r*vr»^V<^\#^^'^' '> s.iv*' ,^i^r-^l;f^ " VV?iV'>v( wr^^WFm^^M i>: ■ ;-^ ..-''/■ HORSES^ : .«^*^«^ .1^^^ :^'^^ :'o'?--s knbw itliem :■ JPV T* BARTON -3« ■=•;• '■'•- '■>/::> ^'t ■;^.>jf,['iiif 'V./"> ;;/';:i- ,''■.'• ,.1 JOHNA.SEAVERNS m :^! Ws ^.^ w-^ SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES < PS < ■s SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES BY FRANK TOWNEND BARTON, M.R.CA^S. AUTHOR OF ^'Breaking and Training' Houses" " The Veterinary Manual /or Horse Owners" '''' How to Choose a Horse,'^ ^'^ The Grjotns Guide,''' " Our Friend the Horse," " The Age of the Horse and Hoiu to Teli It," " Diseases and Accidents to the Dog," '" Unsound Horses and Hoiv to Know Thein,'^ etc., etc. lI.LUSTK'ATF.n LONDON R. A. EVERETT .^^ CO. (Ltd.) 42 ESSEX STREET, STRAND \^All RigJits /\es€r7'ed] CONTENTS CHAPTER I OUTLINES OF SYMMETRY ... 13 The Head — The Forehead — Facial and Nasal Regions — The Oral Region — The Cervical Region — Dorso-Lumbar Region — The Croup and Haunches — The Caudal Appendage — The Thoracic and Abdominal Regions — Pectoral Limbs —The Shoulder — Elbow — The Fore Arm — Metacarpus — The Fetlock and Pastern — The Hind Limbs — The Stifle— The Leg and Hock — Tarsus CHAPTER II VARIETIES OF HORSES AND THEIR POINTS 39 The Hackney or Roadster — Saddle and Harness Trotters — Points of the Trotter — Yorkshire Coach Horses, and the Cleveland Bay — The Thoroughbred CHAPTER HI THE HUNTER 5.!. Regulations and Rules of the Hunters' Improvement Society — The Arab— The Park and Covert Cob CHAPTER IV THE SHIRE 69 Regulations and Rules of the Shire Horse Society — The Suffolk Horse — Regulation of the Suffolk Horse Society — The Clydesdale Horse — Vanners CHAPTER V WELSH PONIES 92 Shetland Ponies — Exmoor and Dartmoor Ponies — Rum Ponies or the Galloway — New Forest Ponies — Connemara Ponies — Polo Ponies CHAPTER VI THE AGE OF THE HORSE ... 109 Shedding of the Incisor Teeth — Two Years Off — Two Years and a Half — Rising Three Years — Three Years— Three Years Off — Three Years and Six Months — Rising Four Years — Four Years and Six Months — Rising Five Years — Five Years Off — Six Years — Seveii Years — Eight Years — Tusks — Molars — Summary CHAPTER VH DISEASES AND THEH^ RE- LATIONSHIP TO UN- SOUNDNESS... 12 1. Nasal Region. 2. Oral Region. 3- Facial Region. Sub Maxillary Region. Parotid Region. Ocular Region. Occipital Region. Cervical Region. * Dorsal Region. 10. Lumbar Region. 11. Sacral and Iliac Region. 12. Caudal Region. 13. Scapular Region. 14. Brachial Region^ 15. Anti-Brachial Region. 16. Carpal Region. 17. Metacarpal Region, 18. Phalangeal Region. 19. The Coronet. 20. The Horny Wall — Sidebone — Indurated Cartilages. 21. Solar Region, 22. Costal and Sternal Regions. 23. Abdominal and Inguinal Regions. 24. Gluteal Region. 25. Tibial Region. 26. Tarsal Region. 27. Metatarsal Region. 28. Phalangeal and Pedal Regions. Chronic Cough — Broken Wind — Shivering — Stringhalt — Repeated Colic — Vertigo — Eczema — Mange — Intermittent Pulse — General Un- thriftiness. CHAPTER VJII METHODICAL EXAMINATION 164 CHAPTER IX LAW IN RELATION TO WARRANTY OF HORSES 188 CHAPTER X SALE OF HORSES 203 CHAPTER XI HORSE SOCIETIES 209 ILLUSTRATIONS Darley Arabian . . Victoria Horses .. Landau Horses .. Barouche Horses Suffolk Entire .. .. Suffolk Mare A Typical Shire Horse Points oP the Shire Shetland Pony P'ntire. . Incisors at Two Months Incisors at Six Months Incisors of a Yearling Incisors at Two Years Incisors at Three Years PAGE. . . I'l-Qiilisl^icie. 40 41 44 47 47 71 74 97 1 10 1 10 I II 1 12 • "5 Incisors at Four Years Incisors at Five Years Incisors at Six Years . . Incisors at Seven Years Incisors at Eight Years ii6 ii8 119 120 121 CHAPTER I OUTLINES OF SYMMETRY THE HEAD. An inspection of this region may afford one much information as to quahty, temper, etc. THE FOREHEAD. In the foal and colt this region is prominent, due to imperfect develop- ment of the air spaces within the head. The forehead should be wide and straight. FACIAL AND NASAL REGIONS. The face comprises the region bounded above by the forehead, below 13 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES by the nose, and at the sides, by the eyes, cheeks and nostrils. The face should be wide, a narrow one being a defect. When the nose is convex in its length, the animal is said to be Roman nosed — a common peculiarity in the Clydesdale and the Shire. The Nostrils should be wide — especially in horses required for swift work. The Ears ought to be fine, short, directed forwards, thin, with a few fine silky hairs in the entry of the passage. The so-called lop-ears are ungraceful, and frequently associated with a sluggish disposition. Biters and kickers often carry their ears pointing back- wards. The Globe of the Eye should be full, well apart from the middle line of the head and free from blemish. The pupil should contract in the presence of light, dilate when a dark object is held 14 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES in front of the eye, or the animal is taken into a darkened apartment. Freedom from blemishes ; long silky e3'^elashes, a rosy tint of the lining mem- brane, with frankness of expression, all go to make up the beauty of this region. The " so-called " walleye is frequently met with. Its pearly white colour is due to the absence of pigment in the iris. Only one eye, as a rule, is in this condition. It does not appear to interfere with the sight. In old horses the fulness of the eye is lost. The inequality in the size of the eyes is frequently the outcome of disease. In the myopic eye, the cornea is too convex, whilst the hypermetropiceze is insufficiently so. These conditions ren- der the animal short and long sighted respectively. The intermaxillary space is triangular in shape, the apex of the triangle being 15 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES formed by the articulation of the jaw in front, lodging the lower incisor teeth, whilst the base is limited by the throat. The Lymphatic Glands in this region are, in health, small and mobile. In coarse bred horses, the hairs here are long, stiff, coarse and plentiful. THE ORAL REGION. The mouth demands careful inspec- tion, knowing that so much depends upon the animal's behaviour in response to the " bit " and aids. A tender mouth is one that responds to the slightest stimulus brought to bear on the bit from the hands. Such a mouth as this may easily become a spoiled one. The hard mouthed horse is one that requires firm traction upon the bit before it responds to it. It is a very important matter to try the mouth by riding, driving, etc., also make a careful i6 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES inspection of angles and buccal mem- brane. The lower lip is sometimes paralytic. The bars should be fine, the teeth sound and regular, the tongue entire and firm. The Parotid region gives better contour to the head when there is a certain amount of depression here. The position, or '' set on " of the head may be either vertical, oblique or hori- zontal. In horses used for draught purposes, the first position is a good one. The horizontal position is an advan- tage in race horses, though it is not free from objection. The oblique " set on " head is the best position for general use. THE CERVICAL REGION. The length, depth, direction, carriage and form of neck should all be taken into 17 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES consideration when looking at this region. For convenience, we may say that the neck has an upper and lower border, two surfaces, an apex and base. The Apex supports the head, whilst the base is limited by the breast, shoulders, and withers. Lateral Surfaces should be clothed with thin skin and fine hair, beneath which well developed muscles ought to exist. On this surface, the jugular furrow is seen. The Upper Border carries the mane. It should be thin. The Lower Border ought to be thick, round and wide. The windpipe traverses this border, but its relation to the surface differs in different horses. The so-called Ewe Neck is due to hollowing out of the upper border (con- cavity) whilst the arched neck arises i8 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES through increase of curvature (con- vexity). In entire horses this is particularly plain, a pseudo form of it being pro- duced by the bearing rein. The longer castration is deferred the better the formation of the crest. The neck may be either too long or too short. In the Race Horse a long neck is an advantage, but proportionate length in a cart horse would be a disadvantage. Hackneys, Hunters, etc.. require an intermediate length of neck. The Mane rnay be either single or double. The latter is parted in the middle so that the hairs hang both on the right and left side. In riding horses the mane is turned to the left. By clipping the mane, a practice often done upon ponies, the convexity and sturdy appearance of the neck is apparently increased. In well 19 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES bred horses the mane is fine, silky, with- out being too full. In inferior horses the hairs are long, coarse and abundant. In Belgian horses the m.ane is very long, as a rule. The forelock may be either single or double, coarse or fine. Coarse Thick Withers are ugly. In trotting horses high withers are desirable, though many fast trotters have low withers. Sharpness is dis- tinctly objectionable, predisposing to galling. Some horses are very ugly in this region, and we remember one that bore a strong resemblance to a bull. DORSO LUMBAR REGION. At the sides the back is bounded by the ribs, in front by the withers, and behind by the loins. The back may be long or short. A short back implies strength, though its degree of flexibility is diminished. 20 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES For heavy draught horses it is not objectionable. With increased length of back, there is a corresponding increase in the length of the chest. The hack should never be narrow. Such is commonly associated with flat sides, general unthriftiness, and a defec- tive breathing apparatus. A straight back is of good confirma- tion. A Sway, HoUow or Concave Back is rather objectionable, resistance being diminished, consequently pace interfered with. A roach or convex back predisposes to over-reach. In purchasing a hunter or park hack this form of back ought to be particularly avoided. The loins should be wide and short, especially in saddle horses. Flexibility is all important, any tendency to- wards anchylosis being highly detri- mental, especially in a jumper. 21 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES THE CROUP AND HAUNCHES. The croup comprises the region lying between the loins in front, and tail behind, laterahy by the thighs and but- tocks. The haunches blend with the croup, at the sides, and the angles of the former form the prominences so dis- tinctly visible from behind. A long croup is desirable, whilst a wide croup is greatly to be desired, especially in brood mares. Narrowness of croup is specially objectionable, not only in a brood mare, but in all classes of horses. In roadsters, a horizontal croup is preferable, but in heavy breeds, slight obliquity is needful. If the croup is too oblique, it causes forward deviation of the hind limbs. This is objectionable. In pregnant mares, the muscles of the croup sink during the latter period of gestation, due to relaxation of the sacro- ischiatic ligaments. 22 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Angularity of the croup indicates powerful leverage. Both the croup and haunches ought to be free from blemishes and muscular atrophy. An atrophic condition in this region is not uncommon after azoturia. THE CAUDAL APPENDAGE. The tail should be well '' set on " and nicely carried. If the anmial has a croup too oblique, the tail will be badly carried. The so-called " rat tail " is one having a few straggling hairs upon it, usually exposing the stump. As a rule, rat tailed horses are good ones. It has been stated that the resistance offered, during the forcible elevation of the tail, is a measure of the animal's vigour. A cryptorchid is one in which the testicle, or testes, have failed to appear 23 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES in the scrotum. It may be unilateral or bilateral. The evidence of a scar upon each side of the scrotal sac is no guarantee that both testicles have been removed. In both geldings and entires a gurgling sound is often heard when these animals are trotted, due to the suction action of the sheath. In the mare, the external genital organs should be examined in order to ascertain the absence of diseases or defect. THE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL REGIONS. The chest in the cart horse ought to be wide, narrowness in this animal being objectionable. Saddle horses, road- sters, etc., ought not to be too open in front. Deep chested horses are often spoken of as being " well hearted." The ribs ought to be well separated from each other, of proper length and 24 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES curvature, the latter becoming more marked from before backwards. Fat- ness may render the chest wall " appar- ently " round. Avoid a horse having short, fiat, ill separated ribs. Rotundity of the chest wall can be seen by looking at the animal from before and behind. The triple beauties of a well formed chest are found in its height, width and depth. The abdomen should be in proportion to the size and variety of the horse. A tucked up abdomen indicates a "bad doer." A pendulous, fiat sided belly is dis- tinctly objectionable. A short flank is desirable, and pos- sessors of such have usually a well developed muscular system. Along with depth of chest, a long flank implies defective conformation. 25 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Pectoral Limbs. -Scapular, brachial, and anti-brachial regions. The Shoulder may be either long or short. The former is desirable, even in cart horses. If the shoulder is well clad with muscles then the more oblique it is the better. Obliquity allows greater extension, therefore very necessary in the race horse. In draught horses a good collar bed is essential. Full volume of the shoulder muscles in a saddle horse, is objectionable, as the movements would then be hampered. Freedom from blemishes or wasted muscles is necessary (shoulder-slip). A moderate length of arm is desirable. If it is too short the forward stride is less. It should be well rounded, full and firm. The Elbows ought to be well separ- ated from the sides of the chest. Turn- ing " in " or " out " of the elbows is 26 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES distinctly objectionable, causing the toes to be turned " in " or " out " respectively. The Fore Arm should be long, wide and well placed in animals for speed, though shorter and stouter in cart horses. High action is favoured by a short fore arm. A slender fore arm constitutes defec- tive energy, probably all round. The contour of the fore arm in race horses is more or less flattened, but in draught horses it is cylindrical. In coarse bred horses the chestnuts are much larger than in those of finer breeding. Sometimes the carpal sheaths are distended through excessive secretion of their lubricating material, causing the appearance of a couple of soft, tumour like swellings behind the joint. This is occasionally spoken of as thoro- piii of the knee. Similar distensions may 27 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES appear in front of the carpus, above it or below it. Freedom from blemishes, thickness, width, are essential points of beauty. The skin covering this region ought to be fine, whilst beneath it there should be no bulky feel (clean knees). The distance of the knee from the ground necessarily depends upon the length of the radial (fore' arm) and cannon bones. In typical shire horses, the knee is very low down. Thickness {i-e., width from inner to outer side), gives a stouter support to the body, and diminishes the effects of concussion, consequently renders the animal less liable to splint, etc. Width or Depth {i.e., front to back), also increases the articulating area, thus giving greater stability. A plumb line passing from the elbow joint ought to symmetri = cally divide the fore arm, knee, 28 