PTENTS FOR FARRIERY JOHNA.SEAVERNS / / PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS. ABRIDGMENTS i "^ ^ RELATING TO i FARRIERY; INCLUDING THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS. A.D. 1719-1866. PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF PATENTS. LONDON: RINTED BY GEORGE E. EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN's MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS, 25, SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, HOLBOEN. * 1872. A PREFACE. The Indexes to Patents are now so numerous and costly as to render their purchase inconvenient to a large number of inventors and others, to whom they have become indis- pensable. To obviate this difficulty, short abstracts or abridgments of the Specifications of Patents under each head of inven- tion have been prepared for publication separately, and so arranged as to form at once a Chronological, Alphabetical, Subject-matter, and Eeference Index to the class to which they relate. As these publications do not supersede the necessity for consulting the Specifications, the prices at which the printed copies of the latter are sold have been added. The number of Specifications from the earliest period to the end of the year 1866 amounts to 59,222. A large proportion of the Specifications enrolled under the old law, previous to 1852, embrace several distinct inventions, and many of those filed under the new law of 1852 indicate various applications of the single invention to which the Patent is limited. Considering, therefore, the large number of inventions and applications of inventions to be sepa- rately dealt with, it cannot be doubted that several pro- perly belonging to the group which forms the subject of this volume have been overlooked. In the progress of the whole work such omissions will, from time to time, become apparent and be supplied in second or supplemental editions. a 2 ^ iv PREFACE. This volume contains Abridgments of vSpecifications to the end of the year 1866. From that date the Abridg- ments will be found in chronological order in the " Chro- nological and Descriptive Index " {see List of Works at the end of this book). It is intended, however, to publish these Abridgments in classes as soon as the Abridgments of all the Specifications from the earliest period to the end of 1866 have appeared in a classified form. Until that takes place, the reader (by the aid of the Subject-matter Index for each year) can continue his examination of the Abridgments relating to the subject of his search in the Chronological and Descriptive Index. This series includes the inventions relating to fan'ieiy, veterinary medicine, and the medical and surgical treat- ment of domesticated animals. Those connected with the manufacture or improvement of horse-shoes and horse-shoe nails form the staple of the book ; but every surgical or medical appliance intended exclusively or specially for animals has been admitted. Improvements in harness, stable fittings, or the grooming of horses, have not been included ; they will be found in the series entitled " Saddlery, Harness, •' Stable Fittings, &c." Medicated food is included ; but inventions relating to the breeding, nutrition, or care of farm animals must be looked for in a future series of Abridgments. The Abridgments marked thus (* *) in the following pages were prepared for another series or class^ and have been transferred therefrom to this volume. B. WOODCROFT. January, 1872. INDEX OF NAMES. [The names printed in Italic are those of the persons by whom the inventions have been communicated to the Applicants for Letters Patent.] Page Adams,H. W 54 Anderson, L 110 Anelli, J 49 Austen, J 76 Bacon, J. B 56 Bagshaw, J 52 Baily, J 35 Baker, W. 18 Barbezieres, S. N., De la Haye de 88 Barker, G.J 69 , T 69 Bartholomew, G 38,58, 63, 65, 72, 100 Bastien, H. E 106, 109 Batchelder, H. J 126 Batt, H 101, 104 Belford, A. E. L ....36 Bennie, J 80 Berry, M 18 Biers, J 91 Bigoy,F. 109 Binks, C 51 Black, C 27 Blackwell, S.'. 94 Bobceuf, P. A. F 117 Bonneville, H. A 106 Bousfield, G. T 44,77,83 Brainerd, J 93 Brockedon, W 31 Brooman, R. A...60, ^Q, 80, 109 Brundage, E. L 33 Burden, H 48 Burden, H 69 Burridge, W 93 Page Carr, A. T.... 84 Castets, A 35 Caunter,H 105 Charlier, P 108 Charlton, H 85 Clarendon, T 23 Clark, B 6 , W 104,108,122 Clarke, C 45 Clatworthy, J 7 , T 7 Clement, P. E 89 Coates G 4 Coats, G 46 Coggshall, H , 68 Coleman, E 4, 7, 9 Combe, J 64 Cook,B 43 Coppard, J 93, 103 Courvoisier, B 109 Cutler, E.A m Cutler, E.A 83 Damoiseau, A. A. R 81 Davies,G 82,83,96, 111 Davis, J 120 Dawes, W 70 De Gournay, J. A. S 18 De Keyser, P 54- De la Frenaye, H. C 104 De la Haye de Barbezieres, S. N. 88 Desplas, J. B. H 132 Dickinson, J. C 128 , R 11 Dorr, E. M 25 INDEX OF NAMES. Page Douglas, J. R. A 77 Dowler, G 72 Ducis,M.A 109 Dudley, T.B. W 10 Ede,E 85 Edwards, W 79 ElHson, E 120 Falatieu, J. J.... 125 Farmer, G. J 7^ Febvre, L. le 60 Fleet, T 3 Fontaine Moreau, P. A .le Comte de 47, 109 Fowler, J 105 Francis, H.. 33 Frenaye, H. C. de la 104 Gamgee, J 119 Gardner, H 40 Gedge, W. E 125, 128 Gibbs,S 66 Goldfinch, H 10 Goodenough, R. A 77 Gournay, J. A. S. de 18 Gowing, T. W 63 Green, J... 102 Haines, F 46 Hall, J 25 Harris,J 10,114 , J. P 52 , T 19,53 Haseltine, G 93 Haye de Barbezieres, S. N. de la 88 Hayes, P 95 Hayward, C. J 113 Hibbert, W 114,116 Hill, L 24 f 42 HobW,"R///........ ........ .."30 Hodges, R. E 31 Hodgson, J. T 12 Home, J 22 Hope, J. G 121 Huckvale,T.. 32 Huggett, J.„<... 117 Page Ince, T. H 110 Jaques, G 71 Jarman, J 41 Jevons, T 17 Johnson, J 66 Johnson, J. H 41, 43 Johnston, T 1 Jones, P. R 55 Keene,C 27 KendaU, J, B 86 Keyser, P. de 54 Lake,W.R 129 Lambert, W 76 Larnaudes, V 118 Law, J 126 Le Febvre, L 60 Lewis, J 8 Lewis, W. W. 64 LiUie, Sir J. S 32 Lomrier, C. A 82, 96 Lojrsel, E 39 Major, J 33,35 Mallet, J. F. 108 Manton, J 8 Marsden, R 76 Mason, B. A 78 Massiaux, J. T 79 Matson, C. E 57 Mavor, F.J 100 Maynard, E 53 Mennons, M. A. F 91 Middleton, S 98 Miller,J 25 Moffat, W 80 Moorcroft, W 3, 5 Moss, D. T ...90 Mulet, L. A 101 Napier, J 130 Neville, J 22 Newton, A. V 59,61,64, 71, 78, 105 , W. E 35, 49, 54, 56, 95, 107, 112, 130 INDEX OF NAMES. Page Norrington, F 95 Norris, J 68, 71 Norton, C 93 Nye, J 16 Owen, L. D 62 Page,T 96,99 Parkes, F .103 Parry, W 29 Payne, G 92 Peillard, C.J. B 128 Percivall, W 13 Perkins, C. H 66 Peschell, H.F.J. 104 Pidding, W 34, 40, 45, 1 02 Playfair,W 2 Polsey,A.M 129 Poole, M 30 PoweU,C 27 Price, J 79 Pringle,H 85 Purden, F 7 Putnam, S. S 90 Quinard, A 87 Radley, W 1 Reay, W. W 52 Reeve, W.G 36 Reynolds, J 68 . , O 20 Rodway, H. B 21 Rotch, B 9,14 Russell, J 79 Samty,J 113,125 Savage, G 38 Scott,U 37,55 Seeley,A 105 Short, S 48 Sibnt,P.M. Ill Silver, S.W 85 Smith,J 62 Page Snell, W 75 Sorby, J 7 Spencer, J 5 Springall, J , 18 Standen, B 86 Stocker, A 15 , A. R 81,88,99 ,A.S.. ..60, 67,74, 75, 81,88 ,W. S 15 SwindeU, C. E 79 Symmons, J Ill Taylor, J. G 37 , T. R 83 TMry,P 80 Thomas, G 63 Threlfall, J ']Q Till,T 68, 71,74 Tolhausen, F 89 Tomhnson, C. K 113 Truman, E.T 73 Turnbull,J 21 Vaux, T 20,29 Vavasor, J 1 Vazie, R 131 Verzoli, V 107 Viel,L. C Ill Wachter, L. R 91 Watney, A .... , 28 Watrin, A. A 112 Watson, T 2 Weiss, J 13 Wells, W 92, 94 Wheeler, E 97 Whittemore, A 75 Wilkinson, A. S 122 Wilkinson, W 8 Williams,F.S 97 Withers, H 78 Woodin,D 26 Woodman, W ,.12 Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2009 witii funding from Boston Library.Consortium IVIember Libraries Iittp://www.arcliive.org/details/patentsforinvent01grea IXTRODUCTION. No great antiquity can be boasted for the science of Veterinary- Medicine. Ancient nations seem to have paid little or no atten- tion to the medical treatment of their domestic animals. Valuable as the horse was, they necessarily expended great care upon the preservation of his health, but we cannot discover that they used any remedies to cure an animal once diseased. The well known work of Xenophon ('iTTTrtx^, Treatise on Horses) contains many precepts that might with advantage be studied by horse owners of our own time, but he gives no directions for the care or treat- ment of the horse during sickness. Indeed when we remember how low was the condition of medical science^ and how rude the medical treatment of men, we can hardly wonder if the vis medi- catrix naturce was generally the only healing agent for the lowei animals. Yet we have evidence that some slight attention at least was paid to the study of the diseases of animals. Hippocrates wrote a treatise on equine disorders. Columella (early part of 1st century) andVegetius (end of 4th century) both wrote on the same subject. But more ancient records relating to the matter seem entirely wanting, and even the above, as might be expected, show extreme ignorance. There was indeed one ancient people who in this as in most other sciences were far advanced before contem- porary nations. In searching into the early history of any art, we are almost certain to find very ancient record of it among the Chinese. So it was with veterinary medicine. The late Professor Sewell, in one of his addresses to the Royal Veterinary College,* said that he had been shown by Professor Huzard, in Paris, a Chinese work on the subject with coloured plates. The date of it was uncertain, but it was probably not less that 5,000 years old. During mediaeval times the art was in an equally low state, and Nov. 10, 1845. See Veterinarian Record for tliat year. b X INTRODUCTION. entirely abandoned to farriers. The practice of medicine as applied to human subjects was rough and barbarous enough, and that by which horses were treated was even more cruel. Many very barbarous operations were recommended in old French works. At length the assistance rendered by the dissection of animals to the progress of medicine in general, directed the attention of some medical men to the study of animal diseases, and of course the horse, as the most valuable, received most notice. Amongst the early veterinary enquirers of note were Ruelli, SoUeysel, and Lafosse, whose works are mentioned in the list appended to this book ; contemporary with the last-named was a Spanish author who wrote on glanders, a disease said to have been brought by Columbus from. America. In England, Snape, Gibson, and Bartlett (in or after the times of Charles II.), were the first names of note. But it was not until the middle of the eighteenth century that any great improvement was effected. France then took the lead. A farm near Lyons was converted into a school in 1761 J and Bourgelat appointed professor. Three years after this, in 1 764, a larger school was opened at Alfort, near Paris, and since then another at Toulouse. Other countries followed the example. In 1792 the London Veterinary College was established, chiefly through the exertions of the members of an agricultural society at Odiham, in Hampshire. The college was supported by the contributions of subscribers, who were allowed to have horses treated gratuitously. A French surgeon named St. Bel was appointed the first professor, but he died a year after his appoint- ment. Moorcroft and Coleman followed as joint professors, but Moorcroft resigned, and left Coleman to enjoy the post alone. This he did for 50 years, when he died, and was succeeded by Sewell. The last-named died in 1853, and Spooner was made professor. His recent death last year left the office vacant. The college was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1836. As to the history of horse-shoeing, this, as well as that of veteri- nary medicine, has already [been so thoroughly worked out that it seems hardly worth while to attempt more than the briefest resume in the present work. So numerous are the books treat- ing of the subject that even to j)rocure any list of them has proved a labour of time and trouble ; and that appended to the end of the volume has been compiled rather with the view of affording aid to those seeking information than with any ho pe obtaining a complete bibliography of Farriery. INTRODUCTION. xi Amongst the many works on the subject, the exhaustive treatise of Mr. Fleming * takes a very high place. This writer has availed himself of every possible source of information, and has, in fact, left little for. any of his successors to do. His extensive researches, both literary and antiquarian, have enabled him to take a view of the history of the art which will probably be admitted as the correct one for some time to come. From his book, consequently, most of the information in the following sketch is borrowed, and to the book itself readers must be referred for further instruction, as the latest and ablest work on the subject. Going back to the most ancient known records of civilisation, the monuments of Egypt and Assyria, we are unable to discover any indication of the use of a protection for the horse's foot. Considering the number of horses delineated in the Egyptian paintings and the Assyrian sculptures, and the minuteness of detail that especially characterises the artists of these ancient monuments, it is impossible to suppose that any horse-shoe was in use without its being represented, not only occasionally, but frequently. No such representation has yet been found, and we may consequently conclude that horse-shoes vv^ere not known to these ancient nations. Similar researches amongst Greek and Roman antiquities go to show that horse-shoes proper were unknown to the classical peoples. Horse-sandals of various sorts were used as a temporary protection for the foot, but the plan of nailing a metal plate on the hoof appears not to have been used at all. Mr. Fleming is of opinion, and the arguments he brings forward seem nearly, if not quite, conclusive, that the inventors of horse-shoes are to be looked for amongst the Teutonic or Celtic nations of the north. The Gauls shod their horses, so did the ancient Britons, so did the Scandinavians. It even has been suggested that a principal part of the Druids' office was connected %vith smiths* and farriers' work. In mediaeval times the position of the mareschal or farrier became a very important one. During the age of chivalry there was nothing degrading in noblemen shoeing their own horses, and the mareschal was held to be on a footing of equality with * Horse-slwes and Horse-slioeing ; Tlieir History, Uses, and Abuses. By George Fleming, T.R.G.S., F.A.S., &c., &c. London, 1S69. xii INTRODUCTION. the chamberlain, falconer, and other household officers of a court. Horse-shoeing was then as universal as now. Pictures of knights and cavaliers always represent the horses as shod, and allusions to the practice of shoeing frequently occur in middle-age writers. Strangely enough, very little difPerence in shape is discernible between the most ancient shoes and the most modern. Of course some very old shoes are of the roughest workmanship, but as soon as the art of working in iron was brought to a state of com- parative perfection, we see shoes exactly resembling those in pre- sent use. Numerous as have been the inventions for improved shoes, none of them have been found sufficiently successful to obtain general favour. Over and over again the same inventions have been brought out, tried, and cast aside, to reappear as new a few years later on, and we still use much the same shoes as those with which William the Conqueror's horses were shod at Hastings. Numerous new plans h5,vealso been tried for attaching the shoe to the hoof, many of which \vill be found in the succeeding Abridg- ments. Still none of them have ever been widely adopted. Nor is it at all certain that shoes can be made by machinery. 