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Prof. Oscar R. Gleasou. 
 
Gleason's Horse Book. 
 
 The only Authorized Work by 
 
 America's King of Horse Tamers 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 History, Breeding, Training, Breaking, Buying, 
 
 Feeding, Grooming, Shoeing, Doctoring, 
 
 Telling Age, and General Care 
 
 of the Horse. 
 
 By Prof. Oscar R. Gleason, 
 
 Renowned throughout America and recognized b}^ the U. S. Government as the 
 most Expert and Successful Horseman of the Present age, 
 
 AND 
 
 Leslie E. MacLeod, 
 
 Editor "The Horseman." 
 
 F»ROKUSELY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 BOSTON, MASS.: 
 
 George M. Smith & Co.^ 
 
 No. 36 Bromfield Street. 
 
Copyright, 1892, 
 By Oscar K. Gleason. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It is necessary for any man wishing to handle horses success- 
 fully to be self-possessed, determined, and to give some attention 
 to the horse's natural habits and disposition. I do not think it 
 is claiming too much for my system to say, by its use, any horse 
 . may be broke (regardless of his being previously spoiled,) so as 
 to make him perfectly docile and even safe for a family horse. 
 
 In dealing with my plan, you are not wasting your time with a 
 • mysterious trick, with which so many are humbugged by unprin- 
 cipled men who have nothing good at heart for either horse or 
 man, but merely want ill-gained dollars. In my book you will 
 find the principles of a universally applicable s^'stem for the 
 better training of horses for man's use, producing such matchless 
 docility as has not before ])een found. The three fundamental 
 principles are : First, control— teaching submission and docility. 
 This being the first lesson for the horse, is of the greatest impor- 
 tance, and is the same to his after education that the alphabet is 
 to the bo^^'s, and should be learned perfectly for ease and success 
 in after lessons. Secondly, let kindness run through all your 
 actions toward the horse. Thirdly, appeal properl}^ to the horse's 
 understanding, prudently associating mastery with kindness ; 
 rebuke wrong and reward right. 
 
 Although the horse possesses some faculties superior to man, 
 yet he is deficient in reasoning power; he is naturally of a kind 
 disposition, as evidenced by his attachment to his kind kt eper. 
 He has no thought of disobedience, except by the pernicious im- 
 
— 6 — 
 
 prudence of violating the laws of his nature, in which case he is 
 not in fault, but the violator. You will learn that he may be 
 taught to perfectly submit to anything, however odious it may 
 have been to him at first. 
 
 As the value of the horse is daily becoming more manifest, it 
 
 is presumed that any attempt to reduce into a system the art of 
 
 )reserving him in health and removing disease will not be unac- 
 
 ^•eptable. 
 
 It is certain that at no period in the history of this country 
 has the horse stood so high in general estimation, or by the dis- 
 play of his various powers rendered himself an object more 
 worthy of our consideration. As greater attention is now paid 
 to the breeding of horses, for the different purposes of the turf 
 and the road, so should our anxiety for their education increase. 
 The object of this publication is to render as plain and familiar 
 as possible a subject that has for a length of time remained ta 
 obscurity. The want of a work advancing practical facts and 
 illustrations has long been severely felt and acknowledged. 
 
 In the suggestions offered in this book I have preserved sim- 
 plicity in describing diseases, and have prescribed such remedies 
 as are accessible to all. For obvious reasons an extensive article 
 on telling the age of the horse has been included, as well as easy 
 directions for detecting unsoundness and vice in a horse. 
 
 Under this conviction I am induced to lend my aid in bringing 
 forth the present volume. 
 
 To remove long standing prejudices, I am aware, is a difficult 
 task, still I venture to hope that a careful perusal of these pages 
 will excite, in some degree, the feelings of humanity in respect 
 to the many sufferings to which the generous animal is frequently 
 liable from unmerited cruelty and injudicious treatment, and 
 that mankind may be induced to view his sufferings with an eye 
 of sympathy and tenderness, and have recourse to a rational 
 i.iode of practice when accident or disease may require it. 
 
 I am not aware that any publication has been issued from the 
 pv^as of any country in which the science of horsemanship has 
 betn laid down in such a manner as to be clearly understood. 
 The present work is so familiar in its composition as to render it 
 
-7- 
 
 at once intelligible to every one who may think proper to peruse 
 its contents. 
 
 I claim the honor of being the only horse-trainer or teacher ol 
 horsemanship who ever advanced the idea of introducing Lis 
 methods to the United States Government. If they are used ac- 
 cording to my instructions, they will be of great benefit to the 
 Government. 
 
 This is a daj^ of progression. Men are respected in proportion 
 to their education, intelligence and usefulness ; governments are 
 respected for the soundness of their constitutions and intelligence 
 of their laws and enforcement of the same, and the size and 
 efiicicncy of their armies. The soldier who receives a careful 
 training and useful education in military science and conducts 
 himself properly, is respected, trusted and promoted. I contend 
 that the soldier's education has not been completed until he has 
 a thorough knowledge of the great art of horse-training and 
 educating his horse, for l.e should be to him a daily companion. 
 By a thorough knowledge of the great art, to which I allude, he 
 is capable of judging the most intelligent, hardy and useful 
 horse for his department of the service. The more useful the 
 animal to his master, the more companionable and highly appre- 
 ciated. The better the horse, the better the master. I have 
 written this book from an experience of over seventeen years in the 
 stucly of the training and education of the horse, and if these 
 instructions are put to practical use, they wdll improve the mili- 
 tary service in all departments in which horses are used. 
 
 My one aim and object is to get my methods of training the 
 noble and intelligent horse before the people of this countrv, for 
 I feel by so doing lasting good will be done the poor, unappreci- 
 ated dumb brute ; and though he can never know the good 
 I shall have done him, his master will be able to appreciate the 
 benefit. 
 
 Permit me to state briefly that I have traveled all over the 
 United States, and have given public exhibitions in all of the 
 principal cities and towns. I have handled over twenty thousand 
 of the most vicious kickers, balkers, strikers, plungers, biters, 
 bolters, shyers, and horses possessing all other vicious habits 
 
-S- 
 
 known, but I have yet to find the horse I could not by my 
 methods conquer, subdue and make docile in a short time, yet I 
 have not injured one horse, nor is it necessary for me to be cruel, 
 for the method used is simple. 
 
 It is with a feeling of pride - for I have earned my success by 
 honest}^ of purpose, straight for wai d action, hard labor and close 
 study— that I refer to crowded houses wherever I have been 'and 
 audiences made up of the very best class of citizens, which is the 
 best evidence that my labors have been appreciated and my 
 methods a success. 
 
 In giving out this work I have tried to make it simple and as 
 plain as possible, as I do not approve of a large book filled up 
 with trash. All the scientific points of horsemanship are laid 
 down here in common-sense talk. They can be readily under- 
 stood b}' a bo}^ of twelve. It has cost a large sum of money to 
 engrave the difierent cuts and to make them plain, so they can 
 be quickly understood by the reader. 
 
 Hoping and fully believing that where occasion requires all 
 persons who may chance to peruse this work, will fully carr}^ out 
 the instructions laid down here for their benefit, which has cost 
 me a lifetime of mental aad physical labor to perfect and that 
 both horse and man will be benefited thereb^^, I am 
 KespectfiUiy, your obedient servant. 
 
 OSCAR E. GLEASOlN. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 HISTORY OF THE HORSE, 9 
 
 INTELLIGENCE OF THE HORSE, 15 
 
 EDUCATING THE HORSE.— New method of haltering a wild or vicious 
 colt. — To educate the horse to the words " come here " ; how to get a 
 horse up that throws himself; to educate a colt to drive before being 
 harnessed; to educate a colt to move his body when he moves his 
 head; instructions to ride the colt; to prevent a horse from kicking 
 and pawing in the stall ; to educate a horse not to get cast in the stall ; 
 to catch a horse easily; to prevent rearing under saddle or before 
 a carriage; to prevent cribbing; to prevent kicking when the lines get 
 under the horse's tail ; bits used in educating bad hor>es ; to educate a 
 horse not to be afraid of objects when driving ; first lesson with the 
 umbrella ; horses bad to bridle ; to make a " single foot " horse trot 
 " square " ; to educate a pacer to trot ; to educate a horse to trot ; to 
 educate a horse not to kick in the shafts ; to infuse life into a lazy 
 horse ; to start a balky horse, 24 
 
PA6I 
 
 TEACHING HORSES THICKS.— To take a handkerchief from his 
 side; to kiss a boy; to bore for oil; to make a iiorse walk up; 
 to sit down; to drive a boy off a pedestal ; to shake hands; to make a 
 bow ; to walk on his knees ; to be vicious ; to laugh ; to push a vehicle; 
 to ''go lame"; to walk on his hind feet; to say "no"; to mount a 
 pedestal; to waltz, ^ 46 
 
 HOW TO BUY. — Get correct information ; the buyer ; proportions of 
 the horse; the Cleveland bay for profit; the light harness horse; 
 saddle horses of all gaits; the high-bred hunting horse; racing horses; 
 what the racer should be ; how to detect vices and defects ; other faults 
 and imperfections; buying cheap horses; color in relation to value; 
 action; fast walking horses; what a horse should be; form for pur- 
 chasing, 54 
 
 HOW TO FEED, WATER, AND GROOM.— Laying the foundation; 
 what to feed ; when to feed ; watering ; kinds and quantities of food ; 
 how to prepare the food ; mashes, gruel, and hay tea ; the value of 
 hay and straw; feeding grain; stable care and training; the time to 
 clean ; care of the feet ; blanketing when necessary ; proper tools for 
 the stable, 75 
 
 BREEDING AND RAISING HORSES.— Importance of the subject; 
 the best stock the cheapest ; hereditary tendencies and immaturity ; 
 principles of transmission ; " in and in " and " cross breeding " ; treat- 
 ment of mare ; how^ to know a mare is in foal ; how to know time of 
 foaling ; " slinking " or abortion ; how to raise colts ; mules, 85 
 
 BREAKING AND TAMING WILD AND VICIOUS HORSES.— 
 Nature of the horse ; names and situations of external parts ; questions 
 and answers; handling and driving a colt; the working of the new 
 Gleason bit; the stable; circulation of air; hay tea; how to make the 
 Gleason surcingle ; to accustom horses to objects when driving ; you 
 must educate your horse; bad biters; how to drive a horse up to an 
 object that he is afraid of; all grades of balky horses; cleaning collars; 
 harness and saddles ; the celebrated " Gleason bridle " ; answering ques- 
 
PAGE 
 
 tions; ladies' equestrianism; regiilaiing and managing a government 
 I'arm ; shipping horses ; special to the farmer; errors in feeding! feed- 
 ing during a hard march or long drive; care when heated; in the 
 spring, , . 104 
 
 METHODS FOR DETECTING UNSOUNDNESS.— How to examine a 
 
 horse ; kinds of u iSoundness ; treatment, 220 
 
 THE TEETH. — New method of telling age; the teeth and jaws at various 
 
 ages ; a poem, 224 
 
 HOESE-SHOEING DEPARTMENT.— Questions with valuable answers; 
 shoes for over-reaching ; corns; toe crack ; the saddle horse's feet; the 
 soaking tub ; the turf horse's foot ; perfect feet ; packing and soaking 
 horses feet; a few points, 241 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HORSE.— Causes of Diseases, 269 ; How to Observe 
 Disease, The Principles of Disease, 270; The Pulse, 272; Breathing, 
 Treatment of Disease, 273 ; H(jw Diseases aie Cured Without Medicine, 
 274 ; Nature, Symptoms, Cause and Treatment, 275 
 
 Abrasion, Abscess, Acari, Accidents, 276; Aconite, Alternatives, 
 Amaurosis, Anicmia, Aneurism, Apoplexy, 277; A[ihtha, Atrophy, . . 278 
 
 Back Sinlusis, Baldness, Belly Ache, Big Head, Bishoping, Bite of 
 Mad Dog, 279 ; Bladder Disease, Bleeding, 280 ; Bloody Urine, Blood, 
 Boils, Bots, Bowels, 282 ; Brain Diseases, Breaking Down, Breathing 
 Short, Breeze Flies, Brittle Feet, Bronchi, 283; Bronchitis, 284; 
 Bronchocele, Broken Knees, 285; Bruises of the Sole, Burns and 
 Scalds, 286 ; Bursa Mucosa Enlarged, 287 
 
 Calculi, Cancer, Canine Rabies, Capped Elbow, 287 ; Chapped Hock, 
 Carditis, Caries, 288 ; Castration, Cataract, Catarrh, Cautery, Cerel>ro- 
 Spinal Meningitis, Chest Diseases, Chest Founder, Chilblains, Cliill, 
 289; Choking, Chorea, Cold, 290; Cold Lotions, Colic, 291; Coma, 
 Congestion of Lungs, Constipation, 293; Consumption, Contagion, 294; 
 
PAG£ 
 
 Contraction, Convalescence, Corns, Coryza Gangrenosa, Corrosive Sub- 
 limate Cougli, Counter-irritants, Cow Hock, Cramp, 295; Crib- 
 bitino- Curb, 2y6 ; Curly Hocked, Cutaneous Diseases, Cutting, .... 297 
 
 Death Debility, 297; Deformities, Denteropathia, Diabetes, 298; 
 Diaphoretics, Diarrhoea, Diathesis, 299; Diet, Disinfectants, ^00; 
 Distemper, Diuretics, Dropsies, 302 ; Dysentery, 30? 
 
 Ear Diseases, Ecchymosis, Eczema, Elephantiasis, Embrocation, 
 Emetics, 303 ; Emphysema, Encysted Tumors, Encephaloid, Endermic, 
 Enema, Ephemeral, Epidemic, Epizootic, Epilepsy, Epiphora, 304; 
 Epsom Salts, Eruptions, Erysipelas, Exostosis, Eyes, 305 
 
 False Quarter, Farcy, 310 ; Fatty Tumor, Farrier, Fever, Fever in 
 Feet, 313 ; Fibroma, Fistula, 314 ; Fistida in Foot, Fistulous Withers, 
 Fits, 315; Flaxseed, Food, 316; Foot Diseases, 318 ; Founder, 325; 
 Fractures, 326 ; Fracture of Hip or Pelvis, 328 ; Fungi, Frost Bites, . 329 
 
 Gangrene, Gastritis ^^ucosa, 330; Glanders, 332; Glass Eye, Gleet, 
 Granulation, Gravel in Foot, 335 ; Grease, 336 ; Gripes, Grogginess, 
 Grunter, 337; Gullet, Gunshot Wound, Gutta Sarena, 335 
 
 Heart, Heaves, 338; Heat, Hepatic Diseases, Hernia, Herpes, Heredi- 
 tary Diseases, 339; Hide Bound, 340; Hip Joint Diseases, The Hock, 
 341; Hooks in the Eyes, Horse Fly, 342; Himianity to Animals, 343; 
 Hydrothorax, Hydrocele, Hydronemia, Hydrophobia, 346; Hyper- 
 trophy, Hypodermic, Hysteria, 347 
 
 Indigestion, Infection, Inflammation, Influenza, 348 ; Injections, 349 ; 
 Intestines, Itch, Interfering, 350 
 
 Jack Jaundice, Joint Diseases, 350 ; Jugular Vein, 351 
 
 Kidneys, 351 ; Knees Broken, Knee Joints, Knuckling, ...... 352 
 
 Lamene.-s, Laminitis, Lampas, Laryngitis, Leg, Lice, Ligaments, 
 353 ; Lipoma, Liver, 354 ; Loins, Loss of Appetite, Lumbago, Lungs, 
 356; Lymph, Lymphangitis, . 359 
 
PAGE 
 
 Madness, Mad Staggers, Maggots, Malignant, Malignant Epidemic, 
 Mallenders, Mange, 300 ; Materia Medica, Megrims, Melanosis, Mela- 
 uoid. Mesentery, Mesenterica, Metastasis, Moon Blindness, 361 ; Morti- 
 fication, Moribund, Mouth, 362 ; Mucous Membrane, Mucus, Myalgia, 363 
 
 Narcotics, Nasal Gleet, Navicular Disease, Necrosis, Nephritis, 
 Nervousness, 364; Neurotomy, Nose, Obesity, Oedema, 365; CEstro- 
 mania, Omentum, Open Joints, Ophthalmia, Ossification, Osteology, 
 Osteophorosis, Ostitis, Overreach, Ozena, 355 
 
 Palliatives, Paralysis, 366; Pathology, Patella, Pasterns, Pelvis, 
 Pelvic Abscess, 368 ; Penis Hanging Out, Peristaltic, Peritonitis, 369 ; 
 Periosteum, Phagenda, 370 ; Phlebitis, Phlegmasia Dolens, Phrenitis, 
 Physiology, Physicing, Pleurisy, 371 ; Pleuro-Pneumonia, Pleurodynia, 
 Pleuro-Pneumonia, Poisons, 372; Poll-evil, 373; Polypi, Predisposing 
 Causes, 374; Prick of the Foot, Probang, Procidenta, Prognosis, 
 Prophylactics, Proud Flesh, Prurigo, Pulse, Puncture, 375; Purgatives, 
 Purpura, Pus, Putrefaction, 376 ; Putrid Fever, Pyemia, 377 
 
 Quack Medicines, Quinsey, Quitton, 377 
 
 Rabies, Rachitis, 377; Resolution, Respiration, Revulsion, Rheuma- 
 tism, 378 ; Ring Bone, 380 ; Ring Worm, Roaring, Round Bone. 
 Rowels, 381 ; Ruptures, 382 
 
 Saddle Galls, Sallenders, Saliva, Salivation, 385; Sand Cracks, 
 Sanious Pus, Scalds, Scald Mouth, Scarlatina, Scratches, Schirrus, 
 Scouring, Scrotum, Scurf, Secretion, 386; Sedatives, Serum, Sirous 
 Abscess, Seton, Shivers, Shoeing of Sound Feet, 387; Shoulder Lame- 
 ness, 388 ; Shoulder Joint Lameness, Side Bones, Sinus, Sitfasts, 390 ; 
 Skeleton, Skin Diseases, 391 ; Slough, Soreness, Soundness, Spavin, 
 395 ; Specks on the Eye, Speedy Cut, Spleen Diseases, Splint, Sprains, 
 398; Staggers, 399; Stings, Stifle Joint Lameness, 401; Stomach 
 Diseases, Stone in Bladder, Strangles, Stranguary, 402; Strangula- 
 tion, Stringhalt. 403 ; Stumbling, Sunstroke, Suppuration, 404 ; Surfeit, 
 Swelled Legs, Swellings, Sweenie, Sympathy, 405 ; Synovia, Synchro- 
 nous, Systole, 406 
 
PAGE 
 
 Tabanidoe, Tabes, Talpae, Teeiii, Tetanus, Tetter, Thick AVind, 
 Tliick Leg, Thiselo, Through Pin, Thread Worms, Throat Diseas..;^, 
 Thrush, Thrombus, Thumps, 406; Tongue, 'J'onics, Toxicology, Trache- 
 otomy, Transfusion, Tread, Trepanning, Tj ismu?, Tubercles, Tumors, 
 407 ; Tympanitis, Typhia, Typhoid, Typhosus, , . . . 4oy 
 
 Ulcers, 411 ; Urinary Calculi, Urine, 413 
 
 Varicose, Venesection, Ventilation, Vives, 413 
 
 Warts, Warranty, 413 ; Warbles, Water Farcy, AVeeping Eye, Wens, 
 Wheezing, Wliirl Bone, Wind Galls, Wind Sucking, Worms, 414 ; 
 \Vounds, Wourali, 416 
 
 1\7 
 
 Yellows, Yellow Water, 416 
 
 CHAMPIONS OF THE AMEKICAN TURF, 421 
 
 LAWS GOVERNING AUCTION SALES, 4.J6 
 
 LIFE OF PROF. OSCAR R. GLEASON, by W. Fletcher Johnson, . . 4G1 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Prof. Oscar R. Gleason (Half-tone Portrait), Frontispiece 
 
 To Halter a Wild or Vicious Colt, 24 
 
 Educating a Colt to Move his Body when he Moves his Head, 28 
 
 To Prevent a Horse from Kicking or Pawing in the Stall, . 31 
 
 To Prevent a Horse from Getting Cast in the Stall, 32 
 
 To Educate a Horse not to Kick when the Lines get Under his Tail, ... 37 
 
 To Start a Balky Horse, 45 
 
 A Fine Stallion Showing Thorough Blood, 55 
 
 A Light Hunting Horse, 57 
 
 Proportions of the Horse, 58 
 
 A Heavy Hunting Horse, 63 
 
 The Nervous System of the Horse, 101 
 
 Skeleton of the Horse, 103 
 
 Names and Situations of External Parts, . 105 
 
 Intelligent Driving Horses, 106 
 
 To Handle a Whip Over a Colt, 107 
 
 Training a Colt, 108 
 
 To Handle a Colt's Feet, 109 
 
 To Break a Colt to Ride 110 
 
 Gleason's Double Safety Ropes in Use, 112 
 
 Treatment for a Halter Puller, 115 
 
 Relative Measurements, 116 
 
 Handling a Colt's Hind Feet, 117 
 
 Gleason's Head Strap for Shoeing Vicious Horses, 117 
 
 Perfect Heads of Draft Horses, 118 
 
— _— PAGl* 
 
 Gleason's Bridle Bit, 119 
 
 The Famous Bit, • li^l 
 
 The Horse with Overcheck, 122 
 
 The Horse in Natural Beauty without Check Kein, ^ . . . . 123 
 
 Cruelly Tor^'ired by High Checking, 124 
 
 Horses Properly Clieck-Keined, * • • . 125 
 
 The High Eack or Manger, 133 
 
 Horse Eating Food From the Ground, the Natural Position, 134 
 
 How to Make the Gleason Surcingle, 135 
 
 First Position Taken in Throwing a Horse, 137 
 
 Second Position Taken in Throwing a Horse, 138 
 
 Third Position Taken in Throwing a Horse, 139 
 
 Fourth Position Taken in Throwing a Horse, 140 
 
 Proper Halter to be Used in Throwing a Horse, 141 
 
 Gleason's Double Safety Strap, 146 
 
 Starting a Balky Horse, 148 
 
 To Educate a Horse not to be afraid of Objects, o . . . . 151 
 
 To Educate a Horse not to be Afraid of Steam, 152 
 
 To Break a Shier, 153 
 
 Gleason's Knee Pads and Double Safety Straps, 154 
 
 Horse with one Foot Raised by Double Safety Straps, 155 
 
 To Prevent Pawing in the Stall, 159 
 
 To Prevent Kicking in the Stall, 159 
 
 Whirling a Horse by his Tail, 160 
 
 A Horse that Switches his Tail, , 161 
 
 Educating Horses not to Fear Fire Crackers, 162 
 
 Educating a Horse not to Fear Umbrellas and Paper, 163 
 
 A Vicious Kicker and Plunger, 164 
 
 A Last Resort for a Bad Kicker, , . . . . 165 
 
 To Keep a Horse's Tongue in his Mouth, 165 
 
 Teaching a Horse to Stand to Fire, 166 
 
PAG a 
 Prof. Gleason's Famous Revolver, 167 
 
 Leading Horses in Battle, 108 
 
 To Clean Collars, 169 
 
 Double Draw Check Rein, • , , 170 
 
 Rig for Fence Jumpers, 171 
 
 To Prevent a Horse from Tearing his Blanket, 172 
 
 Grooming the Horse, 174 
 
 Gleason's Simple Riding Bridle, 176 
 
 A Gentleman's Road Horse^ 177 
 
 A Good Business Horse, 177 
 
 Driving a Plunger in Double Harness 179 
 
 Clipping, 180 
 
 The Celebrated " Gleason Bridle," 181 
 
 The Bridle in Use, 182 
 
 One Good Form for Using the Gleason Bridle, 183 
 
 The Gleason "Eureka" Bridle, 184 
 
 A Rope " Bonaparte " Bridle, 185 
 
 The Forward Action of the Bonaparte Bridle, 186 
 
 Gleason's Break Harness, 187 
 
 Gleason's Break Harness in Parts, 188 
 
 A Breaking Sulky, ] 89 
 
 The Single Foot Strap, 190 
 
 The Guy Line in Use, 191 
 
 Teaching a Horse to Pull in Harness, 192 
 
 Shooting Over the Horse's Back, I93 
 
 Throwing the Horse, 196 
 
 The Upper and Lower Jaws, 228 
 
 The Foal's Jaw at Birth, 229 
 
 The Mouth of a Colt Two Weeks Old, 230 
 
 The Mouth of a Colt Six Weeks Old, 230 
 
 The Front Teeth of a Colt at Nine Months, 231 
 
PAGK 
 
 Jaw of a Colt at One Year, 231 
 
 Jaw of a Colt at Two Years, 232 
 
 A Colt's Mouth at Two Years, 232 
 
 A Colt's Mouth at Two and One-Half Years, 233 
 
 A Colt's Moutli at Three Years, 233 
 
 A Colt's Jaw at Three Years, 234 
 
 A Horse's Jaw at Four Years, 234 
 
 A Horse's Mouth at Four Years, 235 
 
 A Horse's Mouth at Four and One- Half Years, 235 
 
 The Mouth at Five Years, 236 
 
 The Mouth at Six Years, .' 236 
 
 The Mouth at Seven Years, 237 
 
 The Mouth at Eight Years, 237 
 
 The Mouth at Twenty Years, 23S 
 
 The Mouth at Tliirty Years, 238 
 
 Pulling a Horse's Teeth, 240 
 
 Shoes to Prevent Interfering and Overreaching, 244 
 
 A Foot Shod for Quarter Crack or Bad Corn, 246 
 
 A Foot Shod for Toe or Sand Track, 247 
 
 A Driving or Saddle Horse's Foot Properly Shod, 248 
 
 A Toe Tip, 249 
 
 Effects of the Soaking Tub, 250 
 
 A Foot After a Long Campaign on the Turf, 252 
 
 Gleason's 14-Ounce Shoe, 253 
 
 A Perfect Foot, 255 
 
 A Foot Perfectly Shod, 256 
 
 Moistening the Cornet of the Foot, 260 
 
 A Toe- Weight Shoe, 262 
 
 Non-Paddling Shoe, 262 
 
 A Foot Ready for the Shoe, 263 
 
 Front View of Scoop-Toe Shoe, 268 
 
PAGE 
 
 A Hind Foot Shoe for Rolling Motion, 2G3 
 
 Side-Weight Shoe for Hind Foot, - 26o 
 
 The Charlier Tip, 264 
 
 Riglit and Wrong Fitting, 264 
 
 Sound and Contracted Feet, 265 
 
 Nail Driving, 265 
 
 Quarter-Crack and Remedies, 266 
 
 Foundered Feet, 267 
 
 Ring Bone and Navicular Disease, 268 
 
 A Sling in Use, 328 
 
 Position of Heart and Diaphragm, 838 
 
 Position of the Left Lung, 356 
 
 Medal Presented to Professor Gleason bv the Mayor of Buffalo, N. Y., . . 433 
 
 FULL-PAGE LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES. 
 
 Anatomy of the Horse's Foot, 260 
 
 The Superficial Layer of Muscles, 274 
 
 The Circulatory Apparatus, 290 
 
 The Digestive Apparatus, 320 
 
 FULL- PAGE HALF-TONE PORTRAITS. 
 
 Flying Jib, 2.05f, by Algoiia-Middletown Mare, 423 
 
 Martha Wilkes, 2.08, by Alcyone-Ella, 427 
 
 Mascot, 2.04, by Deceive-Miss Elmore, 431 
 
 Vladimir, Percheron-Norman Draught Horse, 435 
 
 Nancy Hanks, 2.04, by Happy Medium-Nancy Lee (showing ball-bearing, 
 
 pneumatic tired sulky), 439 
 
 M:iud S., the late Queen of the Turf (showing old style wooden racing 
 
 sulky), 443 
 
 Morello, Winner of the Futurity Stakes, 1892 447 
 
History of the Horse. 
 
 From the earliest ages this noble animal has been the friend 
 and companion of man. Prized for his beauty, loved for his 
 docility, and valued for his strength, he has ever been regarded 
 as the highest in value and importance of all domesticated 
 animals. In the remotest ages, as far back as authentic history 
 discloses anj'thing of the life and pursuits of man, we find that 
 the horse occupied a prominent position in his service. Painters 
 have pictured on their canvass the majesty and grace of the 
 spirited animal. Poets have celebrated his strength and beauty 
 in their verses, and even inspired writers have introduced 
 amongst tkeir most glowing descriptions the horsemen and 
 chariots which formed a chief feature in the pomp and magnifi- 
 cence of those early days. 
 
 In the most ancient hieroglyphics we find him present, and 
 always so represented as to show that, even in the remote an- 
 tiquity from which they date, he had been bi ought into com- 
 plete and serviceable subjection. In the oldest Egyptian paint- 
 ings the horse is seen only in the war chariot, and in the de- 
 scriptions of the siege of Troy onl}^ the Charioteer appears, 
 from v>^hich it has been supposed that the first horses used by 
 the Greeks were too small to be conveniently ridden. But in 
 the lately-discovered paintings in the palace of jS'imrod, at Nine- 
 veh, disinterred by Layard, and supposed to be more than three 
 thousand years old, horsemen are exhibited both in the chase 
 and in war. 
 
 But further back than even those distant times, in the ages 
 
— lO — 
 
 where authentic history laerges into the shadowy light, amidst 
 which myth and fable ming'e with the real, we find this noble 
 animal figuring, but then exalted into a semi-human sphere. 
 The Centaurs, who inhabited the passes of Mts. Pehon and 
 Ossa, and the great plains of Thessaly, in Upper Greece, w^ere 
 probably a race resembling in many respects the Tartars of 
 this age, and are supposed to have been the first who brought 
 the horse into subjection to man. They were fabled as being 
 half horse and half man. They are represented as perfect 
 horses in all respects below and behind the withers and the 
 chest ; there, at the insertion of the neck, began human a body, 
 the hip-joints articulating into the shoulders of the lower animal, 
 and the abdomen of the man passing gradually into the chest of 
 the horse. Above this the human form was perfect, with the 
 erect bearing, chest, shoulders, arms, neck and head of a com- 
 plete man. They were reputed to be possessed of extraordinary 
 mental as well as physical powers, and to be as superior to or- 
 dinary men in wisdom and art as they were in fleetness and 
 strength. They were evidently a tribe of horsemen whom the 
 ignorance and superstition of that early period elevated into a 
 superior race, in the supposition that the horse and man were 
 united in one. Everjiihing points to them as being the first 
 who succeeded in breaking and using the horse. 
 
 Coming down to the times of authenic histor}', we find the 
 Parthians to have been among the most renowned for their skill 
 in training and using the horse. Their feats of liorsemaDship 
 in battle showed a complete mastery of the animal, which in 
 their battles with the Romans, rendered them so efficient as 
 mounted archers. 
 
 Frequently, in ancient paintings, the mounted steed is repre- 
 sented without a bridle, and the Xumidiau cavalry are said to 
 have guided and restrained their horses without it ; an assertion 
 by no means improbable, as a Comanche Indian of the present 
 day will frequently jump on the back of a wild and untrained 
 horse, and guide him by the simple expedient of covering with 
 his hand the eye of the animal on the side opposite to that in 
 which he wishes to direct it. 
 
-11- 
 
 In moderu times the horse has been so closely associated with 
 man that he appears in every phase of society, and it is only 
 when his numerous uses are considered that we realize how 
 greatly the human family is liis delator. The knight of the 
 (hiys of chivahy would have been impossible but for the trusty 
 steed which bore him so gallantly in the lists at the tourney, 
 and amidst the deadlier strife of the battle. Before the plow and 
 at the harrow he has multiplied the productions of the earth a 
 hundred-fold bej^ond what human strength alone could have se- 
 cured. Laboring before the loaded wagon, he has been a steady 
 drudge for man. Harnessed to the elegant equipage or the hum- 
 bler " cab," or bearing along the dusty highway the stage-coach 
 he has performed a thousand offices indispensable to human 
 comfort and advancement. It is not loo much to claim for him 
 that civilization itself would have been shorn of something of its 
 present fan- proportions but for the valuable services rendered 
 by this noble animal. 
 
 Yet, with all his acknowledged value, the horse has been too 
 fi^equently the victim of neglect and cruelty ; often ill-fed, poorly 
 sheltered, and harshly treated, till, in many cases, the innate 
 nobleness of his nature has been obscured by vicious habits, con- 
 tracted through the mismanagement or abuse to which he has 
 been subjected, and perpetuated b}- ignorance and prejudice. 
 Naturally, the horse is usually gentle and confiding ; he is quick 
 to perceive, and possesses an excellent memor}-, which qualities 
 render him capable of being educated easily, and to an extent far 
 greater than is generally supposed. Added to this, he is capable 
 of deep and lasting attachment. 
 
 What the horse may have been in his natural state is not 
 known, as none at present exist in that condition. The horses 
 which at the present day are found in a wild state in Northern 
 Asia and America, are known to be the descendants of individ- 
 uals formerly domesticated. On the prairies of the West, the 
 pampas of South America, and the plains of Tartary, they live 
 in troops, roaming at large without fixed place of abode, seek- 
 ing the richest pasturages by da}^ and resting at night in dry 
 and sheltered situations ; these large troops, which have lived in- 
 
-12- 
 
 r 
 
 dependently for many generations, entirely exempt from the in- 
 fluence of man, probably afford a tolerably correct idea of what 
 the primeval animal was. They are generally smaller, yet 
 stronger, than the domesticated animal, with rougher coats, 
 stronger limbs, and larger heads. Even when adult, the wild 
 horse is easily domesticated, and may be broken to any use 
 without great difficult}^, thus proving the natural gentleness and 
 docility of his nature. They are captured by the lasso, bitted, 
 mounted, and broken within an hour by the daring and skillful 
 Gauchos. 
 
 The Arabians, long renowned for their attachment to the 
 horse, early showed the extent to which intelligent training 
 could develop his finer qualities, and render him the most docile 
 and obedient of animals. Something in that country or its cli- 
 mate is especially suited to the development of the horse, and, 
 although introduced there long after his domestication in other 
 eastern countries, he rapidly attained a degree of excellence 
 which surpassed all others, until the horses of Arabia and the 
 adjacent portions of Asia and Africa became the most celebrated 
 for speed, courage, spirit, intelligence and docility of any of the 
 equine race. Small in size, he has a beautiful, lean, bony head, 
 with a ver}^ broad forehead, a tapering muzzle, and large, well- 
 opened nostrils; his mane is very long, thin and silk}^ It is 
 from the Arabian horse, crossed with the Barb, that the best 
 stock of England and America has sprung. Although much of 
 the superiority of these horses is attributable to peculiarly favor- 
 able conditions of the country where they originated, yet many 
 of their excellent qualities may be traced to kindness and intel- 
 ligent training by which those qualities were first developed, 
 and through which they have been transmitted until they have 
 become characteristics of the race. 
 
 The Arabian understands the value of his horse, appreciates 
 the nobility of his nature, and treats him accordingly. They 
 kiss and caress them ; the}" adorn them with jewels, and amulets 
 formed out of sentences of the Koran, as a preservative against 
 evil and accidents. "In short," saj^s a modern author, "they 
 treat them almost like rational beings, which are ready to sac- 
 
-13- 
 
 rifice their lives for their master's benefit." In the desert he is 
 the familiar comrade, tentmate and playmate of his master, as 
 docile and intelligent as a dog. Rev. Y. Monro elates an anec- 
 dote of an Arab, "the net value of whose dress and accoutre 
 ments might be calculated at something under seventeen pence 
 half-penny," who refused all offers made to purchase a beautiful 
 mare on which he rode, declaring that he loved the animal better 
 than his own life. The French author. Dr. St. Pierre, quotes a 
 remarkable instance of the attachment an Arabian feels for his 
 horse: '* The whole stock of a poor Arabian of the desert con- 
 sisted of a most beautiful mare. Tiie French Consul at Said 
 offered to purcliase her, with an intention of sending her to his 
 master, Louis XIV. The Arab, pressed by want, hesitated for 
 a long time, but at length consented, on condition of receiving a 
 very considerable sum, which he named. The Consul, not daring, 
 without instructions, to give so high a prize, wrote to Ver- 
 sailles for permission to close the bargain on the terms stipu 
 lated. Louis XIV gave orders to pay the money. The Consul 
 immediately sent notice to the Arab, who soon after made his 
 appearance mounted on his magnificent courser, and the gold 
 he had demanded was paid down to him. The Arab, covered 
 with a miserable rag, dismounted and looked at the money ; then 
 turning his eyes to the mare, he thus accosted her : ' To whom 
 am I going to yield thee up ? To Europeans, who will tie thee 
 clo.se, who will beat thee, who will render thee miserable. Re- 
 turn with me, my beauty, my darling, my jewel, and rejoice the 
 hearts of my children !' As he pronounced these words, he 
 sprung upon her back and scampered off towards the desert." 
 
 It is not surprising that such a high appreciation of and fond- 
 ness for this noble animal, united to an intelligent training, 
 has resulted in the production of a race of horses unrivaled in 
 excellence. But among Europeans and Americans the treat- 
 ment of the horse has been usually so harsh, and the mode of 
 training so deficient in intelligence, as to greatly lessen his 
 value, even where a brutal ignorance has not brought into 
 activity every vice latent in his nature. Of the numerous faults 
 ascribed to the horse a very small portion are chargeable to his 
 
-14- 
 
 uatural disposition, the remainder being the direct result of 
 vicious training, or rather of tlie absence of training, and the 
 substitution of something which, under that name, first produces 
 and then fosters the faults for which the animal is punished ; 
 while often the punishment is ineffectual, because the animal 
 has no conception of why it is made to suffer. 
 
 Education is as essential to the horse as it is to man, and in 
 each case it must proceed on the same general principles. The 
 first grand lesson to be learned by each is that of subjection to 
 authority ; the child is taught that by his parent ; the horse 
 must learn it from his trainer. But, after that, knowledge is re- 
 quired, and this must be imparted by methods adapted to the 
 nature that is to be cultivated. The object of this book is to 
 show in what that knowledge consists and how it may be com- 
 municated to the horse, and so impressed upon his memory that 
 it will never be forgotten. The methods of breaking and train- 
 ing the horse, herein taught, will, if early applied, prevent his 
 acquring any of the faults which, under former s^^stems, have 
 proved so numerous ; while the treatment recommended for cor. 
 recting bad habits, already formed, will prove effectual in even 
 the most stubborn cases, and with the most intractable disposi- 
 tions. The reader will not be asked to accept any unproved 
 theory, but will be instructed in a sj'stem which, although sub- 
 jected to the severest tests, has never failed to accomplish the 
 desired results. That it may require patience and self-control 
 on the part of the instructor cannot be denied ; but so does the 
 instruction of a child, the breaking of a dog to the gun, or even 
 the training of a vine to its trellis ; but the satisfactory results 
 which are certain to be attained will furnish an ample reward. 
 
Intelligence of the Horse. 
 
 In discussing the intelligence of animals I am aware that 
 many persons, at the outset, would question the propriety of 
 the term. Man has so long arrogated the exclusive possession 
 of mind, or at least of a mhid capable of rational reflection, that 
 he is reluctant to concede the fact of its possession by the lower 
 orders of animal life. Those acts which, in the brute creation, 
 seem to proceed from the action of powers analagous to human 
 intelligence, it has been usual to ascribe to an irrational faculty 
 called instinct ; a power invariable and despotic in its action, 
 but in no degree the result of reflection ; some metaphysicians 
 even going so far as to assert that the action of animals is 
 purely automatic, the difference in this respect between them 
 and the automaton moved by wires and springs being that the 
 former possess a consciousness of their acts, Avhile the latter 
 does not. Facts in myriads, exist which challenge the correct- 
 ness of such a theory, while in almost number they assert the 
 existence, at least in its embryonic state, of a mind capable of 
 thought, and, to a limited degree, of reflection and comparision, 
 with the ability" to deduce conclusions from the facts which it 
 considers. 
 
 This intelligence varies greatly in the different animal races, 
 in some species being barely perceptible, while in others it is 
 too conspicuous to be ignored ; and between individuals of the 
 same species there exists a difference so marked that, in the 
 more favored ones which come under our observation, the in- 
 
—16- 
 
 telligence is so clear as to almost startle us by the feeling that 
 behind the full, liquid eye of the horse, or prompting the fixed 
 gaze bent on us by our trusty canine companion, there may be 
 a mind kindred to our own and which lacks only the power of 
 articulate expression to respond to our thoughts by answering 
 sentiments. It is the absence of the power of speech in animals 
 w^hich leaves us in doubt as to the exact degree of intelligence 
 possessed bj^ them. If, when the farmer sa} s, "Carlo ! the cows 
 are in the corn - turn them out I"' the dog should turn his head 
 and repl}^ '* Yes, sir, I'll have them out in a moment !" there 
 could be no doubt of the intelligent interchange of thought. 
 But the fact of his doing that which in the supposed case he 
 would exi^ress, proves as conclusivel}' his comprehension of the 
 command and his purpose to obey. 
 
 The horse or dog, however fu \y he may understand the direc- 
 tions he receives, can give no other response than b}^ his acts, 
 and to words of praise or censure he can reply only by signs ; 
 these are clearly understood by us and show that our meaning 
 is comprehended by the animal, proving a real interchange of 
 thought. A popular author has said. ''A dog may bark, a' 
 horse may neigh, but it not by these sounds that they express 
 the delicate shades of ever- varying emotion ; it is by a thousand 
 varieties of gesture which few of us indeed can anah'ze but 
 which all clearly understand. A dog converses with his master 
 by means of his eyes and his ears and his tail, nay by every 
 muscle of his body." 
 
 To test the existence and extent of intelligence we must deter- 
 mine the capacity for comprehending thought. We recog- 
 nize this capacity in a child long before it can express itself in 
 language. Its dawn is seen as the infant learns to associate cer- 
 tain articulate sounds with certain persons, acts, or tilings, and 
 to distinguish the meaning of tones which encourage, restrain 
 or chide it. It is onl^^ after a twelve-month or more of constant 
 tuition, lovingly and intelligently given, that our children begin 
 to express in language the thoughts which are awakened by our 
 w^ords and acts, yet the comprehension is as evident and llie re- 
 sponse as apparent before that time, for the whole mental pro- 
 
— 17- 
 
 coss was perfect long before. The same tests wliicli prove the 
 intelligence of the cliikl demonstrate its existence in animals 
 There is a similar power of comprehending the wishes ex- 
 pressed, by associating certain articulate sounds with certain 
 acts required, as well as an equal recognition of the tones of 
 voice by which approval, reproof or anger are made known ; 
 but, lacking the organs of speech, they are debarred, and forever 
 must be, from any except the most limited interchange of thought. 
 For this reason, attentive stud}^ is needed in ascertaining the ex- 
 tent to which they comprehend and respond to the intelligence 
 which addresses them. 
 
 In the case of wild or undomesticated animals there is little 
 opportunity for investigating this interesting subject. We see 
 the beaver build his dam, and we understand the object so ad- 
 mirably attained by his work. AVe know that the elephant, to 
 be taken in the pitfall, must see on the earth that covers it the 
 foot-prints of one of his fellows, and we surmise the process of 
 reasoning by which he concludes that he is safe in venturing 
 where another of his kind has trodden. We learn that the 
 ostrich which in torrid regions trusts to the heat of the sand for 
 the incubation of her eggs, will in a more temperate latitude 
 supply the heat which would else be lacking by setting on her 
 eggs during the cooler nights ; but in none of these, nor in a 
 score of other cases, in which there seems a rational foresight, 
 can we determine how far the acts result from intelligent reflec- 
 tion. In domesticated animals, and especially in such as are 
 trained for the service of man, the action of intelligence may be 
 clearly traced ; it is demonstrated by the ease and certainty' 
 with which they can be educated ; it is seen in the readiness 
 with which many receive and act upon ideas communicated to 
 them ; and in a multitude of instances the mental process is 
 evident by which they have, independently, reached conclusions 
 rationally deduced from facts of their previous knov/ledge. 
 
 Mr. J. Hopes relates a circumstance of a terrier who had been 
 temporaril}" left by his master in the care of a Mrs. Lanford at 
 St. Albans. Tliis lady owned a large house-dog which, disliking 
 the presence ot the stranger, quarreled with him, biting and 
 
-18- 
 
 severely wounding him, after which the terrier disappeared ; but 
 in a few days he returned again, accompanied by a powerful 
 mastiff, when both together fell upon the original assailant, 
 whom they nearly killed. The mastifl' was the watch dog at his 
 master's house, more than a day's journey distant, and had been 
 brought by the terrier for the sole purpose of avenging the in- 
 jury he had received, after which they left in company and 
 proceeded together to their home. Here was displayed a power 
 of combining ideas and of communicating them to one of his 
 kind, when the two acted on the plan they had preconcerted. 
 
 In a work just issued, an anecdote is related of a dog who had 
 lost his master and afterwards became old and blind, passing his 
 time sadly in the same corner, which he rare'y quitted. " One 
 day came a step like that of his lost master, and he suddenH^ 
 left his place. The man who had just entered wore ribbed 
 stockings as his master had done. The old dog had lost his 
 scent and referred at once to his stockings that he remembered, 
 rubbing his face against them. Believing that his master had 
 returned, he gave way to the most extravagant delight. The 
 man spoke ; the momentary illusion was dispelled, the dog went 
 sadh'^ back to his place, and lay wearily down." Here was 
 a double process of reasoning and even a balancing of testimony 
 with a decision that the negative evidence of the strange voice 
 outweighed the aflftrmative proof in the step and the stockings. 
 
 Much evidence favors the belief that animals not only be- 
 come familiar with the words habitually addressed to them, but 
 that they, to a certain extent, understand our language. A dog, 
 belonging to a friend of the writer, would slink from the room 
 with every indication of shame if a fault of which he had been 
 guilty was spoken of m his presence. The author of '* Chapters 
 on Animals'' describes a dog in his possession which clearly- 
 distinguishes between those visitors at the house who are favor- 
 ites with his master and those whom be dislikes, and adds: 
 '' I know not how he discovers these differences in my feelings, 
 except it be by overhearing remarks when the guests are gone." 
 
 The elephant, though one of the clumsiest of animals, exhibits 
 marks of hiirh intellij^cence, and evident Iv understands the Ian- 
 
-19- 
 
 guage iu wliicli he is addressed lie can be stimulated to un- 
 usual exertions by the promise of a reward. " I have seen," 
 sa^'s a French writer, " two occupied in beating down a wall 
 which their keepers had desired them to do and encouraged them 
 by a promise of fruits and brand3^" They were left alone and 
 continued at the work, stimulated by the i^romised reward, until 
 it was accomplished. " When a reward is promised to an 
 elephant," says the same author, ^' it is dangerous to disapx)oint 
 him, as he never fails to revenge the insult." Nothing of this 
 could occur without an understanding of the larguage. 
 
 In India they were formerly employed to launch vessels, and 
 it is related that one being directed to force a large ship into 
 the water, the task proved beyond his strength ; whereupon his 
 master, in a sarcastic tone, ordered the keeper to take away 
 this lazy beast and bring another ; the poor animal, as if stung 
 by shame, instantly repeated his efforts, fractured his skull 
 and died on the spot. 
 
 It may be said that the tones of the voice rather than the 
 words are what the animal understands, yet a dog knows his 
 name however spoken, and a horse untlerstands a whole voca- 
 bulary of orders. But the intelligence which comprehends the 
 meaning of a tone, is not less than that required to understand 
 a word or sentence. Mr. Hamorton, the artist, widely known as 
 a lover of animals, mentions a favorite dog which met an un- 
 timely death by drowning, and in his lament over his lost pet, 
 saj^s; ''He Avas a dog of rare gifts, exceptionally intelligent, 
 who would obey a look where another needed an order. He 
 would sit studying his master's face and had become from care- 
 ful observation so acute a physiognomist that he read whatever 
 thoughts of mine had any concern for him." 
 
 The shrewd intelligence of our countrymen is nowhere more 
 clearly seen than in the keen bargains the New Englander is 
 famous for driving. But our domestic animals make bargains 
 with us and sometimes resolutely keep us to them. On this 
 point a pleasant writer relates an anecdote of a favorite mare 
 who was so difficult to catch in the pasture as to often require 
 six men to eflect it; '' but," says he, ''I carried corn to her for 
 
— 20 — 
 
 a long time, without trying to take lier, leaving her the corn on 
 the ground. IN'ext, I induced her to eat the corn while I held it 
 still leaving her free. Finally I persuaded her to follow me, and 
 now she will come trotting half a mile at my whistle, leaping 
 ditches, fording brooks, in the darkness and rain, or in impene- 
 trable fog. She follows me like a dog to the stable and I admin- 
 ister the corn there. But it is a bargain ; she knowingly sells 
 her liberty for the corn. The experiment of reducing the re- 
 ward to test her behavior having been tried, she ceased to obey 
 the whistle and resumed her former habits ; but the full and due 
 quantity having been restored, she yielded her liberty again 
 without resistance, and since then she is not to be cheated." 
 
 A horse which is regularly used for attending church, will, 
 fi'om its own observation, learn to recognize the Sabbath and un- 
 derstand the meaning of the church bells. The following inter- 
 esting illustration of this fact is authenticated bj^ the Hartford 
 Post: 
 
 ^' A x>air of horses that had been used during the week in 
 team-work to Springfield, on Sunday were harnessed and driven 
 to the door unhitched, and, the family being rather tardy that 
 morning, as soon as the second bell began to ring the horses 
 started off alone, and with their usual Sunda}^ motion went up in 
 front of the church, when, after waiting the usual time, they 
 quietly went around under the horse-shed.'' 
 
 Here the horses plainly understood the distinction between that 
 day and the six previous ones when thej^ had been driven to 
 Springfield, else they would have gone, after starting, to where 
 they had been going through the week ; thej^ also evidently un- 
 derstood that at tlie ringing of the second bell it was time to 
 start for church. The gentleman who communicated the fore- 
 going adds an instance which occurred in his own family : 
 
 ''The father of the writer, owing to increasing infirmities, 
 rode alone to meeting, half a mile, driving an old grey mare 
 twenty years old, and had not failed of going every Sabbath fur 
 some years. On one occasion, owing to a fall, he could not go to 
 meeting, and on Sunday morning, as the time for meeting ap- 
 proached, the horse, in a lot near the house, manifested great 
 
-21 — 
 
 uneasiness, and when the second bell struck vshe leai)ed over the 
 fence and trotted quietly to church, stopping at her usual hitch 
 ing-place, under an old elm tree, until the close of the service, 
 when the Aiithful animal returned safely to the house." 
 
 When we remember that such exhibitions of intelligence occur 
 continually where the animals have received no training on the 
 subjects to which they relate, it seems certain that they are the 
 result of a mental process which strongly resembles thought, an(] 
 we would expect, from patient culture, display's of intelligence 
 greatly in advance of those ordinarily taking place. Such an 
 expectation is justified by the results which have followed train- 
 ing when directed to this end. In a paper entitled '"Canine 
 Guests," Philip Gilbert Hamerton gives an account of the trained 
 dogs of M. du Rouil which, but for the unimpeachable veracity 
 of the writer, would be almost incredible. M. du Eouil began to 
 educate his first dog out of curiosity to see the eflcet of the sort 
 of education which seemed to him best adapted for establishing 
 a close understanding between the human and canine minds ; the 
 results astonished himself and were so gratifying that he sub- 
 sequently educated two others on the same principles. Two of 
 these dogs, ''Blanche" and "Lyda," with their master, were guests 
 of Mr. Hamerton, and the intelligence they exhibited, and which 
 he describes, is, b}^ his own admission, "incredible," yet may be 
 so only because of our ignorance of the nature and extent of the 
 mental powers belonging to the animal creation. Among the 
 many feats performed by them were the spelling of words by 
 lettered cards; the correction of words purposely misspelled; 
 the working out of simple problems in aritlimetic and the playing 
 of cards and dominoes. Of the latter, Mr. Hamerton says: 
 "Both the dogs played a game at dominoes. This was managed 
 as follows : the dogs sat on chairs opposite each other, and took 
 up the domino that was wanted ; but the master placed it in its 
 position and kept announcing the state of the game. Their dis- 
 tress when they could not go on without drawing from the bank 
 was announced in piteous whines, and amused us all exceedingly. 
 Lyda was the loser, and precipitately retreated to hide herself 
 with an evident consciousness of defeat." 
 
— 22 — 
 
 An incident occurred in the course of the evening which 
 showed some understanding of language. A little girl wanted 
 Blanche to come to her, but the dog kept awa}', on which M. du 
 Rouil said, ''Blanche, go salute the little girl !" She immediatel}^ 
 went up to the child and made a formal obeisance. 
 
 The owner of Blanche stated that he was going home one night 
 accompanied by the dog and on his way saw a man who was 
 searching for some object that he had lost. ''What are you seek- 
 ing?" he asked. The man answered that he had lost 280 francs 
 ''Possibl}^ my dog may be able to find them for you; have you 
 any money left? If you have, show her a piece of gold." It was 
 done and the dog directed to search. She at once set out and 
 soon returned, bringing first one piece of gold, then another, 
 and then a bank-note, till the whole sum that had been lost was 
 FHgained. 
 
 M. du Rouil said that Blanche really knew all the letters and 
 the playing-cards by their names, and Lyda really knew all the 
 figures. In addition to this Blanche had studied about one 
 hundred and fifty words in different languages, something like 
 twentj^ in each language. So it was with 'Ljda and the figures. 
 She knew each one b}^ its name, and would bring the one called 
 for. In describing the earlier stages of training through which 
 these dogs had passed, their owner said the first thing was to 
 make the dog fetch an object, the next to make him discriminate 
 betAveen one of two very different objects placed together, and 
 bring one or the other as it was mentioned by its name. In be- 
 ginning the alphabet he put two most dissimilar letters side by 
 side to begin with, such as a^i O and an I, avoiding the confusion 
 of similar ones, such as O and Q or B and R. Gradually the 
 dog became observant enough to discriminate between letters in 
 which the difference was not so marked. M. du Rouil said he 
 had found the gi-eatest difficulty in teaching Blanche to dis- 
 tinguish between the knaves and kings in playing-cards, 
 but that she learned the aces very promptly. When he was 
 asked what after his ten years' experience, was his opinion 
 of the intelligence of dogs, he answered, with great emphasis, 
 ''it is infinite." 
 
— 23 — 
 
 In subsequent pages I shall set forth my method of educaling 
 horses fo** common usefulness and to perform a variety of feats, 
 and from the ideas thus impart<'d the reader may multiply the 
 number of tricks to any desired limit. 
 
Educating the Horse. 
 
 New Method of Haltering a Vicious or Wild Coltc 
 
 
 New Method of Haltering a Vicious Colt. 
 
 Having directed my attention for many years to compiling a 
 system of educat:ing the horse, and traveling over twenty-five 
 States of the Union, together with nearly all the cities and 
 towns in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, during the past 
 eight 3^ears, it is highly improbable that few, if any, men are 
 
— 25 — 
 
 better prepared to impart instruction or to give direction with 
 regard to the management of the horse than myself. 
 
 I deem it advisable to give special directions to those who 
 raise colts, not only as to their manner of treatment and educa- 
 tion, but knowing full well the difficulty sometimes attending 
 the first haltering of wild colts, I have prepared the accom- 
 panying plate as illustrative of my method, and now proceed to 
 give directions which, if strictly followed will insure success. 
 
 Take a i)ole about ten feet long; drive a nail near the end, 
 then drive another about fifteen inches from it ; now take a rox)e 
 halter, and hang the part that goes on the top of the head on 
 tliese nails ; then enlarge the nose-piece, by means of the slip- 
 noose, sufficiently to allow it to slip on easily, observing to hold 
 the halter stale in your hands with the pole ; approach yoxir 
 colt with great care, and allow him to smell of the halter, and, 
 in a few minutes, he will yield to your advances, and allow you 
 to place the halter on him without much difficult}^ Make the 
 shank or stale of the halter about three times the ordinary 
 length, for, as soon as he finds himself caught, he will use his 
 best exertions to get away from j^ou. 
 
 To Educate the Horse to the Words " Come Here." 
 
 Place a Comanche bridle on the horse, made as follows : take 
 a small cord about sixteen feet long, tie the end around the neck 
 firmly, so that it cannot slip ; then double your cord, placing it 
 under the neck, from the shoulder to the mouth ; step back at 
 the side of your horse, and say ^' Come here ;" at the same time 
 give him a sharp jerk, and he will swing around to 3^ on ; when 
 he comes, caress him with your hand on the shoulder; now re- 
 peat the same on opposite side, remembering to caress each 
 time; do this four or five times, and you will find that, your 
 horse v/ill obey and fullj^ understand the words '' come here." 
 Alwaj^s speak the words with a distinct and commanding tone of 
 voice. 
 
 I desire that the reader may understand that obedience in the 
 horse is accomplished by pain; so, when you inflict pain, ac- 
 
— 26 — 
 
 companied by a word the horse is made to understand that the 
 words mean pain ; and rather than suffer pain, he cheerfully 
 obeys the word. 
 
 Persons have practiced the foregoing idea and succeeded in ac- 
 complishing their purpose and have, no doubt, been highly 
 gratified that their horse was so intelligent, yielding obedience 
 to their efforts in a very short time ; now had the owner known 
 that a foundation for a complete education was properly laid 
 how easily could he have built a superstructure thereon that 
 would have been permanent and beneficial during the life of the 
 animal. Men are often conceited and think that because they 
 have experience^! no difficulty in the past in breaking and 
 handling their horses, therefore all Avill be sunshine in the future. 
 A careful perusal of this Avork will supplant their conceit as the}'' 
 gain the knowledge of a practical system of properly educating 
 the horse. 
 
 How to Get a Horse Up that Throws Himself. 
 
 Animals are often sulky, and quickly acquire the habit of ly- 
 ing down. Balky horses, when urged to go, will lie down and 
 refuse to get up, and an ox will sometimes lie down in the fur- 
 row when before the plough. When the habit is thoroughly set- 
 tled, it becomes very annoying to the owner or driver, who often 
 resorts to severe means, but fails to accomplish the end desired ; 
 therefore, to prevent violence and ill-treatment, I give the easy 
 and simple remedy subjoined, v/hich, when adopted, will be 
 found to be practical and never-failing. 
 
 Raise the animal's head up, as illustrated in the foregoing 
 plate, and pour into his nostril a small quanity of water, not to 
 exceed a pint, from a pitcher or cup, and you will be amused by 
 the pleasing result : the ammal will rise to his feet as quickly 
 as it is possible for him to do so ; he has the same sensation as 
 if he were drowning, and will extricate himself with all speed. 
 
 Simple as is this expedient, it is yet unfailing in its efficac}'^ ; 
 and that which most commends it to the acceptance of kind- 
 hearted men is the absence of all cruelty in its application. Xo 
 pain is caused, but the unusual sensation, together with the 
 
-27- 
 
 necessity for air on the part of the horse, banishes his former 
 fe-^ling of sulkiuess or anger and he yields to the almost irresist- 
 ible impulse to spring to his feet and free his nostrils of the 
 water. 
 
 If any one who has never applied this remedy should doubt 
 its power, he onl}^ needs to try the experiment in a mild way on 
 himself, when lis will realize its power npon the horse. 
 
 I believe it would be impossible to devise another method so 
 free from pain, so harmless to the horse, and yet so thoroughly 
 efficacious as is the one here given. 
 
 To Educate a Colt to Drive before being Harnessed. 
 
 Place on him tlie Bonaparte bridle, as shown in engraving, 
 with your cord in the left liand and whip in the right ; the cord 
 referred to should be about eighteen feet long ; now drive him 
 around a circle to the right about fifteen minntes ; then drive 
 him to the left. about the same time. Yon have now educated 
 your colt to drive, and may with safety put on your harness, 
 observing to put the reins through the shaft tugs at his side ; 
 then commence driving him carefully for some fiftCvin minutes 
 on a walk, turning him to the right and left as before directed. 
 Do not use the whip more than sufficient to give him a knowl- 
 edge of its use. N'ever drive a colt without blinders. It is bet- 
 ter to first hitch him to a sulky or a cart, and do not put on 
 breechings, but allow the cross-bar frequently to come against 
 his heels, so that he may never be afraid, or learn to kick. Never 
 forget, w^hen your colt is obedient, to stop him, and walk up to 
 and caress him. 
 
 I am unwilling to pass on to another article without more 
 fully impressing on the minds of those who raise or break 
 colts the necessit}' of kind and careful usage in educating their 
 animals. Never approach your colt quickl}^ Never pull the 
 halter or bridle off" quickh\ Always handle the colt's ears with 
 great care. Never punish him on the body with anything but a 
 whip, and with it as seldom as possible, as many colts become 
 sulky and show signs of balking when severely whipped. It is 
 better that you should give your colt two or three lessons each 
 
-28- 
 day, as heretofore directed, at intervals of say two hours apart 
 by this means you do not overtax his brain nor cause him to get 
 weary. In this, as in many other cases, the wisest course is to 
 •' make haste slowly." 
 
 How to Educate a Colt to Move his Body when he 
 
 Moves his Head. 
 
 Place on the bridle, then the harness ; carry the reins 
 through the shaft tug ; take j^our position behind the horse (see 
 engravings) ; now commence to drive, turning him around fre- 
 quenth^, first to tlie right, tlien to the left, and he w^ill quickly 
 understand to move his bod3" when he moves his head. By this 
 means you are educating to the shafts, and educating not to be 
 afraid of his heels, thus thoroughly breaking your horse at both 
 sides and both ends. 
 
 Educating a Colt to Move his Hody when he Moves his Head. 
 
— 29 — 
 
 After 3'our colt hari been driven two or tliree times, as above 
 described, educate him to obey the word '' Avlioa:" let him walk 
 along smartly, then speak plainly, with audible voice, and say 
 "whoa;" at the same time pull on the reins with some force; 
 when he stops, caress him ; repeat this a few times, and, in the 
 short si^ace of fifteen minutes, you will have taught him the use 
 of the word. jS'ow your horse is educated to drive and stop at 
 the word of command. 
 
 The next thing in order is to teach him to back. To accom- 
 plish this, grasp your reins firmly, and with a determined effort ; 
 speak firmly, making use of the word '" ])ack," at the same time 
 pulling with all j^our might ; if he obeys the first time, step up 
 and caress him ; if not, increase the power by inviting one or 
 more of your friends to assist on the reins, being fully deter- 
 mined to accomplish your purpose. As soon as he obeys, don't 
 fail to caress him, and by this process you will educate your 
 horse to the word, wliich he will never forget. 
 
 Your colt being educated, you may now hitch him up to a 
 vehicle, observing to drive him very slow, only a walk, and after 
 thus driving him a few times, you can with certainty say that 
 you have a thoroughly educated horse, whose value will be 
 greatly increased, c^ mpared with the old or any other system of 
 breaking the colt. Ahvays observing to drive your co't with 
 blhulers, only using the whip enough to let him know the use of 
 it. Be kind to your animal, never using harsh means, and he 
 will reward your kindness by implicit obedience. 
 
 Instructions to Ride the Colt. 
 
 Take a small cord, ten to twelve feet long, divide it in the cen- 
 tre ; then place the centre back of the ears, cross it in the mouth, 
 then bring both ends along the neck of the withers, and tie a 
 knot, thus forming a powerful bridle, sufficient to ride the most 
 vicious animal. 
 
 Sacred historj^ contains the declaration that there is "the 
 bridle for the horse, the whip for the ass, and the rod for tlio 
 fool's back," and, while writing my book, I have often thoup;.; 
 of the first j)ortion of that quotation. The power of the biidl ■ 
 
-30— 
 
 in controlling the horse is really wonderful, and the new forms 
 ('f powerful bridles given in this work enable the most timid 
 I'ider to secure the mastery of the most powerful animal. The 
 one described above is excellent, and can never fail to give satis- 
 faction when it is used as directed. 
 
 There is no exercise so invigorating and scarcely any so de- 
 lightful as the manly one of riding the horse yet three-quarters 
 of the pleasure of equestrianism depends on the early training 
 of the horse for this delightful exercise. The rider who feels 
 that he has beneath him an animal obedient to his slightest wish 
 and which responds to a touch of the heel or the lightest pressure 
 of the bit, moving to the lifting or the falling of the bridle, such 
 a rider feels almost as though the horse on which he sits forms 
 a portion of himself, and courses onward with a delightful sense 
 of power and freedom. Xearly all of this excellence in a riding- 
 horse depends on the way in which he has been educated while 
 young. Faults then acquired may be corrected, it is true, in later 
 years, yi^t is far more desirable that they should never have been 
 formed, but in place thereof, the qualities secured which form 
 the excellence of a horse. 
 
 I throw out thes 3 suggestions at this point, for I am now deal- 
 ing wiih the early education of the colt; later in the book I 
 shall have to speak more of faults to be corrected, and it is my 
 wish to impress on my reader the great importance of the kind 
 of education which the colt receives at his hands. 
 
 To Educate a Horse that Kicks or Paws in the 
 
 Stall. 
 
 First make the Bonaparte bridle, as before directed ; carrj^ 
 the cord through a surcingle, attached around the bod}^, back to 
 a ring in front of the hind-leg, to which are attached two straps, 
 one above and one below the gambol joint of the leg he has the 
 habit of kicking with ; thus, when he kicks, he is punished in 
 the act, and soon gives up the habit. Paiving — -Continue the 
 cord forward to a ring attached to two small straps above and 
 below the knee joint, as seen on engraving, observing, as above 
 
-31- 
 
 directed, to attach the appliance to the leg he paws with, re- 
 versing- the straps wlien recxuired, which will give a horse the 
 
 To Prevent a Horse from Kicking or Pawing in the Stall. 
 
 knowledge that when he paws he punishes himself, and the 
 reader will see, by this treatment, the habit speedily broken up. 
 
 The habit of kicking in the stall is one that is not onl}^ dip- 
 agreeable to the owner of the horse addicted to it, but is often 
 destructive and costly, as a horse viciously inclined to that 
 liabit will sometimes even splinter the boards of the stall, and 
 with so simple and effective a method of correcting the bad 
 habit it should never be tolerated for a single day, and the pos- 
 sessor of this book would be inexcusable should he suffer it to 
 continue in any animal owned bj^ him. 
 
 The habit of pawing in the stall, though not so vicious in its 
 nature as that of kicking, is yet sufficiently troublesome and un- 
 pleasant to deserve a speedy correction, and the owner of a 
 
—32 — 
 
 horse addicted to even the lastnamed fault will be more than 
 compensated for the slight trouble caused in its removal. 
 
 It may seam needless to repeat what has before been said, in 
 substance, tliat the seemingly small faults of a horse are the 
 ones which most frequently lessen and impair his usefulness, and 
 tliat the removal of au}^ one, however trifling, adds a money 
 Talue to the horse more than sufficient to compensate for the 
 time and trouble expended. 
 
 To Educate a Horse not to get Cast in the Stall. 
 
 Drive a staple in the ceiling over the manger at the side of 
 the stall, then another in the ceiling in the center of the stall 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 To Educate a Horse Not to Get Cast in the StaU. 
 
 over the horse's head ; pass a small cord through the staple at 
 the side of the stall ; tie a horseshoe, or the weight of a horse- 
 
— 33 — 
 
 shoe, so that the cord will not draw through the staple ; then 
 put the cord through the staple in the centre of the stall, bring it 
 down within two and a half feet of the floor, and cut it off, at- 
 taL'iiing a snap to the end ; place a ring iu the halter at the top 
 of the head, in the center, as seen in ergraving. ISTow, when 
 his hrad raises up. the weight comes dow^n ; when his mouth is 
 on the floor he can lie down with ease, but he cannot get the 
 top of his head to the floor ; and, if he cannot get the top of 
 his head to the floor, he cannot roll ; and, if he cannot roll, he 
 cannot cast. This remedy is simple as it is certain and is always 
 perfectly safe. 
 
 The habit of rolling in the stable is one often attended with 
 fatal results, in addition to the anxiety experienced by the owner 
 of the horse. Various means are resorted to in order to pre- 
 vent the animal getting cast, and most of them are wide to the 
 mark : and, in order to acquaint the reader with the variet}'' of 
 ways practiced, so that he may contrast the difference between 
 others and mine, I have thought proper to write more explicitly 
 on the subject. 
 
 A favorite idea with many is to tie the halter so short that 
 the animal cannot get his mouth near the floor; this renders the 
 horse uncomfortable, as h3 cannot lie down when he desires. 
 Another is, hitching thv) halter-stale at the ceiling directly over 
 the head of the animal, and allowing cord enough that he may 
 get his mouth on the floor ; this, too, is attended with bad re- 
 sults, for when he raises his head up their is sufficient slack in 
 the rope so as to permit his getting his foot over the rope and 
 becomes so entangled as to render his position dangerous. 
 
 To Educate a Horse that is bad to Catch. 
 
 Horses acquire this habit mainly from improj)erly turning 
 them out ; and, to illustrate, I will give the reader an example- 
 First, the man or boy takes his horse to the bars or fence of the 
 field, and lets only a portion of either down ; he now takes off" 
 the bridle or halter, and, in order to make the horse jump over 
 hits him on the rump and shouts at him ; thus the animal is 
 made to fear the approach of man when loose; so that, with 
 
-34- 
 
 this kind of training, it soon becomes difficult to catch, and re 
 quires education in order to counteract this bad habit. 
 
 Directions : Put on the Bonaparte bridle, and tie a knot at the 
 mouth, so as to prevent it from slipping down to his teeth, when 
 he might sever the cork ; then carry it up to his mane over the 
 shoulder; tie the mane together with a string; then pass the 
 cord through the loop thus made with the mane, and carry the 
 cord through a loop made in the tail by same means, and let 
 your cord lay out behind from ten to fift}^ feet, as required. 
 Xow, when you want your horse, go carefully up behind him 
 and take a firm hold of the cord, and say ^' Come here," at the 
 same time pulling with all your might. By giving him three 
 or four lessons of this kind, you may safely take off the cord 
 and go into tlie field, standing about the same distance as when 
 you last pulled on the cord, and repeat the words ''come here J 
 he will quickly obe}^ your voice, and give you no more trouble 
 in catching him 
 
 When it is remembered how much time is often lost in catch- 
 ing a horse in the field, it will be seen that, in money value, this 
 siuiple point of horse education will more than repay the cost of 
 this book to the owner of a horse that has heretofore been bad to 
 catch ; and the saving of temper as well as time will make the 
 improvement in his habits doubly valuable. Both the man and 
 the horse are made better by it. 
 
 To Educate a Horse not to Rear under the Saddle or 
 
 before a Carriage. 
 
 Attach a small cord tightly around the swell of the bod}", tied 
 with a loop-knot, and carry it back into the carriage. By doin^ 
 this you prevent your horse from rearing, inasmuch as he is un- 
 able to expand his body, and, without doing so, it is impossible 
 for him to rear. Simple as is this method, the reader, if he 
 should have occasion to practice it, will find the idea of great 
 value, as it will never fail to prove effectual in removing this, to 
 say the least, unpleasant and often dangerous habit. It is possible 
 that the habit might b ' broken up in other ways, but there are none 
 so harmless and easy of application as is the one I have described. 
 
— 35- 
 
 My readers will, I doubt not, receive with kindly feelings not 
 only the instructions on the ini})ortant points of educating their 
 horses to break olf bad habits, but will profit by the ideas 
 and examples given of the various means adopted by horse- 
 handlers to create these habits. In the present Instance, it is 
 rarely, if ever, known that horses acquire the habit of rearing 
 themselves, but are prompted so to do by the means used, viz., 
 starting and stopping suddenty; pulling sharply on the reins, 
 and then striking the animal with the v>hip, either of which is 
 a sure and certain means of producing the result of causing 
 the horse to rear up whenever you desire to move off. 
 
 The inconvenience and unpleasantness of such a habit are too 
 plain to need more than a mention, besides its often occasioning 
 great alarm to a timid driver ; and the simple yet practical 
 means I have given for breaking up the habit, will be found suc- 
 C3 5sful whenever it is tried, as it ,always should be where the 
 habit exists. 
 
 To Educate and prevent a Horse from Cribbing. 
 
 Build a manger on the floor or from the floor up. In many 
 cases this will prevent a horse from cribbing by gettiug his 
 mouth below his chest. 
 
 Another method, snre to be effective, is to place a piece of sheep- 
 skin of long wool, eight inches wide and about three feet long, 
 or long enough to reach from one side of the stall to the other 
 and on the skin sprinkle cayenne pepper ; take soft soap and rub 
 it on any part of the stall where the horse will be likely to crib. 
 If the above instructions are strictly adhered to, and the horse is 
 fed regularly, three times a ddj, there will be little danger of his 
 ever becoming a cribber. The slight trouble which this remedy 
 involves will be repaid a hundred-fold by the satisfaction felt iii 
 the prevention or cure of a most disagreeable habit, and one 
 which, like every other fault, le-sens the value of a horse. In 
 using the cayenne pei)per, a small quantity will l)e sufficient. 
 
 There are more bad results accruing from cribbing than many 
 are aware of. From cribbing the horse maj^ become a crib- 
 sucker, which often results in colic, or, as it is sometimes termed, 
 
-36 — 
 
 bellj^-ache. When this occurs of course it becomes a dangerous 
 habit, and no one shoukl think it too much trouble to adopt the 
 instructions given under this head. Do not think you can erad- 
 icate this habit by nailing tin or or iron over the manger ; you 
 cannot remove it thus ; 3^our horse ma}" desist for the time be- 
 ing, but when put into a stall that is not thus arranged, he will 
 relapse into his old habit ; but by adopting this remed}^ I have 
 provided he will be thoroughly taught not to attempt to bite or 
 or gnaw the manger. 
 
 There is a wide difference between preventing a horse from 
 doing what he still wishes to do, and taking Irom him the dis- 
 l^osition to do ^\Tong ; the latter alone can proper]}- be called 
 education, and is the only way in which a bad habit can be per- 
 manently removed. On this principle I base my whole sj^stem ; 
 it is education, by appealing to the intelligence of the horse. 
 
 To Educate a Horse l^ot to Kick When the Line Gets 
 
 Under His Tail. 
 
 Horses become kickers from A^arious causes, and one most ef- 
 fectual in producing the habit, is that when a horse gets the rein 
 under his tail, his driver, getting provoked, pulls strongly on the 
 rein in order to liberate it, and by this means burns the skin be- 
 neath the tail, when the horse becomes excited and commences 
 to kick. The driver then usually begins to whip, and often-times 
 the horse continues to kick, until he breaks ever^^hing within 
 reach of his heels, and runs away. 'Now the owner has a con- 
 firmed kicker, and frequentl}" knows not what to do to correct the 
 fault he has himself established. The instructions below, if prop- 
 erly applied, will effect a cure. 
 
 When your horse is down, as seen in the engraving, place a 
 strap under his tail and commence moving it up and down; 
 should he kick, or show signs of resistance, at once punish him . 
 if not, caress him, and in a short time his tail will become limber 
 and he will be taught to not be afraid, though, in driving, the 
 rein should get under his tail. Also, after you allow him to rise 
 to his feet, use the same means as just dii'ected when he was 
 lying down. 
 
— 37 — 
 
 111 my book I liav^o cuidoavored to grapple with almost every 
 bad liabit tluit a horse is addicted to, and would here advise all 
 persons who handle them to be extremely careful that if their 
 animals acquire unpleasant habits, they are not mostly to be 
 blamed themselves. Horses differ materially in their ability to 
 learn, and many are less susceptible of impressions than others, 
 therefore, it behooves the educator to first make himself acquain- 
 ted with the disposition of his horse, and treat him accordingly^, 
 
 To Educate a Horse Not to Kick wheu the Lines get Under his Tail, 
 
 as the same line of management will not serve for all, but an 
 observance of one important direction, that of aluays using the 
 utmost kindness, will, in most cases, prevent and remove all 
 habits but those of long standing. 
 
—38 — 
 
 Bits Used in Educating Horses Addicted to Bad 
 
 Habits. 
 
 "No. 1. To PREVEIS'T A HORSE GETTING HIS TONGUE OVER THE 
 
 Bit. — Take a piece of leather, saj^ three inches long, an inch and 
 a half wide, and drill two holes in a straight bit ; now rivet this 
 leather on the top of the bit, after which sprinkle on the upper 
 side some pulverized rosin, and take a hot iron and pass over it 
 so as to form a coating. Allow your horse to wear this bit say 
 six or eight days when driving, and he will by that time be suf- 
 ficiently taught to abandon the habit. 
 
 Ko. 2. LoLLiXG THE ToNGUE. — Take an ordinary straight bit 
 of five-eights of an inch in diameter and drill two holes, each one 
 three-quarters of an inch from the center : then get a piece of 
 very small chain, attach iron bullets, a.bout the size of ordinary 
 leaden bullets used in guns, suspend them not more than one and 
 a half inches from the bit. ISTow use the bit. everv time vou drive 
 your horse, for ten days. 
 
 Ko. 3. To Cure a Horse of Slxkixg AVixd. — A horse that has 
 acquired the habit of sucking wind is trul}^ to be detested, as it is 
 oftentimes attended with fatal results, and when once thoroughly 
 settled, great difFiculty has been experienced in removing the 
 habit. The method I have introduced of treating this habit has 
 proved successful in most cases. 
 
 Take a piece of small gas-pipe, sa}^ from five eighths to three- 
 quarters of an inch in diameter, the ordinary' length of a bit : 
 heat it and circle it a little, then drill on the upper side equal 
 distances apart from each end; also drill three holes on the 
 upper side, making each hole betw^een an eighth and a quarter 
 of an inch in diameter, and attach a ring near each end and 
 allow your horse to wear this when driving, say for at least 
 from ten to twenty days or until the habit is removed. 
 
 No. 4. To Cure a Side-Reixer, one that Pulls heavily on 
 ONE Kein, — Take a plain, jointed bit, remove one-half of tl e part 
 used in the mouth and supply a small chain from the side ring to 
 to the center joint, now on the side that the animal pulls place 
 
— 39 — 
 
 tl).o chain ; he is not only attracted by the strange sensation in 
 the mouth, but when pulled on the chain side receives such 
 severe and unexpected punishment that he will quickly give up 
 his habit. 
 
 No. 5. Dead Mouth or Jaw Bit. — This bit may be used on 
 horses that pull very much on the reins, and a lady may with 
 safety drive a horse, as she can control him quite easily. 
 
 The attachment to this bit is made as follows : Take two pieces 
 of leather about three inches in diameter, make a hole in the 
 center of each to admit of the bit, cut the leather so as to put 
 pieces on after, sew up slit, attach two billets on under side with 
 buckle, then buckle on under jaw. This bit may be used without 
 a head-stall. 
 
 To Educate Horses Not to be Afraid of Objects When 
 
 Driving. 
 
 It is imposi-ible to overestimate the value of the subjoined 
 instructions respecting nervous and shying horses, therefore on 
 this topic I wish to be particularly clear and explicit. Let the 
 reader understand that horses take fright at objects because they 
 fancy those objects will harm them, and if you can by any means 
 appeal to the horse's brain, and satisfy him that he is not going 
 to be hurt, you have accomplished j^our object, and in order to 
 do so, you must have control of your horse. I do not mean b}^ 
 this that you are to adopt the too frequent course pursued by 
 many, viz., subduing Avitli the whip, or other harsh means, 
 which will, without almost an exception, increase the fear instead 
 of removing the habit; again, when a horse shies, the driver 
 commences to jerk on the rein nearest to the object, and at once 
 applies the whip, fully determined to master his horse; both man 
 and horse get excited and tho horse comes off victorious, be- 
 cause he cannot control him by the means used, and the result 
 is that the next time the animal is frightened it bears a two-fold 
 cliaraeter, the fear of the object, and the fear of the whip-punish- 
 ment. 
 
 In order to properly educate your liorses in this department, 
 I would specially direct the reader to observe and practice the 
 
-40- 
 
 following directions : Select, first, the most prominent objects at 
 which he becomes frightened, then make the Bonaparte bridle of 
 small cord, and place it on yonr horse under the bridle, carrying 
 the end of the cord into the carriage and when approaching an 
 object at which he takes fright, get out of your carriage, stand 
 nearly in front of him, give a quick downward pull, and say, 
 '' Come here!" At first do not punish him too severely; but if 
 he will not obey, increase the punishment, and so soon as he 
 complies, caress him. Bring him quite near the object, and, if 
 possible, let him smell of it, as by adopting this method he will 
 quickly understand that the object will not hurt him. Xow turn 
 him around, and drive him past the object two or three times, 
 and you have accomplished your end. 
 
 First Lesson to Educate a Horse not to fear an 
 
 Umbrella. 
 
 Place on the animal the throwing rig and proceed to lay him 
 down, when, should he jump around and show resistance, do 
 not get anxious to throw him quickly, but let him caper about, 
 he will soon give up. After he is down present the umbrella to 
 him folded up, allov/ him to smell of it, then rub it gently across 
 his nose and head, now open it partly, again let him smell of it, 
 shut it and open it several times until he becomes perfectly re- 
 conciled to the appearance, open or shut ; work slowly and 
 carefully so as not to excite him more than possible to avoid. 
 
 On no account should the operator, Avhen practicing any dea 
 in my system, forget that success greatly depends upon caressing 
 when the animal obeys. 
 
 Horse Bad to Bridle. 
 
 Horses become unwilling to be bridled from various causes, 
 sometimes from sores on the head or ears, sometimes from hur- 
 riedly and improperly removing the bridle, and sometimes from 
 sheer ugliness of disposition, prompted b}^ a desire to be master. 
 The treatment in these cases should be varied. In the latter 
 case named it will be necessary to lay the animal down, and 
 
-41- 
 
 while thus under control, handle his head and ears, after which 
 put your bridle on and off several times, exercising patience and 
 being careful to avoid anything like roughness. Should he reMst, 
 punish him in the mouth, using your best judgment to avoid 
 severity, and so soon as he submits caress. As to the former, 
 where a dislike to be bridled arises from abuses, kindness must 
 govern the conduct of the educator. By using my Bonaparte 
 bridle you will be able to control and counteract all predisposi- 
 tion to resist your efforts in a very short time. Should there be 
 sores about the animal's head, j^ou had better restore to sound- 
 ness before you attempt to educate to comply with your 
 wishes. 
 
 To Educate a Single-footed Horse to Trot Square. 
 
 Upon the hind leg of the horse that hitches or single-foots, 
 place two hame-straps, one above and one below the gambol- 
 joint, attaching a ring on front, by which means the straps are 
 confined ; then place a small strap on the opposite front leg just 
 below the knee-joint, now buckle on a strap from fore-leg to 
 hind-leg, passing it up under the surcingle. 'Now proceed to 
 drive your horse, and you will at once discover that he cannot 
 single-foot, but must trot. By paying particular attention to 
 the instructions given, the pleasing result will follow and 3'our 
 horse will be taught to abandon the habit. The reader must l)e 
 careful not to trot his horse fast up hill nor allow him to draw 
 too much weight while trotting. 
 
 To Educate a Pacing Horse to Trot. 
 
 Take four hame-straps, attach two on each hind-leg, one above 
 and one below the gambol-joint, confining the straps on the front 
 of the leg by means of a small ring. TJien place two hame-straps 
 on the front legs just below the knee joint ; buckle a strap from 
 each fore-leg, carrying them up under the surcingle, and attach 
 them to the rings in front of hind-legs, crossing strap from off 
 fore-leg to nigh hind-leg, and from nigh fore-leg to off hind-leg ; 
 now commence to drive your horse, walking him very slow, as 
 
—42- 
 
 the ney action of the legs may cause liim to stumble ; but after 
 a ftiw mirutes j'ou may increase his speed, and you will be de- 
 lighted to see your horse trotting at a rate that will astonish 
 you. 
 
 To Educate a Horse to Trot. 
 
 The appliance required to form tlie trotting rig is arranged as 
 follows : 
 
 Take four hame-straps, attach two on each hind-leg, one above 
 and one below the gambol-joint, confining the straps on the front 
 part of the leg, by means of a small ring. Then take a standing 
 martingale and attach a small pulley on the lower end of the 
 martingale ; then take a small, strong cord, tying one end in 
 the ring on one hind-leg, passing the other end through the pul- 
 ley, bringing it back to the other hind-leg, and tie it in the ring; 
 adjust the rope in accordance with the stride of your horse, ob- 
 serving to drive him very slow for a time until he shall become 
 accustomed to the rig. 
 
 This idea with alterations as hereinafter set forth may be 
 successfully applied to horses while being used by the husband- 
 man in ploughing, that are addicted to the habit of kicking. I 
 have already given the reader a number of ideas on this point 
 that, if used in accordance with instructions, will not fail to give 
 satisfaction. 
 
 Put on the liorse the trotting-rig, as seen in engraving, with 
 the exception of the standing martingale attached from the pul- 
 ley to the bit-ring of the bridle ; then through the eye of the 
 pulley insert a small cord, say twelve feet long, carry both ends 
 up between the fore-legs, pass one end through the bit-ring on 
 the off-side up over the head, and down on the nigh-side of the 
 head to the bit-ring, and then tie it. Now take the other end of 
 the cord and carry it up on the nigh-side through the bit-ring 
 and pass it over the head down to the bit-ring on the off-side and 
 there tie it. By thus manipulating your cord you will perceive 
 that you have a system of severely punishing the horse when he 
 shall kick. 
 
-43- 
 
 To Educate a Horse Not to Kick while in 
 
 Shafts. 
 
 Horses are quite often educated to kick in harness as well as 
 out and almost numberless accidents have been caused by this 
 vicious and bad habit. Men are found reckless enough to tant- 
 alize their horse with a whip and sometimes punch him with a 
 stick, regardless of consequences. The result, in most cases, is 
 that the animal becomes a kicker, and the habit when once 
 formed is not easily eradicated by resorting to the old stereotj^ped 
 method of placing a strap over the horse's rump and buckling to 
 the shafts on each side. This treatment may in time effect the 
 purpose, but it will require months to do so. Laying all others 
 aside, I with confidence say to the reader, if he will but practice 
 the subjoined idea he will find it not only practical but effectual, 
 because the punishment is so severe that a few lessons will con- 
 vince the horse that it will greatly be to his advantage to abandon 
 the habit. 
 
 Take a cord twenty feet long, divide it in the center, place it 
 back of the ears, bring it down and cross it in the mouth, then 
 bring it up between the eyes, placing a ring or loop there ; now 
 bring it back through a ring attached to the head-stall between 
 the ears, then bring both ends of your cord under the saddle of 
 the harness and along the back, to a ring slipped over the crupper 
 against the hip-strap ; bring the cords through the ring down to 
 the shaft on each side of the horse, observing to leave just slack 
 enough so that your horse may not be too much confined. The 
 cord used may be quite small, so that it is strong. 
 
 Now when your horse makes an attempt to kick he will find a 
 severe punishment immediately meted out to him, and thus 
 finding his attempt fruitless as well as painful, he will be made 
 to understand that while obedince is rewarded, punishment 
 quickly follows each act of disobedience. This simple yet effect- 
 ive expedient makes the horse punish himself for his own mis- 
 deeds, and by making the act of kicking the cause of his suffering 
 disinclines him to attempt it, for neither horse nor man will 
 voluntarily provoke certain pain. 
 
— 44 — 
 
 To Educate a Lazy Horse, and Infuse Life into Him. 
 
 I have already given many ideas referring to balky horses, and 
 as the old, tried remark is verily trne, that ''in the midst of 
 council there is safety," so with a multitude of ideas there is 
 certain success. I will add one more to the catalogfue. 
 
 Something that especially attracts the attention of a horse 
 accustomed to balk often causes him to foro-et for the moment his 
 offensive habit and start ofif, much to the surprise of his driver. 
 Jiy adopting the idea set forth below, and following care- 
 fully each detail given, the reader will have no difticulty 
 in ordinary cases, with this peculiar tormentor^ in accomplishing 
 his purpose. 
 
 By many this may be considered a kind of jockey trick ; but 
 the reader will find the information valuable if he has a lazy horse 
 or one that does not drive up well on the bit, as by following the 
 directions given below he will be prepared to show as much style 
 as any man in his count}^ 
 
 Directions. — Take a small chain, about three feet long and 
 attach to it a strap or limber stick about the same length, with 
 this in hand walk into the stable and commence plying on him a 
 few smart blows, w4th this educator, above the gambol-joint, 
 repeating it once a day for three or four days ; when you hit him 
 of course the chain rattles and makes, to him, a peculiar noise. 
 Now, after you harness him up, put the chain in your carriage, 
 then take your place behind him and commence driving, and 
 when you want to show style, just kick the chain about a little 
 with your boot and you will be surprised at the spirit and zeal 
 manifested by your horse. 
 
 An Easy Method of Starting a Balky Horse who 
 
 Stops on the Road. 
 
 Among the various bad habits which horses acquire there are 
 none wiiich more severely try the patience of man than does the 
 habit of balking. Frequently a horse is quiet, kind, and a good 
 roadster, but has this habit of occasionally stopping in the road. 
 At such times the almost universal practice is to whip the horse, 
 
—45 — 
 
 and sometimes most brutally, or the more sickening custom of 
 procuring a bundle of straw or some shavings and setting them 
 on lire under the body of the horse. Such kinds of treatment I 
 utterly discard, and the reader will find, in another part of my 
 book, that 1 give several methods which will prove effectual in 
 eradicating this habit, only meting out sufficient punishment to 
 secure obedience. 
 
 jM^ Tj^n^t'j^'^^ 
 
 To Start a Balky Horse. 
 
 Below I give' an excellent method of starting a balky horse, 
 and one which will prove effectual, though it will not educate the 
 horse to abandon the habit. When your horse balks get out of 
 your carriage, walk up to him and commence kicking him with 
 the toe of your boot under the fetlock joint, first one then the 
 other using the word "shoo !" loud and quick every time you 
 kick. Then take your seat in the carriage and use the w^ord as 
 before directed, when your horse will start at once. This process 
 diverts his attention and causes him to move on. 
 
Teaching Horses Tricks. 
 
 Many horses are susceptible of an education far more exten- 
 sive than is necessary for ordinary use, and for the benefit of 
 such persons as may desire to teach their horses something more 
 tlian the usual accomplishments, whether for their own amuse- 
 ment, or for the purpose of seeing how far the intelligence of the 
 animal can be developed, I have prepared a description of a 
 variety of tricks, which, as performed by my horses, have been 
 received Avith universal applause, both in the United States and 
 in Canada. But that no person ma}^ be misled into supposing 
 tliat this forms a part of my general system of educating the 
 horse, I deem it proper to present these directions separately. 
 
 Tiiough the tricks to be hereafter explained will add nothing 
 of intrinsic value to the horse, nor of real benefit to his owner, 
 3'ct the reader will readily see in them the demonstration_of a 
 lii.<::]dy important fact, viz., that horses can be 'aught the meaning 
 ot Vt'ords, and to yiekl obedience to sounds to such an extent as 
 to convince a candid mind that their intelligence is far in advance 
 ol" that generally attributed to them. With these remarks I will 
 }-roceed to explain the modus operandi, as I call attention to a 
 A ariety of tricks they may easily be taught to perform. Before 
 passing to tliis, let me impress on the reader some leading prin- 
 ciples in educating the horse. First, never allow yourself to got 
 in a hurry ; impatience or excitement on your part will go far in 
 defeating the object of your instructions. Second, do not pro- 
 Ions: vour lessons bovond tvrenty minutes at onetime: and, 
 especially, never use severity beyond that which may be ab- 
 solutely necessar}'. Thus by kindness and patience in repeating 
 your lessons at short intervals, you will surmount every dif- 
 ficulty and accomplish your purpose in a manner satisfactory to 
 yourself. 
 
— 47- 
 
 To Educate a Horse to take a Handkerchief from his 
 
 Side. 
 
 Tlie reader must understand that it is necessary first to educate 
 your animal to obey the words ''come here" and ''whoa" before 
 he can be taught tricks successfully. 
 
 There must be great caution used in teaching the above trick. 
 First stand on the nigh-side and prick the animal lightly on the 
 shoulder ; he will reach round and bite near where the punishment 
 is inflicted. After you have repeated this a few times hold a hand- 
 kerchief in hand with the pin and he w^ill soon catch hold of it 
 with his teeth; as you use the pin, say "Take it from the nigh- 
 side." Next prick him with a pin on the off-shoulder, hand- 
 kerchief accompanying, and say "Take it from the off-side." 
 "When 3'ou have given him five or six lessons, you may hold the 
 handkerchief on his side and touch him with your finger, repeat- 
 ing the words above directed. The instructor must be cautious 
 when using the pin in educating, not to proA^oke or make the 
 animal cross. 
 
 To Educate a Horse to Kiss a Boy. 
 
 This kind of education is not particularly beneficial to the 
 horse owner, but it illustrates clearly the idea forshadowed in 
 many parts of my work : first, that the horse may be taught 
 almost anything that is in his power to do ; second, that if you 
 go rightly to work you may so gain his confidence that he will 
 cheerfully obey every reasonable command. 
 
 Dlredion. — Take a piece of api^le, place it in your mouth and 
 say to your horse, "Kiss me." He will api^roach you to take it; 
 when he does so caress him. After repeating this a few times 
 when you approach him extend your mouth towards his and 
 repeat the words "kiss me." If he does not respond, place a piece 
 of apple in your mouth as before, and repeat it until he shall obey 
 without the use of the apple. 
 
 To Educate a Horse to Bore for Oil. 
 
 Place on your horse the Comanche bridle, and educate him to 
 the words, "Come here," so that he will mind you readily on 
 hearing the words ; by this you can better control him w^liile 
 
-48 — 
 
 educating to the trick in question. Some difficult}" may at first 
 be experienced, but by patience and perseverance you will not fail. 
 Take an ordinary pole-strap and place it on your horse below 
 the fetlock joint on the off fore-foot; now take one loose turn 
 round the nigh fore-foot, and take the end of the sti'ap in one 
 hand, with the other hand pull gently on the bridle, using the 
 words as instructed. Your animal will attempt to obey, but will 
 ii^a himself somewhat hampered, yet he will quickly learn. If 
 he should at first move a foot to please you, say ^'Whoa,'^ and 
 then caress. !Make your lesson short, and do not try to force him 
 too much, for if you do, he will becoma excited and resist your effort. 
 
 How to make a Horse walk up. 
 
 First put a rope around his neck, bring it down through his 
 mouth, back through the loop on the neck, jerk him till he raises 
 his fore-feet the least bit, then stop and caress him ; then check 
 him up tight to a surcingle — from the bit to the side-ring is the 
 better way ; then jerk on the cord, and he will soon get up erect ; 
 repeat, still caressing him well for all he does ; he will soon get 
 up at the motion of the whip. You should, when practicing 
 him, repeat the words, ''get up, sir!" It is in this manner I 
 taught Tom Thumb to go up and down stairs, and to perform on 
 the stage in different places, affording amusement to thousands 
 of witnesses. 
 
 To Educate a Horse to Sit Down. 
 
 Horses differ very much in their capacity for being taught, 
 therefore, if you desire a pleasing subject, select one that is 
 tractable. Directions : Make the Bonaparte bridle, and place it 
 on your horse, so that you may have him under proper control, 
 then put on him a common hame collar ; now take two pole- 
 straps and place one on each hind-leg, below the fetlock joint, 
 and attach a cord, saj^ twelve feet long, to each strap, carry your 
 cord up through the collar on each side and bring the ends behind 
 him, holding also the end of the Bonaparte bridle in your hand, 
 and commence to pull on your cords ; now repeat over the words, 
 "sit down "; as he goes backwards draw up still more on your 
 cords, until he shall sit down. Do not allow him to remain in 
 
-49- 
 
 this sitting posture more than a minute the first lesson. Repeat 
 this two or three times a day for five or six days, and you, with 
 the assistance of a whip pointed downwards to the ground, will 
 witness the pleasing effect of your instruction by seeing your 
 horse sit down at the word of command. 
 
 To Educate a Horse to Drive a Boy off the Pedestal. 
 
 It will be necessary- to first educate the horse to mount the 
 pedestal, then proceed in the following manner. Put on the 
 Bonaparte bridle, using a cord, say twenty feet long, and send 
 your horse awa}^ from you with a whip, the length of the cord, 
 then give him a slight pull, and say, ''Come here ; " then run from 
 liim and mount the pedestal yourself; when he approaches he 
 w^ill try to mount, and as he does so 3^ou jump off. After you 
 have thus exercised him a few times get a boy to assist you. 
 Let the boy stand on the pedestal, and say to your horse, ''Come 
 here and mount up ; '' instruct the boy to leave so soon as the 
 animal shall mount. 
 
 You will find this trick quite a sensational one, and not diffi- 
 cult to learn your horse. 
 
 To Shake Hands. 
 
 This is easily accomplished by tying a short-strap or piece of 
 cord to the forward foot below the fetlock ; then stand directly in 
 front of the horse, and hold the end of the strap in your hand, 
 and say, "Shake hands, sir." After which j)ull immediately upon 
 the strap, which will bring his foot forward, and which you are 
 to accei)t as shaking hands; then, of course, you must caress and 
 feed him, and keep hiiu repeating, until, Avhen you make the 
 demand, he will bring the foot forward in anticipation of having 
 it pulled up. 
 
 How to Make a Horse Bow. 
 
 Prick him in the breast with a pin, till he throws his head 
 down and up the least bit ; then take the pin away, and caress 
 him kindly ; repeat for a few times, until when jo\i stand back 
 and attract his attention, he will nod his head, expecting a prick 
 in the breast. 
 
-50- 
 
 To Educate a Horse to Walk on His Knees. 
 
 The reader will observe, by reading my book, that great use is 
 made of the Bonaparte bridle, and if those who handle horses 
 will always resort to it when obedience from the horse is desired, 
 they will save much time, trouble and anno^^ance that so often 
 occur, especially to persons who quickly lose their tempers. 
 Men can accomplish more in fifteen minutes using the bridle than 
 in fifteen hours with any other means, as it does not inflict a 
 severe punishment when properly used, but never fails to secure 
 obedience. Therefore, as in most cases it is used. I, in the present, 
 introduce it again. 
 
 Put a surcingle on the horse, attach a strap to his nigh fore- 
 foot between the fetlock joint and hoof and draw it up to within 
 eight or ten inches of his body, then take a strap or cord, say 6 
 or 7 feet long, and fasten it to his oif fore-leg in the same manner 
 and secure the services of some person to assist you, directing 
 him to stand on the oif-side, and, when directed, to pull up his 
 foot. Place on the horse the Bonaparte bridle, and take your 
 position in front of him with bridle in hand, requesting assistant 
 to pull, when your horse will come down on his knees, now pull 
 on your bridle and say, "Come here," when he will soon obey 
 you. Do not make your lessons long, but repeat them often ; 
 not forgetting to caress him if he should make the slightest move 
 towards 3^ou. 
 
 Never attempt to teach a horse this trick with shoes on his 
 hind-feet, as he might cut himself, which would cause him to 
 dread a second efi'ort. 
 
 To Educate a Horse to be Vicious. 
 
 Many persons are incredulous in regard to the assertion that 
 horses can be educated ; had one lived a hundred years ago he 
 might have been excused for such incredulitv but in this ao^e of 
 knowledge and advancement in all departments of human life, 
 no man should close his eyes to any of the developments wrought 
 by man's ingenuit3\ That the horse possesses more intelligence 
 than many are dis^^osed to admit, facts abundantly prove, and 
 
-51 — 
 
 that lie is quite as susceptible of acquiring evil and vicious habits 
 as is man, tlie following trick will show. 
 
 My horse, Prince Albert, appears to enjoy the subjoined trick 
 greatly, and I regard it as quite a sensational one. To educate 
 a horse to be vicious you have only to attract his attention, and 
 tlien appear to be afraid of him. For instance, strike him lightly 
 with a whip on the knees, then run away from him, and after 
 you have repeated this a few times he will run after you. You 
 may make the trick more interesting by calling him names, such 
 as ''a nigger,'' '"a mean horse," and on speaking the words run 
 from him. But be careful to have some place of safety, so that? 
 when he follows, you may get out of his reach, as at some time 
 he may dissappoint and overtake you and mete out a punishment 
 that will be anything out pleasing or desirable. 
 
 How to Teach a Horse to Laugh. 
 
 Prick him with a pin on the nose till he turns his lip up ; then 
 caress him well. He will soon learn that when you point towards 
 him and say, ''Laugh," that it means a prick in the nose, if he 
 does not turn his lip up. 
 
 To Educate a Horse to Push a Vehicle. 
 
 After your horse has been taught to mount a pedestal with his 
 fore-feet, and to stand and walk upright on his hind-feet it is a 
 comparatively easy task to educate him to mount upon a vehicle 
 and push it. It is not at all necessary that a horse shouki be at- 
 tiiclied to it in front. 
 
 In this trick it will be scarcely necessary for the educator to 
 put the Bonaparte bridle on his horse unless he should show 
 some stubbornness, but, Avith biting rig on, stand near his head? 
 whip in hand, and say to him in rather a loud and sharp tone of 
 voice, "Get up !■ ' Some fear on his part may be manifested, still 
 do not give up nor lose your patience, but lift his feet up and 
 caress him. When he does get up do not at first allow the vehicle 
 to move, nor until he hks mounted two or three times, then say 
 to him, "Push !" and in a short time you will have taught him 
 
-52 — 
 
 not only to get up on the veliicle but to push it in front of him. 
 After your horse has been thoroughly taught, you will discover 
 that he is delighted to amuse you, and he will ax)pear pleased to 
 participate in the enjoyment of the trick. 
 
 How to Make a Horse go Lame. 
 
 Tap him on the fore-leg till he holds it up, then caress him 
 kindly ; lead him with the left hand to the bit, and tap the left 
 fore-leg with a stick in your right hand; repeat the word ''lame 
 lame, lame,"' and your horse will soon learn to hold up one leg at 
 the command. 
 
 To Educate the Horse to Walk on his Hind Feet. 
 
 Make the Bonaparte bridle, and put it on your horse ; also put 
 on a bitting rig, which is no trouble, but necessary, draw- 
 ing his head pretty well up and in. ^ow stand near his head 
 with bridle in hand, and jerk upward, as though you desired to 
 lift him up, at the same time repeating the words, ^'stand up on 
 your hind feet !"' repeat this several times, and if he does not 
 make a move to please you, take hold of one leg, raising him up 
 with one hand and using the bridle with the other, as before 
 directed, not forgetting to caress him if he makes the slightest 
 move in the direction of obedience. In order to ensure success, 
 kindness and patience should be the ruling principles. After you 
 have taught your horse to stand on his hind feet you will next 
 educate him to walk ui)right. This can be easily done b}' observing 
 the following directions. Stand in front of him, whip in hand, say- 
 ing, "Get up !" then shake the whip in front of him, stex)ping back- 
 wards slowly, at the same time say to him, "Come here !'' repeat- 
 ing it sharply and touching him gently with the whip on the 
 knees. By carefull}^ observingthe above directions, you will quickly 
 teach your horse to stand upright, and to walk on his hind feet. 
 
 How to Make a Horse Say "No." 
 
 Prick him on the neck at the terminus of the mane till he 
 shakes his head, then remove the pin, caress him, repeat for a 
 while, and your horse will soon shake his head when you raise 
 
— 53 — 
 
 your hand to your lieart ; be always sure to treat the animal 
 kindly for well-doing, and caress him wiien. he deserves it, and lie 
 will repay you by his love for you and willingness to do your 
 biddins;. 
 
 ■&' 
 
 To Educate a Horse to Mount a Pedestal. 
 
