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 TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 
 
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 Webster Family Libran/ of Veterinary Medicine 
 
 CummingsS /lary Medicine at 
 
 1 U'ts University 
 
 200 Westboro Road 
 
 North Grafton, MA 01536 
 
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THE HORSE: 
 
 ITS TAMING, TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT; 
 WITH ANECDOTES, cKic, RELATING TO HORSES AND 
 HORSEMEN. 
 
 BY 
 
 SYDNEY GALVAYNE, 
 
 AUSTRALIAN HORSE TAMER AND TRAINER, AUTHOR OF " HORSE 
 DENTITION," WHICH HAS ALREADY REACHED THE THIRD EDITION. 
 
 ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL. 
 
 All Rights Strictly Reserved. 
 
 GLASGOW: 
 THOMAS MURRAY & SON, 68 Buchanan Street 
 
 1888. 
 
X2a.\/«rns 
 
 S 
 
 SX7 
 
 — / 
 
 1 HOMAS MTRRAV iV SOX. 
 
 I'RINTKRS, 
 
 68 HITCH ANAN STRI-.RT, CI.ASr.OW, 
 
^his Moxk 
 
 IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO THAT MOST HONOURABLE 
 AND LEADING PATRON OF THE TURF, 
 
 His Grace the DUKE OF WESTMINSTER. 
 
 August, 1888. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Tamin(;, Training, and Management of the Colt, - 9 
 
 The Basis and Principles ok the "Galvayne" SysteiM 
 
 FOR Taming and Training Horses, - - - - 13 
 
 Catching and Teaching a Colt to Lead, - - - 26 
 
 The ''Galvayne" System for Taming and Handling a 
 
 Colt preparatory to Mouthing him, - ■ - - 33 
 
 Bitting a Colt for the First Time, - - - - 3^ 
 
 Mouthing and Bending, or Suppleing the Colt's Neck, 
 
 bringing its Nose into Bit, 38 
 
 Driving, and Teaching it to Turn, Stop, and Back to 
 
 ITS Bit, - ------.-. 43 
 
 Educating a Colt to Noise, ------ 47 
 
 Manage a Vehicle, 50 
 
 A few necessary Hints to be remembered when 
 
 Handlinc; Colts, 54 
 
 Every-day Mismanagement of the Horse, - - 57 
 
 Hints on the Curing of Vices, - .... 60 
 
 Horses and their Bits and Bridles, - - ■ - 63 
 
 How TO Examine a Horse as to Soundness, - - - 68 
 
 Makes Iuiallnc: Thkik Symtioms anh Trf.aimeni; and 
 
 Early Mana(;ement of the Foal, - - - - 78 
 
Page. 
 
 Barrenness in Mares, 85 
 
 Mares not coming in Heat, 85 
 
 Management and P'eeding of Stallions kept entirely 
 
 for Service Purposes, 86 
 
 Diseases and their Prevention, 91 
 
 Hints on Feeding, Stable Management, etc., - - 93 
 
 "Galvayne" System for Casting either Horses or 
 
 Cattle, 99 
 
 Throwing a Coli, 100 
 
 The "Galvayne" Humane Twitches 
 
 103 
 
 Shoeing. - - - 109 
 
 Anecdotes, etc., relating to Horses and Horsemen, - 119 
 
 Feats of Horsemanship, 157 
 
 "Joe :" An Australian Narrative, 163 
 
 Wild Horse Hun']ing in New South Wales, - - 168 
 
 The Life of an Australian Shepherd, - - . . 179 
 
 American Trotters, - 182 
 
 Miscellaneous, Anecdotes, and Notes, - - - - 185 
 
 Testimonials, 193 
 
 List of Patrons, 204 
 
TO THE READER. 
 
 /^N my arrival in England I was prepared to 
 encounter a great deal of opposition, and have 
 been agreeably surprised to find more appreciation, 
 kind feeling, and hospitality than I, as a stranger, 
 could have hoped or expected. Horses are universally 
 a subject of interest, and there is a sort of good- 
 fellowship all over the world between the admirers of 
 that noble and useful animal; yet Great Britain, I had 
 always heard, was adverse to anything new (being 
 essentially an old country in every sense of the word), 
 and, therefore, I expected to meet with a certain 
 amount of prejudice and antagonism when I came to 
 teach an entirely new system of Horse Taming and 
 Training in the very centre of horse breeding. 
 English horses and English trainers and jockeys are 
 world-renowned, and with reason ; but we Colonials 
 in our enlarged sphere of action may pick up a few 
 notions useful even to those who have made horses 
 their one occupation or hobby all their lives. Under 
 the old system a colt went through an unalterable 
 curriculum of training, taking as a rule from eight to 
 ten weeks. With my method I have proved in 
 
TO THE READER. 
 
 hundreds of instances that it can be as thoroughly 
 and effectually done in as many days as it heretofore 
 took weeks, and this without any abuse. No ill- 
 treatment is resorted to, and there is no chance of 
 injury to the animal. I simply act on a correct 
 knowledge of those natural laws by which the horse 
 governs its own actions. Horses' temperaments vary 
 equally as much as those of human beings, and the 
 old mode of treatment, while being completely effective 
 with one kind, may be just as incomplete with another, 
 simply because to a certain extent, indeed I might say 
 to an unlimited extent, coercion is used instead of 
 kindness and firmness. I don't make my colts afraid 
 of me — I make them trust me — consequently I gain 
 their confidence and obedience at one and the same 
 time, and once broken in they are broken and tractable 
 for good and all. providing, of course, that the manager 
 is efficient. No more jibbing, buck-jumping, bolting, 
 or shying, but a good animal, a pleasure to ride or 
 drive, and equally as impervious to the noise of railway 
 trains as discordant brass bands, and all the result of 
 a system of kindness and a combination of " science 
 and humanity," instead of that of " ignorance and 
 barbarity." If you have a nervous colt to train, why 
 render it more nervous by whipping it past an object 
 that terrifies it? Why not rather educate it to know 
 that the thing it thinks so formidable is perfectly 
 harmless, and so with a little patience reassure the 
 
TO THE READER. 8 
 
 animal, and render it amenable to reins and bit, not 
 only for the time being, but for all the future? It is 
 on this foundation my system is based — viz., kindness 
 and firmness versus abuse and cruelty. My system has 
 been universally approved of by the thousands who 
 have witnessed it in Great Britain, including the Duke 
 of Westminster (whose letter I append at end of 
 book), Duke of Manchester, Lord Middleton, Duke of 
 Northumberland, Marquis Talon, Colonel Anstruther 
 Thomson (who has been for nearly half-a-century 
 Master of Hounds), Earl Percy, Lord Combermere, 
 Earl of Galloway, and a host of other noblemen and 
 gentlemen too numerous to mention, but whose good 
 opinion I strove to earn, and was thankful to obtain. 
 
 So I leave the reader to form his own ideas of its 
 merits or demerits, and shall also feel thankful to him 
 if he decides on the former opinion ; but as I am 
 eminently a practical and not a theoretical teacher, 
 in the latter position I may have to take a back seat. 
 I shall still have the satisfaction of knowing that I 
 have endeavoured to make my system more widely 
 known, not only for the benefit of the horse-owner, 
 but also for that of the horse himself 
 
 I am, dear Reader, 
 
 Your most obedient Servant, 
 
 SYDNEY GALVAYNE. 
 

 
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TAMING, TRAINING, AND MANAGEMENT 
 
 OF THE COLT. 
 
 N^ bringing this work before the pubhc, 
 I know perfectly well that it is an utter 
 impossibility to make a man a perfect 
 horseman, or to teach the art of hand- 
 ling horses in an efficient manner by 
 theory. At the time of writing this 
 book I have given two hundred classes in different 
 parts of England and Scotland, and always with 
 success, so far as the animals went; but I usualh' 
 found it more difficult to train a man perfecth^ in m}- 
 art than to take a vicious horse and tame and train it 
 to make it do my will. Any man, to be an efficient 
 horse trainer, must have first learned the art of keeping 
 his temper and governing himself, for a bad tempered 
 trainer will turn out a bad tempered and nervous colt ; 
 and a really vicious man will not take long to make a 
 really vicious horse. 
 
 It is not always the fault of any particular system 
 of training colts whereby we get bad and worthless 
 horses, it is more frequently the result of an injudicious 
 mode of practising it, and a wanton ignorance of the 
 
TO THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 nature of the animal about to be trained. It is an 
 acknowledged fact that in very many cases a handsome, 
 valuable colt (when unbroken), and one that has never 
 shown the least particle of vice, has been returned to 
 the owner's hands a vicious, scarred, worthless brute, that 
 has had to be sold at a great sacrifice. One gentleman 
 in Yorkshire told me he had lost £600 in two years by 
 " bad breakers " — I should call them good " breakers " 
 of ine?i — the more business they did the quicker their 
 patrons would be ruined. I also think that the term 
 " breaking " is a wrongly applied word, it should be 
 " taming and training." 
 
 To review all the different systems that have been 
 practised for generations past would be almost an 
 impossibility for any single individual, but I will 
 just touch upon a few of them. Every system 
 should have a practical basis, one that can be easily 
 explained. For every step in the process of training, a 
 man should be able to give his reason. I think that one 
 of the most serious mistakes made in the basis of the 
 old system has been that the trainer has endeavoured 
 to manage, govern, and train his colt from an 
 intelligent standpoint, or by giving to the animal the 
 power of reasoning. To my mind horses do not possess 
 reasoning faculties at all. If the horse had, he would 
 no longer be the servant of man; he would, in all 
 cases, be man's master (being so much his superior 
 physically), and he would also kick the heads off half the 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. II 
 
 people who undertake to work and manage him. 
 Then no man could drive him, as the reason of the 
 driver might be opposed to the reason of the horse, in 
 which case accidents in crowded thoroughfares would 
 constantly occur. The horse does not know its own 
 strength, until it in some manner or other becomes 
 man's master. Every reasoning being knows his or 
 her strength ; but let the horse once obtain the mastery 
 and it will rapidly become more tricky, and perhaps 
 quite worthless. 
 
 To one fault of the old system I have already 
 alluded — its basis. In my opinion, there is also a lot of 
 quite unnecessary paraphernalia, too much lungeing, 
 (and I question whether lungeing is at all requisite 
 to the perfect training of colts) ; and, finally, the great 
 length of time consumed in the entire operation, 
 thereby rendering the training of the young animal 
 such a serious item of expense against the breeder of 
 the ordinary class of horses, that frequently his profit 
 when selling him at four years old is next to nothing, 
 or at all events not worth the risk, even if the colt 
 turns out fairly well ; then if the colt turns out badly 
 the breaker has to be paid for spoiling him, and the 
 breeder for compensation has a worthless animal 
 thrown upon his hands. 
 
 Now to meet the wants in the old system, Mr. 
 Rarey came to Great Britain some 25 to 30 years 
 ago, to introduce his method of taming vicious horses 
 
12 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 and colts, and in reference to it I must say I think it had 
 a very wrong basis, wishing the temporary good result 
 to be of permanent benefit to the animal, although I 
 admit that in his day, perhaps, Mr. Rarey was the 
 best Jiorsetnan in the world ; but seeing the immense 
 support he had when in Great Britain, how very few 
 followers he has now, even among his old pupils, many 
 of whom I have come across in my travels. To 
 explain the method of "Rarying" a horse. A bridle was 
 first put on, then the near side leg was strapped up and 
 the horse was driven round the ring upon three legs, 
 until partially exhausted, then a surcingle was put upon 
 him with a ring attached to it at the belly part, another 
 strap was attached to the fetlock of the off fore leg, the 
 horse was then urged on, and immediately he moved 
 the leg was pulled from under him, thus bringing him 
 down upon his two knees. The horse would be 
 fighting and struggling to walk upon its hind legs, 
 and would, in its endeavour not to fall, perhaps come 
 right over backwards and kill itself on the spot. 
 When the animal, barring accidents^ was sufficiently 
 exhausted, and unable to rise from its two knees, the 
 " Raryfiers " would stand at its near side shoulder, and 
 with the offside rein gradually compel the animal to turn 
 over on its offside, lying on the ground, then all that's 
 to be done is to stand up on its body and proclaim to 
 the world " it is tamed ! " But let nature get resuscitated, 
 then look out ! Hitch it to a cart, but not your own. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 13 
 
 Ride it the following day without exhausting it again, 
 and see the result. No! I say that any system of 
 taming that is based upon exhaustion is not a good 
 one. The effects are only temporary not peruianent. 
 
 About other methods which are much rougher 
 and that require a vast expanse of country unob- 
 tainable in Great Britain in which to practise them, it 
 is not necessary for me to dwell, as it would be of 
 no benefit to the horsemen of this country, and very 
 little to others. I will, in the following chapters, give 
 my views and explain my system in as practical a 
 manner as possible, although teaching it theoretically. 
 
 THE BASIS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE 
 "GALVAYNE" SYSTEM FOR TAMING 
 AND TRAINING HORSES. 
 
 I take as the basis of my system what I consider 
 to be an accurate knowledge of the natural laws and 
 instinct, by which the horse governs its own actions, 
 then, by a simple and correct method of training its 
 senses^ I succeed in getting a perfect animated machine, 
 for as such I look upon all horses. But in the 
 case of animated machines you get them of different 
 temperaments, which temperaments when mismanaged 
 are rapidly developed into vice. The animated 
 
14 'i'HK HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 machine is totally unlike its twin brother, the artificially 
 constructed one, which has nodiffcrence of temperament, 
 and when once the mechanism and component parts are 
 understood and the motive powerregulated accordingto 
 present requirements, little or no judgment is needed 
 in its handling, everything being purely mechanical ; 
 but in the horse, the animated viac/ii/ie, we have one 
 with a natural motive power, which he may use either 
 to his owner's benefit or detriment. I do not believe 
 that vice in the horse is hereditary. I quite believe 
 that temperament, or disposition is, but certainly not 
 actual vice ; it is only when the colt is brought into 
 contact wTth man that either through ignoraiice, or 
 abuse, vice develops. Now to explain the natural 
 laws of the horse. It is gregarious in nature, hence in 
 riding young animals always ride them alone, as by 
 once getting a colt to ride always alongside another, 
 it is difficult to get it to go alone. It is natural in 
 a horse to follow an}- moving object, even one of 
 which it is afraid, but when that object comes near, 
 it immediately clears as fast as possible, and if that 
 object was suddenly brought behind, the animal 
 would kick and run away. I have frequently noticed 
 when riding in the Australian bush, two or three 
 of us together, when coming across a mob of wild 
 horses they would turn and follow us for miles, but let 
 one of us turn and ride towards tJieni and they 
 are off. We turn again and go on, they turn and 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 5 
 
 follow US. Now, take a colt that is afraid of a fixed 
 object, see how he will walk round and round it, 
 snorting from time to time, and gradually getting 
 nearer, until he puts his nose upon it. The 
 nose is the forehand of the horse, and it is by using it, 
 and by exercising the sense of touch or feeling, that 
 he makes himself acquainted with any thing that 
 he may have been frightened of at first. So you see 
 how injudicious and absurd it is to beat a horse 
 for being afraid of any particular object, because 
 by doing so you increase his fear of the same, as he 
 naturally connects the abuse he receives with the object 
 of which he is afraid. Some horses confirmed in 
 shying (although perhaps only through some defect in 
 their eyesight), that have been treated in this manner, 
 will even shy at every dark stain on a road, and after 
 doing so you will see them give a jump, and then cringe 
 expecting the whip. 
 
 It is natural for a horse to remove anything 
 that causes him annoyance. If a fly alights upon 
 his mane you will see him shake his head ; if on his 
 breast, knock it off with his mouth ; if on the fore-leg 
 strike the ground ; if on his quarters, switch his tail and 
 knock it off (if he can); and if anything touches 
 him behind he kicks to remove it. Thus kicking is one 
 of the natural laws of the horse, and I claim that the 
 process of teaching a horse not to kick under the old 
 system (if it ever does succeed) is never terminated. 
 
l6 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 that certain horses always did kick, and always will 
 kick. They will kick if the splinter bar should touch 
 them, when putting into or taking out of harness. 
 Some will actually kick if the pole should touch them 
 a little hard ; some will when the shafts first touch 
 them ; and some will without being touched at all, 
 at a noise for instance. Now, a horse that kicks at 
 all is certainly not a perfectly trained animal, nor 
 is he safe to ride behind. I knew of a horse that had 
 been in one family for over twenty years, and that 
 family a very kind one, and one day a bolt came out 
 of one of the shafts and it touched the horse on the 
 hock, and the animal at once commenced to kick, 
 and kicked till he smashed the trap to pieces and cleared 
 himself The owner of the beast told me he never 
 did it before. " No," I said, *' he did it behind that 
 time." He laughed, and said, " What made him 
 do it?" I said the shaft had never touched him 
 behind before, hence he didn't like it, and simply meant 
 to move it, obeying one of its natural laws. A colt 
 should be taught not to kick. 
 
 Now, regarding the horse's senses, they are five 
 in number, the same as our own, viz.: — seeing, hearing, 
 tasting, smelling, and feeling or touch ; the last 
 named is, as it were, the largest sense the hor.se 
 possesses, the other four, of which smelling is the weak- 
 ' est, being quite local. There is no connection between 
 the act of snorting and the exercise of the sense of 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 7 
 
 smell. Snorting is purely and simply an expression 
 of fear, either of a strange object, or it may even be at 
 a strange and sudden noise. You will see a horse 
 snort! snort!! snort!!! at an object, then quietly 
 walk up to it to touch it. The animal was only 
 speaking in its own natural language, which, if 
 better understood by the workers of horses, " 'twould 
 be better for man and beast." 
 