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES cannon, and fetlock, coming to rest just behind the heels. The terms calf, ox and sheep knee, are applied to this region when it is defective in width, deviates inwards, or is situated behind the vertical axis, res- pectively. All are objectionable. De- viation of the knee inwards causes the toes to point outwards, whereas outward deviation inclines the toes inwards, in this manner predisposing to brushing, etc. Metacarpus. — Many cart horses feel far too bulky in this region, indicating a sluggish temperament. Bone and tendon only should be felt. In race horses the cannon ought to be long, but not too fine. In most horses the cannon should be short, fine, thick. The Fetlock and Pastern. — The fetlock should be wide, clean, have a proper slope, and be covered by thin 29 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES skin. An upright fetlock, or one too oblique, is strongly objectionable in an}' breed of horse. In certain breeds (Clydesdales and Shires, etc.), there ought to be an abundance of long and silky hair extending up the back of the cannon. There should be freedom from bruising, etc. The horny growth at the back of the fetlock is known as the ergot, and the tuft of hair, the footlock. Small, thin, or weak fetlocks are objectionable. No matter whatever the variety of the horse, width is highly desirable. Moderate length of pastern, width and thickness are' the chief points to be looked for in this region. A pastern too long or short is decidedly defective. As a rule, these defects are rendered more so by excessive obliquity and uprightness in accordance with the length or shortness of the bone. Clip- 30 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES ping the hair off this region in the hghter breeds produces a degree of neatness, and is often the means of disguising an otherwise coarse bred animal. At the same time the hairs around the coronet are usually clipped .off. A typical foot should have a strong, well developed elastic foot pad, so that when the foot is upon the ground it will rest upon this. The sole must be con- cave and firm, with bars plainly marked ; the horn of the wall bluish- grey or perfectly free from brittleness, cracking, or indentation, together with fineness of its fibrous material. The heels should be well apart, and their height equal to one half of that at the toe. The average degree of inclination at the toe of the fore foot is fifty degrees, whilst it is about twelve degrees more in the hind. • The volume of the foot must be in pro- portion to the size of the animal. It is 31 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES a ver}^ common matter to observe an otherwise good horse, with feet scarcely worthy of the name. Nothing could be more objectionable than a Shire or Clydesdale horse with small feet. Many roadsters have feet quite out of pro- portion. Hard, soft, or brittle horn ; high heels ; low heels ; shrunken foot pad ; flatness of sole ; pumiced foot ; con- tracted heels ; turning "in" or " out " of toes ; inequality in size ; are all faulty. The Hind Limbs. — The muscles in the region of the thighs and buttocks are mostly large and powerful. The thigh and buttock (quarters). The portion of the thigh nearest the stifle ought to be well away, though not too far, from the sides of the belly and flank, otherwise progression is hampered. Moderate obliquity and length are the essentials of beauty in this region. If 32 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES the thigh is short, it makes the buttock look too plump. Another very impor- tant matter is width and thickness. The first implies measurement across and beneath the hip joint, whilst thickness is judged from a back view. Care must be taken not to be misled by mere rotundity of buttocks, probably most of which is fat. Sound muscular develop- ment is not difficult to tell. Flatness, inequality, or blemishing are to be looked for when purchasing. The Stifle. — Here, freedom of move- ment and absence of wasted muscles is necessary. In colts, particular care must be devoted to this region, as youth no doubt renders them pre- disposed to laxation. The Leg and Hock. — The leg ex- tends between the stifle and hock. Its long part consists of the tibia and fibula. The length of the leg is equal to that of 33 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES the fore arm. It should be long — in- deed, cannot scarcely be too long, when- ever speed is required. A long leg enables the animal to get over the ground quickly. Trotting horses and thoroughbreds ought to be long in the leg. In horses for slow work the length is less important. The cannon should be pro- portionate in length. If the leg is too straight, the lower portions of the member are brought too nii'ich under the body. Such a defect is indicated by saying that the animal is under itself behind. If the leg be too oblique, it makes the horse " camped." TARSUS. In the selection of a horse, the liock demands primary attention, being a common seat of disease, whilst pecu- liarity of conformation predisposes to- wards the production of such. 34 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES V The hock has four surfaces, viz., front and back (anterior and posterior), inner and outer. The front face is often termed the fold of the hock. The tendons of the flexor metatarsi and extensor of the phalanges comes over it, whilst the saphena vein (the distension of this constitutes the so-caUed blood spavin) crosses it obliquely. The hind face shows the point of the hock. Inner Face. — This is convex in front. Three small bony eminences are present upon it. The first of these is in the middle, and almost on a level with the point of the hock. The second one •is lower down and a little behind it, whilst the third projection is a little further backwards, but just where the cannon, begins. It is on this face that a portion of the lubri- cating membrane of the joint is unsnp- 35 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES ported, hence the Uabihty to fill up and bulge. The Outer Face. — Just about the level of the point of the hock, and on the outer side, there is a depression. This is the hollow of the hock. This surface undulates. The first " rise " is due to the external tuberosity {pro- jection) of the tibia ; the second one to the base of the os calcis ; and the third, to the head outer splint bone. A typical hock should be wide, clean (neat in outline), thick, open, and well directed. The so-called " tied in " hock is narrow at its base, and is believed to predispose to spavin. Lean hocks are indicative of beauty. In these the skin is thin and its tenuity allows the bony eminences to be plainly seen in outline. By the width of the hock we mean the distance from the " point " to the 36 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES " fold," whilst its thickness is measured from the '' imier " to the ''outer" side. If the cannon inclines obliquely forward it causes the hock to be over-bent or sickle (scythe) shaped, and this is a pre- disposing factor in the production of Curb. \ The hock should be parallel to the median plane of the body. When the points of the hocks approach each other, as in the cow, the horse is termed cow hocked. Excessive divergence, on the other hand, causes the animal to be bow legged and its toes inclined inwards. In order to determine the correct position of the hind limb, in relation to that of the body, a plumb line held at the hip joint, should pass through the middle of the leg, coming to rest at the middle of the hoof, remaining an equal distance from lines which pass 37 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES from the stifle joint and upper part of the buttock respectively. In a camped horse the hne will fall a considerable distance in front of the toe, whilst in one in which the limbs are too much under the belly, the line will fall behind the limb, perhaps just touch the point of the hock. ?^ H SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES being fine, long and silky, with a corre- sponding condition of hair from the lower parts of the limbs. Coarse hair in these regions is indicative of inferior breeding. The most characteristic feature of the . typical Shire is his heavy compact body and short powerful limbs and quarters. It is in weight of body that the Shire excels over his rival, the Clydesdale. Head- — Broad across the forehead (4), broad towards the point of nose and '' set on " obliquely. Muzzle (i) should be fine and have a " tassel " of fine hair — a characteristic of the true Shire. Eyes (5) full, but free from vicious expression. Neck (6) short, well arched, passing below into deep and powerful shoulders (7). Withers (15) thick and broad. Great width and depth of chest are a sine qua non in a Shire. 73 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Quarters long (22) and broad, Loins (18) broad and muscular to a degree. The Back (16) must be short and broad ; the girth (17) deep and full, with well sprung ribs (20). Any tendency towards " weedyness " in the barrel is the worst fault a Shire can have. The Hocks (24) must be broad in front, wide from, front to back, and sharp in outline. Any swelling, fulness or disease, objectionable. Free hock action is a sine qua non. Hips (25) wide and square. Croup (26) slightly sloped. Tail (27) This should be covered with long soft hair (no coarseness), and spring from the level of the croup with the quarters. Fore Arm (9) of moderate length, broad, thick and firm, ending at broad knees covered by thin skin. The knee (11) of the Shire should be almost 73 o H C SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES square in outline, i.e., broad, flat, and clean. Cannons (12) short, broad and cylin- drical, and when the hand is run down this region, nothing but skin, bone and tendons should be felt ; in other words, the animal should be " clean- legged," with a superabundance of soft silky hair, hiding, in part, the hoof. Pasterns (13) strong, wide and clean. As to the feet (14) these must be free from flatness, but large and full, well open at the heels, the sole being sound and concave, with a plump foot- pad (frog). Pasterns broad, thick, neither too long nor too short, nor yet upright, or too oblique. An angle of moderate slope is necessary in a typical Shire. Too much attention cannot be paid to the feet of horses when selecting, more especially so in the case of a heavy draught horse. ys SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES In colour, Shires vary very much, and winners are of all colours : red roans, blue roans, iron greys, light greys, white, dark browns, light and dark bay, chestnut, etc., are all frequently met with. Many have white points. The Shire is a quick mover at his walk, and when asked to trot, his action round and full. The temperament of the breed is, generally, that of being kind and willing workers, always working up to the collar. CONDITIONS OF ENTRY INTO SHIRE H0R5E SOCIETY'S STUD BOOK. CONDITIONS OF ENTRY FOR STALLION. A Stallion foaled in 1890, or before, will be admitted if his sire and also his dam or dam's sire are registered. A Stallion foaled after 1890 will be 76 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES admitted if his sire and dam are both registered, except when the dam has had produce previously registered, when the registration of the dam may be dis- pensed with. Note. — If the dam of a Stalhon foaled in 1890 or before is not registered, her age, colour and breeder's nam,e and address must be stated, and certificate B must be signed by the dam's breeder, unless the dam has had produce previously registered. The Editing Committee are empow- ered to reject or to cancel the entry of any animal of which there is a doubt as to its being of the '* Shire " or Old English cart horse breed. CONDITIONS OF ENTRY FOR MARE OR FILLY. A Mare foaled in 1885, or before, will be admitted if her sire is registered, and also her dam or dam's sire. 77 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES A Mare foaled after 1885 will be admitted if her sire and dam are regis- tered ; or if she has three crosses of registered blood, viz., registered sire, registered sire of dam, and registered sire of grand-dam — but the third regis- tered cross may be dispensed with in the case of animals out of Mares any of whose produce shall be proved to be previously registered. Note. — If the dam is not registered or has no registered produce, and if the grand-dam is not registered, or has not already appeared in a registered pedi- gree, the age, colour, and breeder's name and address must be stated. Further, if the dam is not registered, a certificate will be required from her breeder, unless she has had produce previously registered. If the grand- dam is not registered, a certificate will be required from her breeder, unless she has already appeared in a registered 78 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES pedigree. Failing a certificate the breed- ing must be authenticated to the satis- faction of the Committee. The Editing Committee are empow- ered to reject or to cancel the entry of any animal of which there is a doubt as to its being of the " Shire " or Old English cart horse breed. THE SUFFOLK. The Suffolk of to-day can be traced in a direct male line to one horse born in 1760. As far back as 200 years since the Suffolk appears to have existed as a distinct breed, the colour then being as now, either chestnut, or this in com- bination with white. In an unsigned copy of " Youatt on the Horse," the following paragraphs with reference to this breed of horse occur : — " Horses of slow draught, and some- times even for the carriage are produced 79 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES from the ' Suffolk Punch/ so-called from his round ' punchy ' make, and des- cended from the Norman stallion and Suffolk cart mare. " The true Suffolk is now nearly extinct. It stood from 15 to 16 hands, and of a sorrel colour ; was large headed, low shouldered, and thick on the top ; deep and round chested ; long backed, high m the croup ; large and strong in the quarters ; full in the flanks, round in the legs, and short in the pasterns. It was the very horse to throw his whole weight into the collar, with sufficient activity to do it effec- tually, and hardihood to stand a long day's work " The Suffolk would tug at a dead pull until he dropped. '* The immense power of the Suffolk is accounted for by the low position of the shoulder, which enables him to throw so much weight into the collar." 80 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSElS From the foregoing it will readily be gleaned in what esteem this variety of horse was held when the above was written. Stands the Suffolk where it did. Longevity and vitality are, amongst many others, two characteristics of the breed. For breeding artillery^ horses no better class of animal can be found. In height the Suffolk should be about 16-1 hands ; have long, low, muscular shoulders, great width over the hips, and broad, powerful, well rounded quarters. A wide and deep chest, wide quarters, well sprung ribs — deep towards the flank — and a short stout neck, are essentials. The back should be short and broad, and the legs short and muscular ; knees broad, and short from the knee to the fetlock. 