'No opinion can be expressed here upon the comparative merits of hand or machine-made shoes, but it may be mentioned that the best judges are yet at variance upon the question, the majority holding the opinion that no good and sound shoe has ever yet been made by a machine. PIREIEEY; INCLUDB^G THE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS. A.D. 1/19, September 7.— N^ -424. VAVASOR, James. — "A new method of ticketting, marking, " or staining of horses, as will secure them for the future from '* being stolne." [No Specification enrolled. Letters Patent printed, price M.] A.D. 1769, November 16.— N° 941. (* ^:=) RADLEY, William. — " An entirely new sort of purging and " diuretic balls for the cure of several diseases incident to horses." The substances used in the preparation of the medicine are juniper berries, tincture of aloes, salt of tartar, carraway seeds, jalap, parsley seeds, amber, nitre, ginger, hartshorn thoroughly calcined, and Venice turpentine, the whole by a chemical process being made into balls. [Printed, 4(7. 'No Drawings.] A.D. 1774, January 18.— N« 1060. JOHNSTON, Thomas. — "A durable preparation for staining " horses and other animals, by means whereof horses of the most " difTerent colours may be made to match exactly ; the cattle to " which it is applied will be thereby secured from the trouble- " some attacks of flies and other insects, and may be privately " marked in such a manner as no thief can efface without " disfiguring the horse or other animal marked with it." This durable preparation for marking animals " consists of " double and single aqusefortis, gold sollution, ditto silver, ditto 2 FARRIERY. " copper; the above ingredients are not compound, but to be " applyed in the follo\ving manner : — A brush made of camil's " hair or cane to be first dipped in the aquaefortis, and stained " on the beast or animal, and the gold or silver, or c opper sol- " lution afterward stained on, to form a shade to the li king of " the stainer, either black, brown, purple, or chesnut, or other " colour he thinks proper." [Printed, 4d. No Dramngs.l A.D. 1783, May 24.— N° 1373. PLAYFAIR, William. — "Making bars for sash windows of " copper, iron, or any mixed metal containing copper ; also metal " ornaments & mouldings for grates & fenders, & ornamented " metal borders for tea waiters, trays, and bottle stands ; likewise ^' horse-shoes and curtain rods of iron, which will be of great " public utility." The horse-shoes are made in the following manner:— A bar of iron of suitable size is passed through rollers, one of which is grooved so as to form the channel or channels of the horse-shoe, wherein the heads of the nails are lodged. This bar is then bent round a fixed body on a plate made of cast iron, so shaped as to give the form of a horse-shoe to the bar of iron bent round it. One end of the bar is held close to the side of the fixed body by a pair of tongs, or by a fixed point, fulcrum, or other contrivance. The other end is also grasped by a pair of tongs and bent round by hand or other power, or the bar may be bent round the fixed body by some body made to move along the bar with sufficient force to press it close to the fixed body. [Printed, 8d Drawing. See Eepertory of Arts, vol. 8, p. 158.] A.D. 1783, September 12.— N« 1387. (* *) WATSON, Thomas. — "A purging paste for horses and dogs, " being a primary medicine for all djseases incident to each and " calculated for all ages and sizes of both the animals. The root of jalap cut thin and pearl ashes are infused in water and allowed to stand a considerable time. The mixture is afterwards slowly boiled for many hours, until it is very greatly reduced in quantity. After being strained, salt of tartar, castor oil, and Barbadoes aloes are added to it, and it is again boiled until it FARRIERY. 3 acquires the consistency proper to be made into a paste. The proportions of the ingredients used are given. [Printed, 4>d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1794, October 1.— N° 2014. (* *) FLEET, Thomas. — '' Medicine for preventing the rot in sheep, " and check the further progress of the said disease in those " sheep already infected with it, in such a degree as to render " them capable of being fatted on the herbage of the same land " which produced or occasioned such disease." The ingredients which enter into the preparation of the medicine are turpentine, armenian bole, turmeric, quicksilver, brimstone, salt, opium, alkanet root, bark, antimony, camphor, and distilled water. [Printed 4d. No Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol, 2, p. 305 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 6tli Report, p. 189.] A.D. 1796, April 16.— N« 2104. MOORCROFT, William. — " An improved and expedititious " method of making and manufacturing horse-shoes, and other " articles formed of metals." The bars of iron or steel, from which the shoes are to be made, are heated red hot, as in the process of rolling iron, and then are run between a pair of grooved rolls turned by a horse mill. " The " grooves in these rolls are various, according to the surfaces of " the shoes intended to be made, and form the groove and im- " pression for the heads of the nails, and regulate the thickness " of the shoes, or simply regulate the thickness without making " the groove or impressions for the nails." After being rolled, the bars are cut into suitable lengths, and these are then bent into the proper shape by hammer and anvil. When the shoes have been turned, they are again made red hot and struck between dies fixed in a fly press, such as is used in coining money. " ITiese *' dies are engraved and fonned in such a manner as to confirm " to the shoe the proper thicknesses in the usual parts, to form " the groove and impressions for the nails when not given by " roUing," or the groove only. The rolls and dies are cut with projecting parts adapted to give impressions for the nails or groove, or they may be struck plain. The dies for these shoes are formed to correspond with those parts of a horse's foot to which shoes are usually fixed; and the shoes struck by them are more perfect in their shape, afford a better and truer support to A 2 4 FARRIERY. the foot, and prevent many diseases produced by the manner of forming horse-shoes now in use. [Printed, 4d, No Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 6, p. 157.] A.D. 1797, January 31.— N« 2161. (* *) COATES, George.— This invention relates to machinery for making horse-shoes, nails, brads, and other articles of iron and other metal. The metal pieces used for forming horse shoes are first cut into suitable lengths ; they are then (in a heated state) placed separately across the head of a mould or series of moulds, which severally in form represent the inside of a horse shoe. By the action of the machine the moulds are advanced between two rollers, while two thin small rollers on vertical centres operate laterally upon the metal ; these rollers are separately mounted on converging slides, and as the moulds advance, they close upon the sides and press the metal to the form of the mould, the heel of the shoe being turned up by a part of the apparatus. The shoe is then placed on another mould, which, when passed through the machine, produces the fullering or grooving, and also the holes for the nails. The machine, by a variety of shearing and other suitable apparatus and appliances fully described, is rendered capable of producing cut brads, tacks, ruffs for use in boat building, thimbles for ropes, staples, and other similar articles. [Printed, 8cl. Drawing.] A.D. 1800, February 1.— N° 2370. COLEMAN, Edward. — " An artificial frog, which being applied " to the natural frog of horses' feet, will effectually prevent " contracted hoofs, thrushes, and canker." These diseases arise from the want of due pressure to the frog, and as the frogs of horses, from ordinary shoeing, are generally raised much above the heels of the shoe, so as to receive no pres- sure in the stable, this artificial fi'og is adapted to the hoofs of all horses, to cover and give any degree of pressure to the natural frog. It may be m.ade of iron, horn, wood, or leather, iron being preferred. To fix and remove the artificial frog, and prevent its moving forward, the toe of the iron frog extends under the toe of the shoe, and to prevent backward or lateral motion a steel spring FARRIERY. h is fitted into an irregular groove, and fixed under the heels of the shoe. To fix it more firmly a strap is passed through a hole in the heels of the frog and buckled round the hoof. " Its chief " use is where the frog is raised above the shoe, when the heat " of the stable operates powerfully to induce contraction, that '•' standing on the artificial frog is more wanted to give such a '•' degree of pressure so as to preserve the natural frog in health " and consequently free from contraction, thrushes, and cancer." [Printed, 4rf. No Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 12, p. 383 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 6tli Report, p. 196.] A.D. 1800, May ^.— N« 2398. MOORCROFT, William.— "A new, improved, and still more " expeditious mode, by the application of machinery to my " former mode, of making and working horse-shoes." Shears for cutting iron into bars of suitable length are worked by snail wheels. A punching frame is formed by a number of levers each carrying a punch. After the bar has been stamped and grooved as required, it is placed in the bending frame. A stop, the shape of the inside of a shoe, projects from a frame, and the bar after being heated is pressed against this by rollers. The punching frame only partially pierces the shoe, the holes being afterwards completed by a single punch. The shoe is finished by being stamped between dies in an engine. The lower die is smeared with soap and water, and the effect of this is '•' the blow- '■' ing up the shoe to a short height by their elastic expansion the " moment after the stroke." Thus the shoe is more easily detached. [Printed, l.s. Drawing.] A.D. 1801, June 20.— N« 251/. (* *) SPENCER, John. — This invention relates to the manufacture of horse-shoe nails, which by suitable dies are stamped from plates having transverse ridges, raised during the rolling process at regular intervals on one surface, corresponding to longitudinal grooves sunk along the surface of one of the rollers of the rolling machine. Intermediately between the ridges, the plates thus produced are afterwards transversely cut into short lengths, each corresponding to the length of two nails, the ridge being left equidistant from each side. The punches or dies employed in the punching press cut two nails at a time, an enlargement at the 6 FARRIERY. mid-length of the die, (which tapers towards each end to form the points of the nails,) falling directly across the ridge. The piece cut represents two nails joined head to head; these are afterwards separated by apparatus suitable for the purpose. Instead of employing punches to produce two nails at a time single punches producing one nail may be used, and rollers may be employed for "the purpose of making impressions on iron or " other metal." [Printed, Qd. Drawing. See Repertory of Ai-ts, vol. 15, p. 316 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 6th Report, p. 200.] A.D. 1806, March 25.