 Now, to get a perfectly trained animal we must have 
 each of these senses thoroughly educated. The sense 
 of sight to seeing and knowing ourselves to begin 
 with, so as to allow us to walk up beside it when in 
 its stall ; then to pass vehicles and steam, etc., without 
 showing fear or shying. The sense of hearing, 
 not to be afraid of noise; for instance, the rattle 
 of the carriage behind it; the noise of the railway 
 engine ; or any vehicle approaching from behind and 
 passing rapidly. Going from a Macadamized road 
 suddenly on to a block stone road will sometimes 
 cause a horse to jump and kick, being startled at the 
 noise. An animal perfectly trained must do all 
 things required of it well and safely. The senses 
 of smell and taste require no education, especially 
 the latter, as I suppose the horse is the cleanest 
 feeding animal in the world, and could teach 
 us, their masters, a lesson in cleanly diet if it 
 were possible for them to do so. The sense of 
 touch or feeling is the sense that requires the 
 
1 8 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 most education. To begin with, the head has to 
 be taught to take the halter first, the body to be 
 touched and groomed, then the back to take the 
 saddle, the shoulder the collar, and the quarters the 
 breeching. Now comes the question, which is the best 
 method for doing all this amount of teaching success- 
 fully, with safety to ourselves and the colt, and 
 in as little time as possible ? 
 
 I firmly believe that all animals possess the power 
 of instinct only. Instinct stops at the animal, and 
 intelligence begins in the man. Instinct, to my mind^ 
 is a negative power incapable of being educated; 
 whereas intelligence is the foundation of all knowledge, 
 and "Knowledge is Power." Place man in a position of 
 danger, equally with an animal where it is a matter of 
 life or death, and the difference between instinct 
 and intelligence will be fully shown, as in the 
 following incident which occurred not long ago, 
 off the Coast of Australia: — "A ship was wrecked 
 seven miles from land, and part of its cargo 
 consisted of horses and cattle. The night was 
 pitch dark, the coast line low, yet these animals, 
 directly they left the ship, struck out instinctively for 
 the shore, their noses only being above the water." 
 Now, man could not do this ; placed in the same 
 position, and given the power of swimming the 
 distance, is he not just as likely to swim the other 
 \\'ay, out to sea, and get drowned ? How is it, that it 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 9 
 
 is a common occurrence for colts that have perhaps 
 been trucked from Wodonga, a coast town of Victoria, 
 to Melbourne, a distance of i88}{ miles, to escape 
 from their stables after having been broken in to 
 saddle and harness, and make a straight line for 
 home, or wherever they were reared, although it may be 
 three or four hundred miles away? The pace they go on 
 the road is astonishing. It is only by chance that they 
 can be caught sometimes, and then only by having got 
 into a high fenced paddock, and being incapable of 
 getting out of it. In the event of any person losing a 
 colt out of the stable he just looks up the auctioneer's 
 receipt, and probably ascertains the name and address of 
 the breeder, he then writes him, and a few days after- 
 wards will get a reply that the colt is at home all right ; 
 shall he keep him until the next mob is coming to 
 Melbourne? Now, is it possible for man to find his way 
 over country unknown to him without the aid of a 
 mechanical contrivance, or of a technical education 
 of his intelligence, to enable him to read the 
 stars, etc? Instinct enables the possessor of it 
 to retain its own individuality. It is a wonderful power 
 p-iven to the animal bv our Creator for its own self- 
 preservation ; and man acknowledges that power by 
 frequently appealing to it when lost in the bush, by 
 taking the bridle off the horse and letting it go its 
 own road, instinctively to safety and mutual pre- 
 servation. 
 
20 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 Catching a colt is the first step that must be taken 
 in the training of a colt. The reader will please know 
 that I use the word colt meaning a filly or colt, and 
 the term horse, for horse or mare. Now the method of 
 catching a colt most in vogue among the farmers of 
 this country is a very rough one, and perhaps it will 
 not be out of place to describe it. The farmer and 
 his men go into the paddock and commence to shout 
 and holloa, and flourish sticks, gradually driving the 
 animal towards the stable yard, just maddening the 
 brute, until it scarcely knows what it is doing, so that 
 in its extreme fear it gallops about furiously, and 
 frequently falls heavily on its side. Then the men 
 congratulate each other, and say that will do it good, 
 etc., etc. After a little more trouble and shouting, the 
 colt is got into a box almost frightened to death, its 
 sides heaving and heart beating, and fit to fight 
 for its very life ; then two or three of the biggest 
 bullies in the crowd go in to the box, generally with 
 another angry shout at the beast, to let it know 
 that they are not afraid. A man approaches, and 
 generally gets hold of its nose, holding it so tightly that 
 he renders it an impossibility for the animal to breathe 
 (for the horse only breathes through its nose), then 
 seizes its ear, and hangs on. The other fellow comes 
 up with the halter, and endeavours to put it on, then 
 the scene becomes hot ; the animal fights for its life, 
 and commences to strike out, and kick, and plunge, 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 21 
 
 until he gets rid of his would-be conquerors by clearing 
 them out of the box, and if they get out with whole 
 bones they consider themselves lucky. Then a con- 
 sultation is held, and the beast is declared a perfect 
 savage; and as a last resource a man suggests getting 
 up into the rafters and throwing a noosed rope over its 
 head and choking it down to the ground, and when 
 down to put the halter on, which is accordingly done. 
 The halter shank is lengthened by a piece of rope, 
 perhaps about 8 feet long, the door is opened, and the 
 animal is dragged out by main force, struggling, fight- 
 ing, and hanging back. The halter not having been 
 choked, the part under the jaw is gradually embedding 
 itself into the flesh, which increases the pain consider- 
 ably, and makes the colt strike ten times more vicious- 
 ly, and fight more determinedly. If there is a hay stack 
 handy, a long rope is put round it, and the animal is tied 
 to it, and flogged back with a whip and sticks, and in its 
 endeavour to get loose it will frequently throw itself 
 over backwards, and perhaps kill itself, or injure its 
 back, or so maim itself that the breaking is not 
 continued any further. 
 
 I have not exaggerated the process one iota. I 
 have seen it often, and on one occasion when driving 
 through Ballantrae on my road to Stranraer in Scot- 
 land, I watched for nearly one hour about a dozen 
 men teaching a very fine Clydesdale foal to lead. 
 The dam, a beautiful mare, was standing a short dis- 
 
22 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 tance away, held quietly by a boy. The men, after a 
 lot of trouble, had got the halter on the foal's head, 
 then commenced to pull the foal aivay from its dam 
 instead of, as I should have done, lead it quietly 
 alongside of its dam. Then commenced the fight ; 
 the foal fairly rushed at the men two or three times, 
 and sent them spinning in all directions, mad with the 
 pain of the halter shank cutting its jaw, and at last 
 threw itself over backwards, and had to be kicked to 
 see if any life remained in it or not. If that dam 
 with its immense strength had possessed the power 
 of intelligence, would it have stood quietly by and 
 seen its young so abused and nearly killed? And 
 by a peculiar coincidence, the animal I had waiting 
 for me to teach upon at Stranraer was a good stamp 
 of a half-bred colt, rising four years; it was led by four 
 of the farm men, and they tried to bring it into the 
 tent; but the tent being very crowded, directly the 
 animal saw the people it pulled back, so a few of 
 the bystanders offered their services, and about ten 
 got on to the rope, but the combat was decided by the 
 colt pulling them all out of the tent, instead of them 
 pulling the colt /;/. I saw at a glance what was the 
 matter — the shank was buried into the jaw. I could 
 see the blood upon it, so as they pulled he threw his 
 head ;//, instead of down, so that he could not come 
 into the marquee, the entrance being rather low. 
 I said that if they would give me the colt I thought 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 
 
 I could get him in quite easily. The first thing I did 
 was to take the rope off the shank, then to choke the 
 shank so that it would not pull tightly and cut the 
 jaw, and so that it zvould pull on the poll piece. I 
 walked quietly forward towards the tent (as I had 
 led him away so as to make the alterations without 
 being seen), and the colt followed me quietly in, 
 amidst a round of applause, and on all sides I could 
 hear, "What wonderful power over a horse the Professor 
 possesses." I said, " No, gentlemen, only a little common 
 sense, and knoiving Jioiv to use it ! " 
 
 I might give another instance of how vice 
 is created in a colt through a wrong step taken at 
 first, that is, by meeting the colt and fighting it with the 
 same weapons as it employs against you — viz., physical 
 force versus the brute's strength, thinking that a 
 wild brute can be tamed by savage means. 
 
 The colt was one that was brought to me at Cold- 
 stream — it had been rendered dangerous to approach, 
 and had already kicked three of its owner's ribs in. 
 The message delivered with the colt was this — " Look 
 out, he is a perfect demon !" and a demon he was. I 
 replied, " Thank you for the warning," for I have 
 frequently had dangerous beasts to handle, and the 
 owners had not given me any caution at all, a mean 
 and despicable act, which I did not forget to tell 
 them of publicly. He just rushed at me, and struck 
 out as straight as any man could, frequently striking 
 
24 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 my hands off the halter shank. It was an impossi- 
 biUty for me to get my hand on its nose, for the 
 caesson had cut it, and directly my hand came near 
 the sore place he struck out, so I used my 
 " third hand'' (which I will explain by-and-bye), and let 
 him hit that a few times — which I should think he did 
 fifty times or more. However, it didn't hurt me, 
 and at last I could touch him very gently on his 
 nose and head, and I got my leather head collar on. 
 Then it was all over with him ; but his extreme vice 
 had been created entirely in the haltering and leading, 
 for I had all the story from one of the men on the farm. 
 
 I think I have sufficiently shown the extreme im- 
 portance of the first steps of training being taken in 
 a quiet and correct manner. Now I will explain my 
 method for catching a colt, and teaching it to lead ; 
 but before doing so I must describe my breaking 
 tackling, so that the reader may know to what I 
 refer : — 
 
 The Breaking Tackle used in the " Galvayne " 
 .system for taming and training can be obtained at 
 Messrs. Clark & Son, Wholesale Saddlers, Bishop- 
 gate, Leeds, at the following prices : — 
 
 Head Collar, with Buckle on each 
 side of Poll Piece, and a Buckled 
 Nose Piece, all Round Rings, &c., 
 with a Moveable Ring in Jaw Piece, 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 25 
 
 which works from side to side, with 
 
 one " Galvayne " Strap (complete), ^o lo o 
 
 Surcingle, with two Side Rings and 
 four Top Rings, for Ring Training 
 only, made of Solid Leather, and 
 very strong, - - - - -iio 
 
 The above, with Shaft Tugs, Crupper 
 with one Buckle, and Belly Band, 
 &c., - - - - - - I 17 6 
 
 Leather (selected) Driving Reins 
 
 (40 feet), by i}i (selected Leather), 017 6 
 
 Galvayne Straps, Single Leather, 
 
 with Ring, - - - - -026 
 
 Galvayne Straps, Double Leather, 
 
 with Buckle, - - - - -076 
 
 Strong Breast Collar, Neck Strap, 
 Two Rings, Pair Traces, Hip Strap, 
 and Breeching, all very strong, with 
 Pair of Winkers and two Breeching 
 Straps, - - - - - -320 
 
 Hair Rope, for Leading, &c., 21 feet 
 long, very strong, and looped one 
 end, - - - - - -050 
 
 Other portions requisite that the 
 trainer can make, a " Tail Piece," 
 viz., a piece of thin rope from 3 to 
 4 feet long, with spliced loop on 
 end ; the rope must be pliable and 
 strong, and not thick. 
 
 B 
 
26 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 Third Hands are lo feet Poles, four 
 required, two, i^ to i J/2 diameter, 
 round, very smooth, ash best, egg- 
 shaped ends, and two, i]4 to i)^, 
 same sha])e, for handhng colts, the 
 heavier ones for kicking horses. 
 
 Swinging Ropp:, strong, about 8 feet, 
 with loop at one end, for tying 
 colt or curing halter breaker. Two 
 Shafts lo feet long, with two Wheels 
 and Axle, as per plate. 
 
 CATCHING AND TEACHING A COLT 
 
 TO LEAD 
 
 The colt is a perfectly wild one — say a three-year-old, 
 which is running in a field, and has never been 
 touched only to castrate when a yearling. Let 
 the trainer take a quiet horse and lead it near the 
 colt, then walk away a little, and the colt will be 
 inclined to follow. Have two lads with you to 
 walk quietly behind it a little to either side. Lads are 
 better than men for this job. They are more active 
 and obedient, and you can make them do what you 
 want done, no more and no less. The trainer 
 walks his horse very quietly, keeping his eyes on 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 27 
 
 the colt, and if the colt stops and looks about 
 at all suspiciously he stops. When the colt makes 
 a fresh start, he walks quietly forward again. The 
 lads keep a fair distance away, creeping along 
 behind, a little to the outside. No shouting. If 
 you see him inclined to break back, as smai^tly 
 and as quietly as possible face him and stop him. Do 
 nothing that will tend to frighten or irritate him. You 
 will have no difficulty then in getting him to the box 
 ■door, and when you have got him there he will pro- 
 bably stretch his head out, lean forward, and tremble 
 at his knees, trying to look into the box. In 
 the meantime lead the quiet horse just inside, 
 (keeping its quarters near the door), so that the colt can 
 see it, and almost put its nose on it. Then lead the 
 quiet horse very slowly forward, and as the lads come 
 up behind the colt, he will probably, with a snort, 
 bound into the box. He will then run round the 
 quiet horse and hug it closely, and if exceedingly 
 nervous will paw the ground and shake his head 
 up and down. Now lead the quiet horse away 
 slowly and shut the door, leaving the colt with 
 a little cut grass and carrots, to get used to the box. 
 Then, at your leisure, go into him with a "third 
 hand," holding it out in front of you about four 
 feet off the ground and towards his nose. At first 
 the animal will show signs of fear ; keep quiet, 
 and whistle_or speak in soothing tones. . He will in a 
 
28 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 little while come near and put his nose on the " third 
 hand." When he does so, pass it quietl}^ over his 
 head, taking great care not to sti^ik^ him zuith it, 
 along his neck, and withers, back, and croup; when 
 }'ou get it here he will probably show a bit kick^ or 
 an inclination to do so ; but go on quietly rubbing 
 him all over the body with your " third hand," and 
 then get it on to its quarters and hocks. Take time ; 
 exercise discretion, judgment, ?ind patience. 
 
 It must be the desire of every trainer of colts to 
 gain the animal's confidence as soon as possible, not 
 to create fear. Prove to the animal by your actions, 
 no matter how^ fearful they may appear to it, that man 
 is naturally the horse's friend as well as its master, and 
 that you are not there to hurt him, or to bully and beat 
 him into a demon, but to teach him his business, and 
 treat him so humanely, that it will be a pleasure for 
 him to do your bidding, and thus he will become a 
 willing and obedient servant. 
 
 Now, when the colt submits to be touched all over, 
 especially about the head and neck — rub him gently 
 on the nose — [if the "third hand" has a piece of bag 
 tied round it so much the better, as it is softer, and if 
 in the animal's fear and impatience he knocks his head 
 against it, it is not so likely to hurt him]. Then when 
 }'ou can touch his head all over, without his showing 
 any resentment or fear, gradually approach him, 
 hold the " third hand " in your right hand, and keep 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 29 
 
 it on its neck, moving it up and down, having your left 
 arm extended with the halter in it. You must have a 
 plain rope halter, with the broad web poll and cheek 
 pieces strongly made, and a ten feet shank. Let the 
 shank hang over your left shoulder, and have your halter 
 arranged thus. Having pulled the shank right through 
 the cheek piece, make an ordinary tie knot in it about 
 six or seven inches from the off side cheek ; then pass 
 the end of shank through the near side cJieek strap 
 again, and let it hang down from the nose band, say 
 about eighteen inches to two feet, according to the size 
 of the colt's head. Take the poll piece of the halter 
 in your hand, pulling the nose band well out in posi- 
 tion, then hold your left arm quite still. Keep the 
 *' third hand" moving on its neck; also, keep approach- 
 ing quietly, until he puts his nose on your hand. Move 
 the halter up and down very slowly. When you can 
 touch his nose with your hand, gradually work the 
 halter up his face, and slip it quickly and quietly over 
 his ears. Immediately the poll piece is over, 
 the shank is under his jaw, and you can then pull the 
 shank through gradually, [or quickly if necessary], and 
 the tie knot you have made in it will prevent it 
 from cutting his jaw, so that when you pull, you do so 
 on Jiis poll, thus giving him an inclination to lower his 
 head and not to strike. You can then quietly fix the 
 throat lash. This is necessary, so as to prevent the 
 halter from slipping off his head. 
 
30 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING 
 
 The throat lash is a piece of stout cord about 
 fifteen inches lon^", \\hich must be fixed on the halter 
 previousl}^ It should be fastened into the offside 
 cheek, and a small loop made in the near side. 
 Directly you get the halter on, you must quietly take 
 your " third hand " away, pull his head smartly and 
 strongly to the near side, place your right hand on 
 his quarters, and give a heavy push at the same 
 moment. Repeat this several times, then get hold of 
 his tail in }^our right hand, take a short hold of the 
 halter shank with your left, and give him a few smart 
 turns round, then call in an assistant to hold the 
 halter. The right way to hold a colt by the halter,, 
 when standing on the near side, is to [with the 
 left hand] hold the shank close to the jaw, and 
 to have your right hand on the animal's ribs with the 
 end of shank in it, with a knot at the extremity, so 
 that if the colt struggles at all, the assistant pulls with 
 his left hand and pushes with his right, and so turns 
 the animal round again, and the shank is not likel}' to 
 get out of his hand. 
 
 The trainer then gets the hair rope, which has been 
 lying handy somewhere, and taking the looped end in his 
 left hand, doubles it in two, for about four feet, so as 
 to make a sort of crupper ; the looped end is the short 
 one, take the loop and the portion of rope level with 
 it in the left hand, and put rest of the rope on your left 
 shoulder, put }'our left hand gently upon the colt's 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 3 1 
 
 back, divide the rope, and let it fall down its quarters, 
 then lift his tail quietly with your right hand, and pull 
 the rope towards his withers, thus bringing the rope 
 under his tail like a crupper, twist the short end a 
 time or two round the rope, pass the long end round the 
 chest on the off side and bring it back on the near side, 
 and then, through the loop, fasten off with a single 
 hitch 0)1 the loop, pass the end of rope under belly, go 
 round to the off-side, and with two single hitches finish 
 off, leaving the belly band loose (see plates i and 4). 
 
