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 JOHNA.SEAVERNS 
 
TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
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 VieMef famiiy Library of Vetermary t\/»edtGine 
 
 Cummingft S^KX>t of Veterinaty Mecttcwie dt 
 
 Tufts University 
 
 200 Westboro Road 
 
 North OfBflon, MA 01^6 
 
Q 2 
 
 5 f=M 
 
The Arab Horse 
 
 By 
 
 SPENCER BORDEN 
 
 Many illustrations 
 from photographs 
 
 NEW YORK 
 Doubleday, Page & Company 
 1906 
 
C>->x -«• 
 
 Copyright, 1906, by 
 
 Doubleday, Page & Company 
 
 Published, September, 1906 
 
 All rights reserved, 
 
 including that of translation into foreign languages, 
 
 including the Scandina'vian 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Preface 
 
 . vii 
 
 Introduction 
 
 . XV 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 
 I. Arab Horses Outside of Arabia 
 
 • 3 
 
 II. Arabia, and Some of the Bedouins 
 
 . 19 
 
 III. Early History and Families of Arab 
 Horses .... 
 
 IV. How Some Arab Horses Have Been 
 Obtained .... 
 
 V. Arab Horses in America 
 
 VI. Some Last Words 
 
 37 
 
 49 
 81 
 
 97 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 The Godolphin Arabian . . Frontispiece 
 
 FACING PAGE 
 
 Nimr xx 
 
 Arabian Horses 27 
 
 Zem Zem ....... 58 
 
 Mares and foals at Crabbett Park . . 61 
 
 Antika, 4 years . . . . . .66 
 
 Raschida ....... 68 
 
 Mesaoud . . . . . . . 70 
 
 Greyleg 72 
 
 Euclid 72 
 
 Lanercost ....... 73 
 
 Blitz . . . . . . . .73 
 
 Kismet ....... 74 
 
 A typical polo pony, sire Kismet . . -75 
 
 Maidan at 23 77 
 
 Maidan at 23 years of age posing for his 
 
 portrait 79 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS— C*«/i«a^^ 
 
 FACING FAGB 
 
 Heiress and hali-bred daughter, 4 months old So 
 
 Gaxaveen ....... 87 
 
 Heiress 88 
 
 Half-bred gelding by Garaveen . . . 89 
 
 Raksh 90 
 
 Segario, 4 years ...... 91 
 
 Imamzada ....... 92 
 
 Rose of Sharon ...... 93 
 
 Rumeliya 95 
 
 Rosetta, 4 j-ears ...... 98 
 
PREFACE 
 
 In the present work Mr. Spencer Bor- 
 den brings together a most interesting 
 mass of information regarding the relation 
 of the Arab horse to the life and history 
 of the Arabians, and he has kindly asked 
 me to preface the work b}" speaking more 
 particularly of the natural history and 
 of the antiquity of this breed. 
 
 About two years ago I began especially 
 to study the Arabian after having de- 
 voted many years to the study of the 
 horse in general. The anatomy, the 
 origin, and the natural history of the Arab 
 has naturally attracted less attention 
 than the relation of the Arab to the origin 
 of the thoroughbred racing horse. So I 
 directed my attention especially to the 
 structure of the animal as a perfect living 
 machine, to the part it has played in the 
 histor}^ of the world and to the domesti- 
 cation of horses from the earliest times. 
 
viii Preface 
 
 This proves to be a far more fascinating 
 subject than any of us suspected a few 
 years ago. Darwin, in treating of the or- 
 igin of the horse, among other animals, 
 did not give the Arab an especially dis- 
 tinct rank. Other writers, such as the 
 distinguished French anatomist Sansan, 
 have pointed out the important dif- 
 ferences in the structure of the Arab, 
 but have not fully sustained the theory of 
 its separateness. It remained for Pro- 
 fessor William Ridgeway of Cambridge 
 University to write what will prove to be 
 an epoch-making book on the natural 
 history of the Arab, since it forces the 
 question of the entire separateness of the 
 Arab breed, as a breed produced by 
 nature before domestication by man, and 
 entirely separate from the Northern horses 
 of Europe. 
 
 This raises two great questions: 
 Did the Arab horses spring from wild 
 horses entirely distinct from other wild 
 horses and superior in structure from 
 other wild horses? 
 
Preface ix 
 
 Secondly, in what part of the world did 
 the wild horses which gave rise to the 
 Arabs have their natural home and breed- 
 ing grounds? 
 
 On the first point, as to the entire 
 separateness of the Arab breed as an 
 original or natural breed from other 
 horses, I am convinced not only by the 
 arguments and facts brought forth by 
 Sansan, Ridgeway, and others, but by 
 my own observations that nature en- 
 dowed the so-called Arab with many of 
 its finest qualities, and that the Arabs 
 have improved the breed but without 
 greatly modifying it. The methods of 
 horse rearing adopted among the Arabs 
 are calculated to produce a fine and hardy 
 race but the methods of selection chiefly 
 of mares are not calculated to modify a 
 race very rapidly. As soon as the English 
 took hold of the Arab breed and began 
 to select both mares and stallions for a 
 specific purpose, namely, for high speed 
 at short distances, they produced very 
 rapid modifications, so that the modern 
 
X Preface 
 
 thoroughbred is a very different creature 
 from its Arab ancestor; in some respects 
 superior, in others inferior. 
 
 On the second great question, in what 
 part of the world this noble breed lived 
 in its wild state, Ridgeway has advanced 
 a largely original opinion, widely differing 
 from that of Blunt and other great au- 
 thorities on this subject, that the wild 
 ancestor of the Arab did not belong in 
 Arabia at all but had its home in Africa, 
 especially in the ancient country of Libya, 
 lying west of Egypt. He goes so far as 
 to give this wild horse a distinct name, 
 Equus lihycus, in reference to its Libyan 
 home. 
 
 I am strongly inclined to believe that 
 Ridgeway is right. He certainly brings 
 forth a great mass of evidence of every 
 conceivable kind that the noble horse 
 which has been raising the quality of the 
 horse blood of Europe and western Asia 
 from time immemorial came not out of 
 Arabia but out of northern Africa. His 
 view is naturally directly opposed to 
 
Preface 
 
 XI 
 
 many of the interesting Arab traditions 
 as to the great antiquity of the breed in 
 Arabia proper, but Ridgeway shows that 
 even Arab traditions may be interpreted 
 to point to a remote African origin. 
 Ridgeway' s work forces a more careful 
 discussion and examination of this ques- 
 tion than has ever been made before, 
 and will, I have no doubt, end in its 
 solution. 
 
 On sentimental grounds it will be hard 
 to take away the Arab from what we 
 have always considered its original home 
 and regard it as an importation into 
 Arabia from Africa. This question is 
 certainly not yet settled; but we may 
 regard it as settled that whatever the 
 issue the so-called Arabian is a very an- 
 cient breed, including characters which 
 were strongly established in a natural 
 state before domestication by man, and 
 which, therefore, have such great anti- 
 quity that they are extremely stable in 
 heredity and cross breeding. 
 
 The most profound of these heredity 
 
xii Preface 
 
 characters are in the skeleton or bony 
 framework. 
 
 The skeleton of ''Nimr," like that of 
 other Arabs, is distinguished by one less 
 vertebra in the back, a point long ago 
 observed by Sanson as characteristic of 
 the North African horses. I also find that 
 in the fore leg the ulna, or small bone of 
 the fore leg, is complete, whereas in other 
 horses it ends in a splint. There are only 
 sixteen vertebrae in the tail, as compared 
 with eighteen in the tail of the horses of 
 northern Europe. Other characters are 
 the horizontal position of the pelvis, as 
 in most animals of great speed, the large 
 size of the brain case, relative shortness 
 of the skull, the slenderness of the lower 
 jaw. 
 
 When one becomes once familiar with 
 the fine points of the Arab he can see 
 traces of the fine points of this breed 
 impressed everywhere: there is no ques- 
 tion that it has been the uplifting, en- 
 nobling quality which has been intro- 
 duced in the blood of commoner horses 
 
Preface xiii 
 
 from a period dating back from 1600 to 
 2000 B. C. 
 
 To know the Arab horse is to love him. 
 Those who, like the author of the present 
 work, are endeavouring to maintain the 
 purity of the original breed, and to es- 
 tablish the value of its qualities, are 
 rendering a substantial, practical, and 
 theoretical service. 
 
 Henry Fairfield Osborn, 
 New York, May 16, 1906. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Some years ago there came into pos- 
 session of the writer, an old book. It 
 had not very many pages, and they 
 were yellow with age. One entire page 
 was devoted to the title: 
 
 The Genealogy of the English Race Horse ; 
 With the Natural History of his Progenitors from the 
 
 earliest times Collected from the 
 
 best Authorities, etc,, etc., etc. 
 
 By T. Hornby Morland. 
 
 London. 
 
 Printed by J. Barfield, Waldour St. 
 
 Printer to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. 
 
 1810. 
 
 In common with other writers who 
 have studied the subject, the author 
 argues convincingly that the blood of 
 the pure Arab is the foundation upon 
 which the English thoroughbred horse 
 has been built by those responsible for 
 his creation and improvement. He 
 writes: 
 
 XV 
 
xvi Introduction 
 
 * 'Arabian horses are the most beauti- 
 ful; they are larger, more muscular, and 
 handsomer than the Barbs. The Arabs 
 preserve with care, and for an amazing 
 length of time, the races of their horses; 
 they know all their alliances and genealo- 
 gies. 
 
 " The Arabs, by long experience, know 
 all the races of their own horses, as well 
 as those of their neighbours." 
 
 Then follows a long account of the 
 care given to secure properly selected 
 mates inbreeding their horses, the formal- 
 ities observed when the horses are bred, 
 the solicitous painstaking when the foal is 
 born to make certain his identity, so 
 that it can never be questioned, the 
 methods of feeding and growth, of train- 
 ing and care. After setting out these 
 matters with great detail he concludes: 
 
 ''From all these facts it appears, 
 that Arabian horses have always been, 
 and still are, the best horses in the world; 
 that from them, or by the mediation of 
 the Barbs, are descended the finest horses 
 
Introduction xvii 
 
 in Europe, in Africa, and in Asia; that 
 Arabia is not only the original climate 
 for horses, but the best suited for their 
 constitution, since, instead of crossing 
 the breed with foreign horses, the natives 
 anxiously preserve the purity of their own 
 race; that, at least if Arabia be not the 
 best climate for horses, the Arabs have 
 produced the same effect, by the scrupu- 
 lous and particular attention they have 
 paid toward ennobling their race, and 
 never permitting individuals to mix, 
 which were not most beautiful and 
 of finest quality; and that, by the 
 same attention continued for ages, they 
 have improved the species far beyond 
 what nature would have performed in the 
 most favourable climate/' 
 
 These words, written a century ago, 
 may well serve as introduction in present- 
 ing the subject to be considered in the 
 pages of this book. The sources of 
 norland's information are unknown to 
 the present writer. That he was well 
 informed, will, it is believed, become 
 apparent in what is to follow. 
 
 Professor Osbom, in his Preface, calls 
 
xviii Introduction 
 
 attention to certain questions as worthy 
 of our consideration. First: Are Arab 
 horses so different from all others that 
 they are a class by themselves, distinct 
 and separate? Secondly: In what part 
 of the world did they first appear? 
 
 The latter question is one for scientists 
 to settle; it is a subject for academic 
 discussion alone. Before we are through 
 with the matters to be presented, there 
 will probably be few who will doubt 
 where Arab horses live at present and 
 have been found for hundreds of years in 
 a state of pure breeding. With this 
 view Professor Osbom is entirely in ac- 
 cord, for he writes: 
 
 ''There is no question that it (the 
 Arab horse) has been the uplifting, en- 
 nobling quality which has been introduced 
 in the blood of common horses from a 
 period dating back from 1600 to 2000 
 B. C." 
 
 His statement not only coincides with 
 writings which will be quoted of those 
 who have studied the subject in Arabia 
 
Introduction xix 
 
 within our own times, it is confirmed 
 by the discoveries of Layard in his exca- 
 vations of Nineveh, capital of the ancient 
 Assyrian Empire, on the border land of 
 Arabia itself. He found bas-reliefs repre- 
 senting men armed with spears, mounted 
 on horses of typical Arab conformation 
 and size, hunting lions. It is a curious 
 fact that no horse but an Arab has ever 
 been found endowed with the courage to 
 face a lion, but that in our own day Arab 
 horses are frequently used in hunting the 
 king of beasts. 
 
 The point of most vital interest to the 
 present discussion is Professor Osbom's 
 affirmative answer to his own first ques- 
 tion. He expresses no doubt when he 
 declares ''the entire separateness of the 
 Arab breed, produced by nature before 
 domestication by man. " 
 
 In this he is in entire accord with those 
 other eminent authorities, Sansan, the 
 Frenchman, and Ridgeway, the English 
 scientist. Incidentally, it is of interest 
 that the scientific data from which Pro- 
 
XX Introduction 
 
 fessor Osbom partially draws his con- 
 clusions, were gathered by study of the 
 skeleton of the great Arab horse Nimr, 
 whose picture, with that of his beautiful 
 son Segario, we are able to produce in 
 these pages; a horse for several years in 
 possession of, and ridden by, the writer of 
 these lines. 
 
THE ARAB HORSE 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 Arab Horses Outside of Arabia 
 
 FOR many years in Russia, Hungary, 
 France, Germany and other 
 countries on the continent of 
 Europe, Arabian horses have been valued 
 at their true worth, and studs devoted 
 to their production have been maintained 
 at pubHc expense. 
 
 Peter the Great estabUshed the Im- 
 perial Russian Stud, and with his suc- 
 cessors sought at all times to strengthen 
 it by new infusions of pure Arab blood. 
 Captain Ismailoff, who was sent by the 
 Russian Government with horses to be 
 shown at the Columbian Exposition at 
 Chicago in 1893, tells us that as early 
 as 1772 Catherine the Great had in the 
 Imperial Stud, under care of Count 
 Orloff-Tchestmensky, twelve pure Arab 
 stallions, and ten Arab mares. 
 
4 The Arab Horse 
 
 In our day the Hungarian Government 
 contributes annually $50,000 as added 
 money to the Budapest race meetings, 
 and $10,000 additional to meetings in the 
 provinces, for the purpose of encouraging 
 the breeding of superior horses. Not 
 only so, the Government maintains not 
 less than four great breeding studs at the 
 public expense, under direction of Prince 
 Louis Esterhazy. Of these, one at Bab- 
 olna is devoted exclusively to pure bred 
 and half bred Arabs, and much Arab 
 blood is also found in the other three. 
 Babolna was made a separate stud, an 
 offshoot from Mezohegyes in 1789; and 
 at Mezohegyes in 18 10 there were 13,386 
 animals, supplying at that time a thous- 
 sand cavalry remounts annually to the 
 army. 
 