81 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Typical Suffolks are very clean legged, and as a rule, have the best of feet. A good Suffolk must be " wide " and '' deep " in all his points, and well balanced withal. Chestnut is the typical colour. Free- dom from coarseness is necessary'. In action the Suffolk is quick in all his paces ; his temper — with rare exceptions — of the best, and he is con- stitutionallv second to none. . As a heavy vanner, for the brewer, miller, and agriculturist, etc., he has no superior. The following are the conditions of entry for the registration of a horse by the Suffolk Horse Society. SUFFOLK HORSE SOCIETV. CONDITIONS OF ENTRY. All entries to be submitted for exam- ination to the Council, who alone shall 82 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES decide whether the animal is ehgible for registration ; but no entry shaU be accepted which does not comply with the conditions adopted by the Society. These conditions are : — (a) No Stallion which is known to have a cross of any other breed in the direct male line within four generations, and no Mare within two generations, shall be ad- mitted. (b) No horse otherwise than of a chestnut colour shall be admitted, but white or silver hairs well blended with chestnut shall not be held to be ground of objection, provided the quantity of such does not amount to a decided roan. (c) No entry shall be rejected on account of white on the face or legs, nor be subject to limit as to height, weight or size. 83 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES (d) No entries shall be admitted unless the sire of the dam be eligible for, or entered in, the Suffolk Stud Book ; or that the dam be already entered in any of the volumes of the Suffolk Stud Book. (e) When a Mare has once been registered, every subsequent generation must also be regis- tered, to enable her descendants to be eligible. (f) Animals bred outside Great Britain must be by a registered sire and from a registered dam. (g) Entries must in all cases contain particulars as to markings (if any) or clearly state whole- coloured chestnut, chestnut alone not being sufficient. Should the above bye-law not be complied with, the entry will be liable to disqualification. 84 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES (h) The foregoing conditions shall apply to Stallions, Mares, Colts and Fillies. All cases of suspected or doubtful pedigree of animals entered or sub- mitted for entry, or alleged mis-repre- sentation, which shall be brought under the notice of the Society, shall be dealt with by the Council. The Council shall have power to exclude from the benefits of the Society any person who knowingh" makes a false entry. All entries to be made on the printed forms supplied by the Society, and the Secretary shall be at liberty to return all forms not properly filled up, nor completed as to markings on face, etc., number in former volumes of sires, dams, etc. Prefixes or affixes to the names of horses and mares can be registered, pro- vided such be approved b}' the Council, 8^ SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES such prefix or affix to be the sole right of the Member registering, or his repre- sentatives, during the period he is a Member of the Society. Except a pre- fix or affix be registered, no prescriptive title can be claimed. Registration Fee, £i. Animals entered as foals : Stallions, los., Mares, 5s; entered as yearlings: Stallions, 20s., Mares, los. ; entered as two year olds and upwards : Stallions, 40s., Mares, 20s. Transfers, 5s. Non-Members, double fees. THE CLYDESDALE. This is a hardy breed of horse, originally bred in the valley of the Clyde, and now most extensively reared — either pure or mixed — in almost every part of Scotland. Amongst the farm horses in Scotland, we believe that we are not far from the truth when stating that fully three parts 86 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES of these horses are about three-quarter Clydesdales. As a rule they are big, powerful horses, rather leggy and deficient in body, yet of very vigorous constitution, and able to perform work that could not be done by more typically bred heavy horses. The demand for Clydesdales is not as great in England as in the land of their nativity, yet greater than Scot- land's demand for our beautiful Shire. There is plenty of room for the best horses of both classes, and a ready market for such. The Clydesdales are particularly strong pullers, a very necessary quality considering the large amount of ploughed hilly land in Scot- land. It is at times truly wonderful to see some of these horses toiling away before a plough over almost perpen- dicular braes, and many of these being, practically, only colts. In colour the most typical specimens «7 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES of Clydes are dappled brown, with a " ratch " (white streak) on the face, frequently white on the legs, and from 16.2 to 17 hands in height. The chest should be broad, the neck strong and broad, ending in oblique shoulders. Fore arms long and broad, ending at broad, fiat knees, below which the cannons and pasterns should be broad and thick, covered by thin skin. A typical Clydesdale ought to be very " clean " legged, and from it there should be an abundance of long soft hair — free from coarseness. Many horses, no matter what the breed, are very defective in the regions of the pasterns and feet. Some are too upright, have pasterns too short, others too long, or too oblique. The happy medium is requisite in the Clyde, as in most other horses. The foot must be proportionate and sound. Ribs wide and deep, and back 88 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES somewhat short. Many Clydesdales are defective in these regions — a fact well known to admirers and breeders. The hind quarters are specially power- ful, and the legs long. Strong broad hocks are indispensable, but they must not be coarse to be typical. Many farm horses have this latter fault. As in the lower parts of the fore limbs, there should be plenty of long silky hair. Clydesdales are quick steppers, and have a long stride. In point of colour, as already stated, dappled brown is the favourite one, then black. Most black Clydesdales have some white about them, more rarely without. Chestnuts, roans and greys are not looked upon as colours to appeal to connoisseurs of these animals, and are not encouraged by the societ}^ (Clydesdale Horse Society) watching the interests of the breed. 89 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES VANNERS. Provided that the right stamp of horse be found, it matters not what breed it be, in fact, most Vanners are crossbreds, the results of mating a Clydesdale or Shire horse with a Hackney or crossbred mare. Van horses are more or less " chance " productions in the majority of instances. The^/ are divisible into two classes : {a) Light Vanners ; {b) Those used for heavy work. As nearly all van horses have to do their work at the trot, they must not be too heavy in body. For breeding Vanners, a most excel- lent cross would be that of a Suffolk entire with a stoutly built Hackney mare. Tolerably regular results might be hoped for, and a better standard of van horse produced. One meets with all sorts and conditions of van horses, but to accomplish this class of work 90 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES successfully, good legs and feet, com- bined with a hardy constitution, are necessary. Colour is unimportant, though when selecting a horse for these purposes, some clients have a preference in this respect, and will often forsakea superior animal to gratify their tastes. From 15 to 16 J hands are the usual heights for a van horse, and the best age to buy one at is 5 " off " or " rising " 6 yqars. For this class of work it is a mistake to buy one any younger. Well rounded ribs, strong shoulders and fore-arms, broad clean hocks and knees, and powerful loins and quarters are necessary qualifica- tions for a good vanner. 9' CHAPTER V WELSH PONIES. This is an ancient breed of pony, but from time to time has suffered through want of suitable protection and atten- tion. In the early part of the i8th century there existed a very famous little race- horse called " Merlin," and when this horse became broken down for the turf he was sold to a gentleman, and turned loose to run with the droves on the Welsh hills. The results of this experiment was an improvement in the breed, although this 92 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES was not sustained, all the best being purchased. The next step was the introduction of Norfolk Hackneys. The typical Welsh pony is from lo to 12J hands in height. The best work towards the welfare of the breed has been done by the Church Stretton Hill Pony Improvement So- ciety. The Welsh Pony and Cob Society, founded in 1902, bids fair to place the Welsh pony on a proper foundation, and this Society has made four divisions as follows : — Class A. — Pure Welsh Pony not exceeding 12 hands and 2 ins. Class B. — Ponies from 12J to 13J hands, when a cob cross has been introduced direct from the Welsh Pony. Class C. — Ponies from 13J to 14J hands having more cob blood in them. 93 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Class D. — Welsh Cobs from 14 J to 15J hands, the largest of Welsh bred horses. The following are descriptions of the points, etc., of Welsh Ponies, as fur- nished by the local Committees : — North Wales Division. Height not to exceed 12 hands 2 ins. Colour : — Bay or brown preferred, grey or black allowable ; but dun, chestnut, or broken colour considered objection- able. Action : — Best described as that of the hunter, low " daisy-cutting " action to be avoided. The pony should move quickly and actively, stepping out well from the shoulder, at the same time flexing the hocks and bringing the hind legs well under the body when going. General Characteristic^. — The pony should show good " pony " 94 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES character and evidence of robust constitution, with the unmistakable appearance of hardiness pecuHar to mountain ponies, at the same time have a lively appearance. Head.— This should be small, well chiselled in its outline, and well set on ; forehead broad. Nostrils large ; eyes prominent, mild and intelligent. Ears neatly set, small. Neck strong, proportionate, with moderate crest. Shoulders should be well laid back, and oblique, but not too fine at the withers. Back and loins strong. Hind Quarters long, tail springing well from the top of the back, as in the Arabian. Hocks well let down, fine, yet broad ; curby, or low hocks, faults. Fore legs, well placed, strong fore arm. Short cannons. Good open feet, sound and hard. 95 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES South Wales Division. The South Wales Hill Pony seldom exceeds 13 hands. His attributes are sure-footedness and straight action. Has low withers, short forehand, a '' low " set on tail, but sickled (over- bent) hocks, though fore legs and feet are good. Constitution strong. Of late years has been crossed with the Cardiganshire Cob to some extent. Also half-bred two year old Shire colts have been allowed access to the hills during the summer in some places, much to the detriment of the breed. As to colour, bays and browns prevail. SHETLAND PONIES. There is little doubt as to the '' Shel- tie " being a distinct breed several hundreds of years since. Brand visited the islands of Orkney, Shetland, etc., 96 w e; t— I H O Q H W CO SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES and a published account ot his visit is as follows : — " The Shetland Ponic^ are of less size than the Orkney horses, for some will be but 9, others 10 nives or hand breadths high, and they will be thought big horses there if 11, and although so small, yet the}' are full of vigour and hfe, and some not so high as others often prove to be the strongest Summer or winter, they never come into a house, but run up the mountains in some places in flocks ; and if any time in winter the storm be so great that they are strait- ened for food, they will come down from the hills when the ebb is on the sea, and eat the seaware which winter storm.s and scarcity of fodder puts them out of ease, and bringeth them so very low that they recover not their strength till St. John's Mass Day, the 24th of June, when they are at their best. " They will live to a considerable age^ 98 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES as 26, 28 or 30 years, and they will be good riding horses in 24, especially they'll be the more vigorous and live longer if they be four years old before they be put to work. " Those of a black colour are judged to be the most durable, and the pyed often prove not so good ; they have been more numerous than they now are." From the foregoing account we learn that our present '' Shetlander " pony has not lost the qualities attributed to him by Brand. He is as hardy and strong as ever ; as sure-footed and as small as he used to be. The average height for a Shetland is 10 hands, and the Shetland Stud Book Society does not register ponies above 10 hands 2 ins. Ponies 9 hands, are not uncommon, but anything below this is exceptional, certainly not the rule. 99 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Most of the prize winners are 9 and 10 hands or thereabouts, and in colour brown, black-brown, bay, more rarely chestnut. Many have white markings, and some are piebald. The breed is as hardy as they " make 'em," and will do hard and fast work on poor food. In point of size, for endurance, weight -carrying and clever- ness all round, they have no superior, if an equal. One of the best small ponies the writer ever drove was a dark brown Shetland, to name, " Sammy." He could carry his " tub " with three people in it, at eight or nine miles an hour, and keep it up. In the autumn and winter the coats of these ponies get very long unless the best of grooming, clipping, etc., is carried out. To work in this condition is considerably against them. It is quite exceptional to find a bad 100 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES tempered Shetland, although they are not all suitable for children, some being rather too strong in the neck. At the same time, it goes without fear of contradiction, that a well broken Shetland forms an ideal pony for a child, either for saddle or harness purposes. Shetlands are used in coal pits, work- ing in low galleries where the pit is thin seamed. The long flowing mane and tail, the long forelock, the short back, short legs and broad short head, are characteristic features of the Shetland. The fore arms should be strong and broad, cannons short and clean, pasterns oblique, and hoof at angle of about 45 degrees. A common fault is upright boxy feet. Action should be good — moderately high, fore and aft ; quarters strong ; back broad. lOI SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES EXMOOR AND DARTMOOR PONIES. THE EXMOOR; This is an ancient breed of pony, and in its natural state has degenerated through picking out the best animals of the droves, without exercising care in the selection of suitable sires. Sir Thomas Acland and Mr. Knight (deceased 1850), took a keen interest in the welfare of these ponies, and did much towards their improvement. Arab blood has frequently been introduced, sometimes with marked benefit. The Exmoor should not exceed 13 liands, the average being 12 hands. A " mealy " nose is a characteristic. In colour, dark bay or brown, with black points. Legs, short, and back strong. To buy Exmoors, one of the best 102 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES places to go to is Bampton Fair, held in October. DARTMOOR PONIES. These ponies are usually brown, black or bay, and should not exceed 13 hands in height. The neck should be strong and of moderate length. When trained, they make good boys' hunters, are good stayers, and, like the Exmoors, very sure-footed. RUM = PONIES, OR THE QALLOVV^AY. The pure Galloway was said to be nearly 14 hands, and of a bright bay or brown, with black points, and had a small head, clean legs, stout body and was very shapely. These Galloways are reckoned to have had marvellous powers of endurance, and were sure-footed. In 103 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES 1840 the late Marquis of Salisbury brought to light a breed of Black Gallo- ways from the Island of Rum,, then in a wild state on the island. Character- istic features are said to be found in the colour of their eyes, which are hazel, the long croup, and big head. These ponies have good quarters, and are first class staj^ers, though they may be but poorly fed. NEW FOREST PONIES. From records, it is evident that this variety of pony was in existence at least 1000 years since. The present qualities of the " Forester " are chiefly due to a horse called " Marske," the sire of the immortal " Eclipse " (foaled 1764), so that these ponies have a great deal of thoroughbred blood in them. This entire was barely 14.2. Subsequent to this improvement, the best ponies were sold and no attempt 104 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES was made to keep up the standard until the Prince Consort introduced a grey Arab entire into the district, and this gave new Ufe to a fast degenerating race of ponies. In the present day, Lord Arthur Cecil turns out a number of black stallions, imported from the Island of Rum (Scot- land) first about 1840, by the late Marquis of Salisbury. The cross has evidently been of marked benefit to the New Forester. General Appearance. — Height 12 to 13I hands. With better keep these ponies will increase three or four inches in height. The so-called flea-bitten gre^'S are very numerous, but these ponies are found in a variety of colours. They are considered to be good tempered when broken, but trouble- some to overcome. Have fair shaped shoulders, but croup is generally of bad shape. • . 