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 THE 
 
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 FARMER'S AND HORSEMAf S TRUE GUIDE, 
 
 POi.STING OUT THE 
 
 PERFECTIONS AND IMPERFECTIONS 
 
 OK THE 
 
 X 
 
 \> 
 
 HORSE, 
 
 WITH 
 
 A 
 
 V 
 
 CURES FOR HIS DISEASES, 
 
 AXD FOR 
 
 NEAT CATTLE AND SHEEP; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH USEFUL RECIPES IN GABDENING, 
 HORTICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY. 
 
 X 
 
 FROM PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE, 
 
 WELL TRIED AND APPllOVED BY FARMERS, FAKRIEKS, &C. 
 
 y 
 
 ROCHESTER : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY G. W. FISHER & Co.. 
 
 FOR JOHN M. CLAftK. 
 1841. 
 
 ^'^^ X^-i:><X>0-:.>'.>:^y 
 
 :X>-:jK^-C--<'-.-''^-'.X 
 
JOHNA.SEAVERNS 
 
■A.. 
 
THE 
 
 FARMER'S AND HORSEMEN'S TRUE GUIDE, 
 
 rOINTIXG OUT THE 
 
 rCRFECTIONS AND IMPERFECTIOTs'S 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HORSE, 
 
 WITH 
 
 CURES FOR HIS DISEASES, 
 
 AND FOR 
 
 NEAT CATTLE AND SHEEP ; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH USEFUL RECIPES IN GARDENINOf 
 HORTICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY; 
 
 FROM PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE, 
 
 IVELL TRIED A.VD APPROVED BY FARMERS. FARRIERS, &.C. 
 
 ROCHESTER : 
 
 TUBLISHED BY G. W. FISHER & Co. 
 
 1841. 
 

^^ 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 THIS little work having been published very ex- 
 pensively in other places, and highly approved, on 
 account of the correctness and usefulness of the in- 
 formation it con^tains, it has been thought worthy of a 
 general circulation in this and other sections of the 
 country, where, as yet, it is but little known. It i3 
 therefore presented in a cheap form, that every per- 
 son may be able to possess himself of it. It contains 
 n variety of important information, gained by many 
 years' scientific and practical experience. Besides, 
 several new discoveries and improvements have been 
 added, from the memoranda of experienced farriers 
 and others in these parts ; especially certain cures for 
 Black Tongue, Founders, Hoof Ails, Botis, CholiCy 
 and other diseases. It may be confidently relied on as 
 containing the most correct information to be found at 
 Sjie present, any where. 
 
THE GUIDE 
 
 PLAIN AND USEFUL DIRECTIONS, 
 
 TO PERSONS, ON GOING TO PURCHASE A HORSE, 
 WITH RULES FOR DISCOVERING THE PERFEC- 
 TIONS AND BLEMISHES OF THAT NOBLE 
 ANIMAL. 
 
 Nothing is more true than the common observation, 
 that in the art of horsemanship, the most difficult part 
 is that of giving proper directions for the purchasing 
 of a horse free from fault and blemish. The decep- 
 tions in this branch of traffic being numerous, it is the 
 object of the following remarks, to shew, in a plain 
 manner, the perfections and imperfections, to which 
 horses are liable, by nature and mischance. 
 
 The persons about to purchase a horse, should not 
 only keep in mind the color, height, and price of a 
 horse, but also the usual defects of the country; such 
 as faulty sight, flat hoof, too brittle, or too soft, and 
 affections of the lungs. 
 
 Those things being well thought of, the purchaser 
 will look at the horse sideways, at a tolerably distance; 
 he will choose him as nearly as possible one tenth lon- 
 ger than he is high, measuring from the breast to the 
 quarter, and from the withers to the ground, so that if 
 the horse be five feet high, his length should be five 
 feet and a half. 
 
 Preserving the same situation, he will see, 
 
 1st. If the horse has a small head, not too fleshy, 
 perfectly free from tumors, and well placed, neither 
 carrying it too high nor too low. 
 
 2d. If he has not an ill-shaped neck, with his wind- 
 pipe hanging too low, or bending. 
 
 3d. Whether his withers be either too sharp or too 
 large ; with fleshy shoulders. 
 
 4th. Whether he is not hollow backed. 
 
 5th. Whether his chest be v/ell formed ; neither too 
 round nor too flat. 
 
6th. Whether he he low bellied, with small sheath. 
 
 7th, Whether he be touched in the wind, 
 
 8th. If his fore legs be not too slender, or his hock 
 do- not bend forward too much. 
 
 9ih. If the tendons or back sinews be not ailing, 
 i. e. either sore to the touch or else fliff-jointed. 
 
 10th. Whether the animal be not either long-jointed 
 or short-jointed. 
 
 11th. Whether he be strained in the pastern joint, 
 going low. 
 
 12th. Whether flat-footed, with low heels. 
 
 13th. Whether not narrow at the hind quarters. 
 
 14th. Whether he has not spavin, windgall, curb, 
 ring-bone, or thorough-pin, or is likely to cut. 
 
 15th. Examine his sole and heel for thrush, canker 
 or corn, and if contraction has not taken place. 
 
 No foot, no horse. His hoofs must be strong,smoolh, 
 hard, deep, tough, upright, and hollow for they are 
 the foundation of his building, and give a fortitude to 
 all the rest. 
 
 Having given these directions, we will next give a 
 celebrated horse dealer's description of a good horse. 
 **His head ought to be lean, of good size, and long; 
 ■his jowls thin and open ; his ears small and pricked ; 
 or, if they be somewhat long, provided they be upright 
 like those of the fox, it is usually a sign of mettle and 
 toughness. His forehead long and broad ; not mare- 
 faced, but rising in the middle like that of a hare, the 
 feather being placed above the top of his eye, the con- 
 trary being thought by some to betoken approachin 
 blindness, his eye t'ull, large & bright ; his nostrils wide, 
 and red within; for an open nostril betokens good wind. 
 His mouth large, deep in the wykes, and hairy. His 
 windpipe big, unconfined, and straight when he is rein- 
 ed in by the bridle, for if it bends like a bow, or cock- 
 throttled, it very much hinders the passage of his wind. 
 His head must be so set on his neck, that there should be 
 a space felt between the neck and the jowl ,* for, to be 
 bull-necked, is uncomely to the sight and prejudicial to 
 the horse's wind. His crest should be firm, thin, and 
 well risen ; his neck long and straight, yet not loose 
 and pliant ; his breast strong and broad' ; his chest 
 deep at the girth, his body of good size and close rib- 
 
 a3 
 
6 
 
 bed up to the stifle ; his ribs round like a barrel, his 
 fillets large, his quarters rather oval than broad, reach- 
 ing well down to the gaskins. His hockbone upright, 
 not bending ; which some term sickle houghed, and 
 think it denotes fastness and a laster. His legs should 
 be clean, flat and straight ; his joints short, well knit, 
 and upright, especially at the pastern and hoofs, with 
 but little hair at the fetlocks ; his hoofs black, strong, 
 and hollow, and rather long and narrow, than large 
 and flat. His mane and tail should be long and thin 
 rather than very thick, which some think a mark of 
 dullness. 
 
 HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE. 
 
 General appearance bespeaks the age of every ani- 
 mal ; of the horse, we can make a fair estimate of his 
 years from his birth to twelve, by means of his teeth. 
 When we open the mouth of a full grown, or 4 year 
 old horse, we perceive twelve nipper teeth in front, 
 and twenty-four grinders behind ; between the two 
 setts above and below, a space is seen on the gum, de- 
 signed by nature to recieve the bit, and termed the 
 bars of the upper or lower jaw, as the case may be. 
 About an inch behind the last of the front teeth, the 
 male has tushes at this age, which seldom occurs with 
 mares. The tushes coming up in the lower jaw some- 
 times occasions soreness at the bars, when these are 
 to be lanced, and tushes appear; this the dealers ef- 
 fect prematurely at times; and having also drawn out 
 the two front sucking teeth, this causes the "horse 
 teeth,'' to come up soon, so that the animal may ap- 
 pear four years old before its time. Pursuing the 
 same species of deception, they proceed to draw the 
 remaining sucking teeth, that the animal may assume 
 the appearance of a four year old. Jockies have then 
 a pass word, *all up.' 
 
 In examining the mouth to ascertain the age, we 
 leave entirely out of consideration the grinding teeth, 
 and chiefly rely upon the under jaw ; though when 
 deception may be suspected, the buyer should refer to 
 the upper teeth also, as these follow the same course 
 as the lower, but do not decay so fast by age. 
 
 The cuts represent 2 1-2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 yrs. of age. 
 
m/^. 
 
 /ftfefii 
 
 This first representation shows a 
 correct view of the appearance 
 of the teeth, denoting the age at 
 two years and a half, previous to 
 which age ihey ai'e smooth and 
 unmarked. During this age, the 
 jocky sometimes 'files' 2 or four 
 front teeth hollow in the middle ; 
 but compare them with the upper 
 jaw, etc. 
 
 On rising three years old, the 
 two fore teeth behnv and above, 
 fall out, and are replaced by horse 
 teeth, with the hollow mark in 
 the middle ; they are also larger 
 and darker color than the sucking 
 ing teeth. Some time after,before 
 four years, two more are shed, 
 and larger, browner horse teeth 
 appear, with the black mark — j^)^£ 
 the tushes also put forth, and the 
 horse is full mouthed, as per sec- 
 ond cut in the margin. 
 
 Only the comers now are un- 
 shed colt's teeth, which remain 
 imtil the middle of the 4 th year, 
 when they are displaced by horse- 
 teeth, and their marks just pei-- 
 teptible. At five years, they be- 
 come larger, more strongly mark- ^^^^^J^^ 
 ed, and are grooved on the inside, 
 which denotes the age of five: no 
 deception can be practiced, nor 
 as regai'ds the tushes, which are 
 now curved, ha-s-ing groves inside, 
 which may be felt in the above 
 cut for four or five years, and 
 plainly seen in the annexed cut 
 for a five years old. At five, too, 
 the two front teeth begin to ap- 
 pear worn, principally on the 
 outer edges ; the wearing goes on 
 and at six, the sui-face is level, 
 and the grooves on the comer 
 tcech fill up, and the curve in the 
 tushes is diminished, and seven 
 years, I'epresented by the last cut 
 annexed, the grooves of the tush- 
 es^fill up, and become convex in 
 another year or two. 
 en, only the two corner 
 
 tain the mark, and thatbui. smcLii. i''i^''>'-:Tr^^itf -^^ 
 These soon after likewise become ^^^-j^ ^IEA ^N 
 smooth . ;^^^g£^^^^^ ,. ^, 
 
 This is the slate of the lower — ^-i^ijt'Tis, 
 
 jaw ut seven years old. 
 
After seven, the age may be known by the upper 
 jaw, the teeth of which have the same marks, but 
 they do not fill up so fust by two years ; so that a 
 tolerably correct judgment of his age may be formed 
 until he is twelve years old. The marks in ihe two 
 from teeth of the upper jaw are not obliterated until 
 eight years old, and the next two become smooth only 
 at the tength year ; being each two years later than 
 happens to the corresponding teeth of the lower jaw ; 
 whilst the two corner teeth above do not lose their 
 marks until the twelfth year. 
 
 All horses are marked in the same manner. Ar- 
 tificial ones made by tiie jockey, to imitate six or se- 
 ven years old must be guarded against. Some throw 
 down the horse to have him more at command, and 
 xvith a steel graver, like what are used for ivory, hoi- 
 low the middle teeth a little, and the corner ones 
 somewhat more ; then fill the holes with a little rosin 
 or pilch, or sulphur, or some grains of wheat, which 
 they burn in with a bit of hot wire, made in propor- 
 tion to the hole. This is repealed until they give the 
 hole a lasting black, in imitation of nature ; but in 
 spite of all they can do, the hot iron makes a little 
 yellowish circle round these holes^ like what it would 
 leave upon ivory ; they have therefore another trick 
 to prevent detection, which is, rubbing the horse's 
 mouth, lips, and gums with salt, aud the crumb of 
 bread dried and powdered with salt, from time to time 
 to make the horse foam at the mouth, v.'hich foam 
 hides the yellow circle made with the iron. 
 
 It may be well to remark, that the tushes are safe 
 guides, after the marks disappear from the teeth. — 
 
 If the tusk be pointed flat, and you can feel with 
 your fingers two little channels on the within side, 
 you may be certain the horse is not old, and at the 
 most only coming ten. Between eleven and twelve 
 the two channels are reduced to one, which after 
 twelve is quite gone, and the tushes are as round 
 within as they are without. When horses are young 
 also the teeth mest perpendicularly, but grow longer 
 and push forward with age ; besides, the mouth of a 
 young horse is very fleshy within the palate, and his 
 lips are firm and hard ; on the contrary, the inside of 
 
an okl horse^s mouth is lean both above and below, 
 and seems to have only the skin upon the bones. 
 
 The tushes of old horses then, have neither curve 
 nor groove ; and they wear away at the points as if 
 they had been broken off and polished again ; the 
 corner leeth appear long and leaning forward , the 
 upper teeth project over the lower» and all lose their 
 oblong shape, whilst the gum recedes and leaves the 
 roots bare, so that the teeth seem as if grown longer. 
 When the teeth do not so meet evenly, certain deal- 
 ers file away the projecting teeth. In a {ew cases we 
 have noticed deviations from the general rule, which 
 none have been able to account for, unless it be that 
 such animals were got by old parents, when the hol- 
 iowness over the eyes will be found to disfigure 
 young colts of the most tender years. Some, again, 
 lose the mark in their teeth, except the corners, as 
 early as five years ; others have hard mouths and 
 the bars almost callous ; but all those have the hoi- 
 low just spoken of. This defect dealers endeavour 
 to rectify by puncturing the skin and blowing it up. 
 On the other hand, some horses are so strong in 
 the mouth, or rather healthy, that the marks of five 
 years old are retained by them until six or seven- 
 Further up to ten or eleven years old, the teeth 
 generally retain their oblong figure and touch each 
 other. From this period the teeth contract in size, 
 become roundish, and leave a small space between 
 them ; which space increases up to the fourteenth or 
 fifteenth year, when each tooth assumes an angular 
 shape, and projects forward irregularly. In another 
 year or two the upper lip hangs down, the jaw becomes 
 neaped and contracted, the gum recedes considerably 
 from the roots, and the shape of the teeth is then of 
 an oblong, but directly contrary to the first. More- 
 over, the eyes of a horse approaching twenty, wax 
 yellowish, he winks much, and the inner skin of his 
 mouth turns outward. 
 
 Another Mark. — The age of a horse is knotvn by 
 
 little nubs on the large cords of the neck, one of 
 
 which nubs may be felt with the fingers at thirteen 
 
 years old after which age, one nub comes every year. 
 
 At that age, also, a similar nub may be felt on the 
 
10 
 
 sides oT his tail ; one of which also comes on each 
 side every year. Horse dealers rely upon them,, let 
 the owners or sellers say what they may against it. 
 
 We will next point out the defects in the horse's 
 mouth, which must be attended to, as they may de- 
 stroy a horse. There are the barbs, the lampas, the 
 giggs upon the lips, and the gagg-teeth. They tire 
 described separately as follows : 
 
 The Barbs. — For the barbs look under his tongue 
 and see if he has not two fleshy excrescences on the 
 under palate like horse bladders. It seems to be a 
 mere trifle, but these, however, will hinder a horse 
 from drinking as usual ; and if he does not drink 
 freely, he eats the less, and languishes from day to 
 day, perhaps, without any person taking notice of it. 
 
 The Lampas. — The lampas is known by opening 
 the horse's mouth, and looking at his upper palate, to 
 see if the flesh comes down below the inner teeth ; 
 this gives him pain in eating his oats, and even his 
 hay, when it is too harsh ; though he can very well 
 manage bran, grass or kind hay. 
 
 Cure. — Purgatives should be employed ; bran 
 mashe?, in which an ounce of nitre daily has been in- 
 fused, may also be given until the pulse becomes 
 more natural. If the lampas be not lessened by these 
 means, the projecting part is to be cut with a lancet, 
 but some persons commence operating with a searing 
 iron, as the readiest way, and give physic afterwards. 
 This application never fails, 
 
 GiGGS UPON THE LIPS. — Tum Up his lips, both 
 upper and under, and perhaps you may find several 
 small elevations like little while blisters, which make 
 the inside of the lips uneven. This defect may be 
 felt with the finger, and is what hinders horses from 
 eating cis usual. This is called gaggs upon the lips. 
 
 Gagg-Teeth. — It is a defect that rarely happens 
 to young horses, and is to be discovered by looking 
 at the large grinders, which in this case appear un- 
 equal, and in eating catch hold of the inside of the 
 cheeks, causing great pain and making them refuse 
 their food. 
 
11 
 
 THE HORSE'S COUNTENANCE. 
 
 First, the Eyes. — 'Examine them when he is led 
 from the stall in the day time ; cause the man who 
 leads him, to stop at the stable door just as his head 
 peeps out, and ail his body still within. If the white 
 of the eye appears reddish at the bottom, or of a color 
 like a withered leaf, I would not advise you to pur- 
 chase him. A moon-eyed horse is known by his 
 weeping, and keeping his eyes almost shut at the be- 
 ginning of the distemper. Dealers always tell you 
 that he has got a bit of straw or dirt in his eye, or he 
 has received some blow ; they also wipe away the hu- 
 mour, to prevent its being seen. A man must re- 
 member these things and examine for himself. Ne- 
 ver examine a horse's eye by the side of a white wall, 
 or where snow is on the ground, where the dealers 
 always choose to show a moon-eyed horse. The 
 moon-eyed horse has always one eye bigger than the 
 other, and above his lids you may generally discover 
 wrinkles or circles. Look also and see if you observe 
 a fleshy excrescence that proceeds from ihe corner 
 of the eye, and covers a part of the pupil, and is in 
 shape almost like the beard of an oyster, though 
 seemingly a mattsr of no great consequence, yet it 
 is what I call a whitlow in the eye, and if suffered to 
 grow, it draws away the nourishment of the eye, and 
 sometimes occasions a total privation of sight. On 
 the contrary, if the eyes are round, big, black and 
 shining ; if the black of the eye fill the pit or out- 
 ward circumference, so that in moving, very little of 
 the white appeareth, they are signs of goodness and 
 mettle. The eye that in general is esteemed the best, 
 is that which is neither small nor large ; but be sure 
 to observe that the chrystalline be thoroughly trans- 
 parent, for without that no kind of eye can be said to 
 be good. 
 
 Next take a view of his countenance generally ; 
 especially with regard to the cheerfulness of it ; this 
 being an excellent glass to observee his goodness and 
 best perfections. Be careful you are not deceived by 
 the marks in his face, as frequently a good looking 
 star is made of cat's skin. if his ears be small, 
 sharp, short, pricked, and moving ; or if they are 
 
12 
 
 long, but. yet well set on, and well carried, it is a mark 
 of goodness ; if they are thick, laved, or lolling, wide 
 set, and unmoving, they are signs of dulncss, and of 
 an evil nature. A lean forehead, swelling outward, 
 the mark or feather in his face set high, with a white 
 star or ratch of an indifferent size, and even placed, 
 or a white snip on the nose or lip, they are all, signs 
 of beauty and goodness ; on the contrary, a fat cloudy 
 or frowning countenance the mark in his face stand- 
 ing low, as under his eyes ; if this star or retch stand 
 awry, and instead of a snip, his nose be raw and un- 
 hairy, or his face generally bald, they are signs of 
 deformity. 
 
 Strangles. — Handle his cheeks or chaps, and if 
 you find the bones lean and thin, the space wide be- 
 tween them, the throttle or windpipe big as you can 
 gripe, and the void pface without knots or kernels, 
 and the jaw so great that the neck seemeth to couch 
 within them, they arc all signs of great wind, cour- 
 age, soundness of head and body ; on the contrary, 
 if the chops are fat and thick, the space between them 
 closed up with gross substance, and the throttle little, 
 they are signs of short wind and much inward foul- 
 ness ; should the void place be full of knots and ker- 
 nels, beware of the strangles or glanders, the former 
 of which may be easily discovered by a swelling be- 
 tween the two nether jaw bones, which discharges a 
 white matter. This disorder usually appears about 
 at three, four, or five years old ; there is no young 
 horse but what is subject to it either perfectly or im- 
 perfectly. If the horse has not been properly cured, 
 he will become languid at work, seem weary without 
 any apparent cause, and at sometimes it will effect 
 the foot, leg, ham, haunch, shoulder, breast or the eye, 
 and may corrupt the pupil of the eye. The cure will 
 be given under the appropriate head. 
 
 MoRFOUNDER is^uothcr disorder to be guarded 
 against in purchasing a horse. It is much like the 
 strangles, and is distinguished by a running at the 
 nose, bnt the swelling under the jaw is less. 
 
 Glanders, also, are discovered by a running at 
 the nose. Feel if he has any flat glands fastened to 
 the nether jaw, which gives him pain when you press 
 
13 EWJI^ 
 
 them ; and remember that a running at one nostril is 
 worse than both. 
 
 VivEs. — When the jaws are strait, that the neck 
 swellelh above ihem, it is a sign of short wind ; but 
 if the swelling be long, and close by his chops, like a 
 whetstone, then be sure he has the vives, which is a 
 distemper most frequent in high mountaneous coun- 
 tries, especially lo horses that are not used to them. 
 
 For a description of other defects and diseases, re- 
 fer to the appropriate head, where cores and remedies 
 are also given. 
 
 WALK AND TROT THE HORSE. 
 
 Take notice, in walking or trotting him whether he 
 appears to limp or favor either of his legs ; and also 
 whether the far fore leg and near hind leg, or the 
 near fore leg and far hind leg, move and go forward 
 at one and the same time ; and in this motion, the 
 nearer the horse taketh his limbs from the ground, the 
 opener, the evener, and the shorter is his pace. If he 
 takes up his feet slovenly, it shows stumbling or lame- 
 ness ; to tread narrow, or cross, shows interfering, 
 or failing ; to step I'neven, shows weariness, and if 
 he treads long, you may be apprehensive he forges, 
 by which I mean that when he walks or trots he 
 strikes the toes of his hind feet against the corners of 
 his shoes before, which occasions a clattering noise as 
 you ride, and this proceeds from weakness in his fore 
 legs. A horse of this kind is not near so serviceable 
 as one exempt from it. He is never surefooted, any 
 more than one who has tottering or bow legs. On 
 his being mounted, see him walk. Observe his mouth 
 that he pulls fair, not too high, nor bearing down ; 
 then stand behind him> and see if he goes narrower 
 before than behind, as every good one will. Take 
 notice that he brushes not by going too close ; a cer- 
 tain sign of his cutting and tiring in tiavelling — 
 Have nothing to do with that horse that thro.Va his 
 legs confusedly about, and crosses them before. In 
 his trot he should point his fore legs well without 
 clambering, nor yet as if he were afraid ; and that 
 he throws well in his hind legs, which will enable him 
 to support his trot, and shoot his fore parts forward. 
 
14 
 
 In his canter, observe he does not fret, but goes cool 
 in liis pace ; and in his gallop, he should take his feet 
 nimbly from the ground, and not raise them too high, 
 but that he stretcheth out his fore legs and follows 
 nimbly with his hind ones, and that he cutteth not un- 
 der his knee, which is called the swift or speedy cut, 
 and that he crosses not, nor claps one foot on another, 
 and ever leadeth with his far fore foot, and not with 
 the near one. If he gallops round, and raises his 
 fore feet, he may be said to gallop strongly, but not 
 swiftly ; and if he labor his feet confusedly, and 
 seems to gallop painfully, it shews some hidden lame- 
 ness ; for in all his paces, you should particularly ob- 
 serve that his limbs are free, without the least stiff- 
 nes«?. 
 
 Now that he has been well exercised in those dif=- 
 ferent paces, it is your time to examine for an infirm- 
 ity, not easily discovered, and that is what I call tot- 
 tering legs ; you cannot perceive it till after a horse 
 has galloped for some lime, and then, by letting him 
 rest a little you will see his legs tremble under him, 
 which is the disorder I mean ; however handsome 
 the legs of such horses may be, he never can stanch 
 well on them. 
 
 5^ -r^ _ 
 
 HIS DISEASES AND THEIR CURES, 
 
 FEVER. 
 There are two kinds of well marked fever simply 
 so called ; first, that which arises from the pain an 
 animal may be put to by the derangement of some 
 main organ of life, by misusage, hard riding, wounds 
 &c.: and secondly, that which consists in a general 
 inflammation of tlie blood, arising from a cold, a chill, 
 or sudden check, as before described. When the 
 symptoms come on quick or acutely, the most prompt 
 measures must be taken ; a mild attack may be ea- 
 sily reduced if taken in time, but if neglected, it as- 
 sumes the most alarmingr symptoms. Evacuations 
 and diluting drinks are the proper means of reducing 
 
15 
 
 the patient ; but before purgatives are adniinislered, 
 see what is said in a few pages onward, respecting 
 Costiveness, for it not unfrequentlyhappens. that this 
 is all that ails the animal, except his being worked 
 too hard while costiveness is upon him. 
 
 In either case of accelerated pulse from those cau- 
 ses, bleeding should presently be had recourse to, 
 and let the quantity taken be regulated by the ibrce 
 and quickness of the circulation of the blood : for 
 this is what constitutes the fever. If the pulsation ad- 
 vace to above 60, two quarts should be drawn ; if 
 above 70 in a minute, three quarts of blood would 
 not be too much to take away at once. If the num- 
 ber of beats be much more, ascending rapidly* with 
 the rigid feel of the artery, above described, four 
 quarts at least must be drawn, and that from a large 
 orifice. Should this rigidity or hardness of the artery 
 continue, notwithstanding the bleeding, a quantity 
 that shall cause t^intness or tottering miaht be taken, 
 or rather a repetition take place of the same operation 
 in lesser quantities, until that hardness of the artery 
 is no longer felt. Some skill, derived from practice, 
 is required in watching for this last mentioned symp- 
 tom ; but whatever is to be done, let there be no delay 
 in the first operation ; twelve hours should intervene 
 between the two bleedings. 
 
 Immediately hereupon, let a mild purgative be ad- 
 ministered, adapting this as well as the bleeding to 
 the size of the horse, if he belong to either extreme 
 of exceeding large or very small. For one of the 
 moderate coach horse kind, give the following ball: 
 
 Aloes, 7 drachms ; Castile Soap, 4 drachms ; Oil of Caraway 6 
 drops; with mucilage sufficient to form the ball, for one dose. 
 
 In all cases of fever arising from accidents, hard 
 runs, &c., which may be considered as temporary ex- 
 citements only, the above treatment in its mildest 
 form will be sufficient to completely reduce symptoms. 
 But in the fever, simply so called, arising from in- 
 flammation of the solids, as before described, a repe- 
 tition of the purgative ball mentioned above becomes 
 necessary, with mashes, a quiet stable, and attention. 
 When the fever arises from indigestion, or derange- 
 jnent of the stomach, or bowels, its immediate cause 
 
16 
 
 will be Ibund in hardened focces, in addition to the be- 
 forementioned remedies, give a purgative clyster of 6 
 or 7 quarts of water gruel, with an ounce of salt to 
 e-ach quart. Let it be applied assidiously, and some 
 assistance given to bring away the first hard foeces 
 that appear ; the remainder of the dung will come 
 na.urally. See further under the head of costiveness. 
 
 Caster Oil, a pint or more, will open the canal par- 
 tially only ; but if the bowels yield not to the purgative 
 balls, other means must be resorted to, tho' I should 
 never think of having recourse to oil in the first in- 
 stances. Although the constipation or obstruction be 
 obstinate, yet very strong diuretic purgatives are inel- 
 igible, as they might kill the animal, or at least injure 
 llie intestines materially. 
 
 The dung and urine are always good indications of 
 the state of the body ; if the former fail, lever is the 
 cause ; it subtracts also from the quantity of the urine, 
 and if he stale small qunnties at short intervals, some 
 internal inflammation has taken place. In fever, the 
 tongue and mouth become drier than ordinary ; and 
 if any saliva be secreted, it is tough and ropy. These 
 symptoms as well as the pulse are to be watched atten- 
 tively; & after you have succeeded in thus repelling the 
 attack of the fever, and the heat and acceleration 
 of the pulse properly reduced, the cure is but half com- 
 pleted. The tone of the patient's stomach and the 
 whole digestive process require restoration, and this 
 with a careful hand, that the bowels be not again over- 
 loaded ; because a second attack would be more diffi- 
 cult than the first; for the bowels have partly lost 
 their function of expelling their contents, through the 
 violence of the disease, if not by the harsh action of 
 the remedies employed. Hardy working horses, of 
 course, recover their appetite qs soon as the fever 
 abates; and no further care is required for such, than 
 an occasionnl laxative or purgative, according to the 
 amount of obstruction. The ball prescribed before 
 may be given at intervals with fever powders; and 
 subsequently, the fever drink prescribed below for all 
 other descriptions of the horse recovering from fever. 
 This is a good cool stomachic, and restores the appe- 
 tite, at the same time that the disposition to the return 
 
17 
 
 0f fever is kept down ; if Ibund of marked service^ 
 the doses may be repeated to three or four times a day 
 for a week. 
 
 Fever Powders, No. 1. 
 I'owclor nitre, 1 ounce; emetic tartai*, 2 drachms. 
 IMix, for one close. 
 
 No. 2. — Powdei-ed nitre, 6 drachms ; cam]ihor, 2 drachms ; calx 
 of antimony, 11-2 drachm. Mix. 
 Give these powders in his food. 
 
 Fever Drink. 
 
 Cream of tartar, 1 ounce; turmeric, 1 ounce; diapente, 1 ounce. 
 Mix in powder and add to a pint of warm gniel. To be given once 
 or twice a day. 
 
 LOW FEVER. 
 
 Cause. — Of low fever, are nearly the same as in- 
 flammatory fever. The difference between the two 
 arises from the condition of the horse at the time of 
 the attack. As inflammatory fever is more preva- 
 lent in the spring and summer, owing to the high con- 
 dition of most horses when first attacked, so does low 
 fever, or irritation of the animal system of a horse 
 in low condition, mostly prevail in autumn and win- 
 ter. We ascribe the latter in a great measure to the 
 debility or weakness brought on by the shedding his 
 coat, when the autumnal slorms set in. Being then 
 much exhausted by the heat of the summer, he sweats 
 profusely on the least exercise ; then his coat becomes 
 dry and husky when at rest, and his skin sticks tight 
 to his ribs, slightly resembling hidebound. The an- 
 imal having lost much of his natural covering, and 
 no care being taken to palliate this loss, he is more 
 liable to catch cold if exposed and still pushed in his 
 work. If not relieved from its severity, coach horses 
 in particular become unserviceable in great numbers ; 
 and too often it happens, that such knocked-up hor- 
 ses are considered done over, and the owner sells off; 
 whereas experience has shown that a nourishing re- 
 gimen would restore them to vigor. The serous or 
 water part of the blood having been drained cfl' by 
 the violent perspiration they were exposed to by their 
 sum.mer work, the muscular fibres become too rigid, 
 and the blood too thick ior circulation in the finer ves- 
 sels ; it therefore remains rioting in the larger ones, 
 di'jtonding their capacity and increasing irritation. — 
 
18 
 
 « 
 
 Working horses arc then usually deprived of their 
 corn, because they cannot work ; this onl}'- adds to 
 the irritation of the viscular system and solids, which 
 constitutes the low fever. 
 
 Syinploms. —The pulse in low fever never mounts 
 high during an entire minute, but beats quick a few 
 strokes, and then slow, and so slow as to be scarcely 
 perceptible ; this denotes, that although fever be pre- 
 sent, there is not strength enough to bring it to a crisis. 
 The ariery feels rigid at intervals only, and again be- 
 comes supple, if not elastic, to the touch ; his flanks 
 arc agitated more than usual, and his hind quarters 
 and ears become cool if not cold. As in high fever, 
 his eyes are dull and heavy, and water will occasion- 
 ally fall from them. Thougjh in the former species 
 of fever he evince considerable pain, in this no such 
 symptom appears, but despondency assumes its place. 
 
 Memedy. — Unless his body be already too open, 
 give him a laxitive draught, made of two drachms 
 each of aloes and carbonate of potash, and mint wa- 
 ter four ounces, and as he will stdl feed, diuretic pow- 
 ders may be mixed occasionally with his food, con- 
 sisting of nitre and rosin, of each about one ounce. 
 Should his urine appear turpid, or come off with dif- 
 ficulty, in small quantities, the diuretic ball is indis- 
 pensible, which js made of tnrpentine and soap, of 
 each four drachms, with mucilage to form a ball : 
 and these vvith good gruel and care, accompanied by 
 tonics, will restore to the animal a comparitive pro- 
 portion of health. Time and moderate usage will do 
 the remainder, Receips for tonics given under ano- 
 ther head, in a succeeding page. 
 
 J. Clark, of edinburgh, says, " The end of autumn 
 proves very severe to horses whose flesh and strength 
 are exhausted by hard labor. In this low and spirit- 
 less stale, many are carried off that good nursing and 
 feeding with rich boiled food might have preserved. 
 Carrots and potatoes recover some horses surprising- 
 ly ; it renews their flesh and the fluids generally* 
 and promotes secretion ; it operates upon them nearly 
 m the same way as spring grass, and the effects are 
 presently visible on their coats." Many stablemen 
 give oatmeal boiled and made into stiff gruel, and is 
 
19 
 
 found to be a restorative, and a smaller quantity ol 
 oats then sufficeth. A gradual return to hard food 
 does all for the horse that can be desired. Not unfre- 
 quer.tly a diuretic is all the animal needs, which must 
 be determined by the state of the pulse after the med- 
 icine has operated. 
 
 COSTIVENESS. 
 
 Symptoms.— 'When constipation or stoppage attends 
 general fever, it is then a corresponding system of 
 that disorder, and the reader is referred to inflamma- 
 tory fever, on the l3th and 14th pages. But when 
 the pulse is not so high as to pronounce it fever, and 
 the dung is asceitained to be hard, there is no difficul- 
 ty in treating it as simple costiv^eness. It may be dis- 
 tingushed from cholic and from inflammation of the 
 intestines, by the quiet stale of the animal when he is 
 down, which is not the case with either of those dis- 
 orders, in which pain of the bowels is most evident ; 
 whereas these do not appear to suffer from the cos- 
 tiveness, though the brain and the whole of the ner- 
 vous system, become more or less aflected from sym- 
 pathy with the stomach, and ultimately producing de- 
 lirium and frenzy. His eyes ofler the earliest symp- 
 toms, by their dullness, contraction and expansion, 
 succeeded by sleepiness; he refuses food, he will not 
 work, ihe mouth becomes hot and dry, the ears cold, 
 and the breathing difficult or nearly imperceptible. 
 The pulsation usually mcreases, if he be in tolerable 
 condition. At length he tumbles down, regardless of 
 the situation, and the action of the head shows how 
 greatly it is aflected, until stupor and death ensue, if 
 he be net relieved. 
 
 Remedy. — Purgatives are not always the most eligi- 
 ble medicines, even in the earliest stages of the disor- 
 der; for, if the constipation or stoppage has lasted a 
 considerable time, great injury would be dor^e to the 
 intestines, by forcing a passage. As soon as it is as- 
 certained that the animal has not dunged in several 
 days — when he seems uneasy, a fulness is perceived 
 towards the flank, the fundament, &c., and unusual 
 dryness and lightness is discovered at this latter part, 
 
 15 
 
20 
 
 let the operator strip his arm bare^ and having annoinf* 
 ed it with soft soap or lard, he will bring his fingers 
 to a point, and gently introduce the hand and wrist, 
 and draw forth a portion of the hard lumps of 
 dung. This may be repeated four or five times, or 
 more. He will soon give evident signs of rehef. 
 "When he gets up, plain water gruel as warm as per- 
 sons might take, may be administered in quantity of 
 two or three quarts, if he will take so much ,• but if 
 the animal be exhausted, and does not get up without 
 difficulty, or without help, one half the drench may be 
 made of ale. Although he may seem recovered, and 
 may produce a stool, his bowels must next be emptied. 
 In order to this, give a 
 
 Laxative Draft or Drench — Castor Oil, half pint, 
 — aloes, two drachma — prepared kali, two drachms, 
 water gruel, one pint. 
 