 Take the swinging rope already described, pass the 
 end of shank through it, and tie the shank to the hair 
 rope in front of chest, then lead your colt round and 
 round the box, afterwards take him outside and give 
 him a smart sharp jerk or two, the hair rope will nip 
 his tail and make him come forzvard iimnediatcly ; for 
 you do not pull him upon his head alone, and make 
 him struggle, and fight, and hang back, because he is 
 being choked^ you punish a little the tail end instead. 
 The colt can't reason and say to itself, "well, I am only 
 asked to walk forward, and if I do so, this thing on my 
 head won't hurt me," but as it does hurt him, he pulls 
 back, fights, and strikes, to get away from it, 
 hence in after life when tied securely in his stall, he 
 pulls back if his halter shank gets strained in getting 
 up or lying down. 
 
 Then, in another way, this method of using the 
 hair rope is very good for curing horses from breaking 
 
32 thp: horsf: : its taming, 
 
 their halters or hanfjinc;; back in the stables. I have 
 cured some of the most confirmed halter breakers, in 
 this manner (see plate No. 3). 
 
 Then again, it is also useful in teaching horses to 
 take steam, i.e., not to be afraid of it. Just tie your 
 horse up to a fence alongside the railway, exactly as 
 you tie up the colt the first time ; but put a box of 
 corn, or a net of hay on the fence, so as to induce him 
 to eat, then wait a little distance off, and watch results. 
 You will see him quietly feeding out of the box, and 
 suddenly the train puts in an appearance, he will give a 
 fearful bound backwards, but he will be met with some- 
 thing behind him ; that punishes him, and makes him 
 take a similar bound forward. The following train may 
 fidget him a little, but he won't dare to try and get 
 away from it. As an instance of this cure, and it is 
 only one of many hundreds, I might mention that a 
 gentlemen at Falkirk gave seventy-five guineas for a 
 cob, but owing to its extreme nervousness and fear of 
 railway trains, it was dangerous to drive or ride, in 
 fact it had run away twice and smashed the vehicle 
 driven in, and the owner was compelled to sell it for 
 seventeen pounds. An omnibus proprietor purchased 
 it and put it into the 'bus, beside a steady strong 
 horse ; but, when the train came up, after doing all in 
 its power to get away, it lay down on the ground 
 trembling with fear. In two days I had this 
 cob so quiet and fearless of trains, that it would 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 33 
 
 actually feed out of a box on the station fence, and 
 the shunting engine was run up and down, and 
 steam blown off, yet the animal never left off feeding. 
 I had, of course, drilled him a little the first day in the 
 ring, a most perfect cure being effected. 
 
 I have taken an old mare, one that would never lead 
 or tie up, and have made her follow me, without any 
 halter, in a few minutes, through the public streets, and 
 also in less than a quarter of an hour, taught a colt to 
 lead at four years of age, that had defied all efforts 
 as a yearling, and again, at two and three years old. 
 His owner rode it home the same evening, and it had 
 no more breakincr than it had in that lesson. This 
 happened in Driffield, Yorkshire. 
 
 THE "GALVAYNE" SYSTEM for TAMING 
 AND HANDLING a COLT PREPARATORY 
 TO MOUTHING HIM. 
 
 This portion of the system may be done before the 
 hair rope is put on, or after, which-ever is most 
 convenient. If you have got a forty feet ring put up in 
 a quiet corner of a field, I should certainly recommend 
 its being done first. Immediately the halter is on, 
 supposing him to have been haltered in the ring, get 
 hold of his tail with your right hand, and with the left 
 
34 i'HE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 take hold of the "Galvayne" strap close to its head^ 
 and swing him round and round as many times as you 
 can stand yourself, and when he is a little dazed, tie a 
 single knot in his tail, and pass the end of the 
 " Galvayne " strap through it, and tie in a single bow,, 
 pulling his head round towards his tail, on its near 
 side, as shown in plate No. 2. 
 
 Now you have got the colt into the " Galvayning "■ 
 position, one that will conquer any living horse; you 
 have the animal at your mercy, he cannot get away 
 from you, he can only move in a circumscribed circle. 
 He may kick, roar, and squeal with rage, and try 
 to run you out of the ring, but you can easily dodge 
 him. He can employ his entire strength in fighting,. 
 \\hich is increased by rage twenty fold, but you 
 have him fixed, " Galvayne " has hold of him, and 
 in fact you have divided the animal's strength against 
 himself. Let him alone for a few minutes, and 
 if a sullen tempered brute, half an hour. I have left 
 a really bad stubborn brute for two and three hours in 
 this position, but only in extreme cases, five to fifteen 
 minutes is long enough; then, take a drop thong whip 
 and teach him obedience, viz., to move when told, as 
 obedience is tJie fundamental basis oi "dXX good training. 
 Touch him with the whip on the outside shoulder 
 lightly, at the same time make the clicking noise 
 generally used to start a horse. You must teach 
 him well that he is to move when told, but don't 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 35 
 
 use the whip cruelly, but merely as a medium of 
 conveying to him your instructions. Click witJioiit the 
 whip, and as soon as he readily moves to the command 
 of the voice only, you then know he has learned his 
 first lesson in odedience. 
 
 Now comes the handling process. As I said in the 
 commencement of this work, it is one of the natural 
 laws of a horse to remove any object that may annoy 
 it; therefore, it kicks at anything touching behind, 
 proving at once that a system of education of 
 the sense of feeling would be both beneficial to 
 the animal and to those who ride behind it, and 
 that it must render it much safer to use with the 
 desire to kick eradicated, than with that desire still 
 implanted in the animal. 
 
 Take a " third hand " and approach the colt, while he 
 is in " Galvayning " position, and let him put his nose 
 upon it. Then pass it quietly over his head, down his 
 neck and back, along his back, down his quarters on 
 his hocks, down his front legs: he is sure to become 
 excited, and perhaps kick at it, and try to run away; 
 but if he does, he is there all the time, for he only 
 turns round and round, and the "third hand" is never off 
 him. You carry out this mode of handling, until all fear 
 of the"third hand "touching him is gone(seeplateNo. 5). 
 
 Then take an empty sack and put it upon the end 
 of the " third hand," and hold it to his nose, then by a 
 quick movement throw it on its back from the 
 
36 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 *' Galvayned " side. He may plunge about from fear, 
 but he cannot hurt himself I maintain that it is an 
 absolute impossibility to hurt a colt in the 
 *' Galvayning " position. When you have got one 
 sack on his back, get another on the " third hand," and 
 let it touch him all over; put it against his head, ears, 
 quarters, legs; bring it up suddenly behind him; if he 
 kicks it away, put it back and back again, until he shows 
 no desire to kick ; if he didn't kick that, he would kick 
 you if you went behind him. When he shows no fear 
 and leaves off kicking, drop the " third hand," and take 
 one of the sacks in your hand and groom him all over 
 very gently, stroke him down the eyes and face, speak 
 soothingly to him and wipe the sweat off him, and give 
 him a bit of chopped carrot, but don't loose the 
 *'Galvayne" strap; then, with the sack in yourright hand, 
 throw it on to its back, where the saddle goes, 
 until he does not mind it ; drop the sack, and go on 
 the off-side of him, lay firm hold of the mane with your 
 right hand ; put your left arm over the wither, and draw 
 your feet quietly off the ground, thus bringing your 
 weight upon him for the first time. You have taught 
 him to see an object getting on to his back, by using 
 the empty bag. Now you are teaching him to sustain 
 the weight, then make a strong effort, hold the mane 
 tightly, and spring on to your belly and elbows 
 on the colt's back, as in No. 6 plate. He may 
 turn round, but just remain there; you are perfectly 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 37 
 
 safe, and as soon as he quiets down, throw your leg" 
 over and draw the " Galvayne " strap out of his tail, 
 and there you are. 
 
 Mounted on your colt for tJie first time, without any 
 bother, kicking, or bucking, just give him a sharp turn 
 round and round by pulling his head to the near side, 
 then urge him straight forward for a few steps. Now 
 vou have to teach him to see a man mountincf, and 
 dismounting, also moving on his back, which you do by 
 throwing your right leg over, leaning your body against 
 his, and supporting yourself upon your hands, (see plate 
 No. 6); raise yourself a little on your hands, and 
 throw your right leg smartly over his back, and again 
 you are astride of him ; then throw your left leg over 
 his back, and your body is reclining against his on the 
 off side ; then neatly straddle him again, and repeat 
 this as long as the colt shows any fear; then dismount 
 on to the ground, sliding down his side quietly, 
 keeping as closely as possible to the colt, so as to 
 create as little fear as possible. When you spring on 
 to his back for the first time from the ground, get up 
 on to your hands upon his back, then throw your right 
 leg over him, do this from the off side as well, and as 
 many times as is necessary. Practice on a quiet horse 
 first, any horseman can acquire a neat and proper 
 way of doing it in a few minutes. Now give him a rub 
 over with a cloth. After putting on a surcingle and 
 crupper, give him a mouthfull of water, as by this 
 
38 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 time he will have undergone a great deal of exertion ; 
 never^ under any consideration, overtax the colt's 
 strength, as by doing so you will easily spoil a colt, 
 for you will make a good tempered colt a bad and 
 sullen tempered one, and a naturally bad and sullen colt 
 a worse tempered and more sullen beast. 
 
 BITTING A COLT FOR THE FIRST TIME. 
 
 1 
 Get a somewhat stout jointed bar snaffle, attach it 
 
 to the off side of the head collar by a double spring 
 
 hook or a strap, then come round to the near side of 
 
 the colt, take the near ring of the bit in your right hand, 
 
 and slip your left hand into the off side of the colt's 
 
 mouth, and with your right slip the bit in ; put the bit 
 
 in smartly so as not to hurt the colt's mouth, for 
 
 if you do it clumsily, you will find it difficult 
 
 to get it in the second time; when the bit is in, attach 
 
 the near side ring to the head collar. 
 
 MOUTHING AND BENDING, OR SUPPLEING 
 THE COLT'S NECK, BRINGING ITS NOSE 
 IN TO THE BIT. 
 
 I entirely condemn hard and fast side reins, 
 attached from the bit to the surcingle, also tying the 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 39 
 
 colt to the pillar reins. I will state my reasons for 
 doing so: — 
 
 In the first place, the bit is liable to make the colt's 
 mouth very sore, and the tighter it is tied the greater 
 will be the annoyance and suffering to the colt, and 
 the more irksome this portion of the training is made 
 to the animal. From the bit causing frequent sores and 
 the healing up of the same, the bars of the mouth 
 become thickened and less susceptible to the sense of 
 feeling, where you want it to be the most acute, so 
 that the colt shall be amenable and obedient to the 
 touch of the reins. In fact, the skin on the bars or 
 corners of the mouth sometimes become corns. One 
 side may become harder than the other, by the colt's 
 leaning harder on that side against the bit on the fixed 
 side rein, so you get a one-sided mouthed horse, which 
 is a most annoying animal, and sometimes even 
 dangerous to drive. 
 
 I may explain the corns resulting frequently from 
 the old system of mouthing by the following illustration. 
 Let any person unused to digging, take a spade and 
 dig all day in the garden ; his hands, unused to the 
 friction of the handle of the shovel, will rapidly develop 
 sores; these sores, by a continuance of the labour, will 
 surely develop into corns ; the whole skin thickens, and 
 the sense of feeling becomes less and less acute, until 
 it almost ceases to exist. So it is with the colt's 
 mouth : you make it hard, and then you grumble, it pulls 
 
40 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 your arms out. I do not object to keys being attached 
 to the snaffle bit, providing the bit is no thicker than, 
 say, a man's Httle finger, and jointed. I object entirely 
 to heavy ponderous mouthing bits, that unquestionably 
 destroy a colt's mouth, and his temper also. As an 
 example of this, I was in one town in Yorkshire, and a 
 local breaker had a colt with a dumbjock on and side 
 reins, and a most ponderous bit in its mouth, more like 
 a sash weight than a bit, so I asked him why he had 
 that thing in its mouth. He replied, " I can't give him 
 a ' mooth ' with any other bit, and he has got right 
 vicious ' noo.' He won't take the bit, but strikes out 
 directly I try to get it in, so badly that I have to twitch 
 him before putting it in ; nice training for a young 
 animal." The barbarous twitch daily applied, and the 
 sash weight afterwards. I said, if he would give me 
 the colt, in two hours I would drive it through the 
 streets in my buggy. After some pleasant and 
 unpleasant chaffing observations, and taking the 
 responsibility of the animal, he gave it to me. In one 
 hour it was in the buggy, and would turn, stop, and 
 back with a snaffle bit in its mouth, almost as well as 
 any old horse could have done. 
 
 There is another matter I wish to touch upon — the 
 use of rubber or spring reins. I do not like these, 
 and I will candidly explain my reasons for not doing 
 so. I think they create " boring " horses, horses that 
 thrust their noses forward and drop their heads when 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 4I 
 
 a continued strain is put upon the mouth. Now, if 
 any benefit is to accrue from the use of the stretching 
 rein, why use the side reins as well? and why should 
 stretching reins teach colts to "bore?" It is because 
 certain muscles are being put into a different position 
 than that which they have previously occupied, naturally, 
 some are being contracted, others being extended. The 
 term generally applied, is a "suppling of the muscles" 
 in the lower jaw, and also in the neck. Now, I state 
 that the system which does this with as little injury 
 as possible to the skin in the colt's mouth, is the one 
 to adopt. 
 
 I put all mechanical contrivances to one side, and 
 use only the most simple of methods, which I will 
 explain, as the first process of inotitJiing a colt. We 
 have got the bit into its mouth, which is a stout (not 
 thick) jointed bar snaffle, with or without any keys. 
 Now tie a rein of stout cord on the off side of the bit, 
 put it through the off side ring on the surcingle, and 
 bring it through one of the top rings and the near side 
 ring, and tie it to the near side of the bit, but not tigkty 
 just putting a slight pressure only upon the colt's 
 mouth, so as not to induce a fighting agahist the bit, 
 but rather an obedience to it, by dipping his nose and 
 walking forward. By using the running rein only, the 
 colt has a chance of relieving itself from the 
 monotonous and irksome strain upon certain muscles, 
 by turning his head from side to side. In turning his 
 
42 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 head from side to side, he cannot bring a greater 
 pressure of the bit to bear upon one side than upon the 
 otJier^ as the rein connecting it with the surcingle is a 
 running one, hence you do not get boring or one-sided 
 mouthed horses, the former (boring) being produced 
 by elastic or stretching reins, the colt learning to ease 
 himself of the continuous strain on its mouth and 
 muscles by thrusting its nose forward. 
 
 The first time the bit is in the colt's mouth it 
 should not be kept there longer than one hour-and-a- 
 half ; the second lesson two hours, and the rein 
 slightly tighter. The place to do it in is a small 
 enclosure, or the field in which the colt has been 
 grazing; but, if possible, not in a box ; it is not large 
 enough. The colt must be taught to walk against his 
 bit, to give him the fashionable carriage required in a 
 well-trained animal. 
 
 The third lesson in carrying the bit may be given 
 in the afternoon, after the second lesson ; but with at 
 least four hours intervening, and then the nose may 
 be placed in such a position as it is required, or 
 considered advisable the colt should be taught to 
 carry it. One hour is quite long enough for this 
 lesson. 
 
 The fourth lesson with the bit may be given the 
 following morning, and in the afternoon put the harness 
 on quietly, with the winkers last, so that the colt can 
 see as much as possible. The long reins should be 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 43 
 
 put through two small rings, fastened with straps, low 
 down on each side of the surcingle, then direct to the 
 mouth. Now you commence another step in its 
 training — 
 
 DRIVING, AND Teaching it to Turn, Stop, 
 AND Back to its Bit. 
 
 The old style of doing this, is to walk behind it all 
 the time, so that you walk mile for mile with the colt; 
 and if the colt is headstrong, and wishes to get away, I 
 do not think there is a man that could hold him. Now 
 in my system for driving, you are nearly in the centre 
 of the ring, and parallel with your colt. You have the 
 leverage of the outside rein the full length of the colt's 
 body, right from its mouth to its quarters, and the 
 inside rein is the short lever, as it goes only from the 
 mouth to the ring in surcingle, and you then have 
 perfect command over him. You drive the colt, feel i?ig 
 its mouth round the ring a few times, say to the 
 left hand, then let your near rein slack, and pull smartly 
 on the off one, a sivinging pull, not 2. jerky pull ; at the 
 same time just tJiroiv your whip on the outside 
 shoulder, so as to give him an inclination to turn 
 smartly, and not to fight the bit. After the colt has 
 gone a few times round the ring to the right hand, let the 
 off rein slack, and give a swinging pull on the near 
 one, at the same time throw the whip on the outside, 
 
44 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 or off-shoulder. This you keep on repeating, and as 
 the colt learns to turn, use less and less strength. In 
 all cases the bit used with the colt's driving lesson 
 should be a stout jointed bar snaffle. The bars assist 
 the colt to turn, and save the mouth. Now, you have 
 to teach the colt to " Whoa," i.e., to stop, by pulling 
 smartly on both reins. Now, very likely the colt will 
 be somewhat headstrong, and pull against you, with 
 his head down. Don't let him keep a continued pull ; 
 just step in a yard, so that the reins are momentarily 
 slack, and let him come on to his bit smartly so that 
 he feels it, you at the same time pulling sharply, and 
 saying " Whoa," he will soon learn to stop, even at the 
 word of command. I have frequently trained a colt 
 so well to obey this word that when a stranger got on 
 him to ride, and I said " Whoa," the colt stopped instan- 
 taneously, the rider didn't ; he went a few yards further 
 on. Now the next step to take is to 
 
 Teach Him to Back. 
 
 Let your assistant come and take the reins, and you 
 get to the colt's head, and put your hand upon the 
 colt's nose. You should be careful and not teach 
 the colt to ivalk backwards. You merely want him to 
 back by pressure of the bit ; and in the case of draught 
 horses also to the word of command. Let your 
 assistant stand immediately behind the colt, and not at 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 45 
 
 its side (although after he has been taught to back 
 from behind, it is quite easy to do so from the centre 
 of the ring). When you say " Back," your assistant 
 gives a smart pull on the two reins — an even pressure 
 on both sides — you at the same moment press heavily 
 with your hand against its nose, bringing the head in. 
 If a little stubborn, put your other hand against its 
 side, and push him a little sideways, and backwards at 
 the same time, it helps him to know what you want 
 him to do. Let him only walk back a step or two, 
 then " Whoa." Make him do this a few times, but do 
 not weary him. Just click, and let him have a bit of 
 a trot forwards, then return to the " backing " lesson, 
 until he will back to the bit without the word, and will 
 stop when \hQ p7'essiii^e is taken ^^the bit. 
 