 First make the Gleason bridle, and place it on your horse, 
 then lead him quietly up to the pedestal, and say to him, ^'Get 
 up witli your forefeet!'' of course he will not obey"; now you 
 must teach him your meaning. While you hold the bridle let 
 some one take hold of his front foot, raise it carefully and place 
 it on the pedestal ; then caress him, after which say ''Get down !" 
 at the same time using your bridle in gently backing him. 
 When he puts his foot down do not omit to caress him. Kepeat 
 this until he will obey when spoken to, then go through the 
 same process watli the other foot. After this, place both feet on 
 the pedestal ; then require him to get dow^n, then up and down 
 till he will obey you without the use of the bridle. Great care 
 should be taken not to excite the horse while educating him, for 
 when excited his brain becomes muddled, and he is unfitted for 
 retaining your instruction. 
 
 To make your horse stand on three legs ; take a pin, and place 
 it in the end of your whip-stock, and with the point prick him 
 slightly on the leg, in front, just below the fetlock joint, but not 
 hard enough to make him kick ; repeat this several times accom- 
 panied by the words, "hold up your foot !" continuing to rejjeat 
 the punishment and words until he will obey the command with- 
 out punishment. 
 
 How to Make a Horse Waltz. 
 
 Tie his head to his side by means of a surcingle and cord, 
 fastening the cord at the side, r.eaching from the mouth : touch 
 him lightly with the whip. He has to go, and, of course, he must 
 go around and around. He soon learns perfectly to waltz by the 
 motion of the whip, the teacher still repeating the word "waltz." 
 
HoAV To Buy. 
 
 . Get Correct Information. 
 
 Every horse owner sooner or later becomes a judge of what he 
 is buying. If he dej^ends entirely upon the lessons learned 
 through cheats are practiced upon him b}^ sharp jockej^s, life is 
 too short for him ever to become an adept in distinguishing vice, 
 unsoundness, '' dosed up" and used up horses as among the 
 various tricks and swindles practiced upon the ignorant and 
 unwary. Generally after being cheated, or absolutely swind-ed 
 a few times, the breeder goes to the only correct source of infor- 
 mation, concisely written and carefully illustrated books. He 
 is thus enabled not onh' to study, but subsequently to carry in liis 
 mind what he has read and seen ; he comes to compare critically 
 the living animal with the illustrations and descriptions, and 
 thus becomes an expert himself, and in a tenth part of the time 
 by which he could acquire correct information in any other wa}'. 
 This is precisely the means used by any professional man in the 
 acquisition of true knowledge in the pursuit of his profession, 
 whether it be in a learned profession or in the education to prac- 
 tical art. Thereafter practice makes perfect. 
 
 II, The Buyer. 
 
 Suppose he is looking for stock from which to breed trotting 
 horses. He mast then consider the t^^j^e of horse he wishes to 
 breed ; whether for speed alone, or for st^de and speed. That 
 is, first class road horses, or large, strong, able horses, com- 
 bining in as great a degree as may be large size, strength, endu- 
 rance and such style as may be conformable with this class of 
 horses. 
 
— 56 — 
 
 As showing what may be doue iu colts got by breeding up out 
 of roomy mares of fair style, bred to high class trotting stallions, 
 we give two cuts of stallions, certainly" good enough for sires, 
 and as models of what such horses should be. The first showing- 
 eminent breeding, with style enough ; rather straight on his fet- 
 locks, according to the idea of man}'- good horsemen, but with 
 length enough, from our standpoint, to give flexibility. A horse 
 compact and smooth, with excellent flat and sinewy limbs, good 
 i'aet, ample chest, good lungs, fine eye, broad forehead, and 
 strong jaws. The head not the ideal of modern •' blood horse- 
 men," but nevertheless sliowing docility and intelligence in a 
 high degree. Showing also high breeding in every part. 
 
 The cut on page 55 is of a horse of great style and endurance, 
 fine all over. A horse that will go witii his head well up ; liml)s 
 exceedingly fine, mane rather light, but with plenty of tail, as a 
 horse should have ; evidently sliowing thorough blood. 
 
 For real and intrinsic merit, the first should be taken. There 
 is plenty of style about him, and strength. There is also a body 
 of fine character on limbs of great power. Such will be found 
 acceptable and sought after always by gentlemen wanting a sin- 
 gle horse, or a pair for driving on the road, or for driving in 
 the city park^^. Either of the two will make capital and stylish 
 saddle horses, if well trained, such as no gentleman of ordi- 
 nary weight or lady need be ashamed of when taking the after- 
 noon trot or canter on the fashionable boulevards or park- 
 drives of our large cities, or on the streets or roadways of cities 
 having no parks. The first the best horse, the second the most 
 stylish. 
 
 Another good horse is of large size and strong build, adapted 
 for draAving as a single horse for the coupe, or one of a team to 
 the family carriage ; as one of a pair for a coach or barouche, 
 one that will give satisfaction almost anywhere, if not driven 
 over eight miles an hour, and capable as well of hauling loads 
 on good roads, at a fast walking pace. 
 
 A horse of this stamp, sixteen to sixteen and half hands 
 high, not particularly heavy set, rather long-limbed, with rangy 
 neck and good head, with plenty of spirit and weighing about 
 
— 58 — 
 
 1200 pouuds, may be called a general utility horse. Such will com- 
 mand ready sale at any time, if well broken and trained, say at 
 from $200 to 8300 each, and if imrticularly nice and well matched, 
 often at $800 or $900 a pair, as carriage horses when five or six 
 years old. 
 
 III. Proportions of the Horse. 
 
 PKOPOKTIONS OF THE VARIOUS PARTS. 
 
 To arrive at a clear understanding of the proportions of the 
 horse, we give an outline that will be a good otud}-, not only for 
 the beginner, but will be valuable for reference for an}^ horse- 
 man, however expert he may be. This illustration combines the 
 average measurements of six horses, accepted for perfect symme- 
 try, and taken, saj^s one of the most graphic and lucid of Avriters 
 on the horse — two of them from celebrated stallions, two from 
 tlioroughbred hunters, and two from chargers of great value. 
 This, therefore, will not apply to draft horses, but it will be 
 
-59- 
 
 found that the nearer the general utility horse comes to these 
 measurements, the better he will be. 
 
 INCHES. 
 
 Height , 63 
 
 Length from shoulder-point to quarter 66 
 
 From the lowest part of the chest to the ground 36 
 
 From the elbow-point to the ground 39 
 
 From the withers to the pole, just behind the ears, m a straii^ht line. . 30 
 
 The same measured along the crest 32 
 
 Length of head 22 
 
 "Width across the forehead 9 1-2 
 
 From the witliers to the hip 22 
 
 From the stifle to the point of the hock, in the attitude shown in 
 
 the plan 29 
 
 From the root of the tail to the stifle-joint 26 
 
 From the point of the hock to the ground 22 1-2 
 
 Length of arm from the elbow to the pisiform bone (the rear bone of 
 
 those forming the upper articulation of the knee) 19 1-2 
 
 From the i>isiform bone to the ground 19 1-2 
 
 Girth varies from 78 to 79 
 
 Circumference of fore-cannon bone (large metacarpel or shank 
 
 bone, extending from the knee to the fetlock) 
 
 7 1-2, 8, 8, 8, 8 12 and 9 
 
 Circumference of arm just below the elbow 16 1-2 to 18 
 
 The foregoing is not to be taken as a fixed rule in comparing 
 ordinary horses, nor even those well-bred. For the hunting 
 field, the fine saddle horse, or any of the uses to which practical 
 men put their liorses, aside from flat racing, select as many of the 
 superior points of the horse as described, as you can find, and 
 beware of low withers and high croup. The horse that will 
 come to the standard that we have given in the diagram, is as 
 a rule the horse to bu3\ 
 
 IV. The Cleveland Bay for Profit. 
 
 Of late years this admirable and stylish horse as improved 
 from the old farm iiorse of fifty years ago, has attracted attention 
 in the tTnited States, and especialh" in the West, where many 
 fair specimens have been imported. He often has dashes of 
 white which do not detract from the style of any horse, and 
 
— 60— 
 
 show breeding. It is a horse showing blood and breeding, Avith 
 lofty crest, niagnificient withers, round barrelled, and clean 
 limbed, a coat like satin, and a head of excellent proportions. 
 Colts from such a horse out of large, roomy mares of good style, 
 will always sell for high prices. When you find such a stallion 
 do not be afraid to buy, he will paj-, and his foals will i)ay for 
 their feed and training. 
 
 The old fashioned horse of this race, the Cleveland bay, is ex- 
 tinct and gone. The present form is the result of crosses with 
 staunch thoroughbreds, giving better form throughout, greater 
 speed and good style. We consider them as among the very best 
 from which to breed stylish animals from proper mares. Horses 
 that may do the ordinary farm work until six years past, and 
 then be sold at good prices for stylish omnibus, express, light 
 draft, and carriage horses in our cities. Persons who have 
 laroe, well built mares, wishing to breed colts that shall have 
 size enough for any farm or road work ; that will breed to uni- 
 form color, so that they may be easily matched ; that will have 
 style — not that of the blood horse, or light driving, or trotting 
 l^orse — will do well to investigate the characteristics of the Cleve- 
 land bays. Canada has acquired a high reputation for stylish, 
 well matched coach horses. It is founded in a great measure 
 upon crosses produced by breeding the modern Cleveland bays 
 upon large, handsome mares of more or less breeding. 
 
 Such horses if properly cared for will do eight or nine miles 
 an hour, in harness, and under the saddle may be pushed up to 
 twelve miles an hour ; are active in all their gaits, tractable, 
 easily managed, intelligent, fast walkers, alwaj^s ready for their 
 feed, and as eager at labor, as they are kind and intelligent every 
 where. The late Henry William Herbert, a thorough horseman, 
 an accurate judge of horseflesh, and a finished writer, in his vol- 
 uminous work, ^' The Horse o." America," thus describes the 
 original Cleveland bay, and also the improved horse of his 
 time : ^' The Cle\ eland bay in its natural and unmixed form, is a 
 tall, j)Owei'ful^^y built, bony animal, averaging, I should say, fif- 
 teen hands three inches in height, rarely falling short of fifteen 
 and a half or exceeding sixteen and a, half hands. 
 
—61 — 
 
 Tlie crest and withers are almost invariably good, the head 
 bon}', lean, and well set on. Ewe-necks are, probably, rarer in 
 this family than any other, unk^ss it be the dray-horse, in which 
 it is never seen. 
 
 The faults of shape to which the Cleveland bay is most liable are 
 narrowness of body, and flatness of tLe cannon and shank bones. 
 Their color is universally bay, rather on the yellow bay than on 
 the blood bay color, with black mane, tail and legs. 
 
 They are sound, hard}^, a.tivo, powerful horses, with excellent 
 capabilities for draft, acd good endurance, so long as they are not 
 pushed bej^ond their speed, which may be estimated at from six 
 to eight miles an hour, on a trot, or from ten to twelve— the latter 
 quite the maximum — on a gallop, under almost any weight. 
 
 The large and more showy of these animals, of the tallest and 
 heaviest tj^pe, were th.e favorite coach horses of their day; the 
 more springy and lightly built, of equal height were the hunters, 
 in the daj^s when the fox v. as hunted by his drag, unkenneled, 
 and run half a dozen hours or more, before he.was either earthed or 
 worn out and worried to death. Then thc^, shorter, lower, and more 
 closely ribbed up were the roadhackne- . a st^^le of horse unhappily 
 now almost extinct, and havingunequally substituted in its place a 
 wretched, weed}', half-bred or .three-quarters-bred beast, fit neither 
 to go the pace with a weigh o on its back nor to last the time. 
 
 From these Cleveland Bays liowever though in their pure 
 state nearly extinct, a very superior animal lias descended, which, 
 after several steps and gradations, has settled dov/n into a com- 
 mon family, as the farm horse, and ri(''- g or driving horse of the 
 firmers. has about two crosses, moie or less, of blood on the 
 original Cleveland stock. 
 
 The first gradation when pace became a desideratum, vv^as the 
 stint'ng Ox" the bes' Cleveland Bay mares to good thorough-bred 
 horses, with a view to the progeny turning out hunters, troop 
 horses, or, in the last resort, stage-coach horses, or, as they were 
 termed, machines. The most promising of these well bred colts 
 were kept as stallions ; and mares of the same type, with their 
 dams, stinted to them produced the improved carrriage horse of 
 fifty years ago. 
 
-62- 
 
 Tlie next step was putting the half-breed fillies, by thorougli- 
 breds out of Cleveland Bay mares, a second time to thorough-bred 
 stallions ; their progeny to become the hunters, while themselves 
 and their brothers were lowered into the carriage horses ; and 
 the half-bred stallions wiiich had been the getters of carriage 
 horses were degraded into the sires of the new, improved cart 
 horse. 
 
 V. The Light Harness Horse. 
 
 In many cases, where the roads are superior, and the animal 
 is used in a vehicle of the lightest construction, to carry only one 
 person, size is not always necessary. Very many horses of four- 
 teen and a half hands, are exquisitely handsome and capable of 
 very fast work. One of the best I ever knew was a St. Law- 
 rence mare fourteen hands high, that very few large horses could 
 get by on a smooth road — the " Bab}^," as she was called — w^hen 
 driven on a track, always going as a pacer. 
 
 VI. Saddle Horses of all Gaits. 
 
 It is well that America's sons have taken kindh^ to the sad- 
 dle. It is well enough for men of mature age to favor the buggy 
 or light wagon, but every young man and woman who can, 
 should learn to sit a horse perfectly, and to manage him at all 
 gaits. In the South this is the case, but in the Xorth the per- 
 fect saddle-seated rider is not so frequently found. Lately, thor- 
 oughly trained saddle horses are much sought after in our cities, 
 and certainly there is no place where they may be so perfectlj^ 
 trained as in the West. It would oe well for the farmer to 
 have at least one well trained saddle horse to sell when called 
 for. Twelve months training will put them in form. For good 
 wear-and-tear, compact, able as a good leaper, of fine form, and 
 undoubted bottom for any distance, the illustration showing a 
 saddle horse of good form, will give an idea of what a saddle 
 horse should be. 
 
 VII. The High-bred Hunting Horse. 
 
 When a long stride, great leaping powers, and abilit}^ to go 
 long distances at high speed is required, the horse should be not 
 less than one-half to three-quarters bred. A greater propor- 
 

 
—64 — 
 
 tion even is favored in the South, where the passion for hunting 
 is only second to tliat in England. A horse of extra good ac- 
 tion will combine size, indicating capacity for canying great 
 weight ; high breeding, shown in the crest and head ; wonderful 
 lungs; great length of liip and limbs, and being near perfection 
 as possible • a high caste horse that will not fail his rider in time 
 of need 
 
 VIII. Racing Horses. 
 
 There is one more class of saddle horses worth}^ of special 
 notice : the thoroughbred racing horse, the foundation upon 
 which has been built all that is valuable in every horse where 
 speed, bottom, elegance, and great bone, sinew and muscle in 
 every respect are required. It is the fact that on the race course 
 there have been schemes and tricks practiced, probably there 
 always will be those scandalous in the extreme, but frowned up- 
 on by all breeders of respectability. Among the more respectable 
 associations rules of the most stringent character have been 
 drawn, and fairly lived up to. If dishonest jockeying can be 
 still farther eliminated the true animus of the turf may have a 
 bright future before it in still farther improving the breed of 
 staunch thoroughbreds, capable of carrying weight, and with 
 bottom to get the rider two, three or four miles at high 
 speed. These are what are really wanted, and not those 
 that at the end of a quarter or a half mile are entirely blown 
 and jaded, or as an Englishman would express it. quite 
 " pumped out." 
 
 IX. What the Racer Should Be. 
 
 The model racing horse should be from fifteen and a half to 
 sixteen hands high, full and muscular in his build, with cleau; 
 sound limbs, short backed, round in the barrel, with long hips, 
 deep and oblique shoulders, a rangy and not too muscular neck; 
 a head fine, bony and with rather large muzzle and prominent 
 nostrils, broad in the forehead, with a full, bright, but mild eye, 
 denoting a high nervous temperament, uniting great courage 
 with docilit3\ 
 
— 65 — 
 
 X. To Avoid Vices and Defects.— How to Detect. 
 
 They are legion and lie who at present buys any horse, 
 whether for speed or work must bo on his guard against them. 
 Among the prineipal disabilities to be guarded against are : 
 
 1. BoxE spAvrx, CURB, RixG-BONE AXD SPLINTS. — To detect 
 these look at the horse from before and behind for spavin and 
 curb at the hocks ; for ring-bone, at the fetlocks and for 
 splints, below the knee. Feel the bones at all these parts for ten- 
 derness or enlargement. If they appear reject the horse in- 
 stantly. He will be worthless as a sire, or for riding or driving. 
 
 2. Stumbling. — Examine the knees to find if they are scarred 
 or show the marks of previous injuries, or that have been 
 operated upon for collosities. Then walk him over somewhat 
 rough ground, and at a slow pace, with an entirely loose rein, to 
 see if he trips or goes weaker on one leg than on the other. If 
 he is a stumbler, he is the most dangerous animal a man can 
 own, unless it be a kicker ; in fact, more so than the latter, since 
 k' eking may be guarded against, when knowing the vice. 
 
 3. Kicking. — If this is suspected, the animal will lay back 
 his ears if approached in an apparently careless manner, though 
 horses do this sometimes from mere playfulness. If they are 
 vicious, they will lay their ears more completely back, and the 
 eyes will also denote their intention. Examine the stall where 
 it is known they have stood for marks of the hoofs, and above 
 all, give the animal a chance to show his propensity when the 
 groom is not near. 
 
 4. Pulling at the halter or bridle when tied. — Tie him 
 up in a close yard, with a halter he can easily break, leaving him 
 quite alone for about half an hour, to exhibit his propensity if he 
 will. 
 
 5. Crib-biting. — If the horse is a confirmed crib-biter, his 
 teeth — the central incisors — will show wear where he has grasped 
 objects to enable him to get leverage to perform the operation. 
 Tie him out to a stump, or at a post about three feet high, and 
 watch him, no person being in his sight. 
 
 6. Balking and backing — Horses seldom balk under the 
 saddle, when thej^ do, they are dangerous in the extreme, often 
 
-66- 
 
 stopping suddenly when under motion, or backing into dangerous 
 places. It is diiticult to detect, for they will sometimes go days, 
 weeks and even months all right, and then suddenly" show the 
 vice. As a rule, it is exhibited by bad tempered, badly traimd 
 horses. A warrant from a respectable owner is the best guar- 
 antee. It may sometimes be detected, if a person strange to the 
 horse mounts and attempts to start him suddenly. In harness 
 it may often be detected by the manner in which the animal starts 
 and travels. 
 
 7. The Rogue. — The rogue is the horse of vices; he may 
 take the bit in his mouth and run away, he will rear, back, kick, 
 strike, bite and do twenty other unpleasant tricks, not always 
 from pure vice, but often from exhuberance of sjnrits, or from 
 being crossed in some way. They generally perform well enough 
 after they have found out that their rider is their master. They 
 are difficult to detect in their vices, except by the thorough horse- 
 man, who is well versed in every expression or act of the horse. 
 
 8. BiSHOPED Teeth. - So named from the scoundrel who in- 
 vented filing an old horse's teeth to make him look young, even 
 to burnhig and blackening the cups formed A careful study of 
 the chart of the horse's teeth, given in this book, will enable any 
 person to detect this, since it is impossible to cover the shrinking 
 of the gums, by which the teeth show narrow, and are peculiar 
 in shape. 
 
 9. Weax Eyes. — Whatever the occasion, have nothing to do 
 with a horse with bad eyes. Bring the animal from a rather 
 dark stable just inside the door where the full light may strike 
 the eyes. Examine the lids and pupils carefully, to see if then 
 is any considerable shrinking ; the eye should be able to bear the 
 full light. Horses are sometimes near-sighted, and also far 
 sighted. Nearly all shying horses become so either from defect in vis'o)i 
 or from cowardice. 
 
 10. Moox Eyes — This is a specific ophthalmy, from which 
 one or both eyes periodicall}^ change color, and during the par- 
 oxysm it may become entirel}^ blind. During the interval the eye- 
 look natural. It is better, if the buyer suspects this, to tike 
 a warranty against it. 
 
-67- 
 
 11. Blixdness.— This is sometimes difficult to detect by the 
 ordinary observer by looking at the eyes. In rare cases the 
 eyes may seem natural A blind horse, however, may be detected 
 by his mode of progression. He will take high steps and often 
 appear afraid to proceed. 
 
 XI. Other Faults and Imperfections. 
 
 The disabilities noticed in the previous sections are those 
 of positive unsoundness, or else of determined vice. Some 
 others that should not be overlooked, are easily examined by 
 careful examination and test. These are : 
 
 1. Glass Eye. —This, if not complicated with specific disease, 
 does not interfere with sight in any respect. It is a serious 
 defect, simply so far as looks are concerned. Usually only one 
 eye has this peculiar white glassy appearance, the pupil perfect, 
 and the iris quite natural. It should affect the price of the ani- 
 mal, only as detracting from elegance. 
 
 2. White Spot. — Sometimes a small white spot will appear 
 on the eye of a young horse, generally after three years of age, 
 and usually near the outer corner. It has a peculiar cloudy 
 appearance, sometimes increasing to the size of a hemp seed, and 
 occasionally larger. The duration is variable, sometimes lasting 
 for years, and again disappearing in a short time. It really 
 impairs the vision but little, if any. Unless its history is known 
 a veterinary surgeon should decide whether it is incipient cata- 
 ract or not. Some veterinarians have termed it spurious cataract, 
 but this is entirely a misnomer. The name white spot describes 
 it perfectly. 
 
 3. Roaring. —This is the result of obstructi<m in some pait 
 of the larynx or trachea, impeding the breath, and causing a 
 peculiar roaring sound when the animal is in motion. It is rarely 
 fi)und in the United States, being chiefly confinod to draft horses. 
 It is often the result of chronic cough. In England it is quite 
 common, and when present in a horse of fast work, will render 
 him worthless for the road. It may be discovered by urging the 
 horse to a fast gait. 
 
— 68 — 
 
 • 
 
 4. Obliq'Je Tail, or Wry Tail. — This is caused by contrac- 
 tion of the muscles of tlie tail on one side. It may sometimes be 
 iLui)roved by a surgical operation, and should be considered a 
 serious defect in an}^ horse, and especially so in a diiving horse. 
 
 5. Turning the Toe of the Hoof out or ix Unduly, Sand 
 Cracks, Quarter Cracks, Dish Hoofs, Over-reaching, Inter- 
 fering, ETC, are all to be looked for before finally buying a 
 liorse. They are all disabilities that sliouUl not be present where 
 the purchaser pays full price for the animal. They are, how 
 ever, all so apparent that the purchaser is to blame if he fails to 
 see them. 
 
 G. Wolf Teeth — These rudimentary teeth, which are found 
 in some hoi'ses but not in mares, and which have been supposed 
 by ignorant persons to produce blindness, and other diseases, 
 are entirely harmless, except for the abrasion they sometime oc- 
 casion to the tongue and cheeks. If they do so thej^ are easily 
 taken out by any sensible blacksmith. In fact it is quite well 
 to extract them, not that they vfill produce serious disease, but 
 simply because they are n()t of any value, are useless to the ani- 
 mal, and may occasion slight inconvenience. 
 
 7. Shying. — This is one of the most dangerous habits a horse 
 can have, whether it be occasioned by cowardice — seldom the 
 case ; injudicious punishment is more common — or from defective 
 eyesight, or from all these combined. If you are so unfortunate 
 as to have a shying horse endeavor to break him of the vice by 
 allowing him to examine objects of which he is afraid, by speak- 
 ing soothingly to him, but never by whipping or spurring him. 
 When he shows a disposition to shy turn his head to rather than 
 from the object. Stop him ; let him approach the object and 
 touch it with his nose, for soon he will approach it himself. It 
 simply caused by nerveousness, he may thus be cured. If caused 
 b}^ being short sighted there is no means of relief Before you 
 buy a horse be certain that he has not this infirmity, as dangerous 
 an one as it is disagreeable. Su;'h an animal is only ht to be 
 driven by the side of another horse who will keep him to his 
 work, and upon which he at length will come to depend, or of 
 being driven as a wheeler in a team of four horses. 
 
— 69 — 
 
 XII. Buying Cheap Horses. 
 
 I have endeavored to show some of the principal points to be 
 considered in buying a horse, especially those relating to the use 
 for wliich tliey are intended. There is one rule that will always 
 ai>ply in buying any horse. Xever buy him because he is offered 
 at a price evidently far below his worth, that is, except it be 
 from a friend that you can trust, who does not want the horse 
 himself, and wishes to do you a favor. These cases will be found 
 very rare. In every other case rest assured the horse has some 
 dangerous vice, or is permanently unsound. In this country 
 never buy a horse at any price w^hich has any appearance of 
 broken knees by falling. Hunting horses are too rare here for 
 one to have gotten the hurt in the field, and, accidentally, by 
 beirgput at a barrier beyond his power. 
 
 Eeject a horse with any weakness in his eyesight, unless you 
 have use for a blind horse, then buy him at a blind horse's price. 
 A one-eyed horse may do useful, but not elegant work. Kever 
 buy a lame horse at any price, until you are assured that the dis- 
 ability is not permanent. 
 
 Foot lameness, except it may be from a slight corn, and conse- 
 quently curable, should be an insuperable bar to purchase. You 
 can never patch up a bad foot. Therefore be sure you always 
 try the intended purchase on a hard road. Many game horses, 
 dead lamo on hard roads, will get along without much flinching 
 on soft roads, or the turf. If you are certain as to the cause of 
 the lameness and know you can cure it, the purchase, as a spec- 
 ulation, may do ; but never rely on the assurance of the horse 
 dealer. It is his business to sell. 
 
 Never buy a narrow chested horse for hard service. It shows 
 weak lungs and those liable to inflammation. If for saddle, 
 avoid a ver}^ broad chested horse, though as trotters thev are 
 sometimes fast. The best and most perfect chest is a medium 
 between the narrow and broad chest. 
 
 A tucked up washy looking horse should be avoided. They 
 may indeed do for light work or short drives, but are totally un- 
 fit for real work. 
 
-70- 
 
 In buying avoid all defects in the wind ; be sure the disability 
 has not been temporarily covered up, by special means known 
 to horse dealers. A whistler or roarer may show no indication 
 of his infirmity at a slow pace, or up to a certain speed. Be3'ond 
 that it is apparent. Broken w^ind is an incurable infirmity and 
 probabl}^ as distressing to the horse as the asthma is to man. A 
 horse may make more or less noise and yet not have broken 
 wind. Any indication of this, however, is to be looked on 
 with sus]3icion. 
 
 In buying a horse his points of excellence and infirmitj^ are 
 better shown if only in fair working condition than when very 
 fat. A horse very fat is pretty nearly a useless creature until 
 his condition has been brought down to that of bone, sinew and 
 muscle, with just sufficient fat to lubricate, so to speak, the 
 working parts. Yet a horse for slow draft may be serviceable 
 and carry far more flesh and fat than one used for fast work. 
 Many superior horses have been ruined b}^ hard driving when 
 fat, or soft. 
 
 XIII. Color in Eelation to Value. 
 
 It is a saying as trite as it is old that any color is good in a 
 good horse. Yet a horse, however good otherwise, should be 
 invariably rejected if his coler is bad. For instance, it would 
 essentially mark both an ignorant and vulgar person who would 
 select a piebald, spotted, or otherwise extraordinary color for a 
 carriage horse. It would savor of the circus or show ring. 
 
 As saddle horses for gentlemen, self-colors are the best, and 
 those distinct. A star in the forehead and two white feet behind 
 give character. A snip m the face, if large, is objectionable. 
 Four white stockings more so. Bay, brown and dark chestnut 
 are the preferable colors. If the horse is exceptionally stylish, 
 black and dapple gray are good colors. Gray horses are often 
 bad tempered, and black horses are not as a rule, docile. For 
 ladies' use a dark cream color with white mane and tail, or that 
 rare combmation, a dark chestnut with darker tail and mane 
 are elegant if of good form. So a strawberry roan, if unexcept- 
 tionable in style and form, is elegant. 
 
-71- 
 
 For single or double light driving, all distinct colors are 
 good. Uneven or curiously marked horses are allowable in a 
 fancy team — as a mismatch in distinct colors — as it is called. 
 The colors should be distinct and in strong contrast, or els'_^ 
 harmonious. A chestnut and a dark bay would be harmonious, 
 ,\nd 3^et distinct colors. So would be a chestnut and a brown ; 
 a cream with w^hite mane and tail, and a chestnut with dark 
 mane and tail would show a marked contrast, and yet be ele 
 gant ; so would be cream-colored horses so marked. A pure 
 white and a jet black would be the most marked contrast possi- 
 ble, and not for a moment admissable, except both were faultless 
 in form and style of going. Here in fact is where the fine art 
 lies in teams of two distinct colors : AVhatever the mismatch in 
 color, the team should be as near alike in form and carriage as 
 possible. 
 
 XIV. Action. 
 
 There are really but two styles of action : low, smooth, safe 
 action, and high-stepping, showy action. The latter of little 
 account except for parade and showing off on the road in con- 
 nection with fine style. A high-stepping colt is as unsafe as he 
 ungainl5\ The action that is slow and safe, and fast and safe, if 
 combined in an animal is invaluable, 
 
 A horse with really good action moves all his limbs evenly, 
 and brings his hind legs w^ell under him at every movement. 
 Some horses with round action in front — paddlers they are 
 called — are often staunch and sure-footed, but this in spite of this 
 action, not in consequence of it. Horses that straddle behind 
 are often exceedingly fast trotters. Yet neither of these move- 
 ments are what would be sought, either in a fine saddle horse 
 or in a good harness horse. 
 
 XV. Fast-walking Horses, 
 
 I have before stated that a perfect and fast walking gait 
 is not only indispensable to every horse, but the most valuable 
 gait a horse could have for every day use. Yet we seldom see a 
 horse that will walk four and a half or five miles an hour, even 
 
— 72 — 
 
 when urged and in regular 1-2-3-4 time, nodding his head har- 
 moniously in cadence. If a purchaser gets such a horse, or 
 one that will do four miles under the saddle without stumbling, 
 shuffiing, drop2:)ing the step or breaking, be sure you have a gcod 
 one at speed, if he has speed, for mau}^ great walkers are so 
 broad chested that they cannot trot fast, and in galloping they 
 will roll. Yet occasionally a horse will be found good at all 
 gaits. AVhen so, it is the result of exceptionably good form and 
 cartful training. He who can so train a horse, may get a long 
 price for his trouble and skill. 
 
 XVI. What a Horse Should Be. 
 
 I have been very minute in stating the points of perfection in 
 a horse, and have been particular in urging that the lungs, limbs 
 and feet should be super-excellent. From one of the best authori- 
 ties, I quote the following upon the physical structure of the 
 horse, as describing ph\'sical perfection and perfect conformation. 
 
 "The points of the physical structure of a horse on which the 
 jnost. indeed the whole of his utility depends, are his legs. With- 
 out his locomotors all the rest, however beautiful it maj be, is 
 worth nothing. Therefore, to these we look first. The fore- 
 shoulder should be long, obliquely set, with a considerable slope, 
 high in the withers and thin above. The upper arm should be 
 very long and muscular, the knee broad, flat and bony, the shank, 
 or cannon bone, as short as inay be, flat, not round, with clean, 
 firm sinews ; the pastern joints moderately long and oblique, but 
 not too much so, as the excess produces springiness and weakness; 
 the hoofs firm, erect or deep, as opposed to flat, and the feet gen- 
 erally large and round. In the hind-legs the quarters should be 
 large, powerful, broad when looked at in profile, and square and 
 solid from behind. The hams should be sickle-shaped, n )t straight , 
 and well let down, so as to bring the hocks well toward the gi-ound. 
 The hocks should be large and bony, straight, not angular and 
 convexly curved in their posterior outlines ; the shanks, cor- 
 responding to the cannon bones, short and flat, and the hind feet 
 similar in form to the front. The back should be short above, 
 
-73 — 
 
 from the point of the withers and sliou'uUr-blade, Avhich oug^t^ 
 to run well back to the croup. The barrel should be round, are^ 
 for a horse in which strength and quickness are looked to more 
 than great speed and stride, closely ribbed up. A horse can 
 scarce]}' be too deep from the tip of his shoulder to the intersection 
 of his fore-leg— which is called the heart-place — or too wide in 
 the chest, as room in these parts gives free play to the most im- 
 portant vitals. The form of the neck and setting on of the head 
 are essential not only to the beauty of the animal, but to the 
 facility and pleasure of riding or driving him ; hence, with an ill- 
 shaped, sliort, stubborn neck, or ill set on head, the anima? cannot 
 by any possibility be a pleasant-mouthed horse, or an easj one to 
 manage. The neck should be moderately long, convexly arched 
 above from the shoulders to the crest, thin where it joins the 
 head, and so set on that when yielding to the bit it forms a s-emi- 
 circle, like a bended bow, and brings the chin downward and 
 inward until it nearly touches the chest. Horses so made are 
 always manageable to the hand. The converse of this neck, 
 which is concave above and stuck out at the windpipe like a cock's 
 wattle, is the worst possible form ; and horses t o made almost 
 invariably throw up their heads at a pull, and the most ex- 
 ceptionable of brutes, regular star-gazers. The head should be 
 rather small, bony, not beefy, in the jowl ; broad between the 
 eyes, and rather concave, or what is called basin-faced, than 
 Eoman-nosed, between the eyes and nostrils. The ears should be 
 fine, small and pointed ; the eyes large, clear and prominent, and 
 the nostrils wide and well opened. A horse so framed cannot 
 fail, if free from physical defects, constitutional disease and vice, 
 to be a good one for any purpose — degree of strength, lightness 
 and. speed being weighed in accordance with the purpose for 
 which he is desired." 
 
 The following form is a good one to use in purchasing a horse : 
 
 Received (insert place and date) of Mr (insert name) 
 
 Dollars, .for. . . .(describe horse or mare, and pedigree of same, if any) 
 
 warranted years old f state age) sound, free from vice^ 
 
 and quitt to ride or drive. 
 
-74 — 
 "When filled out this might read as follows : 
 
 Received, St. Louis, Mo., March ist, iS8o, of Mr. John Doe, five .^undred 
 dollars for a bay mare by Lancer, dam Lady, zvarranted Jive years old and under 
 six years, sound, free from vice, and quiet to ride or drive. 
 
 Richard Roe. 
 
 This, with such careful examination as I have advised, ought 
 to insure any buyer against dangCx* in case the seller is solvent. 
 
How to Feed, Water and Groom. 
 
 I. Laying the Foundation. 
 
 The feeding of horses must be either simple or complex ac- 
 cording to the circumstances under which they are placed ^nd 
 the nature of the work required of them. It would, for in- 
 stance, be as foolish with the farm or ordinary work horse to 
 pamper with fire-warmed stables, highly stimulating food, and 
 exquisite grooming, together with all the paraphernalia of 
 blankets, hoods, bandages for the legs, and necessities of the 
 trotting or racing stable, as it would be to allow this latter class 
 to receive only the same care and attention usually bestowed up- 
 on the team kept solely for the plow and other drudgery of the 
 farm. At the same time the extremes to which horses are sub- 
 ject, either in the farm or racing stables, might well be modified 
 in very many cases to the health and well being either of the 
 farm horse or the pampered and high-bred racer. That is to say, 
 racers are often ''drawn down '' to fine, and the ordinary work 
 horse too often suffers from neglect. Thus in the first class we 
 see a number of diseases seldom shown in the stables of horses 
 with sufficient care, while the stables of horses carefully kept 
 seldom suffer with the class of diseases found when horses are 
 allowed to go dirty from day to day, and often from Y/eek to 
 week. 
 
 To commence at the beginning, the breeder who would suc- 
 ceed with any class ot horses, should see that the mare, while 
 carrying the foal, has sufficient food and shelter, and that the 
 foal itself is sufficient nourished during the period Oi growth. 
 N'othing is gained by insufficient shelter and food, whatever the 
 use for which the animal is intended, and this brings us to the 
 question of the food itself. 
 
-ve- 
 il. What to Peed. 
 
 In the W^est the feed of all horses of whatever class is oats, 
 Indian corn, bran and hay. Whatever the work to be done, 
 bran shonld always be kept, since a horse being off his feed, or 
 slightly ailing from any cause not indicative of violent disease, 
 bran mashes with good nursing will bring him out all right in 
 nine cases out of ten. So, in the Winter when horses are con- 
 fined to hard f jod, a bran-mash once a week should be given. 
 On the farm there is nothing better than an occasional feed of 
 roots— carrots, Swedish turnips, or mangel wurtzel — being valu- 
 able in the order named. If a peck of these could be given 
 daily as an evening or noonday meal, the good effects of this 
 feeding would be quickly shown For the mares before foaling 
 time, for the farm or draft horse, for the carriage horses of the 
 citizen, and even for the fast driven roadster, or racer, when not 
 being driven to exhaustive work, these will be found valuable. 
 
 The foal itself shouhl be learned to eat roots as quickly as pos- 
 sible, and if the mare takes kindly to them it will not be a diffi. 
 cult matter for the foal to learn to eat them. As to the other 
 food of the 3^oung colt or filh^ oats alone with grass or hay, ac- 
 cording to the season, should be allowed. In the Winter, half 
 oats and half corn may be given with benefit, unless the young 
 things are intended for racing or trotting, and are kept in warm 
 stables; then Indian corn would not be desirable, as being too 
 heating under the circumstances. 
 
 For the ordinary farm team, or other horses of slow work, In- 
 dian corn may be the main dependence in Winter, in connection 
 with good hay ; especially so if a few roots can be allowed as a 
 portion of the daily provender. For fast working horses, sound 
 oats and hay will be the pi-iciple dependence, but in the Winter 
 I have always given one- third of the weight of the daily grain 
 ration in Indian corn, and we have always thought, with decided 
 
 benefit. 
 
 Ill When to Feed. 
 
 The importance of strict regularit}' in feeding is underesti- 
 mated by nine-tenths of the ordinar}^ feeders, and by fully one- 
 half of the stablemen having the care of well bred horses, The 
 
^77- 
 
 horse, for whatever purpose he is used, if actively employed, 
 should not get less than three feeds a da}^ besides the hay he 
 eats during the night. All fast working horses should have 
 luur feeds a day. The hours of feeding are of prime imj^ort- 
 ance. These should be, as closely as possible, at six in the 
 morning, at noon, and at six at night, except at those press- 
 ing Sv^'asons of extra labor, when the morning feed ma}^ be an 
 hour earlier and the evening feed an hour latter. In this case, 
 however, nose-bags should be carried to the field, or they should 
 be turned to the wagon at 10 a. m. and at 4 p. m. to take one-third 
 their usual allowance, as given morning and evening, which 
 meals, as a rule, should be rather more than the noonday feed. 
 AY hen corn is the main dependence as feed these lunches should 
 be of oats, and if bruised so much the better. 
 
 Fast working horses should receive their food four tinies a 
 day, at six in the morning, at ten, at two, and at nine at night. 
 Carriage horses should be feed the same number of times, the 
 first feed being at six, and the last after their real work for the 
 day is done, say at nine at night, since simply going to some 
 place of amusement at eleven o'clock or later can hardl^^ be 
 called work. The mid-morning and afternoon meals will depend 
 upon the hours at which they are generally used, 9 a. m. and 1 
 p. M. begin the usual times for feeding. 
 
 IV. Watering. 
 
 Watering and the water used is of fully as much importance as 
 the feeding. A horse is i)articular as to the water he drinks, 
 but yet may be accustomed to any water without detriment if it 
 be fit for human use. The water of large lakes, rivers and run- 
 ning brooks is best and in the order named. That of ponds 
 without outlet or inlet the worst ; in fact pond water should 
 never be used ; well water is altogether better and may be given 
 without fear, when used constantl}^, but as with man, the horse 
 accustomed to lake or river water, which is always partially 
 soft, should be given well water, when necessity requires, with 
 care and only in small quanties, the change being gradually 
 made. Water should always be offered before feeding, and 
 
-78- 
 
 never given in large drafts immediately after feeding ; two to 
 four quarts may be given with benefit immediately after dry 
 feed, to properly moisten the stomach, and it may be freely given 
 in two or three hours aft3r feeding. When driving, water should 
 be offered, especially in hot weather at every stop, but oniy a few 
 quarts should be taken at a time, for a heated horse, like a heated 
 man, will take more than is good for him. Upon stopping, 
 wash the horse's mouth with a sponge soaked in water, and let 
 him swallow each time two or three light sips, just enough to 
 moisten the throat, and upon starting, give him four to six 
 quarts each as the occasion seems to demand. Under no circum- 
 stance allow a heated horse to drink heartily. Farm teams and 
 slow draft horses, at ordinary labor, maj" be allowed what they 
 will naturallv drink, but when heated the same rule must be ob- 
 served as with hard driven horses. With these simple rules 
 kept in view any intelligent owner or driver may keep his team 
 fresh and without danger. 
 
 V. Kinds and Quantities of Food to be Given. 
 
 I have alread}^ spoken of the proper food to be given under 
 ordinary circumstances; they are sound, whole grain, and 
 bright, clean hay. Certain classes of horses, as omnibus horses, 
 stage horses, car horses, and the draft horses of large mercantile 
 firms in cities, are generall}' fed ground feed and cut hay. When 
 the hours of feeding and rest may be estimated with accurac}^, 
 this is on the whole as conducive to the health of the animal 
 as may be, when the econom}^ of such feeding is considered^ 
 especially when we remember that in large cities a regular veteri- 
 nar}^ surgeon is employed, who visits the stables regular!}^ to 
 look after the well-being of the horses, and also where the sup- 
 erintendents and foremen are supposed to be experts. 
 
 On the farm, and in the stables of road-driving horsemen, and 
 where carriage horses are kept, cut feed may very properly and 
 economically form from one-third to one-half of the daily food 
 given. When only one feed is given it shoald be in the morn- 
 ing ; when two are given, they should be the morning and 
 evening feeds. 
 
-79- 
 
 As to the quantity to be given, no definite ] ulc can be laid 
 down. The horse must have a quantity fully sullicient to keep 
 him well up to his work. Hard working horses may, if rcg 
 ularly fed, have what grain and hay they will eat clean, and in 
 this case there is no better judge than the animal itself, except in 
 the case of ravenous gluttons, sometimes found among horses 
 as in the human famil3\ Elaborate rules have been laid down 
 by theorists, including a per cent of grain according to the 
 weight of the animal. In practice they will not work, since the 
 labor, condition of the animal, temperature of the season, and of 
 stables must be considered. In the large omnibus stables where 
 all the work is to be got out of horses that they can endure, from 
 ten to fourteen pounds of cut hay per day are given, with from 
 eighteen to twenty pounds of corn meal. Mix into provender, and 
 on it they will go from eighteen to twenty miles each day. With 
 this about three pounds of salt may be allowed each month. Some 
 stablemen do not feed more than one pound, arguing that a large 
 quantity produces profuse staling; others feed up to four. In 
 times of extra severe labor the cornmeal is increased by about 
 three pounds. It would be better if the three pounds of meal 
 were omitted and one extra feed of six quarts of whole oats be 
 substituted, and given dail}^ The average livery horse may be 
 kept in good condition on twelve pounds of hay and eight pounds 
 of cornmeal dail}^ to be given at two feeds wdth the addition of 
 six quarts of oats at noon, eight pounds of hay to be fed cut, 
 with the meal, and four pounds from the m^anger. This same 
 feed would do for ordinary farm horses at usual w^ork, or if the 
 grain is fed whole, five quarts of shelled corn, or its equivalent 
 in ears, and six quarts of oats, with what hay will be eaten 
 should keep the animal in working condition. 
 
 VI. How to Prepare the Pood. 
 
 In preparing chopped feed, half the hay to be used, or clean, 
 bright, long straw cut into about three-quarters to one inch 
 lengths, should be put into the mixing trough half an hour before 
 it is to b ^ mixed, and thoroughly moistened. On this throw the 
 meal, mill-feed, or whatever article is to be used, and moisten it. 
 
— so- 
 Then cover with sufficient ha^^ to make the mess for the desired 
 number of horses, weighing both hay and meal. Let it stand 
 until feeding time, when the whole should be worked over and 
 over until thoroughly mixed. If salt is given with the mess, put 
 in the required quantity for each horse, from one-quarter to half 
 an ounce per horse each feed. Many stablemen mix the mess half 
 a day in advance, but this we do not like. Horses, like men, like 
 their food fresh. An iron box is best for mixing, and it should bo 
 thoroughly cleaned after each meal. 
 
 VII. How to Make Mashes, Gruel and Hay-toa. 
 
 The ordinary sweet mash, as usually made, is to take four 
 quarts of good bran, moisten it gradually with hot water, and 
 then mix with what boiling water will bring it up to the proper 
 consistency for eating, covering it with a cloth and feeding either 
 warm or cold as the animal will eat it. What salt will lie on a 
 quarter dollar may or may not be mixed with it. 
 
 A better mash, especially for dry fed horses, is to boil two 
 quarts of oats and a pint of linseed, for each horse, for about 
 three hours, and then mix with it sufficient bran to bring it to a 
 proper consistency. Cover with a cloth and feed cold. Such a 
 mash given once a week, if the horses are on average feed, will 
 keep their bowels in condition. If off their feed, add a little salt, 
 and a half pint of molasses. 
 
 Gruel is one of the best possible things for a beaten out horse. 
 Stir graduallj^ in a gallon of water, a pint or a quart of oat-meal, 
 or lialf flour and half corn-meal, according as the horse likes it 
 thick or thin, and fill up the pail with cold water. If the horse 
 liesitates about drinking it, give him first a mouthful of water. 
 If he be very tired a quart of sound ale will do him good, but 
 under no circumstances, when exhausted, should he be given a feed 
 either of grain or hay. If the horse will take nothing else, turn 
 down a bottle of sound ale, rub him until dry and refreshed, and 
 then feed. 
 
 Hay tea is also a good stimulant. To make it — fill a bucket 
 three-quarters full of bright, clean hay, pour over it enough boil- 
 
-Sl- 
 ing water to fill the pail, and cover tight, to keep in the steam. 
 Press the hay down occasionally, let it stand fifteen minutes, turn 
 off, and add water enough to make a bucket three-quarters full. 
 Give to the horse when the liquid is cool enough to drink. 
 
 VIII. The Value of Hay and Straw. 
 
 In the feeding of horses the principal use of hay is to distend 
 the stomach. For this reason lean horses, and those just off the 
 pasture on coarse feed, require more than those which are reg- 
 ularly stabled and groomed. The change to grain must not be 
 too sudden, else indigestion is apt to set in. Once a horse is used 
 to full rations of grain, if oats are used, or corn meal and bran, 
 he may get along daily with fi'om six to eight pounds of hay a 
 day. The hay, however, must be of the very best, bright, clean 
 and free from dust. There is no economy in feeding bad hay. 
 It is the cause of heaves, broken wind and other diseases pro- 
 duced by indigestion. Good clean straw is altogether better than 
 poor hay. Straw is altogether the best material for bedding, and 
 should always be used when it can be had. In the West it is 
 plenty, and yet not one farmer in ten uses it for bedding in suf- 
 ficient quantity, or renews it often enough. 
 
 IX. Feeding Grain. 
 
 The most economical way of feeding grain is in its whole state. 
 Oats and corn should be shaken in. a sieve with a mesh so small 
 that it will not go through, all dust and light matter blown away, 
 and all stones, bits of iron or wire, carefully picked out. It will 
 pay to do this. In feeding corn allow one-half the measure of 
 shelled corn that would be deemed sufficient of oats, since corn 
 weighs about double that of oats. If corn in the ear is fed, one- 
 third more b}'^ measure heaped should be allowed than when 
 shelled grain is used. 
 
 Some horses eat their grain better for being moistened. Horses 
 with bad teeth always bolt their food whole. All such horses, 
 and also aged ones, should be fed cut hay and ground feed. 
 
-82- 
 X. Stable Care and Training. 
 
 The importance of steadiness and care in the management of 
 the stable and in the cleaning of horses cannot be over-estinuited. 
 A brntal stableman, or one which a horse fears, shonld he im- 
 mediately discharged. There is indeed now and then a horse 
 that requires to be kept in terror. These of course are exceptions. 
 The competent stable-man should use neither fear nor brutality. 
 
 Many stable-men imagine the curry comb is an instrument for 
 cleaning the legs and body of the horse. It is an instrument for 
 cleaning the brush and for loosening the scurf on the fleshy - not 
 bony — parts of the body. In using the curry comb, do so lightly, 
 carrying it in circles rather than in straight lines. Use a wisp of 
 hay for rubbing the dust from the legs, and something like a corn 
 cob for the fetlock?, finishing with the brush. In brushing, do so 
 thoroughly, Vvith firm, long strokes, where possible, being careful 
 in working about the head and bony parts. Clean the brush 
 often by passing it over the teeth of the curry comb. T^hen the 
 scurf and dust are thoroughly cleaned out. go over the horse with 
 a damp wisp of hay, and finish with dry cloths, being particular 
 to get any particles of dirt out of the fetlocks, the ears, about the 
 head, next the tail, below the thighs, under the jaws, and between 
 the fore-legs. Ahorse thus cleaned, whether he belongs to the farm 
 or the city stable will not occasion shame on the part of the owner. 
 
 It is a question among horsemen, whether when a team comes 
 in wet and muddy at night, it is proper to wash them. AVe 
 have never found advantage in so doing. Clothe them wainily, 
 bandage the legs loosely, and when dry, clean them, at least so 
 far as removing the dirt, and getting up a glow at the surface 
 is concerned. Thus handled, horses will seldom be found liable 
 to surfeit, scratclies, grease, and other diseases induced by 
 checking the natural perspiration. 
 
 XI. The Time to Clean. 
 
 Clean when the horse is dirty. Always once a day when the 
 horse is kept in the stable. Horses th^t run in the fields in 
 Summer, or in the shed yard in Winter require no cleaning. 
 
-83 — 
 
 Before work horses are littered down for the night they should 
 be again thoroughly cleaned if necessary. 
 
 AVhenever the horse comes into the stable from the plow or 
 wagon, for the day, he should be thoroughly cleaned ivhen dry 
 enough, and if sweating or otherwise wet should be thoroughly 
 scraped at once. The scraper is a thin, flexible piece of wood ; 
 a section of barrel hoop makes a good one. 
 
 XII. Care of the Feet. 
 
 The feet are half the horse, in fact a horse with bad feet, is as 
 near a worthless animal as possible. Attention to the feet is 
 therefore of the first importance. In this connection shoeino- is 
 to be attended to. Know that the blacksmith understands his 
 business. The horse's foot should be a study, and every horse- 
 man should understand the anatomy of the foot. When tlie 
 horse is brought in from work, each foot should be lifted, cleaned, 
 and examined with the picker to see that no gravel or otlier 
 hard substance has found lodgment between tlie shoe and hoof, 
 or about the frog. Examine the frog to see that no substance 
 is wedged therein, and that no nail oi- other sharp object has 
 pierced the sole. If the hoofs are inclined to be hard and 
 dry, fill them with a mixture of cow-dung and clay, or with 
 oakum saturated with tar and petroleum. Watch them for 
 contraction of the hoof, caused by allowing the shoe to remain 
 on too long, or from bad shoeing. If the frog gets torn and 
 ragged, cut the ragged edges but leave the frog intact. If the 
 hoof be found pierced with a nail, and you are not perfectly 
 sure you have pulled out every bit, cut it out at whatever labor 
 it may be to you, or pain to the animal. Then dress the wound 
 with tow saturated with tar. If the hoofs are inclined to be hard 
 and brittle, oil them occasionally, or let the horse stand, say for 
 an hour or two, or for a half a da}^ on Sunday, in a box-stall of 
 soft clay and cow-manure, coming pretty well up the hoofs. 
 
 XIII. Blanketing— When Necessary. 
 
 A blanket is always necessary when a horse is standing in the 
 stable in Winter. A light sheet is about as necessary in Summer, 
 during fly time A blanket should always be thrown over the 
 
— 84 — 
 
 horse in cold weather, or even in the cool weather of Spring and 
 Autumn, when standing after being driven. A horse should 
 alwa3^s be blanketed when standing in a draft, or in the rain, 
 using a cloth or rubber blanket as the case may be. In blanket- 
 ing a horse, see that the blanket is sufficiently large to cover the 
 animal from the neck to the tail, see also that the breast flaps 
 arj sufficient to protect this sensitive part, and that the blanket 
 is large enough to cover the sides and flank fully. If not do not 
 buy it at any price. 
 
 XIV. Proper Tools for the Stable. 
 
 The tools necessary for cleaning ahorse properly may be very 
 few or many. As a rule any horse may be properly cleaned 
 with a scraper, a curry comb, a brush, a sponge, a comb, a wisp 
 of straw, and a rubbing cloth Horse pails both for washing the 
 horse and for watering are indispensable to any stable but never 
 use one for the other. These should be of oak, half an inch 
 thick, and with strong iron bails, and to hold fourteen quarts. 
 Every stable should have two manure forks, one of steel and one 
 of wood, splint broom, a scoop shovel, and a wheel-barrow. 
 
Breeding and Raising Horses. 
 
 I. Importance of the Subject. 
 
 No subject connected with the rearing and use of stoclc can be 
 of more importance to tlie farmer and stock -grower, tlie intelli- 
 gent, practical business man, than that of breeding. That it is 
 in every way more profitable to any one who rears and trains a 
 single colt to have that colt of the very best rather than of any 
 indiiferent quality is almost too palpable to need a moment's con- 
 sideration. That it is possible for ever}^ man of observation and 
 good judgment to improve his stock is equally obvious. There 
 is no line of work which horses are called upon to perform that 
 has Eot its peculiar requirements, that can be better met by some 
 specific kind of animal than by one chosen at haphazard. It is a 
 matter, then, of the plainest common sense that every one who 
 means to rear a horse for his own use should consider before- 
 hand to what purposes he will most probably devote it. If it is 
 designed for market, he needs no less to consult his interests by 
 determining what markets are accessible to him, and what de- 
 scription of animal will be apt to find most ready sale therein, 
 at most remunerative prices. 
 
 For the farmer wdio wants to breed and rear horses of all 
 w^ork, it would be manifestly foolish to seek a high-priced pure- 
 blooded race, for his mares, unless the mares themselves were 
 of such type as to render it necessary to breed to high and ele- 
 gant stallions in order to obtain thoso medium-sized, but com- 
 pact, and moderately quick-paced animals that are so well 
 adapted to all the wants of the farmer. 
 
 On the other hand, one wanting a light and fleet animal 
 would show his lack of judgment in a striking manner who 
 should so disregard all the dictates of sound sense as to hope to 
 succeed b}^ an^^ chance selection of either mares or stallions. 
 
— 86 — 
 
 The Best Stock the Cheapest. 
 
 It may be laid down as the first rule — a foundation principle — 
 i\i2it the very hed and purest stock that is really adapted to the end in 
 view shoidd besought after. 
 
 It costs even less to feed a horse of good blood and lineage than 
 it does to maintain a scrub ; it costs no more to shelter him ; it 
 costs less to groom him and keep him in condition than it does 
 to keep the scrub from looking like a scare-crow ; his movement 
 is almost invariably smoother and steadier for the same rates of 
 speed ; his temper is generally better ; his pluck and energy not 
 less so ; and if it is found necessar}^ to put him upon the market, 
 he brings a better price. The service of a stallion knowm to be 
 of good, generous blood, and possessing adequate powers of 
 transmission, must of course cost more ; there must be a dam 
 adapted to the obtaining of a foal of the best type possible from 
 such a sire ; but thepennj'-wise, pound-foolish policy of refusing 
 to avail one's self of these advantages, when in the bounds of 
 possibility, is too apparent. 
 
 Taking it for granted, then, that the best, in this case, is 
 always the cheapest— that the finer and purer the horse can be, 
 other things being equal, the more useful, more easily maintained 
 and more marketable lie is bound to be, it remains to consider 
 some points that must always be regarded by the intelligent 
 breeder, who seeks wisely to adapt means to ends rather than 
 trust to chance. 
 
 III. Hereditary Tendencies and Immaturity to be 
 
 guarded Against. 
 
 A caution most needful to be insisted upon at the outset is that 
 relating to the transmission of tendencies to disease and of actual 
 disease itself. It seems that no man in his right senses, know- 
 ing the results to the human family when this consideration is 
 disregarded, would think for a moment of utterly ignoring the 
 possibilities of evil consequences ; but ordinary observation leads 
 to the disclosure of the fact that among horses diseases and im- 
 paired constitutional powers are often transmitted in this way. 
 
^87 — 
 
 Mares at an advanced age, too stiff, too weak, too slow to 
 be of any furtlier active use, are turned to account for breeding 
 purposes — and the result is, a weak foal, lacking thrift and lack- 
 ing spirit. Mares hacked about until tluy are ring-boned, spav- 
 ined, and splinted, or perhaps dropsical or with a glanderous 
 tendency, — no longer useful on the farm or on the road, are re- 
 lieved from the work which they can no longer do with any 
 chance of profit, and sent to the stallion. Result : a foal with a 
 rickety or knotty bony system, or with a tendency to some 
 form of dropsy, or ready, in the presence of any exciting cause, 
 to develop a case of glanders. And so of other disorders, more 
 especiall}^ of roaring, thick-wind, blindness, contracted feet, 
 grease and afflictions of the brain and nervous system. Some 
 mares have a peculiar predisposition to surfeit, some to swelled 
 legs, some to vertigo, some to a sort of unaccountable vicious- 
 ness. No wise breeder can afford to disregard these things. If 
 he wishes to rear a horse for service, he Avants a sound foal ; for 
 he knows he can get from such a one more work for less cost than 
 from one unsound in bone, muscle, secretions or integument. If 
 he designs to breed for market he is aware that neither a puny 
 nor a diseased creature can be palmed off there either to his 
 profit or his credit. 
 
 To insure health}^, active, thrifty progeny, then, the dam must 
 be soumd and vlgorovs ; and this is no less true of the sire. We 
 dwell less upon the latter because it is of far less frequent occur- 
 rence for a broken down and diseased stallion to be kept for the 
 service of mares than for mares of this description to be put 
 to breeding because they are known to be fit for nothing else, 
 but are erroneously deemed useful for this. The condition of the 
 stallion, however, must not be overlooked. Every breeder must 
 have a care to choose a vigorous stallion, and one free from 
 blemishes, malformation and hereditar^^ taints. 
 
 Nor should mares be put to breeding too young. They should 
 be full grown and vigorous, and when their powers begin to fail 
 they should no longer be subjected to this service. It is the 
 practice of some to begin to breed at two years of age. This is 
 injurious to the mare, and otherwise unprofitable to the owner. 
 
— 88 — 
 
 The growth of the mare is hindered ; her form is modified both 
 bs^ tiie weight of the stallion and by carrying the foal. And the 
 foal itself is apt to lack fullness and power. Yet, it takes from 
 the young mother that sustenance which she needs for her own 
 development, so that she is dwarfed, while it grows up a more or 
 less puny creature — of insufiicient value to compensate for the 
 injury done to the dam. ^N'o mare should be so used till she is at 
 least three j^ears old — four w^ould be the better and more profit- 
 able age. It is said that mares which are allowed to mature, and 
 are well treated afterwards, will not lose enough of their natural 
 vigor to disqualify them for bringing forth good foals till after 
 they are twi nt}^ years old ; but it is idle to expect good strong, 
 well formed, thrifty, and spirited offspring from a mare that is 
 either too young or too old ; or that is subjected, even in matur- 
 ity, to hard work, poor and insufficient food, and cruel handling. 
 
 IV. Principles of TransniissioD. 
 
 Let us next notice this principle, that when the dam and the sire 
 hoth J! assess a due amount of vigor, the foal will combine in itself the most 
 marked characteristics of both, ichile any quality that is pecidiar to either 
 of them is apt to be prominent in the offspring. This applies to both 
 disposition and physical conformation. 
 
 It will be seen fi^om this statement that no matter what the 
 general line of policy to be pursued by the breeder ; that of 
 in-and-in, or that of crossing, he must select his stallions and 
 mares with the view to having one supplement the other. If the 
 mare is deficient in any point, the horse should be full or pre- 
 dominant there, and vice versa; and if any peculiar trait is desired, 
 that should be very strongly developed in either sire or dam, 
 while merely nominal in the other. 
 
 Another special point to be considered is this : that for the pro- 
 duction of a full-formed, symmetrical, vigorous, and thrifty foal, 
 the mare should be proportionately larger than the horse. An overgrown 
 stallion, of great power, serving a mare of diminutive size, or of 
 size somewhat less in proportion than his own, will beget her a 
 strong embryo that will require more room and more nourish- 
 ment than the mare can afford ; and the result must be weakness^ 
 
— 89- 
 
 and, probably, deformity — almost inevitably diminutive size. 
 Men's minds were particularly called to this fact in Great Britian 
 when, during a course of years, the farmers of Yorkshire thought 
 that by breeding their mares to the very largest stallions they 
 could find, and without regard to the size of the mare, they could 
 meet the demand in London for great overgrown horses, whic-h 
 it was then the fashion to drive in coaches and other heavy 
 carriages. The result was a race of almost v/orthless creatures. 
 
 In other points than mere size, more depends upon the select ion 
 of the mare than that of the horse. The great majority are mares 
 bred after their own stock unless the stallion is so powerful as to 
 neutralize or overcome this physiological peculiarity ; so that it 
 is necessarj' for her to be of good lineage if the best results are 
 wanted. If she has come from diseased, vicious, or in any way 
 evil ancestr}^, though she may be free from perceptible taint, the 
 bad points of her stock will very probably appear in her offspring. 
 This principle makes it necessary to have a regard for her color 
 and for the color that is know^n to have been prevalent in her line, 
 since any dirty, vari-tinted, and otherwise disagreeable colors 
 may appear in a foal of hers if her progenitors have had such a hue. 
 
 V. The Two Methods, "In-and-in" and "Cross" 
 Breeding Considered. 
 
 As for the two leading methods of breeding, circumstances 
 generally determine which the farmer or other breeder on a 
 moderate scale is to adopt. He is now almost alwa^'S under the 
 absolute necessity of crossing ; and the main point with him is, 
 how to cross, in order to secure the best results. The main direc- 
 tions are already laid down, wdth sufficient minuteness to enable 
 anyone of ordinary intelligence to judge as to the best means. 
 One point must not be overlooked, that really to improve the 
 stock of horses as to blood— to obtain a strain that has the power 
 of transmitting itself, and of so continuing in a steady line of 
 improvement, recourse must be had to pure blooded horses. 
 The English racer or thoroughbred is almost our sole reliance in 
 this respect : although an Arab may occasionally be found. The 
 
— 90 — 
 
 true I^orman Percheron is endowed with this characteristic of 
 pure-blooded horses— he has great powers of impressing himself 
 upon his offspring, and perpetuating the strain ; but he is too 
 heavy for the ordinary run of mares in this country, and if heavy 
 draft stock rather than the lighter horse of all work is wanted, 
 the Percheron mare should also be used— or some other of equal 
 length and weight. Good mares of the common mixed breeds in 
 the United States, bred to the light Arab, Barb, or thorough-bred 
 stallions, will almost invariably produce foals partaking of their 
 own size and strength, and of the finer forms, activity, and wind 
 of the stallion. It is difficult to l?ij down an}^ specific rule for 
 crossing.. The whole matter must be left to the good sense of the 
 breeder, after the general statement of principles set forth. If 
 the breeder has in view a mere racer, and is unable to obtain 
 both thorough bred mare and stallion, let him seek the racing 
 stallion, at least, and one that will, as previously directed, sup- 
 plement his mare— suppljT" the points in which she is wanting for 
 that specific purpose. If he wishes a trotter, the same care must 
 be observed. 'J rotting horses are of late days in great demand 
 throughout the United States. 
 
 '^ Gold Dust," was a Kentucky horse, foaled near Lexington, the 
 pr »perty of L. L. Dorsey, a few years prior to the civil war. 
 He was mixed blooded, having been sired by Vermont Morgan, 
 a great trotter, while his dam had in her both Arabian and 
 thoroughbred blood. 
 
 It is worth}^ of consideration on the part of the breeder that 
 the colts of '•' Gold Dust " showed stronger marks of their 
 Arabian and English ancestr^^, which came by his dam's side, 
 than of the Morgan, his sire, so superior is the pure blooded horse 
 as a transmitter of his own qualities, and an improver of breed, 
 '' Gold Dust " is worth}^ of study. He was not only beautiful, 
 but a horse of the finest action — a fast walker and famous as a 
 trotter. When native American stallions such as he could be 
 found, the owner of good mares need not repine if he finds it 
 impossible to come at the much-to-be-desired pure blooded for- 
 eigner. He may rest assured of getting improved colts, and of 
 such character as will, if judiciously handled, perpetuate, to 
 
-91- 
 
 some extent at least, their own good qualities. Such horses are 
 to be found iu tliese days. The common sense of the breeder 
 will select them. 
 
 If it is heavy draft stock that is to be sought, the Norman 
 Percheron stallion, as we have previously intimated, ought to 
 be had, provided the breeder has mares of such size as to render 
 it judicious to put them to so large a horse ; otherwise, the Nor- 
 man Percheron mare may be most advantageously bred to some 
 native stallion, say a Morgan a good Canadian, or some other 
 compactly built and quick-paced horse. 
 
 But it is unnecessary to extend these suggestions. If the breed- 
 er will consider with care what he really wants, and observe the 
 points upon which we have touched, he will be at no loss to 
 judge intelligently what course to pursue when cross-breeding is 
 his only resource. He may often, of course, find it difficult to 
 obtain just the stallion which his judgment tells him he should 
 have for his class of mares ; but this is a pointed argument in 
 favor of that care which our farmers should long ago have exer- 
 cised in this matter Intelligent attention to the improvement 
 of our stock throughout the Union will soon make it possible 
 for them to select their stallions, rather than be forced to take 
 up with every hack that comes along with a flourish of red sur- 
 cingles and a wonderful pedigree, manufactured to order. 
 
 As to in and-in breeding, but little need be said. All the long 
 winded, voluminous, and learned discussions of the subject have 
 resulted in adding but little more to our stock of knowledge 
 than this : that too close in-and-in breeding is likely to bring 
 about weakness, malformation, and general deterioration; but 
 that to fix and preserve and intensify a certain strain, the Jew, 
 (to speak in a figure), must, not intermarry with the heathens 
 round about him. In other words, to have true Morgans, both 
 sire and dam must be of that stock, though of different families : 
 to keep up the real Norman Perclieron horse, we must have 
 Norman Percherons, both male and female, to breed from ; and 
 so on. 
 
 The objection to close in-and-in breeding seems to be here : that 
 nearness of kin is apt to be associated with likeness of qualities 
 
-92- 
 
 both physical and mental (if we may so speak of the horse) ; 
 and thus the great requirement that one parent must supplement 
 the other is not complied with. If there is a weak point in 
 both, the weakness is perpetuated and made Vv^orse, whereas, a 
 weak point in one should be counteracted by a correspondingly 
 strong point in the other. If it could be known with absolute 
 certainly that two animals, close of kin, had strongly marked 
 opposite traits of character, constitution and conformation, they 
 might be bred to each other, and with the best results. Such is 
 sometimes the case ; but it is not likely to be, and the rule should 
 be as we have said— let the strain be the same, but the kinship 
 as far removed as possible. This is believed by the most candid 
 observers to be the secret of Arab success. The individual 
 breeder knows not alone his own animals, but those of his 
 tribe, and of other trib ^s as well. Moreover, the Arabs are close 
 observers and astute judges of horse flesh, and an intelligent son 
 of the Desert could by no reasonable means be induced to breed 
 his mare to a stallion in which his eye had marked some weak- 
 ness or evil tendency which he knew the mare likewise to pos- 
 sess, however slight the indications might be in either. 
 
 Then, to recapittilate briefly : if tlie breeder has it in his 
 power to keep up a certain stock, let him guard against the 
 slio-htest admixture of heathen blood ; and to be as sure as pos- 
 sible of no evil results, let him look to securing sires and dams 
 as widely removed from kinship as possible; but he can never 
 afford to disregard the point previously so much insisted upon, 
 as a principle to be observed in crossing, that if either parent has 
 a fault, the other must be correspondingly strong there. 
 
 VI. Treatment of the Mare after being Served, 
 During Pregnancy, Etc. 
 
 It is proper next to notice some little matters of detail in con- 
 nection with the management of brood mares. 
 
 Forty -four weeks is regarded as the time which a mare goes 
 with foal; but this must be taken as mean time, since one occa- 
 sionally brings forth a perfect colt four or five weeks sooner, and 
 
-93 — 
 
 others will go equally as long beyond tliis period. When once the 
 time of a mare is known, the breeder can generally regulate her go- 
 ing to the horse so as to have the colt appear at whatever season he 
 considers most desirable, but without this knowledge he cannot 
 
 After having being served by ahorse, the mare should be allowed 
 to stand idle awhile, as conception will be far more apt to take place 
 if she is left to herself. If put to brisk motion, or to any strain 
 immediately after cox^ulation, she is apt to fail of conception. 
 She should also be kept away from string-proud or badly cas- 
 trated geldings, not only at this period, Init during her entire 
 pregnane}', as they are apt to worry her to the casting of the 
 conception, or, at a later period, to slinking the foal. 
 
 After she has been allowed a reasonable season of quiet, mod- 
 erate work will be rather beneficial than injurious ; and this may 
 be kept up until about the time for foaling. Special care should 
 always be exercised to guard her ajainst being kicked, heavily 
 thrown, or inordinately strained in any w^ay. 
 
 It sometimes occurs that at the time of foaling, a false pre- 
 sentation is made, producing difficulty of delivery ; but no reli- 
 able instructions can be here given as to what course to pur.^ue 
 in these cases ; and it is best to seek the aid of some skillful 
 veterinary surgeon. 
 
 The mare which has had a colt will be found in season some- 
 time within the next thirty days, and she ought to go to the 
 horse at this time if she is to be bred at all. The ninth day after 
 foaling will generally be found to be the right time. Whenever 
 indications of heat are discovered, the matter should not be de- 
 layed, as the season may pass off" and not return. After put- 
 ting, the days of trail are the ninth, then, if she refuses, the 
 seventh after this, and upon a second refusal, the fiftli after 
 this, which is sufficient to prove her. 
 
 VII. How to Know whether a Mare is in Foal. 
 
 It is often important for both breeders and traders to know 
 whether a mare is really in foal ; and one prominent writer has 
 fjublished the following directions for determining this point, 
 which he says may be implicitly relied on : 
 
-94- 
 
 *' After the first service of the horse, and before the next 
 trial, on examining the vagina, or bearing, if conception has not 
 taken place it will be of a fresh, bright, or florid and moist ap- 
 pearance, with a clear drop appearing at the lower part, and 
 which, if tonched will incline to extend ; but if conception is 
 present, a different appearance of the surface of the vagina will 
 be presented. It will be found dry, and of a dirt}^ brown or 
 rust color ; and a dark, brown looking drop will replace the for- 
 mer clear drop. When these latter appearances are present, 
 pregnancy may be regarded as certain." 
 
 VIII. How to Know Time of Foaling. 
 
 Two daj^s (in some mares only one), before foaling, a sort of 
 sticky substances will be found protruding from each teat, 
 somewhat resembling drops of milk. Care should now be taken 
 to provide a suitable place for her, as this is a certain indication 
 of near delivery. She should be removed from other animals, 
 and a careful person should see to her often enough to guard 
 against accidents 
 
 Before the signs referred to, as shown by the teats, however, 
 there is on each side of the spinal column, from the tail to 
 the haunch, a furrow-like fold; and the bag will generally be 
 found considerably increased in size. These signs show that 
 delivery is not very remote, but cannot be relied on to denote 
 the day. 
 
 IX. Abortion, or Slinking the Foal. 
 
 When about half the time of pregnancy is passed, more than 
 ordinary pains should be taken wdth the mare, as it is at this 
 time, if at all, that she is apt to slink. She ought now* to have 
 better feeding, and even gentler handling than she had pre- 
 viously ; though at all times the ow^ner but consults his own in- 
 terests when he careful]}' guards her against ill usage. She has 
 more need of food, and is less able, at this time, to endure hun- 
 ger, as the rapid growth of the foetus makes a constant and 
 severe draft upon her system. What of care may cause abor- 
 
—95- 
 
 tion ; and if a mare once casts her foal, she is apt to do so at a 
 corresponding period of pregnancy afterwards, — more especially 
 if like provocation occurs 
 
 Various other causes of abortion, some of which may be 
 briefly referred to, for the purpose of pointing out certain pre- 
 ventive measures and suggesting others. Blows, strains, and 
 any violent excitement may have this effect ; and it is said that 
 to allow a mare to see and smell food to which she has been ac- 
 customed, and of which she is fond, without suffering her to eat 
 of it, will cause slinking. Feeding hogs or other stock upon corn 
 in sight of a mare that is not also thus fed, is, for this reason dan- 
 gerous. Sj^mpathy, is a known cause : a pregnant mare, seeing 
 another cast her foal, is apt to be affected in like manner. 
 Nervous spasms, or a sort of animal hysteria, resulting from 
 sj^mpathy of the womb with a diseased stomach or other organ, 
 occasionally results in causing the foal to be cast. Some affirm 
 that a smell of blood, or of freshly slaughtered meat, will do it. 
 
 If a mare slinks because of a hurt, a strain, or some acute 
 attack of disease, she is not apt to fall into the habit of abortion, 
 provided proper care is taken to guard against excitiug causes at 
 a corresponding period of her next pregnanc3^ 
 
 When once this tendency is established, however, it is difficult 
 to counteract it, as the slinking is more than likely to take place 
 at times when the mare is not under observation. If symptonG 
 of casting chance to be discovered in time, it ma.y be prevented 
 by promptly burning pigeon feathers (or those of other birds, if 
 these cannot be obtained), on a hot pan, or a pan of coals, and 
 holding them so that she will be obliged to inhale the smoke. 
 
 X. How to Raise Colts. 
 
 If the colt is healthy and thriving, he should be weaned at 
 from five to six months old. If allowed to run with the dam 
 after this period, he is an unnecessary burden to her, since he 
 has already learned to pick up and devote to his own use other 
 sustenance, and he may most judiciously be taken away. If 
 at this time the dam is still inclined to furnish milk so copi- 
 ously as to render the udder painful to her, she should be looked 
 
-96 — 
 
 after for a few days, to see that the over fullness does not result 
 ill inflammation and swelling. If necessary, draw away the 
 milk by hand once a day for three days. It is a good plan to 
 keep her at this time on dryer food than usual, and at more than 
 ordinarily stead j^ work. This course will tend to prevent the 
 secretion of the usual quantity of milk, and the udder will soon 
 be dry. 
 
 No matter how well born a colt may be he can never amount 
 to anj^thing if raised a starveling. If the dam is what she should 
 be, he will have been furnished with abundant sustenance from 
 the time of conception to that of deliver}^, which is one of the 
 secrets of full formed, finely-proportioned, vigorous foals. From 
 foal-time to weaning he will have been kept vigorous and grow- 
 ing by the quantity and character of the milk furnishd him, to- 
 gether with such little food as he has early learned to partake of 
 at the manger and in the pasture of the dam. And, now upon 
 being weaned, it is of the utmost importance that he have liberal 
 food and sutlicient protection from the inclemencies of the 
 weather. This must be carefully attended to during the whole 
 period of growth if he is expected to make a^ny adequate return 
 to the owner. Bruised oats and bran have been recommended as 
 the very best food to be given for a considerable time after wean- 
 ing. In any event let his food be supplied with regularity ; and 
 ii must be nutritious, yet of such kind and so disposed as to be 
 easil}^ taken. 
 
 He should not be stabled too much, nor in any other way too 
 closely confined — being allowed all that range and exposure to 
 out-door weather common to older stock in the more clement 
 seasons ; but he should never be left out in cool rains nor in the 
 storms and biting cold of Winter. If a place is provided in 
 which he may always shelter himself w^hen the condition of the 
 weather inclines him to seek cover, it will save trouble and yet 
 insure a natural growth and that hardihood which comes of suf- 
 ficient contact with cold and heat. For this purpose a straw 
 rick is sometimes recommended— so constructed as to furnish 
 shelter on the side. This will give at the same time bedding and 
 a light species of food. 
 
-97- 
 
 Provisious must of course be made for his obtaining readily, and 
 at such times as the wants of nature may dictate, plenty of pure 
 water — tlie purer the better. 
 
 Thus much as to food, drink, and shelter. Another point of 
 importance must not be omitted in his raising, that is, familiar- 
 izing him with his master or with whomsoever has charge of 
 him. He should be handled sufliciently and in such a way as 
 thoroughly to overcome all shyuess, and to lead him to feel that 
 man is his friend. This confidence once established, his training 
 — when the proper time comes for that— will be easily and suc- 
 cessfully accomplished ; his subsequent relations with iiis master 
 will be always pleasant, and his value thereby much enhanced. 
 
 And this, indeed, touches a fundamental principle in the care 
 of all dumb beasts. Lead them to recognize that man is their 
 friend; that they can depend on him to advance their comforts, 
 and to secure their welfare. 
 
 XL Mules. 
 
 The breediiig aud rearing of mules, so common in many por- 
 tions of the United States, requires more than a passing consider- 
 ation. To obtain the best results in crossing with the ass demands 
 as much intelligent care as in the case of the horse; and the mule- 
 breeder will find it much to his advantage thoroughly to inform 
 himself as to how these results are to be obtained. 
 
 Many mistaken impressions prevail as to the relative usefulness 
 of the mule, as compared with the cost of breeding and main- 
 tenance. 
 
 It is thought by the inexperienced that he is almost equally 
 adapted to every kind of draft work to which the horse may be 
 put; that his power as a pack-animal is much greater than that 
 of the horse; that his endurance is greater; that he can subsist 
 on le.ss food ; and that he demands every way less care. All these 
 things are set down to his advantage ; but in most instances the 
 impressions are wholly erroneous. As a general thing, he is not 
 well adapted to road or to city purposes at all. Especially are 
 hard roads and pavements destructive to him if he is large of 
 body and disproportionately small of leg. He is not so stout as 
 
-98- 
 
 a horse of proportionate size ; he is utterly incapable of carr^^ng 
 so great burdens as some have represented, even if loaded and 
 attended by experienced packers,— particularly if the journey is 
 to be continuous and the roads are at all heavy ; his powers of 
 endurance are not greater than those of the hardier kind of 
 horses; he will consume as much food as a horse of proportionate 
 size, if required to do like work and to maintain a like condition; 
 and as to care, he can do without it — so can a horse — but both 
 fail thereby of that eminent thriftiness, sprightliness and longevity 
 which is expected of animals to which it is extended. 
 
 On the other hand, and to his discredit, it is commonly thought 
 that he is naturally vicious, and wholly incapable of appreciating 
 kindly treatment— that the only way to control him is by violence. 
 Hence, those who handle him generally feel as though they are jus- 
 tifiable in whipping, beating, kicking and w^hatsoever other cruelties 
 they may choose to inflict. This is a grievous, foolish and wicked 
 mistake. The mule has one means of defense, and his heels are 
 dangerous to those who wantonly provoke or startle him and 
 place themselves in his way. His long ears are sensitive, and by 
 roughly handling them his combativeness is easily aroused, and 
 distrust is awakened to that degree that renders him almost un- 
 manageable. Yet, the mule mav be so raised and trained as to 
 make him gentle, obedient, even aflfectionateand ready to follow his 
 master like a dog— so trusty that only the one always necessary pre- 
 caution need be observed in dealing with him — to keep out of the 
 way of his heels, which he throws out as instinctively when 
 startled, irritated or approached by a stranger, as a cat thrusts 
 out her claws. It has been remarked that "when a mule gets 
 perfectly gentle, he is unfit for service:" and that, taken in con- 
 nection with the prevailing method of training him. is doubtless 
 true ; but there is a better way, and, if followed, it would result 
 as we have stated above. 
 
 Kow, while the mule is not adapted to everything, and endowed 
 with powers that are adequate to endure starvation and brutal 
 treatment while in the performance of hard and faithful service, 
 he is admirabh' calculated to meet manj^ of the wants of individuals 
 and cornorations ; and his breeding, rearing and training are 
 
— 99 — 
 
 matters for intelligent consideration. For supplying the army he 
 cannot be replaced ; for towing canal boats he answers admirably; 
 for hauling cars inside of coal mines, he is indispensable ; for the 
 general knock-about work of a farm he is good in all temperate 
 climates ; and in a cotton and sugar country, where it is waiin 
 and sandy, he is most especially valuable. Though he cannot 
 endure everything and still meet every requirement of a heartless 
 task-master, he is yet gifted with a hardihood that is admirable, 
 and recuperative powders that are astonishing. Seemingly half 
 dead, utterly broken down and w^orthless, he will, with a little 
 rest and care, soon be again ready for service. 
 
 In breeding for mules no less attention should be paid to the 
 selection of suitable mares and a suitable jack than in the case 
 of horses. It is folly to use old, worn-out, diseased, ill-formed, 
 ill-conditioned mares, and yet hope to obtain a good foal. Asa 
 general thing, a great, overgrown, long-legged mule is next to 
 worihless. He is expensive to keep and unreliable as a worker — 
 lacking wind, strength and nimbleness. The medium-sized, clean, 
 compact mule is by all odds the best, unless a team can be found 
 to combine more than the ordinary height with round bodies, not 
 disposed to fleshiness, and larger, stronger legs than usual, with 
 feet above the common size— which is seldom the case. The 
 Spanish or Mexican mule — the offspring of stout, close-built, 
 active Mustang or Mexican mares is superior in endurance to 
 any known in the United States. He requires less food, takes it 
 quicker, and is always in better fix for travel. If it is more 
 profitable to raise good animals than poor ones, (and no man of 
 ordinary intelligence can doubt this proposition), select mares for 
 mule bearing that are sound, compactly built, and yet without 
 any contractedness of body — active, strong, every waj^ ser\ iceable. 
 Then, the choice of a suitable jack is important — doubly so from 
 the fact that the great majority of mares breed after the jack in 
 the matter of legs and feet, and, if it is a good and powerful jack, 
 the foal wdll generally bear his marks, which is a matter of some 
 importance, since mules so marked are always regarded by ex- 
 perienced stock men as being most hardy and valuable. The jack 
 should be large — the larger the better, other things being equal, 
 
— lOO — 
 
 since it is impossible to find one so much surpassing in size the 
 mares we have described as to render him objectionable on account 
 of disproportion, as may easily be the case with a horse. Most es- 
 pecially must the breeder have an eye to his legs and feet ; for 
 here, if at all, the mule is apt to be a failure — having a horse's 
 body, ready to take on flesh beyond his requirements, mounted 
 on legs that are too slight of bone and too small of muscle, with 
 feet below the standard size for highest usefulness. 
 
 As for the treatment of mares that are to be thus bred, no 
 farther directions need be laid down, since it must be substantially 
 the same as that prescribed for the breeding of horse foals. Tlie 
 like instructions relative to weaning, feeding and sheltering the 
 colt must also be carried out ; and too much importance cannot 
 be attached to beginning early the work of familiarizing him 
 Avith man. He should be taught to regard his keepers without 
 f^'ar, to allow himself to be haltered, and readil}^ to submit lo 
 submit to direction and guidance. If this is done, he will be 
 easily trained, when the proper time shall have arrived ; and if 
 properly handled and judiciously taught then, he will be not only 
 a useful, but a trusty and agreeable animal. 
 
Cb V} Ci C-) ^t^ Cc /o f ^ 
 
 en 
 
 H 
 ft 
 

— 104 — 
 
 The Breaking and Taming of Wild and Vicious Horses. 
 
 Nature of the Horse. 
 
 The horse has no reasoning faculties beyond the limits of his ex- 
 perience. Hence "we can reason with him by acts alone. Literally, 
 with the horse, acts speak louder than words ; and hence the abso- 
 lute importance of commencing every move with the horse right, 
 for by our acts he learns. Secondly, early impressions are strong 
 both in the human family and with the horse, and seldom, if ever, 
 are entirely erased from memory's tablet. 
 
 Who is there in the human family that does not well remember 
 the first impressions of his boyhood days ; and as we journey on 
 through life, what a controlling influence they exert over us; just 
 so with the horse. Hence the great importance of having his first 
 impressions of man, of such a nature as to convince him not only 
 of man's superiority, but to satisfy him that man is his best friend. 
 Obtained by a systematic course of handling, not only supreme 
 power over him, but teach him also to repose trust and confidence 
 in you and then never betray it. No animal has memory equal to 
 that of the horse, and none will reciprocate a kindness or resent an 
 injury sooner. I hold that man being on account of his intellectual 
 resources superior to all other animals, is and has a right to be at 
 
— loa- 
 the head of all animal creation, for he can adopt means to overcome 
 the strength of the horse or even use it against himself. 
 
 Always remember this : before any attempt is made to handle a 
 horse, it is an imperative necessity that we must first consider his 
 disposition, nature and understanding. 
 
 Xames and Situations of the External Parts of a Horse. 
 
 1. Muscles. 
 
 2. Face. 
 
 3. Forehead. 
 
 4. Poll.' 
 
 5. Crest. 
 
 6. Withers. 
 
 7. Back. 
 
 8. Loins. 
 
 9. Hip. 
 
 10. Croup. 
 
 11. Dock. 
 
 12. Quarters. 
 
 13. Thigh. 
 
 14. Hamstring. 
 
 15. Hock. 
 
 16. Cannon. 
 
 17. Fetlock. 
 
 18. Large Pastern. 
 
 19. Small Pastern. 
 
 20. Hoof. 
 
 21. Sheath. 
 
 22. Flank. 
 
 23. Belly. 
 
 24. Stifle. 
 
 25. Coronet. 
 
 26. Girth. 
 
 27. Elbow. 
 
 28. Arm. 
 
 29. Heel. 
 
 30. Small Pastern. 
 
 31. Large Pastern. 
 
 32. Fetlock. 
 
 33. Cannon or Shasik 
 
 34. Knee. 
 
 35. Forearm, 
 
 36. Breast. 
 
 37. Point. 
 
 38. Shoulder. 
 
 39. Windpipe. 
 
 40. Gullet. 
 
 41. Neck. 
 
 42. Jowl. 
 
— 106 — 
 
 Intelligent Driviag- Horses. 
 
 Question. How would you tell the dispositions of different horses? 
 
 A?iswc?\ Horses vary in disprsition the same as people. Some 
 have nervous, excitable dispositions, while others are treacherous 
 and sullen. Tf the horse has loug ears, long hair on the inside, nar- 
 row between the ears, narrow between the eyes, with a small, round 
 eye, sunken in the back of the head, and a small, thick nostril, you 
 have a horse of no intelligence and of a very sluggish disposition. 
 If you have a horse with small ears, furry inside, broad between the 
 ears, broad between the eyes, with a large, full, hazel eye, and a 
 large, thin nostril, he is a quick, nervous, intelligent animal, ready 
 to obey any command that you give him; but you must not whip or 
 spur him. Now, if you ever find a horse that drops in on the top 
 of his head and full between his eyes and a kind of a Eoman neck on 
 him, and the face between the eyes dished out, these are generally 
 horses that have some vicious or bad vice, and have a treacherous 
 and vicious disposition. 
 
 Question. What colored horses are of the best disposition? 
 
 Anszver. During my professional career of over fifteen years, and 
 having handled in the neighborhood over 15,000 horses, I have 
 
— 107 — 
 
 found the easiest subjects were horses of the following colors : Black, 
 dark bay, dark brown and chestnut. Horses of iron gray, light 
 chestnut or sorrel and light bay generally are horses of a mean dis- 
 position or a very stubborn will. 
 
 Thoroughbred horses require more hard work and longer lessons 
 to get them under perfect control than a cold-blooded horse, but 
 when once thoroughly taught what you want him to do he will 
 never forget your teachings. 
 
 Question. 
 ward. 
 
 How do you handle a whip to make a colt come for- 
 
 Answer, Take hold of his halter with one hand (left hand), take 
 a bow whip in your right hand, let the cracker of the whip touch 
 him on the tail, carrying the whip directly over his back, as seen in 
 the above engraving; touch him lightly with the whip and sa^ 
 **come here." 
 
— 108 — 
 
 Question. How would you break and train a colt, and at what 
 age would you give the colt his first lesson ? 
 
 Answer. The first lesson to give a colt should be to turn him 
 into a box stall or enclosure of some kind about twenty feet square, 
 taking in your right hand a whip and approaching the colt. If he 
 runs away from you give him a crack of the whip around the hind 
 limbs and follow this up until he will turn his head towards you. 
 
 then throw the whip back under your left arm, holding out your 
 right hand, using the words " come here." If, as you approach the 
 colt, he turns to run away from you, give him the whip. When he 
 comes to you offer him an apple. In thirty or forty minutes' time 
 you will teach him that it is wrong to turn his heels towards you ; but 
 when he finds he is being rewarded he will soon learn that the right 
 way is to keep his head to you. 
 
 When working with a colt always have plenty of patience ; go 
 slow and easy, be gentle with him and learn him as you would a 
 child his A, B, C's. 
 
— 109 — 
 
 Question. How do you handle a colt's feet and teach him to 
 stand to be shod ? 
 
 Answer. In handling a colt for the blacksmith shop, place a 
 sureingle around his body, then take a strap about ten inches long 
 and strap his front foot up to the surcingle. How many times in 
 picking up the foot you have seen a great many persons, especially a 
 blacksmith, pound a colt's foot to make him take it up. N'ow, in- 
 stead of doing that, place your left hand upon the horse's shoulder, 
 with the right hand take hold of the horse's ankle. When you wish 
 the foot to come up press against the horse's shoulder with your left 
 
 hand, this throws him off his balance and you can very easily take 
 the foot from the ground. As your strength is nothing compared 
 with the horse's strength you must use such means as to overpower 
 him and to place him in the position where he cannot get away from 
 you in order for you to meet with success. Now, after you have 
 strapped his front foot up to the surcingle, you then compel the 
 
— no — 
 
 colt to make four or five steps on three legs. If he is inclined to 
 be wil^ he will rear, pitch and plunge in the air, but it is impossi- 
 ble for him to get his foot away; but as soon as he finds out that he 
 is fast he will give up; you can unbuckle the strap and loosen his 
 foot and you then have his limb under perfect control. Now this is 
 only one front limb; the other must be handled the same way. 
 
 Question. How would you break a colt to ride ? 
 
 Anszoer. First put on a riding bridle and an ordinary surcingle. 
 Let one man stand on the off side of the colt with his right hand 
 on the bridle bit, and another man stand on the nigh side of the colt 
 Avith his left hand holding the bridle bit. Then take a boy and let 
 him mount the colt. The moment he is on the colt's back, the man 
 on the off side, with his left hand, takes hold of the boy's leg, and the 
 man on the nigh side also takes hold of the boy's leg with his right 
 hand. Xow, if the colt should plunge, there are two of you to hold 
 him, and at the same time you are holding on to the boy, and it is im- 
 
— Ill- 
 possible for the colt to throw him off'. Lead him around for ten or 
 fifteen minutes in this way. Then you can let go of the boy's legs, 
 and one man can lead the colt. Be very careful to caution the rider 
 not to touch his heels to the colt's side. Lead him around, say for 
 ten or twenty minutes. Let the driver dismount and mount him 
 again. Then pat the colt away. In two or three hours bring him 
 out again and get on him. If he should make any attempt to 
 throw the rider the second time, let him take the left-hand line in 
 four inches shorter than the other. That pulls the colt's head 
 around to his side and sets him on a whirl. After he has whirled 
 around six or eight times he becomes a little dizzy. You can then 
 straighten up on the lines and say, ''Get up," and he will move off 
 nicely. AYork as easy with him as you possibly can. I would advise 
 that all colts, before being rode, should be thrown. Then you will 
 have no difficulty whatever. 
 
 Handling and Driving a Colt. 
 
 Teach him not to be afraid of all kinds of objects. In the hand- 
 ling of a colt for driving purposes, first take an ordinary open bridle 
 and straight bar bit and a surcingle, or a pad of harness, and run 
 the lines through the thill straps of the harness; then step back 
 behind the colt and take hold of the lines and commence to teach him 
 to turn right and left by the bit. Never teach him more than one 
 thing at a time. After you get him so he will turn quickly to the 
 right and left by line, you then can teach him the word "whoa." 
 Then after this has been accomplished teach him to back. Ther_ 
 before ever putting a colt before a wagon, be sure you have him 
 thoroughly bitted and have taught him all of the above commands. 
 Now, before hitching the colt, you want to make him familiar with 
 everything that will be liable to frighten him on the start, such as 
 umbrellas, tin pans, paper, fire-crackers, buffalo robes, blankets, top 
 carriages, and m fact every object that frightens many of our horses 
 and makes them run away. In order to control the colt, teach him 
 that these objects are harmless, in the following manner: 
 
 Buckle an ordinary hame strap around each front limb below the 
 fetlock joint ; then take a rope twenty feet long, tie one end of this 
 
— 112 — 
 
 rope into the ring of the nigh front limb ; then place the rope over 
 the ring in the surcingle underneath the horse's body ; now through 
 a ring on the ofif front limb, back through the ring in the surcingle; 
 this gives you a double lever purchase on the front limbs ; now step 
 back behind the colt, take the lines in the right hand and the rope 
 m the left band, give the colt the command to move forward ; when 
 you wish him to stop use the word " whoa" and pull the rope at the 
 
 Showing: the WorMu^ of Gleason's Double Safety Rope. 
 
 san*e time, which will bring the colt to his knees. ISTow, after you 
 have practiced with the working of this rope, you then have a boy 
 take an umbrella and come up in front of him over his head, rattle 
 tin pans, sleigh bells, buffalo robes, and, in fact, introduce him to 
 everything that is liable to frighten him. If he makes any attempt 
 to get away bring him to his knees and hold him there, and teach 
 him that he is not going to be hurt. These lessons must not be 
 over one hour, giving two of them per day, and in five days your colt is 
 ready to drive. 
 
— 113 — 
 
 All colts should be broke thoroughly to harness when one year of 
 age, but never put to hard work until they are five years of age. 
 When breaking use as light a vehicle as possible. Always educate 
 your colt to drive single first, and any one can drive him double. 
 
 Too much importance cannot be attached to the manner of edu- 
 cating a horse's heels, as it is in that point his greatest means of de- 
 fence and resistance lies, and most men make the mistake of break- 
 ing one end of the horse, while they allow his hind parts to go 
 uneducated. The instructions I am about to give will, if properly 
 followed, insure success. 
 
 To Educate a Colt not to he Afraid of His Heels. 
 
 "While you have the colt down, as illustrated in the above cut, 
 make him thoroughly acquainted with bells, drums, tin pans and 
 cracking of the whip, being careful all the while not to inflict pain. 
 Roll an empty barrel over him, all the time creating as much noise 
 as possible; you will find he will soon give up to it, lying perfectly 
 
— 114 — 
 
 still like a philosopher until the confasion is stopped and you com- 
 mand him to get up. When he gets up caress him by patting him 
 on the neck, giving him an apple, &g. Xow, give the colt this 
 same lesson every day for three or four days and you will soon see the 
 practical utility of this teaching when you come to drive him, as 
 you will have a young horse that will not be afraid of bands of mu- 
 sic or any sudden noises which he may come in contact with, and 
 he will always remember the lesson. 
 
 The above instruction is equally applicable to a kicking horse, but 
 in his education he will require more lessons before the habit will be 
 entirely removed. Still, kindness and a little patience will soon ac- 
 complish all you desire. 
 
 Men in general exercise too little patience in the training of their 
 colts, and they frequently expect to accomplish more in a short 
 space of time than can possibly be performed. Yet the time really 
 required, when measured by days, is so short as to be really surpris. 
 ing. Let us suppose that in training a colt one were to spend two 
 hours a day for ten days, which is the longest time that could possi-* 
 bly be needed. Compute the time at ten hours to a day, and the 
 whole amounts fco but two days, at the end of which he would have 
 a well educated animal. I doubt if a farmer or horse raiser could 
 employ his time more profitably in any other way than in thor- 
 oughly educating his colts, as he thus enhances their value, for 
 there is no sensible man who would not give fifty dollars more for a 
 properly educated animal than for one improperly trained. 
 
 Question, How would you hitch a colt by the halter the first 
 time? 
 
 Answer, Take a rope twenty feet long, making a slip-knot in one 
 end, passmg it around the body in front of the colt's hind legs, with 
 the knot directly under the horse's belly, bringing the other end be- 
 tween his front legs, then up through the halter; then hitch him 
 to the manger or post, throwing the halter strap over his back so as 
 to be out of the way. Bo sure and have a halter with a strong head 
 stall. Then step in front of him and show him a parasol, beat a 
 drum, doing anything and everything you can to frighten him, be- 
 
115 
 
 ing careful not to inflict pain, and repeat this lesson to liiin every 
 day for two or three days, and you will have him thoroughly broke* 
 Use the same treatment for a halter puller. 
 
 C^( fl^^ 
 
 Questioiu Can you give me any rule to buy a family horse by ? 
 
 Answer. Your horse should stand sixteen hands high, the ears 
 very small, pointed and furry inside, very wide between the ears ; a 
 large bright hazel eye standing out prominently ; the nostrils must 
 be large and thin ; neck long and well cut up under the jaw ; heavy 
 muscle on top. The withers must always be higher than the hips; 
 back broad and long hips, and close ,'ointed. 
 
 For durability always buy a close-jointed horse, and one with fine, 
 short hair. The finer the hair the longer-lived the horse. For a 
 good road horse, he should measure exactly as much from betw^een 
 his ears and his withers as from withers to the coupling of the hip ; 
 that is, the withers should be exactly midway between his ears and 
 
— 116 — 
 
 the coupling of the hip. From the point of the withers to the 
 shoulder should be just as long as from the coupling of the hip to 
 the point of hip by tail. The horse should measure from the point 
 
 of his withers to the bottom of his front foot fiffcy-seven inches, and 
 from the point of the shoulder to the point of the hip; length of 
 horse, sixty-two inches. Parties buying by this rule will find it in- 
 variable. 
 
 The Way to Shoe a Vicious Horse. 
 
 Take a strap and buckle around the hind foot below the fetlock 
 joint, and take a rope ten feet long and place it through the ring 
 upon this strap ; take a wooden pin four inches long and an inch in 
 diameter, lay directly acros~ he hair of the horse^s tail — doubling 
 the hair over the pin makes a loop — then tie a slip knot in one end 
 of the rope and pass it over the end of the tail and the pin ; now 
 reach down and take hold of the rope, stepping directly behind the 
 colt, and say to him *' take up your foot, sir," and pull the rope at 
 the same time. After picking up his foot four or five times, by th^ 
 
— 117- 
 
 Handling: a Colt's Hind Feet. 
 
 use of this rope, you can handle his hind feet with ease to be shod 
 Handle the other foot by the same process. 
 
 Oleason's Head Strap to be Used wbile Shoeing Ticions Horses^ 
 
"When you have a horse that will not stand to be shod in a black- 
 smith shop, take a strap about four feet long, make a ring in one end 
 of it, put the strap in his mouth, having the ring at the top of his 
 head. Pass the other end of the strap through the ring and draw 
 down tight and tie. Then use in combination my method of hand- 
 ling a horse's foot. Rope, wooden pin and strap as seen in engrav- 
 ing elsewhere in this book. By this means you have complete con- 
 trol of your horse. Always be gentle with your horse, but be firm 
 and teach him that you must have your way. 
 
 Perfect Heads of Draft Horses, Kind and Good Workers. 
 
 Question. How do you work your bit, and is it patented ? 
 
 Ans2ver, My bit is a straight bar bit with check pieces, with slot-a 
 in lower ring and a small ring for curb strap. When the bit is buck- 
 led to the bridle the cheek piece of the bit buckles into the big 
 rings right in front of curb strap rings. For driving an ordinary 
 horse the reins are buckled into the big rings. If you have a horse 
 that is liable to run away, kick, shy or is hard to control, buckle the 
 \ines from the big ring and buckle them down in the slot of the 
 
— 119 — 
 
 cheek piece. This gives you 500 pounds pressure, and any lady can 
 drive the Avorsfc puller that you ever saw. The curb strap must be 
 buckled at all times back of the jaw. Just have it fit snugly. 
 
 The philosophy of this bit, bei^g perfectly square, is that tlie 
 moment you pull on the reins the bit turns in the horse's mouth and 
 throws his jaws open ; the curb strap doing its work throws the bit 
 directly back from the jaw. 
 
 F/6,3, 
 
 prof.o.r.gleason's 
 
 g) NEW BRIDLE BIT 
 
 PATENTED 
 FEB. 21 U 1688 
 
 N9 5/8,505 
 SEE FUll DIRECTIONS, HOW 
 
 i ENGRAVING. 
 
 F/G. ^* 
 
 INVENTOR 
 
 I have studied over three years to invent a bit that would do its 
 work and do away with all those cruel four-ring bits, chain bits, and 
 in fact all severe bits. This one I am using at the present time at 
 all my exhibitions with grand success, and can recommend it as the 
 best driving bit I ever used. 
 
— 120 — 
 
 I had the bit patented, number of patent, 378,305, on the 21st day 
 of February, 1SS8. I have other patents still pending. I caution all 
 parties not to manufacture or offer for sale these bits unless so author- 
 ized by me. 
 
 The Working of my New Bit. 
 
 A represents the mouth-piece or bit proper, which is made in cross 
 sections, with its edges cut off or dulled to prevent injury to the 
 horse^s mouth. To each end of the mouth-piece or bit proper and 
 attached to the rings B in the usual manner. The rings B, prefer- 
 ably made of steal and cast in one piece, are each formed with the 
 downwardly projecting arm B, having a slot B 2, for attaching the 
 reins, and with the upwardly 2:)rojecting loop or eye B 3 for receiving 
 a curb strap when desired. For ordinary use the headstall C, and 
 reins D, will both be secured to the rings B, as shown in figure 3 ; 
 but when the bit is to be used upon vicious and unruly horses, the 
 reins D are secured to the arms B, and the curb strap E, which 
 passes under the jaw of the hors?, is secured to the loops or eyes B 3, 
 as shown in figure 4. When thus arranged, by pulling o:z the reins, 
 the leverage being increased, the mouth-piece or bit proper will be 
 turned, and owing to its being square it will be impossible for the 
 horse to take the bit in his teeth and hold on to it. Instead of form- 
 ing the arms B of the rings with slots, rings may be secured to the 
 ends thereof as in the ordinary manner. 
 
 Question. What do you think of the check reins ? Should they 
 be used on a horse ? 
 
 Answer. I think the check reins, as used by many of our horse 
 owners, are a cruelty to animals. I will give you my idea of the 
 check rein and as I think it should be used. In the first place, if 
 your horse is born into this world with style he will always have it. 
 If he is born into the world without style, you cannot produce style 
 where nature designed for it not to go by the use of straps or ropes, 
 unless you are torturing the poor dumb brute. 
 
