarcely be conceived, as a 
 glance at the picture of Landseer, *'A Member of the 
 
Useful Companions of Man. 57 
 
 Royal Humane Society," will bear out. Formerly his 
 colours were red, brown, brown and white, bronze, red 
 and white, or black and white, but thanks to the interest 
 developed by periodical shows, and the earnest care of 
 the fanciers, the too common degeneration of breed by 
 indiscriminate crossing has been greatly avoided. The 
 true Newfoundland dog is very large, certainly larger 
 than many now commonly called after him. His coat is 
 jet black, long, and straight, and the tail bushy. His 
 countenance is especially expressive, and the eyes 
 indicate deep intelligence. The Landseer dog is black 
 and white as already referred to, but he is the animal of 
 the same mould, the markings being somewhat prettily 
 dispersed. Like all dogs of his class, he is apt to become 
 leggy, with increase of size, and probably cow-hocked, 
 which militates against beauty and action alike. 
 
 In all three varieties the head is remarkable, grand, 
 and full of character, with an expression of mildness and 
 benevolence which is shared with this breed by the St. 
 Bernard. Across the eyes the breadth is great, with a 
 flatness behind them, before which the skin is wrinkled, 
 but without any perceptible forehead. Eyes small, bright, 
 and intelligent, deeply set, but not showing the haws, 
 which gives the appearance of being bloodshot,^ so re- 
 markable in the bloodhound. Ears small and set low, 
 hanging close to the face, and with Uttle hair on them. 
 Nose large, muzzle long and smooth ; mouth capacious, 
 with level teeth. Neck shorter than in most breeds. 
 Points : head, 30; temper, 20; neck, 10. 
 
 Back often weak and slack in the loin, but this is a 
 fault which, though common, is not universal. There is 
 also very often a want of depth in the back ribs which 
 ought not to be passed over. Back and loin, 10. 
 
 Feet and legs large and muscular ; the former being 
 too flat for much work over hard ground, and are more 
 adapted for the snow of his native land, or for swimming. 
 Feet and legs, to. 
 
 Colour black, or black and white, the former greatly 
 for choice, with as little white as possible. Sometimes 
 the black has brindled legs, or of a rufous dun-colour, 
 
58 Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 and occasionally fully-bred dogs are met with brindled, 
 or rufous dun mixed with white. There are several 
 varieties in texture of coat. The smooth dog is almost 
 as free from any approach to feather as a mastiff. If 
 this dog has any tendency to feather, it will declare itself 
 in profile just below the set on of the head. His coat, if 
 well examined, will be found more dense than a mastiff's, 
 and of greater volume. The shaggy-coated Newfoundland 
 has a smooth face, but within two inches of the skull the 
 coat suddenly elongates, and except that he is very clean 
 to the angle of his neck, he is thoroughly feathered in his 
 outline. His coat generally parts down the back, and 
 this parting is continued to the end of his tail. His hind 
 legs are close-coated from the hock, and his feet all 
 round are nearly as free of feather as a cat's. Colour 
 and coats, lo points. 
 
 The stern is long and bushy, usually slightly turned on 
 one side, and carried in a trailing fashion. The gait is 
 rather loose and waddhng, but this is a defect owing to 
 the- slackness of loin. Carriage, 5 ; stern, 5. In height 
 this dog is sometimes ^-^ or 34 in., averaging 29 or 30. 
 
 The St. Bernard Dog has been so well described 
 by an experienced hand in the Field newspaper, that I 
 extract his account verbatim : — 
 
 " About the year 962, Bernard de Meuthon built two 
 ' hospitia^ one on Mont Joux, where a temple of Jupiter 
 stood — constructing his hospice from the ruins of the 
 temple ; the other on the road that leads over the Grison 
 Alps at Colonne Joux, so named from a column dedicated 
 to the same heathen deity. The benevolent builder 
 presided over both hospitia for forty years, and left to his 
 monks the duty of affording refuge to travellers, and 
 searching for those who were lost in the snow. St. 
 Bernard's portrait, and that of his dog on the same panel, 
 is still in existence, and the dog appears to be a blood- 
 hound. The Hospice of St. Bernard Pass stands 7,668 
 feet above the sea level, and is undoubtedly the highest 
 inhabited spot in Europe. Nine months in the year the 
 snow is thick on the ground, and in the very worst part 
 of winter from 1,500 to 2,000 of the poor inhabitants of 
 
Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 59 
 
 the low countries pass over the mountains. During this 
 inclement season all travellers from Martigny are desired 
 to pass the night at the first house of refuge. Every 
 morning a servant, accompanied by a St. Bernard dog, 
 descends from the hospice to take all the travellers under 
 his direction. The dog leads the way, for he can not 
 only discover the buried traveller by his marvellous 
 
 
 St Bernard. 
 
 powers of scent, but he can also to a certainty keep the 
 track, in spite of snowstorms and bewildering drifts. 
 The dogs have been used by the monks in these ways, 
 and in ?io other, for years, and they have acquired a well- 
 deserved high reputation for perseverance, sagacity, and 
 power of scent. 
 
 " The old breed died out many years ago, and we 
 doubt whether the monks have possessed the present 
 race of dogs more than forty or fifty years. 
 
6o Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 " About forty years ago, or a little more, all their dogs 
 and several servants were swept away by an avalanche \ 
 but two the monks had given away were returned to them, 
 and the breed was thus preserved. One of the St. Ber- 
 nard dogs, Barry, a brindled and white one, saved the 
 lives of forty-two persons, and was vigorous and active at 
 the age of fifteen years, although they generally succumb 
 to rheumatism in their tenth year. He is preserved in 
 the Berne Museum, wearing an iron collar with large 
 spikes, which had often protected him from the wolves. 
 We are told he had discovered a man lost in a snow-drift, 
 and, being mistaken for a wolf, the poor fellow received 
 a blow on the head, and ' il etait oblige de mourir.' 
 
 " At the time we were the guests of the monks, they 
 possessed but three dogs, Barry, Pluto, and Pallas. The 
 finest specimen had goitre or bronchocele, and wore a 
 muzzle, as he was of an uncertain disposition ; and a very 
 fine bitch was expected soon to add to the strength of the 
 company. Two dogs were placed out at some neigh- 
 bouring hospice. We purchased a young dog at the 
 Hotel des Alpes (on our way home), from the proprietor : 
 the mother had been procured from the hospice ; the 
 father was the fine speoimen we have seen there. Subse- 
 quently we found him very intelligent and good tempered; 
 he was very pleased to carry and fetch, and he appeared 
 to have an excellent nose : but, alas ! when nearly twelve 
 months old, like Barry, * il etait oblige de moiirir.^ All of 
 these dogs were orange tawny ; they had white legs, 
 flecked slightly with orange, white belly, white collar 
 round the neck; the head remarkably fine, majestic, and 
 full of character ; the ears small and set low ; the eyes 
 deeply set, a crease between them giving a mastiff cha- 
 racter to the whole animal ; from the eyes half-way down 
 the face black, then suddenly white to the nose (which is 
 black) ; the lips, which are pendulous, spotted \yith orange 
 and black ; the white above the nose is continued in a 
 blaze or streak up the forehead, and extends in a narrow 
 line down the poll ^ 7neeting the white collar round the neck. 
 
 " The monks begged us to observe this peculiar mark, 
 and compared it to the badge of their order— a white 
 
li^^u 
 
Useful Companions of Man. 6 1 
 
 band or tape, single behind, slit to pass over the neck, 
 and the two ends tucked into the black dress in front at 
 the waist. Some very fine specimens, however, are 
 brindled instead of orange tawny, and many have no 
 white in the face at all, nor down the poll. The coat, 
 which appears to the casual observer hard and smooth, 
 when closely examined proves to be very thick and fleecy, 
 and it is well suited to repel cold by retaining the animal 
 heat. The tail is bushy, but carried generally down be- 
 tween the hocks, and the gait or carriage of the dog much 
 resembles the march of the lion. 
 
 "The character of the dog is majestic and important. 
 He has that true nobility possessed by the highest type 
 of Newfoundland. The same thoughtful, observant eye, 
 the wide brow, the muscular neck, the enormous loin, and 
 sinewy arms and thighs, and the large round arched feet 
 and toes {^ pattes enormes,' the monks called them), and 
 that general intimation of power, and sense, and benevo- 
 lence which no other domesticated animal possesses in the 
 same compass. 
 
 "Tell, the noble specimen we have engraved, has the 
 true form of the St. Bernard dog, and we believe him to 
 be the best dog of his class in England. His owner, Mr. 
 Macdona, proceeded to Switzerland, in the winter of 
 1864, to obtain, at any cost, the best specimen to be had 
 for money, and, after rejecting many fine examples, at 
 length bought the only one that came up to his ideal. 
 
 " The following are the measurements and weight of 
 Tell :~ 
 
 Height at shoulder 
 
 Length from nose to tip of tail . . . 
 Girth of chest .- 
 
 ft. 
 ... 
 ... 7 
 ... 
 
 in. 
 
 30* 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 arm 
 
 ,, head 
 
 Length of head 
 
 ... 
 ... 
 ... 
 
 13 
 22 
 
 13 
 
 Weight, 147 lbs. 
 
 
 
 *' He is a red or tawny brindle, the muzzle black, as far 
 as the lower line of the eyes. Chest white. The two 
 fore-paws white; the ankles white; belly white. Tail 
 
6 2 Useful Compa7iions of Man. 
 
 heavily feathered, and sometimes carried gaily. Hind 
 quarters beautifully furnished with coat. Head massive, 
 eyes quick and intelligent, ears small and well set. He 
 has the peculiar slinging gait of his tribe. He has the 
 retriever i?isti?ict, and is very fond of carrying or retrieving 
 from water. He' is of the rough or shaggy-coated breed. 
 There is, we are credibly informed, a smooth variety now 
 existing. 
 
 " Captain Tyler's Thiin answers this description. He 
 is very large, and of the orange tawny colour, with little 
 white, and is by Leo — Leo by Turk, who came from the 
 monastery. 
 
 " The description we have given of the St. Bernard dog 
 is a repetition of the information afforded us personally 
 by the monks, and we have formed an opinion of the 
 class from the specimens the hospice contained." 
 
 The double dewclaw is considered to be a mark of the 
 true breed. 
 
 I should give the points of the St. Bernard as follows : 
 — Head, 20; line down the poll, 10; frame, 10; feet 
 and legs, 10; symmetry, 10; size, 20; dewclaws, 10; 
 coat, 10. 
 
 It is a disputed point wliether the smooth-coated va- 
 riety or the rough-coated is the real breed. Mr. Macdona 
 has both in his kennels. Except in coat, there is no 
 difference between them. 
 
 Since the preceding paragraph was penned, authorities 
 are pretty well agreed as to the identity of the two. In 
 numerous litters of the rough St. Bernards, there are one 
 or more puppies having smooth coats, which are retained 
 as such throughout tlieir life. Nevertheless the distinction 
 is still observed at the various dog shows, for which 
 separate classes are provided. The modern dog is a fine, 
 commanding fellow, with a beautifully formed head, 
 affording ample space for his largely developed brain ; his 
 eyes are large and full, beaming with intelligence, and 
 the movements of his massive body and limbs are pleasing 
 and graceful. In him are blended the power of the British 
 mastiff, with the alertness of the true Newfoundland. In 
 point of size and build the St. Bernard proves himself a 
 perfect Goliath among other breeds. Careful attention 
 
tjseful Companions of Man. 63 
 
 to breeding has developed both size and weight. " Sir 
 Redvers/' when he was exported to America, stood 34J 
 inches at the shoulder, and his weight was upwards of 
 200 pounds; and "Lord Bute," stood 36 inches high, 
 and weighed 220 pounds when he was just turned two 
 years old. The leading animal of recent days is the 
 rough coated bitch " Lady Mignon," the property of Mr. 
 Samuel Jagger, of Honley, near Huddersfield. Her 
 career has been unexceptional, having secured no less than 
 fifty-four first prizes, specials, and championship Birming- 
 ham, in one year, the winner being under two years old. 
 The Bulldog is indisputably of British origin, and 
 has never been permanently introduced into any other 
 country. His courage is so great that it has become 
 proverbial, and, witK the exception of the game cock, 
 there is no other domestic animal at all coming up to 
 him. Independently of this quality, there is much dif- 
 ference of opinion as to the mental peculiarities of this 
 breed. By some authorities the bulldog is stated to be 
 quarrelsome and wantonly savage, so that he can never 
 be made a safe companion ; while others allege that he is 
 mild and gentle in disposition, never showing his teeth 
 until he is induced to do so by some special cause. As 
 usual in such cases, the truth lies between two extremes. 
 The bulldog is no doubt dangerous when his blood is 
 up, and even his master runs some risk in meddling with 
 him then, but he may generally be controlled wdth perfect 
 facility, and he is mild, fondling, and gentle in his manner 
 as a general rule. Still, he is not capable of strong at- 
 tachment, and he cannot be taught more than the com- 
 monest forms of obedience. He is silent in his attacks, 
 so that he does not make a good Avatch-dog. Formerly 
 the breed was kept pure wdth great care, for the purpose 
 of baiting the bull, in which his tendency to pin the most 
 vulnerable point (the nose) made him invaluable, no other 
 dog having either the same desire to go at the head in 
 preference to all other parts, or the same unflinching hold 
 of the grasp when once obtained. Bulldogs have had 
 their legs cut off after pinning a bull, without letting go, 
 and other equally horrible cruelties have been practised 
 to show this peculiarity. In the present day, when bull- 
 
64 Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 baiting is interdicted by act of parliament, the use of the 
 bulldog is confined to the improvement in courage of 
 other breeds, by crossing with them, and in this way the 
 greyhound is supposed to have been brought to perfection 
 by Lord Orford and Mr. Etwall in England, and by Mr. 
 Raimes in Scotland, but a later experiment made by Mr. 
 Hanly has been entirely unsuccessful. The cross with 
 the terrier is an excellent one for general purposes, as I 
 shall presently show. 
 
 The points of the bulldog are as follows, though there 
 is some difference of opinion upon certain of them. The 
 skull should be large, and high, and broad, the cheeks 
 extending prominently beyond tiie eyes, and the forehead 
 should be well creased or wrinkled, and flat. The eyes 
 should be black and round, not very large, situated in 
 front of the head, wide apart, and neither prominent nor 
 deeply set, the corners at right angles with a line drawn 
 down the centre of the face. The stop (which is an in- 
 dentation between the eyes) should extend up the face 
 for a considerable length. The face as short as possible 
 from the front of the cheek-bone to the end of the nose — 
 deeply wrinkled. The muzzle should turn up. The 
 chop — that is, the fleshy part of the muzzle — should be 
 broad and deep, and should perfectly cover the teeth. 
 The nose should be large and black. The lower jaw 
 should project, and the nose should be set well back, and 
 the lower jaw should turn upwards. The neck moderately 
 long, well arched, with a good dewlap. The ears should 
 be small and on the top of the head. Three descriptions 
 of ear are permitted, called "rose," "button," and "tulip." 
 The rose ears fold at the back ; the tip laps over outwards, 
 exposing part of the inside ; the button ear falls in front, 
 hiding the interior completely ; the tulip ear is quite erect, 
 and is allowed to be an undesirable form. Skull, 25 ; 
 ears, 5 ; eyes, 5 ; " stop," 5 ; shortness of face, 5 ; chop, 
 5 ; nose and jaws, 5 ; neck, 5. 
 
 The chest should be wide and deep, the back short, 
 wide across the shoulders, and not so wide across the 
 loins ; ribs round. There should be a slight fall behind 
 the shoulders, and the spine should rise at the loins, 
 
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Useful Companions of Man. 65 
 
 falling rapidly to the stern, and well arched. The stern 
 should be moderately thick where it joins the body, and 
 be fine to the point. It should have a decided down- 
 ward carriage. I prefer a tail of a moderate length, de- 
 cidedly objecting to a long tail having a curve at the end, 
 commonly called the '' ring-tail." The tail should be low 
 in its setting on also. Chest, 5 ; body, 5 ; stern, 5. 
 
 The fore-legs should be strong, muscular, and straight; 
 they should be short, the elbow well letdown. The hind 
 legs should be rather longer in proportion than the fore- 
 legs, so as to raise the loins ; and, in direct opposition to 
 the established opinion of connoisseurs, I prefer the hocks 
 to be straight, and that the stifles should not turn out, 
 which must be the case if the hocks approach each other. 
 The fore-feet should be well arched, they should be mode- 
 rately round, and the toes should be well split up. The 
 feet should turn neither in nor out ; they should be 
 small, and the hind feet should be of the same character. 
 Legs and feet, 15. 
 
 The coat should be fine and smooth. The colour should 
 be whole or unmixed, and may be red, red- smut, fawn, 
 fawn-smut, fallow, fallow-smut, or blue-fawn, or w^hite, the 
 last being preferred. With all these points and properties 
 he must be symmetrical. His action is rather slovenly, 
 his hind legs not being lifted high as he runs. He varies 
 in weight from 15 lbs. to 6olbs. Coat, 5; colour, 5. 
 
 The Bull Terrier is, like the bulldog, almost peculiar 
 to this country, and indeed in the whole family of terriers 
 he is pre-eminent. This breed is known in the hardware 
 and pottery districts, where it is carried to high perfection 
 as the " half-bred " /^r ^jtr^//<?;/r^, and Mr. Hinks, of Bir- 
 mingham., may lay claim to having carried ofi" the highest 
 honours from his competitors with his succession of Mad- 
 men, his Puss, Tartar, &c. This dog is used solely foi 
 fighting, which is still privately carried on by his patrons, 
 but the breed is equally good for attacking the badger, 
 and other hard-biting vermin, requiring high courage and 
 more quickness and docility than are possessed by the 
 pure bulldog. Hence he is a great favourite as the com- 
 panion of young men, whether military or civilian, and as 
 
66 Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 he can make himself generally useful, he is popalar also 
 with the groom and the workman. The first cross is 
 generally too much like the bulldog, but the second shows 
 in perfection all the attributes required for the purpose I 
 am alluding to. In weight he varies from 9 lbs. up to 
 35 lbs., or more. In general appearance he resembles 
 the terrier, except that he is wider across his skull, 
 and possesses more strength and stamina. 
 
 His head should be long, the muzzle sharp, the jaw 
 level — not underhung, which is a disfigurement, and also 
 prevents a dog punishing his adversary. The tmder-Jaw 
 should display great power, and the neck should be long. 
 Head, 25 points; neck and ears, 10. 
 
 The chest is wide, the shoulders sloping and powerful, 
 the loin and back strong, the hind quarters and thighs 
 muscular. The tail should be fine and sting-like, but not 
 bare; carried gaily, but not *' hooped." Chest, 10; 
 shoulders, 10; loin, 10; tail, 5. 
 
 The feet and legs should resemble those of the hound 
 in shape. Value, 10. 
 
 The coat throughout is fine and short, and it should lie 
 smoothly, as in a well-dressed race horse. Pure white, 
 with a black nose and eye, is the most approved colour. 
 Next in merit I should place white with coloured ears, or 
 a patch on the eyes. I believe all the best judges enter- 
 tain a strong preference for the white dog ; but in any 
 case the colour should be " whole," that is, unmixed with 
 white, unless the dog be all white, which is, in that case, 
 considered a " whole " colour. If coloured, it should be 
 either red, red-smut (that is, red with black muzzle), fawn 
 or fawn-smut, fallow or fallow-smut, brindled, white, blue- 
 fawn (that is, fawn with blue muzzle), or pied with any of 
 those colours. Coat and colour, 10; symmetry, 10. 
 
 A loving and gentle temperament is of great importance. 
 
 The family of Pure Terriers is a large one, and includes 
 besides the " toys," the Scotch, Skye, and Dandie Din- 
 mont in Scotland, the Bedlington in the north, and the 
 various strains of smooth terriers in England. Of late 
 years the Scotch broken-haired dog has been by selection 
 converted into an animal possessing a silky and compara- 
 
Useful Companiois of Man. Sj 
 
 tively long and wavy coat, utterly unlike his ancestry. 
 The subdivisions are now almost endless, but the above- 
 mentioned breeds are the leading ones. 
 
 The Smooth English Terrier (not black and tan) 
 is a very old breed, probably as old as any we have. 
 Possessed of a merry and active temperament, and gifted 
 with a good nose, he is the model of a vermin dog, where 
 there is no badger or otter to attack ; but for these he is 
 scarcely fitted in power, and as a rule he will not face 
 them at close quarters. Elegant and graceful in his out- 
 line, he shares with the bull terrier the patronage of young 
 men, with whom his companionable qualities make him a 
 favourite indoors as well as out. He may weigh from 
 6 lbs. to 10 lbs., or even 20 lbs. ; but, provided he is large 
 enough for his calling, he cannot be too small. It is an 
 advantage to keep down the size of certain dogs as much 
 as possible, and we ought to consider that two small 
 terriers will do more than double the work of one large 
 dog, whilst they consume no more 
 
 The head is narrow, long, and flat. The muzzle must 
 be fme, tapering, sharp, and fox-like ; but the jaw must 
 be muscular, and the mouth must never be underhung. 
 It is better that the upper jaw should be shghtly in excess, 
 if there is the least deviation from a level mouth. The 
 " stop," or indent between the eyes, must be evident and 
 "pronounced." The eye must be sparkling, bright, but 
 not large. The ears round, flat to the head in repose, 
 but raised, although falling over, when the dog is roused. 
 A tulip or prick-ear is a great deformity, and betokens 
 mongrel family. It has been the fashion to crop the ears 
 of terriers for many years, and the eye has become so ac- 
 customed to it that many good judges will scarcely look 
 at a terrier unless he has been scientifically cropped. In 
 large towns it is not the fashion to shorten the tail at all 
 when the ears are cut, whilst country sportsmen leave the 
 ears, but shorten the tail. The neck should be long, taper- 
 ing, and muscular, and clean where it joins the lower jaw. 
 Head, 25 ; neck, 10. 
 
 The ribs must be round, the shoulders deep and well 
 set back, and as powerful as possible, enabling the dog to 
 
68 Useful Companions of Man.. 
 
 grapple with his foe or to dig him. The loins must be 
 strong and the back ribs deep. In conformation, his body 
 must be neither high nor wide, but well knit together, 
 mitltum in paruo. Chest, lo; shoulders, lo; loin, lo. 
 
 The fore-legs should be straight as arrows; the feet 
 strong, the toes moderately arched and well split, and the 
 
 English Terrier. 
 
 form of the foot should be round and fox-like. The tliighs 
 should be large and muscular, the liocks in a straight line, 
 and the hind legs should be moderately straight also. 
 Value of legs and feet, lo. 
 
 The tail must be very fine, with a low carriage, but not 
 bare ; and when a dog is excited it is carried gaily ; 5. ^ 
 
 The best colour is white, when used for ratting, as it is 
 more easily distinguishable than any other, and there i? 
 
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 '3 
 
 W 
 
 
Useful Couipaniofis of Man. 69 
 
 the same advantage as to colour when the dog's services 
 are required for rabbit-hunting. Smooth terriers may be 
 found of other colours — yellow, yellow and white, hound- 
 pied, black, or fawn. A beautiful blue or blue-fawn 
 variety exists, said to be crossed with the Italian grey- 
 hound. Brindle colour is a sign of bulldog cross. Coat 
 and colour, 10; symmetry, as in the bull terrier, 10. 
 Whether coloured or white, his coat should be smooth yet 
 hard, and he should be perfectly free from the very least 
 roughness, or anything approaching coarseness of coat, 
 about his muzzle, eyebrows, thighs, or any part of his 
 profile. 
 
 The Black and Tan English Terrier should 
 have a long fine muzzle, not underhung, but, if anything, 
 the upper jaw projecting over the lower. The skull should 
 be flat and narrow between the ears ; the eye must be small 
 and black ; the nose black; the ears, if not left on, must 
 be well cropped, erect, and long ; if entire, they should 
 be small, not tuliped, and free from any tan behind. The 
 neck tapering, muscular, and we'll cut under the lower jaw. 
 The shoulders deep and well set back. The loins strong, 
 ribs round, and the back ribs deep, the body well knit to- 
 gether. The legs straight, the feet round and small. The 
 tail must be fine, carried straight, and not curled. The 
 colour, which is a principal point, must be raven black, 
 with rich mahogany tan, well pencilled on each toe ; the 
 tan should be clear, and free from any admixture of black. 
 Above the eyes there should be a distinct spot of tan. 
 The body should be black, with a rich tan on the fore-legs 
 half-way up them. The breast should have two distinct 
 marks of tan. The jaw should also be well tanned up the 
 gullet, and the cheek divided, having a small tan spot a 
 little less than that over the eyes. The upper jaw should 
 also be nicely tanned, and run in conformity with the tan- 
 ning on the lower jaw. The hind legs should be perfectly 
 free from tan on the outside, but on the inside there should 
 be some tan. The vent should have a small tan spot, and 
 there should also be tan half-way up the tail. 
 
 The weight varies from 10 lbs. to 25 lbs. 
 
 The points : Colour, coat, and correct markings, 40 ; 
 
^o tJsefid Companions of Man. 
 
 head, 25 ; eye, 5 ; neck, 5 ; chest, 5 ; shoulders, 5; feet, 
 5 ; loins, 5 ; tail, 5. 
 
 Rough or Broken-haired Terriers are no doubt 
 all descended from the broken-haired Scotch dog, with 
 which all must be famiUar, but whether the modem silken 
 hair has been developed by crossing with the Maltese, 
 or by selection, is a moot question. In general shape 
 this dog resembles the smooth variety, but he is slightly 
 longer in frame, and not so elegant in his proportions. 
 The chief peculiarity, as I before remarked, is in coat 
 and colour. The roughness of coat about the muzzle 
 and face makes the head look larger, and takes off a 
 good deal from the lively look so remarkable in the 
 smooth dog. 
 
 The old-fashioned hard and wiry-coated dog is, I 
 believe, more game than the silky-haired dog now in 
 fashion ; but no doubt the latter is a very elegant animal, 
 and well suited for the bar-parlour, where he is exten- 
 sively patronized. The modern favourite is of a blue 
 colour, with rich fawn (approaching to a tan) legs, the 
 under-parts being all of the latter colour. The tail is 
 carried higher than that of the smooth dog. In the old- 
 fashioned strain the colours are either grizzled, black, 
 with pale tan spots, or generally of a grizzled black-brown, 
 sometimes quite grey and constituting the pepper-and- 
 salt colour. Sometimes the broken-haired dog is white, 
 more or less marked with blue, or some other colour, but 
 the less the better. 
 
 There is a great difference of opinion as regards the 
 points of a broken-haired terrier; we will therefore describe 
 the points of the two varieties in most esteem, beginning 
 with those chiefly bred in Lancashire and Yorkshire, as 
 these, up to the present time, have distanced the Scotch 
 terrier at our great shows on account of their taking 
 appearance to the eyes of the general public. In our 
 opinion, however, the Scotch terrier proper is superior in 
 point of usefulness at home and abroad, and when the 
 two are shown together it should be preferred— shape, 
 make, and colour being equal 
 
 The points of the Yorkshire dog are the same as re- 
 
Useful Cojnpanio/is of Mafi. y i 
 
 gards shape and make as the smooth EngUsh terrier; but 
 the coat differs in being long, and of three different 
 shades— that on the back being a blue slate ; the face, 
 head, and legs a silky silvery fawn ; the whole under- 
 mined by short tanned hair. The older the dog the 
 more silvery he gets. 
 
 The Scotch dog is also the same in shape. His 
 colour may be pepper or mustard, or pepper and mustard, 
 in each case more or less mixed with salt. 
 
 The toy dog of these strains is the same in all but 
 weight, which should not exceed 7 lbs. ; the smaller the 
 better. 
 
 The estimated value of their points is as follows : — 
 Head, 15; neck and ears, 10; shoulders, chest, and loins, 
 20; feet and legs, 10; colour and coat, 30; symmetry, 
 10 ; tail, 5. 
 
 The Skye Terrier. This dog is, with the exception 
 of the turnspit, and his foreign representative, the barbet, 
 the longest of all dogs in proportion to his height. From, 
 the nose to the tip of his tail, when extended, the Skye 
 should measure at least three times its height, and some- 
 times it is met with three and a half times as long. At 
 the same time its coat is so developed that its shape is 
 really very like the door-mat to which it is so often 
 compared— ears, legs, and tail all merging in one mass, 
 with the exception of the tip of the latter, and of the feet. 
 In a well-coated specimen the eyes are only to be guessed 
 at, and even the nose is often obscured ; but generally 
 they are each more or less visible on a close inspection. 
 
 The head looks large, from the profusion of hair with 
 which it is invested, but it is not really so. Its shape is 
 not easily got at, but it is somewhat wide, while the neck 
 is unusually long. The eyes, which are from the same 
 cause scarcely visible, are found, on separating the over- 
 hanging hair, to be keen, expressive, small, and generally 
 of a dark colour, either black or brown, as are the nose 
 and palate. The ears are of good size, that is, about 
 3 in. long, clothed thickly with hair, which should mingle 
 with that of the face and neck, and decidedly, in my 
 opinion, should fall, but not quite close to the chcwl;, 
 
72 
 
 Useful CoJ)ipanions of Man. 
 
 owing to llie quantity of hair by which they are sur- 
 rounded. Many breeders, however, prefer the prick-ear, 
 asserting that the strains possessing it are harder and 
 better at vermin. The mouth must be level, with a large 
 and black nose. The body is too much coated to show 
 
 
 ^^^-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 J^^ii. 
 
 
 
 Dandie Dinmont Terrier. 
 
 its shape, and the form of the shoulder and back ribs 
 can only be ascertained by handling. 
 
 The fore-legs are generally more or less bandy ; there 
 are no dewclaws, and the feet are not very strong, having 
 a tendency to flatness, and thinness of the soles. Tail 
 long, and carried horizontally, but with a sweep, so that 
 the tip is a little below the level of the back. Weight 
 
Useful Compafiions of Alan. 73 
 
 from 10 lbs. to 18 lbs., the bitches bemg nearly as heavy 
 as the dogs — perliaps about 2 lbs. less. 
 
 The colours most fancied are steel with black tips, 
 fawn with dark brown tips to the ears and tail, dark slaty 
 blue (slightly grizzled, but without any absolute admix- 
 ture of white), black, and pure fawn — the order we have 
 named being in accordance with the value of each. The 
 hair should be long, straight, and shining like that of the 
 tail of the horse, any appearance of silkiness, woolliness, 
 or curl being to be avoided, excepting on the top of the 
 head, where it may have a slight tendency to the first- 
 named condition. 
 
 ThQ points ^XQ : Coat, 25; colour, 20; head, 10; ears, 
 10; length of body, 10; carriage of tail, 10; symmetry, 15. 
 
 The Dandle Dinmont resembles the Skye terrier in 
 general appearance, but there are several points of great 
 importance by which the two may be distinguished. As 
 stated in the Field, and not contradicted, Sir Walter Scott 
 was the first to draw attention to this breed in the second 
 of the Waverley series of novels, in which Dandie Din- 
 mont, of Charlieshope, is introduced as the owner of 
 '•' auld Pepper and auld Mustard, and young Pepper and 
 young Mustard, and little Pepper and little Mustard," 
 which he had "a' regularly entered, first wi' rottens, then 
 \vi' stots or weazels, and then wi* the tods and brocks, 
 and now," as he said, " they fear naething that ever cam' 
 wi' a hairy skin on't." According to this high authority 
 in matters canine, therefore, the dog of his day was a good 
 vermin-killer, and so he remains to this day. The original 
 of this strongly-marked character was a Mr. James David- 
 son of Hindlee, holding from Lord Douglas a wild farm 
 on the edge of the Teviotdale mountains, bordering closely 
 on Liddesdale. He was an ardent fox-hunter, according 
 to the fashion of the district, which is detailed at lengtli 
 in the twenty-fifth chapter of ''Guy Mannering," and 
 which, as Sir Walter remarks, was conducted in a manner 
 to " shock a member of the Pytchley Hunt " — the fox 
 (tod) being coursed by an indefinite number of " large 
 and fierce greyhounds," when driven from his earth by 
 the '^ terriers, including the whole generation of Peppei 
 
74 Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 and Mustard," together with " mongrel, whelp, and cur 
 of low degree." Excepting, therefore, by tradition, the 
 Dandie Dinmont terrier can only be traced back about 
 three-quarters of a century. Mr. Macdona (of St. Bernard 
 fame) has obtained access to a curious document in Mr. 
 James Davidson's handwriting, which was sent to the 
 Hon. George H. Baillie, of INIillerstown. as follows :— 
 
 " 1800. — Tuggin, from A. Armstrong, reddish and wiry; 
 Tarr, reddish and wire haired, a bitch ; Pepper, shaggy 
 and light, from Dr. Brown, of Borjenwood. The race of 
 Dandies are bred from the two last. — J. D." 
 ■ Mr. Macdona, in a letter to the Field, dated November 
 2, 1869, concludes "from this, that Dr. Brown, of Bor- 
 jenwood, gave Mr. Davidson, in the year 1800, Pepper 
 and Tarr, and that this couple were, without doubt, the 
 first parents of all true-bred Dandie Dinmonts, being the 
 original stock from whence all Mr. Davidson's genera- 
 tions of Mustards and Peppers sprang.'* And in this 
 conclusion I think him perfectly right. Of late years 
 the most celebrated strains have been those of the Duke 
 of Buccleuch, obtained direct from James Davidson ; Sir 
 G. Douglas, of Springwood Park; Mr. Stoddart, of Selkirk; 
 Mr. Frain, of The Trews; Mr. M^Dougall, of Cessford; 
 Mr. Somners, of Kelso ; Dr. Brown, of Melrose ; Mr. 
 Aitken, of Edinburgh; Mr. Hugh Purvis, of Leaderfoot; 
 Mr. Nicol Milne, of Faldonside ; and Mr. Bradshav/ 
 Smith, of Ecclefechan. 
 
 The points of the Dandie are as follows : — 
 
 Head — Targe and long, with immensely strong jaws 
 and teeth, which are quite level, and the nose cut short 
 like a pointer's. The head of the bitch is generally much 
 smaller than that of the dog, so that they may be distin- 
 guished by a glance. 
 
 Ears — Pendant, from 3 to 4 in. long, and hanging close 
 to the cheek, as the hound's or beagle's, but not so broad 
 or round at the point — more in the shape of an almond 
 or filbert. 
 
 Eyes — Full, bright, and very intelligent. 
 
 Neck — Well developed and rather short. 
 
 Body — Long, but not quite so long as that of a good 
 
Useful Companions of Man. 75 
 
 Skye, being about 2| times the height, with low shoulders, 
 and the back slightly curved down behind them, with a 
 corresponding arch of the loin. 
 
 Legs — Short, particularly in front, with extraordinary 
 bone and muscle in proportion to the size. 
 
 Tail — Slightly curved, and carried over the back in a 
 hound-like manner, with little or no feather on it. 
 
 Height — From 10 to 12 in. to top of shoulders; it may 
 be less, but it should not be more. 
 
 Coat — A mixture of hardish and soft (but not silky) 
 sliort hair — what old John Stoddort used to term a *' pily 
 coat'' — with the head more or less covered with soft and 
 silky hair (which is generally of a lighter colour than that 
 on the body) ; and the legs and feet partake to a slight 
 extent of the same soft silky hair. 
 
 Colour — Either "mustard" (reddish-brown) or "pep- 
 per" (bluish-grey), or a combination of both, in which 
 case the back is of the latter colour, while the legs, inside 
 of ears, chest, and under-side of tail are " mustard," 
 verging ork a pale tan or fawn-colour. 
 
 Weight — From 13 to 18 lbs. 
 
 T\\Q points are : Head, 15 ; ears, 10 ; eyes, 5 ; colour, 
 20; coat, 20; symmetry, 10; feet and legs, 10; carnage 
 of tail, 10. 
 
 Bedlington Terrier. — This is probably one of the 
 most active, plucky, and thoroughly game members of 
 the terrier breed. His origin is involved in some doubt, 
 though it is averred that he is descended from the same 
 source as the Dandie Dinmont. The following are the 
 points claimed for him by the first breeders of the day, 
 and also laid down by the Bedlington Club. The Head 
 IS not quite ferrety, but wedge-shaped. The Skull is high 
 and peaked ; the jaws are long and lean, and punishing, 
 with large strong teeth. Many dogs are pig-jawed, but 
 preference should be given to level, strong teeth. The 
 nose is well developed, standing out prominently from the 
 jaws. The nose is black in the blue, or blue and tan 
 breeds, and flesh-coloured in the light-coloured dogs. 
 1\\QEars resemble those of the Dandy Dinmont, not being 
 set on low, lying easily on the cheek, being shaped like 
 
!(> 
 
 IJsefid Compaitions of Man. 
 
 the filbert, and feathered at the tips. The Eyes are small, 
 well placed^ singularly bright, and piercing during anima- 
 tion. The Coloiir varies with that of the coat generally, 
 but too much stress should not be laid on this point. 
 
 Bedlington Terrier. 
 
 The Neck is long and strong, and well set on the body, 
 being especially wide at the base. The Body is compact, 
 well knit together, somewhat long, and having the appear- 
 ance of strength, combined with speed. The Ribs are 
 somewhat flat, the Back short, Loiiis strong and slightly 
 arched, the hind-quarters being slightly elevated above 
 the fore. The Legs are straight, rather long, and the 
 muscles hard and well defined. The Feet are large, a 
 
Useful Companions of Man. 'jy 
 
 point of singular distinction. The Coat is " woolly," or, 
 according to some, ** linty," having a " sprinkling of wiry 
 hairs through it." The Colour is blue and tan, red, liver, 
 liver and tan, or sandy. The blue is decided, without 
 inclining to black, and the tan is light. The Weight 
 varies from i8 to 25 lbs.; good specimens stand well and 
 firm on apparently long legs, which undoubtedly enhance 
 the general appearance. 
 
 The dog which may be cited as an illustration or type 
 of the Bedlington terrier, is " Orme," the property of 
 Mr. John Smith, of Montrose. He has gained upwards 
 of thirty First Prizes, also a Cup, Gold Medals, and two 
 Championships. At home he is a house companion, but 
 away, he is liable to resist handling by strangers. For 
 this fault he on two occasions was put back to a second 
 position. His colour is liver, and show- weight 23 lbs. 
 
 The Irish Terrier has been known as a distinct 
 breed for many years, and is now brought to great per- 
 fection in all the desired points. As an ordinary country 
 sportsman's dog he is probably not to be surpassed. His 
 general appearance is that of a complete terrier, larger 
 than the rough Scotch terrier, having a shorter body but 
 longer legs than the Skye. He is rough, wild, and bold 
 as a lion, of quick perception, and his unkempt coat 
 completes his character as a truly Irish dog. The 
 following description is the standard laid down by the 
 Irish Terrier Club. The Head is long ; the skull flat and 
 rather narrow between ears, getting slightly narrower 
 towards the eye ; free from wrinkle ; stop hardly visible, 
 except in profile. Thtjaiv must be strong and muscular, 
 but not too full in the cheek, and of a good punishing 
 length, but not so fine as a white English terrier's. 
 There should be a slight falling away below the eye, so as 
 not to have a greyhound appearance. Hair on face of 
 same description as on body, but short (about a quarter of 
 an inch long), in appearance almost smooth and straight; 
 a slight beard is the only longish hair (and it is only long 
 in comparison with the rest) that is permissible, and that 
 is characteristic. The Teeth should be strong and level, 
 the Lips not so tight as a Bull terrier's, but well fitting. 
 
yS Useful Companio7is of Man. 
 
 showing through the hair their black lining. The Nose 
 must be black ; the Eyes a dark hazel colour, small, not 
 prominent, and full of Ufe, fire, and intelligence; the 
 Ears., when uncut, V-shaped, of moderate thickness, set 
 well up on the head, and dropping forward closely to the 
 cheek. The ear must be free of fringe, and the hau 
 thereon shorter and generally darker in colour than on 
 the body. The Neck should be of a fair length, and 
 gradually widening towards the shoulders, well carried 
 and free of throatiness. There is generally a sort of frill 
 visible at each side of the neck, running nearly to the 
 corner of the ear, which is looked on as very characteristic. 
 The Shoulders must be fine, long, and sloping well into the 
 back ; the Chest deep and muscular, but neither full nor 
 wide ; the Body moderately long. The Back should be 
 strong and straight, with no appearance of slackness 
 behind the shoulders ; the Loins broad and powerful, 
 and slightly arched ; Ribs fairly sprung, rather deep than 
 round, and well ribbed back. Hind-quarters well under 
 the dog, should be strong and muscular, the Thighs 
 powerful, Hocks near the ground; Stifles not much bent. 
 Stern., generally docked, should be free of fringe or 
 feather, set on pretty high, carried gaily, but not over the 
 back or curled. The Feet should be strong, tolerably 
 round, and moderately small ; Toes arched, and neither 
 turned out nor in ; black toe-nails are preferable and 
 most desirable ; Legs moderately long, well set from the 
 Shoulders^ perfectly straight, with plenty of bone and 
 muscle ; the Elbow working freely clear of the sides ; 
 Paster7is short and straight, hardly noticeable. Both fore 
 and hind legs should be moved straight forward when 
 travelling ; the stifles not turned outwardly, the legs free 
 of feather, and covered, like the head, with as hard a 
 texture of coat as body, but not so long. The Coat is 
 hard and wiry, free of softness or silkiness, not so long 
 as to hide the outlines of the body, particularly in the 
 hind-quarters, straight and flat, no shagginess, and free of 
 lock or curl. Colour: Should be "wl.ole coloured," the 
 most preferable being bright red ; next wheaten yellow, 
 
^1 
 
 < 1-^ 
 
 SI- 
 
 O ^ u 
 
 :2 s >. 
 
 
Useful Companions of Man, 79 
 
 and grey, brindle disqualifying. White sometimes appears 
 on chest and feet ; it is more objectionable on the latter 
 than on the chest, as a speck of white on chest is fre- 
 quently to be seen in all self-coloured breeds. Size and 
 Symmetry: Weight in show condition, from 16 lbs. to 
 24 lbs. — say 16 lbs. to 24 lbs. for bitches, and 18 lbs. to 
 24 lbs. for dogs. The most desirable weight is 22 lbs. or 
 under, which is a nice styhsh and useful size. The dog 
 must present an active, lively, lithe, and wiry appearance, 
 lots of substance, at the same time free of clumsiness ; as 
 speed and endurance, as well as power, are very essential.. 
 They must be neither " cloddy" nor "cobby," but should 
 be framed on the "lines of speed," showing a graceful 
 "racing outline." Tempera}Jie?it : Dogs that are very 
 game are usually surly or snappish. The Irish terrier, 
 as a breed, is an exception, being remarkably good- 
 tempered, notably so with mankind, it being admitted, 
 however, that he is perhaps, a little too ready to resent 
 interference on the part of other dogs. There is a 
 heedless, listless pluck about the Irish terrier which is 
 characteristic, and coupled with the headlong dash, blind 
 to all consequences, with which he rushes at his adversary, 
 has earned for the breed the proud epithet of "The 
 Dare-Devils." When " off duty " they are characterised 
 by a quiet, caress-inviting appearance, and when one 
 sees them endearingly, timidly pushing their heads in 
 their master's hands it is difficult to realise that on 
 occasion, at the "set on," they can prove they have the 
 courage of a lion, and will fight on to the last breath in 
 their bodies. They develop an extraordinary devotion 
 to, and have been known to track their masters almost 
 incredible distances. 
 
 Disqualification. — BJ-indled in colour, nose cherry or 
 flesh coloured ; white anywhere is highly objectionable. 
 A grizzly appearance about the muzzle at four and five 
 years old is not considered to be detrimental. 
 
 The "V^elsli Terrier. — This dog has been known for 
 several generations as a distinct breed, and his peculiar 
 adaptation for rabbiting, getting foxes out of the rocks, 
 
8o Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 destroying lesser vermin, etc., has led to a careful system 
 of breeding, as well as training for efficiency. Special 
 strains are carefully preserved, of which full pedigrees are 
 also compiled. Successful shows were first held in 
 Bangor and Carnarvon, since which the breed has sprang 
 into high favour. The following are the points agreed 
 upon by the Welsh Terrier Club. Head: The skull 
 should be flat, and rather wider between the ears than the 
 wire-haired fox terrier. The jaw should be powerful, 
 clean cut, rather deeper, and more punishing — giving the 
 head a more muscular appearance than that usually seen 
 on a fox terrier ; stop not too defined ; fair length from 
 stop to the end of nose, the latter being of a black colour. 
 The Ear should be V-shaped, small, not too thin, set on 
 f lirly high, carried forward and close to the cheek. The 
 Eye should be small, not being deeply set in or protruding 
 out of the skull, of a dark hazel colour, expressive and 
 indicating abundant pluck. The Neck should be of a 
 moderate length and thickness, slightly arched, and 
 sloping gracefully into the shoulders. The Back should 
 be short, and well ribbed up, the loin strong, good depth, 
 and moderate width of chest. The Shoulders should be 
 long, sloping, and well set back. The Hind-quarters 
 should be strong, thighs muscular, and of good length, 
 with the hocks moderately straight, well let down, and 
 fair amount of bone. The Sterti should be set on 
 moderately high, but not too gaily carried. The Legs 
 should be straight and muscular, possessing fair amount 
 of bone, with upright and powerful pasterns. The Feet 
 should be small, round, and cat-like. The Coat should 
 be wiry, hard, very close and abundant. The Colour 
 should be black, or grizzle, and tan, free from black 
 pencilling on toes. The height at shoulder should be 
 15 inches for dogs, bitches proportionately less. Tivoity 
 pounds is considered a fair average weight in working 
 condition, but this may vary a pound or so either 
 way. 
 
 The Whippet. — The origin of this dog is given 
 in the closing lines concerning the Italian greyhound 
 at page 93. The whippet is comparatively a recent in- 
 
Useful Companions of Man. ' 8 1 
 
 troduction, being the result of a cross with the terrier 
 and Italian greyhound. Earlier crosses, twenty-five or 
 thirty years ago, were, doubtless, intended to perfect the 
 breeding of the "snap-dog," by adding speed to his 
 qualification of killing the greatest number of rabbits. 
 The later development is evident in the former. He is, 
 therefore, a greyhound in miniature, possessing the 
 elegance and grace of the original ancestry, combined 
 with the pluck, and determination to " hold on," which 
 characterises the typical terrier. The whippet is now a 
 pure bred dog, having secured a place in the " Kennel 
 Stud Book," and is essentially a racing dog. As such he 
 is rapidly coming into increased prominence. He is no 
 less a show dog, sporting dog, or constant companion, 
 and runs in all colours, as black, blue, brindle, or fawn, 
 with a dash of white in some instances. The points are 
 those of a good greyhound, with the exception that the 
 head, comparatively speaking, is not so long or so fine, 
 the prominence of the frontal bones, immediately above 
 the eyes, being the stamp of the terrier breed. 
 
 The Old English or Bob-tailed Sheep Dog. — This 
 dog is justly entitled to greater consideration than he has 
 hitherto received among the numerous exhibits at the 
 various dog shows throughout England. His services 
 have been mostly confined to the southern counties, by- 
 drovers of sheep and cattle ; he is not, therefore, so well 
 known as he should be. Many specimens do not present 
 an inviting appearance, being ill-fed and otherwise badly 
 treated, which severely operate upon all animals, to the 
 prejudice of their intelligence and cleverness. There are, 
 however, among the members of the breed, not only well- 
 shaped, active, and intelligent dogs, but some are really 
 clever, and even beautiful creatures, and it may be 
 inferred that if as much care were bestowed upon him as 
 is given to the Scotch collie, the former would become 
 a close rival for the honours now carried off by the latter. 
 
 The Welsh origin of this dog has been strongly main- 
 tained, the contending parties having omitted to master 
 the details of their family history. Others have taken up 
 the task, and rescued from oblivion the interesting 
 
82 Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 information that so near a relation as the Grandfather 
 originally introduced the breed from Sussex. 
 
 This animal has been long known in Suffolk as the 
 " cow-dog," a service in which he proves himself singularly 
 clever and useful. At milking time he may be seen 
 taking his rest near the farm-steading, and as the cows 
 are turned out singly he ensures their return to the 
 pasture, and selecting another — always one that needs 
 milking — returns with her to the farm, where he remains 
 as before. It is remarkable that in this service the 
 " bobtail " never makes a mistake from first to last in the 
 daily routine. 
 
 The query of " tail," or " no tail " has proved a difficulty 
 to many. It is, however, fairly understood that the 
 peculiarity of the breed consists in the production of 
 puppies in the same litter with and ivithont tails, others 
 being considered short. In some instances docking is 
 resorted to at an early period, by which even some of the 
 knowing ones have been deceived. 
 
 The colour is steel grey, or black and tan, the first being 
 considered the hardier of the two. There are animals 
 which exhibit various shades of blue, blue merle, or 
 grizzle, having white on the face or legs. The Head is 
 large, wide across the forehead, the muzzle heavy and 
 somewhat short. The Eyes are small, being dark or 
 smutty grey \ the wall, or china eye being common to 
 light haired dogs. The Body is square, and of large 
 proportions, hind-quarters heavy and round, sloping 
 forwards. The Coat is broken, harsh, wavy, and dense 
 throughout. The Ears are small, well set, and covered 
 with wavy hair. The Limbs are strong, bony, well 
 furnished with muscle, flat from side to side, and covered 
 with hair to the bottom. The Eeet are large and round, 
 pads thick and horny, and the claws large and firm. The 
 powers of digestion and assimilation are good, and he is 
 able to subsist on common or coarse food ; the constitu- 
 tion is also hardy, bearing exposure to the vicissitudes of 
 weather without serious inconvenience. 
 
 Disqualifications. — Soft, and curly coat of a poodle-like 
 character ; black and tan, as well as brindled colours. 
 
Useful Companions of Man. S3 
 
 Noted examples of the class are " Sir Hereward," a 
 winner of numerous first prizes, and his descendants 
 "Sir Tatton," "Sir Coventry," "Sir Peveril," "Dame 
 Rachel," etc. 
 
 The Scotch Collie, or Highland Sheep Dog, is a far 
 more graceful animal, and his sense and intelligence are 
 equal to any breed of dogs in the world. Two races are 
 to be found in Scotland — the rough and the smooth. The 
 rough or shaggy-coated collie is the most choice descrip- 
 tion; for his impenetrable warm thick coat is a good 
 protection to him when h^s duty calls him to face the 
 storms and mists and snows of the wild mountains, espe- 
 cially when the stragglers of the flock have been covered 
 by the snow-drifts, and he goes in search of them with 
 his master. He has a fine fox-like muzzle ; full, expres- 
 sive, but rather crafty eyes ; small ears dropping forward, 
 and the mask of his face is smooth. From the base of 
 the skull the whole of the neck and the entire body are 
 protected by a deep, warm, long coat of various colours — 
 sometimes black with tan points ; sometimes sandy, or 
 of various mixed greys, some of which are singularly 
 beautiful and picturesque. There is generally a very 
 fine white line down the forehead, not amounting to a 
 blaze, as in the spaniels. His legs (especially the hind 
 legs, from the hocks) are bare, that is, not feathered ; and 
 for many years authorities on the dog have described the 
 collie as having one, or even two, dewclaws on each hind 
 leg, which is indeed generally the case. His neck is long 
 and rather arched ; his shoulders are set well back, and 
 are very powerful -, the elbow is w^ell let down ; the fore- 
 arm is short ; the ankles or pasterns are long, and rather 
 small for his size ; and the feet are round, arched, and 
 have excellent thick hard soles ; the chest is deep, but 
 rather narrow ; he is broad over his back ; his loins are 
 well arched ; the hips are wide ; his thighs are muscular, 
 and he is inclined to go rather wide behind ; the tail is 
 very bushy and large, and carried up when he is in 
 motion, and when he is controlling his excitement it is 
 turned over his back. 
 
 The Collie Club have arranged the standard of points 
 
§4 Useful Companions of Man. 
 
 as follows : The Skull of the collie should be quite flat 
 and rather broad, with fine tapering muzzle of fair length, 
 and mouth the least bit overshot, the Eyes widely apart, 
 almond-shaped, and obliquely set in the head \ the skin 
 of the head tightly drawn, with no folds at the corners of 
 the mouth ; the Ears as small as possible, semi-erect when 
 surprised or listening, at other times thrown back and 
 buried in the ruff. The Neck should be long, arched, and 
 muscular, the Shoulders also long, sloping, and fine at the 
 withers ; the Chest to be deep and narrow in front, but of 
 fair breadth behind the shoulders ; the Back to be short 
 and level, and the loin rather long, somewhat arched, and 
 powerful \ Brush long, '' wi' upward swirl " at the end, 
 and normally carried low. The Fore-legs should be 
 perfectly straight, with a fair amount of flat bone, the 
 pasterns rather long, springy, and slightly lighter of bone 
 than the rest of the leg ; the foot, with toes well arched 
 and compact soles, very thick. The Hi7id-quariers droop- 
 ing slightly, should be very long from the hip-bones to 
 the hocks, which should be neither turned inwards nor 
 outwards, with stifles well bent. ThQ Hip-bones should be 
 wide and rather rugged. The Coat, except on legs and 
 head, should be as abundant as possible ; the outer coat 
 straight, hard, and rather stiff, the under coat furry and 
 so dense that it should be difiicult to find the skin. The 
 Euf and Frill especially should be very full. There 
 should be but little feather on the fore-legs, and none 
 below the hocks on the hind-legs. Colour immaterial. 
 The dog should be a fair length on the leg, and his 
 movements wiry and graceful; he should not be toe 
 small ; height of dogs from 22 to 24 inches, bitches from 
 20 to 22 inches. The greyhound type is objectionable, 
 as there is no brain room in the skull, and with this there 
 is to be found a fatuous expression, and a long powerful 
 jaw. The setter type is also to be avoided, with a 
 pendulous ear, full soft eye, heavily feathered legs, and 
 straight short flag. The smooth collie only differs from 
 the rough in its coat, which should be hard, dense, and 
 quite smooth. 
 Disqualifications. — Domed skull, high peaked occipital 
 
■'""i. 
 