— N° 2923. CLARK. Bracy. — " Certain improvements upon horse-shoes." The improved shoe is made in two distinct parts, which may be easily separated ; namely, a shoe of elastic steel nicely fitted to the figure and turnings of the foot, with side and front clasps, or bands, by which it is held firmly to the foot. To this another shoe, called the " wearing shoe," is attached, which can be sepa- rated from it at pleasure. The " wearing shoe " or " under shoe " which comes in contact with the ground, is made of iron or steel in the ordinary form of the horse shoe ; and as it is fastened by screws, it may be renewed at pleasure. The "fitted shoe "may be made of steel preferably, iron case hardened, silver made elastic, or plated steel or iron. This shoe is held to the hoof by stays or cliffs, extending round the foot, which prevent it from slipping laterally, or in front made with a " slit or groove." These clips are part of the shoe itself, or are fastened to it. They do not prevent the foot slipping out backwards, and " as the heels " are elastic, tender, and sensible, no apparatus of the above kind " can be used to prevent " the shpping in this direction ; but it may be prevented " by a bolt or bolts, or pin or screw passing " through or near the front or side clips into the hoof, and which " are moveable with the growth of the hoof, descending along " with it," or by points passing through the under side of the shoe into the hoof; or bands of steel or other metal may be constructed to carry these points, bolts, screws, plates, or hooks. Holes are made in the hoof for the reception of the bolts or points. A screw or toothed rack carries and regulates the raising or lowering of the points. The clips may also be placed on a single shoe and fastened to the hoof by numerous teeth. [Printed, 4c?. No Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 9 {second series)' p. 161.] FARRIERY. 7 A.D. 1808, April 30.— N° 3128. COLEMAN, Edward. — " Certain improvements in the con- '■' struction and application of a horse-shoe, which will com- " pletely prevent several diseases to which the feet of horses are " subject, more especially that very general disease called con- " traction of the hoof ; and is also particularly adapted for flat " or convex feet, for horses of the cavalry, and for hunting, and " for all other purposes where the loss of a shoe is productive of " great inconvenience." The inner and posterior part of both heels of the shoe are turned up so as to touch the inner and posterior part of both bars, by which means the heels of the hoof cannot contract, or the shoe have any lateral motion. The turn up should be suffi- ciently long to embrace the heel of the bar, and not touch the bottom of the cavity between the bar and frog ; a bar shoe may have a similar projection, to press against the heels of the bars. [Printed, 4id. No Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 13 (second series), p. 304.] A.D. 1809, March 1.— N° 3213. CLATWORTHY, Thomas, and CLATWORTHY, John.— " Shears on an improved construction for shearing sheep, appli- " cable to other purposes." The peculiarity of the shears described is that they are made with an inward bend in the bow, so that the bow is double. The manner in which the bow is bent during manufacture is described. [Printed, M. Drawing, See Repertory of Arts, vol. 15 [second series), ip. 16 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 7tli Report, p. 203.1 A.D. 1811, December 19.— N° 3513. SORBY, John, the younger. — "A method of making sheep or " wool shears, glovers' shears, and horse shears, upon a new and " improved construction." The novelty consists in attaching an additional small spring inside the bow of the shears. The spring may be of various forms. [Printed, 6d. Drawing.] A.D. 1812, February 27.— N° 3542. (* *) PURDEN, Francis. — " An improved horse boot, for the pre- '" servation of sound, and the restoration of contracted hoofs." 8 FARRIERY. To keep the hoofs of horses moist when standing in stables on .dry litter, the patentee has invented a boot composed of tv/o pieces of leather sewed together, one piece forming- the sole. The other piece is vandyked at top to aUow of its being drawn tight to the hoof by means of a strap and buckle. Both pieces are lined with sponge. , [Printed, Gd. Drawing. See Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 91.] A.D. 1812, October 31.— N° 3605. LEWIS, John. — " Certain improvements on horse-shoes, and in " shoeing horses." " My method," says the patentee, " of making horse-shoes " " is to make holes or notches in the external or convex edge of " the shoe, or near enough to the edge to admit of nails being *' driven into the hoof properly ; and also to admit of the heads *•' of the nails or other fastenings being moved or driven out- " wards in the direction of the radius of the shoes' curvature '* ^vithout extracting the nails." [Printed, id. No Drawings. See Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 94.] A.D. 1813, January 5.-N° 3634. "WILKINSON, William. — "A method of making horse shears, '' wool shears, and glovers' shears." The '•' invention consists in affixing a steel spring within or ** upon the shank or handle of the shears, or upon the blade " or stop of the blade, all l)eing below the bow." The spring may be of any form, and attached in any manner. [Printed, 6d. Drawing. See Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 98.] A.D. 1816, February 29.— N» 3985. MANTON, Joseph. — " Improvements in the construction and " use of certain of the parts of fire-arms, and also in the shoeing " of horses." The improvement in the shoeing of horses relate to an instru- ment for boring holes in the hoof to receive the nails, pins, or screws. The instrument consists of a flat iron plate with a tube attached to it perpendicularly. The bit of the boring implement passes through the tube and plate, which guide it in a direction jjerpen- dicular to the flat surface of the shoe or hoof. [Printed, Srf. Dramng. See Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 113.] FARRIERY. 9 A.D. 1816, May 11.— N° 4025. ROTCH, Benjamin. — "A flexible elastic horse-shoe." This shoe accommodates itself to the motion occasioned by the natural elasticity of different parts of the foot, allowing the natural expansion of the heel, and protecting the foot from injury on the road. The flexible horse-shoe consists of two or more pieces of u-on, steel, or other metal, attached by the nails which fasten the shoe to the foot, or by rivets, or by both ; or " fastened or applied to '' one or more pieces of leather, hat, indian rubber, or any other " flexible substance," which on applying the shoe to the foot is interposed between the horn and the iron. "The most simple " method of making the flexible horse-shoe is b}'^ cutting a piece of '• stout sole leather, which may be formed like a common horse- " shoe, to the size of the horse's foot," "the web being something " wider than usual ; then forge an iron shoe in the ordhiary way, '• and divide it into three parts, by cutting it across at those parts " of the quarters to v/here the points of the coffin bone would ex- " tend, and rivet the three pieces" on the piece of leather; " the " shoe thus made is applied with nails in the usual manner. The " flexible horse-shoe is sometimes made by rivetting several studs '• of iron on to a piece of leather such as before described." [Printed, 4>(l. No Drawings. See Repertory of xVrts, vol. 30 {second series), p. 78 ; Engineers' and Mechanics' Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, p. 710 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 112.] A.D. 1820, April 15.— N° 444G. COLEMAN, Edward. — "A new and improved form of con- " struction of shoes for horses." " From the pressure of ordinary shoes on the lower edge of the " quarters and heels of the crust in horses of light weight and " low action the expansion and elasticity of these parts are in a " great degree prevented, and concussion, inflammation, and lame- " ness often ensue." To prevent the wear of the horn beyond its growth, and give pressure to the frog, a longitudinal bar of iron or "frog bar" is permanently fixed by welding, screwing, or riveting, to the centre of a short shoe, and extends as far back- wards as the ends of the heels of the frog. The frog bar may be added to along shoe, but a short shoe is preferable. "A shoe " made on this principle will not only give pressure to the frog. j^ FARRIERY. - but very generally prevent contracted hoofs, corns, flat feet sand ^^ cracks/thrushes, cankers, and guittors " and other adments Printed, 6.Z. Drawing. See Repertory of Arts. vol. 40 isecondsenes),v.1^; London Journal {Newton's), vol. 1, p. 344.] A.D. 1821, April 5.— N° 4648. GOLDFINCH, Henry. -« Improvement in the formation of " TheTe't'rTe'Ihoes are of iron, and are divided into two separate parts, which are attached' to the horse's foot by n ads of a suitable form so that the division of the separate parts shall be at or n ar the toe. This division of the shoe is to give freedom to the ex- pansion and spreading of the toe, and other parts of the horse s hoof, and "facihtate the natural action, extension, and growth of f( the sole " i The nailing in all cases must be done on the " foreign or French « plan." Instead of the nail holes, as in the English custom, being as close to the outer edge of the shoe as possible, and the nails driven directly up into the hoof, " the nail holes, whether fuUered - or counter-sunk " are made at the distance of from one-third to one-half of the width of the shoe from its outer edge and are to be punctured and made slanting towards the exterior of the shoe, and the nails are to be driven slanting towards the outside of the foot. If nails alone are not sufficient to keep the shoe to the foot, the outer edge may be beaten up to embrace the hoof, and form what are called «chps" at certain places. The bisected shoe may be further secured to the foot by a pin or pins of iron about half an inch long, fixed at the division into one half of the shoe, and fitted into a hole or holes drilled in the other half, but not so tightly as to prevent expansion. „ « • j x /i » The division may be " straight," "obhque," " indented, « overlapped," or of any form that different cases may require. [Printed, 6d. Drawing. See London Joui-nal {Newton's), vol. 2, p. 428.;i A.D. 1822, January 9.— N'' 4635. HARRIS, James.-'^ Improvement in the manufacture of shoes " for horses and other cattle." [No Specification enrolled.] A.D. 1822, December 16.— N° 4735. DUDLEY, Thomas Barnard Williamson.-'^ A method of « making or manufacturing malleable cast metal shoes for draft " and riding horses, and other animals." FARRIERY. 11 The first part of this invention relates to the manufacture of shoes for draft and riding horses. They are cast of the best char- coal pig iron, and are afterwards decarbonized and toughened by exposure (for from 24 hours to three weeks, according to the thickness of the shoe) to a high red heat in closed vessels in contact \vith substances having affinity for carbon, such as iron fihngs, the black oxide of iron, the scales from a smith's forge, the red haematite or ore of iron, and other similar substances. The second part of this invention relates to an improvement in the "concave shoes recommended by Mr. Joseph Goodwin to " His Majesty, in his treatise on shoeing horses." A raised border or cord or ledge runs along the inside "rim or " rib" of the shoe, which not only strengthens the inner "rim " or web," but prevents flints, gravel, and stones which may come in contact with the shoe from being forced upon the sole of the foot. The border or ledge has a "rounded or convex "' shape, but any suitable shape may be employed. It is applicable to any shoe having " a concave under surface." [Printed, Qd. Drawing. See Eeg;ister of Arts and Sciences, vol. 1, p. 152 ; London Journal {Neivto7i's),vol.7,'p.70 ; Engineers' and Mechanics' En- cyclopaedia, vol. 1, p. 710.] A.D. 1823, August 5.— N° 4827. DICKINSON, Robert. — " An improvement in addition to the " shoeing or stoping and treatment of horses' feet." This invention consists in the application to the shoe of a " rester," which prevents the whole weight being thrown upon the edge of the hoof. The rester consists of a pad of stiff material, felt or the like, of the shape of the interior of the shoe, and formed to fit the frog. To the upper side of the rester are attached pieces of sponge, to keep the foot moist. The pad may be placed within the shoe, or if needful riveted to it by small iron plates. The same means may be attained by means of an artificial iron frog supported by a spring. A special varnish for use with this pad is described ; also a special paint. The varnish alluded to is composed of 5 ounces of shellac, 1 ounce of turpentine, 32 ounces of alcohol, and the paint preferred is Ribblesdale's rock cement, when mixed with common paint. [Printed, Sd. Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 1 (third series), p. 35 ; London Journal (Newton's), vol. 8, p. 128; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 81 and 118 ; Engineers' and Mechanics' Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, p. 709.] 12 FARRIERY. A.D. 1823, September 11.— N« 4841. WOODMAN, William. — " An improved horse's shoe, which I " denominate the bevelled heel expanding shoe." This invention is intended to obviate lameness in horses, caused by the heels and frogs becoming narrow and contracted, from the pressure of the heel part of the shoe upoii the heel of the hoof, beyond that part usually denominated the bars. The heel of the improved shoe is inclined or bevelled off upon the upper surface, both in a lateral and posterior direction in such a manner that when the shoe is applied to the horse's foot, its pressure will be anterior to the bars, in some cases to the extent of i of an inch. The surfaces of the bevels on the opposite sides of the shoe are not in one plane, but are inclined to each other in a lateral du'ec- tion outwards, so that the weight of the horse tends to open the heels. In this mode of shoeing the hoof will sometimes, between the periods of shoeing, grow down so as to touch the bevelled part of the shoe, but the pressure will not be sufficient to produce mischief. [Printed, Gd. Drawing. See London Jonrnal {Neivton's), vol. 8, p. 18.] A.D. 1824, October 7.