 1 approve of the side check rein used only to prevent the horse 
 from putting his head to the ground when you stop your team. I 
 
— 121 ~ 
 
 condemn the use of all overdniw check reins, also check bits of every 
 description. A great many believe that by using an overdraw check 
 rein and elevating their horses' heads in the air that they drive easier 
 and that tliey are guarding against the horse from running away. 
 This is wrong. No horse, in my estimation, looks handsomer, freer 
 and easier than those that are driven with open bridles and no check 
 rein. I would here suggest that every team horse to-day used or heavy 
 
 draft horse, or hack horses, and all animals used by transportation 
 companies, should be worked with open bridles, doing away with the 
 blinders and the check rein. Give the work horse and the driving 
 horse the free use of his head, the same that you wish yourself, not 
 only will they drive better, but last longer, and keep on five per cent, 
 less food. 
 
 A law should be passed prohibiting the use of all overdraw check 
 reins, as it passes directly over the brain of the horse. 
 
— 122 — 
 
 The Horse with Over-check. 
 
 In this illustration we see tlie law of curyed line violated. ISTot 
 only is the strap running over the head made unduly consi')icious, 
 but a straight line runnmg thus over an arching neck is as much out 
 of place as a straight pole would be by the side of a bed of roses. 
 
 Again, this straight strap is not only a disfigurement of itself, but 
 it is still further injurious to fine appearance, in consequence of tak- 
 ing the curve from the horse's neck and converting it into a straight 
 line, besides wearing off and breaking to pieces the mane, which in 
 many horses is a leading feature of beauty. 
 
 It will also be seen that the grandeur of the horse's bearing and 
 noble pose of head are all destroyed by this peculiar method of 
 checking which turns the eyes upward and nose outward, and makes 
 the neck apjoear considerably smaller than it really is. 
 
 It is impossible to resort to a device that will more efiectually 
 destroy the handsome appearance of fine horses than does this foolish 
 appliance for raising the horse's head by means of the overcheck. 
 There is no beautiful object in nature but would have its beauty 
 marred by a line that would hold it thus in constrained position. 
 
— 123 — 
 
 Horse lu ^Tatural Beauty lifithout Cbeck-rein. 
 
 As will be seen in the above, tlie liorse, which is one of the most 
 beautiful animals in existence, is largely so, because of its fine pro- 
 portions and g- aceful curving outline. 
 
 In all her objects of beauty nature furnishes the curve. She 
 never allows a straight line. We see this in the outer form of bird, 
 leaf, blossom, tree, forest, mountain and planet. This is strikingly 
 shown in the human countenance, which, when wasted by disease, 
 loses its beauty tlironcrh becoming thin, angular and full of straight 
 lines. With returning health, the face becomes more full and more 
 curved, and more color comes into its lines and beauty is restored. 
 
 Horsemen, in the dressing of the horse, should understand this 
 law, as a well-cared for, Vv^ell-groomed horse, cannot be improved in 
 appearance by harness. There should be just as little of it used as 
 possible, and every strap should be made as small as safety would 
 allow. In short, the harness should be such as will allow the perfect 
 outline of the animal, in all its parts, to stand freely forth. 
 
— 124 — 
 
 Cruelly Tortnred by IIigb*obeokin^. 
 
 To fully realize the barbarities practiced upon some of our best 
 horses, watch that beautiful team which stands at the church door, 
 or in front of some store, while the occupants of the carriage are en- 
 gaged elsewhere. 
 
 Possibly the heads of the horses are held in torturing positions by 
 the side check, which oftentimes holds them too cruelly high, l)ut 
 Xjuite likely it is the over check. See the vigorous pawing of the 
 earth, the champing of the bit, the throwing of the head, the restless 
 tarning of the neck to one side in order to loosen the check, lower 
 the head and get rest. 
 
 See the ignorant driver perched on the seat, all oblivious to the 
 restlessness and frantic efforts of the horses to free themselves from 
 their terrible pain. He supposes spectators will think that, with all 
 their restlessness and foaming at the mouth, his horses have high 
 mettle. 
 
— 126 — 
 
 My idea as to how horses should be checked, road horses and 
 others, I positively condemn the overdraw check, it certainly is, 
 and there is no gainsaying it, cruelty to animals to use it. The only 
 utility I can perceive there is in the check at all is to keep a horse 
 from putting his nose to the ground when he stops, and when a 
 check is used, place the loops high up on the cheek pieces to the 
 head stall, as the horse can in such cases have the free use of his 
 head, and can handle himself with ease and grace. For speeding 
 horses it might become necessary to use the overdraw in some cases, 
 but it must be understood that I hold firm to my idea as to the 
 practicabilty of its general usefulness. 
 
 Question. What do you think of breeding draft horses, and the 
 care and early training of the colt ? 
 
 Answer. It has been the stupendous error of the average farmer 
 to consider that any mare will do to raise a colt from. Thousands 
 of worthless horses bear witness to the absurdity of this. The mare 
 should be, as nearly as we can have her, what we hope the colt to be. 
 Above all, she must be sound in feet, bone and wind. She should 
 
— 126 — 
 
 be rangy to have room for the growth of the foetus, and vide in the 
 hips to allow of easy parturition. The stallion should be rather 
 more compactly built than the mare. "A short back a^d a long 
 belly," is an old and correct rule for a serviceable horse. It means 
 good shoulders, good withers, good back and loin, and powerful 
 quarters. The breeder may be assisted by giving some attention to 
 the rule, which has many exceptions, that the male parent gives the 
 external, and the female the internal structure ; that the sire gives the 
 locomotion, and the dam the vital organs, that is, the constitution. 
 The mule and the hinny are striking illustrations of this rule. 
 
 I am decidedly in favor of autumn foals. The press of spring 
 work upon the farm demands more service from the foal-bearing 
 mare than she should be required to perform. The flies of summer 
 annoy and often nearly devour the youngster. Both dam and colt 
 often suffer from insufficient food in short pastures of a drought, and 
 at length the colt is weaned when the frost-bitten grass has lost its 
 nutriment, and the increasing cold demands abundant food. The 
 first winter is a trying time with colts, and many never recover from 
 the injury they then receive from insufficient or improper food. 
 With warm stables and comfortable sheds, the autumn colt can suck 
 the well fed mare in the winter, and be weaned upon fresh grass in 
 the spring, and never know a check in his growth. He is old and 
 strong enough to withstand the attacks of flies in the summer, 
 and to endure without injury the colds of his second winter. He 
 should receive regular rations of oats and wheat bran as soon as 
 he has learned to eat along with the mare when she is taking her 
 feed. These can best be given him at a little distance from the mare, 
 she being secured in her place by a halter. For the first year he 
 should receive liberal allowance of these foods twice a day, with such 
 mixed hay and pasturage as he can take beside. These with linseed 
 meal must be the main reliance for making him all we hope him to 
 be. They are rich in the elements which make growth, and without 
 these no perfect animal can be reared. Corn should never be given 
 except in limited quantity in winter when warmth from carbo- 
 hydrates is needed. Where corn must be fed, it should always be 
 ground and mixed with finely cat clover hay, slightly moistened. 
 The clover supplies the nitrogenous food in which the corn is so 
 deficient, and also gives the necessary bulk of proper digestion in 
 
— 127 — 
 
 the stomach. It should always be remembered that the horae has 
 but one stomach, and that is small. While on the one hand this 
 cannot contain enough of coarse innutritions food, like straw or poor 
 hay, to meet the demands of subsistence and growth, yet on the 
 other the food must be bulky enough to admit of the speedy and 
 thorough action of the gastric juice, so that the nutritive portions 
 may be quickly dissolved and the refuse discharged. Where corn 
 meal is fed alone it goes into the stomach in the plastic condition of 
 dough, is there rolled about by the muscular action, is as imper- 
 vious to the digesting juices as a ball of India rubber, and produces 
 fever and frequently serious colic. Where corn is largely fed, its 
 heating effects upon the blood are readily shown in unsoundness at 
 the extremities. The oat is a wholesome food when fed alone, be- 
 cause nearly one-third of its bulk is husk, which makes the mass in 
 the stomach porous like a sponge. I desire to repeat that mixed 
 hay, with a good proportion of clover, oats, wheat, bran and linseed 
 merJ, all containing albuminoids which furnish the materials for 
 gro\7th, must be relied upon to develop a draft horse to his true 
 proportions. He must never know a hungry day, and he must never 
 spend an hour shivering on the north side of barn, waiting for 
 his food. While, on the one hand, a stable may be too warm, on the 
 other, every storm in winter is too cold for a steady and vigorous 
 growth. An exposure to cold that produces an active circulation 
 on the surf.ice, and gives to boys and girls bright, rosy cheeks, con- 
 duces to health ; but every exposure that chills the blood draws upon 
 the vital forces and saps the foundations of the constitution. It 
 costs more, and costs double the time, to regain a pound of lost 
 weight than it does to add five pounds in a continuous growth. 
 
 I am strongly in favor of grooming colts in winter, not with the 
 expenditure of labor necessary in using the currycomb and brush, 
 but by a hasty rubbing with a stiff stable broom. It accomplishes 
 two important results — the stimulation of a healthful action of the 
 skin and the acquaintance of the colt with handling and with the 
 contact with substances that otherwise would occasion alarm. This 
 must be commenced with great gentleness. At no time in his 
 growth should a colt ever be frightened. Unnecessary fright ruins 
 multitudes of liorses. My own colts, some of which are highly 
 bred, purposely for saddle horses, and are of nervous temperaments, 
 
— 128 — 
 
 are daily treated to the stable-broom grooming, to their evident bene- 
 fit. Kow almost anything can be thrown against them, or about 
 their legs, without occasioning alarm. 
 
 At all ages colts should have abundant exercise. The pasture in 
 summer, and well enclosed ; well shedded paddocks in winter fur- 
 nish the best opportunities for this. They should be frequently 
 handled from the beginning by cool and judicious hands, ever 
 remembering that, like ourselves, they can learn bat one letter of 
 their alphabet and one step in their knowledge at a time. Every 
 colt, whatever his class, should be broken to the saddle, because at 
 some time in after life he mast be ridden, and because in no other 
 way can he obtain such acquaintance with his master's will. The 
 colt reared for draft purposes can have the walking gait developed 
 when under the saddle more readily than in any other way. This 
 should afterward be continued by service beside a fast walking horse. 
 
 In conclusion, I will only add that the expense of breaking a draft 
 horse is less, by many times, than any other. He sooner pays for his 
 keep by service upon the farm than does any other. When old 
 enough for the market, he finds a readier sale than doea any other, 
 and a given number of them, from ten to one hundred, taken to- 
 gether, will sell for more money than will any equal number of any 
 other class of horses whatsoever. To-day the West has almost a 
 monopoly in our country in rearing these profitable animals. The 
 agricultural papers are filled with advertisements of stud establish- 
 ments, their State and county fairs find their greatest attractions in 
 their exhibition, and their farmers are rapidly learning the advan- 
 tage of rearing them. We can surpass them if we will, for our 
 situation and conditions are better than theirs. Oar farmers will do 
 well to give early and earnest attention to this important subject. 
 
 The Stable. 
 
 This is a very important part of the subject, and one which is too 
 often neglected by people who own horses and who leave their gen- 
 eral management to stable keepers or grooms often grossly neglectful 
 or ignorant. Many horses die yearly from the neglect of their owners 
 to enforce the ordinary laws of health in the stable. A site should 
 be chosen, nearly or quite as well situated as that for the dwelling, 
 
— 129 — 
 
 and the stable may be, if possible, separate and distinct from th 
 barn with advantage. Hide it if you like behind trees, but do not 
 cut off the 
 
 Circulation of Air. 
 
 A supply of pure air is as necessary to the life and health of a 
 horse as of man. In many stables air is carelessly admitted, and 
 blows either on the head of the horse or in such a way that cold and 
 cough is the inevitable result. The practice of feeding hay through 
 a hole above the head of the horse invites fatal results in the way of 
 cold, not to mention the possibility of hayseed falling into the eyes 
 of the horse when it is looking up for its food. An pposite error, 
 however, is to exclude every possible breath of air and have the 
 atmosphere of the stable hot and unwholesome. The effect of several 
 horses being shut up in one stable is to render the air anpleasantly 
 warm and foul. A person coming from the open air cannot breathe 
 in it many minutes without perspiring. In this temperature the 
 horse stands, hour by hour, often with a covering on. This is sud- 
 denly stripped off, and it is led into the open air, the temperature of 
 which is many degrees below that of the stable. It is true that while 
 it is exercising it has no need of protection, but, unfortunately, it too 
 often has to stand awaiting its master's convenience, and this, per- 
 haps, after a brisk trot which has opened every pore, and its suscep- 
 tibility to cold has been excited to the utmost extent. In ventilating 
 stables it should never be forgotten that the health of a horse de- 
 pends on an abundant supply of fresh, dry air, introduced in such a 
 manner as to prevent a pcssible chance of a draught on any of its in- 
 mates. Many old stables may be greatly benefited by the introduc- 
 tion of a window or windows, which will require but little expenditure, 
 and save many a dollar's worth of horseflesh. 
 
 Hay Tea. 
 
 This is also refreshing for a tired horse. Fill a pail with the best 
 of clean, bright hay, and pour in as much boiling water as the pail 
 will hold. Keep it covered and hot fifteen minutes, turn off the 
 water into another pail and add a little cold water, enough to make 
 a gallon and a-half or so, and when cold feed it to the horse. 
 
— 130-^ 
 
 Question. What do you think of having light in the horse's stall ? 
 
 Answer. Many horses are compelled to stand in the stall where 
 there is a window three or four feet above their heads. This I don't 
 approve of, as the horse will naturally strain to look out of the 
 window, and the light coining so high above h's head many times 
 hurts the eye-sight of the horse. I would advise all to have the 
 windows put at one side of the stall, or I would rather thoy 
 should be directly behind the horse. Always have your stall 
 and stable well ventilated, and have it aired out thoroughly every 
 morning for at least two hours. 
 
 Question. What is the best bedding to be used for bedding horses ? 
 
 Answer. I approve of straw, using about on an average of four 
 pounds per day. The first bedding will require ten pounds. Over 
 two thirds of this can be saved every morning and placed in the sun 
 where it can dry, ready for the bedding at night. Great economy 
 can be practiced in bedding horses. I don't approve of sawdust or 
 shavings, as it causes many diseases in the horse's feet, such as 
 thrush and other like diseases. I would rather, if you cannot get 
 struw for your horse, to stand in the summer time on tan bark. 
 And let me say here, that, if you have a horse that has contracted 
 feet, sore-footed, or that his tendons are diseased, place him in a big 
 box-stall bedded with nothing but tan bark, and you will see an im- 
 provement in a very few days. 
 
 Question. What do you think of horses having proper exercise ? 
 
 Answer. There are more horses to-day that die from the want of 
 not having proper exercise than by any other cause. There are 
 hundreds and thousands of horses that are owned by wealthy people, 
 and not having the proper work for their animals they are compelled 
 to stand in the stable from one week to anc^her, being fed very high, 
 and the result is that the horse becomes stiff, lazy, and of a sluggish 
 disposition. A horse, in order to be in health, should have not less 
 than five miles of exercise every day. It matters not whether this is 
 given in the carriage or under the saddle. It is better for our horse 
 to be worn out than it is to rust oat. Many times colic and different 
 
— 131 — 
 
 diseases originate from the horse being over-fed and not having the 
 proper exercise. Such diseases as staggers, fits and dummies, all 
 come from over-feeding. 
 
 I could go into quite a lengthy argument on the above question, 
 but it is unnecessary ; I only give you this good advice. If you can- 
 not drive your horse and give him the proper exercise, let some 
 of your neighbors do it. 
 
 Question, What do you think of bran mashes ? 
 
 Ansiver. Horses should have a bran mash twice a week. In the 
 spring of the year horses should have a few potatoes, carrots or roots 
 of any kind, as it is now known sufficiently that both contribute to 
 the strength and endurance of the sound horse, and to the rapid 
 recovery of a sick one. A bushel of carrots and potatoes should be 
 fed the horse twice a week during the spring months. 
 
 Question. How would you clean a gray horse ? 
 
 Ansiver. Take castile soap and add charcoal, and wash him 
 thoroughly ; this will leave your horse's hair perfectly white, the 
 charcoal being a great cleansing article. Always use the two 
 together. 
 
 Question. Will you give me a few general ideas on feeding ? 
 
 Afiswer. I will commence by giving you my idea of how horses 
 should be fed and cared for through the day. I will lay these rules 
 down for general driving and draft horses. In the morning, the first 
 thing, give your horse about two quarts of w^ater; following this 
 give him some grain ; following this give him some hay, a very little, 
 not over one-half a pailful. After the horse has eaten his grain and 
 hay, bring him out of his stall, give him a sharp, quick grooming, 
 and then give him as much water as he wants. He is now ready for 
 work. If you are driving the horse upon the road, it is the habit of 
 a great many horsemen to continually keep watering their horses on 
 a very warm day ; this I do not approve of, unless you have a pail 
 with you ; then at about 9 or 10 o'clock in the forenoon give your 
 horse one-half a pailful of water. At noon, just before you give 
 
— 132 — 
 
 him his dinner let him have about a third of a pailful, then feed 
 your grain ; give no hay. Just before you harness him for his after- 
 noon's work, let him have what water he may want. In the after- 
 noon's work follow the same rule as for the forenoon as for water. 
 When you have finished the day's work, and are putting your horse 
 up for the night, see first that the stall is well bedded ; place the 
 horse in his stall, give him his grain, then take him out and give 
 him what water he may need. When he is drinking the water have 
 the hay for the night placed in the stall — a good quantity. Your 
 horse is then cared for and will rest during the night. 
 
 Under no cir cum stances feed hay first or with the grain. Always 
 give your horse his hay afcer he has eaten up his grain. If you will 
 follow the above rule you never will have a horse sick with colic. 
 
 Xow, as to feeding ; I am a great believer in good oats, and then 
 they should be all sifted, every particle of dust and dirt taken from 
 them, giving the horse nothing but the clean oats. All hay, when 
 pitched down from the mow or taken from the bale, should be shook 
 with the fork and every particle of dust and chaff shaken from it. 
 In this way your horse gets clean and wholesome food, and then he 
 is not pulling his hay out, or he is not wasting his oats, but he is at 
 all times ready to eat his meals as they are placed before him in an 
 eatable form. There is a great deal of grain wasted by the careless- 
 ness of man. 
 
 A book conld be written on the manner of feeding, but I don't 
 think it is necessary for me to speak on this subject, only of the 
 general principles, and leave the rest to you and your good judgment. 
 
 I might add that I do not recommend the feeding of corn unless 
 gi'ound together with oats in equal proportion. There are many 
 dummies and horses with staggers, and horses that die with colic in 
 our Western States caused entirely by the great amount of corn that 
 is fed to them. Many old horses cannot masticate this corn, and 
 the result is that it is not digested. So give your horse good pure 
 oats, and good bright hay, and pure water. I would recommend the 
 use of soft water from brooks and mill streams. When this cannot 
 be had, and you have to draw the water from a well, let it stand in a 
 trough or tub one hour before letting your horse di'ink. Many say 
 that muddy water or any kind of water from a muddy pool is good, 
 but don't ask your horse to drink what you would not drink yourself. 
 
— 133 — 
 
 Khowing: Horse Eatiugr from a Hig-ti Rack or Manger, an Unnatural 
 
 Position. 
 
 Question. "What do you think of horses eating from high mangers ? 
 
 Answer. It is the practice of almost every horse owner to compel 
 his horse to eat from high racks or mangers. This is something that 
 I do not approve of, as it is unnatural for a horse to reach up after 
 his food. In the first place, all the chaff, hayseed, dirt, etc., are 
 liable to get into his eyes and ears, and many times when horses are 
 fed their grain they eat it so fast that they do not masticate it prop- 
 erly, and the result is that their digestive organs have to perform 
 what their teeth ought to do. 
 
 Take and turn your horse out into a field, or say on the side of a 
 hill, and you will never see him feeding up the hill ; he will always 
 feed sideways of the hill or down the hill. I claim that many horses 
 are made sprung knee, stiff necked, many times come out of the stable 
 acting as though they wer> foundered, caused from the continual 
 strain of standing and reaching up for feed, which is positively un- 
 
— 134 — 
 
 natural for all dumb animals. Think of yourself getting your break- 
 fast reaching three feet above your head for ev3ry mouthful that you 
 get. It would be more pleasant and you would r Jish your meal more 
 by having the food placed one or two feet below your mouth. I ap- 
 prove of having all horses fed in the following manner : Take your 
 mangers and racks entirely out of the stall ; feed the hay from tlie 
 floor even with your horse's feet. In giving grain have a box made 
 
 yf/^e^triBS e v. 
 
 Horse Eating- his Food from the tfronnd, as Xatnre intended. The only 
 Proper Way to Feed the Horse. 
 
 movable, and place the grain in i^his box, and let the horse eat that 
 from even with his feet. He eats his grain slow, masticating it prop- 
 erly, and the result is that while you hc^v^ had to give your horse 
 twelve quprts of grain in feeding from a high mangr- , nine quarts 
 fed from even with his feet will keep him in better condition than 
 the twelve quarts fed from the manger ; and I :hink th..t you will 
 soon find out that my idea will save ten per cent, of fuod v.. one year. 
 
— 135 — 
 
 GLimoi^'^ rujLi ©uTfij? 
 
 ^^ 
 
 FOR HANDLING 
 
 A VICIOUS HORSE 
 
 i 
 
 
 i^atsi^^ 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 fa 
 
 This Kng^ravin^ shows a Full Outfit, as nse«t by 
 
 O. R. Cileason in J[an(lliu<^ all Horses 
 
 of Vicious Habits. 
 
 How to Make My Surcingle. 
 
 In order to make my surcingle, have a piece of leather eight feet 
 long, Jour inches wide, with rings upon it six inches apart, having it 
 60 that when it is huckled on the horse that two rings will be directly 
 
— 136 — 
 
 under liis body with one ring on eacli side of him and three rings 
 on the top of the surcingle; one of these surcingles will be very use- 
 ful and should hang in every stable. 
 
 To Educate Horses Not to be Afraid of Objects when 
 
 Drving. 
 
 It is impoc.-ble to overestim.ie the value of the subjoined instruc- 
 tions respecting nerv us and 3hying horses, therefore on this topic I 
 wish to be particularly clear and explicit. Let the reader understand 
 that horses take fright at objects because they fancy that those 
 objects will harm them, and if you can by any means appeal to the 
 horse's braili, and satisfy him that he i: not going to be hurt, you 
 have accomplished your object. And in order to do so you must 
 have control of your hors?. I do not mean by this that you are to 
 adopt the too frequent course pursued by many, viz : subduing with 
 th^ wliip, or other harsh means, which will, without almost an ex- 
 ception, increase the fear inste.id of removing the habit. Again, 
 when a horse shies, the driver commences to jerk on the reins nearest 
 to the object, and at once applies the whip, fully determined to 
 master his horse. Both man and horse get excited, and the horse 
 comes off victorious, because he cannot control him by the means 
 used, and the result is that the next time the animal is frightened it 
 bears a two-fold character — the fear of the object and the fear of the 
 whip punishment. 
 
 It is generally a crude habit of many persons when di'iving a 
 horse past an object of which he is afraid to begin with " whoa, boy I 
 whoa, boy ! whoa, boy !" and wlien the horse has passed the object, 
 to take the whip and lash him with it, and say " I will learn you to 
 shy,^ &c. Xow when this treatment is pursued, I claim the horse 
 believes that the object that he was afraid of inflicted the pain, and 
 consequently he is made worse instead of better. Isow my theory is 
 to use the whip gently when approaching the object, and compel him 
 to walk right up to it, aiid let him smell of it, stopping him, show- 
 ing him that it will not hurt him. 
 
 Only use the whip when you give the word of command, speaking 
 with force and distinction, as I believe nine-tenths of our runaways 
 
— 137 — 
 
 are due more to the one driving him, than to the horse himsolf. 
 The horse is a cunning animal and sizes up his driver with the ra- 
 pidity of thought, and when he is fully aware that his driver is afraid 
 of him, he takes advantage of it and runs away. If my instruc- 
 tions are fully carried out by my readers, as to the thorough way as 
 herein laid down, I am positively certain there will be no runaways. 
 
 Question, How would you throw a horse down and hold him 
 after throwing? 
 
 Answer, Put on your horse a good strong halter ; take a strap with 
 a ring in it and buckle around your horse's off front limb, below the 
 
 First Position Taken in Throwing a Horse. 
 
 fetlock joint; take a rope eight feet long and tie into this strap; 
 place a surcingle around the horse's body ; take your position on 
 the nigh side of the horse, bring the rope over the horse's back from 
 
— 138 — 
 
 the off side, taking hold of the rope with your right hand, pull his 
 foot to his body; take a firm hold of this, holding the foot in this 
 position ; then take hold of the horse's halter with your left hand, 
 pull his head to you and press against his body with your elbow, 
 ujjing the words *' lie down." The majority of horses you can throw 
 in a minute, while others may fight you for three or four minutes, 
 but you will soon master them and they will have to come down. 
 
 Second Position in Throwing a Horse. 
 
 As soon as the animal has been thrown, take the rope that is under- 
 neath him, bring it under the surcingle and place it through the 
 ring of the halter, back under the surcingle again, and here you 
 have the rope to bring his head to his shoulder ; make him put his 
 head down to the ground, and then if you want to rattle pans or 
 shake bufialo robes around him, and he makes any attempt to get up, 
 ptill his head up immediately, which will prevent him from doing 
 so; then take a whip and crack it around him; give him to thor- 
 
— 139 — 
 
 oughly understand that you are his master. I am a great believer in 
 throwing horses, and would recommend that every horse should h(^ 
 thrown, fvr this reason, that it takes the conceit out of them, and 
 gives them to understand that man has more power than they have. 
 If used by men of good judgment and patience, all young horses can 
 be thoroughly brought under control by this manner of handling. 
 
 TliJrtl Position iu Throwinsr a Horse. 
 
 Place a surcingle around the horse's body, buckle hame strap 
 around off fetlock joint, take rope eight feet long, tie one end in 
 strap on off foot, pass the rope over horse's back from the off side. 
 Stand on near side of horse, grasp rope with right hand and pull 
 foot to the body. With the left hand take hold of the halter and 
 pull his head to you, press right elbow against his flank, and he 
 must lie down. 
 
 The rope is now under the horse's body. Put the end of rope 
 through the ring in the halter, then through the ring in the surcin- 
 gle on the horse's back. Then take your position at the horse's back 
 as seen in engraving. You can prevent him from getting up by pull- 
 
— 140 — 
 
 ing his head to his shoulder. If the horse is nervous and excitable, 
 have 3'our assistants crack the whip, rattle tin paas and shoot fire- 
 arms around him, until he will lie perfectly quiet, with his head 
 resting on the ground. In order to familiarize your horse to all ob- 
 jects of which he is afraid, repeat this lesson once a day for three or 
 four days. I would recommend that every horse should be thrown, 
 as it takes the conceit out of him. 
 
 Fourth Position in Tbrowing: and Sho^nin^ the Horse Down. 
 
 Question. How do you make your surcingle, and what will it cost ? 
 
 Answer. My surcingle that I use in all of my exhibitions is eight 
 feet long, and around the horse's body four inches wide, with a three- 
 inch buckle, and the part of the surcingle that goes through the 
 buckle two and one-half inches wide. When the surcingle is on 
 the horse the buckle comes right on the side of the animal, under- 
 neath the horse's body. There are four two-inch rings, one on each 
 side, one underneath, and on the top of the surcingle a ring. These 
 rings underneath the horse's body are used for the working of my 
 
— 141 — 
 
 double safety rope ; the rings on the side of the surcingle are used 
 for the reins to pass through ; the ring on the top of the surcingle 
 is used to pass tlie ropa through and hold the horse down after you 
 have thrown him. This surcingle is a very handy thing for every- 
 one to have, and any man that has a number of horses to handle or 
 break should not be without one. 
 
 Proper Halter to be Used in Throwinji^ a Ticions Horse. 
 
 They are very handy to have in the stable in case of a sick horse 
 or any surgical operation that you may wish to perform. 
 
 They should cost you about $5.50, according to the material that 
 you have in it. This surcingle I use when 1 throw the horse. Every 
 horseman should have one. 
 
— 142 — 
 
 If in throwing a horse you find it requires too much strength, the 
 horse being too large or fights too hard, when using my method of 
 drawing up one foot, I would suggest the appliance of my double 
 safety strap. Buckle the strap around each front limb below the 
 fetlock joint. Take a strap twenty feet long, snapping to strap on 
 nigh front limb, place through the ring in surcingle underneath his 
 body, draw through ring on off front limb and back through ring in 
 surcingle. ISTow take hold of strap with right hand, take the halter 
 in left hand. Your horse is standing on three legs. Now pull him 
 to you, and when he makes a move, you pull the strap and raise the 
 other leg; this brings him to his knees, Xow pull his head around 
 to you, and the horse will gently fall upon his right side. This is 
 the safest and best method of throwing a horse I know of, there being 
 no danger of hurting either horse or man. 
 
 You Must Educate Your Horse. 
 
 Educate and teach hini as you would a child, and thus make him 
 more useful and valuable to man. The horse is an animal of no 
 little intelligence, docility and faithfulness, qualities which would 
 be more generally apparent were it not for the cruel treatment so 
 commonly practiced in breaking him. Have patience with him, and 
 practice good judgment and common sense in handling liim. Un- 
 derstand before you commence to drive him that he is a dumb brute, 
 and as he cannot talk he will watch your every movement. A finely- 
 bred horse is as sensitive as a well-bred person, and you should not 
 halloo, whip or spur him as you would an old dung-hill of a brute. 
 
 The whip is a very good thing, but should only be used in its 
 place, which I will give you a little illustration of here. If you are 
 driving along the road and your horse shies at a covered wagon or a 
 bicycle or a vv'hite dog, or anything that excites his fright and causes 
 him to shy, do not wait until he gets by and then up and whip him 
 for the next fifteen minutes, but when he discovers it, take the lines 
 in the left hand and the whip in the right, and when he makes his 
 first shy give him a sharp crack of the whip, at the same time say- 
 ing " take care, sir ; what do you mean ?" Don't talk as though you 
 were half asleep, but as if you meant just what you said. Keep both 
 eyes open and don't whip him as though you were trying only to kill 
 
— 143 — 
 
 a fly on his back. Never strike a blow with a whip unless the voice 
 accompanies it ; the word and blow should go together. 
 
 One failing the horse-owners have is they do not talk to their horses 
 enough. If a horse starts and runs you will stay in the carriage and 
 not open your mouth, but sit pulling on the reins. You should 
 speak to the horse, and if he is afraid of anything tell him to "take 
 care, etc., it is not going to hurt you ;" the same time crack the whip to 
 draw his attention. As a horse cannot think of two things at once, 
 the consistency of this is of course apparent. 
 
 Bad Biters. 
 
 If the horse is a stallion with a confirmed habit of biting and 
 striking, I should not think it worth my while to attempt to cure 
 him, but should castrate him at once. You are always in risk of 
 your life or limb while you have such an animal about. If a mare or 
 gelding, put on the Gleason bridle, and watch him closely, in a sly way, 
 not letting him know you are watching him, but when he attempts 
 to bite give him a few severe pulls upon the bridle. Do this in such 
 places as he is most likely to bite, and we will warrant that a few 
 efforts will teach your animal that his jaws were not made to bite 
 his keeper. To prevent a stallion from biting his mate when 
 hitched up double, attach an independent line to the outside ring of 
 his bit, letting it hang loosely, the end being held by the driver. 
 As he attempts to bite, pull up sharply, and hit him severely with 
 the whip. 
 
 Question. How would you handle a vicious, biting stallion ? 
 
 Answer. The first thing I should do with him would be to throw 
 him four or five times. When the horse is down handle his head, 
 open his mouth and handle his mouth. Put on the ^'Gleason Bridle^^ 
 take the whip in your right hand, cord in the left, and give him a 
 thorough handling with this bridle, teaching him to stop when you 
 say, "Whoa," and turn right and left quickly at the word of com- 
 mand. I have handled a great number of vicious, biting stallions 
 by the use of gunpowder, using revolvers holding thirty-eight blank 
 cartridges. The moment the horse comes near you, or makes an at- 
 
— 144 — 
 
 tempt to bite you, discharge the revolver directly in front of him, 
 which frightens the animal and gives him such a sudden shock that 
 it makes him afraid to bite you. All vicious^ biting stallions should 
 be watched closely, and never trusted, as I believe an old biting 
 horse can never be broken of the habit so everybody can handle him. 
 
 Question. How do you educate a bad shier ? 
 
 Answer, In educating a bad shier I put on my double safety 
 strap, which is a surcingle, around his body, a strap buckled around 
 each front foot below each fetlock joint, then tal^e a strap twenty 
 feet long, tie one end of that strap into ring on nigh front limb, 
 bring over surcingle under the horse's body down to ring on off 
 front limb, back over the ring in the surcingle. Put on open bridle 
 and straight bar bit, run the lines through ring on side of surcingle, 
 then take and teach the horse the word "whoa" thoroughly, to "get 
 up" by word of command and to back by word of command ; then 
 throw papers at him, blankets, buffalo robes ; roll barrels around 
 him, wave flags over his head. If he makes any attempt to get away 
 pull your safety strap and bring him to both knees and hold him 
 there. As soon as he becomes quiet let him up on his feet ; crack 
 the whip around him, and in fact give him to thoroughly understand 
 that these objects are perfectly harmless. After giving the horse 
 two lessons he is ready to drive on the street. 
 
 Question. How would you educate a bad runaway horse ? 
 A?is7iier. The same treatment as a bad shier, only more severe. 
 
 Questio7i. How would you educate and break a horse from run- 
 ning backwards with a wagon ? 
 
 Answer. Put on my double safety strap, harness your horse up 
 to the wagon, get into the wagon, take the lines in the right hand 
 and the safety rope in the left ; you say "back" to the horse. When 
 he has backed as far as you wish him to, say "whoa," and pull the 
 safety rope, which prevents him from backing any further. After 
 giving three or four lessons in this manner the horse will under- 
 stand what you mean by "back," and when you say "whoa" will 
 immediately stop. 
 
-145 — 
 
 How to Drive a Horse up to Objects that he is Afraid of. 
 
 A practical way of driving a horse up to an object that he is afraid 
 of is ; Take the whip in your right hand, the lines in the left; when 
 you are within ten or fifteen feet of tlie object, speak to your horse 
 sharp and firmly, using about this language : *'Get up there, sir, what 
 is the matter with you ; that won't hurt you;" at the same moment 
 hitting him one severe cut with the whip; but do not repeat the 
 blow unless it is necessary to hold him at his post. The moment 
 that you have driven him up to the object he is afraid of, stop him, 
 get out of your wagon and caress him, teach him that he is not go- 
 ing to be harmed, and by all means let him walk away from the ob- 
 ject, never letting him go faster than a walk. 
 
 This same rule is laid down for saddle horses. 
 
 Question. How would you stop a runaway horse ? 
 
 Answer. Always, when driving, hold your reins firmly, whether 
 the horse is vicious or not; you should at all times be on your guard, as 
 they are never to be trusted. If your horse should take fright and 
 start to run away, take a firm hold of the left line with your left 
 hand, reach down upon the right line with your right hand and say 
 " whoa," sharp, and pull the line quickly at the same time that 
 you give the command, but do not move the left line ; this at once 
 pulls your horse's head around to his side, and in nine cases out of ten 
 will bring him to a stand-still ; never see-saw the reins or pull up- 
 on both lines, as you have no power then to stop the animal. Never 
 jump from the carriage, as more lives are lost and more limbs broken 
 by being frightened and jumping from the carriage when the horse 
 is running away. Keep cool and you will control the horse easily 
 by following above directions. 
 
 Qicestion. How would you drive a lugger or puller on the bit ? 
 
 Answer, I would use a plain straight bar bit wound with rubber 
 or leather, doing away with the check rein. It is necessary in order 
 to drive a lugger successfully to give him three or four lessons on the 
 word " whoa " and the word " steady ; " teach him that when you 
 
— 146 — 
 
 say " steady " it is to slack up in speed, but when you say " whoa,^ 
 it is for him to stop. 
 
 See that his teeth are not sharp, and if they are, have them fixed 
 at once. There is no law that can be laid down for the driving of a 
 lugger only to use as gentle and soft bits as possible. 
 
 Question. How do you educate or break a vicious kicking horse so 
 he will drive gentle and be fit for family use ? 
 
 Answe)-. In the first place take your horse out on a soft place, or 
 on the plowed ground, and throw him down by working as follows : 
 Put a surcingle around his body ; take a strap and buckle around 
 the off front limb, below the fetlock joint ; take a rope eight feet 
 long and tie into that strap, bring it up over the horse's back ; you 
 stand on the nigh side of the horse and take hold of this rope with 
 
 O. R. Gleasou's Double Safety Strap. 
 
 your right hand and pull his foot to his body ; then you take hold 
 of the halter with the left hand and pull his head around to you, 
 placing your right elbow against the horse's side, using the words 
 "lie down." He may fight for three or four minutes, but if you 
 hold to his head and keep it pulled around to you he must go down ; 
 after he has been thrown, then take the rope and run it through the 
 ring in the surcingle at his back, through the halter, back through 
 the ring in the surcingle, then you take hold of the rope and if he 
 
~ 147 — 
 
 goes to get up pull the rope, and this brings his head to his shoulder 
 and prevents him from getting up ; then take tin pans, bells, rattle 
 them all around him, then you can let him up ; then you take and 
 put on an ordinary open bridle, straight bar bit, using the pad of 
 your harness, run the rings through the thill straps, then put on my 
 double safety strap, which goes as follows: 
 
 Buckle the strap around each front limb below the fetlock joint, 
 take a strap twenty feet long and snap in strap on nigh front limb, 
 place through ring in surcingle underneath his body ; draw through 
 ring on off front limb back through ring in surcingle; step back 
 behind the horse and take reins in right hand, pull on the left hand 
 and commence to drive him ; every time he kicks bring him to his 
 knees ; then take a back strap, attach to the reins with crouper and 
 fasten on to that bells and one-half dozen tin pans, a bundle of straw, 
 and drive him around with these articles hitting his heels ; have an- 
 other man take a pole ten feet long and rattle these pans and bells ; 
 carry the pole in front of the horse's limbs, and back behind his 
 limbs, and every time he makes an attempt to kick bring him to his 
 knees, using the command " take care, there, sir ;" speak this very 
 sharply and firmly ; give him two lessons each day, each lesson not 
 to be over one hour in length, and in five days your horse is thor- 
 oughly broke and will be gentle to drive to the carriage. 
 
 When working the horse, always use him on the soft ground where 
 there are no stones ; always use knee protectors, as this guards 
 against any accident happening. 
 
 Question. How would you break a bad balker ? 
 
 Answer. There are three or four kinds of balky horses ; some 
 are nervous and excitable, while others seem to have no ambition 
 whatever. A dead-lifed balky horse, to my knowledge, is not worth 
 breaking. All high-lifed balky horses can be brought under per- 
 fect control and thoroughly broke by following these directions : 
 
 Take your horse out and throw him repeatedly fifteen or twenty 
 times; then put on the bridle and the harness, running the lines 
 through the thill strap and telling him to "get up," and stop and 
 back by the word of command. Teach him this thoroughly before 
 you place him before the wagon. If he will not move forward 
 
— 148 — 
 
 when you give him the word, take a rope or a strap twenty feet long, 
 tie around his neck, and then place through his mouth, making a 
 half hitch on his lower jaw, having one of your men standing di- 
 rectly in front of the horse with this rope in his hand, which I term 
 as a guy line. When you give the word "get up,'' let him pull this 
 rope at the same time, which will move the horse forward quickly. 
 Kow understand that the command and the pull of the rope must 
 
 both take place at the same time, in order for you to have success. 
 Practice this two days, not making the lessons over one hour in 
 length, then hitching him to a light vehicle, first working with your 
 horse quietly and afterwards giving him to understand what you 
 want him to do. ISTever make any false motion, never lose your 
 temper, and always have plenty of patience, and you will meet with 
 victory. 
 
 All Grades of Balky Horses. 
 
 I am asked the question almost every day, "can you break a balky 
 horse ?" Yes. "Can you break a balky horse so anybody can drive 
 
— 149 — 
 
 him ?" No. "Why ?" Because it is impossible for me or any other 
 man to break all the balky drivers in the land. Now there are many 
 grades of balky horses. It is a habit of a great many persons, when 
 breaking a colt, to hitch him up first beside of an old farm horse 
 that is lazy, blind in one eye, and so old that he is deaf. When you 
 have got this nervous, excitable colt harnessed beside the old, slow 
 horse, you then take up the lines and ask your team to go. The colt 
 plunges ahead, the old horse having spent many days in the harness, 
 takes life very easy and gradually gets in motion. The colt comes 
 back, the load don't move. The next time you ask them to go the 
 old horse moves ahead, the colt sits back in the breeching. "Ha ! 
 ha I " your neighbor says, " got a balky colt there." Not at all. You 
 certainly will have if you persist in your present course. Take him 
 out of the double harness, break him to drive single, and you will 
 have no trouble with him, single or double. 
 
 In handling a balky horse of long standing, one that has been 
 spoiled by mismanagement, it is advisable to first throw him four or 
 five times. Then put your harness on with an open bridle, running 
 the lines through the thill straps, get behind him with a good whip, 
 and teach him the words "get up." At the same time that you give 
 him the command to move forward, hit him a cut with the whip, 
 showing him that that means "move forward." Work with him in 
 this manner for three or four lessons. Yoa then tie a rope in the 
 traces, carrying it around your back, and teach him to pull your 
 weight, walking behind him. When you have got him so that he 
 will turn right and left quickly, stop at the word "whoa," get up 
 at the word and pull your weight, you can hitch him to a light road 
 cart, getting into the wagon, giving him the word "get up, sir." If 
 he should fail to go, have your assistant take a rope twenty feet long 
 tie it around his neck, pass it through his mouth, back through 
 the cord that you pass through his mouth, making a half hitch on 
 the lower jaw. Let your assistant stand directly in front of the 
 horse with the rope being slack. Hold your whip in the right hand, 
 when you are ready to go give the word, and the man pulls the rope 
 and you hit the horse with the whip, all at the same moment. If he 
 don't move forward then, let the party who holds the rope step to 
 the right and left, jerking his head until he moves forward, you using 
 the words at each and every time, "get up, sir." Give him a few 
 
— 150 — 
 
 lessons for three or four days in this manner, and in the majority oi 
 cases you have got a horse that will pull. 
 
 There are other balky horses that it is necessary to throw and give 
 a good whipping. This character of a horse is generally of a slug- 
 gish disposition, and the only way that you can get it to go will be 
 to frighten it with the whip. I had one horse that I could not work 
 by any other means than as follows: I hitched him to a wagon and 
 asked him to go, but he would not even straighten the traces. I got 
 a man to take a good whalebone whip and stand, at the side of the 
 horse and whip him over the end of the nose. This I kept up for 
 about ten minutes, just as hard as he could whip him. At the end 
 of that time Mr. Horse got sick of balking and has never balked 
 from that day. 
 
 There are other horses that it will be necessary to handle in a 
 more quiet manner, but in some cases you must use the whip to 
 get the animal frightened, so that when you speak to him he knows 
 that he must move forward. When workiug a horse you must not 
 leave him until you conquer him, if it takes twenty-four hours. 
 But understand me correctly, don't lose your temper, don't use a 
 club, don't kick him ; use a good whip. Be careful and not hit him 
 on the body or in the eyes. Use the whip on his legs and on his 
 nose. I have started a great many balky horses by striking them 
 with a whip around their front legs. This is a very tender spot and 
 they won't stand long and take the punishment there. In working 
 a balky horse, always keep a large stock of patience on hand, and 
 don't think you are going to break him in two hours, because you 
 are not. The moment he goes, reward him for it by giving him an 
 apple. 
 
 Question. How would you break a halter puller ? 
 
 Answer. Take a strap fifteen feet long and throw it over his back; 
 reach under his body, take hold of the end of the strap and tie an 
 ordinary slip-knot ; have this knot come directly under the horse's 
 body ; place the strap between his front limbs up through the halter, 
 and hitch to a post or to a ring in the manger; do not hitch the 
 halter strap ; then step in front of your horse with tin pans, blank- 
 ets, umbrellas, and all kinds of objects, in fact, everything, and 
 frighten him and make him pull if possible. After pulling back 
 
— 151 — 
 
 upon this strap he will not make more than the second or third at- 
 tempt. Repeat these lessons twice a day for five days. This will 
 break any horse of the habit of pulling on the halter if you follow 
 my instructions. 
 
 Question. 
 or steam ? 
 
 How would you educate a horse not to be afraid of cars 
 
 Aftswer, In taking a horse up to the cars put on the "Gleason 
 Bridle^^ taking the rope in your left hand, with the whip in the 
 right, making the horse follow you, and take him right up to the 
 cars and hold him there. It is impossible for him to get away from 
 you or this bridle. You then should caress him and teach him that 
 the cars are not going to hurt him. One of the main objects of 
 your lesson should be to teach the animal that you are his friend 
 and protector ; get him to place confidence in you, and he will go 
 through fire with you. 
 
— 152 — 
 
 In driving a horse up to steam, I would advise the putting on of 
 my double safety strap, and run the reins through the thill strap of 
 the pad, and drive him first up to ihe steam. If he makes a deter- 
 mined attempt to get away bring him to his knees. It may be 
 necessary for you to use the guy strap, having a man hold the guy 
 strap, that will hold the horse up to the steam ; but you must be 
 
 very carefnl not to get him burned or hurt him in any way, but 
 teach him that the steam is perfectly harmless. As soon as the 
 horse finds out that the steam will not injure him, you will find 
 that in the second or third lesson he will walk right up to it from 
 command of his master. Make your lessons short, but firm. I 
 would advise, in training horses to steam, to take them up to a trac- 
 tion engine, or up to a mill wher-^ there is steam used, taking them 
 to the cars afterwards. 
 
— 153 — 
 
 Another good way of breaking a horse to the cars, is to hitch your 
 horse up beside a heavy team horse, where he cannot get away, and 
 after he has been driven up to tlie cars four or five times he is then 
 safe to drive to your single wagon. 
 
 Question. How would you break a shier ? 
 
 Answer, I would first place upon him my double safety strap, 
 which is thoroughly described elsewhere, and make him thoroughly 
 acquainted with the beating of drums, the rattling of tin pans, floating 
 the " Star Spangled Banner," and the shooting off firearms, fire 
 crackers, music, &g., by driving him right up to them and giving 
 him to understand he will not be hurt. And by repeating this lesson 
 every day, for three or four days, your horse has become thoroughly 
 conversant with them and will never show fear when approaching 
 them. Always in giving these lessons to your horse, bear in mind 
 that you must be very careful that none of the devices you use must 
 hit him in such a manner as to cause pain. 
 
— 154- 
 
 Showing' position of Horse -Rith one foot ralse<i by the use of O. R. 
 Citlea!»ou's I>OHbij> Safety Strap. Tliis is one of the (ireafest inventions 
 of the ag-o for handling' antl controlling' n ihl and vicious horses. 31ore 
 can be accomplished in thirty minutes than by any aud all other 
 methods in a day's time. 
 
 Showing^ Knee Pads as they should be Placed on Horse's Knees. Xever 
 Handle with the Safety Strap Unless you have these Pads to Protect 
 his Knees. 
 
— 165 — 
 
 Sho-^inS' O. R. Glea^on*^ I>oiil>l8 Safety Strap, Knee Pads, Ac. Als© 
 I.iues ruu t!iroug:li RiujfM on side of Surcingle, reaclj- for operation. 
 
 Question. What do you think of the word "whoa ?" 
 
 A?is7uer. It is the greatest command that we have in horseman- 
 ship ; it is the habit of almost every person when driving to con- 
 tinually use the word "whoa." Now let me say to you that you 
 should never use this word only when you want your horse or horses 
 to stop. If you are driving along a street and you come to a cross* 
 ing or a bad place and you wish your horses to slack up in speed, 
 use this language to them : "Steady there, my boy;" but when you 
 wish them to stop, speak out sharply and firmly "whoa." If you will 
 practice this when you are driving your horse, in two weeks you 
 will have him so that he will understand every command that you 
 give him. 
 
— 156 — 
 
 Kever use one word with too many meanings. You must never 
 lie to your horse and never deceive him or make false motions; if 
 you do you will never make a success as a trainer of the horse. 
 
 Mankind are too apt to depend upon their own strength to beat the 
 horse, without making any use of their reasoning powers to out- 
 general him ; and, in many instances, such an exercise of tyranny 
 over the horse only engenders a rebellious spirit on the part of the 
 animal. Therefore, lay aside your strength and use your reason. 
 Be moderate, be temperate. Ko man can become a good horseman 
 and not have first learned to control himself before he attempts to 
 control the animal. Be firm, be persevering, be honest. Xever lie 
 to your horse. Endeavor to have him understand what you want, 
 and do not confuse him by attaching different meanings to the same 
 word. It is quite common to say "whoa," when it is only intended 
 to go slower ; or, when the horse has not stirred a foot, to let him 
 know of your presence ; and then when you want a "whoa," when 
 your life may depend upon your having a good "whoa" upon your 
 horse, you find you have not got it. You have played it entirely out 
 of him. Kever say "whoa" unless you mean to stop right there. 
 Speak always in a natural tone of voice, under all circumstances. 
 
 Have your horse understand, by examination and experience, that 
 the things liable to frighten are harmless, and be sure not to whip 
 him for being frightened. Always let your horse face the object of 
 fear; ard, when frightened, remember the slower you move your 
 horse the more power you have over him. There are times when 
 letting a horse trot is almost as bad as letting him run away. 
 
 Tear is something a horseman should never exhibit in his counte- 
 nance or voice, as the horse is a close observer, and soon learns to 
 take advantage cf such indications to become careless of control, if 
 not indeed aggressive. Let your lessons Ic thorough but not very 
 long. Be gentle and patient with th: colt, but make the willful 
 stubborn horse feel the full extent of your power, till he submits. 
 Though if he should become much heated and excited, it is prudent 
 ko stop and repeat the lesson at some future time — repeat until there 
 is thorough and unconditional submission. Let your treatment be 
 characterized by gentleness afterwards. 
 
— 157 — 
 
 Question How would you get a horse up when he throws him- 
 self? 
 
 Answer, Blow in his ear ; if he does not get up by this, take a 
 glass of water, or a dish of water, and pour in his nostrils ; he will 
 rise to his feet very quickly. And in the handling of a mustang, 
 which I ».ecomes very stubborn and sulky, sometimes this treatment 
 will fail on them, and it will be necessary to take a light whip and 
 use it on the end of the nose. They will soon learn that when they 
 throw themselves they are punished ; and when they don't they are 
 rewarded. In this manner you teach them right from wrong. 
 
 Question. How do you start a balky horse in double team ? 
 
 Aiiswer. After you have taken your horse out and given him a thor- 
 ough handling, then hitch him up beside an honest-, true horse that 
 will pull every time you ask him. Take a half- inch rope and tie 
 around the balky horse's body, right in front of his hips, in an ordi- 
 nary slip knot; have this knot come directly on the side of the 
 horse, then carry the rope over the wagon pole and hitch to the true 
 horse's collar. Get into your wagon, jnck up the reins, and hit the 
 true hcvse a crack with the whip, saying, "Get out of here." AYhen 
 you do he will jump and take the rope with him, and when he does 
 the bslky horse must come. 
 
 Question. How would you break a horse from being afraid of a 
 dog or a hog ? 
 
 Answer, Handle the same as for shiers. Keep one eye on the 
 hog and one eye on the horse. In order to break your horse of this 
 habit it will require five or six lessons. 
 
 The best way to break your horse of being afraid of a hog is to 
 take a small pig right into the buggy or break-wagon, or whatever 
 you are using, having the horse worked with open bridle; but be 
 sure and have on my safety rope, as when he sees the pig and the pig 
 squeals, you will find things will get very interesting ; but the mo- 
 ment he starts to run say *' whoa," sharp and firm, pull the safety 
 rope and bring the horse to his knees. 
 
— 158 — 
 
 If it is a clog that he is afraid of, let the dog run around him and 
 in front of him ; put the Gleason bridle on the horse and 
 make him come up and smell of the dog ; walk around him. Then 
 throw your horse and hold him down, and take the dog and put him 
 on top of the horse. Work like this two or three days with the ani- 
 mal, giving short lessons, and you have got the best broken hog and 
 dog horse in the world. 
 
 Question. How do you use the whip ? Bo you believe in whip- 
 ping a horse ? 
 
 Answer. Ko lady or gentleman should ride or drive a horse with- 
 out having with them a good whip. The whip in its place is a good 
 instrument, but it is very often misused by parties; for instance, 
 how many do you see driving through the streets of our cities, and 
 in our public parks, that if a horse becomes frightened at a bicycle or 
 a band, or any object whatever, and he makes an attempt to shy, 
 will get him by it the best way he can, and the moment he has passed 
 the object out comes thewhip with the words, "I'll teach you to shy," 
 and the horse receives a severe punishment. The horse, not having 
 the reasoning power that you have, believes thatthe punishment that 
 he has just received has come from the object that he was so much 
 frightened at. 
 
 Question, How would you keep a horse from pawing in the stable ? 
 
 Answer, Take a piece of chain seven inches long, not a plow chain, 
 but trace chain ; tie on one end of that a piece of hard wood five 
 inches long and one inch in diameter ; then take a strap and buckle 
 around the horse's limb, above the knee, letting this chain and wood 
 hang from the strap. Every time the horse paws this piece of Avood 
 will hit his limb, and as he cannot think of two things at one time, 
 it will draw his attention in such a manner as to prevent him from 
 pawing. 
 
 Question. How w^ould you keep a horse from kicking in the 
 Btall ? 
 
 Ans7£'er. Take a piece of elastic about ten inches long, sew a vest 
 buckle one end of it and buckle this around the horse's hind limb. 
 
— IfiO — 
 
 To keep a Horne ii'oiu I*a4viii;i;- iii 4Ise i^table. 
 
 To keep a lIor«ie from Kicking in the Stall. 
 
— 160 — 
 
 above the liock joint. When the horse kicks the leader must ex- 
 pand, the result is the elastic preyeuts it from doing so, and the 
 horse's habit of kicking in the stall will soon be broken up. Xever 
 use a strap or rope ; if you do it will stop the circulation. In aD 
 cases use the elastic. 
 
 Question. "What do you think of whirling a horse by his tail ? 
 
 Answer, If you have a horse bad to harness, or will not stand to be 
 bridled or saddled, take the halter strap in your left hand, take hold 
 of the horse's tail with your right hand, and whirl him around 
 eight or ten times. He will become dizzy, and the moment you let 
 go of him he will stagger or fall. Then say ^* whoa ; " pick up your 
 saddle, harness or bridle, or whatever you want to put on him, and 
 you will find that he will stand perfectly quiet. It is a quick and 
 effective method. 
 
 Never tie your horse's head and tail together, but follow the above 
 instructions. 
 
— 101 — 
 
 Question. How would you break a horse from switching his 
 tail ? 
 
 Answer, Place on the horse a collar and hames, and then take 
 hold of his tail. Take a wooden pin five inches long, one inch in 
 diameter, lay directly across the hair of his tail, double the end of 
 the tail over the pin ; then take a rope eight feet long, in the middle 
 
 of the rope make a slip-knot and fasten over the end of the tail and 
 pin ; then bring the horse's tail up over his back, bringing one of 
 these ropes down to the ring of the hame and tying it, and on the 
 other side in the same way ; the rope prevents the tail from going 
 either side ; take an ordinary cloth surcingle and put that over and 
 around his body ; leave the tail up in this manner for six hours ; if a 
 very bad case, repeat three times. This is the best method I ever 
 ■used, and will surely do its work. 
 
- 162 — 
 
 Qiiestiofi. How would you educate a horse not to be afraid of fire- 
 crackers ? 
 
 A?iswer, Hitch him to a wagon, put on my double safety strap, 
 and drive him right up to the fire-crackers, and if he goes to turn 
 around with you or run back or run away, pull the strap, which will 
 immediately bring him to his knees, but do not hold the strap. As 
 ftoon as he comes to his knees loosen the strap and pull the lines. 
 
 using the command " whoa, sir." Now have boys throw fire-crackers 
 under him, all around him, up in the air, and if be makes any at- 
 tempt to get away say *• whoa," sharp and firm. For you to meet 
 with success with a horse of this character, or, in fact any horse, you 
 must talk to him, always speaking distinctly and firmly. After you 
 have given the horse two lessons he will pay no attention to fire- 
 crackers. 
 
— 163 — 
 
 Question, How would you educate a horse not to "be afraid of 
 paper and umbrellas ? 
 
 Answer, Put on my double safety strap, take your liorse out into 
 the field where there are boys with flags, paper, umbrellas, and drive 
 him right up to tlie flags, paper, etc. ; if he makes any attempt to 
 get aw^ay, bring him to his knees; if necessary, throw him; have 
 
 the boys wave the flags over his head, throw the paper up in the air, 
 put umbrellas over his head, drive him over the paper, drive him 
 over the flags, drive over the umbrella, make him step into it, stand 
 on it, in fact, teach him that these objects are perfectly harmless. 
 Two lessons a day for tw^o days, not having the lesson over one hour 
 in length, will thoroughly break your horse. The most dangerous 
 shier can be thoroughly broken by following the above directions. 
 
 Question, How would you break a plunger or bolter ? 
 
 Answer, Put on my double safety strap, and when he plunges in 
 the air pull the strap, when he will come down on his knees. He 
 will not plunge over three or four times before he will be sick of his 
 job. Then introduce him to drums, pans, bells, and, in fact, give 
 
— 164 — 
 
 him a general handling in the same way that I control kickers. 
 After giving two lessons he will not bother you about bolting or 
 plunging. If he should bother you in bolting on the street, or at 
 any certain place, take him right there and handle him with the 
 safety strap. If he should be inclined to balk, use guy lines as laid 
 down for breaking balky horses. 
 
 Tftke four hame straps, or similar small straps, buckle one around 
 each pastern. Then run a strap from the near side foot to the offside 
 hind foot, passing it through the ring in the surcingle under the 
 horse's body; also one from the off side front foot to the near side 
 hind foot, leaving the straps loose enough to give the horse full use 
 of his limbs in trotting or walking. When he kicks he will draw 
 up his fore feet, striking on his knees. He will soon cease to kick. 
 
 Question. How do you prevent a horse from putting his tongue 
 out of his mouth over the bit ? 
 
 Answer. Get a piece of sole leather seven inches long from point 
 to point and three inches wide. (See engraving.) Lay a straight 
 bar bit in the middle of the leather, bringing the points up together. 
 
— 165 — 
 
 Slaiiiior of Driving' and Breaking a Bad Kicker uhen all other 
 
 methods Fail. 
 
 To Prevent a Horse from Putting' his Toogrue Out of his Mouth OTer 
 
 the Bit. 
 
— lae — 
 
 Sew it on to the bit so it cannot turn, and sew up the sides. Put 
 this in your horse's mouth over the tongue, running backwards to- 
 ward the throat. He cannot get his tongue back far enough to get 
 it over this leather. It is very simple, and will only cost you fifteen 
 or twenty cents. It is the best I have ever used. 
 
 Teaching^ a Horse how to Stand while Shootiiigr over his Back. 
 
 Put on the Gleason bridle, take it firmly in your left hand and 
 take a revolver loaded wdth blank cartridges in your right hand ; 
 every time you discharge the revolver say "whoa" and pull the bridle 
 sharply. Teach your horse that the sound and smoke from the re* 
 volver wall not hurt him. Work in this way for thirty minutes at 
 a time -^or three or four days and your horse will pay no attention 
 to firearms. 
 
 With very nervous and excitable horses it is sometimes necessary 
 to throw them and fire several times, showing them that they cannot 
 get away, and that there is nothing to be afraid of. Follow these 
 
— 167 — 
 
 instructions, and you will be surprised to see how quickly your horse 
 will understand that jou are not going to hurt him. 
 
 How to approach a biting horse : Always do so with a revolver 
 heavily loaded with blank cartridges in your right hand. Advance 
 this hand toward the horse's mouth, the muzzle pointing past him, 
 60 the powder will not burn him. If he attempts to bite you, at 
 that instant shoot off the revolver. Every time he makes the at- 
 
 Revolver used bj O. R. Gleason in defending himself from tbe 3Ioiisoii*s 
 
 Bitingr Stalliou Rysdylc. 
 
 tempt repeat the shooting. This causes the horse to think 
 the biting causes the explosion ; this he wishes to avoid, and will soon 
 cease to bite at you. The old theory of clubbing a horse only adds 
 to and increases his vicious temper. This is an original method of 
 my own, w^hich I have successfully used in handling Kysdyk and 
 many other vicious biting stallions. 
 
 In leading horses in battle have the saddles made with a back- 
 strap and crupper, having an inch ring attached to the crupper ; 
 then have a strap four feet long with an ordinary driving snap sewed 
 into each end of it. While riding, snap one of these snaps into the 
 ring of the bit, then the other end of the strap into the ring of the 
 saddle. In dismounting and hitching a large number of horses 
 together, unsnap the line from the saddle and snap that into the ring 
 on the crupper of the front horse, as seen in the above engraving. 
 By this method two men are capable of controlling twenty horses at 
 one time, leading them or holding them. The only extra cost would 
 be attaching a back-strap and crupper, and the short four-foot line. 
 
— 168 — 
 
 lieadingr Horses in Battle. 
 
— 169 — 
 
 Cleaning Collars. 
 
 They should be cleaned two or three times a week, collars that are 
 in constant use, as the accumulations that gather upon the surface 
 next the shoulder of the horse becomes rough and uneven. If it 
 does not gall it irritates and annoys the horse when he is required 
 to pull, causing him to try to avoid the irritation or pain, and often 
 makes balky horses. 
 
 Harness and Saddles. 
 
 Harness used on all draft horses should be carefully cleaned reg- 
 ularly once a week. Collars should be cleaned daily, thoroughly 
 scraping all scurf arising from heating the horse from the collar be- 
 fore it is used a second time. Always have your harness properly 
 oiled and pliable, so that it will fit the horse as a boot fits a man. 
 
 Saddles should have the same care and attention, and great pains 
 should be taken that the saddle fits the back, to prevent galls and 
 sores. This is almost universally neglected. 
 
— 170 — 
 
 i^SMBm^mmm^ 
 
 Double Dra^ Check Rein. 
 
 Use one-half of an ordinary kimbie and jack check rein. Have a 
 strap fourteen feet long, place the middle of this strap around the 
 check hook, carry the ends up through the little rings in the kimbie 
 and jack rein, bring them back, pass them through the terret rings 
 'Nvith the lines. Have a buckle sewed on the lines about six inches 
 back of the rings. Buckle this check into the Imes, and you have a 
 bridle check that the harder you pull the higher you lift your horse's 
 head. This check is used for driving kickers and runaway horses 
 and very lad pullers. (See engraving). 
 
 Question, How would you keep a horse from jumping over a fence ? 
 
 Answer. Buckle around his body a surcingle with a two-inch ring 
 directly under his body; take two straps with an inch ring in each 
 end and buckle them around the horse's front limbs, above the knees ; 
 
— 171 — 
 
 then take a strap thirteen inches in length with a driving strap in 
 one end, strapping one of them into the ring on the off front limb; 
 
 bring through the ring in surcingle and strap into ring on nigh front 
 limb. The horse can walk and trot, lie down and get up, but he 
 
 Showiiigr Jiiuipiiig,- Rig; as used by O. R. Gleasou to break Fence Jnmpers. 
 
— 172-- 
 
 cannot run or jump, as he cannot move both front feet at the same 
 time. This can be used upon colts as well as horses. 
 
 Question. How would you keep a horse from tearing his blanket 
 in the stall ? 
 
 Answer, Sew a piece of leather about five inches square on each 
 side of the halter, letting it come down even with his mouth ; when 
 he reaches down to grab the blanket he will have to chew the leather. 
 
 Question. How would you keep a horse from getting cast in 
 the stall? 
 
 Answer. Put on the horse a halter ; sew a ring in the halter over 
 the horse's head ; on top of the stall drive a staple and ring ; at 
 the side of the stall drive another staple and ring, take a rope 
 ten feet long with a driving snap threaded into one end of it ; 
 feed your horse from the floor with a manger of oats. When 
 
— 173 — 
 
 your horse's head is down, snap this rope into the ring on top of 
 the halter and pass up through ring over his head, through 
 ring on side of the stall and hang a weight there ; that will 
 take up the slack of the rope the moment that he raises his 
 head. Hitch him in this way only ; he cannot roll oyer or get 
 cast in the stall, as you will see it is impossible for him to turn 
 his head around. 
 
 Question, What do you think of grooming a horse ? 
 
 Answer, When you are grooming a horse you must remem- 
 ber that horses are like people, some have a very thin skin and 
 are very tender. One-half of the grooms of to-day when using their 
 wirry-combs and brush, bear on with the curry-comb as hard as 
 {)Ossible, the result is that a thin skinned horse cannot and will 
 not stand it. I have seen many high-bred horses, trotters and 
 runners that have been made vicious biters and strikers, caused 
 by ignorant grooming. JSTow when you find a horse that has a 
 very thin skin run the curry-omb over him light and easy and 
 soft as possible, getting most of the dust out with a good brush. 
 
— 174 — 
 
 using directly after the brush straw, and rub him thoroughly 
 with it ; then use a rubbing cloth, which will put on a polish. 
 One of the best methods for cleaning and caring for a horse that 
 has been driven fast and comes into the stable very warm, is to 
 take a meal sack, turn it wrong side out with meal all over it, 
 rub this meal right into the hair, rub him as near dry as possi- 
 ble, put the blanket on him as soon as he is dry, then you can use 
 the curry-comb and brush and clean the horse as usual ; this 
 will leave him in fine condition. The meal will make the horse's 
 hair glossy and shine like a blackened boot. 
 
 A horse should be cleaned but once a day, and this should be 
 at night, after he has done his day's work ; in the morning 
 merely straighten his coat and clean off what dirt may have col- 
 lected in the stall during the night. My reason for giving a 
 horse a thorough cleaning at night is the same that you would 
 do yourself after a hard day's work ; taking a good wash and 
 general cleaning up refreshes you wonderfully. 
 
— 175 — 
 
 What is good for man is good for the horse ; they need the 
 same care and treatment. This method, you must understand, 
 I mean for work horses. 
 
 Question, How do you teach a horse to back ? 
 
 A7iswer. ^\xt on the '< G-leason Bridle,'^ drawing the strap 
 in your right hand, and stand at the horse's shoulder ; press 
 your left hand upon his neck ; use the words '^ back, sir,'' and 
 pull the strap at the same time. This will give the horse a 
 severe jerk in the mouth and he will back four or five inches. 
 The moment that he does so caress him and teach him that he 
 has done right. Then repeat the lesson again and again, until 
 shortly the horse will back any distance for you at the word of 
 command. Some colts will be very stubborn and fight you for 
 five or ten minutes ; but keep at them, always having plenty of 
 patience, and at last you will gain your point. 
 
 Question. Tv^nat do you think of bitting a colt? 
 
 Anstuer. ii nature has not designed the colt to have a high 
 head and carriage no art of man can alter it, and the old fashion 
 of strapping up the neck in an unnatural position and leaving 
 it there for hours, in nine cases out of ten, results in a heavy 
 headed lugger on the bit. I do not believe or endorse the 
 working of the old-fashioned bitting reins. I simply use the 
 Gleason Bridle, teaching the colt to turn his head quickly 
 to the right and left, stopping at the word ^^whoa." I 
 then take and put on an ordinary open bridle and straight 
 bar bit, teaching him to guide by line quickly and easily ; 
 working in this way with a colt for three or four days, 
 then you can put on the check rein and check him up to 
 his natural position. The next day you can check him a 
 little higher, and the next day a little higher yet ; then you 
 understand that the horse generally elevates his head, works 
 pleasantly upon the bit, and you are not getting him mad nor 
 breaking down his constitution by forcing and straining him 
 with the old-fashioned bitting reins. 
 
— 176 — 
 
 Questio7i, How do you make your single riding bridle ? 
 
 Ansiver, Take strap eight feet long ; place the middle of 
 this strap on top of your horse^s head, carry it down the side of 
 his face, placing each strap through his mouth, bringing the 
 ends up to the back, and the riding bridle is complete. 
 
 This bridle is simple and useful, handy to ride a horse to 
 pasture, or to exercise horses with. 
 
 Question. How do you teach a horse to lie down at the word 
 of command ? 
 
 Ajiswer. Take him out into a field or nice soft place and 
 throw him twelve or thirteen times, using the words ''lie down,^' 
 plain and distinct. After you throw him, let him lie quietly 
 for about five minutes; caress him; feed him an apple. Do 
 not make your lessons over an hour long. The third day, by 
 taking a little riding-whip and touching him on the knees, 
 using the command '' lie down,^^ he will obey you quickly. 
 
 Oleason's Simple Riding- Briille. 
 
 In order to make this bridle, take a piece of strap nine feet long, 
 place the middle cf it over the top of the horse^s head, bringing 
 it down over the cheeks, pass through the mouth from each 
 side, bring the ends up and use as reins. This is very simple 
 and will often be found very useful to the farmer^ 
 
— 177- 
 
 
 A €!eiitleiuuii*s Kou<l Horse. 
 
 A Goo<l General Business Horse. 
 
— 178 — 
 
 Question. How would you educate a horse not to be afraid of 
 fire-arms or gunpowder ? 
 
 Ansiuer. Throw him and hold him down, taking a revolver 
 loaded with blank cartridges, fire it off in the air. If he make? 
 a move to get up make him lie down by pulling the strap ; re 
 peat this and make the lesson thirty or forty minutes. The next 
 day give him another lesson and in three days you have taught 
 your horse so that he will pay no attention to the report of a 
 gun. The theory of this is very simple. All that you have got 
 to do is to convince a horse that you are his friend and he is not 
 going to be harmed. 
 
 Question. How would you educate a horse not to be afraid of 
 buffalo robes, blankets, etc.? 
 
 Anstoer. Take the Gleason Bridle and put on to his head, 
 holding the strap in your right hand ; take the buffalo robe or 
 blanket and hold up to the horse^s nostrils ; let him smell of it ; 
 at first he will make a desperate attempt to get away from you ; 
 as he does, you pull upon the bridle, using the words ^^ stand, 
 sir ;'' then let him smell of them again, and every time that he 
 makes an attempt to get away from it tighten upon the bridle, 
 and always talk to your horse, using the words *' stand still, 
 that will not hurt you,^^ or any other words that you may think 
 proper. Eepeat these lessons three or four times, throwing the 
 robe over his head, making him walk over it, and teach him 
 that you are his friend and protector. In a short time he will 
 gain confidence in you, and whatever you ask him to do he will 
 be williug to perform. 
 
 Question. How would you break a horse from biting in the 
 stall ? 
 
 Answer. Use the Gleason Bridle, having the long strap hang 
 over the side of the stall where you can reach it handy, and 
 when you go in by the side of the horse, if he makes any attempt 
 to kick at you, strike or bite, give him a severe pull upon this 
 strap, at the same time using the words ^'take care, take care, 
 8ir.^' 
 
— 179 — 
 
 This bridle is very valuable for teaching horses to follow yon. 
 Take hold of the strap with your left hand, stand directly in 
 front of your horse, taking a buggy whip in your right hand ; 
 you crack the whip and say "come here,'^ at the same time 
 pulling the rope. Keep practicing this on the horse for 20 or 
 
 Sbouing Double Safety Strap on Off Horse in Double Team, Fsed in 
 Driving a Bolter or Plaui^er or any General 3Ieau Morse in Double 
 Harness. 
 
 30 minutes ; he will soon understand that when you crack the 
 whip that it means for him to come to you. As soon as he 
 comes to you pat him or caress him, feed him an apple, and 
 after you have given him two or three lessons you can call him 
 from almost any distance by the crack of the whip. 
 
 Question. What do you think of clipping horses ? 
 
 Ansiuer. For driving horses who have a thick coat of very 
 long hair, I would recommend clipping, 'for in such cases the 
 horse can be much more easily taken care of, and really, I think 
 he is benefited by it. But, in all cases, when you remove na- 
 ture's covering you must substitute another^ in the way of warm 
 
— 180 — 
 
 blankets, &c. When a horse's coat of long, thick hair is allowed 
 to remain as nature has calculated it, as a protection from the 
 cold, storms and rigors of winter, when taken out and speeded 
 the perspiration arising from his body causes his hair to become 
 thoroughly saturated, and then when he com.es to stand still, it 
 becomes cold and consequently chills the horse through, and not 
 only makes him very uncomfortable, but he is quite liable to 
 take cold and have inflammation of the lungs, ^^ epizootic/^ &c. 
 Whereas, if this coat of thick and long matting of hair, which 
 gets so sour when it becomes wet, and, as all horsemen know, 
 always retains the dust and excrements of the horse^s body, is 
 removed and proper care is taken of covering him, his coat can 
 be kept looking so much nicer and with less labor, and the 
 horse^s skin will be in a more healthy condition. The same rule 
 will apply to work horses, if they can have the same care. 
 
 The question is often asked me if I approve of clipping the 
 fetlock. I answer. Yes, on driving horses only. All team horses 
 and heavy draft horses should be left their natural fetlocks. 
 After driving your horse in muddy weather, let the mud dry on 
 
— 181 — 
 
 his feet and legs. Then clean it off with a brnsh. Do not 
 wash your horse upon coming in from a muddy drive. By fol- 
 lowing my instructions in this particular you will prevent 
 scratches, greased heels and many other disagreeable diseases of 
 the leg. 
 
 The Celebrated "Gleason Bridle." 
 
 For training and handling horses of all vicious habits, no ropes or 
 cords to lacerate the mouth is recommended by me. 
 
 Havii -^^ up to this time, during my professional career' used ropes 
 in lieu of straps, for my Bonaparte and Eureka bridles, I now 
 
— 182 — 
 
 abandon the rope entirely on many accounts and have made and patent- 
 ed a bridle constructed of leather and iron rings of which the preced- 
 ing engraving is an exact illustration, and is described as follows : 
 
 A A is a mouth piece or loop for the lower jaw of the horse to pass 
 through, leaving upper part of loop in horse's mouth and lower part under 
 his jaw. The part of loop in the mouth is round to guard against a 
 possibility of lacerating the tongue or mouth of the horse. 
 
 B B is an iron ring, one inch in diameter, each side of the mouth, sewed 
 into loop A A. 
 
 C C is a strap three feet long, that passes directly over the head close to 
 the ears, with a buckle so as to take it up or let it out to suit the horse's 
 head you are going to handle. 
 
 D C) is a solid, heavy iron ring, one and one-half inches in diameter, 
 sewed on strongly to strap C C, and is used for strap E E to pass through. 
 
 E E is a half-inch strap of leather, fifteen feet long, one end of which is 
 sewed into ring B B on the offside of the horse's head. This strap is then 
 passed over his neck to his withers, is then brought down through ring 
 B B, on near side, then up through ring D D, then brought down through 
 ring B B.; the long end of strap E E is held in the right hand, this 
 gives a man power to control a vicious horse who is afraid of buffalo 
 robes and umbrellas, to lead a horse up to steam or anything he is afraid 
 of, also to control or handle any vicious horse, as the bearing comes 
 directly on the horse's neck by the strap E E and pressure upon the brain 
 by the strap C C. The entire bridle consists of three pieces. 
 
 BfMle Displayed npon tbe Horse-s Head and Ready for Operatiovi. 
 
— 183 — 
 
 This bridle will be known iis tlie " Gleason Bridle," and used by 
 him in handling all wild and vicious horses. 
 
 When you pull upon the long strap, you will find the liorse will 
 quickly follow you, and can be made to stop at the word '^ whoa ! " or 
 obey any command you may give him, and there is no danger of making 
 his mouth sore. 
 
 Several Forms of Using' Brittle \%ith Strap run down throug^h Ringr on 
 
 Moutbplece. 
 
 When used as in engraving above, is for training horses to be 
 familiar Avith buftalo robes, umbrellas, drums, paper, steam and all 
 other objects. In presenting an umbrella to your horse, take it in 
 your left hand and the long strap in your right hand, letting the 
 liorse smell of the umbrella, then opening it and letting him look 
 
— 184 — 
 
 into it, then holding it over his head, then raising it and lowering it, 
 and alternately doing this until he is used to it. Then you can open 
 and shut it without his making any move or seeming to notice it, and 
 by being thorough in handling him with all ohjects he is afraid of, 
 he will soon become familiar with them all. 
 
 The owner of one of these bool^s has the right to have manufac 
 tured one of these bridles for his own use, but not the right to sell 
 or manufacture for sale, as they will be furnished to any person in 
 want of one upon an order sent to my headquarters. 
 
 l»Aof. O. R. Gleason's Wonderful Eureka Bridle. 
 
 To make this bridle, take a small piece of rope ten feet long, tie it 
 round the animal's neck in a slip knot, then bring the rope down 
 through his mouth on the off side, then pass the rope back through 
 the cord that you have tied around the horse's neck Xow pull down 
 upon the rope snugly, then pass rope over his head, close to his ears, 
 then bring rope down on the off side of his face through his mouth, 
 then pass the rope back and tie into the rope around his neck. This 
 bri lie is to be used to make a horse s'and to be shod, harnessed, sad- 
 dled, clippeJ, sore eyes treated, sore back treated; it is also used to 
 make horses familiar with buffalo robes, umbrellas, paper, blankets. 
 
— 185- 
 
 To accomplish this work and expedite matters, first let him smell of 
 the object, then ])resent them to him in any way you may choose, 
 being careful not to inflict pain. 
 
 Prof. O. R. Gleasou's Famous Bonaparte Bridle used by Him since 1S73. 
 
 The above engraving shows the bridle in backward actions for 
 teaching a horse to back and stop at word of command. This is a 
 cord fifteen feet in length, with a stationary loop tied at one end just 
 large enough to slip over the horse's lower jaw. Put it on the horse's 
 lower jaw ; bring it over the middle of the neck from the off side ; 
 pass downward through the loop on near side ; bring up the lower 
 corner of cheek-bone on near side ; hold there with right thumb, 
 pass the slack through mouth from near side; bring over neck just 
 behind ears from off side ; then through loop held by thumb. Don't 
 liasten. Hold the long end in your right hand and take it back, and 
 you then have a most powerful bridle which will effectually stop any 
 horse, no matter how imruly or vicious, by merely giving it a sharp 
 jerk, and saying " lake care" when the horse tries to kick. To 
 make a horse come to you at word, stand off eight feet with this 
 cord in your hand, and say " come here," at the same time giving 
 
— 186 — 
 
 the cord a strong pull, which you will find will draw the animal 
 very quickly. Step to the other side of the horse and repeat again 
 and again for about ten minutes. Every time he obeys, caress him, 
 and in a very short time you will have a horse that will watch you 
 as closely and follow you as well as your dog. This bridle can be 
 also used for animals afraid of bicycles, etc., and liable to run away. 
 This bridle may also be used to break a horse afraid of umbrellas or 
 buffalo robes, as follows : Place on the horse the bridle as seen in en- 
 graving. Present the umbrella or buiialo robe, allowing him to 
 smell of it ; than ri:b it across his nose and head ; open it gently, at 
 the same time allow him to smell of it several times ; work gently 
 till he becomes reconciled to it, and in a few lessons vou will be able 
 to use the umbrella in any place around him. 
 
 TWs Shows the Forward Action of Gleason's Bonaparte Bridle. 
 
 To be used as represented in above illustration when teaching 6 
 horse to come to you quickly. Take tbe cord in the left hand and 
 your whip in the right hand, standing directly iti front of the ani- 
 mal. Xow pull the cord and strike him lightly with the vrhi]: 
 around the hind legs, and say " come here," and when he obeys youi 
 command pat him gently on the neck, and repeat this as often as is. 
 
— 187 — 
 
 necessary, to make him thoroughly iindcrstand what you want. I want 
 it distinctly understood, that I do not . approve of the use of ropes in 
 handling horses, and have ^ ly mentioned them in some of my de- 
 scriptions of how to handle them for the convenience of the farmer, 
 when they have no other opportunity of getting the straps which 
 are always preferred. (See engraving of my new leather bridle.) 
 
 Tbe ^«0* Bi Gleason Break Harnese." Patent applied for. 
 
— 188 — 
 
 The Gleason Break Harness in Parts. 
 
 PATENT APPLIED FOR. 
 
 Breeching' and Back Strap. 
 
 Patent Bridle and Bit. 
 
 Belly and llold-baek Stra|>s. 
 
 Breast Collar. 
 
— 189 — 
 
 In describing tlie Break Harness, I will say it is so constructed that 
 it can be put on in parts or taken oft' in parts. It can be used with 
 back-strap and cru^^per, taken oft" also with breeching. The safety 
 rope can also be applied when using this harness without interfering 
 in the least with each other. The reader can see by the illustration on 
 page 187 that it is put together with snaps. Any of my readers want- 
 ing such harness I will furnish them with one set complete for $25. Or 
 to any person owning one of my books I will grant the right for them 
 to get one made for his own use, but not to sell or cause to be sold. 
 
 The above engraving is a fac simile of my famous " Break Wagon,'' 
 by which the reader will readily see the fore w^heels can turn right 
 under the seat, there being no reach to obstruct their passage, per- 
 mitting me to make very short turns, which is necessary, as my ex- 
 hibitions are given upon theatrical stages often, and want of room 
 in such cases caused me to originate the above wagon. It is so 
 constructed that it can be taken apart and packed in trunks and thus 
 transported over the country. It is very complete in all its points, 
 and I have applied for a patent on it. I have handled over two 
 thousand head of vicious horses with it, and it is still sound. It cost 
 me $500 dollars to get it manufactured. 
 
 Any of my readers wanting such a w^agon can obtain it through me. 
 
— 190 — 
 
 The above engraving ilhistrates the use of my single foot-strap, 
 which, the reader will readily see, gives the driver a double purchase 
 
— 191 — 
 
 on the horse's foot and is quickly explained. The end being snapped 
 into large iron ring, which is sewed strongly to the surcmgle under 
 the horse's belly, passed through the ring attached to strap at the 
 fetlock joint, and back through the ring in surcingle. Taking end of 
 strap in left hand, you can break a horse of the following habits : from 
 rearing in the air, bolting off sideways, teach liir' the word "whoa," 
 etc., etc. 
 
 The above engraving illustrates the use of my guy line, used for 
 starting balky horses and teaching colts to turn to the right or left. 
 A man stands directly in front or to the right or left, as the case 
 may be, and is controlled wholly by the driver, who sits in the wagon 
 and whose commands he must listen to and strictly obey, so that 
 t<he working of both men may be in unison, and by giving the horse 
 
— 192 — 
 
 short lessons, not more than an hour's length per day for say two or 
 three days, the horse will become thoroughly broke and subdued. 
 It will also be found very useful in handling a horse who is stubborn 
 and wants to go on one street while you desire to go another. 
 
— 193 — 
 
 The engraving opposite illustrates the manner of educating a colt 
 to pull in the harness by taking hold of the traces in the left hand and 
 pulling gently back on them while he moves forward, getting him 
 used to the pressure of the collar on his breast. After which he may be 
 hitched to a two-wheeled vehicle, and taking care in giving the first 
 lessons to select some level ground for the work, and make no false 
 motions, never lie to him or deceive him. I condemn all bitting 
 harness. It is certainly cruelty to animals to use them. It is a 
 mistaken idea of any man to entertain to presume he can change 
 the form or frame of a horse that was made by Dame Nature's own 
 handiwork. 
 
 m-^^i£S 
 
 ^Ai 
 
 The above engraving illustrates a soldier shooting off his gun over 
 the horse's back, and when giving the horse his first lesson in this 
 part of his education, use the Gleason Bridle, and you always have 
 your horse under control, for when he steps or moves while you are 
 discharging your weapon, by simply tightening up on the rope or 
 strap and commanding him to stand, he will become accustomed to 
 it, so that he will soon pay no attention to the report. Give him 
 two lessons a day for one week, and you will soon have an animal 
 that you can discharge a cannon over his back and he will take no 
 notice of it. 
 
— 194 — 
 
 The above engraving illustrates the manner of branding a horse, 
 showing where the brand should be placed, and which should be 
 regulated by a law of the United States. Parties owning ranches 
 where branding is necessary, should brand the horse on the left hind 
 foot, and that brand should be registered. I recommend that the 
 United States Government adopt this method in branding its horses. 
 
 Question. How would you handle a wild mustang ? 
 
 A?tswe?\ In handling a wild mustang or any wild vicious horse, 
 many times they are so dangerous that it is impossible to approach 
 them with safety. I will lay down a rule to handle a wild and vicious 
 mustang or western bronco. Take a half-inch rope fifty feet long, 
 make a slip noose in one end of it, lay this on the ground, making a 
 large loop about three and one-half feet across it, then lead the 
 bronco into it, his front feet standing in the loop, as seen in the 
 above engraving. The moment that he gets into the rope pull 
 the rope, which will bring his two front limbs together ; you 
 pull to the left and the man that has hold of the bronco or 
 mustang pull to the right ; you will at once bring him to his 
 back, as seen in the following engraving. Now you can take the 
 mustang and put on my double safety strap and the driving bridle 
 and handle him the same as I have laid down for handling any 
 
-195 — 
 
 vicious animal, kickers or runaways. In working nrcshings, let me 
 say that you must work them slow and easy; their lessons should 
 not be over thirty minutes' long. Repeat them twice a day and in 
 one week the mustang is ready to drive. In working this animal al- 
 ways use a great deal of judgment and plenty of patience ; never 
 
 show your temper ; whatever they do is not because they are vicious, 
 but because they are afraid that you are going to hurt them, and they 
 are of a wild nature. They can be easily brought under control by 
 kind and gentle treatment. 
 
 The following cut is to illustrate to the reader the position of man^ 
 and horse, with the animal's fore feet in the lariat loop ; you should 
 now pull the rope quickly, and you should step to the right, while 
 your assistant, who is holding the halter strap, steps to the left, and 
 
^196 — 
 
 the engraving below will show the horse as thrown. The man who 
 ho'.ds the; h liter strap quickly passes down the horse's back to his 
 hips and pulls the horse's head to his shoulder, thereby preventing 
 
— 197 — 
 
 him from getting np. Now put on your driving bridle, surcingle 
 and safety strap. Commence the training by letting him get up and 
 handling him the same as a runaway, kicker or colt. 
 
 Will You Answer these Questions ? 
 
 Can a cribbing horse be cured ? Ko. 
 
 Can ringbones be cured ? No. 
 
 Can spavins be cured ? Kot after they have become seated. 
 
 Can heaves be cured ? No. 
 
 Can shoe boils be cured ? No. 
 
 Can blindness be cured ? No. 
 
 Can nervicular lameness be cured ? Not after long standing. 
 
 Can splints be cured ? No. 
 
 Do you approve of cor.dition powder ? Yes, if made fresli every 
 spring from receipts givon 'r. my bcc.r. Co^^lition powders that lie 
 in stores for five or ten years are not very valuable. The strength 
 of the medicine must be gone. I would advise all horse owners not 
 to waste their money in buying such trash. 
 
 Can contracted feet be cured ? No. 
 
 Can sprung knees be cured ? Na 
 
 Can curb be cured ? No. 
 
 Can bog spavin be cured ? No. 
 
 Can a meaner be cured ? No. 
 
 Can a corn from long standing be cured ? No. 
 
 Questioju How would you break a yoke of steers and a kicking 
 cow? 
 
 Answer. First get your steer into a room or small yard, so that 
 he can not run from you ; then approach him slowly, and if he runs 
 
— 198 — 
 
 do not be in a hurry, but wait until he gets to the end of the roon} 
 or yard ; then approach him slowly, as before. A steer may run 
 from you in this way several times ; but do not try and stop him 
 with your whip, or force him to think that he will be at all injured, 
 until he will stand and suffer you to approach him. As soon as this 
 is accomplished gently tie a rope around his body near the shoulders, 
 rather loosely. Then take another strap or rope, and gently fasten 
 one end to the near fore foot ; then pass the other end over the rope 
 or surcingle, beneath the body. This rope should be sufficiently 
 long to allow him to run to the end of the yard without your moving, 
 at the same time you holding the rope sufficiently firm ' > compel 
 him to move on three legs. Then approach him again quietly, and 
 so continue until he will allow you to approach and handle him as 
 you please. Now take a short hold of the strap with your left hand, 
 your whip in the right, which pass over his shoulders, and quietly 
 touch him on the off-side of the head, at the same time saying, 
 " haw,'' and continue this until he moves his head a little toward 
 you. They understand what you require of them while yoked to- 
 gether. 
 
 If your steers have learned to run away from you, which is a com- 
 mon result of the ordinary method of training, put on the rope and 
 Ftrap to the foot. If hitched to a wagon or sled, let your man 
 hold the foot- strap, which runs back between the steers, and the 
 moment they attempt to run away he pulls up their feet, while you 
 whip them over the head, which will stop them immediately and in 
 a short time break up the habit. 
 
 Kicking Cows. 
 
 It is natural for the cow to stand while being milked, consequently 
 the heifer knows nothing about kicking until hurt or frightened 
 into it. The lesson in regard to heifers is therefore perfectly plain. 
 Be careful and not hurt or frighten them. If by accident you should, 
 and they kick, do not punish them for it. Kindness and gentle 
 handling is the only remedy. If your cow kicks, let your reasoning 
 for the cause be based upon the principle that she never kicked un- 
 til she was injured, and the remedy will at once suggest itself. No 
 cow was ever broken of kicking by striking with the stool or other 
 
— 199 — 
 
 «^eapon. This practice only puts the cow on her guard, and as you 
 come near her with the stool she uses nature's defense and kicks. 
 Handle her gently. If she walks off or kicks, pay no attention to it, 
 using no loud words or blows. If her teats are sore, she is quite lia- 
 ble to do either ; and you must have patience till they are healed. 
 In our experience we have never found a confirmed kicker in a yard 
 where kindness was a characteristic of the family who handled the 
 dairy. On the contrary, we have found plenty of them where 
 quarreling, loud words, and general bad temper prevailed. 
 
 r 
 
 Ladies' Equestrian Horsemanship. 
 
 The saddlery for the use of the ladies is similar in principle 
 to that devoted to gentlemen's riding, with the exception that 
 the bits and reins of the bridle are lighter and more orna- 
 mental and the saddle furnished with crutches for side riding ; 
 the reins are narrower than those used by the gentlemen, but 
 otherwise the same. The ddle should be carefully fitted to 
 the horse and there should n I ways be a third crutch, the use of 
 which will hereafter be explained. There is an extra leather girth, 
 which keeps the flaps o' '.' 'die in their places. The stirrup 
 
 may be either like a man' ha lining of leather or velvet, or 
 it may be a slipper, which safer and also easier to the foot. 
 The lady's whip is a light affair, but as her horse ought seldom 
 to require punishment, it is carried more to threaten than to 
 give punishment. A spur may be added for a lady's use ; it is 
 sometimes needful for the purpose of giving a stimulus at the 
 right moment. If used, it is buckled on to the boot, and a 
 small opening is made in the habit with a string attached to the 
 inside, which is then tied around the ankle, and thus keep the 
 spur always projecting beyond the folds of the habit. A nose 
 martingale is generally added for ornament ; but no horse which 
 throws his head up is fit for ladies' use. The lady's horse ought 
 to be a most perfect goer, instead of being, as it often is, a stupid 
 bru^e, fit only for a dray. 
 
 Many me/i think that any horse gitfed with a neat outline will 
 carry a lady ; but it is a great mistake ; and if the ladies them- 
 themselve/. had the choice of horses they would soon decii'.. > the 
 contrary. The only thing in their favor^ in choosing a lady's horse, 
 
— 200 — 
 
 is that the weight to be carried is generally light, and therefore 
 a horse calculated to carry them is seldom fit to mount a man, 
 because the weight of the male sex is generally so much above 
 that of an equestrian lady. Few of this sex who ride are above 
 one hundred and thirty pounds, and most are below that weight. 
 But in point of soundness, actio^^ mxnth and temper, the ladv's 
 horse should be unimpeachable. A gentleman's horse may be 
 good yet wholly nnable to canter and so formed that he cannot 
 be taught ; he, therefore, is unsuited to a lady ; but, on the 
 other hand, every lady's horse should do all his paces well. 
 Many ladies, it is true, neve? trot ; but they should not be fur- 
 nished with the excuse that they cannot because their horses 
 will not. In size, the lady's horse should be about fifteen hands 
 or from fourteen and a half to fifteen and a half ; less than this 
 allows the habit to trail in the dirt, and more, makes the horse 
 too lofty and unwieldy for a lady's use. In breaking a lady's 
 horse, if he is of good temper and fine mouth, little need be 
 done to make him canter easily, and with the right leg foremost. 
 This is necessary, because the other log is uncomfortable to the 
 rider from her side position on the saddle. The breaker, there- 
 fore, should adopt the means elsewhere described, and persevere 
 until the horse is quite accustomed to the pace, and habitually 
 starts off with the right leg. He should also bend him thor- 
 oughly, so as to make him canter well on his hind legs and not 
 with the disturbed action which one so often sees. The curb 
 must be used for this purpose, but without bearing too strongly 
 upon it. The horse must be brought to his pace by fine hand- 
 ling rather than by force, and by occasional pressure, which he 
 •will yield to and play with if allowed, rather than by a dead pull. 
 In this way, by taking advantage of every inch yielded, and yet 
 not going too far, the head is gradually brought in and the hind 
 legs as gradually are thrust forward, so as instinctively to steady 
 the mouth and prevent the pressure which is feared. When 
 this '< sitting on the haunches" is accomplished, a horse cloth 
 may be strapped on the near side of the saddle to accustom him 
 to the flapping of the habit ; but I have always found in an ordi- 
 nary good tempered horse, that, if the paces and mouth were all 
 perfect, the habit is sure to be borne. 
 
 It is a kind of excuse which gentlemen are too apt to make 
 that their horses have never carried a lady ; but if they carry » 
 
— 201 — 
 
 gentleman quietly they will always carry a lady in the same 
 style, though they may not perhaps be suitable to her seat or 
 hand. The directions for holding the reins, and for their use, 
 elsewhere given, apply equally well to ladies, the only difference 
 being that the knee prevents the hand being lowered to the 
 pommel of the saddle. This is one reason why the neck requires 
 to be more bent foi the gentleman^s use, because, if it is straight, 
 or at all ewe-necked, the hands being high raise the head into 
 the air and make the horse more of a ^^ star-gazer '' than he 
 otherwise would be. Many ladies hold the reins as in driving. 
 It is in some respects better, because it allows the hand to be 
 lower than the gentleman's mode, and the ends of the reins fall 
 better over the habit. In mounting, the horse is held steadily, 
 as for a gentleman's use, taking care to keep him well up to the 
 place where the lady stands, from which he is very apt to slide 
 away. The gentleman assistant then places his right hand on 
 his right knee, or a little below it, and receives the lady's left 
 foot. Previously to this she should have taken the rein in her right 
 hand, which is placed on the middle crutch, then, with her left 
 hand on the gentleman's shoulder and her foot in his hand, she 
 makes a spring from the ground and immediately stiffens her 
 left leg, using his hand, steadied by his knee, as a second foun- 
 dation for a spring, and then she is easily lifted to her seat by 
 the hand following, and finishing her spring with what little 
 force is required. As she rises the hand still keeps hold of the 
 crutch, which throws the body sideways on the saddle, and then 
 she lifts her right knee over the middle crutch. After this she 
 lifts herself up from the saddle, and the gentleman draws her 
 habit from under her until smooth, he then places her left foot 
 in the stirrup, including with it a fold of her habit, and she is 
 firmly seated, and should take her reins and use them as directed 
 for the gentleman. The great mistake which is constantly made 
 in mounting is in the use of the lady's knee, which should be 
 carefully straightened the moment it can be effected, for if kept 
 bent it requires a great power to lift a lady into the saddle, 
 whereas, with a good spring and a straight knee, she ought to 
 weigh but a few pounds in the hand. The lady's seat is very 
 commonly supposed to be a weak one, and to depend entirely 
 upon balance ; but this is the greatest possible mistake, and 
 there can be no doubt, from what is seen in private as well as ia 
 
— 202 — 
 
 the circus, that it requires as great an effort of the horse to dis- 
 lodge a good female rider as to produce the same effect upon a 
 gentleman. Even with the old single crutch there was a good 
 hold with the leg, but now that the third is added, the grip is 
 really a firm one. When this is not used the crutch is laid hold 
 of by the right leg and pinched between the calf of the leg and 
 the thigh, so as to afford a firm and steady hold for the whole 
 body, especially when aided by the stirrups. But this latter 
 support merely preserves the balance, and is useful also in 
 trotting. It does not at all give a firm, steady seat, though it 
 adds to one already obtained by the kuee. When two crutches 
 are used, the leg is brought back so far as to grasp the crutch as 
 before, but between the two knees the two crutches are firmly 
 laid hold of, the upper one being under the right knee and the 
 lower one above the left. The right knee hooked over the 
 crutch keeps the body from slipping backwards, while the left 
 keeps it from a forward motion, and thus the proper position is 
 maintained. In all cases the right foot should be kept back and 
 the point of the toe should scarcely be visible. These points 
 should be carefully kept in view by all lady riders, and they 
 should learn as soon as possible to steady themselves by the 
 grasp of the crutches without reference to the stirrup-iron. In 
 spite of her side seat, the body should be square to the front, 
 with the elbow easily beut and preserved in its propper position 
 by the same precaution. The whip is generally held in the right 
 hand, with the lash pointing forward and towards the left, and 
 by this position it may be used on any part of the horse's body 
 by reaching over to the left and cutting before or behind the 
 saddle, or, with great ease, on the right side. Its use may, there- 
 fore, in all cases be substituted for the pressure of the leg in the 
 description of the modes of effecting the change of leg, turning 
 to the left or right, or leading with either leg. With this substi- 
 tution, and with the caution against all violent attempts at 
 coercion, which are better carried out by the fine hand and 
 delicate tact of the lady, all the feats which man can perform 
 may well be imitated by her. In dismounting, the horse is 
 brought to a dead stop, and his head held by an assistant. The 
 lady then turns her knee back again from the position between 
 the outside crutch, takes her foot out of the stirrup, and sits 
 completely sideways. She then puts her left hand on the 
 
— 203 — 
 
 gentleman's shoulder, who places his right arm around her 
 waist and lightly assists her to the ground. 
 
 My Idea as to the Proper Methods to Pursue in Reg- 
 ulating and Managing a Government Farm. 
 
 The United States Government owns ten thousand horses and firo 
 thousand mules, the great majority of which are in the "West on the 
 frontier. This stock is renewed each year at a cost of thousands of 
 dollars. They buy hundreds of horses every year, of these the 
 greater part are " broncos," or AVestern bred horses. These horses 
 cost the government an average of one hundred and eighteen dollars 
 each, and are only saddle broken, which means that they have been 
 ridden two or possibly three times each by a *'bronco-buster." These 
 same horses can be bought at an average price of forty-five dollars 
 per head, wild. 
 
 What the government needs, and badly needs, is a government 
 farm. This should be an immense ranch, conveniently located ou 
 the frontier, where there would be an extensive range, fertile soil and 
 at a point where it would be protected from the extremes of heat 
 and cold. It should be made to effect a three-fold purpose. 1. The 
 breeding of horses adapted to the uses of the army. 2. The train- 
 ing and education of such horses. 3. To provide a hospital and re- 
 cuperating station for government horses. 
 
 1. It is an unquestioned fact that the horses yearly bought for 
 the army are poorly suited to its needs. They are scrub-bred, crosses 
 mostly from heavy draft stallions upon the light Indian pony, and 
 and while the product are good sized horses, they are lacking in 
 many of the essential qualities of a war horse. 
 
 The government needs three distinct styles of horses, and these it 
 cannot obtain in any other way than by breeding them. We want a 
 cavalry horse, fleet, nervy, powerful — the English hunter is probaiJ 
 the best type of horse for thi: purpose. We want artillery hoi:es, 
 horses that can hurry the heavy guns forward in battle. They 
 should be short-limbed and close jointed, combined with strength 
 and endurance — such horses as we try to buy for our fire engines, 
 We want short-legged, powerful animals, for heavy hauling. 
 
— 204 — 
 
 As private citizens we have learned to some trifling extent the ne- 
 cessity of breeding horses for special purposes. Trotters don't emi- 
 nate from dung-hills, nor do running horses spring up unsought 
 from the farm or plain. These horses are bred for the especial pur- 
 pose of getting speed out of them, and men spend their life in the 
 selection and breeding of horses for speed. The government, how- 
 ever, which pre-eminently needs the best of horses, horses that it 
 cannot buy from horse breeders, as such horses are not raised here, 
 is content with scrubs from the West and cart horses from the Mid- 
 dle States. 
 
 2. There is no training school for government horses. Private 
 citizens who are best informed send their horses to professional horse 
 trainers, that they may have animals able and willing to carry out 
 their every wish. The government allows each soldier to train his 
 own horse by the mere power of force of habit. These soldiers 
 know little or nothing about a horse, and the proper way to handle 
 him, in order to get the most out of him, and often valuable horses 
 are spoiled, or at best but poorly broken to the service for which 
 they are intended. Soldiers are trained and educated by men who 
 have learned the proper method of educating a soldier, but horses 
 upon whose trustworthiness and ability success largely depends, 
 are allowed to go into engagements with the half training that 
 a soldier can give them. 
 
 On this government farm there should be built a large training 
 academy, in charge of a thorough horseman, and every horse that 
 leaves the farm for active service should have been trained and edu- 
 cated by this horseman in all respects and as thoroughly as the sol- 
 dier who is to ride him in battle. 
 
 Even if the government should not breed its own horses, the 
 educating school is not only a very valuable adjunct to the army, 
 but would prove a profitable investment. As I have already said, 
 green broncos can be bought at almost one-third what the govern- 
 ment pays for them " saddle broken," and such horses could be 
 broken, trained and educated in this training academy at the same 
 cost or but a trifle more, that they could be educated for war after 
 being saddle-broken — this being an immense saving to the govern- 
 ment every year. 
 
 3. When a horse is out of condition and is condemned by the in- 
 
^ 205 — 
 
 spector, the government sells it at public sale, and in this manner 
 has sold thousands of really valuable animals that a short rest and 
 proper treatment would have rendered as good for service as ever. 
 
 I advocate the establishment on a government farm of a horse hos- 
 pital, where horses that are condemned can be sent, properly doc- 
 tored and handled and allowed to recuperate their strength and 
 health. The government has thrown away thousands and thousands 
 of dollars by having no such infirmary in the past, and I feel assured 
 that it will be simply a question of a short time till this scheme ap- 
 proves itself to Congress and the people. 
 
 I do not advocate that this government farm should be simply a 
 great Western ranch, but a farm in every sense of the word. Here 
 all the grain and food used on the place should be raised. It should 
 be under the management of a horseman of known and recognized 
 ability, and the hospital should be in charge of the best veternarians 
 that the country affords. 
 
 Not only would tliis farm enable Uncle Samuel to give to his 
 soldiers the best of saddle horses, the best of artillery animals and 
 to his teamsters strong powerful brutes, but it would be of incalcula- 
 ble benefit to the people at large. The farmers throughout the land 
 have not yet learned the necessity of breeding their horses with care. 
 "A colt's a colt" is still the saying, and to pay out a good price for a 
 stallion fee, is considered in many sections as the height of folly. 
 After a few years of successful operation the surplus from this farm 
 could, if deemed advisable, be sold to the farmers at a reasonable 
 profit to the government, but still at prices which would place the 
 best of animals at the service of farmers, and so do a great deal 
 towards raising the standard of our horses. 
 