 «(/M\i^^.i'*f\'\y 
 
Useful Companions of Man. 85 
 
 bone, heavy pendulous ears, full soft eyes, heavy feathered 
 legs, short tail. 
 
 Competent judges of the collie will scarcely be satisfied 
 with some of the foregoing statements, notably those with 
 reference to the eyes being "widely apart," and "almond 
 shape." Surely the dog with such points would be an 
 oddity, and useless for his calHng. For other useful 
 strictures, the reader is referred to the monograph by 
 Dalziel.* 
 
 The Smooth Collie is believed to be a separate 
 breed by many fanciers, who fail to see that he is the 
 facsimile of the rough-coated dog. His points except the 
 coat are the same, and he therefore needs no special 
 comment. Puppies of the smooth variety are not 
 infrequently met with in the litters of rough-coated 
 collies, over which every care has been exercised. There 
 are, however, two varieties of this dog, which are as 
 widely different in their capabiHties as in their outward 
 conformation. In his natural place the former is trained 
 for work among the sheep of the bleak Highland regions, 
 about which he proceeds with a dignity and grace 
 unknown in the other. The Lowland dog finds his 
 service commonly among cows, and he lacks the energy 
 and experience of his aristocratic rival of the Highlands. 
 The head of the Highland collie, taken as a whole, is a 
 perfect study ; the set of the ears, and the intelligent 
 gaze of his eyes combine in assuring you " the dog kens 
 what ye are talkin' aboot, and what ye are thinkin' aboot 
 tae."' The slightest utterance, or movement of the hand 
 is ample for his quick intelligence, and he bounds away 
 with the speed of the antelope. His attachment to his 
 master is based on his special intelligence, for in this 
 respect he is above all other dogs. We have known a 
 collie to follow his master hundreds of miles, taking his 
 place on the steamboats, visiting the usual places of call, 
 and after an unsuccessful search in distant towns, return 
 home by the same route, tired, hungry, and almost 
 prostrate; and on meeting the object of his solicitude, 
 
 * " The Collie." London : E. Upcott Gill, 
 
S6 Ladies' Toy Dogs. 
 
 throw himself at his feet, and yell with delight. A 
 little later he rests on the rug before the blazing fire, his 
 huge paws covering his beloved master's feet, and as he 
 steadily gazes you read in those starlit eyes the petition 
 " Ye'll gang awa nae mair." 
 
 The Pomeranian or Spitz, like the St. Bernard, can 
 scarcely be called a dog of the British Islands, but, Uke 
 that dog, it is now so common as to be almost naturalized 
 among us. It resembles, in shape of body and head, the 
 Scotch collie, but is a size smaller, carries the tail over the 
 back, and is generally of a pure white colour. The ears 
 also are more pricked, being quite fox or wolf-like in 
 their character. Hence it is often called in France by 
 the name hulou. No points have been assigned to this 
 breed as yet. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 LADIES' TOY DOGS. 
 
 Kins Charles Spaniel— Blenheim Spaniel— Italian Greyhound— Pug- 
 Maltese Dog— Toy Terrier — Poodle. 
 
 Fashion changes her toy dogs just as often as her 
 costumes, and the favourite of one year is turned into the 
 streets (metaphorically) the next. Poodles, spaniels, 
 terriers, Italian greyhounds, and pugs, have eacli had 
 their reign, but at present it would be difficult to deter- 
 mine which has the pre-eminence. As a rule, the short- 
 haired dog makes a better drawing-room pet than his 
 long-coated rival, and especially when his skin is pecu- 
 liarly free from smell, as is the case with the pug dog and 
 Italian greyhound. Hence it is no wonder that these 
 little animals fetch £:^o apiece, though we have known 
 ;^5o paid for a King Charles spaniel ; and this being the 
 highest sum I ever heard of as paid for a toy dog, I shall 
 commence with that breed. 
 
Ladies' Toy Dogs, 87 
 
 The King Charles Spaniel is now always either 
 black and tan without white, or a mixture of these colours 
 in handsome patches, the tan spot over the eye in the 
 latter case being always an important feature. In the 
 time of Charles II., from whom the dog gets his name, 
 the colour, as shown by Vandyck, was liver and white, 
 which colour was in vogue until the present century, when 
 the black and tan superseded it, and is now considered tlie 
 speciality of the breed. Nor is the modern shortness of 
 face of old standing when carried to the extreme which 
 now prevails. Vandyck's dogs are quite sharp-nosed, 
 and those which I remember early in the present century 
 were at least only halfway on the road to the state in 
 which they are now exhibited, with faces like those of 
 the bulldog. At present the dog should weigh about 7 lbs, 
 (not more than 10 lbs.) Perfection in shape is seldom 
 attained below 7 lbs., but if it can be obtained in smaller 
 compass, so much the better 
 
 He should have a round skull and large round promi- 
 nent eyes, with a deep indentation or "stop" between them. 
 The lower jaw should project beyond the upper, and 
 turn up. Large ears " touching the ground " are highly 
 esteemed, but this is a figurative expression. They must 
 droop close to the head and be thickly coated. The back 
 of all the legs must be densely feathered, and the feet must 
 be almost lost in the feather, which ought to project 
 beyond the nails. 
 
 The tail should be carried low, the dog should stand 
 on short legs, and appear compact. Any protrusion of 
 the tongue is most objectionable. 
 
 His coat should be silky, straight, very abundant, and 
 of the richest colour. The black should be intense, the 
 tan vivid and rich. The dog should be altogether free 
 from white. He should have tan of this rich red quality 
 on his cheeks and the inner margin of the ear. His lips 
 should be tan, and he should have a spot of the same 
 colour over eacli eye ; the larger this spot is the better. 
 His cheeks should be well tanned, also his chest or 
 " mane," all his legs, his belly, the feather of his haunches, 
 his vent, and the under plumage of his tail. 
 
88 Ladies* Toy Dogs. 
 
 The following scale oi points is in general acceptation : 
 — Form of head, lo ; nose and formation of jaw, lo ; 
 eyes, lo ; ears, lo ; coat and texture, lo ; form and com- 
 pactness, lo; brilliancy of colour, lo; feather of legs 
 and feet, lo ; size and weight, lo ; carriage of tail, lo — 
 total, ICO. 
 
 The Blenheim Spaniel was thus described in the 
 Field oi^t^t. 15, 1866:— 
 
 " This drawing-room favourite derives his name from 
 the celebrated seat of the Dukes of Marlborough, where 
 he used to be carefully bred ; the town of Woodstock 
 being some years ago the fountain-head for pure Blenheim 
 spaniels, which could also be purchased wonderfully 
 small and well marked at Oxford about twenty-five years 
 since. 
 
 " It is very difficult indeed to trace the origin of this dog, 
 which judging from Vandyck's pictures, was cherished at 
 Courts in the days of Charles I. Sir Godfrey Kneller, 
 we have heard, has painted small red and white spaniels 
 at the feet of several Court beauties, or nesthng in their 
 laps. We are also informed that portraits from his hand 
 are to be seen at Blenheim Palace and Arundel Castle, 
 and that the small 'comforter' of this colour was in 
 favour in the reigns of Charles II., James II., and up to 
 the end of the time of Queen Anne. 
 
 " It has been called the ' Marlborough spaniel ' by 
 some authors, who assert that it was first crossed with 
 the King Charles, otherwise known as the King James 
 spaniel, by a former Duke of Norfolk, who had a large 
 number of them at Worksop. 
 
 " It has been asserted that the same description of dog 
 was a favourite in the time of Henry VIII., that it was 
 much esteemed by Elizabeth, and that the small ' dogg ' 
 which was found under the clothes of Mary Queen of 
 Scots after her execution was of this breed. As we have 
 before stated, it is almost impossible to give positive in- 
 formation as to the first origin of the Blenheim ; and we 
 incline to the opinion that it sprang from a race of 
 cockers of that colour, for which the first owner of Blen- 
 heim was celebrated, and that the small race known by 
 
Ladies' Toy Dogs, 89 
 
 that name derived their origin from in-and-in breeding, 
 and jealousy to preserve the breed. 
 
 "Good specimens were the great exception; and about 
 the year 1841' perhaps but two or three good specimens 
 existed in the neighbourhood of Blenheim, and of these 
 we can call to mind but one of surpassing excellence, a 
 bitch named Rose, belonging to A. R. Reingle, Esq., of 
 Oxford. This bitch would at the present time bear com- 
 parison with anything to be purchased in London, and 
 she quite came up to the description we shall give of a 
 true ' Blenheim.' 
 
 "This charming spaniel did not weigh more than 4I lbs. 
 or 5 lbs. Her head (exquisitely modelled and full of cha- 
 racter and intelligence) was in exact proportion to her 
 size. Her coat was soft, silky, shining, luxuriant, and of 
 transparent wmteness, except where it was stained in 
 patches with the genuine rich 'Blenheim orange,' whilst 
 her feet and legs were almost lost in the exuberant feather 
 of her ' mane,' body, and thighs. 
 
 "At the time Rose was in her glory we were receiving 
 instructions from her owner, and possessed many oppor- 
 tunities of marking her beauty and intelligence — two 
 properties which are not always found together in pet 
 spaniels. 
 
 ' "The Blenheim is at the present time rare,. but, com- 
 pared with the King Charles, it does not connnand a 
 large price. About a year ago it was with the greatest 
 difficulty we procured one; although of perfect form and 
 exceedingly diminutive, only ^1^ was asked for it, whilst 
 a King Charles of equal excellence would have been 
 cheap at double the money. 
 
 , " The points of the Blenheim do not differ from those 
 of the King Charles. The main difference consists in 
 the colour and markings, and in the texture of the hair, 
 which may be more waved in the Blenheim than in the 
 other breed. He should have the same round skull, the 
 same prominent, large, round eyes, weeping and wet at 
 the corner, and leaving a wet trace down the cheek. He 
 must also have the deep stop, the projecting lower jaw,' 
 and the short black nose. He should have large, well- 
 
go Ladies' Toy Dogs. 
 
 coated ears ; but we must not expect to find them so 
 dense or so deep and large as in the King Charles. He 
 must be compact, well coated, and the feather of his legs 
 and thighs must be profuse. His tail should be bushy, 
 < well flagged,' and carried low. He should not exceed 
 5 lbs. in weight ; and if he weighs 8 lbs. or 9 lbs. he is of 
 very little value. 
 
 " His head should be well marked, a white streak 
 should run down his skull, and his lips and chin should 
 be white, freckled with red. In the centre of this white 
 blaze, or rather in the centre of his forehead, he should 
 have the ' spot ' about the size of and as round as a six- 
 pence. His chest must be exceedingly well coated ; and 
 to this point of beauty great attention should be directed 
 by any judge, as the ' mane ' has always been a great 
 point in Blenheims. 
 
 *'The markings of the body are not of very great im- 
 portance, provided there is no preponderance of either 
 colour, and that both are distinct or clear. Freckled legs 
 are not in favour; and although a few spots would not 
 prejudice a judge, the fewer of these spots the better. 
 
 "The 'red' should be brilHant, and of a yellow or 
 golden hue, by no means approaching the deep sienna 
 stain of the black-tan spaniel or Gordon setter; and many 
 admirable specimens of breeding are of a positively sandy 
 tone. This colour is not, however, Bknhewi colour, which 
 ought to be rich, pure, and defined. The well-bred animal 
 is lively in temperament, but is more capricious and snap- 
 pish than the King Charles ; and occasionally it forms 
 deep and lasting attachments to those with whom it as- 
 sociates." 
 
 I give the/^////Jof the Blenheim thus:— Form of head, 
 15 ; eyes and ears, 15 ; coat, 10 ; compactness and form, 
 10; brilliant colour and spots, 20; feather of legs and 
 feet, 10; size and weight, 10; and tail and its position, 10 
 — total, 100. 
 
 The Italian Greyhound.— All authorities unite m 
 the opinion that this beautiful little dog must be an 
 English smooth greyhound in everything but size, which 
 is tantamount to stating that it must be one of the most 
 
Ladies' Tov Dogs. 91 
 
 graceful, or, perhaps, the most graceful and racing-looking 
 creature on the face of the earth. 
 
 Bewick gives no engraving of the Italian greyhound, 
 which is to be regretted ; and without doubt he would 
 have given one if a specimen could have been procured. 
 
 In Italy it has always been a favourite, and we gather 
 from the pictures of Antoine Watteau, the celebrated 
 French painter, that it was much esteemed by the lords 
 and ladies of his country at the close of the seventeenth 
 or at the beginning of the eighteenth century ; but they 
 were known and in the hands of the rich — as graceful 
 and perhaps as small as at the present time — in Milan in 
 the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. 
 
 Hogarth has represented a pair of dogs, somewhat of 
 the breed, in one of his pictures of "Marriage a la Mode," 
 and this dog occasionally appears in the portraits of our 
 old English families ; but as we have before observed, it 
 has always been scarce, and it is exceedingly delicate and 
 hard to rear. 
 
 It is neither more nor less than a small greyhound, for 
 which Italy was celebrated, and which perhaps was origi- 
 nally bred as a distinct breed. It must have become 
 dwarfed from climate or constant " in-breeding," but it 
 has never been in any way deformed by the means 
 adopted to decrease its size. 
 
 The externaT form of the Italian exactly corresponds 
 with that of the smooth English greyhound. I will ob- 
 serve that the head should be wide behind, and larger 
 in circumference if measured over the ears than over the 
 eyebrows. The jaw should be very lean, with a good 
 muscular development of the cheek. The eye of the 
 Italian variety, however, shoul I not be so large or full as 
 that of the English dog. 
 
 It has been settled that the ear of the Italian should be 
 exceedingly small, and falling flat, except when the animal 
 is animated. It may then be slightly raised, but never 
 pricked. 
 
 Blue and fawn are the favourite colours; the latter 
 should be of an auburn hue. Various colours, however, 
 are fashionable for a time, and then fancy changes. At 
 
92 Ladies' Toy Dogs. 
 
 one time cream-coloured dogs commanded the highest 
 price, then white with black nose. At one time black 
 muzzles were in vogue, and we believe they are preferred 
 at the present time, and party-coloured dogs are not 
 thought much of. When these dogs are self-coloured, 
 they should be free from any white, and this may be pre- 
 dicated of every description of dog or hound. Fawn 
 dogs should have black toe-nails. All of the breed should 
 have very glossy coats and a compact form. The tail 
 should be very fine, and though coated, and not bare or 
 showing the caudal vertebrae, it should be void of all 
 roughness. 
 
 The weight must not exceed 8 lbs. or 9 lbs., and the dog 
 is valuable in proportion as he weigns less than this. 
 Specimens have been bred, which, at maturity, did not 
 reach 5 lbs., but they were very delicate and shy. Some 
 of the best shaped and most perfect greyhounds of this 
 description have reached from 14 lbs. to 18 lbs., and at 
 this weight they are certainly more robust than the more 
 valuable dwarfs, occasionally becoming fat and losing the 
 beautiful lines of their kind. The bitches are much less 
 than the dogs. 
 
 Some very charming specimens have been shown in 
 London. We have a lively recollection of Mrs. Burke's 
 Silver, Dr. Palmer's Garibaldi, and Mr. Hugh Hanly's 
 Psyche. Some very good ones have also appeared at ali 
 our metropolitan exhibitions. But at the present moment 
 it would be exceedingly difficult to obtain a first-class 
 specimen, and I have no hesitation in saying it is the 
 rarest dog of the day. 
 
 It has been crossed in Staffordshire with the small bull 
 terrier with advantage, and the produce displayed no 
 delicacy and lost none of its courage. I have seen many 
 of these in "the black country." They were slate-coloured 
 or blue-tanned, and very like the blue terrier known in 
 London as the " Blue Peter," which I suspect is bred in a 
 similar manner. 
 
 Although the pure Italian greyhound is generally deli- 
 cate and nervous, it now and then displays wonderful 
 affection and fidelity, and we remember hearing that a 
 
Ladies' Toy Dogs. 93 
 
 celebrated bitch of the breed, named Fly, the property of 
 the same gentleman who possessed the Blenheim Rose, 
 once jumped from a third-story window into tlie street to 
 follow her master, and alighted without injury. 
 
 ) This dog was used as a model by more than one sculp- 
 tor, and we believe that she was the original of the cele- 
 brated and artistic model in parian published by the artist 
 potter of the day. The points of this animal are of course 
 identical with those of the smooth English greyhound, 
 but some preference in marks must be given for the 
 fashionable colour at the time when the award is made. 
 They are, therefore, as follows: — Head, 15; neck, 5; 
 legs and feet, 15; shoulders, 10; hind quarters, 15; 
 back, 10; symmetry, 10; tail, 5 ; colour and coat, 10; 
 size, 5. 
 
 The Pug Dog is now again in fashion, but between 
 the years 1836-46 it was the rarest breed in Great Britain. 
 About the year 1843 one or two specimens were obtained 
 by a member of the Willoughly family, and, under his 
 fostering care, admirable examples were produced. The 
 old and absurd system of cropping off the whole of the 
 ears prevailed, and this cruelty was excused because it 
 occasioned that wrinkling and puckering of the forehead 
 considered essential in a pug dog. The barbarous fashion 
 was continued simply because it had been followed in the 
 days of our grandfathers and great-grandfathers, at any 
 rate up to the year 1804, when the dog was the rage; and 
 very beautiful specimens thus mutilated have been ex- 
 hibited at our modern dog shows. Within the last 
 ^t'N years this unhappy custom has been on the wane, 
 and where expediency cannot be pleaded, owing to 
 the dog's occupation, we trust such torture will be aban- 
 doned. 
 
 The pug, it is said, derives his name from a Greek 
 word which forms the root of the Latin pugnus, a fist, as 
 his profile closely resembles a man's hand when tightly 
 clenched. This is open to question. It is more hkely 
 to have arisen from a study of the countenance, as well 
 as general appearance of the animal. The jet-black 
 
94 Ladies^ Toy Dogs. 
 
 muzzle, or mask, secured for him the term "carlin,** 
 from the resemblance to a harlequin who was famous in 
 France during the middle of last century. Previously the 
 breed was known in that country as " doguins " and 
 "roquets," names still retained in various parts. The 
 breed was carefully propagated, and highly esteemed 
 during many years, exclusively as parlour pets, many 
 wealthy families having their specially pure and cele- 
 brated " pugs." Such was the rage of fashion that no 
 lady was seen abroad without her pet, and when the 
 owner sat for his or her portrait, that of the pug occu- 
 pied a prominent place in the foreground. The old 
 English breed was distinguished by a black patch on the 
 head, known as the " black velvet," but the best breeds 
 of to-day are destitute of the mark. In Holland, and 
 Italy also, the breed has been highly prized, but in sym- 
 metry, colour, and special marking, the dogs are entirely 
 behind in all points of excellence. The Dutch dogs are 
 large, coarse, dull, and heavy, with crooked legs, those of 
 Italy being spoiled by impure crosses. The pug is a 
 perfect aristocrat in all his ways, especially in the pre- 
 sence of other dogs, but at heart he is minus the pluck 
 of our terriers. He nevertheless makes an excellent pet, 
 and settles down most admirably in the ways of ease and 
 luxury. 
 
 Some years ago a strain of all black pugs was intro- 
 duced, it is said, by the late Lady Brassey, some of 
 which were exhibited, showing the characteristics of the 
 breed. As a contrast to these, others have been pro- 
 duced almost or altogether white. 
 
 The origin of the black pug has been ascribed to 
 various sources. In one instance it is said to be the 
 result of pure accident, being a *' sport," descended from 
 an unusually dark coloured strain owned by a working 
 fancier in the north of London. Setting aside various 
 improbabilities, it is certain that Lady Brassey owned 
 several of these dogs, and although at the time it was 
 kept a close secret, it now seems to be well known that 
 they were Chinese or " Peking " pugs, obtained by her 
 
Ladies' Toy Dogs. 9$ 
 
 during her memorable voyage in the " Sunbeam," There 
 is now, therefore, no doubt that by subsequent mating a 
 distinct breed has been produced, with, however, the 
 tendency in some instances among individual members 
 to be grey instead of black. The present development 
 of the breed is largely due to three individuals — viz , 
 Mrs. Fiefield, of Eastleigh, Southampton, Miss " Morti- 
 vals,'.' (Miss M. D. Robinson), Takeley, Essex, and Mr. 
 A. Bond of Gravesend. 
 
 The black pug is somewhat altered by breeding in this 
 country. He stands on shorter legs and is thickly set or 
 " cobby " in appearance, while the head and face in 
 conformation possess the characteristics of our ordinary 
 pug-dog. Judging from the experience of the past, it is 
 not unlikely that he will perpetuate a true type, notwith- 
 standing some of the adverse criticisms which have been 
 launched against him. 
 
 Lord Willoughby d'Eresby, Mr. Morrison, of Walham 
 Green, the late Mr. H. Gilbert, Mr. John Anderson, Mr. 
 Jardine, Mr. Hinks (the owner of Madman, the celebrated 
 bull terrier), and Mr. Henry Brown, of GiUing Lodge, 
 Haverstock Hill, one of the most reliable breeders of 
 valuable dogs, and certainly one of the best judges in 
 England of toy dogs — all these and many others have 
 bred and exhibited beautiful specimens of the old English 
 pug dog ; and we may gather from tlie favour the dog 
 has met from high quarters that the breed is in no danger 
 of extinction. 
 
 The true English puo^ should be of a fawn or nu*tv- 
 colour, devoid of any smut approaching blachiess. Clear- 
 ness and purity of colour are essential, so as to render the 
 various markings (which I shall proceed to describe) as 
 clear and sharp in outHne as possible. The dog should 
 stand on short legs, as straight and well made as a fox- 
 hound, but with long " hare feet," the toes well split up. 
 His head should be round, and the forehead high and 
 monkey-like ; nose short, teeth level, jaw square. The 
 eye should be full and black ; the ears are small, silky, 
 black, and close to the head. A black mole should be 
 
96 
 
 Ladies Toy Dogs. 
 
 clearly marked on each cheek, with three hairs in each. 
 The mark should be black and positively marked with 
 well-developed wrinkles in the skin ; the neck should be 
 strong and thick, devoid of all loose or puckered skin. 
 The chest should be broad, the back and loins wide and 
 
 '"''''''"^'1 %''''' "'''I ' ■'Sl''il!i!''?V''''!!'''''''' 
 
 MP' 
 
 Maltese. 
 
 strong, and a black line or " trace " should run down the 
 back to the end of the tail. The tail should be tightly 
 curled over the side or hip, having a second curl, and 
 the point coming out. The ribs should be round—this 
 is a great point, as a ragged or narrow dog of this de- 
 scription is considered deformed. 
 
 It will be seen that compact form, pure colour, and 
 

 1^ S 
 
Ladies Toy Dogs. 97 
 
 distinct marking form the principal points in these dogs; 
 but perhaps hardly any toy dog requires a more experi- 
 enced eye. As all " toys " are beautiful by comparison, 
 no one can form a correct estimate of a dog's relative 
 value unless he is pretty well informed upon the subject^ 
 and the rivalry of breeders leads to one excellent example 
 giving place to another. 
 
 A narrow or poinied nose is a very great disfigurement ; 
 so is a woolly or dead coat. The coat should be sleek 
 and shining, short, and soft to the touch. Round feet 
 are also bad, so are white toes, or indeed, white any- 
 where. If the black of the mask melts gradually into 
 grey, and is softened until it mingles with the fawn, the 
 dog loses much of its value. 
 
 ThQ poifits of a pug we give below : — Head, 10 ; ears, 
 10 j pure colour, 15; distinct mask, 10; black trace, 10; 
 cheek moles, 5; quality of coat, 10; curl of tail, 10; 
 compactness, 10; hare feet, 10 — total, 100. 
 
 The Maltese Dog resembles in general appearance a 
 diminutive Skye terrier, differing chiefly in being of much 
 less size, shorter in the back, and far more silky in coat, 
 which should be of the purest white. Most of the breed 
 are very animated in expression, and in every way are 
 well adapted to be made drawing-room pets. Mr. Mande- 
 ville, of London, has of late years carried all before him 
 at the various shows, and indeed, has had little opposition, 
 so completely have the claims of his strain been recog- 
 nised. 
 
 This pretty, diminutive animal has long been an 
 especial favourite as a pet or parlour dog, but by some 
 strange absurdity has been commonly spoken of as a 
 terrier, of whose blood not a drop flows in his veins. 
 His pedigree is long, stretching away far back in the 
 annals of the ancient races. Few, if any, older variety 
 exists. History associates them with the high-born 
 dames of Greece and Rome, who lavished large sums on 
 the importation of the Maltese lap-dog. What they were 
 in those days it is impossible to say, as to form, size, 
 colour, coat, and actual weight. Records are strangely 
 
98 Ladies' Toy Dogs. 
 
 wanting, even in the original home of his birth. Nothing 
 of the breed, as we know -it at this day, exists in the 
 Island of Malta. As a drawing-room pet, it would be 
 impossible to find a dog so thoroughly adapted for the 
 purpose. Besides being diminutive, he is even-tempered, 
 sagacious, and firm in his attachment. No breed of dog 
 is more cleanly in his habits. He is surprisingly intelli- 
 gent, rapidly discovers the mind of his teacher, and 
 easily becomes proficient in various feats. He is full of 
 life and spirits, moves with the alertness and grace of the 
 squirrel, and by his innocent cunning and clever antics 
 proves himself an indispensable companion. One of the 
 most perfect dogs of this breed is said to be " Prince 
 Lillywhite," by " Prince Leopold," ex " Queenie." He 
 is the property of Mrs. Watts, of Antwerp House, 48 
 Lordship Road, Stoke Newington, N. 
 
 The points are as follows :— Head, closely resembles 
 that of the Skye terrier, but the hair covering the face is 
 more flossy. The general coat is as long also, but more 
 transparent and soft, sometimes running into a fine species 
 of wool ; tail carried over the back, but very short with a 
 brush of silky hair. Colour white, with an occasional 
 patch of fawn. Weight, not more than 6 lbs. or 7 lbs., 
 and as much less as possible. 
 
 The points are :^— Colour, 30 ; coat^ 30; nose and eyes, 
 20; tail and carriage, 15 ; symmetry, 5. 
 
 The Toy Terrier.— Each variety of the terrier when 
 bred less than 5, or even 7 lbs., is considered to belong 
 to the toys. If black and tan, the colours should be very 
 distinct and rich, without a speck of white, and on the 
 tan each toe should be pencilled with a fine streak of 
 black, reaching to the knee. This is a point greatly in- 
 sisted on by fanciers. In other respects the description 
 of this dog already given will apply. Blue and fawn 
 smooth terriers are also prized highly, but they are not 
 so handsome in my opinion as the black and tan. 
 Smooth white terriers should be without a speck of 
 colour ; but they show too much of the pink colour of 
 the skin for my taste. These dogs have generally their 
 
Ladies^ Toy Dogs. 99 
 
 ears clipped, with tails left perfect, but some people 
 prefer both left as Nature provides them. The rough 
 blue fawn, silky coat terrier, makes a very pretty toy 
 dog, and so does the dwarf bull terrier — both resembling 
 the larger breeds in all points. The Italian greyhound, 
 crossed with the terrier or spaniel, is often passed off as 
 the pure toy terrier, especially the latter, which may be 
 known by the full eye peculiar to the spaniel breed. 
 
 The Poodle. — This dog is not unlike the terrier in 
 general conformation, very intelligent, and quick in 
 learning various tricks. In temper he is apt to exhibit 
 peevishness, and even to bite. The colour is black or 
 white, the coat being curly, and, when not cropped, 
 grows inordinately from head to stern, reaching even to 
 the ground. This peculiarity affords opportunity for 
 many owners to practise " trimming " or " clipping," 
 portions here and there being entirely removed, while 
 others are allowed to remain like tufts, circlets on the 
 limbs, or lobe-like folds reaching to the ground. The 
 general appearance is then supposed to be greatly en- 
 hanced, particularly if the animal is used by the peripa- 
 tetic player or street conjuror, whose performances admit 
 of ample scope for showing the tricksy capabilities of the 
 animal. The following are the points laid down by the 
 Poodle Club : 
 
 The Perfect Black Poodle. — The General Appear- 
 ance is that of a strong, active, and very intelligent dog ; 
 well built, and perfectly coated with curls or long ropy 
 "cords." Head: Long; the skull large and plenty of 
 room for brain power; wide between the ears and a 
 slight peak ; the parts over the eyes well arched ; the 
 whole thickly covered with curls or cords. Muzzle: 
 Long (but not " snipey "), strong, square, and deep ; the 
 " stop" should be defined, but not to a very great extent. 
 The teeth should be perfectly level, strong, and white. 
 Eyes : Small, dark, and bright, wdth a very intelligent 
 expression ; they should be set at right angles with the 
 line of the face. Nose : Large, and perfectly black in 
 colour, with wide open nostrils. Ears : Very long, close 
 
ICXD Ladies^ Toy Dogs, 
 
 to the cheek, low set on, and well covered with long 
 ringlets or " curls." Neck : Well proportioned, and very 
 strong, to admit of the head being carried high and with 
 dignity. Chest : Fairly deep, but not too wide; strong, 
 and well covered with muscles. Legs: Forelegs per- 
 fectly straight, very muscular, and *' set on racing lines ;" 
 they should be long enough to raise the body from the 
 ground, but without legginess. Hind legs very muscular, 
 fairly bent, with the hocks well let down. Feet : Large, 
 strong, and rather wide, but standing well on the toes, 
 and of good shape -, the nails perfectly black, and the 
 pads very strong and hard. Back : Short, with body 
 well ribbed up ; the loins very strong and muscular, but 
 without fat. Tail : Carried at an angle of 45 degrees, 
 having long ringlets or cords hanging down. Coat-. 
 Thick and strong. If corded, hanging in long, ropy 
 "cords"; if curly, the curls close and thick. Weight: 
 Large, 60 lbs. ; medium, 40 lbs.; small, 20 lbs. and 
 under. 
 
 The Perfect Red Poodle. — All the foregoing po'nits 
 hold good for this variety^ with the followi7ig exceptions : — 
 Eyes : Yellow, and free from black rims round the eye- 
 lids. JVbse : Liver colour. Avails : Liver colour. Back : 
 The ticks (spots) on back should be red or liver, and the 
 whole body should be free from black ticks. 
 
 CHAPTER VL 
 GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE DOG 
 
 General management of Dogs— Of Whelps— Dressing— Kennels- 
 Management of pet Dogs. 
 
 General Remarks. — The management of the grey- 
 hound and foxhound as to their kennel management, feed- 
 ing, exercise, and training, belongs rather to a treati se on 
 sport than to this little book. We therefore refer our 
 
General Management of ttj^e Dog. i o i 
 
 readers for information on this subject to British Rural 
 Spo?-ts^ by Stonehenge. Of the treatment necessary for the 
 pointers, setters, spaniels, retrievers, and Newfoundland, 
 we must say a few words. 
 
 All these dogs are, in the usual way, chained up to a 
 wooden kennel, with a length of chain which allows of no 
 exercise ; and the only advantage which they have over 
 neglected hounds is, that they are generally kept clean for 
 the sake of appearances. But too often they are fed irrc 
 gularly and on improper food, and almost invariably proper 
 exercise is denied them. For these dogs Indian meal is 
 by far the cheapest and the best kind of food, and with 
 greaves- it will keep them in good health, if they are only 
 sufficiently exercised every day. But in many cases horse- 
 flesh, being at times very cheap, is given raw, and often 
 unmixed with vegetable food \ and the master is then sur- 
 prised if an eruption appears over the bodies of his dogs, 
 when the chief reason for wonder is that any ever escape, 
 with such a diet to stimulate and inflame their blood, and 
 nothing to carry it off. This improper feeding and neglect 
 of exercise are fertile sources of madness, and should be 
 avoided by all who value their own safety ; but besides 
 this motive, which some may perhaps disregard, there is 
 another, which every sportsman will carefully consider, 
 namely, that dogs so mismanaged are almost always de- 
 ficient in nose. It is very often said that there is no scent 
 for pointers or setters early in the season, but quite as 
 frequently they have not come to their noses, and it is only 
 after a fortnight's work that they carry off the stimulating 
 results of bad feeding. No sporting dog ought ever to be 
 neglected, for he will seldom entirely regain his health, and 
 without a full share of that commodity he will not be 
 capable of making out a scent. Servants, therefore, ought 
 to be well watched during the spring and summer, that the 
 dogs may be attended to by them ; and if they do their 
 duty there will be very little reason to complain of birds 
 flushed, or of sore feet, or knocking-up. Sporting dogs 
 (not including greyhounds) will seldom exercise themselves 
 at a fast pace unless they are allowed to hunt ; and as this 
 is impossible in the summer, they should be taken out 
 
102 General Management of the Dog 
 
 with a man on horseback once or twice a week on the road. 
 Very little flesh should be given them, which is only- 
 wanted when they have severe work, and can seldom then 
 be procured. Greaves, with meal, and occasionally pota- 
 toes, form the best food ; carrots, cabbages, or turnips 
 should be given once or twice a week ; and a dose or two 
 of castor oil, salts, or jalap will do good tw^o or three times 
 in the summer, or an aloetic ball. 
 
 Management of Whelps. 
 
 Coursing will equally apply to other sporting dogs. 
 Few people will take the full amount of trouble which 
 should be bestowed on whelps, but it will suffice if the 
 whelps are sent into the country to be reared at the 
 butcher's, or the tanner's, or at the small wayside public 
 house. When milk or buttermilk can be obtained, it is a 
 good article to rear all whelps upon ; but it is seldom 
 afforded to ordinary dogs. The accidents likely to occur 
 in whelping are alluded to in the part on the diseases of 
 the dog. 
 
 Dressing. 
 
 Dressing Avith a mixture of sulphur and train oil is very 
 generally adopted every year with sporting dogs, and if 
 they are mismanaged in their feeding, it is absolutely neces- 
 sary ; if, however, they are clean in their skins, it is not 
 required. Soft soap and soda kills their fleas, and white 
 precipitate, ticks ; but the latter should only be used with 
 a muzzle on, to guard against its being taken into the 
 stomach by the tongue. Carbolic acid, diluted with twenty 
 or thirty times its bulk of water, likewise kills fleas, but it 
 also requires a muzzle. 
 
 Kennels. 
 
 Sporting dogs, as, for example, pointers or setters, are 
 often kept in such numbers as to require a kennel or ken- 
 nels. When such is the case, an open yard paved with 
 glazed tiles or blue bricks must be added, but it is better 
 not covered in. The lodging-room must be in proportion 
 to the number of dogs, but it is better not to have more 
 
General Management of the Dog. 103 
 
 than three or four together. The whole of this part 
 should be boarded and raised 18 in. or 2 ft., with a lining 
 of board i ft. high, to keep the backs of the dogs from 
 the wall. An opening 3 ft. high and 2 ft. wide is left 
 for the dogs to go in and out, and this should be provided 
 with a wooden door, hinged at the top, and kept partly 
 open by A-shaped sides, so as to allow the dog to jump 
 up and down freely, and yet keeping the wind and rain 
 from entering. This is a \vonderful improvement on ken- 
 nel doors, which I introduced, and which ought to be gene- 
 rally adopted, as it is the only plan by which kennel beds 
 can be kept clean, and at the same time airy, without 
 admitting the rain and wind. When the bed is to be re- 
 moved, the door with its sides is lifted up, and the atten- 
 dant easily enters. 
 
 Management of Pet Dogs. 
 
 The food of pet dogs is almost always too heating in its 
 nature, considering that they are generally deprived of a 
 proper amount of exercise. 
 
 I am sometimes induced for the sake of brevity to 
 recommend correspondents to diet their dogs as they do 
 their children. But unfortunately the latter are also often 
 crammed with all sorts of improper articles of food ; and 
 I should perhaps be less liable to mislead my readers if I 
 advised them to give their dogs the same kind of food 
 w^hich they would think right for the children of their ac- 
 quaintances. Theory and practice are often widely sepa- 
 rated, and many a mother is so weak as to allow her own 
 child to tease her into giving creams and pastr}', which r he 
 would, " on principle," refuse to another not holding the 
 same power over her maternal feelings. We all know how 
 well bachelors' wives and old maids' children are managed, 
 and therefore I would in a few words wind up the general 
 principles of managing pet dogs by suggesting that, if the 
 plans so often recommended by the wise virgins of this 
 world for feeding their nephews and nieces are carried out 
 in favour of pet dogs, a great improvement will be effected 
 in their heaUh and appearance. 
 
104 General Manage iiient of the Dog. 
 
 To begin with the beginning, however, I will suppose 
 that a puppy six weeks old, and of a breed not exceeding 
 15 lbs. weight, is presented to one of my readers. What- 
 is to be done? First of all, if the weather is not decidedly 
 warm, let it be provided with a warm basket lined with 
 some woollen material, which must be kept scrupulously 
 clean. The little animal must on no account be per- 
 mitted to have the opportunity of lying on a stone floor, 
 which is a fertile source of disease ; bare wood, however, 
 is better than carpet, and oilcloth superior to either on 
 the score of cleanliness. In the winter season the apart- 
 ment should have a fire, but it is not desirable that the 
 puppy should lie basking close to it, though this is far 
 better than the other extreme. Even in the severest cold a 
 gleam of sunshine does young creatures good, and the 
 puppy should, if possible, be allowed to obtain it through 
 a window in the winter, or without that protection in the 
 summer. It will take exercise enough in playing with a 
 ball of worsted or other materials indoors until it is ten 
 weeks old ; but after that time a daily run in the garden 
 or paddock will be of great service, extending to an hour 
 or an hour and a half, but not so as to overtax its limbs. 
 After this age, two or three hours a day, divided into 
 periods of not more than an hour each, will be of service; 
 but it is very seldom that young pet dogs can reckon 
 upon this amount of exercise, and, indeed, it is not by 
 any means necessary to their healthy growth. Until after 
 the tenth week, cow's milk is almost essential to the 
 health of the puppy. It should be boiled and thickened 
 at first with fine wheat flour, and after the eighth week 
 with a mixture of coarse wheat flour and oatmeal. The 
 flour should be gradually increased in quantity, at first 
 making the milk of the thickness of cream, and towards 
 the last adding meal in quantity sufticient to make a 
 spoon stand up in it. If the bowels are relaxed, the 
 oatmeal should be diminished, or if confined, increased. 
 This food, varied with broth made from the scraps of the 
 table, and thickened in the same way, will suffice up to 
 the tenth or twelfth week, after which a little meat, with 
 bread, potatoes, and some green vegetables, may be 
 
General Alanagcnictit of the Dog, 105 
 
 mixed together and gradually introduced as the regular 
 and staple food. The quantity per day will of course 
 vary according to the size of the puppy ; but, as an ap- 
 proximation to the proper weight required, it may be laid 
 down that for each pound the puppy weighs an ounce of 
 moderately solid food will be sufficient. From the time 
 of weaning up to the tenth week it should be fed four 
 times a day; then up to four months, three times; and 
 afterwards twice until full-grown, when a single feed will, 
 in our opinion, conduce to its health, though many prefer 
 going on with the morning and evening supply. When 
 the puppy is full-grown, meat, bread, and vegetables 
 (either potatoes, carrots, cabbage, cauliflower, or pars- 
 nips), in equal proportions, will form the proper diet, care 
 being taken to avoid bread made with much alum in it. 
 Dog biscuits, if sound, answ^er well for pet dogs; but the 
 quantity required is so small that in most houses the 
 scraps of the bread-»basket are quite sufficient. Bones 
 should be supplied daily, for without them not only are 
 the teeth liable to become covered with tartar, but the 
 digestion is impaired for want of a sufficient secretion of 
 saliva. 
 
 If the above quality and quantity of food and exercise 
 are given m combination with the protection from cold 
 recommended, the pet puppy will seldom require any 
 medical treatment. Sometimes, in spite of the most 
 careful management, it will be attacked by distemper con- 
 tracted from some passing dog infected with it ; but with 
 this exception, w^iich \\\\\ not often occur, it may be anti- 
 cipated that the properly treated pet dog will pass through 
 life without submitting to the attacks of this disease, 
 which is dire in its effects upon this division of the canine 
 race. If care is taken to add oatmeal and green vege- 
 tables to the food in quantity sufficient to keep the 
 bowels from being confined, no aperient will ever be re- 
 quired ; but som^etimes this precaution is neglected, and 
 then recourse must be had either to castor oil or the 
 compound rhubarb pill — the dose being one drop of the 
 former or half a grain of the latter to each pound the 
 puppy weighs. If the oil is stirred up with some milk, 
 
1 06 General Manageuietit of the Dog. 
 
 the puppy will take it readily enough, and no drenching 
 is required ; but care should be taken that the quality is 
 good, and that the oil is not the rank stuff sometimes 
 used in kennels of sporting dogs. The compound rhu- 
 barb pill may be given by opening the mouth with the 
 left hand, and then dropping in the pill. It must be 
 boldly pushed well down the throat as far as the linger 
 will reach, no danger being risked in effecting this simple 
 process. If the liver is not acting (which may be known 
 by the absence of the natural gingerbread colour of the 
 evacutions), from half a grain to a grain of blue pill may 
 be added to either dose, and repeated if necessaiy every 
 day or every other day till the desired effect is produced. 
 
 Very young puppies should not be washed even in the 
 summer season, as they are very liable to chill. After 
 they are three months old, however, a bath of warm 
 water, with or without soap, wdll do good rather than 
 harm, provided that care be taken to dry them well 
 aftenvards. For white dogs, white soap is required to 
 give full effect to this operation ; and it may be either 
 curd or white soft soap, whichever is preferred, the latter 
 being most effective in cleaning the coat. Long-haired 
 dogs, such as spaniels, the Maltese and Skye terriers, 
 require combing and brushing until they are dry, which 
 should be done in the winter before a fire ; and in the 
 latter breeds the coat should be parted down the back 
 with the comb in the most regular manner. If the hair 
 has become matted, a long soaking will be necessary, the 
 comb being used while the part of the dog submitted to 
 its teeth is kept under water, which will greatly facilitate 
 the unrolling of the tangled fibres. After the coat is dry, 
 where great brilliancy is demanded, a very slight dressing 
 of hair-oil may be allowed occasionally ; but the brush is 
 the best polisher, and when " elbow-grease " is not spared, 
 a better effect will be produced than by bear's grease at 
 half-a-crown a pot. 
 
 With the exception of fleas, pet dogs ought never to be 
 infested with any vermin. Sometimes, however, they 
 catch from others either lice or the ticks which infest 
 the canine race. The appearance of the first two parasites 
 
General Managemeiit of the Dog. \o^ 
 
 is well known to every one; but the tick is not among 
 the things commonly presented to the eye, and we may 
 therefore mention that it may be known by its spider-like 
 shape, and by its close adhesion to the skin by means of 
 its legs, with which it digs into the surface. In size it 
 varies from that of the head of a small pin to the mag- 
 nitude of a small grain of wheat, but not being so long 
 in proportion to its width. The colour changes with that 
 of the dog, and with the quantity of blood imbibed, 
 which always gives a greater or less tint of bluish red ; 
 but in very young ticks the colour is a pearly grey. In 
 destroying fleas, the best remedy is the insect-destroying 
 powder sold by Butler and M'Culloch, of Covent Garden, 
 and by Keating, of St. Paul's Churchyard, which may be 
 well rubbed in without fear of consequences. Lice and 
 ticks require a stronger drug to destroy them, and this 
 should be used with more care, as, being a mercurial pre- 
 paration, it is liable to be absorbed if the skin is wetted, 
 and then produces serious n-vischief, accompanied by sali- 
 vation; or, if the dog is allowed to lick himself, this 
 effect is still more likely to follow. The dog should 
 therefore be kept carefully from all wet for at least twelve 
 hours, and during the application of the remedy it should 
 either be carefully watched and prevented by the hand 
 from licking itself, or it should be muzzled. The remedy 
 is white precipitate, in powder, well rubbed into the roots 
 of the hair over the whole body, and left on for six hours, 
 after which it should be brushed out. At the expiration of 
 the week the application should be repeated, and possibly 
 it may be required a third time ; but this is seldom 
 needed. 
 
 -♦— 
 
lo8 Diseases of the Dog. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 DISEASES OF THE DOG. 
 
 General Observations — Health and Disease — Pathology — Fever : Simple, 
 Symptomatic and Specific— Inflammation— Abscess— Serous Cyst— Preven- 
 tion of Disease— Classification of Disease. 
 
 The public health is largely determined by the con- 
 dition of our domestic annuals, notably those which 
 mmistcr to the wants of mankuid as a provision for 
 daily lood. Although the djg does not hgure in the 
 general influences exerted in thac direction, he is in other 
 respects, as tne close companion ot mankind, capable of 
 developing somewnat dismal consequences. To main- 
 tain a uniiorm standard of health is an absolute neces- 
 sity ; otherwise, not that only, but the lives of the human 
 population are laid under serious peril. 
 
 The knowledge acquired by companionship with bur 
 domestic animals is first evident in our judgment of their 
 being in health. Subsequently, and otten by mere intui- 
 tion, we discover the antithesis, and acquire the power to 
 interpret the sign language of disorder and disease. The 
 "Bloom ot Health" is a state which the experienced in 
 canine lore comprehend at a glance. The clear bright 
 eye, sleek coat, maintenance of general function, cool, 
 moist, and sweet odour of the mouth and breath, dewy 
 state of the muzzle and general vivacity, present- a spec- 
 tacle on winch a true lover of the lower animals will gaze 
 with unwearied delight. On the otner nand, the signs 
 of disorder are reauily comprehended by similar intelli- 
 gence. Tney are recognised by their being the reverse of 
 health and spirits. 1 he animal is dull, heavy and list- 
 less, the coat, having lost its sleek and glossy appearance, 
 is more or less dull, dry, harsh, or staring, and probably 
 fouled by accumulations of scurf and dirt which the 
 
Diseases of the Dog. 1 09 
 
 creature does not care to remove. The month is pro- 
 bably hot, foul, and dry, or slimy, and the breath foetid. 
 The functions of secretion and excretion are irregular or 
 suspended, and the faeces are hard, small, irregular, and 
 probably offensive; the urine is also deficient, highly 
 coloured, and emits an odour not consistent with health. 
 To these may be added coldness of the ears and legs, a 
 hot, dry muzzle, &c., all of which suffer more or less 
 modification or intensity with specific additions enforced 
 by the various organs involved. 
 
 With regard to appetite or taste, the dog is not a clean 
 animal. Designed by Nature as the scavenger of the 
 earth, he devours the most disgusting filth with obvious 
 enjoyment, and digests his dainty morsel without suffer- 
 ing systemic disturbance. Notwithstanding, he lays claim 
 to the possession of a depraved appetite under disease, 
 and, to satisfy the morbid demand, hesitates not to 
 swallow sticks, stones, sand, paper, rags, and the filthiest 
 of decomposing material, even human excrement, or that 
 of other dogs as well as his own. 
 
 The department of science which determines the state 
 of an animal under disease, and defines its nature, is 
 known as Pathology. In order to realise the various 
 morbid conditions which are comprehended within a 
 given word, the practitioner resorts to numerous methods 
 of observation, specific testing, and comparison of the 
 several signs exhibited by the suffering animal. The 
 usual signs of disturbance are first carefully noted, and 
 often by negative forms of examination he may decide 
 which organs are free from morbid disturbance, while 
 others exhibit special indications which lead conclusively 
 to their identification with some unusual process. This 
 property of acquiring information during life is greatly 
 assisted by examination after death, the morbid processes 
 revealed by Pathological Anato7ny being highly useful in 
 turning the attention of the practitioner to the diseased 
 organs during life. 
 
 In the treatment of disease the department of Materia 
 Medica^ or the nature, actions, uses and doses of medi- 
 cines, as well as their legitimate combinations affords a 
 
1 10 Diseases of the Dog, 
 
 vast amount of usefulness. In ignorant hands medicines 
 often prove as so many violent poisons ; great care and 
 sound judgment are therefore essential in all cases, but 
 especially when the amateur aspires to the office of 
 physician and surgeon. 
 
 As a preliminary to the study of general diseases, we 
 turn to a consideration oi fever, inflammation, &c. 
 
 Fever, as understood by the practitioner, consists of a 
 general disturbance of the vital functions, in which the 
 system is bordering on a state of more serious derange- 
 ment, which, if not checked, is eventually located in 
 some important organ, and confirmed disease is the inevit- 
 able result. Three kinds of fever are recognised — viz., 
 Simple or ephe?7ieral, Symptomatic or sympathetic, and 
 Specific. 
 
 Simple Fever is defined as the short-lived, or ephe- 
 meral disturbance common to highly-fed and pampered 
 animals, taking little or no out-door exercise, and sub- 
 jected to a close, warm atmosphere, and soft downy beds. 
 All the animal functions, as respiration, circulation, 
 temperature, &c., are accelerated, and a hot, dry mouth 
 is associated with constipation and diminished secretions 
 generally. Such conditions are by continuous occurrence 
 developed into serious diseases, and should be met with 
 the needful remedies, as more frequent exercise in the 
 open air, a less stimulating diet, and the substitution of 
 laxative materials. This form of disorder is too fre- 
 quently neglected, the result being that local or general 
 states of a congestive nature are induced, followed by 
 slow and insidious structural changes in important organs, 
 which finally end in serious disease or death. 
 
 Sympathetic or Symptomatic Fever is a form ot 
 aggravated disturbance of the system consequent upon 
 the development of disease in some important organ, or 
 set of organs, and may be thus defined : severe accidents, 
 such as fracture of one or more limbs, ribs, &c., produc- 
 ing violent shock, the whole system is seriously disturbed, 
 and by nervous sympathy the functions are deranged or 
 suspended. In such cases the lungs as a rule suffer 
 acutely by congestion or engorgement with blood, or they 
 
Diseases of the Dog. 1 1 1 
 
 are inflamed, and the disease being violent the effects 
 upon the system, already influenced by the initial shock, 
 is more than it can bear, death arising, not from the 
 result of the original injury, but from the impediment 
 raised within the circulatory system. In other words, the 
 constitutio7ial disturbance in its magnitude and severity is 
 the cause of death, and being the indication of the serious 
 nature of the original injury, it is understood as being 
 symptomatic in its real nature. 
 
 Specific Fever is a similar, but more frequently a 
 milder, form of constitutional disturbance, resulting from 
 some form of animal poison within the system, and pro- 
 pagated by contact with other subjects of the disease. 
 Contagious fevers supply the needed examples, which 
 differ from the subjects in the preceding class in their 
 slow and insidious nature as a rule, the absence of violent 
 shock, and few sudden deaths. 
 
 Treatment of Fever. — The rule is embodied in the 
 apt expression : " Remove the cause and the effects will 
 cease." This is an easy procedure with Simple Fever. 
 Change of diet, lodging, a supply of fresh air, light, and 
 water ; more frequent exercise, cleanliness, friction to the 
 skin, &c., will usually effect the desirable changes; or 
 when the causes have been long applied, a moderate 
 purgative, or a dose of alkaline medicine, is probably 
 effectual. As regards Sy^jiptomatic Fever the case is widely 
 different. The causes are more powerful and destructive. 
 We cannot replace arteries, veins, and nerves, as well as 
 muscular and other tissues destroyed or disorganised by 
 violence in one form or other, or forces of the most 
 subtle character which wait upon injury and disease in 
 all their fulness and potency for evil. 
 
 Inflammation. — The infallible signs are heat^ pain^ 
 redness^ and swellifig. The first and second are usually 
 evident, but owing to the dense covering of hair in many 
 animals, redness and swelling are not so readily observed. 
 In small pet animals, with light-coloured or white coats 
 and thin skin, the difficulties are not so great. Inflam- 
 mation is the result of violent causes, consisting of an 
 increase of blood in the affected part, with more or less 
 
112 Diseases of the Dog. 
 
 suspension of function in the contiguous structures, as 
 well as in the integral parts of the blood itself. Acute 
 Inflammation is characterised by severity and activity ; it 
 is ato?tic or subacute, when by reason of low vital force it 
 proves slow or tardy. Closely allied to this state is a 
 peculiarity of the circulation, common to the larger organs 
 having abundant vessels and elastic tissue, known as 
 Congestion. It is sudden in its origin and departure, 
 sometimes attended with dropsical states, and is probably 
 confined to the venous system. 
 