105 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES CONNEMARA PONIES. Connemara, in the County of Galway, apparently had, hke Orkney and Shetland, a variety of horses peculiar to its locality. The origin and excellency of these ponies seems to be due to the introduc- tion "of Eastern sires — Arab or Earb, but within the last twenty or thirty years the breed has been degenerating, though more recently attempts have been made to resuscitate it. These ponies are from 12 to 14 hands in height, have clean wiry limbs, and long lean (Eastern) heads. In colour, yellow-dun, bay or grey. Croup to be as high as the withers. Neck strong and of medium length ; shoulders straight ; withers medium height, long body, deep (63 to 70 ins.) ; legs short and strong. Cannons 6 J to 7 inches in length. Loins must be strong and quarters well sloped. 106 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES The Connemara Pony Committee gives the distance between the eyes 7J to 8 inches, and the length of the leg from elbow to ground from 31 to 33 inches. These ponies are specially suitable to train for polo work. POLO PONIES. Given the right stamp of pony, it does not matter what be his breed or his nationality. Before it can lay claim to be called a Polo Pony, the animal must be made to the game, when it may have increased in value from that of a few pounds up to three figures. Speed, strength and staying power are essential qualifica- tions in the raw material. The height should be 14.2. In India, the Polo Pony, playing under the Association's code of rules, must not exceed 13.3. 107 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES As to conformation, the back should be long, and loins short. The shoulders, long and muscular to a degree, and neck carried vertically. Withers low ; ears small and pointed ; fore arms long, broad and muscular ; broad, " clean " knee and hock joints ; pasterns of moderate length, and of good slope. In general build a polo pony wants to be a small " stoutly " built (if such an expression can be used) thoroughbred, and the best means of producing these ponies will be b}^ means of a small thoroughbred sire. loS CHAPTER VI THE AGE OF THE HORSE Although irregularities as to time do occur in connection with the appearance of the incisor or nipping teeth, these exceptions are not sufficiently numerous to disturb the "accepted" and uni- versal system of judging a horse's age by his teeth. At, or shortly after the time when the foal comes into the world, he has two sucking or temporary incisor teeth in the centre of the upper jaw, and a corresponding pair in the lower. These are the centrals. In an interval of from six to eight loq SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES weeks, another pair appear in both jaws, known as the " middles J' or laterals. Between this and six months there is a INCISORS AT TWO MONTHS. period of '' dormancy " as it were, no more incisor teeth making their appear- ance. Very shortly after the period last named, the " corner " incisors will be seen, and by the time the colt is one 3''ear old, the " corners " are on a level with the centrals and laterals, so that INCISORS AT SIX MONTHS. the animal has now a complete set of sucking or incisor sucking teeth, all of which remain in the mouth until the colt has turned two 3'ears. It is very 1 10 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES necessary to be able to tell a yearling from a two year old. about which there should be no difficult}/, even without settling up the point by reference to the INCISORS OF A YEARLING. molars. Look at the tables of the corner incisors, which are not formed at one year, but as a rule, well in wear at twent}/ months and twenty-four months. All the wearing surfaces of these teeth are reduced much more so than in the 3'^earling, and the mouth broader. The presence of the " fifth " molar is, of course, positive evidence that the animal is not a yearling, this tooth not making its appearance until about one and a half years. In calculating the age reckon from January ist, though 1 1 1 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES many foals are born early in February, and the majority in March or April, thus making a slight difference in the appearance and development of the permanent incisors. INCISORS AT TWO YEARS. The application of the terms '' rising" and " off," means that the animal is within, say, three months, or there- abouts, of its reputed age. Many horse dealers make a practice of selling a horse that is barely three years old as one rising four, with a corresponding misrepresentation of a four for a five years, and the latter for a horse at six. In order to guard against such decep- tions, particular attention must be paid I 1 1 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES to the form of and wear upon the tables, in other words, to the shape of the mark or infundibulum, to the ring of enamel surrounding this mark, and to the outer enamel ring, or the boundary of the tooth. The term '' anterior " is applied to that portion of the table lying between the free edge of the tooth and the front edge of the " inner " enamel ring ; '' posterior," to the space lying behind it. Another important matter is that of being able to readily distinguish " tem- porary '* from permanent incisors. The former are smaller, narrower where thev enter the gum, and are without any well defined groove running up the face of the tooth, so pronounced in the permanent broad incisors. The replacement of the temporary by the permanent teeth begins at the " centrals," followed by the middles and corners. In most in- J '3 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES stances, when noting the animal's age, it is usual to inspect the incisors in the lower jaw only. SHEDDING THE INCISORS. Two Years Off. — If the gums are examined they will be seen to be con- gested, and the new central permanent incisors either through, or breaking through the gum. Two Years and a Half. ^ — The central pair of permanents are just about half way up, and have each a cavit}^ running across the nipping surfaces. The difference between them and the worn temporary ones is very strik- ing. Rising- Three Years — Sometimes it becomes an urgent matter to decide whether a colt is *' Rising three years,'' or " Three years off." Look very critically at the middle 114 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES teeth for evidence of congestion of the gums. If this is present, it is fairly rehable evidence that the colt has turned three years. This opinion is strengthened if the tables of the centrals are fully developed, whereas in a ''Rising three " INCISORS AT THREE YEARS. it is unusual to have the tables proper!}- formed, the mark running right through each of the new teeth, with, probably, wear on the front edge of the tooth only. Three Years. — The drawing repre- sents the condition of the lower incisors in a horse just three years of age. Three Years Off. — We have already li ^ SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES referred to this under the heading of '* Rising Three." Three Years and Six Months. — The middle pair of incisors is now about half way up, and they bear the same relationship — so far as appearances go — to the temporary " corners," when the mouth is closed. INCISORS AT FOUR YEARS. Rising- Four. — A veterinary surgeon is frequently called upon to decide as to whether a particular animal is rising to his fourth birthday, or whether he has passed it ; in other words, four "off." The best evidence will be gleaned by n6 SOUND AND tlNSOUND HORSES looking for signs of congestion of the gum or inception of the "corners." If this is present it is fairly good positive evidence that the colt is " four years off," an opinion materially strengthened if the tables of the " middles " are well formed. In a rising four years old the mark in the middle teeth is in the same condition as that described under a " rising three." Four Years and Six Months. — The "corner" permanents are now just about half way up, and they are easily distinguishable from the tem- porary incisors which they displaced at or about four years and a quarter. Their nipping surfaces have not yet come into play, so that there is no wear here — so far. K'ising: Five. — The corner incisors at this age have just reached the level of the other permanents, but their cutting 1^7 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES surfaces are not in wear as yet. The mark is large, and the teeth shell-hke. INCISORS AT FIVE YEARS. Five Years Ofi.— The front edges of the "corners " show wear, but the tables are not formed. 5ix Years. — It is very important to be able to determine the animal's age at this period of life. With some dealers it is a general rule to sell nearly all their horses as six or seven years old, as so many people prefer to purchase horses at this age. The best evidence is that obtained by a careful inspection of the corner incisors. In a six year old, these teeth have less SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES wear on the hinder edge than in front, and the central mark is still deep, whereas in the central and middles it is ■,1;"' > INCISORS AT SIX YEARS. comparatively shallow, and the tables are not of the triangular form assumed at seven. It is not at all uncommon to find the " corner " teeth having the posterior border below the level of the anterior, and remaining in this condition, so that it is quite easy to give an opinion that the animal is six years. Under these cir- cumstances, the shapes of the " marks " and tables in the centrals and middles should be noted. f 19 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES In addition to this, there will be a great deal of wear on the front edge if over this age. It is frequently a very difficult matter to decide. Reference to the illustration may be of some assistance. Seven Years. — The author has known horses up to twenty years offered for sale as seven years old. Of course, no veterinary surgeon would err in this way. The question most likely to arise is whether the horse is seven or eight. INCISORS AT SEVEN YEARS. These differences are fairly well marked if the form and wear of the marks and tables be ap})reciated. In the corners I 20 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES the mark is still elongated at seven, whereas at eight this is circular, or it may be, obliterated. Eight Year**. — In the centrals, middles and corners the mark is either verv attenuated, or lost. If it exists, INCISORS AT EIGHT YEARS. it is practically reduced to an irregular circle. Nine and Ten Years. — ^Teeth be- coming longer, and increasing in obliquity. Animal now spoken of as aged. After ten years, the upper corner incisors begin to show the groove (close to the gum) described by Galvayne, but as many horses have the whole of I 2 1 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES their incisors grooved, it is only a specu- lative means of judging an aged or old horse. TUSKS (WHEN PRESENT) AS EVIDENCE OF AGE. It is not advisable to place much reliance upon the tusks as indicators of age, though reference to them (if present) may be of some assistance taken along with other evidence. In Shetland mares the tusks are com- monly present, and as well developed as in the horse. It is usually about the fourth year that they " show up," becoming blunted at seven years, more so at eight. At six years they are sharp, and their inner surfaces hollow. MOLARS. It is rather singular that so few veterinary surgeons refer to these teeth. I 22 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES At certain ages they form a most reliable guide. The fourth, fifth, and sixth molars appear as permanent teeth, whilst the first, second and third are replaceable ones. These teeth appear in the following order : — Nine Months.-- Th.^ fourth permanent molar breaks through the gum, and at One Year it rises to the level of the three temporary ones in front of it. One Year and Six Months. — The fifth permanent molar is through, and at Two Years it is level with the fourth permanent molar. Two Years and Six Months. — The first and second temporary molars are shed, if not, by the time the colt reaches two years and three-quarters (rising three). Three Years. — First and second per- manent molars fully up. Four Years. — Third temporary molar 1-3 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES replaced, and the sixth permanent molar well up. SUMMARY. I. — That a yearling has a complete set of temporary incisors, and the fourth permanent molar on a level with the three temporary ones in front of it. 2. — ^That a two year old has a fifth per- manent molar as yet not much in wear. 3. — That two fully (lower jaw) deve- loped permanent incisors are positive evidence of a three year old. 4. — That at three " o# " there will be signs of shedding of the middle temporary incisors, and at three and a half the permanent incisors will have replaced them. 5. — About three years the first and second permanent molars are well up. 6. — That a " rising four year old " is readily told by the fact that the per- manent molars are ''fully up," but the tables not properly formed. 124 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES 7. — ^The characteristic features of a -five years are well seen in the corner incisors, the wear being confined chiefly to the front edges. At this age all the teeth are on a level and the mouth has a very neat, full gum, semi-circular appearance. 8. — ^That the corner incisors may be as " shell teeth," thus misleading one, unless reference be made to wear upon their front edges, and the changes in the middles and centrals. 9. — That a seven years old has the " mark " in its '' corners " slightly elongated, and at eight years round or lost . And lastly, to bear in mind that when looking at the teeth re age, there is no cleverness in merely separating the lips and taking a casual glance at the faces and tables of the teeth. Look at the tables of each tooth as to ts shape, and the shape of the mark, ts size in all the teeth, taking plenty SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES of time to appreciate the evidence thus afforded before pronouncing the age. Justice has to be done not only to the buyer but also to the seller. 1 26 CHAPTER VII DISEASES AND THEIR RELA^ T ION SHIP TO UNSOUNDNESS For the sake of convenience, the author considers it advisable to briefly allude to those diseased conditions recognised by the majority of veterinary practitioners as constituting unsound- ness in a legal sense, and which occur in our daily examinations for soundness, dealing with these in what may be tabulated as the Regional System. Unquestionably, many diseases will present themselves either to the mind or eye, of the student, to which herein no reference has been made. I 2 7 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Were it possible to enumerate the multifarious ills affecting the Equidae in a small work of this description, the advantages would hardly warrant their insertion. When it comes to a question of fact, a horse having disease upon it in any form is " unsound " ; therefore, all diseases constitute unsoundness, and it is for the veterinarian, in virtue of his training, to discriminate and advise as to those abnormal conditions that are " temporary," " permanent," or likely to interfere with the present or future utility of the animal. Keen observa- tion, tact, and sound judgment, are essentials as a means to this end. Before alluding to the principal pathological states, it must be distinctly understood that no attempt has been made to enter the domain of Pathology, reference, as far as practicable, being confined to remarks in relationship to soundness, or otherwise. 