 The influence of these stu4s of Arab 
 horses was forcibly illustrated in 1892, 
 at the time of the famous long distance 
 race of cavalry officers between Berlin 
 and Vienna. The Prussians starting at 
 Berlin rode to Vienna, the Austrians 
 
Arab Horses Outside of Arabia 5 
 
 started at Vienna, and rode to Berlin. 
 The winner of the race was Maresa, a 
 brown gelding owned and ridden by an 
 Austrian. He was a small Magyar horse, 
 bred in a private stud on the Stukweissen- 
 berge Comitat, his sire a Gidran, his dam 
 an undersized Hotsul or Hocul mare. 
 The mare had been given by her breeder 
 to one of the czikos or mounted stockmen, 
 who herd the mobs of mares that graze 
 on the mountains. One night a burglary 
 took place some ten German miles (fifty 
 English miles) from the stud to which 
 this horse herd was attached. Witnesses 
 swore they had seen him in the act of 
 robbing; but other reputable witnesses, 
 a number of them, were able to verify 
 the fact that the man was seen at his 
 post at eight in the evening and four in 
 the morning of the night of the burglary, 
 the alibi was decided to have been 
 established, and the man was acquitted 
 of the charge. Shortly afterward the 
 fellow became seriously ill and thought 
 himself about to die. He then confessed 
 
6 The Arab Horse 
 
 that he was indeed the robber; and told 
 that he had ridden his mare the fifty 
 miles over the mountains and fifty miles 
 return in seven hours, besides having 
 committed the crime. 
 
 These Hotsuls are nearly the only 
 known tribe of riding mountaineers. 
 Their little horses are noted for great 
 weight-carrying power, are active, wiry, 
 sure-footed, untiring, and very gentle. 
 They are descended from the high caste 
 Arab horses brought into the Carpathians 
 by the Turks, who have invaded the 
 country no less than ninety times within 
 five hundred years. They are generally 
 black, bay or black-brown, and from 
 13 hands 2 inches to 14.2 high. They 
 are said to be the best shooting ponies 
 in the world, and can endure great hard- 
 ships, never tasting grain, and are pas- 
 ured on mountains where there is said to 
 be no day without rain. Bred in the 
 neighbouring stud of Radautz, or at that 
 of Mezohegyes, the Gidran — more pro- 
 perly Jedran, one of the highest caste 
 
Arab Horses Outside of Arabia 7 
 
 of Arab families — is either of pure desert 
 blood, or an Arab crossed on select Eng- 
 lish thoroughbred mares. Those bred 
 at Radautz range in freedom over the 
 wild Carpathian plateaux during the 
 summer, and one of these was the sire, 
 the little robber Hotsul mare the dam, of 
 Maresa, who carried his rider from Vienna 
 to Berlin, four hundred and twenty-five 
 miles, between Monday morning and the 
 following Thursday noon. 
 
 Not only so, but the Prussian officer to 
 whom was awarded the gold medal for 
 having the horse which should finish the 
 journey in the best condition, Lieut. W. 
 von Gaffein, was mounted on a horse of 
 similar breeding, a brown gelding fifteen 
 hands high, bred by Count Potocki in 
 Galicia. Though Maresa made the jour- 
 ney in two or three hours less time. Von 
 Gaffein's horse came through apparently 
 uninjured by the cruel test, whose severity 
 can be judged by the fact that of one 
 hundred and seventeen Prussian officers 
 to start, only seventy-one reached their 
 
8 The Arab Horse 
 
 goal, the horses of the other forty-six 
 dying en route. 
 
 There is then some slight compensation 
 for the afflicted countries of the Balkan 
 peninsula, so often the scene of Turkish 
 rapine, in the fact that when driven out 
 the Turks left good horses behind them. 
 Constantinople was captured by Mo- 
 hammed II. in 1453. His successors 
 Bajazet II. and Selim I. conquered Meso- 
 potamia, and overran Syria, Palestine 
 and Egypt. Selim also won a great 
 victory over the sheik of Mecca, Lord of 
 Nejd, so putting him in possession of 
 some of the finest horses in the world. 
 In 1522 the Turks invaded Hungary, 
 500,000 strong, including in the army 
 their terrible cavalry squadrons number- 
 ing 300,000 horsemen. Having twice 
 besieged Vienna, the wave of Mohamme- 
 dan conquest was finally rolled back on 
 itself by the great victory won under 
 Jan Sobeiski, King of Poland. It is told 
 that when Mustapha was finally repulsed 
 from Vienna, the Turkish Vizier lost his 
 
Arab Horses Outside of Arabia g 
 
 own war horse, and that when finally 
 driven from the country he left behind 
 him ''horses of rare value.'' 
 
 From that day to the present time the 
 great nobles of Hungary demand the best 
 of Arabian blood in their stables; and 
 even now a Bedouin is attached to the 
 Hungarian Army as master of horse, 
 having the rank of major, charged with 
 the duty of selecting the best of Arabian 
 horses for the royal studs. Since these 
 were established, in 1785, the animals 
 have been chosen for their symmetry, 
 power and action. A careful record of 
 their pedigrees has been kept and the 
 breeding carried on by a scheme of in- 
 telligent selection. Outside the govern- 
 ment breeding establishments there are 
 to-day no less than one hundred and 
 fifty private studs, in which are to be 
 found 5,000 Arab mares of purest blood. 
 In Germany and France, also, im- 
 portant studs of Arabian horses are 
 maintained at the public expense. Some 
 of the animals from the stud of the King 
 
lo The Arab Horse 
 
 of Wurtemburg were brought to the 
 United States, and are owned by Mr. 
 Heyl of Milwaukee, who showed them 
 at the Columbian Exposition at Chicago 
 in 1893. The French have extensive 
 heras of Arab horses both in France and 
 in Algeria. In the days of Napoleon III. 
 whole regiments of chasseurs mounted on 
 Arab horses could be seen at the great 
 French army manoeuvres. 
 
 The greater number of Arabs imported 
 to America in late years having come 
 from England, the history of the Arabian 
 horse in Great Britain seems to call for 
 somewhat extended consideration. 
 
 John Lawrence, whose ''History and 
 Delineation of the Horse" was published 
 in 1809 is one of the earliest writers on 
 this subject. From him we learn that 
 James I., Charles L, Oliver Cromwell, 
 Charles II. and James II. were all inter- 
 ested in horse breeding, and all looked to 
 the pure Arab horse as the source of im- 
 proving blood. The list of horses and 
 mares brought by them to England from 
 
Arab Horses Outside of Arabia ii 
 
 the East is a long one, the '' Royal Mares" 
 being at the foundation of the English 
 thoroughbred horse of to-day. It was 
 in the reign of Queen Anne, however, 
 that the famous Darley Arabian was sent 
 from Aleppo by Mr. Barley's brother a 
 merchant of that city, procured by him 
 near Palmyra from the wandering Be- 
 douins. Within twenty years the papers 
 have been found which came with this 
 famous horse, confirming the independent 
 information obtained by H. M. Consul 
 General at Aleppo, concerning the family 
 to which the horse belonged. 
 
 The Byerly Turk was brought to Eng- 
 land some years before the Darley Ara- 
 bian, and the Godolphin Arabian came 
 a few years after him, in 1726. These 
 three horses of Eastern origin have always 
 been considered the blood that produced 
 the modem English race horse, the 
 Arabians being the more prized. John 
 Lawrence wrote in 1809: 
 
 ''But the fame of these two great 
 Arabians, the Darley and Godolphin, 
 
12 The Arab Horse 
 
 has almost swallowed up that of the 
 rest; and our best horses, for nearly a 
 century past have been either deeply im- 
 bued with their blood, or entirely derived 
 from it/* 
 
 Time has made the truth of this asser- 
 tion even more impressive. Not only so, 
 but the process of elimination has gone 
 on till the Darley Arabian blood has 
 become paramount even over that of 
 the Godolphin, several of whose sons and 
 grandsons came to America in the early 
 days, and were highly prized in South 
 Carolina. 
 
 Touchstone in his great book, pub- 
 lished by subscription in 1890, whose 
 preface was written by the Duke of 
 Beaufort, remarks (page 13): 
 
 "It is certain that when a thorough- 
 bred is taken out of training early, 
 when he is no longer subjected to that 
 special regime which changes his out- 
 ward form and modifies his constitution, 
 he reverts to the Arab type with astonish- 
 ing rapidity." 
 
 And again: 
 
Arab Horses Outside of Arabia 13 
 
 "Among the Eastern stallions which 
 are the originators of the thorough- 
 bred of the present day, the eldest is the 
 Arab horse purchased by Mr. Darley, 
 a commission agent at Aleppo, and a 
 thorough paced sportsman, to whose 
 influence and energy is due in large 
 measure the reaction which took place 
 in England at the beginning of the eight- 
 teenth century in favour of animals of 
 Eastern origin. In the course of a hunt- 
 ing excursion in the neighbourhood of 
 Aleppo, Mr. Darley met an Arab, who 
 was riding a very remarkable horse, 
 whose speed, endurance and lightness 
 gave him the appearance of being a 
 faultless animal. 
 
 **In exchange for an English musket, 
 a weapon very little known in the East, 
 and a good round sum of money, Manicka, 
 as this superb animal was called, became 
 the property of Mr. Darley, who sent 
 him to his brother, Mr. John Brewster 
 Darley, of Aldby Park, York, where he 
 arrived in the beginning of 1712 (1705 ? 
 S.-B.), he being at that time four years 
 old. . . . His two best representatives, 
 Flying Childers and Bartlett Childers, 
 bred by Mr. Charles Childers of Carr 
 
14 The Arab Horse 
 
 House, were purchased by the Duke of 
 Devonshire and Mr. Bartlett. 
 
 ''There is no authentic portrait of the 
 Darley Arabian, and we are unable there- 
 fore to reproduce him side by side with 
 his rival, the Godolphin Arabian. The 
 important part which he played in the 
 formation of a pure breed must be our 
 excuse for this digression, and we may add 
 that he was a dark bay with white mark- 
 ings on the two near legs and a long blaze 
 on the head. He was about fifteen hands 
 high, with a large head, well developed 
 haunches, plenty of length, and unex- 
 ceptionable limbs. He was in fact, both 
 on the paternal and maternal side, of 
 the breed held in highest esteem by the 
 Arabs. 
 
 " Thanks to Mr. Darley, a fresh impulse 
 was given, and it was not destined to 
 receive any further check. The foundation 
 of the Jockey Club in 1781 was the 
 final consecration of the work thus begun." 
 
 Major Roger Upton, with whom the 
 reader is to become quite well acquainted, 
 is most emphatic in his tribute to the 
 Darley Arabian. He writes ("New- 
 market and Arabia," page 84): 
 
Arab Horses Outside of Arabia 15 
 
 "In itself I cannot help considering 
 the line from the Godolphin Arab or 
 Barb a very poor one, and, like that from 
 the Byerly Turk, it really owes what 
 celebrity it may have, and its continuance, 
 to the infusions of blood it has received 
 from the descendants of the Darley 
 Arabian. It is worthy of remark, although 
 not extraordinary, that almost in pro- 
 portion to the amount of Darley Arabian 
 blood has been the success of the indi- 
 viduals of this line.'* 
 
 By the end of the nineteenth century 
 it was capable of proof by statisticians 
 giving their attention to the subject, such 
 as Mr. Bruce Lowe and Mr. W. A. Allison 
 who had worked out the famous '' Figure 
 System" for the guidance of race horse 
 breeders, that of the winners of the 
 " Classic " English races (the Derby, Oaks, 
 and St. Leger), since their establishment, 
 covering a period of a hundred years, 
 more than ninety-five per cent, were de- 
 scendants in the male line from the Dar- 
 ley Arabian, and thoroughly saturated 
 with his blood. 
 
1 6 The Arab Horse 
 
 Recognition of the preponderating in- 
 fluence of this prepotent animal was made 
 in a most practical manner both in Eng- 
 land and America between 1850 and i860, 
 America acting first. In 1855 the New 
 Orleans Jockey Club, at a meeting at the 
 old Metaire Race Course, asked Mr. Keene 
 Richards of Kentucky to go to Arabia 
 and try to secure some of the coveted 
 blood. About the same time. Admiral 
 Rous of England, having conferred with 
 other great breeders, secured the ap- 
 pointment of Mr. W. S. Skene as H. M. 
 Consul General at Aleppo. He went 
 with the definite purpose of cultivating 
 the friendship of the Bedouin tribes, 
 especially of the Anazah, the great breed- 
 ing tribes of the desert, and of learning 
 from them, if possible, the family of 
 horses that produced the Darley Arabian, 
 also if more of the same blood could be 
 obtained. A few years later. Captain 
 (afterward Major) Roger D. Upton, of 
 the 7 th Lancers impressed by the superi- 
 ority of the Turkish cavalry in the Crim- 
 
Arab Horses Outside of Arabia 17 
 
 ean War, because of their better mounts, 
 urged upon the British War Office that 
 England should procure Arab blood to 
 freshen up the horses of the country- 
 become tender weeds only fit to run dash 
 races — so providing suitable remounts 
 for the British cavalry. 
 
 Both Skene and Upton were fine Arabic 
 scholars, besides being excellent horse- 
 men. 
 
 For nearly twenty years Mr. Skene 
 remained at his post, cultivating the 
 acquaintance of the Arab Sheiks who 
 came to trade at Aleppo, making long 
 journeys with them into the desert, 
 assisting them in their intercourse with 
 the Turkish Government officials. At 
 one time he saved the life of Suleiman 
 ibu Mirshid, Sheik of Sheiks of all the 
 Anazah tribes of the Bedouins, and later 
 he interfered to save the life of another 
 great Sheik, Jedaan. Indeed, so fast 
 was the friendship he established with 
 them, that they adopted him as a brother 
 by formal rites. After eighteen years 
 
1 8 The Arab Horse 
 
 of this service Mr. Skene was able to 
 write to Admiral Rous, that he was cer- 
 tain of the family of horses which pro- 
 duced the Darley Arabian, and his 
 friendship with the Anazah tribes made 
 it possible to procure a limited number 
 of choice animals. 
 
 On receipt of the news, Admiral Rous 
 communicated with certain English 
 breeders, and a syndicate of three, com- 
 posed of the Hon. Henry Chaplin, Min- 
 ister of Agriculture, Mr. Sandeman, M. 
 P., and Mr. Hazelwood, a director of the 
 Bank of England, agreed to send Major 
 Upton to Aleppo to Mr. Skene, they to 
 go into the desert and choose and secure 
 the horses. It is reported that the final 
 cost of the undertaking was ;£2o,ooo 
 ($100,000). 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 Arabia, and Some of the 
 Bedouins 
 
 AT THE northeastern comer of the 
 •^ ^ Mediterranean Sea, -just below the 
 point where the southern coast of Asia 
 Minor joins the western coast of Syria, 
 lies the town of Scanderoon, the ancient 
 city of Alexandretta. This is the seaport 
 for Aleppo, ancient Haleb, about one hun- 
 dred miles to the east and a little south, 
 for centuries a trading centre whence go 
 caravans of merchandise to the towns far 
 down the jEuphrates, and where are 
 brought the grains and wool that come in 
 return. Almost due east of Scanderoon, 
 about five hundred miles distant, is Mosul, 
 on the River Tigris, which from this point 
 flows south and a little easterly about four 
 hundred miles till it joins the Euphrates 
 near Bussorah, the two rivers thus joined 
 19 
 
20 The Arab Horse 
 
 flowing into the Persian Gulf. About 
 two hundred miles below Mosul is 
 Bagdad, also on the Tigris River. The 
 Euphrates and Tigris nearly unite at 
 this point, but again separate to join 
 farther down, as already noted. Still 
 farther east, nearly parallel with the 
 Tigris is the western frontier of Persia. 
 