 I believe that within a very short time Congress will look into 
 the merits of this plan and adopt it, at least in its leading particu- 
 lars. 
 
 Shipping Horses. 
 
 We need a law relating to the shipment of horses in cars. It is 
 the shameful practice of nearly all horse shippers to crowd and jam 
 into one car as many horses as they possibly can. Here they stand 
 packed in like sardines in a box, compelled to rida for hundreds of 
 
— 206 — 
 
 miles with no chance to rest themselves, crowding and pushing till 
 they are all in a sweat and then allowed to cool off by the winds 
 striking them through the unprotected sides of the car, and without 
 food or water. 
 
 Eailroad companies should be compelled by law to provide suita- 
 ble cars for the shipment of horses. These cars should be built so 
 as to protect the horses from the wind, yet thoroughly ventilated. 
 Each horse should have room to rest himself and a place for water 
 and feed. 
 
 One reason why most horses that are shipped are in bad condition 
 for a long time, becoming acclimated, horsemen say, is that they 
 catch cold and get themselves out of condition in the transit. 
 
 Let Congress look into this matter, order proper modes of ship- 
 ping horses, and we will see a marked decrease in diseases among 
 horses. 
 
 Special to the Farmer. 
 
 The necessity for improvement in farm stock to meet the exigen- 
 cies of close times, of which considerable has been said of late, is 
 one which does not end with cattle, sheep and swine, but includes 
 the horse stock as well. Perhaps the improvement in these other 
 descriptions of stock is of more importance because of their greater 
 numbers, but a great deal can be gained by giving more att ntion to 
 the character of the horse produced and maintained on the farm. 
 Hors s c nnot be dispensed with on the farm, and no one makes the 
 attemp*-, as the major part of the farm work is performed with their 
 help, but the cost of the ir keep is a he^vy burden. Many farmers do 
 not realize this, because the food they consume ii produced upon the 
 farm ; but inasmuch as if not consumed by them this food could be 
 sold, or something saleable raised in its stead. The support of the 
 horse stock is a very material item of farm expense. On a very 
 large proportion of farms, if not upon the majority, the class of horses 
 maintained is such that practically no return is secured from them 
 beyond the labor they perform. This is a good deal, of course, but 
 it is not enough, for with a better grade of foundation stock and 
 more care in the selection of stallions, the production of horses can 
 be made to contribute very handsomely to farm revenues without 
 
— 207-^ 
 
 gomg further in the direction of breeding than the usual force of 
 farm teams will justify. There is a great demand in this country 
 for good horses, and it is so diversified in its character and so wide in 
 its extent, that practically it can never be overdone. The farmer 
 need not be restricted to any one type of horse, and if he has any 
 preferences in the matter they may safely be consulted, since every 
 really good horse finds ready sale. But whatever the type selected 
 the farmer should always breed for stoutness and stamina, with a fair 
 measure of style and a movement and disposition suited to the pur- 
 pose for which the animal is to be ultimately devoted. And the 
 effort should constantly be made to produce animals for some par- 
 ticular purpose, and stallions patronized with the power to produce 
 just the kind of a horse the farmer desires, avoiding the nondescripts 
 at the " Cross Eoads" who throw colts too slow to trot, too light to 
 pull, and without style and character for anything else. We know 
 of many farmers so negligent in this matter as to maintain teams of 
 geldings for farm work. If a farmer wishes and can aiford a driving 
 team in which his personal pleasure is a fair compensation for their 
 keep, he has as good a right to such horses as anybody; but as for 
 horses maintained simply for farm purposes, we have often thought 
 that a farmer had full as much use for a plug hat in the harvest 
 field as for a team of geldings at the reaper. 
 
 It occurred to me that a few remarks to the farmers of America 
 would be well received. 
 
 As regards a very large proportion of the farmers of this country, 
 their farms are so conveniently located that they are enabled to haul 
 to market the products of their farm in the shape of hay, grain, etc., 
 which is done to a great extent. Having been giving daily exhibi- 
 tions for fifteen years, I have noticed in my travels the great number 
 of farms that were badly run down, the soil fast wearing out, build- 
 ings, neglected, etc. On inquiry I found that many were heavily 
 mortgaged, and the parties working the land barely making a living; 
 also for years that nearly all the produce from these farms had been 
 sold and consumed away from the farms, and scarcely anything re- 
 turned to the land in shape of manure or fertilizers, which all land 
 in this country must have in order to keep it productive. 
 
 There could of course be but one end to such management as this, 
 the farm would year after year produce less, until it would even- 
 
— 208 — 
 
 hially prove worthless, and its owner made poorer and poorer. In 
 my opinion such farms can be brought back to their former produc- 
 tiyeuess by gradually returning to the soil what has been taken from 
 it in the shape of manure and fertilizers. This will take time, and 
 must of necessity be done slowly by the farmer, that is, year by year, 
 as fast as they are able. I then revolved in my mind that that would 
 be the most practical way of accomplishing this result. One way to 
 do it is by a considerable expenditure of money in buying manures, 
 etc., but as naturally would be the case the parties owning farms in 
 such condition are generally not able to afford such an outlay. 
 Another way, and it strikes me as the best way, is to raise and keep 
 stock on the farms, so as to consume the hay, grain, etc., that they 
 may raise, and thus have manure to put back on your land. This 
 followed up, year by year, your land will begin to increase in pro- 
 ductiveness, gradually more stock can be kept, and the farms Avill in 
 a few years become restored to their former usefulness. Feed the 
 products of your farm to your stock and then realize from sales of 
 your stock. You will realize more in this way and with less labor to 
 yourselves and families, and will be adding to the value of your 
 farms, instead of depreciating them. 
 
 The next question that comes up will be what kind of stock will 
 be the most profitable to raise, taking all things into consideration, 
 to accomplish this result, which must be accomplished and cannot 
 be commenced too soon, or the farmers of the country will many of 
 them) soon be in a condition that they cannot make a living off their 
 farms. 
 
 My mind naturally reverts to the Blue Grass region of Kentucky, 
 where the farms are used almost entirely for raising stock, but very 
 little land being cultivated aside from the purpose of raising grain 
 for their stock. Their lands are very rich and strong, their locality 
 has become celebrated as a stock region, and every day their hotels 
 are filled with buyers from different parts of the world, taking their 
 stock away and leaving their money in return. Kentucky has be- 
 come mainly celebrated for its fine horses, and they are in demand 
 from all over the world. Many states can do as well as Kentucky, 
 and in a few years can make a good start in raising horses, and it 
 strikes me that it would be a move in the right direction, and should 
 be followed up by every farmer. Good horses are ahvays desirable 
 
— 209 — 
 
 and saleable and at a good paying price. Many of our farmers do 
 keep stock and tliey can tell you of its value in keeping up their 
 farms. Large dairies are in existence, some producing butter, some 
 hauling to the cheese factory and others sendmg their milk to the 
 cities. The making of butter makes a great deal of work on the farm, 
 viz.: care of cows, milking them, then the labor about the house 
 making the butter, caring for cans, etc. Now, every farmer who will 
 take the trouble to figure up the cost of this labor at its market 
 value must know that there is no money in making butter at present 
 prices. Then look at the sta*e of the ca:e, when milk is taken to 
 the factory to be made into cheese. Figure up the cost of keeping a 
 cow one year, your time in caring for cows, milking, hauling to fac- 
 tory, wear and tear of horses, wagons, etc., expense of cans, interest 
 on investment, and tell me if a gross return of twenty-five dollars to 
 thirty dollars per cow on an average will pay you for all this labor, 
 etc. Now, as regards raising horses, which it seems to me will pay 
 the farmer better than any other kind of stock raising, you are 
 wonderfully favored in having access to the very best stallions that 
 can be found anywhere in the broad land, stallions of the very best 
 quality, the highest type and the very best blood lines, whether for 
 the draft, the farm, the coach, road or track purposes. 
 
 A colt can be raised to three years of age at about the same price 
 as a steer, the only extra expense in doing so being the service price 
 of a stallion, and this is more than covered by the extra price they 
 will sell for, even at common prices bringing three to five times the 
 value of the steer. Where good mares are bred, the produce will sell 
 for twice or three times the common price, which then makes it very 
 profitable. The brood mare can be used carefully during pregnancy, 
 so that she will earn her keeping. The fonl at three years old can 
 be broken to light work about the farm and wdll earn his living until 
 sold. Many will be sold from weaning time up. If a steer can be 
 raised in this country and sold at from $50 ta $60, how much more 
 profit is there in raising a foal that at the same age will bring 
 $150 to $500, and when an extra good one is raised, the price 
 will run up into the thousands. A farmer in m} county with whom 
 I am acquainted breeds one mare every year to one of the best stal- 
 lions, and he assures me that this one mare is worth more money 
 than the gross income of his wdiole farm of oup^ hundred acres. 
 
— 210 — 
 
 Breed as good a mare as you can afford to own ; breed to as good a 
 stallion as you leel that you can afibrd to use, but always keep in 
 view the general useful qualities of the horse for any work covering 
 good size, fifteen and one-half to sixteen and one half hands, good 
 strong bone, heavily muscled, good disposition, good appearance, 
 with soundness of parts and well-gaited and high breeding, and you 
 will not go astray. Above all, avoid the use of cheap, low bred 
 country stallions standing at a low fee and dear at that ; also horses of 
 unfashionable colors, and those that entail upon their stock white 
 faces and three or four white feet. Such stock is not popular, and if 
 buvers can be got to buy them it will be at a reduced price. A 
 colt from a high bred horse can be raised as cheap as that from a 
 low bred one, but when you come to sell him, the one by the high 
 bred horse will sell for two or three times as much. Buyers appre- 
 ciate the value of good blood and will pay more for it, because their 
 experience has taught them that it is worth more and will sell more 
 rapidly. Feed your colts liberally and they will well repay you for 
 your liberality by making better horses at three and four years of 
 asre than thev would if half fed at six vears old. 
 
 I have presented these thoughts to you as I hastily jotted them 
 down, but I have probably said enough to call your attention to the 
 matter so that you can fully consider it. 
 
 What Errors in Feeding will Do, and How to Prevent 
 Diseases of the Digestive Organs. 
 
 With very rare exceptions diseases of the digestive organs are re- 
 sults of errors in feeding, and all observations point to the conclusion 
 that in the horse the intestines are more liable to suffer from disease 
 than the stomach. The stomach of a horse is a simple organ, small 
 in comparison to the size of the animal and in contrast with the vol- 
 ume of the intestines. It is but slightly called into action during 
 the digestive process, and. provided the food be properly masticated 
 and incorporated with the salivary secretions, it is arrested for a 
 short time only in the stomach, but is passed onward into the intes- 
 tinal canal, where the process of digestion is completed. On this 
 account the intestines are more liable to disease. It is also a remark- 
 
— 211 - 
 
 able fact that easily digested food, if given over abundantly, is apt 
 to derange the small intestines; whereas food containing much 
 woody fibre, such as over-ripe hay, coarse straw, etc., accumulates in 
 the large intestines and there causes derangement, inflammation and 
 even paralysis of the intestinal muscular tissue. It is also a fact 
 worthy of notice, that if food be given artificially prepared, by boil- 
 ing or steaming, it is retained in the stomach itself, and if given in 
 too large quantities causes distension, inflammation, paralysis and 
 even rupture. This is accounted for by the circumstance that food 
 imperfectly prepared for intestinal digestion is retained or imprisoned 
 by the action of the pyloric structures, and thus distends the stomach 
 by its bulk or by gases evolved by the process of fermentation, which 
 is apt to ensue. 
 
 The food of the horse contains an abundant quantity of starchy 
 materials, and the process by which these are rendered soluble com- 
 mences in the mouth, not only by their admixture with the salivary 
 secretions, but by a chemical change through which the non-sol nble 
 starch is converted into dextrine and grape sugar, and made fit for 
 the action of the Intestinal, bilary and gastric secretions, and for ab- 
 sorption by the vessels of the gastric and intestinal walls. For the 
 purpose of performing this process the horse is provided with twenty- 
 four millstones, in the form of molar teeth, which have the power of 
 crushing and triturating the hardest food, and of an extensive sys- 
 tem of salivary organs which secrete very actively during the process 
 of mastication, a fluid which effectively blends with and chemically 
 changes the food thus triturated. On this account it is found that 
 when horses are sufficiently but not overly fed with dry food of a 
 proper quantity, the stomach rarely suffers from disease. An error 
 in the diet, however, or a sudden change from one kind of food to 
 another, not only deranges the stomach, but the intestinal canal as 
 well. 
 
 From various causes, such as improper food, the process of denti- 
 tion, diseases of the teeth causing imperfect mastication, ravenous 
 feeding, the presence of other diseases, debility of the stomach itself, 
 resulting from some constitutional predisposition, or from food given 
 at uncertain and rare intervals, a condition of indigestion is in- 
 duced in the horse. In young animals the same is induced by 
 draughts of cold milk, removal from the dam at too early an age, or 
 
— 212 — 
 
 what is commonly the case in some places, compelling the dam to 
 work shortly after the birth of the offspring, and allowing it to suckle 
 at rare intervals and when the dam is heated. In the horse the 
 symptoms of indigestion are loss of appetite, or depravity and capri- 
 ciousness of it, manifested by the horse eating at irregular intervals, or 
 having a desiie to eat filth, with sourness of the mouth and usually 
 increased thirst. The animal soon becomes hide bound, has a dry, 
 scurfy skin; there is irregularity of the bowels and frequent escape 
 of flatus by the auus. If caused by imperfectly masticated food, 
 such as whole oats or coarse hay, these may be found in the fseces. 
 In addition to the above diagnostic symptoms, there may be a dry 
 cough, or irregularity of the pulse, which may be slower or faster 
 than natural ; colicky pains may also be present in some cases, oc- 
 curring more particularly in an hour or two after the animal has par- 
 taken of its food, whilst in others fits of giddiness, and even paralysis, 
 occurs; the latter condition being not seldom seen in cattle, and 
 very often in horses. 
 
 • In the young animal the above symptoms are more commonly as- 
 sociated with diarrhcea than in the older ones, in which constipation 
 is generally present. The faeces often resemble the color of the food ; 
 for example, if the horse is fed on dark colored hay or clover, the 
 fgeces will be dark colored also ; if, on the contrary, it is fed on oats, 
 the faeces will be light in color ; and in the young animal, when fed on 
 milk, it will often resemble it both in color and consistence, mixed, 
 however, with large masses of curdled milk, and often very foetid. 
 It has often been noticed that when indigestion is induced by clover 
 the urine is very dark in color, and deposits a thick, almost brick- 
 colored sediment. This condition of the urine, however, need cause 
 no apprehension, as it is often seen in the clover -fed animal without 
 any disease being present. Indigestion is a fertile source of deposits 
 in the urine, which results from imperfect nutrition of the tissues, 
 or a chemical change in the constituents of the blood-plasma, due 
 to the products being imperfectly prepared or containing some ma- 
 terial unfit for healthy nutrition. 
 
 In the treatment of indigestion, the cause ought to be carefully 
 inquired into and removed. If due to the process of dentition, the 
 presence of unshed crowns of the temporary teeth irritating and 
 woundmg the mouth, or to any irregularity of the dental apparatus, 
 
— 213 — 
 
 these must be attended to according to the directions laid down under 
 their several heads. lu all instances where such causes are not in 
 operation, even when the cause cannot be traced to the food, ,it will 
 be necessary to make some alteration in the diet and to examine the 
 various alimentary matters in order to detect the offending one if 
 possible. If the di irrhcei is not excessive and the animal thereby 
 much debilitated, it would be advisable to give a mild aperient or a 
 moderate cathartic. To the young animal a dose of castor oil or lin- 
 seed oil, to the older a moderate dose of aloes, combined with a veg- 
 etable bitter, ginger or gentian. In foals pepsin can be adminis- 
 tered, as in all probability the indigestion is due to imperfect secre- 
 tion of the gastric glands ; even in the older animal this is often pre- 
 sumably the case, and more especially when the disorder occurs with- 
 out apparent cause ; the same remedy will prove beneficial. The 
 diet of the animal is also to be carefully conducted, and that pure 
 air, moderate exercise and good grooming are essential to proper di- 
 gestion. Occurring in the winter, if the horse is thickly covered 
 with hair, clipping will have a beneficial result, restoring the diges- 
 tion and appetite, which may have been long impaired, notwithstand- 
 ing remedies, in the course of a few hours. 
 
 Distension of the stomach may arise from repletion with solid 
 food, or from the evolution of gases arising" from solids or liquids 
 contained within it undergoing the process of fermentation, or dis- 
 engaged from the gastric w^alls when the stomach is empty, as occur- 
 ring in conditions of great prostration. The cause of impaction of 
 the stomach results from the indigestion of food too abundant in 
 quantity, or greedily swallowed and imperfectly masticated. In those 
 parts of the country where the cookmg of food for horses is a com- 
 mon custom, it is found that deaths from diseases and lesion of the 
 digestive apparatus are very common. From the reasons that it is 
 necessary for the food to undergo, not only the process of tritura- 
 tion by the teeth, but that it requires to be chemically altered by 
 combination with the saliva, it will be understood that food prepared 
 in any other way, as cooking by boiling and steaming, is unfitted to 
 be acted upon by the stomach, and is consequently retained within 
 it, the animal meanwhile continuing to eat until its walls become 
 distended, paralyzed or even ruptured. Some kinds of food, nutri- 
 tious in themselves and theoretically calculated to be proper for the 
 
— 214 — 
 
 horse, are found practically to be liighly dangerous. Wheat, for in* 
 stance, which is highly nutritious, is considered to be improper food, 
 deranging the stomach, causing purgation, laminitis and death. 
 Barley has a similar effect. When it becomes compulsory to cook 
 the food, it should be given with the greatest caution and in small 
 quantities. Bran in mash or otherwise, musty hay, or too ripe before 
 being cut, barley and green foods, not only induces engorgement, but 
 also undergo fermentation 'xi the stomach, and thus bring on tym- 
 panitis. 
 
 How Should a Horse be Fed During a Hard March or a 
 
 Long Drive. 
 
 How many times have I seen farmers and horse owners before 
 starting on a visit or a long journey give their horse a big breakfast, 
 saying, "he's got a hard days work before him." About ten o'clock, 
 when he has gone 25 or 30 miles from home, Mr. Horse lies on the 
 side of the road with a good case of acute colic. Cause "good break- 
 fast." Now, I will give you my idea of the way a horse should be 
 fed in order for him to do the work and prevent sickness. Give him 
 a good big supper. This allows his digestive organs all night to 
 perform their functions, and your horse has laid up a reserve for a 
 iourney. In the morning give a light breakfast of grain, say four 
 quarts of oats, no hay. Same at noon. Always water your horse 
 after, never before eating. Nevsr drive up to a trough when on the 
 road and let him drink. Use a pail that you may know how much 
 he is drinking. For myself I do not approve of watering a horse 
 more than four times a day when on a journey, early in the morn- 
 ing, again at ten o'clock, again at four and again at night when put- 
 ting him up for his rest. 
 
 When you desire to stop but a short time for dinner, you need not 
 wait until your horse is cool before you feed him. Feed him his 
 grain at once, and as soon as he has eaten he is ready for business. 
 A great many horsemen will tell you that there is danger in feeding 
 a horse when very warm. But it is not so. Understand me cor- 
 rectly, I refer only to instances where you are going to put your 
 horse to work immediately after he has eaten his dinner. Whea 
 
— 215 — 
 
 warm, his stomach is expanded, and your keeping him warm, it re- 
 mains in that state. On the other hand, if you allow him to stand, 
 the stomach contracts, and the gas from the grain brings on colic. 
 
 Taking Care of Horses when Heated. 
 
 It is the habit of a great many persons when their horses become 
 heated to cover them with a great heavy blanket. This is wrong. 
 Do not cover your horse for about five minutes, letting him steam. 
 Then put on a light blanket, allow him to stand with this blanket 
 on for half an hour, then remove the light blanket and put on your 
 heavy one. This gives the animal a warm, dry covering, after you 
 have removed the light blanket which is wet from the steam of the 
 horse. Follow these directions and it will prevent your horse from 
 catching cold. I approve of giving the horse a thorough rubbing 
 first, if convenient. 
 
 Care of Horses in the Spring of the Year. 
 
 Great care should be given the animals during the months of 
 April and May, to prepare them for the warm weather. As soon as 
 the grass starts your horse should be grazed thirty to forty minutes 
 each day, and this as early in the morning as possible. Green grass 
 will physic your horse, purify his blood, and get the grain that he 
 has been eating through the winter months out of his system. At 
 the same time that you are grazing the hor.e, feed bran mashes and 
 stop feeding grain for a week or ten days, until you get his system 
 in a thoroughly good condition. I would also advise that driving 
 horses with feet that are inclined to contract be walked in the dew 
 every morning through the summer months. Tliis is one of the 
 greatest treatments in the world for softening and expanding the 
 horse's feet. It is much better than all the hoof ointment there is 
 on the market, and it is a great deal cheaper. 
 
 In cities where it is not feasible to graze your horse, give him a 
 bucket of green grass cut from the lawn. 
 
— 216 — 
 
 Horses. 
 
 The number of horses has riseu from 4,336,719 in 1850 to 
 14,976,017 in 1890. In 1850 Ohio headed the list with 463,397 ; in 
 1860, Ohio again, with 623,346 ; in 1870 Illinois had gone to the front 
 wiih 853,738, and at the front she remained in 1880 with 1,023,082, 
 and in 1890 with 1,335,289 horses. It is a curious commentary on 
 the old fear that railways would destroy the market for horses, that 
 their number has most increased where railways have been most de- 
 veloped. 
 
 In 1850 there were returned, horses, 4,336,719 ; mules and asses, 
 559,331 ; together, 4,896,050, to a population of 23,191,876, or an 
 animal of equine parentage to each 4| inhabitants. In 1890, horses, 
 11,976,017; mules and asses, 2,296,045; together, 27,272,062, to a 
 population of 62,317,194, or an animal to each 21 inhabitants, not- 
 withstanding that the miles of railroad had enormously increased in 
 the 40 years. 
 
 It would be interesting and instructive to learn the average value 
 of each animal in 1850 and in 1890. Undoubtedly the common 
 horse of to day is a great deal better animal and will sell for much 
 more money than his predecessor a human generation ago. Probably 
 that increase is one-third to one-half. The deep and widespread in- 
 terest in running and trotting for their own sake, as well as the efforts 
 purposely made to improve horse stock, have borne abundant and 
 gratifying fruits. 
 
217- 
 
 Taken by districts, the figures in the foregoing table are quite inter- 
 esting and instructive. The first nine States form the North Atlantic 
 division ; in it in the last decade (from 1880 to 1890) has been an in- 
 crease of 11.83 per cent, in horses and 12.73 per cent, in mules. The 
 next nine States are the South Atlantic division, and in the past decade 
 increased in the number of horses 9.90 per cent., and in mules 20.31 
 per cent. The next twelve States constitute the North Central division, 
 and increased in horses 51.31 per cent., and in mules 21.80 per cent, 
 from 1880 to 1890. The South Central district is made up of the next 
 eight States. The percentage of increase for the same time was 46.50 
 per cent, horses and 30.72 per cent, mules. The last eleven States make 
 up the Western division, and between 1880 and 1890 there was an in- 
 csease of 108.79 per cent, in the number of horses, and 65.55 per cent, 
 in mules. Illinois has the largest number of horses at this time, and 
 Missouri the largest number of mules. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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— 220 — 
 
 Oscar R. Gleason's Original Methods for Detecting 
 Unsoundness in the Horse. 
 
 The result of an experience of over fifteen years duration^ in which time he 
 has handled over ''twenty thousand horses,"" which, however, may 
 seem incredible to the reader, but the truth of luhich he can clearly sub- 
 stajitiate, and the fact demonstrated on referring to his Journals, giviiig 
 the owners^ names and addresses ^ the kind of horse and the character of 
 their habits, and the date they were handled by him. 
 
 In meeting with so many unsound horses in my journeyings about 
 the United States, I am awakened to the fact that I might enlighten 
 many of my readers by my original methods of detecting all of the 
 unsound points about the horse. In doing this I do not intend to 
 make use of any scientific terms that belong to the veterinary college, 
 but instead of which it will be my aim to use plain matter of fact lan- 
 guage, and that which would generally occur in any and every commu- 
 nity where pc ople reside who admire and cultivate to improve that noble 
 animal so highly estimated by man. In doing this it is certainly not 
 my olject to induce the reader to entertain the idea that I belong to 
 the veterinary school. If, perchance, the reader should entertain 
 the idea let me here disabuse his mind with regard to it. The veter- 
 inary college is an institution of a very high order, and one worthy 
 of the patronage of the rising generation, and should receive the en- 
 couragement of the whole world. 
 
 How to Examine the Horse. 
 
 In the first place use your own judgment and do not listen to what 
 your neighbors say. If you are in a locality where you can get a 
 good veterinary to examine him, I would advise you to do so, unless 
 you consider yourself fully qualified ; if such is the case with the 
 reader, I can only say go ahead. 
 
— 221 — 
 
 Have tlie liorse led out of the stable, as all horses should be examined 
 in the open air. The first of all look to his age. For ascertaining 
 tlie correct age of the horse you will find it laid down elsewhere in 
 tliis book. Open the horse's mouth, look at his grinders and see 
 that they are in a proper condition. Next examine his eyes, then 
 his ears, running your fingers carefully in them to see that there is 
 no unnatural growth of warts or bunches such as wens, etc., which 
 could not otherwise be discerned, as thereby many horses have been 
 rendered deaf from such causes. Take your right hand, place it on 
 the top of his head and feel for the effects of Polevil, or any sores of 
 any nature that may be there. Then run your hand back to his 
 withers and examine for any marks of the surgeon's knife or fistula, 
 also while examining the mouth, look carefully for any marks or 
 scars that might be the result of the use of the knife. Now run 
 your hand on the horse's back to the region of his kidneys to ascer- 
 tain if there is any weakness there. Now stand directly in front of 
 the animal, and see if he has a full chest, and that his shoulders are 
 both alike. Now look at his fore feet and see if they are both the 
 same size. 
 
 Now pick up his feet and see that the frog is of a yielding and 
 tender character. See that he does not have " Thrush," which you 
 can detect from the offensive odor arising therefrom. Now look on 
 the inside of his front leg and see whether he has splints or any 
 unnatural enlargements of any character or nature. Now, examine 
 the hind legs for bone spavin or any enlargemen t of the hock joint, such 
 as blood spavins, bog spavin, thorough pin, curve, &c., &c. Examine 
 the leaders and tendons. Now have the horse trotted at a slow and 
 also a quick pace; then take a side view of the same action. Then 
 have him backed quickly and led up quickly, keeping your eyes on 
 his hind legs, looking for string halt. Now have him turned round 
 short, looking for any weakness about his front legs, in which he will 
 exhibit by dragging one of his limbs. Also examine his throat and 
 nostrils, looking for any disease that might be located there. 
 
 The ears of a horse should be small; broad between his ears, 
 broad between his eyes, with a large and full hazel eye, perfectly 
 level and straight from the forehead down to the nostril, with a 
 large, full nostril and thin. Size of the animal varies according to 
 what you want to use him for. The bones of the horse's leg should be 
 
— 222^ 
 
 flat and with very little flesh upon them, showing the cords ana 
 leaders perfectly. The foot should be of a flat nature. I have found 
 those to be of a more lasting kind. The foot that contracts easiest 
 IS of a high wall and closed heel. (See engi'aving in this book for 
 perfect horse.) 
 
 The reader may be assisted in reviewing the following list of com- 
 mon terms used in expressing the unsound points about the horse : 
 
 Contraction of the foot Unsound. 
 
 Thrush in the foot Unsound until cured. 
 
 Toe Crack Unsound. 
 
 Quarter Crack Unsound. 
 
 Corn Unsound. 
 
 Flat foot, when sole has dropped Unsound. 
 
 Pomace sole, or any inflammation of the 
 
 laminae Unsound. 
 
 Callousness upon the knee, caused by a horse falling down, or other- 
 wise, is an evidence of unsoundness. 
 
 If the knee is swollen, but no wen or protuberance of a callous nature, 
 ound. 
 
 As to the eye, any disease, even from the slightest cold or inflammation, 
 p*itil it be completely cured or has resulted in total blindness, stamp the 
 animal as unsound. 
 
 In short, a horse with either eye not actually perfect is unsound. 
 
 Ringbone Unsound. 
 
 Canker in the fooc Unsound. 
 
 Windgalls I consider noc in the full sense of the term unsound, but 
 rather as a blemish brought on by overwork or strain. 
 
 Curb Unsound. 
 
 Spavins of all natures and kinds Unsound. 
 
 Cappid Hocks Unsound. 
 
 Rheumatism Unsound. 
 
 Thorough Pins Unsound. 
 
 Blood Spavin Unsound. 
 
 Bog Spavin Unsound. 
 
 String halt Unsound. 
 
 Low hip or any protuberance of the hip Unsound. 
 
 Gease Heels, until cured Unsound. 
 
 Cracked Heels Unsound. 
 
 Enlargement of the hind leg, or what is technically 
 termed "Klc-pliantine" Unsound. 
 
— 223 — 
 
 Weak back Unsound. 
 
 Knuckling of the pastern joint, or sprung knees Unsound. 
 
 Stumbling, which is generally caused by the weak- 
 ness of the tendons Unsound. 
 
 All enlargements of the sinews or tendons Unsound. 
 
 Heaves, or broken wind Unsound. 
 
 Cough, until cured Unsound. 
 
 Crib biting Unsound. 
 
 Wind sucking Unsound. 
 
 Heaving, a nervous affection not necessarily injurious but more of a 
 hubit. 
 
 Surfeit or Mange Unsound until cured. 
 
 Glanders Unsound. 
 
 Strangles Unsound. 
 
 Colds and distempers, until cured Unsound. 
 
 Enlarged joints Unsound. 
 
 Soft enlargements on any part of the limb Unsound. 
 
 Sore shoulders or galled backs Unsound until cured. 
 
 Horses where the shoulder has shrunk or perished, it is caused by in- 
 flammation of the tendons, originating in the foot, and they are unsound. 
 
 Stiff hocks Unsound. 
 
 Wounds of every nature, until cured Unsound. 
 
 Scars of all kinds, if properly healed, not leaving a bone fracture, are 
 sound. 
 
 Horses who cut their quarters when spading, or when lying down in 
 stall have caused the shoe boil, are unsound until cured. 
 
 Roman backed horses are the most durable animals we have. 
 Saddle backed, hollow backed and low backed horses may be considered 
 sound, but are nevertheless an eyesore to the owner. 
 
 Wall eyed or moon eyed horses, if not sightless, I consider sound. 
 All humors arising from impurities of the blood or otherwise I consider 
 an evidence of unsoundness until cured. 
 
 Pigeon toed horses, or horses toeing in, unsound, being an unnatural 
 development, liable to cork themselves or interfere. 
 
 Lampas. — This is a fullness of the roof of the mouth and is most 
 frequently found among young horses. 
 
 Treatment — Cut the first bar in roof of the mouth, squeezing out 
 the blood, then add a little salt. IN^ever burn them as in our grand- 
 father's days. '! his is not considered by me as an evidence of un- 
 soundness, as the remedy is simple and effectual. 
 
— 224 — 
 
 Firing horses for any enlargement of the limb or any other cause, 
 I consider a brutal treatment, and when left so treated, I consider 
 him unsound. 
 
 Wolf teeth are two small teeth and found on either side of the 
 upper jaw next to the grinders. If they set close to the grindei 
 there is danger of their effecting the eye. They should never be 
 knocked out as is practiced by many, but should be removed by a 
 pair of forceps. They are peculiar to young horses or colts; after 
 they have been abstracted, I consider the horse sound. By a care- 
 ful perusal of what I have said upon the most natural causes that 
 render the horse unsound, and a few suggestions as to the treatment 
 of them, if I have rendered the reader any assistance and saved 
 the noble horse, man's true reliance, any torturous treatment, I am 
 satisfied. 
 
 THK TKBTH. 
 
 A foal at birth has three molars, or grinding teeth, just 
 through the gums, upon both sides of the upper and of the 
 lower jaws. It generally has no incisor or front teeth; but the 
 gums are inflamed and evidently upon the eve of bursting. The 
 molars or grinders are, as yet, unfiattened or have not been 
 rendered smooth by attrition. The lower jaw, when the inferior 
 margin is left, appears to be very thick, blunt and round. 
 
 A fortnight has rarely elapsed before the membrane ruptures 
 and two pairs of front, very white teeth, begin to appear in the 
 mouth. At first these new members look disproportionately 
 large to their tiny abiding place, ai.d when contrasted with the 
 reddened gums at their base, they have that pretty pearly aspect 
 which is the common characteristic of the milk teeth in most 
 animals. 
 
 In another month, when the foal is six weeks old, more teeth 
 appear. Much of the swelling at first present has softened 
 down. The membrane, as time progresses, will lose much of 
 its scarlet hue. In the period which has elapsed since the 
 
— 225 — 
 
 former teeth were looked at, the sense of disproportionate size 
 has gone. The two front teeth are now fully up, and these arc 
 almost of suitable proportions. When the two pairs of lacteral 
 incisors first make their appearance, it is in such a shape as can 
 imply no assurance of their future form. They resemble the 
 corner nippers and do not suggest the smallest likeness to the 
 lateral incisors, which they will ultimately become. 
 
 There is now a long pause before more teeth appear. The 
 little one lives chiefly upon suction and runs by its mother^s side. 
 Upon the completion of the first month, seldom earlier, it may 
 be observed to lower its head and nip the young grass. From 
 the third month, however, the habit grows, until by the sixth 
 month, the grinders will be worn quite flat and have been reduced 
 to the state suited to their function. 
 
 The corner incisiors come into the mouth about the ninth 
 month, the four pair of nippers which have already been tracecl 
 being at this time fully developed. The corner incisors, which 
 are depicted as through the gums, do not yet meet, though these 
 organs 2)oint toward each other, neither has the membrane of 
 the mouth at this time entirely lost the deepened hue of infancy. 
 
 From this date, however, the gums gradually become pale, 
 till by the end of the first year, the membrane has nearly 
 assumed its normal complexion during the earlier period of ex- 
 istence. All the incisors are, by the first birthday, well up. 
 The grinding teeth which are in the mouth when the foal first 
 sees the light, are of a temporary character. The jaw, therefore, 
 has to hold and to mature the long permanent grinders which, 
 within the substance of the bone, are growing beneath the tem- 
 porary molars. To contain and to develop the large uncut 
 teeth, before appearing above the gums, causes the small jaw of 
 a diminutive foal to be disproportionately thick, especially as 
 compared with the same structure in an adult horse. 
 
 At one year old the first permanent tooth appears. This is 
 the fourth molar, or the most backward grinder in the engrav- 
 ing. The jawbone at one year old has become longer and wider. 
 This increase of size was necessary to cover the increasing size 
 of the new molar and to afford room for the partial development 
 of two other grinders, which will appear behind what is now the 
 last tooth. Often little nceules of bone, without fangs, merely 
 attached to the gums, appear in front of each row of grinders. 
 
— 226 — 
 
 These are vulgarly denominated '< wolves' teeth/' They genei 
 ally disappear with the shedding of those menibers facing which 
 they aie located. 
 
 The changes in the teeth, after the first year, are character- 
 ized by the longer periods which divide them. Months have 
 heretofore separated the advent of single pairs ; but from this 
 date these appearances are to be reckoned by numbers and by 
 years. The foal has teeth sufficient to support and to maintain 
 its growth. Preparation is being made for the advent of the 
 sixth grinder, and for changes in those milk molars which were 
 in the mouth when the animal was born. At the same time 
 additional width is needed to allow the permanent incisors to 
 appear when their time comes. In the front teeth of a two- 
 year-old, there is a want of that fixedness which, one year be- 
 fore, was characteristic of these organs. The central nippers 
 have done their duty, or, at all events, something approaching 
 to maturity has been attained. 
 
 Three years old is the period when the greater number of 
 colts are brought to market. The bit then is put into its 
 mouth, and it is driven froui the field. At a period of change 
 and of debility it is expected to display the greatest animation 
 and to learn strange things. When its gums are inflamed ; 
 when the system is excited ; when the strength is absorbed by 
 an almost simultaneous appearance of twelve teeth, it is led 
 from the pasture and made, with its bleeding jaws, to masticate 
 sharp oats and fibrous hay. 
 
 It has been eaid that a three-year-old colt cuts twelve teeth. 
 The engraving presents half the lower jaw of an animal of that 
 age. Those organs which are of recent appearance will be re- 
 cognized by their darker color, by their larger size, or by their 
 differing in shape from the other members. These new teeth 
 are a central incisor and the first two grinders. The horse has 
 two jaws and two sides to each jaw ; therefore the same number 
 being present within each side of both jaws, the teeth already 
 alluded to appear during the third year. However, even this 
 quantity rather understates than overrates the fact, for fre- 
 quently the tushes are cut during this period. In such a case 
 the colt acquires no less than sixteen teeth in twelve months. 
 
 The four-year-old has to perfect as many teeth as are known 
 ^ to protrude into the mouth of the three-year-old. But the pre- 
 
— 227 — 
 
 cise timo of the appearance of the tushes is uncertain. They 
 may come up at the third or the fourth year ; sometimes they 
 never pierce the gums, it being very far from uncommon to see 
 horses^ mouths of seven years without the tushes. 
 
 By the end of the fourth year the colt has certainly gained 
 twelve teeth. By this time there should exist, on each side of 
 both jaws, one new lateral incisor and two fresh molars, being 
 the third and the sixth in position. The appearance of the 
 mouth now indicates the approach of maturity ; but the inferior 
 margin of the lower bone still feels more full and rounded than 
 is consistent with the consolidation of an osseous structure. 
 
 The process of dentition is not finished by the termination of 
 the fourth year. There are more teeth to be cut, as well as the 
 fangs of those already in the mouth to be made perfect. 
 
 The colt, with four pairs of permanent incisors, has still the 
 corner milk nippers to shed, yet while the provision necessary 
 for that labor is taking place within the body, or while nature is 
 preparing for the coming struggle, man considers the poor 
 quadruped as fully developed and as enjoying the prime of its 
 existence. 
 
 The teeth may be scarcely visible in the mouth, nevertheless 
 such a sign announces the fifth year to be attained. There are, 
 at five, no more bothering teeth to cut. All are through the 
 bone and the mouth will soon be sound. 
 
 The indications of extreme age are always present, and, 
 though during a period of senility the teeth cannot be literally 
 construed, nevertheless it should be impossible to look upon the 
 ^^ venerable steed ^' as an animal in its colthood. 
 
 Gleason's Entire New Method of Telling the Age of 
 
 a Horse. 
 
 Copyrighted 
 
 Question. How do you tell the age of a horse ? 
 
 Answer, There are many methods of telling the ages of 
 horses, but I have a new method, and one that you can always 
 tell within one or two years of their correct age, which is as 
 follows : 
 
— 228 
 
 UPPIR JAW 
 
 2l....,i w 
 
 0. R. 
 GLEASON'S 
 
 -13. — n. }t^ 
 
 ».•* 
 n-^' 
 
 NEW 
 SYSTEM 
 
 or TELLING HORSES' AGE. 
 
 LOWER JAW 
 
 A horse has forty teeth — twenty-four grinders, twelve front 
 teeth and four tusks. A mare has thirty-six teeth — twenty-four 
 grinders, twelve front teeth, and sometimes they have tusks, but 
 not very often. Fourteen days old a colt has four nipper teeth, 
 at three months old he has four middle teeth, at six months old 
 he has four corner teeth ; at one year old the cups leave the 
 nipper teeth, at two years old the cups leave the middle teeth, 
 at two and a half years old he sheds his nipper teeth, at three 
 years old full size nipper teeth ; three and a half years old he 
 sheds his middle teeth, four years old full-size middle teeth ; 
 at four and a half years old sheds his corner teeth ; five years 
 old, full-size corner teeth ; six years old, large cups in corner 
 teeth, small cups in middle teeth, and still smaller cups in nipper 
 teeth ; seven years old, cups leave nipper teeth ; eight years old, 
 cups leave the middle teeth ; nine years old, cups leave the cor- 
 ner teeth ; at ten years old a dark groove will make its appearance 
 on the upper corner tooth ; at fifteen years old the groove will be 
 one-half way down the upper corner tooth ; at twenty-one years 
 old the grooves will be at the bottom. At this age give your 
 horse his time and let him have rest in his future days. 
 
— 229 — 
 
 The groove alluded to will be found on the corner tooth of the 
 upper jaw, running down the middle of the tooth. When a 
 horse is from fourteen days to six years old, I judge by the 
 appearance of both jaws ; when from six to ten years, by the 
 lower jaw, and when from ten to twenty-one years, by the groove 
 in the upper jaw. The above is the only true system ■n. the 
 world, to my knowledge, for telling a horse^s age. 
 
 Gleason's Practical Illustrations of the Age of the 
 
 Horse. 
 
 Tlie FoaPs Jaw at Blrtb. 
 
— 230 — 
 
 Showingr the Montb of a Colt Two Weeks Old. 
 
 Showlngr the Month of Colt Six Weeks Old. 
 
— 231 — 
 
 Sliowiug Front Teeth of Colt at Nine Moutbs. 
 
 jSide Tiew of Jaw of a Oue-Year-Oia Colt, 
 
— a&2 — 
 
 Side View of Jaw of a Two- Year-Old Colt. 
 
 Sbowiug: Colt's Moutb at Two Tears of Age. 
 
— 233 — 
 
 -^i 
 
 Showing^ Month at T^ o and a-half Years of Ag^e* 
 
 Sbowing Ittontti at Tbree Years Old. 
 
— 234 — 
 
 •///^//v.:// 
 
 The Jaw of a Three- Year-Old Colt. 
 
 The Jaw of a Fonr-Tear-Old Colt. 
 
— 235 — 
 
 Sbowiu? Month at Four Tears of Age. 
 
 (Staowins Moutb at Four and a-balf Years of Age. 
 
^236 — 
 
 Showing Month at Five Years of Age. 
 
 Shoving Mouth at Six Tears of Age. 
 
— 237 — 
 
 Slio^ ing: Moutb at Seveu Tears of Ag;e« 
 
 
 Sbowingr Month at Elgrht Tears of Age. 
 
^S38 — 
 
 Sbowin^ Moutb Twenty Tears of Age. 
 
 Showing the Month at Thirty Tears of Age. 
 
 Having made a study of the horse's mouth during my fifteen 
 years of experience, the above illustrations will be found accurate 
 in all cases. But I will refer you to my new method of telling 
 the age of a horse from fourteen days to twenty-one years old. 
 Buy all horses by its instructions and you will never be deceived. 
 
— 239 — 
 
 Remember Ttii^. 
 
 To Tell the Age of Horses. 
 
 To tell the age of any horse, , 
 Inspect the lower jaw, of course. 
 The sixth front tooth the tale will tell, 
 And every doubt and fear dispel. 
 
 Two middle "nippers" you behold 
 Before the colt is two weeks old. 
 Before eight weeks, two more will come ; 
 Eight months, the "corners" cut the gum. 
 
 Two outside grooves will disappear 
 From middle two in just one year. 
 In two years from the second pair ; 
 In three the corners, too, are bare. 
 
 At two, the middle "nippers " drop ; 
 At three, the second pair can't stop. 
 When four years old, the third pair goes ; 
 At five a full new set he shows. 
 
 The deep black spots wdll pass from view, 
 At six years, from the middle two. 
 The second pair at seven years ; 
 At eight the spot each '• corner " clears. 
 
 From middle "nippers," upper jaw, 
 At nine the black spots will withdraw. 
 The second pair at ten are white ; 
 Eleven finds the "corners " light. 
 
 As time goes on, the horsemen know, 
 The oval teeth, three-sided grow ; 
 They longer get, project before. 
 Till twenty, which we know no more. 
 
 — Gleason, 
 
— 240 — 
 
 Horses' Teeth. Their Care and Treatment. 
 
 There are hundreds and thousands of horses that are suffering 
 daily on account of their teeth. The upper jaw of the horse is one 
 inch wider than the lower jaw, causing the r.pper grinders to shrtt 
 half an inch over the lower grinders. This causes the upper set 
 of teeth to wear sharp on the outside next to the cheek, and the 
 lower grinders to wear sharp on the inside next to the tongue. After 
 these teeth become sharp, in using a bridle on a horse, the j^ulling of 
 the lines brings the cheek-pieces of the bit against the horse's mouth, 
 pressing the inside of the cheek against the sharp edges of the 
 grinders, causing inflammation and many times cutting large gashes. 
 The horse will throw its head up and down, slobber, drive uneven, 
 pull on the lines, many times will balk; his grain passes through 
 him whole, he cannot masticate it properly. During my professional 
 career, I have seen hundreds of horses become balky for no other rea- 
 son than that their teeth were sharp on the edges, causing the mouth 
 
— 241 — 
 
 and cheeks to become sore and lacerated, which, in a high-strung 
 and nervous beast, causes hini to balk. Now, to have your horse's 
 teeth fixed, take a float or rasp and lile off the inside edges of the 
 teeth— just the sharp edges. Never let a man cut your horse's teeth 
 with shears, as it is impossible to cut ivory without fracturing it. 
 This operation of floating should be done once a year regularly. 
 Always have the operation performed by a man of good judgment. 
 Many a time a horse loses a grinder, then the opposite grinder is 
 given a chance to grow, and eventually comes into direct contact 
 with the opposite gum, making it impossible for the horse to eat at 
 all. Examine your horse's mouth thoroughly; see that the teeth are 
 even ; if not, take a float and make them so. Many of our best 
 veterinarians prescribe condition powders and medicines for horses 
 that are in thin flesh, hide- bound, etc., when the proper operation 
 upon the teeth will cure your horse without buying a lot of this 
 trash. 
 
 HORSE-SHOEING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Qitestion. What do you think of horse-shoes and horse-shoeing in 
 general ? 
 
 Answer. There is no subject before the horse owners to-day that 
 should interest them more than the subject of horse-shoeing. The 
 force of this statement will make itself felt when you consider that 
 there are in the United States at the present time over 14,000,000 
 horses, and that fully one half of them are badly crippled and al- 
 most spoiled by the sheer ignorance of the ordinary horse-shoer. 
 I claim that more horses are made lame by this butchery than any 
 other cause, for the reason that the majority of blacksmiths have 
 not had the experience necessary to do the work as it should be 
 done. They have not thoroughly mastered their profession. In 
 order for a horse-shoer to understand the science of his profes- 
 sion and the anatomy of the horse's foot, it is necessary for 
 
— 242 — 
 
 him to serve a long apprenticeship, and cannot be fully un- 
 derstood without a practical teaching and experience of five 
 or seven years. There are horse-shoers who thoroughly under- 
 stand their profession, and I recognize them as one of the 
 greatest body of men that we have to-day in any profession 
 There are rates upon shoeing that is being done at the present timt 
 by irresponsible parties, unskilled workmen, at the low rate of 
 seventy-five cents for shoeing a horse all around. Xow it is im- 
 possible for any blacksmith to shoe a horse and do his work in a 
 scientific manner for less than $2, and from that to $3, per horse. 
 It will be a great satisfaction to me, and I believe to the mil- 
 lions of horse owners, if a law should be passed in every State 
 throughout America prohibiting a man from shoeing a horse 
 or driving a nail into a horse's foot until he has served so 
 many years as an apprentice. Then let him go to the capital of 
 the State and there pass an examination that he is a qualified, 
 capable and able horse-shoer, thoroughly understanding his profes- 
 sion. Let him then receive his diploma to show the world that he 
 has gained his profession by hard study and work, and is ready to 
 perform his work in a skillful manner. 
 
 If this should ever become a law, we should soon find out that we 
 have only got a very few practical horse-shoers in the United States. 
 
 I hope that those who read my ideas upon shoeing will hereafter 
 appreciate a good horse-shoer. Do not patronize your cheap mechan- 
 ics, but patronize those who understand their profession. You will 
 then encourage men of good judgment, good common sense, to work 
 hard in order to elevate their profession. 
 
 Question. How should a horse be shod \ 
 
 Answer. Pare the foot perfectly level ; never take any more out 
 at the heel than you do at the toe ; never allow your horse's frog to 
 be cut in any way, shape or form. If there are rags hanging to the 
 frog let them remain there ; never have the bars of your horse's foot 
 cut. Let the horse-shoer cut enough of the sole out of the horse's 
 foot so that the shoe will not rest or press upon the sole, leaving ai? 
 equal bearing or pressure upon the sole of the horse's foot. 
 
 Have a shoe made that is concave from the third nail hole all the 
 
— 243 — 
 
 way round to the other third nail hole, from the last nail hole back 
 to the heel of the shoe ; have it bevelled outwardly, having the shoe 
 thinner on the outside at the heel than it is on the inside. My phi- 
 losophy of this is, to let the horse's frog come down even with the 
 shoe, as when he puts his foot down on the ground, by the shoe being 
 bevelled at the heel, it gives the quarters a chance to expand. 
 
 You probably are aware of the fact that the horse's shoes that are 
 manufactured at the present time are concaved all the way around ; 
 the result is that the shoe is slanting inwardly, and when the horse's 
 foot is placed upon his shoe, with four nails driven upon each side, 
 you have nailed his foot to an iron vise, and it is impossible for it to 
 expand, for the reason that the shoe slanting inwardly causes the 
 foot to contract. I wouia advise that all driving or saddle horses 
 should only have six nails in the front feet and five in the hind feet; 
 have them driven well to the middle of the horse's foot and come 
 out of the horn as low as possible. Kever file your horse's foot on 
 the outside above the nail heads. Kever file the crease under the 
 clinches, as when you do you are weakening the crust of the horn of 
 your horse's foot. You stop the growth of this live horn, causing 
 the foot to become dry and brittle, and when the old shoes are re- 
 moved you will find large chunks of the horse's foot breaking away 
 with the old horseshoe nails. 
 
 Xever have a red-hot shoe placed upon your horse's foot. It draws 
 the moisture and the oil from the hoof, making it become dry and 
 brittle. Nature never destined that a horse's foot should be burned 
 with a red-hot iron — warm shoes placed upon a horse's foot will do no 
 harm. 
 
 Always have the shoes made to fit the foot, and not fit the foot to 
 the shoe, as is the practice with many would-be horse -shoers. 
 
 No scientific workman will contradict the above facts. 
 
 Question. How do you shoe a horse for overreaching ? 
 
 Answer, Have a very heavy shoe on the front feet, having it very 
 wide at the toe and narrow at the heel ; put as much weight at the 
 toe as possible ; on the hind feet use my overreaching shoe with a 
 wide web on the outside of the foot, which will stop any horse from 
 overreaching. 
 
244 — 
 
 (See engravings of shoes for overreaching). What will stop one 
 horse from overreaching ^viil not stop another; the blacksmith must 
 use his judgment in all cases. 
 
 These shoes so on 
 the front feet. they 
 are usld also on 
 horses that stumble. 
 
 Thcse shoes go on 
 the hind feet. wide 
 
 .WEBB ON OUTSIDE or 
 THE FOOT. 
 
 Shoes to Preveiit luterleriiij? autl Overrcacliiug. 
 
 Note. — The shoes as they are in the above illustration will stop almost 
 any horse from interfering or forging ; if they interfere with the front feet 
 use the same kind of a shoe. 
 
 Question. How long should a horse wear his shoes ? 
 
 Answer. Not over four or six weeks ; then they should be reset, 
 merely rnsping the feet off level. Do not cut away at the heels more 
 than you can possibly help. 
 
 Question, How heavy should a horse's shoe be ? 
 
 Answer. For all driving and saddle horses, they should wear 
 fourteen- ounce shoes on the front feet, eight-ounce shoes on the hind 
 
— 245 — 
 
 feet. All team horses and heavy draft horses must be shod accord- 
 ing to their weight and size. I am an endorser of light shoes for 
 all driving horses, as horses pick up and put down during a day's 
 work in the neighborhood of aViOut fifty-three tons of iron, and you 
 will quickly see that the lighter your herse is shod the better it is 
 for him in going a long journey. 
 
 All trotting horses must be shod according to the judgment of 
 their drivers. They should shoe them to balance, and gait them to 
 the best advantage for speed. 
 
 Question. What shall I do for a horse with corns ? 
 
 Answer, Have the foot pared perfectly level ; then fit the shoe 
 to the foot the same as for a sound horse's foot ; then at the quarter 
 where the corn is, take and cut down about one -quarter of an inch, 
 taking right out a chunk of the wall, making a shoulder, so that 
 when the shoe is placed upon the foot the quarter that the corn is 
 on will have no bearing whatever upon the shoe. Put in some good 
 strong liniment or caustic and a little cotton over the corn under 
 the shoe. My idea of a corn is to remove the cause, and the corn 
 will gradully waste away. My idea of shoeing in this way is, if you 
 have a corn on your own foot and you relieve the pressure of your 
 boot from that corn it certainly does not bother you. The same way 
 with the horse. Horse-shoers, in shoeing a horse for this complaint, 
 should use the same judgment that he would for himself. 
 
 Question. How shall I shoe my horse for a quarter crack ? 
 
 Answer-. On exactly the same principle as for corns 
 
 (See engravings of horses shod for quarter crack). 
 
 You must take off" all the pressure that you possibly can ofi* the 
 diseased quarter, throwing it upon the sound part of the foot. I 
 only lay down a few of the principal rules for you to go by. All 
 horses being shod must vary according to the style and shape of 
 their feet, and in all cases the blacksmith must use his own judg- 
 ment. 
 
— 246 — 
 
 To Shoe a Morse for <iuarter Crack or Bad Corn. 
 
 Questiofi, How can I cure a sand or toe crack ? 
 
 Afiswer. Shoe the horse the same as for corn or quarter crack. 
 
 (See engravings for the above). 
 
 Question. What shall I do for a horse that stumbles when driven : 
 
 A?iswer, Pare his toes; have them much lower than the heel, 
 and use as heavy a shoe as possible, with all the weight of the shoe 
 at the toe. This will give him the proper knee action, and prevent 
 him from stumbling, unless he is weak in the tendons; if so, 
 
— 247 — 
 
 use any of my liniments laid down in this book, rubbing them in 
 the cords and tendons of the horse's limbs. Give him a little rest 
 until you get him properly strengthened. Many horses stumble 
 from nothing but weakness, and rest will cure them. 
 
 Proper Way of Sboeing for Toe or Sand Crack. 
 
 The following engraving shows a horse shod with a high-heeled 
 shoe, which will cause him to stumble ; also will cause his tendons to 
 become contracted and cause general disease of the limb. If you have 
 caulks put on the shoe, have the toe caulk the same height of the heel 
 caulk, giving the shoe an even bearing. 
 
— 248 — 
 
 Question. How should a driying or saddle horse be shod in the 
 summer time? 
 
 Answer. With a plain flat shoe, as light as possible. I am a 
 great believer in having all driving horses shod in the front feet, 
 with half shoes, known to horsemen as "tips." (See engraving.) 
 
 All farm horses should be shod with the half shoe. 
 
 The following engraving shows the half shoe known as the "toe- 
 tip." All driving or saddle horses should be shod with this kind oj 
 shoe during the summer months, giving a full frog pressure, and ir 
 
— 249 — 
 
 many cases it will cure the worst case of contracted feet. I would 
 recommend this shoe to be used on all government horses. 
 
 Question, Should a horse be put in a soaking tub ? 
 
 Answer, I do not believe in soaking horses' feet ; it is overdone. 
 There are cases where it will benefit a horse, but when carried to 
 extremes it is injurious to the animal's feet, as the more you soak 
 the drier the hoof will become. Look at the trotting horses to-day; 
 they are being soaked out every morning, and when they are seven 
 or eight years old their feet are completely ruined. One of the 
 greatest and best treatments to soften a horse's foot, and to cause it 
 to grow, is to walk the horse early in the morning through grass 
 when the dew is on it. This will cause your horse's foot to soften, 
 and start it to grow very rapidly. 
 
— 250 — 
 
 Question. Do you believe in putting ointments on a horse ? 
 
 Answer. I do not recommend the use of all kinds of hoof oint- 
 ments that are now going the rounds, but there are ointments that, 
 if placed upcn the cornet of the horse's foot and on the heel, will 
 be of great benefit in order to expand and give the horse's foot a 
 chance to grow or increase its growth. I would advise you to never 
 use oil upon your horse's foot. 
 
 Showing the Eflects of the Soaking- Tnl». 
 
 Question. Do you approve of the bar shoe ? 
 
 Ans-wer. I do not believe in the use of any bar shoe, only in cases 
 where the horse has a drop sole, or a very flat foot, then I approve 
 of the whole bottom of his foot being covered with iron ; or, in other 
 
— 251 — 
 
 words, a whole plate covering his foot and protecting it from the 
 earth. (See engravings of my ideas.) 
 
 Question. How can I cure a horse's contracted foot ? 
 
 Answer. Pare his foot perfectly level, cutting the horn down 
 until the frog will come even with shoe, if possible. Put on a poul- 
 ts oe made of — 
 
 Linseed meal i quart. 
 
 Charcoal i^ pints. 
 
 Soft Soap I quart. 
 
 Mix this all together, and put on the bottom of your horse's foot 
 every twelve hours for five applications. 
 
 Use skunk oil on the hoof- band of the horse's foot every morning 
 for three weeks; then put on a shoe made bevelled at the heel, having 
 the shoe not thicker at the heel than it is at the toe. Open the heel 
 a little with the knife, and turn your horse out to pasture. Let him 
 run thirty days, then bring him up and have him reshod, and turn 
 him out again for thirty days. He is ready then to drive, and with 
 proper care in shoeing him, you will have no trouble with your 
 horse. Remember, in order to have a thorough cure, you must fol- 
 low the above directions. 
 
 The next illustration shows the effects of soaking a horse's foot daily 
 through a campaign on the turf. The little spot shown in the upper 
 left hand corner is a corn, which in the majority of cases is caused 
 by the shoe resting upon the bar of the horse's foot. This becoming 
 bruised causes a callous, the same as upon a person's toe, which forms 
 a corn. Can be cured by following treatment laid down elsewhere 
 in this book. In all cases to relieve a horse from pain from this 
 cause, you must relieve the pressure of the shoe against the corn. 
 
 Question. What kind of a horse-shoe do you approve of? 
 
 Answer. I approve of only the old common-sense shoe, made as 
 plain as possible. The only thing we have to do in shoeing a horse, 
 is to prevent the wall of the horse's foot from cracking away. If we 
 did not have any pavements for our horses to travel over I believe that 
 it would be unnecessary to shoe any horse whatever. There are a great 
 
— 262 — 
 
 Showing the Effects of Soakin;^ a Horse's Foot Daily throngh a Cam* 
 
 l>aign on the Turf. 
 
 many shoes to day before the American horse owner; some are pat- 
 ented and some are not. They are introduced by specialists and 
 men that are seeking to produce something new to make money out 
 of. But let me say I do not believe that there ever will be a shoe 
 manufactured that will do away with the plain, good common-sense 
 shoe, forged and made by hand by a practical horse-shoer. I con- 
 demn all machinery-made shoes, and only recommend shoes forged 
 and made by hand. (See engraving on opposite page for my idea of 
 horse-shoes.) 
 
 Question. How many blacksmiths or horse-shoers are there in 
 America ? 
 
 Aftswer, 172,726 horse-shoers. 
 
— 253 — 
 
 Question, How many horses in America ? 
 
 Answer. A little over 14,000,000 and 2,162,808 mules. 
 
 Question, AVhat shall I do to stop my horse from interfering ? 
 
 Answer. Pare his feet perfectly level, then have a shoe made that 
 is about an inch and a half wide ; the web on the outside about three- 
 quarters of an inch on the inside ; put the wide web part on the out- 
 side of his foot, the narrow web on the inside. After you drive him, 
 
 if he should interfere, pare the foot a little lower on the inside than 
 it is on the outside. This will stop the majority of horses from in- 
 terfering. 
 
 Question. Will it work the same on the front feet that it does on 
 the hind feet ? 
 
 Answer. Yes. 
 
— 254 — 
 
 Question. AVhat do you think of shoulder jam and sweeny ? 
 
 Afiswer. There is no such disease known to the veterinary 
 science. There is a wasting away of the muscles of the horse's 
 shoulder, caused in many cases by the contraction of the horse's feet 
 or the strain upon the tendons or contractions of the same. In wder 
 to get a sure cure, treat the foot and the limb, and the shoulder will 
 take care of itself. (See my Veterinary Department.) 
 
 Question. Will you give me some general points on the horse's 
 foot? 
 
 Answer. Never shoe a colt until he is three years old, or put him 
 to work until he is five years old. 
 
 Never allow a blacksmith to sand paper a horse's foot 
 
 Never have the bars cut or the frog cut. The frog, when in health, 
 will shed four times a year and grows the same as your finger nail. 
 
 Always have the horse shod at least once in four or six weeks. 
 Pay your blacksmith well for his work. 
 
 Tor all light driving and saddle horses use No. 6 nails in front 
 feet, and No. 5 nails in the hind feet. For heavy draft horses you 
 can use larger nails. 
 
 Never have over fourteen-ounce shoes on a light driving horse. 
 
 Some owners and drivers have a habit, which I do not approve of, 
 when they come in from a drive, particularly in the spring of the 
 year, and their horses are covered with mud, to order the groom 
 to direct the hose on the horse's legs to wash ofi'the dirt. Let me 
 say that the cold water has a bad effect and brings on sundry com- 
 plaints. Let the mud stay on until it dries, then remove it with a 
 brush ; it will come ofi" very easily and look fully as well as if washed, 
 and will prevent your horse from having grease heel and many other 
 diseases of the kind which are caused from the above treatment, 
 which is generally practiced by every horse owner. 
 
^265 — 
 
 The Horse's Perfect Foot. 
 
 A shows a healthy frog, that has never been cut by the black- 
 smith's knife, or otherwise diseased. Never allow your blacksmith 
 to cut the frog or any part of it. If it is ragged, let the rags hang; 
 nature will take its course, and they will shed off in due time. 
 
 E E shows the bars of the horse's foot. Never allow these to be 
 cut. Xever allow the heels of the shoe to rest on them; they are 
 placed in a horse's foot the same as a beam is placed in a building, 
 to keep it from contracting the frog, placed between to act as a 
 wedge in supporting them. 
 
 D represents the sole of a horse's foot. Have enough of this cut 
 away so that the shoe will not press upon the sole. Have your horse 
 reshod regularly every four weeks. 
 
— 266 — 
 
 A Horse's Foot Perfectly Shod. 
 
 The frog, in cases where it can be, should come down level with 
 the shoe. The above illustration shows the way all horses should 
 be shod, except when caulks are requ.i:'ed. Caulks should always be 
 low, and all shoes be perfectly level, no thicker at the toe than at 
 the heel. 
 
 Question, What are a few good general points on horsemanship ? 
 
 Answer* Match horses with reference to size and motion, parti- 
 cularly to color, if you can. 
 
 Always have inside lines on double team quite long and back 
 straps short. 
 
 Xever check a horse if you wish him to last long. 
 
 Never feed from mangers. Let your horse eat his food from the 
 floor even with his feet. A great many horses suffer from indigea* 
 
— 257 — 
 
 tion and are made stiff and lame from eating from hay-racks and 
 manners, which is unnatural to the animals. 
 
 Water and oats should be given first, hay afterwards. If you are 
 working your horses hard, give them very little water at night. 
 
 Always stop at the top of the hill and let your horse get his 
 breath. If you have ever run up hill yourself think of your horse. 
 
 Always have the shoes fit the foot and not fit the foot to the shoe. 
 
 Never cut the bars of a horse's foot. 
 
 For a coughing horse, wet his hay and. not his oats. 
 
 Never let your horse stand facing a cold wind. 
 
 Always feed light when changing feed. 
 
 When training a horse in a barn, have carriages and all objects 
 removed, only those that you are using. 
 
 Use very few words with a horse, but have them thoroughly 
 understood. 
 
 Be earnest and prompt, but not harsh. 
 
 Always approach a strange horse near the shoulder. 
 
 Never pat or caress a horse on the head ; always pat him on the 
 shoulder. Think of some person coming up to you and patting you 
 on the head. What would you do? 
 
 Teach your horse before whipping, and, when you whip, do it to 
 frighten, not to enrage him. 
 
 Never jump from a wagon when your horse is running away. 
 
 Always exercise sound judgment by purchasing a horse suited to 
 the business you require of him. Some horses are good saddle 
 horses, but might not make good cart horses. 
 
 If your horse cribs — sell him. 
 
 Who buys a horse needs a hundred eyes. 
 
 Always try before you buy. 
 
 Use your own judgment, and never take others' opinions. 
 
 Your first thought is always the best. 
 
 Never spare time or labor to relieve a sufiering animal. Remem- 
 ber he is a dumb brute and cannot talk to you. 
 
 In treating a disease that a horse may have, never spare a hair to 
 do your work faithfully for the noble animal. 
 
 Never have a blacksmith to put a red-hot shoe on your horse's foot. 
 
 A-lways patronize the best horse-shoers of your city. It is one of 
 the greatest professions kno\vn to-day. 
 
— 258 — 
 
 Do not overload your animal. 
 
 Have your horse's shoes reset every four weeks. 
 
 Xever soak your horse's feet. 
 
 Never clip a team horse. Driving horses can be clipped if their 
 owners will see that they are properly cared for, but I do not ap- 
 prove of clipping any more than I would take off my overcoat in 
 winter. 
 
 Never have your horse's tail cut off. He needs it to switch flies 
 with in the summer. Any man that will order this to be done should 
 serve five years in the State Penitentiary. 
 
 The best feed for horses — good oats, good hay, good pure water. 
 Never give over twelve quarts a day. 
 
 Always see that your wagons are greased twice a week. 
 
 See that all collars are properly cleaned after using, in order to pre- 
 vent gall and sore necks. 
 
 "When using your saddle in a storm, see that the blankets are prop- 
 erly dried before using again. 
 
 Always have the collar fit your horse's neck properly. 
 
 See that all saddles fit your horses properly. 
 
 In the winter time be very careful and not put a cold iron bit in 
 your horse's mouth. Think of yourself, and you will have sympathy 
 for the dnmb brute. 
 
 Drive slow in turning corners. 
 
 Don't hit your horse with a whip unless he knows what you hit 
 him for. 
 
 Use as little medicine as possible, but prevent sickness in your 
 horses by giving them the proper care and attention. 
 
 Give your horse wiio works hard through the day a good bed tj 
 sleep on. 
 
 The curry-comb and brush, well used twice a day, is as good as 
 three quarts of grain. 
 
 Feed your horses regular. Water them often when doing hard 
 work in very warm weather. 
 
 Give bran mashes twice a week. 
 
 Use only the best of hay. It is the cheapest in the end. 
 
 Have horses shod as light as possible. Never use over six nails in 
 the front feet and five nails in the hind feet for all light driving or 
 saddle horses. 
 
— 259 — 
 
 "When breaking a horse, use as light a break-wagon as possible. 
 
 Make your lessons short. 
 
 Never lose your temper. Always have plenty of patience. 
 
 Never drive fast down hill. 
 
 Let your horse walk up hill. 
 
 Let him go on the level. 
 
 When you are coming from a drive and your horse is very warm, 
 let him stand five minutes and steam before you put a blanket on 
 him. 
 
 Before leaving him for the night, change blankets — a dry one for 
 the wet one. Nine-tenths of the diseases of horses are caused from 
 their not having the proper care. 
 
 If you have a heavy horse, sell him. 
 
 Never put a horse to hard work until he is five years old. 
 
 Packing and Soaking Horses' Feet. 
 
 It is the practice among many horse owners, and especially trot- 
 ting horse trainers, throughout the country, to pack and soak their 
 horses' feet. This I do not approve of, and believe it is wrong, and 
 that it has ruined thousands of our most valuable animals. AYhy ? 
 Because it is carried to extremes. When you soak a board and dry 
 it, the second time it is soaked it is much drier than it was at first, 
 and every time you soak it the drier and more brittle it will be each 
 time. Why does not the horse's hind feet become contracted ? Be- 
 cause, whether it be a horse or a mare, it spatters more or less of its 
 urine upon its feet, the ammonia drives all diseases from the hoof, 
 and the water keeps them soft. In the summer time, as I have al- 
 ready mentioned, I recommend that the horse be led early in the 
 morning through the dew. Let the reader stop for a moment and 
 think of some time when he was out walking in the early morning, 
 with good, thick boots on, and he will remember that in a very few 
 minutes he began to feel the moisture of the dew penetrating through 
 to his feet. Dew passes through the boot when water would not. 
 This works the same upon horses, nature having provided this sim- 
 ple preventive and cure for diseases of the hoof. It cleans the feet 
 and causes them to soften and expand. If your horse has hurt his 
 
— 260 — 
 
 feet or injured his limb by running a nail in his foot, or anything of 
 that sort, I approve of giving him a good soaking, and poulticing 
 the injured member ; but never pack your horse's feet with oil meal, 
 or soak them for the purpose of keeping the horse's feet soft. Use 
 my hoof ointment as laid down in the Veterinary Department, and 
 follow its directions. In order to show horsemen that the above 
 theory is correct, how many horses do you see that have been cam- 
 paigned for two or more seasons whose feet are not contracted, 
 become hard and brittle, so that they are almost useless for the track 
 or even for ordinary driving purposes? I claim that every stable 
 should have half a barrel placed in some corner with a notice above 
 it "urinate here," and two or three times a week each horse should 
 be swabbed off with the urine. To do this take a broom-handle and 
 make a swab on the end of it with rags. Dip this into the urine 
 and let it run down the legs and feet, commencing with the knee. 
 Do this until the leg and hoof is thoroughly soaked. 
 
 Applylna Moisture to the Cornet of the Horse's Foot. 
 
— 261 — 
 
 A Few Points. 
 
 Never pack your horse's feet. 
 
 Never allow a blacksmith to sand-paper your horse's hoof. 
 
 Never allow oils of any kind to be placed on the outside of a horse's 
 hoof, as it closes the pores. In order to keep a horse's foot in good 
 order, and free from disease, take a pail full of salt water and wash 
 his legs, from his knees down, three times a week. 
 
 Where your horse's foot is contracted, or the frog has become hard 
 and dry, use poultice. 
 
Toe weight sTvoe 
 
 J^an--pajddJxng shx>e. . 
 
'Hte foot readi/ farthe shoe,showing 
 froff nnd bors as thjep shox/ld, be Is/i. 
 
 front i'i(iii>Qf,s/ypop-foe ron/hg -motion shn^ 
 
 JEncL fbotsTioe to baJonce the orfiori^ 
 
 Side weight shoe tbrTurvd foot . 
 
Foot prepared. Cor CJvarlier Up. 
 
 Foot shady with. CharUer tip. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 |\ 1 
 
 Plantar surface 'of foot ' 
 with Cfiarlier tip. 
 
 
 Big^fiitxng. 
 
 Wrong fvUing 
 
a..^ \?dl properly driven,, 
 h, , I hil improperly drit'e/h . 
 
 Cif/vtrcuUecC foot. 
 
 Sound, but- flat foot. 
 
 JBctjdUi/ conxracfed, fbot^ 
 
 S0U:>:3_^-^:D COIiTRACTED F£ET. 
 
Jron, -for burning Tioles. 
 
 
 ActaaZ thtckness 
 of walls ofTioof. 
 
 m:.^ 
 
 ■=r3r--vsr:: -i- 
 
 QvuxrtEr-crach^with, cross ait. 
 
 The, clarrq} artcZ nazL remedies ojJvUecU. 
 
 Tot crajcJz. WaH rernjoved, to s?iow 
 absorption^ of cofTin 7?one 
 
 'Treated bu acunping tvit/hnaUs. 
 
 QncuJtedU walls. 
 
 One effect of Quxirter-CrojcJ^, 
 
 QUARTER-CRACK AXD REI^IEDIES. 
 

 
 M 
 O 
 

 ^^ 
 
 
 
 Jiinfi Bone , 
 
 after Daofl. 
 
 -STjfJnts, 
 
 CrtnTinrt, 
 
 Sesamoi/rL'i , 
 
 Sniall 
 (jc-truiorv. 
 
 
 ^cmesofO^ie foot, 
 after Cha\-eatt. 
 
 Fore arm. 
 
 Knee., 
 
 Ihot. 
 
 i-truvtoTru.' of the. foot, 
 
 after Haubner, 
 
 Fte.vor 
 tendarv. 
 
 TV 
 
 f: / 4~ ''i' - 
 
 
 
 .SV//^ ^o«ls -^''avicalar Disease , 
 
 after Stoneheuge. after Stonehenge. 
 
 fHNGBCtNJE.ANI> NAVICULAR DISEASE. 
 
— 269 — 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 
 
 Causes of Disease. 
 
 Scientific men give three names when they speak of the causes 
 of disease — exciting, predisposing, and proximate. The first may 
 justly be termed the originators of disease; by the second is 
 meant those more easily acted upon by causes that a more healthy 
 animal would resist altogether ; and the third is almost the disease 
 itself. Of the causes with which we are acquainted, not many 
 of them are alike, and their effects, that is, the disease, jusU.as 
 diverse. 
 
 These causes are named in the following table: 
 
 1. Electric, and other conditions of the atmosphere. 
 
 2. Food and water. 
 
 3. Overwork. 
 
 4. Poisons — animal, vegetable, mineral and zumins,or ferments. 
 
 5. ^Malformations, or badl}'- formed parts. 
 
 6. Age and deca3^ 
 
 7. Changes of temperature. 
 
 8. Hereditary influence. 
 
 9. Mechanical. 
 10. Starvation. 
 
 That tlie writer may be more clearly understood in regard to 
 these causes, examples will be given in the order above stated. 
 
 The first is looked upon as the cause of the many diseases which 
 take on an epizootic form. The second, rusty straw, and musty 
 hay and corn fed to animals with w^eak stomachs. Third, riding 
 too far and too fast, overloading, etc. Fourth, animals drinking 
 out of leaden troughs, where pieces of old iron may be lying in the 
 bottom, and inoculation by the virus from a glandered horse, are 
 illustrations of animal poisons, zumins, or ferments. (See Gland- 
 ers.) Fifth, a horse with point of hock inclined forward, which is 
 the originator of curb. Sixth, an old horse or cow, with no teeth 
 to chew its feed. Seventh, taking an animal from a warm and 
 comfortable stable and exposing it to a cold, north-eastern storm. 
 
— 270 — 
 
 Eighth, a flat foreliead, transmitted from parentage, thus prevent- 
 ing a full development of the brain where the optic nerve is given 
 off from the brain, thus insuring blindness about the seventh or 
 eighth 3'ear, and sometimes earlier. None need be told of the dis- 
 position of the coarse-bred Canadian horse to become affected with 
 disease of the bones, mostly in the form of ring-bones (which see). 
 Ninth, stone in the bladder, and calculi in the bowels. Tenth, 
 besieged garrisons, fortresses, when crops have failed, and famine. 
 
 How to Observe Diseases. 
 
 We are sometimes asked how it is that we know so exactly what 
 the disease is tliat this or that animal is affected with, as it cannot 
 speak and narrate its ills and its aches. To this question we 
 might repeat a common truism, '"A shut mouth tells no lies ; " 
 therefore, nobod\^ is deceived. Nature has but one set of weights 
 and measures, and these only should be used. Thus, if a horse 
 have a corn or bruised heel, he will be as sure to go hime as he 
 would with an ordinary sprain. The difference is, that he not 
 only stretches out the sore foot, but he elevates the heel from the 
 ground, and will not set his foot flat to jilease, or it may be said to 
 deceive any one. The uneasy eye, tlie anxious expression, and the 
 sharp peculiar look, tell the tale of suffering, and bear testimony 
 to a description so faithful and true, that every man should un- 
 derstand how to interpret them. 
 
 The Principles of Disease. 
 
 Congestion. — By this term is meant an undue flow of blood into 
 a part, and remaining in it. The blood-vessels lose the power of 
 contracting and emptying themselves, as when in health. Con- 
 gestion is not accompanied with inflammation, as some suppose, 
 and ma}^ exist without irritation. Irritation is only present when 
 the blood passes more rapidly into a part than its vessels can 
 carry it out, and inflammation only is present when more fluid is 
 thrown into the vessels than they can get rid of 
 
 Irritation. — This peculiar condition is the result of increased 
 sensitiveness, or an exalted action, accompanied with quickened 
 beating of the heart and pulse. When we apply the term to special 
 cases, it will be better understood as irritation of the bowels pro- 
 
— 271 — 
 
 ducing diarrhoea, of the bladder frequently passing off urine, of 
 the eye causing an increased flow of tears, and of tlie throat giving 
 rise to cough. 
 
 Inflammation differs from irritation, inasmuch as it is more pain- 
 ful. There are three varieties — acute, sub-acute, and chronic. In- 
 flammation has also three terminations: 
 
 (1.) Resolution; that is, it gives way, or is relieved before any 
 alteration has taken place in the part so inflamed. 
 
 (2.) Suppuration, or the formation of pus. 
 
 (3.) Mortification, or death of the part affected, and the subse- 
 quent death of the animal. Inflammation is characterized by 
 four conditions, or phenomena, as they are called — pain, heat, 
 redness, and swelling. Inflammation assumes different degrees 
 of intensity, modified by the cause, and the part or organ affected. 
 When it is situated in tlie windpii)e (bronchitis, which see), lungs, 
 or bowels, great uneasiness and disturbance are manifest. In a 
 few hours this condition gives way to depression. 
 
 Depression. — IMany diseases of an inflammatory type, when their 
 course is run, leave the system in a state of depression, or a low 
 condition of vitality. How necessar}^ then, that this should be 
 properly understood when treating inflammatory diseases, as one 
 pint of blood taken from a large horse would, under these circum- 
 stances, cost him his life ! Rather anticipate the weakness by sup- 
 porting and husbanding the strength as much as possible, so as to 
 overcome disease. 
 
 There are (wo great divisions of diseased action, which it will be 
 well for farmers, and others interested in the welfare of their ani- 
 mals, to know, and these are : First. The exalted, or as it is called 
 sthenic, or commonly known by the term inflammation, and re- 
 quires for treatment, not bleeding, but medicine having the power 
 of overcoming the exalted condition, by controlling the fast beat- 
 ing of the heart and pulse. This is easily done by the powers of 
 such agents as aconite or veratrum (which see), and without in any 
 way impairing the strength and constitution of the animal. The 
 second, or depressed condition of disease, and known as the as- 
 thenic, requiring a treatment opposite to the above variety, namel}', 
 iron, gentian, etc. (which see), to add to the strength of the ani- 
 mal, and quality of the l)lood. An improved diet, and in greater 
 
— 272 — 
 
 qualit}^, will, in many cases of depression, not only cure the dis- 
 ease, but remove the cause also. 
 
 Fever. 
 
 There are four stages observed in fever :— 
 
 (1.) Weakness, loss of appetite, and low spirits. 
 
 (2.) A shiver, or chill, uneasiness, flanks move quick, and short, 
 nostrils more or less distended, one leg or ear hot, and the other 
 cold. 
 
 (3.) After a time the coldness is succeeded by great heat and 
 thirst, costiveness, urine scanty and high-colored, mouth hot and 
 dry. 
 
 (4.) When the fever has lasted for a longer or shorter time, 
 the skin becomes more moist, the bowels and kidne3's act more 
 freely; the pulse becomes more full, although not less frequent, 
 and the mouth more moist. 
 
 When fever is accompanied with disease of the lungs, liver, or 
 other organ of the body, or after an accident of any severity, it is 
 then called sympto^natic fever. 
 
 Fever is called idiopathic, when not accompanied by disease or 
 accident. From the days of Galen to the present time, of the 
 many tlieories advanced to explain its proximate cause, none seem 
 to satisfy the philosophical student, and all belong to the unsolved 
 problems in physiology. 
 
 Diseased Secretion. — A good example of what is here meant ma}^ 
 be found in the discharges from the nose of animals affected with 
 cold, influenza, and glanders. The salivary gland may secrete too 
 much fluid, as horses eating second crop clover. We call this 
 salivation. 
 
 Increased Secretion. — In health, serum is only supplied in suffi- 
 cient quantity to keep the surfaces moist, the absorbent vessels 
 ])reventing accumulations. In the cavities of joints this secretion 
 is often too large, causing enlargements, of which a very good ex- 
 ample may be seen in swellings of the hock-joint, called bog 
 spavin, and also in thorough-pin. 
 
 The Pulse. 
 
 The pulse of the horse and the ox is felt on the inner angle of 
 
tlie lower jaw, as being the most convenient place. The state of 
 the pulse tells the condition of the heart, whether the disease is 
 of an exalted or depressed character, or whether sickness is at all 
 present. The pulse is more frequent in young than in old animals. 
 In the full-grown and healthy horse it beats from thirty-two to 
 thirty-eight in a minute ; in the ox or cow, thirty-five to forty- 
 two; in the sheep, sevent}^ to seventy-five; and in the dog, from 
 ninety to ninet3^-eight. In inflammation and fevers the frequency 
 of the pulse is increased. In debility and depression it is slower, 
 but sometimes quicker than natural. There are the quick pulse, 
 the strong, the sharp, the regular, the intermittent, and many 
 other varieties, both fancifu'l and real, which few persons can ap- 
 preciate. The pulse of inflammation and fever numbers from 
 seventy-five to eighty beats in the minute; and in great debility, 
 as in the last stage of glanders, accompanied with tubercles of the 
 lungs, the pulse will number one hundred beats per minute. 
 
 Breathing. 
 
 A good-sized, healthy horse will take one inspiration to three 
 of the pulse beats. When the breathing is more frequent or 
 slower, and when irregular, or difficult and laborious, there is then 
 disease ; although we sometimes see the breathing quickened and 
 short, when no disease is present. Both the pulse and the breath- 
 ing will be quickened by exposure to heat, as a stable up-stairs, 
 and exposed to an August sun. By removing the animal to a 
 stable not so situated, the breathing and the pulse will be greatly 
 lessened. Hence the advantage of placing animals in a cool and 
 air}" place when they are unwell. It saves a great waste of their 
 strength and vitality, thereby enabling them to throw off the eff'ects 
 
 of disease. 
 
 Treatment of Disease. 
 
 The antiphlogistic plan of treating disease was derived from a 
 theory now entirely exploded, and almost forgotten. Repeated 
 bleedings, blistering, physicking, and starving on low diet, are 
 some of the measures entering into the general plan which has 
 destroyed more life and property than all the wars, ancient or 
 modern. 
 
 Bleeding, in domestic practice, is almost discarded, and in 
 18 
 
— 274- 
 
 veterinar}^ practice it should never have been employed. And if 
 this fact shall be the means of opening the eyes of those interested 
 (and who is not?j in tlie health of the animals supplying us with 
 meat, and the horse (a willing and a faithful help), to the injury 
 done by bleeding in health or disease, the writer will have his re- 
 ward. Avoid these measures, and substitute a rational and suc- 
 cessful system of treating the diseases of your animals. Ascertain 
 whether your horse is suffering from a disease of an exalted or 
 inflammatory kind ; substitute aconite, pure air, and cold water for 
 bleeding, and in a few hours you will have no cause to regret the 
 change. If the disease be of a depressed kind, accompanied with 
 weakness and debility, give nux vomica, iron, and generous diet. 
 If the disease be an eruptive fever, give sulphite of soda to purify 
 the blood. In rheumatism, administer colchicum and carbonate 
 of soda. In mange, aj:>i3ly the sulphuret of potassa to the skin, 
 and thereb}'- destro}- the small insects which cause the trouble. 
 
 In hard swellings use the preparations of iodine, to cause their 
 absorption. In lameness, allow absolute and entire rest, and apply 
 hot or cold applications and slight irritants to the parts, to remove 
 the products of the sprain. Ascertain the cause of disease, and 
 havinof found it, have it removed, and tlie effects will cease. If 
 the animal be costive from eating dry, concentrated feed, remove 
 it, and give green feed or bran, but do not give physic. If 
 diarrhoea be present, leave it, at least for a time, to itself, ns it is 
 nature's plan of getting rid of tlie ofiending matter. But, if it 
 should continue, chalk and opium, as an astringent, are what is 
 wanted. The reader cannot fail to'see how simple, and his experi- 
 ence will demonstrate how successful tliese measures are in arrest- 
 ing and curing the disease of all our domestic animals. 
 
 How Diseases are Cured without Medicine. 
 
 Intelligent persons have no difficulty in recognizing in the con- 
 stitutions of animals and men a power of self-restoration, which 
 is capable of resisting the influence of disease. It is this power 
 that heals wounds, unites broken bones, and sup})lies lost sub- 
 stances. Diseases are not unfrequently efforts in this direction, 
 intended to stay the action of hurtful material wlien admitted into 
 the system. Wlien the eye, for instance, receives a particle of 
 
— 275 — 
 
 sand or hay-seed, the wee])ing of the secretions of pus are reme- 
 dial measures to rid it of the offending matter. Poisons are good 
 exaniples of the manner in which animals will cure themselves. 
 Wlien poison is taken into the stomach, irritation of the bowels is 
 set up, followed by purging, as an effort to get rid of the poison. 
 Nature, however, is not always successful, and the animal may die 
 from the violent action set up. Again, a sprain will be cured by 
 this very powder, provided absolute and entire rest be allowed to 
 the sprained part without any interference from medicine or art. 
 The remedial powers of nature often require assistance, as, for in- 
 stance, in cases of debility, when the blood is becoming too watery. 
 A few doses of iron, and in many cases a little extra food, will 
 enable the sanative powers of the constitution to effect a complete 
 cure. Often the removal of an animal from the sphere of exciting 
 causes of disease, will cause the efifect to cease, and the power of 
 nature will cure the affection. Hence, many persons reflect upon 
 the many instances when apparently severe cases of sickness were 
 cured b}^ some simple substance, and much credit given to a 
 power it never possessed. Where the powers of nature are left to 
 perform a cure, let the strength of the animal be maintained, be- 
 cause if that fail, where is the chance of recovery ? Blood-letting 
 and physicking are powerful and depressing agents ; so much so, 
 that when carried to any extent, few, if any animals, by the little 
 power that may be left, will cure themselves. It is this knowledge 
 that enables Homoeopathists to continue practice; for if it were 
 not for this power in the constitution in each and every animal, 
 Homoeopathists would have long since ceased to practise their 
 peculiar art. If farmers and owners of horses and cattle will only 
 cease to bleed, and pour nostrums down the throats of their stock, 
 and learn to rely more upon the great curative that God has im- 
 planted in the constitution of all His creatures, as a power in 
 protecting their lives when attacked by disease, it will surely be 
 infinitely more profitable and pleasant to them. In curing disease, 
 medicine and art should be directed to assist the powers of nature 
 to overcome disease — nothing more. 
 
 Nature, Symptoms, Cause, and Treatment. 
 
 An alphabetical classification of disease is the only arrangement 
 
— 276 — 
 
 adapted to popular instruction and domestic use. As some dis- 
 eases have more than one common name, a few references are all 
 that may be necessar}^ to find the particular disease wanted. In 
 every disease the treatment I have first recommended should be 
 tried ; and if it be not successful, the next in order will be taken. 
 Also begin with the smallest dose, increasing, diminishing, or 
 withdravring it altogether, as the case seems to require. I do not 
 think it necessary to quote authorities to substantiate what is said 
 in regard to this or that medicine as a remed}^ as the plans and 
 remedies are tliose employed by the profession. 
 
 Abrasion signifies to tear off*, and is applied to the skin when 
 it has been rubbed or torn off, and to the lining membranes of the 
 nose. Tlie treatment will be found under that of bleeding wounds. 
 
 Abscess. — This is also called, by some persons, a heeling — a 
 formation of matter or pus under the skin, as the result of inflam- 
 mation, either acute or chronic. Sometimes abscess in bone is 
 seen, also of the liver and the brain ; and, indeed, no part or tissue 
 of an animal is exempt from it. 
 
 Syraptoms. — Pain, heat and swelling ; a projection or prominence 
 on the swelling from which the hair falls off, disclosing a yellow, 
 white and soft part upon its apex. In a common abscess of this 
 kind, it will onh' be necessary to hasten the formation of the pus 
 by applying poultices of flaxseed or some other soft substance to 
 the part, and when the point is soft and evidently contains fluid, 
 make an opening on its lowest dependent point with a sharp knife, 
 so, that the discharge will flow out of itself, and then apply: 
 
 Rain Water, 1 ounce. 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, .... 6 grains. 
 Mix and apply to the wound twice a day. 
 
 It is not advisable to open an abscess too soon, or before the pus 
 lias properly formed. (See articles on Strangles and Fistula.) 
 
 Acari. — fSee Mange.) 
 
 Accidents. — When a horse falls whilst drawing a vehicle — 
 
 1. Jump down and hold the animal's head, to prevent his dash- 
 ing it about to his own injur}'. 
 
 2. Loosen the check-rein fif you are so foolish as to use one) and 
 the parts of the harness which fasten on the vehicle. 
 
— 277 — 
 
 3. Back the carriage, so as to get the shafts and traces clear. 
 
 4. Stead}" and support the horse's head, and excite him, with 
 hand and voice, to rise. 
 
 5. When you have got him up, pat and encourage the poor 
 animal, and see if he is wounded, or otherwise injured. 
 
 6. Let him stand still a short time to recover himself, and then 
 proceed gently and with greater caution than before. (See Sprains, 
 Bruises, Bleeding, and Wounds.) 
 
 Aconite. — (See Medicines.) 
 
 Alteratives. — This term is not very scientific, but it is in very 
 general use, and easily explains its own meaning, though the 
 jiiodus operandi of the drugs employed to carry it out is not so 
 clear. The object is to replace unhealthy action by a healthy one^ 
 without resorting to any of the distinctly-defined remedies, such 
 as tonics, stomachics, etc. As a general rule, this class of remedies 
 produce their effect by acting slowly but steadily on the depuratory 
 organs, as the liver, kidneys, and skin. The following may be 
 found useful for general use : 
 
 Black sulphuret of antimony, . . . 2 to 4 drachms. 
 
 Sulphur, 2 drachms. 
 
 Nitre, 2 drachms. 
 
 To be given mixed in cut feed at night only. 
 
 Amaurosis. — Glass eye. (See Eye Diseases.) 
 
 Anaemia. — Deficient or bad blood. 
 
 Anchylosis. — (See Spavin and Open .Joints.) 
 
 Aneurism. — A pulsating tumor, produced by the rupture of 
 the inner coats of the vessel, and the blood getting between it and 
 the outer coat. They manifest themselves in many parts of the 
 body. An expert surgeon is onh' capable of remedjang it, as great 
 danger of bleeding to death would result from opening a tumor of 
 this kind. 
 
 Apoplexy. — Symptoms. The animal falling suddenlv, loss of 
 feeling and the power of motion, and breathing deep and slow. In 
 most cases the horse gets up again, shakes himself, and proceeds on 
 his journey almost as if nothing had happened, but it will shortly 
 be seen that the animal is not so livelv as formerlv, and that it will 
 
— 278 — 
 
 afterwards be unsafe to use him, especially for a family carriage, 
 as in a fit of this kind the horse may become entirely unmanage- 
 able, and can only be controlled by a power stronger tluin his own. 
 Horses subject to disease of this kind will, at times, be observed 
 to look sleepy, with a slight knuckling of the hind pastern-joints, 
 accompanied with stiffness of the hind quarters and lopping of the 
 ears. All these symptoms are seen in brain diseases, as Staggers, 
 Megrims, and Epilepsy. (Which see.) 
 
 Causes. Breaking of a blood-vessel, effusion or water on the 
 brain, producing pressure, too small a collar on a tliiek-necked 
 horse, interfering with a free circulation of the blood to and from 
 the head, effects of the sun — sunstroke. (Coup-de-soleiL) 
 
 In severe cases of Apoplexy, many never had the use of their 
 legs again, b}' their remaining palsied. (See Palsy.) 
 
 Treatment. Apply chopped ice to the head, in bags, and secured 
 by proper fixings. Keep up a free circulation in the legs by 
 rubbing and woollen bandages, or warm water cloths, and renewed 
 every half-hour. Then apply a small blister of 
 
 Spanish Fly i drachm. 
 
 Hog's Lard 2 drachms. 
 
 Mix them well together, and rub the salve well in by the hand 
 on the part just behind the ears. 
 
 Do not bleed, as that measure will only insure eS'usion, and, as 
 in the brain, ultimately cause death or dumbness. (Which see.) 
 
 If there be much exaltation or excitement, give fifteen drops of 
 the tincture of aconite root every four hours, till five or six doses 
 are taken. If the contrary condition be present, that is, depres- 
 sion, give from ten to fifteen drops of the tincture of nux vomica 
 four times a day, for a few da^'S, or a week, if necessary. These 
 medicines are best given in cold water, when the animal will drink 
 it ; if not, mix with a cup of water, and drench out of a stout- 
 necked bottle. Feed the horse generously and well. 
 
 Aphtha. — (See Mouth Diseases.) 
 
 Atrophy. — Wasting and shrinking of a part of the muscle, as 
 is seen in sweenie o^ the shoulder; consumption and disease of 
 the mesentery, and also palsy or paralysis of the hind legs, from 
 which the muscles of the hip will be seen to have fallen awa3\ 
 
— 279 — 
 
 Causes. The parts deprived of their proper use, action or 
 function. A long-continued corn on the fool of a horse, depriving 
 liini of the ])roper use of that linih, will cause shrinking of the 
 subsca[)ul(iris muscle of the shoulder. 
 
 Treatment. Removal of the cause, and restoring the functions 
 of the parts to their proper condition. In case of many joint 
 diseases, it will be necessary to have the horse walked before he is 
 cured, to prevent too much wasting of the parts from long standing 
 and want of use. 
 
 Back Sinuses. — (See Sprain.) 
 
 Baldness. — (See Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Belly-ache. — (See Colic.) 
 
 Big Head. — (See Osteoporosis.) 
 
 Bishoping. — Bishoping is the name of an operation performed 
 upon the front or nipper teeth of horses that are more than eight 
 years old, for the purpose of imitating the mark of the teeth of 
 young horses, in order to deceive those persons who are supposed 
 to be poor judges in the age of horses. It can rarely deceive any 
 person of ordinary intelligence. The general appearance of the 
 horse will soon tell if he be an old or young animal. 
 
 Bite of Mad Dog. — AMien any reasonable suspicion exists 
 that the dog is mad, have the parts completely washed out with 
 cold water, if possible forced with a syringe or hydrant, so as the 
 water will find its way to the bottom of the wound, and wash out 
 any virus that may have lodged there. 
 
 If the bite be upon the leg of man, horse or other animal, or 
 man's arm or finger, a Tourniquet or soft rope or cord should be 
 tied tightly around the leg above the bite, till other measures are 
 used to have the bite purified. After the cord is properly applied, 
 have the parts washed out; next either cut a portion of the flesh 
 from the top, sides and bottom of the wound, or apply caustic to 
 the parts. The nitrate of silver is possibly the best for this pur- 
 pose. A few drops of nitric, hydrochloric or sulphuric acid may 
 be dropped into the wound, and by the burning properties of these 
 articles the destructive character of the poison will be destroyed. 
 
 After these measures have been satisfactorily performed, the 
 wounds should be treated as for common wounds with simple 
 ointment (see Prescriptions and Medicines). The bite of other 
 
— 280 — 
 
 rabid or poisonous animals should be treated in the same manner. 
 Persons have been bold enougli to have allowed themselves to be 
 bitten by mad dogs no less than seven times, and then applying 
 the nitrate of silver as a caustic to the bites, never became affected 
 with the canine disease. However, too much dependence should 
 not be j^laced in any one measure as a protection in such cases. 
 The great protection is, do not allow yourself to be bitten at all, if 
 it can be avoided. 
 
 Bites from a healthy dog will never produce madness, even 
 although the animal go mad in a year or two afterward, so keep 
 your mind easy on that point. 
 
 Bladder Diseases. — 1. Inflammation. — This condition of 
 disease is sometimes met with, but is rare in horses. 
 
 Causes. Irritating substances or foreign bodies in the bladder. 
 
 Symptoms. Constant desire to make water, pain, straddling or 
 walking wide with the hind legs, great tenderness under the belly. 
 
 Treatment. Inject a little warm oil into the bladder. This can 
 only be done by an expert and with a proper instrument. Give 
 25 drops of the tincture of aconite root every four hours, till six 
 doses are given, to keep down pain. Allow flaxseed tea to drink, 
 or drench the horse with it, which has an excellent soothing effect. 
 Give plenty of cold water to drink. 
 
 2. Calculi. — This variety of stone is sometimes found in tlie 
 bladder and kidne3'S of horses. This may be said to be the gravel 
 of the horse, although not so common as in man, but is equally 
 troublesome and requires for its cure a formidable operation called 
 Lithotomy^ an operation of no great magnitude to an expert sur- 
 geon, but can scarcely be undertaken by an unprofessional person, 
 even though a description of it were given. 
 
 Bleeding.— 1. Bleeding. — An operation for the drawing of blood 
 from the body, either locally or generall v. As before stated, it is 
 almost entirely discarded from domestic practice, and should never 
 be used in the treatment of diseases of animals, however much 
 the adherent of [in exploded and an erroneous system may 
 doubt it. Medicines will be described in this book that will not 
 onh'- insure greater success in saving a very much greater percent- 
 age of sick animals, and with less trouble in a much shorter time. 
 
— 281 — 
 
 and without in any way impairing the sanative powers of the 
 animal's constitution. 
 
 2. Blkeding from Wounds.— ^If the wound be a simple one, 
 and not on tlie inside of a leg where the large blood vessels are 
 situated, all that will be necessary to stop it will be a small piece 
 of cotton or soft cloth placed in and over the wound, and secure 
 it for a few hours by a broad bandage, not too tightly applied over 
 it, or, if ])referred, touch the mouth of the bleeding vessel with a 
 piece of iron [)reviously immersed in boiling water or in the fire 
 itself. Tlie surgeon's plan would he to get hold of the mouth 
 of the vein or arter}^ with a pair of artery forceps or small 
 tongs, to hold it so that he can tie a piece of saddler's silk around 
 it. If the wound be on the inside of the hind or fore leg, and the 
 blood of a scarlet color (see Blood), place pads of cloth and band- 
 age pretty tightly over it, and run for a good surgeon, and tell 
 him what the trouble is, so that he will go properly prepared for 
 his work. 
 
 3. Bleeding from the Air Passages and Lungs. — Observe 
 the color of the blood discharged from the nose or mouth, as the 
 veins of the lungs convey blood similar to the arterial blood of 
 the other parts of the body. 
 
 Causes. The laying bare, and the rupture of small vessels, and 
 the structure of the lungs, breaking down as in consumption, and 
 some cases of glanders and coryza. 
 
 Treatment. Su])p()rt the strength by the mineral acids (see 
 Acids), and small doses of aconite to lessen arterial circulation. 
 Bear in mind in cases where the structure of the lungs is falling 
 to pieces, no power or art can arrest it. Hence, the incurability 
 of consumption. 
 
 4. Bleeding from the Skin. — This disease is sometimes called 
 purpura. 
 
 Symptoms. After general uneasiness, some pain, fever, and 
 swelling of the legs and other parts of the body; tumors, varying 
 from the size of a cranberry to that of a pigeon's egg, often run- 
 ning together, forming large patches from which blood is oozed 
 out in great quantities, giving rise to much debility. The con- 
 tagious typhus or rinderpest of cattle bears many resemblances to 
 this disease of the horse. 
 
— 282 — 
 
 Treatment. P'eed the animal on the best food that can be pro- 
 cured, and put forty dro})s of commercial sulphuric acid in half a 
 bucket of cold water tliree to four times in the day. Then get 
 two ounces each of tlie sulphate of copper and gentian root in 
 powder, and divide into eight powders, and give one night and 
 morning in the feed. 
 
 Apply to the bleeding surface and sores a liniment composed 
 as follows: Olive oil, three ounces; creosote, one ounce ; mix and 
 use once in the twenty-four hours. (See Mouth Diseases.) 
 
 Bloody Urine. — {See Kidney Diseases.) 
 
 Blood. — Blood is observed to be of two colors, namely, red, or 
 almost of a bright scarlet. When blood of this color is issuing 
 from wounds in jets or jerks, it is considered more dangerous than 
 if it were of a dark-red, or venous blood. Tlie first is direct from 
 the heart itself and the other is from a more remote and less dan- 
 gerous part. 
 
 It ma}^ be interesting to know that red globules are more plenti- 
 ful in blooded or well-bred horses than in horses of a coarser 
 kind, which accounts for a curious fact observed in the difference 
 of vitalit}'. Thus, a blooded horse bears up under diseased action, 
 and is cured, whilst a western or common horse will die under the 
 same disease. 
 
 The fluid portion of blood is called liquor sanguinis, in which 
 the red globules or spheres float. When blood is drawn from the 
 body, it divides into two parts : the solid is called clot, and the 
 other is the serum. This serum was once relied upon, and is still 
 by the ignorant, as showing the existence of inflammation. It is 
 by the blood that the strength, wear, and tear of the system is 
 kept up. The heart is the organ by wdiich tlie blood is forced 
 through the bod3\ If the blood be thin and watery, it is called 
 hydronemia. (See Dropsy.) If pus be in the blood, it is then 
 called pyemia. (See Glanders.) 
 
 Boils. — (See Saddle or Harness Galls.) 
 
 Bots. — (See Worms.) 
 
 Bowels, Disease of. — (See Costiveness, Diarrhoea, and Dj^sen- 
 tery. 
 
 1. Inflammation of the Bowels. — Symptoms. Acute pain in 
 the belh^, and continuous, getting no intervals of rest from the 
 
— 283 — 
 
 pain. Rolling, p;i\vwig, and shifting about, sweating, and breath- 
 ing fast, with great fever, exaltation, and excitement. A fearful 
 disease. Happily not so frequent as formerl3^ 
 
 Can only be mistaken for colic (wiiich see). In colic there are 
 times of ease and })ain, but never in this disease. 
 
 Causes. Exposure to cold, drinking cold water in great quantities 
 when hot, calculi, or hair balls in the bowels, costiveness, diarrhoea, 
 and as a sequel to colic, lead and other poisons which see). 
 
 Treatment. The first thing to be done is to lessen or destroy pain. 
 Give a large dose of the tincture of aconite root, say thirty drops, 
 to be repeated in two hours. Apply blankets wrung out of boil- 
 ing water to the belly, and renew them in about twenty minutes. 
 Give injections odvarm not Aoc water, soap, and a handful of table 
 salt everv half hour. Continue the treatment while there is 
 enough strength remaining. 
 
 Bleeding will only insure and liasten death, and purgatives are 
 too slow to act — the horse is either dead, or will be before any 
 response can be luid from theni. 
 
 Brain Diseases. — Tlie brain and its coverings, or membranes, 
 are subject to inflammations of every degree. (See Apoplexy and 
 Staggers.) 
 
 Breaking Down. — This accident means or consists in rupture 
 of the tendons and ligaments, and occurs at once when the horse 
 is at full speed. 
 
 Sym}-)toins. The horse stops suddenly, or perhaps stumbles and 
 falls ; gets up but stands on his fetlocks, the toe of the foot turned 
 up, and the sole of the foot, as it were, looking at you. 
 
 Treatment. If the fetlock comes entirely to the ground, not much 
 cnn be done; and when it does not, contraction of the leg takes 
 place, and requires division of the tendon. (See Tendeotomy.) 
 
 Breathing Short. — This is a symptom of irritation, inflamma- 
 tion, debility, weakness, oppressions of every kind, and fever 
 (which see). 
 