 Now, with draught colts, when you have got them 
 to " back " fairly well from behind, you take hold of 
 the near side with your left hand and say '' Back," 
 your assistant pulling back at the same time, then do 
 the same on the off side, so that the colt learns to 
 ^' back " in his training in the same manner that he will 
 be expected to do when in a cart. Now we have got 
 the colt submissive to the bit, he will " stop," " start," 
 ^'turn," and "back" to it. 
 
 The next step to take, is to teach the colt to pull, 
 and to become acquainted with the breeching; and to 
 do this well, instead of doing it under the old method 
 by putting him in a cart, thus trying to break cart and 
 
46 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 colt together, and sometimes succeeding in breaking 
 the cart and not the colt. I having, when the harness 
 vv^as first put on, tied the ends of the traces through 
 the breeching rings, as shown on plate No. 8 ; 
 now take them up a few holes, tying, as it were, 
 the two ends of the animal together ; putting a fair 
 pressure on at first, and, as the colt's confidence 
 becomes established in the feel of the pressure on its- 
 shoulders and quarters, another hole on each side is 
 taken up on the traces. Now the colt is, as it were, 
 pulling hirnself along, and I have put him in such a 
 position that he can't refuse to pull ; hence 1 never get 
 jibbers b\^ my breaking, and I can cure, by the same 
 method, an)- jibber. I can recollect one that, with the 
 harness on only, lay down thirty-one times in the ring, 
 just simply falling over, and the harness did not weigh 
 more than 10 lbs., yet I made him work, and the last 
 time I saw him he was in a 'bus. 
 
 Now the next step to take, is to teach him to 
 know the feel of the shafts against his sides. The 
 way to do this is not again to put him into a cart, 
 as from the novelty of the position, and the fear it 
 would naturally create, the colt might start to kick, 
 and in all probability would do so, and my method of 
 doing this is to take a "third hand" (letting my assistant 
 hold the reins), and with it commence to rub the 
 colt's sides and shoulders, flanks, and down its quarters ; 
 in fact, touch him all over with it, and sometimes bringing 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 47 
 
 it straight along his side, smartly, but not so hard as 
 to hurt him, until he shows no fear. You do this, the 
 colt standing still at first. Now let him walk round the 
 ring, and you walk behind him and handle his flanks 
 with the " third hand," so as to resemble, as nearly as 
 possible, the touch of the cart shafts when turning ; 
 also rub the points of the shoulders with end of 
 *' third hand," to represent the touch of the point of the 
 shaft on the shoulders. Now tie, (as shown in plate 
 No. 9,) a "third hand" upon each side of the colt, so as 
 to represent the two shafts. Drive him as long as is 
 necessary. Keep turning him to the right and left ; 
 but do it all in a quiet and methodical manner, no 
 shouting and hallooing, just suiting " the action to the 
 word, and the word to the action," in all cases enforc- 
 ing obedience. 
 
 EDUCATING A COLT TO NOISE. 
 
 It is very necessary to make your colt familiar 
 with sounds of all kinds likely to be met with in the 
 crowded thoroughfares of large towns. He will have 
 to encounter traction engines, brass bands, trains 
 rattling over railway arches, accompanied by a shrill 
 whistling, and many other noises too numerous to 
 mention. Each and all of them, he must therefore be 
 
48 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 trained to meet quietly, or his education is incomplete. 
 .V colt will kick at a sudden noise, will shy off, at a 
 sudden noise, will run away and smash a carriage to 
 pieces, and kill the occupants, in fact, the greatest 
 number of accidents are caused by horses taking 
 fright at noise. I only read a few days ago that the 
 cracking and falling of a branch of a tree started off a 
 pony, which was being driven by a lady; there being 
 another lady in the phaeton. The pony became 
 frantic and uncontrollable, and ran into a wall; the lady 
 driving was killed on the spot, and the other was 
 taken home insensible. This accident happened solely 
 because the animal had an uneducated sensc^ viz., 
 the sense of hearing. Many animals, when in harness, 
 who are at all nervous, will almost kick, or do kick 
 sometimes on a quiet road if another horse and vehicle 
 should come rapidly up behind, and aside of it, so as 
 to pass. This has repeatedly happened to me. I 
 have seen plenty of draught horses set themselves to 
 kick and run away, when I have driven rapidly up 
 aside of them to pass. Now this shows defective 
 training, and I will try and explain the defects. At 
 this stage of breaking under the old system, viz: — 
 
 A colt is put into a trap, with a man on each side 
 of him with a rope, and probably a man in the cart 
 behind him holding the reins, directly the colt hears 
 the noise of the cart behind him he tries to get away 
 from it. He finds himself held fast for the first time in 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 49 
 
 his life ; this increases his fear, he commences to plunge, 
 sometimes kicks, sometimes gets clean away from the 
 men, but, at all events, has to be controlled by actual 
 brute force. Now I condemn entirely this mode, as it 
 implants a fear of noise behind, which becomes very 
 difficult in after life to eradicate, as well as dangerous 
 to those who ride behind him. 
 
 In training a colt, I endeavour as much as possible 
 to follow the natural laws of its nature, and instead of 
 implanting almost constitutional fear of noise, I edu- 
 cate him to noise by putting it in the front of him 
 first, and let him follow it naturally, and get acquainted 
 with it in his own style. I do this by getting two 
 square tins about the size of biscuit tins, putting a few 
 stones in them, and tying them round securely with 
 cord, to prevent the stones coming out. You take 
 the reins, let your assistant go some three or four yards 
 in front of the colt, and commence to make a slight 
 noise by rattling the stones inside the tins. The colt 
 will be soon attracted by it, and if very nervous will 
 try to turn, and perhaps jump away: but look after the 
 reins. As he tries to turn, you keep him straight to it, 
 then let your assistant commence to walk forward. 
 You give a slight click, and just throw the whip on 
 him to encourage him to follow the noise. As soon 
 as he follows it readily at a walk, let your assistant 
 run, and the colt will trot after him and follow him 
 wherever he goes. Then after a little time stop the 
 
50 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING 
 
 colt, and let your assistant walk round and round 
 him shaking the tins. This is to give him confidence 
 in a noise coming alongside of him. When he remains 
 perfectly still with this din and rattle going on round 
 him, send him on a walk, and let your assistant follow^ 
 dragging the tins on the ground behind him, shaking 
 them to make as much noise as possible. Do this at 
 a trot also, then stop him, and let your assistant drag 
 the tins about, throwing them suddenly on the ground 
 behind him ; and when no fear is shown, tie them on ta 
 his tail, and let him drag them about, as in Plate No. 
 lo. After a little time you may put the two "third 
 hands " on to the colt's sides again so as to represent 
 the shafts. Now you have the colt pulling, taking the 
 breecJiing, he has the feel of the shafts and the noise of 
 the cart behind him ; in fact, you have worked him 
 up to being able to put him into a cart without any 
 risk zvJiatever either to the animal, the cart, or yourself ; 
 and the last step taken in training the colt for har- 
 ness purposes is to teach him to 
 
 Manage a Vehicle. 
 
 This I do by hitching him to a light and handy 
 trap, as shown in Plate No. ii. It is necessary to alter 
 the position of the reins before putting the colt into 
 the trap. Unstrap the rings off the surcingle, and 
 fasten them on to the breeching, (or higher up on the 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 5 1 
 
 surcingle,) then pass the buckle of the reins through 
 the side ring on surcingle and to the bit on each side. 
 Put the end of trace through the ring on breeching^ 
 and fix to the pulling hook on inside of shaft. 
 
 The colt will stand perfectly steady while being' 
 harnessed, and will walk away like an old horse. It 
 is better by the way to drive him in a trap otit of the 
 ring. First drive him in a straight line, you behind 
 with the long reins, your assistant with the " Galvayne'^ 
 strap slipped through the ring on head collar. This 
 strap should be held in such a manner that the colt is 
 not aware of its being there, and after a turn or two it 
 can be readily slipped off. After driving some time 
 in a straight line take wide turns, but let your assistant 
 know to which side you intend to go by saying " Left!" 
 " Right!" so that the colt is not jerked in an opposite 
 direction by the assistant at his head. 
 
 Right throughout the training, I endeavour to make 
 it easier for the colt to do right rather than wrong. I 
 have met some breakers who have differed from me 
 materially, whose sole idea seemed to me to do 
 decidedly the reverse, and some have even suggested 
 to me, that it was a good plan with draught colts to 
 harness them to a heavy roller or to a trunk of a tree 
 to teach them to pull. I don't agree with them ; the 
 lighter and handier the trap, combined with strength, 
 the better. The colt gets confidence quicker in the 
 feel and rattle of the trap, and this he shows very 
 
52 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 quickly by the happy and free style in which he goes 
 about his work. 
 
 Continue to drive the colt about the field, starting 
 and turning on each bit, turning in a small circle, and 
 backing. Continue his driving lesson at a walk, until 
 he has done all well repeatedly. Crack your whip 
 behind him, not loudly at first, and make him stand 
 perfectly still, and if showing much fear to begin with, 
 let your assistant pat him on the neck and speak 
 soothingly to him, until he shows none. Then work 
 him at a trot, do all at a trot that you have previously 
 done at the walk, then let him rest a few minutes, so 
 as to teach him to stand still, lock both the wheels and 
 let him take a steady pull for fifty yards or so, but 
 don't overtax his strength. After this let your 
 assistant sit upon the axle with the wheels locked, and 
 when he has started a time or two, take him on to the 
 road, and let him trot and turn ; let him know^ 
 what it is for a trap to pass him from behind, &c. If 
 in a crowded thoroughfare, let your assistant slip the 
 *' Galvayne " strap on again, so as to steady him if 
 necessary ; but I have never had any trouble with any 
 of them, either in this country, or in Australia, when 
 I have taken them on to a road for the first time. 
 You can now take him home and put him into an 
 ordinary cart, and drive him in perfect safety, 
 providing you exercise a little jiidgnieiit and care. 
 When going down hill the first time, don't wait till 
 
TRAINING, AND (JENERAL MANAGEMENT. 53 
 
 you get over the brink before you think it is necessary 
 to go down hill carefully with a colt. Nearly all 
 accidents with colts are caused going down hill the 
 first time, that is, when they are trained on the old 
 system. The colt having never had any weight upon 
 the breeching before, feels the cart pushing him 
 headlong down hill, and he becomes nervous and 
 kicks from absolute fear. It does not matter under 
 what system the colt is broken or trained, but it is 
 an absolute essential, that the breaker or trainer 
 should be a Jiorseniaii, a man of nerve, with good 
 hands, seat, and temper. Without these qualifications, 
 not all the books in the world, nor any number of 
 practical lessons, would ever make a '' horsemany 
 Horsemanship is not only intuitive, but actually born 
 in some of us. So we cultivate our ability, we 
 educate our intelligence, and our knowledge increases, 
 and " knowledge is power," whether exerci.sed in the 
 subjugation and training of animals, or in pursuing 
 other paths, of a commercial, or professional career. 
 
 I have endeavoured, in these few pages, to make 
 my system of taming and training colts as explicit as 
 possible; but I shall devote another chapter to 
 some matters pertaining to it that I have not herein 
 mentioned. 
 
 I do not say that under my system a colt cannot 
 be spoiled. Some men are so innately cruel and 
 impatient, that abuse must form a part of their 
 
54 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 treatment, no matter what system they are following; 
 but to such men I say, give up colt " breaking," 
 let others do it that are better qualified. A colt 
 so readily resents ill treatment, and vice so rapidly 
 developes, that the trainer must always watch himself; 
 and when a disposition to lose his temper makes itself 
 felt within him, he should sit down and have a smoke, 
 knock off for a bit, whistle, or do something to 
 regain his good temper and perfect control over his 
 actions. With these last observations I leave the 
 working of my system for training colts in your hands, 
 and hope you will be as successful in using it, as many 
 of my pupils have already been. 
 
 A FEW NECESSARY HINTS TO BE 
 REMEMBERED WHEN HANDLING COLTS. 
 
 Don't let your colt break away from you if it is 
 possible to prevent it. 
 
 Always have two holds of the halter shank or 
 "Galvayne" strap. A knot should be put in the end 
 of it, which should be held in the hand farthest from 
 the head. Never twist the shank round your hand. 
 
 Before " Galvayning" a colt see that the nose-band 
 ■of the head collar is low down. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 55 
 
 In "third-handing" a colt do it well inside the 
 thigh, and under the tail. 
 
 If two are working on the animal at the same time, 
 the person holding it should always be on the same 
 side as the ivorker. 
 
 If you cannot get a colt to do exactly what you 
 require, make him do something else. For instance, 
 if he wont back, turn him sharp to the right, and then 
 to the left hand, with the long reins. If he wont 
 start, turn him in the same way until he will. 
 
 When picking up the colt's legs begin with the near 
 fore foot by putting a strap round the fetlock, taking 
 it in your right hand, rather low down. Press with 
 your left hand on its shoulder, pushing the weight on 
 to the off leg, then the near one can easily be lifted. 
 Then the near hind leg, put strap on as before ; take 
 it in your right hand, put your left on the hip, and 
 push the weight over on to its off hind foot. You will 
 have no difficulty in teaching it to lift its feet by this 
 process. Say loudly each time you lift the foot, 
 ■^'Hold up!" 
 
 In driving a colt in the ring, it is necessary to teach 
 him to start on the turn on both sides. 
 
 When putting on the winkers and bridle for the 
 first time lift them carefully with the left hand until 
 they are over the eyes, then pass your right hand over 
 his head, and taking hold of the poll piece lift it up 
 quietly, and then open his mouth by putting in your 
 
56 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 left hand from the off side, the right hand, at the 
 same time, pulHng the bridle up, so that the bit slips 
 into the colt's mouth without any difficulty. 
 
 Don't flog a colt for not doing zvell something he has- 
 not been taught to do at all. 
 
 Teaching a Colt to Remain perfectly Still or Steady. 
 
 Whenever he moves unbidden, check him with a 
 slight jerk of the rein first on one side then on the 
 other, and every tim.e you do this use the word 
 " Steady ! " 
 
 How to make a Colt come to yon zvith a Whip. 
 
 Turn him loose in the ring. Send him round once 
 or twice. Get in front of him and stop him, then every 
 time he puts his quarters to you smack them with the 
 whip. When his face is to you, speak nicely to him, 
 and call him, then walk a little way from him back- 
 wards and sideways (facing the colt). He will follow 
 you in a few minutes. Drop the point of your whip 
 nearly to the ground. Knock off with him at the 
 slightest show of distress. Ease his training when 
 " blowing" at all. 
 
 Never take him out of his stable when feeding. 
 Ride your colt always alone. Never trust a boy ta 
 mind him on the streets. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 57 
 
 EVERY-DAY MISMANAGEMENT OF THE 
 
 HORSE. 
 
 Patting and caressing him for doing a thing you 
 don't want him to do, and beating him for doing what 
 you do want him to do. 
 
 An illustration. — A horse is frequently patted for 
 jibbing, and flogged for going on, so that he soon 
 learns not to start at all. 
 
 Another. — When a horse stumbles, down comes the 
 whip. A horse will not fall if he can help it, any more 
 than you would. 
 
 Shying. — Don't correct him with the whip, as he 
 will connect the abuse he receives with ; the object at 
 which he shyed, and soon become a worse shyer. 
 
 Misuse of the Word " Whoa."— " Whoa," as I 
 understand the use of the word, is to bring the horse 
 to a standstill, yet how many people when they walk 
 up to a horse in the stall say " Whoa," when they walk 
 away. Another " Whoa " — when they put the bit in 
 his mouth, " Whoa" again, and when they lift his tail 
 up to crupper it, still another " Whoa." The word 
 " Steady" should be used, and not "Whoa," the horse 
 being already " Whoed." 
 
 Keeping without Water. — Water should always be 
 kept in the manger. 
 
 D 
 
58 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING. 
 
 Too much artificial physic. 
 
 Violent driving or riding at starting. 
 
 Flogging a horse when he is doing his best to please 
 you. 
 
 Wearing spurs, when the horse to be ridden does 
 not require them. 
 
 Overloading. 
 
 Keeping shoes on too long. 
 
 Hanging on by the reins to keep in the saddle. 
 
 Using unclean collars and harness that does not fit. 
 
 Driving Single Harness Horses without Breeching. 
 
 The horse cannot utilise his weight and his immense 
 strength in his quarters to hold the trap back when 
 going down hill without the breeching, and in a two- 
 wheel vehicle the slightest stumble will cause him to 
 fall, all the weight being upon the withers. All the 
 wear and tear comes on the fore legs, hence " groggy 
 knees" rapidly develop. 
 
 Using cruel and barbarous bits. 
 
 Pairing a sloiv good horse with a fast good horse 
 for double harness purposes. 
 
 Wearing bearing reins on made horses. 
 
 Keeping horses in zvainn stables clothed iip^ and out 
 of doors on a cold day shivering in front of shops for 
 hours. Then complain to the coachman because the 
 horses are laid up. 
 
 Cutting the long hairs out of the ears. 
 
 Leaving a horse unattended in the streets. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 59 
 
 Driving from a fixed draft pull instead of from a 
 swinging or moving bar, or spring hooks. 
 
 Not enough natural diet, or carrots, etc. 
 
 Hitting horses first, and then clicking to start them 
 atterwards. 
 
 Not examining the teeth Jirst when a disposition 
 not to eat is shown. 
 
 Keeping a loin cloth on when working the horse. 
 
 Using bandages constantly either wet or dry. 
 
 Not having sufficient natural light in the stable. 
 
 To make a permanent habit of speaking sharply or 
 harshly. 
 
 To strike a horse with a fork or broom handle. 
 