 Repeat this next day, leaving out the oil, and doub- 
 ling the quantity of aloes ; or, after an interval, give 
 the purgative ball inserted in page 14^ 
 
 Inflammatory Diseases of every sort, leave Jjehind 
 them a good share of weakness, which full feeding 
 will not always amend. We must therefore restore 
 the tone of tlie digestive powers by the aid of medicine, 
 that may be repeated aLrcording to circumstances, and 
 the return of strength, as follows : 
 
 TONIC BALL, NO. 1, — Jesuit's bark, 7 drachms, 
 Prepared kali, 2 drachms. Get it of di-uggists, 
 Mucilage enough to form a ball. 
 
 In ordinary cases, one of these per day, for a week, 
 will be found to have done as much for the animal as 
 could be desired. Bu"; should the coat still appear 
 rough and staring, give the following: 
 
 TONIC BALL, NO. 2.— Salt of steel, or sulphate of iron, 
 Columbo Root, and bark, 3 drachms each. IMucilage for ball. 
 
 Great precaution must be used to prevent a relapse, 
 which would render the patient's case more dangerous 
 than at first. Soft boiled oats, fine hay, clover, a few 
 boiled carrots or turnips, or potatoes, grass cut from 
 sloping ground, may succeed each other in small par- 
 cels, until he gradually gains strength enough to re« 
 
21 
 
 ram to oats and hay as usnal. It" the heat return at 
 intervals, as usually happens towards nightfail, give 
 him a Cooling Decoction cf 
 
 Linseed, 2 quarts, coarse sugar, 3 ounces, 
 Water, boiling hot, 6 quarts, poured on the seed. 
 
 Let it. simmer three or four hours, and pour off the 
 liquor for use when nearly cold. The linseed or flax- 
 seed will bear another water, less in quantity ; but 
 some horses will take the seeds also, which may be 
 permitted. Give the whole in the course of the day, 
 at two or three intervals, and repeat the same decoc- 
 tion once or twice more. 
 
 INFLAiMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 The symptoms of imflamed lungs rapidly succeed 
 each other — shivering, difficulty of breathing, loss of 
 appetite and sluggishness, with drooping of the head, 
 become visible in quick succession. In a few hours, 
 if the animal is in good keeping ; longer, if out of 
 condition, those symptoms increase, with unusually 
 quick action of the flanks, accompanied by hot mouth 
 and hectic cough. Its ears and legs become cold, and 
 lie cares not to lie down, or being down, he rises lan- 
 guidly, as if mourning his fate. Sometimes the pro- 
 gress of this monstrous disease is accelerated by his 
 previous habits, if predisposed to inflammation. 
 
 The cure sometimes is mainly effected by the effu- 
 sion of water in the chest, which frequently takes 
 place upon bleeding the patient ; the practitioner has 
 little more to do than to place himself in the situation 
 of the handmaid of nature, and all will go en well to 
 perfect restoration. We may know when this effu- 
 sion has taken place, by an evident remis.sion of the 
 desponding symptoms ; his flanks cease to heave so 
 much as hitherto, and the animal looks more cheer- 
 fully, he tries to eat a bit, the cough almost ceases, 
 and the warmth of the ears returns, all in a partial 
 degree ; but the roughness of the coat, which always 
 accompanies inflammation, does not so soon return to 
 it« original suppleness, but assumes the first symptoms 
 of hide-bound. Minor helps are only necessary. 
 
 Dat if relief be not given in that manner, the ani- 
 
22 
 
 mal must be bled and physiced until the pulse is redu- 
 ced to its natural state, in the same manner as direct- 
 ed on the 13th and 14th pages, for inflammatory fe- 
 ver, using the purgative ball. In every case of bleed- 
 ing, a laxative should lollovv, and clysters or water- 
 gruel be administed in aid of both, at intervals of three 
 or four hours. Neglect not tolerably hot clothing ; 
 and by good hand rubbing, beginning gently, for it 
 is sore, at the neck and chest, and so proceed towards 
 the hind quarters, endeavor to obtain external heat, if 
 not perspiration. When these appear, it is a sign that 
 effusion has taken place, in a greater or less degree, 
 according to the quantity perspiration. This may be 
 assisted in some degree, after the laxative and cl\ ser 
 have well subsided, by administering a sweating ball. 
 
 SWEATING BALL. — Take of Tartar emetic and assafcedida, 
 of each one drach ; liquorice powder and syrup enough to form a 
 ball, 
 
 Repeat the same in twelve hours, unless much per- 
 spiration has supervened in the mean time, when there 
 will be no necessity for a repetition. Thin water-gru- 
 el will assist the expected perspiration ; or if he be 
 fleshy, a bran mash may supply its place; either must 
 be given blood warm. 
 
 The heat of the lungs, which is the immediate cause 
 of the disorder, require pure healthy air, unmixed 
 with noxious effluvia, or confined air. He should be 
 in a clean warm stable, and not exposed to draught 
 and currants of air from windows or doors while yet 
 sweating with the diaphoretic just recommended. In 
 short, your own judgment will leach you that care 
 must be taken to prevent taking cold, which can only 
 be done by a uniform even circulation of pure air, in 
 a comfortable stable. 
 
 The hand rubbing must be continued, particularly 
 of the legs, which in the worst period of the disease 
 are uncommonly fine, but should it last him some 
 time, they swell, and in either case prove they are 
 the barometer of the disorder, as well as the necessi- 
 ty of rubbing thera. Should the pulsation increase 
 and no favorable symptoms appear, bleed him until he 
 is reduced to a tottering state ; but this necessity will 
 
as 
 
 occur but seldom, as ibc above treatment and faithful 
 rubbing, will in most cases remove the disorder. 
 
 Blistering and rowelling for this disease, in addi- 
 tion to bleeding, are recommended by some farriers ; 
 but hand rubbing answers as well, if it be not too la- 
 zily performed ; in which case, blistering will become 
 necessary to prevent suppuration within. This is as- 
 certained by the appearance of abscess or soft tumor 
 under the skin, which seems to invite the adoption of 
 artificial means to prevent suppuration. The follow- 
 ing blister may then be put extensively over each side 
 of the chest, which is preferable to rowelling: 
 
 BLISTERING OINTMENT.— rowdered Cantharidcs, Five 
 Drachms, — Hog's Lard, 4 ounces — Oil Turpentine, 1 ounce. Mix. 
 
 A COLD OR CATARRH. 
 The horse is subject to colds or catarrh at all sea- 
 sons ; but most frequently when they are shedding 
 their coats in the spring and autumn, a process of na- 
 ture attended with more or less debility and general 
 weakness. Hence it is that the animal sweats pro- 
 fusely upon the least exertion; and being in this state 
 suffered to stand, (harnessed perhaps,) in the open air 
 and storm-", to cool, the sweating is too suddenly stop- 
 ped, and he gets a cold at least ; which invariably at'- 
 iect him most in his weaker parts, or parts that have 
 been diseased before, and is more dangerous and dis- 
 tressing in its consequences as it approaches the vital 
 parts, the lungs. A common cold differs from the in- 
 flammation of the lungs before described, only in as 
 much as it has not yet centered there ; but it is con- 
 fined mostly to the head, windpipe, throat and moulh. 
 If the cold extend no further than a check upon the 
 mucous secretion of the membrane that lines the nose, 
 a purulent discharge is first observed in the morning, 
 his eyes become dull and a little bleared, and in 24 
 hours a short cough denote that imflammation is creep- 
 ing onwards, and has reached the epiglottis, which is 
 the point of conjunction between the throai and mouth. 
 In proportion as the attack may be more severe, tha 
 symptonns increase, as does the danger. Passing the 
 hand down over the windpipe, at the epiglottis, the an- 
 12 
 
24 
 
 imal will shrink if it be sore within, and he will soon 
 evince difficulty of swallowing, and refuse his food; 
 inflammation has begun. 
 
 Remedy. — When the glands swell, and there is no 
 doubt it is from a cold, apply camphorated spirits of 
 wine ; but if the inflammation be of to great degree, 
 bran |)ouhice may be applied r.o advantage. If those 
 enlarged glands already contain matter, the tendency 
 to irritation will thus be reduced ; if merely sordid tu- 
 mors, either application v/ill effect relief, so that he 
 may take his medicines with less difficulty. By steam- 
 ing the head for an hour, or applying hot flannels that 
 have been steeped in boiling water, it will be tound ser- 
 viceable, taking care to dry-rub the coat immediately 
 after, which also assists to reduce the swelling. If 
 this symptom does :jot give way before those applica- 
 tions, and the throat is ascertained to be sore, blister- 
 ing may be resorted to, taking care to extend the oint- 
 ment directed in page 22, over the whole of ;he parts 
 aifecied. As in all other inflammatory diseases, bleed- 
 ing to an amount proportioned to the violence of the 
 attack and condition of the horse, [see what is said 
 on that subject, page 14, and about ''bleedidg for fe- 
 vers,''] with purgatives an 1 clysters, should accompa- 
 ny the above external applications, [recipes for which 
 are given in the preceding p^ges,] — thesa, with bran 
 mashes, and boiled oats, and the u:ver powders pre- 
 scribed in page 16, will reduce the symptoms. The 
 same precautions given before for the lung and other 
 complaints, must be taken to prevent a relapse, to 
 which which for a time he is daily liable. He will 
 improve gradually. 
 
 THE COUGH 
 
 Which accompanies this disorder will freqently re- 
 main after the o'her symptoms have abated ; in some 
 cases a cough is the only symptom of catarrhal in- 
 flammation that the animal suflers under, and in both 
 we should apply ourselves to reduce the inflammation 
 of windpipe, &c. which occasions the cough ; for if 
 not cured at once, it baffles all our efforts for a long 
 while, and ultimately becomes what is denominated a 
 Chronic Cough. Therefore should our attention io 
 
26 
 
 the first attack be unremitted, and the remedies applied 
 in tur nto each variation of the symptoms. If these 
 are accompanied by the swe'.lings and soreness of the 
 throat and ghinds, spoken of in the preceding page, 
 the cough will generally cease when those symptoms 
 are removed by the treatment there di reeled ; but if 
 not, the cough musi be considered as a simple disease. 
 We can but imperfectly distinguish between some ca- 
 ses of ill-cured catarrh, or ihe chronic cough, and the 
 incipient cough, or a I'lesh cold, the practitioner would 
 do well, in ca-.es of doubt, when he finds one remedy 
 to fail to try others. 
 
 When animals appear to be unable to raise the 
 phleghm, bleeding will (^tiect this ; but, when bleeding 
 is n(jt otherwise necessary, the drenches No. 1 and 2, 
 below, will afibrd relief. In order to enable the lungs 
 to dischargee more copiously, give No. 1 : 
 
 EXPECTORAL BALLS— No. 1.— Sulphur, half an ounce; . 
 A3afa?tida, 1 ounce; Liquorice powder, 1 ounce; 
 Venice Turpentine, 1 ounce. 
 
 Mix for four doses, and give one on each of four 
 succeeding nights. See his exercise be moderate, and 
 allow him a cooling regimen, boiled oats, bran mash- 
 es, &c. And give the following once or twice a day: 
 
 EXPECEORAL BALL— No. 2.— Powdered Squills, 2 drachms. 
 
 Gum Ammoniacum, and powdered epecac, each 4 drachms ; 
 
 Opium, 4 drachms ; ginger and alspice, each 1 ounce ; 
 
 Balsam of Sulphur, 4 ounces Mix for six balls, with Castile 
 soap, beaten up with mucilage, molasses or syrup. 
 
 If the regimen cannot be attended to properly, bis 
 bowels must be kept open by mid laxatives ; or if cos- 
 tiveness prevailed when the cough first came on, sim- 
 ply opening the bowels will then procure ease, if it do 
 not effect a cure. This may be attained by giving, in 
 three or four days, the following: 
 
 LAXATIVE BALL.— Aloes and Epecac, 1 1.2 drachms each. 
 Mix with liq^uorice powders and mucilage, for one dose. 
 
 These medicines, and every modification of them, 
 it is desirable should be tried in succession, as ihe seat 
 of the disorder is so very various and uncertain, that 
 the partial good that one may effect, will frequently 
 be aided by another. To this end, the following ball 
 and drenches have been prescribed and used with suC" 
 cess: 
 
26 
 
 DIURETIC BALL. — Yfllow Rosin, 2 ounces ; turpeniinp, 4 
 ounces; soap, 3 ounces; salad oil, 1 ounce; oil ot" anisseed, halt" an 
 ounce ; powdered g^inger, 2 ounces. 
 
 Rub the uvo last ingredients together in a mortar 
 with a little linseed [)owder. Melt the first three in- 
 gredients over a slow fire, and then mix in the pow- 
 ders. Divide the mass into eight balls, and give one 
 a day until the water is affected. 
 
 DRENCH — No. 1. — Vinegar, 8 ounces; squills, 2 ounces ; tra- 
 de, 6 ounces. Bruise the squills and pour on the vinegar hot ; 
 simmer these near the fire two or three hours, then strain off" and 
 add the molasses. Divide into three or four parts, and give a por- 
 tion two or three times in the course of the day. 
 
 DRENCH — No, 2. — Bruised Garlic, 4 ounces. Vinegar, 12 nz. 
 Pour on the Vinegar boiling hot ; let it simmer four or five hours, 
 strain it oif and add .5 ounces Honey. Divide into three or four 
 parts, and give in the course of the day at intervals. 
 
 The diet and regimen must be all the while faithful- 
 ly attended to, and care taken to avoid fresh cold. He 
 must not be pushed in his work, while the disorder is 
 virulent, and the above course of treatment will prove 
 efficacious. 
 
 CHRONIC COUGH. 
 
 This is also the remains of an ill -cured cold, seated 
 in the windpipe or its branches, and is often very in- 
 veterate. 
 
 Remedy. — As in the case of broken wind of every 
 other kind, the horse eats every substance he can 
 come near, chronic cough being sometimes produced 
 by over feeding, as well as always producing that 
 symptom. Theref()re, when a horse has a cough, 
 occasionally, for two or three; days, his appetite being 
 good, we had best conclude he is too full and must be 
 emptied by an alterative or purgative, according to 
 the emergency of the case ; if he be of gross habit, 
 or has failed in the proper evacuations ; if his heels 
 swell of a morning, or his coat stare like hide-bound, 
 the cough will vanish before the following Purgative 
 Ball: 
 
 Barbadoes aloes, 8 drachms ; Castile soap, 2 drachms ; Ginger, 
 1 drachm. With mucilage sufficient to form a ball. 
 
 Failing to stale properly, the patient's heels swell, 
 in addition to the cough, and both may be got rid of 
 by one or two of the above, If the evacuation by the 
 
27 
 
 skin be at fault, through cold or otherwise, accompa- 
 nied by cough, the perspiration will be restored, and 
 the cough depart, by giving one or two grains emetic 
 tartar, twice a day in liquorice powder, until its effects 
 are perceptible on the skin, and the cough then di- 
 minishes. Form it into a ball, with mucilage ; and 
 when much heat of body is perceptible, though the 
 pulse do not indicate inflammatory lever, add to the 
 ball four or five drachms of nitre. 
 
 If the bad habit of body above spoken of do not 
 appear, then the purgalive should be of a milder na- 
 ture, and given at the same interval — the following 
 
 MILD PURGATIVE.— Aloes, 4 or 5 drachms; Castile soap, 3 
 drachms; Calomel, 1 drachm; Ginger, 2 drachms ; Oil of Carro- 
 way, 10 drops. Mucilage enough for a ball, for one dose. 
 
 Some horses are more delicate than others, and be- 
 ing then irritable about the throat and chest, are liable 
 to contract a periodical cough, which becomes chronic 
 without due care. Such animtils should be exposed 
 as little as possible to any violent weather, or sudden 
 change of the temperature. Neither should such ten- 
 der animals, under circumstances of chronic couoh, 
 which generally affects their coats also, about the 
 chest in particular, be treated with a purgative ball, 
 even of the mildest form, but with alteratives. 
 
 ALTERATIVE BALL.— Aloes and hard soap, 12 drachms 
 each; emetic tartar, half a drachm ; Ginger, half an ounce ; Oil of 
 Carraway, 1 drachm ; with mucilage enough to form the ball into 
 six doses. 
 
 Give one every morning, until a loose stool is pro- 
 duced, which may haj)pen on the third or fourth mor- 
 ning, as the animal may be conditioned. The animal 
 should not be turned out of a sudden, as such an one 
 would on account of its delicacy, more likely acquire 
 a hectic cough, by neglect. 
 
 Frequently it is that a horse has a constitutional 
 couch, or one which comes on with high feeding, or 
 a disposition to a slate in which the vessels contain 
 more humors than is agreeable to a natural state of 
 health, (called plethora,) will produce the same cough, 
 which is an effort of nature to relieve itself. In this 
 case, the administering of nitre and rosin will thin the 
 blood, and give immediate relief, as follows ; 
 
2S 
 
 I)Rr.NCH. — Nitre and yellow resin, half an ounce each, and 2d 
 droj>3 ul" aniseed. The oil should be Hist well mixed with the resin > 
 and the whole given in a quart of water gruel. 
 
 Recurrence of the same affection may be prevented 
 
 in some measure, by giving the same in another way, 
 
 namely, as a cough powder, substituting anisseed, 1 
 
 ounce, for the oil, and pounding the whole together, 
 
 and mixing with the food. 
 
 INFLAMMATIOx^ OF THE STOIVIACH AND 
 
 INTESTINES. 
 This is occasioned by colds, which sometimes take 
 a serious hold there in consequence of some previous 
 injury or v eakness. When one of these organs is 
 disordered, the other participates in the effect. Cholic 
 of long continuance, if the animal is worked while 
 this is on him, is another prolific source of inflamma- 
 tion of the intestines, as is the drinking of cold water 
 copiously, while in a state of perspiration, or after a 
 trying journey, which is always attended with spas- 
 modic cholic of the stomach and bowels, at first, and 
 of inflammation sooner or later, according to the tem- 
 perature of the individual. The necessity of getting 
 rid of the lesser attack before it acquires a permanent 
 and dangerous aspect must be obvious ; and as the 
 treatment proper for either, is at total variance with 
 the other, the one requiring warmth and stimulation, 
 the other a cooling and reducing treatment, our first 
 care must be to ascertain the exact nature of the at- 
 tack ; for a mistake in this respect would prove fatal. 
 Therefore, I have deemed it necessary to give a table 
 of the symptoms of each : 
 
 SYMPTOMS. 
 
 A Table distinguishing between the Colic or Gripes, and Infiam' 
 mation of the Boiocls, by the symptoms that mark each case. 
 
 S pasmodic or Flatulent Cholic. 
 
 1. Pulse natural, though some- 
 times a little lower. 
 
 2. The horse lies down, and 
 rolls upon his back. 
 
 3. The legs and ears generally 
 warm. 
 
 4. Attacks suddenly, is never 
 preceded, and seldom accompa- 
 nied by any symptoms of fever. 
 
 5. There are frequently ghorl 
 intermiiisiuns. 
 
 Inflammation of the Bowels. 
 
 1. The pulse very quick and 
 small. 
 
 2. He lies down and suddenly 
 rises up again, seldom I'olling up- 
 on his back. 
 
 3. His legs and ears generally 
 cold. 
 
 4. In general, attacks gradual- 
 ly, is preceded by, and always 
 attended with symptoms of fever,- 
 
 5. No intcnnissions can be ob- 
 sened. 
 
29 
 
 Remedy for Inflammation oj the Bowels. — From the 
 rapid progress made by this disorder, when left to it- 
 self, and its usually disastrous termination, the duty 
 of attending to the pulse, will be apparent. He will 
 by this means be apprised of the earliest approach of 
 the disease, and thus meet it in its mildest form; he 
 will compare this certain indication of heat — whether 
 fever of the whole system, or inflammation of any 
 particular part, with the state of the urine, which will 
 then be high colored, and the dunging defective. The 
 TfCtum will be dry, hard, and hot ; the belly, on pas- 
 sing the hand over it towards the sheath will have the 
 same feeling; the animal will shrink from the touch, 
 his eyes appear languid, or partly shut; as the disor- 
 der proceeds they assume unusual redness, or what 
 has been termed bloodshot. Up to this stage of the 
 disorder, the first remedy will be clystering and bleed- 
 ing freely, if he be not very aged or of spare habit, 
 immediately after giving the following 
 
 LAXATIVE DRENCH.— Powdered aloes, 2 drachms ; sub- 
 carbonate of potas, 2 di-achms ; water giTiel, 1 pint; Castor oil, 
 half a pint. Slix. If delay is to be apprehended in procuring^ the 
 above drench, give castor oil, 1 pint, or in default hereof, salad oil, 
 2 pints, whilst the drench is preparing. 
 
 In ordinary cases, a voluntary stool will be produ- 
 ced at or soon afler bleeding, occasioned by relaxation 
 of the tenesmus that constitutes the disease. If the 
 dung comes forth in small quantity and small hard 
 knobs, the anus must be cleared by the hand, as di- 
 rected in a preceding p'^ge, under head of *' Costive- 
 ness." Let a warm clyster be thrown up that is co- 
 pious enough to fill the emptied gut, at the least. 
 
 CLYSTER. — Water gruel, from 4 to 6 quarts ; Epsom salts, 4 
 or 5 ounces. Inject warm, with a large syringe, or ox bladder and 
 long pipe. 
 
 A eecond and third should follow, a little warmer 
 than the first, and after an evacuation, the next clys- 
 ter may be made without salts, and a little thicker than 
 at first. Its effect will be to remain and nourish the 
 parts nearly in the same manner as a poltice does an 
 external inflamed wound. 
 
 MOLTEN GREASE 
 Is but a variety of inflammation of the intestines 
 when the subject of attack happens to be very fat, and 
 
do 
 
 little accustomed to exercise ; when marked by cos-* 
 tiveness, it may be treated as directed for that ; or if 
 attended by looseness, may rather be considered as a 
 spasmodic effort of nature to relieve itself of an un- 
 natural load. Let the symptoms be reduced accord- 
 ing as the state of the pulse may dictate — for which 
 consult again wliat is said under " Fever" as to bleed- 
 ing, and under " Co^tiveness" as to treating him for 
 that. If heat and irritation be perceivable to the touch 
 and signt about the anus, wiihout high pulse, the first 
 symptom may be reduced by administering the fol- 
 lowing 
 
 SEDATIVE CLYSTER.— Camphor, four drachms 1 spirits of 
 wine, 3 or 4 drops ; to promote the solution, add sweet oil, 2 oun- 
 ces. Mix it well, and then add thin warm water gruel, two or three 
 quarts. 
 
 Molten grease is rather an effect than a cause of 
 disease, and partakes of cholic in one of its forms and 
 of inflimmation in the other ; the symptoms which 
 distinguish one from the other are precisely those set 
 down at page 28. Allowing somewhat for the fever- 
 ish symptoms that always prevail wiih such fat and 
 bloated animals as are subject to this disorder, the 
 practitioner cannot commit himself to the guidance of 
 a better test than that referred to. For the treatment 
 of spasmodic cholic affecting fat animals, see the infor- 
 mation given under the next head, " Cholic,'' &c, 
 
 THE CHOLIC, GRIPES, OR FRETS. 
 . The causes are the same as for Inflammation of the 
 Bowels, and differs from that owing to the previous 
 state of the animal attacked. He has not been so high 
 kept, and consequently not so irritable in any part of 
 his system ; but owing to stoppages, is soon troubled 
 with spasmodic affections of the intestines, iv/iich re- 
 ceives the name of gripes, or fret, or flatulent cholic, 
 by different persons. 
 
 For the symptoms, you are referred to the table 
 given in page 28 of this book. 
 
 Cure. — Too much care cannot be taken to ascer- 
 tain the precise nature and amount of the disease ; 
 for an error in this respect would endanger his life, 
 which is too often sacrificed by precipitancy and igno- 
 
mnce. In v/hatever shape the horse is attacked with 
 those disorders, the first and most obvious duty is the 
 employment of clysters, to be repeated at short inter- 
 vals, with this single variation, viz : in cases of relax- 
 ation, where the animal is nlready purged, the clyster 
 is then to consist of simple water gruel only ; but 
 when the patieni's bowels are overloaded with harden- 
 ed dung, the addition of salts, as prescribed in page 
 29, will be found most effeclual. In the absence of 
 salts, a? no time is to be lost, four or five ounces of 
 common salt may be employed. Remove the dung 
 also with the hand, called back-raking ; and give the 
 laxative drench prescribed on page 29, or the simple 
 salad or castor oil in default thereof. 
 
 In ordinary cases, when the attack is not of the 
 most violent kind of either description of cholic, that 
 is to say, when neither purging nor constipation pre- 
 vail extremely, let the following be given : 
 
 CHOLIC DRENCH. — Epsom Salts, 4 or 5 ounces; Castile soap, 
 sliced, 2 ounces. Dissolve these in a pint of ale, and. add oil of ju- 
 niper, 2 drachms, and Venice turpentine, 2 ounces. Mix well to- 
 gether, and give it wai'm. 
 
 Repeat the same in four or five hours, and if the 
 symptoms do not visibly abnte, repeat once more. — 
 Tincture of opium is sometimes substituted for the 
 turpentine, to the amount of 4 drachms, but it is ren- 
 dered exceedingly nauseous thereby, and should be 
 given deliberately ; opium is, moreover, least proper 
 when a tendency to costiveness is discovered to exist. 
 
 COLIC DRENCH, No. 2.— Tincture of opium, 2 drachms; oil 
 of juni?3er, 2 drachms; spirit of nitrous ether, 1 ounce; tincture of 
 benzoin, 4 drachms; aromatic spirit of ammonia, 3 drachms. 
 
 Mix together, and preserve the same in a bottle, and 
 give in a pint of warm peppermint water. Repeat it 
 in three or four hours. 
 
 When the case is not very alarming, a neater man- 
 ner of giving opium, in the form of a ball, is best, 
 viz : 4 drachms ossafcEtida, and 4 drachms ojiium — 
 make into lour balls with liquorice powder and syrup, 
 and give one every two honrs. The balls may be 
 given along with the oily laxative at page 29 ; imme- 
 diately preceding it, or before it has operated- These 
 t»alls are very serviceable to travellers on their jour- 
 C 
 
32 
 
 neys, and may be given to horses liable to contract 
 spasmodic cholic,whicli is the case with heavy, lieshy 
 draught cattle, with post horses, and the like. 
 
 Cholic is not often fatal unless it terminates in in- 
 flammation, which it will do if not relieved. Delay 
 to remove the cause is dangerous, and many good 
 stage horses are thereby lost every year. 
 
 If in case of costiveness it is not well removed, 
 and cold ears and legs come on, let the belly be fo- 
 mented with warm water, by means of woollen cloth 
 steeped therein. A horse rug may be used. After 
 half an hour's application or more, let the coat be well 
 rubbed with dry cloths, and the animal wrapped in 
 blankets. The clystering, and other remedies recom- 
 mended in cases of inflamation, should then be em- 
 ployed with assiduity. Lastly, employ the tonic sys- 
 tem and regimen recommended, generally, in all in- 
 flammatory cases — for which refer to the proper heads 
 in this book. 
 
 LIVER COMPLAINT.^ 
 
 »S?//n_pio7n5.- -Whenever inflammation, or extraordi- 
 nary action of the kidneys, or of the diaphragm, has 
 lasted some time, in ever so small a degree, in the same 
 degree will heat or inflammation attend the liver. It 
 enlarges upon the accession of this heat, visibly so 
 when this has continued a while, but may be previ- 
 ously ascertained by the feel. The liver extends 
 much farther back than the last rib, and a little be- 
 yond the false one. Hero a considerable protube- 
 rance appeals when the liver is enlarged, and disease 
 may be ascertained that is attended by the presence 
 of pain only, which may be known by pressing the 
 points of the fingers (of the left hand) gently behind 
 the last or false rib several times, and his flinching 
 will denote the degree of pain. 
 
 Remedy. — Acute inflammation, which comes on 
 with dangerous strides, when the horse is of vigorous 
 habits, must be met by bleeding proportioned to the 
 state of the pulse, and that without delay. For, it 
 speedily communicates to the intestines, and death en- 
 sues. A purgative ball should accompany the bleed- 
 
ing, as in all other cases of bleeding ; but if the ani^ 
 mal produce a stool voluntarily, the disorder has ta- 
 ken a turn, and neither the operation nor physic is 
 required. After bleeding, let the sides be rubbed with 
 the blistering ointment prescribed on page 22, and ap* 
 ply a rowel to the chest. The same treatment, as to 
 diet and regimen, as for fever, and his pulse and 
 stools must be watched, and relapse prevented. Cal- 
 omel is that medicament which more immediately acts 
 upon the liver, and unless the horse scours, should be 
 administered in the form of alterative balls. 
 
 ALTERATIVE BALL.— Aloes, 9 drachms; calomel, 1 dra'm. 
 hard soap, half an ounce. jNIix with mucilage and divide into three 
 laall-^ 
 
 To be given on three successive nights, unless a 
 thin stool comes off with the second ball. But in case 
 of scouring, give the following : . 
 
 No, 2, — -Oil uf tu;-peutiue, hard soap, powdered ginger, 1 oz.each 
 
 Mix with mucilage to form three balls ; and give one 
 on each of successive nights. 
 
 THE JAUNDICE OR YELLOWS. 
 
 Symptoms. — A dusky yellowness of the eyes, bars 
 of the mouth, and tongue. The dung scanty and pale, 
 generally hard, and covered with slime ; but in some 
 i'ew cases the hor.se scours ; that is, when slight in- 
 flammation of the bowels also attacks an ill-condition- 
 ed horse. The pulse is that of low fever, and the 
 same kind of drooping, inactivity, with loss of appe- 
 tite. Sometimes, however, yellowness comes on 
 without the other symptoms, after an inflammatory fe- 
 ver ; an occurrence that cannot fail to be foreknown. 
 Genuine jaundice may further be discriminated by yel- 
 low lips, yellow saliva, and dark urine. 
 
 Cure. — Young horses and fat ones, are easily cured, 
 they have indulged too freely in good living, and re- 
 quire no more treatment than a good physicing, — 
 Give the purgative ball, page 14, or the alterative ball, 
 No. 1, prescribed above. Give bran mashes, green 
 food, or boiled oats, carrots, potatoes, or turnips, ac- 
 cording to the season. Bleeding is seldom necessary 
 or proper, which the state of the pulse will show. 
 
 The following bal4 may take place of the preceed- 
 
S4 
 
 jng, in case of scours particularly when the coat is 
 staring, which may be given on three successive 
 nights, unless the first and second have operated, 
 which with good nursing or attention to diet for a 
 %yhile, will restore the animal to good health and ac- 
 tivity. 
 
 ALTERATIVE BALL.— Emetic tarlar, 3 drachms ; aloes, 9 
 drachms, hard soap, 1 ounce ; ginger, 1 scruple. Mix, and divide 
 iiito three balls. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF TflE KIDNEYS. 
 
 SympLo?ns, — Great tension and soreness of the 
 part; which may be ascerfnined hy passing your 
 hand along the small of the back» ov-r the kidneys, 
 when the animal shrinks from the touch, which with or 
 without bloody urine, iml-cate inflammation of the 
 kidneys ; another symptom that may bo relied upon 
 is a stiffness noticed in his hind leg on the side which 
 may be t^ttficked first; afterwards, when l.oih kid- 
 neys are affected, the animal becomes stiff of both 
 legs. This symptom does not occur in inflammed 
 bladder, and is a good disiinctive mark, when labor- 
 ing under doubt in some other point of resemblance 
 between the two diseases. In all singes of this diso.-- 
 der» the horse stands as if he wanted to stale, strad- 
 dling and making the most exertion when he voids 
 the least urine (which is generally bloody.) The 
 consequence is, the kidneys wa.ste away, and the dis- 
 ease communicates to the 'bladder, untiflhe final ruin, 
 if i.'Ot cured in time ; therefore early symptoms should 
 be immediately removed. 
 
 Cure — As In all <ases of inflammation, blood ac- 
 cording to the pulse, until properly reduced, and im- 
 mediately after, give him 18 ounces castor oil, provi- 
 ded the animal has not dung(^d during the twentv-four 
 hours, as commonly hiippens ; less m ly suffi-.-e in 
 general. Give warm clysters frequently, as prescri- 
 bed at page 15, for fever ; and for the same rea.son 
 give him a loose stall, if the paraxysms are so acute 
 as to cause him to lie down and get up again. Though 
 his bowels may be in a tolerable stale, give him the 
 following portion of aloes next da)' : 
 
 MILD PURGATIVE BALL.— Aloes,4 drachms, and CastUe 
 soap, 4 drachms. Mix, with muciliage to fonn a ball. 
 
35 
 
 Should ihe symptoms abate nothing in consequence 
 of this treatment, the bleeding must be repeated and 
 the purgative too. Rub over his loins the following 
 
 EMBROCATION. — Spirits of wine and soap, each 2 ounces ' 
 camphor, 1 ounce. Mix, and nib it on with the pahn of the hand- 
 
 Cover the animal up well, and be careful how he is 
 subsequently exposed to'the air. iMustard embroca- 
 tion is equally efficacious, being rubbed on soft sheep- 
 skin, cover the loins therewith. Give the cooling de- 
 coction in large quantities, as directed under the head 
 of "Costiveness," in a preceding page. His diet will 
 require boiled oats, or vegetables, and green food if the 
 season admits of it. 
 
 DISEASE OF THE BLADDER. 
 
 Symptoms. — Frequent desire to stale, the bladder 
 contracting on every drop of water almost that finds 
 its way into it. A quick sharp pulse, and small, ac- 
 companies, if it has not preceded inflammation of the 
 bladder ; yet bleeding would not be proper, as it is the 
 poorness of the blood which brought on the diabetes 
 that caused the inflammation. VVhentver this symp- 
 tom has not preceded inflammation, the pul-^e will be 
 more full, and bleedmg to an amount proportioned to 
 the state of the pulse would ihen be necessary. 
 
 Remedy- — A slightly purgative ball should of course 
 follow the bleeding, but employ neither in the extreme. 
 Giving the cooling decoction recommended in 'Fever,' 
 page 14 ; administer clyster of the same two or three 
 times a day. Should great heat of the bladder con- 
 tinue, notwithstanding these remedies, give the fever 
 powder No. 2, at page 15, and afterwards No. 2, made 
 in a ball, daily. 
 
 DIABETE OR EXCESSIVE STALING. 
 
 Symptoms. — Of course, the most obvious is the dis- 
 charge whence the disorder derives its name, being 
 frequent in very large quantities. At first, the water 
 is colorless, but occasionally comes off like puddle. 
 Constant craving after water, a staring coat, evident 
 weakness, and weak quickened pulse, succeed each 
 c2 
 
86 
 
 Other, and increase as the disorder is suffered to pro- 
 ceed unchecked. 
 
 Cure. — Change in the animal's diet, whatever it 
 may have been. If the horse be laboring under the 
 remains of some ill-cured disorder, attend to that first, 
 and by removing it, the excessive staling will cease 
 also. Give boiled oats or vegetables, grass, water in 
 small quantities and often. If the pulse be higher 
 than ordinary, give the fever powders, page 14, and 
 when the number of strokes per minute are reduced, 
 let the oats be given dry, and resort to bracing medi- 
 cines. In slight attacks, as well as for less robust ani- 
 mals, the various preparations of bark will be suffi- 
 ciently tonic. 
 