 Breeze Flies. — This is the fly supposed, but erroneously, to be 
 the one tliat deposits the ova or eggs, which generate hots in horses. 
 (See Worms.) 
 
 Brittle Feet. — (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Bronchi. — This term means the windpipe, and communicates 
 
— 284 — 
 
 and carries the atmosphere to and from tlie lui^s. It is tlie seat of 
 disease, and is affected more or less in all cases of colds and inflam- 
 mations, whether of the lungs or the membranes — the pleura. 
 
 Bronchitis. — Inflammation of the Air Passages or the 
 Parts Enumerated Above. — This is a very common disease 
 among horses, and is confounded bv most horse doctors with 
 inflammation of the lungs, distempers, and colds ; whereas, it is 
 distinguished from inflammation of the lungs by its seat, and 
 from the others by as great a dissimilarity. 
 
 Bronchitis occurs in various degrees of intensity, and should at 
 least be described under two heads, notwithstanding the one 
 distinction ma}' run, as it does sometimes, into the other. 
 
 1. Acute Bron-chitis. — Symptoms. Ushered in by a chill, fever, 
 harsh or painful cough, loss of appetite, heaving at the flanks, 
 mouth hot and dry. In a day or so, a discharge of pus or matter 
 will be observed from one or both nostrils. 
 
 If bleeding, or other severe measures be used, the horse will as- 
 suredly die, not so much from the disease, but from maltreatment. 
 Better, in a disease of this kind, let nature have her wa}', and give 
 the horse a chance for his life ; for in the other case, he has ab- 
 solutely none whatever. 
 
 Treatment. First, the horse should be treated as for fever. Place 
 the horse in an open or airy place, embraced by the word " com- 
 fortable." Obviously it would not be comfortable to place a sick 
 horse in an open place, with the thermometer below zero. In 
 July or August it will not be necessary to burden the animal with 
 blankets. 
 
 Give him from fifteen to twenty drops of the tincture of aconite 
 root every four hours, till six doses are taken. This will relieve 
 the fever, breatliing, and the hot and dr^' mouth. Give plenty of 
 cold water to drink, for })ain and fever require plent}' of fluid, as 
 all the secretions are dried up. Let the animal have a little grass, 
 if it can be got; this will relax the bowels, and cool the stomach. 
 On the second day, the following medicines may be given, that is, 
 if they be necessary: Powdered gentian root, two ounces; pow- 
 dered nux vomica, one ounce. Mix, and divide into six powders, 
 and give one powder morning, noon and night. These medicines 
 will prevent debility and depression, and the pouring out of fluid 
 
— 285 — 
 
 or serum into the legs, sheath, helly and i)rc'ast. After the fever 
 lias been removed, allow good feed, and a fair (jUaiUity of it. Such 
 treatment will not only cure the horse in five or six days, but the 
 horse is nothing the worse, be3^ond the loss of a few days' work. 
 
 2. Chronic Bronchitis. — Symjitoms. A confirmed cough, more 
 or less severe, and a discharge from the nose. The cough worse in 
 the morning, and after drinking water. 
 
 Causes. ]\Ialtreatment of acute cases of bronchitis, and wdiere 
 the attack has been prolonged beyond a reasonable time, causing 
 ulceration or thickening of the windpipe. 
 
 Treatment. Give extract of belladonna, half drachm, powdered 
 digitalis, half di-aclmi, three times in tlie day, morning, noon and 
 night, for a few days. If no good seems to have been done, a 
 different plan will have to be adopted, namely : feed the animal 
 well, and give sulphate of iron, two drachms in powder; gentian 
 root, two drachms in })owder twice in the da}' for two weeks. By 
 this time the absorbent system will be prett}' powerful. Then 
 ap])ly the following salve or ointment, well rubbed in down the 
 course of the windpipe, once in the week. Lard, one ounce; red 
 iodide of mercury, one drachm. Mix. This will cause whatever 
 thickening may exist to be absorbed or taken up. Lard or oil will 
 have to be applied once per day on the place wh.ere the ointment 
 was applied, to prevent the skin from cracking. If the animal be 
 debilitated, give occasionally sixty drops of commercial sulpliuric 
 acid in half a bucket of cold water to drink. 
 
 Bronchocele. — Pronounced *' Bronch-se«/," is an enlargement 
 of the thyroid gland, and is situated on and in front of the 
 windpipe, about three inches from the lower jaw. In horses it is 
 only an eye-sore or blemish. 
 
 Causes. In the horse it is unknown, nor is it determined what 
 ofTice or use the thyroid gland performs in man or animals. 
 
 Treatment. Apply with friction by the hand once a week, bin- 
 iodide of mercury, one drachm ; hog's lard, one ounce. Mix, and 
 make an ointment. Rub in a piece about the size of a hickory- 
 nut over and around the enlargement. 
 
 Broken Knees. — When a horse stumbles and fiills upon his 
 knees, and takes the hair and some of the skin off, tliis is called 
 broken knees. 
 
— 286 — 
 
 Treatment. Wasli and cleanse the parts from sand and dirt, and 
 if the skin is ragged and torn, clip off with a good pair of scissors. 
 After this is done, ascertain if there is any discharge from the sore 
 of an oily sul)stance, and if so get a smooth piece of iron, immerse 
 it for ten minutes in boiling water, and apply it to the edges of the 
 wound, so as to cause the parts to swell, and prevent the escape 
 of the joint oil; for if this be allowed to escape, the ends of the 
 bones will come against one another. Irritation and inflamma- 
 tion will be set up, and either destroy the life of the horse, or 
 make an anchylosed or stiff' joint. This is an important point to 
 be observed, and that very early in all cases of broken knees or 
 open joints wherever situated. After the hot iron has been ap- 
 plied, use the following wash twice in a day : — Sulphate of zinc, 
 half an ounce ; rain, or soft water, eight ounces. Mix. This will 
 heal the sore, and j)revent proud flesh from growing. This wash 
 will answer for the more simple wound of the knee, and where 
 there is no open joint. Do not apply bandages, as they will cause 
 the whole leg to inflame and swell. Sometimes a kind of pouch 
 will be formed by the lower edge of the wound, holding whatever 
 pus or other fluid ma}' escape. This pouch should be opened at 
 its lowest bottom, so as to let the fluids out, and to prevent a 
 bulge or permanent swelling remaining after the knee has other- 
 wise healed. By attention to this, very little or no blemish or scar 
 will be left to tell the tale of a stumbling horse, or a bad horse- 
 man. 
 
 Bruises of the Sole. — (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Burns and Scalds. — Injuries inflicted upon some parts of the 
 body by the application of solid heat, is called burns; by fluid 
 heat, scalds. 
 
 Treatment. In horses the treatment is chiefly local; for in cases 
 of fire in large cities, the generation of steam is sometimes so great, 
 that it is inhaled by animals in the burning building: this is 
 termed scalding. Xot much can be done, nor is there much 
 hope of a cure in cases of this kind. The utmost that can be done 
 is to give j)lentv of cold water to drink, and keep down pain by 
 means of aconite (which see). 
 
 For burns the best application will be, one pint of linseed oil, 
 and half a pint of lime water, stirred together, or rather wijipped 
 
— 287 — 
 
 (as cooks usually do eggs), till the mixture is like thick cream. 
 Tliis is to l)e a})plicd to the burned places, spread on cotton or 
 linen rags, for a few days: then the sores are to be dressed with 
 green ointment. (vSee Ointments.) 
 
 Bursa Mucosa Enlarged. — (See Spavin and Wind Galls.) 
 
 Calculi. — Stone in the bladder. 
 
 Cancer. — This is a hard tumor, malignant in its character, at 
 first small in size, but rapidly increases, and becomes ulcerated. 
 The horse is not affected with so many varieties of cancerous 
 growth as the ox and the dog, and even man himself Melanotic 
 cancer is most commonly seen in gray horses or those that turn 
 white with age. A sm;dl hurd tumor is usually seen under the 
 root of the tail and about the anus. 
 
 When tumors of this kind are seen on gray horses, it may rea- 
 yoiiably be expected that growths of the same character will be 
 found inside, on the spleen, stomach, and liver. Horses so affected 
 may work well for years, and may not for a month. The tumors 
 increase in size; when cut into, they discharge a fluid as black as 
 the ink of tlie cuttle-fish. 
 
 Causes. As this disease is not seen in young gray horses until 
 they have almost turned white, it may be inferred that the cause 
 results from the loss or want of the usual pigment, or coloring 
 matter, vrhich gives color to the hair, thus depriving the animal 
 of some protection from the air or sun. I think, however, that 
 the true cause will be found to be, not in the loss of the coloring 
 matter, but of its transfer from the skin and hair to the blood. 
 Plence the inky color of the contents of the tumors. This opinion, 
 which is my own, is still further corroborated by the fact tliat it" 
 the pus be taken from an abscess and injected into the blood of a 
 healthy animal, carbuncles containing pus Avill soon manifest 
 themselves. 
 
 Treatment. Incurable; but when one of these tumors breaks, 
 treat it as an ordinary abscess (which see). 
 
 Canine Rabies. — (See Hydrophobia.) 
 
 Capped Elbow. — This is an enlargement on the point of the 
 <.'lbow, just behind the shoulder, and on the side of the chest; 
 sometimes it is in the form of a simple abscess (which see). But 
 
— 288 — 
 
 tlie usual form is that of aii encysted tumor, or a fluid contained 
 within a CN'st of fleshy walls, which do not su[)purate. 
 
 Cause. Tlie horse, when lying, rests the point of the elbow upon 
 tlie heels of his front slioe. It is a symptom of disease of the leg, 
 preventing the animal from proper]}^ flexing or bending the leg 
 proper upon its thigh or arm. Hence the elbow rests upon the 
 foot. 
 
 Prevention. Remove whatever disease may be in the leg, and 
 place a pad of leather, or of coarse, heavy cloth, over the back 
 part of the foot. Pads are made by harness makers. 
 
 Treatment. Make an incision with a sharjj knife through the 
 skin, over the centre of the swelling, and carefully dissect the cyst 
 from its attachments. This can be done with the fingers and a 
 blunt piece of wood, flattened at its points like a butter knife, and 
 no sharper. If the operator be timid, and think he cannot cue 
 the cyst out, open it, and let out the matter, and inject, once per 
 day, a little tincture of iodine, to kill the walls of the cyst, so that 
 it will not fill again. (See Medicines ) A knife is only w^anted 
 to cut the skin. After the tumor is taken out, treat the part as a 
 simple wound, by keeping it clean, and applying a solution of 
 zinc, or blue stone. 
 
 Chapped Hock. — This is a soft swelling on the point of the 
 hock-joint. 
 
 Causes. Kicking in the stable or in harness, lying upon stone- 
 paved stalls, and from being kicked b}' an}^ other horse. 
 
 Treatment. Apph' cold water cloths to the part for a few days, 
 taking them off at night. After the heat and tenderness have 
 subsided, apply, with rubbing, once every fifth day, for three 
 times, if it be necessar}?', an ointment composed of one drachm of 
 iodide of morcurv , and hog^s lard, one ounce. Mix. 
 
 Carditis. — This is applied to disease of the heart. Heart 
 disease is also known as the Thumps. Incurable. (See Heart 
 Disease.) 
 
 Caries. — This term means an ulceration of the bone. The most 
 frequent form of caries is seen on the lower jaw-bone; the teeth 
 are next affected. If tlie upper teeth be ulcerated to any extent, 
 a fetid (stinking) discharge will run from the nostril upon the side 
 on which the diseased teeth are situated, wdiicli has been re- 
 
— 289 — 
 
 peatedly mistaken for glanders by " horse doctors." If caries of 
 tlie bones of the head exist, the swelHng of the head will be enor- 
 mous — Big-Head, or Ostkopokosis — and not Osteosarcoma^ as it has 
 been called. 
 
 Cause. A disposition in the system to appropriate to the bones 
 more calcareous or eartliy matter than is required. 
 
 Treatment. If caries be confined to the teetli, have them taken 
 out. When confined to the bones of the head, it is incurable. 
 The animal will die of hunger, as he is unable to use his tongue 
 and jaws, or gather and chew his feed. Happily, it is not a com- 
 mon disease. 
 
 Castration. — This is an operation for the purpose of depriving 
 the liorse-colt of his entirety by the removal of the testes. It is a 
 simple and safe operation. Any person having once seen it done, 
 can do it also, if he have the resolution to do so. It has been 
 recenth'' demonstrated that castration can be performed on aged 
 horses with as much safety as on those in colthood. This is attrib- 
 uted to the mode or manner of operation, namely, by an instru- 
 ment called the Ecraseur. 
 
 No clamps, no firing nor twitching, nor any trouble afterward. 
 The instrument is manufactured especially for this purpose, by 
 surgical instrument makers. 
 
 Cataract. — (See Eye Diseases.) 
 
 Catarrh.— (See Cold.) 
 
 Cautery. — This term is applied to the operation of searing a 
 part with a red hot iron. Happih^, this cruel, and in many in- 
 stances unnecessary operation, is becoming among the things tliat 
 were. It used to be applied to sprains, ring-bones, and spavins. 
 Since the discovery of the preparations of iodine, and their absorb- 
 ent properties, the iron is little used. 
 
 Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. — (See Typhosus.) 
 
 Chest Diseases. — 'J'lie diseases of the chest are man}^ and im- 
 portant. In it are the henrt, lungs, and great blood vessels. Tlie 
 diseases of these organs will be found under Inflammation of the 
 lungs, or Lung Fever, Pleurisy, Coughs, Bronchitis, and Glanders. 
 
 Chest Founder. — (See Founder.) 
 
 Chilblains. — (See Frost-Bites.) 
 
 Chill. — Tljis term means a shiver, as if the horse were cold. 
 
— 290 — 
 
 This is the way many diseases and fevers are ushered in. If the 
 chill be checked soon, it will stop, in njany cases, the disease that 
 was forming. For this purpose, give twenty drops of the tincture 
 of aconite root in a wine-glassful of water, and pour down the 
 throat, out of a short- necked bottle ; cover the body with a blanket, 
 and rub the legs to bring the circulation to the surface of the body, 
 and all will be well. 
 
 Choking. — Choking very rarely occurs in horses ; ver}^ fre- 
 quently in cattle. If choking should occur in the horse, there is 
 little chance or hope of saving his life, if he be a spirited animal, 
 and the substance be high in the gullet. In a very extensive 
 practice, embracing many years, I have never seen a case of chok- 
 ing in the horse, except on a few occasions, and then it was only a 
 ball of aloes sticking in the throat. If a ball of any thickness 
 stick in its passage to the stomach, and it have passed down some 
 distance, it is called low choke, and is not so dangerous, as if it 
 stick in the entrance to the gullet — high choke. 
 
 Treatment. In low choke press down with the hand over the 
 substance in the Erullet, and trv to move it. Do this not too 
 strongly, but continue it for a time. If unsuccessful, one pint of 
 fish, sweet, or linseed oil, melted lard, or syrup of any kind, will 
 be apt to move the substance on its way down. If these should 
 fail, after a good trial, then have the gullet opened right over the 
 substance, and take it out, and put in one, two, or three stitches 
 with strong saddlers' silk. Make the stitches separately from each 
 other ; for if this be not done, and one break, the others will also 
 become loose. 
 
 In high choke, the irritation and excitement are grccit, which 
 prevent much being done to relieve the animal. Tr}- the oil, and 
 see what can be done in that way. The treatment is purely 
 mechanical, so use ingenuity to overcome the difficulty. 
 
 Chorea. — This is a rare disease in the horse, but common in 
 dogs. It accompanies cases of madness in all animals, and depends 
 upon nervous excitement, which is seen in the constant twitch- 
 ing of the muscles of the body. It is clearly sympathetic in its 
 character. 
 
 Treatment. Removal of the cause, whatever that may be. 
 
 Cold. — Si/mjjtoms. Cougli slight, fever, and discharge more or 
 
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— 291 — 
 
 less from one or botli nostrils, sometimes of a thin, watery material, 
 or a thick, creamy pus. The lining membrane of the nose is red 
 and inflamed. Cold sometimes even extends into the throat and 
 lungs, giving rise to quickened breathing and uneasiness. When 
 it extends to the stomach, it is called by the French gastritis mucosa. 
 AVhen it spreads to the chest, it is called bronchitis (which see). 
 No disease is more common than cold among young horses; but, 
 unfortunately, it rarely runs its course as such. Cold assumes one 
 or more of the forms just mentioned. 
 
 Cause. Exposure to cold and stormy weather. 
 
 Treatment. In Germany, it is said, that a cold, if let alone, will 
 get well in a fortnight, and if treated by a skilful doctor, he will 
 cure it in fourteen days. However, give the animal a few doses 
 of aconite (see Medicines), to remove the fever, and, if possible, to 
 prevent complications, or its further spread to tlie neighboring 
 parts. If the appetite keep good, nothing more need be done ; 
 but, on the contrary, if the breathing quicken, and the appetite be 
 poor, and debility be setting in, tonics and stimulants will be 
 necessary. Get the following medicine, and give one powder, 
 morning, noon, and night, mixed with a little cold water, and drench 
 the horse with it : Take powdered gentian root, powdered pimenta 
 berries, powdered carbonate of ammonia, of each two ounces. 
 Mix, and divide into twelve powders. When the appetite im- 
 proves, give good feed, but not by any means in sufficient quan- 
 tity to bring on digestion. Give green feed, if it can be had. This 
 is a most simple and successful ]dan of treating common cold. 
 
 Cold Lotions. — These are now called refrigerant lotions. Ice- 
 water makes a good and economical refrigerant, when applied to a 
 sprain. (See Prescriptions and Medicines.) 
 
 Colic. — (1.) Spasmodic Colic. — Symptoms. All at once the horse 
 that a few moments ago was well, apparently, shakes his head — 
 leaves his feed, looks round at his flank, mostly at the right side, 
 as if pointing out the seat of the disease, scrapes the ground with 
 his front foot, and almost strikes his belly with one of the hind 
 ones. The spasm continuing, the horse breaks out into a sweat, 
 heaving at the flanks; great excitement, kicking and rolling; 
 intervals of ease from pain. 
 
 Causes. Drinking cold water when heated, or colder water than 
 
— 292 — 
 
 commonly nserl, as a city liorse is used to drinking watei' which is 
 warmer in summer, and colder in winter, tlian water taken from a 
 pump; washing the belh'' with cold water ; driving horses into a 
 pond of cold water. 
 
 Treatment. Give something to heat the stomach and bowels. 
 Try a bottle of warm ale or porter, adding a little whiskey, or a 
 teaspoonfiil of ground ginger to it. If relief be not obtained in half 
 an hour give a drench, composed of tincture of aconite root, 
 twenty-five drops ; spirit of turpentine, one ounce ; one bottle of 
 cold ale or porter. If necessar}'', give injections of warm water 
 (not hot), soap, and a handful of table salt. Occasionally M;a//: the 
 horse about, to excite the bowels to action. 
 
 (2.) Stercoral Colic. — Sjjmptoms. Similar to the above variety, 
 but continues longer, and is not quite so severe or painful. 
 
 Causes. Impaction or constipation of the bowels. 
 
 Treatment. Powdered aloes, one ounce ; tincture of aconite root, 
 twenty-five drops; chloroform, half an ounce. Mix in a bottle of 
 ale or porter, and give in a drench out of a horn, or stout bottle. 
 The aconite will have to be given every four hours, till the pain 
 has given way. Encourage the operation of the aloes by injections 
 every hour. 
 
 (3.) Flatulent Colic. — Symptoms. Pain is considerable at first, 
 which in a few hours gives way to sleepiness (see Coma). This is 
 caused by distension of the bowels with gas, commonly called 
 wind, thereb}^ paralyzing the ])arvagus and nerve centres, and 
 ultimately tlie brain itself. This variety of colic is readily distin- 
 guished from the others by the swelling of the belh^, particularly 
 at the flanks, called tympanitis, or drum-belly. 
 
 Causes. Indigestion of food in tlie stomach ; fermentation is set 
 up. and there is evolution (giving forth) of carbonic acid gas. This 
 gas is not liberated per rectum from the body as speedily as 
 generated. The horse and cow cannot belch or eruct wind from 
 their stomachs as man and the dog can ; hence tha frequency of 
 t\'mpanitis in horses and cows. 
 
 Treatment. Try injections first, as in many cases I have cured 
 this variety by this means alone. If gas or wind come away with 
 the injection, the case will soon end well. When no benefit is de- 
 rived from the injections, give, in a little cold water, aloes in pow- 
 
— 293 — 
 
 der, one~onnco ; sulpliuric other, one ounce; tincture of opium, 
 two ounces. If these measures fail in giving ease from j)ain, pour 
 two ounces of cliloroform on a small moist sponge, and. hold it to 
 the nostrils, not too closely, but admit a portion of air with the 
 fumes of the chloroform (see Medicines). The sponge may be 
 ])laced in a towel, and the ends carried up around the nose of the 
 horse, to save waste ; or place the sponge in the bottom of a nose- 
 bag, and put it on the head, but not too close upon the nose. 
 
 Last Remedy. It must be confessed that the longer this disease is 
 unrelieved, the more remote is the chance of recovery, as the bowel 
 sometimes contracts upon itself, or nearly closes altogether. To 
 overcome this condition an operation is recommended^which I do 
 not say will be a success, nor yet a failure. When it failed in my 
 hands, it was not because the gas was not let out of the bowels, 
 but because the blood had becon^^e so disintegrated, and the ner- 
 vous centres so paralyzed that the sanative powers of the consti- 
 tution had received too great a shock to ever rally again. 
 
 T/te Operation. Procure an instrument (See Instruments), called 
 a trocar. If this be not at hand, sharpen a breakfast knife, and 
 measure an equal distance from the haunch bone and the short 
 rib, and not too high upon the back ; force the knife into the dis- 
 tended bowel, and turn the knife in the wound thus made, and 
 hold it there until all the imprisoned gas has escaped ; and as the 
 gas sometimes still accumulates, keep the knife or instrument in 
 the wound, if it be for half a day. When the knife or instrument 
 is taken out, place a piece of sticking plaster over the wound. 
 (See Medicines.) 
 
 Stones, or hair calculi, are often found, after death, in the bowels 
 of horses subject to colic. I have seen six taken from one mare 
 that I had under treatment. Remember, the great principle in 
 the treatment of colic, in all its forms, is to relieve pain. This 
 also holds good in most diseases of horses. The doctor, if he fail 
 to allay pain, cannot cure the disease. 
 
 Coma. — A horse is said to be in a comatose state when in an 
 apoplectic fit, in sleepy staggers, and when dying from spasmodic 
 colic (which see). 
 
 Congestion of the Lungs. — (See Lung Diseases.) 
 
 Constipation. — A confined condition of the bowels accompa- 
 
— 294 — 
 
 nying fever, liver and hmc^ diseases. Horses hal»ituMlly costive 
 should be supplied with soft feed and grass in season. Costive- 
 ness, as a concomitant of fever, etc., should in all cases be let 
 alone, as it is a provision of nature to protect herself from ex- 
 haustion. 
 
 Consumption. — Causes. Repeated attacks of influenza, lunp^ 
 fever, or bronchitis, or any of these diseases treated by bleeding, 
 and other reducing remedies or agents. Consumption in the horse 
 runs its course in from one to two weeks. 
 
 Nature of Consumption. — A wasting, or breaking down of the 
 structure of the lungs. The tuberculous form of consumption I 
 have never seen in the horse. Tubercles are seen in bad cases of 
 glanders (which see). These tubercles suppurate, and discliarge 
 pus. This pus is absorbed and taken into the blood, and sets up 
 a ferment, or leaven, as the Scriptures call it. This is the great 
 trouble in consumption in man, and glanders in the horse. Why 
 authors have not called this tuberculous disease in horses, con- 
 sumption, I do not know, except it be, and I am inclined to be- 
 lieve it is, from an entire ignorance of its true patholog}- or 
 character. 
 
 Treatment. Incurable. To prolong the life, beef soup, iron, 
 gentian, tonics and stimulants, are indicated. In the tuberculous 
 form, sulphite of soda should be given to arrest the ferment, and 
 keep the blood clear of impurities, in addition to the remedies to 
 support the strength. (See Medicines.) Decay, _2)H^/•^ac^^o??., fer- 
 mentation, are true and scientific expressions, with no vague 
 meaning. Such, then, are the conditions embraced in the word 
 consumption, whether in men or animals. 
 
 Contagion. — This term is applied to something (as the virus 
 of Glanders), coming in contact with the body of an animal in 
 health, producing a similar disease to that existing in the animal 
 from which it came. In a word, it is a specific poison. Few dis- 
 eases of animals are considered contagious. The followinsj diseases 
 are, however, considered of that character: — Glanders, in horses; 
 contagious typhus and small pox, in cattle and sheep. Although 
 many animals may be taken sick one after another, this is no 
 proof that the disease is contagious ; for it must be remembered 
 that a number of animals, all situated and cared for in the same 
 
— 295 — 
 
 way, are certainly subjected to the same exciting causes that pro- 
 duced the disease in the first animal affected. Those that esca})ed 
 the disease were not predisposed to take it; hence their exemp- 
 tion from its effects. 
 
 Prevention. Separate the sick from the well. All buckets, or 
 otlier materials, that were in contact witli the sick, must be thor- 
 oughly cleansed and purified. (See Disinfectants.) 
 
 Contraction. — (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Convalescence. — A term applied to the time which elapses 
 between the controlling of acute disease, and the restoration of 
 the patient to perfect health. 
 
 Corns. — (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Coryza Gangrenosa. — This name is applied to an ulcerated 
 condition of the membrane of the nose supervening in a case of 
 cold. It is evidence of general debility, and disintegration or 
 deterioration of the membrane. 
 
 Corrosive Sublimate. — (See Medicines and Poisons.) 
 
 Cough. — A symftom of disease of the respiratory organs, as 
 tubercles of the lungs, thickening of the lining membranes of the 
 windpipe, and enlargement of the glands of the neck. I have 
 seen cough from indigestion in a few cases, but this is rare in 
 horses. 
 
 Cough, Chronic. — Causes. — Debility, or softening of the par 
 vagus nerves ; heaves, or broken wind (which see), are some of 
 the causes wliich produce acute cough. 
 
 Treatment. Removal of whatever is the cause (causa sublata 
 tulitur effectus). 
 
 Counter-irritants. — An external application, which, when 
 applied, causes an irritation or inflammation counter or opposite 
 to that which exists inside. 
 
 Cow Hock. — This name is applied to a condition or malforma- 
 tion of those hocks that incline forward, thus forming a fulcrum, 
 over which the posterior straight ligament passes — this condition 
 favoring a sprain of the ligament, which is called curb. (See 
 Curb.) 
 
 Cramp. — Cramp of the stomach or bowels of horses cannot 
 readil}' be distinguished from spasmodic colic (which see). 
 
 Cramp of the Hind Leg. — This affection is common among 
 
— 296 — 
 
 young horses of an irritable temperament. It is often mistaken 
 for dislocation of the patella, sometimes called luxation of the 
 petella (which see). 
 
 Symptoms. The horse will persistentl}'' refuse to move the leg 
 from the position in which it is placed. Quivering or excitement 
 of the muscles of the thigh, accompanied with irritation and fever. 
 The liorse cannot be moved, as he refuses to do so. 
 
 Causes. Irregularity of the nervous system. 
 
 Treatment. Move tlie animal, if it be possible, and the cramp 
 will give way. Dashing cold water against the thigh will often 
 remove it. The horse will get well, if time be only given him. 
 Thus, if a person leave the stable to tell some one of the matter, 
 he will he surprised, on coming back, to find the horse well. 
 
 Crib-Biting. — This is not a disease, but a vice — a bad habit, 
 which the horse has learned, of sucking wind into the stomach by 
 placing his lips against tiie manger. The habit has been so strong 
 in some horses, that when they could get no place to press the lips 
 against, they have stooped down and placed the lips against the 
 arm of their own front leg. This vice is sometimes called wind- 
 sucking. 
 
 Causes. Idleness, indigestion, and learning it from other animals 
 in the same stable. 
 
 Prevention. Keep horses in loose boxes, or other places where 
 there are no fixtures but the walls ; regular feed and regular work. 
 
 Treatment. Do not let the horse stand in the stable twenty 
 hours out of the twenty -four. Feed him regularly, and work him 
 as regularly. Turn the animal to pasture, and when he is brought 
 home in the fall of the year, have a loose box prepared for him 
 without any fixtures, as manger, trough, or rack. Place his hay 
 upon the floor, and his oats or corn in a small trough, and remove 
 it as soon as the feed is eaten. 
 
 Curb. — Oneof tlie many diseases of the hock -joint, and consists 
 in a swelling immediately below the point of the hock-joint, and 
 is the result of sprain of the posterior straight ligament; is more 
 frequent in horses with the hocks inclining forward (cow hoclv). 
 The treatment best adapted is the ointment of the red iodide of 
 mercur}^ (see Ointments), which is not onl}^ a counter-irritant, but 
 a sorbefacient. Apply about the size of a hickory-nut in quantity 
 
— 297 — 
 
 every sixth day for a few weeks, occasionally greasing or oiling 
 the i)arts to prevent the skin cracking. 
 
 Curby-Hocked. —(See Cow Hock.) 
 
 Cutaneous Diseases. — (See Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Cutting. — (See Interfering.) 
 
 Death. — The great law of the universe makes limits of duration 
 to every structure endued with life, and prepares a way for the 
 resolution of every material provided with vital principles into 
 matter of the earth. The individual existence of all organized 
 bodies is merely temporary ; none escape the necessity of per- 
 ishing. 
 
 Debility. — This is a condition accompanying many diseases, 
 hence the necessity of guarding against any measure in the treat- 
 ment, even of a disease of an exalted kind that will reduce the 
 strength. The animal thus affected rapidh^ becomes weak and 
 debilitated, to such an extent as may cost it its life. 
 
 (1.) Debility, Simple. — May be local, that is, confined to a part, 
 as in partial paralysis, from the effects of a blister applied to a 
 part, or from a kick or injury. 
 
 Symptoms. A thickening or swelling of the parts. The swelling 
 is not inflammatory, but soft, and contains fluid. (QSdema.) 
 
 Treatment. Powdered sulphate of iron, one ounce and a half; 
 gentian root, two ounces ; chlorate or nitrate of potassa, one ounce. 
 Mix, and divide into twelve powders, and give one night and 
 morning mixed in cut or soft feed, with no more water in the feed 
 than will keep the particles together. Feed the animal generously 
 and well. Debility and swelling of the legs of liorses now-a-days, 
 at least in this country, can be produced by simply keeping a 
 portion of their usual feed from them for two or three days. 
 
 (2.) Debility, General. — Symptoms. Swelling of thelegs, sheath, 
 breast, and belly. Disturbed breathing. The horse is very weak, 
 nnd easily pushed from off his feet by the hand. Indeed, he 
 staggers as he walks, and sometimes falls to the ground. 
 
 Causes. Bleeding or giving })hysic (a purge) in the treatment 
 of disease, especially in diseases of the chest. Starving and low 
 diet given to a sick horse, when lie should ])e supported in the 
 midst of his sickness by good feedimr. The very neglect, or want 
 of knowledge on this point, has killed thousands of horses that 
 
— 298 — 
 
 would have lived, that have been sacrificed at the shrine of 
 ignorance, error, and bad judgment. Tliis condition of things in 
 relation to the treatment of diseases of the horse, and indeed all 
 our faithful animals, ma}^ be ascribed largely to the diligence and 
 persistence of American publishers in deluging the country with 
 reprints of old Englisli books that should never have been written. 
 
 Treatment. Give plent}^ of good food to the maltreated animal, 
 and give the following blood-making medicines: — Powdered sul- 
 phate of iron, three ounces ; gentian root, three ounces. Mix, and 
 divide into twenty-four powders, and give one powder night and 
 morning. If tliere is mucli swelling about the body, add five 
 grains of powdered Spanish fly to the evening powder, for a few 
 nights only. Be assured the animal is fully restored before it is 
 put to hard woik. 
 
 Deformities. — In young colts will often be observed a deform- 
 ity of one or both fore legs from the knee down, giving the whole 
 appearance an awkward look. Farmers having such a colt should 
 not think it useless, or at all im})aired ; for in my own extensive 
 practice, I have not seen one that tlid not become as perfect as the 
 best formed of animals. 
 
 Observe. — Whether the mother have sufficient milk for the colt, 
 and if not, teacli the colt to suck milk out of a bottle, or from 
 something else; for by good nourishuient these deformed condi- 
 tions of tlie leg.s will disappear. 
 
 Deuteropathia. — A disease of secondary character, or in sym- 
 pathy with another. (See Fever.) 
 
 Diabetes. — This is a disease accomimnied by a great and fre- 
 quent flow of urine, containing sugar in solution. 
 
 Causes. The starch, and some constituents of the food are 
 transferred into sugar. The origin of this affection is supposed to 
 be a ferment changing the material of the system into sugar, as 
 diastase converts starch into sugar in malting. 
 
 Symptoms. Great flow of clear urine, very great thirst, ravenous 
 appetite, weakness and general debility. 
 
 Treatment. Althougli this disease is considered incurable, I 
 have on two occasions cured the animal by the iodide of iron, too 
 expensive a medicine to be recommended for general use. The 
 action of this medicine, at least the iodide portion, allayed the 
 
— 299 — 
 
 thirst, and the iron supported the strength and system, also acting 
 as an astringent (to dry up). 
 
 This medicine should be seconded by good feeding and plenty 
 of it. (See Iodide of Iron in Medicine List.) 
 
 Diaphoretics. — This term is applied to medicines having the 
 power of j)roducing sweating. The horse is not easily acted upon 
 in this way by the use of medicines, except b}^ one or two articles, 
 as aconite or veratrum (which see). Slight moisture on the skin 
 is very desirable in cases of fever. The cold water douche is used 
 by hydropaths for this purpose. 
 
 When sweating is desired for the cure of disease, it must be 
 done without increasing the heart's action. This is the great 
 secret in producing diaphoresis. 
 
 Diarrhoea. — (1.) Simple Diakuhcea consists of a looseness, or 
 fluid condition of excrement, from something irritant in the 
 bowels, and which does not freely pass away. When this condi- 
 tion is present, and no pain, gri})ing or pawing as in colic, it may 
 be well let alone. 
 
 (2.) Continued Diarrhoea. — This is often the case when irrita- 
 tion does not pass awa}^ with the offending matter, and the bowels 
 continue to discharge a thin fluid. There is slight pain or colic. 
 When this is the case, suspect some irritant poison. (See Poison.) 
 
 Treatment. From whatever cause the diarrhoea may arise, treat- 
 ment that will alki}^ pain is demanded. First. Give twenty to 
 twenty -five drops of the tincture of aconite root in a little cold 
 w\ater. Then give the following powder every two hours, until a 
 change for the better has taken place : — Prepared chalk, half an 
 ounce; catechu in powder, one draelim ; opium in powder, ten 
 grains. Allow the animel ])l(^nty of water to drink, which will 
 help to keep or allay irritation, or what disposition there may be 
 to inflammation. Bran mashes should be given for a few days, so 
 as to overcome the effects of so much drying or binding medicine. 
 Cake meal, or ground flaxseed, will be an excellent assistant in 
 this particular. 
 
 Diathesis. — When we read in medical books of the word dia- 
 thesis, it means a well-marked tendency in a disease by a corre- 
 sponding diathesis : for example, a cancerous diathesis or an 
 inflammatory diathesis. 
 
— 800 — 
 
 Diet. — The different articles used by the liorse as food. 
 
 Disinfectants. — French, Desinfednnts ; German, Faulnisswidrige 
 Sabstaazen. 
 
 Disinfectants are such as remove tlie causes of infection, or any 
 injurious taint. To accomplish this eti'ect, disinfectants will have 
 to embrace a class of substances known by the name of antisep- 
 tics (agents which prevent animal or vegetable matter being de- 
 composed), and deodorizers (agents which destroy hurtful or bad 
 smells, when arising from decomposing material). 
 
 (1.) Katukal Disinfectants. — Tlie atmospheric is the great 
 disinfectant. The soil has been found a valuable disinfectant, de- 
 composing animal matter with great quickness, and sending out 
 gasses which are without taint of any kind. Hence, the neces- 
 sity of deep burial of animals dying, or that have been killed, on 
 account of contagious diseases. 
 
 Ventilation is entirely a mechanical plan of disinfecting, and 
 which it is in the power of every farmer in the land to more or 
 less perfect in all buildings containing horses, cattle, etc. In ven- 
 tilating, it is only necessar}^ to admit the purest air, and for this 
 purpose have the openings, or ventilators, placed at least eight to 
 ten feet from the ground, as it is well known that heavy vapors 
 are sometimes seen a few feet above the ground. Also, the ven- 
 tilation should come from the front or top of the building, as the 
 back of a stable is never so pure as its front. 
 
 Water is the next great disinfectant employed b}" nature, 
 although moist bodies decay more rapidl}^ than dry. It is a dis- 
 infectant by the process of washing, wliich is mechanical. It is in 
 this way that each shower of rain becomes a natural disinfectant. 
 Light is another disinfectant, which seems to have been overlooked 
 by many, when their barns and stables were built. Without light 
 the rose would lose its color, and man and animals would lose and 
 never attain their vigor. 
 
 In proof of the advantage of light in maintaining health, and 
 warding off disease, it is stated that in a barrack at St. Petersburg, 
 there was only one case of disease on the side laid open to the 
 light, to three on the dark side. 
 
 Heat and cold are two agents highly useful as disinfectants. 
 Heat prevents fermentation and decay by drying and changing 
 
— 301 — 
 
 tlie chemical state of substances, as it were, by cooking, whether 
 b_y fire or the sun. Cold, again, is the most powerful antiseptic 
 nnd disinfectant. Frosts prevent decay and disease, and at the 
 same time sliare the connection existing between them. 
 
 (2.) Artificial Disinfectants. — Creosote is a most powerful 
 antiseptic and disinfectant, when applied to a part, but is not 
 easily managed. Smoke is another good antiseptic, as it contains 
 a little creosote. By it herring and other fish are preserved. 
 
 Spices, and otlier aromatic substances have long been used as 
 disinfectants, but they possess no such propert}^, as they do not 
 prevent decomjiosition of bodies ; tliey merely cover tlie smell. 
 
 Chloride of lime and chloride of zinc act as good disinfectants. 
 
 The chloride of manganese is certainl}^ as economical a disin- 
 fectant as can be used by tde farmer. It is cheap and efficient, 
 and not dangerous like chloride of zinc. 
 
 Sulphurous acid, or rather its fumes, has, in all ages, been used 
 as a disinfectant, and by general consent is considered to be most 
 valuable. Its action on animal and vegetable substances is readily 
 seen by the change in color produced. In the form of sulphite 
 of soda, it will arrest the vinous fermentation in cider and other 
 materials ; or if injected into the veins of dead animals, it em- 
 balms them most perfectly. 
 
 For stables and houses filled wdth animals nothing will answer 
 so well as chloride of lime, or McDougal's disinfecting powders, 
 applied to the floors and excrement once per day, with a large 
 dredging box. 
 
 For empty houses chloride of gas will be found as convenient 
 and good as any. For this purpose procure a strong wide- 
 mouthed bottle, fill it about half full of bin-oxide of manganese, 
 close all the doors and windows, and other open places, then fill 
 up the bottle with the spirits of salts, and retire and close the 
 door. This may be repeated a few times in the course of a week. 
 The fumes that are disengaged will penetrate to ever}^ crevice and 
 corner in the building. This operation any farmer can perform 
 himself, as there is no risk whatever. The spirits of salt will have 
 to be kept in a glass-stoppered bottle till it is wanted, as it will not 
 only eat a common cork, but it will, by exposure to the air, ab- 
 stract moisture from it, by which it greatly loses its virtue and 
 
— 302 — 
 
 strength. As before stated, this plan of disinfecting is onl}^ to be 
 used when the house is empty. (See Sulphurous Acid Gas in 
 Part II.) 
 
 Distemper. — (See Influenza and Strangles.) 
 
 Distemper, Choking. — (See Typhosus.) 
 
 Diuretics. — A name given to those medicines which cause an 
 increased secretion from the kidneys. Example, chlorate and 
 nitrate of potassa, the Spanish fl}^ and eupurpurin. (See Medi- 
 cines.) 
 
 Dropsies. — Everj^ school-boy is familiar with the term drops3% 
 wdiich means an unnatural accumulation of water in the cavities 
 of the body, chest, heart-case, belly, breast, sheath, and cellular 
 tissue of the legs. (See Debilit3\) 
 
 1. When water is in the chest it is called Hydrothorax. This 
 is the immediate cause of death, in pleurisy in the horse, and 
 pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, the animal dying by suffocation or as- 
 phyxia. 
 
 2. When in the belly, it is called Ascites. 
 
 3. When in the cellular tissue, and confined to a portion onh" 
 of the body, as the le^r or sheath, it is called Oedema; but if the 
 swellings are over different portions of the body, it is called Ana- 
 sarca. 
 
 4. When in the heart-case or pericardium, it is called Dropsy 
 OF THE Heart. 
 
 Causes. Treatment of diseases b}^ starvation, or low diet, bleed- 
 ing, blistering, and physicking. Injury to a part will be followed 
 by water}' swellings in the neighboring parts. 
 
 Treatment. Blood-making food and medicines are imperntivrly 
 demanded. Corn meal mixed with bran and cut hay. Grass, if 
 it can be had. A bottle of strong beef tea or soup, given daily, 
 will be of great use. Give the following medicine three times a 
 day, either mixed in the food or poured down the mouth with a 
 bottle: Powdered sulphate of iron, one drachm ; powdered gentian 
 root, two drachms ; Spanish fly, two grains. Mix. Friction over 
 the swelling will be of use. Sometimes it will be necessary to 
 make slight incisions or cuts through the skin to let out the im- 
 prisoned fluid. Do not blister such swelling, as it is apt to pro- 
 duce ragged, running sores, difficult to heal, and leaving a blemish. 
 
— 303 — 
 
 Water in the chest is removed by introducing an instrument 
 (see Instruments) called a tro-^ar, but sornewliat smaller than the 
 one used for haven in cattle. Also it is removed b}^ absorption and 
 by diuretics (whicli see). 
 
 Dysentery. — (See Diarrhoea.) 
 
 Ear Diseases. — (1.) Small Tumors. — Sometimes tumors of 
 various shaj)es and sizes are seen in the ear of the horse, producing 
 a kind of canker in that organ. 
 
 Symptoms. Shaking of the head ; will not let much familiarity 
 be made with him ; running or starting back, when the collar or 
 bridle is being taken up over the ears. 
 
 Causes. Irritation and inflammation of the skin of the ear, 
 producing small pimples of proud flesh. 
 
 Treatment. Removal with the knife, scissors, or caustic; then 
 apply the simple ointment as for a simple sore. (See Prescription 
 in Medicine List.) 
 
 (2.) Injuries of the Ear. — Injuries to the ear take place from 
 the use of the whip, the bite of a dog, or from another horse 
 biting it. 
 
 Treatment. Treat as for a common sore, by simple ointment and 
 by cleanliness. 
 
 (3.) Deafness. — Not often observed in horses. 
 
 (4.) Foreign Substances in the Ear. — Remove them by the 
 forceps. 
 
 (5.) Abscess in the Eau. — Treatment as for Abscess (which see). 
 
 (6.) Dry Gangrene in the Ear. — Two cases of this affection 
 have been brought to my notice, in which the concha of the ear 
 had dried up, withered, and dro]~)ped off. 
 
 Ecchymosis. — Black spots observed on the lungs of cattle and 
 horses having died from ]^leuro-pneumonia. 
 
 Eczema. — (See Mange.) 
 
 Elephantiasis. — A name applied to a swelled leg. (See 
 Grease.) 
 
 Embrocation. — A term applied to liniments. (See Prescrip- 
 tions.) 
 
 Emetics. — Medicine, often taken into the stomach of man and 
 some animals, causing them to vomit. Tlie horse, ox, and sheep 
 
— 304 — 
 
 do not, or rather, cannot vomit. Hence, tnriar emetic has no effect 
 upon them. 
 
 Emphysema. — This is a name signifying wind-swelHng, caused 
 by the escape of air into the celluhir tissue, as between the skin 
 and the flesh, or rat^^.er the fascia and the skin. Pressure with the 
 hand on these windy swellings causes a crackling noise or sound. 
 This condition sometimes arises in the chest, and is attended witli 
 difficult breathing and anxiet}^ of countenance. 
 
 Causes. Wounds in tlie chest, and wdien underneath the skin, it 
 is caused by undue pressure on the part, causing a separation of 
 the skin from the fascia. 
 
 Treatment. This consists in evacuating the air by slight punc- 
 tures on the surface of the swelling, assisted by gentle jiressure of 
 the hand. 
 
 When in the lungs, give good feeding, and occasionally small 
 doses of the tincture of aconite root, say 10 drops, three times in 
 the day, to relieve the breathing, until the lungs heal up. 
 
 Encysted Tumors. — (See Tumors.) 
 
 Encephaloid. — (See Tumors.) 
 
 Endermic. — A plan of treating disease b}" placing the medicine 
 in contact with or under the skin. Morphia and strychnia are 
 the agents in common use in this form of administration. (See 
 T3'])hosus.) 
 
 Enema. — ^See Injection.) 
 
 Ephemeral. — A fever which runs its course in twelve to forty- 
 eight hours. 
 
 Epidemic. — This term is applied to diseases of animals, but 
 improperly, as the term is exclusively a name that should only be 
 used for diseases when man is the suinect. Epi, upon, and demo^ 
 the people — a disease upon the people. Epizootic is the proper 
 name for animal diseases. Epi, upon, zoon, an animal — diseases 
 upon animals. 
 
 Epizootic. — A disease that attacks many animals at the same 
 time and season, originating in one common cause. Examples — 
 epizootic-influenza in the horse, and pleuro-pneumonia in cattle. 
 
 Epilepsy. — An epileptic horse should never be used for family 
 driving. (See Megrims.) 
 
 Epiphora. — Weeping from the Eye. (See Eye Diseases.) 
 
— 30o — 
 
 Epsom Salts. — (See Medicines.) 
 
 Eruptions. — Eruptions are more a symptom tlian a disease. 
 (See Strangles, Surfeit, Stings of Insects, and Scarlatina.) 
 
 Erysipelas. — This, as an independent disease, is not often, if 
 at all, seen in horses. It is often present after accidents, as a 
 bruise or a broken bone. 
 
 Symptoms. A hard, tense and painful swelling of the parts, 
 accompanied with irritation and excitement through the entire 
 S3^stem. 
 
 Treatment. Give twenty to twenty- five drops of the tincture of 
 aconite root four times in the day, to calm the system. Apply 
 cold iced water, with woollen cloths, to the part. If from broken 
 bones, try and remove, or adjust them in position to one another, 
 and secure them so with splint and bandage. In severe cases of 
 broken bones tlie animal had better be killed. (See Fractures.) 
 
 Exostosis. — (See Splint and Bony Tumors.) 
 
 Eyes, Diseases of the. — Before referring to the diseases of 
 this organ, it may be necessary to say a few words as to the struc- 
 ture of the eye. 
 
 (1.) The e\'elids are composed of skin, and under it the fibres of 
 a circular muscle which close the eyelids. The eyelids are lined 
 internalh' with a mucous membrane called the conjunctiva, which 
 is reflected from them over the anterior surface of the eyeball. 
 
 (2.) The globe of the eye is not exactly round, for it is more 
 like a segment of a smaller circle put into a greater one. 
 
 (3.) The clear portion of the eye is called the cornea, and forms 
 a portion of the globe. 
 
 (4.) The sclerotic coat is what is called the white of the eye; 
 and just back of it is what is called the choroid coat of the eye. 
 And immediately within this choroid coat is placed the retina, or 
 the expansion of the optic nerve, or the nerve of sight. 
 
 (5.) The humors of the eye occupy the anterior chamber, as 
 well as pass into the posterior. The iris floats in this humor, and 
 behind it will be found the magnifying lens of the eye. This is a 
 double convex, and is placed in the centre of vision, and fronting 
 the next, or vitreous humor of the eye. This humor is enclosed 
 in a capsule, called the hyaloid membrane. The eyes of the horse 
 are so placed in his head, that he, at the same time sees different 
 20 
 
— 306 — 
 
 objects with each eye, which pecuHarity accounts for the shying 
 and starting, when one eye is imperfect or diseased. If one eye 
 onh^ be aUogether destroyed, the horse will not sliy or start, hut 
 will be a useful animal. This is the reasuii why cataract on the 
 eye of a horse had better be let alone, as any im})erfect sight will 
 make the horse dangerous to drive, objects being seen in a dis- 
 torted form. Better the eye to be completely destroyed than par- 
 tially so. 
 
 (1.) Amaurosis. — This is the same disease that Milton was 
 affected with, and was called by him " drop serene." It is a com- 
 plete or partial blindness from loss of sensation, or feeling of the 
 02:)tic nerve. 
 
 Symptoms. This is the most serious disease affecting the eye of 
 either man or horse, and is ushered in by weeping and partial 
 closure of the eyelids. A thin film or scum will soon be observed 
 to spread over the whole of the front of the eye. This condition 
 will pass off for a week or two, and then return with increased 
 violence until the sight will be entirel}^ destroyed. Spots will be 
 seen between each attack, deep in the eye, gradually increasing in 
 size, till the nerve of siglit is totalh^ destroyed. 
 
 Causes. Inflammation affecting the brain, tumors, or bone press- 
 ing upon the optic nerve. 
 
 Treatment. Doubtful of cure. Small doses oi strychnine may be 
 tried to restore the sensibilit}^ of the optic nerve, or colchicum may 
 be used. (See Medicine.) 
 
 Observe. There are many horses with extremely flat foreheads, 
 the bones seemingh^ pressing upon the lower portion of the brain, 
 just where the optic nerve is given out to the e^^es. These flat- 
 headed (that is in front of the head) horses, I have observed to go 
 blind about the seventh year of their age. Blindness arising from 
 such a cause, may justly be laid at the door of hereditar}^ causes. 
 Breeding from blind mares should, therefore, be, as a rule, avoided. 
 If a mare from accident becomes blind, there are no scientific 
 reasons why she should not be used for breeding purposes. What 
 is to be observed is, not to breed from a mare that has a very flat 
 forehead and has not gone blind from accident or injury to the e3'e. 
 
 (2.) Floating Spots in the Eye. — Sometimes dark cloudy spots 
 or specks will be seen floating in the eye, more or less movable, 
 
— 307 — 
 
 rising and falling, as the eye itself moves. If the}^ are unattended 
 with weakness of the eye or the spots are not fixed, and dark, in- 
 dicating the commencement of the disease named above, they will 
 be no great injury. 
 
 Causes. Some constitutional disturbance, over-driving, or hard 
 work. 
 
 Treatment. Inject, or apply cold water several times in the day, 
 
 (3.) Iritis. — Inflammation of the iris. 
 
 Causes. Cold and exposure, producing rheumatism in that jDor- 
 tion of the eye. 
 
 Symj^toms. Redness of the eye, and muddy color of the cornea. 
 The iris is a little changed in color. 
 
 Treatment. The appjlication of moist poultices to the eye for a 
 few days to allay inflammation, or irritation. Then apply three 
 times daily, with a small brush called a camel's hair pencil, the 
 following mixture: nitrate of silver, twelve grains; rainwater, 
 four ounces. The brush to be dipped in the mixture, and drawn 
 lightly across within the eye. Keep the horse from the light as 
 much as possible. 
 
 (4.) Inflammation of the Sclerotic Coat. 
 
 Symptoras. The coat is of a pink-red color. 
 
 Cause. Rheumatism. 
 
 Treatment. A teaspoonful of the wine of colchicum root, four 
 times in the day ; comfortable stabling and generous feeding. 
 
 Half-drachm doses of the iodide of potassium may be tried in this 
 case. Half-ounce doses of sesquicarbonate of soda, occasionally, 
 will be of service. 
 
 (o.) Polypi. Small excrescences are sometimes seen to arise from 
 the iris, but require no treatment, as they will pass away of them- 
 selves. 
 
 (6.) Spots and Ulceration of the Cornea. 
 
 Symjjtoms. Blood vessels tinged with blood; small, elevated 
 spots, which are sometimes ulcers, and at other times small ab- 
 scesses, owing to the abscesses being whole or broken. 
 
 Treatment. Take belladonna, half a drachm ; cold water, six 
 ounces. Mix, and apply to the parts with a camel's hair pencil 
 dipped in the mixture. Scarify or open the angular veins of the 
 eye, and foment with warm water, to insure a good flow of blood. 
 
— 308 — 
 
 This treatment should be followed by a lotion of the nitrate of 
 silver, or of blue stone— suljDhate of copper (see Medicines), to 
 destroy the ulcers inside the eyelids; then apply the belladonna 
 lotion as before. It will require repeated applications alternately 
 to effect a complete cure. It will be advisable to feed the horse 
 ^vell, to increase absorption of effused fluids and thickenings. 
 Iron and gentian will be useful. (See Medicines and Prescrip- 
 tions.) 
 
 (7.) Weeping from the Eye. — This is more properly a s^-mp- 
 
 tom than a disease — a swelling of the coTuncula lachrymalis — a 
 small, round body. 
 
 Treatment. Touch the swelling with a camel's hair pencil 
 dipped in the lotion of blue stone, or nitrate of silver. Four 
 grains to an ounce of rain water, will be strong enough for this 
 purpose. This treatment will cure tho weeping, provided the 
 tear-duct be open. 
 
 (8.) Closing of the Eyelids. — Treatment. Apply warm water 
 with a sponge for a period sufficiently long, so as to dissolve or 
 dilute the mucus, wiiich causes the lids to stick together. To 
 prevent a recurrence during some diseases of the eyes, smear the 
 lids with sweet oil, or cold cream, every night while the disease 
 lasts. 
 
 (9.) Hair Growing in the Eye. — Scientifically, this is called 
 Trichiasis. The removal of the hair by tweezers, or forceps, and 
 the application of some eye-wash to remove the irritation, are the 
 proper means to be emploN^ed. 
 
 (10.) Swelling of the Eyelids. — This is sometimes observed 
 in bad cases of mange (which see). 
 
 (11.) Simple Ophthalmia, or Catarrhal Ophthalmia. — Symp 
 tonu. A thick, mucous discharge from the eye, accompanyin ; 
 cases of cold or catarrh, redness and swelling of the membrare 
 lining the inside of the eyelids. This condition and appearan:;e 
 resemble the lining of the nose in cases of cold. This affect'on 
 may, with propriety, be called muco-purulent o})hthalmia, ard it 
 is not unlike the E<:3'ptian 0})htliahnia of man, produced b/ the 
 introduction of the flying sands of the Arabian desert. Op.ithal- 
 mia may be simple or acute; consequently, the treatment will be 
 accordinglv. 
 
— 309 — 
 
 Treatment. The application of cold water; or if the cold seem 
 to give pain, warm water should he used instead. Open the an- 
 gular veins. This is done as iollows : Take a sharp knife, and 
 simi)ly cut the skin and the veins which are seen underneath at 
 tlie lower corner of the eye, and bathe with warm water, whicli 
 will induce them to bleed freel3\ Give grass, or some other open- 
 ing and, cool feed. Give, also, half-ounce doses of sulphite of soda 
 daily for a few days. The nitrate of silver lotion, or the blue 
 stone, will do ; it is cheap and easily procured, and therefore 
 better adapted for the farmer or stable man. Apply as elsewhere 
 recommended. Never use sugar of lead lotions as an eye-wash 
 to the eye, which books so often recommend. They are positively 
 injurious to the eye by their ])roducing dulness, or opacity of the 
 cornea — or the clear, transparent part of the eye — the very bright- 
 ness of which indicates health, beauty and intelligence in a horse; 
 so, once for all, I sa}', use no Goulard's solution of lead. Copper 
 is infinitely better, and never leaves dimness of the eye or vision. 
 If copper be not at hand, chloride of zinc, one grain, to an ounce 
 of rain or distilled water, is an excellent application to the eye of 
 a horse suffering from purulent ophthalmia. (See ]\Iedicines and 
 Prescriptions.) 
 
 (12.) Moon Blindness, terminating in Cataract. — This dis- 
 ease is a serious one, and frequent, consisting of inflammation of 
 the internal parts of the eyeball, the choroid coat and the iris 
 more particularly. 
 
 Symptoms. In the morning, perhaps, the eyelids will be found 
 closed ; a large flow of tears ; the back portion of the eye dim 
 and clouded. No specks are to be seen, as in some other diseases 
 of the eye. A yellow border will be observed at the bottom of 
 the chamber. This is pus. The attack, or inflammation, will 
 last from two to three weeks; at the end of which time the 
 eye will brighten up, and the ordinary observer may think 
 that the eye is completely cured. The pus is entirely ab- 
 sorbed, scarcely leaving any traces behind, except a degree of 
 dinmess. In one, two or three months, and not l)y the regularity 
 of the moon's changes, as horsemen suppose, the disease reap- 
 pears, having the same symptoms and characteristics as in the 
 first attack, only a greater deposit of pus will be left at each sub- 
 
— 310 — 
 
 sequent attack. One attack succeeds another until the wliole 
 pupil is filled with matter, constituting cataract, thus completely 
 destroying the eyesight. This disease is usually at first confined 
 to one eye, but in some cases both are afifected, one usually more 
 severely than the other. 
 
 Treatment. This disease is deemed incurable, which fact has 
 often induced the owner of an animal thus affected to sell him, 
 being well aware that the disease will at no distant day return, 
 and leave upon his hands a blind horse. An ap})lication of cold 
 water and the tincture of opium should be used to allay pain and 
 irritation ; cold ^vater, one ounce ; tincture of opium, two drachms ; 
 to be applied by means of a camel's hair pencil. 
 
 Observe. When one eye of a liorse is affected with this disease, 
 the other will also ultimately become affected. To prevent this, 
 it has been advised, as is done in man, to liave tlie, diseased eye 
 entirely extirpated. In horses, I would rather puncture the cornea 
 with a lancet, and allow the watery humor to escape, thus permit- 
 ting the diseased eye to sink in the head. This being done suc- 
 cessfully, the remaining e^^e will not only retain, but will increase 
 in lustre and brightness. 
 
 False Quarter. — (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Farcy. — The reader will be not a little surprised at the opinions 
 that are advanced by me in regard to this disease, especially if he 
 be a reader of the books on the diseases of horses. In these books 
 we are distinctly told that farcy is a variety of glanders, and that 
 farcy buds are of the same nature as the ulcers of the lining mem- 
 brane of the nose in cases of glanders. This may or may not be 
 true. But why not have given the reasons why these relations 
 were so sustained to each other? Thus assertion is put for fact, 
 and ignorance for great knowledge. Farcy is not a disease attack- 
 ing the absorbent vessels, nor glanders of the lining membranes 
 of the nose. Farcy, we are again told, is curable, and in the very 
 next sentence that glanders is incurable. Wh}^ this peculiarity? 
 For if the diseases i^e the same, they should be equally susceptible 
 of cure. From all that has been said and written on the subject 
 of farcy and glanders, nothing satisfactory has been gained, but 
 much that is calculated to perplex. Farcy is the " scrofula " of 
 the horse. It is unknown in countries and climes where this 
 
— 311 — 
 
 lisease in man is never seen, and a disease inseparable from the 
 present manner of domestication. In a word, the disease called 
 I'^rcy is nothing more nor less than the effects of a class of patho- 
 lyens called ferments, leavens, or zumins, acting and producing fer- 
 mentation in the blood. (See Glanders.) In medicines zumins 
 are used, such as yeast, rennet, pepsin, and cow-pox matter. 
 Among the various diseases of the horse, produced by ferments, 
 are glanders, farcy, purpura, grease, and several eruptions of the 
 skin and legs. This is readily explained. For instance, if the 
 liver, kidneys, skin, and bowels of a horse be not acting right, how 
 is effete matter to be eliminated or carried from the blood or the 
 body of the animal ? This effete matter, as a small piece of mem- 
 brane, dead bone or pus, not escaping by the' usual channels, will 
 decay and become an active ferment in the blood and in the fluids 
 of the body. This, then, is the only true explanation of the phe- 
 nomena of farcy in the horse. 
 
 Symj)toms. An unhealthy coat ; bad habit of body ; one leg, 
 usually the fore leg, will swell to a very large size — hot and pain- 
 ful, and in a day or two it will break out in small, running ulcers, 
 or sores, discharging a sanious fluid, sometimes of a thick and 
 resinous color. On the inside of the leg, or on the side of the body 
 or on the neck, will be seen a thick, corded, and elevated sub- 
 stance under the skin, of considerable hardness, and interrupted 
 at distances with a small sore similar to that on the leg. In some 
 cases — not in every case — circumscribed and soft, puffy swellings 
 will be seen about the mouth, lips, and indeed on many parts of 
 the body. These swellings are not to be confounded with swell- 
 ing of the legs, belly, breast, sheath, etc., in cases of weakness or 
 debility. These swellings have been named water farcy by some 
 people, but have no connection with true or malignant farcy what- 
 ever, and are not in any way infectious or contagious. After some 
 alterations and changes occupying a few weeks, the animal be- 
 comes much changed for the worse, the blood becoming so dete- 
 riorated and changed in character that the animal's vitality soon 
 gives way, and the horse dies a miserable ol)ject. 
 
 Causes. Overcrowding horses in small and insignificant houses, 
 with little or no ventilation, each animal repeatedly breathing the 
 noxious or waste material from the lungs of his companions, thus 
 
— 312 — 
 
 introducing into the blood a powerful pathogen in the form of a 
 ferment; inoculation from the virus of glandered or farcied horses, 
 the inoculation producing a ferment ; debility, ending in changing 
 the character of the blood. Absorption of pus from sores or 
 ulcers into the blood is another powerful ferment, and ends either 
 in farcy, glanders, or some other zymotic disease. 
 
 Treatment. Having fully and sufficiently explained the cause 
 of this disease, the treatment is almost already pointed out, 
 namely, remove the cause, and the effects will cease. For this 
 purpose give the following substance twice a day, a tablespoonful 
 to a dose : Sulph^te (not sulphate) of soda. This new chemical 
 salt will purify the blood, as its action destroys fermentation, 
 whether in a barrel of wine, cider, or in the blood of a horse. 
 Continuing this till the horse is well, and for a few weeks after- 
 wards, two or three times a week, will be of good service. (See 
 Sulphite of Soda.) While the blood is thus being purified and 
 made fit once more for the purposes of life, it will be necessary to 
 add something to it also, thus assisting the powers of the consti- 
 tution to overcome the difficulty. We will not only add to the 
 blood, but give something to facilitate the removal of the effete 
 matter from the body, without weakening the animal with debil- 
 itating diuretics. For this purpose, the following medicine will 
 be given : Powdered sulphate of copper, three ounces ; powdered 
 Spanish fly, one drachm ; powdered gentian root, four ounces. 
 ]\[ix, and divide into twelve powders, and give one powder at 
 night in some good feed, with no more cold water in it than will 
 keep the particles of the feed together. These powders will do for 
 two weeks; at the end of tliat time get more, and continue them 
 till the horse is well. In addition to what has been recommended, 
 give grass, and good and generous feed, for by these means the 
 power and strength of the body will be kept up, and a cure will be 
 more surely and speedih^ effected. 
 
 While this treatment is going on, the horse will have to be re- 
 moved to a place by himself, or from healthy animals. Keep all 
 articles used in feeding, clothing and cleansing him, in the build- 
 ing with him. Remember, this is considered one of the contagious 
 diseases of the horse. Not only the safety of 5^our own, but of 
 your neighbor's horse, depends upon your observance of these 
 
— sis- 
 directions. In case you should place a horse so affected, either in 
 a field next to your neighbor, or in his stable, and his horses be- 
 conae affected, you will be liable to a suit at law for damages aris- 
 ing therefrom. From my experience in horse causes in the courts 
 of Philadelphia, it will be easier to bring a suit than to gain it, if 
 there be scientific witnesses on the stand, as the question will 
 arise. Was the disease, or was it not, communicated from the sick 
 horse so placed ? Obviously, these are questions more easily asked 
 than answered. 
 
 Fatty Tumor. — (See Tumors.) 
 
 Farrier. — Properly, this title belongs to the blacksmith, whether 
 a horse shoer, or of other branches of iron -working, faher ferrarius ; 
 but from some idea or other, we hear of persons, otherwise well 
 informed, saying, when speaking of accident or sickness to horses, 
 to have or send for a farrier. Now, what is there possessed by 
 workers in iron, that they should know any more about diseases 
 and their treatment than is possessed by a worker in wood ? Per- 
 sons of education should look into the etymology of a term, even 
 if it should be used by the mass of the people: for it is by the 
 language and general deportment, that a man of education is 
 known from his less learned prototype. 
 
 Fever, Putrid. — (See Typhosus.) 
 
 Fever, Sympathetic. — This variety of fever is that which is 
 produced by accident and disease. Thus, a horse gets a nail in 
 the sensitive part of the foot, excitement, or sympathetic fever is 
 an accompaniment. Lung disease is accompanied with fever, and 
 hence it is called lung fever. Fever in the feet is a common ex- 
 pression, signifying sympathetic fever. Indeed, it is a question in 
 my mind, whether fevers of all kinds are not to be attributed to 
 some local or general disturbance of some action or function of 
 the body. Thus, the many fevers which attack the human family 
 can readily be traced to a predisposing cause ; as, for example, 
 typhus fever is caused by insufficient ventilation, besieged towns 
 and garrisons, preventing the removal of ezuvia. 
 
 Fever in the Feet. — This is a common disease of horses in 
 large towns and cities, where the streets are paved with stone or 
 iron, whereby the concussion is very great, when horses are driven 
 fast. (See Founder.) 
 
— 314 — 
 
 Fibroma. — A variety of Tumor. (See Tumors.) 
 
 Firing Horses. — This is an operation which is a great favorite, 
 and in much repute amono; horse doctors. For my part, I think 
 it is not only cruel and barbarous, but unnecessary, doing no good 
 whatever, and in many cases a positive injury, the efifects of which 
 will never disappear from the legs or body while the animal lives. 
 Firing is intended by its advocates to prevent and cure spavin, 
 curbs, sprains, and ring bones, by scoring the parts with a red hot 
 iron in lines over the part that is thought will he diseased, or is 
 already so. 
 
 Fistula. — Examjyles. Fistula of the shoulder, of the poll, poll- 
 evil (which see), and quittor or sinuses of the foot (which see). 
 Fistulas are usually deep-seated, but sometimes they are super- 
 ficial, or just under the skin. However, although we see them 
 sometimes so situated, it must be confessed that the cases are ex- 
 tremely rare. The fistula most frequent and difficult of cure is 
 always deep-seated and in the vicinity of a joint, as the poll and 
 shoulder. The reason of this is easy of explanation, for when 
 these parts get injured, and suppurative action is set up, the pus, 
 instead of pointing to the outward surface, burrows down in 
 among the loose textures, and forms sinuses or pipes, pointing in 
 several directions. Fistula differs from a simple abscess in this 
 particular, and therefore is difficult of cure. The pus secreted is 
 nearly the same. The pus in a simple abscess is secreted from, 
 and is a liquification of, the surrounding tissue ; but the pus of 
 fistula is secreted from the walls of a fibrous sack, which is formed 
 in most cases of fistula. The fistula may be open or whole, pre- 
 senting a large swelling. 
 
 Symptoms. Pain on pressure of the parts affected, followed by 
 heat, pain, and swelling, circumscribed in shape, hard at first, and 
 becoming soft and fluctuating upon pressure by the finger — a sure 
 indication of fluid within. This swelling, from the firmness and 
 integrity of the sack and skin in which it is enclosed, does not 
 break, nor yet form sinuses that take on the character of an en- 
 cysted tumor, which does not break of its own accord, as simple 
 abscesses do. At otlier times tlie fistulous tumor breaks or opens in 
 several places, and small holes discharge pus, some to-day and 
 none to-morrow. The day the discharge is free, the pain and 
 
— 315 — 
 
 swellins; is less. Among the pus will be observed organized mat- 
 ter, similar to cheese, or in otiier words, not uniform in thickness 
 or appearance. This is a disease that rarel}' ever gets well of its 
 own efforts, from the fact of the sore having a sack, which is only 
 removed by art ; also from the situation of fistula presenting no 
 depending opening for the outlet of pus. 
 
 Causes. Bruises, accidents, caries of the bones (which see), in- 
 flammation of the bone, or any accident that will cause a simple 
 abscess, will cause fistula. 
 
 A blow that would produce a common abscess on some portions 
 of the body, will result in fistula in other portions, as in the vicin- 
 ity of a joint. 
 
 Treatment. If the swelling is just forming, endeavor to put it 
 back by placing chopped ice, in a bag, over it for a few da3^s. By 
 this means, many a swelling which would terminate in a fistula, 
 will be cured at once. This not succeeding, have an opening made 
 into its lower side, so as the bloody water, which it at tliis time 
 contains, will be discharged. Then syringe a half tablespoonful 
 of the tincture of iodine into it once a day for a few days, to eat or 
 destroy the membranous sack. Then treat it as a common sore 
 by keeping it clean, and the opening from closing before it has 
 healed from the bottom. For this purpose, place a small piece of 
 cotton in the mouth of the opening, smeared with simple oint- 
 ment. (See Medicines and Prescriptions.) 
 
 Fistula in the Foot. — This disease, by common consent, is 
 called quittor, a fistulous abscess in the foot. (See Quittor.) 
 
 Fistulous Withers. — By farmers called Thisolow, or Fisolow. 
 This is an affection described in the preceding article, with this 
 difference in some cases, that it extends through over the top of 
 the bones of the withers or shoulders to the other side, thus form- 
 ing a very broad pad, as it were, on the top of the shoulder, just 
 where the shoulder in health is the sharpest and narrowest. 
 
 Treatment. Lay chopped ice in bags over the swelling, and, if 
 necessary, open and take out the sack, or destroy it by the injec- 
 tion of the tincture of iodine, and dress as for a common sore. 
 (See preceding Article and Poll-Evil.) 
 
 Fits. — This is a term applied to horses subject to megrims, or 
 
— 316 — 
 
 staggers (which see), causing them to fall. Hence, the expression, 
 " fitty horse." 
 
 Flaxseed. — Every part of this seed is used one way or another 
 in the treatment of diseases of tlie horse. The ground seed, mixed 
 with warm water, is an excellent cooling food for horses, almost a 
 laxative. The pressed juice, or oil, is a certain and safe purgative 
 for the horse, in quart doses. The residue, which remains after 
 the oil has been pressed, commonly called cake meal, when mixed 
 with warm water, makes the best of poultices to a sore or wound. 
 (See Poultices.) 
 
 Food, Hints on. — 1. All horses must not be fed in the same 
 proportions, without due regard to their ages, their constitutions, 
 and their work. Because the impropriety of such a practice is self- 
 evident. Yet it is constantly done, and is the basis of disease of every 
 kind. 
 
 2. Never use bad hay on account of its cheapness. Because 
 there is not proper nourishment in it. 
 
 3. Damaged corn is exceedingly injurious. Because it brings on 
 
 INFLAMMATION of the BoWcls and SKIN DISEASES. 
 
 4. Chaff is better for old horses than hay. Because they can chew 
 and digest it better. 
 
 5. Mix chaff with corn or oats, and do not give them alone. 
 Because it makes the horse chew his food more and digest it better. 
 
 6. Hay or grass alone will not support a horse under hard work. 
 Because there is not sufficient nutritive body in either. 
 
 7. When a horse is worked hard his food should chiefly be oats 
 and corn ; if not worked hard, his food should chiefly be hay. 
 Because oats and corn supply more nourishment and flesh-making 
 material than any other kind of food. Hay not so much. 
 
 8. For a saddle or coach-horse, half a peck of sound oats and 
 eighteen pounds of good hay are sufficient. If the hay is not good, 
 add a quarter of a peck more oats. A horse that works harder 
 may have rather more of each ; one that works little should have 
 less. 
 
 9. Rack-feeding is wasteful. Tiie better plan is to feed with 
 chopped hay, from a manger. Because the food is not then thrown 
 about, and is more easily cheived and digested. 
 
 10. Sprinkle the hay with water that has salt dissolved in it. 
 
— 317 — 
 
 Because it is pleasing to the animaVs taste, and more easily digested. 
 [A teaspoonful of salt in a bucket of water is suflicient.] 
 
 11. Oats and corn should be bruised for an old horse but not 
 for a young one. Because the former, through age and defective teeth, 
 cannot chew them properly ; the young horse can do so, and they are 
 thus properly mixed with the saliva, and turned into wholesome nutri- 
 ment. 
 
 12. Grass must always be cut for hay before the seed drops. 
 Because the juices thai ripen the seed are the most valuable part of the 
 hay. If they are sucked out by its ripening and dropping, the grass 
 WILL NOT TURN INTO HAY ; but ivill icithcr and grow yellow. 
 
 13. Vetches and cut grass should always be given in the spring 
 to horses that cannot be turned out into the fields. Because they 
 are very cooling and refreshing, and almost medicinal in their effects ; 
 but they must he supplied in moderation, as they are liable to ferment in 
 the stomach if given largely. 
 
 14. Water your horse from a pond or stream, rather than from 
 a spring or well. Because the latter is genercdly hard and cold, while 
 the former is soft, and compjaratively warm. The horse prefers soft, 
 muddy water to hard water, though ever so clear. 
 
 15. A horse should have at least a pail of water, morning and 
 evening ; or (still better) four half-pailsful, at four several times in 
 the day. Because this assuages his thirst ivithout bloating him. But 
 he should not be made to work directly after he has had a full 
 DRAUGHT of Water ; for digestion and exertion can never go on together. 
 
 16. Do not allow your horse to have warm water to drink. Be- 
 cause, if he has to drink cold water, after getting accustomed to ivarm, it 
 will give him the colic. 
 
 17. When your horse refuses his food, after drinking, go no fur- 
 ther that day. Because the poor creature is thoroughly beaten. 
 (See Humanity to Animals.) 
 
 Fomentations. — This term has been used exclusively in the 
 ap[)lication of warm water to an inflamed or sprained part, and 
 sometimes to a sore. I may be right or may be wrong, when I 
 say that the application of cold water to parts similarly affected, is 
 just as much entitled to the term fomentation, for certainly it is 
 applied the same way and for the same purpose, namely, to allay 
 irritation in the sore or sprained part ; and it has, from my own 
 
— sis- 
 experience, proved to have a much better effect, and in as short a 
 time. Cold, applied, has an effect to brace, strengthen, and give 
 tonicity to relaxed sprains and sores. Warmth has an opposite 
 effect, i. e., to relax and debilitate. In foot diseases, warm water 
 will be preferable for softening the horn. Where warm water is 
 used, the case should be treated afterwards by cold fomentations. 
 A good way to apply cold water is b\' means of wet woollen cloths 
 wrapped loosely around the parts, and wet ever}^ hour or so before 
 the skin becomes warm. At night take all the cloths off: this will 
 prevent scalding, and falling off of the hair. 
 
 Warm water should be applied the same as cold. 
 
 Either cold or warm fomentations should be continued for a time 
 to get their benefits. It will be well to remember, that when the 
 cloths are allowed to become dry, an opposite reaction is immedi- 
 ateh^ set up. Cold is followed by increased warmth in the parts. 
 Warmth is followed by cold. This should be well understood, for 
 in my opinion cold ai)plications, with absolute and entire rest, are 
 the only and best agents for the speedy and sure cure of sprains in 
 whatever part of the legs or body. 
 
 Foot Diseases. — (1.) Canker in the Foot. — Happily, this is 
 a rare affection, because it is not easily managed from the peculiar 
 tendency in the horse's foot to grow and produce proud flesh, which 
 is the essential principle of the affection. Canker in the foot of a 
 horse may be said to be a foot deprived of a part of its sole, in lieu 
 of which a fungus is formed. It is difficult to keep it level with 
 the remaining portion of the sole. Not only so, but we have to 
 change this disposition in the foot to throw out such material, and 
 induce the material to secrete or produce a new sole. Tliis is the 
 difficult}' to be experienced in the treatment of this affection. 
 Nevertheless, cases, and ver}^ hard ones, too, have been cured, but 
 not in a day, nor a week, but months. 
 
 Causes. Injuries to the sensitive sole by nails, bruises, and other 
 accidents, as a piece of the sole being torn off. 
 
 Treatment. Removal of an}' diseased or dead sole, and the proud 
 flesh. For this purpose, the knife will have to be used to remove 
 the dead sole, and, if it be in the hands of an energetic person, the 
 most of the fungus or proud flesh can be takei^ off in the same 
 manner. If not, get caustic potash, and quickly reduce it to a 
 
— 819 — 
 
 coarse powder, as it soon dissolves on ex])0sure to the air Lay it 
 upon the raw surface. This apply next day, if the first apjdication 
 has not removed sufficient or all of it. After the proud (lesii has 
 been entirely taken off, or levelled witli the sole proper, dress every 
 day with Barbadoes tar, one ])ound ; sulphuric acid, three drachms; 
 powdered sulphate of copper, half an ounce. Mix well, and spread 
 a portion over the sore foot, and over this dressing, a pad of tow or 
 cotton, held firmh^ down on the padding, so as to produce pressure, 
 an important matter in the treatment of Canker in the foot. This 
 can be secured by thin ])ieces of splint from young wood being 
 placed across one another over the pad, and the ends pushed in 
 between the foot and the shoe. By this means, and a little 
 patience, witli a little ingenuity in fixing and applying these pads, 
 etc., even very bad cases can he cured. 
 
 (2.) Contraction. — This is not so much a disease as it is bad 
 management in the stal)le and in the blacksmith's shop. Contrac- 
 tion may be said to be an alteration of the shape and structure 
 of the posterior, or back portion of the hoof — a winding in of the 
 heels. 
 
 Causes. "Want of proper knowledge on the part of the owner or 
 horseshoer in not knowing the difference between the foot that 
 would require a piece added to it at each shoeing, and the one that 
 requires a large portion taken from it, so as to insure elasticity 
 and expansion. A foot strong and inelastic, and unyielding to 
 the weight of the animal, is the very first foot to become contracted. 
 I know flat, weak-footed horses travelling sound for ten or fifteen 
 years without in the least being contracted. So long as w^e have 
 strong-hoofed horses, and shod with an inflexible iron ring to 
 prevent wear and tear, and the blacksmith neglects to take off of 
 each hoof at the shoeing as much horn as the horse w'ould have 
 worn if he had been in the natural state and not shod, we will have 
 contraction. 
 
 Treatment. Cut down the hoof and shorten the toe, and make 
 the hard and inelastic foot one that will expand at its heels every 
 time the w^eiglit of the animal puts his foot to tlie ground. 
 
 One-sided nailing is an excellent preventative as well as an as- 
 sistant in the cure of contracted feet. What is meant by one-sided 
 nailing is, that nails are to be confined to the outside toe of the 
 
— 320 — 
 
 foot, so as to allow free expansion for the heels. This cannot be 
 done with a shoe being nailed on by nails placed at each side. To 
 illustrate this point, place a small horse-shoe flat in the palm of 
 the hand with the fingers close to one another ; then tie, with a 
 piece of cord, the little finger to one side of the shoe, and the thumb 
 to the other side ; then you will realize to what extent you can 
 expand the fingers so secured. So it is just with the foot of a horse 
 with the shoe nailed on at each side. Remove the cord from one 
 finger, and the whole hand is free to expand. So likewise the 
 foot of the horse bv one-sided nailing. 
 
 ^ CD 
 
 (3.) Corns. — This is a red spot on the inner portion of the heel 
 of the foot, causing lameness, and consists of a bruise from the 
 shoe pressing upon the part, the shoes having shifted from their 
 proper position, or never having been placed there. In general, 
 the production of corns may be laid to the charge of the horse- 
 shoer, and sometimes to the owner allowing the horse to go long 
 before the shoes are removed, or before the foot has grown from 
 the shoes. Corn is an analogical term, although bearing no re- 
 semblance to that well-known aff'ection of the feet of man. 
 
 Treatment. Remove the corns by cutting them out; then apply 
 a few drops of commercial sulphuric acid to the part. Shoe the 
 horse sufficiently often to insure even bearing to the shoe upon the 
 wall only of the foot. 
 
 (4.) False Quarter. — This is a term applied to the horn or por- 
 tion of the hoof, which overlaps or bulges out from the line of the 
 second portion of the hoof 
 
 Causes. An injury to the coronet or ligament, which secretes, 
 or from which the hoof grows. This causes an alteration of the 
 horn of the hoof below, corresponding to the exteni: of the injury. 
 
 Treatment. As there will be an enlargement, more or less, remain- 
 ing after an injur}^ to the coronet, little will be required to be 
 done, but to keep the horn as level with the hoof proper as possi- 
 ble, in order to make it look less of an eye-sore. 
 
 (5.) Inflammation of the Foot. — (See Founder.) 
 
 (6.) Pricks. — Pricks may occur in the act of shoeing, or from a 
 nail being picked up on the street, and from other hard-pointed 
 substances. 
 
 Treatment. Pull the nail out, and poultice the foot for twenty- 
 
- - s ^ s ^ 
 
— 321 — 
 
 four huurs ; then make an opening through the horn, over the 
 place where the nail went in, so as to allow the pus to escape. 
 For, if this be not done, and the pus is left in the foot, it will in a 
 few days, and at a great expense of suffering to the horse, break 
 out between the hoof and the hair, constituting quittor. After an 
 opening has been properly made, drop five drops of muriatic acid 
 into the hole once a day, for a day or two. Poultice every second 
 night or day and not oftener. A healthy hoof can be poulticed 
 off by constant application. 
 
 The horse can go to work as soon as he can step on the ground 
 firmly and without lameness. Remember, that in all cases of 
 pricks and other injuries which end in suppuration, as pus in the 
 foot of a horse, make a thorough opening so as to allow the pus to 
 escape, and no more trouble need be apprehended ; except the 
 nail has entered into one of the tendons of the foot, in that case 
 no pus will be usually formed, the majority of cases ending in 
 locked-jaw (which see). Where pus is formed after pricking, no 
 locked-jaw follows; it is in those cases only where pus is not 
 formed that locked-jaw may be expected. 
 
 (7.) Bruises of the Foot. — (Treat as for Prick of Foot.) 
 
 (8.) Sand or Quarter Crack. — This is a crack or split in the 
 hoof, usually on the inner side of the fore foot, although splits and 
 cracks occur in all places, and in botli fore and hind feet. 
 
 Causes. A brittle condition of the hoof, from the want of suffi- 
 cient moisture. In some cases the horse does not stand square 
 upon his fore feet, thereby causing undue weight to fall upon one 
 of the sides of the hoof and causing it to crack. 
 
 Prevention. Apply to brittle feet equal portions of the oil of tar, 
 and cod liver oil, whale oil, or any fish oil well rubbed in with a 
 brush to the hoofs a few times a week ; and occasionally apply 
 wet cloths to the feet in the summer season. In winter the feet 
 are better supplied with moisture. 
 
 Treatment. Rasp the edges of the hoof thin, the nearer the crack 
 the thinner the horn should be made ; this can be filled up with 
 shoemaker's wax. After the horn has been properly thinned a 
 piece of the wall of the hoof, for about half an inch on each side 
 of the crack, is to be cut out to prevent any bearing of the shoes 
 upon it, thereby preventing the constant opening, shutting and 
 21 
 
— S22 — 
 
 sometimes bleeding from the crack. To prevent, or rather to cause 
 the new horn to grow down wliole and without a crack in it, a 
 piece of iron is to be placed in the fire and made red hot, and then 
 applied, just for a moment, flat on the hair at the head of the 
 crack sufficient to make a scab. This will insure a solid growth 
 of horn. Promote the growth of the horn as speedily as possible, 
 to facilitate the cure ; a strap is used by some round the hoof to 
 prevent opening of the crack. 
 
 (9.) Navicular Disease. — This is a disease of a bone in the 
 foot of a horse, a serious disease, and often very obscure in its 
 symptoms, altogether depending as to the advanced condition of 
 the disease. Happily, however, it is scarcely met with, and then 
 only in the common hack horse. It consists of ulceration, of 
 various degrees, on the surface of the navicular bone within the 
 foot. 
 
 Causes. Hard and constant work upon streets paved with 
 stones. Slight inflammation neglected and the horse not laid up 
 until it gets w^ell, and then inflammation increasing, until it ends 
 in ulceration of the bone. 
 
 Symptom. Obscure, or at least very like many of the s^'mptoms 
 similar to other diseases of the feet and legs. It is chiefly deter- 
 mined by the undue heat in the foot, and by the fact that no dis- 
 ease can be detected elsewhere or of a different kind. In lameness 
 of other portions, not in the foot, we have heat and swelling — the 
 hoof or foot of the horse cannot swell. It is a box, and we cannot 
 see into it to examine its contents and condition. 
 
 Treatment. Incurable, although much can be done to relieve the 
 pain by the application of moisture, poultices, and occasionally 
 placing the hoof in warm water to soften and relieve pressure. 
 Some have recommended a. blister round the coronet. I cannot 
 see on what scientific or other grounds it will do good. In well- 
 established cases, and in good strong feet, the division of the 
 nerves which run down on each side of the leg and into the foot, 
 will relieve the pain and the horse will go well for years. But un- 
 fortunately many cases so operated upon have lost their hoofs by 
 falling off, which have been unjusth^ laid to the operation. The 
 cause of this is not so much in tlie operation as in the operator 
 having no judgment as to the kind of hoof, and whether the op- 
 
-323 — 
 
 eration would be successful or not. It would be obviously im- 
 ])roper to recommend the operation upon a flat-footed horse, as 
 the animal deprived of pain would let his thin soled foot come 
 down to the ground with great force and weight, thus injuring 
 the whole structure to such an extent, that suppuration takes 
 place and ultimately the sloughing and falling off" of the hoof. 
 
 (10.) Seedy Toe. — This is a name given to a split in the centre 
 of either fore or hind foot, extending a little way up from the 
 point, or it may be up to the hair itself. 
 
 Causes. The same as those producing sand-crack (which see). 
 
 Treatment. In bad cases, a clasp or plate of iron secured by 
 short screws. In simple crack or split from the toe upwards, cut 
 off all communication of the sound parts with the cracked or split 
 portion. For this purpose a three edged file will be a good instru- 
 ment for making the division. At each shoeing the split i^ortion 
 will gradually become less or shorter. 
 
 (11.) Pumiced Sole. — This name is used or applied to the sole 
 of a foot, which is convex instead of concave ; that is, instead of 
 the nice cupped foot, the bottom of the saucer is presented. 
 
 Causes. The result of bad or severe cases of founder, where the 
 coffin bone is let down upon the sole, and causes its descent or 
 convexitv. 
 
 Treatment. This is merel}^ palliative and is to be done by plac- 
 ing a shoe upon the foot that will insure and protect the sole from 
 the ground. 
 
 (12.) Thrush. — A diseased condition of the sensitive frog of the 
 foot, and from which a stinking fluid is discharged, which is 
 familiar to every person who is among horses. 
 
 Causes. Too much moisure to the foot, as from animals stand- 
 ing in their own excreta, or from wet stabling, the frog becomes 
 perverted, and deteriorating, and secreting, or discharging a black- 
 ish color, and otherwise nasty fluid. It sometimes accompanies 
 navicular disease. 
 
 Prevention. Dry stabling, a stall having sufficient inclination or 
 drainage to carry off" the fluids. Cleaning the stable regularly. 
 
 Treatment. A few drops of muriatic acid forced into the centre 
 of the frog once a day for a few days. Keep the stable and stalls 
 dry and clean. A few doses of the sulphite of soda in half ounce 
 
— 324 — 
 
 doses, once a day, for a few days, will do good by its alterative and 
 puritive effects upon the system. 
 
 (13.) Tread. — This is, as its name indicates, a contused bruise 
 inflicted on the coronet or immediately above the hoof by a tramp 
 of the shoe on another foot, or even by another horse. Keep the 
 wound clean, and apply the tincture of myrrh and aloes daily. 
 
 (14.) QuiTTOR. — This is a serious and painful disease of the 
 foot, of the same nature as poll-evil and fistula in the shoulder ; it 
 is known by a large swelling around or above the hoof, or where 
 the hair joins the hoof, which soon breaks and discharges pus. 
 
 Symptoms. Horse off his feed. Considerable excitement and 
 fever. Holding the feet off the ground, and very painful. A 
 swelling soon shows itself at the coronet, and in a few days breaks 
 and discharges pus. After this the horse will resume his feed, but 
 will not make very free with his foot, which will be better to-day 
 and worse the next day, depending upon the discharge of pus 
 from the foot. 
 
 Causes. A prick from a nail, a bruise on the sole, a suppurat- 
 ing corn, or sometimes from a sand crack taking on suppurative 
 action. 
 
 Treatment. The great secret of the treatment of this disease, is 
 to make a free opening from the bottom of the foot. When this 
 is done at once, you will be greatly surprised to see the swelling go 
 away as quickly as it made its appearance, and if the swelling has 
 broken, it will soon cease to discharge when the opening is made 
 from below, or at the bottom of the foot. Having effected this 
 purpose of an opening, get a small syringe and inject into the 
 opening above, if there be any, and if not from the opening below, 
 a mixture of the sulphate of zinc, two ounces ; rain water, eight 
 ounces, once in the day. If the shoe has been taken off for the 
 purpose of making the opening, have it put on again so as to hold 
 some soft stopping in the sole to keep it soft. Cow dung is as 
 good, if not better, for this purpose, than the best of costl}^ flax- 
 seed. Never, in cases of this disease, apply poultices around the 
 whole of the hoof, as in tliat case the hoof may fall off. Healthy 
 hoofs can be poulticed off. Whatever poultice, it must be applied 
 to the sole. If no opening has been made from below, drop ten 
 
— 325 — 
 
 drops of muriatic «icifl into the opening above once in the day, for 
 a few days. This will destroy the disease. 
 
 Founder. — (1.) Acute Founder. — Every school-boy is familiar 
 with the name of founder when applied to a lame horse, but few 
 horsemen ever comprehend the nature and seat of this affection. 
 Founder in all its forms is inflammation of the laminae or leaves, 
 wliich dovetail into each other, and bind the sensible and insensible 
 portions of the foot together. Hence, it is called by some learned 
 persons in diseases of horses lamAnitiSy by adding the Greek word 
 itis. Founder is again called by some persons fever in the feet. 
 However, as to namjcs, the disease is of frequent occurrence, and 
 when left to itself, destroys many good horses by leaving them ever 
 afterward sore and tender in fronts as the horsemen have it. 
 
 Sijmptoms. The horse will scarcely move ; stands upon his heels, 
 with fore feet and legs stretched out as far as he can get to throw 
 the weight off tliem. Thus, to all appearances, making the animal 
 hollow in the breast, which appearance has given rise to the idea 
 that the horse is chest-foundered. The hind legs are brought far 
 in under the belly. Tlie head of the horse is erect and high. 
 Fever and constitutional disturbance are very great. The horse is 
 extremely excitable, and breathing fast and laborious. Alto- 
 gether, the poor suffering horse is the very picture of distress and 
 disease. 
 
 Causes. Giving cold water when overheated, and tired from 
 overwork. A tendency in tlie feet to take on inflammatory action. 
 The animal not in proper health or condition for performing heavy 
 or fast work. 
 
 Treatment. Place the horse in a wide and airy stall, w^ith plenty 
 of good straw for bedding to encourage the horse to lie down, 
 which will relieve him very much. Indeed, so much is this the 
 case, that it has been recommended that every foundered horse 
 should be forcibly thrown and kept down, till the active stage of 
 the disease has passed off. This, however, I do not advise, as the 
 horse is excited enough without increasing it by throwing him 
 from his feet. Rather give good bedding, and the majority of 
 horses so affected will l)e ready and willing to lie down of their 
 own accord. After the place is all fixed, and the horse moved into 
 it, give him twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root in a cupful 
 
— 326 — 
 
 of cold water, poured into the mouth with a bottle having a strong 
 neck. Repeat the dose every four hours, till six to eight doses 
 have been given. Apply cold ice water cloths to the feet. In a 
 few hours, possibly, the shoes can be taken off. At first, this 
 generally cannot be done, except the animal is down. Care should 
 be taken in removing the shoes, so that every nail is made loose 
 before an attempt is made to pull off the shoes. Have as little 
 hammering on the foot as possible, as it will shake the great and 
 over-sensitive frame. Let the cold water be kept on constantly for 
 the next day, or until the active pain gives way. At leisure, the 
 feet can be pared thin on the soles, so the}^ will yield to pressure 
 with the fingers. By getting the animal to lie down as soon as 
 possible after he gets in ; the cold water cloths applied, and the 
 aconite given ; the animal in a day or two may be nothing worse 
 from the attack. The longer the animal remains before these 
 remedies are applied, the less likely is he to be free from its effects 
 afterwards. Before the horse is again put to work, be assured he 
 has quite recovered. During the treatment, give plenty of cold 
 water to drink. Never give tepid water to a horse while he is sick 
 from disease. Give grass or soft mashes for a day or two, but do 
 not keep a sick horse too long on low feed, as debility and swelling 
 of the legs and various portions of the body will take place. 
 
 Rememher. Do not bleed, neither from the neck or foot, nor from 
 any place else in a disease of this kind. 
 
 (2.) Chronic Founder. — Symptoms, Cause and Treatment will be 
 much the same, only it will not be necessar}- to push the treatment 
 so far. Principally depend upon softening the horn of the feet, 
 paring the soles of the feet, and a few days' rest. The horse, for a 
 week or two afterwards, should be placed in a stall having six 
 inches of sawdust spread over it, and kept a little moist with water 
 poured over it once in a day. When horses are recovering from 
 acute founder, they also might be placed in a stall so prepared. 
 Clay stalls are objectionable. 
 
 Fractures. — This term signifies a broken bone. Fractures 
 are the result of great force applied to the bone, as from kicks, 
 jails, and accidents. 
 
 Fractures occur in three forms. 
 
— 327 — 
 
 (1.) The simple fracture or break, either oblique, or slanting, or 
 straight across the bone. 
 
 (2.) The compound fracture, where the bones are broken in 
 several places. 
 
 (3.) The comminuted fracture, where the bones are broken in 
 pieces, and the ends of the broken bones are seen cutting through 
 the skin, and, possibly, severing some of the blood vessels, causing, 
 in many cases, death from loss of blood. 
 
 The first, or simple fracture, is the only variety that calls for 
 much notice, as the other forms of fracture, when occurring in 
 horses, are beyond remedy. Simple fractures of the following 
 named bones may, with care, be in a great measure cured, and the 
 animal be made useful for man}'' purposes ; as, for instance, it 
 would be obviously wrong to have a valuable mare destroyed, be- 
 cause of simple fracture of one of many bones, as she would be 
 useful for breeding purposes, if not for the farm or the road. 
 
 Fracture of the bones of the leg anywhere from the elbow down, 
 except it may be the knee joint, can readily, with a little care and 
 attention, be secured in its place, and the animal be made useful. 
 So also the hind legs from the hock down to the foot. Fractures 
 of the ribs usually get well of themselves, because they are always 
 kept in place. So also of the haunch bone. Indeed, simple frac- 
 tures of most any of the long bones will unite of their own accord, 
 if the bones are put and kept in their places by proper fixings. 
 
 Symptoms. The symptoms of fracture of the long bones of the 
 legs are seen at once by the looseness of the leg, the horse not hav- 
 ing the power to move it. The leg can be turned in any direction. 
 The horse is in great pain, excitement, sweating, etc. If there are 
 bones pointing through the skin, the horse had better be shot. 
 
 Treatment. Place the horse, if in summer season, in the field, 
 and in winter in the barn-yard, where there is not too much straw 
 to prevent the foot being carried without interruption. 
 
 Then give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root every 
 five hours, for the twenty-four hours, to relieve pain, excitement, 
 and fever. Take hold of the broken leg carefully, and place it in 
 a position as near like the other leg as possible, not only in shape, 
 but in actual length by measurement, for it is the neglect of this 
 that some legs are left shorter and some longer after fractures. The 
 
— 328 — 
 
 whole position of the leg being got at, apply a good coating of tar 
 to the leg, around, above, and below the point of fracture. Then 
 wrap the whole leg in oakum, coarse tow, or carded cotton. Over 
 this, place broad pieces of boards, like shingles, on the sides and 
 front of the leg, and fill all unevenness with the tow or cotton, so 
 the splint or boards will lay flat on the leg. Secure the whole by 
 careful tying with broad strings or soft cords. The great secret in 
 the successful treatment of simple fractures of the bones of the legs, 
 is the fixing of the leg, so it cannot move until they have united. 
 Feed the horse well, and see every day that the splints on the legs 
 are not loose. Never sling a horse from his feet in cases of fracture, 
 for it will be regretted. If the horse is to be kept in a stall, make 
 a hole in the floor of the stall, underneath the foot of the broken 
 leg, so that he can stand with the leg at full length. Bear in mind, 
 no horse will put his foot to the ground until he is able to do so; 
 therefore, leave ever3^thing to the broken legged, except the matter 
 of securing the broken bones in their place. And by giving him 
 his feed, he may be safely left to himself, and nature will do the 
 rest for him. 
 
 Fracture of the Hip or Pelvis. — Symptoms. The horse is 
 extremely down in one of the hips, with a peculiar loose motion 
 of the hind leg, almost giving way every step the horse makes. 
 There is no disease this can be mistaken for in the hind leg or hip. 
 This fracture is produced in a moment; and even whilst the horse 
 is trotting, he will stop all at once as if he were shot. Fracture 
 of the hip, I say hip — so that the unprofessional reader will better 
 understand — but it is the bone of the pelvis. Tlie mere name will 
 not amount to much, for the treatment is : Let it alone, and it will 
 get well in three months of itself without an}' interference from 
 medicine or art. Turn the horse out for a few months, either in 
 pasture or in the barn-yard, and give him plenty to eat. 
 
 Fracture of the ribs will require no treatment, except it may be 
 a few days' rest. Sometimes a swelling may be seen on the side 
 of a horse having a broken rib, in a few days after the accident. 
 It may form an abscess ; if so, have it opened to let out the mat- 
 ter ; and if it should not become soft and hold matter, let it alone, 
 as it will do little harm ; or, make the application for a few times. 
 

 -o <^ — •- 
 
 THE SLING IN USE. 
 
— 329— 
 
 say once a week for tliree weeks, of the ointment of iodine. (See 
 Prescriptions and Medicines.) 
 
 Fractures of the simple kind take phice in various parts of the 
 body, and when such is the case, and they do not interfere with 
 any action or function of the body, they can be assisted only in so 
 far as bandage and splint are concerned, so as to secure the ends 
 in proper position. Tliis will require some ingenuity, and cannot 
 be described, as a bone is not always broken at one place, nor is it 
 always of one set kind of break. The means will on these occa- 
 sions have to meet the ends required of them in the best way 
 possible. Sometimes pieces of broken bone will have to be taken 
 out, where the bone has become detached. If this occur in the 
 bones of the leg, of course the horse had better be shot. Where 
 small pieces of bone become loose, it is usually in some of the flat 
 bones, as the shoulder blade and the lower jaw bone, from kicks 
 from other horses. 
 
 Fractures of the teeth take place often, and where they are very 
 loose in the head, they had better be taken out altogether, and rasp 
 the sharp points of the broken ones with a file or rasp, to prevent 
 cutting the mouth when the horse is chewing. 
 
 Fungi as a Cause of Disease. — Much has been said and writ- 
 ten of late years of minute fungi being the cause of diseases. Dr. 
 Lessaure has made experiments with pencellum, etc., and con- 
 cludes from them that fungus is not a cause, but an accidental 
 presence. In contradiction of Hallier, and I might truthfully say 
 of many other persons, it has been shown that nothing is to be 
 gained in the study of the causes of disease by cultivating micro- 
 scopic fungi, and it cannot be regarded as a contagious element 
 until we have succeeded in producing disease from art. 
 
 Frost Bites. — The results of frost bites may be called chill- 
 blains, which again give rise to extreme swellings of the heels and 
 back part of the hind legs, until finally the skin gives way, termi- 
 nating in sores and ulcers that may at once be taken for scratches. 
 The sores are deeper in such cases than in scratches or greasy legs, 
 but closely resemble Phagadena (which see). In the worst cases 
 we have seen, the skin and flesh sloughed, followed by gangrene 
 or mortification of the leg, and death of the horse from the poison 
 thus produced and absorbed. We have seen several cases of frost 
 
— 330 — 
 
 bites in different stages and severities, and which, in all cases, was 
 the result of broken and im23erfect doors facing the northern ex- 
 posure, and behind which stood the hind legs and heels of the 
 horse. 
 
 Treatment. If the legs be found, on opening the stable, to be 
 swollen and painful, rub the parts with snow or ice-cold water, 
 then follow gradually with warmer water, a degree or two above 
 freezing ; and when warmth is restored, bathe with weak spirits. 
 When the legs and heels break into sores and ulcers, apply, twice 
 dail}^ carbolic acid (in crystals), four drachms ; olive oil, four 
 ounces. Mix. 
 
 Gangrene. — This is a name applied to, oris synonymous with, 
 mortification or death of a part, and is characterized by a livid or 
 black color. Gangrene is attended, or is ushered in, by a sudden 
 giving way of pain, which has often been mistaken for recovery. 
 When gangrene of an outward or external part takes place, there 
 is a change in the condition of the part, it assumes a different as- 
 pect, the swelling subsides, and upon touching the part a crack- 
 ling sound is produced, owing to the evolution of gas. 
 
 Gastritis Mucosa. — This is a new name to many persons, even 
 well informed in diseases of horses, notwithstanding it is a very 
 common one in the spring of the year, assuming always an epi- 
 zootic form, and being closely allied to the epizootic catarrh, some- 
 times called typhoid influenza. (See Influenza.) The chief 
 difference in the symj^toms between the two diseases, is the absence 
 of a cough, which is always observed in influenza. The one dis- 
 ease attacking the lining membrane of the windpipe ; the other, 
 the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, or, in other 
 words, the digestive organs, more than the respiratory. Gastritis 
 Mucosa is a fatal disease, if treated by low diet, bleeding, blister- 
 ing and physicking, because it alwa3''s assumes a low standard of 
 vitalit}'', or great weakness. Hence the horse so affected, and so 
 treated, has no chance for his life whatever. 
 
 Si/mptoms. As before stated, the horse has no cough, and the 
 breathing is not disturbed. The breath and mouth are not hot or 
 dry, but often the mouth is slimy, and to such an extent that it 
 looks as if the horse were salivated. The legs soon swell, or be- 
 come rounded, or filled, as they are often called. The swellings 
 
— SSI — 
 
 are not inflammatory nor painful ; they contain lymph, or plastic 
 matter from the blood, which disappears as it cam<3, when the 
 strength of the horse gets up again, and the disease subsides. The 
 appetite is entirely suspended from the commencement of the 
 disease. There is one of the many symptoms, which is never ab- 
 sent in this disease, and is very characteristic of its name and seat, 
 and this symptom is that the faeces or dung is small, or in pellets, 
 and covered with slime, and portions of the mucous membrane of 
 the stomach and bowels, or what the stable-man calls " very fever- 
 ish." The prominent symptom of this disease is great weakness, 
 and this is the case almost from the first moment of the attack. 
 