 To ride in a badly fitting saddle, as it is apt to gall 
 the back. 
 
 To use harsh treatment before having tried gentle. 
 
 To imagine that the bearing rein tends to hold up 
 or prevent a horse from falling. 
 
 Keeping horses without a sufficient quantity of 
 water, so as to, as the groom says, " to 'arden 'im off 
 for 'unting." 
 
 When rearing foals, or colts, to keep them continu- 
 ously in the loose box. They learn a lot of tricks, 
 which will naturally develop into " stable vices." 
 
 To have zvhite glazed tiles in front above the 
 mangers. 
 
 Taking a horse into the stable ravenotisly tJiirsty. 
 
6o THE HORSE : Fl'S TAMING, 
 
 HINTS ON THE CURING OF VICES. 
 
 Shying. — This is a dangerous vice, and proceeds 
 from two causes, the first being a nervous disposition, 
 and the second defective eyesight. There is no aire 
 for the latter, but if the horse is absolutely dangerous 
 to drive, blindfolding him is the only remedy. If the 
 former, then a great change may be effected by educa- 
 tion. If it shies at objects in the road or stains on the 
 road, lay down in the ring pieces of tin, wood, different 
 coloured pieces of cloth, and sheets of paper, and drive 
 him in and out and over them until he gets so accus- 
 tomed to seeing them as to take no notice. If at 
 paper being carried about by the wind, put a piece on 
 the end of a whip thong, and flourish it about as he 
 goes along so that he can see it If at a heap of stones, 
 walk him round and round till you get him close up to 
 it, and lead him over it a few times. A little treat- 
 ment of this kind does a lot of good, and a perfect 
 cure frequently results. 
 
 Kicking. — This is an extremely dangerous vice, and 
 any horse with a reputation for being a kicker is 
 absolutely worthless. I can assure the reader that the 
 cure for kicking is not so difficult as the cure for 
 shying. First " Galvayne" the subject well, and strike 
 him fairly hard on his legs with the whip, and say 
 distinctly "Get up" every time the stroke is made. 
 Then get a "third hand," and handle him all over — 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 6l 
 
 never mind him kickin<^ — that's the kick coming out. 
 "Third hand" him until you can touch him anywhere 
 without his offering to kick ; then put the bags on the 
 *' third hand," and work him with them until you can 
 throw them on his legs without his kicking. Put the 
 harness on, and drive him. If he kicks furiously, keep 
 on, making him back smartly. There are many horses 
 going perfectly quiet in harness (kickers, I mean,) that 
 I broke from kicking, working them backwards all the 
 time. Now get a " third hand," and handle him all 
 over again while on the trot, your assistant running 
 behind holding it between the horse's hocks. Then 
 tie it on, as in Plate, and when it will carry one 
 between its legs put another there from the other side. 
 Put the tins on afterwards if a really bad one. Put 
 him through again in the morning, or twice the first 
 day, and twice the second. It is only one horse in 
 lOOO that ever wants five lessons. 
 
 Biting. — Put No. 2 Twitch on, and handle him 
 about head and mouth with your own hands; unfasten 
 the twitch, and feed him out of your hand. 
 
 Striking. — " Galvayne well ; " handle front legs for 
 some time with " third hand." Tie up one leg (as 
 described in the process of throwing), then rub your 
 hands up and down the other; let the leg down, and 
 tie up the other, repeating the rubbing. Give him a 
 piece or two of carrot during the lesson, and don't be 
 afraid to take your time. 
 
62 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 Rearing. — When driving a rearing horse, watch for 
 signs of his rising. To prevent him from doing so, 
 turn him sharply to right and to left, repeating this 
 treatment as often as he attempts it. Use a double 
 ring snaffle, but drive him on the single ring. The 
 bit will punish him. Afterwards, drive him for a day 
 or so with the " rearing " twitch on. 
 
 ''Jibbing'' or '' Reestuig'' (it is called the latter in 
 Scotland). — " Galvayne well," and let him know what 
 "get up" means, as applied to a "kicker." Put the 
 harness on, tighten the breeching to the collar, and 
 keep driving him in the ring, turning to the right and 
 left smartly. Most jibbers are bad in their mouths 
 and will not answer to their reins, and will frequently 
 not back. Make them back (by the method already 
 described in page 44). Make them also zvait^ as it 
 were, for the word to " go on," and if they don't 
 an.swer to it directly it is given, cut them across the 
 hocks sharply with the whip, put two "third hands" on 
 as in Plate 9, and get your assistant to hang on behind. 
 Afterwards, hitch up to trap, and work them, increasing 
 their loads daily. If they fall back into the old trick, 
 go over the treatment again. I have had some " bad 
 'uns," and have never failed yet. 
 
 Kicking in tJie Stable. — Put him in a stall with 
 hanging bales at the side, so that when he kicks them 
 away, they come up on him again and again. He will 
 soon get tired of it. Tying up one of the fore legs is 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 63 
 
 not bad; they soon lay down then, and are quiet; but 
 don't tie it up till he has finished his feed. 
 
 Wind Slicking. — A strap (any one will do) tied 
 tightly round the neck, close to the head. A loose 
 box is better for a wind sucker than a stall. 
 
 A Horse that zvont lie doivn in the stable. — Tie a 
 /-lbs. weight to its tail at night, and if that won't do, 
 put 14-lbs. on; let the weight hang just to reach below 
 the hock. I made about 25 horses lie down in a large 
 brewery by this means, that had never laid down in a 
 stall before. 
 
 Horses that are always Jianging back the full lengtli 
 of the halter in the stable. — Put the hair rope en. 
 
 For a horse that tears its clothi?ig. — Put on the beads 
 till he has become used to the rug. 
 
 Hozv to bridle or bit a bad or striking horse. — Put 
 the end of a walking stick in his mouth first; he will 
 stand perfectly quiet then to be bitted and bridled. 
 
 HORSES AND THEIR BITS AND BRIDLES. 
 
 Now what do we use bits and bridles for ? Why, to 
 guide and govern the horse's actions, according to our 
 desire ; yet how often is the power of them abused by 
 bad-tempered riders, and those with bad hands and 
 worse seats ! I am sorry to say I have generally 
 
64 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 noticed that'those riders who are afflicted with either 
 of these faults use the most cruel bits obtainable, and 
 to be also always ready with the whip and spur to 
 cure the horse of some imaginary fault. 
 
 The good style of walk, trot, or canter in a perfectly 
 trained docile horse, does not satisfy these sort of 
 riders ; they never speak a kind word or use a stroke 
 of the hand to steady the actions of an over-fresh 
 horse, but rather give him a severe and cruel jerk at 
 the deeply levered curb-bit, a crack of the whip, and 
 two digs with the spurs to quiet him, sending him all 
 over the road with all ends up, to impress the public 
 with their wonderful horsemanship. 
 
 I hold that any unnecessary punishment inflicted 
 upon a dumb animal is cruel, and should meet with 
 its deserts, no matter whether this cruelty is inflicted 
 through ignorance, or a natural brutality that some 
 men show towards all animals ; and I think that no 
 creature is so much abused in this respect as the 
 horse. 
 
 In Australia you could ride for thousands of miles 
 in the bush, and never find a curb bit in use. You 
 may sometimes see a plain pelham, but as a rule 
 nothing but a plain snaffle. Yet, the Anglo- Australians 
 (as a race) are acknowledged to be, by all who know 
 them, perfect horsemen — men who ride daily for a 
 living, and in all probability were able to ride before 
 they could walk. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 65 
 
 The Australian Stock rider or Boundary rider has 
 no horses made for him, but has one given to him 
 from a mob. He must do the catching, mounting, 
 and training himself, or leave his situation. The 
 country is a very rough one, and dangerous to ride 
 through. Yet these men fearlessly gallop through 
 forests at headlong speed, along mountain sides, and 
 over hundreds of boulders at breakneck speed, on a 
 horse with only an easy snaffle in its mouth. He has 
 perfect control over his horse — can wheel him as quick 
 as lightning, making turn after turn, jumping almost 
 every few yards over fallen trees and timber of all 
 sorts, yet very few accidents happen. So I think it 
 must be admitted that the snaffle meets with all re- 
 quirements when the 7nau is equal to the occasion. 
 
 The better " mouth " a horse has the worse it is for 
 a bad rider, as he will fairly drive the horse mad, and 
 render his remaining in the saddle only a matter of 
 minutes. The horse is then blamed, and an animal 
 which is valuable in good hands, passes away at a 
 pecuniary loss. If a man has not the ability to handle 
 a spirited horse well, he ought not to attempt to ride 
 him. I have known horses that passed out of my 
 hands with perfect mouths in all respects, yet I have 
 heard of them afterwards as confirmed and hard pull- 
 ers. The more a horse's mouth is accustomed to a 
 cruel bit, the less he cares for it. His mouth becomes 
 callous, and he will soon learn that, by constantly pull- 
 
66 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 ing, he neutralizes the first action of it, which is painful, 
 and hence he becomes a confirmed puller, and at last 
 an unmanageable brute. 
 
 Some riders depend upon this long and strong pull 
 to keep them where they want to remain, viz., in the 
 saddle. Therefore, I say, and have always said, that 
 any man may take a horse and make him perfect in 
 all respects, but he cannot guarantee him to remain so. 
 I have often said as a joke in the ring, " It's not the 
 horses that always want Galvayning, it's the men." I 
 have frequently known these pulling horses that have 
 been ridden in jaw-breaking and blood-biting bits, go 
 perfectly quiet, and easily ridden by another man in a 
 plain snaffle. That is why I condemn heavy and 
 sharp bits for colts. They spoil the animal's temper, 
 lacerate its mouth, and make the parts callous and 
 impervious to the sense of feeling, and his future 
 management a matter of difficulty. 
 
 There is a sympathy that should make itself known 
 and felt by both rider and horse, between the horse's 
 mouth and the rider's hands, as White Melville puts 
 it in his Riding Recollections — " If you pull against a 
 post, a post will pull against you ; but if you don't pull 
 against the post, the post will not pull against you." 
 Teach your colt from the start not to take a dead pull 
 on the bit, and in good hands he will never want to 
 do so. 
 
 In my opinion, the man has yet to be born, and the 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 67 
 
 bit yet to be invented that can stop a horse running 
 away if it wants to. 
 
 Before bringing this matter to a conclusion, I must 
 state most emphatically that I condemn cruel curb 
 bits ; and that no pain or annoyance should exist in 
 any horse's mouth, if you want him to perform his 
 duties well, and to be docile and gentle in saddle and 
 harness. 
 
 I am, at the present time, driving a pair of runa- 
 ways, both in snaffles, and both in good heart and 
 fettle, and I can pull them up in their own length 
 when going at any speed ; yet I saw one of them, the 
 day I bought it, fairly mad, and the bloody froth 
 streaming from its mouth through an intensely cruel 
 bit being used. The same day I trained him to single 
 harness, and drove him perfectly quiet in an ordinary 
 double ring snaffle. 
 
 I might just mention another case — and a bad one, 
 too — that I had when in Yorkshire. A lady owned a 
 very fine pair of carriage horses — incorrigible pullers — 
 both of whom had run away at different times. U?ider 
 my system of scJwoling^ I so improved their mouths, 
 that in a week I could drive them both at any pace, 
 and stop them in a moment, with slack reins and plain 
 snaffles only. Another case was a Brougham horse, 
 which had run away many times, and smashed the 
 vehicle behind it to pieces. His last performance be- 
 fore I got him was to go through a confectioner's shop 
 
68 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING 
 
 window, at a cost of £^o to his owner. He broke the 
 reins while being driven in the ring, but after one 
 lesson I could, and did, drive him anywhere, in a plain 
 snaffle. I hope I shall live to see the snaffle supersede 
 all other bits, then the decrease in the number of 
 accidents on the road and in the hunting field will be 
 so great as to convince all horsemen that they would 
 have been wise to have adopted it before. 
 
 HOW TO EXAMINE A HORSE AS TO 
 
 SOUNDNESS. 
 
 The ability to judge a horse as to soundness is 
 almost instinctive in some people. You will find an 
 entirely uneducated man detect a defect, almost at a 
 glance, that has been passed over by one thoroughly 
 conversant with the anatomy of the horse. In 
 Australia we have not the vet. always to fly to when 
 purchasing. The buyers there (with few exceptions) 
 buy solely on their own judgment — and very frequenth' 
 eye judgment alone — as in the case of entireh- 
 unbroken colts it is an impossibility to get your hand 
 upon them. But this I will say, that the Australian 
 horses are much freer from lameness and disease than 
 those in Pmgland. This is, of course, partly owing to 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 69 
 
 the difference in climate; but I think AiistraHan 
 horses have naturally better constitutions, having had 
 the great advantage of a purely unartificial rearing — 
 not having been boxed up, standing on their own 
 manure, week after week, and month after month, as 
 I have seen many a one in Great Britain — the smell 
 from the ammonia being so strong on one occasion, 
 that I would almost defy any man to remain a 
 quarter of an hour in the stable with the door shut. 
 It was stifling to me with the door open, yet the 
 owner scarcely noticed it. How can you expect 
 healthy horses reared under such circumstances? The 
 feet and lungs must soon become affected, and 
 examination as to their soundness, by the non-existence 
 of unsoujidfiess^ becomes a very different task, even to 
 the most accomplished of vets. But I will endeavour 
 to give a few hints upon this most important subject 
 in connection with horses, so as to assist those buyers 
 who are not vets., and who have to judge for themselves. 
 
 To be able to know an unsound horse, one must 
 perfect one's eye and knozvledge of the natural con- 
 formation of a sound one, and this can only be gained 
 by careful and practical examination of sound horses, 
 and by making oneself familiar with the sound and 
 perfect appearance of each part. 
 
 Early morning is the best time to examine a horse, 
 you will then see him in the stable. Look in the 
 manger at once to notice signs of "quidding" — viz., 
 
70 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 food partially masticated and spat out ; then stand 
 quietly behind him for a few minutes to notice stable 
 vices — such as wind-sucking, crib-biting, weaving, and 
 pawing. It is a nuisance to get a wind-sucker in a 
 stable, as the other horses are likely to acquire the 
 same habit 
 
 Pawing. — Look at the stones under fore feet, and 
 also toes of front shoes, for evidence of this. Watch 
 if he appears to be restless upon any of his feet. 
 Many horses naturally rest one of their hind legs 
 at a time, but very seldom the fore legs, unless 
 diseased. If any suspicious action should be noticed, 
 a more particular examination of the doubtful part 
 should be made. The pulse should be next examined, 
 and for the guidance of the general reader, I will give 
 a few useful observations on this important matter. 
 
 There are several parts of the horse where the pulse 
 can be felt, but the most convenient is at the lower 
 jaw. At this spot the pulsations may be not only 
 distinctly counted, but also the character of the action 
 accurately ascertained. 
 
 In a healthy state, the pulsations in the heart of a 
 farmer's work-horse range from 35 to 37 beats per 
 minute ; in a thorough-bred horse, 40 to 42 ; and it 
 must be understood that this is only the condition of 
 the pulse when the horse is at rest, as all exertion, 
 according to its degree, will increase the rate. A 
 warm stable, nervousness, or fear, will also augment 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 7 1 
 
 ft. 50 to 55 beats denote a degree of fever, and 
 higher rates, of course, worse. 
 
 The pulse in the healthy horse is regular, and not 
 too hard or too soft. After having examined his 
 pulse, turn him over smartly in the stable, and watch 
 for evidences of stringhalt or spavin. 
 
 Stringhalt is a convulsive action, which snatches 
 the hind foot up spasmodically, and I have seen cases 
 so bad that the horse, when first moved, would strike 
 his belly many times with his hoofs. (This disease is 
 most prevalent in Australia.) In some cases it is 
 seen in a very mild form, and only sJwzvs itself when 
 the horse is turned smartly round. 
 
 Then lead him towards the door to examine the 
 eyes. Of course in some cases of disease none but 
 vets, can detect it, but a few hints from a practical 
 man to another may not be amiss. Compare both 
 eyes as to size of pupils, and for cataract, &c. Both 
 eyes should be the same size to be healthy, and show 
 in evidence of any previous affection. To examine 
 for cataract shut the stable door, and light a candle, 
 and pass it in front of the eye; if healthy, three 
 reflections of the candle will be seen. Two of these 
 reflections are erects and more in the same direction as 
 the light, and the third is inverted and moves from 
 the light. 
 
 Take the horse outside and stand him upon level 
 ground, making whoever is holding him take a long 
 
72 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 hold of the halter shank — not a sJiort hold close to 
 the head. Walk round him, and take a general view, 
 and looking for broken knees, ringbones, splints, 
 sandcracks, difference in size of feet, &c. 
 
 Look at the teeth for irregularity, incisors for 
 age, molars for soundness ; the nostrils for any 
 evidence of cold, strangles, nasal gleet, or glanders. 
 Examine the poll for poll-evil, and the throat for 
 marks of the crib-biting strap ; withers for fistula. 
 Examine minutely the knees for scars, pass your 
 hands down the legs for splints and sore shins. I 
 would not reject a young horse that had splints ; they 
 will frequently develop at 3 and 4 years old, and 
 will sometimes leave even afterwards without any 
 treatment at all. 
 
 You can detect a sore shin by its being a little 
 swollen in front, and having; heat in it. Also look for 
 evidence of speedy cutting scars on the inside of the 
 knees, both below and above them ; horses that dish in 
 with their front feet are specially liable to have these, 
 and will easily come down. Then examine for ring- 
 bone and side-bones ; run your hands down back 
 tendons, to feel if clean and cool, and free from any 
 tJiickjicss ; then the foi'e feet for sandcracks — (these 
 are frequently filled up) — a sandcrack is a split down 
 the horn from the coronet, and not easy to see 
 sometimes. Search well round the top of the hoof 
 for small sandcracks. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 73 
 
 Carefully examine for contracted heels, and notice 
 the shape of soles, if flat or concave (ought to be the 
 latter.) Thrush. — Contraction is generally the cause 
 of thrush in the fore feet, and may be known by 
 matter being discharged from the cleft of the frog. 
 A horse may have thrush and not be lame ; inspect 
 closely, it can ahvays be discovered by a most 
 disagreeable smell which accompanies the disease. 
 Qiiittor is a wound in the coronet, generally occasioned 
 by a tread, but it has also other causes. 
 