 TONIC BALL, No. 1 — Cascarilla and gentian root, 2 drachms 
 each ; powdered carraways, half a drachm, with molasses enough to 
 form the ball for one dose. Give Morning and evening. 
 
 In more formidable cases, where greater strength, 
 or more tedious symptoms require to be combatied, 
 give the tonic ball below. 
 
 TONIC BALL, No. 1. — Venice turpentine, 1 scruple; sulphate 
 of copper, and ginger, 1 drachm each. Mix with liquorice powder 
 sufficient for one dose, and give twice a day for three or four days. 
 
 After this, a return to the use of No. 1, would be 
 desirable, until the disorder is subdued. Should cos- 
 tiveness ensue, give a clyster, which will also relieve 
 the irritation of the parts ; castor oil, one pint, must 
 be administered, if the costiveness appear obstinate. 
 Above all things avoid the numerous quack remedies 
 in this as well as other complaints, as you may ruin 
 your horse. 
 
 Incontinence of urine is the same nature as the last 
 mentioned, only differing in the discharge being in- 
 voluntary, and the amount and quantity produced. — 
 The disposition to stale frequently, or the urine com- 
 ing away with scarcely an effort, proves that great 
 irritability of the bladder is the proximate cause.— 
 The treatment is the same as directed above, and a 
 run at grass and generous feeding afterwards will 
 complete the cure. 
 
 HOW TO KNOW THE STATE OF HEALTH 
 BY THE PULSE. 
 
 When horses are in health, the pulsation or strokes 
 are from thirty-six to forty-five in a minute ; those 
 
37 
 
 of large heavy horses behig slower than of the smal- 
 ler ; and of old ones, they are also slower than of 
 young ones. When either may be just off a quick 
 pace, the strokes increase in number; as they do if 
 they be alarmed or terrified, or hear the hound's fa- 
 miliar cry. Fever, of the simple or common kind, 
 usually increases the pulsation to double the healthy 
 number. Hence the propriety of ascertaining the 
 state of this index of health, while the animal is still 
 free from disease, goes to prove over again the pro- 
 priety of closely examining the indications of health 
 and setting down the same in a book at several differ- 
 ent times ; so that you would at all times have a cor- 
 rect record of the natural healthy pulse of each horse, 
 which will enable you to notice the first approach or 
 commencement of any disease, ascertain the cause, 
 and apply a remedy immediately, and thus never en- 
 danger the horse or be compelled to reduce him very 
 low to effect a cure. 
 
 WHERE TO FEEL THE PULSE. 
 
 As fever increases in violence, when the animal is 
 in great pain from inflammation of the intestines, &c., 
 the pulse beats still higher, and reaches to 100 in a 
 minute, or more. The danger is then great, and less 
 than three or four quarts of blood, drawn from a large 
 orifice, would do harm instead of good, by increasing 
 the action of the blood, and the hardness of the artery 
 would also be increased. To ascertain either state, 
 the attendant should apply the points of his fingers 
 gently to the artery which lies nearest the surface. 
 Some prefer consulting the temporal artery, which is 
 situated about an inch and a half backward from the 
 corner c-f the eye. Others again, and they are the 
 greater number, think it best to feel it underneath the 
 edge of the jaw-bone, where the facial artery passes 
 on under the skin only to the side of the face. In 
 either case.^too great pressure would stop the pulsation 
 altogether, though by so trying the rrtery against the 
 jaw-bone, will prove whether it be in such a rigid state 
 of excitement as attends high fever ; or elastic and 
 springy, slipping readily from under the finger, as it 
 does v/hen health prevails and the strokes follow each 
 other regularly. 
 
38 
 
 The presence of high fever is further indicated by a 
 kind of twang, or vibration, given by the pulse against 
 the finger points, resembling much such as would be 
 felt were we to take hold of a distended whipcord or wire 
 between the fingers, and cause it to vibrate Hke a fiddle- 
 string, sharply ; whereas, in health, a swell is felt in the 
 vibration, as if the string were made of soft materials, 
 and less straighte.ied ; these are the facts which owners 
 of horses would do well to practice on their own horses. 
 Languid or slow pulse, and .scarcely perceptible in some 
 of the beats or strokes, indicjite- lowness of spirits, de- 
 bility, or being used up ; if this languor is felt at inter- 
 vals only, a few strokes being very quick, and then 
 again very slow, this indicates low fever, in which bleed- 
 ing would do harm, and he must be treated as directed 
 for low fever, under that head. Quickness, however, 
 is the chief indication of the whole class of inflammato- 
 ry fever, which require bleeding, as also directed under 
 the appropriate heads. 
 
 In all cases of inflammation, whether of the whole 
 system, or fever, or of particular organs, let bleeding be 
 resorted to imtTiediately, in quantity proportioned to the 
 amount of heat, or the number of beats in a minute, to 
 wit: if the pulsation amount to above 60, two quarts 
 should be taken ; if above 70, three quarts ; and if the 
 number of beats be much more, ascending rapidly, four 
 quarts at least, should be taken ; and if the rigidity or 
 hardness of the artery continue, a quantity that shall 
 cause faintness -or tottering may be taken. P.iysic 
 should in all cases be administered after bleeding. 
 
 Always measure the blood taken, that you may cal- 
 culate correctly the amount of effect produced upon the 
 pulse, and be able to regulate your future operations in 
 that respect ; and remember that bleeding too little is 
 more hurtful than too much in high condition. 
 
 EXTERNAL DISORDERS. 
 
 CRITICAL ABSCESS is that swelling or tumour 
 which is occasionally thrown out on the body or limbs, 
 from no apparent accident, but what may be traced to 
 that derangement of the system we call fever, and 
 zs sometimes attendant upon protracted imflammatjon 
 
89 
 
 of the livor, when the disease appears on the fascia of 
 the muscles of the belly, on the jowl, or other glandu- 
 lar parts. 
 
 The cause and the effect thus become manifest to- 
 gether; and when great tenderness is evinced upon 
 touching the parts in ordinary cases, noihiog more is 
 required, tiian to make an opening in the lowest ^dge 
 o^ the s'A-el ing, and expressing the contests ; ihe cure 
 is effjcled by me;ins of the comirion *' digestive oint- 
 ment," which is prescribed under the article " Poll- 
 evil,"' in a succeeding page. But liie proper ti(ne at 
 which the opening is to be thus made requiies close 
 observation. In general, this may appear by a change 
 in the animal's manner ; he will eat more heartily as 
 the matter increases ; which proves that the disease 
 of his habit has accumula'ed at this precise spot.— • 
 He should nut be allowed long to remain in liiis slate, 
 lest the offensive matter should penetj-ate inw;irdly or 
 latteriy. If the disease is thus distinctly known to 
 have proceeded froiia the remiins oC ill-cured fever or 
 inflammation, poultices should be applied to bring it 
 forw.ird to the surface, and the an.in\l receive in- 
 creased feed of dry oats, of beans, or boiled oats, 
 accordmg to his former habits, in order to encourage 
 the access of the matte i ; lor nature exhauoted by the 
 violence or the continuence o: the disorder, is incapa- 
 ble o( expelling this last remains of the enemy, and 
 stands in need of support. Should the horse havo 
 been lately laid up with fever, or for some time past 
 shown l:mgo-r in his g'lit, and heaviness about the 
 eyes, or it may he con<-iiided from his recent haid la- 
 bor and hard mode of living, that he has been long 
 ailiag inwardly ; in this ca.>.e the abcess be ng evi- 
 dently critical sympioms of ihe g ueral bad slate of 
 the blood, nature must be assisted in getting rid of the 
 offensive mailer ; and for ihat purpose bring the tu- 
 mour to a head by means of a poultice. The head is 
 most commonly the seat of swelled glands. 
 
 DRAWING POULTICE.— White bread, the crum of 4 pounds 
 — Onions chopped, 2 pounds. 
 
 Boil the onions in water, and pour the whole on the 
 bread ; mix to a tolerable consistency, and whilst blood- 
 
4U 
 
 V\arm apply copiously to the parts in a cloth. Support 
 the application by means of a bandage of stout linen 
 cloth, with ligatures tied over the forehead and across 
 the mane or neck of the horse in two directions. Some 
 persons recommend the use of a solution of gum to 
 render the cloth impervious to liquids. By those means 
 the swelling will come to a head, when apply the knife, 
 and the same day, let a mild laxative be given, and 
 lower his diet. 
 
 MILD PURGATIVE— Aloes, 4 or 5 drachms; Castile soap, 
 3 drachms; Calomel, 1 drachm; Gmger, 2 drachms; Oil of Car- 
 rovvay, 10 drops. Mucillage enough for a ball, for one dose. 
 
 When it so happens that the opening has been made 
 too soon, before it has accumulated suflTiciently, the ori- 
 fice may be kept open by means of a seaton passed 
 through it to the lowest side, and the running continued 
 several days, until it assumes a healthy appearance, and 
 the swelling subsides. This plan of applying a seaton 
 must always be adopted with the slow or sordid tumor, 
 which will not come forward with the poultice or blister 
 alone. Deep-seated abscess under the muscles of the 
 belly arc for want of timely attention, scarcely ever 
 discovered in time to prevent its bursting inside, and 
 killing the horse, although if it is discovered in time to 
 draw outward to be lanced, the horse will get well. — 
 See to it in time. The horse will flinch at the touch if 
 one be there. 
 
 POLL EVIL.— Next to a diseased habit of body, 
 as just before noticed, which predisposes a certain des- 
 cription of horses to contract tumors in various parts of 
 the body, the poll-evil is frequently occasioned by a 
 blow, or gall, ©fa very trivial nature, if it do not come 
 on M'ithout this kind of excitement. The action of the 
 head is very great with some horses, arising probably 
 from an itching in the upper part of the clevical ligament, 
 where it is attached to the vertebrae of the neck ; and 
 this causing irritation, we need not hesitate long in ac- 
 counting for the inflammation that affects the muscle 
 which interposes between it and the poll-bone, in a ca- 
 vity that is greater with some breeds of horses than 
 others. 
 
Sijmploms. — At first the animal appears resiles.-*; 
 throwing his head back and returning- it to the former 
 position, as it" the eftbrts had occasioned pain. Soon 
 after, it droops the head, holding it first on one side and 
 then on the other ; appears dull about the eyes, and be- 
 comes sluiisish in his movements. In this state it con- 
 tinues a longer or shorter timp. As it goes on, a dis- 
 position to flinch from the touch is evinced whenever the 
 part is approached with the hand ; if the evil be deep 
 seated the swelling is wide, but not so high ; and when 
 nearer the surface, it presents a point, is circumscribed 
 by a well marked circle, and tells by its throbbing at the 
 point how necessary it is to let the matter out. Again, 
 to ascertain that the matter is near the surface, apply 
 two fingers alternately on the sides of the tumor, and 
 the matter will recede from side to side. Let it out. 
 
 Cure. — When not deeply sealed, at an early stage of 
 the disorder, some persons attempt to carry it oft' thro' 
 the animal system by embrocations and mild physic ; 
 but experience has shown that the safest and most eftec- 
 tual cures are efi^ected by drawing the disorder out ex- 
 ternally. With this view, as soon as the evil is kiiown 
 to exist, let the parts be softened and drawn with a poul- 
 tice of oatmeal, put on luke-warm, twice a day ; if the 
 effect be not visible to the eye and touch, increase the 
 powers of the poultice, by the addition of onions chop- 
 ped and mixed with the poultice whilst warm. The 
 poultice should be put an inch thick at least, over the 
 whole swelling, having a small quantity of sweet oil, 
 hog's lard, or oil of turpentine mixed therewith. When 
 the evil is drawn near the surface, and the matter can be 
 felt as before described, an opening is to be made the 
 whole length of the abscess, a little below its centre, 
 taking care that the knife do not pass ci^oss-wise, lest 
 the attachment of the cirvicular licjament to the first 
 (vertebra?) bone, should be severed ; in which case the 
 animal would droop his head ever after. On the escape 
 of the matter, after ascertaining with a probe whether it 
 runs in pipes, of sinuses, this way and that, or with 
 small bis of diseased fibre or membrane stretching 
 across the cavity, so as nearly to divide it into unequal 
 parts — let each be just touched with the knife. It must 
 be kept running by means of a seaton, as directed for 
 
4ft 
 
 abscess. When the abscess or evil is very deep, reach" 
 ing to the bone, which may be felt, the matter shouUl be 
 expelled by pressing gently on two sides of it at once. 
 Let the lips of the opening be dressed the first time, and 
 as long as it may be found necessary to keep the wound 
 open, with any ointment hereafter mentioned, on 
 which has been strewed sulphate of cop[}er powdered. 
 Should (he lips adhere together, or appear much diseas- 
 ed, wash them wiih muriate of ammonia, taking care it 
 does not run upon the sound parts, nor into the cavity. 
 In either case wash off the dead parts with warm water, 
 before each dressing, sponge it clean and dry, after in- 
 serting the probe on every side into the fistulous sinuses, 
 and continue this treatment until the parts assume a 
 healthy appearance. 
 
 The seton shou'd never be neglected in bad cases of 
 either description, but be introduced at the lowest or 
 most depending side of the abscess, after being wetted 
 with the following 
 
 IRRITATING MIXTURE.— Spirits of wine, 2 ounces; Corro- 
 sive sublimate, 1 scruple. Mix, and saturate the tape in it daily. 
 
 This will keep the orifice open until the offensive mat- 
 ter run off, and is succeeded by the more healthy issue 
 of a thicker consistency, and nearly white. On this 
 appearance, the sf^aton is to be withdrawn, and the parts 
 dressed with the digestive ointment, the animal physiced 
 once or twice with a moderate purging- ball of six or 
 seven drachms of aloes, and the cure will complete it- 
 self with the usual dressing in a substantial manner. 
 
 DIGESTIVE OINTMENT, No. 1.— Yellow wax, rosin, Bur- 
 gundy pitch, of each 1 pound ; turpentine, 4 ounces ; linseed oil, 20 
 ounces. Dissolve over a slow fire. 
 
 Spread it upon leather or stout linen cloth, sufficiently 
 large to come over on the undiseased region of the evil, 
 after the wound has been well cleansed. Fresh dress- 
 ings hereof should go on daily, but in no case until the 
 matter assumes a healthy appearance, which it never 
 can do, unless the whole recess has been reached with 
 the knife, or by the operation of the " scalding mixture" 
 below. There are three recipes recommended by dif- 
 ferent farriers of note. 
 
 Scalding Mixture, No. 1 . — Tar, mutton suet, rosin, of each twa 
 ounces ; bees-wax, 1 ounce ; melt slowly ojid mix in spirits of tur* 
 pentine, 2 ounces; verdigris, 6 drachms 
 
43 
 
 Mix, and pour into the orifice hot, and close it with 
 stitches. The next two are generally preferred. 
 
 Scalding Mixture, No. 2. — Con-osive sublimate, verdigris, and 
 blue vitriol, 2 drachms each ; green copperas, half an ounce ; honey 
 2 ounces ; oil turpentine ajid train oil, 8 ounces each ; rectified spi- 
 rits of wine, 4 ounces. 
 
 No. 3. — Oil of turpentine, 2 ounces ; verdigris, 1 ounce ; Oint- 
 ment of yellow rosin, 6 ounces. 
 
 Mix, and apply either, No. 1, 2, or 3, as before di- 
 rected. In using any of those hot mixtures, a piece of 
 tow should be placed so as to surround the orifice on 
 the outside to prevent its running over the sound parts ; 
 and care also taken to prevent the acrimonious dis- 
 charge from remaining any time on the sound parts, as 
 it will be found to corrode and cause ulcers. Let it 
 remain undisturbed for sixty hours, unless the stitches 
 burst sooner. Then sponge out the parts with warm 
 water, cleanse away all filth, and repeat the mixture or 
 proceed at OHce to the cure — a determination the doc- 
 tor will come to, according as the rottenness may have 
 sloughed oflT, and the inside of the abscess may present 
 a healthy appearance, or otherwise. If it be quite clean, 
 the adhesion of the parts will follow with very litile fur- 
 ther care than applying the digestive ointment according 
 to the preceding recipe, or the following 
 
 Digestive Ointmejit, No. 2. — Common turpentine, 4 ounces; the 
 yolks of two eggs; mix these well, and add myrrh, in powder, 4 
 drachms ; mastich 2 drachms ; tincture of myrrh sufficient to bring 
 the whole to a proper consistence. 
 
 Should the cure of the wound proceed too fast, the 
 over luxuriant granulations of new or proud flesh, must 
 be touched with caustic. 
 
 But notwithstanding what has been said above, it 
 sometimes happens that a totally different course be- 
 comes necessary, when abscess in the poll is connected 
 with another disease arising from the same vitiated state 
 of the animal's system, and the remedy for one of these 
 will cure the other. Farcy is the correspondent disease 
 to which I allude, or rather I shall say a tendency to 
 farcy, visible in certain scanty limips or tumors on the 
 body and legs ; these will run off*, sometimes, by means 
 of a copious discharge at the poll. More frequently, 
 however, the farcy is of too inveterate a description, and 
 
44 
 
 proves that the whole mass of the animal's system re- 
 quires correction, and that it must be treated with medi- 
 cines proper for the farcy, as well as the local affection 
 of the poll. See what is said of Farcy in succeeding 
 pages. 
 
 FISTULA IN THE WITHERS. 
 
 Although closely rcsembliug poll-evil in so many re- 
 spects as to seem the selfsame disorder, arising from 
 precisely the same cause, but differing in situation only. 
 Poll-evil may be produced without any external vio- 
 lence ; fistula in the withers is always brought on by 
 external injury, namely, the galling of the saddle. The 
 symptoms are most obvious to the touch, as in all in- 
 flammatory tumors, the animal shrinking when the hand 
 is passed over the shoulder from the mane downwards. 
 
 Cure.— x\s soon as the journey can be brought to a 
 close, remove the cause, and bathe the part well with 
 the following cold saturnine lotion : 
 
 COLD LOTION. — Siibacetate of lead, 2 ounces; white vinegar 
 4 ounces ; water, 3 quarts. INlix, and apply with a sponge. 
 
 If not thus repelled in its earliest stages, suppuration 
 must ensue. Attend to it in time, however, and if heat 
 and inflammation continue after the above is well appli- 
 ed, the following must be applied : 
 
 EMBROCATION. — Spirits of wine, half a pint; camphor, two 
 drachms; extract of lead, one drachm. 
 
 Mix, and apply the same two or three times a day, gen- 
 tly rubbing the part each time as much as the animal 
 will bear. Give also the following, same time ; 
 
 ALTERATIVE BALL. — Aloes, 4 drachms; calomel, half a 
 drachm; add castile soap, half a drachm. Mix with mucilage and 
 divide into 3 balls, and given eveiy third day. 
 
 If, however, it should have arrived to a state baflling 
 the above means of carrying it off', it must be drawn to 
 a head by poultices, and lanced, and insert a whalebone 
 probe to ascertain the direction that the fistula sinuses 
 or pipes extend, in order that these may be laid open, 
 and the whole matter suffered to escape. Then after 
 it assumes a healthy appearance, heal it in the manner 
 directed for poll-evil. If the scalding mixture is used, 
 care must be taken to remove the matter that runs out 
 
45 
 
 from the wound, and not let it touch the healthy part at 
 all, if possible. 
 
 Gentian root is employed to keep down the swelling 
 or thickening of the lips of the sore. The healing is 
 not to be sutfered to go on too fast, nor until all the of- 
 fensive matter is expulsed. Blue stone spread on the 
 digestive ointment will heal it. Or take 
 
 Ointment of nitrated quick silver, 3 ounces ; oil of turpentine, 
 half an ounce. 
 
 Mix, and apply as long as may be proper to keep the 
 orifice from closing, to which it will be ever too much 
 disposed. 
 
 SADDLE GALLS, OR WARBLES, SITFASTS. 
 
 The first of these partake of the nature of the disor- 
 der just above treated of, (fistula,) and are caused in 
 the same way ; but are situated farther back, and less 
 scope is allowed for the spreading of the original tumor. 
 Consequently, the smallness of the affliction renders it 
 much less formidable, though if suffered to suppurate, 
 they become most troublesome sores. First try to pre- 
 vent the accumulation of matter by repellants, such as- 
 the embrocation prescribed in the preceding page, and 
 the alterative ball. Or, apply, in the same manner, the- 
 following : 
 
 Cold Lotion. — Vinegar, spirits of wine, each 3 ounces; super- 
 acetate of lead, 2 ounces ; water 6 ounces. Mix. 
 
 Should not these succeed, change your treatment, 
 bring the tumor forward by poultices, &c., the same as 
 directed for fistula and poll-evil, and cure in the same 
 manner. 
 
 SiTFAST is an indurated tumor, one that has neither 
 matter nor motion in it, and may arise from either of two 
 causes. The first is simply a gall or a bruise, which has 
 produced no inflammation, and consequently no matter 
 has been engendered ^ the second comes of an ill-cured 
 warble, that has closed, leaving a hard insensible swell- 
 ing behind. Blistering is the favorite remedy with most 
 farriers, though fomentations and poultices will fre()uent- 
 ly achieve as much good in very little more time. When 
 supupration takes place, the cure is to be completed by 
 dressings of detergent ointment, taking care that tho 
 
'9-* 
 48 
 
 sore does not heal too fast. Should this be the case 
 put blue stone, powdered, upon the plaster once or 
 twice, or merely touch it with lunar caustic as often. — 
 Sometimes the callosity does not come off of itself, tho' 
 the edges rise up : it is then to be taken away by force, 
 separating it from the living parts with the knife. The 
 small portion of blood that comes away with it does no 
 harm, but the contrary. If, however, any one objects 
 to the knife, or doubts his skill in this operation, mercu- 
 rial ointment will effect the same end, as follows : 
 
 Ointment for Sit fast. — Oil of tm-pentine, 10 ounces; blue oint- 
 ment, 8 ounces; gum ammoniacum, 4 ounces. Mix and apply to 
 these and all hai'd tumors. 
 
 QUITTOR is a disease of the foot, at the coronet, 
 but is so decidedly fistulous, that I choose to treat of it 
 in this place, rather than in the chapter devoted to the 
 foot in general. It is caused by a tread which the horse 
 inflicts on himself, for the most part, seeing that it gen- 
 erally occurs on the inside of the foot. This tread or 
 bruise may either be inflicted upon the coronet, or lower 
 down, by over-reaching, or even at the sole ; by taking 
 up a stone or other hard substance ; also by a prick or 
 blow in shoeing. A quitter is also sometimes occa- 
 sioned by gravel working up into an aperture left by an 
 old nail, actinii upon the sensible laminatetl .«;ubstance, 
 separating it from the insensible, leaving a cavity from 
 the aperture up to the coronet, where it lodges, inflames, 
 and produces abscess, which is very troublesome and 
 difficult to cure. 
 
 Cure. — The sore is always very small, but admits of 
 a probe being introduced, by which the extent of the 
 evil may be ascertained, and this is generally very ex- 
 tensive and ruinous, according to the time it may have 
 been allowed to make head. The probe will pass read- 
 ily forward and backward to the whole course of the dis- 
 ease, and sometimes it will be found to have penetrated 
 to the cofiin bone, every where forming sinuses or pipes, 
 as in fistula of the withers before described. In slight 
 cases, those which are found not to have penetrated 
 deep, the simple application of a wash will prove suffi- 
 cient, and may be employed in this manner : Dissolve 
 blue vitrol in water, and charge a syringe therewith ; thia 
 
is to be discharged into the orifice, and suffered to re -^ 
 main, as much as can be retained. A pouhice of bread 
 or oat meal is to cover the part, and the cure will be 
 completed after two or three days. 
 
 But unfortunately fur the owner and the animal, the 
 disease is seldom taken in hand thus early, but is suffer- 
 ed to proceed until much stronger means become ne- 
 cessary. For this purpose take a long narrow slip of 
 thin paper, and moisten it with muriate of antimony ; 
 over this sirew powdered corrosive sublimate, and roll 
 up the paper, so that it may not be too big for the pipe 
 which it is intended tor. Generally it happens that the 
 opening requires to be enlarged before this pledget so 
 charged with the escharotic, can be fairly introduced. — 
 Take especial care that the pledget reach the bottom of 
 the pipe, cut it off close, and pass a similar one into as 
 many sinuses as may have been ascertained forms the 
 disease. As considerable irritation of the part will 
 quickly ensue, a poultice sufficient to cover the foot sho'ld 
 be previously got ready, and applied immediately. 
 
 In three or four days, the bandage being removed, the 
 diseased parts wdl slow off, a considerable opening pre- 
 sents itself leaving a healthy looking sore. Let this be 
 sponged off with warm water, and when dry apply tinc- 
 ture of Benjamin, which will effect a cure. A solution 
 of white vitrei is used with advantage, especially when 
 a disposition to secrete unhealthy matter is at any time 
 perceptible. Physic the patient after the operation, ac- 
 cordino^ to the actual state of his bowels, the motion 
 whereof will alleviate the pain necessarily attending the 
 escharotic quallity of the pledgets apphed to the foot. 
 If the horse's bowels be found in the ordinary state, give 
 two balls on successive days, thus : 
 
 First Alterative Ball. — Aloes and hard soap, 2 or 3 drachms: 
 oil of cloves, 6 drops: calomel, 4 dx"achms. 
 
 Second. — Aloes 4 or 5 drachms ; soap, 6 drachms ; oil of ajiia- 
 seed, 10 drops. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient to form a ball of each 
 for two doses ; give No. 2 the day succeeding No. 1. 
 
 YIVES. — This is a turn given to swellings of the 
 glands just under the ear, towards the angle of the jaw, 
 
 d2 
 
48 
 
 that mostly attack young animals. Nevertheless it 
 sometimes attacks horses at an advanced age. Swell- 
 ings similar are common in shedding the teeth ; but they 
 are not the vives. In some respects this disorder bears 
 a near affinity to the strangleij. The cause of Yives 
 may be distinctly pronounced a *'cold," that prolific 
 source of many other disorders. 
 
 Symptoms. — Svvellings under both ears, generally, 
 that occasion manifest pain when touched ; the animal 
 coughs more than one which has the strangles, and a 
 difficulty of swallowing soon becomes evident. Stiff- 
 ness or aridity of the neck follows, and the patient 
 makes frequent efforts to swallow the saliva, which it is 
 the proper function of these glands to secrete, but which 
 they are soon disabled from doing ; and as they now re- 
 fuse to perform this office, the watery humors flow from 
 out the animals eyes, which he partly closes ; inflam- 
 mation of the mouth and gums next takes place, produ- 
 cing the Mampers,' which are noticed separately, and fi- 
 nally they terminate in "strangles" and are to be treated 
 as such. But timely attention, 'tvill remove them before 
 they terminate in either the 'lampers' or ^strangles.' 
 
 Remedy. — Foment the part with warm water, and af- 
 ter it has been well dried, clothe the head so as to keep 
 off the air, upon the principle of 'remove the cause and 
 the effect will cease.' Follow it up with fomentations 
 of marsh mallows, or annoint the parts with ointment of 
 marshmaiiows, and cover the head as before. A bread 
 poultice affords relief, and bleeding in stubborn cases of 
 simple vives is often necessary, with purgatives. In- 
 deed, the body should be opened, whether we bleed or 
 no : always leave open the main road for such humors 
 to escape by. To assist nature, however, employ the 
 following 
 
 Lotion. — Sal ammoniac, half an ounce ; vinegar, 6 ounces ; Gou- 
 lard's extract, 1 ounce. Mix, and rub the parts well twice a day. 
 
 Low diet, a plentiful supply of water gruel, and bran 
 mashes, to which an ounce of nitre may be added daily, 
 will reduce that thickened state of the blood which ever 
 attends these species of tumor. 
 
 But when the vives are likely to supurate, all attempts 
 to drive them off through the system, as directed abovA, 
 must be avoided, and the direct contrary course must be 
 
pursued, to draw it to a head and remove the offensirt 
 matter as soon as possible, in the same manner as direc- 
 ted for all other abscess mentioned before, not dieting or 
 reducing the horse. The degree of heat and inflam- 
 mation increasing in spite of the fomentations, &c. will 
 soon indicate whether suppuration will take place or not. 
 Indeed, that should if possible be known in the first in- 
 stance. 
 
 False vives, or imperfect ones, that are hard and in- 
 sensible, sometimes cause a good deal of trouble. They 
 neither come forward nor recede, nor cause pain, but 
 are an eye-sore and injure the sale. Stimulating em- 
 brocations are well calculated for reduaing these hard 
 tumors, and the blistering oiiitment, made of cantharidea 
 and oil; never fails. 
 
 LAMPERS, OR LAMPAS. 
 
 Symptoms. — A swelling of the bars of the mouth fol- 
 lows the rising vigor and heat of the animal ; they then 
 project below the surface of the teeth, and interfere be- 
 tween them while feeding. The pain is necessarily very 
 great on feeding, and the animal ceases to chew of a 
 sudden ; it afterwards commences anew, with greater 
 caution , but as the disorder becomes worse, it refuses 
 food entirely, and starvation would be the consequence 
 if something did not intervene which is always sure to 
 happen. 
 
 The cure would be effected of itself, if the horse 
 lived in a state of nature, or more probably in that stata 
 he never would contract the disease. Overgorging 
 and consequent fulness of habit having occasioned the 
 blood to flow luxuriantly towards the region of the head 
 and throat, so that the disorder is thereby produced, the 
 reduction of that full habit follows this compulsory ab- 
 stemiousness which the afHicted animal practices much 
 against his will, and might teach man himself a monitory 
 lesson he is usually slow in attending to until too late. 
 Reducing the system is the neatest method of removing 
 lampas, and purgatives should be employed ; bran 
 mashes, in which an ounce of nitre daily has been intro- 
 duced, may also be given until the pulse becomes more 
 natural. If the lampas be not lessened, by these means, 
 the projecting part is to be cut with a lancet, but some 
 people commence operations with tho searing iion, aa 
 
50 
 
 the readiest way, and give physic aflerward;!. This ap- 
 phcatiou never mils. 
 
 STRANGLES. 
 
 Symptoms. — A swelling commences between the up- 
 per part of tho two juw-bones, or a little lower down to- 
 wards ihs chin, and directly underneath the tongue. A 
 cough, and the discharge of a white thick matter from 
 the nostrils Ibllow, with great heat, pain, and tension of 
 the tumors, and of all the adjacent membranes, to such 
 a degree that the animal can scarcely swallow. The 
 eyes send forth a watery humor, and the animal nearly 
 closes the lid ; this is mostly the case when it happens 
 that the two larger glands under the ear are affected also 
 which frequently happens ; but when these latter are dis- 
 ordered Vv'ithout the nnimal having the strangles, we then 
 say he has the vives. The .swelling increases and usu- 
 ally bursts of itself, sometimes without being perceived 
 by any one. This last happens to colts and fillies at 
 gras6, when their wants are little attended to, and they 
 seldom fail of doing Vv^ell. Attacks in the open air aro 
 milder than those obstinate cases we meet v/ith among 
 in-door cattle, 'i he horses that are kept in-doors accu- 
 mulate gioss humors, by living on dry food and lying 
 on soft beds, without sufRcicnt exercise to carry off the 
 effects of either. 
 
 Frequently, the feverish symptoms run high, loss of 
 appetite follows with constipation of (he bowels, the 
 horse can neither drink nor eat, and the pulse increases. 
 The tumors in these bad cases will bo found to have ris- 
 en nearer the jaw-bone than they do in a mild attack, 
 and are longer in coming to maturity than those which 
 begin more towards the middle. The disorder is seldom 
 fatal ; but when this does happen, the animal dies of suf- 
 focation, in which case it stands with the nose thrust out, 
 the nostrils distended ; the breathing is then exceeding 
 laborious and difficult, and accompanied by rattling in 
 the throat. 
 
 Cure. — For this last mentioned extreme case, no oth- 
 er remedy is found than making an opening in the wind- 
 pipe, through which the animal may breathe. For this 
 spirited operation, I must refer to Mr. Field, the vete- 
 fiUi^vy surgion, who has performed it frequently, and says 
 
51 
 
 hia practice was to cut an aperture the size of a guinea, 
 which nature afterwards suppHes in due time. With 
 this exception, perhaps, I might be justified in saying 
 that we have htlle or no business to meddle with the 
 strangles; unless, indeed, unfavorable symptoms arise, 
 and the previous habits of the horse, his present fleshy 
 or gross habit of body, with the unfavorable situation of 
 the tumors near the bone, give good reason for believing 
 that the disease will turn out a dangerous case. And 
 yet I should be very loth to recommend purging or that 
 of bleeding for strangles, as I have seen done with no 
 good effect ; for, although the symptoms are thereby 
 lowered, yet the continuance of the disorder is protract- 
 ed to an unmeasurable length, and I have heard of the 
 strangles devolving into glanders by this course of pro- 
 ceeding. 
 
 On the contrary, the disorder being constitutional, that 
 is to say, an effort of nature to relieve itself of some 
 noxious matters, the strength of the animal system 
 should be sustained in some degree proportioned to what 
 it may obviously require. Therefore, horses that may 
 be in g-ood condition at the time of the attack, and with- 
 al highly feverish and full of corn, will only require open- 
 ing medicine whilst a brisk purgative might do harm 
 by lessoning the access of matter to the tumor, and the 
 system would still retain a portion of the oflfensive causa 
 of disease, which would break forth at a future period in 
 some one or other part of the correspondent diseases, 
 dependant on tubercular affections. In this case give 
 the following : 
 
 MILD PURGATIVE BALL,— Aloes, 3 drachms, and Castilo 
 Soap, 3 drachms, and Ginger, 1 scruple. Mix, with Mucilage to 
 foi'm a ball. 
 
 If difficulty of swallowing is already observed, a drench 
 would be found the most desirable form of arriving at 
 the same end. Then give the following ; 
 
 LAXATIVE DRENCH.— Castor Oil, 6 ounces; water gruel, 
 1 quart; salts, 6 ounces. Mix. 
 
 Meanwhile at the first appearance of the disorder, let 
 the hair be clipped off close at the part affected, and a 
 little way round, to allow of greater effect from any ap- 
 plication that maybe deemed necessary. The head be- 
 ing clothed will restore as much warmth as hath hereby 
 
52 
 
 been abridged. Mild cases will require no more than 
 this, prol)ably, and the assistance of a poultice and fo- 
 mentation ofmarshmallows, daily, to the throat, to bring 
 the ^wel.in^ to a [iroper slate lor opening. This will be 
 shown by its pointing or becoming soft and peaked in 
 the middle. IJut a premature employment of the lan- 
 cet is to be avoided, to give time for the whole rnattey 
 to collect ; when this peiiod arrives, the whole swelling 
 will be soft and yielding to pressure, unless the animal 
 have a very thick skin, with a great chuckle-head. In 
 these cases, the i)art should be rubbed with a stimula- 
 ting liniment, and if the tumor is working its way in- 
 wards so as to threaten suffocation, blistering ointment 
 may be applied. After each and either of these appli- 
 cations, the poultice is to be again put on with care ; and 
 as much of its efficacy depends upon its remaining in 
 contact with the throat, the adjusting of k property re- 
 quires great pains and some adroitness for the thing. 
 
 STIMULATING LINIxMENT.— Mustard, powdered,- 1 ounce r 
 liquid ammoaia, 3 drajhins. iMix,_ and apply assidiuusly to the 
 part. 
 