 Inflammation terminates in various ways — viz., Resolu- 
 tion^ or gradual decline, the parts shortly regaining their 
 original state ; in suppuration, or the formation oipus^ in 
 some cases discharged from the surface of membranes, as 
 in catarrh, or otherwise collected within a cavity between 
 muscles, or in deep-seated tissues, when it is known as an 
 abscess ; in effusion from the surface of membranes, as 
 water (serum), or mucus, or by lymph within or between 
 structures inflamed, by which permanent union, thicken- 
 ing and enlargement is the result. Inflammation is further 
 distinguished by the structures involved : thus, we have 
 serous and ??iucous inflammation, as the serous and mucous 
 membranes are implicated; when the substance of organs 
 is the seat, it is known as pare?ichymatous ; if it seizes the 
 ligaments, tendons, and coverings of joints, it is rheu- 
 matic ; and inflammation of the skin and deeper-seated 
 tissues is termed erysipelatous. 
 
 Treatment of Inflammation may be local ox general. 
 The former consists of liberating the vessels of the afl"ected 
 parts by scarificatiofi or slight incisions across the surface 
 by means of a small lancet, as in conjunctival ophthalmia, 
 or by means of blisters, the hot iron, &c., in the case of 
 important organs. General treatment consists of attack- 
 ing the system by internal remedies known to be effica- 
 cious in controlling the circulation and nervous force. 
 
 Abscess. — The collection of pus, or matter, within a 
 cavity in soft parts of the body, is termed an abscess. The 
 si;7ns are heat, unusual tenderness, and defined swelling ; 
 and as the process of ])us formation matures, the swelling 
 and tende»"ness are confined to the central part, which 
 
Diseases of the Dog. 113 
 
 becomes first moist, then denuded of hair, and, later, by 
 internal absorption or ulceration of the skin; the contents, 
 now become fluid, are readily felt by the fingers. In- 
 ternal pressure, the result of pus formation, and the action 
 of contiguous muscles, &c., now causes the abscess to 
 bulge outwards, and ultimately forces the skin at the 
 weakest part, when the contents are evacuated. 
 
 Treatment. — The maturation of an abscess often causes 
 much pain and systemic disturbance, and to avoid this 
 the surgeon, after investigation, detecting the presence of 
 pus, hastens the process of recovery by plunging a lancet 
 through the point where maturation is evident. Thus, 
 as a rule, ends the malady. With the evacuation of the 
 contents healing proceeds rapidly and safely, all that is 
 required being the usual means of cleanliness to prevent 
 the accumulation of dried pus or dirt around the orifice. 
 In the case of deep-seated abscesses, or those situate 
 below or between muscles some distance from the surface, 
 much judgment and skill are required in order to decide 
 upon the exact locality, and the requisite form of surgical 
 treatment which can neither be understood nor practised 
 by an amateur, and, therefore, calls for no farther comment 
 here. 
 
 Serous Cyst, otherwise known as Serous Abscess, is 
 mostly located superficially, and is the result of blows, 
 falls, or severe local pressure. It is not of frequent 
 occurrence in the dog, neither serious in its nature nor 
 consequences. The contents being serum or a red-coloured 
 fluid, having the density of water or thereabouts, the 
 produce of the blood-vessels involved in the injury, the 
 accumulation is regulated by the surface involved. Ab- 
 sorption of the contents is also delayed by the formation 
 of a dense lining membrane of cellular tissue, and the 
 swelling may remain for weeks or months. 
 
 Treatment consists of liberating the contents of the sac 
 by means of a lancet or curved bistoury. The former is 
 plunged through the centre, and the orifice widened as 
 the instrument is withdrawn. The bistoury is preferable, 
 being passed through the skin on one side and across to 
 the opposite, when it emerges ; it is then turned edge 
 
 8 
 
114 Diseases of the Dog, 
 
 upwards, and the whole skin between the two points is 
 divided. Pressure is next applied by means of a pad of 
 soft tow, &c., saturated with some healing fluid, and re- 
 newed from time to time as cleaning is carried out. 
 
 Prevention of Disease. — This is a department of 
 social economics which is regarded more frequently as 
 Utopian than real, or possible, from the circumstance 
 of its introduction within recent years. The usual plan 
 has been for every man to do that which seemeth right 
 in his own eyes, a legacy which we have come to regard 
 as sacred, and not to be interfered with by others. 
 This excessive liberty is the cause of our towns and 
 villages being infested by numbers of dogs, whose sole 
 use and purpose is to annoy the inhabitants by tlieir 
 furious barkings, and numerous attacks on the person, 
 especially of children, and on other dogs under enforced 
 control. Besides this, the animals breed indiscriminately, 
 and the progeny are a nondescript race, which "walk in 
 the ways of their forefathers," or when opportunity serves 
 they are ruthlessly drowned in some river or ditch^ where 
 the bodies lie rotting and polluting the water and atmo- 
 sphere to the great disgust of pedestrians seeking open 
 air exercise. Like produces like. Thus all the defects of 
 race are handed down by the careless mating of animals, 
 including the idiosyncrasies of their nature, which in 
 most cases determine the hereditary latency of disease. 
 If we desire strong and healthy animals, the parents 
 must be sound. Regularity of Feeding is also an im- 
 portant item. Without this, the process of digestion is 
 interfered with, and the assimilative powers weakened, 
 by which nutritive material is imperfectly transformed, 
 more frequently proving deleterious than nourishing or 
 sustaining. Fresh Air and Cleanliness have a large 
 share in the maintenance of health. The effect of the 
 former on the blood is to facilitate the process cf com- 
 bustion or formation of animal heat. Thus, not only the 
 rich principles of food, but the deleterious portions, with 
 the effete or waste products of the body are burned and 
 suitably transformed to ensure their expulsion by the 
 proper channels from the system. The effect of cleanli- 
 
Diseases of the Dog. 1 1 5 
 
 ness is to promote the movement of fresh air. Foul and 
 dark habitations interfere with true ventilation. The 
 system breathes the poison thus generated, which acts as 
 a powerful sedative on all the functions of animal life, 
 predisposing it to diseased conditions. The system, in 
 other words, acts like a sponge, and constantly imbibing 
 impure elements, becomes fertile soil in which the seeds 
 of disease may find the needful sustenance of their nature. 
 Regular Exercise in the Open Air, apart from actual 
 work, is essential for the promotion of organic function, 
 many varieties of which are going on incessantly, besides 
 eating and drinking. Food and exercise produce waste, 
 the latter being mainly essential in the process of 
 eUminating the waste, as the result of consumption of 
 the first. Systematic Feeding is also essential. The 
 character of the food should vary with work and rest. 
 When animals come from hard work to partial or com- 
 plete idleness, the food should be suitably changed. Rich 
 aliment as flesh, should be replaced by smaller allow- 
 ances, the usual bulk being supplied by adding vegetables, 
 as boiled greens or potatoes, &c. Linseed mucilage 
 may be suitably added to meal, porridge, &c., when the 
 faeces are dry and hard. If they should become dark- 
 coloured, or black, and offensive, which may arise from 
 the ingestion of raw, decaying animal food, as dead 
 rabbits, &c., a dose of the castor-oil mixture, or simply 
 raw linseed oil, should be given, containing 5 to 60 drops 
 of the ''Sanitas Fluid." The Abuse of Medicines is a 
 constant source of ill health in many establishments. 
 Proper food, water, and rest, will often do more good 
 than medicines, which should never be given without a 
 clear knowledge of the requirements of the case and 
 their suitability for it. Frequent and Lidiscriminate 
 Drugging is the basis on which blatant quackery thrives. 
 Those who practise the first are responsible for the latter, 
 and have no cause to complain when their malady be- 
 comes intolerable. Lastly, the means of pro?noting health 
 includes the use of good and reUable antiseptics, the 
 effect of which is the destruction of offensive odours, 
 which act powerfully through the medium of respiration, 
 
n 6 Materia Medica. 
 
 and subsequent absorption by the blood. Our experience 
 of " Sanitas " preparations is such that we confidently 
 recommend them as especially suitable for kennel use in 
 a variety of ways, as specified in the directions which 
 accompany the various forms. 
 
 Classification of Disease. — In order to present the 
 subject in a simple and comprehensive form, we have 
 arranged the maladies of the dog, as far as possible, in 
 accordance with their supposed nature and causes : 
 thus^ many are conveniently included under the head of 
 Blood Diseases ; others as due to Specific, or Contagious 
 elements ; while the majority, probably arising from 
 interference with normal organic function, injury, &c., 
 are more conveniently dealt with in their respective 
 classes. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 MATERIA MEDICA. 
 
 The Dispensing of Medicines— Nuising— Doses of Medicines— Alteratives- 
 Anodynes— Antiseptics— Antispasmodics— Aperients— Astringents— Blisters 
 — Caustics— Clysters, Enemas, or Injections— Cordials— Demulcents— Dia- 
 phoretics — Digestives — Diuretics — Electuaries — Embrocations or Lini- 
 ments—Emetics—Expectorants—Febrifuges—Fomentations—Hypodermic 
 Injections— Inhalations— Lotions— Ointments — External Parasiticidts — 
 Poultices— Stimulants— Stomachics— Styptics— Tonics— Worm Medicines : 
 Internal Parasiticides. 
 
 The continuation, as well as the proportions of reme- 
 dies for the treatment of disease, are details which 
 demand careful attention. In ignorance of the exact 
 nature and action, &c., of drugs on the animal body, 
 strange and often baneful compounds are prescribed. 
 By simple mixture they may become inert, or possibly a 
 deadly poison. The truth should be kept in view by all 
 who prescribe without the needful intelligence which a 
 lengthened study of the subject provides. 
 
Materia Medica. 1 1 7 
 
 The following are examples of each class of remedies 
 suitable for the dog, and to render the plan of admixture 
 as well as administration intelligible, reliable formulae are 
 given, from which the reader may suitably make choice. 
 
 The Dispensing of Medicines. — Canine pharmacy 
 is a department of no little importance. Next to the 
 selection of suitable remedies ranks the judicious com- 
 pounding and admixture, an art which can only be ac- 
 quired by great experience of the nature and properties 
 of drugs. 
 
 Medicines are prescribed in several forms — viz., the 
 bolus^ ox pill, electuary zxidid7'aught. These are adminis- 
 tered by the mouth. In some cases it is advisable to 
 administer remedies in the form of enemas, or by sub- 
 cuianeous i?iJections (see p. 132). 
 
 The bolus, or pill, is a compound of two or more reme- 
 dies, which, after being reduced to fine powder, are 
 worked into a plastic mass by means of honey, treacle, 
 &c., to the requisite size, and subsequently covered with 
 fine paper. The latter is often indispensable in order to 
 prevent nausea, which may cause rejection of the dose. 
 ThQform of the pill mdiy be cylindrical, or spherical. In 
 the first the paper is rolled on to the mass and tucked in 
 at the ends. A spherical pill is placed in the middle of 
 a small square of thin or tissue paper, when the circum- 
 ferent edges are drawn together and twisted to a point. 
 
 To administer a pill the dog is taken on the knee, 
 supported by the left arm placed across the shoulder, 
 while the left hand seizes the lower jaw, the thumb and 
 fingers being pressed on each side of the mouth. This 
 has the effect in most cases of separating the jaws, when 
 the lower is quickly and firmly grasped, and simulta- 
 neously the pill, held between the thumb and forefinger of 
 the right hand, is passed to the back of the tongue. At 
 the same moment the grasp of the lower jaw is removed, 
 and the fingers and thumb secure both upper and lower 
 jaws with firmness, yet without absolute punishment. 
 The result as a rule is that the dog swallows almost im- 
 mediately the jaws are approximated. If he fails to do 
 so a few gentle passes of the forefinger over the front of 
 
ii8 Materia Medica. 
 
 the nostrils will hasten the needed result. Older dogs 
 often become experienced patients in deception, some- 
 times feigning to swallow, and on their release will walk 
 to a distance and calmly eject the pill, not simply once, 
 but frequently. Some practitioners seize the jaws from 
 above by the left hand, and press the cheeks on each 
 side into the mouth, thus causing the animal to separate 
 the jaws. It is obvious that only small dogs can be thus 
 treated. Large animals are usually held between the 
 knees, while assistants, by means of a tape or cord looped 
 behind the tusks, forcibly separate the jaws. 
 
 The Electuary is a semi-soft or pasty preparation, the 
 base of which is honey, treacle, &c., containing the need- 
 ful remedy. Successive portions are placed on the 
 tongue, which the creature seldom dislikes, and during 
 the consequent insalivation pass to the stomach (see 
 p. 128). ^ 
 
 The Draught. — This is a fluid mixture contauimg the 
 requisite quantity of each remedy, the whole of which is 
 to be given as one dose. A ??iixture is usually under- 
 stood to be two, three, or more doses, for the apportion- 
 ment of which specific directions are given. 
 
 To administer a draught the operator proceeds as follows : 
 Fairly manageable animals are taken on the knee by an 
 assistant, who steadies the head by means of the left 
 hand, the thumb being placed across the nose, and the 
 fingers beneath the lower branches. The operator in- 
 serts one finger of the left hand into the angle of the 
 cheek of the right side, and drawing it away from the 
 teeth a suitable pouch is formed, into which the fluid is 
 poured in successive quantities as the animal swallows. 
 Small and even some large dogs are often successfully 
 managed by practitioners without any assistance. The 
 medicine, being prepared, is put into a one or twoounce 
 bottle, and manipulated by the right hand. The dog is 
 raised to the knees, encircled by the left arm, and the 
 nose firmly held by the left hand. The mouth of the 
 bottle is placed within the angle of the lip of the right 
 side, when the thumb presses from the outside, the effect 
 being to capture the cheek, draw it from the teeth, and 
 
Materia Medica. 1 19 
 
 form a pouch, into which the fluid is gently poured in 
 successive quantities as the animal swallows. By care 
 and tact many dogs may be treated for severe illness 
 during lengthened periods without tiring or rendering 
 them obstinate or vicious. 
 
 Nursing. — The importance of careful nursing cannot 
 be overstated. The term, although of acknowledged 
 scope, is minus one important essential. Plenty of food, 
 water, warmth, or ventilation, cleanliness, &c., are liber- 
 ally conceded, but the creature mopes and pines, making 
 no progress ; some, indeed, die, because the surroundings 
 are ungenial. Perhaps the attendant is not so studious 
 of the state and requirements of the patient as he should 
 be, neglect and coarse treatment having the effect of 
 rendering the sufferer absolutely miserable. We have a 
 somewhat extensive and vivid experience of the value of 
 gentleness and kindness to canme patients. They are 
 exceedingly susceptible to kindly treatment, and fre- 
 quently yield obedience to a firm and salutary discipline, 
 the effects of which are evident in the memory of the 
 animal during long subsequent periods. 
 
 In the various formulae now to be considered, the 
 maximum or full dose is intended for mature dogs of the 
 Setter and Retriever class ; one-half for other breeds half 
 their size and weight, and one-third, one-fourth, or even 
 one-sixth, &c., for puppies and the breeds of correspond- 
 ing diminutive proportions. 
 
 The Bloodhound, St. Bernard, Mastiff and the like, 
 will require double, three-fourths, or one-half in addition 
 to the proportions laid down for Setters, size and age 
 being considered. 
 
 Alteratives. — A variety of substances are included 
 under the term which is neither precise nor commendable. 
 It is usually understood to refer to remedies which re- 
 store healthy functions to organs previously disordered. 
 If the definition be correct, all remedies are alteratives. 
 
 I. Sublimed sulphur, 5 grs. ; powdered nitre or 
 saltpetre, i gr. ; linseed meal, i or 2 grs. ; lard or palm- 
 oil, sufficient to incorporate the whole as a pill. 
 
 The above ingredients may be given in form of a 
 
120 Materia Medica. 
 
 draught, in which case the lard or palm-oil is omitted, 
 and the dry powders are mixed in a tablespoonful of 
 linseed tea or thin gruel. 
 
 2. ^thiops mineral, 2 to 5 grs. ; powdered ginger, 
 \ to I gr. ; powdered rhubarb, 1 to 3 grs. Mix, and 
 form a pill with syrup, to be given every evening. 
 
 3. Plummer's pill, 2 to 5 grs. ; extract of hemlock, 
 2 to 5 grs. Mix, and give every night. 
 
 Such remedies are usually made use of during slight 
 febrile conditions, attended with defective appetite, slight 
 liver disorder, &c. 
 
 Anodynes. — These are remedies which allay pain, and 
 soothe the nervous system. In this way they remove 
 spasm, as in colic, diarrhoea, tetanus, &c. Opium, bella- 
 donna, hyoscyamus, &c., are chief examples. 
 
 1. For Simple Diarrhoea. — Prepared chalk, 2 drms. ; 
 aromatic confection, 1 drm. ; tincture of opium, 5 to 8 
 drms. ; rice water, or cool flour gruel, 8 oz. Mix. Dose, 
 two tablespoonfuls after each fluid evacuation. 
 
 2. Continued Diarrhoea. — Dilute sulphuric acid, 3 
 drms.; tincture of opium, 2 drms.; compound tincture 
 of bark, i oz. ; water, 6 J oz. Mix. Two tablespoonfuls 
 every four hours. 
 
 3. Castor or linseed oil, 2 oz.; tincture of opium, i oz, 
 Mix by agitation. Dose, a tablespoonful night and 
 morning during the diarrhoea. 
 
 4. Powdered opium, \ to 2 grs. ; prepared chalk, 5 to 
 10 grs. ; catechu, 5 grs.; powdered ginger and powdered 
 carraway seeds, of each, i to 3 grs. Mix, and form a 
 pill with simple syrup, and give every three hours. 
 
 5. " Sanitas" Fluid in doses of 10 to 30 or 80 drops, 
 in cold whey, flour gruel, mixed with the usual medicine, 
 is an invaluable agent in the protracted forms of diarrhcea 
 attended with off"ensive odours. 
 
 6. For Cramps or Spasms. — Powdered opium, J to 
 
 2 grs. ; spirit of chloroform 10 to 20 drops j camphor 
 
 3 to 10 grs. Mix, and give in a tablespoonful of 
 glycerine. 
 
 Antiseptics. — Antiseptics, or Antiputrescents, are 
 agents which prevent the septic or putrescent stage, and 
 
Materia Medica. 12 i 
 
 thus arre?;t or destroy the noxious odours whirh are the 
 result of putrefaction, Thev are l^tri^^elv called for in 
 m^intainins; the purity of dwellings where t^">e I wer 
 animals are retained, especially when contagious diseases 
 are present, or offensive effluvia arise from the bad state 
 of the floor or drains, and to cleanse woodwork, &c., 
 fouled hv animal discharges. When used for the latter 
 purposes thev are known as deodorisers or disi7ifectants. 
 
 1. *' Sajiitas " Oil stands pre-eminent for service in any 
 of the above-named departments when used in accordance 
 with the simple instructions furnished with each supply. 
 It has also a useful place in the treatment of some internal 
 diseases attended with putrid discharges, as diarrhoea, 
 metritis, cystitis, &c. For this purpose, and also for 
 promoting the healing of wounds, ''Sanitas" Oil has been 
 employed in the following form : 
 
 2. Antiseptic Mixture. — " Sanitas " Oil, 2 parts; gly- 
 cerine. 4 parts ; olive oil, 6 parts. Mix, and agitate 
 thoroughly, and keep in a well-corked bottle. 
 
 3. " Sanitas " Fluid is even more portable for many 
 purposes, needing only admixture with water or glycerine 
 for internal or external use. 
 
 4. Condfs Fluid is also effective when applied as 
 directed. 
 
 5. Any of the mineral acids, as sulphuric, nitric, muri- 
 atic, or acetic, diluted with 100 parts of water, form useful 
 antiseptic lotions for wounds and chronic discharges. 
 
 6. Chloride of zinc, 3 grs. ; distilled water, i oz. To 
 form a lotion, or as No. 8. 
 
 7. Lunar caustic, 5 grs. ; distilled water, i oz. To 
 form a lotion, or as No. 8. 
 
 8. Solution of sulphurous acid applied by the spray 
 producer, or as a lotion. 
 
 Antispasmodics. — Medicines of this class are also 
 anodynes (which see). They have the property of allaying 
 spasm or cramp ; hence the name. 
 
 1. Tincture of opium and sulphuric ether, of each, 
 5 to 60 drops; camphor mixture, i| drms. to i oz, 
 Mix, and give every two hours, during the attack. 
 
 2. Iniectioti. — Tincture ofopium, tincture of belladonna, 
 
122 Materia Medica, 
 
 and sulphuric ether, of each i to 2 drms. ; gruel, 3 to 6 
 ozs. Mix, and use as required by means of an enema 
 syringe. 
 
 Aperients. — Aperients are mild, gentle purges. They 
 are also known as laxatives; and when required in 
 powerful form are termed cathartics. 
 
 1. A Mild Oleagi?ious Purge. — Castor oil, 4 drms. to 
 I J fluid oz. N.B. — For young dogs equal parts of castor 
 and linseed oil forms the best purgative. 
 
 2. Castor Oil Mixture. — Castor oil, 3 parts ] syrup of 
 buckthorn, 2 parts; syrup of white poppies, i part. Dose, 
 I dessert to i tablespoonful. Shake well before adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 3. Active Aperient. — Powdered jalap, i to 3 or 4 
 scruples ; calomel J to 2 grs. 
 
 4. Blue^ or Liver Pill. — Blue pill, 5 grs.; powdered 
 colchicum, 6 grs.; extract of colocynth, 10 grs. Full 
 dose. 
 
 5. Liver Pill, No. 2. — Blue pill, 5 grs. ; compound 
 extract of colocynth, 10 grs. ; oil of peppermint, or oil of 
 cloves, 3 to 6 drops. 
 
 Astringents. — Medicines of this class constrict animal 
 tissue, acting directly when applied to the part, or re- 
 motely when administered by the mouth or rectum. 
 
 1. Mixtures for Lnternal Use. — Tincture of opium, 25 
 drops; powdered catechu, 15 grs.; flour or powdered 
 starch, 2 drms. Mix, and administer promptly. 
 
 2. Powdered opium, 3 grs.; powdered alum, 10 to 15 
 grs.; ground ginger, 20 grs. ; strong tea, 2 fluid ozs. 
 
 Dissolve the alum in the tea, and add the other in- 
 gredients. 
 
 Nos. I and 2 are useful in protracted diarrhoea, &c. 
 When the evacuations are offensive, 5 to 10 drops to i tea- 
 spoonful of " Sanitas " fluid may be added. 
 
 Astringent Boluses for the dog useful in — 
 
 3. Diabetes or LJamorrhage. — Powdered opium, 2 to 3 
 grs. ; gallic acid, 4 to 6 grs. ; alum, 5 to 10 grs. ; pow- 
 dered bark, 10 grs. Linseed meal, enough to form a 
 bulus, to be given to a large dog (or divided for a small 
 one) two or three times a day. 
 
Materia Medica. 123 
 
 4. Nitrate ol silver, \ gr. Crumb of bread, enough to 
 make a small pill, to be given twice a day, or divided 
 according to the size of the dog. 
 
 5. Astringent Wash for the Eyes. — Sulphate of zinc, 
 5 to 8 grs. ; water, 2 oz. Mix. 
 
 6. Goulard extract, i drm. ; water, i oz. Mix. 
 
 7. Nitrate of silver, 2 to 8 grs. ; water, i oz. Mix. 
 
 8. Wash for the Penis. — Sulphate of zinc, 6 to 10 grs.; 
 water, i oz. Mix. 
 
 9. Chloride of zinc, \ to i J gr. ; water, i oz. Mix. 
 
 10. Astringent Ointment for Piles. — Gallic acid, 10 
 grs. ; goulard extract, 15 drops ; lard, i oz. Mix. 
 
 Blisters. — Blisters are irritant applications designed to 
 produce inflammatory action in the skin. Their action, 
 when continued, is attended with the formation of vesicles, 
 or bladders, by which deeper-seated disease is overcome. 
 They are also known as counter-irritants. Prompt rising 
 of the blister is essential to successful treatment \ if these 
 results are delayed or absent, the original disease proves 
 refractory, and fatal issues may be expected. 
 
 1. Fluid Blister. — Olive oil, 20 parts; powdered 
 cantharides, i part. Mix, and heat in a water bath for 
 2 hours, then stand aside to cool. The fluid is then se- 
 parated by straining through fine muslin, after which add 
 2 drms. of oil of origanum. Apply a small quantity, and 
 rub well into the skin before the application is repeated, 
 otherwise the fluid will gravitate to lower portions and 
 produce unnecessary irritation. 
 
 2. Blistering Oi?itmeiit. — Powdered cantharides, i part ; 
 pure lard, 8 parts. Mix. This should be prepared 
 sometime before use. 
 
 3. Powerful and immediate action, when called for in 
 severe inflammation of important organs, may be induced 
 by the application of a rag saturated in spirit of turpen- 
 tine, or solution of ammonia, which should be covered 
 with a piece of oil-skhi or paper, and closely applied. 
 
 4. Mild Blister Ointtnent (counter-irritant). — Hog's 
 lard, 4 oz. ; Venice turpentine, i oz. ; powdered can- 
 tharides, 6 drms. Mix, and spread. 
 
 5. Stronger Blister (9/«/w^«/ (counter-irritant). — Spirit 
 
124 Materia Medica. 
 
 of turpentine, i oz. ; hog's lard, 4 oz. ; powdered can- 
 tharides, i oz. Mix, and spread. 
 
 6. Very Siro?ig Blister (counter-irritant). — Strong mer- 
 curial ointment, 4 oz. ; oil of origanum, \ oz. ; finely- 
 powdered euphorbium, 3 drms. j powdered cantharides, 
 \ oz. Mix, and spread. 
 
 7. Rapidly Acting Blister (counter-irritant). — Best 
 flour of mustard, 8 oz., made into a paste with water. 
 Add spirit of turpentine, 2 oz. \ strong liquid of ammonia, 
 I oz. This is to be well rubbed into the chest, belly, or 
 back, in cases of acute inflammation. 
 
 8. Sweating Blister. — Strong mercurial ointment, 2 0z. ; 
 oil of origanum, 2 drms. : corrosive sublimate, 2 drms. ; 
 cantharides powdered, 3 drms. Mix, and rub in with 
 the hand. 
 
 9. Tincture of Iodine^ which should be painted on 
 with a brush daily, until it causes the cuticle to exfoliate. 
 It may then be omitted for a few days, to be resumed 
 after that interval. 
 
 Caustics. — Substances capable of exerting chemical 
 action on the living tissues are known as caustics, such 
 action being simply burning or decomposition. The 
 most familiar example is the actual or potential cautery, 
 or heated iron. Chemical agents as caustic soda, caustic 
 potash, and lunar caustic, or nitrate of silver, are also 
 variously employed. The general use is to stimulate 
 indolent wounds, repress luxuriant granulations, also 
 removing tumours, or parts destroyed by sloughing, and 
 arresting the flow of blood from injured vessels. 
 
 1. Caustic Potash is conveniently sold in sticks or 
 pencils, and requires a suitable holder for operating with 
 it. Its action is prompt and powerful, but being liable 
 to become fluid when exposed to the atmosphere, its 
 use is sometimes limited. 
 
 2. Lu?iar Custic, or nitrate of silver, is by far the most 
 manageable, and effective. It is sold in pencil form, 
 and also requires a holder of silver or platinum for its 
 preservation. 
 
 3. Sulphate of copper, burnt alum, verdigris, red pre- 
 cipitate, and corrosive sublimate are used in powder as 
 
Materia Medica. 125 
 
 dry caustics. The last is often a dangerous remedy in 
 the hands of unskilled persons. 
 
 4. Muriate, or butyr of antimony, is a powerful caustic, 
 - useful for fungoid growths, &c. The addition of water 
 
 effectually destroys it. When dilution is needed, tincture 
 of myrrh is the proper agent. 
 
 5. Sulphuric, nitric, muriatic, and acetic acids are 
 also povveiful caustics, and with No. 4, are usually 
 applied by means of a small mop of cotton wool. 
 
 Caustic Lotions are made of any required degree of 
 strength, by the addition of water as follows : 
 
 6. Nitrate of silver, 3 to 15 grs. per ounce. 
 
 7. Corrosive sublimate, 3 to 10 grs.; muriatic acid, 
 J fluid drm.; cold distilled water, 7 J fluid drms. An efl"ec- 
 tive remedy for fistulous sinuses, indolent tumours, &c. 
 
 8. Sulphate of copper, 3 to 6 drms. ; sulphuric acid, 
 \ fluid drm. ; water, one pint. 
 
 9. Chloride of zinc, 3 to 5 grs. ; muriatic acid, 3 to 5 
 drops ; distilled water, i fluid oz. 
 
 Caustic Ointments find their base in hog's lard, vase- 
 line, cocoa butter, &c. 
 
 10. Verdigris, finely powdered, i to 3 or 4 oz. of one 
 or other of the bases named. 
 
 11. Sulphate of copper, finely powdered, i oz. ; to 3 
 or 4. 
 
 12. Burnt alum, i oz. to 3 or 4. Mix, in each case 
 causing thorough incorporation. 
 
 Clysters, Enemas or Injections. — Tv;o kinds of 
 clyster are in common use, fluid and gaseous. The 
 first are used to unload the rectum, remove obstruction, 
 relieve spasm, and promote intestinal action in debility ; 
 also to convey nutritious fluids to the bowels during the 
 process of wasting disease ; gaseous enemas are eff'ective 
 in allaying spasm, as in colic, &c. 
 
 I. Warm fluid clysters are constituted as follows: 
 They are used at a temperature of 90° to 100° F. Soft, 
 or hard soap, 2 drms. Cover the soap with boiling 
 water, and when the former is dissolved, add sufficient 
 cold to secure the above-named temperatures. Inject a 
 teacupful as required. 
 
1 26 Materia Medica. 
 
 2. Common salt may be substituted for the soap when 
 a direct irritant action is required. 
 
 3. Medicated etiemas consist of some remedy added to 
 warm water, beef-tea, linseed mucilage, &c. 
 
 4. Flour, oatmeal, gruel, or beef-tea, 4 or 5 fluid ozs., 
 spirits of nitrous ether, 2 to 4 drms. Useful when the 
 animal is unable to take food. 
 
 5. Tincture of opium, i fluid oz. ; powdered catechu, 
 4 drms. ; solution of starch, as used in the laundry. 
 
 \^^^^^^^^gm 
 
 Enema Syringe. 
 
 Enema Funnel. 
 
 thickened by boiling, i pint. Mix, and inject one-fourth 
 part as needful in persistent diarrhoea, dysentery, &c. 
 
 6. Gaseous Enema. — In some instances the fumes of 
 burning opium are useful as a means of reducing spasm 
 in colic and other affections of the bowels, but in all 
 cases the treatment calls for the greatest care. 
 
 Enema Funnel. — Various forms of apparatus are used 
 for administering an enema, the simplest being the 
 common funnel shown in figure annexed. The pipe, first 
 smeared with simple lard, oil, or soap, is carefully passed 
 within the intestine to the extent of two inches. The bowl 
 being upwards is filled with successive portions of the 
 fluid, which readily disappear with a gurgling sound. In 
 
Materia Medica. 127 
 
 some instances a syringe, a cut of which is also given, is 
 made use of, the fluid being passed into the intestines by 
 means of pressure. Both instruments are to be obtained 
 from Messrs. Arnold & Sons, 31, West Smithfield, E.G. 
 Cordials. — The various warm aromatic seeds, ginger, 
 pepper, &c., are included in this term ; also fluids, as 
 nitric ether, &c., in certain instances. The seeds are 
 employed in the form of powder to assist the action of 
 mineral tonics in recovery from severe illness ; and the 
 latter is added to enemas to assist the general action 
 when needful, or given by the mouth with tincture of 
 cardamoms. 
 
 1. Cordial Pills. — Powdered carraway seeds, i\ 
 drms. ; ginger, 20 to 40 grs. ; oil of cloves, 3 to 8 
 drops. Mix. Make 10 to 20 pills. 
 
 2. Cordial Drench. — Tincture of cardamoms, i drm. ; 
 aromatic spirits of ammonia, i drm. ; infusion of gentian, 
 I drm. ; camphor mixture, i oz. Mix. Divide into 
 doses of I or 2 drms., as needful, and give in linseed 
 mucilage. See Demulcents. 
 
 3. Liquorice powder, \ oz. ; gum ammoniacum, 3 
 drms. ; balsam of Tolu, ijdrm. ; powdered squill, i drm. 
 Linseed meal and boiling water, enough to form into a 
 mass, and make into 12 or 24 pills, or draughts as No. 2. 
 
 Demulcents. — These are a useful class of agents, 
 although destitute of any specific medicinal action. They 
 are, more correctly speaking, foods, which, containing a 
 large amount of mucilage, render them useful as 
 mechanical agents in providing a thick smooth protective 
 covering to irritable and inflamed tissues, notably the 
 intestinal mucous membrane, and those lining the lungs,' 
 kidneys, bladder, &c. 
 
 1. Linseed Mucilage. — Linseed, 4 oz. ; cold water, i 
 quart. Mix, cover up and set aside, frequently agitating. 
 In twenty-four hours it is ready for use. Add warm 
 water as required. 
 
 2. The above quantities may be boiled to expedite the 
 bursting of the seeds, and used when cool. 
 
 3. Marshmallows, a double handful ; boiling water, i 
 quart. Strain, and use when cool. 
 
128 Materia Medica. 
 
 4. Gum arable, finely powdered, 4 oz. ; water, i pint* 
 Mix, and agitate frequently, until a mucilage is formed, 
 and administer 2 to 4 oz. for a dose. 
 
 Diaphoretics. — The power of promoting transpiration 
 from the skin of the dog, as in man or the horse, is a 
 matter of extreme doubt. The only reliable method of 
 accelerating the normal functions is by a judicious use of 
 stimulants, as ammonia, assisted by warm clothing or the 
 vapour bath. 
 
 Digestives. — These are agents used to promote the 
 discharge of pus, in stimulating the tardy or chronic 
 action of wounds, and thus promote healing. They are 
 also used for smearing setons with a view of hastening 
 desirable suppuration. In canine surgery they are not 
 largely made use of, simple resin or cantharidine oint- 
 ment being all that is required. 
 
 Diuretics. — Medicines which exert their beneficial 
 effect by stimulus of the kidneys are known as diuretics. 
 They reduce the watery parts of the blood and thus pro- 
 mote absorption, by which dropsical states are removed. 
 They also exert a sedative etfect on the circulation, 
 the object of which is to reduce the tendency to fever 
 and inflammation. 
 
 1. Bolus. — Nitrate of potash, i drm. ; extract of gen- 
 tian, sufficient to make a paste. Divide into 6, 8 or 10 
 pills, as may be required. 
 
 2. Draught. — Dissolve the required dose of nitrate of 
 potash in I or 2 oz. of Imseed mucilage. 
 
 Electuaries. — Electuaries are syrupy concoctions for 
 conveying medicines to the mouth for sustaining local 
 action. They slowly dissolve, and are carried by the 
 tongue to all parts of the cavity, exerting a beneficial 
 action when movement of the jaws is painful, or the 
 animal is unable 10 swallow. 
 
 I. Muriate of ammonia, i drm. ; camphor, i drm. ; 
 gum kino, i drm. Pulverise separately, and further 
 triturate the whole to an impalpable powder, then 
 add treacle sufficient to form a soft paste. Dose, half 
 a teaspoonfui placed on the tongue three or four times 
 a day. 
 
Materia Medica. 129 
 
 2. Powdered catechu, i drm. ; linseed meal, i drm. ; 
 honey or treacle sufficient. Mix, and use as directed for 
 No. I. 
 
 Further remedies may be alternated with the foregoing 
 — viz., tannic acid, powdered galls powdered alum, 
 boracic acid, &c. &c. 
 
 Embrocations or Liniments. — These preparations 
 are for external use only, and should be distinctly labelled 
 as such, as powerful poisons are in some instances incor- 
 porated. They are designed to reduce pain, inflamma- 
 tion or swelling, especially old standing enlargements. 
 
 1. Stimulating. — Olive oil, 4 oz. ; liquor ammonia, 
 I J fluid drm.; oil of origanum, i drm. Mix. Apply 
 with friction. 
 
 2. Sedative. — Tincture of opium, i fluid oz. ; tincture 
 of belladonna, i fluid drm. ; olive oil, \ pint. Apply 
 with gentleness to the affected parts. 
 
 3. Soothing a7id Stimulating. — Soap liniment (opodel- 
 doc) 4 fluid oz. ; tincture of opium \ oz. Apply with 
 gentle friction to enlarged joints in the latter part of the 
 acute stages of inflammation. 
 
 4. For Dispersi7ig Enlargements. — Add to No. 3 
 tincture of iodine i oz., and agitate thoroughly. Apply, 
 as required, with smart friction. 
 
 5. Mustard Embrocation. — Best flour of mustard, 
 6 oz. ; liquor of ammonia, i J oz. ; oil of turpentine, 
 \\ oz. Mix with sufficient "water to form a thin 
 paste. 
 
 6. Stiviulath'ig Embrocation. — Camphor, J oz. ; oil of 
 turpentine and spirit of wine, of each \\ oz. Mix. 
 
 7. Sweating Embrocation for Windgalls^ ^c. — Strong 
 mercurial ointment, 2 oz. ; camphor, \ oz. ; oil of rose- 
 mary, 2 drms. ; spirit of turpentine, i oz. Mix. 
 
 8. Another^ but stronger. — Strong mercurial ointment, 
 2 oz. ; oil of bay, i oz. ; oil of origanum, \ oz. ; pow- 
 dered cantharides, \ oz. Mix. 
 
 9. A most Active Sweating Efnbrocation. — Red iodide 
 of mercury, J to i drm. ; powdered arnica leaves, i drm. ; 
 soap liniment, 2 oz. Mix. 
 
 N.B. — This must be repeated until a blister is raised, 
 
 9 
 
130 Materia Medica. 
 
 which usually takes two or three applications. It may 
 then be omitted for a week. 
 
 Emetics. — Emetics are sometimes required for the 
 dog, though not so often as is commonly supposed. 
 Vomiting is a natural process in that animal, and seldom 
 wants provoking; indeed, if emetics are often had re- 
 course to, his stomach becomes so irritable that neither 
 medicine nor food will remain on it. Hence their 
 administration should be carefully kept within the bounds 
 of absolute necessity. 
 
 Under proper regulations emetics have a useful place 
 in canine medicine. They greatly assist other remedies 
 or measures by the facility with which they cause 
 rejection of the contents of the stomach, and produce 
 a direct sedative effect on the system, which proves 
 beneficial in active diseases as pneumonia, hepatitis, 
 enteritis, &c. 
 
 Prescriptions. — i. Tartar emetic, | to i gr. ; powdered 
 ipecacuanha, 4 to 5 grs. Mix, and dissolve in a little 
 water, to be given as a drench, and to be followed by 
 2 to 8 oz., of lukewarm water, in a quarter of an hour. 
 
 2. Coi7i77ion Salt Emetic. — A teaspoonful of salt and 
 half this quantity of mustard are to be dissolved in half 
 a pint of warm water, and given as a drench. 
 
 Expectorants. — Remedies of this class are employed 
 to assist or relieve the lungs by promoting discharge 
 from the mucous lining of the air passages, in which office 
 they prove eminently useful. They restrain irritation 
 and thus remove the cough which it occasions, promote 
 tranquillity, affording rest and comfort to jaded spirits, 
 and greatly facilitate recovery. 
 
 I. Bolus. — Carbonate of ammonia, finely powdered, 
 I drm. ; gum asafoetida, i drm. ; extract of belladonna, 
 12 grains. Pulverise the ammonia and gum separately, 
 using to the latter a few drops of spirit of wine, then 
 mix and triturate together, finally rubbing in the extract 
 with linseed meal and treacle to form a paste. Divide 
 into 12, 18, or 24 pills according to the size of the 
 patient. 
 
 2 Carbonate of ammonia, and carbonate of potash, 
 
Materia Medica. 131 
 
 of each i drm., finely powdered ; extract of belladonna, 
 12 grs. ; powdered squills, i drm. Mix by trituration, 
 and work into a paste with careful and small additions of 
 oxymel squills. Divide into pills as directed for No. i. 
 
 3. Draught. — Spirit of nitrous ether, or aromatic 
 spirit of ammonia, i or 2 drms. ; oxymel squills, 2 
 drms. ; tincture of belladonna, i drm. Mix, add 7 
 drms. of linseed mucilage, and agitate thoroughly. Dose, 
 \X.o \ drm. (30 to 60 drops). 
 
 4. Ipecacuanha powder, i to \\ gr. ; powdered 
 rhubarb, i to 3 grs. ; compound squill pill, i to 2 grs. ; 
 powdered opium, J to i gr. Linseed meal and water, 
 enough to make a bolus, to be given night and morning. 
 
 5. Ipecacuanha powder and powdered opium, of each 
 a grain. Confection enough to make a pill, to be given 
 every six hours. 
 
 6. All Expectoratit Mixture for Chronic Cough. — Friar's 
 balsam, 10 to 15 drops; syrup of poppies, i drm. ; diluted 
 sulphuric acid, 5 to 10 drops ; mucilage, J oz. ; water, 
 \ oz. Mix, and give two or three times a day. 
 
 7. An Expectorant in Recetit Cough. — Tincture of 
 lobelia, 10 to 15 drops ; almond emulsion, i oz. ; extract 
 of conium, 2 to 3 grs. ; ipecacuanha wine, 5 to 10 drops. 
 Mix, and give two or three times a day. 
 
 Febrifuges. — Fever medicines or febrifuges comprise 
 a large number of substances having more or less direct 
 influence upon the heart and circulation, probably 
 through the nervous system, and the excretory channels. 
 They reduce existing febrile states by neutralising or 
 destroying the causes, rendering the process of inflam- 
 , mation less powerful under their presence and action. 
 
 1. Bolus. — Nitrate of potash, i drachm; camphor, 15 
 grains; digitalis, 12 grains. Reduce each separately to 
 powder, and afterwards triturate together, adding t 
 drachm of linseed meal, and treacle sufficient to m.ake 
 the mass. Divide into 12, 18 or 24 pills as needful. 
 
 2. Substitute 12 grains of extract of belladonna for the 
 digitalis in No. i. 
 
 3. Calomel, i to 3 grs.; digitalis, -J gr. ; nitre, 3 to 
 5 grs. Confection to form a pill, to be given every night, 
 
132 Materia Medica. 
 
 4. Nitre, 3 to 5 grs. ; tartar emetic, Jth gr. Confec- 
 tion to form a pill, to be given night and morning. 
 
 5. Fever Mixture, — Nitre, i drm. ; sweet spirit of nitre, 
 3 drms. ; mindererus spirit, i oz.; camphor mixture, 6 J oz. 
 Mix, and give two tablespoonfuls every six hours. 
 
 6. Solution of the acetate of ammonia, 2 drms. ; 
 tincture of belladonna, i drm. ; sulphuric ether, i drm. ; 
 linseed mucilage, 4 drms. Dose, 60, 30, 15, or 10 drops 
 several times daily. 
 
 Fomentations. — In canine therapeutics this class of 
 remedy has no special advantages. Far better results are 
 produced by carefully immersing the sufferer in a warm 
 bath not higher than 76° F., the head being supported 
 above the fluid. This is a useful proceeding in cases of 
 internal spasm, nervous affections and other functional 
 disorders requiring soothing and sedative treatment. On 
 removal from the bath, which should not be continued 
 longer than ten or fifteen minutes at the most, the patient 
 should be quickly dried, at least as far as all means will 
 allow, and enveloped in a blanket and other coverings to 
 protect him from cold until he is quite dry. When the 
 hot bath proves too much, causing a disposition to faint, 
 or show any signs of distress by panting, &c., he should 
 be quickly removed, and revived by 5, 10 or 15 drops of 
 the aromatic spirits of ammonia. 
 
 Hypodermic or Subcutaneous Injections. — The 
 advantages of this method of treating disease in the lower 
 animals are such as to commend the practice in numerous 
 instances. It is not only cleanly, as waste is entirely 
 avoided, but the speediest results are secured, and animal 
 suffering frequently subdued, if not totally arrested, with 
 remarkable promptitude and permanence. By means of 
 a suitable syringe, provided with a tubular needle, the 
 administration is thus effected. A fold of the skin, seized 
 by the left hand, is raised from the body, and the point 
 of the needle is passed through the first layer, parallel 
 with the structures beneath. The fold is then released, 
 and spread or smoothed by the hand, when the piston 
 is pushed home, and the fluid permeates the interstices 
 of the connective tissue. Absorption is rapid, and the 
 
Materia Medica. 133 
 
 physiological action of the remedy is often immediately 
 demonstrated, especially when powerful agents are made 
 use of. 
 
 It is essential to remind the reader that the greatest 
 attention will be necessary, in order to avoid an overdose, 
 or too frequent repetition. The remedies should be 
 carefully prepared solutions, and the exact degree of 
 strength must be ascertained. Indifference towards these 
 precautions will result in bitter regret and disappoint- 
 ment. 
 
 Inhalations. — The class of remedies useful as inhala- 
 tions have not as yet been put to an extended use. 
 Warm vapour is' very helpful in catarrhs by promoting 
 discharges from the nostrils and frontal sinuses. Medicated 
 inhalations are conducive also towards arresting the 
 progress of disease in catarrhs, especially those of an 
 influenzal or purpura type, "Sanitas" oil, or the fluid, 
 eucalyptol, &c., being added to the vapour, or used by 
 means of the spray distributor. 
 
 The inhalation of chloroform may be now so success- 
 fully administered as to be considered as near perfection 
 as possible. Humane proprietors will have no difficulty 
 in meeting with humane surgeons who successfully 
 conduct operations by means of this agent, thus reducing 
 many to the least possible degree of suffering or danger. 
 
 Lotions. — Lotions are usually solutions of one or 
 ..nore remedies in water, and their principal uses are for 
 the healing of wounds, or the application of cold and 
 sedative influences to parts under inflammatory action. 
 They have but a limited use in canine practice, as the 
 natural habit of the animal to lick the part so treated 
 forbids the use of sufficiently potent remedies. When 
 it is desirable to adopt such, the animal must necessarily be 
 muzzled, the possibility of using the tongue being abso- 
 lutely prevented, 
 
 T. Cold water constantly applied is efficacious to in- 
 flamed limbs, &c. 
 
 2. Solution of the acetate of ammonia, 4 fluid oz. ; 
 spirit of wine, 4 fluid oz. ; water, one pint. Apply as 
 No. I. 
 
134 Materia Medica. 
 
 3. Lotmisfor Sprains. — Tincture of arnica, 2 fluid oz. *, 
 spirit of wine, 6 fluid oz. Mix. Apply a thtn bandage 
 to the affected part, and keep it constantly wet with the 
 lotion to ensure cold by evaporation. 
 
 4. Goulard's extract of lead, 2 fluid oz. ; dilute acetic 
 acid, 2 fluid oz. ; distilled water, i pint. Apply as 
 No. I. 
 
 N.B. The dog must be muzzled to prevent his licking 
 the application. 
 
 5. Healing Lotion for Wotmds. — Sulphate of zinc. 
 I oz. ; sugar of lead, i oz. ; soft water, i quart. Shake 
 well before using, and dash the fluid, upon the wound 
 direct from the bottle. Muzzle the dog. 
 
 6. Cooling Lotion in Bruises or Cuts. — Extract of lead, 
 I drm. ; tincture of arnica, J to i drm. ; water, \ pint. 
 Mix, and apply constantly by means of a sponge. 
 
 7. Cooling Lotion in Stiffness from Bruises or Work. — 
 Tincture of arnica, i drm.; spirit of wine, 7 drms. Mix, 
 and rub well into the part, before the fire, with the hand. 
 
 8. Lotion for the Eyes. — Sulphate of zinc, 20 to 25 grs. ; 
 water, 6 oz. Mix. 
 
 9. Very Strong One, and only to be Dropped in. — Nitrate 
 of silver, 5 to 8 grs. \ distilled water, i oz. Mix, and use 
 with a camel-hair brush. 
 
 10. For Lnternal Canker. — Nitrate of silver, 10 grs.; 
 distilled water, i oz. Mix, and drop in every night. 
 
 Ointments. — Unguents, or Ointments, are soft com- 
 positions finding their base in pure hog's lard, with which 
 some special curative remedy is incorporated, examples 
 of which will be found under Anodynes, Astringents, 
 Blisters, &c. They are easily applied, and as a rule 
 remarkably effective, the emollient action of the grease, 
 combined with needful friction, being conducive to the 
 free absorption of the remedy which gives the essential 
 character to the compound. 
 
 1. Ointment for Mange. — Iodide of sulphur, i drm.; 
 pure lard, 10 drms. Mix, and apply with moderate 
 friction. Being non-poisonous, there is no fear of danger 
 from absorption, or being licked by the patient. 
 
 2. Green iodide of mercury, i drm. ; lard, 10 drms. 
 
Materia Mcdica. 1 35 
 
 Mix, and apply as directed for No. i. In this case the 
 animal must be carefully muzzled to prevent licking. 
 
 Parasiticides. — The agents of this class are such as 
 possess the power of destroying parasites. Of those 
 common to the dog, two kinds are recognised — viz., 
 External^ or those infesting the skin, and Internal, or 
 those common to the digestive organs, and included 
 under the familiar title of Worms. 
 
 External Applications for Mange.— i. Sublimed 
 sulphur, 8 oz. ; whale oil, 8 fluid oz. ; oil of tar, and blue, 
 or mercurial ointment, of each h fluid oz. The whole 
 should be thoroughly mixed before use. 
 
 2. Whale oil, 6 fluid oz. ; oil of turpentine, i fluid oz. ; 
 sulphur ointment, 6 oz. Mix. The above are for mild 
 cases only. 
 
 3. Creasote, \\ fluid oz. ; rectified spirit of wine, 
 15 fluid oz. ; water, 11 to 14 fluid oz. (Gamgee.) 
 
 4. Balsam of Peru, i oz. ; alcohol (spirit of wine), 
 4 fluid oz. (Fleming.) An effective and very safe 
 remedy, especially adapted for house dogs. 
 
 N.B. The above remedies are useful for sarcoptic 
 mange. The following are especially prepared for 
 follicular mange. 
 
 1. Olive oil, 14 fluid oz. ; creasote, i fluid oz. ; liquor 
 potassae, i fluid oz. Mix, and agitate thoroughly. Apply 
 by means of a piece of rag to all diseased parts every 
 third day, the dog having been thoroughly washed and 
 dried a few hours before dressing. (Hunting.) 
 
 2. Balsam of Peru, i part, dissolved in 30 parts of 
 alcohol. (Fleming.) 
 
 3. Nut oil, oil of tar, and spirit of turpentine, equal 
 parts, well shaken together. (Mayhew.) 
 
 Carbolic Acid Preparation. — Take carbolic acid (No. 5 
 preparation), i oz. ; soft soap, i. oz. ; water, 2 pints. Put 
 the soap into the water, and boil until it dissolves, 
 after which add the acid, and the moment the fluid boils 
 remove and set aside to cool. Use i part to 40 for local 
 applications, and i to 50 for extended use. 
 
 For Fleas and Lice. — Oil of aniseed, i fluid oz. ; gly- 
 cerine, I fluid oz. \ spirit of wine, 2 fluid drms. ; olive 
 
136 Materia Medica. 
 
 oil, 4 fluid oz. Mix, and apply thoroughly to the skin 
 and hair, placing the dog meanwhile on a temporary bed. 
 After a few hours wash with warm water and " Sanitas " 
 dog soap. 
 
 For remedies for Internal Parasites, see Worm 
 Medicines. 
 
 Poultices. — The remarks already made in reference 
 to lotions apply also to poultices. The best substitute, 
 under the restrictions of a fine wire muzzle, is spongio- 
 piline. A piece of suitable size is selected, dipped in 
 hot water ^ partially wrung out, and rapidly bound upon 
 and around the limb if possible. For renewal, a second 
 piece is required, that the attendant may immediately re- 
 place the fresh, hot covering, on the removal of the first. 
 This material is made in various degrees of thickness, 
 thus presenting a most effective and cleanly method of 
 applying the best means for promoting suppuration in the 
 case of abscess, or as a fomentation to injured parts. 
 
 Medicated poultices also claim our notice. Their object 
 is the application of some remedial agent as well as heat, 
 for which purpose spongio-piline is eminently useful, cleanly 
 and effective. The arrangement consists of cutting the 
 spongio-piline to a size suitable for an entire covering to 
 the affected parts, after which it is plunged into hot or 
 cold water, as required, and quickly pressed to remove 
 superfluous fluid. It is next spread out and saturated 
 with the remedy, and applied to the affected parts with- 
 out delay. When the application is to be hot, the remedy 
 should also be heated by admixture, as with water of suit- 
 able temperature. Heat or cold, to prove serviceable, 
 must be continuous to the well-ascertained end of the 
 operation. The reverse brings inevitable disaster and 
 disappointment. 
 
 Purgatives, see Aperients. 
 
 Stimulants. — By this term is understood those sub- 
 stances which excite the action of the whole nervous and 
 vascular systems \ almost all medicines are stimulants to 
 some part or other, as, for instance, aperients, which 
 stimulate the lining of the bowels, but to the general 
 system are lowering. On the other hand, stimulants, so 
 
Materia Medica . 1 3 7 
 
 called, excite and raise the action of the brain and 
 heart. 
 