 Causes. The cause of this as well as of all epizootic diseases, is 
 involved in not a little obscurity, and to get out of this state of 
 ignorance and uncertainty as to the cause, we are graciously 
 pleased to call it atjnospheric. This atmospheric influence may be 
 either electric, a poison, or a chemical element, capable of altering 
 or changing the various parts or portions of the body most ex- 
 posed to its subtle influences. However, this disease, as before 
 stated, is peculiar to the spring of the year, commencing as the 
 hermetically sealed earth begins to open its pores to the rain and 
 sunshine of spring. May there not be deleterious emanations 
 from the earth, or at least after great frost or snow, is there not 
 during the process of thawing a colder air or gas given forth from 
 the thawing process, than the animal is breathing a few feet higlier 
 up from the ground ? And in connection with this condition, we 
 have in horses, at least, a want of their usual protection, for with 
 the warm sun of spring, the animal throws off his hairy coat, thus 
 as it were unnecessarily exposing himself to these insidious causes 
 of disease. 
 
 Treatment. When cases of this and other diseases of the same 
 type (gastritis mucosa) first came under my care, I treated upon 
 different principles and with different medicines than what are here 
 recommended. I look back with extreme dissatisfaction on the 
 false doctrines and false teachings of the books and the schools 
 which have led many inquiring minds astray since their day of 
 teaching commenced. The treatment now recommended is sound 
 and successful, and in a very short time tlie horse will be at work 
 again, as if nothing had been amiss. The first day of the disease. 
 
— 332 — 
 
 give, eveiy four hours, twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root 
 in a little cold water ; next day, give the tincture of nux vomica in 
 fifteen drops every four hours, in the same way, till the horse is 
 well, which usually will be about the sixth or seventh day, and 
 sometimes even sooner. If, however, the case does not improve, 
 and the appetite is not good, give powdered carbonate of ammonia 
 and gentian root, each three drachms to a dose, morning, noon, 
 and night, in addition to the tincture of nux vomica. Tliese med- 
 icines will have to be mixed with cold water, and the horse 
 drenched out of a strong-necked bottle or ox's horn cut slanting at 
 the mouth. Keep the ammonia in a bottle tightly corked till it is 
 used, as it loses its strength by exposure to the air. Let the horse 
 have as much cold water to drink as he wants ; and for this pur- 
 pose a bucketful should be kept before him.. Pure air and good 
 ventilation should be insured to all sick horses. Green, or soft 
 feed should be given from the first day, if the horse will eat it. 
 Green feed all the time of sickness w'ill be of advantage, but oats 
 will have to be given in addition to support the strength and vital 
 powers of the system, to enable him to throw off the efi'ects of the 
 disease. Such, then, is the manner of curing a disease which has 
 destroyed many horses, even when treated by men calling them- 
 selves veterinary surgeons, or at least horse doctors. (See Influ- 
 enza and Rheumatism.) 
 
 Glanders. — The following synopsis of a lecture delivered by 
 Dr. McClure published in the Evening Bulletin will answer for the 
 history and nature of the disease called glanders. The treatment 
 will be made more plain for non-professional readers. 
 
 Dr. Robert McClure, Veterinary Surgeon, delivered a very inter- 
 esting lecture at the Veterinary College. His subject w\as " Glan- 
 ders in Horses." He said : Glanders is a disease dating from the 
 time of Xenophon, or four hundred years before Christ, and we 
 are assured by Hippocrates (ruler of the horse), that confirmed 
 glanders was incurable, and that it was then known by the name 
 Profluvium Atticum. Veterinary surgeons recognize two varieties 
 of Eqidnia in the horse, viz. : Equinia mitis, contracted from horses 
 with greasy heels {Paronychia Equi)^ and Equinia Glandulosa, a 
 dangerous disease, and readily communicated to man. Glanders 
 is unknown at the tropics and at the poles, and is not seen where 
 
— 333 — 
 
 sb'uma is not a disease of the people. It is a domestic disease. 
 The assignable causes are many, among which may be enumer- 
 ated starvation, filth, and debilitating diseases, as strangles, catarrh 
 and lung-fever, or, indeed, any disease capable of generating pus; 
 and this pus being absorbed into the general circulation, thus 
 forming a Ferment, a Zumin, or a Leaven, as the Bible has it, 
 within the blood, the effort of nature to get rid of this offending 
 matter is seen in the ulcerations of the lining membrane of the 
 nose. The recent experiments of Professor Giovanni Polli, of 
 Milan, seem to corroborate this view, as he has produced glanders 
 and other Zymotic diseases in seventy dogs, by injecting into their 
 blood in some cases fetid bullock's blood, pus, and glandered pro- 
 ducts, and neutralizing the ferment so set up by the administration 
 of an alkaline sulphite — a new intero-chemical doctrine — on the 
 principle of arresting the vinous fermentation set up in a vessel of 
 cider by adding to it a preparation of lime. The experiments of 
 this distinguished professor, enable the veterinary surgeon to ex- 
 tend his usefulness, and the domestic physician to snatch man}" a 
 useful life from an early grave. How many brave men have stood 
 the storm of battle in the late war — were admitted to the hospital 
 with perhaps a shattered bone — amputation was performed, the 
 case did well for a few days. The kind-hearted surgeon saw a 
 change for the worse : appetite gone, the rigor and chill super- 
 vened till it was too plainly seen that the pus from the stump had 
 been absorbed into the blood of the unfortunate man ; fermenta- 
 tion was set up, and death staring him in the face, there was no 
 power to save. The discovery of a ferment and its antidote have 
 changed the scene from death to that of life. So, likewise, the 
 veterinary surgeons, however ignorant and slow some of them are 
 to see and understand, it will enable them to preserve the life of 
 many a useful animal to its owner, thus adding very materially 
 to the happiness and prosperity of this great and prosperous 
 people. 
 
 Glanders are recognized by ulceration of the lining membrane 
 of the nose, or the formation of pustules, and commonly situated 
 in the septum nasi. These pustules soon ulcerate and discharge 
 pus of a greenish color, rapidl}^ drying up when spread over the 
 nostrils, and sinking in water, owing, as is supposed, to its con- 
 
— 334 — 
 
 taining no oil or pus cells, but principally albumen. There is 
 one phenomenon never absent in this disease, and that is the en- 
 larged gland under the jaw ; hence the common name of the dis- 
 ease — glanders. There are, said the lecturer, many wrong ideas 
 entertained, not only in regard to the contagious nature of the 
 disease, but also in regard to its incurability and even fatality. 
 Glanders is no more contagious than the heavy, stinking discharge 
 from the nose of some horses with catarrh, as the pus of an ab- 
 scess on the nose of a horse with a cold, when introduced into the 
 blood of healthy animals, will produce a ferment — which explains 
 the reason why a cold in horses terminates in glanders; it is the 
 absorption of the pus. This will be readily understood, when it 
 is said the horse is running or bordering on glanders. Horses af- 
 fected with chronic glanders will live and work for years, which 
 fact, being well known, has caused dissatisfaction with local laws, 
 prohibiting the use of glandered horses. 
 
 Fresh specimens of sections of the lungs, nose, and other por- 
 tions taken from a glandered animal, were placed at the disposal 
 of the lecturer for the purpose of illustrating to the audience, 
 showing the morbid changes effected by the disease. At the close 
 of the lecture the doctor showed the manner of generating nascent 
 hydrogen for the purpose of detecting the presence of the alkaline 
 sulphite in the secretions of horses, under its effects, for the pur- 
 pose of the cure of glanders. Before touching upon the plan of 
 treatment, the reader is referred to the article Farcy. 
 
 Treatment. The proposition of restoration in a disease of this 
 kind, is the destruction of the ferment, the removal of its products 
 or effects, and the improvement of the bad habit of body by en- 
 riching the blood. 
 
 To remove or neutralize the ferment or poison, give one-half to 
 one ounce doses of the sulphite of soda at night, in cut feed, for 
 several weeks, and five grains of the powdered Spanish fly along 
 with it, which will act not only as a powerful tonic, but as an 
 agent whereby the product of the disease will be removed from 
 the body of the animal by the kidneys. This treatment will not 
 interfere with the other medicine, which is powdered gentian root, 
 three drachms ; powdered sulphate of copper, two drachms. Mix 
 
— 33S — 
 
 these articlcK, and give the whole for a dose, and give one dose 
 morning and mid-day. 
 
 These medicines will have to he continued for a long time, not 
 only to cure the disease, but to improve tlie health. The horse 
 must be well and highly fed, and removed from other horses while 
 tlie treatment is going on. Change the feed often, so as to get all 
 the elements that the blood requires, and to keep up the appetite, 
 for if the appetite fails, no cure can be made. 
 
 Remember. Glanders associated with tubercles of the lungs, 
 cannot be cured, and it then partakes rather of the nature of con- 
 sumption than of simple glanders with tubercles, which is easily 
 cured. 
 
 Glass Eye. — (See Eye Diseases.) 
 
 Gleet — (iVa.saZ.) This term is used to denote a thin, trans- 
 parent discharge from the nose in case of coryza, and as a sequel 
 to catarrh and cold in old and debilitated horses. Whilst there 
 are no ulcers on the lining membrane of the nose, or no enlarge- 
 ment of gland under the jaw, the case may be dismissed as simple 
 gleet, which can be readily cured by good feeding and a few tonic 
 powders, such as powdered sulphate of copper, three ounces; 
 powdered gentian root, four ounces ; powdered Spanish fly, one 
 drachm. Mix and divide into twelve powders, and give one pow- 
 der once in the twenty -four hours. These powders will last two 
 weeks, and can be renewed if necessary. Give the powders in 
 large bulk or cut feed, so as to protect the coat of the stomach 
 from the effects of the Spanish fly. 
 
 Granulation. — This means the little red portions of flesh, which 
 grow in and till up holes made by wounds. Sometimes these 
 grow too fast; then they are unhealthy, being soft, grow beyond 
 the edges of the wound. To prevent this, sprinkle a little pow- 
 dered blue-stone, or a little suljihate of zinc, and the wound will 
 soon heal level with the surrounding surface. 
 
 Gravel in the Foot. — This name conveys an impression that 
 sand or gravel has got into the foot, which is often the case from 
 cracks or other openings in the foot, whether from above or below. 
 Wash out the sand, if possible ; if not, remove some of the 
 horn, and wash out well, and fill up the hole by shoemaker's wax 
 applied hot, and smoothed over by the hand previously wet, so 
 
— 336 — 
 
 the warm wax will not stick to it. If the opening he in the sole, 
 shoe with leather soles, tar and cotton, until the hole has grown 
 out or closed up. 
 
 Grease. — This is a disease of the heels and legs of horses, 
 characterized by an unsightly condition of the parts. The whole 
 being the result of suppurative inflammatory action of the skin 
 and heels of the hind legs, usually, but sometimes of the fore 
 ones ; is more common in coarse-bred western horses, and heavy 
 breeds, than in well or fine-bred horses. 
 
 Cause. Sudden changes of the temperature of the earth, 
 whether from heat to cold, or from wet to dry. This disease al- 
 ways follows sloppy or wet streets, stables or lands, producing a 
 relaxed condition of the parts from too much moisture. 
 
 Treatment. Keep the legs clean and dry, and apply a mixture 
 to the heels twice in the twenty-four hours. AVater, one pint ; 
 sulphuric acid, two drachms ; corrosive chloride of mercur}^ one 
 drachm. Mix, and shake up before using. Many cases are readily 
 cured, by simply keeping the heels clean, and anointing with 
 glycerine, or lard, having no salt in it. It must be confessed by 
 everybody, who has had any experience at all in the treatment of 
 this disease, that there is uncertainty of an early cure ; some cases 
 will be cured in a short time, and in others it would seem that the 
 discharge would never dry up and be healed. For cases that prove 
 obstinate, the following plan will effect a cure, when other vaunted 
 remedies have failed: Take one box of concentrated lye, and dis- 
 solve it in two quarts of water, and bottle up for use when wanted, 
 in the following way: Pour a wine-glassful of the solution of lye 
 into a small bucket of cold water, and wash and bathe the heels 
 and legs for half an hour, morning and night. A great change for 
 the better will be seen in a day or two. This wash seems to have 
 the power of relaxing and softening the skin, and at the same 
 time causes the legs to sweat greatly. Dry them as often after 
 the bathing as you like, there will pour out great quantities of 
 moisture from the skin as soon as you have done. 
 
 Shot of Grease. — This is a different disease from the one de- 
 scribed, from the fact that it attacks only one leg, and that one of 
 the hind ones, and comes on in a night, without any preceding 
 symptoms whatever, and hence it is called a shot of grease. Thero 
 
— 337 — 
 
 is no cracking of the skin of the heels or legs, but it remains 
 whole and unbroken. 
 
 Cause. Robust stamina, or too fat and full of flesh, and to get 
 rid of this superfluity, plastic lymph is thrown into one of the 
 hind legs, which causes swelling of the leg to an enormous size. 
 If this material were thrown from the blood into one of the fore 
 legs, where the nearness to the heart increases the activity of the 
 capillary circulation, matter would not remain as it does in the 
 hind legs, which are so far from the centre of circulation. This 
 disease is not unlike the jMegmassia dolens, or milk leg in the hu- 
 man family. 
 
 Treatment. If the disease be observed early or before the leg 
 becomes hard, take about one quart of blood from the neck, and 
 give slop feed, that is, bran with plenty of water in it. Also, give 
 one ounce doses of the sulphite of soda once in the day, for a few 
 days, and bathe the legs three times in the day with the same 
 solution of concentrated lye, as is recommended in grease (which 
 see). If the swelling does not lessen in two days after these 
 various agents have been employed, then incisions of an inch in 
 length, through the skin, will have to be made for the purpose of 
 letting out the imprisoned fluid before the arteries of the legs have 
 become plugged or filled up, which constitute the thick or fat leg 
 so often seen in horses in large cities. In addition, the leg will 
 have to be bandaged pretty tightly with a broad bandage, and be 
 still bathed three times in the day with the solution of concen- 
 trated lye. Many good horses have been rendered of little value 
 from want of a knowledge of this disease and its proper treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Gripes. — This name is sometimes applied to colic (which see). 
 
 Grogginess. — A term meant to convey the idea that the horse 
 does not travel very steady in front, from contracted or bent legs 
 at the knee, or from soreness in the feet from a previous attack of 
 founder in the feet (which see). 
 
 Grunter. — This name is applied to horses that give forth a 
 grunting noise. One condition giving rise to wheezing, roaring, 
 whistling, piping, and rattling, will, with slight modification, pro- 
 duce a grunter. 
 22 
 
— 338 — 
 
 Observe. If the collar is not too tight on the neck, interfering 
 with the free j^assage of air in and out of the windpipe. 
 
 Causes. Generally from some thickening of the glands of the 
 neck, or of the windpipe — the effects of bronchitis or distemper, 
 not treated, or improperly treated, in not supporting the strength, 
 whereby all thickenings are taken up, or reduced and even pre- 
 vented. 
 
 Gullet, Obstructions in the. — (See Choking.) 
 
 Gunshot Wound. — This is, excepting in times of war, a rare 
 occurrence, and the treatment consists in extracting the bullet, and 
 healing the wound as for an ordinary sore. The bullet is ex- 
 tracted by an instrument called a Bullet Forceps. The instrument 
 grasps the bullet, and extracts the ball. 
 
 Gutta Serena. — (See Eye Diseases.) 
 
 Heart, Disease of the. — Of diseases of the heart little need 
 be said, and as little can be done in the way of cure ; so all I pro- 
 pose under this head is merely to name a few of the altered con- 
 ditions of the heart, which are all embraced in the sweeping term 
 '• Heart disease." 
 
 (1.) Enlargement of the heart. 
 
 (2.) Wasting or shrinking of the heart. 
 
 (3.) Foreign bodies of the heart. 
 
 (4.) Fatty degeneration of the heart. 
 
 (5.) Inflammation of the heart. 
 
 (6.) Ossification of the heart. 
 
 Heaves. — This is a term in frequent use, but not so well under- 
 stood as it ought to be, seeing its importance as to the proper value 
 of an animal. Heaves, then, may be defined as a difficulty in 
 breathing, whereby the value and usefulness of the horse is 
 seriously impaired. There is every degree of intensity to be seen 
 in this disease. Some animals are so seriously affected, that it is 
 hard to look at the terrible efforts made in the act of respiration. 
 The deep and not sufFered-to-be-completed respiration tells the 
 tale of great asthmatic effort and oppression. In others, it is so 
 slight that onl}^ experts can observe it ; not from the quickness of 
 breathing, nor yet from its depth, but from a peculiar double beat 
 or hitch, differing from all other varieties of breathing, either of 
 fever, inflammation, or debility. 
 
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 2 
 
 H 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 H 
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 2: 
 
 o 
 
 > 
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— 339 — 
 
 Causes. Debility of the parvagum nerve; for if this nerve is 
 divided or cut in its course, heaves, or broken wind, is set up at 
 once. The real condition of this nerve, which gives rise to heaves, 
 is not at present known ; and it is difficult, in many cases, to 
 trace and distinguish any alteration of the nerves, as they may 
 retain their color, yet their influence may be greatly impaired. 
 For two reasons I have said debility. First, because, if it was 
 cut, or had entirel}' lost its influence, the animal would die in 
 forty-eight hours. Second, because, by the administration of 
 powerful tonics, the symptoms of the disease are greatly relieved, 
 and in some cases they entirely disappear. 
 
 Treatment. Horse-dealers, in order to allay the symptoms, that 
 is, the peculiar breathing, give an ounce each of powdered sulphate 
 of iron, gentian and ginger root. It is the largeness of the dose 
 that is given, and repeated for a few days, that imparts a tonicity 
 to the nerve. Although I have here spoken of this matter, I do 
 not wish to be understood as advocating such treatment, nor as 
 attempting to cheat or deceive any one; but the large dose 
 of iron meets my decided disapproval, as being highly injurious 
 to the horse. The treatment, whatever that may be, to do good 
 permanently, must be by a gradual and progressive improvement. 
 Five grain doses of arsenic, given once in the twenty-four hours 
 for two weeks; then, after a week's intermission, commencing as 
 before, will soon cure many cases. Give the animal feed in small 
 bulk. Use as little ha}^ or rough feed, in large bulk, as possible. 
 Improve the condition of the horse by every way or means, and 
 you will relieve the animal. 
 
 Heat. — General heat of the skin indicates fever ; local heat, in- 
 flammation. 
 
 Hepatic Diseases. — (See Liver, Inflammation of the.) 
 
 Hernia. — This is a name given to ruptures. (See Ruptures.) 
 
 Herpes. — A name used in skin diseases. (See Mange and Skin 
 Diseases.) 
 
 Hereditary Diseases. — No one, of any observation, can deny 
 that hereditary influence exists in the production of disease. This 
 influence must not, in the production of disease, be considered as 
 invariably reliable. The fact of horses or mares having a disease, 
 is no reason why their young will have the same disease, also. It 
 
— 340 — 
 
 was through change or alteration of structure, action or function, 
 that existed in either of the parents, that disease fastened upon 
 them, and these same forms which existed in them are hkely to 
 be transmitted to the offspring, thus carrying the various forma- 
 tions of structure, which will ultimately, in all probability, produce 
 the same disease. A great number of the affections which are 
 usually styled hereditary do not make their appearance until years 
 after their birth, because it required time and work to develop 
 them. Few persons would expect a horse with cow hock (which 
 see), to become curbed without work, as a secondary cause. Tliere 
 is one other point which is worth}" of remark, in speaking of 
 hereditar}' diseases, which is that many animals, after being poorly 
 bred, have been badly fed and cared for ; whereas if good feeding 
 and care had been bestowed upon them, it would have gone a long 
 way in lessening the certaint}" of developing hereditary diseases in 
 them and their offspring. This is every day being illustrated in 
 the famih^ of men. There are several rules laid down to Vje ob- 
 served as measures to prevent and modify conditions which result 
 in producing diseases of hereditary predisposition. And there 
 have been receipts found in the temple of ^sculapius, and said to 
 be in the handwriting of Hippocrates himself, for the purpose of 
 mitigating the hereditary conditions, which are so often seen in 
 the human famil^^ Although these rules cannot, in all cases, be 
 applied to animals, nevertheless much can be done. The better 
 way will be to avoid breeding from diseased animals. So long as 
 like begets like, so long will we have hereditary diseases among 
 horses. 
 
 Hide Bound. — This, properly speaking, is not a disease, but 
 the symptoms of a bad condition, ' out of sorts," debility, etc. 
 
 Treatment Feed in large bulk, mixed feed — cut hay^ corn meal, 
 and bran in good proportion — with no more water than will keep 
 the particles together. Give the following powder in feed every 
 night, for twelve nights : — Powdered sulphate of iron, three 
 drachms ; powdered gentian root, four drachms. Mix. If the 
 animal is fat and yet hide bound, substitute the following, instead 
 of the above recommended : — Take sulphuret of antimony, three 
 drachms; sulphur in flour, three drachms ; sulphite of soda, half 
 an ounce. Mix, and give in one dose, repeating it ever}' night for 
 
— 341 — 
 
 two weeks. If in the winter, use an extra blanket. If in summer, 
 give cut grass to eat. 
 
 Hip-joint Disease. — Happily, this is a very rare disease in 
 horses, and does not make its appearance so soon as in man. It 
 is always the result of accident or injury^ and is a joint affection — 
 not of the muscles, because the mass of muscles are so very great 
 over the hip, that it is not an easy matter to sprain them. I speak 
 of this here, because among horsemen it is a great bug-bear, often 
 occurring in tiieir ideas; whereas in ninety-nine cases out of a 
 hundred of their so-called hip and ivkhi hone disease, the lameness 
 will be found in the hock -joint. Wli}- do they jump at the con- 
 clusion thrit the lameness is in the hip? Because in every move- 
 ment of the hock -joint, the vibration or hitch is more distinctly 
 seen by the altered action of the muscles of tlie hip, as when the 
 hock -joint moves but partially, and not completely, it is not so 
 readily seen at the hock as at the hip. Hence, this is but the old 
 adage, cause and effect ; in this case the horseman has them re- 
 versed. (See Spavin.) 
 
 Symptoms. Lowness or falling in of the hip ; a peculiar manner 
 of moving, not indicating inability as is seen in fracture of the 
 pelvis bone, but of great pain and difficulty ; not yielding or bend- 
 ing low down on that quarter when the horse takes a step. The 
 leg appears shorter, and is placed, when standing, slightly under 
 the body, and not doubled up, or standing upon the toe as is seen 
 in cases of hock-joint disease. 
 
 Treatment. Absolute and entire rest for a few wxeks. The ap- 
 plication of cold water cloths over the hip, taking them off at 
 night, and applying them in the morning again. This will have 
 to be kept up for a week, at least, so tluit all heat and tenderness 
 will be removed before any irritant can be used to the parts. 
 (Never apply hot liniments to a part already too hot and painful.) 
 Then apply by rubbing with the hand over the parts, every second 
 day, the following : Oil of turpentine, one ounce ; oil of cloves, two 
 ounces ; creosote, one ounce. Mix. This will not only act as an 
 irritant, but as a powerful sedative to tlie nerves of tlie parts, caus- 
 ing relief from pain, so that the aniujal c;ui be made useful. 
 
 Hock, The. — This is an important joint or part of the horse, 
 and is the seat of many diseases, causing lameness. In the 
 
— 342 — 
 
 uaajority of hind leg lameness, the hock is the true situation. This 
 fact is not apparent to the non-professional person, as the hock, 
 while diseased, does not swell so often as other portions of the 
 body or legs when diseased. Bog or blood spavin and thorough- 
 pin, a blind man can almost see. With these exceptions, I sa3% 
 hock-joint lameness, in the majority of cases, is charged to the hip 
 or somewhere else, simply because persons fail to see any pecu- 
 liarity, even when pointed out to them. (See String-halt.) 
 
 Sprain of the hock-joint is to be treated with cold water cloths, 
 for a few days, and the application of the following, once ever}^ 
 second day, for a week, with friction or rubbing : Oil of turpen- 
 tine ; oil of olives ; equal parts. Mix. This is a simple, cheap, 
 and good liniment, and will answer every purpose. 
 
 Rupture of the internal and external lateral or side ligaments 
 of the hock -joint is occasionally seen, and is caused by a violent 
 slip. The rupture is at once recognized b}^ the loss of power of 
 the horse over the leg below the joint ; but can stand on the leg, 
 as if it were sound, and there is little or no swelling — which pe- 
 culiarities serve to show the difference between a broken bone of 
 the leg and the ruptured ligaments of a joint. (See Ligaments.) 
 The cure is accomplished by absolute and entire rest, with occa- 
 sional friction with the turpentine liniment, just mentioned above. 
 Be assured of the complete union of the ligaments — which will 
 take place when the horse can bend and properly use the leg — be- 
 fore exercise or work be exacted. 
 
 Hooks in the Eyes. — This is a term in use by country folks 
 when referring to the peculiar action of the membrana victataiis in 
 cases of locked-jaw (which see). Many persons have advised 
 that these useful membranes should be cut out. Nothing could 
 be further wrong than this ; for it is merely the effect of a cause. 
 Rather remove the cause, or cure the locked-jaw, and the protrud- 
 ing of the hook or horns will cease. This is the onl}^ true plan 
 to adopt. 
 
 Horse, Natural History of the. — The horse comes under 
 the division vertebrata, class mammalia, tribe ungulata, order 
 pachydermata, family solipeda. 
 
 Horse Fly. — This comprehends the gad or breeze fly, Gaster- 
 (yphilus astrus. The spotted horse fly, G. EquL The red tailed 
 
— 343 — 
 
 horse fly, G. hemorrhoidalis. This last fly deposits her eggs on 
 the lips of the horse, and tlie former glues them to the hair of the 
 legs. These various eggs are ultimately taken into the stomach, 
 and in one year they have become sufficiently matured that they 
 are thrown out to the outer world to get wings, and finally fly 
 about and propagate their kind in the same manner as the parent 
 stock. (See Worms.) 
 
 Humanity to Animals, Hints on. — (1.) Warm the bit in 
 frosty weather, before putting it into the horse's mouth. 
 
 (2.) Let the horse lick a little salt from your hands whenever 
 you off'er him the bit. 
 
 (3.) Never startle a horse by striking him suddenly or unex- 
 pectedly. This caution is speciall}^ important if he has a blind 
 bridle. 
 
 (4.) Uniformly gentle treatment will secure faithful and steady 
 work. Anger, severity, and sudden jerking, endanger your har- 
 ness, your vehicle, and your life, besides permanently injuring 
 your horse. 
 
 (5.) Be well provided with horse-blankets, particularly at night. 
 If 3'ou are waiting for passengers, while you look out for your own 
 comfort by a warm fireside, or in thick wrappers, see that your 
 faitliful brute companion is also protected from the chilly air. 
 
 (6.) Wash the inside of the collar frequently with castile soap 
 suds, and when it has thoroughly dried, gently warm tlie leather 
 and soak it with oil, so as to soften it. But do not allow any oil 
 to remain on the surface of the leather, unabsorbed. 
 
 (7.) If the shoulders are tender, feverish, and disposed to chafe, 
 they should be well rubbed, and afterwards washed wdth salt 
 water. This should be done after unharnessing, so that the parts 
 batlied may be dry before work is resumed. 
 
 (8.) Do not be tempted by extra pay to overload your team. 
 Overloading occasions blindness, spavin, splint, glanders, farcy, 
 and other painful and fatal disorders, and thus risks the loss of 
 your capital, besides injuring yourself by encouraging a cruel dis- 
 position. 
 
 (9.) See that the harness fits easily in every part, and that the 
 shoes are tight and well put on. If there are chains connected 
 
— 344 — 
 
 with any part of the harness, let them be well covered with soft 
 padded leather or fur. 
 
 (10.) Let your tones, in addressing the horse, be alwaj^s gentle, 
 soothing, and jDleasant. Pat him often, and encourage every sign 
 of attachment that he gives. 
 
 (11.) Ever}^ truck, or other vehicle, should have a prop stick 
 hung to the shafts, to relieve the burden of the load whenever the 
 team is standing. 
 
 (12.) Curry, rub, and clean well, and thoroughl}^ at least^ once 
 every dav. The effect is worth half the feed. A dirtv coat and 
 skin, when the animal is deprived of exercise in pasture, and of 
 rolling on the grass, cannot fiiil to produce disease. 
 
 (13.) Never use a check rein. It is a false taste that thinks a 
 horse more beautiful when his head is fastened in an unnatural 
 position. The bearing rein keeps a horse in a constant fret, makes 
 him restless and uneas}", and often prevents him from recovering 
 himself in case of a stumble or fall. 
 
 (14.) Your stable should be perfectly level, or very slightly in- 
 clined, well lighted, well drained, well ventilated, and well pro- 
 tected from draughts, and from extremes of heat and cold. Keep 
 the crib clean and free from dust, and keep the hay and other fod- 
 der as far from the stall as possible, so as to be away from the 
 steam and breath of the animal. 
 
 (15.) If you use ground feed, remember that at man}- of the 
 mills and stores it is adulterated with marble or plaster of paris, 
 or with the sweepings of canal boats and barges. Such adultera- 
 tion not only robs your animals of nourishment, but produces 
 sto7ie, and shortens life. 
 
 (16.) If you suspect adulteration, you can sometimes detect it, 
 by heating a portion of the feed to a red heat, in an iron vessel. 
 After the whole has been reduced to ashes, if they contain plaster 
 the ashes will soon set or harden, after being mixed with water to 
 the consistenc}^ of paste. 
 
 (17.) In hot weather, keep a wet sponge on the head of the horse 
 or mule ; cool the mouth and face with wet s^Donges ; furnish drink- 
 ing water often, and sponge the legs and such parts as are liable 
 to chafe by perspiration or otherwise ; drive slowly, and lessen the 
 weight usually imposed in cooler weather; see that the harness is 
 
— S4S — 
 
 not unnecessarily cumbersome and heavy; the discomfort maybe 
 materially relieved by taking off the eye-blinds, which are useless 
 appendages, and cause much annoyance to the animal. 
 
 (18.) Do not urge your beast beyond a walk when the heat is 
 oppressive ; finally, use a head-shelter or awning, constructed of 
 wire and covered with canvas, which can be attached to the 
 animal's head without materially adding weight. 
 
 (19.) In icy weather keep your animal sharp shod, renewing the 
 sharpening as often as the shoes become blunt. A few dollars ex- 
 pended in this way will undoubtedly save your horse from serious 
 injury, and, perhaps, from loss of life. 
 
 (20.) Standing on fermenting manure softens the hoof, produces 
 thrush, and brings on lameness. Keep the litter dry and clean, 
 and cleanse the stall thoroughly every morning. 
 
 (21.) Sharp bits make the mouth tender at first, and afterwards 
 callous, so that the horse becomes unmanageable. 
 
 (22.) If your horse kicks and plunges on mounting, look to the 
 stuffing of your saddle, and see if it has become hard and knotty 
 with use. 
 
 (23.) Keep your wheels well greased, and thus reduce the labor 
 of drawing the load. 
 
 (24.) Keep the feet well brushed out, and examine every night 
 to see if there is any stone or dirt between the hoof and the shoe. 
 Change the shoes as often as once a month. 
 
 (25.) Disease or wounds in the feet or legs soon become dan- 
 gerous if neglected. 
 
 (26.) When a horse is hot and fatigued from labor, walk him 
 about till cool ; groom him quite dry, first with a wisp of straw, 
 and then with a brush ; rub his legs well with the hand, to remove 
 any strain, soothe the animal, and detect thorns and splinters ; 
 and give him his grain as soon as he is cool, dry, and willing to eat. 
 
 (27.) On the evening before a long journey give double feed ; on 
 *the morning of starting give only half a feed of grain, or a little 
 hay ; on the road feed in small quantities about every two hours. 
 
 (28.) When horses are long out at work provide them with nose- 
 bags and proper food. The nose bag should be leather at bottom, 
 and of basket-work or open texture above. On coming home give 
 a double feed of grain. 
 
— 346 — 
 
 (29.) Lead the horse carefully into and out of the stable. Accus- 
 tom him to stand quite still till you are seated. Start at a walk, 
 and go slowly the first and last mile. 
 
 (30.) Never use the whip if you can help it. It will then always 
 be available as a last resource. 
 
 (31.) Be always on your guard, just feeling the mouth with the 
 bit, lightly and steadily. 
 
 (32.) If a horse shies, neither whip him nor pat him, but speak 
 encouragingl}^ and let him come slowly towards the object. 
 
 (33.) If you value your own life, the lives of others, or your 
 horse, never drive fast in the dark, or in a town. 
 
 (34.) Xever add your own w^eight to a load that is already heavy 
 enough. Get out and walk when you ascend a hill. If j^ou stop 
 on a hill, put a stone behind the wheel. 
 
 (35.) Never tease or tickle the horse. 
 
 (36.) Don't forget that old horses, like old men, lose their teeth 
 and their chewing abilities ; therefore, bruise the oats and corn, 
 and chop the hay for the old nags who can't get " store teeth." 
 
 Hydrothorax. — This is the name given to water when it accu- 
 mulates in the chest. Hence, hydro, water: and thorax, the 
 chest. 
 
 Causes. Debilitv from the effects of inflammation of some of 
 the organs within the chest. 
 
 Treatment. Tonics to improve the general health, and medicines 
 to draw off the water b}" the kid n 6)^8 and bowels. An operation is 
 recommended by which the fluids are drawn from the side by 
 means of a trocar. (See Drops3\) 
 
 Hydrocele. — A collection of fluid in the scrotum of stallions. 
 
 Treatment. Paint the scrotum with the tincture of benzoin or 
 iodine. If these remedies are not successful in causing absorption 
 of the water, the skin of the scrotum will have to be opened to let 
 out the fluid. 
 
 Hydronemia. — A name used when speaking of the blood when 
 it contains too much water — water in the blood. (See Dropsy.) 
 
 Hydrophobia. — This disease, happily, is rare — in a practice of 
 thirteen years, and doing much in the treatment of diseases of 
 horses, and being well acquainted with the practice of other per- 
 sons, I can only record three cases, and one of these was a mule. 
 
— 347 — 
 
 This disease is sometimes called ivater dread and canine rabies, 
 from the fact that it is only generated in tlie dog and feline species 
 of animals. 
 
 Cause in Horses. Bites of the mad dog, and sometimes the bite 
 from the common cat is capable of producing the disease. 
 
 Symjitoms. In those cases that came under my notice the 
 symptoms were anything but like each other. In one animal, the 
 propensity to bite at objects was more severe ; and in another, the 
 horse would walk and look about him, utter a peculiar sound, and 
 lie down and get hold of the heels and part of the arm of the fore 
 leg with his teeth, till he had them bleeding, get up again, and 
 walk about without any apparent object in view. But the de- 
 structive impulse attributed by some authors, I think, is merely 
 the fancy of an inexperienced mind in such matters. The symp- 
 toms of the mule differed from each of the horses, inasmuch as he 
 would, at times, eat hay very ravenously, stop all at once, and 
 with a peculiar sound, not like the bark of a dog, but of a char- 
 acter which cannot be described, lie down and have a good roll to 
 himself; then he would run at any person within his reach with 
 open mouth. But in no instance did any of the cases attempt to 
 bite at anything not endowed with animal life. All of these 
 animals w'ere confined in enclosures from which they could not 
 escape. They lived about thirty-six hours after the actual symptoms 
 of the disease set in. (See Bites of Mad Dog.) Any person hav- 
 ing the least experience with horses, may observe peculiarities, at 
 times, which do appear not to belong to common diseases. 
 
 Hypertrophy. — This name means a state of certain organs in- 
 creased in size, and decreased in power. The heart, kidneys, 
 spleen, liver, and other parts of the body, are liable to this dis- 
 ease. 
 
 Hypodermic. — Under the skin. (See Endermic.) 
 
 Hysteria. — This is a disease which is sometimes seen in mares 
 only. 
 
 Causes. Irritation of the uterus, or of some of its nerves. 
 
 Symptoms. Great excitement and incapability of standing, and 
 it appears as if some of the bones of the back or loins were 
 broken. 
 
 Treatment. Give twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root 
 
-348- 
 
 every four hours, whilst the symptom lasts. Build up the strength 
 of the mare hy the following: Sulphate of iron, three drachms; 
 gentian root, three drachms. Mix, and give in one dose every 
 day, for a week or ten days. Give good feeding. 
 
 Caution. Unsafe to use ; will return again. 
 
 Indigestion. — However much man, in the sedentary w^alks of 
 life, may be the subject of this disease, the horse with a task-mas- 
 ter is comparatively free from it. Cases do occur, occasionally, in 
 our large cities, where in too many cases the horse is left standing 
 in the stable twenty out of the twenty-four hours. Idleness be- 
 gets indigestion, and indigestion begets crib-biting, or wind-suck- 
 ing, and between them the poor horse loses flesh, condition and 
 spirit. (See Crib-biting.) 
 
 Treatment. Send the horse to pasture, and when he returns give 
 him regular feed, and regular work to prevent a return of it. 
 
 Infection. — (See Contagion.) 
 
 Inflammation. — Inflammation of the various portions or parts 
 of the body will be found treated of under the name of the organ 
 or part aflected. 
 
 Influenza. — This is a name which is properly applied to an 
 epizootic catarrh of frequent occurrence in the spring of the year. 
 Indeed, it is verv rare that we see a cold run its course as such, 
 without some complication of one kind or another. 
 
 Sijmj^toms. A chill or shivering fit, succeeded by increased heat 
 of the body, with fever and irritation. Loss of appetite, cough, 
 discharge of miicus from the nose, watering of the eyes, great 
 prostration of strength, followed in a day or two with swellings of 
 the legs, and in bad cases, of the belly, breast, and in males, of 
 the sheath ; such is a true and succinct account of the s\'mptoms 
 of this disease. The symptoms will vary, as in other diseases, 
 with the intensity of the afi'ection. 
 
 Causes. A subtle poison in the air, sudden changes in the dry- 
 ness or moisture of the earth's surface, easterly winds, cold accom- 
 panied with dampness in the air. These are conditions wdiich too 
 often accompany or precede influenza, which differs from an at- 
 tack of common cold, chiefl}^ in the severity of its eff*ect, causing 
 more fever and greater debility. In England it was first observed 
 in 1819, and again in 1832, and more or less ever since. In the 
 
— 349 — 
 
 United States it first manifestetl itself in 1856, and is still seen 
 every spring and fall with symptoms more or less severe. 
 
 Treatmeni. The mortality in this disease is great, when treated 
 according to the books which our publishers frequently issue — old 
 English books, with new dresses cut to the fashion. Bear this in 
 mind, when undertaking the treatment of a disease of this kind, 
 that one step wrongly, taken can never be recalled. Place the 
 horse in a cool (not cold) and airy place, put a light covering upon 
 him, and give him twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root in 
 a little cold water, every four hours, till five doses are given. 
 Place plenty of cold water before the horse so that he can drink 
 as much as he wants. When the aconite has been all given com- 
 mence with fifteen-drop doses of tincture of nux vomica, which 
 repeat every four hours, continuing it for a few days, and if the 
 animal improves, and the appetite returns, nothing more in the 
 way of medicine need be given. Recovery, being slow, and the 
 appetite poor, give the following powders, morning, noon and 
 night: Powdered carbonate of ammonia, three ounces; powdered 
 gentian root, two ounces; powdered pimenta berries, two ounces; 
 mix, and divide into twelve powders, and give them mixed in a 
 little cold water, and drench the horse out of a strong-mouthed 
 bottle. The powders will have to be wrapped well, so as to keep 
 them from the air, and prevent the loss of their strength. Twenty 
 drops of conimercial sulphuric acid may be given occasionally, in 
 half a bucket of cold water, which the horse will readily drink. 
 Do not apply blisters or anything to the throat, as is too often 
 done; they can do no good, but positively much harm. Be as- 
 sured the animal has fully recovered its strength before putting to 
 work. If treated in the manner described, in from five to six 
 days the horse will be almost well again. (See Gastritis Mucosa 
 and Rheumatism.) 
 
 Injections. — These are composed of warm water, soap, and a 
 handful of table salt ; the water about luke-warm. The usual 
 way to give injections, is by means of a large S3'ringe, capable of 
 holding a quart of the fluid. The diseases which call for injec- 
 tions, are the various varieties of colic. Few medicines will cure 
 colic without the aid of injections ; whereas, colic, in very many 
 cases, can be readily cured by the injection alone. Therefore, 
 
— 850 — 
 
 never put confidence in an 3^ person who undertakes to cure colic, 
 without injections of warm water, soap, and salt. 
 
 Intestines. — Introsusception, or an entangling of the intestines, 
 sometimes takes pkice in horses, and proves fatal. 
 
 Causes. Bowels empty, and the horse being driven fast. 
 
 Symptom. When the horse comes in, he is observed to be un- 
 easy — lying down, pawing with his feet, following closely the 
 symptoms of colic. The difficulty or impossibility of procuring 
 relief, is only seen on examination, after the horse is dead. (See 
 Bowel Diseases.) 
 
 Itch. — (See Mange and Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Interfering. — This name is in use when speaking of a horse hit- 
 ting himself on the inside of the pastern joint, either on the hind 
 or fore leg. Sometimes it is called cutting. It is usually done 
 with the side of the opposite foot. 
 
 Causes. The blacksmith is many times wrongfully blamed for 
 want of attention or skill in shoeing the horse, because he inter- 
 feres. Tliere are cases, no doubt, where a little observation and 
 care, on the part of the shoer, would have prevented it. From 
 much observation, however, I am satisfied that the chief cause 
 lies in the weakness of the horse, particularly in the spring of the 
 year. Horsemen well know that their horses did not interfere in 
 the winter months, when the weather was not oppressive, and the 
 horse in excellent spirits ; and no changes have been made in the 
 shoer or manner of shoeing. 
 
 Treatment. Give a few powders of iron and gentian in the feed, 
 to restore the horse to strength. (See Medicines.) 
 
 Jack. — A small point on the inside of the hock -joint of the 
 horse, affected with bone spavin. 
 
 Jaundice. — This signifies bile in the blood; biliary intoxi- 
 cation, tinging the membranes of the nose, mouth, etc., with a 
 vellow color. 
 
 Joint Diseases. — The diseases of the various joints in the horse, 
 are many. Among them may be enumerated : Of spavin — bone, 
 blood, bog and occult — four varieties, all of the hock -joint ; of the 
 patella, in the form of dislocation ; of the hip, or whirhbone joint, 
 ulceration and sprain ; of the joints of the back-bones, caries and 
 ulcerations; of the foot, coffin-joint, commonly called navicular 
 
— 351 — 
 
 joint, lameness ; of the pastern-joints, anchylosis or stiff-joint; of 
 the lower pastern, ring-bone ; of the knee-joint, stiffness and open 
 joint ; of the point of the shoulders, ulceration and bulging out 
 of the capsular ligament of the joint : wind galls, of almost all 
 the joints, more speciall}' in the pasterns. The cause and treat- 
 ment of these aflfections will be found under their proper heads, 
 throughout the book. 
 
 Jugular Vein, Inflammation of. — This may be merely a sim- 
 ple swelling, after bleeding, caused by bruising the parts, by too 
 great force applied when bleeding, or by closing the wound too 
 tightly, causing extravasation of blood, between the skin and the 
 fascia. Inflammation of the jugular may be of great magnitude, 
 involving that vessel the whole length of the neck, above and be- 
 low the wound made by bleeding, ultimately causing its entire 
 obliteration. And, occasionally, the inflammation extends to the 
 brain itself, destroying life. Happily, bleeding is not now recom- 
 mended in the treatment of disease; consequently, this affection 
 will be among the diseases of the past. 
 
 Treatment. Remove the pin, or whatever has been used to close 
 the wound, and apply a piece of blue-stone to the bleeding sore ; 
 this may be used, once a day, for a da}^ or two. Hot fomen- 
 tations, or a small poultice, should be applied to the part, to abate 
 inflammation or irritation. The fomentation will have to be ap- 
 l)lied the whole length of the thick corded vein, to cause its re- 
 laxation. Cut the feed for the horse, so as to save the movements 
 of the jaws, thus giving rest, as much as possible, to the parts af- 
 fected. 
 
 Kidneys, Diseases of the. — The most important of which is 
 that already described under the head of diabetes (which see). 
 Hsematuria or bloody urine is occasionally seen in horses, more 
 frequently in cattle, and consists in a diseased state of the kidneys, 
 from violent strains or accidents. 
 
 Calculi, or stones in the kidneys, are often found in the kidneys 
 of horses, and cause considerable irregularity in making water. 
 
 Treatment. Occasionally give thirty to forty drops of muriatic 
 acid, in a bucket of cold water, to drink. 
 
 Bloody urine may be treated by warm -water cloths, laid over 
 the back or in a situation above the kidneys. Use flaxseed tea 
 
— 352 — 
 
 as a drink, to soothe the parts. Give no saltpetre or other medi- 
 cines. 
 
 In old horses, as in old men, considerable chronic disease of the 
 kidneys exists. Although little can be accomplished in the way 
 of cure by medicines, a great deal can be done to soothe the parts, 
 by soft and soothing feed and drink, such as steamed or boiled 
 feed and flaxseed tea, cut grass and other green feed, with plenty 
 of cold water, at all times to drink. The more fluids that go into 
 the body, the less irritation of the bladder and kidneys. (See 
 Bladder Diseases.) 
 
 Knees Broken. — (See Broken knees.) 
 
 Knee Joints, Loose Cartilages in the. — Small loose cartilage 
 is sometimes found floating in the knee-joint of horses, as well as 
 of man, and is the cause of much of the obscure lameness that is 
 so often unaccounted for, and, so far as I am aware, has never 
 been noticed by other writers. The lameness is very sudden, and 
 passes off as if nothing had happened, constantly coming and 
 going. 
 
 Treatment. Remove the body from the joint by first getting it 
 into a corner and holding it there, and cutting and taking it out ; 
 this is too dangerous an operation for every person to undertake, 
 as it is cutting into a synovial cavity. 
 
 Knuckling. This is a peculiar loose double action of the 
 pastern of the hind legs, and is a symptom rather than a disease 
 of itself. 
 
 Cause. Disease of the hock-joint, and weakness in the part 
 from the effects of sprains, or otlier injury. It also accompanies 
 occult and bone spavin. 
 
 Observe. Knuckling of the hind pasterns is a symptom strongly 
 indicative that the animal has had an attack of paral3^sis or is 
 likely to have one ; at all events it clearly shows that either the 
 brain or spinal cord is to a certain extent diseased, resulting in 
 loss of motive power in tlie pasterns. 
 
 Treatment. Feed the horse well, and give fifteen drops of the 
 tincture of nux vomica three times in the day. If the hock-joint 
 be the cause, treat the hocks as for spavin, or palliate the symp- 
 toms by applying two parts of olive oil, and one part of creosote 
 and oil of turpentine, two to three times in the week. 
 
— 353 — 
 
 Lameness. — Lameness occurs in many ways, and from many 
 causes, such as fractures, bruises, sprains, wounds or injuries, all 
 of which will be found treated of, under their various names, 
 through the book. 
 
 Laminitis. — A name in use by veterinar}^ surgeons when 
 spe.'iking of founder, and is a generic term from lamina, or leaf — 
 which forms tlie bond of unity between the sensible and insen- 
 sible structures of the horse's feet, and is the seat of the disease 
 commonly called founder. (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Lampas. — This is a name applied to a slight enlargement, 
 swelling, or fulness of the bars of the mouth of young horses 
 from the chane^es of teethinor. Pinchino; the skin of the bars with 
 the nail of the thumb till they bleed, and rubbing in a little table 
 salt, is much better than burning the mouth with a red-hot iron 
 — the effects of which the animal never forgets nor forgives, as is 
 shown in any attempt to do anything about his head. 
 
 Laryngitis. — This is a disease or inflammation of the upper 
 portion of the windpipe, accompanied with fever, increased 
 breathing, and cough. The cause and treatment of this disease 
 will be the same as for bronchitis (which see). 
 
 Leg, Fractures of the. — (See Fractures.) 
 
 Lice. — Lice of various kinds are often the source of much 
 trouble amongst horses kept in the vicinity of hen or chicken 
 houses. 
 
 Sijmptoms. Uneasiness, rubbing, and scratching; stamping 
 with the feet and biting at the legs, as if something were annoying 
 him. 
 
 Treatment. Take of the liver of sulphur, one ounce ; cold water, 
 one pint. Mix, and apply with a hard brush to but a portion of 
 the body at a time. If that is not effectual, get bi-chloride of 
 mercury, thirty -two grains; cold water, one pint. Mix, and ap- 
 ply with a brush to a portion only at a time, or a piece of the 
 body every day, till all has been gone over with the brush. This 
 is very weak, and can do the horse no harm. 
 
 Ligaments. — These are strong, fibrous substances, which bind 
 together the different bones of the body or skeleton. There are 
 two great classes of ligaments ; the rounded, or the lateral, and 
 23 
 
— 354 — 
 
 the capsular, or sack-like ligaments, as of the shoulder and hip- 
 joint. 
 
 Lipoma. — A variety of fatty tumor. (See Tumors.) 
 
 Liver. — The liver is the largest secreting gland of the body, 
 situated within the short ribs on the right side. Its function is 
 the secretion of bile — a ^^ellow alkaline or soapy fluid. 
 
 Without the liver, digestion and animal heat cannot be main- 
 tained, and the waste or effete matter cannot be removed from the 
 blood. So, therefore, when the liver is disturbed, there can be no 
 health in the rest of the system. 
 
 Inflammation of the Liver. — The horse is rarely the subject of 
 inflammation of this organ in an acute, but more commonly in a 
 chronic form. It is often met with from the fact of many horses 
 being highly fed, and having nothing to do. 
 
 Symptoms. The affected part is very obtuse. But we have a very 
 striking analogy of this disease between man and the horse, which 
 materiall}^ assists in forming a correct opinion as to the disease. 
 Pain and lameness in the right shoulder are characteristic of liver 
 disease, whether in man or horse, and have often been mistaken 
 for and treated as the disease itself. Not less so is the peculiar 
 yellowness of the membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth, con- 
 stituting a disease called by old horse doctors the yellows. 
 
 Treatment. Give powdered aloes, four drachms; powdered 
 ginger root, two drachms; podophyllin, one drachm. Mix, and 
 make into a paste with molasses, and form a bolus, or crumble 
 the mass in a little thin gruel, and drench the horse with it. Feed 
 the horse with green and soft feed to keep the bowels open. 
 
 These measures being neglected, suppuration or an abscess will 
 be formed, and break into the bowels, or become absorbed and 
 produce glanders, which I believe to be a prolific cause of this 
 disease, and which is preceded by ill health and bad habit of 
 body, terminating by a mysterious and unaccountable discharge 
 from the nose, inasmuch as it is not accompanied with cough, and 
 other symptoms of cold. 
 
 Locked-jaw. — This disease occurs usually after wounds of the 
 feet, as from nails running into the feet, from wounds and frac- 
 tures, and from a simple wound of a tendinous portion of the body. 
 Locked-jaw occurring after wounds or other injuries, is called trau- 
 
— 355 — 
 
 malic. And when locked-jaw takes place, as it sometimes does, 
 without any injury or assignable cause, it is called idiopathic 
 locked-jaw. Locked-jaw may be defined a spasmodic contraction of 
 the muscles of the body, often confined to one set of muscles alone. 
 I have in practice seen the same contraction in one set of muscles 
 of the body, and the muscles of the jaw free from the cramps and 
 not fixed at all, and depending upon the same causes that often 
 produce fixedness of the jaw. Locked-jaw is sometimes confined 
 to the muscles of the neck, and is then called trismus. 
 
 Symptoms. The symptoms accompanying locked-jaw in the horse 
 are so well known to everybody, that little need be said by me 
 about them further than that there is general stifi'ness and fixed- 
 ness in the manner of standing, and a peculiar expression of coun- 
 tenance. The extended and dilated nostril, and the fixed ear, tell 
 the fact, very plainly, that the muscles of the head and neck are 
 beyond the control of the animal, else his jaw or mouth would not 
 be kept closed. 
 
 Treattnent. Remove the painfully-stricken animal into a place 
 by himself, where he will have plenty of air, and no sound or sight 
 to disturb him, and where no curious idler can enter. Place a 
 bucket of cold, thin gruel where the horse can get at it, without an 
 eff*ort to himself to reach it. This is all the feed he will be likely 
 enabled to take for a period of from three to sixteen days. Renew 
 it once a day, and keep it sweet. He may be able to suck this 
 through his teeth. Small, choice morsels of other food should also 
 be placed within his reach, so as no opportunity be lost whereby 
 his stomach may be filled, and his overtaxed strength be sup- 
 ported. 
 
 In securing the gruel or other feed, have everything at hand, so 
 that 07ily one journey will be necessary, in the twenty-four hours, 
 to the place he is confined in. Open not the door of his house 
 twice when once can be made to answer: thus much suffering may 
 be avoided, and the chances of recovery enhanced. All the med- 
 icine necessary for the horse to have, will be one drachm .doses, 
 once in the twenty-four hours, of prussic acid. Great care will 
 have to be exercised in keeping this powerful poison; and consid- 
 erable judgment as to how this medicine is to be given to an 
 animal with his jaws closed. Gently elevate the head a little to 
 
— 356 — 
 
 insure proper gravitation, and pour the acid into the widest part 
 between his teeth, and hold the head steadily for a few minutes ; 
 then retire, and close the door, not a loud word being spoken. A 
 table or dessert spoon will answer for the purpose very well. Vet- 
 erinary surgeons have an elastic tube, which is introduced into the 
 back part of the mouth, and the acid poured down the tube. 
 
 If the animal live from three to four days, and is afforded every 
 opportunity to eat a little, he may get well. Whatever the wounds 
 or injuries that have given rise to the locked-jaw, they should be 
 dressed with equal portions of olive oil and creosote, which will 
 soothe the irritated nerves of the part. An occasional poultice of 
 flaxseed may be necessary. 
 
 Above all things, neither bleed nor physic, as these can do no 
 good, and will only hasten the death of the animal by taking 
 awa}^ whatever strength he may have, all of which will be neces- 
 sary to carry him through so severe a disease. 
 
 Loins. — Sprain of the loins or small of the back is sometimes 
 seen in w-eakly built horses of irritable disposition. 
 
 Symptom, ^^^eakness upon pressure, as of a saddle-horse yield- 
 ing to the rider, when mounting the horse. 
 
 Treatment. Warm-water cloths should be laid over the parts for 
 a few days, followed in the same manner by cold-water cloths. 
 Give rest and good feed, and use the horse in the shafts of a light 
 four-wheeled carriage, or in double harness. Saddle work may be 
 the means of its return, more especially if ridden by a heavy 
 person. 
 
 Loss of Appetite. — This is more of a symptom than a disease, 
 and requires for its removal the cause which gave rise to it. In 
 cold, influenza and fever, the appetite is bad, and with their re- 
 moval it will be restored. Take powdered carbonate of ammonia, 
 pimenta berries, gentian root, each two drachms, mix in some 
 cold gruel, and drench the animal twice a day. This will not only 
 remove, in a measure, the cause, but will restore the appetite also. 
 
 Lumbago. — This is applied to a peculiar stiffness over the loins 
 or Ijack. partaking of the nature of rheumatism (which see). 
 
 Lungs. — These are the organs of breathing, and are subject to 
 many diseases, having names familiar to every horseman. Under 
 this head, however, I will only notice inflammation of the sub- 
 
— 857 — 
 
 stance of the lungs, 'pneumonia (lung fever), and of the surface of 
 the lung, 'pleurisy^ abscess, adhesion, and congestion. (See Cougli, 
 Cold, Bronchitis, and Emplu'sema.) 
 
 (1.) P.NEUMONIA. — {Pronounced numonia.) — Tliis is an inflamma- 
 tion of the substance of the lungs, of late years called lung fever, 
 and is sometimes very common in the spring after a severe winter. 
 
 Symptoms. Chill followed by fever and increased for a short 
 time, and is succeeded by cold legs and ears, quickened breathing, 
 and wide, open nostrils. A peculiar quivering of the muscles of 
 the side and breast will be observed in all cases of imflammation 
 of the lungs, and will rarely deceive. The animal will eat nothing, 
 and persistently stands with his nose and mouth in the manger ; 
 and if taken out of the stall and stable to the open air, he will almost 
 refuse to go back again into the stable, relief being experienced 
 from the fresh air. Hence, the necessity for plenty of fresh air in 
 all diseases of the lungs. When the ear is applied to the side of 
 the neck, a peculiar creaking noise is heard. Slight discharge of 
 serous flakes or matter will be observed sticking to the sides of the 
 nose. If this disease be not subdued or cured, it ends in abscess. 
 The peculiar pulsations observed in this and other diseases, wdll 
 be found treated of in the introductory remarks. To the non-pro- 
 fessional person, the general aspect or appearance of the horse, 
 when under this disease, is infinitely more important as a rule and 
 guide in determining the seat and nature of the disease, than any 
 assistance they can gain from the pulse. 
 
 Cause. Alterations and sudden changes in heat, cold, and 
 moisture; an animal not in condition for work; a hereditary pre- 
 disposition in the lungs to take on disease. Changes which will 
 produce lung disease in one horse will produce disease of a differ- 
 ent character in another. 
 
 Treatment. Place the horse in a light and airy place, and clothe 
 him according to the weather. Bandages to the legs will, at all 
 seasons, be necessary to keep them warm, and to that extent re- 
 lieve the lungs of a portion of blood. Aconite, judiciously given, 
 is the most powerful remedy I am acquainted with. Tartar 
 emetic, so valuable in this disease in man, dogs and swine, has no 
 more effect whatever upon either horses, sheep or cattle, than so 
 much flour or meal. Give twenty-five drops of the tincture of 
 
— 358 — 
 
 aconite root, in a cupful of cold water, and drench the horse. 
 Repeat the dose ever\^ four hours, till six doses are given. In the 
 majority of cases, one or two doses will be all that is required to 
 effect a cure. 
 
 (2.) Pleurisy, — Inflammation of the membrane covering the 
 lungs and lining the cavity of the chest. 
 
 Symj)toms. A rigor or chill, fever, disinclination to turn short, 
 an occasional short painful cough, and careful breathing, accom- 
 panied with a sigh or grunt. A peculiar line will be observed in 
 pleurisy, running from the haunch, round the belly to the breast- 
 bone. The breathing is deep, not so short and quick as in inflam- 
 mation of the lungs. In the first twenty-four hours after the at- 
 tack, pain will have given way, and the horse be apparently better. 
 This, in the majority of cases of pleurisy, wlien left a few hours to 
 itself and not checked, terminates in Hydroihorax (which see), or 
 water or serum in the chest, sometimes causing adhesions. The 
 favorable termination of pleurisy is by what is called resolution. 
 
 Causes. Changes in the atmosphere. Exposure to cold. Bro- 
 ken ribs or wounds. 
 
 Treatment. Treat the horse as for inflammation of the lungs, 
 by giving him pure air, cold water and aconite; followed on the 
 second day by five grains of powdered Spanish fly in gruel, once 
 in the twenty-four hours. To remove the fluids from the body, 
 give, after the active stage of the disease has passed, good feeding 
 and generous diet. 
 
 (3.) Abscess. — As elsewdiere stated, abscess is the termination 
 of the inflammation of the lungs. Pus is a common result of in- 
 flammatory action, and when in the lungs is called vomicae, causing, 
 in some cases, consumption. Where absorption of the pus has 
 taken place, glanders is the result. 
 
 The abscess frequently breaks into the bronchial tubes, and then 
 pus escapes into the larynx and nares of the nose. Hence the per- 
 sistent discharge which is so characteristic of glanders. 
 
 Treatment. The same as for glandei's ; generous diet, tonics, and 
 stimulants, with the sulphite of soda and the Spanish fly. (See 
 Glanders.) 
 
 (4.) Effusion of Serum. — Hydrothorax is one of the ways in 
 which pleurisy terminates, and when this eff'usion is extensive, 
 
— 859 — 
 
 not much hope of recovery may he expected. Cures, however, 
 liave been made by drawing off the fluid b}^ means of a trocar 
 pierced through between the ribs into the chest. 
 
 (5.) Adhesions. — The surface of the lungs becomes attached to 
 the sides of the chest by fibrous bands of great strength, another 
 common result of pleurisy. Nothing can be done but to keep up 
 tlie liealth and strength by good feeding, etc. 
 
 When animals do not thrive and pick up their spirits and flesh 
 after pleurisy, some of these various conditions may be reasonably 
 exjiected to be present. 
 
 (6.) Co\gp:stion of the Lungs. — The lungs are liable to become 
 congested, when they are overcharged with blood. 
 
 Symptoms. The horse blows, his nostrils are very much ex- 
 panded, he is heaving at the flanks, and is the picture of distress 
 and stupidity. 
 
 Cause. AVeakness and want of power in the blood vessels to 
 contract and empty themselves. 
 
 Treatment. Allow free access to cool air, clothe the body and 
 bandage the legs to encourage the blood to the skin and legs, and 
 give the following mixture: Sweet spirits of nitre, half an ounce; 
 powdered carbonate of ammonia, half an ounce ; mix in a bottle 
 of cold gruel, in the form of a drink. If these articles are not 
 at hand, give two bottles of warm ale or half a bottle of brandy 
 or whisky. 
 
 (7.) Pneumothorax. — So called, because the air escapes into 
 the cavities of the pleura. 
 
 Lymph. — This is a name applied to the clear fluid which cir- 
 culates in the lymphatic vessels and that which is poured out in 
 cut surfaces, after bleeding has stopped, and forms the medium by 
 which the parts adhere, and are joined together. In this instance 
 it is termed coagulable lymph, the principal element by whicli ad- 
 hesive inflammation is carried on. 
 
 Lymphangitis. — This is a disease which attacks large coarse- 
 bred horses that are difficult to keep in good condition, and con- 
 sists in the outpouring of plastic lymph into the femoral veins of 
 one of the fore legs, which, as a consequence, swells to a very 
 great size, and exhibits to the touch a feeling of a great many ir- 
 regular prominences under the skin. It is hot, painful, stifl', and 
 
— 360 — 
 
 accompanied with fever, which in a short time passes off. In a 
 few days the heat, pain and swelling will diminish a little, and the 
 horse will move more freely, but will, in most cases, retain a 
 " thick leg " for life. Fomentations of warm water should be ap- 
 plied to relieve heat, tension and pain ; to be followed in a few 
 days with broad bandages tightl}' rolled round the limb. Give 
 soft feed, such as cut mess, bran and green food. As soon as the 
 animal can move the leg, he may be put to slow work. 
 ^ Madness. — A disease produced by the bite of a mad dog. 
 (See Hydrophobia.) 
 
 Mad Staggers. — An affection of the brain. (See Staggers.) 
 
 Maggots. — These are sometimes seen in neglected wounds and 
 sores, in warm weather. To remove them apply equal parts of 
 creosote and olive oil, or a solution of corrosive sublimate. 
 
 Malignant. — A term applied to diseases of a fatal character, as 
 glanders, for instance. Why the term malignant should not be 
 applied to such diseases as locked-jaw and inflammation of the 
 bowels, which are so often fatal, is one of the inexplicables of 
 medical nosology or terminology, not easily for me to understand. 
 
 Malignant Epidemic. — English writers tell us that a malignant 
 epidemic has attacked horses on the European continent. In- 
 fluenza is a disease from which scarcely one per cent, should die 
 when scientifically and intelligently treated; but by bleeding, 
 blistering, physicking, and low diet, a really simple and non-fatal 
 disease is at once converted into a fatal and malignant epidemic. 
 
 Mallenders. — A term used by old books and horse doctors, to 
 designate a scaly condition of the skin back of the leg and opposite 
 to the knee. A term which certainly, to say the least, should long 
 ago have been blotted out of all the books, as vague, uncertain, 
 unmeaning. 
 
 This scaly eruption is the result of dryness of the skin of the 
 back part of the leg, where the greatest and almost constant move- 
 ment of the joint is going on. The same condition is seen on the 
 face of some joints, and in others on the back, from the constant 
 mobility of the parts. 
 
 Who has not seen scruffy or scaly heels of horses ending with 
 scratches? (See Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Mange. — This is a disease of the skin, and is caused by a small 
 
— 361- 
 
 inite ciiUeJ acari, which breeds and Ijurrows in the skin. To cure 
 mange, destroy the insect. (See Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Materia Medica. — This is a name applied to every substance 
 used in the treatment and cure of disease. 
 
 Megrims. — A disease of the brain occurring at periods, es- 
 pecially in hot weather, and when exposed to a powerful sun. 
 This differs from epilepsy only in the absence of spasms. (See 
 Epilepsy.) 
 
 Cmises. Tumors in the choroid plexus and enlargement of the 
 pineal gland. 
 
 Treatment. Merely palliative, by using a Dutch collar, so as not 
 to interfere w'ith the circulation of the blood from the head. 
 
 Observe. In summer the horses subject to brain disease, or fits 
 of an}^ kind, should not be used for family purposes. In winter 
 they will make useful animals. 
 
 Melanosis. — A variety of cancer peculiar to gray horses, which 
 turns white with age, and is caused by the transfer of the coloring 
 pigment from the skin to the blood. (See Cancer.) 
 
 Melanoid. — (See Cancer and Tumors.) 
 
 Mesentery. — A membrane formed of two folds of the peri- 
 toneum, between each of which there are numerous glands, lac- 
 teals, lymphatics, arteries, veins and nerves. It is called the 
 mesentery, because it adheres to three lumbar vertebrae, and has 
 the small intestines hanging to it. One portion of it is called the 
 mescolon — supporter of the colon — and another the mesorectum, 
 which encloses the rectum. 
 
 Mesenterica. — Wasting of the mesentery is a disease which is 
 not very connnon to horses, although some clearly marked cases 
 are sometimes seen, characterized by wasting of the body, w^eak- 
 ness, and general debility of the whole system. Bowels irregular, 
 sometimes soft, at other times hard, of a pale or straw color, and 
 frequently of bad smell. All that can be done is to keep the 
 strength and condition of the horse up by iron and gentian, so 
 frequently recommended throughout the book. 
 
 Metastasis. — A term denoting a change or shifting of disease 
 from one part of :he body to another, as is well illustrated in cases 
 of rheumatism. 
 
 Moon Blindness. — (See Eye Diseases.) 
 
— 362 — 
 
 Mortification. — Death of a part. (See Gangrene.) 
 
 Moribund. — A term in use, and np}>lied when men or animals 
 are in a dying condition. 
 
 Mouth, Diseases of the. — These are but few ; perhaps the ir- 
 regularities of the teeth are the most important. So much is this 
 tlie case, tliat from diseased or carious teeth, an affection arises, 
 to many external appearances, similar to glanders; and horses 
 have accordingly been destroyed, whereas, if a carious tooth, pro- 
 ducing a stinking discharge from the nose, had been removed^ 
 these appearances would have passed off. The edges of the teeth 
 of horses, at all ages, are apt to become sharp, and cut or wound 
 the inside of the mouth, and interfere with mastication or chew- 
 ing. When horses are off their feed and losing flesh, it will be 
 well to have the teeth examined. To remedy any irregularity of 
 the grinders, a rasp, or file, with a concave surface and long handle, 
 is used to make the teeth smooth and level. Wolf teeth are su- 
 pernumerary, but do no injury to either the mouth or eyes. 
 
 (1.) Scald Mouth. — Another simple afiection of the mouth, 
 which is characterized by the horse slobbering or frothing from 
 the mouth, as if salivated. In aggravated cases fever is present. 
 
 Ttxatment. Give ten drops of the tincture of aconite root in a 
 little cold water three times in the day, for 48 hours, and allow 
 the horse to have a bucket of cold water suspended or placed be- 
 fore him, to cool his mouth in. 
 
 (2.) Wounds of the Tongue. — Should be treated the same way, 
 but without the aconite. If the tongue is nearly cut through, have 
 the cut portion entirely removed. The horse can do wonderfully 
 well without a large part of his tongue. 
 
 (3.) Black Tongue. — This is not a disease, but the effect of a 
 simple and non-fatal affection, frequenth^ treated by bleeding, blis- 
 tering and physicking — destroying vitality, and inducing mortifi- 
 cation of the tongue, as well as of other portions of the bod}^ 
 
 (4.) Aphthous Thrush. — Soreness of the mouth, with white 
 patches on the tongue, inside the cheeks and roof of the mouth. 
 In man, this condition of the mouth is called stomatitis. 
 
 Causes. Bad condition of the stomacli and dyspe})sia. 
 
 Treatment. Borax in powder, one ounce ; molasses, three ounces ; 
 mix, and appl}- with a soft brush, or soft piece of cloth. Give soft 
 
— 363 — 
 
 feed or cut grass. A few doses of sul})liite of sod;i, half an ounce 
 to a dose, given for a few evenings, will be all that is wanted. (See 
 Lam pas.) 
 
 Tlie nioutli is a favorite and convenient place for horsemen to 
 try the keenness of their pocket knives, when the least pretext is 
 offered. 
 
 The palatine artery is sometimes cut lengthwise ; and when that 
 is the case, the bleeding thus unnecessarily induced, will not stop 
 when it is wanted. Many plans and contrivances are recom- 
 mended, by individuals, to stop such bleeding ; but none are equal 
 to a piece of iron or kitchen poker immersed, for a few minutes, 
 in hot water, and applied to the wound for a moment, wliich will 
 at once stop further loss of blood. 
 
 (5.) Parrot Mouth. — A malformation consisting in the upper 
 front teeth, projecting over the lower ones. Young horses are 
 little inconvenienced by it, but not so with old ones, when the 
 teeth are long ; for then the lower teeth wound the soft palate of 
 the upper jaw, especially when the horse is eating. Keep the 
 teeth short by the use of the file. 
 
 Mucous Membrane. — A thin lining of all the air passages; 
 so-called, because the surface is kept moist, with a slimy matter, 
 as referred to in the succeeding article. When this mucus is 
 altered in quantity and quality, and when mucus-pus is poured 
 out, disease is present. This is seen in cases of cold, bronchitis, 
 and inflammation of the eyes (which see). 
 
 Mucus. — A thick, viscid substance, thrown out from the mucous 
 membrane, throughout the body. 
 
 Myalgia. — A term given to inflammation of a set of muscles, 
 and is applied, by some, to wasting of the muscles, as is sometimes 
 seen in s weenie. 
 
 Narcotics. — Medicines which act upon the nervous system, 
 diminishing its power and sensibility, and so relieving inflamma- 
 tion, irritation, and pain. A medicine capable of doing this, also 
 contains the properties of an anodyne, a sedative, soporific, car- 
 minative, and nauseant. 
 
 There are but few medicines possessing this power over the 
 liorse, and these are, aconite, prussic acid, veratrum, and, perhaps, 
 lobelia. In my practice, nothing answers the purpose so well as 
 
— 864- 
 
 aconite. It is the great antiphlogistic. Indeed, so great is its 
 power, that in bronchitis, inflammation of the lungs, feet and 
 bowels, or w^here there is pain and fever, no remedy or remedies 
 can compare with this invaluable medicine in the treatment of 
 diseases of the horse. (See Medicines and Prescriptions.) 
 
 Nasal Gleet. — A thin, transparent discharge from the nose. 
 (See Gleet. ) 
 
 Navicular Disease. — This is a disease commonly called coffin- 
 joint lameness, and b}^ some it is termed grogginess. (See Foot 
 Diseases.) 
 
 Necrosis. — This is a term given to a dead bone when it is 
 attached to a sound one. The difference between caries and 
 necrosis is this : Caries is present when the bone is impaired onh^, 
 and necrosis w'hen the bone is entirely dead, and its functions 
 have entirely ceased. When a bone has fallen into the condition 
 of necrosis, its removal becomes as necessary as the removal of 
 any other dead or foreign matter, in order that reparation and 
 restoration of the function be effected, and a cure be made. 
 
 Nephritis. — A technical term applied to inflammation of the 
 kidneys (which see). 
 
 Nervousness. — Few persons having the care of horses have 
 failed to observe in them, occasionally^ a peculiar excitability of 
 disposition when any confusion and noise is going on, and when 
 being harnessed for work. The tail becomes somewhat elevated. 
 They move from one side of the stall to the other, and pass manure 
 from them repeatedly every few minutes, until one would think 
 there was nothing left in their bowels. These animals are usually 
 light bellied and poor feeders, but fleet and free goers, very gay in 
 the saddle or harness, and much admired by persons not versetl 
 in horse-flesh. They make excellent Sunday horses, but very 
 poor every-day animals, as the constant excitement, when at work, 
 overdoes their physical powers. This condition impairs the value 
 of the horse very much. 
 
 Treatment. Keep nervous horses in a place by themselves, where 
 there is no noise or sound to disturb them, and have no harness 
 or saddles in the place with them, nor clean harness or saddles 
 where they are; for whenever a piece of harness is seen in the 
 hands of the groom, the animal expects it is to be put upon him 
 
— 365 — 
 
 — hence he gets excited, and efforts are made to empty the bowels 
 of their contents. The harnessing or saddling should be the last 
 thing done before going out with such a horse, as it gives him no 
 time to empty the bowels and become excited. Ten grains of 
 0})ium, and a drachm or two of prepared chalk may be given, 
 either half an hour before going out, or after he comes in. Such 
 horses are more pleasant to drive, if this be given. Stuffing cotton 
 or wool in the ears also has a good effect. 
 
 Neurotomy. — An operation for dividing the nerves of feeling, 
 as they enter the foot on both sides of the leg. The operation is 
 performed for the purpose of removing pain from the foot in navi- 
 cular disease. It has, however, of late years fallen into disrepute 
 on account of ignorant men operating indiscriminately on feet of 
 all forms and shapes alike — in consequence of which no surprise 
 should have been expressed, when in some cases the feet ulti- 
 mately fell off. 
 
 Neurotomy should never be performed upon flat and weak- 
 footed horses, as they are easily bruised, and suppuration is set up, 
 terminating in separation of the outer and inner foot structures. 
 Weak and flat-footed horses, when sound, are careful how they 
 j^ut their feet upon hard roads and paved streets; but when de- 
 prived of all feeling by the operation of neurotomy, they let their 
 feet come down on the ground with great force, so as to injure 
 them, resulting as before stated, in the hoof falling off. 
 
 Nose, Diseases of the. — (See Cold, Catarrh, and Bronchitis.) 
 
 Numbness. — Loss of feeling in any part, usually indicating 
 disease of the brain, resulting in paralysis or palsy. 
 
 Obesity. — This is a term applied to morbid or unhealthy fat- 
 ness. When this condition is in the mesentery, it produces big 
 belly ; in the liver, fatty liver ; in the heart, fatty degeneration of 
 that organ. 
 
 Causes. Little or no work, or exercise disproportionate between 
 the amount of food taken and the waste. 
 
 Treatment. Constant and regular work ; feed, in small bulk, oats 
 instead of corn, and much hay. To animals inclining to take on 
 too much fat and flesh, give a dose of physic (see Aloes, Med- 
 icines and Prescriptions), occasionall}^, but do not bleed. 
 
 CEdema. — A term signifying soft but not inflammatory swell- 
 
— 366 — 
 
 ings of various parts of the body, as a sequel to debilitating 
 diseases. These swellings contain serum thrown out from the 
 blood. The treatment of this affection will be the removal of the 
 exciting cause. (See Dropsy.) 
 
 CEstromania. — This name is, b}^ some, called oestening, which 
 name is applied to mares and cows when desiring the male. 
 
 Omentum. — A fold of the peritoneum, which hangs down from 
 the stomach, and is reflected on itself upwards and backwards to 
 the colon. It is in this where the great deposition of fat takes 
 place. The omentum is often implicated in rupture. 
 
 Open Joints. — (See Broken Knees.) 
 
 Ophthalmia. — (See Eye Diseases.) 
 
 Ossification. — The formation of bone ; but in the language of 
 medical men, it means a deposition of earthy matter in the soft 
 textures of the bodv where bone does not exist. Thus, for in- 
 stance, we speak of ossification of the lateral cartilages of the foot, 
 which form ring-bone. We have ossification of the heart, arteries^ 
 and other parts of the body. 
 
 Osteology. — A name used in speaking of the bony system. 
 
 Osteoporosis. — This is a name given to big head. It is incur^ 
 able. 
 
 Ostitis.— (See Splint.) 
 
 Overreach. — This is the consequence of driving faster than the 
 horse should go. The injury is generally done by the edge of the 
 inner rim of the shoe. Avoid the cause, and treat the wound with 
 the simple ointment. (See Prescriptions and Medicines.) 
 
 Ozena. — (See Gleet.) 
 
 Palliatives. — Medicines given not to cure disease, but to re- 
 lieve the pain. 
 
 Paralysis or Palsy. — Loss of the power of moving in some 
 parts of the body. Paralysis may be confined to one leg or two 
 legs ; then it is called partial. When the horse has lost the power 
 of standing, and the four legs are affected, then it is complete. 
 Usually, however, in the liorse it is confined to the hind parts, or 
 the haunches and legs. Sometimes the paralyzed part is numb, 
 at others the sense of feeling remains. 
 
 Causes. Disease in the brain and spinal cord. 
 
 Treatment. If the patient is young, exercise patience and time, 
 
-367 — 
 
 and nature will do a great deal in a disease of this kind. The 
 general health is to be kept up by good feeding and tonic medicine 
 — such as fifteen drops of the tincture of nux vomica, four times 
 in the twenty -four hours. Turn the horse from side to side twice 
 in the day, and give plenty of dry, clean bedding to prevent the 
 skin from scalding and peeling off — which is sometimes a source 
 of great irritation to the poor horse. The paralyzed parts should 
 be well rubbed with a stiff brush. Electricity has been regarded 
 as an advantage in this disease, but from what I have seen, not 
 much need be expected from it. The nux vomica offers, with good 
 feeding and care, the best chance for recovery. It must be re- 
 membered that this is a nervous affection, and probably these 
 diseases are not so manageable, nor are they so easily cured, as 
 other affections of a different type. 
 
 Parotid Duct. — Distended. — This is a rare affection in horses. 
 It resembles a round ball attached to the edge of the lower jaw ; 
 an elastic encysted tumor, or rather like an encysted tumor. An 
 incident, slightly illustrative of appearance, occurred some time 
 since. I was called in to see a horse that proved to be so affected, 
 and told the gentleman that so long as the ball did not break, it 
 would do the horse no injury, and that I would not recommend 
 its removal; whereupon he said he would give five hundred dol- 
 lars if the horse had another on the other side, that then he would 
 look like an Angora goat. 
 
 Open and Fistulous. — This is a serious affection, for with every 
 movement of the jaw^ in chewing or masticating the feed, the 
 glands pour out the saliva which should mix with the feed, and 
 assist in the act of digestion, and it is lost upon the ground. The 
 animal becomes thin of flesh, gets weak, and after a time dies a 
 miserable object. 
 
 Causes. Injuries, or accident to the gland or its duct, resulting 
 in suppuration. From the mobility of the parts, fistula is estab- 
 lished. 
 
 Treatment Few horse doctors or farmers can cure this affection. 
 An expert or accomplished surgeon is only able to effect a cure, 
 and this will be by closing the open or fistulous duct, so that the 
 saliva will, with the feed, find its way into the stomach. 
 
 India rubber dissolved in chloroform, applied over the mouth 
 
— 368 — 
 
 of the wound, when it is thoroughly dry, will stop it for a few 
 da3'S. By continuing this application, a cure in a great many 
 cases can be made. 
 
 Pathology. — A department of medical science which treats of 
 the causes and nature of disease, and of the appearances of dis- 
 eased parts when living or dead. 
 
 Patella, Dislocation of the. — This is a common occurrence 
 in high spirited, nervous and weakly horses. 
 
 Symptoms. The horse stops, if at work, and throws up his head, 
 slightly bending the pastern of the dislocated leg, and holding the 
 leg back behind the body, being unable to bring it under it. Fe- 
 ver and irritation sometimes accompanies this accident, more es- 
 pecially if it is of rare occurrence in the animal. The oftener 
 the patella has been out, the less fever and irritation will be seen. 
 There are horses with which it is of frequent occurrence, and hap- 
 pily for them, there is just as little trouble in putting the leg in 
 its place again ; a crack of the whip will do it sometimes. This 
 is a serious object, in an otherwise fancy horse. There is but one 
 other afifection of the hind leg which can be mistaken for it, and 
 that is cramp (which see). 
 
 Treatment. Remove the horse to a stable, attach a rope to the 
 pastern of the leg which is dislocated, carry the end of the rope 
 through a ring or over a beam at-or about the horse's head, place 
 the end of the rope in the hands of one or two strong men — tell- 
 ing them not to pull till a man is placed at the head of the horse 
 to keep him steady — have another man at the leg with one hand 
 placed firmly on the point of the hock -joint, pulling towards him- 
 self, and the other pushing firmly against the dislocated joint, 
 then let the men on the rope pull firmly and gently, till the foot 
 is brought fairly in under the horse's body ; after which the rope 
 should be removed, and the horse kept quiet for a day or two. 
 
 Pasterns. — (See Sprains.) 
 
 Pelvis. — The anatomical name for the lower part of the abdo- 
 men or belly. 
 
 Pelvic Abscess. — This condition is sometimes seen in weakly 
 constitutioned mares within a few days after foaling. 
 
 Symptoms. In from one to four days one of the thighs of the 
 hind legs will be swollen, hot and painful, causing the mare to 
 
— 369 — 
 
 shiver or appear chilly, not from cold, but from the sup])urative 
 inflammatory action going on. The milk will have almost en- 
 tirel}^ ceased, and the colt will have to be fed by the bottle as a 
 child, or out of a bucket like a calf, till the mare is cured and the 
 milk returns. One curious condition about pelvic abscess is, that 
 although it suppurates, the abscess does not break usually on the 
 thigh, as it would be expected to do, but within an inch or two 
 from the haunch bone. 
 
 Treatment. The pus which has accumulated from so larg.e an 
 abscess, does not discharge itself from the place of opening, but 
 burrows awa}^ down among the muscles of the hip and thigh, 
 down to within a few inches of the hock itself. Hence, the great 
 secret in the treatment of pelvic abscess is to make tivo free open- 
 ings, one above, at the point of the soft abscess, and the other within 
 from four to six inches of the hock on the outside of the thigh. 
 Then take a smooth elastic twig or a long piece of whalebone 
 nicely smoothed with sandpaper, and introduce into the opening 
 above, and gently force it down to within an inch or so of the 
 lower opening. This being done the pus will all discharge itself 
 from the lower hole. Then inject with a small S3^ringe, once a 
 day, for a few days, about half a tablespoonful of the following 
 mixture : Oil of turpentine and olive oil, equal parts. Keep the 
 parts clean, feed the mare and colt well, and leave nature to com- 
 plete the cure. 
 
 Penis Hanging Out. — This is a serious defect, and is the re- 
 sult of weakness and debility. The organ of generation is weak, 
 the sheath swells, clasping the penis in its grnsp until it also be- 
 comes enlarged, and in most cases will not draw into its place 
 again, so that it must either remain so or be cut off close to the 
 prepuce or sheath. This affection and the 0])posite conditions, 
 Phymosis and Paraphymosis, were very prevalent amongst the 
 horses of the army, in the late war. 
 
 Peristaltic. — A term applied to the serpentine motion of the 
 bowels, one portion contracting and forcing its contents onward 
 into the next. 
 
 Peritonitis. — ^Inflammation of the peritoneum, or the serous 
 membrane which lines the walls or inside of the belly, character- 
 24 
 
— 370 — 
 
 ized by great pain, and is the result of accidents or injuries, and, 
 at times, surgical operations. 
 
 Treatment. The same as for any disease of an exalted kind, 
 using aconite root, cold water and pure air, and after the pain and 
 fever have subsided, good feeding. 
 
 Periosteum. — The thin pearly covering investing the bone. It 
 is the stretch of this membrane in cases of splint which causes 
 pain and lameness. (See Splint.) 
 
 Phagadena. — A name used in surgery, imph^ng a spreading 
 and destructive ulcer, which spreads rapidh^ and destro\'S the sur- 
 rounding parts. The true meaning of this word is eating, and in 
 its effects is similar to what is called, in domestic practice, hospital 
 gangrene — a local, spontaneous combustion, in which oil globules 
 are poured out in great quantity in and around the sore or ulcer. 
 These ulcers are common on the heels and legs of horses after a 
 severe winter. When on the heels, the ulcers are taken by horse- 
 men to be scratches. Phagadena does not usually assume the 
 form or appearance of a cut or scratch, but is generally a flat, 
 round or oval, and circumscribed sore at first; the hair of the part 
 stands on end, with oil drops all over the surface, and in a feu- 
 days the whole of the skin and hair falls off, or a separation of the 
 edges of the sore will take place, and the skin and flesh of the 
 part will completely fall out (called core), leaving an unhealthy- 
 looking sore, with a white sanious fluid covering the whole of its 
 surface. When the slough does not take place, it is graduall}'' eaten 
 away, and in this case leaves on the edges and surface of the sore 
 a thin dirt}' colored looking skin or membrane. 
 
 Causes. Bad habit of body, from impure blood, death of the 
 part from exposure of the heels in some mixture of salt and snow. 
 Cold drafts under stable doors. 
 
 Treatment. The complete removal of all dead matter belonging 
 to the ulcer, and a thorough cleansing of its inner surface. This 
 is important, as it will not only be rendered necessary as a measure 
 of cure but as a surety against its spreading further up the leg or 
 heels. Then sprinkle the edges and inner surface twice in tlie day, 
 for a day or two, with powdered blue stone to destroy the un- 
 health}' surface and hasten a red surface, or the granulatory pro- 
 cess by which the hole will be speedih' filled up again. Complete 
 
— 371 — 
 
 tlie cure by s])rlnkling powdered loiif sugar over the sore twice in 
 the twenty-four hours. Support the strength of the horse by good 
 and generous diet. (See Scratches and Frost Bites.) 
 
 Phlebitis. — A name given to inflammation of the vein after 
 bleeding, characterized by swelling and cording of the vein. (See 
 Jugular Vein.) 
 
 Phlegmasia Dolens. — A name given to one leg when swelled 
 to a great extent from plugging of the blood vessels of the leg 
 with plastic matter poured, into them from the blood. (See 
 Grease.) 
 
 Phrenitis. — One of the many diseases of the brain character- 
 ized by the horse becoming unmanageable — a variet}^ of staggers, 
 or it may be of inflammation of the brain itself, and is incurable. 
 
 Physiology. — A branch of medical science treating of the life 
 and functions of organized bodies. 
 
 Physicking. — In England, and in some parts of the European 
 continent, a person who does not know how to physic a horse, 
 whether sick or well, is not considered fit to take care of horses. 
 In the United States, the man who knows all about, and recom- 
 mends physicking under almost any circumstances, should not be 
 permitted even to take a horse by the head, much less to take care 
 of horses not his own. In an extensive practice of many years, I 
 do not recollect a half dozen times, when I either gave or recom- 
 mended a horse to be physicked ; and no man can show equal 
 success in tlie treatment of diseases of horses and cattle, let his 
 mode of practice be what it may. Remember, when the bowels 
 are opened, and emptied of their contents, an important pillar has 
 been taken from under the animal structure. Show me a 
 European book on the diseases of animals, which does not recom- 
 mend and minutely describe how^ to physic a horse, and I will 
 show you a city without walls, without a cliurch, or gymnasium. 
 In this connection, I am sorry to say, that our American authors, 
 on animal diseases, have copied too closely from European prac- 
 tice, which is utterly unfit for this country, climate and the con- 
 stitution of all our domestic animals. 
 
 Pleurisy. — Inflammation of the serous membrane covering the 
 lungs and lining the sides of the chest. (See Lung Diseases.) 
 
— 372 — 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia. — Inflammation of the covering and sub- 
 stance of the lungs and chest. 
 
 Pleurodynia. — This is a rheumatic affection of the intercostal 
 muscles, differing from pleurisy, from there being no constitutional 
 disturbance, little fever and no inflammation. It is treated with 
 a dose or two of the tincture of aconite root given internally, and 
 mustard and a little vinegar rubbed into the muscles of the sides, 
 behind the shoulder. 
 
 Pleuro. — Fullness of blood. (See Obesity.) 
 
 Pneumonia. — Inflammation of the lungs (which see). 
 
 Poisons. — These act different]}" in destroying life. They are 
 derived from the organic and inorganic kingdoms, and their effects 
 are either local or remote. Poisons may be taken into the stomach, 
 inhaled in the form of sulphuretted hydrogen, communicated 
 through the skin, as from the bite of a poisonous animal, or ab- 
 sorbed from wounds. (See Glanders.) Poisons act in one of 
 three ways. 
 
 (1.) IRRITA^'T Poisons are those poisons the symptoms of which 
 are inflammation, irritation, and pain. Examples — arsenic, bi- 
 chloride of mercury, lead, baryta, copper, and the Spanish fly. 
 
 Treatment. The plan to be adopted in this class of poisons in 
 the horse is : Give him large quantities of the white of eggs, milk, 
 linseed oil ; and remove the poison as speedily as possible by giv- 
 ing large quantities of linseed oil — say two quarts. The horse 
 cannot vomit ; hence, it is difficult to procure a prompt evacuation 
 of the stomach. If the pain be great, give aconite to subdue it, 
 and to keep down inflammation and sympathetic fever. 
 
 (2.) Narcotic Poisons. — Poisons which act on the brain and 
 nervous centres, producing stupidit}^ or coma. 
 
 Treatment. Give four grains of strychnia nux vomica in a few 
 pints of gruel made with vinegar. Keep the horse walking 
 around, and place chopped ice in a bag, and put it on the forehead. 
 
 (3.) Narcotic Acrid Poisons. — Poisons acting as the above, and 
 causing irritation, inflammation, fever, and pain. Examples of 
 this class are, nux vomica and veratria. 
 
 Treatment. Aconite will not only relieve the pain, but is an ex- 
 cellent antidote for strychnia; and for aconite, strychnia ma}" be 
 given with advantage in cases of this variety of poisoning. 
 
— 373 — 
 
 Poisoning from lead and copper is most frequent in the country, 
 or in the vicinity of lead and copper-smelting works, or in pas- 
 tures where manure from large towns and cities is spread, or on 
 farms where the water is conveyed in leaden pipes, or is kept in 
 troughs and cisterns lined with lead. Pieces of lime and nails, or 
 scraps of iron finding their way into leaden troughs, cause oxida- 
 tion of the lead, forming sugar of lead — a bad poison. Not long 
 since, heavy damages were awarded a farmer who had lost several 
 head of cows from lead poisoning, occasioned by the spray of 
 leaden bullets shot against a stone wall by a rifle, or military 
 company — the fringes of lead spread upon the grass, being con- 
 verted into the sugar, or oxide of that metal, and the cows gather- 
 ing it with the pasture. 
 
 Treatment. Give large doses of the white of eggs, and linseed 
 oil, in either lead or copper poisoning, to shield the coats of the 
 stomach and bowels, and to remove it from the body altogether. 
 Happily for his owner, large quantities of poisonous materials are 
 necessary to destroy the life of the horse. Materials which will 
 destroy man, dog, and the pig, will not, in many instances, have 
 effect on the horse, sheep, and cattle. Antimony, an active and 
 deadl}^ poison, when given to omnivorous animals, has no more 
 effect in a poisonous point of view than the same quantity of 
 earth, when given to herbivorous animals. Hence, tartar emetic 
 is now no longer used as a nauseant in the treatment of horses and 
 cattle, when laboring under lung diseases, however useful it is in 
 the same disease in man and the dog. 
 
 Poll-evil. — This affection of the bacK part of the head is well 
 known to horsemen, without much of a description being given. 
 It consists in suppurative inflammation forming pus in the form 
 of a simple abscess, or in the form of fistula (which see). 
 
 Cause. Injury to the part, or disease of the bone. 
 
 Treatment. As soon as tlie swelling has become a little soft, 
 have it opened without delay, before the pus has time to burrow 
 down among the bones of the neck, and caiuse disease in them. 
 Make the opening large and deep enough so as to admit three 
 fingers, that the abscess can be swabbed out with a piece of sponge 
 or cloth tied on the end of a stick, to remove the pus. This will 
 
— S74 — 
 
 have to be done twice in the day, till no more pus can be brought 
 out. 
 
 Occasionally syringe or squirt cold water into the sore, and 
 swab it out again, till completely dry. Then apply the following, 
 once in a day, with a swab : Creosote, one ounce ; oil of olives, 
 two ounces ; oil of turpentine, one ounce ; mix. In applying the 
 mixture do not use the swab too freely, as it may break down the 
 granulations or the healing processes that are springing up to fill 
 the hole or cavity, and thereby prevent a perfect cure. 
 
 When poll-evil is the result of diseased bone, and partakes of a 
 fistulous character, it will not be so easily healed or cured ; for 
 the underlying bone being carious, and becoming necrosed, be- 
 fore exfoliation or separation of the dead bone takes place the 
 horse may be dead — the process taking years to perfect itself. 
 And when it is cured, there is usually a stiff neck remaining ever 
 after. Ten drops of sulphuric acid poured in the fistulous open- 
 inoj of the swelling or sore will hasten recovery very much and in 
 many cases efl'ect a good and speedy cure. Once a day will be 
 often enough, and if there be more than one fistulous opening, 
 drop the acid into one to-day and the other to-morrow, and con- 
 tinue from da}^ to day, till each and everv opening ceases to 
 discharge a whitish gray matter, and a dry looking opening is 
 presented. Afterwards, use a solution of the sulphate of zinc : 
 one drachm of the zinc to four ounces of water, will answer the pur- 
 pose. Horses having sores of all kinds on their body should be 
 well fed and cared for. 
 
 Polypi. — These are diseased enlargements, which grow upon 
 the mucous membranes of the nose and ear, and in the uterus or 
 womb of mares. 
 
 Treatment. If they are small, they are cured by touching them 
 with a stick of caustic potassa ; if large, cut them off with a sharp 
 knife or scissors, and apply a weak solution of blue stone to the 
 sore till it is healed. 
 
 Predisposing Causes. — Causes which render an animal sus- 
 ceptible to disease. For example, a 3'oung horse standing in the 
 stable from da}' to day becomes predisposed to disease of the 
 throat and lungs, when put to any exertion. Old age is a predis- 
 posing cause of disease. Some animals, as well as men, are more 
 
— 37S — 
 
 disposed to disease than others. From their temperament, and 
 (;ertain conditions of tlie solids and fluids of the bod}^ the body 
 is more susceptible to what is called a predisposing cause. 
 
 Prick of the Foot. — (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Probang. — There are two of these instruments. One is for 
 forcing obstructions down the gullet in cases of choking, and the 
 other an instrument used in giving to horses, etc., medicine in a 
 solid form or in the form of a ball or bolus. 
 
 Procidenta. — A term used to denote the falling down of the 
 womb, or foal bed in brood mares. This affection is very common 
 in milch cow^s ; not so in mares. 
 
 Prognosis. — The foretelling the course and event of a disease, 
 from its symptoms. Prognosis may be favorable or unfavorable. 
 Nothing can so w^ell distinguish the scientific veterinary surgeon 
 from the blockhead in such matters as correct prognosis. 
 
 Prophylactics. — Is a term applied to the means made, or 
 adopted, for the preservation of health, and the prevention of dis- 
 ease. 
 
 Proud Flesh. — A common name applied to hasty granula- 
 tions in a sore or wound, which presents a fungous appearance. 
 To cure and prevent this, sprinkle a little white sugar, powdered 
 blue stone, or a little red precipitate on the surface. 
 
 Prurigo. — An itchiness of the skin, which is best treated by 
 the sulphite of soda, in half ounce doses, given every night in cut 
 feed for a week. (See Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Pulse. — This is the stroke or beat of an artery, consequent upon 
 its alternate dilation and contraction caused by the action of the 
 heart. The pulse is subject to many variations, even not depend- 
 ing upon disease. It is also liable to changes from temporary ex- 
 citement, as from severe heat, etc. Medicines act upon the circu- 
 lation, and consequently change the beat and character of the 
 pulse. If the disease be debility, diffusible stimulants will be re- 
 quired to raise the pulse ; and in order to depress the circulation, 
 as in inflammation and fever, nauseants are indicated, such as 
 aconite and veratrum. (See Pulse, in Introductory Remarks.) 
 
 Puncture. — Wounds inflicted with a sharp-pointed tool, as a 
 staple or hay-fork, etc. Punctured wounds are dangerous, depend- 
 ing upon their depth and locality, and should be treated by free 
 
— 876 — 
 
 openings from the bottom of the wound, to allow the exposed 
 fluids to escape. The parts should be dressed with simple oint- 
 ment. (See Medicines and Prescriptions.) 
 
 Purgatives. — A class of medicines capable of cleansing or 
 emptying the bowels. Purgatives are distinguished from laxa- 
 tives, only in the quantity given. Six to eight drachms of aloes 
 will act as a purgative, and two or three drachms will act as a 
 laxative. When laxatives are necessary, repeat at distant in- 
 tervals. 
 
 Purpura. — This is a disease which is but rarely seen, and con- 
 sists in the surface of the whole body and legs being covered with 
 pimples, or small boils, which discharge a livid or purple-colored 
 fluid. The animal is very much debilitated ; and accompanied with 
 sympathetic fever, we not unfrequently see swelHngs of the head 
 and parts of the body, with the legs very thick, and the same 
 colored fluid oozing out of them. Invariably the horse is scarcely 
 able to move. The worst form of this disease is the purpura 
 hsemoragica, or bleeding purpura. The small boils are the result 
 of extravasation from the minute blood vessels under the skin. 
 
 Cause. Venous congestion of the whole surface of the body, 
 and possible a deterioration of the blood itself 
 
 Treatment. Support the strength, to keep off" typhoid symp- 
 toms ; enrich the blood, and attend to the surface sores. For this 
 purpose, give the following powders, night and morning : Pow- 
 dered sulphate of iron, three ounces; gentian root, two ounces 
 and a half; carbonate of ammonia, four ounces. Mix, and divide 
 into twelve powders, one to be given twice in the da3\ Give, oc- 
 casionally, forty to sixty drops of commercial sulphuric acid in a 
 bucket of cold water. Feed the horse well, and apply to the sores 
 olive oil, three ounces, and creosote, one ounce, once ever\^ 
 second day, and wash the sores twice a week. Horses once at- 
 tacked by this disease are ever after liable to it. 
 
 Pus. — This is the material found in abscesses. Pus may be 
 healthy, or laudable, as it is called. Unhealthy, when it is mixed 
 with blood and lias a stinking smell. Healthy pus is of the 
 thickness and color of cream, and is insoluble in water. 
 
 Putrefaction. — Certain diseases are regarded as putrid, where 
 the discharges have a black appearance and putrid smell. When 
 
— 377 — 
 
 weakness and debility are present, })utrid ulcers spread rapidly. 
 Tlie treatment of putrefaction, in a living animal, should be di- 
 rected to laying open the sores, so as to get rid of the putrid dis- 
 charge before it is absorbed into the circulation. Then wash imme- 
 diately with the solution of the chloride of lime, after which 
 dress the sores with equal parts of olive oil and creosote, and 
 sprinkle them with powdered charcoal. Furnish the horse with 
 good feed to support the strength, and give sulphate of iron and 
 gentian root, two drachms each, night and morning. 
 
 Putrid Fever. — (See Typhosus.) 
 
 Pyemia. — This is a term signifying pus in the blood, acting 
 and setting up fermentations. Examples: Tubercles in the lungs, 
 glanders, farcy, and grease. (All of which see.) 
 
 Quack Medicines. — These are medicines prepared according 
 to private or secret receipts, and are puffed up in newspapers, and 
 private circulars, as infallible cures for most all diseases which 
 can be named, in either man or beast ; either for external applica- 
 tion or internal administration. No subject in medicine has been 
 more fully exposed than the great and absurd pretensions of these 
 medicines. But, notwithstanding all this, the credulity of even 
 the best class of society is great, the readiest victims being found 
 among them. It surely reqtiires no argument to show how dan- 
 gerous must be the indiscriminate use of powerful drugs when 
 compounded by parties who likely never had the slightest oppor- 
 tunity to acquire a medical education, and why such persons can- 
 not cure, by their remedies, diseases which are, or may be, deemed 
 incurable, and have defied the most consummate skill and ex- 
 perience of the veterinary medical world. 
 
 Quinsy. — A name given to sore throat. (See Distemper and 
 Influenza.) 
 
 Quittor. — The term is used in England for a disease in the 
 foot of a fistulous character. (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Rabies. — (See Hydrophobia.) 
 
 Rachitis. — A disease of the bones of young animals, due to a 
 deficiency of earthy matter (lime), which causes the bones to 
 yield, being too soft. In colts of the first year, some will be 
 observed to stand so close at the knees, that one joint touches the 
 other^ which gives the fore legs a curious looking twist, with the 
 
— 378 — 
 
 feet turned out and the knees bent in. Colts so affected soon get 
 well when they are supplied with good, nutritious food, in which 
 the phosphate of lime predominates. Rachitis (pronounced 
 racketisj, in old horses, is seldom seen ; and when it is, it is in 
 the bones of the back or lumbar vertebrae, is characterized by- 
 swellings of an irregular kind, with water oozing from them, and 
 is called hydro-rachitis or spina-bifida. Horses so affected are not 
 fit for work with weight upon the back. (See Deformities.) 
 
 Resolution. — This is the most favorable termination of 
 inflammation, and leaves the inflamed part in the same state or 
 condition in which it was before it was attacked. 
 
 Respiration. — The alternate inspiration and expiration of air, 
 performed for the purpose of exchanging the hydrogen and carbon 
 for oxygen. The air being brought in contact with the blood, as 
 it circulates through the lungs, the oxygen unites with it, and the 
 nitrogen and carbonic acid gas is returned by expiration. The 
 oxygen and some of the inhaled air is united in the lungs with 
 free hydrogen, which is given out from the lungs, and is readily 
 seen issuing from the nostrils on a frosty morning, or when the 
 thermometer is about 40°. 
 
 Revulsion. — A second attack of disease, but in a remote or 
 different part of the body from whictt the first attack had its seat. 
 Example: If an eruption, or the abscess of strangles be repelled 
 from the outside of the body, we will find it attacking an internal 
 organ. (See Metastasis.) 
 
 Rheumatism. — In no disease of the horse are there so many 
 errors and mistakes committed ; not only as to the nature of the 
 affection, but its mode of treatment. Horsemen and horse 
 doctors have not yet learned that there is a difference between 
 rheumatism and founder, whether acute or chronic, and how to 
 distinguish one from the other. The difference between acute or 
 inflammatory rheumatism and acute founder is this: In rheuma- 
 tism there is not only pain, but great fever and excitement, and 
 its seat is in the joints of the legs ; in founder we have pain, but 
 no fever, and the disease is confined to the feet alone. (See 
 Laminitis.) 
 
 In chronic rheumatism there mav be some excuse for such 
 
— 379 — 
 
 mistakes, as there is no fever ; but there is an inability to move, 
 as if the horse was sprained over the loins. (See Lumbago.) 
 
 (1) Acute Rheumatism. — Nothing less but what is called (when 
 man is the subject) rheumatic fever. 
 
 Symj^toms. Great fever, excitement, and irritation, with extreme 
 pam in the legs and joints ; so much so that the stricken horse 
 has not a leg fit to stand upon, and dares not move from the place 
 he occupies, from fear of falling to the ground. In connection 
 with all this disturbance, the horse sweats profusely, and blows or 
 breathes excitedly, having no heat in the feet, as in founder. It 
 will be well to remember this, in forming a correct opinion of the 
 case. In severe cases the whole of the muscles of the body are 
 set to quivering, clearly indicating inflammatory rheumatism in 
 full force and degree. 
 