— N° 5014. HODGSON, John Thomas. — "Certain improvements in the " construction and manufacture of shoes, or substitutes for shoes " for horses and other cattle, and method of applying the same to " the feet." These improvements consist in making the shoes of a greater or lesser thickness according to the substance of hoof removed from the under surface of the hoofs of horses and " other " cattle." " Hoofs fitted with these improved substitutes for the " ordinary shoes, will preserve the relative position of the foot *' with the leg of the animal, and thereby prevent any alteration " in the form of the hoof taking place, and the consequent lame- " ness of the foot and leg arising therefrom. It is recommended " that the shoes, or substitutes for shoes, be made of an oval " form, but broadest in front to conform with the bulges." In- stead of the shoe being curved or turned upwards at the heels, it should be turned downwards and outwards. The undermost sur- faces of the shoes should be studded all over "with teeth or " roughnesses like a rasp " to prevent the horse slipping, and they should be made concave that the roughnesses may not project beneath the outer border of the shoe. FARRIERY. 13 Exact proportions as to the amount of hoof to be pared away, and the corresponding thickness of the shoe, are given. [Printed, 6d. Drawing. See London Journal {Newton's), vol. 11, p, 27.] A.D. 1828, January 19.— N° 5610. PERCIVALL, William. — " Improvements in the construction " and application of shoes without nails to the feet of horses, and " certain other animals." The invention consists in the addition of such loops and eyes to the ordinary frog bar shoe, as will enable it to be bound to the foot. This shoe when so applied is called a " horse sandal," In front of the shoe is a " toe clasp," which turns up on a hinge to the front of the foot. From this straps pass to the back of the hoof, when they are fastened to rings on the heel clips. Through the same ring passes a strap which goes behind over the navicular bone, through this ring on each side, and is then continued to the front and buckled over the coronet bone. The claims are, 1. The addition of a double loop on the toe clasp, by which the straps are attached. 2. The method above described of fastening the shoe. [Printed, 10(7. Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 8 {third series) , p. 230 ; London Journal {Neivton's), vol. 5 {second series), p. 78; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 2 {new series), p. 259; Engineers' and Mechanics' Ency- clopaedia, vol. 1, p. 7U9.] A.D. 1828, January 26.— N° 5612. (* *) WEISS, John. — "Certain improvement on instruments for " bleeding horses and other animals." These are in the construc- tion of spring fleams, first making them in such a manner " that " the fleam is not part of nor of one piece with the spring," but " that the spring, or the hammer acted upon by the spring, may " strike the fleam." Second, " introducing a spring or springs to " throw by reaction the fleam from the incision." This is done by cutting away a portion of the under surface of the main spring to admit the fleam to be thrown from the wound, by the reaction of a small spring coming in front of the fleam, fastened from and reaching to a little above its fulcrum. Third, " introducing a " spring or springs to hold the fleam when it has been thrown " back by such reaction." This is done by a small spring attached to the back and near to the bottom of the main spring or hammer. Fourth, " giving a semicircular or any other portion of a circular " movement," to a fleam. On a plate are fastened a fleam and a bent lever, both moving in their own centres, and working into 14 FARRIERY. each other with teeth ; a spring fits into the bent lever. When it is necessary to operate, the bent lever is brought round and secured by a catch. A lever on the catch is now depressed, and releases the bent lever from it, when the spring, acting upon the bent lever, " causes the lancet or fleam to make a semi-revolution ■' and make the required incision." [Printed, Is. Drawiug. See Loudon Journal {Newton's), vol. 7 {second series), p. 21.] A.D. 1830, March 20.— N« 5922. (* *) ROTCH, Benjamin. — "Improved guards or protection for " horses* legs and feet under certain circumstances." The " guards or protections " referred to, consist of " shoes," " boots," "knee caps," and "rings," made of caoutchouc or india-rubber, to be applied to horses. The patentee's mode of producing the required article is as follows : — " I procure bottles " of indian rubber, as usually sold in the trade, taking care to " choose the largest that can be procured of an even thickness, " and having steeped them in hot water just under the boiling " point for about five or ten minutes (and cut the necks and " bottoms off, if desired) I stretch them on moulds (made of " wood in preference) to the shape I require for the purposes ** aforesaid, and then let them cool, when they will preserve the " shape required." Rings cut out of a caoutchouc bottle may be " applied to the leg above and below the hock to keep on a " poultice; and these rings maybe applied as bandages to protect " wounds in various ways." Such articles so made may, from their elasticity, be drawn over the foot and leg, or they may be strapped or buckled on. By Disclaimer dated A.D. 1835, November 10th, the patentee disclaims that part of the title to the above invention included by the words " and feet," and disclaims that part of his invention relating to the apphcation " of caoutchouc to the protection of " horses' feet," on the ground of " practical difficulties ;" as also that part of the Specification referring to the application of caout- chouc elastic rings " for keeping other bandages over wounds on " horses' legs," the same having been previously apphed by sur- geons and others to the human frame. [Printed, 6d. Dramng. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 11 {third series), p. 205 ; London Journal {Netvton's), vol. 7 {second series),-^. 325 ; and vol. 21 {con- joined series), p. 474. For Disclaimer, see Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 15, p. 246; Register of Art and Sciences, vol. 6 {new series), p. 39; Engineers' and Mechanics' Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, p. 710.] FARRIERY. 15 A.D. 1832, October 22.— N° 6323. STOCKER, Alexander, and STOCKER, William South- wood. — " Improvements in machinery for manufacturing iron " and other metal tips for the heels and toes of shoes, chain " links, and other articles." The principal feature of novelty in this invention consists in the arrangement of parts of a machine by which a piece of metal may be bent to a horse-shoe shape. This is effected hj fastening the bar of metal with one end in contact with a mould ; a roller is then driven round the mould so as to cause the bar to take the shape of the mould. Motion is given to this roller by means of a horizontal disc, in the centre of which the mould is fixed, and about which it revolves. By means of a lever the mould and the bent bar can be raised so that the latter can be removed from the machine. By a Disclaimer, dated August 16, 1836, Richard Southall, to whom the patentees had assigned their rights, disclaimed " all the " parts separately of which the said machine is composed," and claimed merely their combination and application. [Printed, 8fZ. Drawing. See Uepertory of Arts, vol. 15 (third series), p. 327; and vol. 2 (neto series), p. 74; London Journal (Neivton's),vo\.'7 {con- joined series), p. 163; and vol. 21 {conjoined series), i).4>78 for Disclaimer.] A.D. 1835, April 14.— N" 6816. STOCKER, Alexander. — "" Improvements in machinery for " manufacturing horse-shoes and certain other articles." The invention consists : — "First, in improvements in preparing the iron for making '' horse-shoes, and also for making shoes for mules and asses by " means of rollers." " Secondly, in improvements in machinery for bending prepared " iron into shoes." Rollers are made with projections that will stamp grooves of the same length as the grooves in a horse-shoe, longitudinally at proper intervals in a bar of iron, the bar to be afterwards cut into suitable lengths, each length containing two grooves. These rollers are formed with hollows, into which moulds proper for forming the grooves are fixed. If necessary the bar may have " a bevelled edge" stamped upon it, on the side which will eventually lie against the foot. 16 FARRIERY. The machine for bending the shoe is as follows : — A mould or die, of the shape of the interior of the shoe, rises from a table. In front of it, and touching it, is laid the bar to be formed into a shoe. On either side " compressing instruments " advance horizontally against the bar, press it against the mould, and bent it round to the required shape. The compressing instruments move at such an angle to the bar as it is originally placed, that they approach one another, and thus form the narrower heel part of the shoe. Holes are afterwards punched in the shoe, and it is complete. [Printed, 2s. 6cZ. Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 5 {neio series), p. 157 ; London Journal (Newton's), vol. 9 {conjoined series), p. 96 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 7tli Report, p. 163.] A.D. 1835, June 2.— N° 6843. (* *) NYE, Joseph. — " Improvements in pumps and instruments or " apparatus for conveying fluids into and withdrawing them from *' cavities of human and other animal bodies, part of which im- " provements are also applicable to other pumps." These are, first, combining the reservoir in which the fluid to be injected is placed, " with a pump or syringe, when such reservoir is so con- " structed as to form the seat or part of the seat of the person " using the instrument." The pump is capable of being folded down " on the reservoir, or of standing in any direction to suit ** the person using the instrument." Second, "the application of a peculiar joint to be used for " connecting various parts of syringes, and the tubes for conveying " fluids into the cavities of human and other animal bodies, in *' order to obtain a water-tight joint." The ends of two tubes are brought together, one tube having a flange in which a recess is formed to receive a flange on the other tube ; a circular plate with a recess in it goes over the flanges and is secured by screws to the tubes with the recess in the flange. Or the tubes may be screwed together by forming one with a male and the other with a female screw, or they may be permanently fixed by soldering, although this is not desirable. Third, constructing that portion of syringes which contains the valves, and generally consists " of several pieces of castings or tube " brazed or soldered together," of "one piece of metal, having " suitable openings or ways made therein," by being drilled out in the lathe. FARRIERY. 17 Fourth, " certain arrangements of valves for obtaining a double " action to pumps or syringes having but one barrel." Two tubes are affixed to a plate soldered to the bottom of the barrel of the syringe ; these tubes again are screwed into screws cut in the valve part. The upper part of these tubes " open into each other, and " the eduction pipe is affixed to the upper part of either of them," while from the other an induction pipe is led into the barrel of the syringe or cylinder. In the two tubes above mentioned, valves with their seats are screwed above the openings of the eduction and induction pipes, and also valves and their seats are screwed below the openings of these pipes into the two tubes. Fifth, " producing a flexible metal tube for a stomach pump, " by means of ball and socket joints." Sixth, " consists in the application of an air vessel to the end " of a garden engine or syringe." By a disclaimer and memorandum of alteration enrolled August 30, 1837, the improvement claimed under the second head is strictly confined '"' to the application of such joints to " those syringes or small pumps only, the piston rods of which " are acted on directly by the hand employed for administering " clisters, and also such as are used for horticultural or garden " purposes, and are held in the hand when used, such two classes *' of pumps having induction and eduction ways separate from " each other." [Printed, Is. Drawing. See London Journal {Xewton's), vol. 21 [conjoined series), p. 475 for Disclaimer ; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 24, p. 347.] A.D. 1835, October 8.— N° 6903. JEVONS, Thomas. — {A communication.) — " Certain improved *' machinery to be used in manufacturing bar or wi'ought iron " into shoes for horses, and also into shapes for other purposes." The improved machinery consists of three machines for eflPecting in succession the "operations of cutting, stamping, and forming the shoe from a bar of red hot iron. The first machine receives the bar of red hot iron, previously rolled to the required thickness, "and after cutting off the proper " length to constitute one shoe, spreads the middle of the piece " between a pair of rolling segmental swages, and then let it " fall upon an inclined plain which conducts it towards the " second machine." In the second machine the grooves and F. B -1- 18 FARRIERY. recesses for the nail holes are indented in the face of the straight piece by a pair of rolling segment dies. In the third machine the iron is bent between a pair of excentric cam rollers into the proper curved shape. [Printed, Is. Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 6 {new series), p. 67 ; London Journal {Neivton's), vol. 8 {conjoined series), p. 415 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 7tli Report, p. 166.] A.D. 1837, January 31.