 I. Stwiulatifig Mixture. — Aromatic spirit of ammonia, 
 I 02. ; tincture of cardamoms, i oz. ; camphor mixture, 
 6 oz. Mix, and give two table-spoonfuls every six hours. 
 
 Stomachics. — Stomachics are medicines given to im- 
 prove the tone of the stomach when impaired by bad 
 management or disease. 
 
 1. Stoviachic Bolus. — Extract of gentian, 6 to 8 grs. ; 
 powdered rhubarb, 2 to 3 grs. Mix, and give twice a day. 
 
 2. Stomachic Mixture. — Tincture of cardamoms, \ to 
 I oz. ; infusion of cascarilla, 7 oz. ; carbonate of soda, 
 \ drm. Mix : give one or two table-spoonfuls twice a day. 
 
 Styptics. — Styptics are remedies which have a ten- 
 dency to stop the flow of blood either from internal or 
 external surfaces. They are used either by the mouth, 
 or to the part itself in the shape of lotions, &c. ; or the 
 actual cautery, which is always the best in external 
 bleeding. 
 
 Internal Styptics. — i. For Bloody Uri?ze, or Bleed- 
 ing from the Lungs. — Superacetate of lead, 12 to 14 grs. ; 
 tmcture of matico, J to i oz. ; vinegar, 2 drms. ; water, 
 7 J oz. Mix; give two table-spoonfuls two or three 
 times a day to a full-sized dog. 
 
 Tonics. — Tonics augment the vigour of the whole 
 body permanently, whilst stimulants only act for a short 
 time. They are chiefly useful after low fever. 
 
 1. 7<?;?zV /*///$•.— Sulphate of quinine, i to 3 grs. ; gin- 
 ger, 2 to 3 grs. Extract of gentian, enough to form a 
 bolus, to be given twice a day. 
 
 2. To7iic Mixture. — Compound tincture of bark, i oz. ; 
 decoction of yellow bark, 7 oz. Mix, and give two table- 
 spoonfuls twice or thrice a day. 
 
 Worm Medicines (Parasiticides). — AVorm medi- 
 cines, or vermifuges, are given in order to expel worms, 
 which they do partly from their specific action upon the 
 parasite itself, and partly by their purgative qualities, 
 which all ought to possess, or to be followed by medi- 
 cines of that class. 
 
 I. For Worms Generally, — Two drachms of powdered 
 
1 3 8 Blood Diseases. 
 
 areca nut to be given mixed up in water as a drench, and 
 followed by a dose of castor oil. This is the dose for a 
 very large dog. It may be regulated for all sizes by 
 giving 2 grains of the nut for each pound the dog weighs. 
 
 2. Medicines for Round-Worm. — Infusion of Indian 
 pink, I to 3 table-spoonfuls, on an empty stomach. 
 
 3. Santonine, 3 to 4 or 5 grs. ; jalap, 5 to 10 grs. ; pow- 
 dered ginger, 3 to 5 grs. ; extract of gentian to make a 
 pill. 
 
 4. For Tapeivoi-m. — Kousso, 2 to 4 drms. ; lemon 
 juice, J oz. Mix, and give as a drench, with the addition 
 of a little water, on an empty stomach. This should be 
 followed by a dose of castor oil eight hours after. 
 
 5. For Tapeworm (another plan). — Root of male fern, 
 I to 4 drms.; powdered jalap, 15 grs. Liquorice pow- 
 der or linseed meal enough to form a bolus with water. 
 
 6. Oil of male shield fern, 20 drops; sulphuric ether, 
 60 drops ; oil of turpentine, 30 drops. Mix. Add the 
 white of one egg ; 2 drams of glycerine, and beat to- 
 gether. iVhen thoroughly incorporated administer to the 
 dog when the stomach is empty. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 BLOOD DISEASKS. 
 
 Plethora— Obesity— Anaemia — Rheumatism — Rickets or Rachitis— Inter-breed- 
 ing — Crooked or Eandy-legs — Leuchsemia — Jaundice — Uraemia— Apncea. 
 
 The blood in its circulation or movement through the 
 numberless vessels of the body is exceedingly liable to 
 deterioration by admixture with various foreign substances. 
 The vital constitution is more or less depleted, and when 
 the causes are continued, it fails to nourish the body in 
 its integral parts ; or the excess of foreign materials, 
 although strictly speaking they are food elements, but 
 
Blood Diseases. 1 39 
 
 insufficiently elaborated, may induce severe general 
 disorder ; still worse results may follow the not infrequent 
 decay or degeneration of such food elements, which are 
 retained in consequence of the attendant inability of the 
 system at the time to expel them. Suspension of function 
 more or less, is a constant sequel to over-repletion. The 
 system suffers frequently, but regains the power to throw 
 off the offender ; at length it fails to recoup itself, vital 
 stamina is impaired, and the next attack has removed 
 the conditions from the area of simple disorder. Vital 
 action is impaired by reason of structural decay or 
 permanent change, and the conditions are those of 
 disease, with the possibility that the changes are not only 
 of permanent duration, but functions essential to life are 
 seriously interfered with or destroyed, and the end, 
 sooner or later, is death. Such conditions are recognised 
 in one or other of the following forms. 
 
 Plethora or fulness of blood, consists of an excess of 
 nutritious elements derived from the food, which, circu- 
 lating through the body, gives rise to rapid growth and 
 development known as "blooming condition." The 
 absence of needful exercise largely favours these states 
 and renders the consequences dangerous. Overfed, obese, 
 and inactive dogs are the usual subjects. 
 
 Symptoms. — In addition to the conditions already 
 named, the animal exhibits a generally bloated appear- 
 ance ; the skin is hot, dry, and red. The mucous 
 membranes are also injected, or highly coloured. The 
 mouth is dry, or slimy, breath faint, or disagreeable, 
 bowels constipated, urine highly coloured, and probably 
 offensive. The creature is indolent, drowsy, tires on the 
 least exertion ; the artery is full, and the circulation 
 unusually accelerated, imparts a strong resistance to the 
 finger, and the general temperature is increased. 
 
 Treatment. — Reduce the blood pabulum by purgatives 
 occasionally. Change the food, substituting a less 
 quantity, of less nutritious quality, and especially 
 institute regular exercise to stimulate the natural func- 
 tions of waste, decay, and expulsion of the effete 
 products. 
 
140 ^lood Diseases. 
 
 Obesity. — Following hard upon the conditions of 
 Plethora is the disposition to accumulate fat. The 
 degrees of this are various, culminating in a state of 
 superlative inability, associated with positive ugliness. 
 Internally the organs are surrounded by accumulations 
 of fat, which impede the essential functions, and often 
 cause sudden death. Even the muscles are replaced by 
 fat, and the animal is a trouble if not a torture to 
 himself. 
 
 The Causes are those enumerated under Plethora, a 
 discontinuance of which must be ensured before curative 
 measures can be successful. 
 
 Treatment. — Avoid the causes which generate Plethora. 
 Institute gentle exercise, gradually increased as the effects 
 are fruitful. Substitute a less fattening diet. In spite of 
 these measures some cases refuse to yield even to the 
 exhibition of strong medicine of an aperient character. 
 In such an event regular doses of iodine should be 
 given in conjunction with aperient medicines at stated 
 intervals. 
 
 Anaemia. — Deficiency of Blood. — This definition indi- 
 cates the exact reverse of the state known as Plethora. 
 The deficiency applies to the pabulum or rich elements 
 needful for building up the body. It is the disease of 
 badly fed dogs, especially puppies, in which the organis- 
 ation lacks vigour and development. It is the outcome 
 of overcrowding, bad smells, ivant of light and fresh air., 
 especially when unsuitable, or unnutritious and in- 
 digestible food is supplied. 
 
 Symptoms. — Weakness, often amounting to prostration, 
 precarious appetite, indisposition to rise, generally 
 depressed spirits, cold limbs, which sometimes swell, 
 pallid membranes, staring coat, scanty excretions, with 
 general inability for any exertion. The mouth is cool 
 and the gums with the tongue are remarkably pale. 
 Diarrhoea usually supervenes and terminates fatally. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause. Supply good food 
 judiciously^ together with fresh air, water, etc. Treat the 
 diarrhoea by means of half or quarter doses of oil and 
 laudanum, and when successfully arrested, commence 
 
Blood Diseases. 141 
 
 carefully with a course of iron tonics with quinine in 
 small dcses. 
 
 Rheumatism. — This disease owes its origin to the 
 state of the blood as the result of impaired digestion and 
 assimilation : it is charged with elements inimical to its 
 constitution, an arrest of certain functions being the 
 cause of their accumulation and retention within the 
 organism. The disease exhibits a preference for particular 
 tissue, such as the joints and ligaments, when it is known 
 as articular rheumatism; and in the muscles, especially 
 their terminations and attachments by tendons. The 
 latter form producing much stiffness of the body, 
 especially, has been known for generations as the "chest- 
 founder " of the old farriers, and lumbago of more recent 
 days. In sporting dogs the disease appears as the result 
 of cold and damp quarters, hence the term " kennel- 
 lameness." 
 
 Two forms are observed, the acute and chronic, the 
 first, as a rule, subsiding into the latter, assuming per- 
 sistent and incurable states, extremely liable to aggrava- 
 tion by adverse states of the temperature and moisture 
 of the air. The acute form is also liable to become 
 periodic, and heart complications, as valvular disease, 
 of a serious and fatal nature are common. 
 
 Symptoms. — In the acute articular form the joints are 
 hot, swollen, and intensely painful. Movement causes 
 intense agony, which the sufferer avoids, but yelps 
 piteously when forced to change his position. 
 
 In the muscular form or " chest-founder," the sufferer 
 is more or less unable to advance the forelegs, or move 
 the shoulders, which are stiff, the whole of the limbs 
 being carried in a piece, and with extreme care. The 
 sufferer objects to being handled, and yells loudly when 
 the limbs are manipulated, especially if abducted or 
 moved away from the body. Considerable fever is 
 present. 
 
 In lumbar rheumatism the same objection to move- 
 ment is evident. The back is arched upwards, the feet 
 being near together, movement in any direction causing 
 intense agony, and as a result, the creature refuses to be 
 
142 Blood Diseases. 
 
 disturbed, and pressure, or forced movement rouses his 
 anger by the intense pain which attends the least change 
 of position. 
 
 Constitutional disturbance is severe in each of the 
 forms, the temperature being increased, the pulse rapid, 
 hard, and sharply defined, respiration accelerated, 
 tongue coated with mucus, breath foul, bowels con- 
 stipated, and the urine deficient, depositing a sediment 
 on cooling. The same tendency to move from one part 
 or go out to another as seen in the human subject, 
 characterises the disease in canine sufferers, and an 
 intensely inflamed joint may be apparently sound in a 
 few hours, the disease being transferred with all its 
 severity to another. The erratic nature of the disease is 
 particularly striking, and serves an important purpose in 
 correct diagnosis. 
 
 Treatment. — The bowels should be moved in the 
 earliest stages, assisted by enemas. Give the fever bolus 
 No. I, page 131, or one of the draughts there pre- 
 scribed. In the early stages of extreme constitutional 
 disturbance one or two minims of Fleming's tincture of 
 aconite may replace the belladonna. It, however, re- 
 quires great care, and must not be continued too long. 
 In addition, and between the other remedies, 20 or 30 
 grains of the bicarbonate of potash or soda may be given 
 in half or one ounce of water. 
 
 In the chronic form, the disease appears to be milder. 
 There is less pain and little disposition to move from one 
 part to another. Deformity of limb is common and is 
 associated with enlargement, which sufters aggravation in 
 changes of weather. In this instance a modification in 
 the essentials of treatment is called for, the most useful 
 remedies being salicylic acid and colchicum, or iodide 
 of potassium with the carbonate of soda, or potash. 
 Blisters, and setons to the affected joints are sometimes 
 serviceable. 
 
 As damp and cold are undoubtedly active agents in 
 the development of the disease, prevention depends on 
 the adoption of warm, dry, and airy quarters ; and when 
 dogs are washed, to ensure they are carefully dried 
 
Blood Diseases. 143 
 
 subsequently by friction with towels, &c., being quickly 
 removed to sheltered places, free from direct draughts, 
 and having a normal temperature. 
 
 The complication, valvular disease of the heart, will 
 be referred to under diseases of the circulatory system 
 in Chapter XII. 
 
 Rickets or Rachitis. — The deformities which charac- 
 terise this aifection are the evidences of an abnormal 
 state of the digestive and assimilative functions. Flesh 
 and fat may be greedily partaken of, but the power to 
 convert earthy or calcareous matters into true, solid 
 bone structure is absent. The disease is not so common 
 or widespread as generally supposed. Many crooked, 
 bow, or bandy legged dogs, especially whelps, are met 
 with, but these form a totally distinct class, often deriving 
 their characteristics from the irregularities of their 
 mongrel descent. The ricketty whelp is sickly, weak, 
 and ailing, always morbid, and rarely worth the trouble 
 which the apparent gravity of the case demands. 
 
 The symptoms are briefly as follow. The bones are 
 the seat of the principal abnormalities, swellings of 
 variable size being present on the limbs, sometimes in 
 connection with the joints, attended with more or less 
 inflammatory action, pain, and lameness. The latter is 
 so pronounced in some cases as to render the animal 
 incapable of rising from the bed. The legs are thus 
 deformed by bends, or twists, the weight of the body 
 being instrumental in their production. Bulging of the 
 facial bones, or jaws is also somewhat common. The 
 spine and ribs are more rarely affected, but the same 
 want of earthy material is evident with more or less 
 softening after death. The coat stares, the flanks are 
 hollow, the loins narrow, and the whole vertebrae develop 
 the razoi back appearance. The mucous membrane and 
 the " white " of the eye, are singularly pale, and the 
 creature as a whole is a miserable and profitless being. 
 
 Treat metit.-'^MZQ.t^s attends only upon those cases in 
 which the disease is of a recent or slight nature, and 
 when fresh air, light, suitable food and freedom from 
 cold and damp are ensured. The food should contain 
 
144 Blood Diseases, 
 
 the elements necessary for bone formation, as lime water, 
 finely ground bones or egg shells, good oatmeal porridge 
 forming the medium as well as the bulk of the daily food. 
 Cod-liver oil, glycerine, or linseed oil should be variously 
 alternated with the foregoing to promote assimilation, 
 and impart warmth. Additional advantages will be 
 derived from daily, but suitable and gentle exercise. 
 As a general medicine, the following may be advan- 
 tageous : — Cod-liver oil, or linseed oil, and lime water, 
 of each 8 fluid ounces ; solution of dialised iron, one 
 fluid ounce; aromatic spirit of ammonia, one fluid 
 ounce. Mix the oil and lime water together and shake 
 well; next add the ammonia and again agitate; finally 
 put in the iron solution and mix. The dose should vary 
 from one teaspoonful to a tablespoonful twice a day, 
 age and size of the patient being considered. 
 
 It remains to be stated with emphasis \hdXricketty dogs 
 should not be used for breeding purposes. Male and female 
 alike hand down the defects and hereditary taint, which 
 effectually frustrate the designs of the owner to improve 
 his animals through that means. 
 
 Inter-breeding, or breeding from animals of close con- 
 sanguinity is also set down as the cause or origin of 
 rickets as well as many other diseases. This is un- 
 doubtedly true when one or both parents are unsound 
 from existing disease. We need to remember that a 
 close system of in-breeding has given us our famous 
 flocks and herds, as well as unrivalled studs of the finest 
 horses. A true system of in-breeding is based on careful 
 selection of the healthiest as well as the best formed 
 animals, and the results are inevitably favourable, even 
 with animals of close consanguinity. Health, hardi- 
 hood, vigour, conformation, (S:c., are fortunately as 
 hereditary as the taint of scrofula, or any other specific 
 disease, the value of the progeny being in direct ratio to 
 the soundness or otherwise of the parents. 
 
 Crooked or Bandy Legs are peculiarly common to 
 some breeds of dogs, and of late years the deformity has 
 gradually come to be esteemed as a peculiarity of breed. 
 The Dachshund and Basset Hound are of this class. 
 
Blood Diseases. 145 
 
 It is not improbable that originally the defect, for such 
 it must be considered, had its origin in the hereditary 
 transmission of a weakly constitution, and later in 
 attenuation of form and physical development. The 
 absence of sound judgment in the selection and mating 
 of canine animals is evident in the various deformities 
 of the heavier breeds, as the Mastiff and St. Bernard. 
 The system of feeding also, as inducing weight of body 
 while sacrificing the essentials of the bony skeleton is 
 probably the immediate cause. What we v/ould think of 
 the builder who places his superstructure on an inferior 
 foundation ? The breeding from animals possessing 
 heavy carcases set on inferior legs, composed of deficient 
 osseous material is a practice of similar kind, having the 
 same inevitable results. 
 
 Leuchsemia or Leucocythsemia, otherwise ivhite 
 b/ood, or white cell bloody is described as occuring in canine 
 and other animals, as well as the human subject. As its 
 name implies, the corpuscles of the blood are white, the 
 characteristic red or crimson colour being absent as a 
 result of disease in the blood-producing organs — viz., 
 the spleen, lymphatic glands, or spinal marrow. 
 
 Dogs and cats suffer most of all domestic animals, 
 usually at or about the middle, or in advanced life. The 
 cause appears to be due to engorgement of the spleen 
 with blood, and later to its becoming thickened, hard, 
 and anaemic, finally involving other organs as the liver, 
 kidneys, etc., and ending in death. 
 
 The disease is identified with difficulty, examination 
 of the blood during life being the only reliable test. 
 The outlines of a cure have not yet been defined. 
 
 Jaundice or Icterus, is essentially a disease of the blood 
 owing to retention of bile products, and indicated by a 
 deep yellow colour of the tissues. As the original cause 
 is disease of the liver, the subject will be suitably con- 
 sidered in connection with the several maladies of that 
 rgan. (See Chapter XIII.) 
 
 Ursemia is the state of blood poisoning by retention 
 of elements which should be expelled by the kidneys. 
 The skin exhales a strong and sickly odour of urine in 
 
 10 
 
146 specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 fully developed cases, the mouth being slimy and equally 
 offensive, and the feces are small, hard, glazed with 
 mucus, and emits the same disagreeable odour. The 
 end soon comes on. Dulness is followed by insensibility, 
 the animal lies stretched on the side, and life gradually 
 passes away. Uraemia may be due to disease of the 
 kidneys, but as a rule it is the result of obscure causes, 
 without special disease of those organs. 
 
 Apncea.— This is a form of blood-poisoning arising 
 from an arrest of the functions of the skin. It is mainly 
 due to the use of large quantities of resinous ointments 
 and other agents which prevent due transpiration. 
 Among horses and sheep the disease is more or less 
 prevalent, but in dogs, as the skin is less active, this form 
 of disease is not so common. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 SPECIFIC AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 
 
 Anthrax— Cholera— Diphtheria— Distemper— Eczema Epizootica— Glanders- 
 Measles —Rabies— Relapsing Fever— Septicaemia— Tuberculosis— Variola 
 or Small Pox. 
 
 The specific diseases of the blood in canine animals 
 have received much greater attention in later years, and 
 close observation has been rewarded by the recognition 
 of various forms from which the system of the dog was 
 believed to be practically exempt. This may possibly be 
 due to the extension of the causes, the majority of which 
 bear close relation to our international relations with 
 other countries of the world. They present a wide field 
 for study, especially in their relation to the diseases of 
 mankind, and in a few years hence the present list may 
 be considerably extended and enriched by further dis- 
 coveries, removing many diflftculties we now experience. 
 
 Anthrax, or Charbon, otherwise coal, derives its 
 
specific and Contagious Diseases. 147 
 
 name from the dark coloured or black state of the 
 blood. 
 
 The usual form of infection is by means of the flesh of 
 cattle which have died of the disease, or when the dog 
 has been allowed to forage among the excrement of those 
 suffering from the intestinal form. The disease has 
 appeared with violence among foxhounds, from which the 
 losses have been serious, but as a rule dogs resist the 
 poison better than cattle. 
 
 Symptoms. — The intestinal form of the malady is most 
 common. It commences by violent colic, during which 
 the bowels are moved, the evacuations being mixed with 
 blood. Vomition is likewise severe, the contents of the 
 stomach being largely mixed with blood. Recovery is 
 more common in the dog than among cattle. In some 
 instances the lymphatic glands about the throat and neck 
 rapidly swell, with local tumefaction and serous infiltra- 
 tion of the surrounding tissues^ which greatly interfere 
 with respiration. The skin and parts thus implicated, 
 together with the membrane of the mouth, and tongue, is 
 spotted with blood effused beneath, and shortly becomes 
 gangrenous; viscid saliva copiously flows from the mouth, 
 and the bowels discharge fluid faeces largely mixed with 
 blood. The affected animal usually dies within three to 
 five days, or recovery is betokened within that time. As 
 a result of the contagion entering by the mouth, the 
 buccal membrane lining the whole cavity is often studded 
 with blebs or pustules, which occasion severe fever and 
 irritation. Such states are believed by the ignorant to be 
 the result of an encounter with a toad, snake, &c. It is 
 said that a dog aff"ected with anthrax will convey the 
 disease by attacking with his teeth. If this is correct, 
 may we not suppose it is due to the presence of blood or 
 other matter on which the animal has fed previously ? If 
 it is proved to be conveyed by the saliva, or discharges 
 from the blebs, &c., in his mouth, we realise the formid- 
 able nature of the complaint, and the need for the 
 greatest caution. 
 
 Treatment must be regulated by the attendant circum- 
 st-ances. The milder forms., and only when the dog is 
 
148 specific and Contagious Diseases, 
 
 valuable, should be treated, as great risk is imminent 
 from the conveyance of fatal blood-poisoning. The care 
 of the patient properly rests with a qualified veterinary 
 surgeon. '^Sanitas" disinfectants should be largely made 
 use of for purifying the litterj floor, &c., fouled by the 
 discharges, and as a wash for the mouth, nothing answers 
 better than *' Sanitas" fluid diluted with an equal bulk of 
 water. One or two fluid drachms with one ounce of cold 
 water will form an excellent medicine, which may be 
 given several times daily; and a fluid injection, say two 
 to four ounces of tepid water containing one teaspoonful, 
 will materially aid in correcting the offensive dejections. 
 Otherwise the warmth and general comfort of the animals 
 must be ensured. 
 
 Cholera. — The communication of cholera to the dog 
 or cat may not be improbable. Both these animals in their 
 association with mankind run serious risk during an 
 outbreak of the disease. They may partake of the malady 
 by their disposition to seek deUcate morsels from the 
 evacuations or vomited matters ; they may also become 
 carriers of contagion, and spread the disease far and wide 
 among the population of the district. With regard to the 
 first, the evidences of cholera in either dog or cat are by 
 no means clear. During visitations of the plague in 
 certain countries, cats and dogs have suffered extensively 
 from an epizootic form of disease which has been recog- 
 nised at the least as of a choleraic nature, and exceedingly 
 fatal even after a few hours. The chief symptoms were 
 severe vomiting, &c., with violent as well as profuse 
 diarrhoea ; the animal appeared to be suddenly reduced, 
 having a " pinched " or wasted appearance, and the eyes, 
 sunk deep in the orbits, added considerably to the woe- 
 begone or dejected condition. After death the internal 
 evidences very closely agreed with those witnessed in the 
 human subject. It has, however, been carefully ascer- 
 tained that notwithstanding the great similarity in the 
 post-mortem appearances, the true choleraic poison was 
 probably not present. 
 
 Diphtheria. — Prominently among the discoveries of 
 
specific and Contagious Diseases. 149 
 
 recent years is the susceptibility of dogs to diphtheria. 
 The cause is ascertained to rest with the defective state 
 of the drainage, the gases from which are inhaled, or by 
 the access of putrilage to the system, the medium being 
 the food. By nature the dog is surprisingly immune as 
 to many putrid forms of disease, as he is almost the only 
 scavenger in many countries; yet it appears to be possible 
 for the system to become susceptible as the animal is 
 exposed to the operation of causes while under con- 
 strained or domestic conditions. My late friend Professor 
 Robertson, in his extended observations was enabled to 
 witness the effects of the disease in a number of horses, 
 as well as a kennel of greyhounds, and I give the results 
 of his experience in the following observations. 
 
 Some of the cases were characterised by high fever at 
 the outset, when the inflammation was acute, the mouth, 
 fauces, tonsils and palate being of a dark red colour, 
 tense, smooth, and glistening, as a result of distension 
 from sub-cellular infiltration. The gland structures were 
 swollen and tender, which rendered swallowing difficult 
 or impossible. The early signs were increase of temper- 
 ature, accelerated pulse and respiration, and when this 
 increased functional activity subsided, the animal was 
 depressed, and hstless from a want of muscular energy. 
 The end of the disease was betokened by emesis, 
 diarrhoea and death. In those surviving twenty-four 
 hours were the characteristic grey coagulable exudate, 
 sometimes arranged in spots or stripes, but always 
 adherent to the mucous membrane ; more frequently 
 the exudation was glossy, tenacious, soft, and devoid of 
 structural arrangement, or granular miaterial was thickly 
 deposited in some parts, or almost absent in others. 
 
 In another form there was less fever, and the power of 
 swallowing was only slight. 
 
 In the third form the disease was principally located in 
 the nasal passages, being characterised by dulness, and 
 fever of a low type, with sore throat, sanious discharge 
 from the nostrils, and a similar fluid, mingled with saliva, 
 flowed over the tongue when the mouth was examined. 
 
150 'Specific and Contagions Diseases. 
 
 Of the few which recovered, one became blind of both 
 eyes from infiltration of the layers of the cornea, but 
 ultimately sight was restored. Another, affected a fort- 
 night later, was seized with clonic spasms of the 
 muscles of the face and cervical region, followed in a few 
 days by paraplegia. After a tedious convalescence this 
 animal recovered his full nervous power. 
 
 Examination of the drains proved them to be full of 
 filth, which had percolated through the floor of the 
 kennels, and escape of effluvia took place through a 
 perforated grating, conditions which fully accounted for 
 the fatality. 
 
 Other writers have noticed the occurrence of diphtheria 
 in dogs from the consumption of the excreta of human 
 patients under the disease. And Professor Law also 
 alludes to croup as occurring in the dog, probably 
 due to the confinement within buildings to which 
 mephitic vapours have gained more or less constant 
 access. 
 
 Distemper. — In the list of canine ailments distemper 
 probably ranks first in importance, prevalence, severity, 
 and fatality. It is a specific disease, and usually believed 
 to be closely associated with early life, a peculiarity which 
 may, to some extent, be responsible for its fatality. In 
 later years the belief in a contagion by which it is carried 
 from one animal to another, has included it among the 
 highly infectious maladies, yet some who accept the 
 theory of its being " self-generated," also admit that 
 many dogs safely pass through the vicissitudes of life 
 without contracting the disease. It is also in evidence 
 that one attack does not always ensure immunity from a 
 second, or even a third. Various attempts have been made 
 to establish identity witli various diseases of other animals 
 and the human subject, which, it is almost needless to 
 state, have failed. In our student days, we assisted in 
 the inoculation of numerous dogs as a preventive, the 
 belief of our teacher in that day being that the disease 
 resembled smallpox of the human subject. 
 
 JSlatiire. — The evidences gained by a careful study of 
 the disease are decidedly in favour of its being dependent 
 
specific and Contagious Diseases. 1 5 1 
 
 upon an altered condition of the blood, leading to an 
 asthenic or debility of a peculiarly low type. It may be 
 located at one time in a special set of organs, and during 
 a succeeding attack the manifestations are removed to a 
 totally distant part : thus, at one time it is wholly catarrhal, 
 and in other instances it proves to be either pulmonary, 
 intestinal, hepatic, or cerebro-spinal, all of which may 
 suffer modification in their special characteristics under 
 various circumstances. 
 
 Causes. — Contact with diseased animals is perhaps the 
 chief. The exciting causes are those which by inducing 
 debility, impoverishment of the blood, &c., favour the 
 attack, such as bad or insufficient food, damp, over- 
 crowded, or ill-ventilated dwellings, over-feeding, want 
 of exercise, &c. &c. Worms and teething also contribute 
 their share in reducing the natural stamina of the system. 
 As we are assured of the demonstration of a special 
 disease producing bacterium of micrococcus characters, 
 we may content ourselves in the inevitable assurance of 
 the contagious cause under all circumstances. 
 
 Symptoms. — The most recent views of the nature of 
 this disease are that, primarily, it is a specific form of 
 catarrh, in which the mucous membrane of the air pas- 
 sages, or the upper alimentary track, as far as the stomach, 
 are involved, degenerating, as already stated, into one 
 or other of the forms of pneumonia, hepatic or bilious, 
 enteric or intestinal, and cerebro-spinal or nervous 
 disease. 
 
 The earliest signs of disorder are dulness, lassitude, 
 snuffling or slight husk, or coughing fit, at the close of 
 which the animal attempts to vomit. Somewhat later he 
 is found trembling, with staring coat, a fit of shivers 
 ushering in a subsequent stage. The pulse and tempera- 
 ture are increased, the latter rising to 104° or 105° F. 
 The respiration soon becomes accelerated, and the 
 mucous membranes slightly reddened, which provokes a 
 watery discharge from the eyes and nostrils, and a fre- 
 quent blowing of air from the latter. In a few hours the 
 watery discharges become muco-purulent, or partly 
 mucus and pus, the mouth is hot, and the tongue coated 
 
152 specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 with dirty-looking mucus. Shortly the throat is inflamed 
 and sore, outward pressure causing pain and coughing, 
 the urine scanty and highly coloured, bowels constipated, 
 legs and ears cold, and appetite very capricious, any 
 attempt to swallow provoking vomition. In mild cases 
 these signs prevail some days, and the patient may 
 recover, or the change may be in the development of 
 severe complications, often ending in some incurable 
 form of disease, or death within a few days. 
 
 There are also conditions which merge from the simple 
 catarrh at the outset, which we must now notice. The 
 disease may appear to be mainly located in the nose, 
 eyes, &c. The discharges grow exceedingly thick and 
 tenacious, accumulating around the eyelids, on the face 
 below, and about the nostrils and lips. The eyelids are 
 closed and even united by the hardened discharge, and 
 the breathing is impeded by similar accumulations in the 
 nostrils, relief in either case being gained only by care- 
 ful soaking with warm water, and removal of the en- 
 crustations. Blood circulation and supply are deficient, 
 the result of which is that the parts affected are not 
 nourished ; the discharges are offensive, and contain 
 blood, the resuH of ulceration, which appears in the form 
 of numerous sores on the nostrils, lips, and even the 
 gums, tongue, &c. The eyes are likewise involved, 
 opaque spots first appearing on the eyeballs, and by sub- 
 sequent ulceration or abscess, perforate the tissues and 
 the aqueous humour escapes. In those cases which 
 recover, the process of repair is wonderfully rapid and 
 effective, the eye being ultimately clear and sight unim- 
 paired. Similar results are not uncommon with respect 
 to the general state of disease. The animal is fearfully 
 prostrated, and each day is thought to be his last. A 
 few hours decides the issue of the case, and he suddenly 
 pulls himself together, enters on the path to recovery, 
 and in a few days is convalescent. In other cases, and 
 in the earlier stages, improvement is suddenly apparent 
 by the absence of all the severe symptoms ; shortly, how- 
 ever, he appears weak in the back, is unusually excitable, 
 and at length the worst that can befall him is seen in the 
 
specific ajid Contagions Diseases, 1 5 3 
 
 evidence of epileptic fits, St. Vitus's dance, or paralysis. 
 Sometimes, owing to bi"ain complication, the sufferer 
 engages in a continual walking in one direction, and in 
 the form of a circle, evidently in a state of stupor or 
 partial insensibility, which terminates in complete coma 
 and death. 
 
 The Respiratory or Pulmonary form of Distemper is 
 essentially that of Bro7ich,itis of a low and aggravated 
 character, the post-mortem evidences being those 
 common to the usual disease of that name, but asso- 
 ciated with general specific blood derangement. i^See 
 Bronchitis.) 
 
 In the Biliary or Hepatic form jaundice is conspicuous 
 by the yellow colour pervading the tissues generally. 
 The tinge, more or less intense, is seen to great advan- 
 tage in the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, 
 nostrils, eyelids, eyeball, the haw, vulva, and rectum. It 
 is associated with intense depression, a feature which 
 adds considerable difficulty in combating the associated 
 blood poison and its destructive effects. {^Scc Jaundice.) 
 
 Enteric or Intestinal Distemper is principally confined 
 to younger dogs and puppies, which are peculiarly liable 
 in their immature state of physical development to con- 
 tract a state of blood disease, even under the least 
 favourable circumstances. Worms in the intestines, also 
 teething, often prove exceedingly trying to these creatures, 
 and under their continued effects, without due care as to 
 suitable food, exercise according to capacity, comfortable 
 quarters, &c., the causes of blood derangement are not 
 far distant. 
 
 In ordinary Distemper the tendency to a loose state of 
 the bowels is general, thus completing the list of signs 
 which are characteristic of blood diseases. A state of 
 looseness is often present from the first, the faeces being 
 laden with mucus shed by the lining membrane of the 
 bowels. Further action induces congestion of the tissues, 
 which is followed by rupture of the minute vessels ; 
 blood oozes, and being irritant as well as an animal 
 poison, causes stoppage and sloughing, when an ulcer 
 forms, another source of bleeding; thus the faeces 
 
1 54 Specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 soon become dark-coloured, or black, emitting an 
 offensive odour. Severe colic accompanies the changes 
 referred to, and great depression is evident, the pulse is 
 now running down, temperature declines rapidly, and the 
 animal dies in agony. When this is the case a portion 
 of the intestine may be observed, on post-mortem ex- 
 amination, to be firmly contracted, congested, and 
 probably infiltrated, as well as ulcerated. Some cases 
 do not proceed thus far, death arising from blood- 
 poisoning and coma. 
 
 Ecze?na of a severe form is another serious compli- 
 cation. Innumerable pustules form over the body, or 
 perhaps only over the surface of the belly, some of which 
 are so small as to resemble the puncture by a pin ; 
 others are larger and well defined, while a third form 
 consists of a confluence or union of these which raise the 
 cuticle over a wide area as a large swelHng. The system 
 then suffers violently from pain, shock, and an enormous 
 drain, and from this period the patient becomes weaker, 
 and finally dies in the majority of cases. In milder 
 forms the pustules mature, burst and discharge their 
 contents, which proves the welfare of the system, but in 
 the severe states the poison is re-absorbed, to the great 
 detriment of the circulation. 
 
 Treatment. — This is of two kinds, preventive and 
 remedial. With regard to the first, vaccination or 
 inoculation with the eye or nasal discharges, has been 
 set forth as all sufficient. Upwards of forty years ago we 
 had the privilege of assisting the late Professor Barlow, of 
 Edinburgh, in a great number of trials for the sole 
 purpose of testing the value and usefulness, if any, of the 
 operation. It is almost needless to state the results were 
 nil, and to the present day that experience has been 
 repeatedly verified. If, however, we regard the presence 
 of bacteria as the sole cause, the use of cultivated fluids 
 may solve the mystery. Let the sick be rigidly kept 
 apart from the healthy, observing all necessary rules of 
 sanitation, with a judicious employment of antiseptics of 
 known value, of which "Sanitas" preparations take 
 
specific and Contagious Diseases. 155 
 
 leading rank. This caution is of the utmost importance 
 in dealing with the profuse discharges from the eyes and 
 nostrils, as well as the faeces, &:c. The former should be 
 frequently and carefully removed to avoid puf-ulettt 
 iiifectio7i^ using the most gentle means, as the ulcerated 
 skin is exceedingly sensitive, and irritation causes intense 
 agony. For this purpose one part of " Sanitas " Fluid to 
 four or five of water will sweeten and soothe the parts. 
 An injection of the same should be used when diarrhoea 
 makes its appearance ; and a draught composed of ten, 
 twenty, to sixty drops in water may be given by the 
 mouth. 
 
 It is good practice to administer an emetic in the 
 earliest stages, for which form No. i or 2 will be 
 useful. A laxative judiciously follows the emetic when 
 the effects have subsided, its action being facilitated by 
 an enema of warm water only. Airy, but warm, dry 
 quarters are absolutely essential, and feeding must be of 
 the most careful kind, in order to avoid constipation or 
 diarrhoea by direct overloading of the stomach, or irrita- 
 tion from unsuitable or indigestible aliment. Stimulants, 
 as No. I, will be found useful when debility is evident; 
 or when the cough comes on, expectorant bolus or 
 draughts will be called for. In either case the addition 
 of one grain of the sulphate of quinine will be useful 
 against threatened depression. 
 
 The insertion of a seton in front of the chest for sore 
 throat or bronchitis is often recommended in the very 
 early stages ; afterwards they may prove worse than 
 useless. The seton is also recommended when the eyes 
 are implicated. In this case it is placed at the back of 
 the neck, behind the ears. Opacity of the cornea may 
 be caused by general cloudiness or by small circular 
 spots or depressions, the commencement of ulceration. 
 For these a small quantity of oxide of zinc or calomel is 
 laid on the tip of the finger and held opposite the eye, 
 the lids being separated, and the powder is blown upon 
 the cornea. 
 
 The various complications of Distemper, such as 
 
156 specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 Bronchitis, Enteritic diarrhoea, Jaundice, Eczema, &c., 
 will be dealt with under these heads. 
 
 As long as the disease can be confined to the catarrhal 
 stages we have found as a rule the appropriate measures 
 to be fairly successful. It is, therefore, impossible to lay 
 undue stress on the importance of thorough cleanliness, 
 an unremitting use of disinfectants for the floor, &:c., of 
 the habitation, with antiseptic dressings for the various 
 points of discharge. In clearing the latter small pieces 
 of soft rag should be used with extreme gentleness, 
 and at the end of the operation consigned to the fire. 
 The attendant also should wash the hands frequently, 
 and always after operating on the patient, the " Sanitas " 
 Fluid being used as directed. 
 
 A Maligtiant fonn of Distemper occasionally makes its 
 appearance, the general manifestations being those of 
 extreme debility, diphtheria (which see) and severe skin 
 eruption. In such cases little or no good can be done 
 unless the appropriate medical treatment is adopted at 
 the outset. {See also Eczema Epizootica.) 
 
 Eczema Epizootica, one of the scourges of the bovine 
 race, is known to be transmissible to the dog and the cat, 
 the medium of conveyance being the milk of diseased 
 cattle. It is very probable that as this disease appears in 
 conjunction with diphtheria as a malignant form of dis- 
 temper, the source in all probability is the milk from 
 dairies where not only diseased cattle are present, but 
 the water used for washing the utensils, &c., is polluted 
 with sewage. (See Diphtheria.) 
 
 Glanders. — The dog is highly susceptible of the 
 poison of glanders, which may be communicated in co- 
 habitation, by direct inoculation, spreading the matter on 
 open wounds, or injecting it within the veins. In the 
 latter instance, the operation being carefully performed, 
 the induced disease generally proves fatal ; in the other 
 instances, it is thought the eff"ect of the operation is to 
 create immunity from subsequent attacks. This, how- 
 ever, is not sufficiently demonstrated to be set down as 
 an admitted fact. Glanders in the dog is not marked, 
 as in the horse, by chancrous sores on the nasal mem- 
 
specific and Contagions Diseases. 157 
 
 brane, &:c., yet bloody discharges are common, associated 
 with dropsical swellings of the head and eyes, the mem- 
 brane of the latter being acutely reddened. More or 
 less fever is also present with lung disturbance and a 
 lingering death, the illness in fatal cases extending over 
 several months. Spontaneous recoveries are, however, 
 quite common. 
 
 Measles. — The transmission of this disease from the 
 human subject is set down as quite possible, a case having 
 actually occurred in a pet dog which was allowed to lick 
 the hand of a child affected with measles in a severe 
 form. The animal sickened in twelve days, a discharge 
 from the nose appeared shortly after, and in four days 
 died from resulting congestion of the throat and air 
 passages generally. {^Veterinary Joiirnal^ 1876.) 
 
 Rabies, — From whatever aspect we view this disease, 
 there can be but one, the inevitable conclusion that it is 
 one of the most dangerous and formidable, the possibili- 
 ties of which are fearful to contemplate. The number of 
 human victims who are said to succumb to the effects of 
 the poison is not the only horror which comes of its 
 prevalence, however large the quotation may be. In the 
 minds of those who are called to minister to the sufferer, 
 no description can portray the amount of mental agony 
 and utter dismay they undergo while unable to offer the 
 least assistance calculated to assuage the bodily sufferings, 
 or impart solace to the distracted mind. From this 
 point of view it is not surprising that, by general consent, 
 we regard the mention of rabies as synonymous with 
 general prevalence, the cry of "mad dog" having an 
 electrical effect upon a whole population. Nervous 
 subjects, especially those who know little or indeed 
 nothing of rabies, at the mere mention of the name often 
 work themselves into a fearful state of apprehension, not 
 unfrequently attended with serious consequences. Such 
 being the case, it is high time that all interested in canine 
 pets should become acquainted with the general charac- 
 ters of the disease, the usual mode of origin, possibility 
 of communication to other animals as well as ourselves, 
 in order that means for its delimitation at least may 
 
1 5 8 Specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 be secured if we cannot immediately suppress its exist- 
 ence. 
 
 Rabid dogs, it has often been said, exhibit method in 
 their madness. A state of fury is uncommon or at least 
 associated only with certain forms of the disease; in 
 many cases the creature is perfectly docile, the owner 
 himself having not even the vestige of a suspicion against 
 his pet. Rabid dogs have been known to fondle, caress, 
 and lick the hands of their owners as on other occasions, 
 which in some instances have proved fatal, the virus from 
 the saliva gaining entrance to the system through a 
 scratch or other slight form of wound. They show their 
 intense dislike to other dogs in preference to human 
 beings as a rule ; even in sleep they rise and violently 
 rush at the object of their fury, which exists only in their 
 disordered imagination ; they will also snap as at flies, or 
 other unseen objects, and from apparently sound sleep 
 suddenly rising to the attack have been known to fall 
 exhausted by the effort. The desire for freedom is 
 peculiarly manifested, often with a degree of cunning for 
 which even the dog would scarcely be credited. Once 
 free he commences his wanderings, often covering 
 immense distances, and when unmolested returns to his 
 lair completely prostrate, or partially paralysed, and in a 
 short time wholly so. It is rare that he attempts violence 
 during this remarkable journey, but when provoked is apt 
 to commit fearful havoc. The wisest course, therefore, 
 when a dog is " on the march " and correctly recognised, 
 is to give him possession of the road, as in all probability 
 he will never molest any person. His evident desire is to 
 get aivay from the disease, and to this end he devotes 
 himself with a concentration of will that is remarkable in 
 the brute creation. 
 
 In the furious sta^^es the dog is inclined to make 
 sudden attacks, the victim receiving one or more grips, 
 and probably thrown down or rolled over, the march 
 being resumed in search of others. Thus, in the space of 
 a single night, not only dogs, but a large number of 
 sheep are bitten, and being unobserved, the circumstance 
 has favoured the surmise that the disease had a spon- 
 
specific and Contagious Diseases. 159 
 
 taneous origin. The disposition to bite is evidently due 
 to the condition of the brain, amounting not only to a 
 loss of the normal sensation, but also to mental aberration. 
 This is shown sometimes by apparent violence in the 
 attack as well as seizure, shortly relinquishing his hold 
 after a harmless grip, then turning to resume his way as 
 if nothing had happened. 
 
 In the form known as din/ib rabies the lower jaw drops 
 from paralysis, the tongue hangs loose and becomes of a 
 dark purple hue, the throat also swells. The eyes are 
 dull, heavy and affected with strabismus or squinting, in 
 some cases the pupils being turned towards the nose. 
 
 As a result of previous violence the head is often 
 swollen, and the teeth are broken ; the lips and tongue 
 are likewise swollen and lacerated from the violence of 
 attack on other animals or objects, as well as in unsuc- 
 cessful attempts to gain his liberty. Perverted taste is 
 evident from the very earliest period of the disease, which 
 causes the sufferer to take up all kinds of foreign bodies, 
 large accumulations of which are found in his stomach 
 after death. Vomition, sometimes expelling blood, is 
 present only in the early stages, after which paralysis sets 
 in followed by death. The fondness for urine is deemed 
 a sure evidence of rabies. Sexual excitement is often 
 intense before other really diagnostic signs are recognised ; 
 sometimes also the desire to lick the genitals of other 
 dogs. Fever is present and increases with the develop- 
 ment of the disease. There is a bright red or lurid 
 appearance in the eyes, probably with squinting of both, 
 pus accumulates in the angles, and a discharge flows from 
 the nostrils. As the disease advances the breathing is 
 loud and hollow, and in subsequent stages it is per- 
 formed mainly through the nostrils. The voice is also 
 peculiarly affected : the howl of a mad dog is an experience 
 which will never be effaced from memory. It is utterly 
 impossible to convey its characters by any selection of 
 terras. It must be heard to be really understood. Confined 
 to his cage or otherwise secure he sits on his haunches, 
 the muzzle directed upwards or resting his head on the 
 wall, he attempts an abortive kind of bark which curiously 
 
i6o Specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 develops into a succession of equally abortive howls. 
 This is most common at night after the routine of bustle 
 and noise is stilled, and is consonant with the usual re- 
 cuperative efforts of the system at this season, which have 
 the tendency to aggravate existing disease. At this stage 
 also signs of local irritation may be present, the cause 
 being the cicatrix of a former wound inflicted by another 
 dog suffering from the disease. He Hcks at first, but 
 eventually bites or even tears the skin which at this part 
 exhibits the gangrenous stage. This is the inoculation 
 point, which, as a result of the introduction of the virus 
 heals but imperfectly, and is subject to the consequences 
 of irritation and ulceration, one of Nature's efforts to rid 
 herself of the poison. The issues are constantly fatal, 
 death taking place from two or three days in some of the 
 most acute cases, or it is otherwise delayed until about the 
 seventh day. 
 
 The Post-mortem Appearances in fully developed cases 
 are remarkable. The body very shortly enters into a 
 state of decay. At the back of the mouth, and within 
 the stomach, foreign bodies of the most strange character 
 are found, as sticks, stones, dirt, fc-eces, bits of iron, tin, 
 leather, &c. The back of the tongue and the mouth, 
 with the lining membranes of the windpipe, also those of 
 the pharynx and larynx, are highly congested and streaky, 
 particularly about the epiglottis, and the vocal chords arc 
 not uncommonly ulcerated. The salivary glands are in- 
 volved in the general congestion, which extends to the 
 stomach and intestines, portions of which exhibit patches 
 of extravasated blood, some of which have already entered 
 on the ulcerative stage. As a result of this process within 
 the stomach, considerable effusion 'n the form of a coffee- 
 coloured fluid — abnormal blood material — is present 
 in addition to the usual heterogeneous accumulations. 
 Blood spots are found upon the heart, pleura, peritoneum, 
 and elsewhere. The spleen, liver, and lymphatic glands 
 generally are enlarged by congestion ; also the substance 
 of the brain, medulla, and spinal chord with their several 
 coverings. In addition, there are indications understood 
 only by the scientist, assisted by a powerful microscope. 
 
specific and Contagions Diseases. i6i 
 
 &c., without which no investigation can be said to be 
 complete. 
 
 In animals recently bitte?i by a rabid dog, a?id summarily 
 destroyed, the post-mortem appearances afford no evidence 
 of rabies. The simple reason for this is that sufficient 
 time has not been allowed for the development of the 
 actual disease. Without disease there can be no alteration 
 or destruction of tissue. For similar reasons the ifiocjilation 
 test is equally barren of positive indications. The subse- 
 quent appearance of cerebral symptoms in the inoculated 
 victim is no proof whatever. 
 
 The bite of a healthy dog is regarded by many nervous 
 and timid persons as the probable communication of 
 rabies. This is impossible. Even if rabies developed at 
 a later stage in the same animal, the subject of the bite is 
 perfectly safe. If this were otherwise, the writer would 
 have never penned these lines. The healthy animal, 
 however angry and furious he may be towards strangers, 
 cannot induce or develop within his system the poison of 
 rabies, he must first receive it, the usual source being so?ne 
 other rabid animal. Under the exercise of fear engendered 
 in ignorance of the above fact, the biting dog is labelled 
 " mad," pursuit instantly commences, he is run down and 
 killed, and there is the end of him. But the sufferer lives 
 on in doubt and fear, harassed, tormented, and can never 
 be consoled, probably the end being long delayed, with- 
 out the least sign of the canine disorder. The mistake 
 occurs in the haste to kill the dog. Had he been spared, 
 his death or survival, either of which could be ascertained 
 in all probability within a week at the most, would reveal 
 the true state of the case. 
 
 Another popular error exists in the belief that rabid 
 dogs have a great aversion to water. There is no such 
 fear as far as our observation has been conducted. We 
 have witnessed animals in both forms of the disease en- 
 deavour to slake the burning thirst, which they were 
 unable to accomplish, owing to the want of nervous power 
 which is present from the first, but especially developed 
 in the mute or dumb form. With these truths in evidence 
 it is incorrect to speak of a rabid dog as being affected with 
 
 U 
 
1 62 specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 hydrophobia, or the human subject as being rabid. The 
 dread of water applies to the latter, in whom the disease 
 is correctly hydrophobia. 
 
 Frothing or foaming at the mouth is also believed in as 
 a sure sign of rabies. It is a certain condition of this 
 disease that the secretion of foam, or large quantities of 
 saliva worked into innumerable air bubbles, is often 
 impossible, by reason of the congested state of the blood- 
 vessels and the salivary glands. 
 
 T\\Q fits of epilepsy Ylbnq frequently been mistaken for 
 rabies. It is almost needless to state that rabid dogs do 
 not become unconscious and fall, as is common with the 
 epileptic sufferer, or the young dog in distemper. 
 
 There are, doubtless, other conditions which may 
 resemble, more or less, certain stages of rabies, but on 
 careful consideration it will be found they are unassociated 
 with the disease. Hasty conclusions must be carefully 
 avoided, and in the absence of absolute proof it is a zvise 
 proceeding to withhold decisive judgment; place the suspe-ted 
 animal in a seaire cage, rooin, 6^^., andwa't the issue of a 
 syste7natic course of observation. 
 
 With regard to curative methods and remedies sug- 
 gested, their name is legion and the results of their 
 application ;///. The truly rabid dog should be sum- 
 marily destroyed before he commits any damage, unless 
 some special reason exists for sparing his life. The body 
 should be burned as the only safe and expeditious 
 method of destroying the virus also, thus limiting the 
 possibilities of spreading the disease. Thorough cleans- 
 ing and disinfection of yards, kennels, beds, baskets, &c. 
 &c., occupied by the sufferers (the object being the 
 destruction ot <tiiy saliva) should follow, and as an 
 efficient agent black ashes in boiling water cannot be 
 surpassed. Its great drawback is its effectual removal of 
 paint from woodwork ; where this is an objection, strong 
 soap solution with crude " Sanitas " will answer effectu- 
 ally. Those who engage in this work should first see 
 they have no open sores or scratches on their hands, &c., 
 and in all cases the first ivashings %\iOw\di be accomplished 
 by means of brushes having long handles ; subsequent 
 
specific and Contagious Diseases. 163 
 
 courses may be carried out with scrub brush, flannel, &c. 
 The drains also demand attention ; effectual flushing by 
 large volumes of a strong solution of black ashes, boiling 
 if possible, will be eminently useful, and in its absence a 
 strong mixture of crude " Sanitas " with water will be 
 equally efl'ective. The recurrence of subsequent cases, 
 be it remembered, will in all probability be due to some 
 lurking virus, and that which proves dangerous to the 
 dog may be equally fatal to the human subject; effec- 
 tual cleansing must therefore be insisted upon ; a few 
 shillings spent at this time may save many pounds later 
 on and prevent serious loss and discomfiture. 
 
 The seizure of a mad dog is often a most difiicult pro- 
 ceeding even with the most fearless. When confined to 
 a stable or other building he should be approached from 
 above if possible and, by cautious movements, seized by 
 the lasso, which, on being pulled tightly, will strangulate 
 the victim; this is often preferable to shooting; the 
 liabihty of a marksman to miss the vital spot renders 
 death less certain, while the creature is seriously alarmed 
 and roused to violence. When at large the lasso may 
 also be useful, providing the operator is well up to the 
 business, which needs to be done determinedly, fearlessly, 
 and above all quietly. For this purpose the lasso should 
 be attached to a stout stick at the end of which the loop 
 is arranged ; the operator grasps the stick as well as the 
 returning cord, and following the dog, projects the loop 
 over and beyond his head ; immediately the cord sur- 
 rounds the neck it is pulled by one hand, the other 
 holding the stick steadily, the dog is securely arrested, 
 and if necessary at once strangled. Iron pincers, formed 
 to encircle the neck, are likewise useful if available at 
 the time. This, however, is the great difficulty, and in a 
 sudden emergency men and others who witness the 
 escapades of rabid dogs, work themselves into afi excite- 
 ment which often paralyses their judgment as well as 
 efforts, and the worst thing is probably done. Seriously 
 aggravated by the treatment, the dog becomes violent, 
 and bites right and left. Presence of mind, cool judg- 
 ment, and quiet movements are best calculated to secure 
 
164 specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 the victim ; he may be cajoled into a building, yard, or 
 enclosure, and there be summarily dealt with. 
 