 The suppuration may be further prompted by steam- 
 ing the head over warm water, or fumigating it as fol- 
 lows ; give him bran mashes frequently, placing the 
 vessel that contains this, well secured, in another vessel 
 larger than the first, into which much hotter water can 
 be introduced, so that the vapor may rise up all round 
 the mash, and constantly envelope the head. When the 
 tumor is a;scertained to be ripe, and not before, and open- 
 ing is made at its most depending part, and the matter 
 expressed gently ; wash it ofT clean with warm water, 
 and if the sore appear healthy, it will heal spontaneously, 
 or with the application of adhesive plaster. 
 
 DIGESTIVE OINTMENT, No. 1.— Yclow Avax, rosin, Bur- 
 gundy pitch, of each 1 pound; turpentine, 4 ounces; linseed oil, 20 
 ounces. Dissolve over a slow fire. 
 
 Strangles of the gullet. — Sometimes we find 
 those symptoms of the strangles reduced to one only, 
 viz. an obstinate running at the nose, which usually 
 lasts a long time, and occasionally ends fatally, by the 
 animal wasted away in pulmonary consumption. Many 
 people mistake this disorder for glanders, but it may be 
 distinguished from that con'agion by a rattling in the gul- 
 
53 
 
 let ; also by the quality of the running, which is neither 
 so white nor of so much consistency, but watery and 
 curdled. The animal scarcely ever is troubled with a 
 coutrh, and then it is very feeble, but to make up for this 
 exhibits frequent contractions of the larynx. 
 
 After the tumor is opened, give gentle physic, for 
 which purpose, the following laxative ball is recommen- 
 ded ; or you may add thereto, one drachm of emetic 
 tartar, and give another ball after an interval of one day, 
 unless the pulse is low : 
 
 MILD PURGATIVE BALL,— Aloe?, 3 drachms, and Castile 
 soap, 3 drachms, and ginger,! scruple. Mix, with mucilage to fonn 
 a ball. 
 
 Bastard Strangles is a favorite term witli some 
 persons, who would soften down the real fact of their 
 horses having the glanders, which it really is, and not 
 stranirles. But bastard or not bastard, it is alvvavs in- 
 fectious, and the animal always dies of strangulation, 
 or the disorder becomes the glanders, producing a sani- 
 ous discharge from the nose when the cough ceases. — 
 Apply fumigation. 
 
 FUMIGATION. — Tako the leaves and root of marsh mallows, 
 an arm full, with 6 quarts of water. 
 
 Boil them, and put the whole into a nose bag, and hang 
 it round the head of the animal, to make him inhale the 
 steam. The bag may be made of stout cloth, but hung 
 with the upper part quite open, to avoid suflbcation. — 
 Leave the bag at the animal's nose until no more steam 
 will arise. This will be found a very proper remedy in 
 all cases of strangles, the first stage of glanders, and 
 obstinate colds. 
 
 GLANDERS is a contagious disease only when it 
 has lasted some time. Original glander may be acquired 
 by horses being shut up close together, in hot damp 
 stables, in swampy situations. 
 
 A sudden transition from cold air to a hot stable, as 
 well as from heat to cold, will occasion a running at the 
 nose , or a blow there, as well as a drench clumsily ad- 
 ministered ; either of those causes being foreknown, 
 should render us cautious in pronouncing the running 
 contagious, and thus subject the property to destruction. 
 
54 
 
 Almost any running, from whatever cause proceeding, 
 or however healthy the previous state of the animal's 
 system, causes the glands to enlarge and inflame ; after 
 a while, if remaining uncured, they usually adhere to the 
 bone, when alone we should pronounce the glanders 
 contagious and incurable. This is " the second species" 
 of La Fosse, which may be communicated to other hor- 
 ses, by contact, or by breathing the same air in the 
 same stable ; though it does not appear until eight or 
 ten days after the infection, in the enlargement of the 
 gland, accompanied by running. The third species is 
 caused by farcy being in the system ; the running at the 
 nose and swelling of the glands are then symptomatic 
 of farcy, and must be treated as such. What inference 
 is to be drawn from all those premises, but that we 
 should endeavor to ascertain the length of time the pa- 
 tient has been afflicted ; whether he has received any 
 external injury to cause it, or he has been in contact 
 with infected horses, and when? — and out of the an- 
 swers hereto, we form the resolution of condemning the 
 animal to solitary keeping, at least, and settling about 
 the remedies that are likely to restore him to health. — 
 Crowded towns, posting stables, and the like, are most 
 subject to contain glandered horses, on account of their 
 closeness, and the frequent succession of inmates to 
 which they are liable ; for some horses will bear it for a 
 good number of years, the discharge almost subsiding 
 (though the swelling of the glands remains,) upon chan- 
 ging to country quarters, or to a succession of regular 
 living and regular work. 
 
 Symptoms. — No cough accompanies real glanders in 
 any of its stages ; and this though a negative piece of 
 information, shall be taken as a good and safe criterion 
 that must not be neglected ; a running may make its 
 appearance, as it does at the left nostril usually, in the 
 glanders, and the glands under the jaw may adhere to 
 the bone, as they do in real glanders, but no cough ac- 
 companies these symptoms of glanders. When cough 
 supervenes, the disease may be a catarrh, or a consump- 
 tion, the asthma, or strangles, but these are not conta- 
 gious, unless they last a long time, and adhesion of the 
 glands takes place : in these last mentioned disorders, 
 ihe discharge commonly pror.erds from both nostriU 
 
65 
 
 alike ; whereas, the running in incipient glanders fei- 
 chiefly contined to the left, and the gland of one sid© 
 only is ihen affected. Of eight hundred case^of glan- 
 ders that came under the notice of M. Dupuy^.only one 
 horse was affected in the right nostiil. 
 
 As the disorder proceeds, it affects both sides alike. 
 Ulcers appear all over {he piluilnry membrane, occa- 
 sioned by ihe corrosive nature of the discharge. This 
 assumes a different appearance as the constitution of the 
 individual m-iy have l)«en more or less gross or vitiated ; 
 the appe;uance or quality of the discharge differs also, 
 accordmg to the manner in which the disease may have 
 been acquired ; that is, whether it has been engendered 
 or caught by infection. If it come of the first mention- 
 ed, through a depraved system, the glands are harder, 
 often smaller, and always adhere closer, than in those 
 cases which are derived from infection, at a time when 
 the animal is otherwise in comparatively good health.— 
 Again, with the infected horse, the matter comes off co- 
 piously ; it is curdled, and may be rubbed to powder 
 between the fingers when dry. 
 
 Rcinedij. — Unless taken at an early period, no reme- 
 dy has been found to relieve the afflicted animal. As 
 sojn as a horse is suspected of glanders, he must bo 
 kept separate from all oihers, and the fumigation direct- 
 ed in page 54, should be resorted to repeatedly, and a 
 purgative or alterative ball may be given, according to 
 the state of his body, and ihe remedies prescribed for 
 catarrh, continued for a week or ten days. If the disor- 
 der does not lessen in this time, but the symptoms in- 
 crease in virulence, the horse must be destroyed. 
 
 Stables ihar have been occupied by glandered hor?e«, 
 retain a louir time ihe taint, and the means of communi- 
 cating the disorder, which nothing will remove but wash- 
 ing with soap and sand, and scraping with sharp instru- 
 menls, every part of the rack, and all other things that 
 may have ccme in contact with the diseased horse. 
 
 FARCY, is caused hy a general bad state of the 
 blood, vulgarly, but more appropriately tcrm&d corrup- 
 tion of all the humors of the body. 
 E 
 
66 
 
 Si/m2Jtoms,—ln the first place, the skin tight and drf^ 
 for want of perspiration, when eome swelhng is perceiv' 
 able about the hind legs, and on the insides particularly. 
 This symptom increases to a considerable large size in 
 the course of a night, when the genial heat of the ani- 
 mal's system, appear to have matured the disease. The 
 lymphatic vessels and the more perfect glands, that run 
 in the same direction as the veins, rise above the sur- 
 face ; and it is easy to be seen that they are sore when 
 touched, the glands in particular, which feel hot, light^ 
 and hard at first, similarly to the glands of the throaty 
 as described in the glanders. A few hours confirm the 
 exact nature of the mischief; the inflammation of those 
 glands proceeds, they become softer, and each throws 
 out an ichorous, unhealthy discharge^ They are then, 
 termed farcy buds. The edges have a chancrous ap^ 
 pearance, which is not possible to heal with ointments.. 
 As the disease advances, a glanderous running at the 
 nose takes place, with swelling about the nose, lips, and 
 all over the body nearly. 
 
 Cure. — Three stages of the disorder present as many 
 methods of cure. In the first instance when the glands 
 only are affected, it may be treated as a local disorderj. 
 which has not yet found its way into the animal's sys- 
 tem ; and if appearing on one limb only, the natural in- 
 ference is, that the system is indisposed to carry on tha 
 threatened evil. This happens mostly to horses in good 
 condition, strong and vigorous, and of good habit. The 
 limb affected is mostly (not always,) the fore leg, which 
 is generally so to a good extent, and the corded veins 
 scarcely visible. In this case, give a purgative ball, and 
 repeat it in three days after ; but should the animal be 
 a very ffeshy one, and full of condition, with full pulse^ 
 this may be accompanied by bleeding to the amount of 
 three or four quarts. 
 
 PURGATIVE BALL Aloes, eight drachms ;, Castile soap, 1 
 
 drachm ; Liquorice powder sufficient to form a ball for one dose. 
 
 Prepare the animal with bran mashes ; let his drink bo 
 chilled, and he may be moved about, under shelter, with 
 body clothing on that covers the affected limb. Th© 
 limb should be fomented with warm water, or the cham- 
 omile decoction, taking care to rub the part dry, and 
 
57 
 
 Wrap it up warm. This course usually prevails against 
 an ordinary attack of farcy ; and the cure is aided, when 
 it affects the fore leg only, by a rowel inserted under the 
 chest. But the absorption or taking up of the disorder 
 into the system and carrying it off by stool, is by far the 
 neatest manner of managing the cure ; for ihis purpose, 
 give the following ball, after the animal has been redu- 
 ced by the foregoing treatment. 
 
 ALTERATIVE BALL. — Camphor, emetic tartar, asafostida, 
 and ginger, of each one drachm. 
 
 With mucilage sufficient to form a ball for one dose. 
 Give one of these for three successive nights ; then 
 fitop one night between each dose, until the disease is 
 removed. 
 
 If these efforts to absorb the disease prove insufficient 
 to conquer it, recourse must be had to the use of mercu- 
 ry, as recommended for the third or most virulent stage 
 of the disease, which is also the most common of the 
 three. Meantime, we come to consider of that partio- 
 ular kind of farcy v/hich is the least common of all three; 
 and this is wherein the tumors are larger than usually 
 happens, and not so numerous. The disease then per- 
 iakes very much of the nature of critical abscess, and 
 of the strangles, both of which are treated of in the 
 preceeding pages; they appear to cause nature to make 
 efforts toTelieve itself of an accumulation of offensive 
 matter ; and this escaping the cure is effected. In this 
 i5econd kind or stage of farcy, nothing more is requi- 
 site than to promote suppuration, as directed in the dis- 
 ease just referred to, and follow it with the physic pre- 
 scribed for the strufjles. 
 
 The T/ii}d, most common and virulent kind of far- 
 cy, that which comes on quickest, lasts the longest, 
 and requires the most powerful means for its removal, 
 is that which is spread minutely over the body and limbs, 
 and has penetrated the whole system. In which ever 
 manner the animal may have acquired the disorder, we 
 may safely presume that the mass of humours hideously 
 depraved, & mercury, in one or other of its varied forms 
 is the only antidote to be relied upon for its extinction. 
 Previously, however, the farcy buds and ulcers must he 
 reduced to the state of common sores, by means of the 
 
68* 
 
 actual cautery freely applied to each. When these- 
 •lough off, and the sores assume a healthy appearance, 
 less of the mercurial preparation will be required ; but 
 if these retain a livid and therefore unhealthy hue, ac- 
 companied with a poisonous discharge, that ulcerates 
 the adjacent parts, a thorough course of mercury is 
 the only remedy, and this must be managed with 
 caution. 
 
 MERCURIAL BALL, No. l.—.^thiop's mineral, 2 drachms ;. 
 opium, 10 grains; liquorice powdtr and mucilage to form a ball 
 for one dose. 
 
 (rive twice a day, until the patient's brealh smells very 
 offensive, aad ihen discontinue the medicine a day or 
 two, as you should also when the animal is found to 
 stale inordinately, or the bowels be very much disor- 
 dered. But when the bowels are only .^lightly affected, 
 increase the quantity of opium to twenty or thirty 
 grains. 
 
 MERCURIAL BALL, No. 2. — Corrosive sublimate, 10 gi*ains^ 
 emetic tar tni-, and opivim, half a drachm each. 
 
 Mix, with liquorice powder and mucilage sufRcient to 
 form the ball for one dose. Give as befoio night and 
 ■morning. 
 
 Feed the patient generously durin^j the operation of 
 this strong medicine, watch its progress closely, and 
 lessen the quantity, or discontinue it al'ogcihcr for a day 
 or two when he is greatly agitated wiihin, pailictilaily 
 if a kind of sickness or gurglng be discernable, and 
 the horse is off his appetite. Let him be clothed com- 
 pletely. Mah mashss, boiled grain, and coarse sugar 
 mixed with his grain, dry, are good as.-istants to the 
 proper operation of the meinury. Turnips, carrots, 
 &c., are at war with its opeiation, and on that account 
 should not be used. 
 
 ANTICOR, consists of an inHamed swelling near 
 the heart, and is caused by full feecHng without suffi- 
 cient exercise, similarly to this whole train of disor- 
 ders just treated of,— hard driving or riding, and a 
 subsequent exposure to the elements, or giving co'^ 
 water when overheated ; these combined, with a vitia- 
 ted state of th© blood, produce those extended swell- 
 
59 
 
 inga that partake some of the nature of swelled limbs 
 in grease, and yet lerminnte in abscess when the case 
 is a bad one. 
 
 Symptoms. — An enlargement of the breast, which 
 sometimes extends upwards to the throat, and threat- 
 ens suffocation. The animal appears stiff about the 
 neck, looks dull and drooping, refuses his food, and 
 trembles or shivers with the inflammation, which may 
 be felt. Pulse dull and uneven. By pressing two or 
 more fingers alternately, the existence of matter, or 
 a disposition to suppurate, may be ascertained, [as in 
 poll-evil, J by its receding from side to side as the 
 pressure is withdrawn. On the other hand, if the 
 disease owes its origin to dropsy, each pressure of the 
 finger will remain pitted a few seconds after tlie 
 finger is withdrawn. Consult " Poll-evil," in its two 
 stages. 
 
 Cure. — As in other cases of tumor, that do not 
 partake of critical abscess after fever, &c. this disor- 
 der admits of being repressed, readily by the means 
 before prescribed, or of being otherwise cured, as it 
 may be allied to somo disorder of the constitution. — 
 To repress the swelling, bleed the patient copiously ; 
 give purgatives, and clyster him ; give bran mashes, 
 and Jet the chill be taken off his water. Foment the 
 throat and breast with bran mash or marsh mallows 
 every 4 or 6 hours ; and when these have reduced 
 the symptoms, give the following 
 
 ALTERATIVE BALL. — Emetic tartar, two drachms ; Venica 
 turpentine, half an ounce. Mix with Liquoi-ice powder to form a 
 ball. 
 
 Give one every forty-eight hours. On the contrary, 
 if the swelling depend upon dropsy, as aforesaid, let 
 a fleam or horse lancet be struck into the skin at four 
 or five places distant from each other, and in the low- 
 est and most depending part of the swelling. From 
 these punctures, a watery discharge will take p'acc, 
 that relieves the patient of his affliction hourly, and 
 the issue of matter is to be promoted by keeping open 
 the sores as directed in case of fistula, in a preceding 
 page; again, when the swelling indicates the collec- 
 tion of morbid matter, let it be fomented, poulticed, 
 and opened, ai directed for critical abscegs, in polU 
 e2 
 
60 
 
 evjl, fistula, &c. ; the whole series of those diseases 
 are of the same nature, but differing principally as to 
 situation, which some times affects ibe disease mainly. 
 In this case, for example, the swelling sometimes 
 ascends along the throat, and goes nigh to choke the 
 patient; recourse must be had immediately to poulti- 
 ces, and let these be changed twice a day. 
 
 GREASE is another of the diseases that take their 
 rise in a tardy circulation of the blood, and consequent 
 indisposition to take up and carry back again to the 
 heart ;hat which has been sent into the extremities for 
 their nourishment and renovation, caused by colds or 
 sudden transitions and exposures. 
 
 Sijmptoms. — First perceptible by a swelling at the 
 heels, mostly of the hind legs. This is occasioned by 
 local inflammation, and is soon followed by a slight 
 issue of greasy matter, whence its name ; but it is 
 sometimes more watery, ichorous, and offensive, 
 which will depend principally on the constitutional 
 health of the patient. The swelling sometimes ex- 
 tends much higher than the fetlock jomt, even towards 
 the hoof, and occasions stiffness of the limb and indis- 
 position to move. He cannot lie down, by reason of 
 the unbending nature of his joints, and therefore 
 stands to sleep, which renders the disorder more vir- 
 ulent by the accession of fresh matter to the part : the 
 skin cracks at various places, and ulceration ensues. 
 The hair sticks out like furze, the discharge is darker 
 than originally, is thin, acrid, corroding, and slink- 
 ing- 
 
 Remedy. — The Grease is one of those disorders a- 
 
 bout which we should em.ploy our ingenuity, in preven- 
 tion rather than cure. It being produced entirely by 
 inactivity, it seems clear that exercise would be the 
 best preventive of it ; and a horse should also be kept 
 dry and clean at his hee]s, after work, and rubbed 
 industriously. The hair on the heels of heavy horses 
 should not be cut off. But to the cure. 
 
 In slight attacks, a wash made of a solution of al- 
 um, as given below, will correct the disposition to 
 grease, and a dose of physic set all to rights in a short 
 
61 
 
 time, both to be regulated according to circumstances. 
 When considering these, we should inquire into the 
 preceding habits of the patient, as to his usual evacu- 
 ations, and whether these have been stopped ; for it 
 frequently happens that grease is caused by the sus- 
 pension of the urine balls, to which proprietors are 
 so very much addicted, that they give them without 
 reason, or suspend the giving through the same whim- 
 sicality. In this latter case, give the diuretic powder, 
 and the horse will require very litile more physic. A- 
 gain, if the animal require opening physic, give him 
 the purging ball hereal'ter directed, and in-door exer- 
 cise ; but should his debility be then very great, the 
 commotion this would occasion might reduce him too 
 much, and therefore the alterative ball will do better,' 
 with the same attention to in-door exerci&es if he can 
 bear it. Sometimes, however, the heels are so cracked 
 and chapped, that every step the animal takes only 
 makes the matter worse ; we should then assiduously 
 apply ourselves to keeping the heels clean, with water 
 of which the chill has been taken off, and wiih a brush 
 get rid of as m.uch of the running as possible ; and 
 after drying it well with cloths, use the alum wash of 
 the stronger preparation ; provided always the inflam-^ 
 mation be not too high at the time, but which the warm 
 water without the alum wash has a tendency to alle- 
 viate. 
 
 I will now give the recipes for preparing the reme- 
 dies above directed. Several are given, because the 
 nature of the disease requires we should always be 
 doing something for the animal, either of topical ap- 
 plications, or devising means of carrying off the cause 
 of the disorder by stool, by urine, or by perspiration. 
 For, by keeping one or other of these evacuations 
 going, we enable the animal system to take up or ab- 
 sorb the watery particles of the lymphatics, which 
 remainmg indolent, constitute the disease. 
 
 Alum Wash, 2\o. 1. — Alum, 2 ounces ; blue 'stone, 2 drachms ; 
 and water, 1 pint. I\'Iix, and wash two or three times a day. Some 
 prefer Goulard's extract, and white vitriol, of each, 2 drachms ; 
 water, 1 quart. Mix — used as above. 
 
 Strong Alum Wash, No. 2. — Alum, sugar of lead, vinegar, of 
 «ach 2 ounces ; water, 1 pint. Mix — use as above. 
 
62 
 
 Strongest, or Merev/rial Wash, No. S.— C^onosive 8ubHma,te, ft 
 •orachma ; muriatic acid, 4 drachms; water, 1 pint. Mix, and ap* 
 ply in inveterate cases. 
 
 Diuretic Alterative Powders, — Nitre and powdered resin, each 
 2 ounces. Mix, and give in four morning doses. To be continued 
 until its effects are visible. 
 
 Purgative Ball. — Aloes, 9 drachms; hard soap, 3 do^ ; ginger, 
 1 drachm. Mix, with mucilage, for one dose. 
 
 First Alterative Ball. — Aloes and hard soap, 2 or 3 drachms ; 
 ginger, 3 drachm s% 
 
 ■Second. — Aloes, 4 or 5 drachms ; soap, 6 drachms ; oil of ania- 
 ■seed, 10 di'ops. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient to form a ball of each 
 and give of the first one ball every morning, until the 
 bowels are opened ; the second to be used when the 
 animal is more difficult to physic. 
 
 Diaphoretic Ball, 
 
 The perspiration must be promoted by the following 
 Diaphoretic Ball : — Emetic tartar, two drachms, and 
 Venice turpentine, 4 drachms. Mix well, with liquo- 
 rice powder sufficient to form a ball into one dose ; 
 and give one every night for a week or ten days, ta- 
 king care to clothe the patient, or put a rug on his 
 body at least, regulating his sweats according to the 
 weather. Some persons do not think it too much 
 trouble, to divide the foregoing ball into two parts, and 
 give one every night for the periods just mentioned, 
 until all are given, requiring the same amount of 
 emetic tartar. Be careful to buy it genuine ; and if 
 the horse be taken care of while in his sweats, it will 
 mainly contribute to his getting well. He is not to 
 have his sweating ball whilst he has other physic in 
 him ; but it may be given alternately with the fore- 
 going powder of nitre and resin ; and is better admin- 
 istered thus, when it happens that he requires to be set 
 a staling, to sweat him at the same time. If the med- 
 icine makes the bowels grumble, add to the ball, half 
 a drachm of opium, which some put into the prescrip- 
 tion whether or no. But it is of a binding nature, and 
 not desirable unless as above. 
 
 Regimen. — A good generous feeding should be al- 
 lowed, with a few beans for elder patients only ; and 
 in all ca?>es where the disorder has lasted long, a run 
 
63 
 
 at grass is greatly conducive to a recovery if it bs 
 practicable. 
 
 In cases of a tedious ulceration, which causes a 
 lameness, ho should not be exercised ; but let them be 
 poulticed with a turnip poultice, or it may be made of 
 oatmeal and the grounds of stale beer, or both may 
 be employed alternately ; and then if luxuriant or 
 thic'K. the parts may be washed with a solution of blue 
 vitriol in water, or the wa'^h No. 3. 
 
 Dress the cracks with the following ointment : 
 
 Ointmc7it. — Oil of turpentine, 3 drachms ; hog's lard, 6 evinces ; 
 litharg^e water, half an ounce. Mix. 
 
 This may bo varied by substituting Veniqe turpentine, 
 and half the quintity of the oil. In these inveterate 
 cases, a change of medicine is desirable, if but for 
 the change which it occasions in the digestive powers ; 
 for this purpose the blue piii has been given as an 
 alterative, as well as calomel. Both act upon the kid- 
 neys, and set them in motion for the production of 
 urine : 
 
 Alterative Ball. — Calomel, one and a half drachms ; aloes, 3 
 drachms; Castile soap, 6 drachms; oil of juniper, 40 drops. Mix, 
 and, make into 3 balls, and give one daily for a week. If it gripes, 
 add half a drachm of opium. 
 
 SURFKIT— MANGE. 
 
 Both of these diseases proceed from over feeding, 
 or gross feeding. They are different stages of the 
 same disease. 
 
 Symptoi/ s. — Like surfeit in man, small tumors ap- 
 pear and disappear sudd(>nly upon the surface of the 
 skin at time?. The annnai is restless, flmciiitig from 
 the touch, and looking round sharp at the legs and 
 sides as if he were spurr<'d trivially. Whenever he 
 can bring the j)arts against the sail or wall, he will 
 rub violently; until the hair comes off, and the skin is 
 raw. Instead of tumors that emit a sharp, acrid, and 
 stinking humor, like grease, a dry scurf appears, re- 
 sembling scales, and this is mansre ; some animals 
 however, exhibit no eruption whatever, though every 
 hair is affected in a small degree, the skin becomes 
 dry, and he is then hide-bound, 
 
64 
 
 Cure, — fiurfeit is easily removed by a cooRng puf' 
 gative ; but if the pulse be high, he should also be 
 bled. Promote perspiration by means of the diaplo- 
 retic ball recommended page 63, with the same pre- 
 cautions as there set down. If the animal be fat, he 
 must be reduced ; give bran mashes, boiled oats, and 
 good exercise ; and should moisture be found lo dis- 
 charge from the skin, wash it with the 
 
 Surfeit Wash. — Blue vitriol, 1 ounce ; camphor, half an ounce ; 
 apirifs of wine; 2 ouuces. Mix in a quart bottle, and fill it with 
 water. 
 
 Wash with warm soapy water, rub dry, and apply 
 the above wash once a day, and at the same lime 
 give one of the diaphoretic balls, as above. Let the 
 diet be cool and opening, as scalded bran, sodden oats, 
 and if the horse be low in flesh, mix an ounce of fenu- 
 greek seeds in his grain daily for a fortnight. 
 
 THE MANGE sometimes succeeds an ill-cured 
 surfeit ; and is moreover an original disease, arising 
 from filthiness, hard living, ill-usage, and consequent 
 depraved state of the system. It partakes of the na- 
 ture of itch in man, is communicable by means of the 
 touch, by using the same harness, clothing &c. and 
 probably by standing in the same stall a diseased 
 horse may have left. 
 
 Symptoms. — -.As in surfeit, the horse is constantly 
 rubbing and biting himself; great patches of the coal 
 are thus rubbed away, and ulceration frequently sup- 
 plies the places. Scabs appear at the roots of the hair 
 of mane and tail ; large portions whereof fall away. 
 
 When eruptions appear, they form a scurf, which 
 peels off, and it is succeeded by fresh eruptions. 
 
 Cure. — The cure is to be effected by topical appli- 
 cations of sulphur, and giving the same internally as 
 an alterative ; but mercurials are mostly preferred by 
 •our moderns ; I subjoin the most approved receipes 
 
 Mange Ointment. — Hog-'s lard, 2 pounds; sulphur vivum, 1 
 pound; white hellebore, powdered, 6 ounces. 
 
 Mix with oil of turpentine sufficient to make a soft 
 ointment, rub the animal wherever the eruption and 
 scurf appear, with hair cloths, or a besom, so as to 
 
65 
 
 get rid of the loose filth before applying the ointmenf^ 
 Uub it well every other day, and the following 
 
 Alterative for the Mange, No. 1. — Tartarized antimony, 1 
 ounce; muriate of quicksilver, 2 drachms; ginger and anise seed, 
 powdered, of each 3 ounces. 
 
 Mix, with mucilage sufficient to form the mass ; di- 
 vide it into six balls, and give one every morning 
 until the eruption disappears. 
 
 Alterative for Mange, No. 2. — Antimony in fine powder, 8 
 ounce; grains of paradis?, 3 ounces. 
 
 Mix, and add Venice turpentine to form the mass 
 which divide into twelve balls. Give one daily whilst 
 the rubbing is continued. 
 
 HIDE-BOUND. 
 
 The cause of hide-bound is commonly the same as 
 that which produced the last-mentioned disease, viz : 
 poverty, only that the particular animals may not be 
 in the same state of general health, and the more de- 
 praved would incur mange, whilst another would be- 
 come simply hide-bound. This is less of an original 
 disease than the effect of some other, and of bad di- 
 gestion and consequent defective perspiration beyond 
 all others. 
 
 Symptoms. — As the word implies, the hide or skin 
 seems bound or glued to the bones ; the animal is al- 
 ways very low in flesh, or we might aver the skin ad- 
 hered to the flesh. The pulse is low, and great weak- 
 ness is manifested in every step the patient takes. As 
 the tightness is first observable at the sides of the an- 
 imal's body, before it reaches the limbs, and every 
 hide-bound subject examined by me, proves the fact, 
 I have no hesitation in ascribing hide-bound to disor- 
 dered digestion, which includes the negation of where- 
 withal to digest, or starvation and hard work. Again, 
 one of two extremes attends the bowels ; they are ei- 
 ther relaxed greatly, or much constipated — Usually 
 the former ; which may be the effect of a long fit of 
 illness from inflammation or fever, and the use of 
 strong medicine, or much of it. 
 
 Cure the animal by the direct contrary conduct to 
 that which brought on the illness. If its stomach b© 
 
66 
 
 empty, as commonly happens, fill it nearly with food, 
 that is easy of digestion ; if it be too full empty it ; 
 give alterative laxatives and tonic alteratives after- 
 wards ; restore the perspiration by tbe diaphoretic ball 
 recommended at page 63, and let the curry-comb and 
 brush be assiduously applied to his coat. He may 
 then be exercised, but not before, as it is ncaily im- 
 possible without inflicting great pain. )3esides which, 
 forced exercise, or sweating as hath been strongly re- 
 comm2nded, wjuldin this c;is>e only aggravate the dis- 
 ease ; fur if the animal did sweat, it wouid be cau..ed 
 by internal pain; probably the tuborclos which had 
 formed upon the membrane, would suppurate and 
 burst, and thus confirm the disorder iniernally by the 
 inflammation of ihe particular viscus where the disor- 
 der began. 
 
 ALTERATIVE LAXATIVE.— Aloes, 8 drachms; hard soap, 
 7 drachms; AnisseedS) powdered, 1 ounce. 
 
 Mix with mucilage suOlcient to form the mass in!o 4 
 balls. Give day after day until ihey effect the pur- 
 pose of bringing away a giod stool. Then give the 
 arsc^nical tonic alterative, thus proportioned for a large 
 horse, with care. 
 
 TOXIC, No. 2. — Prepared Arsenic, 10 grains; g-inger, powder- 
 ed, 1 dra'ohm ; Annisseed, powdered, 4 drachms ; compomid pow- 
 der of Ti-agacanth, 2 drachms. 
 
 IMix with mucilage sufficient for one dose. Give dai- 
 ly for a week, preceded and followed by mAbhes, and 
 then give the bark, thus : 
 
 TOXIC, No. 2. — Cascarilla, powdered, 4 ounces; ginger, 8 
 drachms ; sah of tartar, 10 grains. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass into 4 
 balls ; give them daily. If the preparation of arse- 
 nic in i\o. 1, is disliked, substitute the alterative at 
 page 64, and follow it up with the bark as above, 
 Ko. 2. 
 
 7"'he following b' 11 is calculated to improve the coat, 
 and will bo found beneficial when the animal is recov- 
 ering, if given in these proportions fur ten days or a 
 fortnight : 
 
 Alterative Ball — Tartarized antimony, 3 ounces ; powderod 
 ginger, 2 ounces ; opium 5 drachms. Mix with mucilage -uSoient 
 >»form the ruass, to be divided into ten balls. 
 
67 
 
 DISORDERS OF THE FOOT AND LEG. 
 RINGBONE. 
 
 Symptoms. — Lameness is sometimes the first inti- 
 mation we have of the existence of ringbone, which is 
 at first neglected, and only ascertained by passing tho 
 hand down over the part. As usual with most disea- 
 'ses of tlie foot, the attendant commonly ascribes the 
 lameness to a strain higher up — of the shoulder gene- 
 rally, as ringbones afflict the fore foot oftener than the 
 hinder one. It consists in the ossification of the car- 
 tilage in front of the foot, which extends in time to the 
 lateral parts also. 
 
 Remedies. — These may be applied to relieve, but no 
 cure is to be found for ringbone. As high heel usually 
 accompanies the short upright hoof, the concussions 
 of the foot may be lessened by lowering the heels. — 
 Apply blistering ointment to the seat of the disease, 
 and firing may also be employed with advantage. 
 
 WINDGALLS, 
 
 These appear a little above the fetlock, on each 
 side of the back sinews, and consist of small puffy 
 swellings, that occasion no immediate inconvenience, 
 but proves that the animal has been strained in his 
 work, unless it has been occasioned by his having 
 been put to it too early in life. They may be occa- 
 sioned by the sinus of a tumor, pointing towards the 
 pastern joint, having been cured too harshly, whereby 
 the joint oil issues forth upon their being pricked. 
 
 Blistering and ;»run in the straw yard, are the only 
 remedies, though experiments are often tried, when 
 ilis found necessary to sell the animal, with prepara- 
 tions of muriatic acid, and muriate of ammonia diluted 
 in water. Saturate a roller bandage herewith fre- 
 quently, and partial absorption takes place. 
 
 THOROUGHPIN 
 
 Is of the same nature as the foregoing, arises from 
 the same cause, and is equally devoid of immediate 
 consequence to the animal's going. It cons sts of a 
 «oft flexible swelling on the inside of the hock-joint, 
 F 
 
68 
 
 as well as the outside, immedialel}^ opposite each oth- 
 er : whence it obtains the name of thoroughpin, be- 
 ing supposed to go through the joint. When one of 
 those tumors is pressed it yields, and the fluid it con- 
 tains is thereby forced into that on the other side ; 
 when the pressure is removed it immediately returns 
 to the same state as before. 
 
 The disorder has no other effect upon the animal's 
 going, or value, than its appearance amounts to, as 
 it conveys the information of its having been worked 
 too hard, and too early in life, as do all these minor 
 evils we are now considering. Like unto the other 
 disorders of this class, blisters and rest are the only- 
 remedies; apply blistering ointment composed of can- 
 tharides and spirits of wine. 
 
 SPAVIN. 
 
 Bog spavin is the more common, blood spavin but 
 rare. Both varieties, as bone spavin, owe their ori- 
 gin to hard work in early life, in the same manner as 
 just adduced in cases of windgall, and thoroughpin. 
 Bog spavin is caused by the joint oil of the hoof issu- 
 ing into the membrane that surrounds it, and stagna- 
 ting under the vein causes this to swell. The old me- 
 thod of taking up the vein by ligature should be aban- 
 doned as a long and tedious mode of cure ; the circu- 
 lation has then to force a new channel, in doing which 
 irritation of the parts adjacent is the means of cure, 
 by promoting absorption ; whereas the same effect 
 may be produced by blistering, as in the two corres- 
 pondent disorders just named above. 
 
 Bone Spavin. — This disorder consists of a bony- 
 enlargement at the upper end of the shank bone, in- 
 side of the hock-joint, or a little below it. It belongs 
 to the hind leg only; and if not undertaken in lime 
 becomes incurable. 
 
 Cure. — At the commencement only it may be ef- 
 fected easily, by simply blistering the part all round 
 the hoof, in such a manner as to raise the blister to a 
 good extent. Generally, in bad cases it would be ad- 
 visable to repeat the blister; in which event, let the 
 former ones be first well cleansed away with Goulard's 
 extract, diluted with water. But should the duration 
 
69 
 
 of lameness and degree of swelling give reason for 
 apprehending that the adhesion is uncommonly exten- 
 sive, let the part be fired previously to blistering. Be 
 careful to keep it up whilst the blister is operating, 
 and subsequently dress with hog's lard ; but do not 
 use any greasy applications previously to the blister- 
 ing, as these tend only to harden the skin, and so ob- 
 struct the perspiration and absorption which promote 
 the cure. 
 
 Making the shoe thin on the out side at the heel 
 relieves the pressure when the horse is worked; the 
 contrary form of shoe is conducive to all diseases of 
 the leg bones. 
 