128 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES I —NASAL REGION. Catarrh. — No matter whether acute or chronic, the examination should be deferred, or the certificate withheld pending resumption of the normal state. Abnormal Growths. — ^Pedunculated or sessile, may occur in any part of the nasal passage, and have sometimes been overlooked. Are capable of producing abnormal breathing sounds (roaring or whistling), and might provoke litigation if overlooked : hence advisable to examine as high up the nasal cavity as possible. Stricture of Lachrymal Duct. — Tears flow over eyelid. Epistaxis. — Sometimes intermittent, consequently sure to be overlooked. Deformity of Nasal Bone — This may be congenital or acquired. The extent of the deformity, and whether I2Q SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES the animal suffers any inconvenience must be the guide. Injuries to the Alar Cartilages. — Defective respiration may be produced, the result of stenosis. 2.— ORAL REGION. Irregularity of the Incisors. — In the congenital defects, the so-called " parrot mouth," in which the upper incisors project beyond and lap over the lower ones — and in " reversed parrot mouth," — the converse, it is advisable when offered for examination, to point out the disadvantages to the intending buyer. Deficiency in numberof Incisors. — In rare instances — one of which we recently saw — the normal number may be deficient, reduced to four in the lower jaw, with a corresponding number in the upper. If so, it is unimportant, though 13^ SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES interesting. The same remark applies to the acquired loss of an incisor. Loss of, or Caries of Molars. — Always inspect the molars. Reject if either of these conditions be present. There may be some external evidence. Paralysis of the Tongue ^This is not uncommon, but such animals are not usually submitted for examination as to soundness. Mechanical Injuries of Tongue.— Unless severe, unimportant. Actinomycosis of Tongue. — ^Always make a point of examining this organ. It is needless to add, if diseased, reject. 3.— FACIAL REGION. As a rule, nothing is likely to present itself here in connection with examina- tion re soundness. Facial paralysis is not common, and no one would think of submitting a horse with it for sale. SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES The frontal and maxillary sinuses should be " percussed." 4— 5UB = MAXILLARY REGION. 5ub = MaxilSary Glands.- Very fre- quently enlarged, either through acute specific (strangles and glanders) disease, or as a chronic induration apart from either of these, or chronic glanders. When forming an opinion as to the probable harmless nature of any growth in this region, special care must be exercised. It would be a pity to reject a good horse for what may be a com- paratively harmless tumour. The his- tory, if reliable, will be of service. Fistula of the Duct — Reject. Bony Tumours — Reject for all such growths. 5.— PAROTID REGION. Fistula of the Duct.^ — ^Not un- common. Reject. 13^ SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Enlargement of Parotid. — ^This may be either acute or chronic. 6- OCULAR REGION. Entropion Ectropion. — Both un- common. Conjunctivitis. — Usually acute ; if so, defer examination. In its " chronic" form reject, as it predisposes to opacity of the cornea in the event of an acute catarrhal affection supervening. Leucoma. — Reject. The same re- mark applies to nebulae. GLAUCOMA. Amaurosis — May be " temporary " or permanent. The " pupil " is widely dilated, and the eye apparently healthy. If suspected, cover up eye that is sound and make horse move forward. Keratitis — In the foregoing three diseases, there is no alternative but to reject the animal. ^35 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Cataract. — Examine both eyes very critically for the presence of this ocular defect. Some cataracts are verv small, appearing, in the illuminated eye, as a stellate, greenish-grey opacity. When using the catoptric test, bear in mind that there should be three images of the flame, viz., two erect, moving in the same direction as that of the candle, and one, inverted, mov- ing in an opposite direction. In cataract, the last named is either absent, or else indistinct. Ophthal- moscopic examination should be em- ployed in doubtful cases. Adhesion of the Iris to the Lens. — ^The pupil contracts irregularly if partially adherent. Frequently result of iritis. Displacement of Corpora= Nigra- — Has been known to cause shying. ^H SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES 7. OCCIPITAL REGION. Examine for poll-evil, past or present. 8.— CERVICAL REGION. Cutaneous Diseases (parasitic and non-parasitic). If present, defer exam- ination, or withhold certificate until cured. Enlargement on the side o^ Cervical Vertebras, — If present, reject. Deformity of the Trachea. — Must be guided by own judgment. The writer has seen chronic forms of injury to the trachea that did not cause the animals the slightest inconvenience. Disease of the Larynx — Roaring. No matter whatsoever be the cause of this abnormal sound, or as a modifica- tion of it, whistling, it constitutes un- soundness. In accordance with its causation it can be either " temporary " I I SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES or " permanent," curable or incurable. In most instances it appears as a per- manent and incurable state. On this account it behoves the veterinary sur- geon to watch against passing a "roarer" or whistler for a client ; yet any examiner might do so, without any blame being attachable to him. Degenerative changes of larynx muscles are, doubtless, the most frequent causes of roaring, or whistling, but abnormal growths and swellings in the region of the larynx and certain specific agents, are also known to be causes. Intermittent roaring has been found to arise through the alteration in the position of a pedunculated growth. In this way one might easily pass a horse as sound in his wind, whereas almost immediately afterwards he might be making — and so might the buyer — a noise. It is well — for veterinar}' surgeons at 136 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES least, that there are such causes as those ahuded to, because it may become expedient, should litigation ensue, to make use of this knowledge. Unquestionably one of the best methods for testing a light horse's wind, is to strap up the near fore leg, and circle him on the longeing — with whip behind — rein at a trot for five or ten minutes. Diseases of the CEsophag^us : Dilatation — Stenosis. — Presence very unlikely. Jugular Vein. — Examine it for scar of venesection. ^ 9. DORSAL REGION. The withers require scrutiny for evi- dence of present or antecedent disease. All practitioners know that many injuries, though "apparently" cured, have a tendency to recur. This state- SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES ment also holds good for the occipital region. Saddle Galls. — Past or present. Sometimes sore back is very trouble- some, and if a purchaser finds that he has got a horse that readily " chafes," he is not, as a rule, very pleased about it. Although apparently a simple enough matter, good judgment must be exer- cised if the client has to be pleased. If the animal shows evidence of having been much troubled with a sore back, the writer would advise its rejec- tion, although this opinion may not be a general one. 10.— LUMBAR REGION. Anchylosis.- — ^This is not uncommon, especially amongst old horses. The best way for detecting it is by turning and backing (bending) the animal. 138 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES II. 5ACRAL AND ILIAC REGIONS. As a rule there is not much to look for in the region of the croup. Bruises are not uncommon. Fracture of External Angle of Ilium. — ^This is a fairly frequent acci- dent, the point of the hip being knocked off. False union is a common result. To detect it compare the angles. 12.— CAUDAL REGION. Seldom anything of significance here unless it be some skin disease, or an evidence of " shivering." Raise the tail to inspect the anal aperture for presence of abnormal growth — polypus ani. 13.— SCAPULAR REGION. Paralysis of Supra = Scapular Nerve (Shoulder slip). — Not uncom- 139 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES monly met with. Compare shoulders. If present, reject. Sore Shoulders. —Pay particular attention to the conformation of the shoulders. Judge whether due to a badly fitting collar. * Veterinary surgeons are sometimes consulted as to whether they would advise the purchase of a horse affected in this manner. If shoulders are well formed and cause ascertained, advise- not unless — purchase. 14.— BRACHIAL REGION. Sprain of Flexor Brachii. Capped Elbow. — No matter whether growth be small or large, stationary or progressive, reject, and this because the ultimate issue may bring discredit on the examiner. 140 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES 15.— ANTI = BRACHIAL REGION. Seldom anything particular presents itself for decision in relation to sound- ness in this region, unless it be a sprain, etc. 16.-CARPAL REGION. Critical inspection of the knee is always advisable, as bruises and blemishes are so very common here. Bring the limb forwards and examine it in a strong light, and if needful with a lens. Manipulate the skin with the fingers. The presence of a cicatrix, or an irregular growth of hair, is indicative of the skin having been broken. White, or different coloured hair, may be the result of superficial abrasion. The intending buyer must be notified as to the existence of such, no matter however insignificant. 141 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Anchylosis. — Flex the knees. If any stiffness, reject. If an, acute swell- ing is the cause, defer examination. Psoriasis, being a troublesome complaint, offers reasonable grounds for rejection. Confer with client. Bursal and Tendon Sheath SwelU ings. — ^These swellings are frequently met with in examination ; they are unsightly, yet may not be detrimental, but their presence predisposes the animal to an acute inflammation in this region should an exciting cause come into play, so that it is speculative as to whether such a non-inflammatory swell- ing may or may not interfere with the future usefulness of the animal, hence better to regard as unsound. 17.— METACARPAL REGION. It is in this region, and below it, that the examiner's skill and judgment is so 142 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES frequently called into requisition. More differences of opinion arise here and beneath it, than over any other — ^ hock excepted — parts of the equine anatom}/, and the author makes no attempt to disturb the opinions of practitioners who are entitled to respect, Opposition of professional opinion, though prejudicial at times — is useful as a means to an end, be that ending satisfactory or otherwise. Speedy Cutting. — ^This is rightly regarded as constituting unsoundness, and few practitioners noting its pre- sence — though frequently overlooked — would be disposed to pass the animal as sound. Scarring is usually found just below the carpus, on its inner side. High action and" turned in " toes are predisposing causes. Splint. — Probably it is better to reserve the term " sphnt " for deposits of bony material confined to the back ^^l SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES and postero-lateral aspect of the metacarpus, as distinguishable from abnormal deposits on the front and antero-lateral surfaces of this region, designated exostoses. Strictly speak- ing, this is incorrect, the two patholo- gical states being precisely identical. An extensive personal acquaintance v/ith practitioners leads the writer to take this view. It is a fairly widespread custom amongst veterinary surgeons to pass horses as sound — frequently without any prefixes in the wording of their certificates — having splint, provided that its situation is what they regard as harmless. The argument in favour of the adop- tion of this plan is, that one would hardly ever find a sound horse, and when found he might be useless. Unquestion- ably this is a hard fact, and one seemingly difficult to controvert. 144. SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES That a horse may have a shght or a large sphnt in a good position, and never go lame, is true, or the splint may undergo absorption, and so end the matter. In the experience of the author it is equally true that a splint, placed in the very best position that it can occupy, has, to the regret of the buyer, produced most intractable lameness. The so-called " knee splints " are — and rightly so — looked upon with sus- picion, and when detected, are sufficient cause for rejection. The author takes this view of all splints and exostoses upon any part of the metacarpus. It is far too speculative to say whether such and such a horse will con- tinue to go sound through the existence of these " apparently ' insignificant osseous deposits. Being abnormal, and viewed in a H5 K SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES legal sense, their presence constitutes unsoundness. Some practitioners — probably the more numerous — noting the presence of splints, certify as to " practical " sound- ness, a term that requires no explana- tion, but one, we hold, that is of very little value so far as the practitioner's reputation is concerned. In the writer's opinion the more satis- factory plan is, if splints be present, to indicate their existence on the certifi- cate, or by word of mouth, and add, " in all other respects (if this is the onl}^ fault) the animal is sound." Worded in this manner, the examiner protects him- sell, probably without making the client fight shy of an animal that may be exactly what he requires, and possibly will have trouble in finding another as suitable. In a heavy horse, it is right that less regard be paid to splints. 146 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Sprain of the Flexors. Sprain of the Suspensory Ligament. Break = down. Congenital and Acquired (other than the above Defects and Injuries. 18— PHALANGEAL REGION. Bruising" and Enlargement of Fetlock. — Slight piiffiness, though usually indicative of wear, is unim- portant, but if swollen or much bruised, reject. Flex the joint. Ringbone. — No matter whether " high " or " low," " true " or " false," " back " or " front," reject. There can be no two opinions as to ringbone con- stituting unsoundness. The chief trouble that arises in connection with it is " whether a ringbone does or does not exist upon a certain animal." We are not aware that there is any ■47 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES royal way to solve this frequently " knotty " problem. Every professional man, as an expert, is entitled to his opinion, be it correct or incorrect. If a ringbone is well marked, it does not require very keen powers of obser- vation to determine its existence. Ringbone may be unilateral, or bi- lateral, and, if the latter, in but a slight degree ; herein lies the difficulty of decision. Many horses are coarse in this region, still further complicating affairs. Comparison, by sense of touch with the same hand, is probably the best guide. In all cases the benefit of the doubt should be given — in fairness to the horse — to the seller. It must be borne in mind that ostitis and periostitis in the phalangeal region exist in varying degrees of intensity, and that the legacy of this inflammatory 148 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES action may be slight, circumscribed, or extensive. 19— THE CORONET. No difficulty is likely to confront the examiner over the coronary band. Coronitis. — Quitter. — ^There may be obvious signs of the present or past existence of this. To be on the safe side, reject. 20.