 Causes. Sudden check to perspiration, by placing heated horses 
 in a current or draught of cold air, thus preventing the transuda- 
 tion through the skin of its formed and natural secretion, which 
 being absorbed by the blood, and acting as a poison, produces 
 inflammation in the sheaths of the tendons, and of the fibrous 
 parts or tissue. 
 
 Treatment. The treatment of acute rheumatism is sometimes 
 unsatisfactorv ; not that it is incurable, but from the fact that the 
 medicines which frequently cure one will not cure other cases. 
 
 Give twenty-five drops of the tincture of aconite root every four 
 hours, till six doses are given. Place the horse in a cool, airy 
 place, with plenty of bedding under him, so as to induce him to 
 lie down ; then lightly cover the body, and apply cold water 
 swabs or loose cloths to the legs, keeping tliem continually wet, 
 from twelve to twenty-four hours. In winter, warm water will 
 answer best. By the time the six doses of aconite have been 
 taken, a great change for the better will have taken place ; so much 
 so, that, in many cases, the horse may be left to nature to complete 
 the cure. But, on the other hand, should the disease take a chronic 
 form, give drachm doses of the powdered meadow saffron seeds 
 twice in the day, and occasional doses of sixty drops of sulphuric 
 acid in half a bucket of cold water. Half ounce doses of the 
 sulphite of soda may be given as an alkali. Do not bleed or 
 purge. 
 
— 380 — 
 
 (2.) Chronic Rheumatism. — I have no hesitation in saying that 
 chronic rheumatism in a joint is one of the most prolific causes 
 of occult or hidden lameness in horses; while this is so, when 
 there are no swellings to point to as a proof of the correctness of 
 your opinion, many will question your judgment. But it is with 
 this, as with many things in the world — time onl}" being required 
 for a thorough development of the fact. 
 
 Treatment of Chronic Rheumatism. Give a few doses of aconite 
 root, followed by the colchicum or saffron seeds, the sulphuric 
 acid and the alkaline, as is recommended in acute rheumatism, 
 but not pushing them to such an active extent. A liniment may 
 be applied to the rheumatic joint or joints composed of chloroform 
 and olive oil, equal parts, to be used once a day, with friction by 
 tlie hand. One part of the tincture of aconite root, may, in ad- 
 dition, be used to advantage with the chloroform. 
 
 (3.) Rheumatism. — Accompanying Diseases of the Throat. This 
 combination is often met with, which is due to the fact that the 
 same serous or fibrous tissue or membrane is affected in each of 
 the diseases. Nevertheless, we do not see cases of throat disease 
 following rheumatism ; from which we derive the fact that those 
 membranes are not capable of reflecting upwards and backwards 
 their sympath}" or feeling as the nerves of the body are. So, 
 therefore, I am inclined to the belief that rheumatism in this 
 form, is the effect of disease in the throat, and not a cause of the 
 disease. 
 
 Treatment. Cure the disease in the throat, and the rheumatism 
 will be deprived of its cause and support. (See Influenza and 
 Gastritis Mucosa.) 
 
 Ring-bone. — This is a serious affection, and consists of a circle 
 of bone thrown out from the underlying bone. Sometimes, in 
 addition to this, the cartilages of the foot are converted into bone, 
 and laid in the form of a circle ; and hence its name, ring-bone. 
 It is most common in the fore legs of heavy, coarse-bred horses, 
 with short and straight up pastern-joints. When it occurs in fine- 
 bred horses, it is usually the hind leg which is affected. Ring- 
 bone does not alwa3"s cause lameness. 
 
 Cause. Hereditary predisposition, from a peculiar formation of 
 pastern-joints, which are found not well adapted to hard work; 
 
— 381 — 
 
 and hence, an effort of nature is set up to strengthen parts which 
 are too weak, by converting an elastic substance into a hard and 
 unyielding mass, and a moving hinge into a fixture. 
 
 Treatment. If it is of recent origin, and the horse is young, 
 much may be done in the way of a cure, by first removing all 
 heat and inflammation wdth cold water cloths wrapped round the 
 parts for three da3^s, taking them off at night. At the end of that 
 time, get one drachm of the bin-iodide of mercury, mix with one 
 ounce of lard, and apply one-half of the salve by rubbing it in 
 well for ten minutes. Tie up the horse's head for a few hours, 
 and the next day wash off with soap and warm water, daily 
 anointing the parts wdth lard or oil for a week; then apply the 
 remainder of the salve in the same way, and proceed as before. 
 In old horses, not much can be done with ringbone, as the bones 
 of old animals contain so much earthy (lime) matter that nothing 
 can act upon it. 
 
 Ringworm. — (See Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Roaring. — A noise made by some horses when put to work. 
 There are many different sounds produced from the same cause, 
 and they are incurable, except when depending upon the presence 
 of tumors, which can be removed. Roaring can be relieved 
 somewhat by placing pads over the faulty nostril. When very 
 bad, an operation called tracheotomy — an opening into the wind- 
 pipe, and keeping a silver tube inserted in it — is sometimes re- 
 sorted to. By this means a draught horse can be kept at work 
 for many 3' ears. 
 
 Round Bone. — (See Hip-joint.) 
 
 Rowels. — An old-ftxshioned operation, consisting in an opening 
 made through the skin for a few inches in length, the skin being 
 raised from its attachments, and a piece of leather fitting the 
 cavity phiced into it, so that a discharge is set up in a day or two. 
 Times were when this unnecessary cruelty was frequently inflicted 
 upon the poor unoffending horse, but in this humane and progres- 
 sive age, we only occasionally meet with the barbarity. Rowels 
 are an abomination, and inflict a scar or blemish, which never 
 leaves the part. The stupidity and ignorance of horse doctors 
 generally, do not allow them to see that the powers of nature are 
 more potent for good in curing the affection than a rowel — to 
 
— 382 — 
 
 which is attributed a j3ower or virtue it never possesses. If I 
 should put in a rowel, it would not be with the view of curing dis- 
 ease or sprain, but simply to secure the horse plent)^ of time in 
 the stable, so that nature could cure the disease herself. 
 
 Ruptures. — The protrusion of some portion of the bowels or 
 intestines out of their proper place. The groin, the navel, sides 
 of the belly, and scrotum, or testicle bag, are the places were rup- 
 tures usually show themselves, and it is the variety of situation 
 that gives rise to the many species of rupture or hernia. 
 
 (1.) Inguinal Rupture. — In the United States, the horses are 
 mosth^ all castrated, which fact accounts for the rare occurrence of 
 this variety of rupture. The operation of castration completely 
 closes the inguinal ring or opening through which pass the sper- 
 matic cord, testes, etc., thus preventing the possibility of rupture 
 in that direction. When this kind of rupture takes place it is in 
 stallions and uncastrated colts, and requires for its cure the cas- 
 tration of the horse or colt by what is called the covered operation, 
 that is, by leaving the tunica vaginalis, or inner covering of the tes- 
 tes entire and uncut, and placing the clamps over it, allowing the 
 testes or stones to fall off, or be removed in two days from the 
 time of operation. As soon as this kind of rupture is observed, 
 have the horse or colt castrated at once. 
 
 (2.) Scrotal Rupture. — This variety of rupture, entirely con 
 fined to the testicle bag, or scrotal sac, is also the affection of un- 
 cut horses, and is caused by relaxation of the fibrous tissue around 
 the inguinal ring. This is a kind of rupture wliich comes and goes, 
 as if it were an intermittent affection. The rupture, or large swell- 
 ing, during rest will entirely disappear, and return during exer- 
 cise, sometimes wdth violence, throwing the horse, perhaps, into a 
 fit of colic, and inducing strangulation and death of the horse. 
 Scrotal rupture is sometimes confined to one side only of the scro- 
 tum. If in time the animid should not die from strangulation of 
 the bowel, the rupture will sometimes increase to an enormous 
 size, hanging far down, and filling up the space in and between 
 the hind legs. 
 
 Treatment. The same as for inguinal hernia. Of course, in both 
 cases, care should first be taken to push back the bowels through 
 the ring into the belly, before removing the testicles. Scrotal 
 
-383- 
 
 ruptiire should not be confounded with hydrocele, or water in the 
 scrotal sac. (See Dropsy.) 
 
 (3.) Congenital Rupture. — This is a species of rupture ob- 
 served at the birth of the foal or colt, and is the least dangerous of 
 all the varieties of ruptures, although the rupture continues to 
 grow and increase in size until the fourth to the six month of the 
 colt's age, and then gradually and progressively disappears alto- 
 gether, If, however, it should not at the end of that time diminish 
 in size and volume, a tolerably stout and tight collar or bandage 
 may be placed around the bod}^ covering the rupture. This band 
 should be kept in place by a broad collar or cloth attached to each 
 side of the body bandage, and passing in front of the breast, with 
 another around the back parts of the hips — thus preventing a 
 backward or forward movement of the body bandage. 
 
 If rupture should occur in a few days after the birth of the colt, 
 it should, to all intents and purposes, be classed as congenital 
 rupture, and be treated accordingly. 
 
 Congenital rupture is the same as what is called by some writers 
 umbilical rupture, which is correct as far as it goes ; but congenital 
 rupture includes not only the navel, but the scrotal also. The 
 navel variety can be most successfully treated by letting it alone ; 
 or, in some cases, by the application of a bandage. When, how- 
 ever, in the scrotum, castration is the only cure, and a bandage in 
 this case would not only be useless, but hurtful to the colt. 
 
 (4.) Ventral Rupture. — This is, when the bowel produces 
 through any part of the belly, excepting at the unbilicus or navel, 
 or any natural opening, and is generally the result of injury or 
 accident, as from a hook from the horn of a cow, or the kick of a 
 horse. The common place where this kind of rupture is usually 
 seen, is on the lower portion of the belly, between the ribs and at 
 the flanks. 
 
 Symptoms. A large, puffy swelling which can be lessened in size 
 and forced into the cavit}^ of the belly again, by merel}^ pressing 
 against it. The skin will be loose when the bow^el is thus pushed 
 in ; and when the pressure has ceased, the enlargement or swelling 
 returns at once, and fills up the loose skin. 
 
 Treatment. In most cases, let the enlargement alone ; as, in 
 nearly all instances, no inconvenience from it will be experienced 
 
^384 — 
 
 by the horse. The only way to reduce such a rupture is, by gath- 
 ering and holding the loose skin, and covering the rupture after 
 the bowel has been pushed into its place by means of long clamps-, 
 like a long vise, till the skin falls off. This cure is worse than the 
 affection it is intended to remedy ; for by breaking the skin the 
 bowels are exposed to the air and the uncertaint}' of the edges of 
 the skin uniting firmly together. This is frequenth^ also, more 
 than can be expected, as the horse is not a rational being, and 
 cannot be told to stand this or that way, in this or that position. 
 If he experiences any pain, he will become restless, and lie down, 
 and roll ; and then what of the nicely adjusted clamps ? In short, 
 the horse will die in a few hours. 
 
 (5.) Rupture. — Of Castration. This variety of rupture some- 
 times follows immediately, or a few days, after the operation of 
 castration. 
 
 Causes. When the rupture occurs as soon as the horse rises 
 from the operation, it is produced by the violence of the strug- 
 gling, or rising with too much of a jerk. When occurring a few 
 days after the operation, the cause may be laid to the w'ound not 
 healing and uniting properly. 
 
 Symptoms. As in colic ; the horse rising, lying down, pawing, 
 rolling, sweating ; high fever and inflammation ; and finally, gan^ 
 grene, or mortification of the parts, and death of the horse. 
 
 General Remarks. The termination of ruptures of all kinds and 
 varieties most to be dreaded, is that condition known as strangu- 
 lation, which occurrence is indicated by the pawing, rolling, 
 sweating, and restive condition of the horse, etc. If not relieved 
 in a very short time, he will die. To reduce strangulation, he 
 must be secured, and fastened ; and all conceivable ingenuity must 
 be exercised to get the bow^els back into their proper place. No 
 rule can be laid down to accomplish this, as some ruptures are re- 
 ducible, and others are not. But the hands of the operator must 
 be well oiled when handling the bowels, and the bowels kept 
 scrupulously clean ; and when they have been successfully placed 
 into their proper cavity, the horse will be at rest, and relieved from 
 pain. To prevent the bowels from returning again, the rupture 
 must be closed by skewers made of iron, or stiff wood, passed 
 through the lips of each side of the wound, half an inch from the 
 
— 385 — 
 
 edge, with waxed cord wound round and over the skewers, in the 
 form of the figure 8. 
 
 Metallic or silver wire is used by scientific veterinary surgeons 
 in securing the edges of the skin of ruptures and injuries to the 
 belly of all domestic animals, as the best and most successful 
 plan. 
 
 Ruptures of the stomach, bowels and diaphragm, are occasion- 
 ally the immediate cause of death in cases of colic. (See Hock, 
 etc.) 
 
 Saddle Galls. — Sores produced by the saddle and other por- 
 tions of the harness, and are best treated by the compound tinc- 
 ture of aloes. When the sores become hard and firm, like warts, 
 use the ointment of iodide of mercury. (See Medicines and Pre- 
 scriptions.) Remove the cause of the trouble by attending to the 
 saddle and harness, and if no fault be found with the stufl^ing of 
 the saddle, cut a hole in the padding sufficiently large to accom- 
 modate the sore without touching it. 
 
 Sallenders. — (See Mallenders.) 
 
 Saliva. — A fluid secreted by the salivary glands, which serves 
 to moisten the mouth, and is swallowed with the food. When 
 horses are feeding, the saliva mixes with the feed, and resolves, 
 dissolves, and changes into a soft mass fit to be swallowed. (See 
 Parotid Duct.) 
 
 Salivation. — This is an increased flow of saliva induced in the 
 horse by mercury and other medicines, and is often seen in horses 
 feeding upon the second crop of clover late in the fall of the year, 
 or after slight frosts ; which fact sufficiently accounts not only for 
 the salvation of, but also afi'ords the reason wh}^ horses so feeding 
 lose flesh and become thin and weak, although apparently feeding 
 upon abundance. 
 
 Second crop clover grows fast, is soft, and full of moisture, while 
 the cool nights arrest its mushroom growth, and the moisture it 
 contains in great quantity is converted from a sweet and nutritious 
 substance into a sour and acidulous fluid, not unlike vinegar or 
 acetic acid. The acid so formed within the clover leaf and stem 
 is pressed out by the act of mastication or chewing, stimulating 
 the fauces of the mouth and the salivar}- glands to a great extent, 
 and taxing the substance of the body for the saliva to meet an 
 25 
 
— 386 — 
 
 enormous demand. Hence, the weakness and loss of flesh of 
 horses so fed. 
 
 Sand Cracks. — (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Sanious Pus. — Pus mixed with water and blood; unhealthy 
 pus. 
 
 Scalds. — (See Burns.) 
 
 Scald Mouth. — (See Mouth Diseases.) 
 
 Scarlatina. — A disease newl}' discovered in light-colored horses, 
 attended b\' sore throat, as in man, and with slight fever and dry 
 skin — the glands of the neck are slightly swollen, and in about 
 two days the lining membranes within the nose and lips become 
 studded with scarlet spots about the size of a garden pea, which 
 run together. In light bay horses will be seen patches from which 
 the hair falls off and is replaced by a coat of a lighter color, thus 
 making the animal look as if he had had an attack of varioloid or 
 small-pox. Scarlatina is an eruptive fever, running a fixed and 
 definite course, and is closely allied to purpura, influenza and 
 strangles (all of which see). 
 
 Treatment. Place the horse in a cool place, and give small doses- 
 of aconite, followed b}^ gentian and carbonate of ammonia. In a 
 few days iron ma}' be added. (See Medicines.) 
 
 Scratches. — (^See Grease, Phagadena, and Frost Bites.) 
 
 Schirrus. — Pronounced sklrrus, and signifj'ing induration or 
 hardening of any structure, but now used only when speaking 
 of cancer. 
 
 Scouring. — (See Diarrhoea.) 
 
 Scrotum. — The bag or skin covering the testicles of the stallion, 
 which is the seat of large watery swellings, as a sequel to debili- 
 tating disease, or disease treated by starving, bleeding, etc. If the 
 swelling does not grow less after extra feed is allowed, and a few 
 iron powders are given, the scrotum will have to be opened a little 
 on both sides to allow the fluid to flow out. Do not mistake the 
 swelling for scrotal rupture. (See Ruptures.) 
 
 Scurf. — A scaly eruption on the skin of badh^-groomed and 
 cared for horses. It is cured by good grooming, good feeding, and, 
 in some cases, a change in stabling. 
 
 Secretion. — The product secreted or separated from the blood. 
 Secreted products are of two kinds : 
 
— 387 — 
 
 (1.) Excretion, or matter separated by animal bodies, and tbrown 
 off on account of tiieir noxious or effete qualities. Examples — 
 the urine, the dung, sweat, and carbonic acid gas from the lungs. 
 
 (2.) Secretion is matter separated from the blood for further use, 
 and for the performance of various actions in the living system. 
 Example — bile, saliva, etc. 
 
 Sedatives. — Medicines which lessen pain, and should, there- 
 fore, be called calmatives. Aconite is the most certain and 
 successful sedative and calmative we have to offer, and will seldom 
 disappoint the highest expectations, if used properly and in good 
 time. 
 
 Serum. — The thin, colorless fluid, which separates from the 
 blood. 
 
 Serous Abscess. — A variety of abscess seen usually about 
 the breasts of horses. It arises from injury followed by the pour- 
 ing of a serum from the blood into the injured part, which, not 
 being absorbed readily, remains there in the form of a large ovoid 
 flattened bag. A blind man, who never saw a tumor, could tell 
 that it contained fluid. Indeed, wherever dropsical swellings are 
 not absorbed, a serous abscess will be formed. 
 
 Treatment. Open it with a knife, making a large opening through 
 the skin, only at the lowest soft part, so the serum will run out 
 without pressing. Inject once or twice with cold water, and 
 anoint the skin with lard to prevent it from cracking or becoming 
 dry. 
 
 Seton. — A piece of tape placed under the skin by means of a 
 needle made for the purpose. Setons are rarely of use, and are 
 often torn violently out, making an ugly sore. 
 
 Shivers. — So called because the horse is seized with tremor of 
 the muscles of the whole body, when any attempt is made to push 
 him back. The tail is erect as in cases of lock-jaw. 
 
 Causes. Tumors on the ventricles of the brain. 
 
 Shoeing of Sound Feet. — Most diseases of the feet, and every 
 stumble are, either directl}^ or indirectly, the result of bad shoe- 
 ing. Horse-shoers have long been in the habit of using the knife 
 and rasp too freely to keep feet sound very long so. When the 
 shoe is carefully removed, the wall or crust, where a well seated 
 shoe should only rest, should be gently rasped to remove frag- 
 
— 388- 
 
 ments of loose horn and old nails. In deep, well-made feet, the 
 sole requires paring out till it is in the form of a cup, but not too 
 thin — the bearing surface, or wall, to be made level for the new 
 shoe. This is all that is required in a sound foot. The frog must 
 be left to fill its functions. Above all, do not let the rasp be used 
 upon the surface of the foot, for it is the skin of the hoof, and by 
 its removal you expose it to every chance in moisture and dry- 
 ness, and leave it weak, dry, porous and brittle. 
 
 The shoe should be a plain one, equally broad and wide from 
 heel to toe, and put on without seating ; for why bring a concave 
 foot in contact with a concave shoe ? The toe should be slightly 
 turned up, and not too short at the heels. The hind shoes should 
 be provided with heels. 
 
 The nail holes should be three on the outside, and two on the 
 inside, and made straight through the iron, and not incline in- 
 wards, and the shoe fitted to the foot, and not the foot to the 
 shoe. 
 
 Dray horses should be shod with tips, or toes and heels, which 
 secure firmness of tread, and greater power when drawing heavy 
 loads, especially in cities with smooth paved streets. 
 
 Shoeing Unsound Feet. — Feet with corns, weak, flat feet, con- 
 vexed sole, and sand or quarter cracked feet, should have shoes 
 well seated : and it is advisable to throw some extra weight upon 
 the frog, for which purpose a bar-shoe should be used. (See Foot 
 Diseases.) Leather soles are useful in weak-soled feet when the 
 horse steps high and is much used upon city streets. One-sided 
 nailing answ^ers well for w^eak heels. Ring-boned animals should 
 be shod with easy fitting shoes, to avoid jarring. Horses having 
 a tendency to navicular or coffin-joint disease should have shoes 
 turned up a little at the toe, with the ground surface of the wall 
 well cut away, and the sole and frog untouched. The art of shoe- 
 ing horses consists in fitting a shoe to the foot of a horse, for the 
 purpose of protecting, and, at the same time, not injuring it. 
 
 Shoulder Lameness. — This is produced b}^ a slip, or side-fall, 
 and is frequent with horses in cities having broad rails laid on 
 the streets for railroad purposes. In wet weather these ra.ils are 
 very slippery ; hence the horse has no foothold, the leg is stretched 
 far out before the animal and the muscles of the shoulders, and 
 
— 389- 
 
 iii some cases the shoulder-joint is involved. A much more 
 serious affair than simple shoulder sprain is the result. 
 
 Shoulder lameness is common to young horses when ploughing 
 in the furrow. 
 
 Sijmptoms. The absence of heat; tenderness, and swelling in 
 an}' other part of the leg or foot. Always find out with certainty 
 where there is no lameness and the situation of lameness will 
 very soon be apparent. Negative and positive symptoms should 
 always be well considered before coming to a final conclusion, as 
 by doing so the situation or trouble is so narrowed down that a 
 mistake can scarcely occur. Shoulder lameness, however, is known 
 by the horse stepping longer with the lame leg, and shorter with 
 the sound one ; and, excepting in very severe cases, the horse will 
 not only point the leg out from the body, but carry it also to the 
 side of the body. Now, in most sprains and diseases in the foot, 
 the leg will be pointed straight out without any side position. 
 
 Take the leg which is lame by the pastern, and gently carry, or 
 pull it straight out from the body of the horse in front, and gently 
 also to the outside; if it should be shoulder lameness, the horse 
 will not only show evidences of pain, but will in many cases, de- 
 pending upon the spirit and animation of the horse, get up from 
 the ground with the sound leg and endeavor to wrest the lame 
 leg from you. 
 
 In very severe cases, when occurring from a bruise, the horse 
 will stand on his toe, which is evidence of contusion of the 
 shoulder. 
 
 Treatment. Absolute and entire rest, warm water cloths ap- 
 plied for two days, followed by cold water cloths, in the same 
 way, and for as many days. Then a sliglit blister of the Spanish 
 fly may be rubbed into the skin of the shoulder, taking care that 
 none of it is put on at the situation of the collar, as it would ren- 
 der the part a little tender for a while by friction om the collar. 
 Take Spanish fly in powder, one drachm ; hog's lard, six drachms; 
 mix, and make an ointment, or salve, and rub tlie better half of 
 it into the skin. Next day wash off with warm water (not hot), 
 and when dry from washing, anoint the bhstered parts with oil or 
 lard, daily, for a week. It is not advisable to put horses to work 
 or even exercise, too soon after getting well from lameness. 
 
— 390-- 
 
 Shoulder-joint Lameness. — This is a more serious form of 
 lameness tlian sprain of tlie muscles of the shoulder. It consists 
 in the softening of the articular cartilages of the joint membranes, 
 and great secretion of unhealthy S3'novia (joint oil), producing 
 bulging of the ligaments (capsular), and covering the joint. It 
 can be detected by making the horse stand upon the lame limb, 
 and by holding up the other one. This is a disease similar to 
 spavin in the hock-joint, which accounts for the unsatisfactory re- 
 sults of treatment. 
 
 SymiJtoms. The horse drags his toe, and throws his leg out at 
 every movement of the limb. 
 
 Treatment. As before stated, this is rather unsatisfactory, from 
 the fact that the cartilages are likely to be destroyed, and the 
 bone underneath apt to become ulcerated; but if taken in time, 
 much good can be done. In many cases, a cure can be effected 
 by the ointment of red iodide of mercury, well rubbed in once a 
 week, for a few times. 
 
 Take of bin iodide of mercury, two drachms ; hog's lard, two 
 ounces. Mix well on the bottom of a dinner plate, or a smooth 
 slate, with a table knife. Of this ointment, take one-fourth and 
 rub well into the joint, tying up the horse's head for a few hours, 
 to prevent his getting at the shoulder with his mouth ; allow soft 
 bedding for the front feet to stand upon, as the horse wnll stamp 
 wath his foot on the floor — for the action of this ointment is con- 
 sidered to be as painful as the hot iron, for half an hour from the 
 time it begins to act till the parts commence to swell from its 
 splendid effects. Hence, firing irons are now not much used, except 
 in the hands of old fogies. Daily, oil or grease the parts for a 
 week, then apply as before, and remember that to get all the 
 benefit of this ointment, it must be well rubbed in the parts. 
 
 Side Bones. — A species of ring-bone; only the side cartilages 
 of the foot are converted into bone, and do not, as in ring-bone, 
 extend round the coronet, or portion immediately above the hoof. 
 The cause and treatment are the same as in ring-bone (which see). 
 
 Sinus. — A long, narrow and ulcerated track, communicating 
 either with the inside of an abscess or diseased bone. (See Fis- 
 tula and Poll-Evil.) 
 
 Sitfasts. — These are liard and insensible tumors, sometimes 
 
— 391 — 
 
 called warbles, and are caused t>y undue pressure from the har- 
 ness. 
 
 Treatment. Rub in, about the size of a bean, of the ointment of 
 red iodide of mercury. (See Prescriptions and Medicines.) 
 
 Skeleton of the Horse, Bones of the. — The skeleton is 
 composed of two hundred and fort3^-seven separate bones, which 
 are united by joints to form the spine, thorax, pelvis, tail, fore and 
 hind extremities. The spine is finished anteriorly by the head, 
 which is divided into the cranium and face, and contains the 
 teeth. Suspended from the head is the os hyoides, which com- 
 pletes the number of bones. Thus : — 
 
 The spine consists of 7 cervical, 18 dorsal, and 6 lumbar ver- 
 tebrae — Total 31 
 
 The thorax is made up of the dorsal vertebrae, with 18 ribs 
 
 on each side, and the sternum in the middle — Total - - 37 
 The pelvis comprises 2 ossa innominata (or illium, ischium, 
 and pubes), and 1 secrum — Total ----- 3 
 
 The tail contains on the average 17 bones - - - - 17 
 
 The fore extremity is made up on each side of the scapula, 
 humerus, os brachii, and 8 carpal bones, 3 metacarpal, os 
 suffraginis, os coronse, os pedis, os naviculare, 2 ossa sesa- 
 moidea — Total on both sides - - - - - - 40 
 
 The hind extremity has the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 6 
 tarsal bones, 3 metatarsals, os suffraginis, os coronse, os 
 pedis, 03 naviculare, 2 ossa sesamoidea — Total - - - 38 
 
 Bones of the cranium - -10 
 
 Bones of the face and lower jaw 18 
 
 Teeth ----- 40 
 
 Bones of the internal ear, 4 in each organ - - - - 8 
 Os hyoides, or bone of the tongue, made up of five sections 5 
 
 Grand total - - - 247 
 
 Skin Diseases. — There are many, and apparently different 
 varieties of skin diseases described by writers, many of which are 
 the same, and produced b}^ the same cause, but present different 
 appearances in different animals_, and in different stages and con- 
 
— 892 — 
 
 ditions of the affection. Wliere the same cause can be properly 
 assigned in producing different diseases, although apparentl}^ dis- 
 similar, the treatment must be the same. Thus, if the acari is the 
 cause of more than one kind of skin disease, of course the treat- 
 ment must be directed to the destruction or removal of this insect 
 or mite, before a cure can be effected ; so, abo, with faulty assimi- 
 lation or digestion, which so often gives rise to skin disease, and 
 which must be improved and corrected before the effect (disease), 
 will cease and be cured. 
 
 (1.) Baldness. — Parts of the skin of the horse become denuded 
 of the hair, occasioned by minute or small pimples, which usually 
 contain a fluid, and burst, or break, carrying the hair with it. 
 These pimples, or small tumors, however, are sometimes vesicular, 
 sometimes popular, and sometimes scaly. They are caused by 
 faulty digestioD, and should be treated by soft feed, or fresh-cut 
 grass. The hair will grow again. 
 
 Baldness is caused by scalds, burns, and blisters ; and where the 
 true skin is not entirely destro3'ed, the hair can be restored by 
 using a weak ointment of iodine — iodine, half a drachm ; hog's lard, 
 eight drachms ; mix, and applv by rubbing with the hand, once 
 every third day, till there are evidences of a growth of hair spring- 
 ing up. Gunpowder and lard have no more power in causing 
 hair to grow, than as much lard, saltpetre, sulphur, and char- 
 coal Vv'ould have; nor is it to be compared to the iodine, because, 
 if iodine does not restore the hair in all cases, it will certainlv dye 
 or stain the skin a dark color, which cannot be washed off; and 
 hence, in dark-skinned horses, is of much use in removing the 
 bare, bald-look of a white spot. 
 
 (2.) Mange, Itch, Psora, or Scabies. 
 
 Cause. The result of an insect breeding and burrowing in the 
 skin, and is called ncari, a variety of mite or animalcule. 
 
 Stjmptoms. At first, a fine crop of pustules, not at this time 
 always seen, about the head and neck, and under the mane. By 
 the horse rubbing himself against whatever he can get at, the hair 
 falls off, and exposes an angrv and red-colored skin, with red 
 points and lines, fissures, wrinkles, or scratches. After this con- 
 dition, we have dryness, scruffiness, baldness, and whitening of the 
 skin, accompanied with great itchiness. 
 
-393 — 
 
 Treatment. The l)esi [)lan for curing this disease in horses, is 
 as follows: Take fine sea-sand, sucli as is used by stable-men for 
 scouring steel bits, and rub the affected parts well for a few min- 
 utes. Then wash the ])arts well with good soap and water, and a 
 brush, after which dry tliem carefully. Then anoint w'ith the fol- 
 lowing ointment : Powdered sulphur, one ounce; hog's lard, two 
 ounces; mix. The following is more cleanly : Liver of sulphur, 
 or hepar of sulphur, two to three ounces; cold water, one quart; 
 mix, and make a wash. This plan, with either of these mixtures 
 properly applied, will not only kill the insect, but will effect a 
 cure. This disease has baffled many who have attempted its cure 
 W'ithout first reaching the insect, by scouring him out of his cov- 
 ering, and killing him with sulphur — a highly destructive article 
 to parasitic life. 
 
 Observe. This disease is contagious. Stall-posts, mangers, har- 
 ness, combs, brushes, etc., used about the horse, should be sub- 
 jected to great heat either by boiling or steaming. Trees, gates and 
 rubbing-posts in the field, should be washed with water, and coated 
 with a mixture of sulphur, lime and water. 
 
 (3.) Eczema. — This is an affection peculiar to some horses during 
 the summer months. By close inspection large numbers of minute 
 elevations, or raised parts, closely joining each other, and filled 
 with a watery fluid, will be observed ; the skin will soon present 
 a red and angry look, the hair be short and dry, accompanied with 
 extreme itchiness — so much so sometimes, that horses so affected 
 become almost unmanageable. The situation of this disease is 
 usually in the hind legs, and is considered hereditary. At all 
 events, when a horse is once attacked by it, it is liable to return 
 again with the warm weather. 
 
 Cause. A peculiar condition of the blood, developed by heat. 
 
 Treatment. This disease in my hands, in several carriage horses 
 which were rendered completely useless in the summer months, 
 has not only been cured, but also prevented from returning, by 
 the administering of half ounce doses of the sulphite of soda, 
 for two weeks previous to the hot weather, once a day. In ad- 
 dition to this, a few bundles of fresh grass, cut from the borders 
 of several gardens, were given. The soda is designed to neutralize 
 ferments in the blood ; and the fresh cut grass to assist b}^ its 
 
— 394 — 
 
 action on the stomach and bowels, and ultimately upon the blood 
 itself. 
 
 (4.) Surfeit. — A disease making its appearance in the spring of 
 the year in fat horses that are short and well built. It is charac- 
 terized by tumors about the size of a grain of Indian corn, cover- 
 ing the whole body as completely as the nettle-rash does that of 
 children, and does not generally cause itching, nor is it, like some 
 skin diseases, contagious. 
 
 Cause. Robust stamina. 
 
 Treatment. Give soft or slop feed composed of bran, cut hay, 
 cold w^ater, and salt, for a few days. Give grass, if it can be had, 
 without any additional feed. A few doses of the sulphite of soda 
 will be of advantage. 
 
 Bleeding and purging have arrested the tumors in their growth, 
 but unfortunately they become permanent fixtures, only to be re- 
 moved by calomel and opium, which cause their absorption. In 
 this event, take calomel, thirty grains ; opium, ten grains; mix, 
 and give once a day for a week or ten days. Good feeding will 
 have to be given. 
 
 Ringworm. — Forrigo, and Favus are names given to this disease. 
 
 Symptoms. Small circular patches, or scales, sometimes running 
 together, forming large crusts and ulcers under them, in which in- 
 sects breed. This is a contagious disease, and is communicated 
 from man to animals, and animals to man. The microscope has 
 shown the presence of fungi in the scab of ringworm, but whether 
 it be merely the effect of the disease, or otherwise, is not at present 
 known. It is, however, more likely to be the cause. 
 
 Treatment. Wash and keep the parts clean, and aim at destroy- 
 ing the fungi. For this purpose remove tlie scab as soon as 
 formed, and apply a solution of oxalic acid to the surface, using 
 fifteen grains of the acid to an ounce of water. Tar ointment, 
 creosote, sulphur, and mercur}', have all been tried; but none of 
 these meet with so much success as tiie solution of oxalic acid, 
 just as recommended. For other diseases of the skin, see Grease, 
 Mallenders, Sallenders, Tumors and Boils. 
 
 Slobbering. — Tliis is traceable in horses to a variety of causes. 
 We may enumerate large doses of aconite, or veratrum ; also sore 
 or scald mouth, and in some cases poisoning. Slobbering from 
 
— 895 — 
 
 eating second crop clover, will be found treated of under the arti- 
 cle Salivation (which see). 
 
 Slough. — The separation of a diseased or dead part from the 
 healthy portion. A slough may be of greater or less thickness, 
 and may include the skin and flesh to a considerable depth — as 
 from the centre of an abscess. (See Gangrene and Mortification.) 
 
 Sores. — Healthy and unhealthy sores occur in, or on, all parts 
 of the body of the horse. Healthy sores are best treated by the 
 tincture of aloes, or myrrh, or simple ointment. (See Medicines 
 and Prescriptions.) Uniiealthy sores should be treated, first, by 
 the application of some caustic, or powdered blue stone, nitrate 
 of silver, or caustic potassa, which wnll make an unhealthy sore a 
 simple and healthy one. To be treated as the above. 
 
 Sore Mouth. — (See Mouth Diseases.) 
 
 Sore Foot. — (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Sore Throat. — (See Catarrh, Cold, and Bronchitis.) 
 
 Sore Back. — Re-stufF the saddle, and apply the tincture of 
 aloes or myrrh. 
 
 Sore Shoulders. — See to the collar, and apply as in sore back. 
 
 Sore Neck. — A variety of this disease presents itself about the 
 place where the collar usually rests and presses when descending 
 a hill in double team. The}^ are very troublesome and difficult 
 to heal, if the horse is kept at work, and cause great irritation and 
 uneasiness. Frequently, when the hand is laid upon it, the horse, 
 if he be a spirited animal, will plunge in the stall, and even kick, 
 how^ever quiet he ma}^ be at other times. 
 
 Treatment. Apply simple ointment, and place a firm but strong 
 piece of leather over it, so that the collar, when put on, can rest 
 upon and slide over it, instead of upon the mane and neck. 
 
 Soundness. — This is when a horse has nothing about him that 
 does or is likel}'^ to interfere with his feeding, working or general 
 usefulness. 
 
 Spavin. — A variet}'' of disease afi*ecting the hock-joint. Spavin 
 is not now^ looked upon as in the days of Oliver Goldsmith and 
 William Shakspeare, because in the minds of those distinguished 
 men, and some of their readers of the present time, spavin is an 
 enormous enlargement of the hock of the horse ; \Vhereas, in some 
 of the worst forms of spavin, there is no enlargement at all, while 
 
— 896 — 
 
 the hock-joint is completely destro3^ed, stiff, or anchylosed. 
 Shakspeare thus refers to Petruchio's horse: "His horse hipped 
 with an old moth}- saddle, the stirrups of no kindred ; besides 
 possessed with the glanders, and, like to mose in the chine, 
 troubled with the lampas, infected with the fashions, full of wind 
 galls, sped with spavins, raied with the yellows, past cure of the 
 fives, stark spoiled with the staggers, begnawn witli the hots, 
 swayed in the back, and shoulder shotten, ne'er legged before, and 
 with a half-checked bit, and a head stall of sheep's leather." 
 
 (1.) Bog Spavin. — This kind of spavin is situated in front of the 
 hock -joint, and is a soft, fluctuating swelling, which rarely ever 
 causes lameness. It is merely an enlargement or distention of the 
 bursal cavit}^ of the joint, and is filled with the natural fluid of 
 the joint, but increased in quantit}^, and possibly in some cases 
 a little changed in quality also. 
 
 (2.) Blood Spavin. — This is the same as bog spavin, but more 
 extensive, and generally involving the hock-joint on its three 
 sides, front, inside and outside, and giving to the limb a thick, 
 rounded appearance, called thoroush-pin (which see). The swell- 
 ing is soft and fluctuating, and indeed there is no perceptible 
 diff'erence in the nature and result of this form of spavin and the 
 preceding variety, be3^ond it being more extensive, interfering, 
 perhaps, with the flow" of blood in the sub-cutaneous (under the 
 skin) vein, which is seen in front, and partly to the side of the 
 joint, adding very little to the general swelling. 
 
 Causes. Hard work and fast driving, especially when horses 
 are young. 
 
 Treatment. The application of the ointment of red iodide of 
 mercury, in the hands of some, has done much good ; but the 
 enlargement is apt to return when the horse is again put to work, 
 from the fact that more joint-oil or fluid is poured out- Acui)unc- 
 turation, or forcing small steel instruments into the swelling to let 
 out the fluid, is sometimes resorted to, after wdiich a bandage or 
 truss is fitted to the part to press out the fluid tliat remains, and 
 to cause the adhesion of the parts together. The difficult}' in 
 curing soft spavin is the danger of opening into a cavity or joint 
 containing oil (synovia). An old way of treating such disease, is 
 by striking the parts with a mallet, so as to break the skin, that 
 
— 397 — 
 
 the fluid can escape ; the blow given to the skin being so great as 
 to set lip adhesive inflammation, and a closure of the opening. 
 
 (3.) Bone Spavin. — Consists in the sprouting out of irregular 
 bony matter from the bones of the joint, preventing their smooth 
 and 23roper action over one another, and causing lameness. This 
 bony growth sometimes attains a good size, and in some cases we 
 find one or two of the bones only involved ; in others nearly all 
 of them are aff'ected. The situation of bone si)avin is on the 
 inside, and in front of the joint. 
 
 Symptoms. AVhen horses are what is called breeding bone spavin, 
 ordinarily persons think and say the lameness is in the hip (see 
 Hock), from the action which is reflected by the muscles of the 
 hip at every movement made by the hock-joint, and from the, fact 
 that there is no enlargement as yet in the joint. The horse is lame 
 on starting, but gets better after a little while, and after standing 
 will start lame again. In the stable he shifts one hind leg after 
 another, and when resting the lame leg, he stands on the toe. 
 Pain and lameness cease when the joint is consolidated, although 
 reniaining a little stiff*. 
 
 (4.) Occult Spavin. — This is a disease similar to bone spavin, 
 the diff'erence being that there is no enlargement of the joint 
 whatever, although tlie bones of the joint are all diseased, immov- 
 able and stiff. This seems to puzzle and perplex horsemen, be- 
 cause they cannot comprehend a bone spavin without an enlarge- 
 ment of the joint outside ; and consequently the poor horse is 
 sometimes blistered and tormented in every part of the leg, but 
 the right place. The cause, results, and effects of this disease are 
 the same as in bone spavin, excepting that there is no enlarge- 
 ment. 
 
 Treatment. For the two varieties of spavin, just described, the 
 treatment should be the same. In young horses, the red iodide 
 of mercury in ointment, is the proper treatment. One drachm of 
 bin-iodide of mercury, and one ounce of lard. Mix, and ap|)ly 
 once in a week, and lard the parts once a day, till the next 
 application. 
 
 Old horses should liave a liniment applied, once every second 
 day to the parts. Oil of olives, two ounces ; oil of turpentine, one 
 ounce ; creosote, one ounce ; mix. This will relieve the pain, and 
 
— 398 — 
 
 to a great degree the lameness. Spavined horses should have an 
 extra allowance of feed, to keep them in condition equal to their 
 more healthy and fortunate neighbors. 
 
 Specks on the Eye. — (See Eye Diseases.) 
 
 Speedy Cut. — This is an injury to the knee from the shoe of 
 the opposite fore-foot, and is prevented by driving slower, and 
 nailing the shoe on one side only. 
 
 Treatment. Apply cold water cloths, and if the swelling does 
 not all go away, follow with the application of the red iodide of 
 mercury, in the form of an ointment, once a week, for a few times, 
 and lard or grease the parts till the next application. Boots are 
 sometimes used as a preventative. 
 
 SpleePx Diseases. — The diseases of this organ are obscure, and 
 chiefly consist of enlargements, tubercles, softening, riq)ture, and 
 tumors. The symptoms attending these affections are not well 
 marked. 
 
 Splint. — A small bony enlargement, situated usuall}^ on the 
 inside of the fore-legs, about midway between the knee and the 
 pastern joint. When splint begins to grow, it sometimes produces 
 lameness by stretching the covering of the bone, which, however, 
 soon accommodates itself to the altered structure. 
 
 Cause. Workinof horses when too vountr, and before the les; and 
 splint bone have become united. Hence, splints disappear when 
 the horse grows older, and the unity of these bones takes place. 
 
 Treatment. One or two applications of this ointment : Red 
 iodide of mercury, or tincture of Spanish fl}^ one ounce ; oil of 
 croton, twenty drops. Mix, and apply with rubbing. 
 
 Sprains. — By this term is meant partial displacement; the 
 twisting of a joint with more or less injury to the articulations, 
 ligaments, tendons and their sheaths. At times small portions of 
 the bones of the joint are separated. Indeed, every variety and 
 degree of severity is to be seen in sprains of different parts. Every 
 joint is liable to sprain, but the usual or more common sprains 
 will be found in the pastern or fetlock joint, shoulder and its joint, 
 hock, stifle, back and loins, flexor tendon, suspensory ligaments, 
 etc., produced by a common cause, such as slipping, falling, over- 
 work, the weight of the body, and not un frequently the load fall- 
 ing upon a part, when not in its proper position for receiving it. 
 
— 399 — 
 
 Symptoms. Pain, heat, swelling, tenderness and lameness, more 
 or less severe, depending on the severity of the sprain, and the part 
 affected. In severe sprains, care must be taken to guard against 
 mistakes, and to form a correct judgment of the nature of the in- 
 jury, whether it be a real or simple sprain, or whether there be 
 fracture or dislocation. 
 
 Treatment. Absolute and entire rest, is the principal point to be 
 attended to in the cure of sprains, for a sprain cannot be cured 
 without rest, no matter what other remedies are employed; and, 
 if there be much fever and excitement about the horse, a few doses 
 of aconite will have to be given. Tincture of aconite root, fifteen 
 drops, given three times in the day for two days, will remove fever 
 and irritation. Then apply warm water cloths for three days fol- 
 lowed by cold water cloths for the same length of time, taking the 
 cloths off at night, as it is necessar}^ that water must be poured on 
 the cloths every hour, or before the warm ones become cold, and 
 the cold ones become warm. After which, the lameness and swell- 
 ing will have ceased : or should this not be tlie case, apply for a 
 few days, once a day, the following liniment : Creosote, one 
 ounce; oil of turpentine, one ounce; oil of olives, two ounces; 
 mix. Be assured the horse is quite well before he is put to work 
 again, as many joint diseases are brought on by mismanaged 
 sprains, which never can be cured. For sprains of different parts 
 of the body see Shoulder and Shoulder Joint Sprains, etc. 
 
 Staggers. — A disease familiar to every horseman, and of a 
 serious character. It presents different symptoms in different 
 horses, depending altogether upon the extent to which the brain 
 and nervous centres are affected, and whether the variety be mad, 
 grass, stomach, or sleepy staggers. 
 
 (1.) Stomach Staggers. — This is an attack of acute indigestion, 
 from overloading the stomach ; digestion is arrested, fomentation 
 is set up, and the evolution or giving off of carbonic acid gas dis- 
 tends the stomach and bowels, and presses on the space allotted 
 for the lungs to play in, depriving them of aerating the bloody 
 thereby affecting the healthy action of tlie brain and nervous 
 centres, and producing death in from twelve to twenty-four hours. 
 
 Treatment. Injections of warm water and soap, and a handful 
 of salt to clean out the bowels, so that the gas can get free passage. 
 
— 400 — 
 
 Arrest fermentation by dissolving two ounces of the sulphite of 
 soda in a little water, and giving it at one dose, the dose to be 
 repeated every hour. Mix eight drachms of powdered aloes in a 
 little warm water, and drench the horse with it to stimulate diges- 
 tion, and open the bowels. 
 
 (2.) Grass or Sleepy Staggers. — A chronic variety of stomach 
 staggers, and should be treated as the above variety. 
 
 (3.) Mad Staggers. — This is inflammation of the brain, and is 
 sometimes called Phreniiis. 
 
 Symptoms. Dullness, followed by excitement and madness. 
 The sleepy stage, or the congestive period passing off, then the 
 madness is seen. The horse unconsciously throws and dashes 
 himself about, and sometimes endeavors to climb up the wall. At 
 times ropes will have to be used to keep him from pulling back, 
 and becoming unmanageable, thereby destroying harness, car- 
 riages, sometimes other horses, and even the stable itself. The 
 power of a mad horse is great, and a painful sight to see. Finally 
 he becomes exhausted, falls and dies. 
 
 Treatment The horse is not icorth saving, and rarely can be 
 saved ; for nothing can, or will, give relief to a mad horse, but 
 bleeding, and this to so great an extent that life does not rally, 
 and the horse dies, a dull, stupid, and immovable mass, unable to 
 eat or drink. The brain is pressed with fluid and lymph, between 
 the pia mater and the arachnoid. 
 
 Remove a mad horse, as soon as possible, from anything of value, 
 or that can be broken or hurt. Especially remove him from other 
 horses, so that he may not injure them. 
 
 Staked. An accident to some portion of the body, but most 
 frequently to the belly, occasioned by lea])ing fences, or it may be 
 by the horn of an ox, cow, or bull. 
 
 Treatment. If the injury be at the belly, the wound having en- 
 tered it to some depth, ascertain, with the finger, whether any 
 portion of the bowels is injured, or has escaped through trhe open- 
 ing. If so, and part of them be torn, sew with small, fine cat-gut 
 (such as is frequently used by fishermen who employ artificial 
 flies as bait), and pass the bowel or intestine into its proper place, 
 closing the wound in the same way as is recommended for rupture 
 of the belly (which see). If the skin is only wounded, treat it as 
 
— 401 — 
 
 for simple sore. If the wound is in a fleshy part, and the skin 
 peeled or torn from the flesh, it had better be clipped off", as it 
 will not unite again, but shrink and dry up ; hence, it is neither 
 advisable to let it hang, nor to attempt to sew it. Trim off" the 
 fragments of loose skin, and treat the wound with a weak solu- 
 tion of blue stone, chloride, or sulphate of zinc. (See Medicines 
 and Prescriptions, and Bleeding Wounds.) 
 
 Stings From Bees, Hornets, etc. — Not unfrequently we hear 
 of horses losing their lives from irritation and fever, originating 
 from the stings of these insects. 
 
 Treatment. Take acetic acid No. 8, four ounces; powdered cam- 
 phor, one ounce ; mix, and dissolve, then rub a portion of the 
 mixture into the parts most aff'ected. The poison, swelling, irri- 
 tation, etc., will be at once arrested. In an hour afterwards, anoint 
 the parts with sweet oil or lard. As acetic acid may not be at 
 hand in an emergency like this, strong table, or white wine vine- 
 gar should be used, without the camphor. Acetic acid of French 
 manufacture is eight times stronger than ordinary vinegar. 
 
 Stifle-joint Lameness. — In the article on Hock-joint I have 
 stated that this form or situation of lameness in the horse is not 
 so common as horsemen and others suppose it to be ; neverthe- 
 less, no part or function can be declared exempt from accident and 
 disease. It is chiefl}^ however, an aff'ection of young colts kept 
 on uneven ground, and arises from the wearing away of the toe 
 of the foot, thus inducing dislocation of the stifle, or patella, 
 which slides ofi" the rounded heads of the bones at every step the 
 animal takes. 
 
 Treatment. Remove the horse to level pasture, and have him 
 shod with a shoe having a projecting piece of iron attached to the 
 toe, which will prevent the bones from sliding out of place and 
 knuckling at every step. 
 
 Stifle Ulceration. — This is a disease of the half-moon shaped 
 cartilages of the joint, and is a serious disease, as all joint aff'ec- 
 tions commonly are. 
 
 Symptoms. The leg is held firmly somewhat in advance of the 
 other, and is thrown outwards at every step. The joint is en- 
 larged, and the capsular ligament very much distended, especially 
 26 
 
— 402- 
 
 when the animal's weight is thrown upon it, by holding up the 
 sound leg. 
 
 Treatment Not satisfactorily ; as ulceration is generally pro- 
 gressive in its character, and frequently destroys the heads of the 
 bones. But the ointment of red iodide of mercury may be tried. 
 
 Bin-iodide of mercury, one drachm; hog's lard, one ounce; 
 mix, and apply by rubbing with the hand, once a w^eek, for a 
 month. Lard or oil the parts daily, between each application. 
 
 Stomach Diseases. — (See Gastritis, Mucosa, Staggers, Colic 
 and Enteritis.) 
 
 Stone in the Bladder. — Are those concretions named calculi^ 
 formed in the bladder from a diseased condition of the urine. 
 
 Syjiiptoms. Pain, an occasional stoppage in the stream of the 
 urine before all is passed, and a straddling gait. 
 
 Treatment. In the province of surgery. 
 
 Strains. — (See Sprains.) 
 
 Strangles. — This is an eruptive fever, characterized by swelling 
 in and between the bones of the lower jaw, terminating in an abscess. 
 
 Cause, A specific poison in the blood, which few, if any, liorses 
 that live ten j^ears, ever escape. It especially attacks young 
 horses, but is often seen in those of increased years. Sometimes, 
 the enlargement or abscess of the strangles is seen on the side of 
 tlie face, and even on other portions of the bod}^ 
 
 Treatment. Give the horse grass, or soft feed, and little or no 
 medicine. The appetite will return when the abscess is opened, 
 or breaks of itself. This is the great secret in the treatment of 
 strangles. Do not poultice the swelling, as it will only thicken 
 the skin. If anything is to be done to hasten the abscess, rub in a 
 little of the ointment of Spanish fly. (See Medicines and Pre- 
 scriptions.) 
 
 Stranguary. — This is a name given to the urine, when mixed 
 with blood, and when pain is present while the horse is urinating. 
 
 Cause. Irritation of the bladder or kidneys, or both, from the 
 use of the Spanish fly, either in the form of a blister, being too 
 extensive, or too near the loins and kidneys; also, from the fly 
 being given in an improper manner or in too large doses. 
 
 Syrti'ptoms. Frequent desire to ])ass urine, which is in small 
 quantities, and bloody. Pain, irritation and fever are present. 
 
— 403 — 
 
 Treatment. To remove the pain, give twenty drops of the tinc- 
 ture of aconite root every tliree hours, together with plent}^ of 
 cold water to drink; also flaxseed tea, to horn, or drench down 
 the throat of the horse, and sheath the parts from irritating sub- 
 stances. Take equal parts of good mustard and flour, mix with 
 warm water, make into a soft paste, and lay over the region of the 
 kidneys, or small of the back, occasionally moistening it with 
 warm water and covering it with a dry cotton or linen cloth. 
 
 Strangulation. — This is a term applied to a part which is 
 tightened, contracted or closed. Strangulation and stricture are 
 terms im])lying different degrees of the same phenomena. Thus 
 we speak of strangulation of the bowels from rupture, and of the 
 glottis or head of the wind-pipe, when, from some cause or other, 
 it is closed. Death of the horse is the result, if no opening be 
 made lower down in the wind-pipe, to admit atmospheric air. 
 Stricture is that condition of the wind-pipe or glottis which when 
 contracted or pressed upon by enlargement of the glands of the 
 neck, or thickening of its own membrane, diminishes the space 
 or width of its calibre, giving rise to thick wind and increased 
 breathing and cough. 
 
 Stringhalt. — This is an affection of the hind leg, and it is 
 known from the peculiar way in which the hind leg oi' legs are 
 raised from the ground — a quick, spasmodic jerk. 
 
 Qmses. These are twofold. First. The loss of nervous influ- 
 ence, whereby the extensor pedis muscle — andpossibl}^ some others 
 — is deprived of its proper power. Second. The peculiar anatomi- 
 cal articulation and general structure of the hock-joint of the horse 
 are such that when the leg of a dead horse is stripped of its mus- 
 cles the ligaments are not disturbed at all ; and if the legs above 
 and below the hock be caught hold of by the hands, and the leg 
 straightened out, the moment the hands are taken from it, it will 
 spying into a bent position, thereby imitating stringhalt, as near 
 as can be. Thus the balance of power is not equal ; the articu- 
 iary ligaments of the hock are stronger than the muscles of the 
 thigh. Hence, the moment the horse lifts his foot from the 
 ground, the leg is snatched up by the i)Ower of the articulating 
 ligaments. 
 
 Treatment. Restore the lost nervous influence ; thereby the 
 
_404 — 
 
 muscles of the thigh are to be brought into healthy action. This 
 will best be done by good feeding, and one grain of strychnia nux 
 vomica given daily, for six weeks, in the horse's feed. 
 
 Stumbling. — Veterinary writers are nearly all silent on this 
 subject, while those who say anything about it call it a habit. In 
 this we cannot coincide with them, but regard it as a nervous af- 
 fection — a nervous debility resulting in atony of the flexor mus- 
 cles of the shoulder. A stumbler is unsafe, either for riding pur- 
 poses, or for use in single harness when attached to a two-wheeled 
 vehicle. Can such an animal be classed as sound f We think not! 
 
 Sunstroke, Coup de Soleil. — This disease of late years has 
 become of such frequent occurrence, that although not mentioned 
 bs" previous veterinary writers, it demands a notice from us. The 
 chief symptoms are exhaustion and stupidity, the animal usually 
 falling to the ground and being unable to go further. 
 
 To prevent it, allow the horse at short intervals a few mouth- 
 fuls of water, and fasten a wet sponge over the forehead. The sun- 
 shades now used by extensive owners of horses, will go very far 
 in lessening the occurrence of this affection. 
 
 The following treatment^ when attended to at once, in the major- 
 ity of cases, will prove effectual. 
 
 First. Remove the horse from the harness to a cool, shady place. 
 Second. Give two ounces of sulphuric ether ; twenty drops of 
 the tincture of aconite root, and a bottle of ale or porter as a 
 drench to sustain the vital powers, and to act as a powerful stim- 
 ulant in equalizing the circulation throughout the body ; whilst. 
 Thirdly. Chopped ice should be placed in a coarse towel, cloth or 
 bag, and laid between the ears and over the forehead, secured in 
 any way the ingenuity of the person in charge ma}^ suggest. If 
 the legs be cold, bandages will be of advantage. Do not put the 
 horse to work again until he is completely restored. Dumbness is 
 the usual result of sunstroke — a species of coma — for v/hich there 
 is no cure. Horses so affected are of little use in warm weather, 
 but are useful in winter. 
 
 Suppuration. — This signifies the secretion of pus, and is one 
 of the terminations of inflammation. 
 
 Symjitoms. Whenever suj^puration is going on to any extent in 
 or on the body of the horse, a shivering fit, similar to a chill, will 
 
— 405 — 
 
 or may be seen, followed in a day or so, either by the discharge of 
 a yellow pus from the nose, or the formation of an abscess on some 
 portion of the bod}- . Suspect suppuration when rigors and shiver- 
 ing occur, especially after accidents of whatever kind. 
 
 Treatment. First. Support the strength of tlie horse by good 
 feeding, whereby the process will soon be over, and without any 
 complication with it. Second. Do not physic or bleed, for those 
 measures would prevent the process of suppuration from going on 
 in its original place, and, perhaps, drive it to another. (See Met- 
 astasis.) 
 
 Surfeit. — (See Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Swelled Legs. — (See Grease, Sprains, Debility, and Dropsy.) 
 
 Swellings. — These are of different kinds — the hard, inflam- 
 matory swelling caused by injury, suppuration, and diseased bone; 
 the soft and fluctuating swelling, which is generally circumscribed, 
 and seen in diseases of the joints, as blood spavin, etc., and con- 
 tain joint oil; the dropsical, or soft and Tion-inflammatory swell- 
 ing of many and different parts of the bod}^ at one and the same 
 time. Each must be treated according to the cause of the swell- 
 ing. (See Farcy.) 
 
 Sweenie. — This word or name is so deeply buried in obscurit}^ 
 that researches in every quarter have failed to discover its origin, 
 or secure to it a satisfactory resurrection. It applies, however, 
 when used by horsemen, to a falling away or shrinkage of the 
 muscles of the shoulder and indicates not so much a lameness in 
 the shoulder as it does a disease elsewhere — in the foot or leg, as 
 corns and diseases of the pastern joint. Atrophy should be sub- 
 stituted for sweenie, as it is generally sympathetic, and, moreover, 
 means that the body or a part is diminishing in bulk. 
 
 Treatment. Remove the cause of atrophy or sweenie, and the 
 effects will pass awa3^ 
 
 Sympathy. — That condition which is developed in one part of 
 the system or body of an animal, although not of itself a disease, 
 but is the result of disease or accident happening to some other, 
 or remote portion of the body. This sympathy is communicated 
 through and by the nervous system. A nail in the foot, or a 
 broken bone, is immediately followed by sympathetic fever, and 
 general disturbance of the whole system. Herein lies the great 
 
— 406 — 
 
 difiference between animal and vegetable life. A branch of a bush 
 or a tree can be lopped off without any disturbance to the life or 
 health of the main trunk. No such immunity exists in the animal 
 creation. 
 
 Synovia. — A clear, colorless and viscid fluid, secreted by the 
 lining membrane of the joints, for the purpose of preventing 
 friction, and allowing an easy motion of the heads of the bones 
 over one anotiier. Synovia sometimes changes in quality, becomes 
 thinner and gives rise to swellings of the joints. (See Blood and 
 Bog Spavin.) 
 
 Synchronous. — This name is applied to the action or beat of 
 the heart, when it is in time with the beat or pulsation of an 
 artery. 
 
 Systole. — The movement or contraction of the heart, as the 
 systolic murmur. 
 
 Tabanidce. — A species of flies which are a great annoyance to 
 horses. 
 
 Tabes. — Wasting of the muscles of the body. (See Mesen- 
 terica.) 
 
 Talpae. — A wart-like tumor, easily removed with a sharp pair 
 of scissors. 
 
 Teeth. — (See Mouth Diseases.) 
 
 Tetanus. — (See Locked-jaw.) 
 
 Tetter. — (See Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Thick Wind. — (See Heaves and Broken Wind.) 
 
 Thick Leg. — (See Grease and Farcy.) 
 
 Thiselo.— (See Fistura.) 
 
 Thoroughpin. — An affection of the hock -joint, accompanying 
 bog and blood spavin, characterized by soft, fluctuating swellings, 
 containing fluid or joint oil in increased quantit\% and an altered 
 quality. 
 
 Treatment. The same as for bog or'blood spavins (which see). 
 
 Thread Worms. — (See Worms.) 
 
 Throat Diseases. — (See Bronchitis, Cold, and Catarrh.) 
 
 Thrush. — See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Thrombus. — (See Jugular Vein.) 
 
 Thumps. — This is spasm of the diaphragm, or the curtain 
 
— 407 — 
 
 which hangs down and separates the cavity of the abdomen, or the 
 belly from the chest. 
 
 Cause. Over driving and oppression, paralyzing the accessory 
 nerve, and hence the flapping of the diaphragm. 
 
 Treatment. Place the horse in a cool, airy place, and allow him 
 plenty of cold water, and if the noise, after an hour or so, does 
 not subside, give two bottles of ale or porter as a drench. 
 
 Tongue, Laceration of the. — (See Mouth Diseases.) 
 
 Tonics. — (See Medicines and Prescriptions.) 
 
 Toxicology. — (The science of poisons, and their antidotes.) 
 
 Tracheotomy. — An operation to open the windpipe, in cases 
 of closing of the tube by tumor, or thickening of its membrane. 
 It is an operation rarely required, and moreover, not to be 
 attempted by a non-professional person not acquainted with the 
 art and science of surgery. Therefore, we will forego a description 
 of it. 
 
 Transfusion. — This is the act or operation of transferring the 
 blood of one living animal into the vascular system of another by 
 means of a tube. The effect of transfusion is almost instan- 
 taneous. 
 
 Tread. — (See Foot Diseases.) 
 
 Trepanning. — This is an operation for opening into the bones 
 of the head or face to elevate or raise a portion of bone which 
 from accident has been depressed or fractured. The instrument 
 used for this purpose is called a Trephine. 
 
 It is designed to cut out a circular portion of the bone, so that a 
 smooth piece of iron is inserted in the hole, and used as a lever to 
 raise the depressed portion to its proper level. 
 
 Trismus. — ^^(See Locked-jaw.) 
 
 Tubercles. — (See Glanders.) 
 
 Tumors. — Tumors may be defined as circumscribed swellings 
 of different sizes, without inflammation, and differing from one 
 another, according to their situation and their nature. 
 
 (1.) Encysted Tumors. — This is a variety of tumors often seen 
 about the side of the nose of the horse. It is about the size of a 
 pullet's egg, soft, and elastic to the touch, with no heat, inflamma- 
 tion, or soreness of any kind. 
 
 Cause. Closing of the sebaceous openings of the part. Hence 
 
— 408 — 
 
 the elevation, swelling and filling np of that portion of the skin 
 which contains the sebaceons or suet-like matter. 
 
 Treatment. Open the part with a knife, and inject for a few 
 times into the inside of the tumor a teaspoonful of the tincture of 
 iodide, to kill the walls of the cyst. The surgeon sometimes cuts 
 these tumors out in the form of a soft ball without opening them. 
 This requires a steady hand. 
 
 (2.) Encephaloid. — This term means a brain-like tumor, so 
 named from its structure being like that of the brain. It is one 
 of the kinds of cancers which sometimes attack the horse, but is 
 more frequently seen in the dog and ox. 
 
 Cause. A specific poison in the blood, not as yet well under- 
 stood. 
 
 Symptoms. It is solid, hard, irregular in shape, and knotty, with 
 no hair upon its surface, and presenting a smooth and shining 
 aspect. These tumors grow rapidly, and finally break on the top, 
 presenting an angry and malignant sore or ulcer, which cannot be 
 healed without first removing the entire tumor with a knife, and 
 treating it as for a simple sore. 
 
 (3.) Fibroma. — This is a fibrous or warty-like tumor, familiar 
 to most persons, and is attached chiefly to the skin only. 
 It is troublesome only in so far as it is apt to bleed, thereby 
 keeping up a degree of irritation — especially in warm weather, 
 because of the sweat and flies. 
 
 Treatment. Those persons who have not sufficient nerve to cut 
 them off" with the knife can take arsenic, one drachm ; hog's lard, 
 four drachms; mix, and make an ointment; rubbing in and 
 around the tumor, once a week, a small portion of the salve. In 
 a short time it will fall off". 
 
 (4.) Fatty Tumor. — This is a variety of tumor of frequent 
 occurrence in horses, and is composed of fat, as its name indicates. 
 It is sometimes called adipose and lipoma by the surgeons of 
 continental Europe. 
 
 Symptoms. A round, ovoid shape, with a firm feel, but not 
 hard nor elastic, or at least not so much so as the encysted form. 
 
 Treatment. Take a sharp knife, and after getting a twitch upon 
 the horse's nose, and one of the fore legs held up, make a straight 
 cut ovei the centre of the tumor through the skin onl3\ Then 
 
— 409 — 
 
 roll out the ball of fat with the ihigers ; the knife here is of no 
 use. The simply opening the skin, and rolling out the fatty 
 tumor, is called occulsion, and when cleverl}^ done looks well. 
 
 (5.) Cancerous. — (See iMelanosis.) 
 
 (6.) Mp:llanoid. — (See iMelanosis.) 
 
 (7.) Bony Tumors. — A si)ecies of tumor attacking the bone, and 
 is called osteo sarcoma (which see). When attacking the head, it is 
 called osteoporosis (which see). 
 
 (8.) Varicose. — The horse is not often the subject of varicose 
 tumor of tlie veins, simply from the fact that no garters or other 
 ligatures are tied around the legs, interfering with a free circulation. 
 The saphena major, however, is tlie only vein liable to varicose, 
 arising from bulging of the hock-joint, and in cases of bog and 
 blood sj^avin, and thorough-pin (which see). 
 
 Tympanitis. — This term means drum-belly, such as occurs in 
 cases of flatulent colic (which see). 
 
 Typhia. — Typhinia. — Typhus. — These are continued fevers, 
 and are lit up and fed by a specific zymotic matter in the system 
 which is generated when horses are badly fed and crowded together 
 in an inadequate supply of air. The fevers of glanders, farcy and 
 pyemia are good examples. The seeds of the disease can only be 
 got rid by the effectual destruction of the typhinia — its existing 
 ferment or leaven. — (See Glanders.) 
 
 Typhoid. — A low form of disease, accompanied with fever. 
 Example : Influenza, or catarrhal fever. (See Influenza, and 
 Gastritis Mucosa.) 
 
 Typhosus. — A species of fever at present, perhaps, not very 
 clearly defined, and consequent upon changes that have taken 
 place in the blood of horses — a blood disease resulting in nervous 
 prostration. It is comparatively a new disease, and is, in different 
 parts of the country, called and known by various names, 
 according to the chief symptom there observed. It is known in 
 New York as cerehro spinal-meningitis by those who have seen the 
 disease, because it is thought to be like when a man is affected in 
 the meninges — or membranes which envelop the brain and the 
 spinal marrow — producing choJcing, distemjjer, putrid fever, paralysis 
 of the par-vagum, or pneumogastric nerve, on account of the chief 
 
— 410 — 
 
 symptom being the inability of the horse to at least voluntarily 
 swallow. 
 
 The Symjytoms of this affection in the horse are at first or in the 
 early stage very latent or hidden. The chief of them is in the 
 quiding of tlie food, as the holding it in the mouth and refusing 
 to swallow ; also, by placing a bucket of water or otiier fluid within 
 reach of a horse so affected, when he will place his mouth into and 
 agitate it, going through the process of deglutition or swallowing 
 without consuming. The inability to swallow continues for some 
 days, w^hen, from loss of sustenance and change in the circulating 
 fluid, the horse lies or falls down exhausted. It should be 
 observed that while the horses on Long Island, and on the Dela- 
 ware flat lands could not voluntaril}^ swallow, they were enabled 
 to do so when drenched out of a bottle, with their heads elevated. 
 This peculiarity, however, may be ascribed to gravitation having 
 its own way, and to relaxation of the paralyzed muscles of deglu- 
 tition, which, though offering no assistance, interpose nothing. 
 Those cases that seem to live but a few days, as is related by some 
 persons, die because the symptoms are not observed until weak- 
 ness and consequent inability to stand force themselves to recog- 
 nition. There are other symptoms that we might mention, but 
 they are alike common to all diseases of an asthenic or low or 
 depressed type. It is a disease wherein the vis vitse is extremely 
 low, and it is consequently very fatal — time not being allowed in 
 many instances for the treatment to supply, through it and the 
 vis a Tergo, the elements of nutrition. 
 
 Treatment. In a disease of this kind, where nervous force is 
 almost gone, we suggest the diffusible and more fixed stimulants, 
 with carminatives and tonics — which are embraced in the follow- 
 ing formula, to be given, mixed in a bottle of cold water, five times 
 in the twenty-four hours: — Powdered carbonate of ammonia, 
 three drachms; powdered capsicum, two drachms; powdered 
 pimenta berries, four drachms; tincture of nux vomica, twenty 
 drops ; mix. Drench the horse with cold water several times daily, 
 adding sixty drops of commercial sulphuric acid to assist in sus- 
 taining the flagging powers of life. Corn meal may also be given 
 in the same way, and for a like purpose. 
 
 By way of experiment, galvanism or electricity may be em- 
 
— 411 — 
 
 ployed over a blistered surface made along the pneumogastric 
 nerve on each side of the neck. Injections indermically — under 
 the skin — with strychnine, may result in gaining time for other 
 measures to become effectual as a cure. 
 
 The cause of this disease in horses does not differ, we think, 
 materially from those that give rise to like diseases in men ; for on 
 the shore opposite to Long Island in 1867, and at the very time 
 horses were affected with tlie disease, over 400 deaths were re- 
 corded in the human family from an affection similar to paralysis. 
 
 The 'prevention of this disease, like many others that affect 
 domestic animals, is more easily accomplished than the cure. 
 Use dry stables; also good feed, in which a drachm or two of the 
 sulphate of iron, or five grains of arsenic should be mixed, and 
 given once daily, when such diseases are in the vicinage, for eight 
 to ten days at a time. 
 
 Ulcers. — I do not intend to speak of internal ulcers, as of the 
 brain, chest or bell}' — they being beyond the skill of the most 
 learned, much less the non-professional reader — but will confine 
 myself to external ulcers, as of the skin and flesh. 
 
 (1.) Healthy Ulcers. — These are generally the result of an 
 accident, or incision with a knife or other instrument. Every sore 
 which does not heal by what is called the first intention, but sup- 
 purates, is called a healthy ulcer. 
 
 Treatment. Most healthy ulcers will heal of themselves : at most 
 all that is required to be done, especially in warm weather, is to 
 keep the granulations (which see) from growing too fiist, and 
 above the level of the skin: and for this purpose apply a solution 
 of blue stone, or chloride of zinc as follows : Chloride of zinc, four 
 grains ; rain water, one ounce ; mix. Or, powdered blue stone, two 
 drachms; rain water, eight ounces ; mix. One of these mixtures 
 maybe applied once a day, just sufficient to moisten the sore, and 
 keep proud flesh down. The simple ointment of the drug stores 
 is a good healing salve, and should always be in the house and at 
 hand. 
 
 In neglected sores, and when proud flesh has grown up above 
 the level of the skin of the healthy part, take a stick of caustic 
 potassa, and hold one end wath a piece of cloth, or stick one end 
 in a goose-quill, and touch the sore with the other end of the 
 
— 412 — 
 
 caustic a few times, till the proud flesh turns black. Repeat at 
 another time, if necessary. Keep the caustic in a tightl}'- corked 
 bottle, or else it will be dissolved into fluid when next wanted. 
 
 Sewing the lips of wounds and sores together is not now much 
 practised, as the stitches are apt to rot, and the parts swell, in 
 consequence of which the sewing gives way, thereby aggravating 
 the sore. 
 
 Adhesive plaster is also not advisable, as, when it is put on over 
 the sore, it prevents the proper fluids thereof from being dis- 
 charged, and the moisture serves to loosen the plaster. 
 
 (2.) Indolent Ulcers. — This variety of ulcer or sore usually 
 attacks the skin of the legs and heels of horses (see Phagadena, 
 Grease, and Farc}^), eating down into or below the surrounding 
 surface. It is covered with a whitish-gray matter, and, in some 
 few cases, small red spots are seen looking through the white cov- 
 ering. These are granulations, and are possibly unhealthy ones. 
 (See Frost Bites.) 
 
 Cause. A bad habit of the body and blood ; poor feeding, and 
 debility. 
 
 Treatment. Apply powdered blue stone to the ulcer, to eat ofl" 
 the unhealthy surface. Then apply a poultice for the night, made 
 of any soft, moist material — say boiled turnips, carrots, or bran 
 and flaxseed meal, made with a little warm water. The face of the 
 poultice should be covered with powdered charcoal or brewer's 
 yeast. Continue the treatment with an occasional poultice, and 
 tlie solution of blue stone. 
 
 Feed the horse well, and give half-ounce doses of the sulphate 
 of soda, once a day, to purify and enrich the blood. 
 
 (3.) Irritable Ulcer. — Example : Sores on the pastern-joint 
 irritated by the flies, heat and sweat of summer. 
 
 Symptoms. Cannot be touched without they bleed ; angry-look- 
 ing, and very sore: highly inflamed, and extremely vascular. 
 
 Treatment. Difficult to cure during warm weather, but easily 
 healed in moderate weather, when there are few or no flies. 
 
 Dress the sore with oil of olives, one ounce ; creosote, lialf an 
 ounce ; oil of turpentine, half an ounce ; mix, and apply to the 
 sore with a piece of soft cloth, once a day. Do not let any of the 
 mixture run down on the hair, which will, if so treated, fall off". 
 
— 413 — 
 
 Urinary Calculi. — (See Stone in the Bladder.) 
 
 Urine, Bloody. — (See Hsematuria.) 
 
 Varicose. — The enlarged vein on the hock -joint, caused by 
 boi2; and blood spavin. (See Spavins and Tumors.) 
 
 Venesection. Bleeding by opening a vein. 
 
 Ventilation. — Fev/ persons are aware of the vast importance 
 of pure, fresli air in the maintenance of health, and the preven- 
 tion of disease, in both man and beast. However necessary pure 
 air is in health, it is still more so to an animal when sick from 
 fever and disease; and indeed there are diseases in which no 
 treatment can or will be successful, no matter how skilfully di- 
 rected, without pure fresh air, and cold water to drink. Show me 
 a badl}^ ventilated stable or barn, and I will show you in the 
 spring of each year horses fevered and diseased. (See Disinfec- 
 tants.) Coughs, colds, lung fever, influenza, grease, scratches, farcy 
 and glanders, are the results of bad ventilation. 
 
 Who has not heard with horror of the Black Hole at Cal- 
 cutta, in which one hundred and forty-six men were confined for 
 a few hours without ventilation, and onl}^ twenty-three survived 
 the short confinement! Horses were confined only for a few 
 hours without ventilation, in the case of two military expeditions 
 sent out by England — one to Quiberon, and the other to Varna — 
 in which the hatches of the ships were put down, and only for a 
 short time, but sufficiently long to produce glanders in almost 
 every horse. Hence, it will be perceived that, without good ven- 
 tilation, a high standard of general health cannot be maintained 
 very long. 
 
 Vives. — A term given to bastard, or an irregular variety of 
 strangles. (See Strangles.) 
 
 Warts. — (See Tumors.) 
 
 Warranty. — A form of certificate given on the purchase or 
 payment for a horse. There is nothing mysterious, nor yet of 
 much importance, as to the form of a warrant}^ The best forms 
 amount to nothing, in the eyes of the law. Horses are like other 
 merchandise. If not as represented, damages or difference in 
 value can be obtained by a j)rocess of law, providing the seller 
 can be found, and has property which can be levied upon. 'Tis 
 true, in such a case, an action in tort may be brought whereby, if 
 
— 414 — 
 
 payment is not made, he can be sent to prison for a while, or till 
 he can claim the benefit of the insolvent act. 
 
 Few persons will bring an action at court for swindling or get- 
 ting money under false pretences, by horse dealing, for it will be 
 difficult to maintain such an action, and get a verdict upon it. 
 (See Soundness.) 
 
 Warbles. — rSee Skin Diseases.) 
 
 Water Farcy. — (See Dropsy and Farcy.) 
 
 Weeping Eye. — As its name indicates, this is a flow of tears 
 from the eye down the side of tlie face, instead of through their 
 proper channel. 
 
 Causes. Obstruction in the lachrymal sac, or nasal duct, from 
 a disease called fistula lachrymalis. 
 
 Treatment. This is the province of the surgeon and anatomist. 
 
 Wens. — The common name for external tumors. 
 
 Wheezing. — This is a sound given from a horse having en- 
 larged glands, or thickening of the membrane of the wind-pipe, 
 or the glands pressing upon the head decreasing its calibre. Whist- 
 ling is caused by the same alteration of structure in the wind-})ipe. 
 
 Whirl- Bone, a Sprain of the. — (See Sprains and Hock.) 
 
 Wind Galls. — Are soft but elastic swellings or enlargements. 
 They are non-inflammatory in character, and are produced by the 
 same cause, governed by the same laws, and present the same 
 phenomena as bog, blood spavin, and other enlarged or distended 
 bursa of joints, which are all produced by, and are evidences of, 
 hard work. No treatment for them will be satisffictory, as they 
 will return again, even if they have been removed. 
 
 'Wind- Sucking. — (See Crib-biter.) 
 
 Worms. — The worms which inhabit the body of the horse are 
 of many varieties. Some of them are harmless, while others in- 
 terfere with his health. They are, 1st, The bot or oesirus equi, found 
 inhabiting the stomach. 2nd. The xstrus Hsemorrlioidalis or Fun- 
 damental bot found in the rectum, and often seen about the anus, 
 and under the tail. 3rd. The strongylus, and Filaria, found in 
 the aorta, and other blood vessels. 4th. The ascarides vermicukms, 
 found in small cells within the mucous covering of the coecum, or 
 blind gut. 5th. Filaria, found in the aqueous humor of the eye. 
 
 (1.) Stomach Bot. — These worms are the result of turning 
 
— 415 — 
 
 horses out to pasture in the summer months, and are produced 
 from the eggs laid or glued to the fore legs of the horse hy the bot fly. 
 
 Symjitoms. An unthrifty coat, and loss of flesh after a run nt 
 grass, may be taken as an indication that bots are present within 
 the stomach. 
 
 Treatment. Improve the condition of the horse, so that the de- 
 bilitating effects of the bots' presence may not interfere with the 
 general health and condition of the horse ; for it must be borne in 
 mind that no medicine can, or will, dislodge or destroy these para- 
 sites short of killing the horse also. Once the eggs are in the 
 stomach, which seems to be the natural nursery both for their pro- 
 tection and the propagation of their species, they cannot be re- 
 moved by force. In one year from the time the eggs are taken 
 into the stomach, will the bot be a perfect chrj^salis, and will fall 
 from the coats of the stomach, and be expelled with the excreta 
 or dung. In a short time after, it will be provided with ivings, and 
 fly about, commencing the propagation of its species which must 
 pass through the same period of probation or incubation as its 
 progenitors. Give iron and gentian, in addition to good feeding, 
 to prevent the bots from debilitating the animal too much. Take 
 powdered sulphate of iron and gentian root, each three drachms ; 
 mix, and make one dose, to be repeated twice a week. 
 
 (2.) Fundamp:xt Bot. — Like that of the stomach, but also the 
 result of a run to the grass. Instead of the eggs being deposited 
 upon the legs, they are stuck to the muzzle or lips of the horse, 
 and are the color of the skin, hence not often seen. 
 
 Syynptoms. The following year, during the summer months, the 
 lai'va of this species will be seen sticking about the anus and 
 under the tail, which in spirited horses prove a source of great 
 uneasiness and irritation. 
 
 Treatment. Injection of linseed oil, or tobacco smoke. 
 
 (3.) Strongylus. — This variety, and a species of Filaria, are 
 sometimes found in the blood vessels, and are similar in eff*ects 
 produced in the horse, to those seen in sheep affected with rot. 
 
 Cause. Feeding on wet and marshy land, and pasture having 
 been flooded with water. Who has not heard of the effects pro- 
 duced from this cause, in animals grazed upon the course of the 
 river Nile, in Egypt, after each inundation? 
 
— 416 — 
 
 Treatment. Support the strength b}- good, generous feeding, and 
 give iron and gentian, each two to three drachms, once a day, re- 
 moving the animal to high and dry pasture. 
 
 (4.) ASCARIDES. 
 
 Cause. A bad habit of body, called cachexia and chlorosis. 
 
 Treatment. Give iron, gentian and arsenious acid, in the follow- 
 ing manner : Powdered sulphate of iron, two drachms ; gentian 
 root, two drachms ; arsenic, five grains ; mix, and give in one dose 
 in mixed, cut or soft feed, twice or three times a week. 
 
 Wounds, — They are divided into simple, incised, contused, 
 lacerated, punctured and poisoned. Wounds are more or less 
 dangerous when entering the chest and belly, as are also poisoned 
 wounds, or those from tlie bite of a mad dog. (See Bites.) 
 
 Wounds followed by bleeding will be found treated of under the 
 article on Bleeding (which gcc). 
 
 Contused, lacerated and punctured wounds are generally followed 
 by suppuration (which see), which should be encouraged by warm 
 poultices applied to the parts, and should be kept freely open to 
 allow the pus free escape. Wounds entering the bell}^ or chest 
 should be treated by placing a pad over the part to exclude the 
 air, followed by the application used in simple wounds. Keep 
 down pain by giving twenty drops of the tincture of aconite root, 
 three times a day, for two days only. Poisoned wounds will be 
 found treated of under the article on Bite of Mad Dog (which see). 
 
 Wourali. — A name given to a poison which is prepared by the 
 Macousi Indians, of South America, and used by them on the 
 points of their arrows. This poison has been advocated by some 
 in the treatment of locked-jaw in the horse, but in my experience 
 nothing favorable can be said of it as a cure for this terrible dis- 
 ease. The power of this poison is so great, that in four minutes 
 after an ox, of one thousand pounds weight, was pierced in each 
 thigh b}' an arrow poisoned with it, the poison took eff"ect, and in 
 a few minutes more his head and legs ceased to move. In twenty 
 minutes from the time he was wounded, the ox was dead, having 
 apparentl}^ died without pain. 
 
 Yellows. — Discoloration of parts of the skin from liver disease* 
 (See Liver.) 
 
 Yellow Water. — (See Liver Diseases.) 
 
CHAMPIONS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN TURF 
 
 an authentic article on our foremost 
 Trotters, Pacers, and Runners, 
 
 BV 
 
 LESLIE E. MACLEOD, 
 
 Editor-in-Chikf " Chicago Horseman." 
 
— 421 — 
 
 Champions of the American Turf. 
 
 Training is as important a factor in the improvement and devel- 
 opment of the horse as is breeding. In this book Professor Gleason 
 treats of that l^ranch of horse education which he has thoroughly 
 mastered; and it is fitting that, as a complement to the subject-matter 
 of the volume, a condensed treatise be presented, treating not of the 
 method, but of the result of training in its other branch, viz., training 
 for speed. 
 
 The great importance of training as a factor in breeding and 
 improving those breeds of horses in which speed and endurance are 
 prime essentials is appreciated by even novices in the study of the 
 science of breeding. The great influence exerted by training on the 
 improvement of a breed, generation after generation, is self-evident 
 from the two basic principles adhered to by all learned writers in the 
 laws of inheritance, viz. : First, That acquired habits and acquired 
 capabilities are in greater or less degree transmitted from parents to 
 offspring. Second, That the structural character, as well as mental 
 organization of animals, are modified by and gradually adapted to 
 their environments and uses. It is thus by development and by the 
 selection for purposes of reproduction of animals that excel in special 
 required capacities that through the courses of nature special types, 
 or breeds, are formed. 
 
 Xo doubt, in the process of the ages, all our types of horses came 
 from a common ancestry. Generations of breeding for size and 
 strength, without regard to speed or grace, have given us, on the one 
 hand, the massive, slow, and ponderous draft-horse, weighing a ton or 
 more, the Norman, the Shire, and the Clydesdale ; and on the other 
 hand, breeding and training for speed for generativ)ns has given us 
 the fleet, the lithe and gazelle-like race-horse, rarely much exceeding a 
 thousand pounds in weight, glorying in his gift of speed, and with the 
 finely-toned muscle and ligament, the light but dense quality of bone, 
 the absence of all useless and clogging bulk, and the perfection of 
 circulatory and respiratory systems that all contribute to extreme and 
 sustained speed. 
 
 My function now, however, is no more to dilate upon the philosophy 
 of breeding race horses than the method of training them, but the 
 rather to sum up, historically and statistically, what has been accom- 
 
— 422 — 
 
 plished through the science of breeding and the art of training applied 
 by human intelligence with the purpose of improving the horse by 
 increasing his natural speed and endurance. 
 
 From the earliest ages of the human race, horse-racing has held its 
 place as the noblest sport. Just when horse-racing began we cannot 
 say, but history records that chariot-races were a feature of the funeral 
 games of Patroclus, in the twenty -third Olympiad, which would be 
 about 684 B. C. The Olympic games, of which racing was a part, 
 then bore a semi-religious character, for the belief that the dead would 
 be appeased or gratified by the things that pleased them in life was a 
 heritage of the early Greeks and Romans, and these games, including 
 chariot-racing, archery, wrestling, and boxing, were generally held near 
 some shrine or consecrated spot. The hippodrome in which these 
 Grecian races were held was " a race-course 1,200 feet long and 400 
 feet wide, laid out on the left side of the hill of Kronos, and the whole 
 circuit had to be traversed twelve times." To the chariots were har- 
 nessed two, three or four horses, and that large " fields " started is 
 shown by the early Grecian poet Pindar, who praises a distinguished 
 athlete of Gyrene, who brought his chariot through uninjured in a race 
 where no less than forty chariots started. None but the rich and 
 powerful could aspire to this kingly sport, and " even kings and tyrants 
 eagerly contested for the palm." Among men enrolled on the list of 
 victors were Cyclon, of Athens, the Spartan king Pausanias, and 
 Archelaus, of Macedon. 
 
 According to Greek history, racing on horse-back dates from the 
 thirty-third Olympiad, which would be forty years later than the 
 chariot-racing first mentioned in connection with the funeral games of 
 Patroclus. In the Homeric times the prizes awarded winners of 
 horse-races at the Olympic games were said to be of great richness, but 
 later the only prize given the victor was a garland of wild olives, cut 
 with a golden sickle from a sacred tree, whose branches Avere, according 
 to Pindar, "a shelter common to all men, and a crown of noble deeds." 
 But the greatest honor and prestige fell to a victor in these ancient 
 races. His name, lineage, and country were proclaimed by a herald, 
 the garland of wild olives was taken from a table of ivory and gold, 
 and placed on his brow, and as he marched in the sacred revel to the 
 temple of Zeus his path was showered with costly gifts, and his name 
 was enrolled in the Greek calendar. If an Athenian, he received 
 
— 425 — 
 
 upon his return home "500 drMchnue and free rations for life in the 
 Prytiineura," and if a Spartan he was given the place of honor in 
 battle — the greatest distinction that a true Spartan could enjoy. His 
 praises were sung by the bards of Greece, such as Pindar and Euripides, 
 and her great sculptors, like Praxiteles, immortalized him in marble. 
 
 The races run in this period of Grecian history were varied, includ- 
 ing four-horse chariot-races, horse-races with riders, loose races, two- 
 horse chariot races, and " special races for under-aged horses." How 
 the horses were trained is not described, but the entries were made 
 thirty days before the games, and "the charioteers and riders went 
 through a prescribed course of exercise during the intervening month." 
 
 The ancient Roman sports were closely similar to those of Greece, 
 and racing was a prominent feature of the "Roman circus. " For the 
 Roman world," a writer says, " the circus was at once a political club, 
 a fashionable lounge, a rendezvous of gallantry, a betting-ring, and a 
 play-ground for the million." The Circus Maximus would seat 350,000 
 people. Chariot-racing was, according to legend, included in the 
 games inaugurated by the Tarquin kings in the sixth or seventh century 
 B. C, and it is recorded that in 329 B. C. stalls were erected for 
 chariots and horses in the jlJircus Maximus. The Roman games were 
 at their height in the recklessly prodigal Caesarian age, and the revenues 
 of whole provinces were squandered in these stirring spectacles. The 
 chariots were started in an oblique line, so that the outer one might be 
 compensated for the extra distance it had to travel. The horses and 
 men were furnished by the rich owners of studs, and the charioteers, 
 though mostly slaves, were greatly esteemed for their skill. " The 
 stigma under which a gladiator lay never attached to his calling," 
 writes a historian. The races were sometimes seven, but oftener four- 
 teen times around the circus — about five miles. Another variation of 
 ancient Roman horse-racing was races of riders who each had two 
 horses, and leaped from the one to the other during the 'contest. The 
 best racers of that day were said to have been the Sicilian, Spanish, 
 and Cappadocian horses. 
 
 At a later period in Rome, in the time of Pope Sextus V — the latter 
 part of the sixteenth century — racing was pursued with great ardor in 
 Rome. Riderless horses (barberi) ran at the Roman carnival, and the 
 chroniclers say that Pope Sextus caused a lane to be inclosed with 
 palisades in the centre of a street, so that the horses in racing might 
 
— 426 — 
 
 not iujure the populace, and he also made the people desist from 
 trickery to impede the barberi, and interfere, and thus enable some 
 favorite to \vin. 
 
 Many of our racing customs have the flavor of antiquity. The 
 Roman jockeys wore gayly colored jackets and caps, as do ours ; a 
 trumpet summoned the contestants to the race, as the modern bugle 
 called the horses to the post, and our " flag " had its counterpart in the 
 handkerchief which the Roman judge dropped as a signal to start. 
 
 Some writers declare that the Romans introduced horse-racing into 
 Britain, alleging that remains of race-courses at York and other places 
 are relics of the time when " Rome, for Empire far renowned, trampled 
 on a thousand States." Others contest that racing came into Britain 
 through German sources, horse-racing being " an accompaniment of the 
 religious cults of some of Germanic tribes." To whichever people 
 belongs the honor of introducing the sport into England, it is certain 
 that Romans during their sway encouraged it. The first specific record 
 we have of horse-racing as a sport in England is in the writings of 
 Fitz Stephen, a Canterbury monk, who describes the races run at 
 Smithfield in the twelfth century, whither came " earls, barons, knights, 
 and a swarm of citizens." He describes the impatience and velocity 
 of the horses, the efforts of the jockeys with whip and spur, and the 
 enthusiasm of the people. An Australian writer somewhat flippantly 
 describes \yilliam the Conqueror as " an ardent sport," and credits a 
 certain Earl of Shrewsbury of that time with being the first to import 
 horses from Spain for the improvement of the breed of English horses. 
 Knights raced at Whitsuntide in the reign of Richard I, for " ready 
 gold ;" racing was encouraged by King John, and running horses 
 were amons: the assets of Edward III. The wars of the houses of 
 York and Lancaster interrupted racing and breeding, but it revived 
 in the Tudor period. In the reign of Henry VIII public races were 
 established at Chester. This monarch encouraged racing and breeding, 
 and his great minister, Cardinal Woolsey, was " a confirmed lover of 
 horses " and an extensive breeder. Queen Elizabeth actively engaged 
 in racing, keeping a stable of race-horses in training at Greenwich, and 
 during the reign of James I racing and breeding received a mighty 
 impetus. The young king brought with him from Scotland the love 
 of fleet horses, and he imported Arabian and barb horses extensively. 
 The great hold which the turf has upon the English people, and its 
 
— 429 — 
 
 firm establishment as a national institution may be attril)uted iu no 
 small degree to tlie solidity lent its foundation and early development 
 by " rich and powerful barons and ecclesiastics." It has truly been 
 the sport of kings. Thus we trace in vague outlines the history of 
 horse-racing from the mists of antiquity to its firm establishment in 
 England, from which crude beginning has grown and developed the 
 great turf system of to day in the Old and New World. 
 
 Horse-racing was introduced, of course, into America from England, 
 and all our most valued breeds of racing-horses — whether under saddle 
 or in harness — rest upon a foundation of English blood. 
 
 For the purposes of systematization we will separately and in order 
 consider the achievements of the three breeds of American turf horses : 
 
 (1st) Thoroughbreds or running horses; (2d) trotting horses, and 
 (3d) pacers. 
 
 Thoroughbred Race-Horses. 
 
 The earliest races in America of which we have historic note occurred 
 at Hempstead Heath, on Long Island, about 1665. Richard Nichols, 
 then Governor of the province, was an admirer of fine horses, and 
 criticized the Dutch or Flemish breeds as better adapted to slow labor 
 than fleetness or display. He accordingly had a race-course prepared 
 in Long Island, and ordered that a plate be run for every year. Horse- 
 racing was also indulged in moderately in Virginia and Maryland in 
 the seventeenth century, and early in that century English racing 
 breed horses were imported. There is a record of a race run in South 
 Carolina, at Charleston Neck, in 1734, for a prize of $20.00. In the 
 following year a jockey club was organized at Charleston. So the 
 racing spirit gradually grew along the Atlantic Coast until the War 
 of the Revolution. After that happily-terminated event and the firm 
 establishment of the Republic, the importation of race-horses from 
 England became common, and in this way the horse-stock of this 
 country was enriched by the blood of such Derby winners as Diomed, 
 winner of the first Derby, Saltran, winner in 1783, Sir Henry, winner 
 in 1798, and Priam, winner in 1830. Two later importations that 
 have bestowed upon the American breed incalculable benefit were 
 Glencoe, imported in 1836, and Leamington, imported in 1865. There 
 is hardly a good racing tribe in America but has the blood of Glencoe ; 
 and Leamington gave us such great sires as Longfellow, Eolus, En- 
 
— 430 — 
 
 quirer, Eeform, Aristides, Iroquois, the only American horse that ever 
 won the Derby, etc. 
 
 Our purpose is merely to indicate here the foundation, not to 
 minutely trace the history and development of racing in America — 
 now a vast business, in which millions of dollars are invested, and 
 which is rapidly increasing in commercial as well as sporting importance. 
 
 The net result of progress may be given in the following table, 
 showing the fastest records and weight carried by American thorough- 
 bred race-horses at various distances : 
 
 Distance. 
 ^ mile. Kingston, A, 128 pounds, at Monmouth Park, July 12th, 1892, . 1.26 
 
 J " Bella B, 5, 103 pounds, at Monmouth Park, July 8th, 1890, 
 
 (straight course), 1.23j 
 
 Salvator, 4, 110 pounds, at Monmouth Park, August 28th, 1890, 
 
 (against time, straight course) 1.35j 
 
 1 " Racine, 3, 107 pounds, at Chicago (Washington Park), June 
 
 28th, 1890, 1.39J 
 
 1 * ' La Tosca, 3, 105 pounds, at New York Jockey Club, October 10th, 
 
 1891, ' 1.39^ 
 
 1 " Major Domo, 5, 116 pounds, at Sheepshead Bay, June 2Sth, 
 
 1892, 1.39^ 
 
 1^ miles. Yo Tambien, 3, 99 pounds, Chicago (Washington Park), July 
 
 19th, 1892, 1.45J 
 
 1^ " Tristan, 5, 114 pounds, at New York Jockey Club, June 2d, 
 
 1891, ' 1.51J 
 
 1\ " Salvator, 4, 123 pounds, at Sheepshead Bay, June 25th, 1890, . 2.05 
 1^ " Banquet, 3, 108 pounds, Monmouth Park, July 17th, 1890, 
 
 (straight course), 2.03| 
 
 1^ " Lamplighter, 3, 109 pounds, at Monmouth Park, August 9th, 
 
 1892, 2.321 
 
 2 " Ten Broeck, 5, 110 pounds, Louisville, May 29th, 1877 (against 
 
 time), 3.27^ 
 
 2 " Wildmoor, 6, Kansas City, September 29th, 1882, 3.28 
 
 2i " Aristides, 4, 104 pounds, Lexington, May 13th, 1876, 4.27J 
 
 3 " Drake Carter, 4, 115 pounds, Sheepshead Bay, September 6th, 
 
 1884 ' 5.24 
 
 4 " Ten Broeck, 4, 104 pounds, Louisville, September 27th, 1876, 
 
 (against time), 7.15| 
 
 4 " Fellow Craft, 4, 108 pounds, Saratoga, August 20th, 1874, . . . 7.19^ 
 
 The most famous American race-horses of this decade, and probably 
 the greatest horse ever bred in America, is Salvator. the chestnut son 
 
— 433 — 
 
 of imported Prince Charlie and Salina, daughter of Lexington. 
 Except in two races as a green two-year-old, and once when palpably 
 out of condition as a three-year-old, he was never ])eaten, and at his 
 best he was invincible at any distance. Salvator was foaled in 1886, 
 at the Elmendorf Stud, Kentucky, and as a yearling was purchased by 
 the California millionaire, turfman, breeder, and miner, J. B. Haggin. 
 As a two-year-old he won the Flatbush, Maple, Tuckahoe, and Titan 
 stakes, and ran second to the famous Proctor Knott in the " Futurity." 
 As a three-year-old he defeated the best horses of his year, winning 
 eight out of the nine races in which he started, among his victories 
 being the Realization Stakes at Is miles, the Lorillard at IJ miles, the 
 Tidal at 1 mile, and the September Stakes, with 129 pounds up, at If 
 miles. As a four-year-old, Salvator was king of the American turf, 
 his duels with Tenny being the sensation of the year. With 127 
 pounds up he won the Suburban Handicap at li miles in 2.06^, and in 
 a match with Tenny at the same distance, won the greatest race in the 
 American turf history in 2.05. He again met and decisively demon- 
 strated his superiority over his great rival, Tenny, by beating him with 
 ease in the Champion Stakes at li miles at Monmouth. Later, over 
 the same track he started to lower the mile record made by Ten Broeck 
 in 1877, and accomplished the feat in l.SSJ, which is the champion 
 record of the world. Salvator retired from the turf with laurels un- 
 dimmed and in his prime. He is monarch of the Rancho Del Paso 
 Stud, in California. 
 
 Of the race-horses of 1892 the champion two-year-olds are Morello 
 and Helen Nichols. The best three-year-olds are Yo Tambien, Lamp- 
 lighter, Tammany, and the best " aged " horse, Banquet. 
 
 Morello, the winner of the $70,000 Futurity, is by Eolus, out of 
 Cerise, and is a colt with a history that reads like a romance. Morello 
 is the fruit of the first mating of Eolus and Cerise. The colt was a 
 good-looking youngster, but had bad hocks, and expert horsemen pro- 
 nounced him unsound, so that when Morello was led into the sale- ring 
 in the paddock at the Brooklyn track on May 17th, 1890, an auctioneer 
 could not secure a bid on him, and was about to w'ithdraw him from 
 the sale, when Bernard Doswell, of Virginia, bid $100 for him, and 
 amid the laughter of the turfmen who were present, secured the colt. 
 Morello was shipped to Virginia, but did not show well in his yearling 
 trials He was taken up after a month's rest, and trained so as to sell 
 
— 434 — 
 
 him to some person who raced horses at the winter tracks. He had 
 been in training only a few weeks when he was asked to work a half- 
 mile, and he surprised Mr. Doswell by running the half-mile in 51 
 seconds over a track that is fully three seconds slower than any of the 
 reo-ular tracks. He improved, and worked a second faster a few' weeks 
 later. At this time Frank Van Ness, a trottiiig-horse driver and 
 trainer, who raced in a small way, made his appearance, and without 
 an hour's delay secured the colt for $4,500, and $500 the first race he 
 won. It was later learned that the capitalist behind Van Ness was 
 AVilliam M. Singerly, of Philadelphia. 
 
 For the great Futurity race Morello was so ill with distemper when 
 he went to the post that he was running at the nose. '' He's the favorite 
 down there in the ring," said Hayward, who rode him, to Garrison, who 
 w'as on Lady Violet, "and if he wins he is a wonder. If he loses, I 
 will be roasted, but I'll take no chances if I can get him in front." 
 Garrison said after the race, " After what Hayward said I made up my 
 mind if I could get up to Morello and fetch him to a drive I could 
 beat him, but sick as he was I could not get close enough to him to 
 make him stop." How Morello won the 870,000 prize has been told 
 and retold, and his later feats stamp him as the best two-year-old of 
 1892. 
 
 The Western filly, Helen Nichols, is surely the two-year-old queen 
 of the period. She is a chestnut, Tennessee-bred filly by Iroquois, and 
 is owned by J. J. McCafierty, of Chicago, who is also her trainer and 
 jockey. She has started eleven times, and been beaten but once— a 
 phenomenal two-year-old record. Her latest and most notable victory 
 was in the White Plains handicap at Morris Park, which, with 126 
 pounds in the saddle, she won in the wonderfully fast time for the dis- 
 tance — three quarters of a mile— of 1.11. Among her other notable 
 victories were the Essex stakes and Mount Vernon stakes at Morris 
 Park; the Willow stakes at Brooklyn; the Colleen stakes at Mon- 
 mouth, and the Debutante stakes at St. Louis. Helen Nichols will 
 be one of the stars of 1893. 
 
 Yo Tambien is another Western queen, and unquestionably the best 
 three-year old mare, if not, indeed, the best three-year old of any sex 
 of 1892. Eastern critics will dispute this, for her true form was never 
 shown in the East, she being fouled and almost thrown down in her 
 only race on a New York track. But a dispassionate analysis of 
 
imt" ' :M-i3^i 
 
 ^, -iF .-. ■^.^"^^; '^^psmm^ 
 
 /-♦'"*' 
 
 
 r 
 
— 437 — 
 
 three year-old events shows her certainly the peer, and I think the 
 superior of either Tammany, or Lamplighter, or Yorkville Belle. Yo 
 Tajnl)ien was bred by Theodore Winters in California, and was got by 
 Joe Hooker out of Marion, daughter of Malcolm, son of Bonnie 
 Sc )tland. All of the family of Marion are renowned. Her sons, EI 
 Rio Rey, Emperor of Norfolk, and The Czar, were champions of the 
 first rank, and her daughter, Yo Tambien, is the equal of any of them. 
 She is a beautiful mare, of great intelligence and stubborn gameness, 
 as well as phenomenal speed. She has been beaten fairly but once as 
 a three-year-old, and on that occasion she was conceding 15 pounds to 
 the good horse Bashford. At Washington Park, at Chicago, she met 
 and beat not only the best of her own age, but of all ages. She won 
 the Boulevard stakes in a gallop ; repeated the victory in the Drexel 
 stakes, and won easily at 1 Jg, in 1.45t, the fastest time on record. 
 But her most notable victory was in the Great Western handicap at 
 Ik miles. Conceding lumps of weight to not only horses of her own 
 age, but of all ages, she beat them all impressively in the best race won 
 by a three-year-old in 1892, running the distance in 2.331 — certainly a 
 better performance than Lamplighter's 2.321 over the straight track at 
 Monmouth. 
 
 Lamplighter, the three -year-old brown son of Spendthrift (the sire 
 of Kingston) and the imported mare Torchlight, was brought out by 
 S. S. Brown, the coal baron of Pittsburgh, and created something of a 
 sensation by runnino^ third in the Surburban handicap, an event 
 in which a three year-old seldom shows prominently. He has won 
 ten out of sixteen races as a three-year-old, a good showing ; but as 
 yet Lamplighter has been an uncertain horse, an in-and-outer, a good 
 horse to-day and a bad one to-morrow, and unless he improves in this 
 respect as a four-year-old he can never be classed with such honest and 
 consistent champions of the past as The Bard and Salvator. 
 