 The line from Scanderoon to Mosul 
 may be taken as the northern boundary 
 of Arabia. The western frontier of 
 Persia, then the Persian Gulf and the 
 Gulf of Oman, mark its eastern boundary. 
 On the south lies the Indian Ocean. On 
 the west are the Red Sea, Palestine, and 
 Syria. From this rapid sketch one can 
 get an idea of the great area of the country. 
 Coming in at the northwestern comer 
 from the mountains of Asia Minor, the 
 Euphrates River crosses the upper end of 
 Arabia at a slant from northwest to south- 
 east, and the valley of the Euphrates 
 has for thousands of years been a most 
 important route of Communication be- 
 tween the Orient and western nations. 
 
Arabia and Some of the Bedouins 21 
 
 Indeed, until the discovery of the way 
 around the Cape of Good Hope, and later 
 the construction of the Suez Canal, it was 
 the only route and its cities were the 
 great centres of commerce for the world. 
 
 When we speak of Arabia we are apt 
 
 to forget what the country once stood 
 
 for. Between the Tigris and Euphrates 
 
 is the land of Mesopotamia. Here was 
 
 believed to have been the Garden of 
 
 Eden — whatever that may mean — the 
 
 place whence the human race spread 
 
 abroad to populate the earth. Mosul, 
 
 already mentioned, is the site of Nineveh, 
 
 capital of the great Assyrian Empire. 
 
 Fifty miles south of Bagdad are the ruins 
 
 of Babylon, where the children of Israel 
 
 were in captivity, and within ten miles 
 
 of Babylon are still to be seen the remains 
 
 of the Tower of Babel. El Uz, below 
 
 Bagdad, on the Euphrates, was the home 
 
 of Job; and from Chaldea, east of the 
 
 Euphrates, came Abraham, father of the 
 
 Hebrew race. 
 
 Through this land Alexander the Great 
 
22 The Arab Horse 
 
 marched to the conquest of India, after 
 having overthrown the Babylonian Em- 
 pire. In a straight Hne west of Deyr 
 on the Euphrates, and half way between 
 that point and Damascus, is Tadmur, 
 the ancient Palmyra, capital city of 
 Zenobia, that Queen who was conquered 
 by Aurelian, and carried away to Rome 
 to grace his triumphal entry. 
 
 Later in the Christian Era Mohammed 
 established his religion at Mecca and 
 Medina, far down in the Arabian pen- 
 insula. The Mohammedan Khaliphs after- 
 ward made Bagdad their capital, and 
 held a court there that was glittering in 
 riches, the home of art, science, poetry; 
 the scene of the Arabian Nights Enter- 
 tainments until Timour the Tartar with 
 his hordes of barbarians poured down 
 from the North and drowned the country 
 in blood. In ancient days this country 
 was the home of science. Some of the 
 earliest astronomers were Arabs of Chal- 
 dea, and our present system of num- 
 erals, which makes modern mathematical 
 
Arabia and Some of the Bedouins 23 
 
 calculations possible, the decimal system, 
 was an Arabian invention, brought to 
 the Western world by the Saracenic 
 invasion of Palestine, upper Africa, and 
 Europe, which was an Arabian over- 
 running. 
 
 What is most germane to our present 
 investigation, however, is the fact that 
 this country is the place where the horse 
 has attained his highest perfection; where 
 he has been bred pure by a careful system 
 of selection adhered to for hundreds of 
 years, a system not departed from in the 
 slightest degree. It has come to be 
 acknowledged by the most intelligent 
 breeders that thorough breeding in horses 
 is chiefly a calculation of the amount of 
 Arab blood they possess, just as gold 
 stands as a measure of value in the cur- 
 rency of a country, the value of a coin 
 consisting of the amount of gold it con- 
 tains. 
 
 The oldest and most exclusive registry 
 in the world — the one at the foundation 
 of all more recent works of the kind is 
 
24 The Arab Horse 
 
 "Weatherby^s General Stud Book of 
 Thoroughbred Horses," the only recog- 
 nised organ of the English Jockey Club. 
 The makers of that Stud Book recognised 
 in the beginning, and to-day make the 
 specific statement in writing that ''Native 
 Arabs, with the Barbs, are the source from 
 whence the race horse springs." 
 
 The history of the Arab horse is not 
 merely the romantic tale of imaginative 
 writers, though poets have sung his praises, 
 artists have painted his graceful form on 
 canvas, and sculptors have made use of 
 him as their model. Job describes him 
 in words that could apply to no other 
 horse and the horses from the frieze of 
 the Parthenon at Athens, the Elgin 
 Marbles now in the British Museum, could 
 have been modelled from none but 
 Arabians. 
 
 It is fortunate, however, that before it 
 was too late, careful travellers, scholars 
 and horsemen, such as Major Roger 
 Upton and the Blunts, have visited the 
 land of the Arab horse and written in 
 
Arabia and Some of the Bedouins 25 
 
 books what they learned from original 
 sources of this interesting subject. 
 
 Upton and the Blunts both made two 
 journeys to Arabia in the years between 
 1870 and 1880. In both of Upton's 
 journeys he had the company and as- 
 sistance of H. M. Consul General at Alep- 
 po, Mr. Skene. His wanderings were ex- 
 tended both in distance and in time. Hon. 
 Henry Chaplin, former Minister of Agri- 
 culture in Great Britain, breeder and 
 owner of the famous Derby winner Her- 
 mit, tells us that Upton went a thousand 
 miles into the desert south of Tadmur to 
 get the horses procured for him, and 
 he was gone two years. Both Chaplin 
 and the Weatherbys are sponsors for 
 the truth of every statement made by 
 Upton. 
 
 After Upton went Mr. Wilfrid Scawen 
 Blunt and his wife. Lady Anne Blunt, a 
 granddaughter of Lord Byron. Their 
 first journey was in the winter of 1877-78, 
 three years after Upton, and they covered 
 much of the same ground as he, meeting 
 
26 The Arab Horse 
 
 many of the same people, though they 
 went also further east than Upton. 
 Leaving Aleppo in January, 1878, they 
 reached the valley of the Euphrates as 
 soon as possible, then followed the river 
 as far as Bagdad. From Aleppo to Deyr 
 they had the company of Mr. Skene, who 
 went with Upton. Then he turned back 
 to Aleppo as his consular prerogatives 
 went no further in that direction, the 
 Blunts proceeding to Bagdad alone. 
 From that point, after crossing the Tigris 
 River they went north and east to Shergat, 
 nearly up to Mosul, traversing a quite 
 new country for Western voyagers. At 
 Shergat they turned west to again come 
 to Deyr, where Mr. Skene had agreed to 
 meet them on a fixed day. This he was 
 unable to do. He was old, infirm, and, 
 while waiting, his successor came from 
 England, so he was detained. The 
 Blunts were most anxious to go among 
 the Anazah Bedouins, with whom Upton 
 spent the greater part of his time, and to 
 meet such of his friends as they might, 
 
Arabia and Some of the Bedouins 27 
 
 being especially anxious to see Jedaan, 
 their War Sheik — known as the "Rob 
 Roy of the Desert." After great dif- 
 ficulties they got away from Deyr, and 
 in due time reached Tadmur, about half 
 way in the direct line between Deyr and 
 Damascus. Near this point Mr. Skene 
 overtook them, went with them among 
 the Anazah, helped them to buy horses 
 and continued with them to Damascus. 
 From that point the Blunts returned to 
 England via Beirut, Mr. Skene went 
 back to Aleppo. The next winter found 
 the Blunts again at Damascus, from which 
 point they made a journey across the 
 southern desert to Nejd, a part of the 
 world not reached by Upton; in fact a 
 place that no more than half a dozen 
 Europeans are known to have ever seen. 
 
 The results of Upton's visit were writ- 
 ten in two books, "Newmarket and 
 Arabia," a sketchy statement of early 
 impressions, and a more serious work, 
 "Gleanings from the Desert of Arabia," 
 published after his death; now, unfor- 
 
28 The Arab Horse 
 
 tunately, out of print, and copies ex- 
 tremely difficult to obtain. 
 
 Lady Anne Blunt also wrote two books 
 of absorbing interest, ''The Bedouin 
 Tribes of the Euphrates," a journal of her 
 first journey, and the ''Pilgrimage to 
 Nejd/' the story of the second. No one 
 can read these books without being im- 
 pressed with the veracity and intelligence 
 of the writers. Weatherbey & Sons, 
 publishers of the "General Stud Book," say 
 that they consider Mr. Wilfrid S. Blunt 
 and Lady Anne Blunt the foremost living 
 authorities on Arab horses. On these 
 sources of information the present writing 
 in large measure depends, wherever 
 they touch the matter in hand. 
 
 Some of the individuals met by Upton 
 and the Blunts were most interesting 
 personages. Their introduction to the 
 reader will help him to appreciate the 
 sources of information, and the sur- 
 roundings whence came many very great 
 mares and stallions. 
 
 The Anazah Bedouins have always been 
 
Arabia and Some of the Bedouins 29 
 
 the greatest horse breeders. Each tribe 
 of the Anazah has its individual leader or 
 Sheik, and at the time of Upton's visit 
 all the tribes of Anazah were united under 
 one very remarkable man named Sulei- 
 man ibn Mirshid, who was called the 
 Sheik of Sheiks. He was not only a 
 great warrior, but also a wise adminis- 
 trator of the internal affairs of the tribes. 
 Some years before the time of Upton's 
 visit the Shammar tribes had been united 
 also under a great leader named Abd-ul- 
 Kerim. The Shammar were Bedouins 
 who came originally from Nejd, one 
 thousand or fifteen hundred miles lower 
 down in the Arabian peninsula. Some- 
 thing more than two hundred years ago, 
 under the guidance of a Sheik named 
 Paris, they had come north with their 
 flocks and camels, invading the pasture 
 lands always occupied by the Anazah. 
 These latter did not hesitate to wage war 
 on the Shammar, and drove them across 
 the Euphrates into Mesopotamia, to a 
 point near Mosul. Abd-ul-Kerim was 
 
30 The Arab Horse 
 
 the descendant of that Paris in the sixth 
 generation, and inherited the feud that 
 always existed between the Shammar and 
 the Anazah, periodical raids across the 
 river being the consequence, in both 
 directions; the land between the Tigris 
 and Euphrates being considered the home 
 of the Shammar, that between the Eu- 
 phrates and Damascus, and reaching 
 from the neighbourhood of Aleppo far 
 south toward Jebel Shammar, being the 
 pasture lands conceded to the Anazah. 
 The vital importance of protecting these 
 pastures and the necessity for extensive 
 ranges will be understood as we read from 
 Lady Anne Blunt's first book, that she 
 saw together in one place a hundred and 
 fifty thousand camels, besides thousands 
 of sheep and many horses, all the prop- 
 erty of a single tribe of Anazah, the 
 Roala, whose tents covered an area of 
 12 square miles. These great encamp- 
 ments had to be moved every few days 
 because the pasturage was eaten down 
 to the bare ground in very short order 
 
Arabia and Some of the Bedouins 31 
 
 by the thousands of animals feeding 
 thereon. 
 
 Yet Abd-ul-Kerim, though bound by- 
 hereditary obligation to fight the Anazah 
 whenever and wherever they met, regarded 
 the amenites of life, and his honour be- 
 came a proverb throughout the length and 
 breadth of the desert. It happened that 
 at one period of his life, in his boyhood, 
 he lived among the Anazah in the tents 
 of Jedaan's father. So, though when 
 they had grown to manhood these two 
 were bound to be always at war, Abd- 
 ul-Kerim never forgot his affection for 
 his boyhood friend. It happened then 
 that Abd-ul-Kerim, in the course of the 
 civil war, caught Jedaan's forces in such 
 a position that they were at his mercy. 
 The trap was to be sprung on the morrow 
 and Abd-ul-Kerim meant to push his 
 advantage to the utmost. Yet he wanted 
 to spare Jedaan individually. Therefore, 
 the night preceding the day of the climax, 
 he sent one of his men to Jedaan's camp 
 with his own white mare, bearing a mes- 
 
32 The Arab Horse 
 
 sage to Jedaan that the morrow meant 
 certain defeat for the Anazah, and begging 
 him to accept Abd-ul-Kerim's mare, and 
 to ride her in the battle, as she was 
 swifter than any animal belonging to the 
 Shammar forces and could take him 
 safely away. This Jedaan did and saved 
 himself. Upton saw Abd-ul-Kerim's 
 mare in his possession when he visited 
 the Anazah in 1875, and describes her. 
 
 Shortly afterward Abd-ul-Kerim, who 
 had been successful in defeating the Turks 
 who sought to subdue the Shammar, was 
 betrayed into their hands by his secretary, 
 an Armenian. They hung him from the 
 bridge at Mosul. 
 
 His brother Farhan, a reprobate, sub- 
 mitted to the Turks, accepted from them 
 the title of Pasha, and at the time of the 
 visit of the Blunts to Mesopotamia was in 
 receipt from them of a salary of ;£3,ooo 
 per annum. 
 
 The more noble of the Shammar, how- 
 ever, joined themselves to a younger 
 brother named Paris, who declared unend- 
 
Arabia and Some of the Bedouins ^2> 
 
 ing war on the Turks and all who held to 
 Turks. He was visited by the Blunts, 
 adopted Mr. Blunt as his brother, by 
 solemn rites, and is described by Lady 
 Anne Blunt as a most brave, courteous 
 and intelligent genteman of distinguished 
 appearance and manners. 
 
 It is this policy of '' divide and conquer'* 
 that has marked the entire intercourse of 
 the Turks with the Bedouins. So long 
 as Suleiman ibn Mirshid lived he kept 
 the Anazah tribes solidly combined. 
 Shortly after Upton's visit, however, and 
 a little time before that of the Blunts, 
 he allowed himself to accept an invitation 
 from the Turkish Governor at Deyr, to 
 visit the town and make a treaty of com- 
 merce between his tribes and the Turks, 
 for exchange of products. At a banquet 
 which was served to mark the close of the 
 agreement, poison was put in the cup of 
 coffee which was handed Suleiman, and 
 he fell back dead as soon as he had drunk 
 it. Confusion followed among his tribes- 
 men. 
 
34 The Arab Horse 
 
 Then the seeds of discord were sown 
 among the individual tribes of the An- 
 azah. Their herds of camels, their sheep, 
 their horses were so numerous that it 
 required a wise hand to guide them safely, 
 assigning pasturage to each tribe accord- 
 ing to its requirements. The Sebaa and 
 Gomussa tribes had always made use of 
 the district between Homs and Hamah, 
 above Damascus, on the western side of 
 the desert. The next year when they 
 came to their usual district they found 
 their brethren, the Roala, there before 
 them. These had been told by the wily 
 Turk that their fellow tribesmen of the 
 Sebaa and Gomussa were not treating 
 them justly. They were advised to take 
 their great flocks and herds, whose num- 
 bers have been mentioned, to the good 
 pastures before the others could reach 
 them, and were assured that the Turks 
 would help them hold what they seized. 
 In an evil hour they accepted the advice; 
 Suleiman ibn Mirshid having been mur- 
 dered was not at hand to arrange the 
 
Arabia and Some of the Bedouins 35 
 
 difficulty, so when the Blunts were among 
 the Anazah they found a factional war 
 being waged. Sotaam ibn Shaalin was 
 leader of the Roala against the combined 
 Sebaa and Gomussa. Suleiman had been 
 succeeded by his two cousins, Beteyan ibn 
 Mirshid and his brother, neither of whom 
 had a tithe of his administrative ability, 
 and as neither was able to wage the war 
 against the Roala, they had made Jedaan 
 their Akil, or War Sheik, to manage that 
 end of the tribal business. 
 