— N« 7293. SPRINGALL, John. — " Improved shoes for horses and other " animals." By means of top and bottom dies a blank is pressed into the form of a shoe, with a " concave arc" on the lower side. This hollow is afterwards to be filled up with " iron, steel, lead, " or leather." Shoes thus made are said to stand wear better than those entirely of steel. [Printed, lOd. Drawing. Repertory of Arts, vol. 8 {new series), p. 292,] A.D. 1837, April 27.— N° 7354. BERRY, Miles.— (^ communication.) — " Certain improvements " in machinery or apparatus for making or manufacturing horse- " shoes." [No Specification enrolled.] A.D. 1837, July 19.— N° 7403. BAKER, Whitmore. — " An instrument or truss applicable to " the nicking of horses' tails." The invention consists of an instrument or truss to support the tail, which is attached to the horse so that he can be turned loose. The truss consists of a plate of iron which fits over the sacrum, and is lined with sponge or leather. It is held in place by a crupper, a strap passing from the tail round the chest, a girth, and a neck strap. [Printed, 8d. Drawing. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 9 {new series), p. 275.] A.D. 1840, January 22.— N° 8358. DE GOURNAY, Jules Alphonse Simon. — " Improvements " in the manufacture of horseshoes." " This new invention of a horseshoe, which may be made of " any kind of metal, either simple or compound, forged or cast, " the bridle or band of which may also be of leather, metal, or FARRIERY. 19 " any other material, simple or compound, consists of an ordinary " horseshoe of three specific parts only : first, the shoe properly " called the bridle or band, and a small point, stop, or catch, " called in French, talus, which enters the wall of the hoof. This " shoe is an ordinary shoe furnished with one or two clips or " crotchets," " drawn out from the mass or soldered, and situated '' on the fore part or toe at the extreme border of the shoe. The " shoe may have one or two roughs or teeth " «in the interior." Two " ears or stays " " drawn out from the solid or soldered " are shown. " The branches of the shoe are pierced for the talus," '' which are rivetted in, placed in an inclined direction, of a form " somewhat triangular, and may be in number from two to eight. " These talus enter the wall of the hoof in a small notch," " which " is cut for the purpose. The ears or stays serve to receive the " extremities of the band or bridle." "This band or smaU fillet *' may be made, as before described, of difPerent material, but is " mostly of iron. It has the form of a circular arch, and repre- " sents on the hoof a sort of a V. It is made in such a manner " that the ends are turned over and rivetted, forming a sort of " loop," '' at the end in which is placed the ears or stays ; it then *' passes over the crotchet or cHp, of which the extremity is " curved, and rivetted." " For winter the shoes are pierced " for screws, which are " placed and displaced at pleasure, and made of iron or steel. " Cogs may also be placed and removed in the same manner." " In case of disease or defect, the crotchet or clip has a hinge " which communicates with the band by means of screws" " which work upwards. This mode prevents the necessity of " using the hammer on the hoof, and facilitates the stepping of " the horse. It preserves the hoof in a state of cleanliness, which " is very desirable during dressing. This last system may be " applied equally to young horses and racehorses, which are " frequently shod and unshod." [Printed, 10(Z. Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 14 {new series), p. 154 • ±-ondon Journal {Newton's), vol. 22 {conjoined series), p. 95 ; Inventors' A.civoc3;tGj vol. 3j p» 67. J A.D. 1841, January 11.— N« 8782. HARRIS, Thomas.— An improved "jointed horse-shoe, made in " five pieces, so arranged that expansion may be allowed in the " heels without throwing all the motion to the toe where in nature B 2 20 FARRIERY. " there is no action at all, and as is the case in the ordinary " jointed shoe made of three pieces." The " five pieces consist of a toe-piece, one ofiP-side piece, one " near-side piece, and two rivets." The latter serve to unite the side pieces of the shoe to the ends of the toe-piece ; and the joints are so formed as to hmit the motion of the side pieces, but at the same time to allow the necessary expansion at the heel, when the foot comes to the ground. [Printed, 6d. Drawing. See London Journal {Netvton's), vol. 22, (conjoined series), p. 96 ; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 34, p. 448 ; Inventors' Advocate, vol. 4, p. 390.] A.D. 1841, January 19.— N° 8798. VAUX, Thomas. — " Improvements in horseshoes." This " invention relates to a mode of constructing horse shoes, " with moveable caukings or projections," in order that the shoes may be " roughed " and " unroughed " with facility when required, and without taking off the shoes. A dovetail groove in front of the shoe receives a caulk or projection which is firmly retained by a screw. At the hinder parts of the shoe also are dovetail grooves which receive projections. These are secured by pins or screws driven into holes formed at the back of the shoe, and bent over. Two projections may be used in front, and secured in the same manner. Another manner of fastening the front projection is described. The shoes are made by casting in malleable cast iron, with great accuracy, so that the grooves do not require the use of a file ; and the holes for the screws and for the pins are drilled or produced in casting, and those for the screws are to be capped to suit the screws. The castings are to be annealed for from seven to ten days. The parts of the shoe where the grooves are made should be thicker for the sake of strength. [Printed, lOd. Drawing. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 16 {neiv series), p. 344 ; London Journal (Newton's), vo\. 22 (conjoined series), p. 97 ; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 35, p. 108 ; Inventors' Advocate, vol. 5, p. 68.] A.D. 1842, February 25— N« 9266. REYNOLDS, Osborne. — "Certain improvements in covering " streets, roads, and other ways with wood, and also in the means " of enabling horses and other animals to pass over such roads '* and other slippery surfaces with greater safety than heretofore." The second part of this " invention consists in forming bars, *' ribs, or projections on that part of the underside of horeshoes. FARRIERY. 21 " which is between the toe and the caulk, for the purpose of pre- " venting horses from shpping." The drawing shows the under- side of a shoe with three ribs at the toe following the cur^'e of the shoe, the ribs on the other parts running transversely. [Printed, Gd. Drawing. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 18 {neto series), p. 338 ; London Journal (Neu'ton's), vol. 22 (conjoined series), p. 98 ; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 37, p. 264 ; Record of Patent Inventions, vol. 1, p. .58.] A.D. 1842, March 7.--N° 9286. RODWAY, Henry Barron. — " Improvements in the manu- " facture of horse-shoes." The patentee says, — " My invention relates to consti'ucting " horse-shoes by employing bar iron rolled with a groove therein, " equal at least to three-eights of an inch wide, and produced by " rolling in bars of iron not less than three-quarters of an inch " wide. In making horse-shoes as heretofore practised, there has " been usually a small groove towards the outer edge of each " horse-shoe, where the holes are punched for receiving the nails, " and this groove has in some cases proceeded all round, par- " ticularly in what are called racing plates. In such cases the " groove has been about wide enough to receive the heads of the *' nails by which the horse-shoes are affixed. I do not, therefore, " claim the making horse-shoes with grooves generally, but only " when such grooves are at least three-eighths of an inch wide, " and made by rolling in a bar of iron at least three-quarters of " an inch wide." [Printed, 8d. Drawings. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 18 (new series), p. 291 ; London Journal {Ketvton's), vol. 21 [conjoined series), p. 188 ; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 37, p. 475 ; Record of Patent Inventions, vol. 1, p. 98.] A.D. 1843, May 6.— N° 9/22. TURNBULL, John.— " Improvements in the manufacture of " horse shoes." The object of this invention is to construct a shoe with a soft treading surface, not liable to slip. The shoe is made light, and preferably, of steel, with a plate that covers the lower part of the foot. Within this shoe, and upon the plate, is a pad of felt or soft material, which impresses betweeen the foot and the ground. The felt pad is fixed by being forcibly driven into the shoe, where it fits tightly, but it may be secured by hot pitch. For preventing horses slipping, a " secondary shoe " with holes through which loose studs are passed, is shown. The studs are 22 FARRIERY. kept in their places by being conical-shaped, and pressed against the ordinary shoe, so that while the shoes are in position, they cannot move. Several methods of attaching " shoe-frames " to an ordinary shoe are sho^vn in the drawings, but are not described. [Printed, Is. 2d. Drawings.] A.D. 1843, July 6.— N« 9818. NEVILLE, James.—" Certain improvements in the form and " manufacture of horse-shoes." Bars of malleable iron of requisite size are united by welding, to a strip of steel of equal length and about ^ to | an inch square. The bars are so welded together as to leave the steel forming a ridge or projection on what will be the wearing face of the horse-shoe. This ridge is rather less than half of the whole width of the bar. After being heated, the bars are passed between a pair of rollers, one of which is fluted, chased, or indented, so as to form on the ridge two rows of studs or teeth, with a groove between for the reception of the nails ; the holes for which are afterwards punched out. When the shoe is made from the bar, the steel studs should be tempered. The bars may also be made with a single row of studs, with or mthout a groove. [Printed, 6d. Drawing.] A.D. 1843, August 8.— N° 9861. HOME, James. — " Improvements in the manufacture of horse- " shoes." The improved shoe at its under side consists of two surfaces ; one of them at the outer edge of the shoe corresponds with the crust of the horse's foot ; on this projecting surface or ridge the horse treads, and by it the crust of the foot is protected and sup- ported. This surface is fullered in its centre to receive the heads of the nails. The toe piece is of steel. The other surface or thin plate is an extension beyond the surface ; it is in contact with the foot, being attached to the crust ; and in no way differs in the inner surface from the common shoe. The ridge or surface may be considered a continuation of the crust of the foot of the horse, while a plate which extends towards the centre of the foot, but is not in contact with the sole, gives protection to the sole. FARRIERY. 23 An improved shoe is described, mth angular projections on the heels, which projections incline from the outer edge towards the centre of the foot. These projections may be applied to other shoes. Another shoe is described having the toe piece and pro- jection at the heels rising above the level of the ridge or outer edge of the shoe. These shoes can be made hghter than those commonly used. [Printed, 8(^. Drawing. See Repertory of Arts, vol. 3 (ejiZaroecZ smes), p. 278.J A.D. 1843, November 9.— N° 9933. CLARENDON, Thomas.—" An improved method of shoeing " horses." The object of this invention is to fasten on the shoe, so as to allow of the elastic action and growth of the hoof, and also to render unnecessary the use of so many nails. The shoe is fas- tened on by two nails at the toe, " the heads and necks of which " are firmly imbedded into the iron of the shoe in the usual " manner," one on each side of a common toe clip, and by T or wedge headed nails, the necks of which are fitted, at or near the quarters of the shoe, into grooves or openings formed in the shoe in the direction of the elastic action of the hoof. These last- mentioned nails are termed " slide nails," and cavities are counter- sunk on each side of the grooves to receive the T or wedge-shaped heads thereof, and to prevent friction from the road. The nails, both at the toe and heel, are driven in from below, and instead of turning back and clinching them, copper or other metal washers are passed over the points of the nails, which are then hammered back on to the washers, and so form rivets. Sometimes more nails are necessary according to the structure of the hoof and the habits of the animal. In this method of shoeing, a shoe having clips on the inside of the heels is generally used, to give increased steadiness, and when the shoe is intended for frosty weather or wooden pavement it may have a wide fullering or continuous con- cavity on the under surface. To prevent the wearing of the hoof by friction, a thin plate of brass may be tacked on to the sole of the hoof on each heel before fixing on the shoe. The holes and countersinking are made by punches. The slide nail is the ordinary horse-shoe nail with the head filed to the required shape. The riveting process may be varied by using screw nuts, or by using a continuous band of metal pierced to receive the 24 FARRIERY. several nail points, and attached round the whole or a part of the outside of the hoof by having those points riveted or screwed back on it. [Printed, 6d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1852, November 26.