 Lamplighter's greatest performance was at Monmouth Park on 
 August 9th, when he met such notably great performers as Banquet, 
 Raceland, Montana, Poet Scout, De Math, and Locohatchee on even 
 terms in the Champion stakes (one mile and a half) and beat them 
 easily. It was the best field of all aged horses that the season had 
 seen, and there was not one of the contestants but had a host of 
 friends. Lamplighter waited on his opponents until they were well 
 in the home-stretch and then he galloped over them one by one, 
 
— 438 — 
 
 stringiDg them out in a line at the finish. The time, 2.32f, is the 
 best on record for a mile and a half. Immediately after this race 
 Lamplighter was purchased by Pierre Lorillard for 830,000. 
 
 Tammany, whom many believed to be the best race-horse in 
 America to-day, is a chestnut sun of Iroquois (the horse that Pierre 
 Lorillard won an English Derby with), and is owned by Marcus Daly, 
 the Montana " Copper King." Tammany was not a really remarkable 
 two-year-old, though he won the great Eclipse stake, worth over $24,000, 
 at Morris Park, but his three year-old winning performances stamped 
 him as a very high-class race-horse. These include the Wither stakes 
 at one mile at Morris Park, where he beat among others Yorkville 
 Belle and Mars ; the Realization stakes at II miles at Coney Island, 
 beating The Pepper, Patron, and others, and the Lorillard stakes at 
 If at Monmouth, where he defeated The Pepper, Yorkville Belle, 
 Huron, Azra, Mars, and Shellbark easily in 2.20J, the fastest time on 
 record at the weight and distance. His total winnings in 1892 exceed 
 850,000. Tammany has never met Lamplighter, and should they meet 
 as four-year-olds the result should be a sensational event. 
 
 Banquet, the best horse of the " aged " division in 1892, enjoys that 
 distinction merely because there were no really great " aged " horses 
 on the turf in 1892. Banquet is merely a good second-class race-horse. 
 He is honest, hardy, and game — a great bread-winner, though he 
 never won a really great race. He was bred by the late W. L. Scott, 
 of Erie, Pa., and made dehut on the turf in the white and yellow silk 
 of the dead statesman. He is a full brother to the somewhat noted 
 Tea Tray, being by imported Rayon d'Or out of Ella T. by War 
 Dance, and was a very ordinary two and three-year-old. But in the 
 hands of the Brooklyn plunger, M. F. Dwyer, he has proved a sterling 
 handicap horse, winning this season no less than twelve races. 
 
 Trotting and Pacing Horses. 
 
 In equine history the American can read no more interesting chapter 
 than the story of the evolution of the trotting breed of hoi-ses. The 
 trotter is peculiarly the American horse — the only important variety 
 indigenous to American soil. The breed is much less than a century 
 old, and its progress in speed, in value, and in production during the 
 last thirty years has been marvelous. 
 
 Racing at various gaits became prevalent in " the old Colonial days." 
 
I. m 
 
 ■J * 
 
 m •^ 
 ^^ ■ 
 
 - i 
 
— 441 — 
 
 In 1748 the New Jersey Legislature enacted a law to restrain "all 
 running, pacing, and trotting races." Although there is not, as far as 
 1 can learn, specific mention in colonial history of trotting races, the 
 fact that the New Jersey authorities found their suppression advisable 
 leaves no doubt that racing at the trotting gait was very prevalent at 
 that early day. 
 
 The revival in trotting did not begin to gather force until about 
 1830, and since then improvement in speed has been continual and 
 rapid. It was not until 1844 that a trotter went a mile in harness in 
 " 2.30 or better," Lady Suffolk achieving that honor, her record being 
 2.262. Then, as now, the pacing gait was faster than the trotting gait, 
 for Drover had paced a mile in 2.28 in 1839 ; and in the same year 
 that Lady Suffolk had trotted in 2.26 J Unknown paced to wagon a 
 mile in 2.23. The next great epochal year in trotting history was 
 1869, when the little mare, Flora Temple, astonished the world by 
 beating 2.20, doing the mile in 2.19t ; and it was not until 1884 that 
 the 2.10 mark was passed by Maud S., long the queen of the trotting 
 turf. Maud S., though she has been in practical retirement in Mr. 
 Robert Bonner's stables for several seasons, and no longer the holder 
 of the championship trotting record, is still a central figure among star 
 trotters of to-day — and she is every inch a queen. Mand S. was bred 
 at Woodburn Farm, Kentucky, and was foaled there in 1874. Her 
 sire is Harold, son of Rysdyk's Hambletonian, and her dam is Miss 
 Russell (also the dam of the famous Nutwood, 2.18 f) by Pilot, Jr., the 
 grand-dam being the thoroughbred Sally Russell, by Boston. When 
 young the filly was sold from Woodburn for $250 ; at three years old. 
 Captain Stone, of Cincinnati, paid $350, and named her Maud S. ; in 
 her four-year-old form she trotted a trial faster than any four-year-old 
 had trotted to that date ; and on the strength of this trial was sold to 
 the late William H. Vanderbilt for $21,000. 
 
 The first public appearance of Maud S. was at Chicago, July 6th, 
 1880, in a race which she easily won in a comparatively slow time ; 
 but her second race, also at Chicago, July 24th, 1880, made her the 
 sensation of the hour, she beating the great mare Trinket, and trotting 
 the third heat in 2.18] — that remaining on record for many years as 
 the fastest heat ever trotted in a race. Victory after victory, with 
 never a defeat, was added to her list, until there was nothing of flesh 
 and blood to race against, and she entered the lists against the inexor- 
 
— 442 — 
 
 able challenger of champions of Time. The king of the turf of that 
 day was St. Julien, of a record of 2. Hi, and Maud S., after two un- 
 successful attempts, lowered that record to 2.101 at Chicago, September 
 20th, 1880. The following year she lowered the record to 2.10t, and 
 there it remained until August 1st, 1884, when the wonderful little black 
 gelding. Jay Eye See, trotted the Providence track in 2.10. But he 
 was kiug only a day, for the following afternoon Maud S. again proved 
 her supremacy by trotting the Cleveland track in 2.091. The owner- 
 ship of 30 famous a trotter brought its annoyances to Mr. Vanderbilt, 
 and as Mr. Bonner made overtures for her purchase, she became his 
 at 840,000. In November she further reduced her record to 2.09t, and 
 on July oOth of the following year, at Cleveland, she set the world's 
 trotting record at 2.081. It stood unequaled for over six years, until 
 another of Mr. Bonner's horses lowered it. 
 
 One of the most sensational trotters of this age has been the Califor- 
 nia filly Sunol. This young mare was bred by Senator Leland Stan- 
 ford at his famous Palo Alto ranch, in the Santa Clara Valley, 
 California, and was foaled in 1886. Senator Stanford is an enthusiastic 
 lover of the trotting-horse, and he is more than that. He has not 
 followed beaten paths, either breeding or training, but has departed 
 boldly from conventional conceptions and old time methods, and has 
 eminently succeeded. On training, Senator Stanford's views are radical. 
 He inaugurated, and his former trainer, Charles Marvin, the most 
 skillful man of his profession, carried out and perfected what is now 
 known as the " Palo Alto " system of training trotters. Sunol is a 
 tall, stately bay mare, considerably taller at the quarter than at the 
 wither, and was a phenomenon from her first day's training. Her 
 besetting sin has been an irritable disposition, an extremely irritable 
 organization, and her early training was pursued under difficulties 
 which only a man of Marvin's unequalled skill and patience could 
 overcome. 
 
 In 1881 another Palo Alto-bred mare, Wild Flower, had made a 
 two-year-old record of 2.21, and that had not since been approached, 
 but Senator Stanford's aim is to breed early speed, and when Sunol 
 promised so well as a two-year-old it was determined to lower the two- 
 year-old record if possible. In her first attempt against the record at 
 San Francisco she trotted in 2.20?, and a week later she covered the 
 mile without a falter in her gait in 2.18. As a three-year-old Sunol 
 
— 445 — 
 
 was the star of the Pacific coast, and so unexpectedly brilliant were 
 her performances that even the triumphs of her two-year-old year 
 were dimmed by comparison. It was a duel throughout the season 
 between Axtell and Sunol for the three-year-old championship. First 
 Axtell lowered the three-year-old trotting record to 2.I62 at Minneap- 
 olis, July 2d, and on August 1st, at Cleveland, he again lowered it to 
 2.141. At Chicago, August 3d, he further reduced the record to 2.14. 
 At Sacramento, September 12th, Sunol trotted at 2.131, and divided the 
 trotting-horse world into rival camj^s on the question of three-year-old 
 supremacy. The next sensation came from Terre Haute, where, Octo- 
 ber 11th, Axtell trotted in 2.12, lowering the record for stallions as 
 well as for three-year-olds, and then the East felt that the lighter 
 record was safely held on this side of the Rockies. But not so, for at 
 the Bay District track, San Francisco, November 9th, Sunol, in a 
 performance that for a three-year-old trotter was regarded as phenome- 
 nal, trotted in 2 lOJ. 
 
 Sunol was then purchased by Mr. Robert Bonner, of New York, for 
 $41,000, but is still trained by her old trainer, Marvin. In her four- 
 year-old form Sunol was campaigned in the East, but was never quite 
 at the fine form shown as a three-year-old. At Chicago, in August, 
 1890, she lowered the four-year-old record of the world to 2.10^, and 
 at Stockton, California, on the 20th of October, she beat the best time 
 of Maud S. by half a second, trotting a mile in the marvelous time of 
 2.08K 
 
 Sunol is by tlie dead Electioneer, the greatest sire of trotters, and 
 her dam is Waxanna, by General Benton. Electioneer is a son of 
 Rysdyk's Hambletonian and was bred by Charles Backman,the famous 
 Orange County, New York, breeder. The dam of Electioneer was 
 Green Mountain Maid, the most noted of all mothers of trotters, and 
 she was by Henry Clay that also sired the dam of St. Julien. 
 
 This 2.08t stood as the champion record until the season of 1892, 
 during which no less than four horses have equalled or surpassed it, 
 m., Nancy Hanks, 2.04; Martha Wilkes, 2.08; Kremlin, 2.071, and 
 Stamboul, 2.08. 
 
 But before proceeding to speak of the champions of 1892 it must be 
 remarked that they have been aided in their flights against time by a 
 maiTelous invention, the "bicycle" sulkey, with ball-bearing axles 
 
— 446 — 
 
 and pneumatic tires, a vehicle that is from two to three seconds faster 
 than the old-fashioned racing-sulkey. 
 
 Like Maud S., so recently the champion of trotters, Nancy Hanks, 
 the wearer of the laurels, is an unbeaten mare, and the parallel runs 
 further, as each of these magnificent trotters lost but one heat in her 
 career. The gray Wisconsin gelding, Charley Ford, once won a heat 
 from Maud S., and Nancy Hanks in her first race lost the first heat to 
 Bonnie Wilmore, since which no horse has ever led her down the 
 home-stretch. 
 
 Nancy Hanks is a richly colored, neatly made bay mare, now six 
 years old, and was bred by Hart Boswell, of Lexington, Ky. She is 
 by that truly great sire Haj^py Medium, out of Nancy Lee, by Dicta- 
 tor, her dam Sophy. Hapj^y Medium, her sire, was a trotter himself, 
 taking a record of 2.32i in a race in 1869, and was by Hambletonian, 
 out of the great old mare Princess (2.30), after Flora Temple, the 
 best mare of her day on the turf. 
 
 She is about fifteen hands high, nicely turned and balanced, the 
 shoulders quite oblique, the chest deep, the back and coupling smooth 
 and strong, the quarters muscular and full, and the legs shapely, fine, 
 and good. Her head and neck are chiseled in the most refined lines, 
 and as beautiful as Yo Tambien's, both the champion mares having a 
 slightly dishing nose, wide forehead, and kindly eyes, which combined 
 present that most exquisite type of the equine beauty that has been 
 the theme of bard and the ideal of artists and sculptor for ages. As 
 may be inferred from her performances, the action of Nancy Hanks ^s 
 of the best order and in itself almost perfect. At her highest flights 
 of speed, so smooth and machine-like is it that she seems to trot with- 
 out effort, going with that easy, deceptive glide, the momentum of which 
 only the watch may gauge. Tliere is no excess of knee-action, but a 
 straight, gliding motion, no sprawling behind, but the true line action, 
 wherein every movement is straight forward, and there is no waste of 
 energy or force. With this she has the most admirable disposition, 
 easy, even temper, and an inbred, inherent, and deeply rooted instinct 
 to stick to the trot as her fastest and her natural gait. All these 
 attributes combine to make her, physically and mentally, the most per- 
 fect racing-machine the trotting turf has seen. 
 
 Nancy Hanks appeared on the turf as a three-year-old at Harrods- 
 burg, July 31st, 1889, defeating a good field. She trotted the third 
 
— 449 — 
 
 heat ill 2.25}, and has never known defeat. She started and won in six 
 other races as a three-year-old, retiring with a record of 2.24'.. Her 
 four-year-old career involves six races, six victories, and a race record 
 in the third heat of 2.13?. In 1891 she was in Budd Doble's hands, 
 and won three races, that with Allerton at Independence being the 
 fiistest race of heats on record. She defeated that formidable and 
 almost invincible race-horse in 2.12, 21H, and 2.12, and later reduced 
 her record at Richmond, Ind., to 2.09. 
 
 In the season of 1892 she made many successful fights against time, 
 her greatest triumph being at Terre Haute in August, where she low- 
 ered the trotting record to 2.04. She is owned by J. Malcolm Forbes, 
 of Boston, who also owns the champion three-year-old stallion Arion, 
 2.10J. 
 
 Martha Wilkes, 2.08, the next of the great mares of 1892, is also 
 owned by a Bostonian, Mr. E. D. Wiggin. She is a bay mare by 
 Alcyone, 2.27, out of Ella by Clark Chief, her dam Molly Robinson, 
 by Pilot Walker, and was bred by Mrs. Carrie Marders, of Pine Grove, 
 Ky. Martha Wilkes is trained and driven by Budd Doble. She 
 took a record in 1891 of 2.181, and has had an almost uninterruptedly 
 successful career in 1892. 
 
 After racing with the greatest brilliancy, she began her trials against 
 time for the championship record, and these efforts culminated in a 
 record of 2.08. Martha Wilkes has gone a half mile close to a two- 
 minute gait, and if she reappears on the turf in 1893 it would not 
 surprise good judges to see her trot in 2.04 or better. 
 
 Among the most remarkable trotters, not of this year, but of all 
 time, must be accounted Belle Vara, whose race- record of 1892 equals 
 the record of Maud S., which was the champion mark for six years. 
 With the exception of Martha Wilkes' heat in 2.08, Belle Vara's mark 
 is the fastest ever made in a race, and with all respect to Martha 
 Wilkes we think Belle Vara's mile the most remarkable because it was 
 won in a fighting heat, in contention with a fast field, whereas Martha 
 was merely chased by a competitor that could not trouble her, coming 
 the half-way post in 1.02f. 
 
 Belle Vara is a bay mare, foaled in 1887, by Vatican, 2.29 t (son of 
 Belmont, out of Vara, granddam of Kremlin, 2.071, by Hambletonian), 
 dam Nell, by Estell Eric, son of Ericsson, the sire of the dam of 
 Moquette, 2.10. She was bred by B. H. Neale, of Lexington, and was 
 
— 460 — 
 
 an early wonder, winning the yearling stake at Lexington meeting of 
 1888 in 2.38. She was not trotted as a two-year-old, meanwhile be- 
 coming the property of S. A. Browne & Co., of Kalamazoo, l)ut in her 
 three-year-old form took a record of 2.22K She was indulged last year 
 again, but this year came out greater than ever. She is yet young, and 
 Mr. Browne believes that she is destined to lower all records. 
 
 Turning from the champion mares to the battle for the stallion 
 championship, a glance backward is necessary. 
 
 In 1889 and 1890 Senator Stanford's horse, Palo Alto, son of Elec- 
 tioneer, and Mr. Hobart's Stamboul, son of Sultan, valiantly but 
 vainly endeavored to wrest the stallion crown from Axtell. Palo Alio 
 trotted in 1889 in 2.121, and in 1890 Stamboul placed his mark at 2.11, 
 one second faster than Axtell, but he had been forestalled in the eon- 
 test for championship honors^ by the eastern stallion, Xelson, who 
 several times trotted faster than 2.12, and went into winrer quarters 
 with a record of 2.10t, thus holding the world's trotting :<tallion record. 
 
 In 1891, Nelson lowered the stallion record to 2.10; then came the 
 triumph of that veritable Titan of the trotting turf, Allerton, wl o 
 trotted the Independence track in 2.091. Later, Palo Alto trotted at 
 Stockton in 2.081, and so the stallion record stood at the beginning of 
 1892. The two rivals for the honor in 1892 were Kremlin and Stam- 
 boul, and at this writing the records stand, Kremlin, 207f, and 
 Stamboul 2.08. 
 
 Kremlin's fame and history are world wide. He is a five-year-old 
 bay stallion, bred at Woodburn, and owned by William Russell Allen, 
 of Pittsfield, Mass. As a three-year-old he showed high racing quality, 
 and was a sensation from his first appearance this season in his five- 
 year-old f )rm. His great victory in the Transylvania stakes at Lex- 
 ington has been told and retold, and those who knew him well have 
 lono- claimed his ability to trot a mile in about 2.08. Kremlin is a 
 purely and intensely trotting-hred horse — a g>od individual backed 
 up by sterling breeding. He is by Lord Russell f brother to INfaud S.. 
 2.031), dam Eventide, by Woodf)rd Marabrino. 2 21}, she out of 
 Vara, by Hambletonian, next dam Venus, by American Star. Like 
 Stamboul's, Kremlin's blood is of the rich, pure, and intense trotting 
 kind. His record of 2.071 at Nashville, Tenn., on November 12th, 
 1892, stamps him as the best trotting stallion that ha« yet appeared. 
 
 A kingly horse under every standard by which a horse may be 
 
— 451 — 
 
 measured is Stamboul. If he couldn't trot a mile in five minutes, and 
 if his blood were plebeian and common, Stamboul is a horse that would 
 rivet the gaze and challenge the admiration. He is by Sultan, 2.24, 
 out of Ruby's dam, the great mare Fleetwing, by Hambletonian, her 
 dam, Patcheu Maid, a good and fast mare individually, and one that 
 produced uniform speed, by George M. Patchen, 2.23*. Sterling 
 breeding that — and trotting blood all. Stamboul was bred by J. L. 
 Rose, of Los Angeles, Cal., and sold in 1889 to the late W. S. Hobart 
 for $50,000. 
 
 The three-year-old stallion champion, Arion, 2.IO2, is in many 
 respects the most remarkable trotter in the world, He was bred by 
 Senator Leland Stanford at Palo Alto, and driven by Charles Marvin, 
 and electrified the turf world by trotting a mile as a two-year-old in 
 1891 in 2.101, which is perhaps the greatest performance, considering 
 all things, to the credit of any trotting horse that ever lived. He was 
 shortly afterward purchased by J. Malcolm Forbes, of Boston, for 
 $125,000, the largest price ever paid for a horse in America. This 
 season he has lowered the three year-old stallion record to 2.10J. He 
 is by Electioneer, dam by Nutwood. 
 
 Pacing. 
 
 The pacing champion, judged by the time measure, is Mascot, 2.04, 
 though racing men believe Flying Jib his superior. The other most 
 noted pacers of 1892 are Direct, Hal Pointer, and Jay Eye See. 
 
 Mascot, 2 04, is by Deceive, a son of Hambletonian, out of a mare 
 of unknown breeding. For the past two seasons he has been a ])romi- 
 nent figure in the pacing contests of the AVestern turf, and, starting in 
 the slow classes at the opening of the campaign of 1891, he has gradu- 
 ally worn his record down until to-day he stands as the holder of the 
 fastest race-record ever made by a harness animal. His career began 
 at Elmira, N, Y., June 11th, 1891, in a 2.40 class, and in his first 
 start he made a record of 2.26 r, winning his race in the second, third, 
 and fourth heats. This year, commencing the campaign at the Detroit 
 meeting, he went down the line of the Western Southern circuit, win- 
 ning races and reducing his record at nearly every point. His record 
 of 2.04 was made in a race at Terra Haute, in which he Avon the first 
 heat in that time and Flying Jib the record in 2.05f . 
 
 Flying Jib, the great California pacer, is a bay gelding by Algona, 
 
— 452 — 
 
 a son of Almont, whose dam was Emma Kiukead, by Conscript, 
 brother to American Clay ; second dam Effie Dean, by Mambnuy 
 Chief. Flying Jib's dam is the Middletown Mare, by Middletown, 
 son of Hambletonian, and the Middletown Mare was out of Emblem, 
 the reputed granddam of Arion, 2.10J, and full sister to Voltaire, 
 2.20}. It will thus be noted that Flying Jib is a stoutly trotting-bred 
 pacer. He came into George Starr's hands a green horse in the spring 
 of 1892, and that great reiusman has won almost everything he tried 
 for with him. He has proven the best pacing race-horse of 1892, and 
 is by many believed capable of beating the record of Mascot. 
 
 The two sensational pacers of 1891, Hal Pointer and Direct, have 
 not been at their best in 1892, though each has lowered his record, the 
 former to 2.04} and the latter to 2.05-2. 
 
 Hal Pointer is a bay gelding, bred in Tennessee, and swept every- 
 thiuor before him in 1891 until he met Direct in the autumn, when the 
 little black stallion from California easily defeated him. Again, in 
 the early months of 1892, Hal Pointer was invincible, but later, Fly- 
 ing Jib was clearly his master. Direct is a product of California, 
 being bred there, a son of Director, 2.17, w^hose sire, Dictator (brother 
 to Dexter, 2.174), is also the sire of Nancy Hanks' dam. Direct is 
 owned by Monro Sali.sbur}^ of California, and his sire. Director, by 
 A. H. Moore, of Philadelphia. Hal Pointer is owned by C. J. Ham- 
 lin, of Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 A sketch of the pacing wonders of 1892 would be incomplete with- 
 out reference to the rejuvenated j^henomenon. Jay Eye See, one time 
 king of the trotting turf. Jay Eye See was a sensation of the trotting 
 turf ten years ago. On August 1st, 1884, at Providence, R. I., he 
 lowered the world's trotting record to 2.10. The next day Maud S. 
 trotted at Cleveland in 2.09J, so that Jay Eye See was king for a day 
 only. After a long retirement the little black horse reappeared on 
 the turf, a giant refreshed, in 1892, but had taken to the pacing gait, 
 at which way of going Jackson I. Case drove him to a record of 2.06? 
 at Independence in August. He is a son of Dictator, grandsire of 
 Direct. 
 
 We cannot pass by the New York Horse Show held in November of 
 1892, in New York city. It was a prima facie evidence of the much 
 mooted and often unwisely disputed fact, that every year people of 
 highest rank in wealth, social distinction, political, professional, and 
 
— 453 — 
 
 commercial eminence take more interest in tlie noblest of animals, 
 the horse. The flower of tlie country's equine population was on 
 parade at the Show, and the flower of the people applauded. One of the 
 saddest events was the dethroning of good old Champion Mambrino 
 King, Mr. C. J. Hamlin's entry in the special $1,000 jyvhe class for 
 stallions, by that wonder, Quartermaster, owned by Ruudel and White. 
 King Mambrino moved with the fire of youth, but twenty years have 
 swayed his back, and to some extent weakened his vigor. 
 
 Quartermaster, Mambrino's successor, is a horse of superior conforma- 
 tion and marked individuality. While not, as expressed by inches, a 
 large horse, he is one of great strength and substance, for he weighs, 
 Avhen in fair condition, 1,040 pounds. He is, while stoutly boned and 
 muscled, of remarkabe fineness of form and structure, and a horse of 
 superlative quality. His head and neck are fine, and of resolute and 
 racy expression ; his shoulder oblique and good, the barrel of grand 
 depth and well ribbed, and the quarters long and strongly muscled. 
 Tlie joints are clean-cut and faultless, the legs of whalebone quality, 
 and the feet excellent. Quartermaster has the traveling gear of a 
 campaigner — legs and feet as good as ever a horse stood upon ; and in 
 every inch of him, from nose to heels, there is apparent blood-like 
 quality, and the finish that nothing but princely breeding gives. 
 
 That he inherits the capacities as well as the conformation of a trotter 
 he has amply demonstrated. As a four-year-old, on a half-mile track, 
 being only twenty days out of the stud, and driven by his groom, 
 he made a record of 2.31 in a trial heat. The following year he 
 reduced this to 2. 24 J. He was not trained in 1889. In 1890 he was 
 again placed in training, and reduced his record to 2.21t, but this is 
 by no means an indication of his speed, as he showed a full mile in 
 2.17, half in 1.04j, and quarter in 0.31. In all his races he proved 
 himself to be a game and level-headed trotter. 
 
 His breeding certainly entitles him to success on the turf and in the 
 stud. Alcyone, though he died so young, is one of the greatest sjDeed- 
 producing sons of George Wilkes. He was the most perfectly formed 
 and most superbly finished of all the Wilkes, and indeed, very few horses 
 of his time compared with him in sterling conformation and superla- 
 tive quality. He was a son of the greatest trotting sire the world has 
 seen — George Wilkes ; and his dam. Alma Mater, is as great a brood 
 mare as ever lived. These are not reckless estimates ; but are natural 
 
— 454- 
 
 conclusions that the records show of the sire and dam of Alcyone. 
 On the paternal side, then, it will be seen that Quartermaster's in- 
 heritance is unexcelled. His dam, Qui Vive, is herself a speed pro 
 ducer; a mare of great speed and fine parts, and is a daughter of 
 Sentinel, record 2.29f. Sentinel was full brother to Volunteer, and 
 was evidently just as great a horse. He died when ten years old : but 
 he leaves a goodly 2.30 list, and his blood is breeding on. The Senti- 
 nels are race-horses, and the blood carries stamina and finish with it. 
 Coming to the second dam of Quartermaster we have Missie, the great 
 daughter of Brignoli, 2.291. Missie has proved her fitness by produc- 
 ing Cascarilla, 2.25^, and King Wilkes, 2.22}, sire of the sensational 
 Oliver K., 2.16t, and her place in the " list of great brood-mares " is 
 secure. Brignolia, like Mambrino Patcheu, American Clay, Harry 
 Clay, and many other sires of merit, is known chiefly through the 
 stud-triumphs of his daughters, and they are producing well. In 
 Quartermaster is combined the blood of George Wilkes and Alma 
 Mater, through the superb Alcyone — and of Sentinel and Mambrino 
 Chief, through Missie, and her daughter, Qui Vive, both producers of 
 speed. Quartermaster's sire and both grandsires were performers and 
 great sires of performers ; his dam and both grandams are great pro- 
 ducers. Thus, in Quartermaster, there is all producing and perform- 
 ing blood close up, and he himself a performer. In him there is the 
 breeding and individual capabilities of a horse that is destined for 
 sure success. 
 
 As a sire. Quartermaster is giving ample evidence that he will 
 prove as great a speed getter as his individual excellence and rare 
 breeding would warrant. His oldest foals are now three-year-olds, and 
 they are but four in number. One of these, Blue Bells, won the New 
 England Breeders' Stake for foals of 1887, obtaining a record of 2.35 t, 
 while the remaining three can all beat three minutes, and none of them 
 are out of standard mares. Quarterstretch, a two-year old by him, 
 has shown a trial in 2.38 J, and another of the same age in 2.51. His 
 son Stanley made a half-mile record of 1.28* at fifteen mouths old, 
 winning the New England Breeders' Stake for foals of 1889. This 
 clearly proves that as a sire Quartermaster is bound to take rank 
 among the leading sires when time and opportunity have been given 
 to develop his progeny. 
 
 Space will only permit mention in this sketch of the actual cham- 
 
— 455- 
 
 l)lons, by the track tet>t, and the one litile digression in favor of 
 " Qiiartenna.ster," and we must necessarily pass by many mighty 
 j)erf(>rmer.s who are nigh at the threshold of the championship class, 
 and manv of which will win radiant honors soon. The fortunes of 
 the turf are proverbially uncertain, and who may indicate the heads 
 that will wear the trotting and pacing crowns a year from now, or 
 what may be the measure of their speed ? I believe that in fess than 
 five years both trotters and pacers will have covered miles in two min- 
 utes, and every believer in progress will hope to see the dream come 
 true. 
 
RULES GOVERNING THE AUCTION SALE OF 
 HORSES AND OTHER STOCK. 
 
 While many horsemen and farmers who buy and sell stock at auc- 
 tion are perfectly conversant with the rules of law governing this class 
 of sales, there are many who attend such sales, and possibly some who 
 consign their stock to sale in this manner who are not familiar with 
 the legal j^rinciples involved. To these a brief resume of the law of 
 auctions will doubtless be of interest. We therefore present it here 
 in full : 
 
 First of all, the rules of law governing the sale of personal prop- 
 erty in general apply as well to the sale of horses as to other sales of 
 chattels, but in addition to them the peculiar nature of an auction sale 
 has given rise to some special rules. In ordinary sales there are two 
 parties — the buyer and seller. The auction introduces into the trans- 
 action a third and most important party — the auctioneer. It is a rule 
 of law that no one can be an agent for both parties to a sale. The 
 auctioneer is a violation of this rule, for in law he is the agent of both 
 the others. Like any other offer, the offer of property for sale at auc- 
 tion nuiy be either conditional or unconditional. The owner may 
 stipulate in his offer that no bid less than a certain amount will be en- 
 tertained, or that no warranty is given, or he may make such other terras 
 and conditions as he may see fit. If conditioDs are attached to a sale 
 the making of a bid is a legal acceptance of these conditions by the 
 buyer. A frequent source of annoyance to inexperienced bidders at 
 auction sales is the fact that when they are made at established mar- 
 kets they are made according to the rules of that market unless other- 
 wise specified. If the rules are posted or notice of them is given, 
 whether he actually sees them or receives the notice, the bidder is 
 bound by them. In fact, there is some ground for the position that it 
 is his duty to inquire concerning them, failing in which, he is bound 
 by them on the ground that he is at fault in not informing himself. 
 It is well settled that when property has been offered for sale at auc- 
 tion it may be withdrawn, and when a bid has been made it may be 
 
 — 456 — 
 
— 457 — 
 
 recalled, in either case before the hammer falls. The auctioneer is 
 liable for any damages which may result from his misdescription of 
 the property, or for fraud or deceit. A buyer injured by such con- 
 duct must recover his damage from the seller, and the seller may 
 recover from the auctioneer what he may be compelled to pay for his 
 misconduct. Two matters which frequently arise in this connection 
 may be mentioned here — pedigree and ownership. These two elements 
 form a part of the value of a horse in these days, and sometimes have 
 much more to do with his worth than do his lungs. If the pedigree 
 of a horse be misstated or falsely represented the sale may be violated. 
 It frequently happens that the fact that some noted horseman owns a 
 horse enhances its value. If a horse be offered for sale and every other 
 material fact about him be as represented except that his ownership be 
 falsely ascribed to some such person, that is enough to warrant the 
 rescission of the sale. And if the buyer supposes the horse to belong to 
 such an owner, when in fact he does not, and the auctioneer knows 
 that he is under this impression, although neither the auctioneer nor 
 any one in his behalf has so represented, if he does not correct the 
 erroneous impression he is liable as for misrepresentation. The same 
 rule with regard to defects applies to the sale by auction that does to 
 ordinary sales. If an opportunity is given for inspection it is the duty 
 of the buyer to make an inspection, and he takes the risk of all dis- 
 cernible defects and blemishes. The seller is, in the absence of any 
 warranty, held as a matter of law to warrant against all latent defects 
 of which he has knowledge. 
 
 The subject of " puffers " or " by-bidders " plays an important 
 part in the law of auctions. While this is an evil which will hardly 
 be encountered at reputable sales, there are enough at which the prac- 
 tice obtains in one form or another to warrant a statement of the rule 
 here. The law holds, as a fundamental principle of all commercial 
 transactions, firmly to the necessity of absolute good faith between the 
 parties, and the practice of bidding at auction sales in behalf of and in 
 the interest of the owner of the property offered for sale without notice 
 that the bid is for the owner is a breach of that good faith which the 
 law requires. The penalty for this in many States is severe, and the 
 civil remedy is harsh. If the buyer wishes he may rescind the con- 
 tract and refuse to take the property. But he is not compelled to do 
 this. In one case the highest bid against a bona fide bidder was $145. 
 
— 458 — 
 
 Against a " puffer " the l)uyer ran the price up to $160. After the 
 sale he discovered the trick, aud recovered back from the seller the 
 difference between the price and the highest bid he made against a 
 bidder in good faith. The offer of sale was to the highest bidder, and 
 the couit htkl that the highest bid as a matter of law was that made 
 against the next best bona fide bidder, and that bids against " puffers " 
 did not count. In another case the buyer made a bid, which was 
 raised by a gentleman said to be and who was, in fact, the owner. 
 Upon discovery of this the buyer thereupon tendered him the amount 
 of his bid, and in an action at law subsequently enforced the sale and 
 secured the horse. In the nature of things such an article as this can 
 but meagerly cover such a subject. These points have been brought 
 out only with the idea that they are some of the important phases of 
 the law of auctions which should be borne in mind by those who buy 
 aud those who sell in that manner. 
 
A SKETCH 
 
 OF 
 
 THE LIFE AND WORK 
 
 OF 
 
 Prof. OSCAR R. GLEASON, 
 
 THE KING OF HORSE TRAINERS. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. FLETCHER JOHNSON. 
 
li/TAN'S Jr lends ami helpers In the aiilmal kingdom are many 
 and varied. They afford hhn food, elotJung, and proteefloji ; 
 companionship and entertainment ; and perform for him a multitude 
 of laborious tasks. Among them there Is none that, on the whole, Is 
 of so much service to him as the horse. Since a date earlier than 
 the earliest recorded history It has been his pet, Jus comrade, his 
 se?'vant. In war It Is filled with the frenzy of the fray, and fights 
 luell-nlgh as fiercely as Its rider. In peace Its strength makes l^ so 
 efficient a toller that Its ?iame has been lent to the tinlversal unit of 
 Industrial energy. And at all times Its vitelllgence, docility, and 
 devotion mark It as, with scarcely a single rival, the nearest and 
 dearest animal friend of 7nan. To Ill-use such a creature Is nothing 
 short of Inhumanity. To treat It luell, to study Its nature, and to 
 cultivate Its powers are tasks well worthy of our high attention. And 
 In the follozvlng pages It will be a matter of no mean Interest to trace 
 the story of a man whose life has been chiefly given to those tasks. 
 
SKETCH OF THE LIFE 
 
 OF 
 
 PROF. GLBASON. 
 
 Oscar R. Gleasou was born at Petersbam, Worcester County, Mas- 
 sachusetts, on July 14tb, 1856, bis family name being a not uncom- 
 mon one in tbe New England States. His fatber, Charles F. Gleason, 
 was a stockraau, who especially excelled in tbe knowledge and man- 
 agement of borses, and tbis trait was undoubtedly inherited by bis son, 
 who, at a very early age evinced a similar aptitude in a most striking 
 degree. The elder Gleason was a man of magnificent physical pro- 
 portions and powers, and Avas famed for his ability to conquer and tame 
 the wildest and most refractory horses. He was always ready, and 
 even eager to purchase horses regarded as vicious, and he never failed 
 to make them entirely kind and gentle. For a number of years he 
 was engaged in tbe manufacture of hats, etc., from palm leaves. He 
 had six or seven establishments in different towns, and gave out much 
 " piece work " to be done at home, in scores of houses in Massachusetts 
 and even other adjoining States. He had, therefore, to keep many 
 horses and wagons for cartage, and was himself on tbe road much of 
 tbe time. " Whenever he heard," says tbe son, " of a runaway or 
 vicious animal, he would go miles to buy it, claiming that only the 
 best horses were vicious. He declared the best way to cure a run- 
 away horse was to give him the end of the road. I never knew him 
 to have a sick or lame horse in my life ; although he gave bis animals 
 hard drives, be always took tbe best of care of them. He never drove 
 less than 10 miles an hour on tbe road." 
 
 Oscar R. Gleason's mother was Ellen F. Drury, of Salem, Massa- 
 chusetts ; one of those earnest, determined and devoted mothers whose 
 character and early teachings have done so much for the development 
 of noble and successful manhood among the people of New England. 
 
 Tbe family removed in 1868 to Dakota, Humboldt County, Iowa, 
 
 — 464 — 
 
— 465 — 
 
 on the Des Moines River. This was a great change from the Massa- 
 chusetts towns, and the elder Gleason's mode of life was correspond- 
 ingly modified. The palm-leaf industry was perforce abandoned, and 
 he devoted his attention wholly to the live stock business, handling 
 every year many thousand head of horses and cattle. To Oscar he 
 gave a fine little cow pony, and the boy took the keenest pleasure in 
 riding it after the droves of cattle. Once, he relates, he was helping 
 his father drive a large herd of wild steers, and they were crossing a 
 bridge over the Des Moines River. One of the steers bolted and 
 })lunged into the stream. After him went Oscar and his pony. " Look 
 out for quicksands," shouted his father. Oscar was then in deep water, 
 the pony swimming close up to the steer and biting at him to hurry 
 him through, and they soon safely emerged on the other side. This 
 occurred at the time of the great flood in 1869, Oscar then being 13 
 years of age. On arriving safely in the village of Springvale, they 
 had discovered that the dam just above the town had given away, and 
 there was great danger of all the citizens being drov/ued. At once 
 the elder Gleason gave the order for every one to turn out with teams 
 and stop the water by filling up the large breach with boulders and 
 rock. His example infused new life into the dazed citizens, who took 
 hold with a will, so that there were at work at this critical time not less 
 than 500 men with as many animals ; and they succeeded, by almost 
 superhuman efforts, in averting the threatened destruction. 
 
 They remained in the West until 1871. Then Mrs. Gleason died, 
 and her husband and two sons returned East and moved to Vermont. 
 Here Oscar had a rare opportunity it) develop his passion for horses, 
 which became more and more marked as he grew older. At that time 
 traveling through the State of Vermont was the well-known horse 
 trainer, the late Professor C. H. Williams, and Oscar Gleason became 
 a member of his class. Foreseeing what great results must ensue 
 from an intelligent presentation of the art of educating the horse, he 
 <letermined to make it a life study and had the pleasure of putting 
 into effect his long-cheriished idea, which was both to train a horse so 
 as to make him gentle for family use and also to educate the people in 
 the different methods used in training and handling the noble brute. 
 
 " While witnessing one of Professor Williams' exhibitions in West- 
 ern Vermont in subduing and bringing under perfect control a wild 
 and vicious colt, I was struck," he says, " with wonder and amazement 
 
— 466 — 
 
 to see what power man did possess over the dumb brute. I thereupon 
 said to Professor Williams that every man who had to do with horses 
 should be taught the same art, and he said, ' My boy, I am glad to 
 have in you such an interested spectator, and if everybody could so 
 readily see the utility of the methods I use, certainly my labor would 
 not be in vain.' As it was an established rule of Professor Williams 
 that when a man became a member of his class he was constituted a 
 life member, I attended his exhibitions whenever and wherever I could 
 hear of him, and I went to Jamaica, West Townsend, and Wadsboro' 
 City, thereby getting the benefit of four exhibitions. At the last- 
 named place I remarked to Professor Williams that I was going into 
 the business. He laughed at me, and said, * Young man, you will 
 have a great deal to contend with in order to be successful.' " 
 
 Thus the teacher and pupil parted, the latter retaining a copy of 
 Professor Williams' book on horses, which he studied until he knew it 
 almost by heart. Oscar actually began at this time to give exhibitions 
 of horse-training, and was thus engaged when he and his teacher next 
 met. It was on the road, between Jacksonville and Reedsboro', Ver- 
 mont. They greeted each other cordially, and Oscar told the Professor 
 that he was on his way to Reedsboro' to give an exhibition. The other 
 was displeased at this, seeing in his former pupil a competitor, and told 
 him that he must not make use of any of the devices he had learned 
 of him or he would prosecute him. Oscar replied that he was already 
 billed to appear at Reedsboro' and intended to keep the engagement, 
 at no matter what cost. So they parted again, not on their former 
 pleasant terms. When Oscar reached Reedsboro' he found that Wil- 
 liams had been there just before him and had given an exhibition. 
 Consequently his own audience was small, consisting of nine persons, 
 at 50 cents each. At the close of the performance, with the $4.50 in 
 his pocket, he went to his father's home, at West Townsend, and made 
 preparations for another town. His father had a ** buckskin " mare 
 that was a bad balker and kicker. Oscar persuaded him to let him 
 take her and break her. In this the young man succeeded, making 
 her so docile that he could drive her anywhere witjiout bit or reins. 
 
 His second exhibition was given at Wadsworth, Vermont, in August, 
 187G, and the receipts were $22. This encouraged him. But his 
 father looked with doubt and disfavor upon the whole enterprise, nor 
 was his mind changed when, soon after, Oscar returned from his third 
 
— 467 — 
 
 tour with SI 5 clear profits, but he earnestly advised his son to give it 
 up and go to farming. " At this time," says our subject, "I was only 
 20 years old, and knowing full well I was not legally my own master, 
 I asked my father what he would take for the year that remained be- 
 tween bondage and freedom, and he replied $150. I asked him if he 
 would take my note, and he replied that he would. Thus I went 
 my way, after bidding the family farewell, and saying to them all 
 that I should never return until I had made a worthy name for ray- 
 self. My only companion being the buckskin mare, I gave free exhi- 
 bitions with her by driving her without lines. Large numbers would 
 turn out to see my free exhibitions of horsemanship. I then delivered 
 a free lecture on what I could do and could teach the horse-owners 
 and formed a class, making the terms $3 apiece. I traveled in this 
 manner, stopping at many small towns in Massachusetts, arriving at 
 Hazzardviile, Conn., about December 1st, 1876. At this place I 
 wrote my father of my success and invited him to come on and see 
 our exhibition, which he accepted, arriving here on Christmas Day. 
 
 " As I had spent some time in Hazzardviile I had ample time and 
 opportunity to go about and make myself acquainted with the horse- 
 owners and stockmen and succeeded very well in getting them inter- 
 ested in my lectures, and as a consequence I had a large class of 
 scholars. So the night of the exhibition I had a very large audience 
 for that time, my receipts being $212, which was a great inducement 
 for my father to join me in my scheme, and on my suggestion he 
 readily accepted the proposition. It is due myself to here make mention 
 that on my father's arrival I called on him to produce the note I gave 
 him purchasing my manhood, which to his surprise I promptly cashed. 
 We then formed a company under the style of Professor O. R. Gleason 
 & Co., my father being the Company." 
 
 They issued a few days later a 41-page pamphlet, entitled A New Trea- 
 tise on the Training of the Horse, and spent the remainder of the winter in 
 Connecticut, giving exhibitions in numerous towns and cities. In the 
 spring and summer they went through parts of Massachusetts, New 
 York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and in the following December 
 reached the City of Philadelphia. There, in Janiiary, 1878, they gave 
 an exhibition of horsemanship in the old Race Street Bazaar, at which 
 a large gathering of people was present, including many prominent 
 citizens. Messrs. Fiss & Durr, proprietors of a large stable and horse 
 
— 468 — 
 
 market, had at that time a rather noted horse named " Resolute.'* 
 This was a most vicious brute, a confirmed kicker and biter. It was 
 brought into the ring and young Gleason quickly subdued it to entire 
 docility. Thence they went to Wilmington, Del., where Oscar suc- 
 cessfully handled the noted horse, " Running Gale." At Dover, Del., 
 the father and son i:)arted company, the former being in broken health. 
 The elder Gleason returned to Vermont, taking with him the famous 
 " buckskin " mare, and a short time afterward he died. 
 
 Oscar Gleason kept on in the chosen enterprise of his life, and in the 
 spring of 1879, at the village of Dunmore, among the mountains of 
 Pennsylvania, met with an experience that was one of the most import- 
 ant in his whole life. He there made the acquaintance of Miss Kath- 
 leen E. Jordan, a native of that place. Before long he persuaded her 
 to become his wife, and she has ever since been his constant and sympa- 
 thetic companion, never missing one of his performances, and taking 
 the deepest possible interest in his work. '' It is to her quick and dis- 
 cerning sight," he says, "that I owe the success of my career." 
 
 After his marriage. Professor Gleason went to York, in Southern 
 Pennsylvania, and made that place his lieadquarters for four months, 
 forming a class of over 1,600 members at $2 per head. At the 
 termination of the school he gave a street parade, wherein were 
 over 600 mounted men, headed by himself as Marshal, driving a four- 
 in-hand team of black horses. Directly after this parade he gave an 
 exhibition, free to everybody, handling a very vicious horse, and im- 
 mediately after the exhibition he gave a dinner to all the members of 
 his class. Soon after he left for Hagerstown, Md. At this place he 
 remained fir two months. Amonsj the manv hundred horses he 
 handled while there was the celebrated " Kentucky Prince," owned by 
 John Cost, and he thoroughly broke him so that he could make him 
 do almost everything but talk. He had him so thoroughly under con- 
 trol that Mr. Cost was very anxious for him to drive him around to 
 the surrounding villages, where he was giving lessons to classes already 
 formed. This he very readily did, as everybody at Hagerstown knew 
 this horse, and was afraid of him ; but he had him under such good 
 subjection that his wife used to drive him, '* Prince" was very nervous 
 and high-strung, *'but I had him so th(jroughly in hand," says Profes- 
 sor Gleason, "that he would obey the word of command with the 
 rapidity of thought, ^yhile driving from Hancock to Hagerstown, 
 
— 469 — 
 
 about midnight, I was accosted in the road by two highwaymen, wha 
 stepped in front of the horse, and demanded a halt. I gave ' Prince' 
 the word, and he jumped, striking tlie two men with the wheels of the 
 wagon, knocking them aside, and in less time than I am writing his 
 name he had us all out of harm's way. After remaining in the above 
 place for two months, we left for Virginia, arriving at Winchester in 
 the fall of 1880. This city I made my headquarters for one month, 
 taking in the small towns in a radius of, say, 60 miles. After leaving 
 Winchester we went to Harrisonburg, Va., in the Shenandoah Valley, 
 where we did a very successful business, at the termination of which I 
 gave a free excursion over the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, bringing 
 into Harrisonburg over 7,000 farmers. I handled upon this occasion 
 10 very bad horses, and during my stay here I made many warm 
 friends." 
 
 Staunton, Charlottesville, Lynchburg, and Danville, Virginia, were 
 next visited, and then in the winter of 1880-81 they reached Greens- 
 boro', N. C. Here business was bad, and Mrs. Gleason was ill for 
 many weeks. Attempts to form classes in neighborino^ towns were 
 fruitless, and as soon as Mrs. Gleason was able to travel they borrowed 
 money of their landlord and went to Atlanta, Ga. There in two 
 weeks enough money was made to repay the loan, and they paid profit- 
 able visits to Augusta, Macon, and other places. At Savannah they 
 made good friends and much money, and then, for the sake of Mrs. 
 Gleason's health, set out for Jacksonville, Florida, where th-^y spent 
 the winter of 1881-82. 
 
 Next spring they started for the North again. At Nashville, Ken- 
 tucky, Professor Gleason was taken ill for some weeks. On his re- 
 covery they went to Lexington, in the heart of the famous " blue 
 grass " region, where the finest horses in the world abound. He gave 
 exhibitions there and formed a large class. Among the horses broken 
 by him at Lexington w^as a valuable "Almont filly," the property of 
 General Withers. 
 
 " This was," says Professor Gleason, " one of the most vicious colts 
 that I ever handled. I had heard of her from some of the horsemen 
 of Lexington as being such a kicker that all the horse-breakers who 
 had previously handled her had given her up as no good. So in meet- 
 ing General Withers one day, I said, ' General, let me handle your 
 mare.' He replied, ' You cannot drive her.' I said, ' I can hitch and 
 
— 470 — 
 
 drive her in two hours.' He said, ' You can take her, but first promise 
 me that you will not injure her,' which I did most emphatically. I 
 then advertised to handle this noted mare in the streets of Lexington, 
 but found the crowd so dense and congregating so fast that the police 
 interfered. I was then obliged to rei)air to the circus ground, where I 
 subdued and drove her within 60 minutes after taking her in hand. I 
 then used this mare in making my visits to the surrounding small towns 
 until I had her thoroughly broken. I spent the spring and part of 
 the summer of 1882 in Kentucky. One day on my arrival from Paris, 
 Ky., where I had been on business, making the journey in the open 
 air, on going into the hotel I noticed that every one eyed me with a 
 suspicious stare, and also seemed to avoid me. But I went into the 
 dining-room and there found m}'*wife seated at the table. Soon after 
 I took my seat the people all arose and left with fear and consterna- 
 tion. While we were both wondering what the excitement was, a phy- 
 sician came in with the landlord to give me a special examination and 
 diagnose my case. The doctor, after a good look at me, said, with a 
 smile upon his countenance, * Yes, he has got it badly, but instead of 
 its being small-pox, it is the measles.' I made up mj mind I did not 
 feel very well, so went to my bed, where I was confined for two weeks. 
 "As soon as I was able to resume my professional career I went from 
 Lexington to Ripley, Brown County, Ohio, arriving there in August, 
 1882, and stopping at the Latona Hotel, having at that time for niine 
 host one E. V. Chapin, formerly a New York man. While sojourning 
 at Ripley, I took in all the river towns in Ohio, from Pittsburgh, Pa., to 
 Portsmouth, Ohio, forming classes, still keeping my headquarters at 
 Ripley, and with good results. Presently I thought I would change 
 and embark in a business where I could have an easier time, make 
 money faster, and have a good time generally. And while I Avas in 
 this condition of mind, I met the manager of a theatrical troupe 
 which was stranded, and was over-persuaded by him to take his com- 
 pany and place them on their feet again. So into it I went, heart, 
 soul, and body (just the same as if I was handling a noted kicking 
 horse), and the outcome of it was ' Gleason's Nobody's Child Com- 
 pany,' and during the iiist real lucid spell I had after the fever had 
 abated I found myself peeping through the window of a box-office 
 looking for somebody to buy a ticket to see the play. I soon realized 
 that I was going to need some more ready money, so I persuaded a 
 
— 471 - 
 
 lightning-rod man, one Jas. E. Culon, to take a half-interest with me 
 after convincing him that there were milHons in it. Why, I could see 
 before me such grand realizations of wealth that I began to be worried 
 as to what safe investments I could make. From Ripley we went to 
 Georgetown, Ohio ; from Georgetown I went back to Ripley, taking 
 the whole troupe with me, and sto])ped again at the Latona House, in 
 order to catch my breath and take in wind enough so as to make an- 
 other grand flight. Portsmouth was the next point, thence to Chilli- 
 cothe, to Ironton, through West Virginia, to Huntington, and thence 
 to Staunton, in the Shenandoah Valley, meeting with ill success in all 
 of the aforesaid places. I thought that in the best towns in the Shenan- 
 doah Valley the many friends 1 had made in my old profession of 
 horse -training would flock to see me in my new roh as propiietor and 
 manager of ' Gleason's Nobody's Child Company.' But here I found 
 myself again mistaken, and on reaching Winchester the actors com- 
 menced clamoring for their salaries, which, of course, it was impossible 
 for me to pay at that time, and they would not go on the stage and give 
 another exhibition without their money. 
 
 " Talk about your kicking horses being bad to subdue and handle. 
 Here I encountered more than my match. I could not handle them, 
 they kicked too hard, and all kicked at one time. There was only 
 one way to subdue them, a device not my original invention, conse- 
 quently I had no patent on it and could not control it — ' money.' So 
 I let the concern go to pieces and we dissolved at this place, leaving 
 me and my lightning-rod partner without a dollar in the world. 
 
 I went off by myself to meditate, and, being among strangers, I 
 thouo-ht the best thino- for me to do was to 2:0 where some knew^ me. 
 It occurred to me that the landlord at Martinsburg, W. Va., knew me 
 well as a horse-trainer. I thought I would go and see him and borrow 
 some money of him to get another start. So I hired a carriage to take 
 us over to Martinsburg, it being about 15 miles away, and on arriving 
 there I went in and he greeted me as of old, supposing he was going 
 to have a moneyed customer. But after our friendly meeting I took 
 him to one side and told him I wanted him to go to the door and ])ay 
 the cabman for bringing us there, as I had no money. He laughed, 
 but readily consented, and also loaned me some money to go to Cum- 
 berland and there give an exhibition of horsemanship. On arriving 
 there, my money being all exhausted once more for transportation and 
 
— 472 — 
 
 printer's bills for dodgers to throw around the town, gave a free exhi- 
 bition in front of the post-office and formed a class, bringing in a total 
 cash of $42." 
 
 From Cumberland ihey went to Pittsburgh, Pa., where they formed 
 a large class and did an excellent business, and thence to Cleveland, 
 Ohio. In this city they had a large class of wealthy and substantial 
 men. From there they went to Detroit, Mich., but owing to the cold 
 Aveather did not do much business. They then left for Toledo, Ohio, 
 for three weeks. From Toledo they went through Ohio, stoppin^r at 
 many small towns, spending the wiuter of 1882-83 in this State. Jn 
 the spring they went to Dunkirk, N. Y. Here they formed a good 
 class, and after one week left for Jamestown. This ])lace Professor 
 Gleason made his headquarters for nearly two months, lecturing in all 
 the small towns for a radius of 50 miles, doing a nice business. From 
 there he made a tour through the oil regions, but made little money. 
 
 Arriving at Brooklyn, N. Y., in June, 1883, he commenced an en- 
 gagement with W. C. Coup, the owner of the " one hundred thousand 
 dollar bronchos." Here he filled an enoaiiement of four weeks, work- 
 ing for Mr. Coup for a large salary. 
 
 After filling this engagement in Brooklyn, he left for Norfolk, Va. 
 There he did an immense business for three weeks. He then left for 
 Petersburg and Richmond, and the genial people and the balmy and 
 salubrious atmosphere made him loth to leave this part of the country. 
 But after a time he went to Baltimore, Md., and did an immense busi- 
 ness, remaining in this city the winter of 1883-84, giving exhibitions 
 every evening, Sundays excepted, for 10 weeks. He here handled the 
 celebrated " Tinpan horse," which got its name from having run away 
 uith a load of tinware, and thereby ever after being perfectly frantic 
 and entirely unmanageable at every bit of tinware it chanced to come 
 in contact with. He handled it and completely subdued it in two 
 lessons. In the spring he left for the Eastern Shore of Maryland, 
 ^vhere he received a welcome from the farmers and formed large classes 
 and handled a number of very vicious horses. 
 
 From here he went back to Wilmington the second time, and gave a 
 free exhibition nightly for two weeks. Then he proceeded to New 
 York State, stopping in Pennsylvania on the way at Chester, AVest 
 Chester, Media, Norristown, Bethlehem, Allentown, Easton, and 
 Wilkesbarre. On arriving at Elmira, N. Y., he remained for two 
 
-473 — 
 
 weeks, making that place his heachjuarters, and taking in the small 
 towns for a radius ol' 25 miles, doing a fair business only. He then 
 left for Buffalo, stopping at all the small towns en route, arriving at 
 the last-named place November loth, 1884. 
 
 While in this city he cast up his accounts and decided thenceforth 
 to change his style of business, and instead of simply working the peo- 
 ple for their patronage as scholars at $3 per head, to adopt the sys- 
 tem of giving exhibitions inside some convenient inclosure and charg- 
 ing an admission fee. For this idea he has never been sorry, as it has 
 been much more remunerative. The first exhibition he irave after 
 adopting this resolution was in the " Republican Wigwam" on Niagara 
 Street, Buffalo, on November 22d, 1884. He charged only 10 cents 
 for admission, and as a consequence filled the house to overflowing, 
 having to turn away people every night. With all this outpouring 
 humanity he could not meet his expenses, as the wigwam could not 
 hold enough people to do so, so he had to raise his prices. For the 
 nine weeks of his engagement he did a profitable business, and was 
 well pleased with the " new idea." 
 
 " During my engagement here," he says, '' I made the acquaintance 
 of Mr. C. J. Hamlin, of East Aurora, N. Y., who made me a 
 proposition to take charge of his stock farm, and superintend the sale 
 of his celebrated trotting stock. This I did not take kindly to, as it 
 was not my vocation to be a stock raiser. But Mr. Hamlin, not to be 
 thwarted, conceived the idea of getting on the right side of my wife, 
 and thus finally succeeded in gaining the day and bringing me over to 
 his terms. I took the position, thinking and believing that Mrs. Glea- 
 son did this more to have an abiding place, and probably that it would 
 result in our settling down somewhere permanently and making us a 
 home. I was to commence my engagement on the first day of Apiil, 
 1885. I now left for Chicago, 111. Here I exhibited to crow«l('d 
 houses for 10 weeks. As I was about to close my engagement in this 
 city I heard of a very vicious horse which belonged to the proprietor 
 of the Gait House. The reader can paint in his imagination the pic- 
 ture of a wild and vicious horse, with all the bad habits combined in 
 him, breaking a strap used in controlling him, dragging about three 
 men with him, pell mell, hit or miss, through a vast multitude of 
 frightened human beings, with those having him in charge powerless to 
 control him. At last I caught him, bringing him to a standstill, and 
 
— 474 — 
 
 after renewing my attach nients, placed him again in the ring, and 
 within 30 minutes had him completely subdued." 
 
 Concerning Professor Gleason's work in Chicago, The Chicago Horse- 
 man of February 14th, 1885, said : 
 
 "On Saturday night last, at Greuier's Garden, Professor Gleason 
 brought a 10 weeks' engagement to a pleasant close. During that 
 period, nightly, he has lectured on the horse, educated him, trained 
 him, cured him of evil tricks, and demonstrated that the horse is an 
 intelligent animal, to be educated, not abused — to be trained, not 
 kicked. He has achieved a success that no other man can claim, show- 
 ing in Chicago for 10 weeks, giving 72 exhibitions to over 150,000 
 persons, handling 216 head of vicious horses." 
 
 The Chicago Tribune, of Wednesday, March 4th, 1885, said: 
 " Over 1,200 people assembled in Battery D last night, to witness an 
 exhibition of horsemanship, as shown by Professor O. R. Gleason. The 
 lioor of the large hall had been covered with saw-dust, and at the east 
 end stood a score or more of animals, each of which, it is alleged, was 
 possessed of some vicious trait or bad habit. The horses were the 
 property of different residents of Chicago, and none of them, it was 
 said, had ever been seen by the trainer before. A bay mare was led to 
 the centre of the floor, and her owner informed the Professor that she 
 was in the habit of shying violently at newspapers and other light 
 objects which the wind might carry before her on the roadway. Under 
 the trainer's care the mare soon understood that the objects of which 
 she had stood in fear were harmless, and coolly walked over a quantity 
 of large white sheets that had been thrown upon the sawdust. A 
 vicious kicker was quieted soon into the gentlest submission. A brown 
 horse belonging to a prominent lightning-rod firm was next led into 
 the hall. The horse was a ' runaway,' and was declared unmanageable 
 1)V it^ owners. At the expiration of ten minutes an open umbrella 
 flourished about its head did not disturb the perfect composure of 
 the animal; she did not raise a hoof from the floor when the Professor 
 repeatedly fired a pistol from the animal's back." 
 
 Thus Professor Gleason closed his first exhibition in Chicago, and 
 went to the Hamlin Stock Farm at Aurora, N. Y., 15 miles from 
 Buffalo. Here he commenced his duties as manager, and many and 
 endless were the duties he had to encounter. On the farm were 116 
 
— 475 — 
 
 horses that Mr. Hamliii was to get ready fur his sale, which took 
 place Iq May. It was a pretty picture to see this number of blooded 
 horses in the finest possible condition in one grand [)rocession in their 
 march to the Buffalo Driving Park. But the manager terminated his 
 engagement in three months, and then gave a public exhibition, draw- 
 ing the lai-gest concourse of people that ever assembled at East Aurora. 
 Bidding Mr. Hamlin and his new-made friends adieu, he turned his 
 back on the States, taking flight to Toronto, Canada, not in the role 
 of a bank cashier fleeing from justice, but prospecting for new fields 
 in which he could prosecute his business. His first exhibition after 
 reaching Canada was in the old Riding Academy at Toronto, where he 
 gave exhibitions for four weeks, meeting with grand success, handling 
 150 head of horses, at the close of wdiicli he received the following 
 letter and $500 in gold : 
 
 Toronto, Canada, November 12th, 1885. 
 Professor 0. R. Gleason: 
 
 Sir : — On behalf of some of the horse-owners of the City of Toronto, 
 I take the opportunity to present you with this purse as a small token 
 of esteem. We hope your efforts have been successful to enlighten and 
 establish in our minds the many benefits to be derived from a thorough 
 knowledge of the horse, and how to handle and train him, as so ably 
 explained by you in your lectures. Hoping your stay in Toronto has 
 been beneficial, we trust your course may be as prosperous in the 
 future. 
 
 Respectfully, Alex. Munning, 
 
 Mayor of Toronto. 
 
 From Toronto he went to Hamilton, London, St. Catherine's, and 
 all the small towns, filling engagements with agricultural societies. 
 His success in Canada was very satisfactory financially, and he handled 
 1,243 horses. He then left for Boston, stopping at Albany, Holyoke, 
 and Springfield. At Springfield he made a stay of two weeks, forming 
 the largest class (680 meml)ers) that w^as ever held in the city. 
 
 He opened in the city of Boston on January 25th, 1886, at the old 
 " Boston Riding Academy," on AVashington Street. On the opening 
 night the Academy was crowded to its utmost capacity ; "and," says 
 the Professor, " during my intermission of tea minutes' duration, while 
 sitting in my dressing-room, who should present himself at the door 
 
— 476 — 
 
 MEDAL PRESENTED TO PROF. GLEASON, BY THE MAYOR OF BUFFALO, K. Y. 
 
— 477 — 
 
 but ray old instructor, Professor Williaras, who was residing at this time 
 in the city of Boston. To say I was surprised would be putting it 
 mildly, for he was the furthest person from my thoughts. I was very 
 glad to meet my old tutor again on earth, and was also very glad to 
 have him for one of my audience. After passing a few pleasant re- 
 minders and allusions to the days of ' Auld Lang Syne,' we separated 
 to meet again on the following evening, on a cordial invitation, and in 
 such a way as the reader will see. 
 
 " During the following day, acting upon a suggestion from my wife, 
 we together arranged a little surprise (that was not mentioned on the 
 bills) for our audience, and personally aimed at Professor C. H. C 
 Williams. At the expiration of my intermission on this second even- 
 ing, as I was about to commence the continuation of the evening's 
 entertainment, I called Professor Williams into the ring, presented to 
 him a gold-headed cane, and made the following remarks : 
 
 " ' Ladies and Gentlemen : — Ten years ago I, a Worcester County 
 boy, hearing that Professor C. H. C. Williams, a celebrated hoi-se- 
 trainer and educator, was about opening a class of scholars to receive in- 
 structions as how to train the vicious horse, in our vicinity, I embraced 
 the opportunity of attending his course, and became so infatuated with 
 his system that he made so plain, that I embraced it, and have made 
 it the study of my life. If in the many long years that have passed, 
 by unremitting toil and indomitable will I have made any favorable 
 changes or improvements from the system which he then taught, I can 
 only ask him to be lenient with me. And now, Professor Williams, per- 
 mit me, sir, to present you with this cane, as a token of my regard and 
 esteem, as I shall regard you always my first instructor; and as you 
 lean upon this staff may it be as great a support to your descent of the 
 hill as your early lessons to me have been in ascending.' 
 
 " Professor Williams replied as follows : 
 
 " * Ladies and Gentlemen : — This is a complete surprise to me. I 
 have been present for two evenings, and am much pleased with the 
 great success of a former pupil of mine. I am convinced that Mr. 
 Gleason has well and thoroughly learned what I always tried to impart 
 to my pupils, and must herein acknowledge that he has made a great 
 improvement in the system I then taught, and if I make the proclama- 
 tion before you to-night that he stands before you this evening the 
 
— 473 — 
 
 champion of his profession, I feel that I am only giving words to the 
 minds of this audience. Mr. Gleason, I accept with pleasure this beau- 
 tiful gold-headed cane, and thank you heartily for the same.'" 
 
 Professor Gleason continued his exhibitions in his academy for 14 
 consecutive nights. The horsemen of the city of Boston presented to 
 him a gold watch, of which event the Boston Herald of February 27th, 
 1886, makes the following mention : 
 
 "An audience of about 500 ladies and gentlemen were present at 
 Professor Gleason's equine school (Boston Riding School) last evening 
 to witness his handling of vicious horses and were treated to a little act 
 which was not on the published programme. After working unceas- 
 ingly for over an hour with an especially vicious animal, the Professor 
 took an intermission of perhaps 15 minutes previous to exhibiting some 
 trick horses which he has in charge. As he stepped into the arena at 
 the close of the intermission, he called to his attendants to bring in 
 one of the horses, an elegant animal owned by a South-end stable- 
 keeper, but instead of the horse being led into the ring, ex-Councilman 
 Charles W. Whitcomb stepped to the centre, and in a witty speech pre- 
 sented to Mr. Gleason an elegant gold hunting-case first quality 
 Howard watch and chain. Professor Gleason was completely taken 
 by surprise. In expressing his thanks to the donors he announced that 
 this w^ould not be his last appearance in Boston, as was expected, for, 
 owing to the large number of horses he had been called upon to train, 
 and also from the fact that he had arranged to teach a number of 
 horses tricks, he had decided to remain in Boston a month longer. 
 The watch bears on the front case the monogram ' O. R. G.,' and on 
 the reverse is an engraving of a horse, which is said to be an excellent 
 likeness of Jerome Eddy, a stallion having a record of 2.16*. On the 
 inside of the case is the following inscription : ' Presented to Professor 
 O. R. Gleason by his friends in Boston, February 27th, 1886.'" 
 
 On the evening of this presentation Professor Gleason also received 
 a testimonial, couched in these terms : 
 
 " We, the undersigned, have attended Professor O. R. Gleason's ex- 
 hibitions and have been greatly instructed and much pleased. His 
 wonderful success proves that his methods far surpass all others, and 
 the practical illustration of the same receives our hearty indorsement. 
 No abuse of nor acts of cruelty to the dumb animals in his hands has 
 
— 479 — 
 
 been seen or made use of, education instead of 'breaking' evidently 
 being bis motto. Professor Gleason deserves the respect and esteem of 
 all Bostonians for the great and lasting benefit he has conferred upon 
 the horse by instructing the horse owners and blacksmiths, coachmen 
 and drivers." 
 
 This was signed by 218 citizens of Boston and neighboring places, 
 including many eminent professional and business men. He also re- 
 ceived from Mr. H. L. Whitney, of Boston, a little later, a letter 
 from which the following extract is taken : 
 
 " Horsemanship, like generalship, is a natural endowment. Some 
 men are born to command ; others have no magnetic force to inspire 
 courage and confidence in themselves or others. You have a nervous, 
 sanguine temperament, and instinctively rise to a point seemingly be- 
 yond the reach of an emergency. Your confidence in your ability to 
 control any horse in an inconceivably short time (to lookers-on) is a 
 marvel to horsemen. Were horses as treacherous as men, you could 
 not have handled upwards of 17,000 and to day be a living witness to 
 your great success in the art of horsemanship. In my opinion you 
 control largely by force of your dominant superiority over the brute 
 creation. This power was made absolute in the first man which history 
 records, but in these latter days much of its supremacy has been lost. 
 Many have essayed to regain that complete mastery, some by means 
 brutal in the extreme, others by kindness alone. Neither of the 
 methods have been more than partially successful. Kindness is indis- 
 pensable, but must follow the impress of fear, indelibly stamped upon 
 the animal, then to gain his confidence, at the same time holding over 
 him the symbols with which he was subdued, he continues a willing 
 and obedient servant. I think these principles are fully established in 
 your methods." 
 
 Professor Gleason went from the old riding academy to the " High- 
 land Eiuk," and remained there four weeks. Then he left Boston for 
 New York, to make his first appearance in the capital of the conti- 
 nent. His exhibitions there were managed by Mr. Fred Lovecraft, 
 Secretary of the Coney Island Jockey Club, and took place in Cosmo- 
 politan Hall, a large building at Forty-first Street and Broadv/ay. 
 They were the first performances of the kind given in New York since 
 those given by the famous horse-tamer Rarey, in 1860. It is estimated, 
 
— 480 — 
 
 said a newspaper writer, " that there is $3,000,000 worth of fiiTt-ciass 
 horseflesh in and about the city of New York, and it may be doubted 
 if any class of property can enlist more general interest or wider 
 sympathy than this. Everything which gives information concerning 
 the general management and control of horses is of necessity not only 
 interesting and entertaining, but valuable, and valuable not alone to the 
 Bonners of the earth, who have fortunes invested in horses, not alone to 
 the patrons of the turf who gain their living by their familiarity with 
 speeders and flyers, but to the great array of men who drive, tend, and 
 look after horses in the stable, in the smithy, and along the lines of 
 travel or occupation." 
 
 On the opening night, April 19th, the great hall was crowded with 
 an eager and intelligent audience. Professor Gleason iutroduced 
 thereto a notorious man-killing stallion named " Rysdyck," which had 
 killed its groom a few days before and which had been sent on from 
 Montreal, Canada, expressly for him to deal with. When people en- 
 tered the house they saw a big brown horse standing inside an in- 
 closure of board fence. Professor Gleason appeared and spoke briefly 
 to the audience. He intimated that most horses had more intelligence 
 than their drivers, and after a few encouraging remarks entered the 
 pen with the stallion, carrying a whip and a revolver loaded with blank 
 cartridges. He spoke to the animal in a loud tone and then walked 
 toward him. The stallion moved into a corner of the pen and turned 
 his heels toward the Professor, Instantly he received several stinging 
 blows around his hind legs. Then he turned his head toward the Pro- 
 fessor, who cautiously reached out his hand and patted the beast on 
 the shoulder. Two or three times this was repeated, each time the 
 trainer going closer to the horse. 
 
 Suddenly there was a cry from the audience. Like a flash the stal- 
 lion had turned and seized the Professor by the right fore-arm with his 
 gleaming white teeth. The instructor dropped his whip, and with a 
 violent effort wrenched his arm free. Then he fired the revolver 
 several times in front of the brute's nose. The animal sprang wildly 
 around the ring and nearly knocked down the fence. In a few mo- 
 ments he ran into a corner again. Then the Professor resumed his 
 former tactics. He made the horse stop at the word "whoa " a num- 
 ber of times. Then he began to pat him on the near shoulder again. 
 Once more the angry beast whirled and snapped at the Professor's 
 
— 481 — 
 
 breast, hitting him a powerful blow with his strong teeth. The re- 
 volver came into play again. Then the animal's hind legs were 
 lashed. Once more the Professor patted him. The animal's coat was 
 wet and he was blowing like a racer. He made no more atteinpts lo 
 bite. 
 
 In just twenty-five minutes after entering the pen Professor Gleason 
 put a halter on the stallion, and had the fence taken down. Then he 
 called for a small rope, and put a " double Bonaparte " on the horse. 
 He passed the rope around his neck, through his mouth, over the top 
 of his head, under his upper lip, and through the circle around his 
 neck. He made the stallion follow him wherever he went. Then he 
 put a bridle on him, and took off the Bonaparte. Next he put on a 
 big surcingle with a ring underneath. Two straps were put around 
 the animal's fore fetlocks. A rope was fastened to the near one, 
 passed through the ring in the surcingle, down through the ring in 
 the other fetlock strap, and back through the surcingle ring. Then a 
 pair of reins were put on. and the Professor drove the animal around 
 the ring, usiag the rope to hoist the near fore foot whenever the brute 
 tried to kick. In a short time he put the harness on him, hitched him 
 to a buggy, juniped in and drove him, finally starting him and stop- 
 ping liim by verbal command. Then he had a big bass drum ham- 
 mered near his head, and tin pans and sleigh-bells rattled. The 
 stallion went straight up to them, and was not annoyed by them after 
 a few trials. The Professor laid down the lines, put his feet on the 
 dashboard, and fired the revolver. The stallion stood like a statue. 
 A horse afraid of paper was next brought in. The Professor soon 
 had paper all around his held, threw it at him, made him w^alk over 
 it, and act as if there was nothing in the world he liked better than 
 paper. A kicker was put inco double harness with this horse, and 
 both acted beautifully. 
 
 A few days later " Rysdyck " was driven about the streets of New 
 York, a perfect model of gentleness. At another exhibition that same 
 week, another notorious brute, called " Ugly Mary," was managed by 
 Professor Gleason. Says a reporter of the scene in the New York Sun : 
 
 " 'Ugly Mary,' a big chestnut mare, with a muzzle on, w\as brought 
 into the Cosmopolitan Hall ring last night, and a call was made for 
 her owner to tell what vice she had. Mr. Jones, manager of Derland's 
 
— 482 — 
 
 stables, where the mare is boarded, said, as the representative of the 
 owner : 
 
 " * This mare is a notorious biter. She killed a man in Boston. In 
 our stable we always have to keep a muzzle on her. There is only one 
 man who can harness her or handle her in the stall. If he is not 
 about her owner can't go riding. She is a biter from Bitersville. Put 
 your fist in her face, and she'll eat you up.' 
 
 *'In subsequent conversation he said that she was formerly the 
 property of Mr. David Scott, who, to get rid of her, gave her to 
 Colonel Van Wyck, her present owner. When her owner drives her 
 out on the road there is only one place at which he can stop, for there 
 is but one man, John Quinn, who will dare to put her in the shed. 
 
 " After a few minutes' struggle the mare was thrown down by means 
 of the * double safety rope,' and Professor Gleason, while sitting on 
 her, made a little speech, condemning cruelty to horses, and compli- 
 menting Mr. Heury Bergh — with whom he had had a long and pleas- 
 ant explanatory interview in the afternoon — for his good work in pro- 
 tecting valuable animals. When the mare was allowed to get up, the 
 muzzle was taken off her, and the ' double Bonaparte bridle ' was put 
 on. During the operation she only made one snap at the trainer's 
 hands, and seemed to regret that the moment after, when she caught 
 his eye. This bridle is very nearly the same as the 'Eureka' — a 
 mere bit of slender cord — except that its free end is not bi'ought up 
 and fastened to the neck-loop, but is run through straight and held to 
 be pulled on when coercion seems desirable. With that contrivance 
 she was so completely demoralized and subjugated that she submitted 
 to being harnessed again and a^ain, without a sign of biting, even after 
 it was taken off, and she was only held by a loose halter. She was 
 even let go into the ring with only the halter on, and followed the 
 trainer about and obeyed him with the docility of a pet dog. This, 
 Professor Gleason said, * did not show that she was cured of biting, but 
 that she could be cured if her owner would only put her through a 
 course of such training himself." 
 
 From New York Professor Gleason went to Philadelphia, and gave 
 exhibitions for two weeks at McCauU's Opera House, after which he 
 took a much-needed vacation. His eleventh year's work was begun at 
 Lynn, Mass., on August 1st, 1886, and soon after he went to Boston 
 
— 483 — 
 
 again for a three weeks' season. His tour was continued to Portland 
 and Lewiston, Maine, and to Montreal, Canada. The last named 
 place was the home of the stallion "Rysdyck," which had been so 
 thoroughly subdued in New York, and there was, of course, much 
 eagerness to see the horse trainer who had accomplished that extra- 
 ordinary feat. " During my stay," says Professor Gleasou, "I learned 
 from Mr. Kimball, the owner of * Rysdyck,' that he had had that 
 horse at the Dominion Fair, Sherbrook, Canada, and had slept with 
 him every night in his stall, proving the thorough and practical utility 
 of my work." 
 
 The next city visited was Albany, and then he returned to New 
 York, and was seen again at the Cosmopolitan Hall for several 
 weeks, handling horses for many of the wealthiest and best-known 
 horse-owners in the city. A tour was then made through Rochester, 
 Syracuse, and Utica ; thence to Lancaster, and Pittsburgh, Pa. At 
 the last-named place he gave 21 exhibitions, and haudled 436 horses. 
 Next he visited Newark, N. J., and then conceived the daring plan of 
 leasing the vast Madison Square Garden, in New York, which had a 
 seating capacity of 7,000. His friends tried to dissuade him from this 
 enterprise, fearing it would prove disastrous, but he persevered. For 
 six nights the place was crowded, 57,330 tickets being sold and taken 
 at the doors. 
 
 Baltimore was next visited, and then Washington, where the mem- 
 bers of the Cabinet and both Houses of Congress attended his exhibi- 
 tions. Among the many notices and testimonials received by him at 
 the national capital was the following : 
 
 " House of Representatives, ) 
 
 " Washington, D. C, April 9th, 1887. 3 
 " This is to certify that I own a mare who has been justly termed 
 * the star kicker of Prince George's County, Maryland.' The person 
 who attempted to harness her took his life in his hand, so dangerous 
 and vicious was the animal that she would relieve herself of the har- 
 ness. Hearino- that Professor Oscar R. Gleason, the celebrated horse 
 tamer, was in Washington, I had the mare brought up from my farm 
 in Maryland and took her to the Professor. After one trial the mare 
 was thoroughly subdued, and is now as docile as a lamb. I give this 
 certificate to Professor Gleason unasked, as a testimony to his skill 
 
— 484 — 
 
 and as a slight appreciation of the service rendered me in transform- 
 ing a worthless animal into a valuable one, as the mare is now safe in 
 any harness, tit even for a lady to drive with perfect safety. 
 
 "Major A. O. Bkummel." 
 
 The spring of 1887 found Professor Gleason in Buffalo, N. Y. It 
 was his first visit to that place since the clo-e of his engagement as 
 manager of Mr. Hamlin's stock farm, and he was warmly greeted by 
 his old friends. He had made since last there a number of valuable 
 additions to his exhibition, which fact was so apparent that, without 
 his knowledge and to his very great surprise on the last and closing 
 night of his engagement and during his ten minutes' intermission, he 
 was called from his dressing-room, and without warning there was pre- 
 sented to him a solid gold badge, studded with rubies and diamonds. 
 Said the Sunday Truth, of Buffalo : 
 
 " During the past week Professor Gleason's performances at the 
 Main Street Rink have attracted large audiences, many of our promi- 
 nent men becoming interested to such an extent in his wouderful 
 handling of vicious horses that they determined to present him with 
 a testimonial of their admiration and esteem. Accordingly, Messrs. 
 Ruger & Kimball were instructed to prepare an appropriate medal. 
 It consists of a pin set with rubies and diamonds. Below the piu are 
 two clasped hands, showing the cuff buttons, which are set with dia- 
 monds. Attached to the bar is a shield on which is represented the 
 13 original States by 13 stars, and a vicious horse in a rearing posi- 
 tion. The pin weighs 90 pennyweights and costs $600. It is em- 
 blematical of American in every detail, and is a fitting tribute for the 
 Professor to carry with him on his European trip. It was presented 
 during the customary 10 minutes' intermission which Mr. Gleason 
 takes in his exhibitions by Mayor Becker on behalf of his Buffalo 
 friends. The Mayor made the presentation in a few well-chosen words, 
 and the Professor, who was completely taken by surprise, recovered 
 himself sufficiently to enable him to make a reply, which evidenced 
 the gratitude and appreciation with which he accepted this unexpected 
 testimonial." 
 
 From Buffalo he went to the Pennsylvania mountain regions where 
 years bef )re he had found his wife. His success there may be told in 
 the following words of a newspaper writer ; 
 
— 485- 
 
 " We have visited Professor O. K. Gkason's exhibition the past 
 week at the county seat, whose wonderful powers to control horses of 
 the most vicious nature in a short time, completely breaking an in- 
 telligent one to be the most docile of beasts, it would simply be foolish 
 for us to attempt to describe in detail. His exhibition has to be seen 
 to be appreciated, as pen cannot describe. He has been in the coal 
 fields at IScranion and Wilkesbarre for the past ten days, giving his 
 farewell exhibition at Wilkesbarre, Friday evening, a three days' 
 rStand. The Professor was only advertised April 21st and 22d, but 
 after such a jihenomenal success in large audiences and giving such 
 great satisfaction, by special request gave the third exhibition — a fare- 
 well — at Wilkesbarre, on Friday, and to one of the greatest audiences 
 a horse educator ever drew in that city, several hundred people leav- 
 ing that would not stand the crush of limited standing-room. The 
 Professor Avill leave the coal fields by special train for Cincinnati. 
 The Professor has held 810,000 audiences at Madison Square, New 
 York, and given special exhibitions to what is called the highest of 
 the elite — the President, Senators, etc. — which has been appreciated in 
 a manner worthy and due this wonderful horseman. We will close, 
 for as we said before, we cannot do the gentleman justice, and would 
 advise all who can to go and see him. We admit we made two special 
 trips to see the Professor perform while in Wilkesbarre, and we close, 
 wishing him the success he so richly deserves in his tour around the 
 world. Hoping he will return safe and sound and still more wealthy, 
 as he had worked himself up from the * poverty rung ' of the ladder 
 to where lie now is, and still higher may he go, is our most sincere 
 wish." 
 
 The next city visited was Cincinnati, where exhibitions were given 
 in the great Music Hall, one the largest and most splendid edifices of 
 the kind in America. It seemed strange to have a horse-training show 
 given on the very stage on which the world's greatest singers and ora- 
 tors had appeared. But the hall was nightly thronged with appreci- 
 ative spectators. Then he went to St. Louis, Kansas City, and other 
 places in Missouri. Afterward he went to Peoria, 111., and through 
 the leading towns in Indiana, arriving in Columbus, Ohio, June 20th, 
 1887. After remaining here one week, doing a successful business, he 
 left for Saratoga Springs, to enjoy a few weeks of much-needed rest, 
 and handled the famous man-eating stallion, " Wilson," which had an 
 
— 486 — 
 
 undisputed record of having killed four men. It was led into the ring 
 with a bridle that it had worn constantly for over three years, night 
 and day, also an iron muzzle weighing over three pounds. Some of 
 the audience at that time dropped a remark which reached Gleason's 
 ears that they guessed " the horse was not so bad after all," whereupon 
 Gleason offered $50 to any one who would take the muzzle and 
 I ridle off; an offer that was not accepted. 
 
 The autumn of 1887 found Professor Gleason busy at various agri- 
 cultural fairs in New York, Xew Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and in 
 November he exhibited at Providence, R. I. How he was esteemed 
 in that city may be judged from this quotation from The Providence 
 Telegram, of November 3d : 
 
 " Professor Oscar R. Gleason came to Providence well known to horse- 
 men. His wonderful successes in the large cities of the country in 
 subduing vicious animals, breaking young or old horses, or curing 
 them of disagreeable traits has reached Providence. It was then no 
 surprise that the riding school should have held a large number of 
 spectators last evening at his open performance, and among that num- 
 ber were many ladies. 
 
 " Professor Gleason's method seems to be a sensible one, and after 
 giving the theory he demonstrates the practice. Knowing the traits 
 of horses, and he gives them credit for being almost human, he treats 
 them with that same judgment which would be used by a father to his 
 child. He shows the horse that he is his master; that he is a loving 
 master ; that he is a master to be feared. Whenever the horse does 
 wrong he receives instant punishment, not brutal, but effectual. 
 AVhen he does right he is rewarded." 
 
 From Providence he went to Wooster, Mass., where he exhibited 
 for one week to the capacity of the house. The reader will remember 
 on lookino; back to the commencement of his career as a horse trainer, 
 that the first horse he ever trained as a trick horse, and to drive with- 
 out lines, was a "buckskin " mare, with which he has a sorrowful 
 partinir at the time his father and he parted after dissolving their 
 partnership, the fotber taking all the stock v>-ith him to Vermont. 
 " Well, on my arrival in Wooster," says Professor Gleason, " I was re- 
 latins: to some bystanders the many things I liad taught her to do, 
 and ou describing the mare so perfectly, a gentleman standing by said 
 
— 437- 
 
 lie knew ui' a buckskin mare that was owned by a physiciaji about 15 
 miles away, that was the counterpart of the one I was talking about. 
 Although I thouglit it not at all probable, yet I deemed it perhaps 
 possible that it might be my 'Topsy' of the days of long ago. 
 Whereupon I telephoned to the doctor that if he would bring the 
 mare to my exhibition (it being the last of my series at this time; I 
 would give him S15, which he consented to do. I will here make the 
 confessfon that I was anxious to see and verify, if possible, the actual 
 strength of a horse's memory, there having been a lapse of about 11 
 years°since I had seen the mare. The doctor came, arriving at about 
 five p. M., but I did not go near or see the mare until in the presence 
 of my audience that evening." 
 
 At the commencement of the show several bad animals were brought 
 in to have their various faults corrected. The Professor put them 
 throudi a similar course of treatment to that of other evenings, and 
 they became docile. He then gave them an exhibition of driving his 
 trained horse, " Ham," without bridle or reins, simply using the whip 
 as a guide. The animal's obedience showed his trainer's skill, and 
 called forth much applause from the spectators. Then the " buckskin " 
 mare was brought in. This animal had been exhibited by him in 
 Philadelphia and Baltim.ore. Eleven years before he had sold her in 
 Jamaica, Vermont ; from there she had been sold to different owners, 
 having been used for over a year on the horse-cars in Wooster, and 
 finally coming into the possession of Dr. Kelsey. When she first 
 came upon the track. Professor Gleason called her to come to him, 
 but she responded by running in the opposite direction. He then put 
 a rope on her, and she seemed suddenly to remember her old master 
 and trainer. The rope was removed, and she went through all sorts 
 of tricks — laughing, dancing, pawing, and many others. She was then 
 hitched up without a bridle and driven. Professor Gleason made her 
 stop, paw, snort, and rear, as if balking, and then, at the motion of his 
 whip, start on again. Dr. Kelsey, the owner, was present, and said 
 that he had never known that the mare could perform any of the>e 
 tricks. 
 
 From Wooster, Mass., he went to Washington, D. C, fillingf a second 
 engagement of two weeks' duration, during w^hich time he bandied a 
 man-eating stallion, known as the "Nelson Horse," from Virginia, 
 weighing 2,200 pounds. This was the most vicious brute that was ever 
 
— 488 — 
 
 handled in that chj, and it fought desperately for about one and one- 
 half hours. On this occasion over 2,000 jjeople were turned away from 
 the doors, there not being standing-rouiu for them. Professor Gleasun 
 also handled the mammoth biting stallion, " GalipoU," Irom Pennsyl- 
 vania, weighing over a ton, and standing 18 hands high. The Profes- 
 sor in a very short time had him under control, and put his arm in his 
 mouth, giving him all the chance possible to bite him, but the stallion 
 thought that discretion was the better part of valor, and behaved like 
 a pet dog. 
 
 During this visit to Washington Professor Gleason attracted the 
 attention of members of the Cabinet and of Congress very greatly, 
 and Representative Wise introduced a bill j^roviding that the Profes- 
 sor should be requested to write a book embracing his entire system of 
 " training and educating horses, the science of horse-shoeing," etc., and 
 that Congress should purchase and publish said book for Government 
 use and the improvement of military service of the United States 
 Armies. 
 
 From Washington, D. C, he went to Pittsburgh, Pa., where awaited 
 his coming a large number of the most vicious horses in the country. 
 While he was there he heard of a notorious brute called " Holliugs- 
 worth's Dvnamite." His owner wrote to Gleason about it, and the 
 latter offered to subdue it. Then the owner wrote again, as follows : 
 
 " Your letter just received in answer to the one I wrote you about 
 my ' dynamite horse ' ; for he comes to the front in being one of the 
 worst sly and biting horses in this country. I am sorry you are too 
 far off to get this horse to you, but, nevertheless, I shall secure plenty 
 of help and ropes, and by getting in the hay-mow will carry out the 
 idea stated in your letter, of how to handle him to get him to the 
 depot. And right at this point let me say, for God's sake, be on the 
 watch, for I have not fully recovered from my wounds. Professor, if 
 you can handle this horse, to make him quiet, you are something more 
 than a man of ordinary ability. I can say nothing, but await for 
 general results, and may God grant you may handle and break him as 
 you stated without getting wounded or killed. I have tried to tell you 
 how bad he is but I cannot, for he is the devil with a man's life." 
 
 Nearly 4,000 people came to see the fearless trainer deal with this 
 desperate brute, and thev saw him quickly reduce it to complete do- 
 cility. Then Professor Gleason went to Wheeling, W. Va., and then 
 
— 489 — 
 
 to Detroit, Micliigaii. At the latter city he won great popuhir favor. 
 Said Tke Detroit Tribune : 
 
 " ' What a magnificent specimen of manhood !' was heard on all 
 sides last evening when, shortly after eight o'clock, Professor Gleason 
 strolled leisurel}' upon the sawdust at the Princess Rink, drawiuo- a 
 long buggy whip carelessly through his left hand. He is very tall 
 and has not an ouuce of superfluous flesh on his entire frame. Hand- 
 ing his broad-brim white felt hat to one of his three assistants, he ex- 
 posed a countenance that he is both handsome and intellectual. His 
 forehead is high and broad, and a long, light-colored moustache almost 
 concealed the mouth that is remarkable for lines of firmness. He 
 looks every inch the man born to command. He was attired in h'gh 
 top boots, light knee breeches, and loose blouse waists customary with 
 horsemen." 
 
 And later on The Detroit Free Press said : 
 
 " There is no doubt that if Professor Gleason continues his instruc- 
 tive and deeply interesting exhibitions for a month to come the Prin- 
 cess Rink would be filled nightly with delighted and astonished spec- 
 tators. Added to the novelty of the entertainments is the fact that 
 they serve as one of the best possible schools, not alone for the training 
 and taming of ungovernable horses, but also for the education of peo- 
 ple who, through necessity or inclination have the handling of the 
 noblest of animals. Last evening's entertainment was simply a repe- 
 tition of former successes, and additional proof that Professor Gleason 
 is the monarch of horse educators." 
 
 A few evenings before the end of his season in Detroit, a pleasant 
 incident occurred, which was described by The Detroit Tribune as 
 follows : 
 
 " After the fir?t part of the entertainment last evening, Lawyer 
 James H. Pound walked into the ring and announced that he had been 
 delegated by a committee of citizens to present Professor Gleason 
 with an elegant diamond stud as a mark of their admiration for him 
 as a horse trainer and their esteem on account of the good which he 
 has done in this city by way of showing how^ dumb animals should be 
 humanely used and cared for. Mr. Pound also alluded to the bill 
 now before Cono-ress to create the office of Instructor General in the 
 
— 490 — 
 
 cavalry service for Pnjfessor Gleasou and said he hoped it would be- 
 come a law. He closed by presenting the stud, which cost $300." 
 
 At Saginaw, Mich,, the next place visited, he received the following 
 letter from H. C. Shepard, one of the oldest and most successful horse- 
 trainere in that State : 
 
 "Allow me to congratulate you upon the splendid entertainments 
 you have given us during the past two weeks. Your agent called into 
 my place of business, advertising your exhibition, and I entered into 
 a controversy with him in relation to your method of handling wild 
 and vicious horses, and to say that I was full and running over with 
 prejudice toward you would be putting it very mild. I offered to 
 wager any sum of money that your system would do for an entertain- 
 ment, but that it must prove a failure for every-day work. I attended 
 your exhibition at the Park Rink the first night with the same feel- 
 ings. That evening, you will remember, you were disappointed by 
 parties who promised to bring vicious horses, and you appeared at a 
 great disadvantage. I then saw^ a small hole through my argument. 
 When I again attended the exhibition you were called upon to handle 
 some bad kickers and vicious horses, and I then realized your power 
 and the practicability of your methods. Right here I wish to ac- 
 knowledge myself wrong, and wish to say further that I have seen 
 horse-trainers perform for the past 20 years, and have taken a lively 
 interest in all methods advanced, but am compelled to say that in my 
 opinion they all pale into nothingness when compared to the only 
 Gleason." 
 
 For four weeks in April and May, 1888, Professor Gleason gave 
 exhibitions in Chicago before vast crowds of interested spectators. One 
 evening he handled a large and handsome bay horse that was a bad 
 halter-puller and shyer. It took only a five-minutes' application of 
 the "fore-and-aft" halter contrivance to satisfy the horse that halter- 
 pulling was neither graceful nor proper. The horse was then hitched 
 up with a dashing little black and driven around the " salvation band " 
 and through a hissing shower of steam. They kicked and reared 
 when they first saw the steam, but the second time they started for it 
 they went right through, and the third time they stood under it as if 
 they liked to feel its warming influence on their glistening sides and 
 
— 491 — 
 
 backs. They also remained perfectly still while flags were waved be- 
 fore their eyes, paper tossed in showers around their heads, and guns 
 fired behind their ears. The little black had a bob tail, which the 
 Professor did not admire. He said a horse's tail was intended to be 
 a protection to his body, and he thought that a man who would cut it 
 off ought to be sent to the penitentiary. 
 
 An " expert " view of Gleason and his work was given in The Chi- 
 cago Horseman of March 22d, 1888, wdth reference to his lecture be- 
 fore the Chicago Veterinary College. It said : 
 
 " On the subject of practical horseshoeing the Professor is very en- 
 thusiastic, rightly claiming that more horses are injured from ignorant 
 and incompetent shoers than from any other cause, and believes that 
 every sheer, besides serving an apprenticeship, should pass an exami- 
 nation as in other professions before he is allowed to practice, rightly 
 claiming that with the passage of such a law^ the frequency with which 
 lame horses are seen on our streets would soon disappear. The 
 methods employed by Professor Gleason in subduing the vicious ani- 
 mals and converting them into docile and valuable servants are hu- 
 mane, consistent with safety to the life and limb to the person handling 
 the animal. 
 
 " We notice by the da'ly papers that a bill was introduced in the 
 Senate by Senator Hampton for the purchasing and publishing of a 
 book on the great art of training and educating the horse, said book 
 to be published by Professor O. R. Gleason ; also the employment of 
 the said Professor Gleason by the government to teach and lecture 
 on his system of training and educating, the science of horseshoeing, 
 and how to purchase horses for the government service. This bill was 
 referred to the Military Committee, and Ave understand has the hearty 
 support not only of its members but of the majority of the Senate 
 and House, the greater number of which bodies have had the pleasure 
 of attending Professor Gleasou's exhibitions and witnessing his suc- 
 cessful attempts in subjugating the most vicious and heretofore untam- 
 able animals brought before him. That such an office is needed, there 
 is no question, and we know of no man in the country so well quali- 
 fied by reason of his great experience and success as Professor O. R. 
 Gleason. 
 
 ** To give our readers some idea of the vast amount of work he has 
 
— 492 — 
 
 d >ue the past year, we will sla ^ iluit during the past 12 months he hai 
 brokeu, hitched, and driven over 1,700 horses. 
 
 " The inventions and metht^ds, the results of long years of experi- 
 ence and carefal study, and found to be the mos practical, are sliown 
 to thousands of people nightly and the Professor is always willing to 
 show and explain everything connected with his art that is not thor- 
 ou^j-hlv understood, claiming that a man that would withhold informa- 
 tion that would relieve a suffering animal is as brutish as he is mer- 
 cenary. 
 
 " The entertainments he has furnislied for the last two weeks at 
 Battery D, in this city, have been very largely attended, and we 
 noticed many of our best citizens in the reserved balconies, and as 
 some particularly vicious animal was brought into the arena and after 
 passing through the master's hand^j trotted around the ring like a well- 
 behaved family animal, rounds of applause greeted the lecturer. 
 
 "In private life Professor Gleason is of a genial and unassuming 
 nature, charitable to a fault, having given away during his tour large 
 sums of money and often devoting his entire evening receipts to the 
 Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Newsboys' 
 Home, and other deserving public charities." 
 
 To trace Professor Gleason 's career in detail down to the present 
 day would be to repeat again and again w'hat has already been told, 
 of exhibitions of his marvellous skill in many cities before admiring 
 thousands. A few more letters from among the vast numbers written 
 to him and about him may well, however, be quoted. Here is one : 
 
 Richmond, Va., December 10th, 1883. 
 To whom it may concern : 
 
 It has been my privilege to attend some of Mr. Gleason's exhibi- 
 tions of his system of horse-training. I have seen him managing 
 horses of various temperaments, some highly nervous, some balky, and 
 some that would be called stubborn, and it affords me much pleasure 
 to be able to say that I have been very favorably impressed with his 
 skill, which indeed amounts to science, as well as with his perseverance 
 and patience. 
 
 I have been greatly pleased also with Ids ideas of horseshoeing, 
 which I heard from him in my personal interviews with him. Con- 
 vinced, as I have been, from many years' observation and study of 
 
— 493 — 
 
 tho matter, that horses are crippled more by l)ad shoeing than by 
 almosL any other (;ause, I believe that could our blacksmiths be induced 
 to adopt his system it would be a great mercy to these faithful servants 
 of man, as well as a source of much profit and comfort to them- 
 S'Blves. 
 
 I am persuaded that Mr. Gleason is worthy of the confidence and 
 gratitude of every true lover of horses. A. G. Armstrong, 
 
 Rector of Monumental Church, and President of Virginia Society Jor 
 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 
 
 And here is a second : 
 
 Baltimore, August 6th, 1888. 
 
 To whom it may concern : 
 
 This is to certify that I have attended several of the exhibitions 
 given by Professor O. R. Gleason. His method of controlling and 
 subduing vicious horses is wonderful. To my knowledge he has been 
 successful in subduing a number of animals that were given up as 
 worthless by other so-called horse educators. 
 
 I have seen his work on horse-training advertised, and if in print 
 would secure a copy at once, as I believe it to be a work necessary to 
 every horse owner, especially those liable to have a vicious animal. I 
 cheerfully recommend the work to any one in need of such an article, 
 as the Professor's methods are second to none. 
 
 W. H. Wray, D. V. S., 
 Chief V, S. Veterinary Inspector, Maryland. 
 
 And here a third : 
 
 Washington, D. C, April 2d, 1887. 
 
 Professor 0. It. Gleason : 
 
 Sir : — With the compliments of the undersigned, after witnessing 
 
 your wonderful power and control over the equine race, and desiring 
 
 to recognize your exhibition in the capitol of this nation, I present to 
 
 you this pen, used by Chester A. Arthur, President of the United 
 
 States of America, in signing his name to the different Acts passed by 
 
 the Concrress which closed his official career as the Executive of this 
 
 great nation. 
 
 Eugene P. Corvaizier, 
 
 Private Messenger of Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States. 
 
— 494 — 
 
 Here in the Iieight of the powers of manhood, and in the flood-tide 
 of .succe.-s, we may well leave our subject; commending his example 
 aod precepts to all who are inspired with humane impulses, and to all 
 who love and value that most handsome, most noble, and most useful 
 of man's animal friends, the horse. 
 
A FEW TESTIlVIOHlflLiS 
 
 To the LUoKth o* 
 
 PJ^OFESSOH CliEASOlM 
 
 HfiD THH HIGH ESTEEM Ifi WHICH HE IS HEliD BY PJ^OIWIHEHT 
 ^EH IH THIS COUHTF?Y A^O IH CRH^DR.. 
 
 ** The mare you trained for us not for sale at any price." — C. Haase 
 & Co. J Chicago. 
 
 " Professor Gleason has achieved a success that no other man can 
 claim." — Chicago Horseman. 
 
 "Horsemen will do well to follow Professor Gleason's methods." — 
 C. J* Hamilin, Buffalo. N. Y. (pimier of the fastest team in the world). 
 
 " On behalf of some of the horse owners of the city of Toronto, I take 
 the opportunity to present you with this purse as a small token of es- 
 teem." — Alexander Munyiing, Mayor of Toronto, Canada. 
 
 *' Horsemanship, like generalship, is a natural endowment. ... In 
 my opinion you control largely by force of your dominant superiority 
 over the brute creation." — H. L. Whitney, Boston. 
 
 " Proftssor Gleason is a good friend of the horse, as a surgeon is the 
 good friend of mankind." — Naw York Mail and Express^ Editorial. 
 
 " Professor Gleason easily handled ' Kysdiek,' who is described by 
 his owner as s * poly-jointed combination of steel springs, dynamite, 
 and the devil.'" — Neiv York Herald. 
 
 — 493 — 
 
494 — 
 
 ** Even runaways, after having been treated by Professor Gleason, 
 seemed to be inspired by a passionate love for the bass drum." — Nevj 
 York Star, 
 
 "Astounding and satisfactory." — New York Sportsman, 
 
 "He defies the cranks and subdues the horses." — New York Tnbune. 
 
 Gleason is doing valuable work." — New York Sportsman, 
 
 " Beyond praise." — Neiv York Mail and Express. 
 
 *' A truly wonderful man." — New York World, 
 
 " The speediest and best educator extant." — 0, C, Fraley^ Veterinary 
 
 Surgeon, New York City. 
 
 Marvelous." — Lewiston (J^le.) Gazette, 
 
 " Permit me to say that your phenomenal success and skill excited 
 the comment of such experienced showmen as Adam Forepaugh and P. 
 T. Barnum, whose united shows could not possibly do more than you 
 have done — i. e., pack Madison Square Garden from centre to circum- 
 ference." — Louis E. Cooke, Manager ForepaugKs Circus. 
 
 " Phenomenal." — New York Morning Journal. 
 
 "Madison Square Garden was packed, and at least a thousand peo- 
 ple turned away." — New York Daily News. 
 
 " The Professor eliminated all that was demoniacal in the animal's 
 nature." — New York Times. 
 
 "These exhibitions and methods are very instructive." — Baltimore 
 American, 
 
 " This is to certify that I own a mare who has been justly termed * the 
 star kicker of Prince George's County, Maryland.* The person who 
 
— 49S — 
 
 attempted to harness her took his life in his hand. I had the mare 
 brought up from my farm in Maryland, and took her to Professor 
 Gleasou. After one trial the mare was thoroughly subdued, and is 
 now as docile as a lamb. I give this certificate to Professor Gleason 
 unasked, as a tt SLimony to his skill and as a slight appreciation of the 
 service rendered me in transforming a worthless animal into a valua- 
 ble one, as the mare is now safe in any harness, fit even for a lady to 
 
 drive with perfect safety. 
 
 " Major A. O. Brummel, 
 "Member House of Represeniatives, Washington,*' 
 
 " Decidedly successfiil." — Courier, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 " Nearly every horseman in town was present at the perforraance/*- 
 .Record, Wilkes- Barre, Pa. 
 
 " The instruction given in his lectures is invaluable." — The Inquirer , 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 " The Professor is undoubtedly a great man." — St Louis Sunday 
 Sayings. 
 
 " Among those present were Senator Edmunds and family, who com- 
 mended Professor Gleason highly for the success of his original 
 methods." — National Repuhlican. 
 
 " His methods and success are marvelous." — Pittsburgh Tiroes 
 
 ** A wonderful exhibition." — Detroit Free Press. 
 
 " Allow me to congratulate you. I have seen many horse-trainers, 
 but all part into nothingness before the only Gleason," — H. C. Shep- 
 hard, Detroit, Mich, {the oldest professional horseman in the State). 
 
 "Professor O. R. Gleason's lecture last Aveek before the Chicago 
 Veterinary College, of which Professor Baker is president, was listened 
 to with great attention, and at its close a vote of thanks was passed, 
 and three rousing cheers were given in his honor." — Chicago Horseman, 
 
— 496 
 
 *' I am persuaded that Professor Gleason is worthy of the confidence 
 and gratitude of every true lov^er of horses." — A. G. Armstrong, Presi- 
 dent Virginia Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. 
 
 "Tlie Professor's methods are second to none." — W. H. Wray, 
 D. V. S., Baltimore, Chief U. S. Veterinary Inspector. 
 
 *' I have been associated with and have known all the horsemen of 
 note in forty years, and have no hesitancy in pronouncing Professor 
 O. R. Gleason the king of hoi*semen, for there is not his equal in the 
 country." — Prof. Charles Henie, Hartford^ Cotuu