 Prevention of rabies. — Various means have been sug- 
 gested for this purpose, and to the present day the record 
 is an admission of disappointment. Absolute extermina- 
 tion of the canine race would not secure the stamping 
 out of the disease, as other animals, notably the fox and 
 cat in this country, contribute to the perpetuation of 
 the virus, not among themselves alone, as they are 
 undoubtedly answerable for the sudden appearance of 
 the malady among straying dogs in locaHties where it has 
 not previously been seen for long periods. Homeless and 
 mo?igrel dogs should be regularly seized and summarily 
 consigned to the lethal chamber. The 2ince7-tain or inde- 
 finite period of incubation of the disease, suggests the 
 detention of many animals in a dog's home should be 
 conducted with great care, otherwise the mingling of 
 various breeds may ensure the propagation of rabies 
 when they return to liberty. For similar reasons qiiarafir 
 tine, unless the animals are isolated from the first and 
 retained over six months, would likewise prove a mis- 
 take. An efficient system of prevention must sooner or 
 later receive the consideration of our Government with 
 the view of their taking over the direct control. A serious 
 matter of this kind should not be left to the hesitating 
 policy of local authorities. It is a matter of surprise and 
 regret that the fell disease should have escaped the atten- 
 tion of the legislature when framing the Contagious Diseases 
 (Animals) Acts, by which the movement of dogs could be 
 effectually controlled. Probably our rulers in their zeal 
 for the chase were oblivious of the denizen of the town, 
 whose nocturnal slumbers are disturbed by the miserable 
 and worthless curs which render night miserable by their cry. 
 The tax is systematically evaded by many who, scarcely 
 knowing the source of their next meal, harbour the non- 
 descript wanderers and mongrels which form the subjects 
 of a constant trade. The local rnuzzling order, we believe, 
 is a mistake, and produces a needless irritation among 
 well-meaning and law-abiding owners. The muzzle is a 
 cruel torture to most dogs ; its general utility is question- 
 
specific and Contagious Diseases. 165 
 
 able. The really spirited fellows obstinately refuse to 
 appear in public when so distinguished ; others, docile 
 and often useless creatures, take to it quietly, and know- 
 ingly put up their heads to passing strangers inviting its 
 removal. The honest boys of the locality are swift to 
 comply with Fido's request, and hang the trapping on the 
 owner's railings or throw it into the area; but the 
 ubiquitous arab, with an eye to business, hands it to the 
 marine store dealer for "a consideration," a large trade 
 in these articles having been done during the rabies scare 
 of 1895 and early months of 1896. Meanwhile Fido's 
 owner is summoned to the police court and is released 
 on payment of a fine, minus the assurance of a speedy 
 abatement of the nuisance. 
 
 The wearing of a collar securely locked, on which the 
 name and address of the owner is legibly engraved, 
 serves useful purposes, as the restoration of straying 
 animals to their proper owners, and the means of learning 
 whether the tax is paid. A further security would be 
 ensured by the collar bearing the County initials, or 
 device, and registration number. This should be some- 
 what ornamental and light, and supplied free with the 
 licence. Dogs thus furnished, and secured by a suitable 
 chain or leather leader, might be allowed, at all times 
 Rnd with perfect safety, to take outdoor exercise under 
 the care of their owners, &c. 
 
 Dogs at large in public places need special care. {See 
 Balanids.) The general adoption of a suitable leader is 
 not only a useful training to follow and keep close to the 
 owner, but an efficient safeguard against the unprovoked 
 and savage attacks of jealous animals, which the muzzle 
 does not prevent. It is remarkable, especially in towns, 
 how few are the dogs which, by absence of training, do 
 not disgrace their liberty by their brutaUty, often encou- 
 raged by their owners, who are oblivious of the panic, or 
 otherwise prohfic in abuse when reasonably appealed to. 
 This cannot be said of dogs used for sport, as the fox- 
 hound, setter, pointer, &c., which are broken to work. 
 
 Besides the seizing and destruction of homeless curs 
 and cats, which need especial watchfulness, why should 
 
1 66 Specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 we hesitate to include the fox ? Surely when he is known 
 to be " on the mad march," it would be safe to bring him 
 down before he commits any serious damage. The 
 farmer sees such an animal now and again, his errand 
 being the spreading of the virus of rabies by means of 
 his bite, and on he goes again with a business purpose, 
 until he dies from exhaustion. Powder and shot accu- 
 rately applied have a strictly legitimate use in this direc- 
 tion. A grain of prevention is worth a hundredweight 
 of cure. 
 
 Regulations to these ends properly enforced, aided by 
 useful information printed on the back of the annual 
 Dog Licence, would prevent many mistakes, and bring 
 the disease within a small and manageable compass. 
 
 After all, rabies is not so prevalent, except in the dis- 
 ordered imagination of persons ignorant ot the disease, 
 as is generally believed. Among the three hundred 
 thousand dogs which have passed through the home at 
 Battersea in twenty years, the Manager informed Dr. 
 Gordon Stables that he had never seen one suffering 
 from rabies. The majority of animals destroyed tor 
 supposed rabies are doubtless epileptics, and such results 
 are inevitable so long as pohcemen rank as scientists in 
 such matters. 
 
 The rastetirian System.— ThQ utterly futile nature of 
 remedies propounded for the cure of hydrophobia in 
 the human subject has led to diligent search for others. 
 The great difficulty which confronts the practitioner is 
 the extremely rapid and fatal course after direct inocula- 
 tion. In utter defiance of the physiological action of 
 remedies the fell disease proceeds without deviation, and 
 the inevitable end in death cannot be averted. Thus 
 far internal remedies have failed, but the lact has stimu- 
 lated research in other directions. The disease has been 
 studied from other aspects. Its existence is beUeved by 
 some to depend upon the presence of a microbe, but 
 Pasteur, whose investigations have been extensive, has 
 not endorsed the view. His efforts were directed towards 
 sterilising the poison within the system of the person 
 bitten by the mad dog. Briefly, the operation consists of 
 
specific and Contagious Diseases. i6y 
 
 inoculation with a specific virus which has been culti* 
 vated by transmission through other animals, as the ape, 
 until it is deprived of its power to induce rabies, while it 
 renders the individual immune or proof against the 
 disease. In order to ensure the greatest results, frequent 
 inoculation of the same patient is sometimes resorted to, 
 many thousands of persons said to be bitten by rabid 
 dogs having been submitted to the test, with, however, 
 variable success. In the state of present experience it is 
 obvious that the end is not attained, yet in the interest 
 of suffering humanity, as well as the brute creation, the 
 issue of further investigation in other directions is 
 eagerly looked for, and with the fervent hope that the 
 inevitable end will be an irreversible good. 
 
 T/ie Treatment of Rabies. — In La Presse Veterinaire 
 for December 1895, ^- Pourtale invites special attention 
 to his treatment of rabies in the dog, which he states has 
 afforded "absolutely positive results." He employs a 
 mixture of sulphate of soda, chloral hydrate, and decoction 
 of linseed which calms the attacks, and produces a 
 purgative, as well as refreshing action. Enemas of 
 similar character are also used. Recovery, it is said, 
 occurs in eight days generally ; and from his experience, 
 M. Pourtale is persuaded that if the treatment is applied 
 to the human subject affected with hydrophobia it would 
 bring about his recovery. 
 
 Septicsemia,. or Blood Poisoning. In the evident 
 enjoyment of putrid offal and decomposing filth of 
 various kinds, the dog exhibits a remarkable immunity 
 from disease of a fatal character. If, however, he should 
 happen to imbibe the elements of decomposing flesh by 
 means of a wound, the results are more serious. 
 Varying, of course, with the amount of inoculation, he 
 may succumb to an attack of fever of a severe typhoid 
 nature, marked by speedy collapse, or, under less severe 
 blood impregnation, he surprisingly recovers after acute 
 as well as profuse diarrhcea, attended by repulsive 
 odours. This form of septicaemia is most commonly 
 observed in females, when, in protracted parturition, the 
 foetus is undergoing decomposition, and the lining 
 
1 68 Specific and Contagious Diseases. 
 
 membrane of the uterus or womb has been removed by 
 abrasion or laceration, &c. Inoculation is thus complete, 
 and the usual symptoms are observed in about eighteen 
 or twenty hours. The usual signs, as dropsy of the 
 tissues with the never-failing blood spots, are sufficient to 
 mark the character of the case. The animal tissues also 
 pass into speedy decomposition. During life the creature 
 becomes weak, loses power, and at length is dull, unable 
 to stand, becomes unconscious and dies from exhaustion. 
 The Treatment should be prompt and energetic. Anti- 
 septic lotion, as the "Sanitas" Fluid, chloride of zinc, or 
 perchloride of mercury solutions are the most useful. 
 The first only is non-poisonous to the dog. The uterus 
 or womb should be carefully and repeatedly washed out 
 by the solutions, which should be used at a temperature 
 of 99° or 1 00° F. Internally^ tonics of a stimulating 
 nature are particularly called for. 
 
 Tuberculosis. — True pulmonary consumption, due 
 to the presence of the tubercular bacillus, has only recently 
 been definitely recognised in the dog. A variety oi false 
 tuberculosis has long been observed, consisting of irregular- 
 shaped masses, the debris of altered tissue, enclosing 
 small worms which have migrated thither by means of 
 the blood. Such, however, have not developed the 
 serious conditions of true phthisis. The question of its 
 existence in the dog is no longer a matter of doubt as 
 set forth by Professor Stockman in the Veterifiarian for 
 August 1896. The subject was a Scotch terrier, two 
 years old, which had been in poor health upwards of two 
 months, with rapid loss of condition. The symptoms 
 consisted of great debility, difficult breathing, and tem- 
 perature 103° F. Percussion revealed no dulness, and 
 auscultation failed to detect abnormal sounds. As small 
 round worms passed from the bowels, it was thought the 
 animal might be suffering from verminous anaemia, and 
 he was treated accordingly. The persistent chest trouble 
 induced the Professor and several colleagues to concen- 
 trate attention upon the organs of respiration, but with 
 negative results. Temporary amendment, followed the 
 use of tonics, the temperature falling to 101°. Shortly, 
 
specific and Contagious Diseases. 169 
 
 the digestion was disturbed ; fluctuating tubercular 
 tumours were discovered in the abdomen, and on testing 
 the lungs the sibilant rale was distinctly heard. There 
 was no cough, and still the chest was elastic and without 
 dulness on percussion. An injection of tuberculin was 
 made at i p.m. At 11.30 p.m. the temperature had fallen 
 to 99° F., and at 12.30 a.m. it was 98° F. Shortly after- 
 wards the animal died. xVn examination revealed the 
 presence of tubercular nodules in the lungs, varying in 
 size from a pin's head to larger areas, but they were firm, 
 thus accounting for the absence of rales. Bacilli were 
 found in the mucus of the bronchial tubes, and the 
 tubercular areas consisted mainly of epithelioid and 
 spindle-shaped cells. A few bacilli were also found. 
 The stage of caseation does not appear to have com- 
 menced. Miliary tubercles studded the mentum, liver, 
 and spleen. The mesenteric glands were enlarged, 
 hard, and fibrous, and in one a large abscess existed. A 
 few bacilli were also found. The absence of caseation, 
 or cheesy degeneration, so common in this disease, is 
 fully accounted for by the action which resulted in the 
 free development of fibrous tissue around the diseased 
 points. The Professor concludes with a suggestion as 
 to the value of tuberculin as a diagnostic in this disease 
 of the dog. 
 
 Variola or Small pox in canine animals closely re- 
 sembles the form usually observed in mankind as well as 
 the sheep ; one of the means of its introduction being 
 the consumption of the flesh of sheep dying of the 
 disease. It appears in the usual forms of mildness or 
 malignancy ; it may be discrete or separate, confluent or 
 running together, and in further stages are those of 
 erythema, nodule, vesicle or bladder, and pustule, the 
 latter assuming the flat or concave surface from the usual 
 internal changes. Subsequently desquamation proceeds, 
 leaving hairless spots, which are hollow or concave scars 
 or " pits." The thin skin of the belly and insides of the 
 fore-arms or thighs are especially invaded. 
 
 The Symptoms, in addition to those already enumerated, 
 consist of febrile disturbance from the first, which 
 
1 70 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 
 
 moderates as the pustules cease to form and indicates a 
 tendency to decline. This is the usual or benign 
 condition. Other forms exhibit a tendency to induce 
 bronchitis^ pneumonia or broncho-pneumonia, in which 
 extensive pustular discharges flow from the nostrils, with 
 cough, mucous rale, &c., and in fatal cases stertorous 
 breathing. In the Intestinal form profuse bilious and 
 often offensive evacuations take place. All the forms are 
 attended with extremely fcetid breath and excretions, the 
 skin also emitting the same unpleasant odour. Young 
 dogs are especially liable to contract the disease in whicli 
 mortality is always the greatest, the various stages being 
 developed and merging into each other with remarkable 
 rapidity. 
 
 Treatment of the patient comprises diligent and careful 
 nursing, with mild febrifuges, stimulants and tonics. In 
 warm or mild weather the eruption proceeds most favour- 
 ably, particularly if the animal is sheltered from draughts, 
 but cold winds and exposure generally checks the process 
 of pus -formation, and leads to fatal terminations by 
 implication of important internal organs. Animals re- 
 covering from variola are stated to be free from future 
 attacks of the disease. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 Catarrh or Coryza— Ozaena — Parasitic Ozasna — Epistaxis — Polypus — Laryn- 
 gitis— Aphonia — Snoring — Bronchitis— Pneumonia— Pleurisy — Parasitic or 
 Verminous Bronchitis — Chronic Cough — Asthma. 
 
 Catarrh or Coryza. — Common cold in the head is 
 the colloquial term for this affection. It consists of 
 congestion of the lining mucous membrane of the nasal 
 cavities, which, after some sensation of stuffiness or slight 
 
Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. '171 
 
 suflfocation, develops the usual symptoms. The causes 
 are exposure to cold draughts, severe cold weather, 
 particularly east winds, after the comforts of close and 
 warm quarters. 
 
 The Symptoms consist of fever more or less severe in 
 proportion to the intensity of the congestion, which is 
 attended by a discharge, first of a watery nature, but later 
 becoming opaque, white and thick, as mucus and pus is 
 mixed with it, the attendant irritation causing the animal 
 to snuffle and snort, with attempts to eject the accumula- 
 tions. A watery discharge flows from the eyes, and this 
 also becomes purulent. Extension of these conditions 
 to the sinuses of the head produces heaviness with 
 dulness, with noisy respiration or "snuffling"; difficulty 
 of swallowing and breathing, with cough, may also arise 
 from the throat (pharynx and larynx) being involved, 
 when the fluids or food partaken of return by the 
 nostrils. 
 
 Treatment. — In mild cases removal of the causes 
 usually suffices for cure. Advanced and severe forms 
 must be met by expectorant draught No. 3 or Bolus 
 No. I or 2. Support the strength by nutritious food of a 
 laxative nature. Frequent steaming of the nostrils is 
 highly useful. Avoid purgatives and emetics. The early 
 use of tonics is essential. 
 
 Ozsena. — This term implies a chronic and often 
 offensive discharge from the nostrils, the result of con- 
 tinued or neglected nasal catarrh, and occasionally it is 
 caused by a polypus, portions of vomited aliment, or pus 
 from the lining membrane. {^See Polypus.) 
 
 The Sig7is are a constant discharge of bad-smelling pus 
 from the nostrils, sometimes bloody, loud snuffling and 
 dulness of the spirits. The disease is also due to a 
 certain conformation, having contracted nasal chambers, 
 as seen in pugs and bulldogs. 
 
 Treatment. — The nostrils must be kept clean, and the 
 passages frequently washed out by syringing with "Sanitas " 
 Fluid, solution of the chloride of zinc, or permanganate of 
 potash. 
 
 Ozsena due to Parasites is somewhat common in 
 
172 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 
 
 the dog. The offender is a formidable-looking object, a 
 representation of which is given in the accompanying 
 figure. It is the mature form of the parasite common to 
 man, the horse, and other animals indigenous to various 
 parts of Europe, in which it occupies 
 the digestive organs, &c., and is 
 known as the Feiitactonia de?iticiila- 
 fum. Dogs frequenting butchers' 
 shops, slaughter-houses, and horse- 
 slaughterers' yards gain access to the 
 viscera which contain the parasite. 
 It is taken to the mouth, where it 
 attaches itself by powerful booklets, 
 and eventually era wis to the nostrils ; 
 some indeed pass direct, first attach- 
 ing themselves to the outer side of 
 the lips, &c. Armed with formidable 
 and powerful hooks, they set up 
 violent irritation as they migrate to 
 and from the various passages, 
 causing the sufferer to push his nose 
 into the soil, or rub it with his feet ; 
 he also sneezes, champs the jaws, 
 rolls violently on the ground, or 
 passes into a violent convulsive fit, 
 in one of which he sometimes dies. The parasite 
 requires twelve months to develop, during which it thus 
 tortures the dog whenever from any cause it is obhged 
 to change its quarters by cold or frost, of which it 
 appears to^ be peculiarly susceptible. Tfie effects of its 
 residence in the nasal chambers of the dog are inflamma- 
 tion, thickening, and probably ulceration of the lining 
 membrane, with more or less disease of the turbinated 
 bones, and even harder structures. 
 
 TV^^?/;;/^;//.— -Inhalation of various volatile substances, 
 fluids, &c., as iodine, chloroform, chlorine gas, tobacco 
 smoke alone or combined with other agents. The 
 application of iodoform may be effectual. Sometimes 
 these are useless, as the parasite is located within one of 
 the sinuses. When such is the case, and the exact 
 
 Pentastoma Denticulatum 
 (after Kiichenmeister). 
 
Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 173 
 
 position is made out, the cavity may be opened with the 
 trephine, when the intruder is dislodged by direct appli- 
 cation and destroyed. 
 
 Epistaxis, or Bleedi?ig from the Nostrils^ sometimes 
 arises from plethora during hot weather. It is more 
 common in hot countries than Britain. Blows or falls, by 
 which the bones forming the cavities are subjected to 
 shock communicated to the lining membrane, are common 
 causes. {See Polypus.) 
 
 Treatment. — Cold water externally; astringent injec- 
 tions into the nostrils, and perfect quietude are essential. 
 
 Polypus, or Tumour i7i the Nostrils^ is a morbid fibrous 
 growth, covered by a continuation of the nasal membrane, 
 and is sometimes observed from the exterior or front of 
 the nostrils ; it may also extend backwards to the 
 pharynx. Its presence is denoted by more or less inter- 
 ference with breathing, ozsena, or haemorrhage, which may 
 be slight, or issuing in a stream. 
 
 Treatf?ie?it consists of removal by ligature or excision, 
 to determine which the veterinary surgeon is indis- 
 pensable. 
 
 Laryngitis, or Sore T/woat, is often a troublesome 
 affection in some dogs. As the result of extreme change 
 from the warm fireside to a seat in an open vehicle 
 during cold or damp weather. Yard dogs and dogs at 
 shows, constantly barking and running the length of the 
 chain, suffer from the disease in an aggravated form. 
 {See Aphonia.) The adjacent glands sometimes swell 
 considerably, which renders swallowing not only difficult 
 but painful. Food and liquids taken into the mouth 
 return by the nostrils, and cause great inconvenience. 
 The saliva, which is secreted largely and mixed with 
 mucus from the inflamed membranes, has a foetid odour, 
 and flows in a continuous stream from the lips. The 
 breath is also oftensive, and respiration more or less 
 disturbed ; the heart-beats are rapid and forcible, the 
 eyes are dull and discharging fluid. Cough is frequent 
 and depressing, feet and ears probably cold, and bowels 
 confined. The voice is lost, and replaced by a hoarse 
 and feeble attempt, often interrupted by cough. As the 
 
1 74 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 
 
 signs are likely to be mistaken for choking, or the fixing 
 of a bone between the molars, a special examination of 
 the mouth should always be made ; or the disease may 
 be confounded with " dumb rabies " in which the mouth 
 cannot remain closed. 
 
 Treatment. — Wash or gargle the mouth frequently with 
 astringent lotion of tannic acid, alum, boracici acid, &c., 
 or use one of the electuaries. Relieve the tumefaction 
 of the throat by means of hot fomentations. Spongio 
 piline as described under Poultices. Do not attempt to 
 give food or medicine by the mouth, but support the 
 system by injections of beef tea or mutton broth free from 
 fat, in which half a drachm or more of nitrous ether may 
 be given. With diminution of the sore throat, appetite 
 will return, when food may be given by the mouth in 
 small portions, carefully prepared, until the symptoms 
 have disappeared. In some severe cases the attendant 
 swelling necessitates the opening of the windpipe to 
 admit of respiration; blisters may also be required 
 to hasten suppuration in the glands, or to reduce ihe 
 irritation in the throat, the use of \/hich must be 
 adopted only after careful consideration of the existing 
 conditions. 
 
 Aphonia, or Loss of the Voice, is a state in which the 
 bark is reduced to a rough and husky kind of sound, 
 resembUng a forcible expiration. The vocal chords being 
 inflamed and relaxed from incessant barking, the sudden 
 shocks from the collar in running violently to the end of 
 the chain also bruise the larynx, which aggravates the 
 complaint. Aphonia arises in conjunction with laryngitis, 
 which see. 
 
 Snoring proceeds from a relaxed state of the laryngeal' 
 or throat apparatus, as induced by cold in which the 
 vocal chords and velum palati are involved. It is removed 
 by the remedies prescribed for laryngitis ; but when it 
 occurs in pet dogs highly fed and pampered, taking 'itile 
 or no exercise, the treatment must consist of a reduced 
 diet, regular exertion, gentle cathartics, and subsequently 
 tonics. 
 
 Inflammation of the Organs of Respiration con- 
 
Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 17$ 
 
 tained within the chest of the dog is not usually, as in 
 larger animals, confined to one in particular. The 
 general tendency is for all to participate, while the inten- 
 sity of disease is resident in one in particular — at least this 
 has been our experience, which is confirmed by other 
 observers. It will, therefore, be more convenient as well 
 as consonant with the view, to consider the several affec- 
 tions as a whole, giving prominence to special manifesta- 
 tions and conditions which may serve to render the 
 elucidation complete. There is also much in common 
 with reference to the needful treatment of the affections 
 which will be given in usual course. 
 
 lih-Q first indications, as a rule, are those of fever more 
 orless severe. He pants and blows, being teased by a 
 constant cough, the ears and extremities are cold, the 
 coat in smooth dogs stands loose and staring, and fits of 
 shivers recur at intervals of greater or less duration. The 
 cause is not far to seek ; undue exposure to cold in some 
 form or other is satisfactorily made out, and this probably 
 not long after previous attacks of sore throat, nasal 
 catarrh, &c. The systemic disturbance is now located in 
 some part in particular, and there the chief manifestations 
 will be found, while the whole of the respiratory organs will 
 afford evidences of sympathetic derangement. 
 
 Bronchitis, or Inflammation of the Bronchial 
 Tubes, is denoted by accelerated but even respiration, a 
 cough, probably dry at first but becoming moist, and 
 attended with a discharge of mucus from the nose, as well 
 as from the lungs during the act. As congestion of the 
 lesser tubes within the lungs proceeds, the ejected fluid is 
 also tinged with blood, the cough is severe and frequent, 
 and a wheezing or hissing accompanies the respirations ; 
 the mouth, tongue, and nose are dry as well as hot, and 
 the expired air is likewise indicative of a heated state of 
 the lungs ; the pulse is accelerated, the heart-beats felt at 
 the chest are strong in the early stages, and the tempera- 
 ture, as shown by the thermometer placed in the rectum, 
 is high, probably 103° or 104° F. Auscultation furnishes 
 the mucous rattle as soon as the disease is established. 
 From this point recovery is denoted by a cessation of the 
 
I '/6 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 
 
 severity of all symptoms, and the creature every hour 
 becomes " more like himself." In fatal cases prostration 
 is soon manifested, with troubled respiration, indefinite 
 pulsation, coldness, sinking and death. 
 
 In Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs, 
 the ear placed at the side of the chest detects a crackling 
 sound within, and tapping the ribs with the fingers elicits 
 a dull heavy sound. The breathing is rapid and op- 
 pressed, the animal is unable to expand the lungs. A cough 
 is present, not frequent but weak, and resembles a loud and 
 forcible sigh ; the expired air is also hotter than natural, 
 and the pulse is rapid and oppressed ; the ears and ex- 
 tremities are intensely cold, while the nose, instead of 
 being hot and dry as in bronchitis, is very cold and moist 
 or very wet. The temperature is increased in the early 
 active stages, but the tendency to congestion within the 
 lung tissue creates a somewhat early decline, which 
 denotes sinking and death. Before the end the sufferer 
 persists in silting on his haunches with his fore legs apart, 
 and later he stands on all four legs, which are separated, 
 until he drops dead. 
 
 Pleurisy, Pleuritis, or Inflammation of the 
 Pleura, the lining membrane of the chest as well as 
 covering of the lungs, dr'c., has also its special significations. 
 The breathing consists of a prolonged inspiration which 
 is somewhat slowly and carefully performed, and a sharp 
 or somewhat halting or jerky expiration. The ear at 
 the side detects in the first stages a sound of friction 
 as the pleurae of the lungs and ribs rub over each other 
 in breathing. Later, this sound is gradually lost, disap- 
 pearing from the bottom upwards as the accumulation of 
 serum proceeds. The eftusion of lymph also, which takes 
 place during the active stages, serves to deaden the sound 
 l3y uniting the lungs to the side and limiting their move- 
 ment. A cough is present from the first, but it is short, 
 paroxysmal, and evidently arrested by the extremely 
 painful condition of the parts involved. Pressure on the 
 sides or between the ribs inflicts severe pain, and the 
 muscles of the sides may be observed to twitch or con- 
 tract quickly. The state of the circulation causes the 
 
Diseases of the Raspiratovy Organs. 177 
 
 pulse to be small, hard and frequent. Animal temperi* 
 ture is also high. Expectoration is absent. A character- 
 istic sign of pleurisy also in the later stages is the dis- 
 position to sit on the haunches as in pneumonia, and 
 finally to stand until he drops dead. 
 
 In each of the foregoing diseases the animal indicates 
 much suffering on account of the difficulty in breathing ; 
 he actually struggles for air as he sits or stands ; the 
 breath is offensive and the tongue hangs from the mouth 
 apparently useless and is livid and extremely foul. As 
 the chest fills with water, usually on one side only, the 
 patient would lie, but the inconvenience he suffers causes 
 him to rise almost at once. Dropsical swellings now 
 appear, the respiration is laboured and painful, and the 
 muscular spaces between the ribs are pressed outwards by 
 the fluid within the chest. If the hand be carefully laid 
 on these the heart-beats will be felt as a thrill as the fluid 
 is moved by the pulsations. The tendency of the disease 
 to attack one side only often renders the progress slow 
 and protracted, the immediate cause of death being a 
 form of internal drowning. 
 
 The Treatment is based on similar principles in each 
 instance. Pure air is not only essential but curative, and 
 is therefore indispensable in the routine. The best of 
 nursing is required in .order that comfort, warmth, and 
 quietude may be ensured, and this, in conjunction with 
 all known means of supporting the system by nutritious 
 and digestible food, will fortify the system against the 
 many depressing phases of disease, as well as aid the 
 physiological action of remedies in the way of cure. With 
 regard to medicines, the choice will lay vvidi those of a 
 stimulating, expectorant, and febrifuge character in order 
 to support the system, control the circulation and promote 
 free expectoration as a relief to the usually overcharged 
 lungs in pneumonia and bronchitis. Bloodletting, emetics, 
 and purgatives are so much poison and must be scrupu- 
 lously avoided. To relieve the oppression of the chest 
 the spongio-piline, as described under poultices, is an in- 
 valuable remedy; a good substitute is opodeldoc to 
 which a small proportion of strong ammonia or turpentine 
 
 12 
 
17S Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 
 
 is added, say one fluid drachm to one ounce of the former. 
 This should be well rubbed into the sides. In the later 
 stages vegetable tonics with the iodide of iron, one to 
 three grains, will promote absorption of the chest effusion, 
 or tapping must be resorted to, the trocar being passed 
 through the space between seventh and eighth ribs, im- 
 mediately above the sternum. In pneumonia and bron- 
 chitis nothing answers so well as the castor oil mixture, 
 or mild salines for producing a lax state of the bowels, 
 actual purgation being highly prejudicial. 
 
 In the Distemper forfus of the two first-named 
 diseases, which are characterised by great debility, the 
 list of Expectorants will furnish appropriate formula for 
 bolus or draught. 
 
 Verminous Bronchitis. — This form of disease, due 
 to the presence of small worms in the air passages near 
 the lungs, has been seen chiefly in young dogs. The 
 parasite is located in numerous small elevations on the 
 mucous membrane, giving rise to considerable irritation. 
 The sy/nptoms are those of bronchitis, the cough being 
 short and husky, death following convulsions in most 
 cases. 
 
 Treatment. — Stimulants and tonics should be given 
 internally, and the patient caused to inhale dilute 
 chlorine gas. The best method is the intra-tracheal 
 method, or injection of the remedy direct into the wind- 
 pipe by means of a suitable syringe. The most effectual 
 remedies are " Sanitas " Oil or the "Sanitas" Fluid, tur- 
 pentine, or solution of carbolic acid, three to ten drops of 
 one of these being mixed with twenty or thirty of glycerine, 
 to which three to ten drops of chloric ether is added, and 
 the whole well shaken. 
 
 In the dog the worm proves to be one of the species 
 known as Strong}' ins, a small white, slender, thread-like 
 parasite, the male being about one-fourth of an inch in 
 lengtli, and the female not more than one-sixth or one- 
 eighth of an inch. The mature female brings forth her 
 young alive. The parasite has been named Strongylus 
 canis bronchialis^ and may possibly prove to be a stagal 
 development of the Strongylus filaria of the sheep, &c. 
 
 i 
 
Diseases of the Rcspiraiory Organs. 179 
 
 Chronic Cough, by which is denoted a constant 
 effort to discharge from the lungs, attended by a dry, 
 harsh sound, usually commencing on the least exertion, 
 short, and somewhat feeble, is common to animals taking 
 little exercise, highly fed, and accustomed to warm 
 rooms and soft comfortable beds. Violent paroxysms 
 ensue on the infliction of unusual exercise, and the 
 animal appears to be choking, the respiration being 
 disturbed, and froth is ejected from the mouth. There 
 are probably signs of indigestion with irregular bowels, 
 &c., by which reflex nervous action upon the breathing 
 apparatus is induced, leading to limited secretion and 
 undue relaxation from want of nervous energy. 
 
 Cure depends upon removal of the causes, which should 
 be carefully ascertained, the chief of which is doubtless 
 chronic forms of indigestion inducing disturbance of the 
 functional powers of the liver, spleen, pancreas, &c. 
 Treatment of the cough alone is useless. 
 
 Asthma. — This painfully distressing disease finds its 
 origin in a chronic form of bronchitis associated with 
 thickening of the mucous membrane of the tubes, with 
 more or less structural changes in the lung tissue as the 
 result of high feeding and idleness. As dogs thus 
 privileged grow old, the changes are completed : a fully 
 distended stomach with increasing fat, exercising pressure, 
 limits the respiratory act, and fully accomplishes that 
 which is necessary to unfit the tissues for healthy 
 function. 
 
 The Symptoms at the outset are those of indigestion, a 
 depraved appetite, offensive mouth and breath, frequent 
 vomition, flatulence, constipation, enlarged or hard 
 abdomen. Piles are also common, or, if not developed, 
 they are indicated by the animal drawing the anus over 
 the ground, the hind paws being elevated on each side 
 of his face. The animal is soon tired, hesitates to follow 
 his owner, suffers from palpitation, has a capricious 
 appetite, but is voracious after flesh. He is teased by a 
 constant cough, which assumes such paroxysmal severity 
 as to prostrate the suff'erer, and he lies as if he were 
 choking, but, after throwing out frothy matter, gains 
 
1 80 Diseases of the Circulatory System. 
 
 relief. Usually the dog appears to be dull, heavy, out of 
 condition, and his coat is rough, and the skin sometimes 
 has an unpleasant odour. 
 
 Treatment. — Aged animals should be destroyed by 
 inhaling an overdose of chloroform, the most humane 
 method of depriving them of life. In recent cases, when 
 the animal is especially valuable, slight inhalations of 
 chloroform, or the administration of chloric ether in 
 doses of five to fifteen drops in a teaspoonful of water, 
 may afford the needed relief. In less urgent cases one 
 or other of the Expectorant formulae will be useful as 
 daily medicine. A hot bath, or stimulating liniment 
 to the sides is also useful in cases of more or less urgency. 
 In those of less severity, the patient being young, daily 
 exercise is of great importance, the diet of flesh must be 
 reduced, and vegetables substituted for the deficiency, or 
 Spratfs Fibrine and Beetroot cakes may form the entire 
 diet for some time. The action of the skin should be 
 induced by regular cleansing and the use of the brush 
 and comb. Aperients are called for to promote regular 
 action of the bowels. Avoid such causes as cold and 
 damp, especially while the health is precarious. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 
 
 Fatty Degeneration of the Heart— Rupture of the Heart— Valvular Disease- 
 Pericarditis— Invasion by Parasites. 
 
 The organs engaged in the circulation of the blood in 
 canine animals are not subject to an extended list of 
 maladies, as in the horse, for instance. The circum- 
 stances of food especially bring the dog within the limits 
 of a special susceptibility to disease of the digestive track, 
 but changes in the system of breeding, especially with 
 
Diseases of the Circulatory System. i8i 
 
 reference to efficiency in various forms of sport, may 
 remove the animal into the sphere of a new danger. Be 
 this as it may, at present our Hst of diseases in connec- 
 tion with this particular class of organs is surprisingly 
 limited. 
 
 Fatty Degeneration of the Heart is the common 
 associate with asthma in pampered pets and constitutes a 
 serious condition, the muscular tissue being replaced by 
 adipose or fatty substance. The obvious result is a want 
 of tone and energy" in the beats or pulsations, and 
 inability to propel the nutrient fluid along the channels 
 of circulation. The various tissues therefore lack nourish- 
 ment, become pallid and weak, which unfits the animal 
 for any exertion, and a serious condition of the brain and 
 nervous system is induced, not only in the want of 
 nourishment, but in the defective supply of blood, 
 syncope or fainting being a common symptom, sooner or 
 later resulting in death. The disease is incurable, but 
 may be prevented by permitting the animal to take 
 regular exercise and other means of stimulating the 
 natural functions. 
 
 Rupture of the Heart is not of common occurrence, 
 but it is known in connection with improper feeding and 
 want of judicious exercise. Dogs subjected to "a feast 
 and a fast," and other treatment calculated to militate 
 against health and condition, are likely to induce some 
 form of degeneration of the organ, and in a moment of 
 excitement, whether of play or work, rupture takes place 
 at the weakest part, and death is certain. 
 
 Valvular Disease is not uncommon as the result of 
 chronic rheumatism. It appears in the form of a deposit 
 of fibrine from the blood, which may exist only as a 
 roughness on the surface or be so large as to form a clot, 
 and thus block up the opening to the vessels. Such con- 
 ditions in their mildest form seriously interfere with the 
 proper action of the valves, greatly diminishing the 
 needful flow of blood ; and when clots have formed the 
 results are intensified, causing the patient to fall in 
 repeated fits of fainting, or by completely plugging the 
 vessels, sudden death is induced. Treatment is only 
 
1 82 Diseases of the Circulntoyy System. 
 
 palliative in the mildest forms of the disorder, the most 
 useful agents being mild doses of calomel given altern- 
 ately with iodide of potassium, the animal needing perfect 
 quiet. 
 
 The Pericardium or Heart-Bag surrounds the 
 heart and provides the fluid which moistens the surface 
 during action. It usually suffers from disease in company 
 with the pleura, or lining membrane of the chest, from 
 which it derives a layer, internally, and externally. An 
 abnormal accumulation of thin reddish-looking fluid 
 (serum) is the common result, producing inconvenience 
 in proportion to the quantity, such as interference by 
 pressure with the functions of the heart, as indicated by 
 feeble pulse, obscuration of the heart sounds, tendency to 
 fainting, anaemia, local dropsies, and eventually death. 
 The disease is, however, rare in the dog, but as a result 
 of injury is most common, bruising, puncture, or rupture 
 from violent causes being the common forms. 
 
 Invasion by Parasites. — Canine HcEmatozoa is not 
 an unfrequent event in dogs of the British Islands. The 
 records of other countries where malarious influences 
 abound furnish more frequent evidences. Two worms 
 have been recognised : Filaria inimitis or Ca?iis co7'dis, 
 and Filaria sanguinolenta^ the former being generally 
 understood to be the embryonic form of the latter. 
 
 Filaria imviitis is said to be probably present in at 
 least two-thirds of the dogs in the Chinese Empire, as 
 estimated by microscopical examination of the blood. 
 Singularly enough the embryos, though so numerous, do 
 not occasion any appreciable inconvenience to the host, 
 but move about briskly in a serpentine form within the 
 blood-vessels. When fully developed as parent worms 
 they take up their position within the heart, in some 
 instances bundles or clusters of them being found, and 
 individuals varying from one or two inches to six or seven 
 in length. The general results of the presence of these 
 worms is their interference witli the valves, between 
 which they may be forced by such bodily efforts as induce 
 an inordinate flow of blood. The effects are seen some- 
 what later, as at the end of one or two days the animal 
 
Diseases of the Ciradatory System, 183 
 
 exhibits a difficulty in respiration, dulness, and oppressed 
 circulation, with great irregularity of the pulse, epileptic 
 fits, &c., while fever is entirely absent. 
 
 Filaria sanguinolenta has a decided preference for 
 various tissues of the body as well as the large aortic 
 vessels, chiefly embedded in a mass of tumefaction, the 
 result of their movements. In this they remain some 
 time and bring forth their ova, which are subsequently 
 hatched, and escape in all possibility as the mature worm, 
 capable of propagating its species. 
 
 The tendency of the parasite to bore into the sentient 
 structures gives rise to local irritation and the formation 
 of small tumours. These are sometimes present on the 
 surface or otherwise embedded within the deeper seated 
 layers. Aggregations of such tumours occurring in 
 various parts give rise to serious functional disturbance, 
 consonant with the nature and position of the organ 
 thus invaded.. Pleurisy also appears to have had its 
 origin in some cases by the escape of the worms from 
 the tumours in the substance of the gullet direct into 
 the cavity of the chest, where they have been found 
 crawling in the midst of recent tumefactions or adhesions 
 created by their presence. Paralysis of the hind limbs is 
 also seen, and is supposed to be the result of plugging of 
 the small blood-vessels of the spinal cord by ova escap- 
 ing by the aorta or chief artery. It is singular that the 
 brain does not appear to suffer, the tumours, it is said, 
 being seldom seen among the tissues in front of the 
 heart. Doubtless, however, as may be hereafter demon- 
 strated, other affections in various organs or viscera, as 
 the kidneys, intestines, &c., may be due to similar 
 causes. 
 
1 84 Diseases of the Digestive System. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 The Teeth: Caries— Abscess of the Jaw— Diseases of the Tongue: Glossitis, 
 Wounds, Paralysis — Ptyalism — The Lips — Pharyngitis— Choking — Struc- 
 ture of the Gullet— Indigestion— Vomition— Gastric Catarrh— Gastritis- 
 Foreign Bodies in the Stomach— Ulceration— Worms in the Stomach— Colic 
 —Diarrhoea— Dysentery — Constipation— Impaction — Enteritis — Prolapsus 
 — Piles— Atony — Tnickening — Hernia — Worms in the Bowels — Peritonitis 
 — Ascites or Dropsy— Hepatitis, Acute and Chronic — Fatty Degeneration — 
 Parasites in the Liver— Diseases of the Spleen and Pancreas— Goitre. 
 
 The Teeth are subject to disorder and discoloration 
 from accumulations of so-called tartar at the neck, 
 producing also irritation of the gums and the tooth 
 cavity, usually ending in caries or displacement of the 
 teeth and ulceration of the gums. The subjects are the 
 well fed and pampered pets, especially old dogs, which 
 contract a chronic form of dyspepsia, accompanied by 
 offensive breath, flow of saliva from the lips, pain and 
 inconvenience, until the animal becomes "broken 
 mouthed " — that is, having scarcely a sound tooth. 
 
 To prevent these conditions the dog should be allowed 
 to use and clean his teeth in the natural manner, namely, 
 the picking of bones and other food sufficiently solid to 
 require breaking down. For this purpose the Fibrine 
 Cakes of Spratt's Patent are highly useful. 
 
 Broken Teeth are the result of carrying hard or 
 heavy articles. Displacement is the result of irregular 
 growth or accumulation of tartar, absorption of the 
 alveolar margins, and ulceration of the gums. Extraction, 
 with the after observance of hygienic rules, are the means 
 of remedy. 
 
 Caries of the Teeth is the result of indigestion and 
 improper feeding, probably derived from hereditary 
 predisposition or taint. Breeders should especially note 
 this fact. Excessive foetor, unusual salivation, dulness, 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System, 185 
 
 evidence of pain and fever, looseness of the teeth, which 
 are encircled by deposits of tartar, evidence of pain on 
 pressure, refusal of food, &c. The tooth is somewhat 
 raised, and the gum inflamed, as the result of disease in 
 the fang. Treatmcftt consists of extraction, cleansing 
 the mouth by antiseptic fluids as " Sanitas," &c. &c., and 
 paying attention to the diet, exercise, and general welfare 
 of the patient. When profuse bleeding follows extrac- 
 tion, a suitable plug of cotton wool steeped in a solution 
 of alum or sulphate of iron will be usually sufficient. 
 
 Abscess of the Jaw, vulgarly known as Canker of 
 the Mouthy results from neglect of the conditions essential 
 to heaUh, which leads to extensive caries and abscess of 
 the fang of the tooth. Removal of the tooth is usually 
 sufficient to liberate the pus ; but in protracted cases the 
 bone of the jaw swells, and the gums assume a spongy 
 condition, with a liability to bleed profusely, causing 
 high fever, salivation and inability to take food. These 
 states may result in the discharge of matter by a 
 fistulous opening. 
 
 Treatment, — Evacuate unopened abscesses ; remove 
 diseased teeth, and dress the parts regularly with 
 astringent lotions, or simply " Sanitas " Fluid. Wash 
 out the mouth also with the latter to remove the fcetor 
 and sweeten the breath ; and use a plug saturated in 
 "Sanitas" for the cavity from which the tooth has 
 been removed. Good food with stimulants and tonics 
 will be required to restore the health and spirits of the 
 patient. 
 
 Glossitis, or Lrflam^nation of the Tongue, arises from 
 punctures, bruises, scalding with hot food, the action of 
 caustics, &c. Swelling and protruding of the organ 
 from the mouth, profuse salivation, and probable soreness 
 of the throat, with high fever, are the general signs. 
 
 Treatment. — Perfect quietness is essential. Syringe 
 the mouth frequently with a solution of alum, or use an 
 electuary as directed. 
 
 Wounds of the Tongue, incised or piuictured, may 
 be treated with astringent lotions thrown into the mouth 
 by a syringe. During this treatment the animal must 
 
1 86 Diseases of the Digestive System, 
 
 be fed on fluid rations, as Fibrine biscuits bruised and 
 soaked in hot water or milk, and given when cool. 
 
 Paralysis of the Tongue is not common, but it 
 occurs now and again in bulldogs and spaniels, hanging 
 loosely and useless from one side of the mouth in a dry 
 and often discoloured condition. In most cases the 
 ascertained cause is nervous disorder. It is congenital 
 in some animals, and therefore incurable. 
 
 Treatment comprises the use of nerve tonics, as 
 strychnine. Purchasers of valuable dogs should be on 
 the alert for this deformity, as unscrupulous dealers 
 practise the surgical art of amputating the portion visible 
 on the outer side of the teeth. 
 
 Ptyalism, or Excessive flow of Saliva, arises in the dog 
 from the incautious use of mercurial ointment as a 
 remedy for the mange, also when the mineral has been 
 too frequently or too largely administered internally, 
 when such Symptoms as the following are present : Dis- 
 coloration or perhaps looseness of the teeth, sore and 
 swollen gums, and in long-standing cases disease of the 
 bones. Saliva drivels from the mouth, and when the 
 jaws are separated the flow is largely increased. The 
 animal is dull, highly sensitive to cold, and the body 
 generally is cold, especially the ears and legs. A close 
 examination is essential in order to decide accurately, as 
 ptyalism arises from other causes, as defective teeth and 
 disease of the mouth, <S:c. {See Mercurial Poisoning.) 
 
 The Lips are liable to invasion by warty growths, 
 which sometimes affect the outer cheek, as well as 
 internally, together with the tongue and palate. Increase 
 in size, and their possible recurrence, may prove highly 
 inconvenient and troublesome, besides being a serious 
 disfigurement. The most effective treatment is that of 
 constant excision by suitable sharp scissors or the knife, 
 the parts being afterwards touched with lunar caustic. 
 
 Inflammation of the Pharynx or Pharyngitis 
 always accompanies Laryngitis (which see), one of the 
 common results being permanent thickening or ulcera- 
 tion of the Hning membrane, the disease having assumed 
 a chronic character. Free dressings v/ith nitrate of 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System. 1 87 
 
 silver are recommended, the mouth being kept open by 
 means of the gag. 
 
 Choking. — Notwithstanding ample provision in the 
 dog for bolting the food, this accident sometimes 
 takes place, the usual seat of obstruction being the 
 entrance to the pharynx. The Symptoms are frequent 
 attempts to regurgitate or force out the obstruction ; 
 fluids passed into the mouth return immediately. There 
 is also frequent cough, profuse salivation, great discom- 
 fort, an anxious look in the eyes, and sometimes the 
 obstruction may be seen and felt on the outside. 
 
 Treatment. — Previous to actual surgical interference 
 the nature of the obstruction should be ascertained, as 
 sharp or angular substances are sometimes serious 
 offenders, and should not be pushed downwards. A 
 whalebone probe or a flexible tube specially made for 
 the purpose will answer for pressing down a piece of 
 meat, pudding, &c., but when bones or other hard and 
 dangerous things are lodged in the passage, the throat 
 forceps alone are useful, by which the body is seized and 
 drawn through the mouth. During the operation the 
 dog must be fixed securely, and the mouth held open by 
 the gag. These methods may fail in consequence of the 
 offending substance moving downwards and again re- 
 tained within the gullet. In this case, seeing no direct 
 possibility of moving the obstruction any further, the 
 surgeon will not hesitate to open the gullet by incision 
 from the outside, as experience shows the surprising 
 aptitude for heaHng in the portions subjected to the 
 operation. A fluid diet and attention to the wound 
 comprise the after- essentials for a week or more. 
 
 Stricture of the Gullet is the probable result of 
 repeated choking, considerable injury to the mucous 
 membrane and even the muscular layer, arising from the 
 swallowing of hard, and probably sharp, angular sub- 
 stances, as bones, &c. Similar states are also due to the 
 presence and burrowing of a small round worm known as 
 Filaria sanguinolenta. 
 
 The Symptoms are frequent and usually slight attacks 
 of choking, which subside without treatment, or otherwise, 
 
1 88 Diseases of the Digestive System, 
 
 after a dose of chloric ether in cold water. Its existence 
 in sporting and other dogs which require heavy food is a 
 serious drawback, the use of light and highly digestible 
 food only being tolerated. 
 
 Inappetance, or absence of desire for food^ is often a 
 sign of being overfed and the beginning of serious 
 states, and may arise from decayed teeth, sore tongue, 
 mouth, or gums, choking, or muscular inability from 
 paralysis of the jaws. The treatment must be based on 
 the discovery and removal of the cause. 
 
 Indigestion is a disease of common occurrence in 
 canine animals. The wandering mongrel alternately 
 suffers from absolute want and over-repletion with 
 unsuitable and highly indigestible food, and the highly 
 favoured pets are the victims of a depraved appetite 
 brought about by want of exercise, over-repletion, and 
 often most unsuitable aliment. Allied causes are disease 
 of the mouth or irregularities of the teeth, a torpid liver, 
 worms or foreign substances in the stomach. 
 
 Symptofns. — A depraved appetite associated with 
 frequent vomition, the ejected material passing down the 
 nostrils. The bowels are constipated and distended by 
 air, the result of fermentation, giving rise to colicky pains, 
 dulness, and often excessive peevishness or unusual anger. 
 The patient is often sensitive to cold, and seeks absolute 
 quiet and warmth ; the coat is rough, harsh and staring, 
 and the temperature of the body irregular and unequal. 
 In old-standing cases the sufferer lays on much fat, the 
 hair falls off, and the state becomes one of general 
 debility or anaemia. 
 
 Treatment. — Change of food and regular meals, sub- 
 stituting more digestible or less stimulating varieties as 
 may be needed. Fresh air, regular exercise on foot. 
 Purgatives are required for constipation and colic, assisted 
 by occasional enemas ; carbonate of soda or potash in 
 water to relieve acidity and irritability of the stomach, 
 and vermifuges to expel worms when they r.re known to 
 be present. 
 
 Emesis or Vomition in the dog depending upon 
 special nervous endowment, under ordinary conditions is 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System. 189 
 
 a salutary process, intended as Nature's safeguard in the 
 many dangers to which, as the scavenger of the earth, he 
 is necessarily exposed. Thus irritant food is speedily 
 ejected; and the organ also becomes specially excited 
 under the stimulus of numerous ailments, when enforced 
 discharge of the contents has the effect of a powerful 
 sedative on the system. This special sensitiveness has 
 led to egregious abuse in the employment of emetics for 
 almost every disease, irrespective of the torture to which 
 the creature is subjected. Their adoption should be 
 regulated by great care and judgment, as they are likely 
 to produce serious gastric disorder with Continuous 
 Vomition, a condition usually indicative of acute 
 irritation when it arises independently of medicinal 
 agents. 
 
 Gastritic Catarrh, or Catarrh of the Stomach, vulgarly 
 called " husk," consists of a congested and irritative, and 
 more or less inflamed condition of the extensive mucous 
 lining, arising from injudicious as well as erroneous 
 feeding, the presence of parasites or indigestible foreign 
 bodies. 
 
 The Symptoms comprise some amount of fever, 
 irritability of the stomach, with frequent vomition, the 
 fluid being of an acid character, and contains no food. 
 Pressure over the region of the stomach causes severe 
 pain in most cases. The animal is dull, dispirited, and 
 tormented by a constant cough. By extension of the 
 disease to the bowels, a fatal diarrhoea sets in, and the 
 termination is usually fatal. 
 
 Treatment. — This is not always successful, the reten- 
 tion of food or medicine by the stomach being a matter 
 of extreme difficulty. Small quantities only of anything 
 should be given, and at frequent intervals. The best 
 remedies appear to be prussic acid, chlorodyne, or opium, 
 alternated with the carbonates of potash or soda. The 
 injection of remedies beneath the skin offers a suitable 
 method of treatment, thus avoiding the dilution as well as 
 waste by the constant vomition. Some practitioners find 
 great benefit from the administration of a pill containing 
 one to three grains of opium, and sulphate of iron five to 
 
190 Diseases of the Digestive System. 
 
 ten grains given morning and evening. If the vomition 
 can be arrested, the use of vegetable tonics, as gentian 
 or quinine, will be called for, and, in chronic cases, nux 
 vomica in small and repeated doses. 
 
 Gastritis, or Inflammation of the Stomach of a true 
 character, is seen only in connection with poisoning by 
 irritants. 
 
 The Symptoms greatly resemble those of indigestion, 
 developing slowly, and consist of thirst, fever, a habit of 
 licking cool objects, depraved appetite, and subsequently 
 frequent vomition. Pain is evinced by frequent whining, 
 restlessness, moving from one place or position to 
 another, and by stretching at full length, to present the 
 abdomen to the ground. Pressure over the stomach 
 causes pain ; the pulse is accelerated and small, and 
 animal temperature is increased. The mouth and tongue 
 are dry, dirty and foul, breath offensive, mucous mem- 
 branes injected, and vomition proceeds first by the 
 ejection of simple fluid, which occasionally contains 
 blood. 
 
 Treatment. — Precise measures consist of the adminis- 
 tration of an agent which by chemical union with the 
 poison renders it inert, details of which will be given 
 under Poisons. Frequent draughts of soothing muci- 
 laginous and alkaline solutions are advisable, and the 
 application of counter-irritants, as mustard, in the form of 
 plasters, is indispensable. With full abatement of all 
 the symptoms, the animal enters upon the stage of con- 
 valescence, when vegetable tonics and alkalies will serve 
 to promote sound recovery, during which the greatest 
 care must be exercised in feeding. 
 
 Ulceration of the Stomach is occasionally seen as 
 the result of malnutrition dependent upon wasting dis- 
 eases, as distemper, or bad and insufficient food, with 
 confinement in unsanitary places. The condition of 
 defective health thus induced also secures the existence 
 of other local evidences, tlie cornea being the common 
 seat of the disease. 
 