 CURB. — It is caused by an inflammation in the 
 sheath of the back sinew a little below the point of the 
 hock, where the sheath is attached to the muscle. — 
 Like spavin, curb mostly effects young horses of the 
 cow-hocked built, whose legs stand too much under 
 the body, and which have been worked prematurely 
 hard, as in cases of bone-spavin. Indeed the two 
 diseases bear so much resemblance to each other, in 
 cause and symptoms, except only as to situation, that 
 I feel no difficulty in referring the reader to the pre- 
 ceding page for my description of these only premising 
 that he cannot discover the coming of a curb, by any 
 other means than lameness, and comparing the two 
 legs to each other sidewise, when a diffiised swelling 
 may be seen, but very li'tle heat felt, by reason of the 
 disorder being deep-seated. 
 
 Cure. — It may be effectually removed at first, by 
 blistering, as in case of bone spavin ; but when the 
 disease has lasted a long time, firing must be resorted 
 to with the same precautions as those before recom- 
 mended. Ease may be afforded by adding to the thick- 
 ness of the heels of the shoe. 
 
 SPLENT 
 
 May be looked upon as a disorder of the fore legs, 
 though occurring on the hind one, at times, 
 
 Cause, — Working of young horses before they 
 laave acquired sufficient stamina, or on labor which 
 is much beyond their strength, as in case of spavin, 
 ,curb, &c. 
 
70 
 
 Symptoms. — Frequent lameness, that goes ofl and 
 returns without app:irent causo for either, before the 
 splent shows itself upon the shank-bone, which it does 
 above the knee, inside. Similarly hereto, it affects 
 the bone of the hind leg, and then acquires the nemo 
 of bone spavin. , Inflammation of the skin is soon felt, 
 and the horse goes lame until the splent is con)pletf ly 
 thrown, and afterwards he does as well as* ever, ex- 
 cept retaining the splent mark perhaps; but severe 
 cases occur, that do not terminate so favorably. JSuch 
 happens when the shank bone has received the con- 
 cussion, that causes the enlargement and rupture, 
 which constitutes the disease, at the hinder part of 
 the leg, where it meets with tendons or the suspensor 
 ligament. The lameness and the inflammation are 
 then greatest, and the splent requires our careful at- 
 tention. 
 
 Remedy. — But should not the horse throw out the 
 splent on this last mentioned dangerous part, and be- 
 come lame, he vill yet suffer much in all ordinary 
 cases ; for the enlargement of the bone strains the 
 membrane which covers it tightly. For this purpose 
 apply a warm stimulating einurocation, which ailbrda 
 relief in the more favorable cases ; but when the 
 splent rises under the ligament or tendons, blistering 
 or firing must be resorted to. The latter however, is 
 proper only in extreme cases, and only to be adopted 
 when blistering is found inadequate to the purpose ; 
 if the swelling is hot and tender, firing would have 
 the effect of enlarging the whole bone of the leg, and 
 even the blistering liquid is improper when this symp- 
 tom is highly prevalent. Rather let the heat subside, 
 or asiist it in doing so by means of Goulard's extract, 
 diluted with water, frequently applied. When this 
 has reduced the heat, employ a liquid blister of four 
 drachms pulverized cantharides, mixed with sweet oil 
 to the consistence of treacle, and apply the same twice 
 through the day, thus : — Let the hair be clipped off 
 close from the part and all round the leg, and the 
 blister well rubbed with the hand for five or ten min- 
 utes. If this does not cause further swelling and a 
 discharge of a clammy nature, a third application of 
 
ti 
 
 the liquid blister becomes necessary. After a day has 
 elapsed, dress two or three days with hog's lard, and 
 the patient may be walked about, to get rid of the 
 stiffness. It may be proper, after this, farther to re- 
 duce the heat by more applications o£ Goulard's ex- 
 tract, as above. 
 
 Shoeing is supposed to occasion splents sometimes, 
 it being the practice with most smiths to make the in- 
 ner heel of their shoes thinner than the outer ; and 
 the inner heel being also lower than the outer, occa- 
 sions the splent bone to receive the concussion more 
 sharply than the outer one ; for, as I before observed, 
 splents oftener occur on the inside of the leg than on 
 any other part of it. 
 
 STRAIN OF THE BACK SINEW AND LIG- 
 AMENTS. 
 
 Symptoms. — That sort of strain which consists of 
 relaxation of the back sinews shows itself by the horse 
 going low upon the pasterns, in consequence of hia 
 •' carrying high,'' or being trotted constantly in har- 
 ness. Occasional lameness sometimes ensues in that 
 fore foot which beats, or has the lead at setting out — 
 generally the off one ; inflammation of the whole foot 
 may be felt by comparison with the heat of its fellow,, 
 which is aptly enough termed " fever of the foot," by 
 old farriers. This is a very puzzling kind of lameness, 
 no other symptom than that presenting itself for us to 
 ascertain the exact cause ; and of course the less ob- 
 servant persons are very likely to apply the wrong 
 medicine, and render the horse a disservice instead of 
 doing him good. The lameness sometimes goes ofT 
 without any treatment whatever but rest ; it is, how- 
 ever, more frequently accompanied, or followed, by 
 some disease of the sole, in consequence of the secre- 
 tion of horn in the foot being obstructed. Sand-crack, 
 thrush, corns, are among these evils, arising from su- 
 pernatural heat. 
 
 Whenever it so happens, that the secretion does not 
 restore to the entire tendons their original motion, it 
 follows that some part adheres to another ; inflamma- 
 tion is the consequence, and the horso becomes wors^ 
 v2 
 
72 
 
 and worse every day he is put to work, the lameness 
 never leaving him altogether. When the adhesion 
 begins extensively, the inflammation and swelling are 
 eqaaliy so ; the pain is then very great, and the lame- 
 ness complete and permanent. '1 his denotes the dis- 
 order called " strain of the back sinews." In very 
 bad cases, or where a slight attack has continued 
 some time, the ligament that passes between the back 
 sinew and the pastern bones becomes greatly diseas- 
 ed, and conducts the inflammation to the foot, anect- 
 ing alike the sole, the coflin-bone, and the hoof, with 
 heat. 
 
 " Fever in the foot," is that low state of the symp- 
 toms which arises from a slight attack which has been 
 neglected ; the more virulent attack must come under 
 fiejjaraie notice. 
 
 Cure — Rest is indispensible ; foment the entire 
 foot wiih wnrm bran water, or make the whole into a 
 poultice sufficient to envelope the foot all over, as 
 high as the inflammation may extend, which is some- 
 times as far up as ihe fetlock. When the heat is 
 greatest at the sole, and the fever extends no higher 
 than the coronet, a stuffiing of cow-dung will reduce 
 the heat considerably ; it may be secured by thin 
 splinters of wood, and changed twice the first day or 
 two — once a day afterwards. Introduce a strong so- 
 lution of nitre, and 1ft it be strong, as you cannot em- 
 ploy much of it. Both legs should be sluffed at the 
 sole, though the soiind one (if one only be aflected,) 
 does not require changing. Let the animal have a 
 loosti stall during any stage of straiu, or disorder of 
 the limbs. Look alter his evacuations, and cause 
 them to be regular ; a simple fever, or inflammation, 
 of the foot depending very often upon nothing more 
 than one or the other of these being slopped, which 
 affects the whole aniinal system sometimes, to say 
 riothmg of a single linib. 
 
 Violent sprains or strains, and swelling above the 
 fetlock joint, when the lameness is very great, require 
 strong physic ; and the inflammatory symptoms, when 
 running very high, with a quick and irregular pulse, 
 should be lowered by bleeding. Apply fomentaliona 
 of bran, or a poultice of the same, or of oatrae-al, m 
 
r3 
 
 which saturnine lotion has been introduced, as much 
 as it will bear. When the great heat of the part has 
 caused dryness of the poultice, saturate it externally 
 with the saturnine lotion, either by soaking cloths in 
 it, and spreading these all over the part affected, or in 
 a poultice as above. 
 
 After this treatment has reduced the inflammatory 
 symptoms, but not the swelling and lameness, apply 
 opodeldoc, which may be made as under, viz : No. 1 
 tmbrocation. If this dees not fully succeed, in the 
 course of three or four days, recourse must be had to 
 No. 2 : and if this does not prove sufficiently stimu- 
 lating, apply the mild blister No. 3. 
 
 Embrocation for strains, No. 1. — Spirits of wine, 6 ounces; 
 camphor, half an ounce ; and soap, 2 ounces. 
 
 Dissolve the camphor in half the spirits ; mix the re- 
 mainder with the soap, and then put both together. — 
 Rub the parts assiduously twice or three times during- 
 the day. 
 
 No. 2. — Crude ammoniac, 2 ounces ; Vinegar, 1 quait. 
 
 Mix in a bottle, and rob the parts twice daily. Let 
 a long bandage, dipped in the embrocation just prescri- 
 bed, be passed tightly round the parts, beginning at 
 the bottom and making it fast above the knee, or the 
 hock, as the case may be. Moisten the bandage after 
 it is on. 
 
 No. 3. — Cantharides, in powder, 1 drachm ; spirits of wine, 2 
 ounces. 
 
 Mix, and rub it on the part. Although this acts as 
 a mild blister, the horses head must be tied up for a 
 few hours vvhile it is operating. 
 
 A course of treatment that has been followed in this 
 maimer steadily, and with due caution, seldom fails to 
 restore the animal to a comparative soundness, if not 
 completely so ; though the swelling may remain after 
 the lameness has ceased, it generally subsides when 
 the convalescent animal can be permitted to walk out 
 for a little exercise, which should take place gradually, 
 and the use of a loose stall allowed, than which there 
 is not in the whole catalogue of remedies a more cer- 
 tain adjunct to be found. Going out too early after 
 apparent recovery is very likely to bring on a relapse 
 
74 
 
 QlS every one knows, is always more difficult to re- 
 move than the original disorder. Time is required 
 for the injured parts to recover their former posture 
 and strength, if that event ever arrive. Firing may 
 be employed after a while, but is very often resorted 
 to prematurely, before the tendons and ligaments have 
 recovered their position, or absorption has reduced 
 the muscular parts to their former size, and restored 
 their action. When three, or four, or five months of 
 moderate labor give reason for believing that these 
 events have taken place, firing is likely to prove 
 highly serviceable by bracing the whole together in a 
 tight skin, much resembling and greatly excelling the 
 long bandage prescribed, with o mbrocation No. 2, 
 under this head. The reader of discernment will 
 pilease to note, that if the said artificial bracing be 
 found to lessen the lameness in that early stage of 
 the disorder, no less will the bracing of the natural 
 skin by firing be t^ound beneficial when healthy action 
 is restored^ but not perhaps the former strength. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 
 
 When these cannot be traced distinctly to any spe- 
 cific cause, they are fairly attributable to aliment of 
 the whole system dropping in the legs, and *' fever in 
 the feet" decidedly so, in my opinion, when both are 
 so afflicted. Therefore it was that I noticed this dis- 
 ease along with " strain of the tendons,'' to which 1 
 attribute its origin, as- much as to other causes of gen- 
 eral heat of the foot. Indeed the whole structure of 
 the foot of the horse is so peculiarly curious that it 
 almost deserves a separate study, but we must always 
 keep in mind, whilst considering its ailments, that the 
 great irritation kept up by its extreme action is readi- 
 ly communicable from the one to the other, so that 
 we cannot intelligibly separate the leg from the foot, 
 when speaking of the ailments of either, notwith- 
 standing I have thought proper to begin this chapter 
 with the disorders that aie situated higher up, and 
 mean to close it with such as only make their ap^ 
 pegirance below. 
 
75 
 
 FllUSH, OR THRUSH. 
 
 Symptoms. — The earliest, as just said, is denoted by 
 tenderness at the cleft, accompanied by sharp, quick- 
 ened and irregular pulse, as usual in all cases of local 
 infiarnmation, being at the same time both cause and 
 etiect. Of course, it follows, that as the disorder in the 
 sensible frog proceeds towards maturity, the blood feels 
 and tells of that fact by increased disorder of the pul- 
 sation. These timely indications being neglected, as 
 usually happens, if the animal be then put along over 
 ^tony or newly dressed roads, the first discovered 
 symptom will be his tumbling down through accute 
 pain. The cleft opens, and an issue of a most offen- 
 sive kind presents itself. 
 
 Cure. — If not speedily taken in hand, canker will be 
 the consequence of a neglected frush. This disease 
 frequently depends on some untimely suppressed evac- 
 uation, as the urine, stool, or perspiration ; then let 
 these be restored by giving the diaphoretic powders, 
 purging or urine balls, according to circumstances. A 
 very much hurried pulse would of course point out the 
 necessity of immediate bleeding; for the animal so 
 suffering in the vital function must necessarily contract 
 disease of some kind or other : and that particular or- 
 gan or member which may be least able to bear it, is 
 sure to feel its effects soonest. This is likely to happen 
 to a horse with a defective fiog, as to it size, texture, or 
 shape, as to any other part of him. Then let the care- 
 ful owner examine and find out the least perfect part of 
 his horse, let him watch it closely in all its weakness, 
 and endeavor to detect the first symptoms of illness, 
 that he may aid nature and restore her functions, be- 
 fore these run riot beyond the help of art. 
 
 When the frog has been pared awny, and the filth of 
 the sore removed, wash it with a solution of vitriolated 
 copper, and apply a pledget dipped in tar or turpentine 
 at the opening. If the case be a bad one, the wash 
 may be made stronger by the addition of a few drops 
 of vitriolic acid to the solution ; and the tar may be 
 poured into the opening whilst warm. Place dry tow, 
 and keep it in position by means of splints. Repeat 
 this tar dressing every other day, until the injured partii 
 
76 
 
 slough off. Purging physic will be necessarj to corei" 
 pletc the cure. 
 
 SAND CRACK. 
 
 Sijmptoms.--A split or crack in the hoof, on the in- 
 side quarter of the fore foot, for the most part, but of- 
 ten on the front of it, down towards the toe, and occa- 
 sionally on the outside, and also near the heel. Some- 
 times it appears on the hind foot, on the front of it, and 
 prevails with us generally in hot weather. Sand-crack 
 is either superficial and easily remedied, or deep and 
 extensive, requiring much attention, and an operation 
 or two in its different stages. 
 
 Cure. —It will he seen that a slight crack may, by 
 working the animal, become one of the worst species. 
 Pare away the rotten parts, if such be found, and make 
 a transverse incision across the upper part of the crack ; 
 wash cut the sand or dirt, apply daily, tincture of tar, 
 with a pledget of tow, and give the horse rest. Bind 
 round the hoof tight with lasting, and stop up the sole 
 with cow-dung, and this treatment will answer in ordin- 
 ary cases. But when the crack extends so high, that 
 there is no room left for making this incision across, to 
 stop the progress of the crack, the diiiorder has assumed 
 its worst aspect ; the edges of the crai k internally now 
 press upon the sensible part, or laminated substance 
 that holds the coffin-bone and hoof together, and in- 
 flammation succeeds, if blood does not issue forth. If 
 the crack affects the coronet, you may draw one side of 
 it down to the quick about an inch with good effect, but 
 no farther, as that would occasion the hoof to divide 
 more readily. Rest, however will restore adhesion to 
 the upper part of the crack, and when this has taken 
 place extensively, the operation of cutting across, or of 
 firing it across with one line only, may be performed, 
 with every prospect of success ; for as the hoof grows 
 down, which it does from the coronet, this transverse ar- 
 tificial crack you have made, intercepts the material 
 for forming horn, on its inside, and thus contributes 
 greatly to fill up the chasm below. To increase this 
 supply of the horny material, let the coronet be anoint- 
 ed with a solution of tar and tallow and hog's lard, dai- 
 ly, which should be extended to the horny part of the 
 hoof. 
 
THE CORN. 
 
 Causes. — Distortion and undue pressure on the sen- 
 sible sole occasions that irritation which brings on in- 
 flammation of its edge, where the shuttle-bone, or heel 
 bone, presses down upon it at every step, and causes 
 the utmost bending that the minute elasticity of the 
 hoofs alows of; but contraction of the heel, which ac- 
 companies hot, brittle, and elastic hoof, prevents its 
 bending duly and truly, and latteral pressure upon the 
 quartets follows. The sole being thus unduly pent up, 
 the circulation is obstructed in its passage to and from 
 the cavuy of the coffin-bone, and a deposite of blood, 
 whiv^h btjon- becomes offensive matter, is the conse- 
 quence. Bad shoeing, by which the heels are pinched, 
 also when the ragged hoof is left, which may have con- 
 tained particles of sand, and cause irritation, and end 
 in corn or figg. 
 
 Cure.---het the heel of the shoe be cut off on the 
 side that !« afflicted, or if both sides have corns, a bar 
 shoe is recommended as giving pressure to the frog. 
 The heels are then to be rasped away free from any 
 contact with the shoe ; if they are thick and hard, this 
 will give them play — if thin and tender, they will thus 
 be freed from pressure. The thick heel is most com- 
 monly jiffected, and should be softened by an extensive 
 poultice that is to cover the whole foot, after the corn 
 has been pared and treated with butter of antimony. 
 Tar is then a very desirable application, or Friar's bal- 
 sam : and if inflammation is again discovered, poultice 
 the foot once more. Fire is applied by some, but the 
 hoof is permanently injured by the actual cautery, and 
 whatever good is achieved is thus counterbalanced by 
 the evil. Vitriolic acid, mixed carefully with tar, in the 
 proportion of one tenth of the former to nine tenths of 
 the latter, will promote the absorption, upon which the 
 cure depends. 
 
 But in some desperate bad cases, the matter has al- 
 ready formed within, most offensively, and discharges at 
 the coronet by means of that curious process of nature 
 which I described above, as affording the coronet the 
 material for forming new horn, to supply the wear and 
 tare of the hoof. Upon paring away the horny sole, 
 
7:^ 
 
 which now becomes necessary, the offensive matter will 
 be found to have spread itself underneath the sensible 
 sole, which will ooze forth, and give immediate relief to 
 the coronet. Let so much of the horny sole as lies 
 loose from the sensible sole, be pared away, and a dress- 
 ing of tar, or of Friar's balsam, be applied as before 
 directed ; and if inflammation is again discovered, aj*- 
 ply a poultice ; should the growth of horn be found too 
 luxurient, continue the tar. 
 
 STRAIN OF THE COFFIN-JOINT. 
 
 Symjjtoms. — Sudden lameness, that is always increas- 
 ing, and has scarcely an intermission, without any ap- 
 pearance to acoount for it on the limb; and the persons 
 who permit - the horse to incur this disorder by their 
 carelessness, seldom have the candor to acknowledge 
 that they know the cause to be a tread, a rolling 
 stone, or a stumble, and the doctor is left lo "find it 
 out." Almost every one imagines the I&meness to re- 
 side higher up, as in the shoulder or the hip joint. — 
 Great heat and tenderness of the part soon come on ; 
 the latter symptom may be ascertained by striking the 
 hoof in front with a key or small stone, when the ani- 
 mal will flinch considerably more than when the corres- 
 ponding foot is struck in the same manner. When the 
 horse would stand at ease, he usually does so with the 
 toe pointing forwards, so as to keep the pastern in a 
 straight line with the back sinew and ligaments ; the in- 
 flammation shortly after reaches the upper part of the 
 sinew, as may be ascertained by passing the hand down 
 over it, when the patient flinches. 
 
 Cure. — Bhstering at the coronet and fetlock repeat- 
 edly will reduce the inflammation within. A poultice 
 covering the whole foot, also tends to the same eflfect, 
 which will be further assisted by paring the sole, if it be 
 not already too thin; reduce the frog also, and do the 
 same to the corresponding foot. Formerly they pared 
 the toe tolerably close, and bled it there, by making a 
 longitudinal incision ; the usual application of tar, &c., 
 then complete the cure. But this is an operation that 
 is seldom performed with suflicient exactness, the in- 
 cision being too often made unwisely deep, so that oth- 
 er diseases were thus generated at some future day. — 
 
79 
 
 Others, again, passed a seaton through the heel, to tha^ 
 hollow of the frog, taking care not to touch the sensible 
 sole. 
 
 STRAIN OF THE SHOULDER. 
 
 Symptoms. — Decided by swelling upon the chest, or 
 at the top of the shoulder; but we think it desirable ta 
 ascertain whether any and what accident has taken place 
 betbre this symptom becomes apparent. Lameness 
 immediately succeeding any rude accident, such as a 
 kick, or being thrown down, or slipping on pavement^ 
 ice, &c., or treading on a loose stone, may cause a 
 strain of ih i muscles of the shoulder. This may be 
 distinguished from a strain lower down, by the animal's 
 drawing his toe along the ground ; but when he throws 
 out the foot in a semicircle, it shows that the hurt is 
 chiefly confined to the lower part of the i^houlder near 
 the elbow. Taking up the foot and bending the limb 
 will further prove the existence of strain in the shoulder, 
 if the animal evince pain ; whereas, if it lie in the 
 foot, and not in the shoulder, the lame leg can be 
 moved as supple as the sound one. Other methods 
 are also resorted to by some ; hold up his head high, 
 and after comparing and finding no diflerence in the 
 shape of his two shoulders, let go the head, when he 
 will be observed to flinch upon bringing it towards the 
 affected side. Let a person rattle some corn in a sieve 
 at a distance behind, now on this side, now on that, 
 and he will be observed to evince pain at turning the 
 neck so as to strain the aflected side ; not so if the 
 pain be in the foot, of course. As the horse will step 
 short, and also throw out his leg somewhat in a semi- 
 circle, when he has received a prick in shoeing, this 
 latter sign is not to be taken as finally indicative of 
 '* strain in the shoulder" until the foot has been exa- 
 mined, and the blacksmith questioned as to his skill 
 and carefulness. 
 
 Cure. — If the injury be considerable, as when he 
 has been thrown down, he should be bled at once, in 
 the plate vein when it is local, but in the neck when 
 the injury has been more general. A laxative ball, 
 or a purgative, must follow as a matter of course, 
 proportioned to the actual state of his body at the timo. 
 G 
 
80 
 
 A fomentation of cammomile flowers, or scalded 
 bran, should be applied largely and assiduously at the 
 chest and inside the elbow, and these remedies, with 
 rest from all labor and exercise, generally perfect 
 the cure. 
 
 When the swelling is great, but not extensive, as 
 in the case of a kick, spirits of wine, in which the 
 fourth of its weight of camphor has been dissolved, 
 should bo rubbed in. This will supercede the neces- 
 sity of walking the horse too early, witii the hope of 
 recovering the '*usc of his limb," by promoting the 
 lymphatic absorption, A rowel is sometimes employed, 
 when the heat and swelling are very high, wiih good 
 effect. On the symptoms abating, let the convalescent 
 horse have a loose stall, and m proportion as his ac- 
 tion may be free from lameness, so should be regulated 
 his return to walking, to exercise and to work. Be- 
 fore he can be fit for his former accupation, it gener- 
 ally is found best to give the horse a run at grass; 
 but previously be certain that he basso far recovered 
 as not to be in danger af a relapse. 
 
 STRAIN OF THE BACK. 
 
 Symptoms, — A kind cf seperate motion of the hind 
 quarter, conipared to the fore one, of which the exact 
 perceptible division is the seat of the injury. Some- 
 times it appears as far back as the loins, but when 
 further forward than the twelfih s[)ine, it affects the 
 jespiration, and with it other vital functions, and the 
 animal suffers in his general liealth. 
 
 Remedies applied early may assist nature, but the 
 lameness never can be cured completely. If the 
 wrench or sprain has been of a violent sort, as in 
 'iase of " strain in the shouMer,'' let the animal be 
 bled to good extent, from three to five quarts, accor- 
 ding to the quantity or degree of violence he has sus- 
 tained ; for It usually happens that it has been strain- 
 ed all over, in various parts. Two dray-hoi'ses, 
 which were employed in pulling beer butts, being 
 backed too close to the steps, fell in, the weight of the 
 hinder horse dragging in tlie fore one upon him. Much 
 contusion was the consequence, as well of the acci- 
 dent itself as in dragging them out : they were in fact 
 
81 
 
 strained all over, so that they could scarcely stand for 
 a while. Bleeding copiously, however, to the amount 
 of six quarts^ reduced the tendency to inflammation ; 
 and altho'Jgh they might be pro'nounced hurt all over 
 and the hind horse in particular, both did well after 
 physicing, and a few days of light work. 
 
 1 liave found a fomentation of hot vinegar of very 
 great service, in a well marked case of recent strain ; 
 the pian recommended by White, of administering it 
 by means of a woollen cloth or lug. steeped and loose- 
 ly wrung out being f Howed. A fresh sheep-skin, 
 just flayed, was applied immediately, and the lame- 
 ness sensibly lessened, after two days, applying tlie 
 fomentation four or live times. 
 
 FOUNDER. 
 
 Cause. — ITird work, bid shoeing, a^e and ill-usage, 
 cither of which produce so many other dsorders per- 
 (aininj; to (he horse, in his domesticated state, precede 
 founder ; for, we never meet with it unless the animal 
 has been so treated or kept, and I look upon it rather as 
 a complication or effect of several diseases of the foot. 
 Some of these we have seen, are liable to be mistaken 
 for others ; therefore do they get maltreated, imper- 
 fectly cured, or retain the seeds of future disease ; and 
 founder is given to that which is otherwise inscrutable^ 
 has no other origin, and is badly defined by all writers 
 and talkers upon the subject. Out of this dilemma I 
 do t»ot attempt to rescue it — I care not for terms, un- 
 less insomuch as they can assist us to unravel the 
 character of the disorder. Contracted heel is the slow 
 cause of most cases of formder, vvhereby the quarters 
 press on the coffin and shuttle bone, and thus prevent 
 the action of the latter, wnich is very great at every 
 step, and is mainly conducive to the proper secretion 
 of the horny material before spoken of pretty !iiuch at 
 large. To a '* chill " is generally attributed the im-* 
 mediate cause of founder ; and indeed the poor ani- 
 mal which has suffered severely at the hands (or spurs) 
 of his master, is most open to acquire any ill which 
 chill or cold may inflict. When this chill takes place, 
 the attack is sudden and usually violent. Inflamma- 
 tion always attends the first sytiiptora of founder, if it 
 
83 
 
 he not an ijnmediate cause thereof. To this conctu- 
 eion I am come the mor« positively, by reason of iho 
 absence of those secretory vessels in the feet of old, 
 foundered, or otherwise diseased horses ; which secre- 
 tions were designed to furnish the material for form- 
 ing new horn and giving elasticity to the tread. What 
 must follow, but brittle hoof, battered feet, or surbaling, 
 want of elasticity in the sensible frog and tendon, ac- 
 companied by inflammation, which is a cause, if not 
 caused by founder. 
 
 But young horses sometimes, while breaking in, by 
 the violence that is deemed necessary, are foundered 
 by the rough rider, through the rupture or forcing as- 
 sunder the connection between the hoof and coffln. 
 bone, just spoken of. In such cases, the animal being 
 vigorous and the f >ot replete with juices, the coronet 
 is greatly affected by oozing out there, in its blood and 
 lymph state. If youth and general good health should 
 bring the animal through bis sufferings, its {eet will 
 ever after bear external marks of the internal injury. 
 
 Symptoms. — Curved, wrinkled, or straited lioofs, 
 ever attend those animals which have been so over- 
 strained in youih, appearing as if the horn had been 
 carved or indented; which arises from the coronet 
 furnishing the horny material too luxuriantly, before it 
 has received sufficient concoction within the coffin- 
 bone, as before described. 
 
 Lameness in one or both fore-feet, with evident 
 pain, and great heat in the whole fore foot, attend 
 founder in every case. At the tirst attack of acute 
 or violent founder, the horse is observed very restless 
 in his fore feet, which he endeavors to ease, by altern- 
 ately changing his position, and lying dow.T when he 
 should be t'eeding. He brings iiis hind legs far under 
 his belly for the same purpose, and if he is r«ujsed by 
 hunger or mandate, he lies down again. Considerable 
 altcraton takes place in the pulse, which indicates fe- 
 ver, and the patient breathes short with pain. The 
 progress of those sytnptofns is very rapid, seldom oc- 
 cupying more than a day or two. 
 
 The slower or chronic founder begins with appar- 
 ently rheutnatic pains and awkwardness in going, for 
 
83 
 
 ivliich he usually receives the whip. After a while, 
 flattening sometimes appears on the front of the hoof, 
 and the heels contract ; the older animals have now 
 short, brittle, shining hoofs, wiih the small pastern 
 bone deeper sunk than heretofore ; the hollow of the 
 sole is converted into the convex, or pumice foot, so 
 that the animal can scarce find fo,ot-hold on ihe ground, 
 but will slip and slide about. He is then considered 
 groggy, that is to say, " like a drunkard," and may 
 last many years ; this is chest founder, and indeed the 
 whc^le limb is usually affected up to tfie very chest. 
 
 Jiemedy. — As soon as discovered, lake off the shoe, 
 note well the condition of the £ole, the heat, and other 
 eyiF.ptoms, for according as these vary, so must the 
 remedies be chauijed. Draw the soles a litile \\ilh the 
 buttress if found too thick, not otherwise ; rasp the 
 heels and quarters, which will ease the pain occ.asion- 
 ed by the binding of the hoof, and give room for the 
 action of the foot; a fact that may be ascertained by 
 bending in at the pastern, forwards and backwards, 
 before the operatior., and trying the same experiment 
 afterwards. Ayply a bran p tuJtice warm to the wholo 
 foot daily, but do not add to it any greasy or oily sub- 
 stances as is too often practiced. The sponge boot 
 may be employed with advantage, made large. After 
 three or four days, if the horn has recovered its former 
 consistency, put on the shoe gently, and walk the pa- 
 tient to try how much he is now lame ; and if the at- 
 tack has been a slight one, he may recover with very 
 little more treatment than a turn in a meadow will af- 
 ford. Otherwise the feet must be stopped, and kept 
 moist and cool. 
 
 The proper secretion of the juicy elastic substance, 
 for the formation of new hoof, being essential to the 
 restoration of the horse, and as the lameness will not 
 wholly subside unless this process goes on healthi- 
 Jy, resort must be had to blisterinjO-, provided he still 
 continues lame any. This should ex'end from the 
 coronet and quarters to the knee, and be repeated, tak- 
 ing care to keep the heels open and tho sole stopped. 
 The good effects to the sole that will be found to re- 
 sult from blistering, shows the connection or compaij? 
 ionship that exists between the legs and feet. 
 
84 
 
 But, as to drawing the sole, as before recommended 
 generally, there is one exception; if Jhe lameness and 
 other symptoms come on after an inflammatory fever 
 of the whole system, then we ought to look upon it as 
 an effect of the fever seeking to throw off its dregs 
 thus critically ; and a swelling and discharge at the 
 coronet may be expected lo take place that should be 
 encouraged, and treated as simple abscess, not fistulous. 
 ^Vhen this is the case, the bar-shoe is better adapted 
 to keep the parts in position, that the discharge may 
 proceed temperately. 
 
 In default of sending the sick horse to the meadow, 
 he may be allowed to stand on a clay-made floor in an 
 outhouse by day, or any slip of soft ground ; but by no 
 means adopt the plan of putting the patient upon litter 
 that is damp, and is therefore half rotten and heating. 
 A number of contrivances for affording coolness and 
 natural pressure to the sole or frog, besides the forego- 
 ing, have been resorted to, and among these the ad- 
 mixture of vinegar, a'egar, verjuice, or solution of - 
 nitre with clay, with the stopping, &c., are well calcu- 
 lated to answer the purposes intended. Rubbing the 
 knees with turpentine is also serviceable. 
 
 Physic should not of course be neglected at the 
 early stages of lameness, adapted to the previous state 
 of the patient's bodily health, and calculated to lower 
 the access of inflammation, which so much pain must 
 naturally produce. Either of the three evacuations 
 being suppressed, or imperfectly performed, must be 
 restored, and a purgative, a urine ball, or a diaphoretic 
 powder be administered as occasion requires, and op- 
 portunity presents itself; of course, neither of those 
 will be given while the animal is out of doors. Recipes 
 will be found in preceding pages. 
 
 RECIPES 
 
 USED WITH SUCCESS IN VARIOUS PARTS 
 OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 In the preceding pages, we have been particular in 
 giving the most correct information that is known at 
 the present day in Europe or America, in relation to 
 
85 
 
 the horse, the disease^s of that noble animal, the causes 
 of and the symptoms that denote the same, with iho 
 proper cures and remedies, as practiced by Le Fosse, 
 While, Hinds, and others, who stand deservedly the 
 highest in the world as Veterinary Surgeons, and 
 whose indefatigable exertions to acquire knowledge 
 and skill from scientific researches and practical ex- 
 perience have gained them many honorary distinctions 
 in the Veterinary Medical Societies at home and a- 
 broad. So that t!ie most implicit confidence may be 
 given to the information contained in the foregoing 
 pages ; and pains has been taken to give all that is 
 necessviry to enable the owners of horses to become 
 good judges and to prescribe with correctness for the 
 health and preservation of his own animals. We shall 
 now give a variety of Recipes that have proved effi- 
 cient in various parts of tlie country, and are relied 
 upon as infallible cures by those who have tried them ; 
 but we would recommend the inexperienced, in the 
 first place to become familiar with the preceding pages, 
 fio that he may be enabled to form a correct idea of 
 the nature and extent of the disease, its cause and 
 symptoms; for the remedies must necessarily vary 
 according to these particulars. Having thus qualified 
 himself to decide what disease it is that afflicts his 
 horse, he may make use of the following Recipes at 
 discretion, according to the constitution and condition 
 of the animal. It is proper to remark that none are 
 given but such as have been tried and are highly re- 
 commended by experienced men of undoubted veraci- 
 ty. Many of them are quite simple, and may be tried 
 without much trouble. 
 
 FOUNDER, 
 Captain Bartlett, whose known eriperience has in- 
 duced travellers frequently to call upon him for advice, 
 when in the morning they found their horses unable 
 to pursue their journey, on account of having been 
 foundered the preceding day, made use of the follow- 
 ing remedy, which enabled them to go right on with- 
 out any further difficulty, and their horses soon be- 
 came as lively and active as ever, and for which hp 
 has received their hearty thanks on their return. Ho, 
 
86 
 
 intko flrst place, if the shoes did not require re-setting, 
 bled the horses iti quantity according to their size and 
 the state of the pulse, from one to two quarts, and then 
 gave each horse out of a quart bottle a quarter of a 
 pound of Scotch Snuff in a pint of whiskey, which ope- 
 rates as a physic, and at the same time going on his 
 journey, throws him into a freo perspiration, and the 
 horse with prudent usage soon becomes as well as over. 
 If the person is not dii-posed to travel immediate!}'', he 
 should have him exercised, until perspiration takos 
 place, and after he has been well sweated, he should 
 be rubbed dry and protected from taking cold. 
 
 Another cure for Founder. — Take, on first appear- 
 ance of founder, two quarts of blood from the neck ; 
 also bleed in two places, in each foot — in the coronet 
 or upper edge of the hoof, about one inch each way 
 from the centre, Tlien give a purge of easier oil, 1 
 pint, and of calomel, one drachm ; after this, iT possi- 
 ble, force him to exercise as much as he can bear. — 
 This is another efficacious remedy by another expO' 
 rienced person. But in extreme cases, when the horse 
 cannot be got out of the stable, apply bran poultices 
 to the feet and legs, after bleeding as before directed, 
 and keep them wet with cold water. Clysters of warm 
 water, flax-seed tea, or water-gruel, ought also to bo 
 given, and repealed, if necessary, with a handful of 
 fine salt in each. While the stiffness continues^ feed 
 upon bran mashes, with a small quantity of oats ad- 
 ded, and allow a little water, and that entirely cold. 
 Exercise is on nq_ account to be avoided. 
 