 Seedy-toe is known by a bulging out of the wall of 
 the foot, generally near the toe, and by a soft cheesy 
 kind of horn. 
 
 Bruised soles and corns. — Have the fore shoes taken 
 off; examine for bruised, thin, or weak soles; tap 
 with a hammer or squeeze with a pair of blacksmith's 
 plyers. If the horse does not flinch, then you may 
 be certain his feet are sound and good. For corns, 
 look for signs of the knife on the soles, usually near 
 the bars inside the heels. 
 
 Founder, or inflammation in the feet, may be 
 known to have taken place by the appearance of the 
 outside of the hoof, it haviiifj seams or lines running 
 round it. Sometimes these are natural ; if so, they 
 run parallel with the coronet; if produced by fever, 
 converge towards the heel — all to a common point. 
 Examine belly and inside of thighs for warts ; look for 
 swollen sheath; pass the hand down the stifle-joint — 
 
 E 
 
74 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 this is often the seat of disease. Notice the action of 
 this joint, when free from disease, in walking or 
 trotting, should appear the same. Now the examiner 
 comes to the most important joint, and the one 
 that is most likely to be wrong. It is often said 
 by the most experienced that the " foot before 
 and the hock behind " are more liable to injury 
 and disease than any other portion of the body, and 
 certainly the hock is the most difficult joint to 
 examine for unsoundness. 
 
 TJiorougJipin. — These are round swellings on inside 
 and outside, and immediately under the strong tendon 
 which unites with the cap of the hock, being similar 
 in appearance to zvhidgalls, which appear generally 
 more frequently on the fore legs just at the fetlock 
 joints, and cannot be reckoned an unsoundness. I 
 have frequently heard it said " that a windgalled leg 
 never goes lame," but I wont go quite so far as this. 
 They indicate, however, that the horse has done hard 
 work, but unless they have attained a very large size 
 (being then an unsightly blemish), I should not notice 
 them in the question of soundness, only in the 
 question of price. 
 
 A Capped Hock is known by the very point of the 
 hock being swollen. It seldom causes lameness, but 
 it is an ugly defect. Sometimes it is produced by 
 kicking in harness, and when caused in that way, I 
 call it " The Brand of Cain." I have known draught 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 75 
 
 horses, when heavily loaded, to kick from the pain of 
 a capped hock, which was not the result of vice. 
 
 Sallenders are scurfy eruptions inside of the hock, and 
 don't often lame the horse, unless wantonly neglected. 
 Curb is situated some inches below the hock, and 
 can be better seen from a side view. Unless the hind 
 legs and quarters are well formed, my examination 
 would cease. // is only when the general conformation 
 of tJie horse suits you that the special examination of 
 parts takes place. 
 
 Qirby horses are mostly cowhocked. I can best 
 describe their appearance by comparing their hind 
 legs to the legs of a knock-kneed, splay-footed man. 
 Some horses are naturally curby, being foaled so. 
 
 Bone-Spavin. — When developing, this disease is 
 sometimes very difficult to discover. The examina- 
 tion should first take place in the stable, before the 
 horse is exercised. Look critically for the least sign 
 of lameness when he is being brought out. The 
 complaint presents itself in the form of a bony 
 enlargement on the lower and most prominent part of 
 the inside of the hock-joint. A well-formed hock-joint 
 gradually tapers down to the shank. When examin- 
 ing, pass your hand down inside of the hocks first; 
 then pass both hands, simultaneously, so as to note 
 any difference in the shape or make. 
 
 A horse with spavin may go lame for the first 
 hundred yards or so, but afterwards so slightly that 
 
76 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 in a mettled horse it would not be easy to detect. 
 Always have him trotted quietly from and to you, not 
 up and down in front of you. If going sound, showing 
 no lameness, put the saddle on him, and have him 
 galloped to test his wind. 
 
 Broken wind^ which may be discovered by the 
 following signs: — /'■zf^ expirations ior one inspiration, 
 and it is also generally accompanied by a hard, dry, 
 husky cough, differing completely in its character 
 from that of a common cold. 
 
 Thick wind is indicated by short and frequent 
 breathing when standing. These symptons become 
 greatly exaggerated by exercise. 
 
 Roaring is easily known by the noise which pro- 
 ceeds from the animal's nostrils when galloped. 
 
 Wheezing is a sound similar to that a person makes 
 who is afflicted with asthma. It manifests itself after 
 action. 
 
 Whistler or Piper. — Known by a shrill sort of sound, 
 discovered readily by a gallop. 
 
 For Grunting. — Test with the stick, a gallop, or 
 jumping, if a hunter. It is best to ride the horse 
 yourself, to find out the diseases of the lungs, as well 
 as for lameness. 
 
 Brushing on back fetlocks. — This may be only the 
 result of weakness ; if on the fore fetlocks, look no 
 further. Colts frequently brush when being trained 
 to work, and never do so afterwards. 
 
TRAINING, AND GP:NERAL MANAGEMENT. 77 
 
 Navicular disease is very prevalent in Great Britain, 
 and lias been on the increase for years past It shows 
 itself by lameness. Let the horse stand 15 or 20 
 minutes in the stable, and when he comes out see if he 
 .shows any sign of lameness. 
 
 I have endeavoured to place before the reader a 
 .summary of the ailments most common to horses, and 
 the methods for discovering them. 
 
 I think that the gentlemen of Great Britain do not, 
 as a rule, take sufficient personal supervision in the 
 general welfare of their horses. In the purchase of 
 them, too much power is placed in the hands of the 
 Groom and V. S., many a horse being condemned for 
 unsoundness, which is practically sound, and would, 
 if purchased, suit the buyer. 
 
 My advice to the purchaser is to satisfy himself 
 that the horse is practically sound, and suitable for 
 whatever duties that may be required of it. Let the 
 horse sell itself. Take your time to examine him 
 thoroughly, and don't be " bluffed " or " chaffed " into 
 doing it hurriedly. If this is tried on, you may depend 
 there is something wrong. Have your trial if a harness 
 horse. Don't lock the wheels, even if asked to do so, 
 as many jibbing horses will pull locked wheels, but 
 wont stir if the wheels are loose. If a hunter, ride 
 him ; try his pace over rough ground ; see how he puts 
 his feet down. Jump him, and if he satisfies you, 
 don't stop at a fiver in his price, but buy him. 
 
78 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 MARES FOALING: THEIR SYMPTOMS AND 
 TREATMENT, AND EARLY MANAGE- 
 MENT OF THE FOAL. 
 
 The marc during the latter period of gestation 
 should be well fed, and should have plenty of daily 
 exercise. Idle mares may be kept at grass; if so, 
 they should have access to a shelter-hovel, in case of 
 wet or severe weather setting in. Mares who have 
 the range of a large pasture will sufficiently exercise 
 themselves. During the winter and spring months 
 6 lb. crushed oats, 2 lb. bran, and a small quantity of 
 hay-chaff, plenty of clean hay, and some root food, 
 should be placed in a manger in the shed daily. If 
 you expect a well-developed foal, the mare must be 
 kept in good condition. Starvation is frequently the 
 cause of abortion. Nature is sure to assert her 
 authority, and is prone to resent liberties. The period 
 of gestation is generally about 350 days. 
 
 A month before a mare's time is due, if the weather 
 be cold, she should be brought in under cover at 
 night, and she should be seen every day, so as to 
 observe any change in the appearance of her udder. 
 Some mares wont drop their udder, and show until a 
 few days before foaling, and such mares require great 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 79 
 
 attention, and the attendant must then be guided by 
 the dropping of the quarters, which usually takes 
 place about two days before foaling; but, as a rule^ 
 the udder begins to show about a fortnight before 
 foaling, and in some cases three weeks before. The 
 udder continues to increase until wax appears ; this is a 
 yellow substance which remains on the fronts of the 
 teats about a day, and when it drops off, milk begins to 
 show, and continues dropping away; and, as a rule, 
 the mare will foal within ten hours of the change from 
 wax to milk ; in some cases a mare will w^ax, and the 
 wax drop off, without being followed by milk ; she may 
 then go some time before waxing again — perhaps a 
 fortnight, or three weeks in some cases. When the 
 milk once appears, the mare then wants looking to 
 every hour or so, and the next symptom is, the mare 
 will begin to look uneasy, and smell about ; she 
 may then be expected to foal at any time, and should 
 not be left more than ten minutes or a quarter of an 
 hour. It is of great importance that the mare should 
 be accustomed to one attendant for a few days before 
 foaling, so that she may not be nervous at his coming 
 in and out, and great caution should be observed at 
 this time by the attendant, that he should come in 
 very cautiously, in case the mare should be down 
 foaling, in which case she might get frightened, and 
 jump up. It is advisable to let a mare foal in a place 
 with as much room as possible; and in cases, when 
 
So THE horsf:: its taming, 
 
 the door opens inside, it is advisable to have another 
 way of getting into the box, as she might be down 
 against the door, and no one could then get to her. 
 The draught mare may be worked with safety and 
 advantage up to the date of foaling, provided she is 
 entrusted to careful hands. The mare, if not watched, 
 might, for instance, go down to foal with only one or 
 two feet from her tail to the side of the box ; in such 
 a case she would have to be got up, and she would 
 then go down again ; or if the mare had got half 
 through her foaling, if help could be got, she might in 
 some cases be pulled round by the tail. 
 
 When the mare commences to foal, the first thing 
 that should appear is the water bladder, which comes 
 out until the fore feet have come out far enough for 
 the attendant to take hold of them ; he then breaks 
 the bladder with the finger, and taking hold of the 
 legs may gently assist the mare, by pulling quite 
 straight and steadily, just at the times when the 
 mare heaves. 
 
 As soon as the foal is born, the string should be 
 tied close to the colt's belly, and it should be cut 
 close to the tying. 
 
 The next thing is to draw the foal up to the mare's 
 head, and let her smell and lick it, and she may then 
 be given a bucket of oatmeal gruel before she gets 
 up; she may then be left for half-an-hour, after which 
 some warm mash may be given. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 8 1 
 
 As soon as the foal has sucked, the mare and foal 
 may then be left to themselves, and the quieter the 
 better. 
 
 The above is an outline of the general treatment 
 of mares, without going into any details of various 
 complications that may occur, such as a foal coming 
 wrong, hind legs first, head doubled back, when it 
 will generally be found that the bag as a rule does not 
 appear first, as is the natural course; but, in any cases 
 of irregularity, a veterinary surgeon should be sent 
 for at once. A mare, after she goes down to foal, 
 should she seern to have difficulty, and be unusually 
 long without any satisfactory results, a veterinary 
 surgeon should be sent for. In natural cases of 
 foaling, a mare should not be lotiger than half-an-hour 
 or so in labour, though, in many cases, the foal is 
 born in ten minutes. 
 
 Immediately after foaling, the mare should be fed 
 for the first week on sloppy food, consisting of oats, 
 swedes, and cut chaff The whole should be cooked 
 and given in a lukewarm state. The working mare 
 and foal should be kept in a roomy box for the first 
 few days. 
 
 If the foal is an early one, and in my opinion the 
 earlier the better, it is an excellent thing to encourage 
 it to eat a little of its mother's boiled food, and this it 
 can do within a few days after it is foaled ; thus, when 
 the time comes for it to be weaned, it takes to artificial 
 
82 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 food quite kindly. As a rule, it is as well to let the 
 mares wean their own foals; but unless this is done 
 before seven months are out, in these cases the mare 
 should be kept in the house for a few days, and after- 
 wards in a field at a distance from the foal ; or when the 
 foal is about to be taken away and weaned, the mare 
 should be kept on dry hay for a few days. A little light 
 work will also assist in drying up her flow of milk. If 
 possible, foals should be handled from the day they are 
 born, and for this purpose a small halter should be put 
 upon them to enable them to be held and walked 
 about. In cold climates, throughout their first winter, 
 it is advisable to stable foals at night (or at all events 
 to have a large shed handy for the foals to run in and 
 out of, but not necessarily a draughty one), giving 
 them the same food as that for mares. 
 
 Service of, and trying Mares after service. — Breed a 
 mare on the ninth day after foaling if she is all right 
 and in good health, but in a few cases mares will not 
 come in heat at that time. When this is the case, or 
 if, from being out of condition, or any other cause, and 
 it is thought best to wait, postpone it till the twenty- 
 eighth day after foaling. After a mare has been served 
 by the horse, let her go from nineteen to twenty-one 
 days before trying her again, depending on the period 
 of heat at which she had been bred. After that try 
 her twice a week until you are sure she is with foal. 
 Never give a mare but one service at a time unless 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 83 
 
 there has been previous trouble to get her in foal. In 
 such cases have her served every day during the period 
 of heat. My reason for this will be obvious to an in- 
 telligent horseman who understands the physiology of 
 the generative organs and the theory of conception. 
 In my opinion, three years of age is quite early enough 
 to breed the mare. Two, I think, as a rule, is much 
 too young. 
 
 If the mare is in work at the time of service put 
 her back to work again ; if she is on pasture put her 
 back to pasture ; and if she has been idle in the stable 
 or paddock she at once goes back to the same con- 
 dition. In other words, try, if possible, to make no 
 change in the conditions under which the mare has 
 been kept, the primary object being to avoid all excite- 
 ment. The common system of taking the mare away 
 from home to a strange place, amid strange surround- 
 ings, to be bred, is not so favourable to conception as 
 is the common system, where the stallion makes his 
 regular rounds, and the mares are served on the farms 
 where they are kept, owned, and worked. This system 
 is better for the mares, and is also better for the stallion, 
 because, under it, the latter is sure to get plenty of 
 exercise — a thing which is niucJi neglected by some 
 owners of stallions, when their entires do not traveL 
 This neglect is one of the principal sources of vice. 
 I had one sent to me when at Perth that would fairly 
 savage a man, yet in less than a week I drove him in 
 
84 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 a vehicle, and also rode him in saddle perfectly quiet. 
 
 Horses in a natural state walk and stand very 
 nearly the twenty-four hours round, clearly showing 
 the peculiar requirements of their nature, and the 
 amount of exercise requisite. When in Chester, I 
 frequently visited the Duke of Westminster's stud 
 farm, and saw, when there, three Derby winners — - 
 Bend'or, Ormonde, and Shotover, the last-named one 
 a mare, who had at the time a foal to Bend'or, the 
 dam and sire being both Derby winners. Mr. Chap- 
 man, the Duke's stud master, entirely concurred in 
 my views relating to the absolute necessity of great 
 exercise for service stallions, if you want the horse 
 and his progeny to be healthy. 
 
 Bend'or was at the time serving two mares a day, 
 and, before each service, was walked, and did every 
 week 100 miles, and sometimes 120 miles, and served 
 his mares immediately on his return, and out of his 
 last season's work only three or four mares proved to 
 be barren, and in all probability this might be the 
 fault of the mares themselves. 
 
 Ormonde, a racehorse with an unbeaten record, was 
 then being prepared for stud purposes, and he had 
 the same amount of walking exercise, yet was getting 
 heavier daily, and what was being put on was nearly 
 as hard as if he had been in training. 
 
 Both horses were as docile as the most docile of 
 sheep, and would permit any person to handle them, 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. &5 
 
 without showing the slightest sign of any trick or 
 vice, and their condition and health were superb — 
 the animals being a credit to the stud master as well 
 as to their noble owner. 
 
 BARRENNESS IN MARES 
 
 Arises principally from neglect in trying them after 
 they are served, unless there is some physical defect 
 in the womb to prevent pregnancy ; too much work, 
 being broken-winded, or suffering from a chronic 
 cough, and the excessive feeding of corn. Geldings 
 should not be allowed to run with mares lately served, 
 or even before service, for some weeks. Also, taking 
 a mare a long distance (and hurriedly) to the horse, 
 or bringing her home again in a similar manner. Ten 
 miles is quite far enough to take a mare quietly to the 
 horse and home again. And a mare should be stabled 
 for two or three hours after having the horse. Cooling 
 food and slight work for about three weeks will pre- 
 vent accidents. 
 
 FOR MARES NOT COMING IN HEAT, 
 
 There is but one remedy. If within a reasonable 
 period a mare shows no signs of coming in season, 
 confine her and let the horse serve her ; after that she 
 
S6 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 is pretty sure to come in heat within a few days. 
 This is especially applicable to young mares. 
 
 MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING OF STAL- 
 LIONS KEPT ENTIRELY FOR SERVICE 
 PURPOSES. 
 
 There can be no exact formula for this. The con- 
 stitution of the horse, difference of country and climate, 
 make such a thing an utter impossibility ; but perhaps 
 a few hints on the subject may be useful to those who 
 from preference may adopt a different walk in life 
 to that in which they had been born and educated. 
 I mean pastoral and agricultural pursuits and farming 
 generally, to which many a one has taken, with or 
 without experience, when entering upon a colonial 
 life. 
 
 Rearing Young Stallions. — Keep them on good 
 pasture all the first summer, with a small feed of 
 crushed oats and good chaff, with a little bran, night 
 and morning. Feed from a lower manger than ordi- 
 narily ; have bars fixed so that the foal cannot learn 
 to nose its food out ; and always keep rock salt in the 
 manger. Halter the foal, and handle him from time to 
 time to keep him gentle, but never play with him. 
 Pick his legs up and examine his feet every month, 
 and, if necessary, pare the walls down and run a rasp 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 87 
 
 round outside edge, but never put a knife on 
 the sole or frog. A little root food is not bad, 
 but farmers in Great Britain as a rule give their stallions 
 too much of this. Carrots, by a long way, are the 
 best. When the winter comes on right cold, take 
 the fcal in at night, but still let him out daily, if 
 moderately fine, till the summer sets in again ; then, 
 if possible, turn him out altogether until the second 
 winter sets in — being careful not to neglect to handle 
 him. In fact, I recommend training him to surcingle, 
 crupper, and bit (of course, feeding him heavier), also 
 leading him on the road. This can be done when one of 
 the farm hands has to go out a mile or two. Gradually 
 the colt becomes accustomed to carts passing, seeing 
 other animals, and hearing strange noises. He is easier 
 taught these things when young, and his strength, if a 
 draught colt, is not so great as when he is older. When 
 he is turned two years, I should let him commence to 
 cover, but previous to starting him, for a month or six 
 weeks give him a few beans, old and well crushed, and 
 d^few white peas occasionally, mixed with his oats and 
 just wetted a bit, and a few carrots daily. Of course I am 
 supposed to be rearing a stallion capable of doing the 
 most work possible in the stud. I would breed him to a 
 few mares at two years old — say one a week for six 
 weeks, then the next four weeks two a week — in order 
 to develop his sexual organs along with the other 
 parts of his system. This will do him good, and help to 
 
S8 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 pay for his keep. At three years of age a horse can 
 serve more, beginning, say, with two a week, increasing 
 as you go along, until, after six weeks, he may serve 
 one a day. At four years of age he may be put to 
 full service. I may remark that in high altitudes a 
 horse cannot perform as much service as in lower 
 ones ; and this is corroborated by others, and is an 
 established fact. 
 