 Foreign Bodies in the Stomach of the dog are 
 common. Their name also is legion and we cannot 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System. 191 
 
 enumerate them. The more common are stones, &c., 
 which the animals are taught to seize or carry, which may 
 be swallowed. Others have sharp prominences, and may 
 seriously wound some of the structures, producing a train 
 of morbid signs not always of simple interpretation, death 
 only revealing the true nature of the case as well as its 
 cause. 
 
 Worms in the Stomach. — These consist of several 
 varieties of round as well as tape-worm, the chief of the 
 former being the Ascaris marginata, or marginated round 
 worm, and the Spiroptera sanguinolenta, and of the latter 
 Tcenia cucu?nerina, and more rarely Tcenia ccenurus, or gid 
 tape- worm of the sheep. 
 
 Symptoms. — Nausea, retching, and vomiting proceed 
 first in order, accompanied with foetid breath, and a dry, 
 troublesome, husky cough. Subsequently the bowels are 
 irregular and colic ensues, with increase of the foregoing 
 symptoms, especially gastric disturbance, often termina- 
 ting with convulsions and death. Some dogs exhibit a 
 voracious appetite in the early stages ; notwithstanding the 
 animal becomes poor and even emaciated, and towards 
 the close there are signs of brain disturbance. 
 
 Treatment. — An effective remedy consists of oil of tur- 
 pentine, one or more teaspoonfuls, proportionate to the 
 size and build of the dog, in combination with one to 
 three ounces of pure glycerine, followed in two or three 
 hours by a dose of olive oil, or the Castor Oil Mixture. 
 {See Aperients.) If needful these medicines may be 
 repeated in three days. 
 
 Colic or Spasms, vulgarly known as Gripes, is a sign 
 of bowel derangement, spasmodic in nature, and unasso- 
 ciated with tendency to inflammation. The Causes are 
 irritants within the bowels, or the spasms may be due to 
 reflex act on arising from morbid derangement in other 
 organs, mostly the former, the irritants being foreign 
 bodies, impacted food, disease of stomach, bowels, liver, 
 or other contiguous organs. Colic is often present in 
 diseases induced by mineral poisons, as in lead colic^ and 
 also those dependent upon animal poisons developed 
 during certain diseases, as Distemper ; it is also a common 
 
192 Diseases of the Digestive System. 
 
 sign of worms. Puppies suffer frequently from changes 
 in the quaUty of the mother's milk, and it also appears 
 in pregnant bitches as a result of pressure on the neck of 
 the bladder. 
 
 The Symptoms usually arise suddenly, the animal ex- 
 hibiting signs of discomfort by moaning. The sleep is 
 disturbed and he cries, rises, turns round, draws himself 
 together, again lies down, but soon rises and repeats the 
 various acts. Increase of pain is betokened by sharp and 
 frequent cries; he is more restless and assumes every 
 variety of position ; the back is arched upwards, and the 
 abdomen is distended when the colic is due to flatulence, 
 or small, hard, and contracted in obstinate constipation. 
 Fever is not present in true or simple colic. 
 
 Treatment.— '^omo, practitioners resort to an emetic in 
 the first instance. Others prefer to put the animal at 
 once into a warm bath (90° to 104° F.), which frequently 
 reduces the spasm, and promotes free action of the 
 bowels, especially when conjoined with smart friction 
 over the surface. If the pain is severe, anti-spasmodic 
 draught No. 2 may be given at intervals of two or three 
 hours ; and mustard plasters may be applied to the sur- 
 face of the abdomen, or a stimulating liniment should be 
 rubbed in. When, however, some known irritant is 
 present, an oleaginous aperient should be given in the 
 first instance, as removal of the cause is specially 
 curative. 
 
 Diarrhoea consists of a frequent passing of liquid 
 faeces, attended with pain, spasm, or colic, and more or 
 less straining. Acute cases have their origin in the 
 presence of some irritant, which induces a catarrhal state 
 of the mucous membrane, and inordinate secretion from 
 the numerous intestinal glands as well as the membrane 
 itself. Such irritants are food, intestinal worms, &c. 
 Diarrhoea is also the result of blood disorder, terminating 
 in wasting disease, or •* breaking up of the system." It 
 also depends upon an excessive secretion of bile, and 
 may be caused by repeated overdoses of purgative 
 medicines, inducing super-purgation. Chronic cases are 
 denoted by intractable indigestion, and great debility in 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System. 193 
 
 addition to the above, with more or less ulceration of 
 the bowels, as seen near the anus, the opening of which 
 is relaxed and dilated: 
 
 Treatment. — The patient demands the most careful 
 nursing and strict deaiiliness, with freedom from ex- 
 posure to cold, otherwise acute cases have the tendency 
 to assume the chronic form. A suitable dose of the 
 castor-oil mixture {see Aperients) should be given in the 
 first instance, which by removal of the original cause 
 determines the recovery of the patient. If, however, the 
 case assumes the chronic stage, one of the anodyne 
 formulae must be adopted, with astringent diet, as the 
 symptoms indicate. Simple glycerine, vaseline, or 
 *'Sanitas" jelly, especially the latter, are eminently use- 
 ful in soothing the anus and bowel, when smeared over 
 it. When liver disorder is evident, calomel or podo- 
 phyllin will be of service. Young puppies often suffer 
 from a form of diarrhoea while deriving their sustenance 
 from the mother. In that case the latter should receive 
 a mild purgative ; afterwards lime-water to drink, or a 
 solution of carbonate of soda (5 to 10 grains to each ounce 
 of water) mixed with the food. The disease is also a 
 common associate with the early stages of distemper, the 
 probable cause being the ingestion of unsuitable food 
 and filth, or inhalation of the odours arising from drains, 
 accumulations of manure, &c. Worms are a common 
 cause.^ The usual remedy is half a dose of castor oil, 
 with one to three drops of laudanum. Chronic forms 
 degenerate into dysentery. 
 
 Dysentery consists of inflammation of the mucous 
 membrane of the large bowels as a rule, followed by 
 ulceration and discharge of blood. The evacuations 
 contain no fceces, except at intervals, when solitary, dark, 
 small, and offensive lumps are voided. The causes are 
 those common to diarrhoea largely aggravated. 
 
 Symptoms. — In addition to the above, the animal 
 suffers from abdominal pain, with rapidly forming de- 
 bility and emaciation, also emanations of sickly odours 
 from thd skin and mouth. Shreds of the intestinal 
 mucous membrane pass with blood among the offensive 
 
 13 
 
194 Diseases of the Digestive System. 
 
 evacuations ; the pulse and respiration are quick, nose 
 dry and hot, mucous membranes injected, great thirst, 
 but no appetite, gradual sinking, arid death. 
 
 Treatment must be careful and persistent. 
 
 Constipation or Costiveness is the result of tor- 
 pidity or comparative inaction of the bowels, the animal 
 passing no faeces, or, otherwise, they are voided with 
 much effort and pain, and are dry, small, and hard. The 
 disorder is common to animals under confinement, es- 
 pecially when fed solely on animal food. Constipation, 
 associated with fever, is one of the marked symptoms of 
 liver disorder, but constipation pure and simple is not 
 necessarily attended by fever, neither is it of long dura- 
 tion, and is amenable to ordinary remedies. 
 
 Treat??ient. — Change of diet is almost always essential. 
 The flesh food should be reduced and the deficiency 
 made up by vegetables, and a weekly feed of boiled 
 liver will be helpful, conjoined with regular feeding \.\mts 
 and proper exercise. In some cases the accumulation of 
 faeces in the rectum is large, producing colic, and they 
 may be felt on manipulating the abdomen by the hand as 
 well as being evident in the bulging of the anus. Accu- 
 mulations of this extreme nature sometimes prove fatal 
 within a few hours in house and pet dogs. Removal of 
 the accumulation of ingesta must be effected by means 
 of the oiled finger, or when necessary broken down by 
 he handle of a spoon, assisted by injections of .warm 
 water. A dose of the castor-oil mixture {see^ Aperients) 
 should follow, and subsequently an occasional dose 
 should be given if the disorder does not abate. 
 
 Impaction of the Bowels by means of various sub- 
 stances, as a bone of considerable size, or several pieces, 
 a stone, accumulations of hardened faeces, or fibrous 
 vegetable matter, which have been swallowed, constitutes 
 an\egravated form of constipation. The formation of a 
 calculus IS of rare occurrence, but one such proves to 
 be the cause now and again. Colic, constipation, and 
 sometimes vomiting are present, especially after oleagi- 
 nous purgatives have been administered. Enemas, 
 assisted by external manipulation of the abdomen, often 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System 195 
 
 facilitates passage of the mass to the rectum and 
 removed. A itvf days may be required for this purpose, 
 during which the animal should receive only fluid laxa- 
 tive aliment, with opiates or other antispasmodics. 
 
 Enteritis, or Liflajnmation of the Intestines. — The 
 muscular coat of the tube is the seat of the malady, the 
 causes being impaction by indigestible substances, the 
 passage of one portion passing within another, or some 
 other form of strangulation ; exposure to excessive cold 
 and wet after removal of the coat ; exhibition of poison- 
 ous doses of medicine or deliberate poisoning. It is also 
 apt to arise from the absorption of local remedies used in 
 excess for the eradication of mange. 
 
 .5;7////^>'//j-.— Continued pain and distress is evinced by 
 cries and the appearance also of the eyes, with severe 
 abdominal pain, high fever, and increase of temperature. 
 Pressure on the abdomen increases the suffering ; yet the 
 animal finds some comfort in stretching himself on the 
 ground, courting the coolness of the stones or earth to 
 counteract the heat of the abdominal muscles. As a rule 
 he seeks the quiet of a secluded corner, where he may be 
 found, lying in perfect agony on his side and uttering 
 piercing cries. The bowels are confined and the urine, 
 voided only in very small quantities, is highly coloured 
 and has a strong odour. The pulse is small, hard, and 
 rapid ; the nose is hot, thirst is considerable and the tail 
 is firmly contracted over the anus and forward upon the 
 abdomen. When the disease is due to poisons, vomiting 
 is constant, the ejected fluids being mixed with blood. 
 The mouth, ears, and legs become cold, the body smells 
 disagreeably, the abdomen enlarges, the pulse and heart- 
 beats becomes faint and at length imperceptible, and 
 convulsions terminate in death. A chronic form of the 
 disease may occur, which is indicated by intermittent 
 colic, alternate constipation and diarrhoea, with tense 
 abdomen, flatulence, «Sic., and more or less continuous 
 vomiting, terminating in weakness, collapse, and death. 
 
 Treatfnent. — First learn the cause. If the disease 
 arises from impaction, foreign objects, worms, &c., 
 admiruster a ?nild dose of salad oil. Enemas of warm 
 
196 Diseases of the Digestive System. 
 
 water will be useful, if assisted by breaking up of the 
 faeces by the finger inserted within the rectum. Crude 
 opium (one to three grains), chlorodyne, Indian hemp, 
 &c., given in one or two teaspoonfuls of barley water, 
 may be given to counteract pain and spasm, and may be 
 repeated hourly as needed. Enemas containing one of 
 these remedies are also of great value. A warm bath 
 often proves highly beneficial if due care in drying, &c., 
 is observed. In recovery the greatest care in feeding, 
 &c., must be observed, or the animal when approaching 
 convalescence will suddenly change, droop, and die from 
 a recurrence of the malady. Poisoning must be met by 
 appropriate remedies or antidotes. {See Poisons.) 
 
 Beef-tea, broth, milk, or cod-liver oil should be given 
 with the medicines by the mouth, and by the rectum 
 with astringents. Violent pain must be met by opium 
 (one to three grains) hourly, or at longer intervals as 
 needful to subdue the pain. Some practitioners add 
 sulphate of copper with manifest benefit. A hot linseed 
 poultice, or the spongio-piline {see Poultices) applied to 
 the abdomen is often highly beneficial, and suppositories, 
 or injections of an astringent nature should be employed 
 in conjunction ; iced water is sometimes added. Clean- 
 liness, with fresh air, are all important in the means of 
 cure. 
 
 Prolapsus Ani, or D?'oppiHg of the Bowely appears in 
 the form of an unsightly tumour beneath the tail, which 
 often suffers considerable enlargement with the discharge 
 of faeces, while some pain and difficulty attend the act. 
 The usual causes are debility, the result of age, neglected 
 constipation of a general character, as well as impaction 
 of the rectum itself. It is also common in over- fed and 
 idle dogs. It may be partial, consisting of the mucous 
 membrane only, or the entire rectum may be everted, in 
 which case swelling ensues with more or less strangula- 
 tion, inducing changes which greatly militate against a 
 speedy and successful return as well as retention of the 
 organ. 
 
 Treatment consists of returning the bowels within the 
 abdomen by means of careful side-pressure and manipu- 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System. 1 97 
 
 lation with the fingers (the animal being held with the 
 hind quarters raised considerably above the body), and 
 afterwards dressed with cold astringent dressings. Injec- 
 tions or suppositories of the same nature should also be 
 continued for several days, and the food should be fluid 
 and laxative until the evidences of cure are established. 
 In chronic cases the organ may become so mutilated and 
 enlarged as to call for excision. To prevent the disease^ 
 avoid constipation of the bowels by a periodical feed of 
 uncooked liver, boiled greens, or purgation. 
 
 Hsemorrhoids or Piles constitute a frequent disease 
 in aged dogs, and those subject to constipation and a 
 general state of relaxed fibre. Primarily they appear as 
 simple bulbs or tumours located on the outer-side of the 
 anal opening, or upon the lining mucous membrane 
 within. They are, therefore, known as external or 
 internal Piles, and consist of the enlarged veins of the 
 locality, their condition being due to the pressure arising 
 from straining to void faeces during constipation. "Such 
 pressure being long continued induces a tendency to 
 ulcerate or slough, by which a number of sores are formed 
 attended with more or less haemorrhage constituting 
 " bleeding piles." Further aggravation leads to the 
 formation oi fistula^ yAi\Q}c\ is an opening in amass of 
 condensed or diseased tissue, leading to a cavity, the 
 situation of a former abscess. The lodgment of sharp, 
 angular bones, or impaction by hard faeces lacerating the 
 rectum, are also common causes. The liver is under 
 disorder in most cases. 
 
 Treatment. — An oleaginous aperient is best for simple 
 cases ; but when the liver is at fault, an aloetic pill with 
 calomel or the aperient blue pill should be given. In- 
 digestion must receive appropriate treatment as detailed 
 under that head, cod-liver oil forming a daily portion. 
 Local treatment should consist of the application of cold 
 water or ice for both forms, the latter being put inside 
 and allowed to remain. Lotions of alum or the sulphates 
 of zinc, copper, or iron, are also highly beneficial, but no 
 permanent good can result unless the feeding is improved, 
 and sufficient exercise is given to promote healthy 
 
198 Diseases of the Digestive System. 
 
 function of the digestive organs in particular, and the 
 system generally. 
 
 Atony of the Rectum is common to old dogs 
 unable to take exercise. The gut is enlarged from 
 constant impaction, and the glands of the vicinity 
 discharge a foul-smelling fluid ; the anus is also enlarged 
 and ulcerated, from which a swelling arises and is con- 
 tinued downwards between the thighs along the course 
 of the abdomen. It is common also to other diseases as 
 a complication, viz., chronic diarrhcea and dysentery. 
 
 Treatvmit consists of supporting and improving the 
 system by internal tonics and laxatives ; the regular 
 removal of fsecal accumulations, and constant administra- 
 tion of tonic astringent enemas, as solutions of tannic 
 acid, sulphate of iron, &c. 
 
 Thickening of the Bowel, leading to Stricture, 
 sometimes attended by dilation, is somewhat common to 
 the duodenum. Such cases are always clearly manifested 
 during life, and . are usually traced to the action of 
 some chemical or other irritant on the tissues of the 
 bowels. 
 
 Hernia, or the passage of some portion of the intes- 
 tines and their appendages, is not of common occurrence. 
 In puppies hernia of the navel is now and again seen. It 
 consists of the omentum or caul, which may be returned 
 Avithin the abdomen, and maintained by a bandage or 
 truss, or excision of the whole protrusion by means of the 
 ligature may be tried. Other forms need not be discussed 
 here, as they are only of interest to the scientific operator 
 in surgery. 
 
 Worms in the Intestines. — Several species of worms 
 find their abode within the intestines of the dog, being 
 chiefly of the classes commonly known as round and tape- 
 worms. Their presence is in obedience to certain laws 
 which regulate and ensure their being called into exist- 
 ence, as well as subsequent changes and developments. 
 
 The Symptoms generally denoting the presence of 
 worms in the bowels are as follows : irritation, more or 
 less persistent, inducing disorder, as variable and depraved 
 appetite, loss of hair, and a rough unhealthy state of the 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System. 1 99 
 
 skin ; irregularity of the bowels, producing a discharge of 
 faeces and fluid, which is sUmy, exceedingly offensive, 
 and contains the parasites; irritation of the anus, as 
 shown by the creature licking it, or endeavourmg to 
 remove the annoyance by dragging himself in a sitting 
 posture over the ground. As these signs continue, a 
 state of general ancemia sets in, from which the animal 
 dies or otherwise recovers and goes through similar 
 suffering. Occasionally during life the worms migrate 
 from the intestines to the stomach, from which they may 
 be expelled in the resulting vomition ; instances are also 
 on record in which they have been known to pass to the 
 windpipe or lungs and produce fatal consequences. The 
 remedies for worms are numerous, formulae for which will 
 be found in Chapter VI 1 1., one of the most efficacious 
 being No. 3. p. 137. 
 
 Peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneum or mem' 
 brane which lines the cavity of the abdomen and invests 
 the bowels, is frequently confounded with enteritis. It 
 may be only partial ; it is more frequently complete. The 
 causes are external violence as severe blows, punctured 
 wounds, &c. ; it may also result from hernia, constipation,* 
 or exposure to damp and cold, and in females is apt to 
 follow parturition. 
 
 Symptoms. — High fever with rapid, small, hard, and 
 sharp pulse. Pressure on the abdom.en induces severe 
 pain, and to avoid being handled the sufferer seeks a 
 quiet spot where he lies on his side, breathing with diflS- 
 culty and constant pain, as evinced by frequent sharp 
 cries. Constipation is present from the first. As the 
 disease advances these signs are aggravated, the tongue 
 is furred, dry, and offensive, thirst is great, and the urine 
 is scanty and highly coloured. The abdomen enlarges 
 from the accumulation of fluid, the legs and ears are 
 cold, and death follows coma or delirium. 
 
 Treatment. — Continued fomentations, poultices (which 
 see) or a mild stimulating liniment may be applied to 
 the abdomen under gentle care ; leeches often prove im- 
 mediately beneficial. The only safe remedies are seda- 
 tives {see Febrifuges), especially aconite, digitalis, opium, 
 or belladonna, given every four hours as required. 
 
200 Diseases of the Digestive System. 
 
 Ascites, or Drops of the Abdomen, is the frequent 
 result of peritonitis, but it may arise from conditions 
 totally apart from it, as anaemia following continued 
 asthma or skin diseases, derangement of the liver, &c. 
 Cold and damp are common causes in young dogs. 
 
 Symptoms. — Unusual enlargement of the abdomen, 
 pale mucous membranes, general coldness and wasting 
 of the body, rough staring coat, and faUing of the hair, 
 nausea, frequent vomition, and indigestion generally, 
 husky cough, hurried respiration, subacute fever, intoler- 
 able thirst, dropsical states of the body generally, 
 oppressed breathing, sinking, and death. 
 
 Treatment. — Tonics, with vegetable bitters and mild 
 diuretics are useful. Absorption of the fluid may be 
 promoted by regular, but small, doses of digitalis and 
 iodide of iron. Cod-liver oil is highly nutritive and suffi- 
 ciently laxative to promote free action of the bowels. 
 The whole of the fluid may be drawn away by what is 
 known as " tapping the belly," after which support must 
 be afforded by a bandage placed round the body, and 
 the operation may be required on future occasions 
 •to relieve the oppressed breathing from repeated accumu- 
 lation of the fluid. 
 
 Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Liver., is common 
 to overfed and pampered animals, especially house pets 
 taking little or no exercise. The disease in the acute 
 form is said to be more common in tropical countries, 
 and even the South of France, than in Great Britain, 
 where it more frequently assumes the congestive form. 
 
 Syjfiptoms. — The early manifestations are a dry or 
 husky cough, accelerated pulse and respiration, rigors, or 
 more commonly shivering fits, and pain on the right side 
 which, is aggravated by pressure ; nausea and vomiting 
 are present. In later stages the mucous membranes and 
 the skin exhibit a tinge of yellow, which becomes more 
 intense with the progress of the malady. The bowels are 
 alternately relaxed or confined, and the evacuations are 
 pale, the urine is deficient, having an orange colour ; the 
 pain of the right side is increased, and enlargement over 
 the region of the liver is evident ; bile mingles with the 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System. 201 
 
 fluids ejected from the stomach. The animal is dull, the 
 mouth and tongue are furred and with the breath are 
 offensive, the abdomen enlarges and is pendulous, the 
 bowels contain much flatus ; there is intense thirst, 
 absence of appetite, and the loss of flesh is very rapid. 
 
 Treatment. — Blood-letting to a moderate extent by 
 means of the lancet, or abstraction by leeches after the 
 hair has been removed is useful, especially if the hot 
 (spongio-piline) poultice is immediately applied. Mustard 
 plasters promptly are beneficial, or the hot bath may be 
 tried, if the animal can be well protected afterwards. 
 As medicines the salines, or febrifuge No. 3, may 
 be given once daily for three or four days; or the 
 febrifuge No. 6, three times daily, in simple water, 
 thickened with treacle, until the acute symptoms are 
 overcome, when vegetable tonics may be resorted to. 
 
 Chronic Hepatitis, like the acute form, in its true 
 nature is congestive, due to similar causes, except in 
 India and other hot countries, where continued high 
 temperature and malaria are superadded. 
 
 The Symptoms are, in the main, those of acute hepatitis 
 modified or less severe, making little progress one way 
 or the other for some time. Jaundice and a peculiar 
 haggard or dejected appearance, with loss of power, are 
 prominent signs. The liver is generally increased, hard, 
 and may be insensible to pressure. The belly, particularly 
 on the right side, is swollen, and the animal is tormented 
 by thirst, indigestion, flatulence, vomition, and irregularity 
 of the bowels. The skin is dry, often scurfy, and 
 discoloured by bile, and the hair is erect. Piles are 
 common as a result of pressure obstructing blood 
 circulation ; and asthma, disease of the spleen, &c., are 
 frequent accompaniments. 
 
 Treatment. — Promote regular action of the bowels by 
 the use of saline aperient and febrifuge No. 3, or 
 small doses of calomel, and podophyllin, rhubarb, or 
 aloes on alternate days, with intermediate doses (two to 
 four drops) of nitric or hydrochloric acid twice daily, or the 
 iodide of potassium (five to ten grains) may be substituted 
 for a time. Great benefit may arise from an application 
 
202 Diseases of the Digestive System. 
 
 of strong iodine liniment, or ointment of biniodide of 
 mercury — half strength, and repeated as needful — to the 
 side afcer removal of the hair. The diet must be 
 carefully regulated as well as digestible, and the action 
 of the bowels should be largely maintained by enemas 
 when the salines are not employed. Pet dogs recovering 
 from the disease may prove useful as previously, but 
 animals from which constant or phenomenal work is 
 required are rarely capable, and for breeding purposes 
 they should not be selected. 
 
 Fatty Degeneration of the Liver is an occasional 
 result of hepatitis. In some instances it is enormously 
 enlarged, and capable of being manipulated by the hand, 
 causing a largely distended abdomen, irregular bowels, 
 and anpemia, the patient finally becoming excessively 
 lean and weak, with all the indications of chronic 
 hepatitis. 
 
 Treatment. — Withdraw food containing fat, and sub- 
 stitute fibrine biscuits in moderate quantities, with 
 enforced excercise daily. As a treat, give a meal of 
 fresh liver, cut up and mixed with the usual food, and 
 as a medicine give ten grains of chlorate of potash twice 
 daily for some time. 
 
 Old and uwni-oiit dogs frequently exhibit peculiar 
 forms of malignant disease of the liver, spleen, mesentery, 
 omentum, &c., which present some of the strangest 
 combinations of incurable states. In all such instances 
 common humanity suggests their destruction by a painless 
 death, as prussic acid or an overdose of chloroform. 
 
 Parasitic Disease of the Liver is due to the presence 
 of the fluke Distovia conjujictirm in the biie ducts, inducing 
 inflammation and numerous small abscesses. Various 
 cysiic or bladder forms of parasitism are also common ; 
 and round worms {Filaria hepatica) occupy the substance 
 as well as the ducts of the liver, leading to the formation 
 of cysts in the walls of the intestines. 
 
 Obstruction to the functions of the liver occasionally 
 arises from the formation of biliary calcuh', or gall-stones. 
 Jaundice is a common sign, with more or less indigestion, 
 and acute pain, evidenced by violence during their 
 
Diseases of the Digestive System. 203 
 
 passage along the gall-ducts to the intestines, is not 
 uncommon. 
 
 Treatment. — The pain is to be soothed by warm 
 baths and the internal administration of opium, chloric 
 ether, &c., measures which are also beneficial in the 
 removal of the obstruction as well as the resulting 
 jaundice. The presence of one stone suggests the 
 presence and constant formation of many others, therefore, 
 some alteration in the diet should be made, more 
 frequent exercise being enforced, while one of the liver 
 pills {see Aperients), or podophyllin and calomel are 
 regularly given. 
 
 Disease of the Spleen and Pancreas is rarely 
 recognised except in conjunction with morbid conditions 
 of the liver, and chiefly after death. We have, therefore, 
 but little information in reference to morbid signs during 
 life, the principal being enlargement of the spleen, which 
 may be felt on the left side of the front of the belly. 
 The organ is then sensible to pressure, and the animal 
 emits cries of pain when he is moved. A husky cough 
 is present ; the coat is rough and dirty ; the bowels are 
 relaxed, and the evacuations are yellow and mixed with 
 froth, a state which alternates with constipation. The 
 mucous membranes are pale, and fever is more or less 
 present. Emaciation proceeds with the continuance of 
 these signs, and the disease is practically incurable, de- 
 pending on conjointdiseaseof the liver and other organs. 
 
 Goitre, or Bronchocele, is not unfrequent in newly 
 born pups, associated with rickets, the probable result of 
 parental mal-nutrition. Among older animals pugs are 
 singularly liable, the swellings being known as "Kernels." 
 The disease consists of enlargement of the thyroid 
 glands, situate on each side of the throat, which has 
 been known to cause obstruction to the flow of blood in 
 the jugular veins, with resulting dulness, and even death. 
 Pressure on the windpipe has also been known to 
 produce suffocation. The diseased enlargement sometimes 
 disperses spontaneously ; otherwise painting with iodine, 
 after removal of the hair, with internal administration of 
 the drug, will accomplish its disappearance. 
 
204 Diseases of the Urinary System. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 
 
 Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys — Albuminous Nephritis — Calculi, or 
 Stones in the Kidney— Haematuria, or Red Water— Atrophy and Hyper- 
 trophy— Worm in theKidney— Impiction of the Ureters— Cystitis, or In- 
 flammation of the Bladder— Stone in the Bladder— Rupture of the Bladder 
 — Diabetes — Paralysis of the Bladder— Disease of the Prostate — Stone in 
 the Urethra— Urethritis— Balanitis and Posthitis— Worm in the Urethra. 
 
 The urinary apparatus of the dog is probably subject to 
 a greater number of disorders, occurring with greater 
 frequency than is generally supposed among animals 
 under confinement, especially when they are pampered 
 and fed on all kinds of unsuitable aliment. Disorder of 
 the digestive process is likely to derange the action of 
 the kidneys, and from thence the various organs of the 
 system are more or less influenced. 
 
 Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidney, arises from 
 numerous causes, as blows, or strain on the loins ; the 
 action of cold after bathing or exposure to rain ; initation 
 of the organ by calculi or stones, abscess, &c., and direct 
 or indirect action of special remedies, as cantharides or 
 turpentine, of which the dog is peculiarly susceptible, 
 whether given by the mouth, absorbed by the skin, or 
 carried to the stomach by the tongue, as the animal licks 
 off external applications. 
 
 The Symptoms are a peculiar gait indicating stiffness in 
 the loins, with probable pain under manipulation or 
 pressure. Febrile symptoms are present, the pulse being 
 rapid, wiry, and hard, nose and mouth hot and dry, 
 mucous membranes reddened, and the bowels are acutely 
 constipated. In females the act of urination is often 
 attempted, and the quantity voided is small, highly 
 coloured, and sometimes mixed with blood. 
 
 Treatment — Leeches to the loins, or bleeding from the 
 jugular vein. Castor-oil mixture as a laxative. linseed 
 
Diseases of the Urinary System. 205 
 
 mucilage or barley water should be used as a vehicle for 
 medicines, as tartar emetic in doses of a quarter or half a 
 grain twice or three times daily ; or belladonna, opium, 
 and camphor as anodynes ; enemas containing one of the 
 three latter drugs; hot spongio-piline poultices to the 
 loins, frequently renewed. Bicarbonate of soda or potash 
 are also useful in rendering the urine less acid and 
 aseptic. Perfect quiet is essential, and, excepting very 
 moderate exercise when the patient can bear it, all severe 
 movement must be carefully avoided. A form of Albu- 
 minous Nephritis has also been noticed, constituting 
 true Brighfs Disease. 
 
 Calculi, or Stones in tJie Kidney^ are by no means 
 infrequent. One or both organs may be affected. They 
 give rise to inflammation of the kidney, for which the 
 appropriate treatment is required. 
 
 Hsematuria, or Red Water^ derives its name from the 
 presence of blood in the urine. 
 
 The Causes are those which induce inflammation ; more 
 commonly calculi are present, the angular projections of 
 which may seriously wound the organ or cause impedi- 
 ments to the flow of blood, set up inflammation, and even 
 rupture of the vessels. 
 
 Symptoms. — Urination is attended with pain ; heat, 
 with tenderness of the loins ; blood is discharged in three 
 forms : during the act of urination, subsequent to it, or 
 altogether independent of it. When it comes from the 
 kidneys, it is diflused throughout the urine, which also 
 contains threads of fibrine, not unlike small worms, either 
 of a pale pink colour or white. Bleeding from the 
 bladder is known by the first discharge of urine being 
 free, but towards the end the blood comes floating in the 
 urine. Bleeding from the urethra is unattended by signs 
 of disease in the kidney or bladder. The blood is 
 discharged pure and alone. 
 
 Treatment. — Avoid blood-letting. Mucilaginous fluids, 
 as hnseed tea, barley water, solution of gum, beef tea, &c., 
 should be given freely, in which iron and opiates {see 
 Styptics) should be given. Apply hot fomentations to 
 the loins, the spongio-piline poultice, mustard, or 
 
206 Diseases of the Urinary System, 
 
 ammoniacal embrocation. Enemas containing belladonna 
 or opium to relieve pain and spasms. Tincture of 
 cantharides, in doses of two or three drops in a wine- 
 glassful of water, is often very useful. 
 
 Atrophy and Hypertrophy, terms which signify 
 Wasting and Enlargement, are seen in the kidney. Few 
 indications occur during life. 
 
 Worm in the Kidney is an occasional occurrence. 
 The parasite is known as Eustrongylus gigas, a round 
 worm, the female of which sometimes attains the length 
 of three feet, and as large as the little finger. Enormous 
 enlargement of the organ is one of the common results. 
 The presence is not always denoted by definite signs 
 during life. 
 
 Impaction of the Ureters may arise from the ac- 
 cumulation of small portions of calculi or sandy matter 
 on their way from the kidneys, giving rise to acutely 
 painful spasms, which yield to the action of opiates, or 
 passage of the obstruction to the bladder. 
 
 Cystitis, or Liflammation of the Bladder, may arise 
 from the absorption or imprudent use of turpentine, 
 cantharides, &c., internally. Enlargement of the pros- 
 tate gland by disease is the more frequent cause, as it 
 obstructs the flow of urine from the bladder. Stricture 
 of the urethra, calculi, and parasites act similarly. 
 
 Symptoms. — Extreme uneasiness, colic, frequent change 
 of place and position, and putting the nose to the flanks, 
 tenderness of the abdomen under pressure; fever is also 
 present, with intense thirst ; the hind limbs tremble, 
 urine is voided in small quantities and under great pain, 
 the bowels are costive, and vomition usually follows. 
 Chronic forms greatly resemble the state of nephritis. ^ 
 
 Treatment.— Yiox baths, or the spongio-piline poultice 
 round the abdomen and loins, witli opiates, belladonna, 
 &c., internally {see Anodynes), to overcome spasm of 
 the urethra, and permit the flow of urine. Warm enemas 
 are useful. Mucilage containing the carbonate of ])otash 
 for drink. Pass the catheter, and remove urine. Ex- 
 plore for calculus, and regulate the bowels by means of 
 a laxative dose of castor-oil mixture. 
 
Diseases of the Urinary System. 207 
 
 Calculus in the Bladder occurs in both males and 
 females. More than one are usually present, the smallest 
 being passed with sandy matter, forming one of the best 
 diagnostic signs. 
 
 Sympto7ns.—Cys\\i\s of an active kind is present in the 
 stages of early formation, but as the calculi increase in 
 size and number, the disease assumes the chronic form. 
 The urine at first varies in colour : when blood is present 
 it is red, otherwise it may be yellow, from the accumula- 
 tion of crystals deposited from the urine. Later the flow 
 of urine becomes more or less constant, but of uncertain 
 quantity, sometimes suddenly suppressed, and giving rise 
 to severe pain internally, while externally the skin is 
 excoriated and tender over which the fluid passes. 
 
 Removal of the Sto7ie by Operation is only possible in 
 very large animals, and in them it is attended with risk, 
 from the tendency to peritonitis, which is somewhat easily 
 produced in the dog. 
 
 Rupture of the Bladder follows the obstruction of 
 the urethra by pressure from diseased prostate gland, or 
 small calculi becoming wedged within the urethra. 
 
 Symptoms. — The urine for some time passes only in 
 drops ; the animal moves very little, and always care- 
 fully ; shortly the signs of acute inflammation of the 
 bladder set in, and the sufferer soon sinks, and dies 
 without excitement or struggle. After death the cavity 
 of the abdomen contains blood and fluid, the peritoneum 
 is congested, and the mucous coat of the bladder is 
 acutely inflamed, the walls being torn in various direc- 
 tions. When calculi have had some share in the pro- 
 duction of these states, one or more may be found in 
 the abdominal cavity. 
 
 Diabetes, or profuse urination, is rarely seen in the 
 dog, except as the result of the injudicious use of large 
 doses of diuretic medicines. The habit of the animal to 
 void urine repeatedly on being liberated for a run is due 
 to the excitement of pleasure, and perfectly natural. It 
 must not, therefore, be associated with probable disease. 
 Paralysis of the Bladder is the common result of 
 continued retention of, and inordinate distension by, 
 
2o8 Diseases of the Urinary System. 
 
 urine, in which cases, by removal of the direct cause, and 
 absolute rest, the organ resumes its natural contractile 
 powers. When it depends upon nervous diseases, injury 
 to the spinal cord, apoplexy, &c., the inability to dis- 
 charge the contents remains, when nerve stimulants, as 
 strychnine, or probably the iodide of iron may be useful. 
 Removal of the urifie may also be required at stated inter- 
 vals, which the canine practitioner will accomplish by 
 means of a suitable catheter. Animals suffering from any 
 urinary complaint should be removed to the surgeon's 
 premises, where special attention can be bestowed. 
 
 Disease of the Prostate is common in the dog. It 
 is generally a disease of senility, and as such proves in- 
 curable. The age of the patient renders treatment 
 undesirable and a study of the causes will confirm the 
 decision. 
 
 CaleiiUis, or Stone in the Urethra, as a rule, 
 originates in the bladder, but is retained in its passage 
 from that organ, and becomes the source of irritation 
 and stoppage of urine. In some instances it is situate 
 in that portion of the canal lying within the pelvis, when 
 removal can only be effected by an operation, for which 
 the canine surgeon alone is competent. 
 
 Urethritis, or Inflammation of the Urethra, in its 
 extended form, arises from participation in disease of the 
 bladder, prostate gland, &c., and the presence of calculus. 
 Balanitis consists of a similar state, but confined to the 
 lining membrane of the prepuce or hood-shaped covering 
 at the free extremity of the penis ; and Posthitis, or 
 Inflammation of the Mucous Membrane, investing the 
 glans penis, are two local forms of urethritis dependent 
 upon causes acting locally, as dirt, debility, want of exer- 
 cise, overfeeding, &c., and is common to pet and watch- 
 dogs, and others affected with mange. These forms 
 are common to dogs which are constantly at large, 
 roaming our streets, and often as worthless mongrels, are 
 the progenitors of the mongrel race. The disgusting 
 scenes which ensue are a disgrace to our local forms of 
 government, and their continuance is mainly respon- 
 sible for the perpetuation of rabies. In the urethral form 
 
Diseases of the Urinary System. 209 
 
 the glans penis is swollen, extruded, and mostly erect, a 
 imall quantity of pustular fluid oozing from the opening. 
 Pain is evident in urination, and the animal constantly 
 licks the exposed member. In other forms of the dis- 
 ease the prepuce is swollen and covers the glans penis, 
 retaining the discharge to the further detriment of the 
 organ, but allowing a portion to escape and accumulate 
 in drying on the hairs around the orifice. By external 
 pressure, which the animal stoutly resists, a large quantity 
 of discharge may be obtained, sometimes having a dis- 
 agreeable odour; and not uncommonly the diseased 
 parts are invaded by abscesses and sinuses to a serious 
 extent. 
 
 Treatment. — After a thorough cleansing, the long hairs 
 should be removed to avoid the accumulation of dis- 
 charge and dirt, the dog should be immersed in a warm 
 bath, or fomentations may be locally applied. In either 
 case care must be exercised in order to dry the patient 
 and prevent his taking cold. Astringent lotions are then 
 needed, or the " Sanitas " mixtures {see Antiseptics) will 
 be highly beneficial. The bowels should be moved by 
 the castor-oil mixture, and tonics, combined with muci- 
 laginous fluids, are essential. 
 
 Parasitic Invasion of the Urethra is on record. 
 In an instance falling beneath the notice of M. Seon, the 
 worm was believed to be the male Eustrongylus glgas^ 
 upwards of four inches long, and was detected during an 
 attack of urethral irritation and paroxysmal retention of 
 urine, occupying the entire length of the urethra. Removal 
 of the parasite aflbrded instant relief. 
 
 14 
 
210 Diseases of the Generative System. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE SYSTEM. 
 
 Male Organs : Gonorrhcea— Imperforate Prepuce— The Penis— Amputation 
 — Scrotal Inflammation— Orchitis— Abscess of the Testicles— Scirrhus.— 
 Female Organs : Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb— Dropsy — 
 Inversion, or Prolapsus— Haemorrhage, or Flooding— Amputation— Tumours 
 in the Vagina— Inversion, or Prolapsus— Amputation— Use of the Catheter. 
 —Diseases of the Organs of Lactation : Retention of Milk— Mam- 
 mitis, or Inflammation of the Milk Gland— Malignant Tumours— Warts— 
 GEstrum or Heat— Parturition. 
 
 Male Organs.— Gonorrhoea, improperly so-called in 
 the dog, has been already described in the chapter^ on 
 Diseases of the Urinary Organs, under the term Posthitis. 
 The affection does not seem to arise from the trans- 
 mission of contagious principles in canine animals, as 
 in the human subject, therefore, the latter term is pre- 
 ferable. 
 
 Imperforate Prepuce occurs as a congenital mal- 
 formation. The patient is unable to^ void urine in 
 consequence of the penis being entirely invested by the 
 prepuce, which has no opening. Retention of urine gives 
 rise to considerable distress, with probable swelling of the 
 prepuce and contiguous parts from infiltration, &c., of 
 fluid. Such cases should receive prompt attention from 
 the canine surgeon, who will secure relief by an 
 operation. 
 
 The penis of the dog is subject to various forms of 
 non -malign ant growths, largely composed of the hyper- 
 trophied cells common to the epidermis, &c., sometimes 
 also spreading over the glands, and inner as well as the 
 outer surfaces of the prepuce. Such Warts, as they are 
 commonly designated, may be small, single, hanging by a 
 neck or cord, or otherwise flattened and diffused, formmg 
 large masses of a spongy and irritable nature, liable to 
 bleed or discharge a thin, watery fluid. The necessary. 
 
Diseases of the Generative System. 211 
 
 treatment consists of removal by amputation with knife or 
 scissors when suitable, those of diffused character being 
 freely as well as regularly dressed with caustic potash, 
 nitrate of silver, or the mineral acids. Acetic acid has, 
 however, special preference. Subsequently great care is 
 required in order to avoid the injury of adjacent struc- 
 tures, which the ignorant in these essentials are apt to 
 ignore. 
 
 Amputation of the Penis may be required as a 
 result of the consequences just referred to, or by reason 
 of abscess from neglected warts, cancer, &c., an operation 
 calling for care and skill, which the qualified canine 
 surgeon only can be expected to possess. 
 
 Scrotal Inflammation. — The bag or covering of the 
 testicles is Hable to become inflamed, and under circum- 
 stances of neglect, undue plethora, or other adverse states 
 of the system, the disease is aggravated, and the tissues 
 assume a hard, leathery, or semi- cartilaginous nature, and 
 if wounded or abraided, the process of ulceration is 
 established, and a condition not unlike that of cancer is 
 the inevitable result of all such neglected cases. One of 
 the early causes is probably excessive copulation in 
 animals of a senile condition, an abnormal congestion of 
 the tissues being established. The scrotum is acutely 
 reddened, swollen, and sensible, and in a few days the 
 surface is covered with pimples. These subsequently 
 burst and discharge a thin fluid, which accumulates, and 
 drying, forms a thick encrustation, but ultimately falls off 
 and exposes an acutely inflamed and sensitive surface 
 beneath. Further neglect ensures rapid ulceration, con- 
 tinued enlargement with malformation, and finally drying, 
 with change to a cartilaginous state of the whole of the 
 scrotum ; or the parts may remain in the ulcerative 
 condition until death carries off the patient. 
 
 Treatment. — Brisk cathartics to open the bowels at 
 once, with one to four or five leeches to the inflamed 
 scrotum, and after the lapse of twenty-four hours diligent 
 bathing with hot water will be beneficial. When the 
 pimples have formed apply frequently glycerine, to which 
 boracic acid is added in the proportion of ten to fifteen 
 
2 i 2 Diseases of the Generative System. 
 
 grains to the ounce. Internally, use the iodide of potassiuni 
 three to ten grains twice daily. When ulceration has set 
 in use lotions of alum, zinc, boracic acid, or " Sanitas " 
 Oil in glycerine. Sometimes the knife may be required 
 to remove diseased masses, or it may be advisable to 
 amputate completely the scrotum and testicles with 
 it, for which the canine operating surgeon is competent. 
 
 Orchitis, or Inflamed Testicle^ usually arises from pres- 
 sure, blows^ and possibly from unusual secretion stimu- 
 lated by access to many females, or repeated stimulation 
 without actual connection. 
 
 Sympto7ns. — The scrotum is full, tense, hot and 
 shining, beneath which the swollen and inflamed testicles 
 are detected by the fingers, simple pressure causing 
 acute pain. In walking the dog carries the hind legs 
 widely apart. 
 
 Treatment. — Administer a brisk cathartic, and apply 
 leeches as desirable. At a later period cold applications, 
 followed by iodide of potassium internally. 
 
 Abscess of the Testicles may follow orchitis, for 
 which castration may be necessary. In other instances 
 one or both may become scirrhous, and therefore useless, 
 finally wasting considerably, but not always calling for 
 removal. 
 
 Female Organs. — Metritis, or Inflammation of the 
 IVo/nl), is not a common disease. 
 
 Symptoms. — Acute fever, accompanied by an inflamed 
 condition of the external genitals, from which a purulent, 
 as well as fetid, discharge escapes. Such are the signs 
 consequent on the absurd system of injecting fluids 
 within the uterus and vagina, the object being to bring 
 on the condition termed "heat." The disease may 
 follow parturition, when, in addition to the above signs, 
 the animal becomes acutely sensitive to pressure over 
 the abdomen. Internally the finger will detect intense 
 heat in the vagina and os uteri. Vomition, with great 
 prostration is common, but the creature persists in sitting 
 on her haunches ; later the discharge proceeds from the 
 vagina, the lips of which are tumefied, projecting, and 
 hot, states which are aggravated by frequent attempts to 
 
Diseases of the Generative System. 2 1 3 
 
 urinate. When the disease accompanies parturition, or 
 sets in soon after, the secretion of milk is usually absent, 
 and the disease is likely to be associated with peritonitis. 
 
 Treatment. — The comfort of the patient must, be 
 ensured on every hand. The hot spongio-piline 
 poultice is indispensable as long as the acute symptoms 
 remain. Opium (one to three grains) is required to subdue 
 the pain, with which extract of gentian should be com- 
 bined, or a few drops of the aromatic spirit of ammonia 
 may be added when the animal is prostrate. The dis- 
 charge from the womb, &c., may be promoted by warm 
 enemas, containing ten to twenty grains of boracic acid, 
 administered with great care, particularly if the swelling 
 of the passage is great. 
 
 Dropsy of the Womb, technically known as Hydrops 
 Uteri, and Hydrornetra, is often associated with indi- 
 gestion and a state of obesity, especially in old animals 
 which have bred largely, and indicate suppression or 
 irregularity of the oestrum. 
 
 Symptoms. — Gradual enlargement of the abdomen, 
 which may be mistaken for pregnancy, but is distin- 
 guished by the elastic, yielding sensation instead of the 
 hard masses which the foetal bodies present to the 
 hands. Somewhat later the abdomen, in addition to 
 further enlargement, becomes pendulous and heavy ; the 
 animal is excessively thirsty, feverish, and the appetite 
 is very poor or absent ; weakness and emaciation pro- 
 ceed, and at length she dies from exhaustion, when the 
 womb is discovered to be charged with fluid, sometimes 
 mere serum, or at others white and thick, from the 
 admixture of cells derived from the lining membrane of 
 the organ. 
 
 Treatmeyit should be instituted early. When it is 
 decided the fluid is the cause of the distension, it should* 
 be drawn ofl" by means of the catheter passed through 
 the contracted mouth of the womb, followed by regular 
 washings with a solution of chloride of zinc (three grains 
 to the ounce of water), the strength being supported by 
 the regular administration of tonics, as iron, with 
 gentian. 
 
214 Diseases of the Generative Sy stern. 
 
 Inversion, or Prolapsus of the Uterus, is not 
 
 infrequent, in the partial form, but protrusion of tlie entire 
 organ rarely occurs. It constitutes one of the serious 
 accidents of parturition, being dependent on causes 
 which lead to violent straining during the act, such as 
 improper traction, irritation of the organ, as wounds, 
 bruises, &c. It may be mistaken for polypus, and also 
 inversion of the vagina only. 
 
 Hsemorrhage, or Flooding, after parturition is not 
 common in female dogs. If it should arise the womb may 
 be stimulated to contraction by an astringent injection of 
 one or two pints of cold water containing two or four 
 drachms of tincture of oak galls. 
 
 Amputation of the Womb may be called for by 
 reason of injury, or threatened mortification, &c. It 
 has been successfully performed by qualified canine 
 surgeons, the animals making good recovery. It is, 
 however, a formidable operation, should be undertaken 
 only after grave consideration, and by skilful hands. 
 
 Tumours in the Vagina or birth passage are not 
 uncommon, sometimes proving troublesome, and even 
 serious. They occur in sizes varying from small warty 
 excrescences to large developments capable of obstruct- 
 ing the passage entirely. Polypus is the most common, 
 being a smooth, vascular body, covered by the mucous 
 membrane, and attached by a constricted neck, or pedicle, 
 to the wall of the vagina, or womb. Care is especially 
 needed in order that the growth may not be mistaken 
 for inverted womb or vagina. Removal may be effected 
 in one of several ways, as the situation or other circum- 
 stances may direct — viz., ligature applied to the neck, 
 wh ch, causing death of the tumour, leads to its final 
 removal ; twisting of the neck is another form of strangu- 
 lation, and attended with removal by severing the attach- 
 ment ; the tumour may be torn away when the neck is 
 small ; or by means of a suitable instrument, named the 
 ecraseur, the neck is compressed and partially sawn 
 through, a safe preventive of subsequent hsemorrhage. 
 Tumours having a large base or diffused growth and 
 attachment, will require the constant application of 
 
Diseases of the Generative System, 2 1 5 
 
 caustics, the patient being meanwhile supported by good 
 food and tonic medicines. 
 
 Inversion or Prolapsus of the Vagina occurs in 
 aged or debilitated animals during "heat," and after 
 frequent pregnancy, especially in those of the " bull " 
 breed. Protrusion appears in various stages as a smooth, 
 soft tumour, between the lips of the vagina, when careful 
 distinction must be made, the appearances being liable 
 to be confounded with tumour, or inversion of the womb 
 (which see). 
 
 Treatment consists of first clearing the organ from 
 extraneous matters, and noting the existence of abrasions, 
 &c., by the animal's movements, or sitting on it ; after 
 which it must be returned as described under Inversion 
 of the Womb, its retention being also secured by the 
 injection of astringents, as there detailed. 
 
 Amputation of the Vagina is resorted to in cases 
 where the organ has received severe injuries, «Scc., for 
 which the canine surgeon will be required. 
 
 The Use of the Catheter is often called for in the 
 female during pregnancy, and prolapsus, polypus, &c., 
 of the vagina, the act of urination being interfered 
 with by pressure or change of position in the organs. 
 The passage to the bladder is situated within the vagina, 
 distant from half an inch to two inches, depending on 
 the size of the animal, and is easily reached by first 
 opening the lips by the finger of the left hand, and pass- 
 ing the tube carefully forwards along the floor. Entrance 
 to the bladder is denoted by the stream of urine which 
 flows through the tube. 
 
 Diseases of the Organs of Lactation. — Reten- 
 tion of Milk. — The process of milk secretion in its 
 ordinary course, is somewhat in advance of the period of 
 parturition. The mammary glands, of which there are 
 eight or ten, become charged with blood, and are per- 
 ceptibly enlarged, extending from the breast backwards 
 to the space between the thighs. Subsequently, near the 
 time of delivery, milk is actually secreted in readiness 
 for the young family shortly requiring it. Possibly the 
 secretion may be somewhat in advance of birth, over- 
 
2i6 Diseases of the Generative System. 
 
 abundant, or the pups being small in number, do not 
 drain the whole of the teats ; sometimes also several teats 
 are rejected, although there are sufficient young to drain 
 the whole. There are also additional causes, as cold, 
 damp quarters and unsuitable food, which by setting up 
 disorder of digestion, seriously alter the quality of the 
 secretion, probably also its constitution, when its undue 
 retention becomes an additional source of irritation and 
 disorder, the end of which is inflammation. To prevent 
 this early attention should be given to the animal, the 
 overcharged glands being relieved by removal of the milk, 
 as the teats are carefully drawn, pressure commencing 
 from above and continued downwards to the apex. 
 
 Mammitis, or Inflammation of the Milk Gland^ arises 
 from injuries, retention of milk, and exposure to cold, 
 damp, &c., during lactation. Whatever tends to arrest 
 the process also disorders the secretion, which curdles, 
 forming hard masses composed chiefly of caseine, of 
 which the milk of canine animals contains a considerable 
 quantity. 
 
 Symptoms. — Febrile disturbance is severe from the 
 outset to the end of the disease ; the affected glands being 
 red, hot, hard, and excessively painful. The milk when 
 pressed out contains clots, and later is mixed with blood, 
 subsequently pus, when the milk disappears. An abscess 
 forms in the part most actively inflamed, and in some 
 cases involves every section of the gland, terminating in 
 lacteal fistula, openings or sinuses which refuse to heal, 
 constantly discharging a mixture of pus, blood, milk, &c. 
 The terminations are induration and functional destruc- 
 tion of the gland, probably causing death of the sufferer. 
 
 Treatfnent. — Bleeding by leeches in the early stages, 
 followed by a saline aperient and the hot spongio-piline 
 poultice diligently applied for hours. Perfect quiet must be 
 maintained, with fresh air and a comfortable bed. The 
 pups should be encouraged to suck, or in case of their 
 death, the gland must be drawn frequently in order to 
 avoid abscess. Injection within the gland of a solution 
 of carbonate of potash is highly useful, but is a somewhat 
 difficult task for amateurs minus a proper syringe. Some 
 
Diseases of the Generative System. 2 1 7 
 
 good may be effected by administering the solution by the 
 mouth. Open abscesses as soon as pointing is present, 
 observe cleanliness, and use the ** Sanitas " Antiseptic 
 Mixture as a dressing. 
 
 The disease is apt to assume the chronic form when 
 the ordinary substance of the gland becomes indurated, 
 or hard, having a gristly constitution. Some cases also 
 assume the cancerous state. Induration must be met by 
 outward application of iodine ointment, or the gland may 
 be painted by the tincture. Hand friction is also useful. 
 When the enlargement is considerable the weighty parts 
 may be suspended in a bandage passed round the back. 
 