 Another receipe for Founder. — Take one gill of 
 turpentine, one pint of hog's lard, two ounces of hon- 
 ey, one ounce of bees- wax. Sinuner these over a 
 slow fire till it becomes mixed by stirring. Anoint 
 the hoof once a week. This is intended to remove the 
 effects in the i^eet of illy cured founder ; but cannot be 
 expected to answer without the above remedies of blee- 
 ding and physicing have first thrown the disease out 
 of the system and limbs as far as possible. Itmay 
 then serve to remove any local effects in the feet. 
 BOTTS AND BELLY-ACHE. 
 
 All the symptoms of cholic and grubs or botis in bor* 
 
87 
 
 ses, are so nearly alike, that few can tell the differ- 
 ence. Uneasiness, groaning, looking back towards 
 his sides, laying down, &c., are sym|)ioms of eilher.— 
 But there is one symptom said to denote bolls that 
 does not accompany cholic or belly-nclir,'ind that is, 
 the horse will be seen to roll up his upper lip, inside 
 out, in evident distress. As soon as these symptoms 
 appear, whether botts or not, the following remedy is 
 recommended as infallible, by many, and we will add 
 a variety equally esteemed by others : 
 
 Remedy, No. 1, for BoitsI — Bleed in the neck, and 
 let the blood be caught in bottles, which should be im- 
 mediately poured down the horse. The bottles, while 
 held to receive the blood, may be immersed in hot 
 water, to prevent coagulation, and to keep it in a warm 
 and liquid state ; the horse should be made to swallow 
 two or three quarts. It is asserted on an experience 
 of thirty years, that this has never failed to give relief. 
 Its operation is thus accounted for: the bolts leave 
 their holds and feed upon the blood, which having 
 been given in sufficieist quantity to physic the horse^ 
 carries them off; and the bleeding allays a!iy fever 
 caused by the attack. 
 
 The first Judge of this county, has succeeded in 
 two or three cases in curing his own horses by simply 
 bleeding them between the second and third wrinkle 
 of the mouth, and letting them swallow the blood as 
 physic for the horse and a bait for the botts. 
 
 Reme'ly No. 2, f )r Botts. — In the morning, upon 
 an empty stomach, let two pounds ot molasses be dis- 
 solved in three pints of new milk, and given ; prevent 
 the horse from taking any food for nearly two hours, 
 then add an ounce and a half of laudanum to about 
 tluee half pints of warm water — after it is given let 
 him be walked about for nearly an hour and a half, 
 then let a dose of strong physic be given, and worked 
 off in the usual way. 
 
 No, 3. — Haifa gallon sweetened milk, and in an 
 hour after, an ounce of calomel. This has been suc- 
 cessful. Dr. Green, of Mass., says the irritation of 
 the botts produces inflammation, and renders a largo 
 bleeding from the neck proper. 
 
BS 
 
 No. 4. — Dr. Morgan, N. J. recommends a table, 
 epoonful of unslacked lime to be given with the feed 
 of the horses, at night and morning, regularly, for 
 three, four, or fivo days, and it will completely expel 
 the botts. 
 
 No. 6. — Dr. Loom is, N. C. says — Make a drench 
 composed of half a pint new milk, a giil of molasses, 
 an ounce of copperas, two spoonsful of common salt, 
 and half a pint of warm water. Give this to the horse 
 once or twice a day for a few days, and it will com- 
 pletely expel the bolts. 
 
 No. 6, for Botts or Cholic. — Take six red p^pperSv. 
 and boil them m a pint of water; strain them, and put 
 in half glass gunpowder, half a pint j^in, and mix them 
 in a pint of molasses, for a dose. Never fails. 
 
 No. 7. — Take 1 ounce of assafcetida and one ounce 
 of gunpowder, with an equal proponion of salt. Mix, 
 and rub it thickly on a cobb. with which rub the horse's 
 upper lip until it nearly bleeds. Unaccountable and 
 absurd as this appears, it is said to have given a spee- 
 dy relief to the animal, when tried. 
 
 No. 8, for Botts or Cholic. — Pour down from three 
 to four gills of linseed oil, which will physic the horse 
 and expel the bolts or cure the cholic. 
 
 To preserve a horse agaimst Botts. — Take of bees- 
 wax, mutton tallow, and supar, each eight ounces, put 
 these into a quart of warm milk, and heat it until it all 
 melts and mixes, then put the whole into a bottle, and 
 just before it begins to thicken pour down. Two or 
 three hours afterwards give him physic. 
 
 Another. — Give the horse accasionnlly half a pint 
 of hard wood ashes, mixed in his grain or drink. Eveo 
 giving him salt freely, will nine tunes out of ten pre- 
 serve him from the bolts ; if he is atUcked, give \nti\ 
 a quart of warm fish brine, and it will relieve him. 
 
 Physic Jor a Horse. — A strong decoction of moth- 
 erwort, mixed with Indian meal, or poured down out 
 of a bottle, is a good physic and an excellent remedy 
 for worms* 
 
89 
 
 REMEDY FOR HEAVES. 
 
 Take one pound and a half good ginger. Give two 
 table spoonsful a day — one in the morning and tha 
 •other ill the evening, mixed with wheat bran. Thi« 
 recipe has been sold repeatedly for $o Qt the eastward, 
 where its efficacy has been proved by the cure of sev- 
 eral cases of obstinate heaves. 
 
 Another for Heaves. — Take four gills of calf's blood 
 and as much flour of nitre as will lay on a six-penny 
 piece. Let the blood be fresh. Put it into a boLtle, 
 and set it into a ketile of warm water, and bring the 
 blood to a stale not quite as warm as a natural heat. — 
 Give the horse as much as you can get down, and if at 
 first you do not give the whole, put the bottle into the 
 warm water aaain, shake it, and then pour down the 
 remainder. Give the same every other day until three 
 doses have been given. This is a sure remedy, and 
 the person from whom the recipe was procured, ha* 
 recommendations of several gentlernen of distinction, 
 whose horses were cured by him, in the manner above 
 directed. 
 
 CURE FOR BROKEN WIND. 
 
 Take a shovelful of unslacked lime and put it in a 
 tub oi vvater. Give your horse a bucket full every day, 
 and it will effect a cure. 
 
 SPRAINS. 
 
 The following recipe for sprains in any part of the 
 tiorse, was communicated by a Circus Groom, who 
 never knew it to fail; Take one ounce of saltpetre in 
 half a pint of high wines, and rub the part affected,' 
 and bathe it in with a hot shovel. 
 
 SHOULDER SPRAIN. 
 
 This is also communicated by f}ie same ; Cut a 
 small hole through the skin on the shoulder blade, and 
 with a quill blow m until it swells ; then rub Jt down 
 with the hand. Continue thu^ blowing and rubbing 
 for some time, and it wii! be found an efTectnal reme- 
 dy. Of course, put a sij-npJe sticking pln^ter, such as 
 Peleg White's, over th*? wound, if there is danger of 
 taking cold. 
 
90 
 
 BLACK TONGUE. 
 
 Symptoms. — Commences wiih frothing at the mouth 
 or slobbering; pimples next appear upon the longue, 
 wliich soon become small ulcers, and in a short time 
 the moulh and tongue become very sore and the tongue 
 black ; the animal cannot eat on account of the sore- 
 ness, and must starve to death unless relief is given. 
 
 The followinji recipe has proved effectual in every 
 instance where it was tried, during the prevalence of 
 that disorder in Western JNew York, in 1833-4 ; 
 
 Take half a pint of gin, one ounce of borax, one 
 ounce of alum, and one ounce of copperas. Mix, and 
 with a sponge fastened to a stick, wash the mouth and 
 tongue with the mixture, from time to time until the 
 disease abates. Physic the horse, and feed him on 
 bi'an mashes and boiled oats. 
 
 The following is highly recommended, and is very 
 simple. It proved effectual in several cases at Owe- 
 go, as the pubhsher is well assured by those who used 
 it. 
 
 Take some coarse salt, and add to it enough water 
 to wet it through ; scour the tongue and mouth well 
 witi) it, before it is entirely dissolved. Then j)ulver- 
 ize some salt petre, and blow it into tl.e mouth and 
 over the tongue. Repent tlie above three limes a day 
 until the disease is checked ; then oil the mouth and 
 tongue with Imseed oil. Physic him moderately with 
 salts every day, and give bran mashes and boiled oats. 
 
 The following for Sore Tongue, which is probably 
 the same disease, is from a Boston publication : 
 
 *' By making use of a little tar, once a day, rubbed 
 on the tongue of the sound horses with a swab, is an 
 effectual preventive ; fur the diseased horse, lake a 
 common table spoonful of spirits of turpentine and 
 pour it on the tongue, as far down as practicable, then 
 with a swab well saturated with the spirits of turpen- 
 tine, mop every part of the tongue ; after this make 
 use ot the tar as in the way above mentioned, as a 
 preventive. This done once or twice a day, for two 
 or three days, has never failed to make a cure.'' 
 
01 
 
 HOOF DISTEMPER. 
 
 We are indebted to a gentleman of experience few 
 the following, which hs has found effectual in every 
 instance : 
 
 Symptoms. — Lameness, and breaking out like the 
 scratches, and the fro^ npon exaniinaiicn, wil! ho found 
 affected, which sends forth an unpleas nt ^(nell. 
 
 Cure. — Let the shoes ha taken off, and the iioof 
 shaved dov.'n. th-^'. fvoq; oppned, ^^^i. some spirits of 
 turpentine appheo, and bathod in with a hot sniivei, 
 or other iron : then bind oti a poultice made of a plug 
 of tobacco soaked soft ; wet the same from time to 
 time with tobacco juice, to keep it moist. Physic the 
 animal moderately, and a cure will be effected. 
 
 Another, practiced also with success : — Take of 
 verdigris, spirits of turpentine, bees-wax, one ounce of 
 each, mixed with hog's lard, applied as the above. 
 
 BoTTs AGA.IN. — Although we have given several 
 recipes for this compl&int in precec^ing page?, we are 
 induced to insert the folio wins, communicated by an 
 experienced horse dealer in Oneida county : 
 
 *^ The best remedy, (says the ge'iuleman alluded to 
 above,) I ever tried, when the botts are fastened to the 
 maw or stomach, is to take one quart of milk, 1 quart 
 of molasses, and mix them together; then give it to 
 the horse. Let him stand ten minutes, then ride gen- 
 tly one mile. In thuty or f jrty minutes, give 1 quart 
 of linseed oil; then keep the horse moving two hours, 
 and if he is not easier by thiu time, you may repeat the 
 dose. The botts are fond of this sweet dish, and they 
 fill themselves so full as to become stupid. Then giv- 
 ing the oil as a drench, they are carried off with but 
 little detriment to the horse. I have seen as much as 
 a pint come from Iiim in 24 hours, by the above means. 
 They were still alive. 
 
 REMEDY FOR GLANDERS. 
 
 The same gentleman that communicated the above 
 has also made use of the following : 
 
 *' There is no cure ; hut relief and assistance may 
 be given: Take one gallon of blood, and give the 
 horse a drench, made of one pound salts and a quarter 
 H 
 
92 
 
 •fa pound of saU petre; then put a rowel in tlie hor- 
 §e*s breast. Be careful that the horse does not take 
 cold. Bleed hini every other day, and be careful to 
 keep his bowels open. Molasses and sulphur are good 
 to give the horse an appehte, and serve to combat his 
 complaint. In oneweek^s time you will see the horse 
 in better spirits. Assafcelida is a good remedy to keep 
 this complaint down, so as to be unnoticed by the 
 jockey." 
 
 YELLOW- WATER, OR YELLOWS. 
 
 The following is communicated by a respectable 
 gentleman from Connecticut, who witnessed its efficacy 
 in several instances : 
 
 Pulverized rosin, 2 ounces ; mix that quantity in his 
 grain once every two days, or oftener in a bad case. 
 It is beneficial to any horse once a week vvhile he is 
 continued in the stable. It carries off bad humors and 
 strengthens the appetite ; gives life and spirit to the 
 horse. 
 
 REMEDIES FOR SPRAINS. 
 
 Mason's Farrier prescribes the following reme- 
 dies : 
 
 1. Take of sharp vinegar, one pint; spirits of any 
 kind, half a pint ; camphor, one ounce ; mix them well 
 together, and bathe the part injured twice a day ; a 
 piece of flannel wet with the mixture, and wrapped 
 round the part, will be very beneficial; take from the 
 neck vein half a gallon of blood. 
 
 2. Take of opodeldoc a small quantity, and rub it 
 on the part with the naked hand, until the hand be- 
 comes dry, twice a day. Should the injured part re- 
 sist both of these remedies, you may conclude the in- 
 jury a very serious one, which will require time and 
 atlenlicn to cure. 
 
 Another. — Take of camphor 2 drachm?, dissolved 
 in half an ounce of strong rectified spirits of wine ; ni- 
 tre, one ounce, dissolved in half a pint of wine vinegar; 
 ipirits of turpentine, four ounces ; white lead or bole 
 armenic, in powder, half an ounce ; aqua fortis, one 
 ounce. Mix, and shake them all together in a bottle 
 for use. This is an excellent astringent embrocation 
 for stiains in different parts, 
 
93 
 
 CANKER IN THE MOUTH, 
 
 Take of wine vinegar, half a pint; burnt alum and 
 sail, one ounce each ; bole armenic, half an ounce.— 
 Mix, and shake them together in a bottle for use. 
 
 Tie a linen rag on a stick half a yard long, and with 
 it saturated with the mixture, dress the horse's mouth 
 every morning and evening, gently touching every af- 
 fected part ; then leave him to fast for an hour, and 
 give his food as usual. 
 
 The horse's mouth should be examined frequently, 
 as he is very liable to be injured by the pressure of a 
 sharp bit, in the hands of a cruel or unskilful rider or 
 driver. 
 
 OINTMENT FOR SCRATCHES. 
 
 Take of hog's lard, 1 pound ; white lead, 4 ouncea { 
 alum pulverized, 2 ounces^ white vitriol, 1 ounce; 
 sugar of lead half an ounce; olive oil, 3 ounces; grind 
 all the powders in a marble mortar with the oil, or on 
 a marble or other smooth stone : then add the lard, and 
 work vhe whole together till united. 
 
 This is a neat composition, and very proper to keep 
 in a stable during the winter, for greasy and scratched 
 heels, and for wounds caused by stubs or treads, &c. 
 Rub ic on parts affected every night and morning, in 
 slight cases ; but in treads or wounds upon the heels, 
 it is best to spread the ointment on pledgets of tow, 
 and secure them with bandages, 
 
 WHITE'S BALL FOR GRIPES. 
 
 Castile soap, 3 drachms; camphor, 2 drachms; gin- 
 ger, 1 drachni and a half; Venice turpentine. 6 dra'ms ; 
 to be made into a ball for one dose. This may be 
 kept for use in a bladder, by travellers, wlio cannot ev- 
 ery where prepare liquid draughts, as prescribed under 
 the head of Cholie and Gripes, in a preceding page. 
 
 LOTION FOR BLOWS, BRUISES, or SPRAINS. 
 
 Spirits of wine, 8 ounces; dissolve in this, an ounce 
 of camphor, then add one ounce oil of turpentine, an 
 ounce of spirits of sal ammoniac, half an ounce oil of 
 origanum, and one large table ipoonful of liquid lauda- 
 num. It must be well rubbed in with the hand, for 
 half an hour, four or five times a day. You will ba 
 astonished at its efficacy. 
 
04 
 
 HORSE OINTMENT. 
 
 Melt in a clean vessel, yellow rosin the bize of aa 
 egg ; add bees-wax, same quantity ; half a pound of 
 hog's lard ; two ounces of honey, half a pound com- 
 mon turpeniine, each having been melted before the 
 others are added ; let the whole boil gently, and keep 
 stirring till the turpentine is dissolved ; then take off 
 the kettle and put in two ounces verdigris, finely 
 powdered ; set it on again and give it two or three 
 stirrings; then strain it through a coarse sieve into a 
 clean vessel for use. Throw the dregs away. This 
 is an extraordinary ointment for wounds or bruises in 
 flesh or hoof, broken knees, galled backs, bites, crack- 
 ed heels, mallenders, or when you cut a horse, to heal 
 and keep the flies away. Nothing takes fire out of a 
 burn or scald so soon even in human flesii. It should 
 be kept on hand at all times. 
 
 HORSE MEDICINE. 
 
 Crocus metulorum, phenegreck seed, salt petre, and 
 sulphur, of each a quarter of an ounce ; to be found 
 at the Botanical and other drug shops. This is for 
 one dose, and is excellent for horses in any situation, 
 to revive their strength and spirits, and prevent dis- 
 ease. 
 
 BLIND STAGGERS. 
 
 Simply physicing and keeping the bowels open is 
 best in every case ; but when the pulse is high, or fits 
 occur, bleed in the neck three times a week. Take 
 an ounce of assafcetida, one toaspoonful of salt petre, 
 mix them and give them as a drink three times a week 
 in the morning. Give an injection of meal, water, 
 molasses, and lard, and if needed, assist to remove the 
 hard dung with the hand, or some other soft and 
 harmless instrument. A mash may be given him of 
 bran, sulpliur, saltpetre, sassafras tea, and assafoeti- 
 da ; but give no drink for six hours. If all this an.- 
 swers no purpose after a few days, then take twenty- 
 five grains of calomel, two drachms of opium, one 
 drachm of powdered fennel seed, mixed with some 
 syrup into a ball, and give one in the morning for 3 
 or 4 days. 
 
 It is said that the following treatment, after repeat- 
 ed trials, has proved effectual : 
 
»5 
 
 Take juico of garlic six spoonsful, and pour it down 
 the horse's throat by means of a horn or bottle, or giv9 
 it as a drench. If after two or three hours there is 
 no relief, then repeat it. The juice of the leek or on- 
 ion, given in a greater quantity, will produce nearly 
 the same effect, 
 
 COUGH IN HORSKS. 
 
 Haifa pound of nitre, quarter pound of crocus me- 
 tallorum, (black regulus of antimony,) two ounces of 
 antimony : mix well in a mortar, and make it up into 
 doses of one ounce each. Let the horse have one dos© 
 in a-cold ma:sh mixed, every night in mild weather, 
 for three nights ; then omit it for a week. If he does 
 not get better, repeat it. Gare is necessary that the 
 horse should not be exposed while warm, to stand in 
 a cold wind ; otherwise exercise him gently, and heat 
 him as usual. 
 
 TO STOP BLEEDING. 
 
 When an artery of a horse has been cut, and it is 
 found difficult or impossible to stop it, the following, 
 communicated by the First Judge of the county, is a 
 never failing remedy : 
 
 Take a small quantity of yellow dock, bruise it and 
 dry it over a gentle fire, without burning it ; then re- 
 duce it to powder, apply it to the wound, aud bind on 
 some lint securely, and this will prove effectual. 
 
 Paste to stop Bleeding.— Tu.\ie of fresh nettles, one 
 handful, bruise them in a mortar; add blue vitriol, in 
 powder, 4 ounces : wheat flour, 2 ounces ; wine vin- 
 egar, half an ounce ; oil of vitriol, half an ounce, — 
 Beat them all together into a paste. Let the wound 
 be filled up with this paste, and a proper pledget of 
 tow ].•' id over the mouth. It should remain on ten or 
 twelve hours or more. 
 
 PREVENT HORSES BEING TROUBLED 
 WITH FLIES. 
 
 Pour two or three pints of water on a few handsful 
 of walnut leaves, let it infuse one night, and with the 
 liquid anoint all the irritable parts of the horse, and 
 no flies will trouble him where that is applied. ^ 
 
 b2 
 
96 
 
 TO SAVE HORSES AT FIRES. 
 
 Blindfold them so that they cannot see the fire, and 
 you may lead them out without any difficulty. Other- 
 wise it cannot be done, as has been often proved. 
 
 TO PREVENT HORSES FEET FROM BALL- 
 ING WITH SNOW. 
 
 Cleani^the feet and rub the inside well with soft soap. 
 This is simple and effectual. 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 PECULIAR TO 
 
 NEAT CATTLE. 
 
 Before we enter into a minute detail of the cause.«, 
 symptoms, and cure of diseases generally, it will be 
 very useful to say a word or two on their prevention^ 
 and at the same time throw in a few ideas on a subject 
 that ought to be well understood, namely, the causing 
 or engendering in neat cattle a pre- disposition to dis- 
 ease. 
 
 The prevention of disease in cattle is an easier task 
 than many people imagine. It consists in nothing more 
 than taking care, while they are young, that they 
 have good food, in moderate, but sufficient quantities; 
 a due allowance of pure and wholesome water ; to be 
 kept clean and free from impurities both of the stable 
 and field ; to be protected from damp and unwhole- 
 some influences ; and to be allowed moderate and free 
 exercite. All this is very simple — it is merely taking 
 nature for a guide, and following implicitly her dic- 
 tates. A sound constitution will thus be formed, and 
 geneaal good health preserved. 
 
 A contrary practice, of slighting them when young, 
 or of feeding them ind:scrimina*ely ; of suffering them 
 to drink excessively, cr of drinking standing and im- 
 pure water ; of allowing them to remain dirty in their 
 coats and stables ; of subjecting them to all weathers 
 and influences ; and of restraining them in their ex- 
 ercise ; all> or any of these practices weakea their 
 
97 
 
 constitutions, and lays the foundation of a train of 
 disorders ; the nervous system becomes depressed, the 
 digestive organs impaired, and the strength of the 
 whole body weakened. In this state of comparative 
 enteeblement, they are susceptible of nervous diseas- 
 es ; or, in other words, more liable to their attack. — 
 This is what in medical language is called *' pre-dis- 
 position to disease," and may be considered the re- 
 mote caute of almost every complaint to which they 
 are in after life subject. Cleanliness above all things 
 should be attended to, and the cattle rubbed down and 
 cleaned froin all filth as the horses usually are. De- 
 pend upon it, they will reward you full as much for 
 your labor. We have seen the most astonishing im- 
 provements made in cattle thus treated and otherwise 
 regularly attended to, as above suggested. 
 
 ' YELLOWS, OR JAUNDICE. 
 
 This disorder often occurs to neat cattle, and espe- 
 cially to milch cows ; it attacks them mostly in the 
 spring, or autumn ; and consists of a disordered state 
 of the third and fourth stomachs, and sometimes of the 
 first. 
 
 Symptomso — In the first stage of this disease, the 
 whites of the eyes appear of a yellow tint, and as it 
 increases, the whole skin becomes impregnated with 
 the same yellow hue ; the ears, tail, eyes, and mouth, 
 are v/here it is most conspicuous to the sight ; after a 
 while, the bowels become costive, and the teeth loose. 
 Great debility of the nervous system takes place, they 
 have an aversion to move, and lose their appetites, 
 and wander about by themselves. If not attended to, 
 the udder may burst and other serious injury ensue. 
 
 Cure. — In the first attack of the yellows, let the 
 following drench be given ; and if the weather be 
 open, turn the animal into a field where there is but 
 bare pasture : 
 
 RECIPE No. 1. — Common salt, 4 ounces; Barbadoes aloes, 
 half an ounce ; ginger, 1 drachm ; water, 1 quart ; anodyne carmi- 
 native tincture, 2 ounces. 
 
 How to make the Anodyne Carrainative Tincture, mentioned in 
 the Recipe. — Take of the best opium, bruised cloves, and ginger, 1 
 ounce each, and a quart of the best brandy. Mix them together in 
 a well corked bottle, shako it frequently for about three weeks ; 
 ■when settled, strain it through blotting paper, and it will be ready 
 for Qs« a« wanted. Keep it corked . 
 
98 
 
 In very violent attacks of this disorder, the drench 
 should be assisted by giving the animal whey every 
 three or lour hours, and throwing up a clyster. The 
 swollen udder may have some olive oil gently rubbed 
 thereon. And if the animal be in good condition, two 
 or three quarts of blood may be taken with advantage; 
 but it must not be turned oui to pasture the same day. 
 After this disorder has yielded to medicine, the fol- 
 lowing is an excellent stomachic to invigorate the sys- 
 tem : 
 
 RECIPE No. 2. — ^Powdered cummin and anisseeds, each two 
 ounces ; gentian root, 2 ounces ; grains of Paradise, in powdei's, 
 and salt-petre, 1 onnce each, and a gill of molasses. Mix, either 
 in a quart of warm water or thin gi"uel, for 1 drink, and give it new 
 milk warm. Repeat this night and morning for a few days, and 
 the animal will be restored to health and vigor. 
 
 CHRONIC INDIGESTION. 
 
 The pre-disposing cause is feeding bad food during 
 the winter, and exposure to wet and cold weather, 
 which derange the third stomacii, and weaken the di- 
 gestive system. 
 
 tiymptoms. — The first symptoms, are listlessness 
 of manner, followed by a gradual disrelish of food ; 
 the animal appears dull and heavy, and sometimes fe- 
 verish symptom^ are induced. If the costivenes which 
 usually accompany these symptoms, be not removed, 
 an inflammation of the bowels may be expected, and 
 must be treated accordingly. 
 
 Cure. — As soon as you perceive that any of your 
 neat cattle are affected by cold, or that they are cos- 
 tive, give the following purgative draught : 
 
 RECIPE No. 3. — Glauber's salts, 1 pound ; ginger, powdered, 
 two ounces ; and molasses, half a pint. Anisseed, powdered, one 
 ounce, may be added, if you have it. Pour on three pints of boiling 
 water, dissolve, and give it inilk warm. 
 
 In a diy orUvo, repeat the drench, and if it do not 
 remove the costivencss, administer the following clys- 
 ter : 
 
 RECIPE No. 4. — Warm thin gruel, 3 quarts; common salt, 8 
 ounces; and sweet oil, half a pint. 
 
 Bleeding may also be applied to, if feverish or in- 
 flammatory symptoms appear. If the animal be af« 
 fected with a cough, quick pulse, a discharge from tho 
 
90 
 
 nostrilg, and soreness of the throat, it has settled into 
 a catarrh, and must be treated accordingly. See Ca- 
 tarrh. 
 
 DIARRHOEA, OR LOOSENESS. 
 Cattle are most subject to this complaint in the months 
 of April or May, especially if the season be wet and 
 cold; cows after calving, are very liable lo its attacks. 
 The predisposing cause is also bad food and exposure 
 in winter. But the immediate or exciting causes, ex- 
 ist generally in the changreable state of the weather, 
 and the want of sufficient vigor in the animal to re- 
 sist liiose changes. 
 
 Symptoms. — Frequent and copious evacuations of 
 their dung, sometimes of a slimy or mucus, and at oth- 
 ers of a blood}'' appear^mce. As the disease advan- 
 ces, the beast is reduced in flesh, and loses its appe- 
 tite, the dung has a glary appearance, and settles into 
 a dissentary. It may be distinguished from dyssen- 
 tary by the absence of gripings, which accompany 
 the latter complaint. ■ 
 
 Cure. — In the first place if the weather be unfavor- 
 able, put the animal into the cow-house, or under 
 shelter, and give the following drench : 
 
 RECIPE, No. 5. — Barbadoes aloes, 5 drachms; common salts, 
 6 ounces; powdered ginger, 2 drachms ; anodyne carminative tinc- 
 ture [a recipe to make which ^\^n be found on page 97,] 2 ounces ( 
 ^nd water, 1 quar: . Mix and give early iR the morning. 
 
 If the weather be favorable, turn the animal into 
 pasture, which has but a bare, short bite. In the eve- 
 ing, With the following cordial, astringent drench; 
 
 RECIPE, No. 6. — Powdered catechu, and powdered allspice, 2 
 ounce each, carraway, powdered, half an ounce; and good beei*, or 
 table ale, 1 pint; Simmer the first three ingredients a few minutes 
 in half the beer, then add the remainder, and give it nearly cold. 
 
 These drenches should be continued three or four 
 days after the scouring has ceased, until the dung re- 
 sembles that of healthy cows; the feeding, mean- 
 while should be such as is easy of digestion; if your 
 hay be very good, give it, a little at a time, and often 
 with a little fine bran, or pollard; and l°t the water bo 
 slightly warmed. Hay tea, made by boiling an arm- 
 ful of good hay, and pouring off the liquid, which is 
 very nourishing and will pay well for the trouble. 
 
100 
 
 DYSSENTERY, SLIMY FLUX, OR SCOUR- 
 ING ROT. 
 
 Cattle kept in low, damp, and swampy situations, 
 are at all limes subject to the attacks of this danger- 
 ous disease; but it is most prevalent in autumn. Di- 
 arrhoea, as stated before, is apt to run into dyssente- 
 ry<, if not properly treated. 
 
 Symptoms^ — Dung thin, slimy, and altered in color; 
 flatulency, and severe gtipings follow; the cow lies 
 dovn and gets up often, in evident distress ; and as 
 the disease increases, the beast becomes reduced to a 
 weak and debilitated state; its appetite is lost, the dew- 
 lap hangs down and has a flabby appearance; the dung 
 runs oti'with a putrid and offensive smell, and as it 
 falls rises up in bubbles. 
 
 Cure. — Timely bleeding, purging drenches, and 
 clysters. The animal must be put under shelter,and 
 fed on good hay, ground oats, or crushed beans, giv- 
 en little at a time and often. If little appetite exist, 
 ^ive stiff gruel in a horn once or twice a day. 
 
 As .soon as the disease is observed, give the follow- 
 ing opening drench: 
 
 RECIPE No. 7. — Epsom salts, 1 pound; ginger in powders, 
 half an ounce ; anisseed, in powders, half an ounce ; solid opium, 
 cut small, 1 di-achm. I'our three pints boiling water on these in- 
 gredients, and give it whun milk warm. 
 
 ■If this does not speedily allay the symptoms, give 
 the drench No. 4, on page 99 ; and if the eyes be in- 
 flammed, the tvvitchings of the belly painful, and the 
 expulsion of the excrements accompanied with se- 
 vere gri pings, take two or three quarts of blood, and 
 give a pint of salad oil. 
 
 In the worst stage of the disease, the surface of the 
 body sliould be kept warm with a woollen cloth. 
 
 When the physic has operated, the following as- 
 tringent may be given every other day, fcr 4 days: 
 
 llEClPE No. 8. — Prepared chalk, 4 ounces; bole armeuic, in 
 powder, 2 ounces; anisseed, ajid ginger, powdered, 1 ounce each; 
 opium, cut small, 1 drachm. Mix in warm gruel or ale for 1 dose. 
 
 STAGGERS, VERTIGO, LETHARGY, SWIM- 
 MING OF THE HEAD, OR PARALYSES 
 OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 This disorder has many names, but the symptoms 
 are unequivocal, and too evident to be mistaken. It 
 
101 
 
 is the highest degree of disease in the digestive sys- 
 tem, in which the muscular powers of the stomachs 
 have been so exhausted, that they are incapable of 
 contracting upon the food taken in by the animal; for 
 although trom habit the beast may continue to feed, 
 the appetite is so depraved, that it no longer chooses 
 its food, but eats, with apparent equal relish, or rath- 
 er indifference, the coarsest and most indigestive food. 
 It mostly attacks animals that have been poorly fed in 
 the winter, and are in the spring turned into a fertile 
 pasture. 
 
 Symptoms. — Heaviness of the head, and constant 
 disposition to sleepiness, the animal sometimes resting 
 its head upon or against a gate or hedge, and appear- 
 ing almost insensible; and if it attempts to walk, it 
 reels or staggers. 
 *Cure. — The first thing necessary is to give the fol- 
 lowing drench, No. 9, and a clyster of salt and wa- 
 ter, No. 10, must then be thrown up, and three or 
 four quarts of blood taken away: 
 
 RECIPE No. 9. — Aloes, 6 drachms; common salt, 8 otmces; 
 powdered mustai-d, one ounce ; brandy or other spu'its, half a gill ; 
 Mix in warm water, and add the spirits, and give immediately. 
 
 The following clyster will also be necessary for ex- 
 pelling any hardened excrement which may be lodged 
 in the bowels: 
 
 No. 10. — Common salt, 8 ounces, and warm water, 4 quarts. 
 
 If the purgative drench does not act in the course 
 of twenty-four hours, give about half the same quan- 
 tity every eight hours, until the effect be produced ; 
 and if the complaint does not subside under the united 
 treatment of purgatives, clyster and bleeding, each 
 repeated at intervals, let the following be given to 
 act upon the kidneys, and thereby divert the blood 
 from the head : 
 
 RECIPE No. 11. — Powdered Rosin, 2 ounces ; powdered nitre, 
 ginger, anisseed, and cream of tartar, 1 ounce each; and molasses, 
 1 pint. Mix, and give it in a quart of ale or gruel. Repeat tho 
 same, if necessary, after an interval of two days. 
 
 LOSS OF THE CUD. 
 Rumination, or the chewing of the cud, is, as we 
 feave before stated, that motion of the rumen, or first 
 
102 
 
 stomach, by which the food is forced back into the 
 mouth to be perfectly masticated. This motion is not 
 sudden or violent, like that of vomitting; but gradual 
 and gentle, when the animal is healthy. When, there- 
 fore, an animal ceases to perform this esi?ential act of 
 digestion, it is an evident proof that the stomach is 
 out of order; it may depend on the state oi the first 
 stomach, or it may proceed from the third. Neither 
 of these stomachs can remain disordered, and the oth- 
 ers be free from disease. 
 
 Cure. — The drench prescribed for diarrhoea. Re- 
 cipe No. 5, should be administered. If there be quick- 
 ness of breath, hot horns, and other symptoms of fe- 
 ver, or inflammation, the animal should be bled freely 
 and the following drench administered: 
 
 RECIPE No. 12. — Epsom salts, 10 ounces, and whey, 1 quart. 
 
 -Afterwards, if the weather be favorable, turn the 
 animal into a field with a short bite of grass; but if it 
 be wet keep it under shelter. 
 
 MOOR ILL, AND WOOD ILL, OR EVIL. 
 
 These, or rather this disorder, for it is merely two 
 names for the same disease, viz: weakness of the di- 
 gestive system, is mostly prevalent amung those cat- 
 tle that are left to pick up a scanty subsistence on 
 moors or commons; with now and then a small allow- 
 ance of indifferent hay; and is the inevitable conse- 
 quence of poor and insufficent keeping. 
 
 Symptoms. — Debility and costiveness, succeeded by 
 pain and stiffness of the joints. 
 
 Cure. — Remove the cattle to a better situation, 
 where the grass is good and sweet, and where good 
 and wholesome water can be obtained; give the fol- 
 lowing drink, and it is most likely nothing more will 
 be necessary; 
 
 i RECIPE No. 13. — Powdered grains of Paradise, do. anisseed, 
 do. carraway seeds, and do. Fenugreek, 2 ounces each. Mix in 2 
 pints of warm water, and add two spoonsful of treacle, or coarse su- 
 gar. Or. 
 
 No. 14. — Infusion of wormwood, [made by pouring on it one 
 quart of boiling hot ale, and cover it close,] one quart ; long pop- 
 per, powdered, 6 drachms; grains of paradise, 6 drachms. 
 
 Or, if very costive, you may give the drink prescri' 
 
103 
 
 bed for Red-water, Recipe No. 5, or 22. And a few 
 drenches with ginger given afterwards will serve to 
 complete the cure, and re-establish a perfect digestion. 
 
 CLUE-BOUND OR FARDEL-BOUND, AND 
 PANTA^. 
 
 These are all different names for one and the same 
 coniplaini; and its origin may generally be traced to a 
 Bimilar source as the preceding. 
 
 Symptoms. — in addition to other symptoms of wood 
 evil, it is disposed to cosliveness; and when, as is of- 
 ten the case in the first stage of fevers, the thin ex- 
 crements force their way through the middle, or on 
 one side of the more hardended part. When this is 
 observed, speedy relief must be afforded to the animal 
 or its life will be in danger. 
 