— N° 886. (* *) BRUNDAGE, Edwin Lewis. — {A communication.) — " Improve- " ments in apparatus for drawing off fluids from animal bodies." These are " the combination of a breast cup, cupping or leeching '• glass, with a flexible chamber," which, by *' being compressed, '* to exhaust the air therefrom," expands " by the force of a " spring contained therein, and which is provided with a valve or " valves, arranged so as to open as desired, to permit of the " exhaustion of the chamber, and to operate in an opposite " manner to insure suction when the cylinder shall expand," [Printed, Qd. Drawing.] 1853. A.D. 1853, February 15.— N° 399. FRANCIS, HEysRY .^-{Provisional protection only.) — " Improve- " ments in instruments for cutting wool, hair, and vegetable " matters." F. C 34 FARRIERY. The instrument described has a blade with a serrated edge of bevelled teeth. The blade is of various shapes, sometimes circular. The principle is described as follows : — *' An angular tooth, a " cutting edge at the base of each tooth, and a mode of sharpening " the teeth and applying them to their work, which precludes " their cutting too close in whatever operation employed ;" it is also said " that the principle of this cutting instrument can be " applied from a small up to a large scale, and is even adapted *•■ for agricultural purposes." [Printed, 6cl. Drawing.] A.D. 1853, February 21.— N° 442. PIDDING, William.— "Improvements in coverings for the " feet of bipeds or quadrupeds." A novel species of boot or shoe which is highly elastic and yielding to the sole of the foot, and may be ornamental on the upper portions. The shoes for bipeds and quadrupeds are made as follows : — The soles are made hollow, of gutta-percha or India rubber, and filled with liquid, preferably oil j when required to be very light and slightly elastic, the sole-casing is filled ^vith air. The india-rubber sole casing is caused to retain its shape by sewing throughout its surfaces numerous india-rubber threads; and to prevent the oil or other liquid or air escaping where the threads have been sewn, numerous coatings of a solution of india- rubber or gutta percha are apphed ; each coating being allowed to dry before another is applied. The result to the feet will be that the pressure will always be equally felt throughout the surface ; and " when a person is walking on pebbles he wiU feel as if " walking on a carpet." The method is described of covering and withdrawing the moulds from the india-rubber. To preserve the shape of the sole when sewing in the threads, the sole-casing is filled with melted wax through a hole left for the purpose. When the wax is cooled the threads may be sewn through without contracting the surfaces. The wax is then got rid of ; oil, water or air is introduced in its place, and the solution of india-rubber is applied. [Printed, &d. Drawing.] FARRIERY. 35 A.D. 1853, February 28.— N° 504. (* *) MAJOR, Joseph. — {Provisional protection only.) — '^Iraprove- '' merits in preparing lotions." These are, " combining the " following ingredients into a lotion for horses and other " animals." "Neatsfoot oil, creosote, oil of lavender, Barbadoes " tar and rum." [Printed, 4cZ. No Dra^vings.] A.D. 1853, August 8.— No. 1847. NEWTON, William Edward. — {A communication.) — " Im- " prove ments in horse-shoes." This invention " consists in making the shoe of two plates, " between which the india-rubber or other elastic substance is " confined, one of the plates being securely nailed to the hoof " and the other being firmly screwed to the upper plate after the " india-rubber has been interposed." In the drawing two screws are shewn, one on each side of the shoe midway between the heel and toe. The following is a modification of the invention : — " The shoe " is made in one piece, and is afterwards slit in any appropriate " manner nearly in two," so as to leave two solid parts, one on each side, midway between the heel and toe. The india-rubber is then introduced between the plates, which have sufficient spring to retain it. The nail holes and a groove to receive the heads are made in the soHd parts. The shoe may be made of wrought iron, but tempered steel is preferred. [Printed, Qd. Drawing.] A.D 1853, October 22.— N° 2442. (* *) B AIL Y, John. — "The cure of the roup and other diseases in " fowls and poultry." This is effected by a pill composed of powdered bark, ginger, rhubarb, and sulphate of zinc, with water, all in certain proportions. [Printed, 4cZ. No Drawings.] A.D. 1853, November 19.— N° 2689. (* *) CiVSTETS, AuGusTE. — "An improved composition for curing " diseases in the feet of animals." This consists of "animal oil, " and by preference that extracted from the feet of oxen, sheep, " or horses," " gum copal, or resinous gum," tai', " an alkaline c 2 36 FARRIERY. " solution (either potash or soda)," wax and tallow. These are mixed together in certain proportions and in a certain manner, but the proportions may be varied. [Printed, id. No Drawings.] A.D. 1853, December 1.— No. 2794. BELLFORD, Auguste Edouard Loradoux. — (A communica- tion.) — "Improvements in machinery for manufacturing horse- " shoes." In the machine described, the double die round which the shoe is bent, moves between two " bending arms " which are directed by suitable mechanism, so as to yield sufficiently to allow the die to carry the iron between them, and thus force it to the shape required. The process is as follows : — Bar iron is cut into pieces of a certain length and thickness ; after being heated each piece is placed by an attendant upon a rest to be seized between the face of the upper die and part of the lower die. When the piece of iron is seized, it is carried backward by the dies until it is brought in contact with two rollers or bending arms, which have abeady been brought close together by cams ; the points of the dies enter between them and commence forcing them apart, the rollers are caused by the action of the forming pieces or cams, and the bending arms, to follow the shape of the dies, and bend the iron round the raised part of the face of the lower die. The form is given to the inside of the shoe by the raised part of the lower die, and to the outside by the rollers actuated by the cams. The thickness of the shoe is regulated by space left between the face of the top die and the recessed part of the face of the bottom die. This space is generally left greater towards the back of the shoe, to make the back parts thickest ; these parts are narrowed by the forming pieces approaching nearer to that part of the face which receives them ; the shoe remains on the lower die until it comes under the shaft, when it drops ofP. There is also a press for grooving and counter-sinking the face of the shoe. The calks are turned by the farrier. [Printed, lOd. Drawings.! A.D. 1853, December 8.-2844. REEVE, William George. — {Provisional protection only.) — " An appendage to horse-shoes, to supersede the necessity of " roughing them, as hitherto practised." FARRIERY. 37 Instead of the " heels of horse-shoes being roughed or turned " up at the end," a process which necessitates the removal of the shoe", a plate, roughed, or bearing points, is fitted at the under and posterior part of the horse-shoe, and secured to the shoe by a transverse bar fitted to the inner or foot surface of the shoe by a nut and screw. The plate and bar are easily removed by unscrewing the nut. [Printed, id. No Drawings.] 1854 A.D. 1854, January 23.— N" 163. TAYLOR, John George. — (Provisional protection only.) — " Improvements in treating the fleeces or natural coverings of " sheep and other animals, when on the animals." This invention relates to a composition for dressing or treating the fleeces of sheep, &c., for the prevention of disease and im- provement of the wool. " The dressing material is composed of oil derived from the " distillation of common coal, parrot coal, the boghead or torbane " mineral, or other like mineral mixed with about 25 per cent., " more or less, of rosin, resin, or resinous matters," to which may be added " a portion of bees-wax, or waxy material." [Printed, 4c?. No Drawings.] A.D. 1854, April 11.— N« 851. SCOTT, Uriah. — " Improvements in the adaptation of elastic " material to boots and shoes, and shoes for horses and other " animals." A plate is provided with a socket for a screw, and a screw to correspond therewith ; this screw has an ordinary projecting screw head, by which another plate is attached ; between these two plates the elastic material is introduced, that the pressure of the foot may be exerted against an elastic substance. Several sockets and screws may be introduced instead of one pair only of plates with socket and screw. The first named plate is secured to the hoof. 38 FARRIERY. The elastic material is adapted to boots and shoes by having a plating against the underside of the heel or sole, such leather being secured to another plate of leather with the elastic material. Two cUps at the end of the upper shoe have orifices for attaching them together by an elastic band, to keep the shoe in its position. The plates used are formed in preference of brass, as these allow of india-rubber being vulcanized with, and cemented to them, but they may be of horn or tough wood, or stiff leather. Though the invention is principally applied to the heels of boots and shoes, it may be applied to the soles also. [Printed, lOd. Drawings.] A.D. 1854, October 23.— N« 2254. (* *) SAVAGE, George.—" A new or improved singeing lamp." The body of the lamp is a flat or wedge-shaped vessel, divided into two compartments, one the wick chamber, the other a reservoir for naptha or other combustible liquid, the communication being by means of a stop cock. The handle is hollow and opens into the reservoir by forked extremities. For the purpose of filling the reservoir and handle, the latter has at its end a screw cap. There may be a stop cock in the reservoir, opening outside the lamp, to admit air. For a more rapid supply to the ^vick, two stop cocks may be employed. In this arrangement, the extremity of the handle may not be forked. The reservoir and handle may be filled through a feeder introduced into the former. The screw cap is then dispensed with, and the handle does not project so far into the reservoir. [Printed, 6cZ. Drawing.] A.D. 1854, November 8.— N° 2371. BARTHOLOMEW, George. — (Provisional protection only.) — " Improvements in boots, shoes, and other coverings for the " feet." The boots and shoes are manufactured so that the actual wearing surfaces of the soles and heels may be easily and effectively renewed as these parts wear out. " The main body " portion of the boot or shoe is made in the ordinary way," but the soles and heels need not be so thick. A thin wedge-shaped or inclined face-piece of metal is screwed or otherwise attached FARRIERY. 39 to the thin sole portion, so as to project clear of the sole or heel and act as the internal wedge holder of the moveable wearing piece. This moveable wearing piece is, in the case of the heel, a piece of leather cut to correspond with the contour of the heel and having a thin wedge border-piece of metal screwed to its inner face, shaped to embrace and fit to the permanent wedge- piece on the thin shoe heel. Thus the wearer or maker has simply to enter the corresponding wedges into holding contact by sliding the moveable piece laterally into its place; and the disengagement of the shifting piece is prevented by two screws passed through the moveable heel into the permanent portion of the shoe. When the heel is worn down, the wearer takes out the two holding screws and slides back the heel, when he may sub- stitute a new heel piece. The sole is constructed in a similar manner. The invention is applicable to horse-shoes, and enables the shoes to have new wearing surfaces suppUed from time to time in a simple manner. [Printed, 7s. 8d. Drawings.] A.D. 1854, December 29.— N« 2750. LOYSEL, Edward. — "An improved lavement or injecting '' machine." This apparatus consists, in its most simple form, of a vase with an opening at the lower part, to which a flexible pipe, provided with a nozzle of appropriate form and a stop cock, is connected. In operating with this machine, the vase is filled with the liquid to be injected, and placed at a proper elevation above the patient, so as to cause the liquid to flow with facility. A small stirring apparatus is fitted to the lid of the machine. It is actuated by a spring, and causes fans or stirrers to rotate in the liquid, and keep it well mixed. This apparatus may be used for animals as well as for human beings, it being only necessary to increase the size for horses or other large animals. [Printed, 4(Z. No Drawings.] 40 FARRIERY. 1855. A.D. 1855, January 18.— N« 138. PIDDING, William. — " Improvements in the coverings for the " feet of bipeds and quadrupeds." Horse-shoes, the soles and heels of boots, shoes, goloshes, and slippers, are manufactured of caoutchouc, or a compound thereof, having cells in it of various sizes connected together; the cells are to contain air, gas, or liquid. In some cases the external surfaces of the horse-shoes may be corrugated. " It will be sometimes desirable to form some portions of the " external surfaces of soles, heels, and horse-shoes, with a fabric ** composed of hardened steel studs and sheet caoutchouc, and " secured in perforations of the latter." Uppers for horse-shoes are made of caoutchouc, and together with the horse-shoes are caused to adhere to the feet of the horse. They are further secured by cords passed through eyelet holes in the back of the uppers and tied. [Printed, 4cZ. No Drawings.] A.D. 1855, February 27.