 Malignant or Lacteal Tumours are the result of 
 injury to the gland inflicted by the pups in suckling, or 
 by human violence. They are characterised by enormous 
 and rapid growth, and their disposition to ulceration 
 from even slight bruises or other forms of simple injury. 
 Treatment by excision under chloroform is the only 
 effectual course, although specially severe, as the whole 
 of the affected section of the gland must be removed. 
 
 "Warts are also common to the milk-gland, being con- 
 fined to the skin as a rule, and are neither malignant nor 
 extensive. {See Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Parturition. — We have now to notice certain condi- 
 tions relating especially to the female of the canine race, 
 which are of essential importance with reference to 
 breeding. 
 
 CEstrum or Heat is purely a physiological condition 
 of the system, manifested by signs indicative of desire for 
 connection with the male. Its occurrence and duration 
 varies with . climate and other conditions, as health, &c. 
 Spring and autumn are the seasons in which it is seen in 
 this country, the manifestations being excitability, unusual 
 liveliness, desire for the company of males, with whom the 
 bitch is playful. For this she will steal away, if unob- 
 served, frequently preferring the attentions of a number of 
 the ugliest curs, and if allowed full liberty, her progeny will, 
 as a natural consequence, be a mixture of breeds. The 
 greatest watchfulness is, therefore, needed at such times 
 if purity is desired. From the same cause also super- 
 
2 1 8 Diseases of the Generative System. . 
 
 foeiation is common, the animal " throwing " or giving birth 
 to pups at intervals of two, three, four, or even seven 
 days, each bearing unmistakable evidences of separate 
 parentage. Epileptic fits occur in some animals during 
 the prevalence of oestrum, but subside with the attendant 
 excitement and as impregnation proceeds. It is also 
 remarkable in closely kept and unimpregnated animals, 
 that after the subsidence of the venereal excitement, say 
 from the fortieth to the sixtieth day, they behave as 
 though they were pregnant and about to give birth ; 
 they make their bed, are uneasy, constantly moving about, 
 &:c., while the mammary glands appear swollen, the vulva 
 is dilated, and the lining membrane is reddened, a dis- 
 charge of viscid mucus escaping from the passage. Milk 
 is also obtained from the teats, and such animals have 
 been known to rear the puppies of other females as 
 tenderly as those of her own body. Pregnancy is usually 
 detectable at the end of the fourth week, by exploration 
 of the abdomen. At this period the teats enlarge, the 
 abdomen becomes round and drooping, and by succes- 
 sive stages the signs are more pronounced ; when at the 
 end of about the ninth week, or within a period of from 
 fifty-five to seventy days, delivery is effected. Meanwhile 
 the signs already alluded to are present as conducive to 
 the process. 
 
 Parturition usually takes place as the creature lies 
 upon her side, the process extending over variable time, 
 and is attended by severe muscular throes which cause the 
 sufferer to cry piteously. Owing to the cartilaginous con- 
 dition of the bony framework, the pups are exceedingly 
 elastic and yielding, a state often highly conducive to 
 delivery in vialpositiou, which however is somewhat rare in 
 this animal. When such occurs it may be usually traced to 
 the mother being served by animals of larger breed than 
 herself, or when she exhibits the tendency of "throwing 
 back," that is, giving birth to pups which resemble former 
 sires. Untimely and persistejit interference during par- 
 turition is often attended with fatal results. Canine 
 patients possess an exceedingly nervous temperament, 
 and more than actual assistance is baneful. Simple 
 
Diseases of the Generative System. 219 
 
 exploration with the forefinger well oiled, will usually 
 suffice to indicate the state of affairs; more than this 
 will often induce severe fever, and interruption to the 
 natural process. Removal of faeces and urine by 
 assisted means, or the use of a warm enema, may 
 conduce to a more favourable state by affording room 
 for the foetus. As a rule, direct interference for the 
 removal of the pups is not called for ; when it otherwise 
 happens, the services of an experienced canine surgeon 
 should be secured, especially when the sufferer is 
 valuable. Abnormal positiofis^ as a rule, occur when the 
 pup approaches the vaginal passage, where its progress is 
 impeded by various causes, but finally yields to the 
 application of various forms of traction. This should be 
 always and only exerted during the natural throes, 
 otherwise the strength of the patient may be exhausted. 
 The presentation of one forefoot only, when the head is 
 properly placed may not prevent delivery, providing 
 good hold is obtained. Unusually large heads sometimes 
 prove insurmountable, and such call for reduction before 
 delivery can be effected. As traction agents, a piece of 
 tape, or small cord, a loop of wire, &c., have 
 frequently done good service in the absence of direct 
 suitable instruments; but the canine surgeori has his 
 repertoire from which he can make useful selection. 
 
 After-treatment of the Patient consists of careful 
 feeding, avoidance of excess or deficiency, good beds, 
 comfortable quarters, &c., above all taking care that the 
 mother has no more pups than she can properly find 
 milk for. Any excess of these should be suckled by a 
 foster-mother. But this requires great care, otherwise 
 the milk so conveyed may contain the seeds of some 
 constitutional taint, by which the hopes of the owner 
 may be grievously frustrated. Should any objection be 
 made by the foster-mother towards the stranger, it is a 
 common practice to remove her own pups temporarily, 
 and present the stranger over which her milk has been 
 sprinkled. It also happens occasionally that the natural 
 mother will devour the foetal membranes or ** cleansing," 
 so-called, and the morbid appetite may also extend to 
 
220 Diseases of the Eyes and Ears, 
 
 her pups. Such animals repeat the vice at each parturi- 
 tion, the cause being assigned to a disordered digestion. 
 If this be correct, the exhibition of a cathartic will be of 
 service, and she should be zealously watched, but kept 
 as quiet as possible. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE EYES AND EARS. 
 
 Organs' OF Vision : Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunctivitis— Cataract— Iritis— 
 Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena — Staphyloma — Hydrophthalmia— Distension, 
 and Dislocation of the Eyeball— Tumour of the Haw— Dermatoid Con- 
 juactiva— Ulceration of the Eyelids— Ectropion— Entropion— Watery Eyes. 
 Organs of Hearing: Otitis — Internal Canker — External Canker — 
 Abscess of the Ear-flap, or Blood Abscess— PolyTii, or Tumours within 
 the Ear — Squamula, or Scurfiness of the Ear-flap— Ticks — Mange of the 
 Ear. 
 
 Organs of Vision.— Simple Ophthalmia, commonly 
 known as Cotiju7ictiviiis^ or inflammation of the investing 
 membrane, the conjunctiva, arises from external injury, 
 as blows, stings, insinuation of foreign bodies, cold 
 winds, foul emanations in the kennel, and a chronic form 
 is apt to arise from mal-nutrition dependent on disordered 
 stomach and digestion ; it is also an accompaniment of 
 distemper. 
 
 Syvipto7ns. — Intolerance of light, closed eyelids, from 
 which flows an abundant watery secretion. On separation 
 of the lids, which the sufferer strenuously opposes, the 
 membranes are observed to be highly injected, and the 
 organ is susceptible to pressure or light. Unless the 
 disease is speedily arrested, permanent blindness by 
 destruction of the organ is certain. 
 
 Treatmenf. — Carefully remove all foreign substances 
 when present. Avoid the stimulus of light by placing 
 the patient in a darkened room, allowing ample fresh air. 
 Cover the affected member with the hot spongio-piline 
 
Diseases of the Eyes and Ears. 22 1 
 
 poultice, and administer a mild aperient. Ordinary 
 cases readily yield to this treatment. Severe forms call 
 for the application of leeches, the spongio-piline, first 
 soaked in a hot infusion of poppy-heads, or it may be 
 saturated with hot water, pressed out, and a few drops of 
 laudanum poured on. The cathartic also must not be 
 omitted. Chronic cases are denoted by watery eyes, 
 opacity of the eyeball, and red membranes. Such call 
 for the use of astringent lotions of zinc or nitrate of 
 silver. Paint the eyelids outwardly with iodine, and 
 intermediately use cold water applications. Some prac- 
 titioners place a seton behind the poll. When ulceration 
 of the cornea is present, blow upon the spot a little dry 
 oxide of zinc, and repeat daily as required. Total loss 
 of vision in these cases results from implication of the 
 humours as well as the deeper-seated tissues of the eye- 
 ball. 
 
 Cataract. — Several' forms of this affection are observed. 
 It consists of the opaque deposit of inflammation more 
 or less interfering with the transparency of the optical 
 tissues, of the lens, and occurs in three forms, viz., 
 lenticular, or opacity of the lens ; capsular, opacity of 
 the capsule of the lens, and capsulo-lenticular, signifying 
 that both the lens and its capsule are involved. Cataract 
 may be peripheral or central, limited or diffused, and on 
 these peculiarities depend the interference or otherwise 
 with the vision. Cataract is common to old dogs, but it 
 may occur at any age. The first is due to want of 
 vitality ; the second arises from causes inducing inflam- 
 mation. 
 
 Symptoms. — Defective vision, or absolute blindness in 
 proportion to the position and extent of the cataract. 
 On examination of the eye, an opaque speck, or body, of 
 variable size is seen through the pupil by daylight, or 
 better in a dark place by the aid of a lighted candle. 
 
 Treatment. — Recent cases in suitable subjects may be 
 benefited by an operation for which special talent is 
 required. Few dogs are worth the expense. 
 
 Iritis. — Inflammation of the iris, or circular membrane 
 of the eye, is the result of injury, or the membrane is 
 
222 Diseases of the Eyes and Ears, 
 
 involved in the inflammation in common with other 
 tissues of the organ. 
 
 Symptoms. — The colour of the iris is changed to a 
 reddish brown, by the presence of blood and the 
 bringing into view bloods-vessels not discernible in the 
 healthy state, and the colour spreads also beyond the 
 circle of the cornea. The patient cannot bear the light, 
 and to shut it out the pupil contracts, and is more or 
 less immovable by reason of the inflamed condition of 
 the structures. The unopposed progress of the disease 
 leads to extravasation of blood, deposit of opaque lymph, 
 possibly the formation of pus, and total destruction of 
 the organ as far as vision is concerned. 
 
 Treatment. — Local bloodletting by lancet or leeches ; 
 hot fomentations ; secure free action of the bowels, the 
 patient being kept in a dark, but airy room. Considerable 
 fever is usually present, which must be met by febrifuges ; 
 and when it has subsided daily doses of iodide of 
 potassium with extract of gentian may be given to 
 remove the deposit of inflammation. A seton behind 
 the head is often beneficial. 
 
 Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena^ also known as Glass 
 Eye, is a serious impairment of vision, due to disordered, 
 if not structural, changes in the condition of the optic 
 nerve, retina, or brain, the result of violent shocks, as 
 falls, blows, &c. The first effect is probably paralysis, 
 or inflammation accompanied with extravasation of blood, 
 lymph deposits, or formation of tumour, with ultimate 
 suspension or total loss of nerve power. The disease 
 may be associated with extreme debility, the result of 
 anaemia, haemorrhage, inordinate lactation, or other 
 causes. 
 
 Symptoms. — Defective vision, in some instances de- 
 veloping slowly, and in others very suddenly. In the 
 first instance the animal fails to see objects until he is 
 close upon them, and in the latter he approaches with 
 great caution and uncertainty, usually relying on his 
 acute sense of smell as he moves about alone. Ulti- 
 mately the power of vision is entirely absent. Any signs 
 of unusual heat, pain, or redness of the eyes, or cloudi- 
 
Diseases of tJie Eyes and Ears. 223 
 
 iiess of the pupil, which may have been observed in the 
 early stages, have now passed away. The pupil is dilated, 
 the eyelids are also widely apart, the strongest light may 
 be thrown upon the organ, but it remains motionless, 
 bright, clear, and reflecting from the posterior surface of 
 the rays as they fall upon it. Only one eye may be 
 affected at the outset, but as a rule both become diseased 
 eventually. Generally both are implicated from the 
 beginning. 
 
 Treatmefit is most unsatisfactory, except in very slight 
 cases, and when the disease has been attacked in the 
 earliest stages. The approved remedies are blisters or 
 setons behind the head ; the former may be rubbed in 
 around the orbits, or strong ointment or liniment of 
 iodine may be substituted. As the nervous system is 
 greatly at fault, nux vomica or strychnine may prove 
 useful, in conjunction with nutritious and easily digested 
 food, fresh air, and other stimuli of healthy function. 
 
 Staphyloma, so-called from its resemblance to a grape, 
 is the result of ulceration of the cornea, an accompani- 
 ment of simple ophthalmia associated with distemper. A 
 circular depression on the outer surface is first formed, 
 and shortly, as a result of pressure from within, the in- 
 ternal membrane is pushed forwards, assuming a conical 
 form, opaque from mfiltration, and often very irritable. 
 When it is associated with escape of the aqueous humour 
 and subsequent granulation and disease of the eyeball, the 
 latter may call for extirpation. Simple staphyloma may, 
 however, yield to the action of astringents, as nitrate of 
 silver; sometimes opacity of a permanent character 
 remains. 
 
 Hydrophthalmia, or Dropsy of the Aqtieous Chamber, 
 is usually confined to one organ, the cause being direct 
 injury. When the disease is congenital, both eyes may 
 be involved. 
 
 Symptoms. — The eyeball is prominent, enlarged, and 
 protrudes from the orbit ; it is also tense and unyielding 
 beneath the fingers. The cornea is opaque, and presents 
 a dull appearance from infiltration of fluid, the pupil is 
 stationary and the vision impaired, if not lost. The 
 
234 Diseases of the Eyes and Ears, 
 
 disease may originate in the anterior chamber, but as a 
 rule both eventually suffer. 
 
 Treatment consists of draining off the fluid by means 
 of the trocar and cannula, at various intervals, followed 
 by the application of cold water, or astringent and 
 evaporating lotions. 
 
 Distension of the Eyeball from extravasation of 
 blood and serous effusion as the result of direct injury, 
 was successfully treated by Blaine, evacuation being 
 secured by means of a couching needle. He proposed 
 to consider such states as irawnatic dropsy. 
 
 Dislocation of the Eyeball is common to small 
 animals having large and prominent organs, being caused 
 by injuries from other dogs in combat, or by the claws 
 of a cat. 
 
 Treatment is by operation, which must be performed 
 by the practised canine surgeon. 
 
 Tumour and Enlargement of the Haw, or Car- 
 tilage Nictitans. — The formation of tumour may find 
 attachment to the substance of the cartilage, interfering 
 greatly with vision, and producing a copious flow of tears 
 known as watery eye. They are caused by various forms 
 of irritation, and are also congenital. Removal by knife 
 or scissors is the only effectual plan. 
 
 Enlargement is caused by cold, injuries, irritation, 
 &c., or it may be congenital, inducing pain, becoming 
 acutely inflamed, and producing abundant lachrymation. 
 Treatment consists of scarifications to the membrane, 
 followed by hot fomentations, or the spongio-piline 
 poultice, aided by a laxative internally. Subsequently, 
 astringent lotions to the affected parts. Complete ampu- 
 tation may be called for. 
 
 Dermatoid Conjunctiva. — This is usually a con- 
 genital defect. A portion of the conjunctival membrane 
 covering the eyeball is thickened, and organised similar 
 to the skin, bearing a tuft of strong hairs. Early atten- 
 tion is called to the defect by a profuse lachrymation and 
 inconvenience, amounting to opacity of the eyeball with 
 absolute loss of vision. The tuft, together with the 
 
Diseases of the Eyes and Ears. 225 
 
 thickened membrane, should be subjected to complete 
 extirpation with the knife. 
 
 Ulceration of the Eyelids is a frequent accompani- 
 ment of mange, but more frequently arises from persistent 
 scratching the parts with the feet, when the eyes are 
 " watery." It is attended by swelling, with loss of hair 
 and the formation of numerous small sinuses. The best 
 application is the ointment of nitrate of mercury, the 
 animal being secured against injuring the parts. 
 
 Ectropion, or Eversion of the Eyelids, consists of a 
 turning outwards of the extreme edges, with exposition 
 and bulging of the conjunctival membrane. It is rare in 
 the dog. 
 
 Entropion is the reverse of Ectropion. The edges of 
 the lids curl inwards, the eyelashes creating continued 
 painful irritation of the eyeball. 
 
 Watery Eyes are the result of the latter malforma- 
 tion, which leads the dog to scratch with his hind feet, 
 and commit serious injury to the parts. 
 
 Treatment consists of a surgical operation, by which 
 an eliptical portion of the lid is removed from the skin, 
 and the parts are drawn together and maintained by 
 sutures. Healing of the wound causes shortening of the 
 lid, and consequent removal of the lashes from contact 
 with the eyeball. 
 
 In edropioti excision of the internal or lining membrane 
 is effected, and this brings the eyelid into close apposi- 
 tion with the surface of the eyeball. 
 
 Organs of Hearing. — Otitis, — Inflammation of the 
 internal structures of the ear, although in common with 
 other affections of the organ, is not so frequent as 
 formerly, yet it is by no means rare. It may be justly 
 termed the precursor of canker, having its origin in the 
 same conditions, being an irritable state of the local 
 nerves, evinced by pain and high vascularity of the 
 internal organs. 
 
 Sympto7ns. — The head is carried towards one side, and 
 the feet are often used to scratch the ear on the affected 
 side, or he rubs it on the ground, against the wall, and 
 other stationary objects. He a'so suddenly shakes the 
 
 15 
 
226 Diseases of the Eyes and Ears, 
 
 head, and flaps the ears with violence, as the paroxysms 
 of pain occur. The roots of the ears are hot and painful 
 in the acute stages, and the patient is feverish ; occasion- 
 ally also some amount of brain disturbance is evident 
 in the appearance of signs not unlike those of epilepsy in 
 more advanced cases {see Mange of the Ear), having 
 their origin in disease of the internal osseous structures. 
 Simple cases have been known to be frequently rendered 
 formidable by the use of improper remedies, especially 
 caustics, one of the most common results being deafness^ 
 which is also a sequel of internal canker and absurd 
 mutilation of the ears. The needful remedies for otitis 
 will be detailed under. 
 
 Internal Canker, which may be defined as an acute 
 inflammation of the skin which forms at the inner lining 
 of the external ear. In long-standing cases, the disease 
 is associated with External Canker (which see). The 
 early forms of derangement consist of swelling of the 
 skin, with blocking of the natural opening, by which the 
 secretion of the ceruminous glands is retained, creating 
 pain and irritation, especially from its liability to undergo 
 decomposition, forming at first a red, but soon changing 
 to a black, and offensive matter which oozes from the 
 canal. The discharge also dries on the surface of the 
 ears, induces ulceration, the formation of abscess and 
 discharge of pus. Cases aggravated by neglect exhibit 
 the formation of fungoid tumours, which block up the 
 passage, and discharge matter which accumulates among 
 the hair, and creating irritation, induces the formation 
 of ulcers over the entire face. Canker is especially a 
 disease common to dogs with long hair. The Causes 
 are, accumulation of dirt and cerumen in tlie ear, or, in 
 water dogs, the entrance of water, producing irritant and 
 cooling effects, disturbing the circulation as well as the 
 nervous power. Thus soapsuds carelessly allowed to 
 enter during washing have a similar effect. Dogs suffer- 
 ing from mange are liable to canker from extension of 
 the irritation to the organ. External canker is also a 
 further complication. 
 
 Ti'eatment comprises perfect quiet, keeping the animal 
 
Diseases of the Eyes and Ears. 227 
 
 from entering the water, absolute cleanliness of the ears, 
 with repeated application of suitable remedies, and, 
 meanwhile, securing the ears from damage by flapping 
 by means of a suitable cap or bandage. Diligent atten- 
 tion only will be rewarded by improvement and cure. 
 The best applications are the ointments of carbonate or 
 oxide of zinc, applied once or even twice a day, after 
 the ears have been carefully syringed, or " mopped out " 
 by means of a small piece of sponge on the end of a 
 stick, " Sanitas " Fluid forming an admirable agent for 
 purifying and stimulating the parts to healthy action. 
 In simple Otitis a diligent use of the Fluid, with a dose 
 of laxative medicine will be probably all that is required. 
 The fever of Internal Canker is also beneficially treated 
 by means of a laxative, as the castor-oil mixture, or, if 
 unusually severe, a saline cathartic may be called for. 
 
 External Canker is the term used to denote the 
 diseased changes which take place on the lower margins 
 of the ear-flaps. As already pointed out, the affected 
 animal shakes his head violently, by which the ends of 
 the ears are caused to strike the sides of the face and 
 top of the head, or the collar, if such is worn, with 
 violence. They are bruised and inflamed \ shortly 
 swelling, thickening, and ulcerative changes follow, and 
 the disease from the first assumes an obstinate or chronic 
 character. As these conditions arise from the irritation 
 due to the existence of Internal Canker, that disease 
 must receive appropriate attention. The flaps of the 
 ears in recent cases may be first cleansed from all 
 accumulations of dried pus, dirt, &c., and afterwards 
 covered with an application of "Sanitas " jelly, calamine, 
 or oxide of zinc ointment. Oldei-standing cases may 
 call for the application of the nitrate of silver to stimu- 
 late healthy healing power, the ears being secured from 
 injury by means of a cap properly fitted and secured 
 over the head. 
 
 Abscess of the Ear-Flap, or Blood Abscess, is 
 large, painful swelling, of sudden appearance, due to 
 bruising by violent shaking of the head. The tumour is 
 tense, but is found to contain a yielding substance within, 
 
228 Diseases of the Eyes a7id Ears. 
 
 which proves to be a large clot of blood, with a thin red 
 fluid, the result of rupture of the vessels and escape of 
 the contents within the areolar tissue. Treatment consists 
 of opening the abscess by free incision across its entire 
 extent, and liberation of the contents, dressing the 
 wound regularly several times daily with " Sanitas " 
 Fluid, or compound tincture of aloes and myrrh, and 
 putting on the cap. 
 
 Polypi, or Tumours within the Ear, consisting of 
 fibrous or cartilaginous growths, are common results of 
 internal canker, situate near the auditory canal. Treat- 
 ment consists of removal by excision, ligature, or torsion, 
 and the subsequent application of lunar caustic. 
 
 Squamula, or Sciirfiness of the Ear-fap, may exist in 
 conjunction with irritation and bruising as the result of 
 internal canker in the early stages, also from dirt and 
 the presence of parasites, one of which is the common 
 tick, Ixodes retiaiiatus, usually found on the margin of 
 the ear. The best remedy is the following mixture : — 
 Olive oil and turpentine, equal parts, one or two drops 
 being sufficient for each tick. 
 
 Mange of the Ear, or Auricular Acariasis, is a 
 form of parasitic disease common to sporting dogs, in- 
 ducing persistent irritation, recurring fits of extreme 
 uneasmess, and sometimes epileptiform seizures, or 
 violence which has been mistaken for rabies, the animals 
 being dealt with accordingly. The best remedies are a 
 five per cent, solution of sulphide of potassium, which 
 should be frequently injected within the ear; and, as 
 used by Nocard, olive oi', loo parts, naphthol, lo parts, 
 sulphuric ether, 30 parts : mix, and keep in a well- 
 stoppered bottle. A portion to be injected into the ear 
 daily, after which the orifice is to be closed with cotton 
 wool to p;event loss of effect by evaporation. Deafness 
 is a common result 
 
Diseases of the Nervous Systeni, 2^9 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 Epilepsy— Vertigo — Neuralgia — Apoplexy — Tetanus, or Locked-jaw — Choren— 
 Cramp — Injuries to the Head: Concussion— Compression — Apoplexy- 
 Encephalitis — Hydrocephalus— Paralysis— Parasitism. 
 
 The brain of the dog species is generally well 
 developed, and in some breeds it is of a remarkable 
 character, being very much larger in many of the pet 
 varieties, and in proportion to their bodies, than in the 
 dogs of larger breeds and massive corporeal development. 
 The natural intelligence is also acute, and many instances 
 occur from time to time in the experience of the canine 
 surgeon which are evidences of a high order of animal 
 instinct. Some animals are very clever in simulating 
 illness or lameness, and succeed in the clever deception 
 as to excite human pity for their apparently urgent and 
 serious malady. Numerous instances of this kind have 
 come under our observation. Recognising such acute- 
 ness, and the evidences also of contemporary nervous 
 sensibility in various forms, we shall be prepared to 
 admit the necessity for careful regulations in the form 
 and dose of all the remedies we are called upon to 
 administer; and likewise, as strangers, our mode of 
 approach or handling the patient. Neglect of these has 
 often had the effect of raising a tumult of excitement, or 
 developing a fit of convulsions. 
 
 Epilepsy, or Pits, is a state of nervous disorder 
 characterised by a loss of consciousness, and accom- 
 panied by violent convulsions, dependent upon some 
 peculiar form of irritation of the brain or other distant 
 parts of the nervous system. The Causes may be due to 
 the state of the blood in such diseases as anaemia, 
 plethora, distemper, &c. It has also been traced to 
 
230 Diseases of the Nervous System, 
 
 lesions of the spinal cord. Worms in the stomach are 
 also set down as common causes. 
 
 Syinpto7ns. — During severe exertion or unusual excite- 
 ment the sufferer ceases his efforts, or they are perceptibly 
 controlled, exhibits a look of distress and suddenly falls, 
 foaming at the mouth with convulsive movements of the 
 jaws, often attended with injury to the tongue ; the limbs 
 being stretched at full length are rigid and tremulously 
 shaking, or they are violently convulsed. The eyes are 
 unusually prominent, but covered with the lids, which if 
 separated admit of our seeing the rapid rolling movement 
 of the organs, or otherwise the state of strabismus or 
 squinting. The respirations are loud or stertorous, and 
 the pulse is unusually rapid and irregular if not totally 
 imperceptible. Fasces and urine are voided involuntarily, 
 but signs of perspiration are not common. A succession 
 of attacks may prove fatal ; but in early or slight cases 
 the fit passes off in ten or fifteen minutes, and conscious- 
 ness returns, leaving the animal dazed and weak, some- 
 times desiring to sleep or to run away from the cause of 
 his seizure. Epilepsy is frequently confounded with 
 rabies. 
 
 Vertigo. — This disease may be also mistaken for 
 epilepsy. The Syfnptoms are short fits of insensibility or 
 fainting, seldom occupying more than a few minutes, 
 which may be preceded by a staggering gait, irregular 
 movements of the limbs, and entire absence of convul- 
 sions. As the animal falls, so he lies, and on regaining 
 consciousness, appears as well as before the attack. Dogs 
 in confinement wearing a tight collar and heavy chain 
 are sometimes sufferers. In the days of dog carts, when 
 the breast collar was fitting badly and too tightly, 
 pressing on the lower part of the neck, vertigo was 
 common in this country ; but now we look for other 
 causes, as possible disease of the stomach, liver, heart, 
 pericardium, &c., and the mechanical effect of broncho- 
 cele. In the tropics, softening of the liver is the common 
 cause. 
 
 Treatment. — In both the foregoing affections the 
 application of cold water to the head will be useful. The 
 
Diseases of tJie Nervous System. 231 
 
 collar, if worn, should be removed. In epilepsy the owner 
 should first secure the sufferer to prevent his running 
 away, and as soon as the fit is over cold water should be 
 applied to the head, protection from the sun being 
 meanwhile secured. A dose of purgative medicine should 
 speedily follow, and perfect quietude must be enjoined. 
 The dieting, &c., must be careful, regular meals and 
 digestible food in moderate quantity being allowed ; the 
 nervous irritation and resulting fever may be controlled 
 by regular doses of chloral hydrate, or belladonna. In 
 chronic cases the blister or a seton may be advisable, 
 applied to the head, or the continued internal adminis- 
 tration of bromide of potassium, nitrate of silver, or 
 sulphate of iron. 
 
 Neuralgia. — It is beyond all doubt that dogs under 
 certain circumstances are occasionally liable to neuralgia. 
 The victim of the malady is seized very suddenly, the 
 violent pain being indicated by fits of howling or scream- 
 ing, arising suddenly during states of apparent ease and 
 composure. The head is drawn towards the side or 
 upwards, the animal gradually rising upon the hind feet, 
 finally falling over, and remaining on the ground, crying 
 with intense pain. 
 
 Apoplexy. — This disease is common to the hot 
 months of summer when dogs are put to severe exertion. 
 It also follows sunstroke, especially in long and tedious 
 cases. Tightly fitting collars, and heavy chains, espe- 
 cially when the dog pulls heavily, or when the neck is 
 short, are common causes. Plethoric and idle dogs, 
 especially when old, are predisposed to the disease. It 
 occurs as an effect of severe straining in parturition ; but 
 it may depend also upon sudden suppression of milk 
 immediately before, or at the time of giving birth, when 
 the animal is too plethoric, or as a result of removing 
 the young, and of constipation. 
 
 Symptoms. — In the early or partial stages of uncon- 
 sciousness, the pulse is slow and full, the eyes are blood- 
 shot and fixed, and the pupil dilated ; breathing heavy 
 and stertorous. The animal is sometimes delirious. 
 
 Treatment. — Blood should be abstracted from the 
 
232 Diseases of the Nervous System. 
 
 jugular vein by preference. Subsequently, if the animal 
 lives so long, a blister should be applied to the same 
 part and along the spine. The best internal remedy 
 is ammonia. Cold water coutinuously applied to the 
 head is also of great service. Ammonia should be held 
 to the nostrils for inhalation, and the gums may be rubbed 
 with spirit of wine. In the parturient form of this 
 disease many complications arise, and the animal does 
 not succumb so early. A brisk purgative should be 
 promptly administered, the action of which may be 
 stimulated and nervous power restored by small and 
 frequent doses of the aromatic spirit of ammonia. The 
 milk should also be continuously drawn from the gland. 
 
 Tetanus, or Locked Jaw. — Notwithstanding the high 
 state of development in the nervous system, and his 
 liability to nervous disorders, the dog is rarely affected 
 with tetanus. The form with which we are most familiar 
 is that induced by poisoning with strychnine, in which the 
 jaws are fixed, tightly closed, and often including the 
 longue, which is seriously injured. 
 
 Treatment is unsatisfactory, perfect quietude being all- 
 essential. 
 
 Chorea, commonly known as St. Vitus^s dafice, is a 
 spasmodic form of nervous derangement, most probably 
 due to a low state or debility of the system generally and 
 the nervous centres in particular. It may assume the 
 local or general form. 
 
 The Symptoms consist of a series of sudden spasms or 
 contractions which are confined to a set of muscles, or 
 sometimes to one muscle, or even the part only of one, 
 followed immediately by relaxation. Thus, one limb or 
 other part of the body may be seized, the alternate con- 
 tractions and relaxations being continuous, induces a 
 varied appearance, sometimes even grotesque, but always 
 evidently attended with severe strain and discomfort. 
 The most searching investigations hitherto carried out 
 have failed to point out the exact condition of the nerve 
 structures involved, or the means of absolute cure. 
 
 Treatment, — We have found strychnine a valuable 
 remedy, and under its judicious use better results have 
 
Diseases of the Nervous System. 233 
 
 been attained than with others. The dose is from one- 
 fortieth to one-tenth of a grain, or of nux vomica one to 
 two grains, twice daily in bolus, and always after a meal. 
 Some practitioners prefer the liquor strychnia^ one fluid 
 drachm of which contains half a grain of the alkaloid, as 
 being more effective as well as more readily administered. 
 The seton is also employed, together with blisters, and 
 sometimes mercurial ointment in chronic cases, the parts 
 selected being the back of the head, along the spine, &c., 
 as indicated by the symptoms. The hot bath often soothes 
 and rests the patient. Fresh air and walking exercise 
 must be given according only to ability, never to tire cr 
 distress ; and when the strychnine can be safely dispensed 
 with, a change to cod-liver oil and iron tonics will be 
 advisable. Give plain nourishing diet, always ensuring 
 an appetite for the following meal. Remove constipation 
 by enemas only as a safe precaution against exhausting 
 the little strength of the patient. 
 
 Cramp differs from chorea in the continuance of 
 painful spasm in a portion only of a muscle, arising from 
 some cause local or general in its nature. Thus it may 
 be due to poisoning, rheumatism, or the effects of cold 
 after being in the water. The hind limbs are most 
 commonly seized. 
 
 Treatment consists of the hot bath, followed by swath- 
 ing in heated rugs or flannel until the body is thoroughly 
 dried, and afterwards removed singly. The best remedy 
 is the anodyne mixture No. 6, followed by friction to 
 the part. Subjects of the malady should have dry beds 
 and quarters, with freedom from cold draughts. 
 
 Injuries to the Head usually result in signs which 
 vary with the amount of actual damage inflicted, and 
 the area over which the effects are distributed. The 
 indications are those of eonciission and conpression of tiie 
 brain, with more or less dafnage to the coverings, and 
 apoplexy. Under these circumstances it is frequently a 
 question of difficulty to estimate to what extent these 
 conditions may exist. 
 
 In Concussion of the Brain the animal is said to be 
 stunned, that is, motionless and insensible ; respiration 
 
234 Diseases of iJie Nervous System. 
 
 is slowly performed, pulse small, rapid, and feeble \ eye- 
 lids separated, pupils contracted as a rule, but insensible 
 to the stimulus of light. Sensation slowly returns, and 
 the patient usually vomits ; the movements in progres- 
 sion are deliberate and dreamy, the head is carried below 
 the level of the spine, and the animal moves in an 
 uncertain way reeling or falling against objects, having 
 no power to avoid them. 
 
 Recent Compression is indicated by the existence of 
 fracture of the bones of the skull, the plates of which are 
 depressed upon the brain substance. InsensibiUty is 
 partial or complete according to the extent of the injury ; 
 respiration slow, oppressed, and noisy ; the pulse also 
 slow, and probably intermittent ; eyelids separated, 
 pupils dilated and unaffected by light ; the whole 
 muscular system is relaxed; thus, the limbs are subject 
 to no control, but lie as when the animal fell to the 
 ground, and both urine and faeces are voided without 
 effort. 
 
 Apoplexy from injury to the head is due to compres- 
 sion by the bones of the cranium, and, as in the ordinary 
 form, spontaneous recovery of consciousness may result 
 from the brain accommodating itself to the situation; 
 but the recovery is attended with unequal power in pro- 
 gression, the animal always moving to the right or left as 
 the position of the injured parts will indicate. 
 
 In these cases the animal gradually acquires conscious- 
 ness, and with it the liability to Encephalitis^ or an 
 inflammatory condition of the coverings of the brain, 
 otherwise known as Meni^tgitis, which is indicated by 
 unusual excitement and probably convulsions, terminat- 
 ing in insensibility, paralysis, and death, according to the 
 extent to which the organs are involved. The animal 
 should, therefore, be kept perfectly quiet throughvout the 
 apoplectic stages, frequent applications of cold water to 
 the head being desirable. Blood-letting by leeches, or 
 the usual method, may be adopted, and the dormant 
 powers restored by small and frequent doses of liquor 
 ammonia. The injured cranium must also receive atten- 
 tion by the attendant surgeon, appropriate after-treatment 
 
Diseases of the Nervous System. 235 
 
 having the object of preventing the recurrence of in- 
 flammation. 
 
 When Encephalitis has set in, the appHcations of cold 
 water to the head should be diligently pursued ; the 
 bowels should be moved by mild aperients and enemas, 
 the violence of the attack being controlled by aconite, 
 prussic acid, &c. Chronic states should be met by blis- 
 ters or setons externally, and internally by the bromide 
 of potassium. 
 
 Hydrocephalus, or Dropsy of the Brain, usually 
 common in delicate, highly-bred toy dogs, as terriers 
 and French poodles, is doubtless due to a senseless plan 
 of mating without regard to stamina of constitution. The 
 result is either a monstrosity or weakly and attenuated, 
 never useful, but always worthless and positive pests in 
 the household. Such creatures are fit subjects of dropsy 
 of the brain, and after suffering from confirmed lethargy, 
 somnolence, inability for any exertion, paralysis of a 
 partial or complete nature sets in, and the owner dis- 
 covers he is possessed of an object of real misery, which, 
 however, soon terminates in death. 
 
 Paralysis in the dog more frequently arises as the 
 result of other diseases or injuries than as a distinct 
 affection, the usual course being through their serious 
 effects upon the spinal cord. 
 
 Syjnptoms. — Weakness, unsteady gait, crouching and 
 reeling of the hind quarters, accompanied with twitchings 
 of the muscles locally or generally. The acute form pro- 
 gresses rapidly, all power being lost in a few hours or less, 
 and the animal falls, and lies in a helpless condition. 
 Palsy or paralysis signifies disablement by loss of power, 
 of sensation, or of both. In chronic cases the weakness 
 continues, other signs are delayed, and the animal loses 
 flesh and becomes a spectacle of misery and suffering. 
 Complete paralysis is common when the brain is the seat 
 of the injury or disease as the exciting cause. Partial 
 paralysis arises from disease of one side only, and it is in 
 the reverse side of the body. In injuries or diseases of the 
 spinal cord the paralysis is limited to the parts behind the 
 seat of disease. Vomition is a conspicuous sign in acute 
 
236 Diseases of the Skin. 
 
 paralysis, and is often associated with severe abdominal 
 pain. Blindness may be also present. The disease 
 supervenes upon all forms of debility and anaemia, being 
 as common in the extreme condition of obesity as in 
 other instances. 
 
 Treatment of the patient should be entrusted to the 
 canine surgeon. 
 
 Parasitism of the nervous system of the dog is some- 
 what rare. The common form is the gid hydatid 
 Ccenurus cerebralis, derived from the sheep, which is 
 located in the brain, and is indicated by dulness, gradual 
 loss of sight, and an increasing tendency to move in a 
 circle, which point to compression of the brain. It is 
 questionable whether the animal lives long enough to 
 enable the parasite to effect its liberation by the usual 
 process of growth, invasion, and ulceration of the tissues ; 
 if so, the time of suffering may be shortened by an opera- 
 tion for liberating the offender. This is, however, some- 
 what doubtful. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 Alopecia, or Baldness — Anasarca, or Dropsy of the Cellular Tissue — Eczema, 
 Surfeit, or " Red Mange " — Erythema — Warts.— Parasitic Diseases of 
 THE Skin, Animal Para .ites : Scabies, or Sarcopiic Mange — Follicular 
 Mange — The Harvest Bui,' — Fieas — Lice — Ticks. Vegetable Parasites: 
 Tinea Tonsurans, or Ringworm— Tinea Favosa, or Honey-Comb Ringworm. 
 
 The literature of skin disorders in canine animals has 
 remained incomplete during long periods ; but in recent 
 years observant men have laid all lovers of the race under 
 perpetual obligation by their diligent investigations, and 
 the liberal publication of their views and discoveries. It 
 was formerly thought that the dog could not perspire. 
 This statement implied the total absence of sudorific 
 
Diseases of the Skin. 237 
 
 glands, whose especial office is the production of the 
 secretion commonly known as sweat. Physical condi- 
 tions gave the denial to this theory, as it became evident 
 under certain forms of disease in which the functions of 
 the kidneys were suspended, that the skin vigorously 
 eliminated in an aeriform state the effete products which 
 imperilled the animal's existence. The progress of his- 
 tology, or the study of the ultimate tissues of the animal 
 body, has decided the existence of sudoriparous glands in 
 the skin of canine animals, which assume an activity of 
 secretion proportionate to muscular exertion. Neverthe- 
 less, the office mainly consists of sending forth the waste 
 and useless products of decomposition in the form of 
 exhalation or vapour, any appreciable moisture being 
 probably the after-result of cooling and condensation. 
 As we recognise the existence of these organs, we look 
 in other directions for the causes v\7hich secure the genesis 
 of maladies formerly attributed to their absence. The 
 skin of the dog requires especial care. It is liable to 
 various forms of disease which owe their origin entirely 
 to the absence of proper regimen and sanitary excellence. 
 Deficiency of air, exercise, or food, as well as excess of 
 the latter, and especially when unsuitable, work out their 
 results in disaster and peril to general health. Mis- 
 inanagenmit of this kind is the sure road to the end 
 alluded to, general foulness of the skin being a significant 
 danger- signal. Immediately it is observed the proprietor 
 should resort to a thorough cleansing by water and 
 *' Sanitas " Dog Soap, using warm water in winter, and on 
 all occasions taking especial care to remove moisture 
 from the skin as much as possible by friction with dry 
 cloths, and with protection from cold draughts. Con- 
 jointly a vegetable diet should be substituted, along with 
 regular exercise. Spratt's Beetroot cakes admirably come 
 to the rehef of the owner under these circumstances, often 
 saving the lives of useful servants when they are being 
 ignorantly killed with kindness. 
 
 Alopecia, Baldness, or Loss of Hair, may be partial or 
 complete, sometimes being confined to a few or single 
 patches on various parts of the head, body or legs, or it 
 
238 Diseases of the Skin. 
 
 may extend to a large surface by the destruction of the hair 
 follicles in various forms ci skin disorder, which operate 
 through the medium of blood supply. The state is that 
 of local congestion, and death of the hair bulb in severe 
 instances, which ensure permanent baldness. The disease 
 is the common result of mismanagement, as improper 
 food, want of exercise, fresh air and grooming. The 
 most efficient re?nedy is one part of the ordinary ointment 
 of cantharides reduced by mixing four, six, or eight of 
 pure lard, which should be well rubbed in twice or three 
 times weekly. Iron and vegetable tonics should be given 
 internally. 
 
 Anasarca, or Dropsy of the Cellular Tissue beneath 
 the skin, is generally seen below the jaws, on the breast, 
 and along the abdomen. The cause is some form of 
 local irritation, as colds from entering ice-cold water, the 
 effects of irritating mud or limy soil. It is also due to 
 debilitating influences, especially diseases of a prostrat- 
 ing character. 
 
 Treatment. — Remove the cause ; followed by the ad- 
 ministration of nitric ether, ten to thirty or sixty drops, 
 with five to twenty grains of powdered gentian. In other 
 cases the treatment will be regulated by the disease with 
 which it is associated. 
 
 An acute form of inflammation of the skin of the 
 scrotum, probably of the nature of erysipelas, has been 
 described in Chapter XV., on the Diseases of the Male 
 Organs of Generation (which see). The disease has 
 been considered as a form of cutaneous tuderculosis by 
 Continental veterinarians. 
 
 Eczema, Dermatitis, or Surfeit, commonly known as 
 " Red Mange," and technically ^rs:^///<7 rubrum, consists of 
 a vesicular inflammation of the skin, sometimes acute, or 
 otherwise chronic in its character. It is a common dis- 
 ease of canine animals, being a frequent attendant upon 
 other affections, as indigestion, distemper, and in females 
 after pupping. Sudden chills after being heated are 
 common causes in sporting dogs. Two forms are 
 observed, the local and general. The first usually affects 
 the head, neck, and back ; in the latter all parts of the 
 
Diseases of the Skin, 239 
 
 body suffer, but especially the thin skin on the inner 
 sides of the arms, thighs, and over the belly. The skin 
 is very red, and covered with vesicles or small bladders, 
 which are sometimes isolated, or otherwise running to- 
 gether form larger vesicles, which shortly burst, and 
 drying on the surface, agglutinates the hairs into tufts or 
 masses of various size. Somewhat later they decompose, 
 emitting a putrid odour. Severe irritation follows, to 
 allay which the dog bites, scratches, or tears himself 
 severely, producing sores which, in many cases, yield to 
 no treatment. This is especially the case with those 
 which occur on the loose skin in the bend of joints, a 
 chronic state being general throughout the disease. 
 Ultimately the skin assumes one or other of the following 
 forms, viz., a constant state of scurfiness with loss of hair, 
 or the skin is immensely thickened, drawn into folds 
 destitute of hair, and exhibiting ugly cracks, at the bottom 
 of which ulceration, with more or less discharge, proceeds. 
 At certain local points also, large and bare tumours of 
 similar callous substance are found, as on the elbows and 
 buttocks, states especially common to animals kept in 
 confinement and subjected to neglect. 
 
 Treatment. — First open the bowels by a dose of the 
 castor-oil mixture ; or in the early stages of the acute 
 form reduce the dose one- third, and subsequently give 
 salines, as Epsom salts. Some prefer opium and calomel 
 in one-grain doses of each daily, a remedy seldom used 
 with safety in the hands of amateurs in medicine. Such 
 remedies secure the reduction of fever, after which tonics, 
 as iron and gentian, or the liquor arsenicalis, are indi- 
 cated, especially if debility sets in early. Special forms 
 of fever arising from the severity of the skin affection 
 may call for very active measures, as opium and calomel 
 internally, with repeated fomentations, or baths of hot 
 water containing glycerine and boracic acid, or even 
 opium. Chronic cases are not always manageable, yet 
 good may be done by repeated dressings with lunar 
 caustic, and the skin generally dressed with zinc oint- 
 ment. The disease is apt to exhibit phases of severe 
 excitement, the result of change in temperature and 
 
240 Diseases of the Skin. 
 
 derangement of the digestive functions. The animal is 
 maddened by severe itching of the skin, and can scarcely 
 be restrained from injuring himself. For this fomenta- 
 tions with warm water containing opium may suffice ; in 
 some cases they afford no relief, and remedies of an 
 entirely opposite nature are required — viz., lotions of 
 nitrate of silver, ointment of nitrate of mercury, &c., 
 applied as circumstances require. The diet must be 
 carefully regulated, less animal food being allowed, the 
 exercise regular and duly proportioned to the strength 
 of the patient. Neglect of these precautions is sure to 
 bring on a fresh attack of the complaint. A common 
 practice exists in the use of mercurial or blue ointment 
 for the cure of this malady. The owner who is wise will 
 avoid the remedy entirely except under the care of the 
 canine surgeon. 
 
 Erythema is a diffused form of irritation of the skin, 
 usually considered to be of a congestive character, pre- 
 ceding true inflammation, and affecting such parts as 
 receive a large quantity of blood for the supply of the 
 sebaceous glands within the structure. It arises from 
 disorder of the stomach or system generally, as indiges- 
 tion, worms, teething, chills, &c. As the active symptoms 
 decline, the skin throws off a considerable number of 
 scales or scurf, and shortly the affected parts resume 
 their natural appearance. This is the usual course under 
 ordinary management, but persistence of the cause 
 eventually develops true inflammation or eczema, already 
 described. 
 
 Treatment consists of replacing animal food by a 
 variety less stimulating and partially vegetable ; giving 
 regular exercise, especially in the open air, and away 
 from home. Irritation of the skin may be allayed by 
 water containing a few drops of laudanum, or a lotion 
 containing five grains of the sulphate of zinc to the 
 ounce may be used. Boracic acid, five to ten grains to 
 the ounce of water, is also highly effectual. 
 
 Warts, technically termed Verrucce, often prove 
 troublesome to the dog. Tney consist of inordinate as 
 well as deformed growths of the dermis, or deeper layer 
 
Diseases of the Skin. ^41 
 
 of the skin, and appear to be due to some special form 
 of local irritation. They are to be seen on the free 
 edges of the ears, lips, and especially the eyelids ; and 
 in some animals the mucous membrane of the mouth 
 and prepuce is a common location. Other parts of the 
 skin are also liable to invasion, but probably not so 
 frequently as those already named. The enlargements 
 partake of a variety of forms. They are sometimes 
 diffuse, or spread over the surface of the skin, at others 
 they rise erect, and subsequently assume a spherical or 
 other form, being very mobile, and united to the tissues 
 of the true skin by a narrow cord-like neck. Their 
 presence gives rise to various forms of inconvenience, 
 such as friction against other objects, laceration, &c., 
 and considerable irritation in old-standing cases by the 
 cracking of the scales, and subsequent ulceration between 
 them. 
 
 Treatment. — In the diffused variety the regular appli- 
 cation of caustic, as the nitrate of silver, or strong acetic 
 acid, will be required. Those attached to the skin by a 
 constriction or neck, are easily removed by ligature, 
 torsion, or the ecraseur. Early attention when the 
 growths are small is likely to be of greatest service. 
 
 Parasitic Diseases of the Skin. — The affections of 
 tins class are numerous and important. They arise from 
 the irritation produced as the result of the efforts of the 
 animal parasites in obtaining a nidus or hatching-place 
 for their eggs. Some of these occupy their position for 
 such a length of time when undisturbed as to indicate 
 the permanence of their home ; others are ephemeral in 
 their visits, being endowed with organs of free Icco- 
 m.otion, as legs and wings of considerable power. In 
 the first order we place the various forms of mange, or 
 itch animalcules, and in the latter, fleas, ticks, lice, and 
 other insects, amongst which the harvest bug is a common 
 example. In addition to these, we have also to notice 
 another variety — viz., vegetable parasites, which likewise 
 prove exceedingly troublesome to canine animals, as 
 well as disappointing to the hopes and aspirations of the 
 owner. 
 
 16. 
 
242 Diseases of tJie Skin. 
 
 Animal Parasites of the Skin. — These are included 
 under the term Dermatozoa^ which eaibraces a great 
 variety in the forms of animal Hfe. Their movements 
 are directed in the search for suitable breeding-places, as 
 well as for their natural sustenance, and thus a large 
 amount of tissue is destroyed, accompanied by severe 
 irritation, which induces a form of active inflammation, 
 or true dermatitis. We call the disease mange, as es- 
 pecially the result of the presence of the acarus, or mange 
 insect ; it is, notwithstanding, true inflammation of the 
 skin. Contagion plays the essential part, as true mange 
 cannot exist without the parasite. It may attack the 
 best of animals, but the common subjects are those de- 
 bihtated by want of food and necessary care, whose 
 hunger leads them to prowl, and ferret out from the 
 dirtiest places the wherewith to appease their hunger, and 
 there meet with the acari; or it may be in the company 
 of infected dogs that the disease is contracted. The 
 differences exhibited by various forms of parasitic disease 
 in their potency of contagion, depends on the habits of 
 the acarus. Infection, as we understand it, is not a term 
 of suitability ; the parasite does not become aeriform, 
 nor is it, as far as can be ascertained, carried by the air. 
 
 Scabies, or Mange of the Dog, technically known as 
 Sarcoptic Scabies, is the analogue of " itch " in mankind, 
 and the " scab " of sheep. The producing parasite is 
 the Sarcoptes canis, which usually first invades the parts 
 least disturbed by the feet of the sufferer ; thus we find 
 the back of the neck is the spot where the earliest signs 
 may be looked for. From thence it spreads rapidly, as 
 the army of acari have multiplied by thousands or even 
 millions. Their operations give the subject no rest. He 
 loses his appetite, is depressed, puts on a haggard look, 
 and is feverish. He is continually scratching, and the 
 wildest paroxysms are usually evident after eating, drink- 
 ing, or lying in the warmth of a fire. He enjoys being 
 scratched by the fingers, and places himself suitably for 
 its being continued over the entire body. From this 
 point the disease becomes intensified, as every spot, bed, 
 &c., frequented by the patient, and also the sufferer's 
 
Diseases of the Skin. 243 
 
 claws, become infected, and shortly provide a fresh 
 colony of acari ready for further attack when the dog 
 again visits the spot. If the reader has attentively 
 studied the paragraphs dealing with the symptoms of 
 erythema and eczema^ he will be able to realise by the 
 changes produced by the parasite how rapidly the dis- 
 organisation proceeds, constituting true forms of those 
 diseases. The parasite burrows beneath the cuticle, and 
 may be found on raising the scabs which cover the 
 wounded parts. This is the sure diagnostic sign of the 
 disease, and the essential proof that it is not simple 
 eczema or " red mange." 
 
 Treatme7it. — Successful issues attend only diligent and 
 orderly application of the remedy. The hardened cuticle 
 and protecting scabs are safe refuges to the acari, there- 
 fore, if we desire to destroy them, the above-named 
 barriers must be removed. The affected animal should 
 be placed in a warm bath, and washed thoroughly with 
 " Sanitas " Dog Soap, taking care to remove or break up 
 the encrustations or scabs, as they are swollen and 
 raised by the water. An ounce of potash placed in the 
 water will greatly promote the operation. Not a spot, 
 however small, must be omitted. The ears and feet 
 also must come in for their share of the general scrutiny 
 and cleansing. The owner need not be in haste to 
 remove the dog from his bath. The warmth will comfort 
 him, and, with fresh additions of heated water after the 
 first washing, it will be advisable to include one or two 
 teaspoonfuls of " Sanitas " Oil mixed with an equal bulk 
 of glycerine. Next comes the operation of dressing. 
 The dog is removed from the bath, carefully drained 
 under protection from the cold, and the dressing, what- 
 ever it may be, is patiently and carefully rubbed in. In 
 order to realise how much of both is required, the opera- 
 tor must endeavour to think how he would like to have 
 It done to himself under similar circumstances. The 
 process will be needed at intervals of at least three or 
 four days, long hair being carefully removed, or even 
 entire shaving must be resorted to. A muzzle should be 
 in readiness to prevent the animal using his teeth. We 
 
244 Diseases of the Skin. 
 
 also recommend care in its selection, as some of these 
 appliances are perfect tortures, fitting badly and inflict- 
 ing pain on the suffering creature. For various forms of 
 mange dressings see Chapter VIII. under Parasiticides. 
 