 Cure. — The animal must be removed into a better 
 situation, the same as recommended in the cure of 
 wood-evd: and the draught No. 3, page 97, should be 
 given, and repeated, if necessary. 
 
 The following restorative drink will be found very 
 serviceable in this, as well as in many other disorders, 
 after the purgative drinks have sufficiently operated, 
 and the animal becomes reduced by diseases and med- 
 icine. 
 
 RECIPE No. 15. — Gentian, 1 ounce; nitre, half an ounce; salt 
 X)f steel, half an ounce ; anisseed, carraway, ginger, 1 ounce each ; 
 molasses, half a pint. Powder each ingredient, and give them in a 
 quart of warm gruel. 
 
 FLATULENT CHOLIC, OR GRIPES. 
 
 This, though not a common complaint, is one that 
 gives the animal much pain, but is easily relieved by 
 prompt assistance. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal seems in great pain, often 
 lying down, and getting up again: she turns round her 
 liead to her hind parts, and endeavors to strike her 
 belly with her horns, or hind leg ; her appetite fails, 
 and is indeed lost, being in too much pain to be able to 
 eat any thing. 
 
 Cure. — Give the opening drench, recipe No. 5; a 
 moderate quantity of whey may be given; and, if ne- 
 cessary, a clyster of half a pound of salt diluted in 4 
 quarts of water. 
 I 
 
^ 104 
 
 STOPPAGE OF WATER. RETENTION OF 
 UllIJNE, OR STRANGUARY. 
 
 The stomach and bowels being loaded, and thereby 
 swollen with air, the animal suffVrs intense pain. 
 
 Symptoms. — Bt'injr a part ot' ti;e conipiaiut termed 
 Hoveu or Uiown, see lliose diseases. \Ve m ly add, 
 that the animal laboring under this addiiional disorder, 
 often sirides as if endvavoiing to void its urine — i)nt 
 witiioul more effect than a ftw drops, and those with 
 considerable pain. 
 
 Cure.—Thti following opening drench may be ad- 
 ministered: 
 
 RECIPE No. 16. — Bai'badoes aloes, 4 drachms ; powdered 
 ginger, 1 drachm ; table or common salt, 4 ounces ; water, 1 quart. 
 Two ounces of anodyne carminative tincture, or half an ounce tinc- 
 ture of opium maybe added to the first dose. A recipe for the car- 
 minative is given in a preceding page. Or. when the above cannot 
 be had, take common salt, 6 ounces; a large spoonful of powdei'ed 
 mustai'd ; a quart of water ; a little ginger, and a gill of gin. 
 
 A clyster, similar to that prescribed lor fl:i{ulent chol- 
 ic, is mdijjpensil)Ie. There is no d.ffjculty with a cow, 
 in passing t!ie fore finger into the bladder, and leltmg 
 the urine flow off. 
 
 ATROPHY, OR CONSUMPTION. 
 
 This is an incurable disease unles:5 taken early, and 
 the animal kept in a good sheltered pasture, ksorne 
 stock are tender, and of weakly conslituiions from 
 their birth; and therefore if placed in more exposed 
 and much colder situations tlian they were bred in, 
 will be more liable to consumption, having leas vital 
 energy. 
 
 Symptoms. — Tis disease is first discovered by the 
 aniujal having a hoose, or cough, and poking out of 
 the neck ; if it be now exammtd between the jaws, 
 the glands there are swollen, which, pressing upon the 
 head of the wind-pipe, cause the beast to poke out its 
 neck for breath. If the disease be not checked, or if 
 it does not yield to medicine, the lungs become afiect- 
 ed, producmg a wheezing and ddficnily of breathing 
 on the least exertion. When the lungs are once at- 
 tacked, no remedy can be applied. 
 
 Cwre, — As soon as the symptoms of this disease ap- 
 pear, the animal must be taken from the field, partic- 
 
105 
 
 ularly at night, anct kept in a sheltered place; it should 
 then be bh^d gently, and have adaiinisteied the purg- 
 incr drink, recipe No. 3. If not successful in this 
 treatment, set a seaton in the dewlap, and keep its bow- 
 els gently open, and give it but httie solid food, and 
 that of the best and easiest digested. The following 
 drink may assist in the cuie : 
 
 RECIPE No. 17. — Nitre, 2 ounces; salt of steel; 1 oz; glau- 
 ber salts, 4 ounces ; ^injer and anissceds, powdered, each one oz.; 
 molasses, 1 pint. Mix in a quart of boiling' water. Give it blood- 
 warm, and repeat the same every third day. 
 
 DISEASES CAUSED BY OVER-FEEDING. 
 
 In the diseases we are about to describe, the pre- 
 disposiii<i cause is not always af)parent ; on the con- 
 trary, they generally have their origin, developement 
 and lerminiiiioD in sudden causes, as tuo freely indulg. 
 ing in rich nutricious food, or over-eating after a pre- 
 vious comparative abstmence. Neat cattle are most 
 subject to these disorders in spring or autumn j the 
 fresh spriiigintij grasses, and especially clover, tempt 
 them to feed more greedily than usual ; and, their di- 
 gestive ficuhies enfeebled by their winter feed, or oth- 
 er cause, uje incapalle of the extra exertion required 
 of them. In such cases the system becomes oppress- 
 ed, and its action paralized ; the effects are not al- 
 ways the same, but vary accordnig to the nature of the 
 disorder. Of these, the most common is, Hoven, 
 Blown, or Bla.-^ted. There is in that part of the ru- 
 men which joins the second stomach, a kind of valve, 
 which during the masiicalion of the food, prevents the 
 escape of air. Iti this coaiplaint, the animal's stom- 
 ach being filled by an unusual quantity of food, be- 
 cotnes distended beyond its capacity ; the tood then 
 ferments, air is evolved, llie who e body becomes 
 swollen, rumination is completely put a stop to, and a 
 considerable pain is produced. 
 
 ^ymptojjis. — The beast swells, and a difficulty of 
 breathmg is produced, with much apparent uneasi- 
 ness : if relief be not quickly afforded, the symptoms 
 increase, the animal becomes unable to stand, and 
 generally dies from suffocation. 
 
 Remedy. — The best cure is the probang, a flexible 
 instrument for this purpose, and often sold by saddler* 
 
106 
 
 a»d farriers. This being passed into the stomach, the 
 ^ confined air rushes out, and the animal is for the time 
 relieved. When shis useful instrument is not at hand 
 a very good substiiute may be made with three small 
 canes, each about six feet long. Bind them together 
 with small twine, firmly securing at one end, a ball of 
 wood, about a pigeon's egg in size. To introduce 
 this into the stomach, the animal's nose should be held 
 out in as straight a line as possible with the throat , 
 let an assistant hold it very firmly in this posture, and 
 at the same time let him grasp the partition of the 
 nostrils with the fingeis and thumb of his right hand; 
 the operator can then easily force the ball into the 
 stomach, and let out the confined air. 
 
 Some farriers afford relief by plunging a sharp knife 
 into the distenied rumeu, on the left side, between the 
 last rib and the hip bone. As soon as the knife is 
 withdrawn, the air rushes out, and relief is afforded ; 
 the wound is then closed by a plaster of Burgundy 
 pitch or Peleg White's sticking salve. This is a bad 
 practice : a second attack becomes more difilcuU to 
 cure, as the wound adhetes to the side; and every 
 repetition increases the danger. 
 
 The draught according to reciepe No. 3, may be 
 given with good effect; or the cordial driuk No. 13 or 
 14, may be administered ; the beasl should then be 
 turned into a bare pasture, where it must work well 
 for a belly full, and a cure will soon be complete. — 
 The following is an excellenfcordial drink to renovate 
 the digestive system : 
 
 RECIPE No. 18. — Mix ale, one pint; ginger, powdered, a 
 Bpoon-ful. 
 
 CHOKING. 
 
 Neat cattle are very subject to being blasted or 
 hoven, from eating too greedily of artificial grasses, or 
 succulent roots — in the latter case, also, they are very 
 liable to have a piece of turnip or potatoe slick in the 
 throat. When this happens, which may easily be 
 known by the animars efforts to swallow the obstruct- 
 ing piece, it should be forced into the stomach — this 
 may be done by a moderate sized rope, about seven 
 feet long; by which means also any air coofiDed in 
 the lumeo will escape. 
 
107 
 
 The principal cause of this, which is rather bq acci- 
 dent, than a disease, is a disposition in the animal to 
 eat greedily and voraciously, where tempting food 
 offers. The cure may be completed by giving the 
 recipe No. IS, and a bare pfisiure for a while, to re- 
 novate both the appetite and digestive faculties. 
 FOG SICKNESS. 
 
 At the latter end of summer, and in autumn, when 
 the rainy season sets in, the grass generally becomes 
 abundant; and shortly after, the mornings are fiosty. 
 At this season, the digestive faculties, as well as the 
 whole system, are weakened from the effects of the 
 summer heat, the appetite becomes morbid and irreg- 
 ular, and some cattle will then eat voraciously. They 
 then lie down to ruminate, probably when the grass is 
 covered with hoar frost; and this together with the 
 cold and damp of the atmosphere, so depress the 
 strength of the stomachs, as to put a stop to the 
 digestive process. The body then swells, the animal 
 is evidently in great pain, appears stupid, and breathes 
 with difficulty. Such are the cause and symptoms, 
 which so far differ from Hoven. 
 
 Cure, — The thing to be done, is to bleed freely, the 
 habit being at this season generally redundent. The 
 Probang, as used for Hoven and Blown Cattle, should 
 be then employed, and the drench No. 3, may be giv- 
 en ; when this has operated, the cordial drink No. 13 
 or 14, should be administered, and the cure may be 
 considered as effected. Or the following drench may 
 be substituted in this case, if more handy than the 
 other: 
 
 RECIPE No. 19. — Common salt, 10 ounces; mustard, powder- 
 ed, two table spoonsful, or a teaspoonful of ginger ; water, 1 quar^ 
 gin, half pint. Mix, for one dose. 
 
 MEADOW SICKNESS. 
 When cattle are turned into rich meadow pasture 
 some of them are sometimes found suddenly very ill, 
 and appear as if they wanted to vomit. Mr. Bromege, 
 on finding six of his cows ill as above, soon after they 
 had been turned into a rich meadow, he immediately 
 drove them into a bare pasture, in which were a num- 
 ber of mole casts. The sick cows, led by instinct, went 
 in 
 
108 
 
 immediately to the laole heaps, and eat of the earth 
 very greedily. He did not interrupt them, but await- 
 ed the effect ; and in a short time, lie had the pleasure 
 to see them ail recover. He observed also, that the 
 other cows did not attempt to touch the mole heaps. 
 
 Tlii:* circumstance being communicated to Mr. 
 White, that gentleman was led to an inquiry, the re- 
 sult of which proved that when animals gorge them- 
 selves, an acid forms, which passing into the fourth 
 stomach, causes considerable irritation and pain. This 
 acidity is corrected by chalk, or carbonate o{ lime. 
 Under these convictions, Mr. White was induced in 
 cases of this kind, as well as when cattle were Hoven, 
 to prescribe either of the following: 
 
 RECIPE No. 20. — Common salt, 4 ounces; carbonate of soda, 
 1 ounce ; powdered aloes, half an ounce ; powdered ginger, 2 
 drachms ; water, 1 quart ; anod3'ne carminative tincture, 2 or 3 
 ounces, (recipe for the tincture is given in a preceding page.) 
 
 Mix, for 1 draught. Or 
 
 No. 21. — Common salt, 6 ounces; carbonate of soda, 1 ounce 
 and a half; powdei'cd mustard, 1 ounce and a half; ale, 1 pint ; 
 water, 1 pint. Mix, for 1 draught. 
 
 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST OVER-FEEDING. 
 
 When cattle ar,e first turned into rich pasture, let 
 them remain not more than an hour at a time, partic- 
 ularly if clover, and then drive them into a bare pas- 
 ture ; by which means they will be gradually inured to 
 the change, and all diseases arising therefrom prevent- 
 ed. 
 
 Generally speaking, a bare pasture is the only rem- 
 edy required to renovate the digestive system, when 
 impaired by previous excess. And to keep it good, 
 let them fVed well, and but liitle at a time. And 
 whenever the brain is oppressed by repletion of blood, 
 which is indicated by heaviness or evincing a disposi- 
 tion to sleep, bleed freely, or more sparingly, accord- 
 ing to the emergency. 
 
 DISEASES FROM A REPLETION OF BLOOD. 
 This class of Diseases comprehends the inflamma- 
 tory, and other similar attacks, which are consequent 
 upon the whole habit being oppressed by a superabun- 
 dance of blood. Bleeding, and that promptly and free- 
 ly, even to faintness, is the general and only cure. — 
 
100 
 
 Olhef remedies may be useful, and even essential to 
 renovate the system ; but it is upon copious bleeding 
 that tile life of the animal generally depends, 
 
 RED AND BLACK WATER. 
 
 These two complaints are but different stages of the 
 same disease; the one proceedinj^ from indigestion, 
 and the other resulting from a neglect to remove the 
 early symptoms, and terminating in inflammation of the 
 kidneys. 
 
 The pre-disposing cause may be laid to the account 
 of bad hay or other indifferent food, upon which the 
 animal has been kept, perhr^ps, during winter, and 
 which contained more fibre than nourishment. 
 
 These fibrous particles accumulate in the third sto- 
 mach, and thereby depress and weaken the digestive 
 system : sometimes they form into cakes of matted 
 fibre, and altogether prevent the action of the third 
 stomach. While in this state, the animal feeds greedi- 
 ly, particularly on grass lands, and drinks freelyj hence 
 it is that blood is quickly formed ; and the action of 
 the stomach being impeded, the kidneys are oppress- 
 ed by an unusual suffusion of blood; the consequence 
 is, that blood passes off with the urine, sometimes so 
 copiously, that the animal bleeds to death. In a cow 
 the milk is soon reduced in quantity, and as the dis- 
 order advances, becomes discolored ; the beast is fre- 
 quently so weak, as to be unable to rise when down. 
 
 Symptoms. — They have been very generally de- 
 scribed in the above statemerrt ; in addition, we may 
 observe, that the excrement is sometimes discharged 
 with considerable force, but a small stream, watery, 
 and mixed with hard nobs, forced from the matter ac- 
 cumulated in the fourth stomach ; sometimes they 
 stop up the passage of the fundament ; and then the 
 finger must be introduced to remove the clots, or a 
 clyster thrown up. 
 
 Cure. — A saline laxative medicine is most proper in 
 this disease, to open the bowels ; recipe No. 5, or ei- 
 ther of the following, will answer the same purpose: 
 
 RECIPE No. 22. — Aloes, 6 drachms ; glauber's salts, 6 ounces; 
 calomel, 1 ounce and a half; carraways, powdered, 1 ounce; water 
 1 pint. Mix, and give it milk warm. Or, 
 
 Ko. 33. — Epeom salts, C or 8 ounces; water, on» pint; Mittor 
 
110 
 
 •r otire oil, 6 or 8 ounces. Ten ounces common salt may b* «ib« 
 Btituted for the salts, when more handy. 
 
 Where the medicine given does not operate freely^ 
 assist it by drenching the animal with whey. Take 
 two quarts of blood, or more, according to the state 
 of the animal's habit. 
 
 When you succeed in removing the hardened ex» 
 crement Irom the third stomach, and in putting a stop 
 to the discharge of blood with the urine, aitention 
 should be paid to the animal's diet, as the digestive 
 system is in a very weakened state. Nothing is bet- 
 ter adapted for this purpose than a field where the 
 grass is short and sweet, and where it must exercise 
 itself to obtain a proper quantity of food. 
 
 The disease being of an inflammatory nature, bleed- 
 ing is indispensable; take about two quaits of blood, 
 and if necessrry repeat it the next day. 
 
 Mr. White pursued this practice successfully, and 
 never lost one through rod water afterwards. If it 
 be accompanied with looseness, or symptoms of pain, 
 as a straining or holding out of the tail, give in pre- 
 feience the recipe No. 5, and afterwards administer 
 the cordial drink, recipe No. 13. 
 
 The following ball being of a more astringent na- 
 ture, may be administered vvith good effects, after the 
 costiveness has been subdued. 
 
 RECIPE No. 24. — Venice turpentine, 4 ounces; nitre in pow- 
 der, bay-berries powdered, Armenian bole powdered, two ouncei 
 each ; alum, powdered, 4 ounces. 
 
 Make it into one ball. Slice it into a quart of hot gruel, give it 
 milk warm. Let it be repeated every other night. 
 
 DOWNFALL, UDDER ILL, SORE UDDERS, 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER. 
 
 From the intimate connection between the fourth 
 stomach and the udder, the reader will be at no loss 
 to understand that when that is out of order, the ud- 
 der, and consequently the quality and quantity of the 
 milk, must be materially affected. These or rather 
 this complaint, for they are all one, or different stages 
 of the same disease, of which the pre-disposing cause 
 is bad feeling, and the exciting or immediate cause, a 
 cold, or inflammation of the udder, is essential to be 
 taken in time, and of the utmost consequence to ow«- 
 
ill 
 
 er^ of young cattle, who are very liable to its attack ^ 
 especially at the time of calving. 
 
 Symptoms. — One or more quarters of the udder be- 
 comes swollen, hardened, hotter than common, and 
 painful when pressed ; the milk is reduced in quantity, 
 and changed to a ragged, bloody, or corrupt appear- 
 ance. At other times, the secretion of milk is stopped, 
 and the tumefied quarter proceeds to a state of suppu- 
 ration- It not unfrequently happens that the hinder 
 extremeties, at the same time become swollen and in- 
 flamed, especially about the hip joint, hock, and fet- 
 lock ; which often disables the animal from rising 
 when down. Sometimes the symptoms of this disease 
 assume a different appearance, and the udder is 
 scarcely or not at all affected ; but the disease appears 
 confined to the joints ; vvhich is known by their being 
 swollen and inflamed, and attacking such cows as are 
 liable to the downfall in the udder. 
 
 Cure. — As soon as the disease is discovered, re- 
 move the animal from the pasture, and take from her 
 three or four quarts of blood ; especially if the cow 
 be in good condition, and breathes quickly, and ap- 
 pears stupid ; do this at night, and the next morning 
 give her the drink as per recipe No. 5, or No. 3. If 
 it be damp and cold, keep her under shelter, and feed 
 her moderately with nourishing food ; but if the 
 weather be fine, turn her into a bare pasture, where 
 she will be obliged to exeit herself for her food. The 
 swollen udder, or rather that part of it which is affec- 
 ted, [for only one quarter is usually aflected at the 
 same time,] should have the bad milk drawn from it 
 three or four times a day ; for if suffered to remain 
 in it, it will irrhate and increase the inflammation. — 
 Bathe it also after milking with olive oil, or elder 
 ointment ; and if the swelling continue, and be not 
 very tender, the following embrocation will be of 
 great service : 
 
 RECIPE No. 25. — Olive oil, 3 ounces ; oil of turpentiue, 1 oz. ; 
 , and camphor, 2 drachms. Mix. 
 
 Or, No. 26. — Soft soap, 4 ounces ; spring water, 1 pint ; rectified 
 spirits of wine, and do. turpentine, 2 ounces each. Dissolve the 
 Boap in spring- water boiling hot ; and when cold, add the spirit of 
 wine and turpentine. 
 
 Let this mixture be well rubbed on the part affected 
 
i]2 
 
 night and morning, after the milk has been drawn off; 
 and if the udder be very bad, repeat the milking in 
 the middle of the day, and bathe the parts affected 
 with cold water. 
 
 When the purging draughts have operated, give 
 the following occasionally, which will not only help 
 to eradicate the disease, but is excellent as a preven- 
 tive of its recurrence : 
 
 No. 27. — Nitre, 2 ounces ; powdered aloes, half an ounce; salt 
 of tartar, 1 ounce ; yellow resin, powdered, 4 ounces ; juniper ber- 
 ries, powdered, and ginger do. 2 ounces ; molasses, a gill. Mix, 
 and give it wann. 
 
 BLAIN, OR FEVER, WITH SWELLING. 
 
 Called also by the name of hawkes, or gargyse, is 
 a disease which, ahhough not unfrequent, in general 
 is not discovered until it has made some progress ; it 
 then appears with a ssvelling of some part, and in 
 some lew instances, extends over the whole surface 
 of the body, accompanied with feverish symj)toms. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal appears dull and languid ; 
 the eyes red and inflamed, with tears trickling from 
 them ; swelling in some part of the body, as about 
 the nose, lip, and under the chops, extending to the 
 brisket, or even under the belly till the udder is affect- 
 ed. Sometimes the swelling begins about the eyes, 
 and appears on other parts of the body; there are of- 
 ten blisters under the tongue, and back part of the 
 mouth ; the pulse is quicker than natural ; there is 
 more or less beating of the flanks, and the bowels are 
 somotim'.js bound. As the complaint ad^/ances, a co- 
 pious flow of saliva proceeds from the mouth ; the 
 beast gets weak, and reduced ; a C(:nsiderable quan- 
 tity of watery matter congregates in the tumefied part; 
 which must be discharged by puncturing wiih a 
 knife. 
 
 Care. — Ulecding is chiefly to be depended on in 
 the cure of this disease ; on its first appearance, three 
 or four quarts of blood, according \o the size and 
 strength of the beast, s-hould be takt-n away, and re- 
 pealed if necessary. After bleeding, administer the 
 following cooling purging drink : 
 
 RECirE No. 28.— Salts, 12 ounces; nitre, 1 ounce ; ginger an^ 
 jinnisseed, powdered, half an ounce each. Pour oa tijree piat* o* 
 Vwiiljpj water, oai give it warm^ 
 
lis 
 
 PUERPERAL, OR MILK FEVER, AiND IN- 
 FLAMMATION OF THE WOMB. 
 
 This disease is most peculiar to cows in liigh con- 
 dition at the tim^' of calving, or is hrought on hy force 
 improperly used in delivery. It is mo<tnpt to ha;ipen 
 in the hot months of summer ; and the cows most pre- 
 dispo«:ed to it, hrwe generally inrge udders very full 
 of milk several days hefore calving, which are ofien 
 much inflamed and swelled. It is a dangerous divS- 
 ease, when severe, and often proves fatal. 
 
 Symptoms. — The first appearances of milk fever 
 are generally perceived about the second or third day 
 after calving ; the animal refrains from her food, 
 looks dull and heavy, and walks as if she hid caught 
 cold ; a cold, shivering fit comes on, accompanied 
 with debility, so weakening, that the beast commonly 
 drops, and is often unable to rise, until lelief is affor- 
 ded. She Lecomes very restless, and appears to feel 
 in great pain in th^ body, as she often looks towards 
 her flanks, and kicks with her feet. As the disease 
 proceeds, t!ie head becomes affected, she loses her 
 senses, and will knock and bruise her head, and the 
 pulse is now quick, and the tongue pnrching dry. — 
 Unless the disease is subdued, fatal consequences will 
 soon follow. 
 
 Remedy. — Tf the feverish symptoms run high, and 
 are attended with much pain, bleed copiously, and re- 
 peat it if necessary ; but if the fever be but slight, 
 the animal should be bled but once, and that only in 
 propoition to her strength. Let the following? drink 
 be given as soon as possible, and repeated every 20 
 hours : 
 
 RECIPE No. 29. — Powdered alum, 4 ounces; nitre, 1 ounce; 
 grains of Paradise and anisseeds, fresh powdci'ed, 1 ounce each ; 
 solid opium, cut small, half a drachm ; molasses, half a pint. Pour 
 on a quart of boiling water, cover it tight, and give it when nearly 
 cool. 
 
 If the bowels be not readily moved by the purgative 
 drink, inject the following clyster : 
 
 RECIPE No. 30. — Gruel, thin, 3 quarts ; com.mon salt, 8 ounces; 
 spirits of turpentine, half a pint ; molasses, 4 ounces ; mix, and in- 
 flect it warm. 
 
 When the bowels are opened, and the animal in 
 
114 
 
 low and unable to rise, give the following cordial 
 drink, and repeat it if necessary : 
 
 RECIPE No. 31. — Powdered grains of Paradise, half an ounce ; 
 ginger, powdered, half an ounce ; anisseed, powdered, carraway 
 do. and mustard do. 2 ounces of each ; salt of tartar, and oil of tur- 
 pentine, half an ounce of each ; molasses, half a pint ; and a glass 
 of brandy. Mix, and give it in a quart of warm gruel. 
 
 The patient requires care and good nursing; the 
 stall to be well littered, and it is fiequeutly necessary 
 to cover them with a blanket, or some warm covering 
 when they are cold and sl-iivering. The udder should 
 be rubbed two or three times a day, for about half an 
 hour each time, with soft soap, or pipe-clay, and cold 
 spring water, which will assist in subduing the in- 
 flammation. The paps should also be drawn occa- 
 sionally, to encourage the flow of her milk ; and if 
 the mifk appear, it is a good sign. As they are fre- 
 quently unable to take nourishment sufficient to sup- 
 port themselves, it will be essential to assist them. — 
 For this purpose give the followhig 
 
 GRUEL. — 'Make a stiff gruel, of an equal quantity of linseed 
 powdered, and oatmeal, boiled in water ; sweeten it with molasses 
 or sugar, a little salt, and give from 2 to 4 quarts tluxe or four- 
 times a day, warm. 
 
 Prevention. — The best way to prevent this disease 
 is to take four or five quarts of blood from the be-^st, 
 about eight or ten days before her time of calving ; 
 let this be done at night, and keep her in a fold yard 
 till morning. The purging drink No. 29, should be 
 given before the animal is put to grass ; and this 
 treatment, together with proper food, and none hut 
 pure ivater will cool the body, and obviate the tenden- 
 cy to inflammation in the udder. 
 
 MURRAIN, OR COMMON FEVER, 
 Murrain is a near approach to common fever, at- 
 tended with local inflammation. 
 
 Symptoms, — A shivering, and trembling of the 
 limbs ; want of appetite ; cough or hoosing, some- 
 times accompanied with tears ; the mouth affected 
 with blisters, or white spots ; in a milch cow, the se- 
 cretion of milk is diminished. In a few days, the in- 
 flammation extends to the lungs ; the pulse quick ; 
 about sixty to a minute ; the muzzle dry ; the head, 
 horns, and breath hot ; the body and limbs cold. As 
 
xxa 
 
 the disease proceeds, these symptoms aggravate, and 
 without prompt and proper care, terminate fatally. 
 
 Cure. — House the animal by itself, and bleed it co- 
 piously ; in general, three bleedings are requisite, one 
 each day. Set a seton in the dewlap, and keep it 
 running some time. Give thra purging drink No. 29, 
 and repeat it occasionally. Keep the beast clean, by 
 rubbing, and by being well littered, and give it scald- 
 ed bran, or bruised malt, with a little ground corn. — 
 On the turn of the disorder, if the animal be low and 
 debilitated, the restorative drink No. 15, will be very 
 useful. 
 
 Ajter trealmenty or eradication of the disease. — On 
 the recovery of the animal, the cow house, or place 
 in which it was sheltered, should be made comfortable 
 and very clean, but properly ventilated; all the litter 
 must be burned ; and if the disease was malignant, it 
 will be necessary to fumigate the house and every 
 thing in it, with the following mixture : 
 
 Fumigating Mixture. — Common salt, 2 pounds ; oil of vitriol, 1 
 pound. Place the salt into an earthen vessel, in the middle of the 
 cow-house, and pour the acid gradually on it, stir it well about with 
 a long stick, and immediately leave the place, and close the door. 
 
 This should be done at least twice. 
 
 CATARRH, FELLON, COLD, EPIDEMIC. FE- 
 VER, INFLUENZA, OR DISTEMPER. 
 
 All these are the name of one distemper, and that a 
 cold, which prevails most in spring, when wet and cold 
 weather prevails. It is also caused by sudden changes 
 from heat to cold ; drinking freely of cold water, when 
 over heated. Sometimes it comes on without any per- 
 ceptible cause, and prevails in so great and so malig- 
 nant a degree, as to appear contagious. 
 
 Symptoms. — The beast appears dull and heavy, with 
 weeping ayes ; the nose is dry; the coat looks staring, 
 the hair seeming to stand the wrong way on the animal's 
 back ; loss of appetite ; and if a milch cow, her milk 
 is much lessened in quality, or she is said to trick of her 
 milk. If the hand be pressed upon the chine, or any 
 part of the back, the animal mostly gives way; it is 
 then called the chine fellon — at other times, the joints 
 are raor© particularly affected, it \» then termed the joint 
 
118 
 
 fellon. When the cold is more violent, feverish symp- 
 toms appear ; the breathing becomes more rapid and 
 difficult ; the flanks work much, the animal hooses, the 
 pulse is quick, the nose and mouth dry, the breath hot ; 
 the beast becomes restless ; mooves i'rom one place to 
 another in evident distress ; and the bowels become 
 costive. Inflammation of the lungs or bowels may 
 now be said to be produced. 
 
 Cure, — Where the feverish or inflammatory symp- 
 toms have not yet appeared, a worm cordial drink, as 
 the following, will, by acting as a stimulant to the stom- 
 ach, assist the defective digestive energy, and (in the 
 cow,) increase the secretion of milk; it also restores 
 the obstructed perspiration, and enables nature to re- 
 sume her former course : 
 
 RECIPE No. 34.— CORDIAL DRINK.— Fresh powdered 
 sweet fennel seeds, and cummin seeds, two ounces each; powdered 
 long pepper, turmeric, ginger, and elecampane one ounce each ; 
 molasses or sugar, two ounces. Pour on a quart of boiling hot ale 
 or gruel, and cover down tight. Give it when nearly cool. Or, 
 
 RECIPE No. 13 — Powdered grains of Paradise, do., aniseed, 
 do. carraway seeds, and do. Fenugreek, 2 ounces each. Mix in 
 two pints of warm water, and add two spunful of treacle, or coarse 
 sugar. 
 
 Those drinks will effect a cure, occasionally repeat- 
 ed, if no feverish symptoms ensue ; but if they do, a 
 free bleeding must be applied to, and repeated, if ne- 
 cessary; and the treatment should be the same as for 
 inflammation generally. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 It is a serious disorder, and takes place in various 
 degrees, each varying in its symptoms, but all bearing 
 sufficient resemblance to each other to determine the 
 complaint. 
 
 Symptoms. — Heaviness, dullness, and loss of appe- 
 tite , the lungs are affected ; the breathing disturbed ; 
 and sometimes accompanied by a hoose, or cough; the 
 milk of the cow is affected, both in quality and quan- 
 tity ; and the animal is in great and evident pain. 
 
 Cure. — Bleeding is the first remedy in this as in all 
 other inflammations, which must be done copiously, es- 
 pecially when it has been accustomed to good pasture ; 
 and then i saline opening drench may be given : 
 
117 
 
 RECIPE No. 35. — Epsom «alt§, ten ounces ; carbonate of soda, 
 12 drachms; water, one quart; castor oil, six ounces. Mix, 
 
 When it has arisen from feeding on bad hay, the fol- 
 lowing is decidedly the best drink: 
 
 RECIPE No. 36. — Barbadoes aloes, 6 drachms; powdered 
 ginger, one and a half drachms; water, one quart; Epsom salts, 
 two ounces ; carbonate of soda, six drachms ; tincture of opium, 
 eix do. 
 
 Whey, or thin bran meshes, are perhaps the best food, 
 while the beast is under cure ; drinking freely of water, 
 slightly warmed, will assist in blearing the stomach, and 
 a clyster thrown up will be an advantage ; light, good 
 food, perfectly easy of digestion, must be at first care- 
 fully observed, and when the stomach is cleared, the 
 animal may be kept better ; but this must be done cau- 
 tiously, as it will take some little time to restore the di- 
 gestive system to its wonted energy. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 
 
 The immediate or exciting cause ofaccute inflamma- 
 lion m the kidneys, are blows on the loins, strains, or 
 violent exertions, as by one animal riding another 
 while in heat, as well as by a superabundant determina- 
 tion of blood to the region of the kidneys ; and nearly 
 resembles, in this respect, red water. 
 
 Symptoms. — A frequent desire to void urine, and 
 which is done with difficulty, in small quantities.— 
 And instead of being transparent, and nearly limped, it 
 is bloody, or dark colored. 
 
 Cure. — Bleeding freely, is the first remedy, and then 
 the saline opening drench, as per recipe ISo. 16, may 
 be administered. If the urine continues bloody, or of 
 a red color, after the pain and difficulty have gone off, 
 give the astringent drink. No. 6. The slate of the 
 bowels, however, must be attended to, and costiveness 
 avoided, or removed when it takes place. Good, light, 
 nourishing food is also essential to perfecting a cure. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 
 
 This disease is the second or inflammatory state of 
 the complaint called blasted or hoven, and requires 
 prompt and efficient relief, or it will prove fatal. 
 
 Symptoms. — The animal first appears uneasy, and 
 looses its appetite; the body swells, mostly on the left 
 
118 
 
 side ; as the pain increases, a greater re9tlessne«a 
 comes on ; the beast now often lies down, but soon 
 rising again, strives to strike its belly with its hind feet 
 or horns ; if relief be not soon afforded, the bowels be- 
 come so greatly distended by confined air from the un- 
 digested Ibod, that they sometimes burst ; or the in- 
 flammation increasing, the breathing becomes more dis- 
 turbed, the pulse quicker, and the pain more violent ; 
 mortification ensues, and death is then inevitable. 
 
 Cure. — Bleed ; if the animal be in good condition, 
 and the horns hot, do it freely, even till it faints ; then 
 give the drench as per recipe No. 5. 
 
 The following clyster may be added ; and if the an- 
 imal be turned into a field bare of pasture to exsrcisa 
 itself, the cure may be considered as effected : 
 
 No 37. — Common salt, 8 ounces, and warm water, four quarts. 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. 
 
 When the liver becomes inflamed, the biliary secre* 
 lions are diminished, and less bile flowing into the in- 
 testines, noi only causes costiveness, but the bile being 
 taken up in the circulating mass of blood, produces a 
 yellowness of the eyes and other parts of the body; 
 differing from the yellows, in being accompanied with 
 costiveness and feverish symptoms. 
 
 Cause. — Fat beasts, in good condition, are most sub- 
 ject to this disease, particularly in the summer ; being 
 worried and driven about by boys or dogs in very hot 
 weather ; drinking cold water while heated ; exposed 
 to cold and heat, the one suddenly succeeding the 
 other. 
 
 Symptoms. — Cold shiverings, alternating with in- 
 creased heat of the body ; breathing short, indicated 
 by the working of Uie flanks ; pulse quick ; the white 
 of the eyes, mouth and other parts, of a yellow cast ; 
 the bowels costive; and the appetite lost. 
 
 Cure. — It would be of little consequence whether 
 this disease be mistaken for inflammation of the lung!*, 
 or severe catarrh, which is often the case, from its pe- 
 culiar characterestics, the yellow tinge of the eyes not 
 always appearing at the commencement of the com- 
 plaint, as the bleeding and purging adopted for the cure 
 of those disorders are equally effective in this ; indeed, 
 the same curative process may invariably be pursued in 
 this case as is there described. 
 
119 
 
 QUARTER ILL, BLACK LEG, BLACK QUAHTER, SHOOT 
 OF BLOOD, &c. 
 
 The disease known under the above names, is con- 
 sidered contagious, and is most peculiar to young cat- 
 tle, from one to two years old, and is a very dangerous 
 and destructive disorder. 
 
 Cause. — It is almost always caused by putting or re- 
 moving young stock from poor low grounds into rich 
 pasture : tempted by the luxuriance oF the new change, 
 they eat to satiety, a superabundance of blood is the 
 consequence ; and, although the kidneys and other vital 
 parts resist for a while the influx, the heart and lungs 
 are at la-t suffocated. 
 