— THE HORNY WALL. Sandcrack. — ^That a sandcrack con- stitutes unsoundness should go without saying. Its situation is, of course, usually at the quarters (fore limbs) but occasionally in the front, or in both situations. Always lift the hair well off the coronet, otherwise the initial stages of a sandcrack are liable to be over- looked in hind feet at toe. 149 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES It is quite possible for a horse to be " apparently " free from sandcrack at the time of examination, yet on the following day, or in less time, to present the beginning of one. No blame could be laid to the examiner under these cir- cumstances, as it is more than probable that some sandcracks start from within the hoof, extending through it to without. False Quarter. — Predisposes to sandcrack. Reject. Keratoma. — Arises from within and at the toe. Not diagnosable until a bulging at the latter. Rings of Laminitis. Malformations of the Wal!. Seedy Toe. Canker extending to Wall. Contraction of the Hoof. For all of those reject. 1 ^o SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES SIDEBONE. Why there should be difference of opinion as to whether a certain horse has or has not sidebone, is not easy to conceive, but diversity of opinion is of daily occurrence. Doubtless, this confusion often arises through the want of a thorough examination — or as far as practicable — of the part. This manipulation of the lateral carti- lages should take place not only when the horse is standing upon the limb, but also whilst the foot is supported. It is hardly necessary to say that sidebone is largely confined to heavy horses and vanners of the heavier type, but by no means uncommon in roadsters and hacks. Veterinary surgeons are fairly unani- mous in rejecting these light horses when they have the slightest suspicion of the disease, and rightly so. I ^I SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES It does not follow that such animals will go lame, the writer having known of several — one with huge sidebones — that never showed the slightest signs of lameness, neither had they ever done so, so far as known. Many practitioners are in the habit of passing cart horses with sidebone as sound, provided that the feet are good and well open at the heels. This is probably the outcome of the fact that so many heavy horses are affected with it, and that one would have trouble in getting a suitable animal without sidebone. If there are plenty of good horses with sidebone, it is equally true that there are plenty without. The size o a sidebone is no criterion as to whether it will produce lameness. Huge sidebones are frequently (apparently) quite harmless. There can be no doubt that there is a 152 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES natural tendency for the lateral carti- lages to undergo calcification, more especially with heavy work, increasing age, and hard roads. Locality has nothing to do with the production of sidebone, unless it be from the nature of the ground, street paving, etc. Many young horses, absolutely free from sidebone, after working on hard roads, are not very long before showing evidence of it. The chief objection to passing a horse with side- bone as " sound," is the difficulty one has in saying how long it will remain so. At the best, opinion is speculative. With the client not much trouble is likely to arise, because no man could come forward and prove that the animal had the disease (after a period of say, three weeks), at the time of examination. There is no data as to the length of time that it takes for a lateral carti- '53 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES lage to undergo its degenerative change. In common fairness to buyer and seller, and as a protective measure for the examiner, it is, in the author's opinion, advisable to reject the horse, passing him as sound in other respects, explain- ing the nature of the defect to the client. If the latter can get a slight reduction in the price, so much to his advantage. One or more of the cartilages may be affected, and in rarer instances, those of the hind limbs. In the latter case, their significance is small. Indurated Cartilages. — By some this is spoken of as incipient sidebone. There is some doubt as to whether this is the right term to apply. Indurated cartilages are not at all uncommon, and more frequently met with in light horses than sidebone, and in two instances coming under the writer's notice were " apparentl}' " the cause of lameness. We use the term " apparently," be- '5^ SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES cause no other cause could be ascribed. The cartilage feels prominent, yet has not lost its elasticity. Whether this con- dition passes on to sidebone does not seem to have been satisfactorily demon- strated. If the animal is not lame and the cartilage in the foregoing condition, one is hardly warranted in rejecting it. Navicularthritis. — ^The gravity of the disease renders remarks needless. 21.— SOLAR REGION. Canker. Flat Sole. Thrush. — If slight, defer examina- tion till cured, but for severe thrush, reject. When a client purchases a horse as " sound," he is not expected to begin doctoring its feet as soon as he gets it home. Severe thrush of the cleft has, within the writer's experience, produced very severe lameness. All Other Diseases of Sole. 155 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES 22— COSTAL & STERNAL REGIONS. Fracture of Ribs. Sternal Fistula. 23. -ABDOMINAL AND INGUINAL REGIONS. Umbilical Hernia. — ^This is com- mon enough in foals and colts. Usually undergoes spontaneous reduction. Is unimportant as a rule, Papillomata — Not of much impor- tance unless very numerous, but client must be consulted. Scrotal Hernia. — ^No matter how- ever small, condemn the animal. Cryptorchidism. — If discoverable, reject. Enlargement of Superfical In = guinal Glands. — In all probability this will be the result of several attacks of lymphangitis, so that one must not pass the horse as sound. 156 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES The same remark applies to the brachial region. Diseases of the Male and Female Generative Organs. - Any unnatural discharge from these organs is sufficient ground for rejecting. 24.- GLUTEAL REGION. Not much to be looked for in this region so far as examination goes. Compare the quarters (atrophy). 25.— TIBIAL REGION. Seldom anything here. 26— TARSAL REGION. We have again arrived at tiie seat over which many heated arguments have arisen, and are likely to continue to do so — the hock, the troublesome hock. Of course, the tarsus is a very important part, and if diseased, may 157 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES become exceedingly detrimental to the utility of the animal. Too much attention cannot be paid to action and conformation. Sometimes one hock is normally larger than its fellow, though not necessarily diseased. Thoropin — ^The presence of this constitutes unsoundness, yet it is an uncommon cause of lameness. Unless unsightly, there is no reason why the client should not be advised to purchase straight hocks are looked upon, by some, as a predisposing factor in its production. There should be no difliculy in detect- ing its presence, denoted by the appear- ance of a swelling on the side opposite to that on which pressure by the lingers is exercised. Capped Hock — Professional opinions are divided as to whether a horse having capped hock should be passed as a '58 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES sound animal. The author is indined to look upon capped hock as more of the nature of a " blemish " than that of unsoundness, unless there be heat, pain, or lameness present. When confined to the skin or connective tissue sub- jacent to it, there is no likelihood of the last named, but if the bursa, or point of OS calcis be injured, the circumstances are entirely different. The examiner must judge for himself as to the existence of these conditions. Spavin. — ^That the existence of bone- spavin upon any horse constitutes un- soundness, there cannot be much doubt. It is to give " proof " of the existence of spavin upon a given animal that causes so much trouble. It is common amongst all classes of horses, from the Clydesdale down to the tiny Sheltie. Its presence, in a horse required for fast work, is of much greater significance than one performing slow labour, and 159 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES this fact should be borne in mind when advising a dient as to whether he might safely venture to purchase. A large number of veterinary surgeons are in the habit of passing as practically sound cart horses over five years, with good substantial hocks, and free from lameness. Not a few believe that a spavined hock is " strengthened " and as good as or even better than one free from it. The size of a spavin bears no relation- ship to lameness. Many horses having huge spavins never show the slightest sign of giving way, whereas others having a trifling enlargement are incurably lame. With the former it is fair to assume that the inflammatory deposit has been repar- ative, and in the latter a destructive inflammation. Some practical veterinary surgeons pay attention to the position of the i6o SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES bony growth. The so-called " occult spavin " is an inflammatory process invading the small tarsal bones without any obvious sign of enlargement. The best method of detecting spavin is by comparing both hocks with the fingers of the same hand ; in this way the least difference in size can be told. View the hocks in profile, standing in front of the haunches. Any enlarge- ment will be seen. If spavined, reject. Sprung Hock. — General enlargement of hock, spoiling its true action. Reject. Bursal Enlargements. Psoriasis. — Reject, as it is often a very troublesome and unsightly disease. Curb. — ^Whether small or large, this can be readily seen in profile. Some horses are very lame from its presence, others it never touches. The safest and the right plan is to reject the animal. The client can then please himself as to i6i SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES purchasing. All classes of horses are liable to become affected with curb. 27— METATARSAL REGION. Temporary or Permanent En = largement of Cannon. — In the former case defer examination, and in the latter reject the animal. 28— PHALANGEAL AND PEDAL REGIONS. Brushing-. — ^When forming an opinion regarding this, the examiner must pay particular attention to the direction of the feet, and whether the horse is '' green." A horse at regular work, and shod with the so-called " preventer " shoe, bruising his fetlocks, should most certainly be condemned. Bursal Enlargements. Ring-bone : Sandcrack ftoe^ ; Canker, Tlirush, etc., etc., as in the forelimbs. 162 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Reject for — Chronic Coug:h. Broken Wind. Shivering. String-halt. Repeated Colic. Vertigo. Eczema. Mange. Intermittent Pulse. General Unthriftiness. etc. 1^3 CHAPTER VIII METHODICAL EXAMINATION No matter however experienced the veterinarian may be in the examination of horses as to soundness, more errors of judgment are sure to be committed than by one whose strict observance of method is rigidly adhered to. If a chent asks for a professional opinion upon a certain region in relation to its soundness or otherwise, this is a different matter. One of the worst faults a student can cultivate is that of slip-shod examina- tions when examining re soundness. 164 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Every square inch of the external anatomy ought to be gone over, and a regular " point to point " system observed. Not one of the most agree- able experiences is that of having a client " soured " because he brought a horse to be examined before purchasing, and that Mr. So and So " passed him sound," within a week of which he becomes idle and useless, owing to some infirmity, existing at the time of examination, and patent to any pro- fessional observer's eye, but evidently overlooked by the examiner through a too superficial examination. |i Experienced buyers of horses usually confine their examination to the age of the animal, to his action, build, and manipulation of the back tendons, lateral cartilages (outer sides only as a rule) and hocks — (spavin, curb or thoropin). The question may be asked, How 165 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES often do these buyers get their fingers burnt ? In the author's experience, very frequently indeed. If dealers, some other " innocent " client is asked to bring in his share of the salve to heal the burn. The writer does not mean the reader to understand that because " method " be adopted, mistakes will never occur, because they will, no matter however careful or methodical the examiner may be ; but that these errors of judgment will be the exception, rather than the rule. It is through an absence of system where the non-professional fails, and it is the business and duty of the M.R.C.V.S. to protect such from this failing. When examining horses at fairs, the facilities for thorough examination may not seem so favourable. This difficulty can easily be overcome. If a client 1 66 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES accompanies one to some particular fair or fairs with a view to purchasing, the best plan is that of allowing him to select the horse of his choice, give it a superficial look over, and if this is satisfactory — the experienced examiner can glean a great deal even in this way — get the seller to lead the animal into some quiet corner, away from the bustle, and then examine methodically. When purchasing at a fair, advise a client, whenever possible, to deal with such men as have a reputation to sus- tain, and with whom better terms can be arranged. A veterinary surgeon is often asked to accompany a client to some horse repository, where the con- ditions for examination are sometimes not much better than at a fair ; though the purchaser may kave better facilities of knowing what sort of a (bargain) pur- chase he has got, and if returned within the specified time, his money is in safe 167 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES custody. At public auction (without a reserve, of course), the highest bidder is necessarily the buyer, and the auctioneer must deliver the animal to the buyer after the money has been paid. There is no further liability on the part of the purchaser, but the vendor may still be held responsible, in accordance with the conditions relative to the merits of the animal. Three or four days, as a rule, is the time allowed for the return of the horse to the auctioneer. When a horse is warranted quiet to ride, drive, etc., and catalogued as such, but on trial proves to be vicious, it can, of course, be returned, false representation rendering the sale void. Selling under a false name also renders the contract worthless : hence there are certain advantages of buying at a reposi- tory not obtainable under many other circumstances. I 68 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES When a horse is brought to the veterinary surgeon's premises for exam- ination, if the feet are muddy, they should be washed, and the animal then put into the stable say from half to one hour, so as to allow it to cool down. Whilst in the stall, many faults are capable of detection. The " double " expirator}/ effort characteristic of broken wind, should always be looked for. The chief of these are — Crib Biting. Weaving. Pointing of the Foot. Shivering. Wind Sucking. Kicking. Biting. Quidding of Food. Broken Wind. Difficulty of deglutition can be noted if a drink of water is given. Shivering 169 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Is sometimes brought to light at the same time. As soon as cooled down, the temperature ought to be taken, and if found to be much beyond normal, the further examination of the animal should preferably — though not neces- sarily — be deferred for a few days. Directly the horse is brought out of the stable, have him trotted on hard — harder the better — aground, and take special notice of " action," both fore and aft. If there is any doubt as to the presence of lameness, defer the exam- ination until thoroughly satisfied that such no longer exists. Rest, for a reasonable length of time does, after a fair journey, show the lameness arising through navicular- thritis as a rule. Defective action should also be duly noted, bearing in mind the short step so characteristic of the disease last named. Now have the horse put on level ground, 170 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES SO