 From what has been said it is easy to 
 understand the wretched condition of 
 affairs among the Bedouins for the ten 
 years between 1874 and 1884. Let us 
 remember, also, that during that period 
 the Russo-Turkish war was carried on, 
 so that relief from the usual aggression of 
 the Turks, left the Bedouins free to fight 
 among themselves. It was during the 
 raids and counter-raids of this time 
 that many priceless animals changed 
 hands, to be run hot haste by their captors 
 into the towns bordering the desert for 
 
36 The Arab Horse 
 
 sale to save them from recapture. It is 
 certain that in the decade mentioned 
 more high-caste Arab horses came out of 
 the desert than ever before or since. Some 
 of the animals thus coming into strange 
 hands will be mentioned specifically. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 Early History and Families of Arab 
 Horses 
 
 ^T^HE Bedouins of Arabia are a pas- 
 •*■ toral people who have lived for 
 centuries from their flocks of sheep and 
 herds of camels, and have bred their horses 
 on well established lines from time imme- 
 morial. They have always been indepen- 
 dent, acknowledging no rulers but their 
 own Sheiks; jealous of interference by 
 outsiders. Job was a Bedouin, and the 
 place of his origin, Ur of Chaldea, was 
 visited by the Blunts on their first 
 journey in Arabia. 
 
 All the Bedouins are descendants of 
 Ishmael, and they have genealogies dat- 
 ing from the earliest antiquity. It will 
 be remembered that Abraham himself 
 was a nomad, who came from Chaldea, 
 the country east of the Euphrates 
 
 37 
 
38 The Arab Horse 
 
 and Tigris, between those rivers and 
 the Persian boundary. Hagar, mother 
 of Ishmael, was Abraham's concubine. 
 After the birth of Isaac, Ishmael's half- 
 brother, she was driven into the desert 
 with her fourteen-year-old son by the 
 jealousy of Sarah, Isaac's mother. Arab 
 tradition supplements Bible history by 
 telling us that when Ishmael was sent 
 away with his mother he lamented his 
 barren heritage. He was assured, how- 
 ever, that there was reserved for him the 
 most valuable gift to men. This he sub- 
 sequently discovered was the horse of 
 the Kuhl race, which he found in Hejaz. 
 The two branches of descendants from 
 Abraham were as follows: 
 
 A braham 
 
 
 
 Isaac. 
 
 I 
 
 Ishmael 
 
 
 Jacob. 
 
 2 
 
 Kidai. 
 
 
 Judah. 
 
 3 
 
 Hamal. 
 
 
 Pharez. 
 
 4 
 
 Nabet. 
 
 
 (about 1635 B. 0.)Hezron. 
 
 5 
 
 Salaman. 
 
 
 Ram. 
 
 6 
 
 Alhamaisa. 
 
 
 Amminadab 
 
 7 
 
 Alyasa. 
 
 
 Nashon. 
 
 8 
 
 Odad. 
 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 9 
 
 Oddo. 
 
 
 Boaz. 
 
 10 
 
 Adnan. 
 
 j 
 
Early History of Arab Horses 39 
 
 (about 163s B.O.) Obed. 
 
 II 
 
 Maad. 
 
 [[continued] Jesse 
 
 12 
 
 Nazar. 
 
 David. 
 
 13 
 
 Rabiah (al Faras) 
 
 (B. 0. 1033) Solomon, 
 
 14 
 
 Asad. 
 
 Rehoboam. 
 
 15 
 
 Anazah. 
 
 Salaman, fourth in descent from 
 Ishmael, living B. C, 1635, contempor- 
 ary of Hezron, is recorded as owner of five 
 mares of superlative value. Five hun- 
 dred years later, his descendant eight 
 generations further along, contemporary 
 of David, was a man named Rabiah. It 
 is recorded that although Rabiah was the 
 third son of Nazar (perhaps the fourth) he 
 was chosen by his father as the most suit- 
 able person to be entrusted with his very 
 valuable breeding mares, and to continue 
 their use properly, so they were given to 
 him. and the words al Faras (''of the 
 horses") were added to his name. Rabiah 
 al Faras was the grandfather of Anazah; 
 and from him spring all those Bedouin 
 tribes that bear his name, who breed, 
 and have bred for three thousand years, 
 the purest and choicest Arab horses. 
 Anazah inherited them from his grand- 
 
40 The Arab Horse 
 
 father Rabiah, descended without taint 
 of foreign blood from five famous mares 
 owned by Sheik Salaman, he being fourth 
 in descent from Ishmael son of Abraham. 
 Major Upton sums the entire matter in 
 these words: "An authentic family of 
 horses has been preserved :n Arabia for 
 3,500 years." 
 
 Until Upton had made the researches 
 that opened up the true history of the 
 Bedouins and their horses, it was common 
 report that these latter were descended 
 from mares that belonged to Mahomet. 
 It is capable of proof that Mahomet 
 never owned a horse until he went to 
 Medina. He then became possessed of 
 seven mares, three of which were bought 
 — their names and former owners are 
 recorded — and four others were gifts. 
 The race of pure bred Arab horses was 
 in existence three thousand years before 
 Mahomet was bom. 
 
 Some writers have mentioned a family 
 of Nedjid horses, and of Kochlani, as 
 being the best strains of Arab blood. 
 
Early History of Arab Horses 41 
 
 Major Upton and Lady Anne Blunt have 
 taught the world that these are not fami- 
 lies of horses at all. Nejd is the name of 
 a great district in the lower end of Arabia, 
 for centuries under the absolute control 
 of the Anazah tribes — Gomussa, Sebaa, 
 Raola, Welled Ali, Fedaan, etc. — though 
 not now in their possession. As these 
 tribes have none but the purest strains of 
 horses, animals whose blood has been 
 kept untainted for a known period of 
 3,500 years, the Nedjid horses (as Ameri- 
 cans would speak of Kentucky or State 
 of Maine horses) were highly esteemed by 
 those fortunate enough to possess them. 
 The word Kochlani is derived from 
 Kuhl, antimony. Lady Anne Blunt tells 
 us that Arab women apply antimony to 
 their eyebrows and eyelashes to increase 
 the brilliancy of their eyes, antimony 
 being black. Therefore, as all Arab 
 horses are supposed to have black rings 
 about their eyes, such are called Koch- 
 lani. Among the Anazah, Major Upton 
 found the words Keheilan and Keheilet 
 
42 The Arab Horse 
 
 applied to the horses. Both words are 
 recognised as derivatives from Kuhl 
 (antimony) but Upton got another expla- 
 nation of the meaning of the words as 
 applied. He found that the entire race 
 of pure-bred horses among the Anazah had 
 black skins, no matter what the colour of 
 their coats. It has come about, then, 
 in course of time, that the Anazah have 
 adopted the words, to express what we 
 mean in speaking of "thoroughbreds." 
 It is even more exclusive than our word. 
 We speak of ''thoroughbred" horses, 
 ''thoroughbred" cattle, "thoroughbred" 
 dogs, meaning improved animals that 
 are bred to a type, and have not varied 
 from the type since the breed was estab- 
 lished. 
 
 With the Bedouin Keheilan means but 
 one thing, a horse (male) of pure Arab 
 blood, and Keheilet a mare of pure Arab 
 blood, whose lineage traces without break 
 to one or more of the five mares of Sala- 
 man {not King Solomon, David's son), an 
 Arab Sheik who lived B. C. 1635, fourth 
 
Early History of Arab Horses 43 
 
 in descent from Ishmael, son of Abra- 
 ham. 
 
 The Bedouins use two other words that 
 indicate especial quality among their 
 Keheilans and Keheilets. Asil is equiv- 
 alent to noble, or distinguished ) Hudud 
 means approved. This appellation is 
 used in connection with a Keheilan, who 
 is so well and widely known among the 
 tribes, that many seek his service for their 
 mares, and his name only needs to be 
 mentioned. 
 
 Upton also learned that all pure-bred 
 Arabians were included in Al Khamseh, 
 which means The Five. That is, the 
 Anazah Bedouin refuses to recognise 
 any animal as a Keheilan or Keheilet 
 that cannot trace direct to one of the five 
 mares of Sheik Salaman. 
 
 Al Khamseh he found is divided into 
 the following great families: 
 
 I — The descendants of Keheilet Ajuz. 
 2 — The Manakhi family, with three sub-families. 
 3 — The Hadban family, with five sub-families. 
 4 — The Jelfon family, with two sub-families. 
 S — The Homdani family, with two sub-famili«s. 
 
44 The Arab Horse 
 
 The first two families are the creme de la 
 creme of all horses, the descendants of 
 Keheilet Ajuz being still further divided 
 as follows: 
 
 I — ^The Seglawi family (Seglawi-Jedran, Seglawi- 
 
 Obeiri, Seglawi- al-Abd.) 
 2 — The Abeyan family, with seven secondary families. 
 3 — The Dalman family, with four secondary families. 
 4 — The Abu-Arkab family, with three secondary families 
 
 The following are also believed to belong 
 to the same great family of Keheilet 
 Ajuz: 
 
 5 — ^The Rishon family, with two secondary families. 
 6 — The Radban family, with three secondary families. 
 7 — The Twaissan family, with two secondary families. 
 8 — The Milliah family, with three secondary families. 
 
 The history of Keheilet Ajuz comes to 
 us surrounded by a romantic halo thrown 
 around her by the people among w^hom 
 she was bom and lived. It is related 
 that a certain Sheik was flying from an 
 enemy, mounted on his favourite mare. 
 Arab warriors trust themselves only to 
 mares, they will not ride a stallion in war. 
 The said mare was at the time far along 
 toward parturition; indeed she became 
 
Early History of Arab Horses 45 
 
 a mother when the fleeing horseman 
 stopped for rest at noonday, the new- 
 comer being a filly. 
 
 Being hard pressed the sheik was 
 compelled to remount his mare and again 
 seek safety in flight, abandoning the new- 
 born filly to her fate. Finally reaching 
 safety among his own people, great was 
 the surprise of all, when, shortly after 
 the arrival of the sheik on his faithful 
 mare, the little filly, less than a day old, 
 came into camp also, having followed her 
 mother across miles of desert. She was 
 immediately given into the care of an old 
 woman of the tribe {Ajuz — an old woman) , 
 hence her name, Keheilet Ajuz, ''the 
 mare of the old woman," and grew to be 
 the most famous of all the animals in the 
 history of the breed. That such a mare 
 really lived is not to be doubted, what- 
 ever credence we give to the story of her 
 early life. Upton seems in doubt just 
 where to place her. He says that some 
 believe all the present families of Al 
 Khamseh (the five) are descended from 
 
46 The Arab Horse 
 
 Keheilet Ajuz, she being descended from 
 one of the original Al Khamseh. Others 
 believe that the line of Keheilet Ajuz, 
 with her sub-families, and numerous 
 single strains, is collateral with the other 
 four Keheilets of Al Khamseh, and that 
 all the families are not descended from 
 Keheilet Ajuz. There seems testimony 
 both ways. 
 
 Again some think the second family 
 named as descended from Keheilet Ajuz, 
 namely the Abeyan (Aba — a cloak — so 
 named because they carry their tails so 
 high that a sheyk once casting away his 
 cloak in flight, it was caught on his mare's 
 tail and carried along with him) with its 
 seven sub-families, should not be con- 
 sidered by itself, though it is very choice 
 (asil) , but is really a part of the family of 
 Seklawi Jedran. 
 
 The names of these last show how the 
 sub-families come about. A man named 
 Jedran had three mares, full sisters, of the 
 Seklawi family. One he kept himself, 
 so she was known as Seklawi Jedran. 
 
Early History of Arab Horses 47 
 
 Another he gave to his brother Obeiri, 
 hence Seklawi-Obeiri. The third he gave 
 to his slave, so Seklawi al Abd (of the 
 slave). It is interesting to know that 
 Seklawi al Abd proved a choicer strain 
 than Seklawi Obeiri. 
 
 In closing his remarks on Keheilet Ajuz 
 Upton says : 
 
 "Whether the era of Keheilet Ajuz 
 was before or since the days of Rabiah, 
 and if before, whether the horses in- 
 herited by Rabiah were solely from her, 
 I cannot say. But it certainly appears 
 to me that a special selection of horses 
 does exist in the Anazah tribes, and their 
 tenacity and persistency in keeping it 
 pure and select is shown by their refusing 
 to acknowledge or return to any strain 
 which has departed from them into 
 other hands." 
 
 The reader will have noticed that the 
 Arabs always mention the mares from 
 which their animals are descended, and 
 so designate the families to which they 
 belong. In this they are quite right. 
 They speak with contempt of '' the son of 
 
48 The Arab Horse 
 
 a horse." Such an animal is Kadish 
 (a mongrel), his dam is lacking in his 
 pedigree, and no number of generations 
 of pure blood, superimposed on an impure 
 foundation, can wash away the stain of an 
 impure mare at the bottom of the pedi- 
 gree. But a Keheilan is a different prop- 
 osition; he is the son of a mare, a Keh- 
 eilet, and no mare among the Anazah is 
 allowed to be bred, excepting in the pres- 
 ence of witnesses, who can testify that her 
 offspring is a Keheilan, son of a Keheilet. 
 
 This founding a family on a mare rather 
 than a stallion is a certain guarantee 
 against mongrelisation; and the Anazah 
 do not recognise the possibility of a taint 
 ever being covered by the intervention of 
 never so many pure-bred sires. They 
 look with contempt on even the best 
 English thoroughbred, since there is not 
 one of them whose family is not lacking 
 in some of its female lines. 
 
 The English have an expression, "as 
 thoroughbred as Eclipse." Yet Eclipse 
 had 70% of unknown blood in his veins. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 How Some Arab Horses Have Been 
 Obtained 
 
 A S ALREADY noted, the journeys 
 "^^ and subsequent writings of the 
 Blunts and Major Upton have done 
 much to enHghten the world at 
 large concerning Arab history and the 
 breeding methods of the Bedouins. 
 Through their agency, also, came to 
 England many pure Arabs, indeed nearly 
 all the pure bred mares that were acquired 
 from the desert by reason of the civil 
 wars in Arabia just preceding and fol- 
 lowing the Russo-Turkish conflict of the 
 late seventies. One other channel only 
 through which mares were obtained was 
 the purchases and breedings of Abbas 
 Pasha, Khedive of Egypt. He realised 
 the value of pure Arab blood in horses, 
 and spent money like water in getting the 
 
 49 
 
50 The Arab Horse 
 
 best that could be had, both from the 
 Anazah in the upper desert, and also 
 from Nejd. In one instance, having 
 bought a mare of rare strain in Nejd, 
 and thinking her too old to make the 
 journey to the seacoast by using her own 
 legs. Abbas sent a bullock cart for her, 
 bringing her one thousand five hundred 
 miles on wheels. 
 
 All of these, Upton, the Blunts, and 
 Abbas Pasha, got stallions also, as did 
 Hon. Miss Ethelred Dillon and others, 
 while a number of valuable animals 
 were taken to India by the Arab horse 
 dealers of Bombay, Abdur Rhaman, 
 Eyssa bin Curtis and Eyd et Tenimi, who 
 sold them to British officers and Indian 
 Rajahs for racing purposes. We owe 
 the mares, however, to Upton, the Blunts, 
 and Abbas. When the last named was 
 deposed, his breeding stud was continued 
 for some time by Ali Pasha Sherif , and on 
 the breaking up of the stud the choicest 
 animals were purchased by the Blunts, 
 who, in addition to the Crabbet Park 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 51 
 
 stud in England, continue the breeding of 
 Arab horses at HeUopolis, near Cairo, 
 Egypt, under the superintendence of 
 Sheik Obeid, to the present day. 
 