 Symptoms. — The approach of this disorder is ob- 
 served, by the animal separating itself from its com- 
 panions, appearing listiess, heavy, and rejecting its 
 ibod ; it ofien, however, comes on so suddenly, that 
 the owner finds the animal dead before he suspects 
 any thing amiss. The immediate symptoms of this 
 disease, are : — a lame walk, as if sprained, with a 
 swel'ing of the hindquarters, and sometimes of the 
 shoulders and fore parts. These swellings, when 
 pressed, make a crackling noise, occasioned by the 
 air therein being acted upon by a putrid state of the 
 blood. The moulh, and under the tongue, are some- 
 times affected with blisters, from the severity of the 
 fever, and the pulse is quicker than natural. 
 
 Cure. — The moment you see a young animal at- 
 tacked, house it by itself, and bleed it till it faints, — 
 Two hours after, give the following drink : 
 
 RECIPE No. 38. — Ep^om salts, 6 ounces, and boiling- water 1 
 quart. Give it warm. Common salt will answer, if the salts aro 
 jiot to be had. 
 
 It rarely happens, that a cure is effected in this dis- 
 ease where the swelling has taken place ; as however 
 such is sometimes the case, it is well worth the trial, 
 even in the most desperate case. The tumefied or 
 swelled parts should have an incision made the whole 
 length of the sivelling, and nitre put into the opening, 
 with pledgeis of tow soaked in hot spirits of turpen- 
 tine, to encourage the formation of matter, and check 
 the progress of the gangrene. These dressings must 
 be renewed every dav. 
 
 i2 
 
120 
 
 PfiBVENTioisf. — We have said this dreadful disease 
 may be altogether prevented, and perhaps it is more 
 desirable to be informed how, than to know how to 
 cure it. Young cattle that thrive best, are most sub- 
 ject to this complaint, and should be most watched. — 
 As soon as any one of the herd is attacked, remove 
 it and put it by itself while under the curative process; 
 in the evening bring them all into the fold yard, take 
 about two quarts of blood from each, give them the 
 drink No. 38, and next morning, turn them out in a 
 bare pasture. By this means young animals may be 
 preserved from this ravaging complaint. 
 
 STRAINS AND BRUISES. 
 
 Where strains and bruises are considerable, bleed- 
 ing is essential ; afterwards apply a fomentation of 
 very warm water, and an emolient ointment. In sit- 
 uation that will admit of it, an emolient poultice is to 
 be preferred. When the inflammation has subsided, 
 the following embrocation may be applied, which is 
 equally good for wounds : 
 
 RECIPE No. 39. — Embrocation. — Sweet oil, 2 ounces; oil of 
 turpentine 1 ounce ; and liquid ammonia, 1 ounce. 
 
 No. 40. — Digestive Ointment. — Hog's lard, 4 ounces ; tur- 
 pentine, 4 ounces ; powdered verdigris, 1 ounce- Melt the two 
 first ingredients over the lire, and while stirring it add the verdi- 
 gris ; continue to stir it after taking from the lire till the ouitmect 
 is cold. 
 
 FOUL IN THE FOOT, LOE, or LOW. 
 
 It proceeds either from the fulness of habit of body, 
 or redundancy of blood in the system ; from being on 
 wet grounds, or from hard driving. Neat cattle are 
 very liable to this complaint ; but cows of a gross ha- 
 bit of body suffer most from it. 
 
 Symptoms. — It makes its appearance betwixt the 
 claws or hoofs in the form of a hard crack, attended 
 sometimes with inflammation ; in a short time, this 
 discharges a foetid and offensive matter, similar to that 
 of the grease in horses heels. At other times it makes 
 its appearance with swelling on the coronet, between 
 the hair and the hoof, and about the fetlock joint, at- 
 tended with violent pain and inflammation ; the swell- 
 i«g sometimes extending all up the le^ and the paia 
 
I'ii 
 
 »o considerable as to reduce the beast of its flosh tffl 
 it becomes a mere skeleton. 
 
 Curs, — Bleed copiously, or until the animal faints ; 
 if sufficient blood can be taken from the toe, by open- 
 ing the artery going to that |)art, it will quickly and 
 readily afford relief. If the disease first makes itf 
 appearance between the claws, wash the part clean 
 from all dirt and fillhiness ; when dry, rub a tar rope 
 to and fro between the claws of the hoof, till an evi- 
 dent glow of warmth is produced; then dress the part 
 with a wooden skewer dipped in butter of antimony, 
 oil of viiriol, or nitrous acid. Let them stand dry one 
 hour after, and then turn them on a dry pasture. — 
 Do this for two or three days together ; but if th« 
 parts about the t'ellock joint swell, and appear inflam- 
 ed, appiy a large pouiiice of linseed meal, bean 
 meal, or rye- flour, and continue to do so until the in- 
 flammation and sv/elling bo reduced. The cure of 
 this disease will be considerably accelerated, if the 
 following saline purgative be administered ; 
 
 RECIPE No. 41. — Glauber salts, 10 ounces; ginger powdered, 
 two ounces ; molasses, lour ounces. Pour on three pints of boiling 
 sv&ter, and give it wann. 
 
 The following is an excellent ointment with which 
 the wound in the foot may be dressed ; 
 
 RECIPE No. 40. — Hog's lard, 2 ounces; common turpentine, 
 four ounces; blue vitriol, very finely jjowdered, half an ounce. Mix 
 the lard and turpentine together by melting, and when removed 
 from the fire, stir in the %'itritol, and continue stirring till cold, stud 
 use it. 
 
 THE MANGE. 
 
 It is seated in the skin, and proceeds, generally, 
 from scanty or improper food during the winter ; it 
 makes its appearance early ia the spring. The itch- 
 ing occasioned by this disease causes the animal to 
 rub itself against the trees, or gates, until the hair be 
 rubbed off, and the skin thickened, and drawn into 
 folds about the shoulders, neck, or cheek. The skin 
 or hide, appears fast on all parts of the body. 
 
 Cure. — The parts affected must be well rubbed with 
 the following ointment, every third day, for three 
 times, and forced in by holding a 'hot iron near it. In- 
 veterate caaes will require it to be rubbed in with a 
 bard brusk : 
 
122 
 
 RECIPE No 43. — Hog's lard, H ounces; spirit of turpentine, 2 
 •tmcc's ; flower of sulphur, 4 ounces ; sulphur vivum, 2 ounces. 
 
 The following drink will by promoting the suspen- 
 ded secretions, very much accelerate the cure : 
 
 RECTPE Nc. 44. — Carraway seeds, aud aniseed, powdered, two 
 ounces each ; grains of paradise, and nitre, powdered, 1 oimce each 
 flower of sulphur, two ounces; crude antimony, powdered half an 
 ounce ; molasses, half a pint. Mix in a qnart of strong ale or 
 gruel. 
 
 If the disease be of an inveterate nature, this dose 
 must be repeated. 
 
 WARBLES, W0R:\IS, &c. 
 
 Are small tumors, which, in the spring of the year 
 and in summer, appear in various parts of the body 
 of neat cattle. They are occasioned by the bite of a 
 gadfly, which punctures a small hole in the back of 
 horned catile, and deposites its eggs. These, being 
 speedily hatched by the heat of the animal's body, a 
 small tumour arises, containing a grub, or maggot, 
 which inflames the part, and thereby causes matter to 
 form. In process of time, this abscess bursts, and 
 discharges the maggot, wiiich now soon becomes a 
 fly ; that, in due time, deposites its eggs on the skin 
 of the animal, like its parent. 
 
 Cure. — The usual way of curing the warbles, is to 
 pull off the scab that covers the tumor : and pour a 
 few drops of black od, made according to the follow- 
 ing directions, into the wound : or where this is not 
 in readiness, a little spirits of turpentine may be ap- 
 plied : 
 
 RECIPE No. 45. — ^Yellow Lasllicon ointment, 4 ounces ; spirU3 
 of turpentine, 1 ounce ; oil of vitriol, half a drachm. Mix the two 
 first, and stir in the vitriol, little at a time. 
 
 CANCEROUS ULCERS. 
 
 Symptoms. — These ulcers make their first appear- 
 ance in a hard tumor, seated in some glandulous parts 
 of the body. Some of these are moveable ; others, 
 fixed ; some are inflamed, and quickly break out, and 
 discharge a thin acrid mattor ; others discharge a thin 
 yellow matter, and the wounds are apt to fill up with 
 fungus, or proua flesh, 
 
 Jlemedi/. — The curative process depends much os 
 
I'M 
 
 th6 part of the glands n'here the ulcer is seated. — 
 There are some parts which will admit of a total ex- 
 tirpation ; which may be done with a suitable knife, or 
 if preferred by actual cautery. When the wound i« 
 thoroughly cleansed from all extraneous matter, let it 
 be touched all over with lunar caustic, or sprinkled 
 with red precipitate ; and afterwards dress it with tha 
 following 
 
 RECIPE No. 46. — Egyptiacum, 2 ounces ; compound tincturd 
 of myrrh, and spirits of turpentine, 1 ounce eaclii sublimate, finely 
 powdered, 1 drachm ; spirit of salt, four drachms. Mix. 
 
 Dress the wound with small pledgets of lint or tovr 
 dipped in the above mixture, once a day ; and if any 
 superfluous flesh appear, keep it down with caubtic ;• 
 or before dressing, sprinkle the wound all over with 
 blue vitriol. 
 
 When the wound has been well cleansed, and th© 
 acrid discharge has stopped, make a fresh ointment, 
 composed of Tour ounces of yellow basilican ointment-, 
 «,nd one ounce of spirits of turpentine. Keep it in a 
 pot for use. With a wooden spatula mix one ounce 
 of this well with two ounces of the above ointment No. 
 46, and dress the v/ound with it once or twice a day 
 till healed. 
 
 A purgative medicine occasionally administered, 
 will hasten the cure. 
 
 BLACK TONGUE. 
 
 The same remedy given in page 91, of this book, 
 for horses, may be used witii equal success for neat 
 cattle. Indeed, there are also several other recipes 
 and remedies given for the horse, that are equally val- 
 uable for the cure of neat cattle. The reader, upon 
 examination, will perceive the exact similarity of the 
 causes and symptoms of the complaints of those ani- 
 mals, in many cases, which require a similar remedy. 
 SORE TEATS. 
 Some cows are very subject to sore teats, particu- 
 larly such as have newly calved ; if this be the case, 
 in summer, they olten become ulcerated. Take the 
 root of bittersweet, and simmer it in some lard or but- 
 ter, and anoint the teats or parts aflected, and it will 
 be a certain cure. It is also good for ladies' aor» 
 breast*. The following linament is very useful : 
 
124 
 
 RECIPE No. 47. — Ointment of elder, and yellow bastlicRn oint- 
 ment, 4 ounces each; and spirits of turpentine, 1 ounce. Mix well 
 together. 
 
 With this ointment you may rub the teats well eve- 
 ry night and morning, after milking. If in the sum- 
 mer, and the flies are troublesome, add one ounce of 
 nssafcEtida, or aloes in powders, and dissolve it along 
 with the ointment. 
 
 If the teats be tender only, and not sore, a little 
 gentle rubbing with weak salt and water will in gene- 
 eral, be sufficient. 
 
 LICE IN CATTLE, 
 Are troublesone, and in their effects cause the ani- 
 mal to be poor in flesh and appearance. One or two 
 washings with the following lotion, applied with a 
 sponge, at an interval of five or six days, will gener- 
 ally remove these troublesome visitors. 
 
 RECIPE No. 48* — Stavesacre, 4 ounces; tobacco, cut small, 1 
 otince ; urine, 2 quarts. Boil it till reduced one-third, and it is fie 
 to use when cold. 
 
 If this do not effectually succeed, dust on the ani- 
 mal some Scotch snuff*, and when a cure is effected, 
 give it a good rubbing with a whip of straw. 
 
 THE HOVEN 
 
 in Cattle, [says the Albany Cultivator, edited by Jesse 
 Buel, Esq. J is caused by their eating too abundantly 
 of green succulent food, as clover, turnips, &c., and 
 under bad management, often proves fatal. A pint 
 of weak lye has been found to give relief. TheNor- 
 folk practice, according to Marshall, is to give a beast 
 salt and water ; and, if this fails, a horn of salt and 
 grease, warm. 
 
 The annals of Agriculture directs, as a specific 
 cure, even in ihe most desperate cases, the following 
 dose : — Three quarters of a pint of olive oil, and one 
 pint of melted butter or hog's lard, to be administered 
 by means of a horn or bottle. As a preventive, cattle 
 should not be turned into rank clover while the dew is 
 upon it, nor suffered to continue more than an hour or 
 two in it al a time, when uncropped. For further in- 
 formation, the reader is referred to a preceding page, 
 under the head of ** Hoveq or Blowot" 
 
125 
 
 SALT, A PRESERVATIVE OF HEALTH. 
 
 Its effects upon the animal system are alike benefi- 
 cial in man and beast. We prefer it in our daily food. 
 It would be equally grateful and beneficial if admin- 
 istered daily to our cattle. If at all times accessible 
 they will never take it to excess ; at least (says a prac- 
 tical farmer,) I have never known them to do so in 
 twelve years' experience ; for during that period I 
 have had troughs with salt in them constantly under 
 my sheds, to which the stock have had daily access ; 
 and no disease, not even the black tongue, has shown 
 itself among them. General Barnum stales, that salt, 
 with an occasional admixture of saltpetre, is not only 
 a preventive, but a cure where it has commenced its 
 attack. 
 
 ULCERS. 
 
 They rise on the surface of the animaPs body, of a 
 flolrid or n^ddish color, small in size, and pointed at the 
 top ; the discharge white and thick. Mild and simple 
 ointment, made of oil or lard and bees-wax. will be best 
 in moderate cases. The following is also recommen- 
 ded ; one pound goose grease, two pounds hog's lard, 
 three ounces red lead, one pound pulverized alum. — 
 Melt the grease, stir in the lead and alum, and keep 
 stirring till cold. A purgative of sulphur and nitre 
 should be given. 
 
 If the ulcers assume an inflamed state, and the sur- 
 face is covered with a brown transparent matter, the 
 following fomentation will prove useful ; Cammomile 
 flower, half a pound ; a handful of wormwood ; bay and 
 juniper berries, four ounces each ; beer or ale grounds, 
 emptins or yeast, six quarts ; vinegar, one quart. Tho 
 whole to be boiled for a quarter of an hour. 
 HORN DISTEMPER. 
 
 This causes the pith of the horn to be gradually 
 consumed. It is most commonly confined to one horn 
 only, but sometimes appears in both. It is discover- 
 ed by the sluggishness of the animal, loss of appetite 
 a coldness of the horn, and a disposition to lie down. 
 
 To cure the disorder, the horn should be bored v/ith 
 a nail gimblet in such a manner as to eflect a dis- 
 charge of the matter which has become purulent. — 
 Th« hoUow part should be eleangtsd by virtegftr, in 
 
126 
 
 which a portion of salt has been dissolved, to be injec- 
 ted by a syringe. Dr. Deano reccommends the injec- 
 tion of a mixture of rum and honey, with myrrh and 
 aloes. Stimulating medicine, such as ginger, spices, 
 &c., have been given, but these are injurious until 
 the bowels have been evacuated. Laxatives however 
 such as sulphur, salts, &c., prove serviceable; and 
 after the bowels are evacuated, and the horn cleansed, 
 good keeping will be necessary to effect a cure. 
 
 TAIL SICKNESS. 
 This is a distemper attended with weakness andslug- 
 "ishness to which horned cattle are liable in the spring. 
 The end of the tail becomes hollow, and relaxed, but 
 not, as some have asserted, destitute of feeling. A cure 
 is easily effected by the amputation of a small piece of 
 the tail, which will be attended with a discharge of some 
 blood. But when the tail is but little affected, and near 
 to the end, a slit of an inch and a half, in the end of the 
 tail, is preferable to amputation. 
 
 USEFUL INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 How TO TELL THE AGE OF Cattle. — Their age 
 may easily be known by their teeth ; like sheep, they 
 have no fore teeth in the upper jaw ; it is the lower, there- 
 fore, by which this must be determined ; the horns also 
 afford some guide in this respect. 
 
 The eio^ht fore teeth of the lower jaw are shed, and re- 
 placed by others which continue throughout life : the two 
 middle four teeth fall out at about two years old, and are 
 gradually succeded by two new ones, not so white. At 
 three years old, they have two more exchanged, next to 
 those of the previous year ; and thus, by two more suc- 
 ceeding years, all the fore teeth are renewed ; they are 
 then teniied full-mouthed ; and are five years old. At 
 the sixth year, the row is even, the last two being full up* 
 Besides these they have ten grinders in each jaw. The 
 teeth of cattle, also, begin to become loose at about 8 
 years old, and continue to get more so as they advance in 
 a<Te till they finally drop out, one after another,, which is 
 assure guide to judge the age after eight years old. 
 
 At the age of three years the horns are smooth and 
 •ven ; in the course of the fourth year a wrinkle or cir- 
 cle forma round the basis of the horn, near the head ; 
 
127 
 
 this is every year succeeded by another, which always 
 seems to move the other forward. At looking, there- 
 fore, at the horns, if the first circle be considered as 
 three years, it will be an easy task to tell the age at any 
 subsequent period. An implicit reliance can be placed 
 in either of the above methods of judging the age, un- 
 less the vender be an unprincipled knave, and to de- 
 ceive the buyer, files down some of the teeth and alsro 
 the wrinckles from the horns — in which case, the coun- 
 tenance and general appearance, and the looseness of 
 the teeth after eight years, will be the only guides. 
 
 BREEDING. — Heifers should not on any account 
 be put to the bull before they have passed the second 
 year ; indeed, if three years be allowed, the much bet- 
 ter condition of the calves and the health and strength of 
 the cow for years to come, will amply repay the one 
 year's delay. Cows may be expected to produce a calf 
 every year, but if an occasional year be allowed to pass 
 without breeding, it will improve their condition. The 
 general rule, is not to put them again to bull before thee 
 cease to give milk ; and then at the moment they arn 
 most in heat, as they conceive more readily. Whee 
 not with calf, they are generally in heat every threy 
 weeks. They are known to be in heat by the following 
 signs : — they are continually lowing, and mounting each 
 other, or upon the bull : they are restless and often run- 
 ning about ; there is also an elevation of the tail, a 
 swelling of the genital parts, &;c. After they have taken 
 the bull, they should be taken away, and not brought to 
 him again, unless they are again in the heat. 
 
 The cow goes nine months with calf j some give 
 milk during the whole time ; it is, however, advisable, 
 as a general rule, to cease to milk them at 7 months, 
 unless the udder should be swelled, and then merely 
 for relief to the animal than any service to which the 
 milk can be applied ; as'it is now of little value, and 
 necessary to the nourishment of the foetal calf. 
 
 Cows that are with calf, should be kept in fields 
 where the ground is nearly level, and where there are 
 no large ditches ; as abortion is often a consequence 
 of the leaping over ditches, or slipping on very hilly 
 or steep ground. 
 
 Pregnant cows, and especially such as are near 
 K 
 
128' 
 
 calving, ought to be fed with better and more substan- 
 tial food than usual. Grain of any kind is now useful, 
 bat it must be bruised or crushed ; barley and oats are 
 the best kinds. Some good soft fragrant hay of the 
 second crop, or skimmings, should be reserved for this 
 purpose. 
 
 When pregnant cows are kept together in the same 
 pasture, they should be protected from being frightened 
 by dogs or raced about and worried ; and prevented 
 quarreling or hurting themseives, as they are more 
 liable to abortion than any other domestic animals. 
 
 x\bove all, give them sufficient gentle exercise, treat 
 them kindly and soothingly, and feed Ibem with food 
 that is easy of digestion, and which contains a good 
 deal of nutriment in a small bulkj giving it them a 
 little at a time, and that little often. The approach of 
 calving is known by the cow bellowitig, the enlarge- 
 ment of the udder, the restlessness of the animal,«and 
 the falling of the flank and croup. The cow should 
 then be constantly watched, that she may have assist- 
 ance if necessary, at the lime of calving. 
 
 When the calf is presented with the head and fore 
 feet first, and its back towards the cow's back, it ii 
 termed a natural position ; all others are unnatural and 
 require assistance. When the waters are broke, and 
 the head is, but neither or only one of the fore feet 
 presented, lay hold of the calf's head, and wait till 
 the throes are off, then gently push it back, and rectify 
 the feet and assist them to come with ihe head, but 
 use no force to draw out the calf. 
 
 When the calf is properly cleaned by the animal's 
 licking it, or a clean linen cloth, let the naval siring 
 be tied with a waxed thread several times round, about 
 two inches from the body 5 secure it with a double 
 knot, and with a pair of scissors, clip it ofi* a little be- 
 low the tied part. 
 
 Let it suck the first milk — this will cleanse the bow- 
 els, and prevent costiveness. 
 
 Let it suck three months ; let its food be easy of 
 digestion, and give it plenty of skimmed milk. Keep 
 it very clean, and let it have gentle exercise. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 HOW TO KNOW A GOOD HORSE. 
 
 
 Directions to persons going to buy a horse 
 
 Page 4 
 
 How to know a horse's age, perfections, &c. 
 
 6 to 14 
 
 DISEASES, FEVER, &c. 
 
 14 
 
 A Cold or Catarrh, 
 
 23 
 
 Costiveness, 
 
 16 
 
 Chronic Cough, 
 
 26 
 
 Disease of the Bladder, 
 
 35 
 
 Diabete or Excessive staling, 
 
 ib 
 
 How to know the state of health by the pulse, 
 
 36 
 
 Inflammation of the Lungs, 
 
 21 
 
 " " Stomach and Intestines. 
 
 2C 
 
 f' " Kidneys, 
 
 34 
 
 Low Fever, 
 
 17 
 
 Liver Complaint, 
 
 32 
 
 Molten grease, symptoms and remedy. 
 
 29 
 
 The Cough, 
 
 24 
 
 The Cholic, Gripes or Frets, 
 
 30 
 
 The Jaundice or Yellows, 
 
 33 
 
 Where to feel the pulse, 
 
 37 
 
 EXTERNAL DISORDERS. 
 
 
 Anticor, 
 
 58 
 
 Critical Abscess, 
 
 38 
 
 Curb, 
 
 69 
 
 Disorders of the Foot and Leg, 
 
 67 
 
 Diseases of the Foot, 
 
 74 
 
 Fistula in the Withers, 
 
 44 
 
 Farcy, 
 
 55 
 
 Frush or Thrush, 
 
 75 
 
 Founder, general treatise on, 
 
 81 
 
 Glanders, 
 
 53 
 
 Grease, 
 
 60 
 
 Hide Bound, 
 
 65 
 
 Lampers, or Lampas, 
 
 49 
 
 Poll Evil, 
 
 40 
 
 Quittor, 
 
 46 
 
CONTENTS Continued. 
 
 Ring Bone, I'age 67 
 
 Saddle GalLs, or Warbles — Sitfasts, 4-'> 
 Strangles and Strangles of the Gullet, 50 to 52 
 
 Surfeit — Mange, 63 
 
 Spavin, 68 
 
 Splent, 69 
 
 Sand Crack, 76 
 
 Strains of the coffin joint, 78 
 
 " " Shoulder, 79 
 
 '^ Back, 80 
 
 •• *' Sinews and Ligitures, 71 
 
 I'he Mange, # 64 
 
 Thoroughpin. 67 
 
 The Com, , 77 
 
 Kives, 47 
 
 Wind GalLs, ' 67 
 
 RECEIPES USED WITH SUCCESS IN VARIOUS i'ARTS 
 OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 DISEASES PECULIAR TO NEAT CATTLE. 
 
 Atrophy, or Consumption, ^ 104 
 
 Blain, or Fevers with swelling, 112 
 
 Black Tongue, 123 
 
 Breeding, 127 
 
 Chronic Indigestion, 98 
 
 Clue Bound, or Fardel Bound and Pantas, 103 
 
 Choking, 106 
 
 Catarrh, Fellon, Cold, Epidemic, &:c., 115 
 
 Cancerous Ulcers, 112 
 
 Dysentery, Slimy Flux, or Scouring Rot, 100 
 
 Diseases caused by over feeding, 105 
 
 " from a repletion of blood, 108 
 
 Downfiill, Udder 111, sore Udders, &c., 110 
 
 Dian'hoea, or looseness, 99 
 
 Poll Evil, 40 
 
 Quittor, 46 
 
 Ring Bone, 67 
 
 Saddle Galls, or Warbles, Sitfasts, 45 
 Strangles and Strangles of the Gullet, 50 to 52 
 
 Surfeit, — Majige, 63 
 
 Spavin, 68 
 
CONTENTS CoNTiNVED. 
 
 Splent, ' Page 69 
 
 Sand Crack, 76 
 
 Strains of the Coffin-joint, 78 
 
 do do Shoulder, 79 
 
 do do Back, 80 
 
 do do Back-Sinevr and Ligaments, 71 
 
 The Mange, 64 
 
 Thoroughpin, 67 
 
 The Corn, 77 
 
 Vives, 47 
 Puerperals, or Milk Fever, and Inflammation of the womb, 113 
 Quarter-Ill, Bleick leg, Black quarter, Shoot of blood, &c., 119 
 
 Red and Black Water, 109 
 
 Staggers, Vertigo, Lethargy, Swimming of head, &c., 100 
 
 Stoppage of water. Retention of Urine, &jc., 104 
 
 Sore Teats, 123 
 
 Salt, a presen-ative of health, 125 
 
 Strains and Bruises, 120 
 
 The Mange, 121 
 
 The Hoven, 124 
 
 Tail Sickness, 126 
 
 Ulcers, 125 
 
 Warbles, Worms, &c., 122 
 
 Yellow j, or Jaundice, 97 
 
 k2 ^^^ 
 
#*^ 
 
THIS Vegetable prepara- 
 tion is a sure remedy for most 
 cases of pain in the stomach, 
 bowels, breast, back, or pain 
 in the head ; those pains com- 
 mon in cases of dysentery, 
 cholic pains, cholera morbus, 
 rheumatic, toothache, stitch, 
 or debility of the back or side, 
 palpitation, cold chills, bruises, 
 sprains, recent burns, quinsy, 
 or swollen throat, common or 
 violent colds, bites or stings of 
 insects, wounds, &c. 
 
 Directions. — In all cases, 
 from half a tea-spoonful to a 
 tea-spoonful or two may be ta- 
 ken in twice the quantity of 
 water, and as near the seat of 
 pain as convenient should be 
 bathed at the same time. After 
 bathing tha head, apply the 
 hand to the nose while moist- 
 ened with the drops and inhale 
 the vapor. For toothache, hold 
 some of the drops in the moutli 
 after taking and bathing, as a- 
 bove directed. For palpita- 
 tion a dose should be taken every morning. 
 
 Prepared and for sale, wholesale and retail, by J. M. CLARK, 
 No. 20, Clay street, Rochester. Price 50 cents. 
 
 N. B. — The above will soon be for sale through this and other 
 States, in all the cities and villages. 
 
 Mr. John M. Clark — Dear Sir : Having used in my family for 
 six years past the " Egyptian Balm," I take much pleasure in re- 
 commending it as an invaluable medicine for coughs and colds, and 
 as an external application in cases of sprains, bums, bruises, cuts, 
 &c. I consider it a medicine which every family ought at all 
 times to have in the medicine box, for an immediate outward ap- 
 plication. In almost all cases there is nothing better. 
 
 Yours respectfully, STEPHEN COOK- 
 
 Rochester, 15th July, 1841. 
 
CLARK'S BLUE FLUID. 
 
 A superior article to any now in use; wan-anted not to fade, or 
 settle, or injure, by standing open, — will be sold at Rochester as 
 low as can be bought in New York. Orders will be filled to country 
 Merchants and others, at all times. Address 
 
 J. M. CLARK, No. 20, Clay street, 
 
 Rochester. 
 
 JOHN M. CLARK, 
 
 General Travelling Agent for the following 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Resurrection, or Persian Pills ; Jew David's, or Hebrew Plaster ; 
 Magnetic Remedies ; Nursing Soi-e Mouth and Canker Remedies ; 
 also, numerous other popular articles of Medicines, put up in New 
 York, which he will furnish to Dniggists and others, as he travels 
 through this and other States : also will fill orders at Rochester, to 
 any one wishing, where there is no general agent appointed. Ad- 
 dress JOHN M. CLARK, No. 20, Clay street, 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Clark's Erasive Soap. 
 
 A. newly invented article for extracting oil, grease, paint, tar, &c. 
 from carpets, coat collars, silks, calicoes, and clothes of every des- 
 cription. It is warranted in all cases, to extract every particle of 
 grease, oil, paint, &c. ; if not, the money will be refunded by the 
 letailer, and be allowed by the wholesaler. The above is also war- 
 i-anted not to injure the finest texture of any garment ; this article 
 is now extensively used in the eastern States, where Bullard's Oil 
 of Soap, and many other articles for the same pui-pose have been in 
 high reputation, are, since this article has been offered to the public, 
 fast sinking into oblivion. The Erasive Soap far excels any thing 
 ever offered in this country for cleaning soiled garments, or paints 
 about your houses. The above will soon be extensively circulated 
 throughout the United States. .. 
 
 Manufactured and sold, wholesale and retail, by J. M. CLARK, 
 No. 20, Clay street, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
jJHW ©A^niE)' 
 
 OK 
 
 HEBREW PLASTER. 
 
 The peculiarities of this Chemical Compound, are owing to ite 
 exti-aordinary effects, upon the animal fibre or nerves, ligaments and 
 muscles, its virtues being earned by them to the immediate seat of 
 disease, or of pain and weakness. 
 
 However good any internal remedy may be, this, as an external 
 ?ipplication, will prove a powerful auxiliary, in removing the dis- 
 ease and facilitating the cure, in cases of Local Inflammation, Scrof- 
 ulous affections, King's Evil, Gout, Inflammatory and Chronic Rheu- 
 matism, and in all ca^es where seated pain or weakness exist. 
 
 A gentleman travelling in the south of Europe and Palestine, in 
 1830, heard so much said in the latter place, m praise of 
 
 JEW DAVID'S, or HEBREW PLASTER, 
 
 and of the (as he considered) miraculous cures it had performed, 
 that he was induced to try it on his own person, for a Limg and 
 Liver affection, the removal of which had been the chief object of 
 his journey, but which luid resisted the genial influence of that balmy 
 and delicious climate. He soon found his health improving ; and 
 in a few v/^eeks his cough left him, the sallowness of his skin disap- 
 peared, the pain was removed, and his health became permanently 
 reinstated. Since that time, he has been recommending it to his 
 friends and acquaintances, for all fixed pains whatever, such as 
 rheumatism, gout, hcad-aclie, nervous tooth-ache, pains in the side, 
 hip, back, and limbs, scrofulous humors, knots, wens, white swell- 
 ing, hard tumors, stiff joints, ague cakes, ague in the breast, weak- 
 ness cind jiain in the stomach, vreak limbs, lameness, aflcctions of 
 the spine, female weaknesses, &c. No female subject to pain or 
 weakness in the back or side, should be without it. 
 
 MARRIED LADIES 
 
 in delicate situations, find great relief from constantly wearing this 
 plaster. The application of this plaster between the shoulders, ha« 
 been found a certain remedy for colds, -coughs, phthisic, and lung 
 affections, in their primary stages. It destroys inflammation by 
 producing a copious perspiration. No physiciaai should be with- 
 out it. 
 
 Gents. — I have been for many years afflicted with a painful dis- 
 ease in the small of the back and left hip and limb. The flesh swel- 
 led in ridges on each side of the spinal column, and my limb was 
 considerably perished. The pain was so intense at times, that it 
 seemed to me that I could not endure it for an hour. The only po-, 
 
sitioii that I could place myself in so as to endure it, was by lying 
 on my back on a iiard surface. I advised with several physicians, 
 and tried all their prescriptions ; one of which was to blister, which 
 I followed up for weeks, but with little success. Plasters, lina- 
 ments, salves, and washes, were resorted to, but all proved ineffect- 
 ual. At last a gentleman sent me a box of Jew David's, or Hebrew 
 Plaster, which I kept standing in the house for several days, not 
 having faith in medicine being able to remove my complaint ; how- 
 ever, at last severe pain made me willing to try something. I put 
 on the Hebrew Plaster according to directions, and to my surjirise 
 it helped me, and a continuance of it has so far r-elieved me, that I 
 am able to do a pretty good day's work. I would advise all to 
 make a trial of it, that are afflicted with swellings or pain. 
 
 E. T. COGSWELL. 
 Scottsville, June 6, 1841. 
 
 For particulars, see bill that accompanies each box and directions. 
 Each box contains sufficient to spread 6 or 8 plasters. Price fifty 
 cents. Orders addressed to J. M. Clark, Rochester, will receive 
 attention. Wholesale and retail, at the office of E. CHASE & Co., 
 Arcade Hall, Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 For sale by agents in most of the villages and cities in the United 
 States. 
 
 Resurrection, or Persian Pills, 
 
 TO THE AFFLICTED. 
 
 This is to certify that I was attacked at the age of fifteen, with 
 what was called a scrofulous affection in my mouth and throat, al- 
 though it was called by physicians of the first standing, and others, 
 a kings evil, I called on many physicians for help ; one was Doct. 
 Thompson of Geddes, the well known Thompsonian ; there I doc- 
 tored three months and came very near dying. I have now in my 
 house pieces of jaw bone, from one to one and a half inches in 
 length, taken from my jaw at that time ; this I thought was suffer- 
 ing in a severe manner, I finally gave up being helped here, and 
 coming to the conclusion that it would be best to leave, I did so. — 
 I then called on the well known Dr. White of Chei'i-y Valley ; there 
 I doctored for a long time and received a partial benefit, but my 
 complaint soon came on again, as bad as ever. The disease kept 
 increasing until my pallet was entii'ely eat out, and my mouth and 
 the whole inside of my head so eat up that I could scarcely speak 
 so as to be understood by my most intimate acquaintances; I finally 
 despaired of ever being any better. I omitted purchasing property 
 which I should have bought if there had been the least probability 
 of my ever living to enjoy it. I kept trying every new medicine I 
 could hear of, amongst the rest Moffit's Pills and Bitters, this in^ 
 creased the irritation, I now came fully to the conclusion that I 
 must soon be consigned to the silent tomb, unless I could get help 
 immediately, one more effort was now to be made for the last time, 
 having tried almost every thing else, and a drowning man will catch 
 at straws ; the next astonishing medicine that presented itself to me 
 was the Resurrection Pills; well thinks I, this may be the kind yet,( 
 on further enquiry as to these pills, I found they had already estab- 
 lished to themselves a character far beyond my expectations, found 
 
there had been cures performed by the constant use of these pill?, 
 that was incretlable to be believed. I finally sent and purchased a 
 box of Messrs Castile & Andrews in Fabius village, and commen- 
 ced taking them the first of July last, at that time the whole of the 
 inside of my mouth and head was entirely raw, I have never missed 
 but one night since that time without taking the pills, my health 
 soon commenced improving and has continued to get better up to 
 this date. My mouth and head are nearly as sound as ever. I am 
 now thirty-one years old, and have been afiiicted beyond description 
 for sixteen years, and I thank God for the benefit I have received 
 from the constant use of the Resun-ection or Persian Pills, for they 
 have raised me when all other medicine had failed, there is no 
 guess work in this matter. I know the pills have cured me; if any 
 one wants to see me and hear a more full description of my suffer- 
 ings, they will please to call on me at my residence in the town of 
 Fabius, Onondaga Co., N. Y., on the road between truxton and Fo- 
 bius Villages. I publish this to the world, hoping it may fall into 
 the! hands of the afflicted. 
 
 Fabius, June 20th, 1840. IRA HODGSON. 
 
\ 
 

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