as to get him to stand squarely, and apply the test of keen observation all over him, noting the pros and cons of a well built horse. Strictly speaking, we must regard the animal as being bi-symmetrical for examination purposes, and carry it out on these lines. Measure the height, and make a note of this. The best standards are those having a spirit level, and only these should be used where exactness — as at exhibitions — is required. Never mea- sure a horse on sloping ground, and never allow the seller — more especially a dealer — to stand the horse on selected measuring ground. It is not a difficult matter to make a i6-hand horse out of a 15, or convert (apparently so) the former into the latter. It is frequently done. Begin the examination in every instance on the near side and finish this before pro- 171 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES ceeding to the right, unless it be for purpose of comparison. Examine the nasal cavity as high up as possible. Note whether dry or moist schneiderian membrane. Next the age, and at the same time see whether the edges of the incisors are worn (cribbing). Withdraw the tongue, examine the surface, and inspect the angles of the mouth for thickening or scarring — the result of '' pulling." The molars at this stage also call for inspection. Pe- cuss the frontal and maxillary sinuses, comparing any dulness with the corre- sponding cavities. Inspect the eye as far as possible at this stage. With the right hand examine the intermaxillary space and sides of the jaw for swelling, fulness, fistula, etc. The larynx may be " lightly " pressed, noting the character 172 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES of the cough, if shght pressure has induced it. With the left hand examine the poll and then the cavity of the left ear, like- wise the parotid gland. The jugular vein should be raised with the fingers of the same hand. Look for venesection scar. If a double- maned horse, examine the upper border of the neck, throwing the mane to rest on the off side. This brings us to the root of the neck, and to the withers, " old " or recent scars in either of these regions being noted and given their full significance, or otherwise. White or different coloured hair points to an old injury. Compare the left with the right shoulder for evidence of paralysis of the supra-scapular nerve (shoulder slip). Pass the hand (right) over the arm until the top of the forearm is reached, at the same 73 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES time noting whether the elbow is all sound. The examination of the pectoral limb must be carried out by regarding it, from the forearm to the coronet, as having anterior, posterior, inner and outer surfaces. Begin with the anterior and ghde the right hand over the forearm (sprain, etc.), until the carpus is reached. Draw the limb forwards and carefully inspect the skin of the knee (blemishes and broken knee), feel the sub-cutaneous tissue for thickening, or for any disten- sion of the carpal sheaths. Continue this examination over the metacarpus — noting whether there be an exostosis, blemish, etc. — go over the fetlock (ringbone) to the coronet, remembering that a sandcrack at the top and front of a " fore " hoof is not uncommonly met with, though usually at the quarters. Now W4 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES examine the inner face from above to below. It is not usual to find much wrong on the inner face of the forearm, nor yet on this surface of the carpus, but the metacarpus frequently has a variously sized exostosis (splint) upon it. Just below the knee, this surface also requires carefully inspecting for " scar- ring," the result of speedy cutting. Compare the inner surfaces of the fet- locks, and examine the hoof for sand- crack on its '' inner " quarter. Outer Face. — ^The forearm here again does not require much attention, neither does the carpus, but the meta- carpus may present one or more growths for one's consideration, and the hoof a sandcrack on its " outer " quarters, or a false quarter. The posterior surface demands the most attention. Not as a rule much on the forearm, excepting at the back of the elbow — ^75 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES capped elbow — and the inner side of it for scarring after median neurotomy. When the carpus is reached, the joint should be flexed by grasping the fore- arm and cannon. The hoof should be capable of being brought almost up to the point of the elbow. Psoriasis fre- quently appears in the bend of the knee. Whilst the leg is off the ground, thoroughly manipulate the top (carpo- metacarpus) of the metacarpal bones for " knee splints." These are easily overlooked unless the fingers are well pushed under the tendons. (The prefix " incipient " is sometimes applied to a splint when in the formative stage.) Scarring also results after the removal of a splint. Sprain of the check ligament may be found, also thoropin of the knee. Examine the channel formed by the metacarpals for splint over its whole length, for old or recent sprains of the 176 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES flexors, or suspensory ligament, and for tenotomy marks. Flex the fetlock and examine it for signs of wear, thickening, etc. Carefully inspect the seat of neurotomy. The foot being still held up, examine the hollow of the heel, cleft of the foot- pad, size, etc., of the latter, sole and " inner " and " outer " lateral carti- lages. Also examine these when the foot is on the ground, and note whether indurated (incipient sidebone) or whether calcified. Always examine the lateral cartilages, no matter what be the class of horse you are examining. Com- pare the size of the feet and note the angles at the toe and heels. All that now remains to be done is the removal of the shoe, and this may conveniently be deferred until the further examina- tion of the limbs and body has been completed. Working the hand up from the 177 M SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES posterior angle of the scapula, the withers require careful inspection, and then come down to the girthing place (girth galls). The ribs and back (broken ribs, sar- coma, sore back) and the loins for anchy- losis, by bending the horse. If a young animal, inspect the umbilicus for hernia. The left hand should ghde over the quarter to the tail, which ought to be raised to expose the anal aperture. (Morbid growths, dilatation, etc.). When raising the tail, bear in mind the resistance offered is generally a measure of the animal's vigour. A feeble dock denotes, as a rule, a correspondingly weak state of the skeletal muscles generally. If necessary, have a fore limb held up, and compare the angles of the croup and haunches, and note whether there is any wasting of muscle over the quarters or thighs, an old fracture, etc, .78 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES If an entire, examine the generative organs as far as practicable, and note whether any obvious scrotal hernia exists. If a gelding, look for the pres- ence of both scars on scrotal sac, as the best possible — though not positive — evidence of castration having been duly performed. Likewise examine for swelling of sheath, or morbid growths. Whilst in the inguinal region, inspect the inner surfaces of thighs for evidence of chronic lymphangitis; specific, or non- specific sores. The right hand now glides down the front of the tibia until the hock is reached : its inner face likewise exam- ined, and then the posterior up to the OS calcis. Thoropin and capped hock will, if present, be seen or felt. In the bend of the hock psoriasis may occur. The so-called sprung hock is a 179 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES general enlargement of the whole of the tarsus. The fore limb should be held up, and the hocks compared for the presence or absence of bone spavin. It is not a bad plan to measure their girth over the seat of this exostosis. Any difference in size should be taken into account when w^eighing up the results -of the examination. The so- called " blood-spavin " is not an un- soundness (a prominent part of the vena-saphena), and how in the name of all that is rational any veterinary sur- geon can reject a horse for such a thing is more than the author's intelligence enables him to comprehend. The term " occult spavin " is applied to hock lameness, arising out of an inflammatory (ostititis and persostitis) action going on between the tarsal bones. " Incipient " to a commencing spavin. Bog spavin is applicable to i8o SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES any puffy condition of the hock — in- flammatory, or non-inflammatory. Flex the hock, keep it flexed for half a minute, and then make the horse stand over so as to throw sudden weight on to the tested hock. A weak hock can often be detected in this way. The hand glides down the inner and front face of the metatarsus until the fetlock is reached. In young animals exostoses are not uncommon here. Knuckling over is frequently met with. Then over the pastern to the coronet and hoof. Ringbone ; evidence of brushing ; bruised fetlock (induration of skin), sand- crack, or bruised coronet. The outer and posterior surfaces from the os caicis next require examining. Curb : chronic thickening of the back tendons, or for evidence of tenotomy found. Examine from below the fetlock on i8i SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES the posterior surface for ringbone, cracked heels, contracted heels, side- bone, thrush, and for a diseased frog. This, which for the sake of convenience, the author calls the " general " exam- ination, completes the work on the near side, and should be followed by its repe- tition on the ''off" side. Proceed to the " special," which comprises : — I. — The removal of the fore (prefer- ably all) shoes so as to facilitate an examination of the sole and its junction with the wall. Pare out the seat (inner) of corn, and the outer heel also. Note the condition of the sole, whether flat, convex or normal. Look for seedy toe, thin sole, etc. Observe the form of shoe and its wear. Have the shoes nailed on again and proceed to — 2. — The examination of the eyes in a darkened loose box by means of the 182 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES catoptric test as a '' general " one, and with the ophthalmoscope for a "special," if required. Bear in mind that three images should be seen (in the normal eye), two erect, moving in the same direction as the candle, and the third an inverted one, moving in a dia- metrically opposite direction. In cataract, the third image is either very indistinct, or else absent. It is a very good plan to dilate the pupil with sol atropine sulph. (4 grains to ounce). 3. — Back and bend the horse sharply, so as to try and make him show — if present — stringhalt or chorea. 4. — Test his respiratory and circula- tory apparatus. To merely " grunt " a horse is in- sufficient. Many roarers do not grunt when a feint is made to strike them. It is useful in its way, but does not afford one positive evidence. Take the pulse whilst the horse is i8j SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES at rest, and note its fulness and regularity. If a horse has not a sound heart he will not be sound in his wind. Many horses appear very distressed when tested for their wind, but it does not follow that there is any defect in the laryngeal apparatus. If a saddle horse or roadster, it can be galloped, but better results are obtained by strapping up the near fore leg with a Rarey's leg strap. Put on a pair of knee caps and longe the horse in a circle for five or ten minutes behind a whip. If there is ought wrong with his wind or heart this test will find it out. Cart horses should be circled with a longeing rein at a trot for a few minutes (no leg strap), or made to pull a load up a steep incline. This completes the examination, and notes should have been made as to what has been found, the names and addresses 184 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES of both seller and buyer, the name of the horse, its sex, colour and markings, and the certificate then written, if such be given. Some practitioners, when they find a horse unsound, give no certificate — others do so. It is more a matter of choice. The terms " practically " or " use- fully " sound are often employed, and there is no doubt they are useful " prefixes." In the author's opinion it is a good plan — and a very safe one — to write the certificate, indicate the causes of un- soundness, and add a rider such as "in all other respects the animal is sound." Another matter to bear in mind, and one which many veterinarians adopt, and that is of having a footnote on their certificates to this effect — " This opinion is given on the best 185 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES of my judgment, but I do not hold myself in any way responsible." To some extent this is true, because it is quite beyond any man to have knowledge, without previous acquaint- ance, that a particular animal is effected with epilepsy, megrims, frequent colic, or other obscure malady. 186 sound and unsound horses -Example of Veterinary Certifi- cate. EXAMINATION AS TO SOUND NESS. To-day, at the request of I examined Animal Age Sex Height Colour Markings Notes, etc In my opinion said animal is (Signed) .87 CHAPTER IX LAW IN RELATION TO WAR= RANTY OF HORSES. A WARRANTY implies all faults both known and unknown to the vendor, and a breach of this entitles the vendee to recover. A distinction must be made, however, between warranty and false — not fraudulent — representation. Let us assume that an intending pur- chaser goes to some fair, market, etc., and there buys a horse at a moderate price, but which subsequently turns out i88 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES to be a " roarer," etc. The buyer is unable to recover, whilst the seller is perfectly free from the law of fraud. A warranty may be either verbal or written, preferably the latter, in which the abode of the seller, date, assurance, and attested signature, are clearly set forth thereon. The mere fact of having given a big price for a horse does not, in law, imply warranty as to soundness. This con- trary view of the law of warranty has long since exploded. Warranties are frequently given for a limited period. Such are binding in accordance with the tim.e specified. A warrant}/ states that : — " If at the time of sale the horse has any disease which either actually does diminish the natural useful- ness of the animal so as to make him less capable of work of any descrip- tion, or which in its ordinary pro- 189 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES gress will diminish the natural use- fulness of the animal, or if the horse has either from disease, whether such disease be congenital or arises subsequently to its birth, or from accident, undergone any alteration of structure that either actually does at the time or in its ordinary effects will diminish the natural usefulness of the horse, such a horse is unsound." Horses are frequently catalogued as being quiet to ride or drive, but this warranty does not necessaril}'' imply freedom from vice. It is a warranty expressive of certain qualities, beyond which the horse has many defects and vices. A buyer can recover provided there has been an express warranty or proof of fraudulent intention. A warranty given by a servant in the employment of a private person, with- igo SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES out the consent of his master, or agent acting on behalf of the latter, is not valid, but a warranty given by a servant whose master or masters trade in horses, renders the contract binding, hence liability. Horses are frequently offered for sale '' With all faults." The aim of this is at once obvious, but ambiguous so far as the animal's defects, etc., are con- cerned. No person would, we anticipate, be foolish enough to enter into litigation regarding an animal purchased " with all faults." In England, on the principle of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware), the seller is not liable for latent defects, unless there be fraud on his part, or unless he has expressly warranted the horse. The law of Scotland in relation to this matter, is assimilated to that of