— N° 427. GARDNER, Henry. — {Provisional protection only.) — " Certain " improvements in the construction of horse-shoes, and in shoes " used for the shoeing of hoofed animals." The shoe is of the ordinary shape, but without the groove at the bottom, and has about six small nail holes to permit of the shoe being fastened on in the common manner. On the bottom sur- face about five holes are drilled in a slanting position, with worms for screws, '' or the said holes may be without worms, and made " of any shape or size to admit of any other implement in lieu ** of screws, and for any fastening, by spring or otherwise, not a " screw." On the exposed surface of the shoe a cavity is sunk round each hole for the partial admission of the head of the screw " or other " implement in lieu of screws." A screw or implement in lieu thereof, that fits each hole containing the worm, is made with a square, triangular, or other shaped head of depth sufficient, when screwed or forced in, to project beyond the under or exposed FARRIERY. 41 surface of the shoe, and raise it from the ground when in use. The ends and objects of the improvements are economy in preserving the shoe from wear. The advantages of this invention are ; — the shoe is preserved from wear and tear, it may be more readily roughed, and the horse may be shod by an unskilful person without fear of its being lamed. [Printed, 4.d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1855, March 1.— N° 45/. JOHNSON, John Henry. — {A communication.) — (Provisional l^rotection only.) — " Improvements in machinery or apparatus " for rolling and shaping metals." "This invention relates to an improved construction and " arrangement of rolling mill, applicable to the manufacture of " horse-shoes, railway wheel tyres, and other curved articles, and " consists in combining an ordinary plain roll ; or it may be '' slightly modified in form, according to circumstances, with a " block or plate running on a centre, and having a groove or slot " formed in its surface, corresponding in curvature and shape to " the article required. The grooved plate is rotated by a cylin- " der or roller underneath it, such roller hai-ing small notches or *•' projections formed round its periphery, which take into corre- " sponding notches in a projection on the under side of the '•' revolving horizontal table. This driving roller is situated " immediately below the pressing roller, and serves thereby as a '* support to that side of the table under pressure. Both the " pressing and driving rollers are actuated by suitable gearing, " which is so arranged as to cause them to rotate in opposite " directions. The bar to be shaped, is fed whilst at a red heat " gradually into the shaping groove, being drawn in as the table " and pressing roller revolves. The groove having been filled, " the bar is cut ofp from that portion in the groove or matrix " by being pressed by the pressing roller against a fixed knife " situated in the groove." [Printed, -kZ. No Drawings.] A.D. 1855, April 13.— N° 820. JARMAN, John. — {Provisional protection only.) — " Improve- " ments in horse'Shoes of that description known as " expanding 42 FARRIERY. " shoes," which are formed in two or three parts hinged together to enable the shoe to adapt itself to the shape of the horse's hoof without first passing through a fire. In the improved shoe, the toe and a portion of one or both its sides are formed of one entire piece of malleable cast iron, or of wrought metal, and the remaining por- tion of the side or sides of the shoe are formed of bars of cast or wrought metal of the same description, and are connected to the toe part by a mortice joint, so that the parts cannot become detached, and at the same time the sides of the shoe will have a free lateral and expansive movement, when the hoof is forcibly pressed do^vn ; but this expansive action has been found injurious in consequence of all parts of the shoe not being sufficiently supported by each other to preserve one nearly uniform shape, and have something of the character of an ordinary shoe. To remedy this defect a stiff spring of sheer steel is connected to the toe part and side bars of the shoe, and embedded in them by forming a recess along the inner edge on the part of the shoe next the hoof. By these means the shoe expands when pressure is exerted, and unnecessary expansion is obviated. The under surface of the shoe may be corrugated, and leather interposed between the upper surface of the shoe and the hoof. The heads of the nails may be embedded in a grooved channel formed in the shoe, or the nail holes may be countersunk to receive the heads of the nails. [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1855, April 13.— N° 822. (* *) HILL, Thomas. — {A communication.) — This invention relates to the manufacture of horse-shoe and other nails cut from wrought iron or other metal plates, specially rolled for the purpose, the heads being formed to project on more than two sides, or on sides not opposite, by the rolling and subsequent cutting operations. One of the rollers employed is plain on the surface ; the other roller is longitudinally grooved at intervals corresponding to the extreme length of two nails, for the purpose of raising a transverse ridge on the metal plate, and from an intermediate line between the grooves, the surface of the roller in both directions is gradually reduced, in order that the rolled plate may be thinnest at the intermediate line and gradually thicken towards the ridges. The plate is then cut transversely through the centre of each ridge. FARRIERY. 43 and intermediately across the thinnest part into strips, in width corresponding to the length of a nail. The strips by a subsequent operation are transversely cut into nails by a machine resembling the common punching press. The half ridge left along one side of each of the strips, forms the heads, a small portion being removed between the shank of each nail in order that the latter may gradually taper to the point. The manner of rolling the plates may be modified. [Printed, 6d. Drawing.] A.D. 1855, April 18.— N° 856. COOK, Benjamin. — {Provisional protection only.) — " Certain " improvements in the construction of horse-shoes, and which " said improvements are also applicable to the shoeing of asses, " mules, and oxen, when such are used as animals of draught, " such shoes being applied in each case without the use of " nails." The improved shoe is made in two parts, and united at the toes or heels, such parts having projections on the outer edges for clipping the hoof, and the shoe is secured by a small cross bar laid across the back, or in the hollow of the hoof. This bar is tapped with a right and left-handed screw, which screws take into tapped holes in the two parts forming the shoe. When the shoe is applied to the hoof of the animal, and the cross bar is turned, the two sides will be drawn together, clipping the hoof in a firm manner. The shoe may be applied hot, so as to burn away the hoof until a proper bearing is produced. Or this may be obtained by filing. The two parts of the shoe may be united by a strong piece of india-rubber or gutta percha, so as to allow expansion or contraction. [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1855, April 19.— N° 875. (* *) JOHNSON, John Henry. — {A communication.) — " Improve- " ments in the manufacture of articles of hard india-rubber or " gutta percha, or compounds thereof, and in coating or covering " articles with the like materials." 44 ^ FARRIERY. Among numerous articles proposed to be made of the above materials, "horse-shoes" are enumerated. Respecting the preparation of the materials, and the mode of moulding, reference is made to the Specifications of T. Hancock, A.D. 1843, No. 9952; T. Hancock, A.D. 1846, No. 11,135; C. Hancock, A.D. 1846, No. 11,032 ; Brockeden and Han- cock, A.D. 1846, No. 11,455; W. Johnson, A.D. 1854, No. 1819; J. H. Johnson, A.D. 1854, No. 752; J. H. Johnson, A.D. 1855, No. 506 ; and J. H. Johnson, A.D. 1855, No. 855. The articles are first moulded when in a soft state, and then sub- mitted to a high degree of heat in steam heaters, or to the action of a sulphur bath. " In some cases it is proposed to form the *' article of this compound in a plastic state, and then submit " it to the action of heat after being removed from the mould, or " the article may be submitted to the heating process while still " in the mould. During the process of vulcanizing, the article " may be embedded in magnesia, which is preferable to soapstone " or plaster, since these materials bleach the articles during the ** process," " whilst the magnesia allows them to come out of the '' mould quite black." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1859, October 1.— N° 2228. STOCKER, Alexander Stockwood.— " Improvements in the " manufacture of articles to be affixed to boots and shoes, and to " the feet of animals." The " invention relates to an improved mode or method of *' making shoe heels and toes, horse and other shoes for the feet " of animals, chain links, and washers of iron or other metal, " and consists in the employment for that purpose of a metal " die having the counterpart of the article intended to be pro- " duced cast or otherwise formed in or upon one or more of its " surfaces. In the manufacture of metal shoe heels, this die has " projections formed upon it for the purpose of producing the " indentations in the heel intended for receiving the nail heads, " and it is also formed in such a manner as to impart the desired " shape to the partly manufactured article which it is intended to " complete. The metal of which the shoe heel is to be composed " having been previously prepared and partially shaped by hand " or otherwise, is placed in or over the matrix or sunken part of " the die, and is then subjected to the pressure of a roller or " rollers, which are made to revolve by any suitable means, and " under or between which the die with the metal to be shaped " placed upon or in it is passed ; or in lieu of rollers other suit- " able mechanical contrivances may be employed for exerting a E 2 68 FARRIERY. " steady and gradual pressure upon the article in or upon the " die." [Printed, Qd. Drawings.] A.D. 1859, October 18.— N° 2377. REYNOLDS, Joseph. — (A communication from Henry Cogg- shall.) — " Improvements in the manufacture of ^vTought nails." This is ah improvement on a former patent. No. 1099, A.D. 1855. ** This improvement consists in making the heads of the nails " as large as may be required, and more perfect in form, by means " of a case or mould enclosing the end of the blank and heading " punch on all four sides, so that as the punch advances in the " case to head the nail by upsetting the end of the blank, the " metal will be confined within the case, which is the size of " the head when finished." [Printed, 8cl. Drawing.] A.D. 1859, December 1.— N° 2721. (* *) TILL, Thomas. — {Provisional protection only.) — This is an invention of machinery for forging horse-shoe and other wrought iron nails. The machine contains four slides, each carrying a hammer die, and respectively arranged to act in sHde boxes radiat- ing at right angles from a common centre. By means of cams and an arrangement of connecting rods and bell crank levers, simultaneous convergent and divergent action is imparted to the dies, which when brought together form a central space between them corresponding exactly to the form of a horse-nail. Into this space the rod heated to a welding heat is gradually inserted, and reduced to a point by the successive blows of the dies. After this operation the rod is removed to a cutter, that takes off the tapered end, and with it a small portion of the rod, just sufficient to form the head of the nail. In machines for making rose-headed nails, five hammer dies are employed. [Printed, 4cZ. No Drawings.] A.D. 1859, December 8.— N« 2786. (* *) NORRIS, John, junior, and TILL, Thomas. — {Provisional protection only.) — This is an invention of machinery for the FARRIERY. 69 manufacture of horse and other wrought-iron nails. The machine comprises four hammer dies, which act alternately in pairs, converging from oppostie directions towards a common centre occupied by the end of the heated metal rod of nail iron, from which the nails are formed. Each pair of hammer dies acts in slides, one pair at right angles to the other, and by means of connecting rods and levers, actuated by cranks or cams, the two hammers of each pair are caused to diverge and converge simul- taneously, the two pairs thus operating alternately at the central point upon the end of the heated rod. After the shaping opera- tion of the nail, the rod is removed to a cutter, by which the desired length is cut off, including a sufficient portion of the rod to form the head. [Printed, 6d. Drawing.] 1860. A.D. 1860, January 18.— N° 127. BARKER, George Jones, and BARKER, Thomas. — {A com- munication from Henry Burden.) — " Improvements in machinery " or apparatus for manufacturing shoes for horses and other *' animals." The improvements form the subject matter of a former patent, dated August 19, A.D. 1856. The invention consists of the following parts : — 1. The feeding and cutting apparatus is made moveable and easily adjusted, in order to diminish the amount of scrap or waste on each rod. 2. An improved method of constructing the bearings of the bending frame by placing the feeding rollers nearer to the cutters ; and allowing the whole to be moved by a screw either nearer to or further from the great roll. 3. An improvement in the "throw-back lever." When the bending frame and tongue are moved forward by the lifting cams, the end of the lever resting on the bending frame is carried for- ward until the cams pass those on the bending frame and the bolt head or " buffer " strikes against the shaft, the cam on the shaft then striking on the steel cam on the lever, presses it down 70 FARRIERS. quickly, and throws the bending frame back to its former position. A piece of india-rubber acts as a spring. 