 Number of Mares to be served by a Stallio7i. — 
 Never let a horse serve more than two in a day, 
 and this a mature stallion, properly fed and exercised,, 
 should be able to keep up for three months without 
 injury. Some horses may do much more, but I speak 
 of a reasonably vigorous horse. 
 
 I have no hesitation in saying that stud farms which 
 have failed in the past, have simply done so because 
 the principles upon which they were conducted 
 were entirely against the nature of the animal the 
 owners sought to breed and rear to a profit. The farms 
 have been small, therefore, with little work to do. 
 The brood mares (animals strictly gregarious by 
 nature), have been confined in loose boxes. There 
 is no animal that equals the horse in the amount 
 of exercise he will take naturally ; in fact, I have 
 reiterated this remark over and over again in the 
 ring — hunger compels him to take exercise freely, his 
 stomach is so small — that he will walk about 20 hours 
 out of the 24 to keep it filled. In Australia, during 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 89 
 
 the drought season, he will have to be pretty active too, 
 to keep his belly full. Therefore, strong exercise 
 must be necessary for his well-being and good health. 
 If a stallion is not led to his mares, then he should be 
 led at least six miles every day. Of course in 
 Australia the covering fee generally includes the 
 paddocking of the mare for three months, and the 
 stallion is let loose with the mares, so that our animals 
 there are bred quite naturally, which has a lasting 
 beneficial effect upon the constitution of the horse, 
 and it has not any opportunity of acquiring vice and 
 stable tricks like the colts reared artificially. 
 
 PJiysicing, or the use of Stiimilaiits or Co7idime7its. 
 — Physic may be absolutely necessary, and the cause 
 of the necessity unavoidable, but I think it is generally 
 otherwise, want of care in dieting, and salt, and want 
 of exercise being the primary causes. If physic is 
 necessary, administer it, but I do not believe in the 
 general use of condiments and stimulants, excepting 
 tonics, of course, in cases of temporary indisposition. 
 Always keep rock salt in the mangers, and do not be 
 afraid of using too many carrots. 
 
 Managejne?it. — Never play with your stallion or 
 teach him to bite everything he comes across, or some 
 day he may take a fancy to bite you. Nip all tricks 
 in the bud, and train him with long reins when 
 between one and two years old to turn to the rein, and 
 to back well, and make him do so to the voice alone 
 
90 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 afterwards. You want him to be just as obedient as a 
 saddle horse ; in fact all should be broken to saddle — it is 
 easier to exercise them, and not so likely to be neglected. 
 
 The stallion should be trained to stand well, but 
 not to plant his feet too far extended (as many are 
 done), it spoils their appearance and lessens their 
 height ; and for show purposes a very long rein should 
 be used, so that you can run him at least 20 feet off 
 you ; always stop him quietly, and have him to wheel 
 round you nicely, full length of the leading rein when 
 turning a corner. I don't want to be invidious or 
 personal, but the best leader of a stallion (and the best 
 trained stallion too) I have seen in Great Britain, was 
 a young fellow, the son of a Yorkshire horse dealer, 
 whom I met when at Darlington. 
 
 You want to use extreme kindness and gentleness 
 in the training and management of stallions, as they 
 are naturally very sensitive, and quick in their likes 
 and dislikes. I have had a good many bad beasts, but 
 have never failed to tame them, and in some cases 
 have driven and ridden them perfectly quiet ; in fact, 
 I am driving one now in an American buggy that the 
 previous owner essayed to put into harness. He 
 wouldn't start away from his stable, so he flogged him. 
 Result : — Horse one side of ditch — cart the other — 
 man in it, and a good place for him. Now he is as 
 quiet as possible both in stable, saddle, and harness, 
 but my groom is gentle with him. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 9 1 
 
 DISEASES AND THEIR PREVENTION. 
 
 Selecting a perfectly sound and suitable animal. 
 
 A not too sudden change of diet — from soft 
 natural food to corn and hay. 
 
 Care in first stabling a horse brought in from the 
 paddock. Do not put him in a close stable, as he will 
 likely take strangles and cold. Keep horses as hardy 
 as possible in the stable. Never use the chest piece, 
 generally included in a full set of clothing ; by using 
 it the animal is rendered more liable to cold when 
 meeting piercing cold winds. 
 
 When turning a horse out to graze, harden him off 
 gradually by not cleaning him, and finally cover his 
 vital parts with grease (free from salt.) 
 
 Take his shoes off, if only not using him for a 
 week. 
 
 Use flat shoes for driving or riding, excepting in 
 slippery weather, when heel and toe spikes, and nails 
 are compulsory. 
 
 When driving or riding, water your horses a mile 
 or two out from home — great gripe preventive. 
 
 When a horse's legs are washed, dry thetn well ; 
 don't pare the soles or frogs. 
 
 Shoe your horses every three to four weeks; if new 
 shoes not required, have removes ; saves broken knees 
 and contracted feet. 
 
92 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 When compelled to drive or ride violently home, a 
 good straw wisking is beneficial (double-handed best, 
 without too much punching or cissing) ; prevents chill 
 and fever. 
 
 Rub ears till dry and warm ; give chilled water. 
 If the horse should break out in a sweat, a brisk walk 
 up and down the yard, and another wisking. 
 
 If a shy feeder, change the food frequently, give in 
 small quantities, wash the manger out, always keep a 
 piece or two of rock salt in the feeding manger. 
 
 Never leave dust or dirt in the corners of the 
 mangers. In large establishments it is better to have a 
 stable specially for visitors' horses, so as to avoid con- 
 tagion. Wooden stables should be well lime-washed, 
 it being mixed with fat or glue, so as not to rub off 
 easily. 
 
 Hay should be put into a barred manger, and not 
 in racks overhead. It is not natural ; the horse's 
 head is never clean, and hay seeds and dust are liable 
 to get into the eyes. 
 
 Bedding saturated, and smelling strongly of am- 
 monia, very readily produces Thrush. 
 
 Bedding should be always kept down, but it is not 
 necessary to have it so thick in the daytime as at night. 
 
 The stable should never be kept too hot — warm, 
 but well ventilated without draughts. 
 
 Never send a horse out on a long journey with a 
 stomach full of food ; if compulsory to do so, drive 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 93 
 
 or ride him as slowly as possible for the first few 
 miles. 
 
 Dark stables affect the eyesight. 
 
 Always wash the feet when dressing, and examine 
 for nails, loose shoes, &c. 
 
 Be careful in leading a horse through a low door, 
 as a blow on the top of the head frequently produces 
 poll evil ; also look and see that his hips will not 
 .strike the door posts. 
 
 HINTS ON FEEDING, STABLE MANAGE- 
 MENT, &c. 
 
 It is impossible to lay down a code of rules for 
 feeding horses bred in different countries, climate 
 having so much to do with the quality of the feed. 
 
 It is becoming a generally acknowledged fact that 
 the intense light of the sun is favourable to the quality 
 of vegetation, and that grass, oats, barley, maize, &c., 
 &c., grown in dry climates are far more nutritious 
 than feed grown in damp and cold. Australia pos- 
 sesses great facilities for horse breeding, and Austra- 
 lian horses for speed and endurance cannot now be 
 equalled. The time is not far distant when other 
 countries will acknowledge their superiority, and be 
 only too glad to obtain the Australian horse, not only 
 for the army or hack, but also for their thoroughbred 
 
94 'i'HE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 sire. For stock, bred in Australia from the best 
 English blood, are improved by climate and feed. 
 
 By feeding I mean, of course, general diet and 
 waterings which is a most particular thing to attend 
 to, and one which I invariably see to myself when it 
 is in any way possible. There are more mistakes 
 made by grooms in this matter than in any other 
 through pure ignorance ; but more of this by-and-bye. 
 
 The horse, having a very small stomach, should be 
 fed frequently, but in small feeds. I have watched 
 horses grazing, and, mind you, in this particular 
 instance the pasture was thickly grassed, but I am 
 sure they did not cease to feed for more than four 
 hours out of the twenty-four. 
 
 The horse, being intended for great exertions, 
 needs a proportionate amount of food. Therefore, he 
 has to eat very largely, but as the stomach is not big 
 enough to digest the quantity required to keep him in 
 good condition, the intestines complete the work. 
 The food is slightly digested in the stomach and 
 finished in the intestines, and, to make it plainer, a dog 
 fed once a day will thrive, but a horse so fed would 
 certainly die. 
 
 Any sort of grain will nourish a horse, but in my 
 opinion oats are a good way the best for horses for 
 racing, hacking, and hunting. Oats, mixed with a 
 small quantity of old beans, well cracked. Barley is 
 next best, I think. Then maize. More especially, I 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 95 
 
 strongly advise the use of maize for draught, coaching, 
 and 'bus work, but the maize must always be freshly 
 crushed, but not to a meal, and free from maggots 
 and mildew. 
 
 In large establishments the mixing of the food 
 should be done under special supervision of the 
 manager, and the following mixture of grain, chaff, 
 and bran I found most suitable for general purposes 
 in Australia, and I don't see why it should not answer 
 equally as well here. Certainly our chaff is much 
 more nutritive than the chaff in this country made 
 from meadow and clover hay, our hay there, being 
 oats cut green, and hayed in the usual manner. Of 
 course there is a lot of partly formed and nutritive 
 grain in this. Many well packed 8-bushel bran bags 
 will contain fcwt. of chaff, so this is really fair feeding 
 in itself I used, to mix this with weight for weight 
 of grain (it did not matter what sort), and such a 
 proportion of bran as to give every horse about lilbs. 
 per day. Of this mixture each horse would have four 
 buckets ; each bucket weighing gibs. I never had 
 less than 200 horses in the stable for three years, and 
 all were in good condition, and any day, if required, 
 could do two days' work in one. I used the same 
 feeding when I had 300 to 400 coaching horses to 
 feed. I believe firmly in crushed grain of all sorts, but 
 it must be clean and fresh, free from dirt, foreign 
 substances, and mildew. Crushed grain is economical 
 
g6 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 as well as beneficial to the horse. Carrots should be 
 used in every stable when possible to obtain them. I 
 consider that when t/iej/ are in the stable the Vet. is 
 not. They are particularly good for the skin and 
 coat, and for thick-winded horses. In the spring, 
 when horses cannot be turned out to grass, green food 
 should be allowed in the stable ; but give it fresh and 
 not in large quantities. A little of it chopped with 
 carrots is good to mix with the food given to a bad 
 feeder ; sometimes a little sugar used in the same 
 manner will tempt a horse. 
 
 Rock Salt. — Never have this out of the mangers, 
 as horses learn to crib-bite, windsuck, and gnaw the 
 wood fixings of the stable. They will lick the very 
 earth up to get salt. Salt is equally as essential 
 to the well-being of horses as it is to ourselves. Before 
 leaving the question of feeding, I strongly advise that 
 where whole oats are used a double handful of clean 
 chaff should always he mixed with them. This com- 
 pels the horse to masticate them better and feed with 
 a greater relish, and eat his food more slowly. He 
 cannot then gobble it up. Test this on any quick 
 feeding horse by examining the droppings, and you 
 will find I am perfectly right. 
 
 Wateri7ig Horses. — This has to be governed to a 
 great extent by the climate, the constitution of the 
 animal, the work it has to perform, and in what 
 manner it is to be performed. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL xMANAGEMENT. 97 
 
 At the time of writing this I have driven some 
 thousands of miles in Great Britain, and have yet a 
 great distance to get over before leaving it. I have 
 driven as freely in winter as in summer. The work I 
 do with one horse in summer I put two or three on to 
 do in winter, so I am writing from actual experience 
 of the climatic influence in this particular matter. 
 The method I have adopted with my horses has been 
 as follows : — Water first thing (2 or 3 quarts.) Then 
 feed and groom. If not going out for more than 
 three hours give them as much soft water as they 
 want, out of a trough if possible. If iinder that time, 
 moderate the quantity. When on a journey, either 
 winter or summer, give them a nip or two on the 
 road, about 4 to 8 swallows, to slake their thirst, and 
 clean and wash their mouths. About a mile, or mile 
 and a half, from the journey's end, give them a good 
 drink, take them in steady, and they will be quite dry 
 coated, easily groomed, and fit for their food. As a 
 rule I make but little difference in the pace after they 
 have had their last drink till the last half mile, when I 
 jog or walk in. My horses have always fed well, and 
 have never shown signs of colic, or any other com- 
 plaint, and I generally drive two very hot tempered 
 and fiery cobs, that can and do go. Now they know 
 my system ; if they want a " nip " they pull up and 
 they have one, and on they go, and, most strange to say, 
 are generally both in the same mind at the same time. 
 
98 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 Grooming. — It is almost as necessary to the well- 
 being of the horse that he should be groomed properly 
 as that he should be fed and watered properly. 
 Grooming is very hard work, and to do it thoroughly 
 well, makes the groom perspire freely, even in winter 
 time. 
 
 Some horses are much easier to groom than others ; 
 they are not so ticklish, and therefore stand quieter. 
 Grooms frequently lose their temper and patience 
 with a sensitive horse, and out of pure spite will use 
 the currycomb or body brush in a most outrageously 
 cruel and stupid manner. The currycomb should be 
 used most gently and neatly, and is meant only to 
 loosen the hair that has become matted with sweat 
 and dirt, and take out the rough of the dirt, so 
 as to make the work of the body brush easier and 
 better done. Nothing will clean or groom a horse 
 well but elbow grease judicially used ; a really 
 good groom will clean three horses better and in less 
 time than a bad or inexperienced groom will clean 
 one. As to the use of water on their legs and bellies 
 after hunting, I see no objection to it, rather the 
 reverse, provided the water is not cold, and the bathing 
 is done in a suitable place free from bad draughts, 
 and the horses being well dried afterwards. But one 
 practice I have seen pursued in many livery stables, 
 especially when the master is not about, cannot be 
 too strongly condemned It is that of leaving the 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 99 
 
 horse when he comes in hot standing outside shivering 
 until he dries off, instead of putting him into a cool 
 stable and rubbing him dry. This is the usual thing in 
 some livery stables. After a journey, the groom should 
 go down on his knees, washing the horses legs well, and 
 afterwards hand-rubbing them, with the master looking 
 on. A half an hour spent by the master in the stable 
 looking round the horses that have been at Jwme is 
 often of much benefit to those which have been onty 
 and who need good attention. 
 
 GALVAYNE SYSTEM FOR CASTING 
 EITHER HORSES OR CATTLE. 
 
 The surcingle used for this purpose is protected, 
 and can only be obtained from Messrs. Clark & Son, 
 Saddlers, Leeds. 
 
 My system for throwing either colts or horses 
 varies but little ; in the case of the latter I use a stiff 
 bar snaffle bit, and in the former case I only use my 
 head collar, which is so made that the nose band 
 buckles can be adjusted very low upon the nose, 
 so that in pulling the head round you get the longest 
 leverage possible on the neck, and so get your animal 
 down quickly. 
 
 I may mention that I only throw my horses for the 
 purpose of some operation, or to clip or shoe a bad 
 
lOO THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 horse. There are many, in fact most operations 
 can be performed without the animal being tied, 
 although I can tie my animals when down perfectly 
 easy, without any risk to myself, and with a mininiurn 
 risk to the animal. I consider this alone to be a great 
 improvement upon the old method, which in all cases 
 necessitates tying, and during the process of throwing 
 is very likely to permanently injure the animal, as the 
 animal fights through fear when getting his legs pulled 
 gradually from under him, and will in most cases 
 fight most desperately before falling. This struggling 
 on the part of the animal naturally necessitates a cor- 
 responding amount of power against the animal to 
 throw it. Therefore, in country districts, the village 
 is searched for " good and true men," half of whom 
 generally fail to carry out instructions at the right 
 moment, so all has to be done over again, with a little 
 " practical " remonstrance from the V.S. 
 
 My system for throwing is a " single-handed " one, 
 or at most a lad will be all the assistance required. I 
 have thrown two full-sized horses simultaneously, and 
 neither capable of rising. 
 
 THROWING A COLT. 
 
 Put on head collar and buckle nose band tightly, 
 but low down ; next put on surcingle and crupper. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. lOl 
 
 Next fasten a Galvayne strap through side ring on 
 surcingle (say off-side, that being, in this case, the side 
 upon which the colt is to fall) and round the arm of 
 the off-side fore leg ; tie it in single bow, and slip the 
 strap round so that the bow is on inside of fore arm. 
 This strap is to prevent the surcingle from slipping 
 round. (This must not take place ; if it does, you 
 won't get your horse down.) Now get your throwing 
 rope — one not too thick or stiff — and fasten one end 
 of it to the second ring of the two front ones ; pass 
 the other end of it through the near side ring on the 
 head collar from outside to inside, then through the 
 front ring from front to back. Now tie up the off 
 fore leg in such a manner that the strap will not 
 permit of any play of the knee. The best way of 
 doing this is to take a four-foot strong strap ; place 
 the buckle upside down (tug lowest side) on the inside 
 of fetlock ; take two turns round the fetlock, then 
 cross the strap round the arm and pull up as tightly as 
 possible — you will find the buckle to be in the right place,, 
 namely, inside the off-arm. Now you have your colt 
 in same position as in Plate No. 14, with your right 
 hand having the end of the halter shank in it. Push 
 the colt's head gently to the near side, as far round 
 as you can get it, at the same time pulling the throw- 
 ing rope to the near side ; now get away a couple of 
 yards or so, and pull with your left hand hard, but 
 yet not too hard, and the colt will gradully lie down. 
 