 As descendants of many of these ani- 
 mals have come to America from 1888 
 to the present time, it will be of interest 
 to note some of the most valuable in- 
 dividuals and trace their antecedents and 
 subsequent history. We have already 
 noted that all Arab breedings are founded 
 on the female line, to the extent that if a 
 foal is offspring of a stallion and a mare 
 of different families, it takes the family 
 name of its dam, not its sire, we there- 
 fore will first consider the mares. 
 
 The first time Upton visited Arabia he 
 secured three animals, two mares, Zuleika 
 and Haidee, and the stallion Yataghan. 
 Zuleika produced one colt foal named 
 Symmetry, then died. Yataghan was 
 bred to Haidee and then sold to the antip- 
 odes. Haidee produced one foal, Naomi, 
 then she died also. 
 
 After the death of Major Upton, Naomi 
 
52 The Arab Horse 
 
 was bought by Rev. F. F. Vidal of Need- 
 ham Market, Suffolk, an enthusiastic 
 admirer of the Arabian horse, who 
 owned her for several years, and bred 
 four foals from her. In 1888 Mr. Vidal 
 sold Naomi to Mr. Randolph Huntington 
 of Rochester, New York, who afterwards 
 removed to Oyster Bay, Long Island, 
 where Naomi died at the age of twenty- 
 two years. 
 
 Naomi produced the following off- 
 spring : 
 
 In England, i. ch. h. Gomussa, by Kars. 
 
 2. ch. m. Kushdil, by Kars. 
 
 3. ch. m. Nazli, by Maidan. 
 
 4. b. m. Naama, by El Emir. 
 In America, 5. ch. h. Anazah, by Leopard. 
 
 6. & 7. (a mare and stallion by a trotting 
 horse!) 
 
 8. ch. h. Nejd, by Anazah, her own son. 
 
 9. ch. h. Khaled, by Nimr, her grand son. 
 
 10. ch. m. Naomi II, by Nimr, her grand- 
 
 son. 
 
 11. ch. m. Narkeesa, by Anazah, her son. 
 
 12. ch. m. Naressa, by Anazah, her son. 
 
 On his second journey Upton secured 
 five animals whose families are recorded 
 pages 386, 387, and 388 of his "Glean- 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 53 
 
 ings from the Desert of Arabia." The 
 pedigrees of the two horse colts and 
 of one of the mares are certified under 
 seal by Suleiman ibn Mirshid, of one 
 mare by Jedaan ibn Mahaid, and of 
 the other mare by both Suleiman and 
 Jedaan. 
 
 Of these, the only mare to produce 
 offspring was Kesia, a bay mare, a 
 '' Keheilet of Nowak, " imported '' in foal 
 by a hudud Seylwi al Abd." This mare 
 produced in 1876, in Hon. Henry Chap- 
 lain's stable at Blankney, the bay mare 
 Kesia II. 
 
 The offspring of Kesia II. were: 
 
 I. 1887, ch. m. Nowagich, by Hadeed. 
 
 1888, b. h. 
 
 1889, b. h. 
 1890, ? 
 
 1 89 1, b. h. Imamzada, by Imam. 
 
 1892, ch. m. Dabeh, by Hadeed. 
 
 1893, ch. m. Mimosa, by Mameluke, 
 
 1894, ch. m. Shabaka, by Mameluke, 
 
 1895, ch. m. ? by Mameluke. 
 
 Kesia II. was struck by lightning in 1898 
 and killed. She was the property of 
 Hon. Miss Dillon. 
 
54 The Arab Horse 
 
 The horse colts brought in 1875 ^7 
 Upton were Joktam, that was sold to 
 Australia for ;^i,ooo, a Keheilan Tamri 
 and Ishmael that was kept by Mr. Chap- 
 lin. 
 
 Kesia had no offspring by a pure Arab 
 horse other than Kesia II, though she 
 produced, in 1878, a chestnut filly by 
 the great Derby winner Hermit, as repre- 
 hensible an act in breeding as coupling 
 Naomi with a trotting stallion. 
 
 The first visit of the Blunts to Arabia 
 resulted in their bringing to England with 
 them three mares — rather they were for- 
 warded after them by Mr. Skene — Hagar, 
 Sherifa, and a chestnut mare, Saadah 
 Togan. 
 
 Hagar was perhaps the best mare, cer- 
 tainly one of the best, that ever came out 
 of the desert. Lady Anne Blunt says of 
 her: 
 
 '' Endurance of fatigue on the road and 
 hardiness under want of food are qualities 
 that may always be reckoned on in buy- 
 ing an Arab horse, no matter what his 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 55 
 
 looks or what his pedigree; but speed is 
 exceptional, and confined to the best 
 strains of blood. Hagar, as we called her, 
 was of theKeheilanAjuzbreed, the fastest, 
 the stoutest, and the most English looking 
 of them all. When purchased, she was 
 in very poor condition, having just gone 
 through the severe training of a campaign. 
 She was bred by the Gomussa, the most 
 notable of the horse-breeding tribes, 
 had passed from them to the Roala, and 
 had now been captured and ridden some 
 two hundred miles in hot haste for sale 
 at Aleppo. She was a five year old mare, 
 a bay, with black points. We never met 
 anything in our travels which could com- 
 pete with her over a distance, and she 
 has often run down foxes, and even hares, 
 without assistance; carrying thirteen 
 stone (182 lbs.) on her back. She was 
 of a mild, gentle temper, and always 
 went smoothly on, without fret or worry, 
 and with the long low stride of an Eng- 
 lish race horse. She never galloped 
 better than when she seemed worn 
 out with work. She had the advan- 
 tage, too, for Wilfrid, of being tall, 
 fifteen hands — an unusual height among 
 Arabians." 
 
56 The Arab Horse 
 
 Lady Blunt's book, ''The Bedouin 
 Tribes of the Euphrates," is full of the 
 praises of Hagar's performances, and one 
 of the best was after having been ridden 
 more than twelve hundred miles in three 
 months of travel in the desert, from 
 Aleppo to Deyr, Bagdad, through Meso- 
 potamia to Shergat, then west again across 
 the Euphrates and to Tadmar. It was 
 when they turned back to meet Mr. 
 Skene at Arak, after having started 
 from Tadmar to join Jedaan in the 
 desert. 
 
 "It was still nearly dark when we 
 mounted, but we would not wait longer 
 than for the rise of the morning star, and 
 started at a gallop as soon as we had it 
 for a guide. The Zaptiehs on their tired 
 horses made a show of accompanying us, 
 declaring it was impossible they should 
 allow us to go alone. But Hagar had 
 quite other ideas, and after the first two 
 miles they dropped behind and were 
 lost to sight. And now began the longest 
 gallop I ever took in my life. It was 
 fifteen miles to Arak, and we never 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 57 
 
 drew rein till we got to the foot of 
 the hill behind which the village stands. 
 . . . For the first few miles my 
 mare behaved very well, going on at 
 her easy stride without unnecessary 
 hurry, and allowing Tamarisk to keep 
 more or less beside her; but after this, 
 although she was not in the least ex- 
 cited, she would not be kept at any 
 reasonable pace. She does not mind 
 uneven ground, full of Jerboa holes, 
 and went faster and faster, till soon 
 Tamarisk and Wilfrid were as much out 
 of the race as the soldiers were, and 
 yet she would not be steadied. It 
 was only when we came to the hills 
 and very broken stony ground, fully 
 twelve miles from where we started, that 
 I got a pull at her, and at last stopped 
 her. . . . We were just forty-five 
 minutes doing the twelve miles. . . . 
 The last two miles we travelled at a more 
 sober pace, and the sun appeared as 
 we rode in through the stone gateway 
 of Arak." 
 
 No wonder she brought Hagar to Eng- 
 land as a brood mare! There she pro- 
 duced the following: 
 
$S The Arab Horse 
 
 Offspring of Hagar. 
 
 1. 1880, b. h. Hadramant, by Kars. 
 
 2. 1881, ch. m. Haifa, by Kars. 
 
 3. 1883, b. m. Hijaz, by Pharaoh . 
 
 4. 1884, b. m. Harik, by Kars. 
 
 5. 1885, b. m. (died) by Rataplan. 
 
 6. 1886, b. h. Himyarite, by Kars. 
 
 7. 1888, b. h. Hafiz, El Emir. 
 
 8. 1889, br. m. Zem Zem, El Emir. 
 
 9. 1891, b. h. Havileh, by Imam, 
 
 10. 1892, b. h. Hail, by Jamrood. 
 
 11. 1895, ch. h. Sohail, by Jamrood. 
 
 12. 1896, b. m. Hamada, by Imamzada. 
 
 13. 1897, b. h. Hauran, by Jezail. 
 
 Hagar died in 1898, twenty-five years of 
 age. The chestnut mare Saadah Togan 
 bought at Deyr is said to have been sold 
 to Miss Dillon under the name of Zenobia 
 but we have no record of her offspring. 
 Hagar also had been owned and used for 
 breeding purposes for a number of years 
 by Miss Dillon, whose property she was at 
 the end. 
 
 Sherifa, the white mare was a very 
 marked animal, '' a white Hamdani Simri 
 purchased for us by Mr. Skene at Aleppo.'* 
 She was bred in Nejd, and was given by 
 Ibn Saoud, Emir of Riad, in 1873, to the 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 59 
 
 Turkish governor of Mecca. He brought 
 her to Aleppo and gave her in turn to the 
 chief Ulema there, who used her only as a 
 brood mare and to carry him once a day 
 to the mosque. Lady Blunt says she had 
 " the most extraordinarily beautiful head 
 ever seen, and the sweetest of tempers." 
 
 The full list of her offspring cannot be 
 known, as she had foals both in Arabia 
 and after coming to England. In the 
 latter country her blood is highly prized, 
 not only that through her daughters, 
 Sherezade and Shibboleth, but also at the 
 present day where her grand-daughters, 
 Shieka and Shibine, the first a daughter of 
 Shiraz, the second a daughter of Shohba, 
 represent her in the Crabbet Arabian 
 Stud. 
 
 The Blunts have owned and bred so 
 many pure Arabs since they first became 
 interested in them in 1877 that it would 
 be a long list were all the animals named. 
 In 1905 they had about a hundred and 
 twenty-five in the Crabbet Stud, besides 
 many others in Egypt. A few more of 
 
6o The Arab Horse 
 
 their mares, however, deserve at least 
 passing mention. 
 
 Rodania, dam of Rose of Sharon, Rose- 
 mary, Rose of Jericho, and others. This 
 mare, far famed among the tribes of the 
 " Hamad," was the much prized property 
 of Beneyeh Ibn Shaalan, of the Roala 
 tribe of the Anazah. She was a chest- 
 nut Keheilet Ajuz of the Rodan strain, 
 bred by Ibn Rodan of the Roala tribe. 
 Sotaam Ibn Shaalan, supreme Sheik 
 of the tribe when visited by the Blunts 
 in March 1878, took her from his cousin 
 Beneyeh by unfair means, her theft being 
 the occasion of a feud between the two. 
 War breaking out between the Sebaa and 
 Roala tribes, Beneyeh refused to help 
 Sotaam, the Roala were badly beaten, 
 and they lost much plunder of camels 
 and mares, including Rodania. She was 
 taken by Tais Ibn Sharban of the Gor- 
 mussa tribe of the Sebaa Anazah, from 
 whom the Blunts bought her in 1881. 
 
 Bint Helwa, a white Seglawieh Jed- 
 ranieh of the strain of Ibn Sudan of the 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 6i 
 
 Roala tribe. This is the famous " broken- 
 legged mare," now to be seen at Crabbet 
 Park. When visiting this stud in Sep- 
 tember 1905, the writer had first one and 
 then another particularly attractive ani- 
 mal pointed out as the offspring of *' the 
 broken-legged mare.'' Finally he asked, 
 *'What is the broken-legged mare, and 
 where is she?" ''You shall see," said 
 Lady Anne Blunt, leading the way to a 
 box stall, of which Bint Helwa was the 
 sole occupant. Here we saw a broken- 
 legged mare sure enough. Were it not 
 for her injury she is a beauty, pure white, 
 with a head such as Schreyer would seek 
 as a model. But, her off fore leg! This 
 was broken between the knee and shoulder 
 so that it wabbled loosely. Her shoulder 
 was also broken, and the gentle creature 
 stands always on three legs, the fourth 
 can support no weight, the toe just 
 touches the ground, and when she would 
 move about the mare rears a bit, hops 
 around with the good front leg, dragging 
 the poor useless member. 
 
62 The Arab Horse 
 
 The exclamation was spontaneous, 
 ''For heaven's sake how long has that 
 mare been in that condition?" ''Oh, 
 for eight years," answered Lady Blunt. 
 Then she told the story. Bint Helwa 
 had come from the Egyptian stud with 
 two other mares, and the three turned to 
 pasture together on arrival in England. 
 In the evening the other two came up to 
 the stables, Bint Helwa was missing. On 
 searching, she was found in a ditch. 
 She had jumped the enclosing fence of the 
 pasture, landed in the ditch so that her 
 leg and shoulder were terribly broken, 
 and the other mares following had jumped 
 on top of her, breaking two of her ribs. 
 As she was within six weeks of foaling it 
 was decided not to destroy her, but take 
 her to the stable and try to save the foal. 
 The mare was gotten out on to a drag, 
 pulled as gently as possibly to her box 
 stall, suspended in slings, and cooling 
 applications made to the injured parts. 
 The breaks were too extensive to knit, 
 but such was the soundness of her health 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 63 
 
 and constitution that the days passed 
 and no rise in her temperature ensued. 
 When the day came for her foal to be 
 bom, she was lowered gently in the stall, 
 the little one came into the world all 
 right, she made good recovery, and since 
 that time has bred seven perfect foals. Now 
 in 1906, the broken-legged mare is nine- 
 teen years old, and she is due to foal this 
 spring. This authentic history of a mare 
 that is to be seen by any visitor to Crab- 
 bet Stud is a tale of endurance and sound- 
 ness that might lead us to give credence 
 even to the tradition associated with the 
 beginnings of life of the famous Keheilet 
 Ajuz. If there is a finer Arab stallion 
 in the world than Harb, the six year old 
 son of Bint Helwa and Mesaoud, the writer 
 would go a great distance to see him. 
 