4. An improved swaging apparatus for supporting the outer edges of the shoe during its creasing consists of two side steels or swages bolted to, cycloidal shaped bevil pinion moved from the segment gearing on the great roll with teeth in the proportion of 2 to 1. While the " crease " is being made in the shoe, the sur- faces of the curved edges of the " side steels " or swages, roll and press against the edges of the shoe, giving it the proper shape, and preventing the iron spreading and splitting when the shoe is creased or punched; the cycloidal shaped gearing secures uni- formity of velocity and pressure to the slide steels, or swages, and edges of the shoe. 5. Another arrangement for supporting the edge of the shoes while being punched consists in making the clamps, or creasing caps, to project beyond the face of the "creasing block" and " around the creasers." 6. Teeth are made to slide on those in the pinion, and when in gear with the wheel prevent any " back lash " or " play " in the teeth. DPrinted, Is. Gd. Drawings.] A.D. 1860, January 19.— N° 138. DAWES, William. — "Improvements in the manufacture of " metal shoes for beasts of draught and burden, and in the ma- " chinery, or apparatus, to be used in such manufacture." The improved method consists in employing simpler machinery than that hitherto used, and is more especially applicable to " plate " or entire shoes which are used in some foreign countries. The blank is produced in the usual manner from a bar or sheet of metal, from which the shoe is to be formed; and placed heated, or cold, between iron, steel, or other metal dies, wherein it is subjected to blows or pressure to produce the required configuration. Another improvement is the application of case hardening to shoes of all kinds for animals of draught or burden ; and using by preference for this purpose horse-hoof parings, bone dust, potash, and salt and water. [Printed, Qd. Drawing."] FARRIERY. 71 A.D. I860, March 29.— N« 811. (* *) NORRIS, John, junior, and TILL, Thomas. — {Provisional protection only.) — This invention relates to machinery for the manufacture of horse-shoe and other ^vl'Ought-iron nails. Reference is made to Letters Patent bearing date May 15, 1855, No. 1099, which were granted to G. T. Bousfield for nail-making machinery, the object of the present invention being the produc- tion of horse-nails with larger and more solid heads than the said previous machinery accomplished, by reason of the lateral expan- sion of the metal when pressed between two dies. To this end, according to the present invention, a bottom or gripping die is used of increased width, its face and the operating faces of the other dies, assimilating to the exact shape required for the head, which is formed by the dies in conjunction with a top shear and a forcing shde, acted upon by a heading punch. In place of a single, a compound link furnished with screw adjustment is employed in the improved machine, and a spring to prevent con- cussion or back-lash is attached to a lever which works the forcing slide. For making other wrought-iron nails, the faces of the dies, the slide, and the heading punch, must be appropriately modified. [Printed, 8d. Drawings.] A.D. 1860, May 19.-N« 1236. NEWTON, Alfred Vincent. — {A communication from George Jaques.) — " An improved hquid preparation of tobacco." This decoction of tobacco in a highly concentrated form is applied to the destruction of vermin, and to the treatment of cutaneous diseases in sheep and other animals. Very strong tobacco is placed in a still and covered with water. Heat or steam is applied, and the still is run until a concentrated solution has been formed by the evaporation of a portion of the water, which is distilled over, carrying with it nicotine and volatile oils, which are condensed and afterwards collected. The solution is then drawn off from the still, and the residue pressed to extract all the juice. This is mixed with the solution, which is afterwards concentrated by evaporation. The nicotine and volatile oils which were produced by distillation may be mixed with this concen- trated solution. Alcohol, or alkaline solutions, may be used in place of water. [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] 72 FARRIERY. A.D. 1860, May 23.— N° 1274. BARTHOLOMEW, George.— "Improvements in shoes for the " feet of horses and other animals." The improved shoe is to give freedom to the natural contraction and expansion of the bearing parts of the foot. The shoe is formed in three parts, its inside, or frame, formed of steel or other strong elastic metal, the upper part formed to the front and sides of the foot with a flange for attaching it at the bottom, and lined with leather to give easy pressure on the front and sides of the hoof; the third, or wearing part, may be of metal. As the foot of the horse bears on three parts the shoes should have " heels and " toes." When the wearing parts are worn out, they are with- drawn and replaced with new. This is performed without dis- turbing the size or shape of the frame, or cutting the foot of the animal to refit the shoe ; the same shoe is thus used with renewed outside bearings, by which the exact bearings of the foot are preserved on the frame. On this principle two shoes are made, one to be nailed on the foot, the other fastened by an india-rubber spring and a catch. The latter is to be used when the foot is deformed, to assist it in recovering its natural shape. W^hen this is accomplished, the shoe with nails is to be used. [Printed, lOcZ. Drawing.] A.D. 1860, May 26.— N° 1306. DOWLER, George, and FARMER, George James.— " Im- *' provements in machinery for the manufacture of boot heels and " tips, coins, medals, tokens, checks, and such like articles." " This invention has for its object improvements in machinery " for the manufacture of heels and tips for boots and shoes, coins, *' medals, tokens, checks, and similar articles where dies and " pressure are employed." The machine is made with a suitable frame and bed plate, under which is a spindle on which a fly wheel and two pulleys (fast and loose) are mounted, there is also a spur wheel working into another spur wheel, fixed on a crank shaft working a pair of slides direct from the crank through a box, in which there are screws and bolts, with friction rollers fixed in the ends for the slides to run against. The metal to be bent into the form of a heel or tip is FARRIERY. 73 placed in the machine, and comes in contact with the " rollers, at " the end of each slide carrying the metal round a form suited " to the size of the boot heel or tip required. At the end of the " crank shaft or spindle there is another crank which works a " shear arm or lever set- over a box, which holds a fixed steel box, " through which the rod or bar passes until stopped by a gauge, " which is capable of adjustment, so that it can be set to the " various sizes required. The arm or lever with cutting tool fixed " in it descends and cuts off a suitable length from the rod or bar '•' of metal fed into the machine, at the same time the slides are "' moved forward carrying it round the form as before described. " For the purpose of delivering the boot heel from the machine a '•' peg is screwed in the arm of the before-mentioned spur wheel, " which acts upon a lever fixed to the side of the machine, acting " direct upon another lever fixed on a small spindle with an arm '' in the centre, the end of the arm fitting round the form, and ■' the peg coming in contact with the lever delivers the boot heel ■' from the machine in its bent state." To press and finish in dies boot heels, tips, and similar articles, " two large side standards are cast with an arm of a length '"' suitable for the necessary pressure, the arms being extended ' under the shaft, and carrying the chairs for the shaft. On the ' shaft is placed a cam adapted to the leverage required, a lever is ' used suited to the standard, which is placed on a spindle or ' gudgeon pin, placing the lever between standards in two journals •' in the standards for that purpose. Two glands are placed under ' the gudgeon pin, with two holes suited to those in the stan- ' dards. The pins are then put through, and the nuts screwed ' on carrying the weight of the lever, a box and bolt are then ' placed in front of the standards under the head of the lever." ^ die is then placed under the bolt " which descends upon the ' die," and strikes out the article required. Among these articles ' horse-shoe blanks " are mentioned. [Printed, Is. lOd. Drawinj^s.] A.D. 1860, June 25.— N° 1545. TRUMAN, Edwin Thomas.— {Provisional jjrotection only.) — " Improvements in horse-shoes." The object of this invention is " to alter or add to the shoe, in " such manner, that nails may be dispensed with wholly, or in 74 FARRIERY. ** part." The shoe is formed with shaped irons, which are caused to fit over, or upon the hoof : and to ensure them a bearing sur- face, a stratum of gutta percha, or other plastic material or composition is applied on all parts. [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1860, August 31.— N° 2103. STOCKER, Alexander Southwood. — "Improvements in the " manufacture of horse-shoes." The improved method consists in combining a part of ordinary wrought iron, and a part of steel iron, piled, faggoted, welded, and rolled together in the same bar, which will be harder and tougher than that usually made into horse-shoes. The process is very simple. One or more bars of wrought iron are laid upon one or more bars of steel iron, forming a convenient pile which is placed in an ordinary heating furnace, and when it has attained a suitable welding heat it is taken thence and passed betAveen rolls, and rolled into a bar of dimension and form suitable for the kind of horse-shoe to be produced ; or the pile is formed of alternate layers of steel iron and iron, or billets, piles, slabs, or other con- venient pieces and forms of steel iron only. These are to be heated and rolled into bars. Some of the bars are thickened at places agreeing with the toes and heels, of the shoes, some are seated, and some are formed of suitable section, configuration, or pattern. [Printed, 4(i. No Drawings.] A.D. 1860, September 14.— N« 2227. (* *) TILL, Thomas. — {Provisional protection only.) — This invention of machinery for making wrought-iron nails is more particularly adapted to the manufacture of horse-shoe nails. The machine comprises two top and tvvo side hammers, which by means of cams and springs act upon two heated rods introduced by the hand of the operator into the machine, through grips sliding in grooved beds. After the two side hammers have operated upon a portion of the extreme ends of the rods supported against a central anvil die, the latter is withdrawn, and the top hammers come into operation upon the partially formed nails, which are then supported by a bottom anvil die. When in turn the top hammers have operated upon the end portions of the rods, two cutters advancing are struck by a projection on the end of each FARRIERY. 75 top hammer, and by them the two nails are thus severed from the rods. The hammers, forced back by cams, are actuated by the reaction of springs ; an adjustable gauge at the back of each cutter determines the length of the nails, and their shape is pro- duced by the forms of the dies on the anvil and hammer faces. [Printed, 8d. Drawings.] A.D. 1860, October 9.— N° 2444. (* *) SNELL, William. — {A communication from Amos Whittemore.) — This invention relates to machinery for making horse-shoe nails. The machine contains two hammers carried by a sliding frame, and having alternate action, one acting upon and the other at the side of a vibrating anvil which carries the dies ; these dies are respectively grooved and fashioned, one to form the body of the nail and the other the head, as the hammers in rapid suc- cession fall upon the heated metal rod, the end of which after the head and shank are formed, is drawn out or beaten to a point as the anvil is forced back by a cam. When this part of the opera- tion is completed, the anvil is relieved and drawn back by a spring, and the nail is cut off to the required length by shears, which are brought forward by a cam, and aftervvards fall back into position in readiness for the next operation. A furnace for heating four rods alternately may be placed con- tiguous to the machine, or it may be placed in such a position, that one rod gradually dra^vn through will in the heated state feed the machine at the required speed. [Printed, lOd. Drawings.] A.D. 1860, October 29.— N° 2646. STOCKER, Alexander Southwood. — " Improvements in *' the manufacture of horse and other shoes, and in the machinery " or apparatus to be employed therein, part of which improve- " ments are also applicable to metal boot heels and various other " articles." These improvements relate to the manufacture and forming of iron, steel, steel iron, steel and iron, and steel iron and iron, by rolling either of these metals alone or in their amalgamated or com- bined state, into certain shapes and configurations necessary for horses and other shoes, metal boot heels, and various other articles. In making a Scotch heel tip, one of a pair of rolls like those used for roUing iron is cut or sunk to produce a series of moulds or 76 FARRIERY. dies of the shapes required. Into these recesses or moulds the metal is forced by the pressure of the opposite roll in its revolu- tion. The different articles thus formed in the several moulds upon the surface of the roll are held together by a thin web or waste of iron which is afterwards cut away by clipping tools fixed in a fly or other press. After the articles have been clipped from the web, they may be finislied in any ordinary manner. These tools are formed of malleable cast iron, and are used in their hard unannealed state. The process saves great labour, time, and expense. The rolls may be of solid metal. [Printed, 4