Eng- land. 191 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES When a horse has been sold ' ' with all faults," the seller renders himself liable if he has used artificial means of dis- guising any defects, or defects which would otherwise have been patent to the buyer's observation, e.g., stopping a sandcrack, or filling up a false quarter. If the vendor gives a warranty of a horse having patent defects, and has pointed these out to the buyer, the warranty holds. Whenever the seller gives a general warranty, with the exception of some patent defect, e.g., splint, curb, etc., it is absolutely essential that he safeguards himself b}/^ drawing attention to such in writing, not orally. A general warranty seems to com- prehend all diseases of an organic nature. Crib-biting and wind-sucking, though vices, should, we consider, come within 192 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES the meaning of unsoundness, or better still, unfitness. Horses are frequently warranted sound and free from vice. It has been held in England that a seller's general warranty was not con- travened when the buyer found out that the animal's age was over that stated in the pedigree, because the vendor showed that it was so stated in the pedi- gree which he received when he pur- chased the horse, and that he had no reason for supposing that such was untrue. We will not say " that the seller had no other means for ascertaining the correct age of the horse." If the seller of a horse refuses to take the animal back again after the buyer finds that the warranty has been or believes it to have been contravened, the horse should be placed in neutral custody. If the seller uses a horse thus 193 N SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES returned to him, he is barred from suing for the price. Whilst a verbal warranty is binding, there may be a great difficulty in establishing the fact that the vendor gave such warranty at the time of sale. Hence the necessity of having a witness in support thereof, or, what is still better, a written warranty, taking care that the wording of such leaves no loopholes. If a dealer, etc., allows a horse to go on trial to the intending buyer and an injury or death occurs whilst the latter is custodian, the hirer or party with whom the horse is on trial must show that he is in no way responsible for such damage. It is reasonable to assume that the party to whom a horse has gone on trial, or hire, could not be held liable for any damage to the same, when such arose through causes over which the hirer, etc., or person in charge had 19+ SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES not, or could not have had control. For convenience, we will suppose that the custodian or his servant, is either riding or driving the animal along an ordinary thoroughfare, apparently free from influences likely to disturb the animal's temperament. Without warn- ing, something comes upon the scene, causes the horse to shy, perhaps falling upon its knees, and blemishing the latter, for which the proprietor seeks reparation. Under these circumstances we are of opinion that the onus could not be held to rest with the hirer. In this case, depreciation of propeity may have occurred, over which the custodian had no control. In law there is a distinction as to the degree of neglect ; a gratuitous bor- rower being responsible for slight neg- ligence, whereas the hirer is only re- sponsible when it can be shown that there has been ordinary negligence. '95 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES If several persons iraiululently en- deavour to sell a horse, knowingly un- sound, yet represent such as sound to the purchaser, they render themselves liable to criminal prosecution. Where there is a contract to supply a horse answering to some particular de- scription, and the buyer has not had an opportunity of seeing or trying the animal, the latter must conform to the specifications of the contract, otherwise the contract is voidable, the principles of caveat emptor being, under these cir- cumstances, inapplicable. Ever}^ affirmation at the time of sale of a horse is a warranty. In England, the sale of goods in market overt {i.e., a public place), although such may not be the property of the seller (stolen articles) renders the con- tract safe, the buyer being able to retain his purchase. For instance, a man might steal a horse, sell it in the market, 196 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES yet the buyer's contract holds vahd. In years gone by horse stealing was pretty common. With the aim of sup- pressing horse theft, statutory restric- tions were passed during the reign of Philip and Mary, and Elizabeth. These Acts provided : — "That a horse shall be openly exposed in the time of such fair or market for one whole hour to- gether, between ten in the morning and sunset, in the public place used for such sales, and not in any private yard, stable, etc., and after- wards brought to the book-keeper by the vendor and vendee for toll to be paid, if due ; if not, a penny must be given to the book-keeper. The latter must make entry of the price, colour, recognition marks, together with the names, additions, and abodes of the buyer and seller. The seller'sname, address, etc., must '97 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES be attested. Such sale shall not take away the prop&rty of the owner if within a period of six months after the theft of the horse, the lawful owner puts his claim before the Magistrate residing in the dis- trict where the animal shall have been found, and within forty days more, prove, on oath of two wit- nesses, that the horse is his pro- perty, tendering to the party in possession the price which bona fide he paid for the animal in market overt. If any of the aforesaid points be neglected, the sale is void ; the owner (purchaser) shall still retain his property, which he may seize or raise action for the restitution of such in the event of its being seduced from his control." In Scotland the matter is different. The proprietor of a stolen horse (goods) could reclaim it from the buyer, pro- ic)8 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES vided that such had been sold by the person committing the theft. The second sale with delivery is effectual against the first sale without delivery. Trading- on Sunday. — In England the Sunday Observance Act was intro- duced during the reign of Charles II. for the purpose of prev^enting tradesmen exercising their calling on the Lord's Day. By the wording of this Act, it is illegal for a horse dealer, cattle dealer, etc., to sell his stock upon Sunday. Any sale completed on Sunday can be rendered void. It is quite lawful for discussion to take place regarding the purchase of any animal upon the day named, but the contract must not be completed on the aforesaid day. A private party — one not exercising his own calling — can transact business 199 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES on Sunda}', and the contract can be held vahd. Regarding Sunday trading of any de- scription, the author is strongly in favour of its discouragement, whilst the want of necessity renders it still further objec- tionable. Several statutes of the Scottish Par- liaments enjoin the due observance of Sunday. The Act 1661 prohibits the " using any sorts of merchandise on the said day, and all other profanation thereof whatsoever," under the penalty of £10 Scots for every ordinary offence. The voluntary acts of private persons are binding though dated on Sunday. Agents. — An auctioneer is legally bound to take every possible care of animals entrusted to him for the purpose of sale. Disease or injury arising whilst in liis care, places the onus on him to show that such arose without ordinary negligence. 200 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES As carriers of live animals, a railway company must take all reasonable pre- cautions, but is not liable for damage from wholly unusual or unexpected causes, e.g., injury from some inherent vice of the animal. The liability of railway companies is restricted to £50 for a horse (ox, £1^ ; sheep and pigs, £2), unless the value has been declared at the time of booking, and the extra charge for such paid. Both in England and Scotland, inn- keepers, stablers and road carriers, are liable for animals entrusted to their care. The proprietor of such is liable for damage arising out of negligence of his servants. Carriers are not responsible for losses arising from the act of God {e.g., light- ning stroke to a horse whilst being con- veyed home). A person who holds himself out to perform, for hire, the duties of carrier, 201 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES incurs an universal resjjonsibility. A carrier's liability as such ceases if the consignee cannot be found, refuses or delays to take delivery, though of course he is still obliged to take proper care of the animal, until an arrangement has been made. Horse stolen from carriers render the carriers liable ; but any kind of stock put into a farmer's hands for grazing purposes, should such be stolen, unless clearly the outcome of neglect, e.g., broken down fencing, hedges or gates left unfastened, renders the farmer free from liability. 202 CHAPTER X SALE OF HORSES Sale is a mutual contract between the vendor and vendee, or purchaser, by which the property or owner- ship of the seller in the horse, or other subject of sale is transferred to the buyer, in consideration of the price. Delivery of the horse and payment of the price may be made simultaneously on completion of the contract of sale, or one or the other may be deferred to a later date ; but neither the delivery nor the payment of the price are neces- sary for the completion of the contract. 203 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES Delivery and payment are the reciprocal obligations of the vendor and vendee under a completed contract of sale, and failure to deliver on the one hand, or to make payment on the other, renders the vendor or vendee liable in action at law. The Sale of Goods Act, 1893, save in some minor details, assimilates the laws of England and Scotland with regard to the sale of goods, which in- cludes horses. By the provisions of that Act the property or ownership in the subject of sale is transferred at such time as the vendor and vendee intend it to be transferred, and such intention must be gathered in the absence of express stipulation from the terms of the contract, the conduct of the parties, and the circumstances of the case ; but, unless it is otherwise apparent, in an unconditional contract of sale, the property passes at the time of the sale. When a horse is delivered to a purchaser 0+ SOITND AND UNSOUND HORSES " on approval," or " on sale or return," or on any other similar terms, the pro- perty passes to the vendee as soon as he signifies his approval, or adopts the transaction by treating the horse as absolutely his own, or on expiration of the appointed tim.e ; and if there be no time fixed, then of a reasonable time without returning the horse, or giving notice of his disproval or rejection of it. It is important to determine when the property has passed from the vendor to the vendee, because from that time the horse becomes the property of the latter, and is at his risk, although it still may be in the custody of the vendor. The vendor in these circum.stances becomes the custodian of the animal, and is liable for the negligence of himself or his servants. In order to establish the sale of a horse in England, the purchaser must have accepted delivery, or if de- livery is to be delayed, then some- 20: SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES thing must be given in earnest, to bind the bargain or in part payment ; or faihng earnest or part payment a note or memorandum of the sale must be made out, and be signed by the pur- chaser, or by his duly authorised agent. The acceptance of the horse will be determined in the absence of express stipulation by the rules laid down in the Sale of Goods Act already referred to. Earnest is of two kinds, symbolical and pecuniary, and anything, such as a saddle or a bridle, may be used for the purpose of the former, while the latter is a sum of money. The note or memor- andum of the sale need not be in any particular form, it being sufficient to show, in connection with the surround- ing circumstances, that it refers to the contract of sale between the vendor and the vendee. In order to leave no room for doubt, it should, however, state as plainly as possible (i) the seher, giving 206 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES his full name and address ; (2) the pur- chaser's full name and address ; (3) the particular horse sold ; (4) the price ; and (5) the time of deliver}/. There is no stamp required for this memorandum according to the present law. In Scot- land no such formalities are necessary to constitute a contract of sale for future delivery. If the seller agrees to sell, and the purchaser agrees to purchase a particular horse at a specified price, the contract is complete. In the event of the horse being disconform to the con- tract, either through breach of warranty or in any other respect, formerly in Scotland, the purchaser was bound at once to inform the vendor, and to reject the horse, which was usually done by returning it to the vendor, or placing it in neutral custody. A purchaser in Scotland has still this remedy ; but by the Sale of Goods Act, he (the purchaser) may, as in England, hold the horse, 207 SOUND AND UNSOUND HORSES unless there is a stipulation in the con- tract of sale allowing him to return it. If the price has been paid, the purchaser on returning the horse can demand and sue for repayment ; but if he does not return the horse, he ma}' claim damages from the vendor, being the difference in price between the horse as sold under the contract, and the sum it would realise on being sold in the open market. If the purchaser fails to pay the price and take delivery of the horse, the vendor may give notice to the purchaser and sell the horse again. The purchaser will be liable to the vendor for anv loss arising from this sale ; but if any profit results from this sale, it will go to the purchaser, on the ground that by the contract of sale the vendor became custodian of the horse on behalf of the purchaser. In Scotland it is usual to apply to the Court for a judicial warrant to sell the unclaimed horse. 208 CHAPTER XI HORSE SOCIETIES. In England and Scotland numerous organisations have been formed for the purposes of not only encouraging the breeding of horses, but with a view to advancing the standard of the different varieties of horses. For this purpose Stud Books have been compiled, wherein the Registration of Birth, Pedi- gree, etc., is contained. The following is a list of the more important of these Societies : — The Shire Horse Society — Hon. Secretary, 12, Hanover S.q. Clydesdale Horse Society — Secretary, 93, Hope St., Glasgow. 209 sound and unsound horses Suffolk Horse Society — Secretary, Woodbridge, Suffolk. London Cart Horse Parade Society- Secretary, 12, Hanover Square, London. The General Stud Book — {For Thoroughbreds) — Secretary, Old Burlington Street, London ; also Newmarket. Yorkshire Coach Horse Society — Secretary, Appleton Roebuck, Yorkshire. Cleveland Bay Horse Society — Secretary, Potto Grange, North- allerton, Yorkshire. Hunters' Improvement Society — Secretary, 12, Hanover Square, London. The Trotting Union of Great Britain and Ireland — Secretary, 7, Trinity Square, Brix- ton, London, S.W. 210 sound and unsound horses The Hackney Horse Society — Secretary, 12, Hanover Square, London. Royal Commission on Horse Breed- ing — Secretary, 22, Great George Street, Westminster, London, S.W. Polo Pony Society — Secretary, Felhampton Court, Church Stretton. New Forest Pony Society — Secretary, Lymington, Hampshire. Shetland Pony Society — Secretary, 35, Market Street, Aberdeen. Any of the foregoing Societies will, on application, furnish any particulars that may be sought relating to the variety of horse for which purposes it has been formed. Although not really necessary, it is advisable to enclose a stamped directed envelope when a repl}' is required. London : R. A. Everett dr" Co., Limited, Essex Street Stf-and. i