 Queen of Sheba is the name of a bay 
 mare foaled in 1875, which Lady Anne 
 Blunt saw and coveted at the time she 
 was with the Sebaa Bedouins in March, 
 1878. At that time the mare belonged 
 to Beteyen Ibn Mirshid, who had succeed- 
 
64 The Arab Horse 
 
 ed his murdered cousin Suleiman Ibn 
 Mirshid, Upton's friend, as supreme 
 Sheik of the Gomussa. She was bred 
 by Erheyen Ibn Alian of the Gomussa 
 tribe, was an Abeyeh Sherrakieh, and 
 was sold by her breeder, on shares, to 
 Beteyen. At the time of their visit the 
 Blunts sought by every means to buy 
 the filly, and the account of their efforts 
 as told in ''The Bedouin Tribes of the 
 Euphrates" is highly interesting. The 
 mare is thus described by Lady Blunt: 
 
 "But our chief delight was to follow, 
 when Beteyen Ibn Mirshid, Sheyk of 
 the Gomussa, rode up to Mohammed 
 Dukhi's tent to pay a visit. He had just 
 purchased from one of his people the 
 'bridle half of a three year old mare, an 
 Abeyeh Sherrak, and was riding her 
 home when he heard we were at Mo- 
 hammed Dukhi's tent. The mare is so 
 much more remarkable than the man 
 that I must describe her first. She is a 
 dark bay standing fifteen hands or over. 
 Her head, the first point an Arab looks 
 to, is a good one, though I have seen 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 65 
 
 finer, but is perfectly set on, and the 
 mttbakh, or join of the head and neck, 
 would give distinction to any profile. 
 Her neck is light and well arched, the 
 wither high, the shoulder well sloped, and 
 the quarter so fine and powerful that it 
 is impossible she should be otherwise than 
 a very fast mare. Her length of limb 
 above the hock is remarkable, as is 
 that of the pastern. She carries her 
 tail high, as all well bred Arabians do, 
 and there is a neatness and finish about 
 every movement which reminds one of 
 a fawn or a gazelle. We all agreed that 
 she is incomparably superior to any- 
 thing we have seen here or elsewhere 
 (Mr. Skene was of the party at the time) 
 and would be worth a king's ransom, if 
 kings were still worth ransoming." 
 
 They did not get the mare at that time, 
 but Mr. Skene secured her for them later 
 at a cost of ;£24o ($1,200); and when 
 they returned to Damascus the next 
 winter to make a start for their ''Pil- 
 grimage to Nejd," they heard ''all that 
 had happened in the desert during the 
 summer. First of all, the sensation that 
 
66 The Arab Horse 
 
 has been caused there by our purchase of 
 Beteyen's mare, which after all we secured 
 and the heart-burnings and jealousies 
 raised thereby." 
 
 Asfura, daughter of Beteyen's mare, 
 and several of her offspring are to be 
 found at Crabbet Park to-day. As- 
 traled, the son of Queen of Sheba* and 
 Mesaoud, foaled 1900, is the only horse 
 in the entire collection that is perhaps 
 more attractive than Harb, son of Bint 
 Helwa. 
 
 Another mare brought from Arabia by 
 Lady Anne Blunt that should be men- 
 tioned was Basilisk, a grey Seglawieh 
 Jedranieh of the strain of Ibn ed Derri. 
 Basilisk was bought by the Duke of 
 Westminster for breeding to thorough- 
 bred horses, and produced for him some 
 winners of races in the best of company. 
 
 Wild Thyme, a bay mare foaled 1876, 
 which they bought of the Baggara tribe 
 of the Euphrates, was the only animal 
 secured by either the Blunts or Upton, 
 
 *The name given to Beteyen's mare by the Blunts. 
 
Photograph by Schreihe 
 
 ANTIKA, 4 YEARS 
 
 Dam — Asfurai daughter of Queen of Sheba (Betteyan's mare) 
 Sire — Mesaoud 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 67 
 
 of the coveted family of Ras el Fedawi, to 
 which belonged the famous Darley Ara- 
 bian. It has often been stated that he 
 was a Manekhi Hedruj. Both Major 
 Upton and Lady Anne Blunt say he was 
 Ras el Fedawi. This is one of the sub- 
 families of Keheilet Ajuz, and the nearest 
 Major Upton was able to secure was the 
 bay mare Kesia, a Keheilet of Nowak, 
 closely akin to the Ras el Fedawi. Upton 
 says (Gleanings page 324): ''Of the 
 strain called Ras el Fedawi, of which 
 family I understand was the Darley 
 Arabian, we saw some mares in another 
 tribe and in the hands of single Arabs, 
 but I do not remember to have seen any 
 in the Sabaah." The only one he could 
 buy was so badly broken down that he 
 would not take her. 
 
 Wild Thyme was bred to Kars, a bay 
 Seglawi Jedran horse of the Ibn Sbeni 
 strain, purchased at Aleppo by Mr. Blunt, 
 and considered of very choice blood. 
 Lady Anne Blunt ranks him as one of the 
 most valuable horses they secured. The 
 
6^ The Arab Horse 
 
 offspring was Raschida, a very remark- 
 able mare, still owned (1906) by Hon. 
 Miss Dillon, who bought her, with Hagar, 
 and Jedrania, besides other choice ani- 
 mals, from the Blunts. 
 
 Raschida is a bay mare, foaled 1883, a 
 Ras el Fedawi, 15 hands high. She has 
 won nineteen jumping prizes, besides one 
 second prize in the hunter class at Blan- 
 ford. She carried 13 stone (182 lbs) in 
 the hunting field ten weeks before foaling, 
 and is the only pure Arab mare in the 
 Hunters' Improvement Stud Book, besides 
 being registered in Weatherby's ** General 
 Stud Book," Vol. XV. 
 
 Offspring of Raschida. 
 1887, b. m. Rommia, by El Emir. 
 
 1889, b. m. Rakusheh, El Emir. 
 
 1890, b. m. Rahatlakoum, by Gomussa. 
 
 1 89 1, b. m. Aziza, by El Emir. 
 
 1893, b. h. Rasoul, by Imam. 
 
 1894, b. m. Laili, by Jamrood. 
 
 1895, b. h. Ras el Fedawi, by Havilah. 
 
 1896, ch. f, (dead), by Volomel. 
 
 1897, b. m. Riad, by Hail. 
 
 1898, b. m. Raz-za-za, by Imamzada. 
 
 1904, b, m. Mahal, by Imamzada. 
 
 1905, b. m. Nessa, by Hauran. 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 69 
 
 Jedrania also proved one of the very 
 valuable producers among the Arab 
 mares of England. She was foaled in 
 1875, a Seglawi Jedranieh, bred by Ali 
 Aga of Milich, at Deyr Hafa, on the 
 Euphrates. Her dam was captured in 
 war and given as a bribe to Ali Aga the 
 Turkish-Pasha of Deyr, in whose posses- 
 sion she foaled Jedrania. From him the 
 mare was purchased by Mr. Blunt. 
 
 Offspring of Jedrania. 
 
 1. 1881, ch, h. Jamschyd, byAbeyan el Khush. 
 
 2. 1882, ch. h. (dead) by Pharaoh, 
 
 3. 1884, b. m. Jebel Druz, by Kars. 
 
 4. 1885, b. m. Juniper, by Kars. 
 
 5. 1886, b. m. (dead), by Abeyran. 
 
 6. 1887, b. m. (dead), by Nizam. 
 
 7. 1888, b. m. Jedran, by El Emir. 
 
 8. 1891, b. h. (dead), Jebel Shammar. 
 
 9. 1893, b. h. Jezail, by Imam. 
 
 10. 1894, b. h. Jadoo, by Jamrood. 
 
 11. 1896, br. m. Yasimeen, by Imamzada. 
 
 12. 1898, b. h. Jezza, by Rasoul. 
 
 These are some of the fine mares that 
 have been owned in England through 
 the efforts of a few enthusiastic and 
 persistent breeders. It will be noted 
 
70 The Arab Horse 
 
 that they have produced sufficiently to 
 account for King Edward's dominion 
 being the source whence many other 
 countries have been able to supply them- 
 selves with pure Arab blood. 
 
 A number of the choicest stallions also 
 were brought by the Blunts, some from 
 Arabia, others from the Abbas Pasha 
 Stud, still others from Bombay. Among 
 the best of the first was Kars, a very 
 beautiful and impressive animal. Wea- 
 therby thus records him in Vol XIV of the 
 General Stud Book: 
 
 ''Kars, a bay horse (foaled 1874) a 
 Seglawi Jedran of the Ibn Sbeni, pur- 
 chased at Aleppo by W. S. Blunt, from 
 Mahmoud Aga, chief of the irregulars. 
 This blood is considered the best in the 
 Syrian Desert." 
 
 Mesaoud is also a very choice Seglawi 
 Jedran horse of Ibn Sudan's strain of the 
 Roala Anazah, bred by Ali Pasha Sherif 
 from a mare bought in the desert by 
 Abbas Pasha. He won many prizes in 
 England and on the continent, his blood 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 71 
 
 saturatevS the animals now at Crabbet 
 Park, and he was purchased in 1903 by 
 the Russian Government for use in the 
 Imperial vStud. 
 
 Rataplan was bought by Mr. Blunt in 
 Bombay. Visiting India in 1882 to see 
 the great races for Arab horses which 
 had become established events in that 
 country, he recognised in Rataplan a 
 horse he had seen ridden in Arabia by 
 Jedaan ibu Mahaid of whom mention has 
 been made. Inquiry proved his identi- 
 fication accurate, the horse had been 
 brought to Bombay by Abdur Rhaman 
 after Jedaan's death, and was raced 
 successfully, winning the following 
 events: 
 
 Wellington, May 15, 1882, Arab Handicap, i^ miles, 
 500 Rs., beating Snowdrop, Ruby, and Copen- 
 hagen. 
 
 Bangalore, July 18, 1882, Arabian Purse, i^ miles, 500 
 Rs., beating Dictator, Copenhagen and Khusroo. 
 
 Bangalore, July 22, 1882, Winner's Handicap, if miles, 
 500 Rs., beating Dictator, Grey Warrior, Euphra- 
 tes, and Copenhagen. 
 
 Baroda, Dec. 28, 1882, Gaekwar's Purse, i^ miles, 800 
 Rs., beating Blotting Paper, Robin Grey, Duch- 
 ess, Slug, Morar, Redoubt, and Reserved, 
 
72 The Arab Horse 
 
 Mr. Blunt then bought Rataplan and 
 shipped him to England for use in the 
 Crabbet Stud. 
 
 Many other Arab horses greatly dis- 
 tinguished themselves in racing in India; 
 but as they never came to England or the 
 Continent of Europe have left no influ- 
 ence upon modern occidental horse breed- 
 ing. A rapid enumeration is all the 
 attention that can be given them in the 
 present writing. 
 
 Greyleg won 51 races at Bombay, 
 Mysore, and Bangalore between 1861 and 
 1868. Hermit won 34 races during the 
 same period. Rex, Euclid, and Lanercost 
 were also great winners. The demand for 
 anything that could win races from the 
 rich Rajahs who made racing their pas- 
 time, caused standing offers of fabulous 
 prices at all times by British officers, and 
 the demand brought a partial supply. In 
 1893 not less than 16,000 rupees were 
 added to the stakes at the Calcutta meet- 
 ing alone. To win such prizes the Mahara- 
 jah of Cooch Behar paid R5,ooo ($2,500) 
 
GREYLEG 
 
 .--^ 
 
 
 '0 
 
 EUCLID 
 
LANERCOST 
 
 BLITZ 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 73 
 
 for Dominant, and Ri 1,000 for Good 
 Hope, while *R3 0,000 were offered and 
 refused for either Rex or BHtz. This 
 last-named horse was certainly one of the 
 greatest stake winners for his inches that 
 the world has ever seen. Bought origin- 
 ally by Lieut. O'Farrell of the 6th Dra- 
 goons for R400 ($200) he never was 
 beaten. After winning the Civil Service 
 Cup for the second time, his owner and 
 partners bought him in no less than four- 
 teen pools, whose actual aggregate value 
 was $60,000. Later, he was bought by 
 Lord William Beresford, and used in the 
 stud in England, to a limited degree. 
 Afterward he passed into the possession 
 of the Maharajah of Patiala, who took 
 him back to India and used him for breed- 
 ing. He is described by one who knew 
 him well, in these words: 
 
 **He is for his size, the most remark- 
 able animal ever foaled. He is milk white 
 with black muzzle, which can be put in 
 a pint pot. Weight makes no difference 
 to him." 
 
74 The Arab Horse 
 
 Another remarkable horse, who must 
 be rated in the same class with Blitz, 
 was Kismet. He was foaled in the 
 desert in 1877, a Manakhi Hedruj, and 
 taken to India by Abdur Rhaman, in 
 1882. In i883-'84 he swept everything 
 before him on the race track, never losing 
 a race or heat, his total winnings for those 
 seasons in India amounting to £30,000 
 ($150,000). 
 
 Kismet's Races in India 
 Bangalore, July 12, 1883, the Mysore Oup, i\ miles, 
 
 carrying 139 lbs. 
 Bangalore, July 14, 1883, the Mysore Purse, ij miles, 
 
 carrying 134 lbs. 
 Bangalore, July 19, 1883, Aga Khan's Purse, i^ miles, 
 
 carrying 134 lbs. 
 Poonah, Sept. 8, 1883, Aga Khan's Plate, i^ miles, 
 
 carrying 126 lbs. 
 Poonah, Sept. 11, 1883, Aga Khan's Purse, if miles, 
 
 carrying 131 lbs, 
 Hyderabad, Nov, 22, 1883 Deccan Handicap, i^^miles, 
 
 carrying 119 lbs. 
 Bombay, Feb. 12, 1884, The Derby, ij miles carry- 
 ing 136 lbs. 
 Bombay, Feb. 14, 1884, Aga Khan's Purse, ij miles, 
 
 carrying 133 lbs 
 
 Immediately after this race Lieut. 
 Broadwood brought Kismet to England, 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 75 
 
 where he was owned by Col. R. D. Coyn- 
 ingham V. C. He landed after a tem- 
 pestuous voyage in the latter part of 
 April, and so confident was his owner 
 of his prowess, that he matched him to 
 run against Asil, without training, at 
 Newmarket. Asil beat him in this race 
 for the only time in Kismet's entire career. 
 Twice afterward Kismet turned the 
 tables on Asil, showing that it was lack of 
 condition that lost him his first race with 
 that horse. In 1885 Kismet was ridden 
 at Newmarket by Fred Archer, who rode 
 the Derby winner five different times, 
 and he pronounced Kismet the gamest 
 horse he ever rode. Such, also, was the 
 opinion of Wood, who rode him in his 
 races against Asil at Newmarket and 
 Sandown Park. Both these races were 
 for two miles, and Kismet won ''hands 
 down, ' ' carrying 126 pounds. After that he 
 was bought by Hon. John Corbett, M. P., 
 as a saddle horse, and he sold him to Rev. 
 F. F. Vidal, who kept him in the stud until 
 1 89 1, when he leased him to Mr. Ran- 
 
76 The Arab Horse 
 
 dolph Huntington, of Oyster Bay, Long 
 Island. After a long and stormy passage 
 Kismet reached New York by Str. 
 Canada, Nov, 11, 1891, only to die two 
 hours after landing, of pleuro-pneumonia 
 contracted on the voyage. This rather 
 extended history of Kismet has been 
 given because, though his untimely 
 death was so serious a loss, he has had, and 
 will continue to have, an important in- 
 fluence on horse breeding in America, 
 two of his pure bred sons having come to 
 this country in 1893, as will be noted 
 later. 
 