 Follicular Mange differs from Sarcoptic Mange both 
 in respect of the parasite and its location. The former 
 is the analogue if not the identical parasite Dei?iodex 
 follicidorufn common to mankind ; indeed, this form of 
 human itch has been transferred to the dog, and back 
 again to mankind. The location of the parasite is the 
 bag or pouch-like sebaceous glands and hair follicles ; it 
 is microscopical, possesses a large abdomen, several pairs 
 of short legs, elongated after the form of a shrimp, and is 
 endowed with remarkable powers of multiplication. The 
 disease produced is much less susceptible of medical 
 treatment, and there is also at first much less irritation 
 and resulting fever. It appears in patches, first about 
 the head, face, lips, &c., and later it invades the legs, 
 loins, belly, sides, and scrotum in the male. The dis- 
 charge from the sebaceous glands partakes of pus as well 
 as the excess of a morbid secretion, by reason of which 
 the sufferer presents a loathsome appearance and highly 
 offensive odour. The animal shakes himself instead of 
 using his feet, and he refuses to be handled. When the 
 hairs are plucked singly from the follicles, the parasite 
 may be detected at the root by means of a microscope ; 
 the pus and also the secretion from the gland likewise 
 furnish the same conclusive evidence. The first signs of 
 the malady consist of small bare patches, on which 
 appear red spots, which proved to be the enlarged ducts 
 of the sebaceous glands, filled with serum, and later, with 
 pus. These subsequently burst and form scales, and 
 occasionally one or more pustules become confluent, or 
 united, especially when the skin is acutely inflamed ; the 
 hair is also freely shed over the entire body, and the 
 animal suffers much from cold, requiring ample clothing, 
 especially in adverse seasons. Further aggravation arises 
 from the formation of sores and cracks, the result of death 
 of the tissues of the skin, blood and pus flowing freely 
 from the discharging surfaces. 
 
Diseases of the Skin. 245 
 
 The principles of Treatment laid down for sarcoptic 
 mange must be rigidly adopted in this disease. Frequent 
 and thorough dressing must be persisted in, especial at- 
 tention being directed to removal of the crusts in order 
 that the dressings may reach the parasites within the hair 
 follicles. Suitable formulae will be found in Chapter VIII. 
 under the head of Parasiticides. As in sarcoptic mange 
 the removal of hair by close clipping, or even shaving, 
 must be carried out efficiently and without hesitation 
 when desirable. The advice concerning removal of the 
 crusts given under sarcoptic mange is especially needed, 
 frequent baths and subsequent dressings, probably con- 
 tinued for months, being needed before any improvement 
 is evident. As v/e have already remarked, the parasites, 
 by reason of their location, are extremely difficult to attack, 
 and even, if we are successful, yet another problem awaits 
 us, viz., the ova, which may be hiding away on such parts 
 as have been restored by destruction of the parents. Care 
 must be exercised also with regard to lodging and beds. 
 Kennels require cleansing, and nothing answers so effec- 
 tually as strong and boiling-hot solutions of caustic potash 
 or soda, which should be used liberally by means of a 
 large painter's brush. The best bed is pine shavings, 
 frequently renewed; when they are not accessible, clean 
 hay or straw may be used, which should be regularly 
 dressed with water containing one-twentieth part of crude 
 " Sanita?,"and allowed to dry before being put into use. 
 Beds of whatever kind, having served their purpose, should 
 be summarily burned. 
 
 The Harvest Bug, or Leptus autumnalis, the larval 
 hexapod of the Tetranychus autumnalis^ proves a trouble- 
 some parasite to the human subject, giving rise to 
 painful boils. It also attacks animals, especially dogs, 
 during the hot months of July and August, afterwards 
 passing through other developmental changes, and is lost 
 sight of. When it reaches the skin it may be detected 
 by its bright red colour, and if not speedily removed it 
 shortly burrows in the skin, giving rise to irritation. 
 When the parts are rubbed the parasite ejects an acrid 
 secretion, which, with the burrowing operations, produces 
 
246 Diseases of the Skin, 
 
 severe pain. In the dog it may be usually found on the 
 head, neck and back, which are involved in severe 
 eczema, and on the inflamed parts the offenders may be 
 readily observed by means of an ordinary lens. The disease 
 yields very tardily, perhaps owing to the diificulty of 
 reaching the parasite. Paraffin has been found effectual; 
 carbolic acid in glycerine is not certain^ as, owing to the 
 susceptibihty of the dog to the action of the drug, only 
 weak solutions could be used. 
 
 Fleas, Fidex irritans, are terrible pests to the dog. 
 Their presence in pet dogs is a serious drawback, and 
 their extermination becomes a disideratum. If not 
 removed they cause severe and continued irritation, 
 seriously affect the health, and reduce the animal to a 
 state of anaemia and debihty. Cleanliness in the kennel, 
 as in all other respects, is absolutely essential to prevent 
 the attack, regular washing of the animal with "Sanitas" 
 Dog Soap being effectual. For especial remedies, see 
 Parasiticides, in Chapter VIII. 
 
 Lice, pediculi, do not prove so troublesome or painful 
 as fleas. They are, however, more loathsome, and we 
 shudder to think of the possibility of their transmission to 
 ourselves. Well-kept dogs receive them only by contact 
 with others infected. Mongrels and wandering curs 
 obtain them in the dirt and filth among which they seek 
 their food, or by contact with their infected fellows. 
 They always retire before the resolute acts of cleanliness. 
 Simple cases are cured by ordinary washing with 
 ^'Sanitas" Dog Soap. Confirmed cases require the 
 application of a special Parasiticide. 
 
 Ticks are summer visitants, which not only produce 
 severe irritation by boring into the skin, but debilitate the 
 sufferer by sucking his blood, and by their effects on the 
 nervous system have been known to induce paralysis. 
 The species common to our dogs is the Ixodes ricinus, an 
 innocent offender as compared with certain varieties 
 common, to South Africa, which are known to kill not only 
 dogs, but also oxen. They are usually found in the ears, 
 but may attach themselves to other parts where the hair 
 is thin. The best remedy is to cut each tick in half by 
 
Diseases of the Skin. 247 
 
 scissors, after which the embedded portion may be re- 
 moved by forceps, or a drop of turpentine will answer the 
 purpose. 
 
 Vegetable Parasites. — Of this class two are common 
 to canine animals. They are true fungi in nature, attach 
 themselves to the epithelium or scarf skin, as well as the 
 hairs proceeding from it, and are readily detected under 
 an ordinary microscope. They pr^ail in damp, dark, 
 and ill-drained places, and young animals are especially 
 susceptible of attack ; but in all cases want of condition 
 and general cleanliness predisposes the animal to their 
 effects. They are also communicable from other species 
 of animals to the dog, and he may convey them to others 
 besides his own, or even to mankind by contagion alone. 
 This may be mediate or immediate, and from the nature 
 of the spores, it is believed that the air may act as a 
 suitable medium. After being deposited on the skin, 
 the process of incubation commences, and occupies from 
 eight or ten to fourteen days, when they produce a 
 colony of spores, and from the circumstance of their 
 common arrangement in the form of a circle, the disease 
 they produce is familiarly known as Ringworm. 
 
 Tinea Tonsurans, or Ringworm, is occasionally seen 
 in the dog. It occurs in circular patches, destitute of 
 hair, except a few which by the action of the fungus, are 
 broken and lifeless, standing among the enlarged cells, 
 and projecting irregularly. Growth is on the external 
 margin ; thus, the skin first affected is left smooth, and 
 covered with glistening scales, or an aggregation forming 
 a grey crust, each of which contain the spores of the 
 fungus Achorion kbertii, or Trichophyto7t tonsurans. 
 Constant cleansing with " Sanitas " Soap and warm water, 
 and subsequent dressings with the tincture of cantharides, 
 or iodine ; dilute mineral and acetic acids, mercurial, or 
 nitrate of silver ointment, tincture of iron, &c. &c., usually 
 effect a cure. The disease is liable to be mistaken for 
 Herpes circinatus^ or vesicular ringworm, a form of local 
 eczema common in young dogs as a result of indigestion, 
 teething, &c., on the cessation of which it disappears. 
 
 Tinea Favosa, or Honeycomb Ringworm^ variously 
 
248 Local Injuries. 
 
 known as Achorion Schonleinii or Tricophyton favosa^ is 
 a parasitic fungus of peculiar form and growth. It has 
 a special preference for the hairs. Having entered the 
 hair follicle it throws out a mass of fungoid cells around 
 the base, and growing, encircles the hair in such a 
 manner that the latter appears to be growing out of a 
 cup. A number of these may unite, and thus a large 
 and unsightly tumour is formed, with the loss of sur- 
 rounding tissue by resulting absorption. It is supposed 
 the dog catches the complaint from mice, in which it is 
 quite common. The tumour is usually located about 
 the head. It is also peculiar as emitting a smell not 
 unlike the urine of the cat, probably derived from the 
 course of destruction of animal tissue. 
 
 T?'^^/;/^*?;// consists of entire removal of all the diseased 
 hairs and fungus crusts by means of a paper knife or 
 suitable instrument, and immediately burned. The bare 
 fifigers vmst not come into contact with the diseased mass. 
 Appropriate dressings will be found in the list enumerated 
 for Tinea tonsurans. The most effective are solution of 
 corrosive sublimate (poison) and the nitrate of silver 
 ointment. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 LOCAL INJURIES. 
 
 Anchylosis, or Stiff-joint— Sprain of Muscle and Sinew— Congenital Deformity 
 — Dislocations — Fracture of Bone — False Joint — Lameness — Sprain of 
 Muscle— Sprain of Tendon — Lameness of the Feet — Carpet Fever— In- 
 juries by Thorns, Nail>, &c. — Raw, Bruised and Bleeding Feet — Mange of 
 the Foot— Overgrown Claws— Wounds— Haemorrhage, or Bleeding. 
 
 Anchylosis, or Stiff-Joint^ is not uncommon in canine 
 animals, being due to some injury and consequent in- 
 flammation, with the formation of exostosis, or bony 
 deposit. The latter accumulates largely at the ends of 
 the bones, eventually uniting them, causing the animal 
 
Local Injuries. 249 
 
 to carry the limb in a more or less flexed position, and 
 is unable to put it to the ground, or bear any weight 
 upon it. The parts commonly affected are the phalanges, 
 or small bones of the feet, which suffer from being trodden, 
 run over, or bruising from falling objects. The elbow 
 also suffers as a result of dislocation which has not been 
 reduced. Sprains of ligament also end in exostosis and 
 anchylosis, and, on that account, all such injuries should 
 receive prompt attention. Blisters frequently applied, 
 and the actual cautery, are often attended with good 
 results in the early stages. 
 
 Sprains of Muscle and Sinew are common to sport- 
 ing dogs, especially greyhounds. They are met with- in 
 all forms, varying from slight extension, or laceration of 
 fibre, to "breaking down," or rupture of the sinews. 
 Cure is effected by complete rest, the administration of 
 laxative medicine, and cold water externally. 
 
 Congenital Deformities of the extremities are not 
 uncommon in puppies. They present such a variety of 
 forms that intelligible description fails in the small space 
 allotted. When the animal is of valuable or special 
 strain, the best course is to submit the case to a well- 
 known canine surgeon for opinion as to procedure. 
 
 Dislocations.— Displacement of bones in their union 
 to form joints is common in dogs of all ages. They 
 present various aspects as well as difficulties, and the 
 patient should be placed in the hands of the skilled 
 canine surgeon. 
 
 Besides reduction, the after-treatment of dislocation is 
 ofien important. Bandages and splints, as for fractures, 
 may be required, being retained by starch, melted pitch, 
 &c., until the parts have assumed a healthy condition, 
 the use of the limb being also suspended. Blisters, or 
 even firing, may be called for at a later stage in order to 
 hasten the cure. 
 
 Fracture of Bone is frequent in dogs. They origi- 
 nate from falls, blows, kicks from horses, or being 
 run over by vehicles ; and, as a rule, are readily distin- 
 guished by the crepitus, deformity, pain on movement of 
 the injured member, inability to use it, with subsequent 
 
250 Local Injuries. 
 
 swelling and inflammation. The power of reparation is 
 ample in the dog, he is also less liable to systemic dis- 
 turbance, and on this account an attempt to restore by- 
 treatment is always advisable in ordinary cases. 
 
 The treatment of these cases should be entrusted to 
 the canine surgeon. 
 
 False u7iio7i may arise from bones improperly set, 
 when the appliances are too slack, or the animal has 
 used the limb too soon. In such cases the limb is bent, 
 unsightly, and gives rise to lameness. The'common plan 
 is to destroy the recent calhis by fracture, and reset the 
 Hmb with care, when good results may be obtained. 
 Such a severe operation should call for the use of an 
 anaesthetic as chloroform. 
 
 Lameness arising from various causes is common in 
 canine animals. The usual signs consist of inability to 
 support the weight of the body without limping, or the 
 limb may be carried, and during rest the affected part is 
 indicated by the dog as he licks or even bites it. 
 
 Sprain of Muscle is usually denoted by heat, and 
 sweUing and great tenderness over the seat of injury, the 
 limb being carried in a semi-flexed state, and the foot 
 near the ground. The severe forms are attended with 
 more or less fever and inaction of the bowels; the 
 injured spot is often licked. 
 
 Treatme7it. — Sprain of muscle usually yields readily to 
 absolute rest, and the hot spongio-piline poultice 
 frequently renewed to maintain heat. Pain may be 
 reduced by adding a drachm of the tincture of belladonna 
 or opium to the material after being slightly wrung out. 
 The bowels should be moved as directed, and when the 
 state of the animal calls for it, give a febrifuge. 
 
 Sprain of tendon may be detected in a somewhat 
 similar manner to the above, with the exception of 
 the evidence of immediate swelling. Pressure will, as a 
 rule, elicit the existence of pain, or, when a joint is 
 sprained, flexion and extension will succeed. 
 
 Treattnent. — Cold water applications continually are 
 indicated ; or evaporating lotion may be used to saturate 
 a thin bandage surrounding the injured part. The 
 
Local Inju7ies. 251 
 
 bowels will also need attention as already referred to 
 in preceding paragraphs. 
 
 Subsequejit treaitneiit for Sprams is carried out as 
 follows : When the heat, pain, and inflammation are 
 subdued the parts may be smartly rubbed two or three 
 times daily by the hand, using soap liniment seven parts, 
 and laudanum one part. Five or six minutes may 
 suffice for the operation, the last portions being rubbed 
 to dryness of the hair, &c. When swelling or thickening 
 remains, and is cool, the following liniment should be 
 employed : Soap liniment four ounces, tincture of 
 iodine one ounce. Apply morning and evening with 
 friction as already directed. 
 
 Lameness of the Feet arises from several causes. 
 Foot-foiinder consists of inflammation of the skin between 
 the balls or pads, arising from the irritation of dust, 
 sand, or wet, during long and tedious journeys, especially 
 in dogs which have been at rest some time. It is also a 
 common result of "frost-bite." In such instance the 
 resulting pain and fever are sufficient to throw the dog 
 off work entirely for some time. 
 
 House a?td Pet Dogs likewise suffer from a similar but 
 slightly chronic form by long confinement indoors, in 
 which indigestion and the irritation from the heat and 
 dust of carpets equally contribute. The disease has been 
 facetiously termed "carpet fever," as indicating the 
 systemic character, the accompaniments being redness, 
 soreness, and pain of the skin in the spaces between the 
 pads. A cure is effected in these foot diseases by first 
 opening the bowels, and applying several times daily a 
 lotion of zinc or alum in slight cases. The " Sanitas " 
 Jelly also answers well for the purpose. When the pain 
 is severe, and fever runs high, the hot spongio-piline 
 poultice is the best application frequently renewed, after 
 a patient fomentation with hot water, or a hot bath in 
 which the animal may be placed if able to stand. As 
 soon as he is able to walk, he should wear boots or some 
 other protection until the feet assume their former cool- 
 ness and hardness. The disease is apt to recur on 
 application of the causes. 
 
2 52 Local Injuries. 
 
 Injuries by Thorns, Nails, ^c, are best treated by 
 removal of the offending substance, dirt, &c., and the 
 application of " Sanitas " Jelly or the " Sanitas " Veteri- 
 nary Ointment, with the exhibition of a laxative, &c., as 
 already pointed out. 
 
 Raw, Bruised, and Bleeding Feet are the result of 
 long journeys and the irritating dust, &c., of the roads,' 
 and usually yield to continued rest, laxatives, and the 
 applications already advocated. 
 
 Mange of the Foot is the common result of using the 
 member to allay the irritation of the body, and presents 
 the usual local indications, with ulceration of the toes 
 and loosening of the claws. The latter should be re- 
 moved, and the usual dressings for mange applied, or 
 the foot may be enveloped in tow saturated with " Sani- 
 tas " Fluid, or well smeared with the " Sanitas " Veteri- 
 nary Ointment. 
 
 Overgrown Claws are the usual result of a luxurious 
 life, especially on carpets. In the absence of wear they 
 grow rapidly, and curling beneath eventually wound the 
 pads or the interspaces. They should be severed a 
 little in advance of the pad, by means of stout wire 
 cutters, and regular outdoor exercise enjoined. 
 
 Wounds of various kinds are inflicted on the skin ot 
 dogs, and include all the varieties known in animal 
 surgery — viz., incised, lacerated, contused, djxdi punctured. 
 
 Licised Wounds are produced by some cutting instru- 
 ment, the skin being evenly divided without loss of 
 substance. They may prove serious by contemporaneous 
 wounding of blood vessels. 
 
 Lacerated Wounds are caused by hooks, nails, &c., 
 which tear the skin unevenly, and sometimes seriously 
 interfere with the vitality of the parts, and subsequent 
 healing. Sloughing is, therefore, not an uncommon 
 result. 
 
 Contused Wounds are the effects of blows, falls, Szc, in 
 which the tissues are more or less disorganised and the 
 vitality destroyed. Sloughing is a frequent after-occur- 
 rence. 
 
 Fu7tctured Wounds are caused by the entrance of sharp 
 
Local Injuries, 253 
 
 bodies, as nails, thorns, or splinters of wood, &c. They 
 are dangerous according to the depth, especially as some 
 of the internal organs and cavities may be injured. 
 
 Treatmeiit consists of closing incised wounds by means 
 of sutures, always first ensuring the absence of foreign 
 bodies. Some lacerated wounds will also admit of this 
 treatment, but, as a rule, sutures do not answer effectu- 
 ally. Bandages, or other forms of support may be 
 needed according to the peculiarities of the case. 
 These, as well as contused wounds, are often benefited 
 by stimulating applications to the surrounding parts, as 
 soap liniment, containing a few drops of ammonia, 
 alternated with fomentations, or the spongio-piline 
 poultice. Punctured wounds call for the prompt re- 
 moval of the offending instrument, for which incision 
 may be required Inject healing fluids by means of a 
 syringe. 
 
 Wounds of Arteries and F^/;/i-.— These are distin- 
 guished by the colour of the blood, that from an artery 
 being scarlet, and venous blood is a modena red. 
 Remedies known as styptics are used to stop the flow 
 of blood by forming a plug over the situation of the 
 wounds. Such are astringents which act by coagulating 
 the fibrine, of which the blood is largely composed. 
 Examples are, cotton wool, German tinder, as mechani- 
 cal agents ; tannic acid, lunar caustic, and perchloride of 
 iron, are chemical styptics ; and the hot iron a corrosive 
 agent. A simple method of arresting blood in a limb 
 consists of passing a cord or handkerchief round and 
 above the wound, and tying to form a loose loop. A 
 stick is then passed through half way, forming two con- 
 venient handles for twisting the ligature, the result being 
 pressure, and arrest of the flow of blood. This being 
 accomplished, the local wound can be treated more 
 efficiently, the animal being saved from severe loss of 
 blood. 
 
2 54 Poisons. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 POISONS. 
 
 Empirical Poisoning— Accidental Poisoning— Wilful and Malicious Poisoning- 
 Symptoms of Poisoning — Treatment— Mineral Poisons — Vegetable Poison- 
 ing-Animal Poisons — Snake, or Viper Bite — Wasps, Hornets, and Bees — 
 Destruction of Dogs. 
 
 The death of animals by poisoning arises in three 
 ways : 
 
 In Empirical Practice many persons make use of 
 remedies the nature and action of which they know 
 little or nothing ; they also continue the use of a remedy 
 without being able to perceive that it is unsuitable, or 
 probably dangerous. In this way an ordinary medicine 
 acts with the virulence of a poison. 
 
 Accidental Poisoning takes place in a variety of ways, 
 chiefly through the absolute carelessness on the part of 
 those who have the custody of remedies. They are 
 sometimes carelessly left within reach of the animal, or 
 become mixed with the food; and preparations for 
 external use may be given internally. Vermin poisons 
 reach the meal-tub or the feeding-trough ; large doses 
 of medicines are also given too frequently; thus, the 
 remedy which might have effected a cure proves a 
 deadly poison. 
 
 Wilful and Malicious Poisonings happily, is not 
 frequent. Yet one hears now and again of a favourite 
 pet, or the first animal of a special strain, having won 
 high honours, is found dead or dying at the time, or 
 before, he reaches his home. Such acts characterise 
 fiends and fools who fail to see that others read them 
 accurately by their daily lives, which have a full renown 
 for many similar accomplishments. 
 
 The Symptoms of Poisonings as a rule, are quickly 
 
Poisons. 2 5 5 
 
 developed, generally after a meal, or they may be asso- 
 ciated with some special act or circumstance, as the 
 giving of a tit-bit by an admiring stranger, or immediately 
 after the external use or internal administration of a 
 remedy. Such facts being kept in mind, precise attention 
 may be directed to the probable cause with the result of 
 showing whether the signs are due to malicious intent, 
 poisonous agents, or mistakes in medicines. Concise 
 information on these points, as far as they are elucidated, 
 should always be sent in writing to the canine surgeon 
 when summoned. 
 
 The precise Treatment of Poisoning must always be 
 left with the canine surgeon. He alone can provide the 
 acknowledged antidote. The owner may alleviate to an 
 extent the pangs and sufferings of the patient, for instance 
 in diarrhoea or dysentery, by the giving of milk with ^gg 
 beaten up, thick flour or starch with water will be useful ; 
 and when abdominal pain is acute a dose of laudanum, 
 twenty -five or thirty drops, or three to five grains of the 
 gum. Syrup of white poppies, one to three or four drachms, 
 also proves a useful agent. If vermin powder has been 
 taken, give broth or thick soup ; and when hellebore or 
 colchicum is the cause, add to the milk and eggs nitrous 
 ether, ammonia, or spirits, as gin, whisky or brandy, to 
 obviate the extreme depression which ensues. 
 
 Mineral Poisons. — These comprise a variety of sub- 
 stances used in medicine or otherwise, the most active of 
 which are preparations of arsenic, lead, mercury and zinc, 
 and copper. 
 
 The General Symptoms of Poisoning by Mifierals are as 
 follow : irritation and violent pain in the stomach and 
 bowels, with vomitingj diarrhoea, painful straining, the 
 evacuations being mixed with blood, cramps of the limbs 
 and collapse. The membrane of the bowels is sometimes 
 also removed, and may be found in the evacuations, as 
 in the case of arsenic, the compounds of??iercury, and even 
 mercurial oi?itment when largely used to the skin. To 
 the latter metal also is ascribed the ^nercurial eczema 
 which arises from long continuance of its use externally 
 as well as internally. Salivation is also present, and the 
 
256 Poisons. 
 
 breath as well as the secretions of the skin are highly 
 offensive. Poisoning by lead^ or plumbism^ is denoted by 
 general failure of function in the digestive apparatus, a 
 blue line forming along the gums, vomition, colic, vertigo, 
 with gradual paralysis and death. Acute poisoning by 
 copper resembles that of violent irritants generally, as 
 already detailed ; the Chronic form greatly resembles that 
 of slow arsenical poisoning, as impaired appetite, consti- 
 pation, imperfect nutrition, weakness, and occasionally 
 bloody urine. In this class of poisons carbolic acid must 
 be included. Few remedies in medicines have had a 
 greater responsibility as a toxic agent than this, especially 
 in dogs and cats. Whether used externally, internally, 
 or hcked by the animal, it produces severe and immediate 
 depression, weakness of the heart, with ultimate paralysis 
 of the organ, convulsions and speedy death. In our 
 experience dogs have sim.ply laid down, become quite 
 listless, breathing slowly, with evident oppression, and 
 died in unconsciousness, when the medicine has been 
 largely applied to wounded surfaces. Whatever may be 
 its vaunted virtues as a sanative dressing in other animals, 
 the serious drawback to employment in the same direction 
 among canine and feline animals is that its general effects 
 are those of a powerful poison. 
 
 In case of absorption of the remedy sufficient to produce 
 poisoning, Broad, of Bath, recommends the continued 
 application of cold water as a spray, or by means of the 
 rose on a watering-pot, until convulsions cease. The 
 animal should also be thoroughly cleansed by means of 
 cold water and hard soap, or the whole of the skin may 
 be well rubbed with oil. The animal should receive 
 stimulants internally. 
 
 In Vegetable Poisofiing the symptoms are mainly dif- 
 ferent to those induced by the metallic salts. Strychnine, 
 is perhaps the most common of dangerous drugs, and 
 being recognised as one of the most fatal, is ignorantly 
 selected by the wilful poisoner. Death sometimes arises 
 from overdoses or long continuance of the drug. Dogs 
 are specially susceptible of its effects, the symptoms 
 being severe tetanic convulsions^ rigidity, and straighten- 
 
Poisons. 257 
 
 ing of the spine, with elevation of the head and tail, 
 rigidity of the legs, retraction of the muscles of the face 
 and mouth, inducing a remarkable grin of the features. 
 All the symptoms are sudden and simultaneous. Many 
 antidotes have been tried, the most effectual being the 
 monobromide of camphor in doses of one to one-and-a- 
 half drachms, given by the stomach. Recovery has also 
 been effected by the continued use of chloroform, and 
 subsequently belladonna and opium; also hydrocyanic 
 acid somewhat later. 
 
 Tobacco, and also Hellebore Infusions, sometimes used 
 as Parasiticides in Mange, &c., prove dangerous as 
 violent poisons, being absorbed through the skin, 
 especially where it is rendered sore by the parasites. 
 The signs are great depression, with vomition, failure of 
 the heart's action, and death. To counteract these states 
 the animal should be immediately washed in clean cold 
 water. 
 
 Snake and Viper Bites are forms of Animal Poisoning. 
 The first is common abroad, and exceedingly fatal; 
 the latter is seen in England, and is likewise dangerous 
 in the dog. The affected animal suffers from extreme 
 distress, depression and difficult respiration, with rapid 
 decomposition of the blood, local swelling, paralysis, 
 terminating in violent convulsions. If the part bitten is 
 a limb, a ligature should be applied above the wound, 
 sufficiently tight to prevent absorption. Strong solution 
 of ammonia, largely diluted, should be administered 
 internally at frequent intervals, and the wound promptly 
 cauterised, or dressed freely with the undiluted ammonia. 
 Artificial respiration must be persistently carried on from 
 the first, and conjointly with cold affusions, with the 
 object of producing stimulus to the nervous system. The 
 Bite of the Dog should also receive the same treatment, 
 especially if he be suspected of rabies. In mankind the 
 ligature, with prompt suction of the wound as an 
 encouragement to bleeding, is essential. 
 
 It now appears to be fairly demonstrated that great 
 similarity of action in the poison of snake-bite also exists 
 in the Indian arrow-head poison, or, technically, ctcrare 
 
 17 
 
258 Poisons. 
 
 and wouraiij death arising from paralysis of the muscles 
 of respiration, in addition to the action upon the heart. 
 In order to avert death, the utmost endeavours must be 
 made to promote artificial respiration, contemporaneous 
 with other means described, by which life is preserved 
 long enough for the other remedies to act in the neutrali- 
 sation of the toxic agent. 
 
 Wasps, hornets, bees, &c., in this country, are trouble- 
 some pests to the dog. Those animals used for hunting 
 purposes, and others which act as marauders, disturb the 
 insects by accidentally upsetting the nests. The hornet's 
 sting is often rapidly fatal, giving no opportunity for 
 treatment. To escape an attack from the infuriated 
 insects it is common to raise a dense smoke, or take 
 refuge behind thick bushes, and, best of all, to rush into 
 water when at hand. The best local as well as internal 
 remedy is ammonia ; the common washing-blue is also 
 effective externally; and a third popular agent is carron- 
 oil, a compound of linseed oil and lime-water in equal 
 parts. Such, however, is the severity of the poison, 
 especially that of the hornet, that the dog frequently dies 
 before anything can be done in the way of treatment. 
 
 The Destruction of Dogs. — An effective and speedy 
 method of putting useless and other animals out of 
 existence is a subject of importance. When they have 
 served us faithfully, having also grown old, decrepit, and 
 often offensive, a burden to themselves also, we grieve to 
 witness their condition, and desire to see their misery 
 terminated. Euthanasia, an easy or calm death, is what 
 we prefer ; many methods are speedy, but the results are 
 agonising. Thus, prussic acid is probably the most 
 speedy and powerful poison, but the convulsions are 
 horrifying. An electric shock, sufficiently powerful, is 
 surprisingly effective, but is cumbrous in its application. 
 Pithing and drow?iing 2xq objectionable on grounds so 
 obvious that their discussion is unnecessary. The 
 hypodermic method, or simply injecting the lethal dose 
 beneath the skin, is, perhaps, the most speedy ; but we 
 object to the evidences, although it is probably certain 
 the animal is totally unconscious of all suffering. For 
 
Poisons. 259 
 
 large numbers of animals nothing supersedes the lethal 
 chamber^ in which death comes on as quietly as ordinary 
 slumber ; yet we hesitate to send our favourite to die in 
 such motley company. Dr. Gordon Stables recommenas 
 first a dose of chloral in the form of syrup to induce sound 
 sleep, during which the animal is caused to inhale an 
 over-dose of chloroform. In our practice we omit the 
 chloral as an unnecessary delay, and simply place the 
 animal recumbent, cover him with a woollen rug, doubled, 
 then introduce beneath it a sponge fully saturated with 
 chloroform, which is held close to the nostrils. He thus 
 breathes only the vapour of chloroform. Death is 
 speedy and minu^ all suffering, occupying less time than 
 is required for writing the few and imperfect lines dis- 
 cussing this special method. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abdomen, dropsy of the, 200 
 Abscess, 112 
 
 ,, of the ear-flap, 227 
 Abuse of medicines, 115 
 Achorion lebertii, 247 
 
 ,, Schonleinii, 248 
 Active aperient, 162 
 Alopecia, 237 
 Alteratives, 119 
 Amaurosis, 222 * 
 Anaemia, 140 
 Anasarca, 238 
 Anchylosis 209 
 Anodynes, 120 
 Anthrax, 147 
 Antispasmodics, 121 
 Antiseptics, 121 
 
 ,, importance of, 115 
 Antiputrescents, 121 
 Aperients, 122 
 Aphonia, 174 
 Apnoea, 146 
 Apoplexy, 231 
 Appetite, T09 
 Arrow-head poison, 257 
 Arteries, wounds of, 253 
 AscaHs marginata, 191 
 Ascites, 200 
 Asthma, 179 
 Astringents, 122 
 Atony of the rectum, iqS 
 Auricular acariasis, 228 
 
 Bakewell's Motto for Breed- 
 ing, 31 
 Baldness, 237 
 Bandy-legs, 144 
 " Barry," sfory of, 59 
 Beagle, 34 
 
 Bedlington Terrier, 75 
 " Belton Greys," 10 
 " Bernard de Meuthon," 58 
 Black Poodle, 99 
 M Pug, 95 
 
 Black and Tan Terrier, 69 
 Bladder, paralysis of, 207 
 , , rupture of, 207 
 ,, stone in, 207 
 Bleeding from the nostrils, 173 
 
 ,, piles, 197 
 Blenheim Spaniel, 88 
 Bhster fluid, 123 
 ,, ointment, 123 
 ,, sweating, 124 
 Blisters, 123 
 Blood abscess, 227 
 ,, diseases, 138 
 Bloodhound, 28 
 
 ,, breeding of the, 31 
 
 ,, origin of, 29 
 
 Blood poisoning, 167 
 "Bloom of Health," 108 
 " Blue Peter," 93 
 Blue pill, 122 
 Bob-tailed Sheepdog, 81 
 Bolus, the, 117 
 
 ,, for diabetes, 122 
 ,, ,, haemorrhage, 122 
 ,, stomachic, 137 
 Bone, disease of, 249 
 Borzoi, 50 
 
 Bowel, stricture of the, 199 
 , , atony of the, 198 
 ,, dropping of the, 196 
 ,, thickening of, 198 
 Bowels, inflammation of the, 194 
 Brain, injuries of the, 233 
 ,, compression of the, 234 
 f , , dropsy of the, 235 
 Breaking-down, 249 
 
 ,, the Fox Terrier, 41 
 Breeders of the Blenheim Spaniel, 
 89 
 ,, ,, Bloodhound, 31 
 
 ,, ,, Dandie Dinmont, 
 
 69 
 ,, Old Enghsh Mas- 
 tiff, 52 
 Breeders of Pi'gs, 90, 915 
 
262 
 
 Index. 
 
 Breeding, Bakewell's plan, 31 
 Bright's Disease, 205 
 Broken-haired Terrier, 70 
 Bronchitis, 175 
 
 ,, verminous, 178 
 
 Bronchocele, 203 
 " Bull-cross " in Fox Terrier, 41 
 Bull-dog, 63 
 
 ,, Terrier, 65 
 Bruises, or cuts, lotion for, 134 
 
 Canine H.timatozoa, 182 
 
 Cafiis cordis, 183 
 
 Canker, external, 226 
 ,, internal, 227 
 ,, of the mouth, 185 
 
 Carpet fever, 251 
 
 Castor-oil mixture, 122 
 
 Catarrh, 170 
 
 Cartilago nictitatis, 224 
 
 Cataract, 221 
 
 Catarrh of the stomach, 189 
 
 Catheter, use of, 215 
 
 Caustic lotions, 125 
 ,, potash, 124 
 
 Caustics, 124 
 
 "Cecil " on the Foxhound, 32 
 
 Celebrated breeders of Blood- 
 hounds, 31 
 
 Charbon, 147 
 
 Characteristics of the Irish Setter, 
 12 
 
 Chloroform, inhalation of, 133 
 
 Choking, 187 
 
 Cholera, 148 
 
 Chorea, 232 
 
 Chronic cough, 179 
 
 ,, ,, mixture for, 131 
 ,, hepatitis, 201 
 
 Circassian Wolfhound, 51 
 
 Circulatory system, diseases of, 
 180 
 
 Classification of disease, 116 
 
 Claws, overgrown, 252 
 
 Cleanliness, importance of, 114 
 
 Cleanly poultice, 136 
 
 Clever Spaniel, 19 
 
 Close-breeding, 31 
 
 Clumber Spaniel, 15 
 
 Clysters, 125 
 
 Cocker Spaniel, 17 
 
 Cockermouth Beagles, 34 
 
 Canurus cerebralis, 236 
 
 Colic, 191 
 
 Collie, the, 83 
 
 Colour of the Greyhound, 28 
 
 ,, Setters, 9 
 Common tick, 246 
 Constipation, 194 
 Contagious diseases, 146 
 Continuous vomition, 189 
 Contused wounds, 252 
 Cooling lotion, 134 
 Cordial drench, 127 
 Cordial pill, 127 
 Cordials, 127 
 Coryza, 170 
 Costiveness. 194 
 Cough, chi-onic, 179 
 ,, mixture, 131 
 Cow Dog, 82 
 Cramp, 233 
 Crooked legs, 144 
 Cultivation of the truffle, 43 
 Curare poisoning, 257 
 Cystitis, 206 
 
 Dandie Dinmont, 73 
 Dane, the Great, 54 
 Dachshund, 36 
 Deerhound, 50 
 
 Degeneration of the heart, 182 
 Demulcents, 129 
 Dermatitis, 238 
 Dermatoid conjunctiva, 224 
 Dermatozoa, 242 
 Destruction of dogs, 258 
 Diabetes, 207 
 
 ,, bolus for, 122 
 Diaphoretics, 128 
 Diarrhoea, 192 
 
 ,, mixture for, 120 
 
 Digestive system, diseases of, 
 
 184 
 Digestives, 128 
 Diphtheria, 148 
 Disease, classification of, 116 
 
 ,, prevention of, 114 
 
 ,, treatment of, 109 
 Diseases of the blood, 138 
 Dispensing of medicines, 117 
 Disposal of rabid dogs, 162 
 Distemper, 150 
 Distoma coiijunctJ(7n, 204 
 Diuretics, 128 
 Dog, origin of, i 
 ,, general management of. 
 
 100 
 
Index. 
 
 263 
 
 Dog, habits of the, i 
 Dogs, destruction of, 258 
 Draught, the, 118 
 
 how to administer the, 
 118 
 Dressing, 102 
 
 for fleas, &c,, 135 
 Dropsy of the abdomen, 200 
 ,, ,, cellular tissue, 238 
 eye, 323 
 womb, 213 
 Dislocation of the eyeball, 224 
 Dislocations, 249 
 Drugging, indiscriminate, 115 
 Dysentery, 193 
 
 Ear, Tumours in the, 228 
 Ears, diseases of the, 225 
 Eczema, 238 
 
 ,, of distemper, 154 
 
 ,, Epizootica, 156 
 
 ,, rubrtim, 238 
 Effective poultice, 136 
 Electuary, the, 118 
 Embrocation, sedative, 129 
 
 ,, stimulating, 129 
 
 Emesis, 188 
 Emetics, 130 
 Encephalitis, 234 
 Enema, the, 125 
 
 ,, funnel, 126 
 
 ,, gaseous, 126 
 
 ,, syringe, 126 
 English Setter, 8 
 Enlargement of the kidney, 206 
 Enlargements, dispersion of, 
 
 129 
 Enteric distemper, 153 
 Enteritis, 195 
 Ephemeral fever, no 
 Epilepsy, 229 
 Epistaxis, 173 
 Erythema, 240 
 
 Essentials of the Greyhound, 24 
 Eustrongylus gigas, 206, 209 
 Exercise, importance of, 115 
 Expectorants, 130 
 Eyeball, dislocation of the, 223 
 
 „ distension of the, 224 
 Eyelids, affections of, 225 
 Eyes, diseases of the, 220 
 ',, lotion for the, 134 
 
 , , wash for the, 123 
 
 „ watery, 225 
 
 False union of bone, 250 
 
 Filaria hepailca, 202 
 ,, immitis, 182 
 Family of Terriers, 66 
 Fatty degeneration of the heart, 
 
 181 
 Featherstone Castle Setter, 7 
 Febrifuges, 131 
 Feeding, systematic, 114 
 Feet, wounds of the, 252 
 Fever, no 
 
 ,, bolus, 131 
 
 ,, ephemeral, no 
 
 ,, mixture, 132 
 
 ,, specific, in 
 
 ,, symptomatic, no 
 Field Spaniels, 13 
 Filaria sanguinolenta, 182, 187 
 Fistula, 197 
 Fits, 229 
 Fleas, 246 
 
 ,, dressing for, 135 
 Fluid blister, 123 
 
 „ healing, 134 
 Fomentations, 132 
 Foreign bodies in the stomach, 
 
 190 
 Foxhound, the, 32 
 
 ,, " Cecil" on the, 32 
 
 Fox Terrier, 39 
 
 ,, ,, controversy on the 
 Bull cross, 41 
 Fracture of bone, 249 
 Fresh air, importance of, 114 
 Funnel, the enema, 126 
 
 Gall Stones, 202 
 
 Gaseous enema, 126 
 
 Gastric catarrh, 189 
 
 Gastritis, 190 
 
 General management of the Dog, 
 100 
 
 German Badger Terrier, 36 
 
 Gervase Markham on the Blood- 
 hound, 28 
 
 Glanders, 156 
 
 Glass-eye, 222 
 
 Glossitis, 185 
 
 Goitre, 203 
 
 Gonorrhoea, 210 
 
 Gordon Setter, 10 
 
 Great Dane, the, 54 
 
 Greyhound, the 20 
 
 Gullet, structure of the, 187 
 
 Gutta Serena, 222 
 
264 
 
 Index, 
 
 Habits of the Dog, i 
 Haematuria, 205 
 Haemorrhoids, 197 
 Hair, loss of, 236 
 Harrier, the, 34 
 Harvest Bug, 243 
 Haw, diseases of the, 224 
 Healing lotion, 134 
 Health, signs of, 108 
 Heart, diseases of, 182 
 Heart-bag, 182 
 Hepatic distemper, 153 
 Hepatitis, 200 
 
 ,, chronic, 201 
 Herpes circinatus, 247 
 Hernia, 198 
 
 Highland Sheep-dog, 83 
 Honeycomb ringworm, 24; 
 Hot poultice, 136 
 Hounds, 28 
 Husk, 189 
 Hydrocephalus, 235 
 Hypodermic injections, 132 
 
 Icterus, 145 
 
 Importance of antiseptics, 115 
 
 ,, ,, exercise, 115 
 
 Inappetence, 188 
 Incised wounds, 252 
 Indigestion, 188 
 Inflammation, in 
 
 of the bladder, 206 
 bowels, 195 
 brain, 194 
 bronch ial 
 tubes, 175 
 ear, 225 
 eyes, 220 
 liver, 200 
 lungs, 176 
 milk g'and, 
 
 216 
 peritoneum, 
 
 199 
 scrotum, 211 
 spleen, 203 
 stomach, 190 
 testicle, 212 
 tongue, 185 
 urethra, 208 
 womb, 212 
 Inhalation of chloroform, 133 
 ,, ,, " Sanitas," 133 
 
 Injections, 125 
 
 Injuries, local, 245 
 Inter-breeding, 144 
 Internal astringents, 122 
 
 ,, canker, lotion for, 134 
 styptics, 137 
 Intestinal distemper, 153 
 Irish Setter, 12 
 
 ,, Terrier, 'j'j 
 Iritis, 221 
 
 Itahan Greyhound, 91 
 Itch, 242 
 Ixodes ricinus, 246 
 
 ,, reticulattis, '2'z^ 
 
 Jaundice, 145 
 Jaw, abscess of, 185 
 Joint, stiff, 209 
 
 Kennels, 102 
 
 Kibblehound, 36 
 
 Kidney, diseases of, 206 
 ,, stone in the, 205 
 ,, wasting of the, 206 
 
 King Charles Spaniel, 87 
 
 Knox, Mr., on points of tlic 
 Setter, 12 
 
 Knuckling, 37 
 
 Lacerated Wounds, 252 
 
 Lacteal tumours, 217 
 
 Ladies' toy dogs, 86 
 
 Lameness, 251 
 
 " Landseer Dog," 57 
 
 Laryngitis, 173 
 
 Leptus autumnalis, 245 
 
 LeuchcB7nia, 145 
 
 LeucocythcBmia, 145 
 
 Llewellyn Setter, 7 
 
 Lice, 246 
 
 ,, dressing for, 135 
 Liniments, 129 
 Linseed mucilage, 127 
 Liver, diseases of the, 200 
 
 ,, pills, 122 
 Local injuries, 248 
 Locked jaw, 232 
 Lord Lovat Setter, 7 
 Loss of hair, 236 
 
 ,, voice, 174 
 Lotion for canker, 134 
 ,, sprains, 134 
 Lotions, 133 
 
Index. 
 
 265 
 
 Lotions, caustic, 125 
 ,, cooling, 134 
 eye, 134 
 healing, 134 
 
 Lunar caustic, 124 
 
 Mad Dog, Seizure of the, 163 
 Maltese Dog, 97 . 
 Malicious poisoning, 2.54 
 Malignant distemper, 156 
 Mammitis, 216 
 Management of the dog, 103 
 pet dogs, 103 
 ,, ,, whelps, 102 
 Mange, 242 
 
 ,, dressings for, 135 
 
 ,, in the ear, 228 
 
 ,, ointment, 134 
 Marlborough Spaniel, 89 
 Mastiff, 52 
 
 ,, distinguished breeders of 
 the, 52 
 Measles, i^j 
 Medicines, abuse of, 115 
 ,, dispensing, 117 
 ,, relative doses of, 118 
 
 Medicated poultice, 136 
 Meningitis, 234 
 Metritis, 212 
 
 Mild oleaginous purge, 122 
 Milk, retention of, 215 
 Mineral poisoning, 255 
 Mixtures for diarrhoea, 120 
 
 ,, stomachic, 136 
 Modern Foxhound, 32 
 
 ,, Retriever, 48 
 Mucilage of linseed, 127 
 Mustard embrocation, 129 
 
 Nephritis, 214 
 Neuralgia, 231 
 Newark Castle Setter, 7 
 Newfoundland, 55 
 Norfolk Retriever, 48 
 
 Spaniel, 17 
 Nostrils bleeding from, 173 
 
 ,, tumours in, 173 
 Noted St. Bernards, 62 
 Nursing, 119 
 
 Obesity, 140 
 
 CEstrum, or heat, 217 
 
 Ointments, 134 
 
 ,, blistering, 123 
 
 ,, for mange, 134 
 
 Old English Mastiff, 52 
 Orchitis, 212 
 
 Origin of the Bloodhound, 29 
 ,, ,, Clumber Spaniel, £ 
 
 Dog, I 
 ,, ,, Gordon Setter, 10 
 Otterhound, 38 
 Orloff Wolfhound, 51 
 Otterhound, 37 
 Otter Terrier, 39 
 Overgrown claws, 252 
 Ozaena, 171 
 
 Pancreas, Diseases of, 203 
 Paralysis, 235 
 
 , , of the bladder, 207 
 
 M ,, tongue, 116 
 
 Parasitic ozaena, 171 
 Parasiticides, 135 
 Parasites in the heart, 182 
 
 ,, ,, liver, 202 
 
 Parturition, 218 
 Pasteurian system, 166 
 Pathology, 109 
 Pediculi, 246 
 Peking Pugs, 95 
 Penis, amputation of, 211 
 
 ,, wash for, 123 
 Pentastoma denticu latum, 172 
 Pericardium, diseases of, 182 
 Peritonitis, 199 
 
 Pet dogs, management of, 103 
 Pharyngitis, 186 
 Piles, 197 
 Pill, the, 117 
 ,, to administer a, 117 
 ,, for diabetes, 122 
 Plethora, 130 
 Pleurisy, 176 
 Pneumonia, 176 
 Poisoning, 254 
 
 , , treatment of, 255 
 
 Poisons, 254 
 Polypus, 173 
 
 ,, in the nostril, 173 
 ., vagina, 214 
 Pomeranian, 86 
 Pointer, 4 
 Poodle, 99, 100 
 Poultice, 136 
 Prepuce, imperforate, 210 
 
266 
 
 index. 
 
 Prevention of disease, 114 
 „ rabies, 164 
 
 Price of the Fox Terrier, 42 
 "Prince Leopold," 98 
 Profuse urination, 207 
 Prolapsus ani, 196 
 Prostate, disease of, 208 
 Ptyalism, 186 
 Pug Dog, 94 
 Pulex irritans, 246 
 Pulmonary distemper, 153 
 Purgatives, 136 
 Putrilage, 149 
 Pyrenean Wolfhound, 51 
 
 Rabies, 157 
 
 Rabid dogs, disposal of, 162 
 
 Rabbit Beagle, 36 
 
 Rachitis, 143 
 
 Recent cough, mixture for, 131 
 
 Rectum, atony of, 198 
 
 Red Poodle, 100 
 
 ,, mange, 238, 243 
 
 ,, water, 205 
 Relative doses of medicines, 119 
 Regularity of feeding, 114 
 Remedies for worms, 137 
 Respiratory system, diseases of, 
 
 170 
 Retriever, 48 
 Rheumatism, 141 
 Rickets, 143 
 Ringworm, 247 
 Rough Terrier, 70 
 Round worms, remedies for, 138 
 Rupture of the heart, 181 
 Russian Setter, 6 
 
 ,, Wolfhound, 50 
 
 St. Bernard Dog, 58 
 St. Vitus's Dance, 232 
 Saliva, flow of, 186 
 "Sanitas," inhalation of, 133 
 ,, preparations, 116 
 
 Sarcoptes canis , "2^2, 
 Sarcoptic scabies, 242 
 ,, mange, 242 
 Scab, 242 
 Scabies, 242 
 Scotch Collie, 85 
 
 ,, Greyhound, 20 
 
 ,, Setter, 10 
 Scurfy ears, 228 
 
 Sedative embrocations, 129 
 
 Seizure of mad dogs, 163 
 
 Septicaemia, 167 
 
 Serous cyst, 113 
 
 Setters, 6 
 
 Sheepdog, 81 
 
 Siberian Wolfnound, 50 
 
 Simple fever, no 
 
 Skin, diseases of, 236 
 ,, parasites of, 241 
 
 Skye Terrier, 71 
 
 Small-pox, 169 
 
 Smooth Collie, 85 
 
 ,, English Terrier, 67 
 
 Snake bites, 257 
 
 Snoring, 174 
 
 Sore throat, 173 
 
 Soothing embrocation, 129 
 
 Spaniel. 13, 18 
 
 Spasms, 191 
 
 Specific diseases, 146 
 ,, fever, in 
 
 Spiroptera sanguinolenta, 
 191 
 
 Spitz Dog, 86 
 
 Spleen, diseases of, 203 
 
 Spongio piline, use of, 136 
 
 Sprains, 250 
 
 ,, lotions for, 134 
 
 Staghound, 32 
 
 Staphyloma, 223 
 
 Stiff joint, 248 
 
 Stimulants, 136 
 
 Srimulating embrocation, 129 
 
 Stings of wasps, 258 
 
 Stomach catarrh, 189 
 
 ,, foreign bodies in, 190 
 ,, worms in, 191 
 
 Stomachic bolus, 137 
 
 Stomachics, 137 
 
 Stone in the bladder, 207 
 ,, ,, kidney, 205 
 ,, ,, urethra, 20S 
 
 Stricture of the bowel, 199 
 
 Strongylus filaria, 178 
 
 Styptics, 137 
 
 Subcutaneous injections, 132 
 
 Surfeit, 238 
 
 Sussex Spaniel, 14 
 
 Sweating blister, ,124 
 
 ,, embrocation, 129 
 
 Symptomatic fever, no 
 
 Symptoms of poisoning, 254 
 
 Syringe, clyster, 126 
 
 Systematic feeding, 115 
 
Index. 
 
 267 
 
 "Tailor no Tail," 82 
 
 Tcenia cucumerina, 191 
 ,, ccenurus, 191 
 
 Tapeworm, remedy for, 138 
 
 Teeth, diseases of, 184 
 
 "Tell," measurements of, 61 
 
 Terriers, family of, 66 
 
 Tetanus, 232 
 
 Tetranychus autumnalisy 245 
 
 Ticks, 246 
 
 Tinea favosa, 247 
 ,, tonsurans, 248 
 
 Tongue, diseases of, 185 
 
 Tonics, 137 
 
 Toy dogs, 86 
 ,, Terrier, 98 
 
 Treatment of abscess, 113 
 disease. 109 
 fever, in 
 inflammation, 112 
 poisoning, 255 
 rabies, 167 
 serous cyst, 113 
 
 Try cophy ton favosa, 249 
 
 ,, tonsurans, 247 
 
 Truffle, the, 43 
 dog, 44 
 ,, ,, training the, 45 
 
 Tuberculosis, 168 
 
 Tweedside Spaniel, 18 
 
 URiEMIA, 145 
 Ureters, impaction of, 206 
 Urethra, stone in, 208 
 Urethritis, 208 
 
 Vagina, amputation of, 215 
 ,, inversion of, 215 
 ,, tumour in, 214 
 
 Value of Spaniels, 90 
 
 Valvular diasases of the heart, 181 
 
 Variola, 169 
 
 Vegetable parasites, 247 
 
 ,, poisoning, 256 
 Veins, w^ounds of, 253 
 Verminous bronchitis, 178 
 VerruccB, 240 
 Vertigo, 230 
 Voice, loss of, 174 
 Vomition, 188 
 
 ,, continuous, 189 
 
 Warts on the Skin, 240 
 Wash for the eyes, 123 
 
 ,, ,, penis, 123 
 Wasp stings, 258 
 Wasting of the kidney, 206 
 Water Spaniel, 18 
 Weight of Italian Greyhound, 
 
 92 
 Welsh Cocker, 17 
 ,, Terrier, 79 
 Whelps, 102 
 Whippet, 80 
 Wilful poisoning, 254 
 Wolfhound, 51 
 Womb, amputation of, 214 
 
 ,, prolapsus of, 214 
 
 Worm medicines, 137 
 
 ,, in the kidney, 216 
 
 M ,, urethra, 209 
 
 Worms in the intestines, 198 
 
 ,, stomach, 191 
 Wounds, 252 
 
 ,, lotion for, 134 
 
 , , of arteries and veins, 253 
 
 ,, of the feet, 252 
 
 ,, ,, tongue, 185 
 
 Woiu-ali poisoning, 258 
 
 Yorkshire Dog, 70 
 Youatt on the Setter, 7 
 
 Printed by Ballantvne, Hanson 6-- Co. 
 London and Edinburgh. 
 
Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine 
 Cummings School of Veterinary i^Jiedicine at 
 Tufts UniVbi'sity 
 200 Westboro Road 
 North Grafton. MA 01536 
 
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