 Maidan is the last of the great horses 
 that came to England from Arabia 
 through India, whose name can have our 
 especial attention. Many who knew him, 
 including Lady Anne Blunt and the Hon. 
 Miss Dillon, place him even above Kismet, 
 and the opinion is concurred in by others 
 who knew him only by his offspring. 
 Maidan was foaled in 1869 in Nejd, a 
 chestnut (as was Kismet), said by some 
 to have been a Manakhi Hedruj, though 
 
H 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 < 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 77 
 
 this was doubted by others because of his 
 great beauty, the Manakhi being a 
 family of rather plain appearance, though 
 great race horses. He was brought to 
 Bombay by Abdur Rhaman in 187 1, and 
 sold to Captain Johnstone, who imme- 
 diately commenced racing him, though 
 the colt was but two years old. Captain 
 Fisher and Major B rough were also inter- 
 ested in Maidan; and as these English 
 officers had tested him they were free in 
 taking the long odds which were laid 
 against him by the Australian sports who 
 came to the races and were ready to lay 
 against an untried colt. It is said that 
 after Maidan won the Punjab Cup, the 
 Australians had hardly money enough 
 left to pay their passage home. For 
 three years, from 1871 to 1874, Maidan 
 continued his winning career, until no 
 further matches could be made for him. 
 Then, at 5 years of age, he was sold to 
 Lieut. Col. Brownlow of the 72d High- 
 landers, as a charger. Brownlow was 
 a heavyweight of nineteen stone (266 fbs.) 
 
78 The Arab Horse 
 
 with his equipment, yet Maidan carried 
 him for twelve years in campaigns 
 through the mountainous regions of India 
 and Afghanistan, until the soldier was 
 killed in the fight at Kandahar, at the 
 end of the famous forced march of Lord 
 Roberts's Army from Cabul, three hun- 
 dred miles distant. After carrying 
 Brownlow for ten years Maidan won the 
 Ganges Hog Hunt Cup, and also a four 
 mile steeplechase across difficult country. 
 At seventeen years of age, on the death of 
 Brownlow, Maidan was bought by Lord 
 Airlie who again put him to racing where 
 he won a number of races both on the 
 fiat and steeplechases. He was then sold 
 to Captain the Hon. Eustace Vesey, who 
 bought him to take to England. Leaving 
 India on the troopship Jumna Maidan 
 got as far as Suez, where the ship met 
 the expedition going to the relief of 
 Suakim, where Osman Digna was har- 
 rassing the garrison, and was pressed into 
 service as a transport for troops to Mas- 
 sowah, near the lower end of the Red Sea. 
 
How Some Arabs Have Been Obtained 79 
 
 So it happened that the old race horse and 
 charger had his journey lengthened, to 
 the degree that he stood on his feet one 
 hundred days without once lying down, 
 before he reached Marseilles. Yet Capt. 
 Vesey raced him successfully at Pau, and 
 afterward in England. He won a steeple- 
 chase when twenty-two years of age. 
 When he had to be destroyed, because of 
 a broken leg, at twenty-three, he was 
 absolutely sound. In 1890 he was de- 
 scribed in the London Live Stock Journal, 
 as "fresh and well, with immense bone 
 below the knee (he measured eight inches) 
 and as clean in the legs as a four year old, 
 notwithstanding the fact that he was 
 hunted in Suffolk last year.*' 
 
 He was a very beautiful horse, the 
 finest type of a high caste Arab, fifteen 
 hands high. Maidan's blood is also to be 
 found in the United States, though 
 the U. S. Department of Agriculture 
 decided that his daughter, from a pure- 
 bred Ras al Fedawi Arab mare, and 
 registered as thoroughbred in Weather- 
 
8o The Arab Horse 
 
 bey's " General Stud Book," also, present- 
 ing the certificate of Weatherbey & Sons, 
 must pay duty, because the sire and dam 
 of Maidan were not so registered, though 
 Maidan himself had been accepted and 
 registered. The reason his sire and dam 
 were not registered was that they lived 
 and died in Nejd, and there was no 
 occasion for them to be registered at the 
 English Jockey Club. 
 
HEIRESS AND HALF-BRED DAUGHTER, 4 MONTHS OLD 
 
CHAPTER V 
 Arab Horses in America 
 
 /CONTRARY to generally accepted 
 ^^^ opinion, many good Arabs have 
 come to America, even from the 
 early days. It cannot be doubted that 
 they have imparted their good qualities 
 to some of our most useful horses, the 
 influence of Arab blood being especially 
 noticeable in the old Morgans, that of the 
 Barb in the descendants of Henry Clay. 
 
 General Washington's famous grey 
 charger was an entire son of the desert- 
 born horse Ranger, imported to New 
 London, Connecticut, about 1765. He was 
 a dapple grey, fifteen hands high, of the 
 finest form, symmetry, and finish. As 
 Washington was six feet, three inches tall, 
 and weighed more than two hundred 
 pounds, it is evident that the little son of 
 Ranger must have been a weight carrier. 
 81 
 
82 The Arab Horse 
 
 It is related that Washington had his 
 attention attracted to the superiority of 
 the horses ridden by the Connecticut 
 cavalry when he took command of the 
 Continental army at Boston. Calling 
 ** Light Horse Harry Lee" into his coun- 
 sels, they found that these were sons and 
 daughters of Ranger. Captain Lindsay 
 was thereupon sent to the Connecticut 
 valley to purchase the horse, and he was 
 taken to Virginia where he was after- 
 ward known as the Lindsay Arabian. 
 The horse that General Israel Putnam 
 rode when he galloped down the steep 
 declivity of a hundred steps at Green- 
 wich, Connecticut, later in the war, so 
 escaping the British, was own brother to 
 Washington's charger. 
 
 The four famous grey stallions that drew 
 Lady Washington's coach to Philadelphia 
 when Congress convened, were bred on 
 the Washington plantation at Mount 
 Vernon, and were half-bred Arabians. 
 
 In the first volume of *' Bruce's Ameri- 
 can Stud Book " we find a list of no less 
 
Arab Horses in America ^^ 
 
 than forty-two Arab horses imported 
 into the United States during the century 
 between 1760 and i860, besides twelve 
 Arab mares, four Barb horses, and two 
 Barb mares. Since that time the number 
 has been increased greatly. 
 
 Mention has already been made of the 
 Keene Richards importations. It was 
 in i854-'55 that he was induced to go 
 to Arabia for horses, backed by the New 
 Orleans Jockey Club, accompanied by 
 Troyon, the animal painter, who was to 
 assist him in making his selections. He 
 went among the Anazah tribes and 
 brought back with him some very valu- 
 able animals of the choicest families. In 
 this country they failed of the recog- 
 nition they deserved for many reasons, 
 one being the unfortunate time of their 
 arrival. The great Civil War was brewing, 
 and people had their attention drawn to 
 more serious questions than horse breed- 
 ing in 1857, when the Keene Richards 
 Arabs reached Kentucky. The best of 
 his horses was bred to but five mares, yet 
 
84 The Arab Horse 
 
 one of them produced the great race horse 
 Limestone, and another the dam of Dor- 
 sey's Golddust. General W. T. Withers, 
 one of the most successful breeders of 
 trotters in Kentucky, had two or three 
 mares in his stud sired by one of the Keene 
 Richards Arabs, that he considered the 
 choicest of any he had. In 1861 the Civil 
 War burst upon the land, and the Keene 
 Richards' s Arabs were scattered and lost, 
 as were other valuable animals of other 
 breeds. 
 
 It is told that after the battle of Pitts- 
 burgh Landing (Shiloh) the Confederate 
 General Breckenridge went to George- 
 town, Kentucky, to Mr. Richards, begging 
 conveyance to Virginia as quickly as 
 possible, as the Federal troops were pur- 
 suing him. Richards had nothing to offer 
 but a pair of three year old half-bred 
 Arab fillies. These he hitched to a buck- 
 board and started. The Federals pur- 
 sued on thoroughbred horses, but though 
 they gained for a while, their bolt was 
 soon shot, and they had to draw rein. 
 
Arab Horses in America 85 
 
 The Arab fillies never stopped until 
 they had Breckenridge safely within 
 the Confederate lines. It is doubtful 
 if he would have proved a good wit- 
 ness for the case of those who prate 
 about the failure of the Keene Rich- 
 ards's Arabs. 
 
 Other notable Arabian horses that 
 came to America were the two, Maaneke 
 Hedragi and Siklany Gidran (note these 
 names), sent as a present to Hon. Wm. 
 H. Seward when Lincoln's Secretary of 
 State, Umbark, sent to President Van 
 Buren, Linden Tree and Leopard, pre- 
 sented by the Sultan of Turkey Abdul 
 Hamid IL, to General U. S. Grant. The 
 so-called Arabs or Barbs brought to New 
 York in 1905, said to be intended as a 
 present for President Roosevelt, need no 
 attention. They were a fraud. Mr. Roose- 
 velt would have none of them, and when 
 sold by auction to pay their feed bills at 
 Hoboken, they did not bring the value 
 of the oats they had eaten. It is such 
 beasts as they, when called Arabs, that 
 
86 The Arab Horse 
 
 discredit the entire race with the un- 
 informed. 
 
 Mention has not been made of a con- 
 siderable consignment of Arabians, both 
 mares and stallions, brought over by 
 Commodore Jesse D. Elliott, U. S. N., 
 in 1838. They were procured by him 
 during a cruise to the coast of Syria in 
 1837, on the frigate Constitution. They 
 are registered in Bruce's American Stud 
 Book, but the disposition made of them 
 is not noted. 
 
 Since 1885 quite a number of really 
 high -caste Arabs have come to the 
 United States. Naomi, foaled in Upton's 
 stable in England, her dam brought 
 from Arabia on his first visit, was im- 
 ported in 1888. She was a very valuable 
 mare, well known and esteemed in Eng- 
 land. The list of Naomi's offspring has 
 already been given. She greatly en- 
 riched the horse breeding of America by 
 her blood, and died full of years and 
 honours. 
 
 In 1893 Mr. Huntington bought Nazli, 
 
Arab Horses in America 87 
 
 daughter of Naomi and Maidan. She 
 is still owned by the Huntington Stud 
 at Oyster Bay, and has produced some 
 most valuable animals. Two of these, a 
 son and a daughter, both by her half- 
 brother Anazah (son of Naomi and Gen. 
 Grant's Leopard) are owned by Mr. 
 Herman Hoopes, of Philadelphia. Mr. 
 Huntington also imported on same ship 
 with Nazli, two pure bred sons of Kismet, 
 Nimr, son of Nazli, and Garaveen, whose 
 dam was Kushdil, another daughter 
 of Naomi, Kushdil's sire having been 
 Kars. 
 
 Garaveen was bought by Mr. J. A P. 
 Ramsdell of Newburgh, who also bought 
 Ras Aloula and Rakusheh from Miss 
 Dillon, and Shahwan from Mr. W. S. 
 Blunt. He also secured a white mare 
 from an Arab Sheik who brought her 
 to the Columbian Exposition at Chicago 
 in 1893. Her breeding is not known, and 
 she lacks registration; yet Nejme bears 
 every indication of being a high caste 
 Arab mare. 
 
88 The Arab Horse 
 
 This, however, is by no means a safe 
 way to judge of a horse's breeding. A 
 chestnut mare by Maidan, imported from 
 England by the writer in 1898, has the 
 most perfect conformation and courage, 
 such as would cause her to be judged a 
 pure-bred Arab in the choicest company. 
 No other son or daughter of Maidan can 
 surpass her in beauty of head, loftily 
 carried tail, perfect form and symmetry. 
 Yet she is only a half-bred Arab; her dam 
 was a thoroughbred English racing mare. 
 She has distinguished herself in the hunt- 
 ing fields of England, France, Algeria, 
 America, won first prize in jumping at 
 the Crystal Palace, London, in 1896, and 
 has bred eight beautiful foals. If ap- 
 pearance and performance were all that 
 need be sought for as credentials, Heiress 
 would pass for a pure-bred Arab of the 
 very highest type. If further evidence 
 were needed that appearance is not al- 
 ways a safe ground for judging a horse to 
 be pure-bred, a son of Garaveen owned 
 by Mr. Ramsdell, whose dam was a polo 
 

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 i^^ 
 
 ■tph by Schreiber 
 
 HEIRESS 
 
 Daughter of Maidan ; her dam a thoroughbred mare by Herbertstown 
 
 Seventeen years old, has hunted in England, France, Algeria, America. First 
 
 prize in jumping class at Crystal Palace, London, 1896. Dam of 8 foals 
 
tr-\^*>*: 
 
 '#'f.'. 
 
 ■*■- - 
 
 k 
 
 HALF-BRED GELDING BY GARAVEEN 
 
Arab Horses in America 89 
 
 pony mare, and in the same stable with 
 Nejme, may also be cited. Nothing 
 could be more beautiful than this chest- 
 nut gelding, yet we know that he is but 
 a half-bred. 
 
 Speaking of the necessity for care in 
 making certain of the origin of horses 
 claiming to be pure bred Arabians, Lady 
 Anne Blunt writes: 
 
 *' As it is a fundamental principle at 
 the Crabbet Arabian Stud that no stal- 
 lion, however individually excellent, is 
 eligible for service if there is any doubt 
 or lack of information as to a true Arabian 
 descent, it follows that at this stud any 
 'not proven' element must remain an 
 insuperable objection. I have heard of 
 disastrous results from the neglect of 
 this rule, for example from Prince San- 
 gusco, who told me of the immense 
 trouble he had to eliminate the blood of 
 horses he had accepted on insufficient 
 testimony. 
 
 **0n the other hand there are cases 
 where, the risk having been run, results 
 have justified the experiment, as any 
 flaw in blood is sure to come out in 
 
90 The Arab Horse 
 
 descendants sooner or later, and if results 
 are persistently good they may practi- 
 cally be treated as proof. But that takes 
 years." 
 
 Mr. W. S. Forbes, of Boston, about the 
 same time, brought two Arabs, the 
 chestnut mare Jamilla and the bay 
 stallion Bedr, from the Crabbet Arabian 
 Stud, with the great race horse Meddler, 
 to this country. Hon. W. C. Whitney 
 also imported a bay horse from Bombay 
 somewhat later, and Mr. Eustis got the 
 bay mares Bushra and Backaret from Mr. 
 Blunt in 1900. 
 
 In 1898 there came from Miss Dillon's 
 Pudlicote Stud the two mares Raksh 
 and Shabaka. The former was a most 
 beautiful animal, a daughter of Maidan, 
 her dam by El Emir from Rachida, and 
 so of the much prized Ras al Fedawi 
 strain. Her death, leaving no progeny, 
 was a serious loss. Shabaka was bred 
 by Lord Arthur Cecil, her sire the Duke 
 of Bedford's Mameluke, her dam Mr. 
 Chaplin's Kesia II, already mentioned in 
 
mmnif 1 1, 
 
 (ii 
 
 RAKSH 
 
SEGARIO, ch. h., 1902 
 
 Shabaka ch. m. Nimr, ch. h. 
 
 Bred by Lord Arthur Bred by Rev. F. 
 
 Cecil, England. Vidal, England. 
 
 , A ^ ^ A 
 
 B 3 > 
 
 p. 
 
 
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 WS W ^ ?3 
 
 
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 i 
 
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 iiMfciiiiMiMMiM ■Ill 'tfii^iii'iii ill ■illYliii^iJBBliwT'i !■ mi 
 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^I^^^^^^^^Hk> 
 
 Photograph by Schreiber 
 
 SEGARIO, 4 YEARS 
 Ered, owned and ridden by the author 
 
Arab Horses in America 91 
 
 connection with Major Upton's impor- 
 tations. 
 
 She is dam of the very beautiful 
 horse Segario, whose sire was Nimr. In 
 1905 Shabaka was sold to the proprietors 
 of the Huntington Stud, together with the 
 grand Russian Arab Gouniead, bred at 
 the Imperial Stud at Streletsky, and 
 sent to America by the Russian Govern- 
 ment in 1893. Shabaka foaled a very 
 promising filly by Gouniead in February 
 1906. 
 
 In 1905 Miss Dillon sent the bay horse 
 Hail, a son of the famous mare Hagar. 
 Hail is 15.3. His sire was Jamrood, 
 son of Maidan and Jerud. 
 
 Two months after Hail, came the bay 
 stallion Imamzada, son of Imam and 
 Kesia II. Imam was a bay son of 
 El Emir, that Miss Dillon bought at 
 Damascus, a Manakhi ibu Sbeyli, and 
 Ishtar, a white mare, one of the first 
 bought in the desert by the Blunts. For 
 ten years Imamzada has been distin- 
 guished in the Midland Counties of 
 
92 The Arab Horse 
 
 England, as a hunter and a sire of hunters. 
 He is about 15.2 and of immense bone, 
 measuring more than eight inches below 
 the knee. Imam also greatly distin- 
 guished himself in the hunting field with 
 the Heythorpe Hounds, calling forth 
 most laudatory notice in the London 
 sporting papers for his jumping, manners, 
 and endurance. At the Oxfordshire Show 
 he won a prize of £40 in a jumping con- 
 test, where he cleared six feet. He was 
 also a fine horse in harness. In the 
 autumn of 1894 Miss Dillon drove him 
 to Cirencestor Fair, twenty-eight miles, 
 in two hours and thirty-five minutes, 
 hitched to a heavy cart, in which were 
 Miss Dillon, and a groom, besides saddles 
 and rugs. Imam returned by another 
 route to Charlbury, the same day, thirty- 
 three miles, in three hours and five 
 minutes. 
 
 A notion of the service a good Arab 
 can perform may be gathered from the 
 record of Imam's doings in the eight days 
 beginning November 11, 1894: 
 
' ^^^^^^^^H^^H 
 
 1 i 
 
 ^^^^t vV^^^^i^^Bw?^^^^^^! 
 
 
 IV^H 
 
 
 
 ;. -^ 
 
 ■> 
 
 t'notugrctpn oy ^cnreiOer 
 
 IMAMZADA 
 
Imamzada, b. h., i8gi 
 
 Bred by the Hon. Miss E. Dillon. England 
 
 
 /"■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kesij( 
 
 .11, 
 
 b. m. 
 
 
 
 Imam. h. 
 
 h. 
 
 
 Foaled 
 
 property 
 
 of 
 
 Bred by Miss Diilon. 
 
 Hon. Henry 
 
 Chapl 
 
 in. 
 
 England. 
 
 
 
 g'ss-si 
 
 
 
 
 cowS 
 
 
 
 
 SIA, a K 
 sert bre 
 abia by 
 Hon. 
 gland. 
 
 
 
 3^ 
 
 §3 
 
 
 
 
 ffl-l 
 
 
 
 pp 
 
 
 
 il^ 
 
 ilet of Nowak. 
 Brought from 
 i. R. D. Upton 
 :nry Chaplin, 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 * Pedigree of Kesia as given by R. D. Upton's "Gleanings from the 
 Desert of Arabia," p. 387. 
 4. Breed — a Keheilet of Nowak . 
 Her color, bay (red). 
 Breed of her sire — Dabeh Nowak. 
 In foal by the hudud Seglawi al Abd. 
 His tribe, *. e. the tribe of the horse, Ruallah Anazah, 
 17th Jammaz, (July) of the Christian year 1875. 
 The testifier of this writing is the Shaykh . 
 
 SULEYMAN IBN MIRSHED. 
 
 [] 
 
 Seal of I I Suleyman 
 Ibn Mirshed 
 
O m 
 
 P. -^ 
 
 o ^- 
 
 o «« 
 
Arab Horses in America 93 
 
 Saturday — Carried Edwards (Miss Dillon's Stud 
 Groom) hunting, rider thirteen stone (182 lbs.) 
 
 Monday — Ridden to hounds to pilot Miss Roberts 
 (daughter of Gen. Lord Roberts); out seven hours, 
 with plenty of galloping and jumping. 
 
 Tuesday — Fourteen miles in harness at a fast pace. 
 
 Thursday — Thirty miles in harness. 
 
 Friday — harness again. 
 
 Saturday — Sixteen miles in harness. 
 
 At the outbreak of war in South Africa, 
 Imam went as a charger. He was the 
 only horse on the ship that stood the 6,000 
 mile voyage without apparent injury, 
 and he served with distinction through- 
 out the whole war. 
 
 In October 1905 there came also the 
 famous old mare Rose of Sharon, a chest- 
 nut, foaled in 1885, her sire Hadban, dam 
 Rodania, a Keheilet Ajuz of Ibn Rodan's 
 strain, whose romantic history is men- 
 tioned in connection with the mares at 
 Crabbet Park. 
 
 Offspring of Rose of Sharon. 
 
 1890, ch. h. Rafyk, by Azrak. 
 
 1 89 1, ch. h. Rasham, by Azrak. 
 
 1892, ch. h. Ridaa by Merzuk. 
 1894, ch. m. Rishmeh, by Shahwan. 
 1894, ch. m Rotuba, by Ahmar. 
 
94 The Arab Horse 
 
 1898, ch. m. Rayyana, by Ahmar. 
 
 1899, ch. m. Rebekdar, by Mesaoud. 
 
 1900, ch. h. Ras el Jeyr, by Mesaoud. 
 
 1 90 1, ch. h. Rijin, by Mahruss. 
 
 1902, ch. m. Rumeliya, by Rejeb. 
 
 1906, ch. h. Rodam, by Harb, son of the "broken- 
 legged mare." 
 
 The death of Raksh left no animal in 
 America of the Ras el Fedawi family, 
 and the only place where it was known 
 to exist was in Miss Dillon's two old 
 mares Raschida (24 yrs. old) and Rommia 
 (19 yrs.). Rommia had failed to pro- 
 duce a foal for ten years. Raschida had 
 by her side a beautiful bay filly by Haur- 
 an, and Miss Dillon also had a yearling 
 daughter of Raschida (foal of 1904) by 
 Imamzada. After much persuasion 
 these were both secured, and safely 
 reached America in October 1905. Ras- 
 china's breeding has been mentioned, 
 also that of Imamzada. Hauran is a 
 son of Hagar, his sire Jezail a son of 
 Jedrania. The combination of blood 
 in the younger filly, therefore, is not less 
 choice than that of the older. They 
 
Photograf'h by Schreiber 
 
 RUMELIYA 
 
 Dam — Rose of Sharon, daughter of Rodania 
 Sire — Rejeb, son of Rosemary (also a daughter of Rodania) and Mesaoud 
 
Arab Horses in America 95 
 
 both unite the choicest strains of Major 
 Upton's importations, with the earHer 
 of the Blunts, and are believed to be the 
 only animals in America of . the Ras al 
 Fedawi family. 
 
 In 1906 three more mares came from 
 Crabbett Park, (i) Rumeliya, 4 years, a 
 daughter of Rose of Sharon, her sire Rejeb, 
 son of Rosemary and Mesaoud — in foal by 
 Astraled, son of Queen of Sheba (Betey- 
 an's mare) ; (2) Rosetta, 4 years — a daugh- 
 ter of Rosemary and Mesaoud — also in 
 foal by Astraled ; and (3) Antika, 4 years 
 — daughter of Asfura, and grand-daugh- 
 ter of Queen of Sheba — in foal by Harb, 
 son of Bint Helwa (the broken-legged 
 mare) and Mesaoud. These three, com- 
 bining the choicest strains of blood that 
 ever left Arabia, and joining the same 
 stud where are owned the Rose of Sharon 
 and two of [Raschida's daughters, must 
 prove a valuable addition to the Arabs 
 in America. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 Some Last Words 
 
 ]^0 PERSON who reads the books 
 from which much of the infor- 
 mation conveyed in these pages has 
 been obtained can fail to be impressed 
 with the idea that the blood of Keheilet 
 Ajuz is a preponderating influence in the 
 best Arab horses. The animals pos- 
 sessed of this blood are not a separate 
 breed among Arabs — all pure Arabs are 
 of one breed. But, as we know of the 
 old Morgans in America, there were separ- 
 ate families, for example, Woodburys, 
 Giff ords, Bulrushes, and all were Morgans, 
 so in Arab horses there is a choice; and 
 of them all the descendants of Keheilet 
 Ajuz are the first. Upton says in ''Glean- 
 ings From the Desert" (p. 320): 
 
 ** It appears to me that although there 
 are numerous offshoots from the Keheilet 
 97 
 
98 The Arab Horse 
 
 Ajiiz, each with a specific name, there is 
 still a main line or strain of descent 
 carried on of Keheilet Ajnz without any 
 distinguishing name, and that the name 
 Keheilet Ajuz is suiaEicient to mark any 
 such horse or mare." 
 
 He also explodes the tradition that 
 mares are not to be had of the Arabs, 
 and makes evident the fact that if a man 
 knows what he wants, and has the money 
 to pay the price; he can get it, or could 
 at the time of his visits (p. p. 365-6). 
 
 "Before leaving this portion of the 
 subject, it is convenient to allude to an 
 assertion which has been made, and so 
 oft repeated that it has been accepted as 
 an established fact — that it is impossible 
 to obtain an Arabian mare; that 
 the Arabs will not part with a mare; that 
 they will sell horses, but nothing will 
 tempt them to part with a mare. The 
 least informed on the subject of Arabians 
 will tell you this as glibly and with as 
 much assurance as if he had been brought 
 up in the desert. One certainly announ- 
 ced that there was a law forbidding the 
 export of an Arabian mare; Now, I 
 
Photograph by Schreibtr 
 
 ROSEIIA, 4 YEARS 
 
 Dam — Rosemary, daughter of Rodania 
 Sire — Mesaoud 
 
Some Last Words 99 
 
 can assure my readers that it is not by 
 any means impossible to obtain a genuine 
 Arab mare. We visited the most ex- 
 clusive of all Badaween tribes and never 
 heard of such a law. If any law did 
 exist, it would be against selling, not 
 exporting; but we never heard of such a 
 thing in the desert. I can assure my 
 readers that among the genuine Badaween 
 of the Arabian desert we found no prej- 
 udice against parting with or selling a 
 mare. Difficulty there certainly is to 
 induce such people as the Anazah to sell 
 either horses or mares, for they do not 
 traffic in horses ; but if there be any dif- 
 ference, you might get a good mare with 
 less trouble than a good horse. 
 
 '' I have the best of possible authority 
 for refuting the statement that mares are 
 not to be got, for mares were not infre- 
 quently offered to us, and among the 
 Anazah (not the wandering people of 
 Erack) we obtained both mares and horses, 
 and the former without more difficulty 
 than the latter.'' 
 
 The idea has also been given currency 
 that Manakhi Hedruj was a strain so 
 rare as to be seldom seen in these days, 
 
loo The Arab Horse 
 
 was no longer to be had even for large 
 sums of money, and that they are always 
 chestnuts, of a size so much above the 
 other Arab families that these others are 
 merely '' pony Arabs." 
 
 Upton says of them (Gleanings p. 
 321): 
 
 ''The Manakhi appeared to us a 
 favourite strain, for both horses and mares 
 of this family are to be found in most 
 tribes of the Badaween; and we thought, 
 with the exception of Keheilet Ajuz, 
 there were more horses and mares among 
 the Anazah, certainly among the Sabaah, 
 of the Manakhi family than any other." 
 
 The Blunts, four years after Upton, 
 had no difficulty in securing several 
 animals of the Manakhi family, which 
 they brought with them to the Crabbet 
 Arabian Stud. Of their colour and size 
 Upton remarks (Gleanings p. 321): 
 
 *' There was a nice clean-made, lengthy, 
 useful, and racing-like dark grey three 
 year old filly of the Manakhi Hedruj 
 family which belonged to Shaykh Jedaan 
 
Some Last Words loi 
 
 ibn Mahaid. There were four mares of 
 Suleiman ibn Mirshid picketed in front 
 of his tent, the best of which he considered 
 to be the bluish-grey (Azzrak) mare, four 
 or five years old. She was also of the 
 Manakhi Hedruj family, and stood 
 fourteen hands, three inches high,'' 
 
 Speaking of colour of Arab horses he 
 says (p. 341): 
 
 " As to colour, I do not pretend to re- 
 strict it; but among the Anazah bay 
 appeared to us the most general, and, 
 I think is the favourite colour among the 
 Arabs; chestnuts and greys are less 
 numerous, and together would not equal 
 the number of those of a bay colour." 
 
 Finally, the question seems pertinent — 
 Why, if Arab horses are so valuable, their 
 value so well known, and they can be 
 procured, have they not become more 
 widely distributed? 
 
 Various answers, all good, may be 
 given to this question. In the first place 
 the average horseman has come to be- 
 lieve their qualities and reputation to be 
 
I02 The Arab Horse 
 
 figments of the imagination, like the 
 Arabian Nights tales, and having similar 
 origin. He has never seen one of these 
 wonderful horses, and none of his friends 
 have seen one. Therefore, the horse as 
 he is represented does not exist. Again, 
 even if he becomes convinced there is 
 such a horse he does not know where to 
 look for him, does not feel certain he can 
 secure the genuine article if he parts with 
 his good money to obtain one, and if he 
 does find what he becomes convinced is 
 what he wants the price is sure to be a 
 stiff one. The fact is the whole business 
 involves the question of supply and de- 
 mand, which is the key to all economic 
 calculations. 
 
 From this time forward it will pay less 
 and less to breed anything but the best 
 horses, and those which will yield the 
 safest return will be such as will be best 
 adapted for use under the saddle, either 
 for pleasure or as cavalry mounts. In 
 either of those forms of utility no horse 
 that ever lived can compare with one of 
 
Some Last Words 103 
 
 Arab blood, and the supply of animals of 
 that kind is extremely limited. The 
 people possessing them, whether the 
 Bedouins or those who have bought 
 from them, have never had an over supply. 
 
 A reason for this is perhaps to be found 
 in one statement of conditions for which 
 Mr. Wilfrid Blunt is authority namely: 
 that the pure Arab is not a prolific breed- 
 ing animal. He thinks one cause for this 
 may be his intense inbreeding. In- 
 breeding is the only way to secure fixity of 
 type in any form of animal life; but the 
 penalty carried with it is limitation of 
 the reproductive tendency. Mr. Blunt 
 informed one inquirer that if fifteen 
 mares out of twenty-five produced off- 
 spring each year at Crabbett Park, he 
 felt satisfied. 
 
 The tendency of this condition of 
 affairs is to make the supply of pure 
 Arabs always short, and the price high. 
 A careful study of the lists presented to 
 the readers of this book, however, will 
 show that certain mares have been con- 
 
104 The Arab Horse 
 
 sistent and uniform producers of num- 
 erous and valuable offspring. By ac- 
 quiring, therefore, from breeders of 
 reputation, animals whose history has 
 been so well defined as to admit them 
 into authoritative records such as 
 Weatherbey's General Stud Book, and 
 the American Jockey Club Stud Book, 
 selecting carefully among them such as 
 are of the choicest strains and those 
 coming from long lived and prolific 
 families — for such are certainly to be 
 had — it is possible to secure the means 
 of breeding horses that shall be both a 
 pleasure and a profit to the breeder. 
 
 FINIS 
 
VIMsterfdmfy Library of Ve^nary Mediane 
 
 Cmavk^ Sdioof of Vetertnary Medicine at 
 
 Tofts University 
 
 200 Westboro Road 
 
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