I02 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 If any inclination is shown to rear, slack out rope and 
 pull in halter shank with right hand. 
 
 Now your colt is down, as shown in Plate No. 15. 
 If any inclination to struggle is shown, just pull his 
 head round a few times every time he moves ; he will 
 soon learn to lie still and not struggle — a few minutes 
 will effect this. Then handle him quietly about the 
 hind legs. Fasten what I call the "back" rope round 
 off-side hind fetlock, or the one that is on the ground ; 
 slip this rope under the tied knee and head, pulling it 
 backwards ; slip end of it through disengaged ring on 
 surcingle and then round near hind fetlock, as in 
 Plate No. 17. Now fasten another rope round neck 
 where collar comes, knotting it at chest ; run the two 
 ends round back fetlocks and again through the neck 
 piece ; the assistant pulls the two hind legs forward 
 and you pull them backwards, and tie off by simple 
 single bows simultaneously. As an improvement in 
 the neck rope collar, I use a broad flat leather collar, 
 like a " false " collar, only very stiff and wide at top, 
 with a strong iron ring rivetted in the lower part. It 
 divides the strain upon the vertebra, and renders acci- 
 dents less likely. 
 
 It is wonderful how very few colts or horses 
 struggle with my system. From experience, and 
 throwing horses daily, I should say only about three or 
 four per cent, in three years in this country. I have 
 only had, say, about six really bad ones to throw, and 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. I03 
 
 then the ground for me has been bad, say sHppery and 
 wet A ploughed field or straw yard is the best place 
 for throwing generally. 
 
 I use a strong bar snaffle bit for throwing broken 
 horses and heavy Clydesdales or Shires, just passing 
 the throwing rope through the ring on bit, instead of 
 through the ring on head collar. 
 
 If it is a very bad horse, say, to shoe or clip, you 
 can, by putting him down a few times, teach him to lie 
 down quite easily. If you want to hold a leg, and not 
 to tie the animal, just put a running noose round 
 fetlock, and let one man just lean his own weight on 
 it — say, to hold the hind leg back. The horse won't 
 struggle ; you have him at a disadvantage, and only 
 fighting his weakest muscles. 
 
 The loose fore leg can be strapped when down, the 
 same as the other. 
 
 To keep a horse down, pull his head round off the 
 ground ; if to the left, just slip a single bow, so that he 
 can't get his head down again. (See Plate No. i6.) 
 
 THE GALVAYNE HUMANE TWITCHES. 
 
 Now I know it is necessary to be cruel sometimes 
 to be kind to dumb animals, so that the use of the old 
 twitch can be readily excused, because no other 
 better method was known. The old twitch, which I 
 will here describe, is simply a piece of stick with a 
 
I04 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 hole through one end, and a piece of cord put through 
 and tied, making a loop about three inches long ; a 
 piece of the nose or the ear is pulled through the 
 loop, and the stick is turned round and round until 
 that piece of the nose is nearly cut off, or the ear 
 treated in a similar manner. I have often known the 
 ear to be permanently injured, the muscle for erecting,, 
 moving, and keeping the ear erect, having been so 
 injured that the ear would fall and flop about without 
 apparently any life in it ; and with horses frequently 
 twitched on the nose, they have so rapidly developed 
 vice that to put a halter or a bridle on them was 
 almost an impossibility, and could rarely ever be 
 done without danger to the person. 
 
 I am quite justified, I think, in saying that, my 
 twitch is an improvement upon the foregoing, because 
 in many cases, by a continuance of its use on vicious 
 horses to groom, I have got them so quiet that just a 
 twist of the halter shank in the mouth was enough to 
 keep them quiet. I might mention, to substantiate 
 this statement, the vicious blood horse, " North 
 Riding." My man, when he heard that this brute 
 was coming to me, went round to the stable to see 
 the horse. The operation of taking him out of his 
 box was just commencing — one man with a hooked 
 pole had got hold of one side of head collar, then 
 another man with a similar implement got hold of 
 the other side. The lower box door was then opened 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. I05 
 
 and the animal led into the yard ; a twitch was then 
 tightly applied to the nose, and another on one of the 
 ears, the near foot was then tied up, and a dandy 
 brush was tied on to a broomstick, and the groom- 
 ing then commenced, with but little result, as the 
 horse got fairly mad with the great pain he was 
 enduring, and would fight like a demon. Yet in two 
 weeks I got the horse so quiet to groom and shoe, 
 that he was taken into a forge and shod by the 
 smith like any ordinary horse, and this result was 
 obtained nearly entirely by one of my twitches. 
 
 I will try and explain them in such a manner that 
 the reader may afterwards apply them himself The 
 requisites are two pieces of cord, 12ft. long each 
 piece, made of 5 and 7 strands respectively of best 
 whipcord. 
 
 No. I. — Just double your cord into two equal 
 lengths, and pass the double end through the ring of 
 bit or head collar, and slip it in mouth by passing the 
 lower jaw through it, then draw tightly with your 
 right hand, keeping the horse's head away from you 
 by holding near side check of halter, and pushing 
 with the left. This twitch is useful for keeping a 
 restive horse quiet when being groomed, or for 
 harnessing or unharnessing a kicker. I have put a 
 complete set of harness on a tremendous kicker — held 
 perfectly quiet by the aid of this twitch alone — in 
 the presence of about 300 persons at Edinburgh. 
 
lo6 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 No. 2 is shown in Plate 13. Take the thinner cord, 
 make a knot about six inches from one end, and pull 
 it tightly ; then make another about six inches from 
 it, and leave it open ; pass the end with tight knot in 
 through the mouth, and bring the end of cord round 
 lower jaw and pass it through the open knot, and 
 work it up quite tightly against lower jaw ; pass end 
 over neck, close to wither, and pass end through the 
 part round jaw, pulling it down towards the ground, 
 then hold it or tie it with a single slip bow, which 
 only requires to be undone, and the twitch is now 
 effective. Care should be taken not to permit the 
 part round neck to slip up. 
 
 No. 3. — For runaway horses in saddle. Pass the 
 end of cord back to whip hand instead of tying it as in 
 No. 2 ; let the cord be loose on neck till required, then 
 pull it sharply ; no horse can run away. 
 
 No. 4. — Put on as in No. 2, but don't tie it ; pass 
 end through mouth and back to whip hand, a much 
 more severe action than in No. 3. 
 
 No. 5. — For rearing horses in saddle. Fix on jaw 
 same as No. 2 ; pass end through the breast plate, and 
 a ring fixed in belly of surcingle, and up to whip hand. 
 Directly any inclination is shown to rear, apply the 
 twitch. I have cured the most dangerous and in- 
 veterate saddle rearers with this twitch. 
 
 No. 6. — For rearing in harness. Same as in No. 5, 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 107 
 
 but pass the cord over breeching to whip hand, so 
 that in a moment it can be appHed. 
 
 No. 7. — For runaway horses, hard mouthed horses, 
 or nervous horses. Put it on the jaw in the same 
 manner as in No. 2, but bring end through driving 
 ring in hamcs, and then the turrett back to whip 
 hand — pull hard, but not too hard — you will get the 
 head round, and it is possible to bring the animal 
 quite down, as if thrown, by my system. 
 
 No. 8. — The side twitch, which is a very powerful 
 one, will of itself conquer a horse. I have had to 
 use it with extremely vicious horses when I could 
 not get near their tails. Put on the jaw same as No. 2, 
 put on the surcingle, pass end through the keepers on 
 near side of surcingle, then up the off-side through 
 ring, then through top ring, then to the side ring on 
 near side, and pull, then tie in slip bow ; this will bring 
 his head round in the " Galvayning " position. I have 
 put this on a mare kicking nearly as fast as a watch 
 can tick, screaming and water flying all about, and in a 
 moment she was quiet, merely by the action of this 
 twitch. I have used a combination of this side twitch 
 with No. 2 on difficult horses to shoe. Just put 
 both on and let them go ; have often seen them 
 quietly lie down with the two on. 
 
 Plate No. 12 shows the twitch off, and the same 
 on being No. 2. 
 
 I will say nothing about stable construction, as 
 
io8 THE horse: its taming, 
 
 every one who loves a good horse has as good a 
 stable as he can afford to get for it. I have seen 
 some stables good enough, warm enough (too warm, 
 in fact), and as comfortable as any ordinarily disposed 
 persons might wish to live in themselves. Mr. A. 
 Robertson, of Hoebridge, in Scotland, has a stable 
 that would satisfy any connoisseur in that department. 
 In Australia, a few slabs, with plenty of ventilation, 
 is all that is required. I strongly advise deep 
 mangers, so that a horse cannot nose its food out. I 
 always feel very cross when I see a horse doing this, 
 as it is a deliberate and wilful waste that should not 
 be tolerated by any horse owner. Little's Phenyle is 
 a good disinfectant for a stable, and a weak solution 
 of it is good for wounds and mange either in dogs or 
 horses. 
 
 Twitches to apply when serving mares, No. i or 
 No. 2. 
 
 Twitch for leading stallion, just fix on lower jaw 
 same as No. 2, and pass end of cord through off-side 
 ring on surcingle, bringing it over the back through 
 the near side ring of surcingle ; you have then a 
 commanding off-side rein capable of backing him and 
 keeping him off you, and you have the halter shank 
 for the near side lead. 
 
 How to tie a horse in saddle so that he cannot rim 
 aivay ivJien left unattended. 
 
 Tie up the near side stirrup iron closely to top of 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 109 
 
 the stirrup leather by running the stirrup iron up and 
 passing the stirrup leather round under the iron, then 
 tie it with a single tie knot, and satisfy yourself by 
 pulling the iron that it wont come unfastened, pass 
 the snaffle rein over his head and draw his head round 
 to the near side, and fix it there by tying the near 
 side rein to the stirrup iron. (See Plate No. i8). 
 
 Hoiv to tie a horse when in harness so that he cannot 
 run aivay ivJien left unattended. 
 
 Procure a strap made of three-quarter leather 
 about six or seven feet long, with strong spring hook one 
 end, and the other six button holes three inches apart, 
 and a strong button or hook on end of the shaft close 
 to step. When alighting fix the spring hook on off- 
 side of bit, pass the strap over the back and on to the 
 button on near side shaft, pulling his head round to 
 the off-side about the same degree (as tying in saddle), 
 then with an ordinary strong strap fasten the wheel to 
 step. You can fix either side by reversing method. 
 
 SHOEING. 
 
 There is perhaps no question relative to the general 
 well-being of the horse that has created more contro- 
 versy than that of " Shoeing." Masters and men 
 disagree, fellow-smiths in the same forge disagree ; 
 every smith can shoe a horse better than any other 
 
no THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 smith, and knows more than anyone else how it 
 ought to be done. Yet horses are lamed and crippled 
 daily by the bad shoeing of careless and ignorant 
 smiths. The navicular disease, as I have before said, 
 has been on the increase for years past in this country, 
 and " contraction " is more prevalent now than it ever 
 was. To prove this, examine a horse's foot at fifteen 
 years of age, and another's that has never been shod. 
 Yet a/l the smiths are clever (?) — at least, they say 
 they are so themselves. (Mind you, reader, I don't 
 mean the smiths of Great Britain ; it's the Australian 
 shoe-smiths I refer to.) 
 
 I have had something to do with smiths in both 
 countries, and there is nae sae muckle difference 
 between them. That is my first verdict ; but if there 
 is any, it is certainly to the credit of the Jionie sinitJi 
 — he, as a rule, will do what he is told, even if it is 
 against his own belief; but the Australian smith won't 
 — he'll do it as he likes, and he tells you so ; and as 
 you do not, as a rule, carry a forge in your saddle 
 valise, you have to put up with what you get, and go 
 away thankful that it's not worse. During all my travel- 
 ling in Scotland, there was only one smith who deliber- 
 ately acted in opposition to my orders, and when he came 
 to be paid, I was so vexed, he got it. There was n(^ 
 change given ; he had had enough of my custom, he 
 said. We never saw each other after, but my little 
 mare " Butterfly," that had never been lame in her 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. I I I 
 
 life, couldn't put her foot to the ground, I had to 
 crawl along at about four miles an hour. I was sorry 
 for the poor little thing, but I couldn't get another to 
 take her place. I pulled up at the tent exactly at the 
 class time, instead of being there some hours before it. 
 
 The feet are always an object of particular atten- 
 tion with every horseman. I always make it a standing 
 rule that the walls and soles of each foot shall be 
 zvashed clean before the animal is stabled ; then there 
 is no excuse for passing a stone or nail in a foot — a 
 thing that may occur at any moment. 
 
 Every morning the feet should be carefully 
 examined with a pick ; the clenches of the nails 
 looked to ; the position of the shoe, if moved ; also 
 for broken nails, and the condition of the shoes 
 generally. 
 
 Three weeks is usually quite long enough to keep 
 the shoes on. 
 
 Now the question arises in a thinking horseman's 
 mind what causes the necessity for shoeing, and what 
 are the benefits that arise from it ? I will answer the 
 first question by stating that many people have said, 
 and say now, that it is not necessary to shoe a horse 
 if he never has been shod, but I say there is a 
 necessity, under certain circumstances. Take a horse 
 in its wild state, and there is no necessity at all ; yet 
 he gallops over hills and rocks without impairing his 
 feet in any way, in fact he improves them by wearing 
 
112 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 down the edges of the walls, thereby keeping them 
 shapely and of a natural size ; but bring that horse 
 and compel him to work so many hours a day on 
 artificially constructed roads, pulling heavy loads (and 
 horses pull from their toes as a rule), where would 
 these natural feet be, that were only constructed by 
 nature to perform natural duties ? In a very short 
 time the walls would be crushed and split to pieces. 
 
 I am quite prepared to admit that under certain 
 circumstances a horse can and may do work all his 
 life and never have a shoe on, and never require one 
 (we have many such in Australia) ; but the circum- 
 stances are few and far between, and can be explained 
 thus : — The strongest part of the foot is the wall ; this 
 has a natural growth, the same as our own nails have ; 
 there is no artificial wall required, such as the shoe 
 until the ivall is asked to do something it is not strong 
 or hard enough to do, or until the wear and tear upon 
 it is in excess of its natural growth. When this takes 
 place you must shoe your horse if you want to work 
 him. Hence the necessity — hence the benefit. No 
 shoes — no work. 
 
 Now comes the best method of shoeing. The best 
 method, I take it to mean, is the best one for the 
 horse generally. That is, to a great extent, regulated 
 by circumstances. 
 
 We will take the draught horse first His feet 
 are thumped upon hard stones all day, slipping from 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. II3 
 
 one to the other, while scraping with all his might 
 with a heavy load up hill. So the proper management 
 of his feet is of the greatest importance to the owner. 
 In this case very strong shoes are required, or they 
 would easily bend. I would put on a steel cross toe- 
 piece, and two caulkings of each heel, exactly the 
 same height as the toe-piece. I would put tivo toe 
 clips instead of one, as is the rule. I would not permit 
 the wall to be weakened by thinning it , so as to bury 
 the clip into it, to make a neat job. Why ? Because 
 you want all the strength you can get in the walls. 
 The force is immense with which they stamp down 
 their feet when heavily laden ; the two toe clips divide 
 the pressure somewhat, and are not so likely to break 
 off. 
 
 In the event of a draught horse having brittle feet, 
 a rim of thick sole leather between the shoe and the 
 wall will greatly relieve the jar and preserve the foot. 
 
 Where farm horses are constantly working in the 
 fields — shoeing is not always necessary — ^just run the 
 rasp along the outside edge of the wall occasionally, 
 and that is all that is required. I say to the farmer, 
 try it on sound-footed horses, and you will own I 
 am right. 
 
 A farmer once said to me that his horses (which 
 were being shod that day) had had their shoes on five 
 months. Is it any wonder that horses get crippled in 
 their feet under such circumstances ? Then again the 
 
114 '^HE horse: its taming, 
 
 farmers, towards the autumn when their horses have 
 Hght work to do or none at all, turn them out with 
 their shoes on, no care being taken to render their 
 rest as beneficial and as comfortable for them as 
 possible by taking them off. 
 
 Shoeing Foals. — I was surprised to see when I came 
 to this country y^w/s- shod, actually shod, not only for 
 purposes of being taken to a show, but for grazing 
 also. I am sure no farmer could walk mile for mile 
 with a foal until it became lame from want of shoes. 
 It is ridiculous to shoe it under any circumstances, 
 unless ordered to do so by a veterinary surgeon for 
 purposes of treatment of local disease. 
 
 Now I will pass on to the half-bred horse — the 
 hackney and hunter. Certainly the half-bred horse 
 in this country has, as a rule, a pretty hard time of it, 
 especially in the season, at some of the fashionable 
 visiting places, and it is particularly necessary that 
 every attention possible should be paid to the comfort 
 of these hard-working animals. 
 
 Perhaps a few words upon the natural construction 
 and functions of different portions of the foot may not 
 be out of place here. The parts composing the feet 
 are similar. The bones entering immediately into 
 what is termed the foot (as being within the hoof) are 
 the coffin and navicular bones ; articulating with these 
 and partly within the hoof is the little pastern or 
 coronary bone. The foot is composed of the hoof. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMEN T. I I 5 
 
 which is a horny substance that binds the whole foot 
 together as it were, and sustains the entire weight of 
 the horse. At the bottom of the wall is a concave 
 sole, which is also horny, and not susceptible to the 
 sense of touch, but immediately above this is the 
 sensitive sole. In the horny sole is situated the frog, 
 immediately dividing the two heels, and running in a 
 point towards the toe. Inside of this again is the 
 sensitive frog. 
 
 In the fore feet, the thickest and strongest portion 
 of horn is placed m front. The quarters, so called, are 
 the lateral parts or walls of the crust, and as in the 
 fore feet the front portion of each hoof is the thickest, 
 so in the hijid ones the sides are by far the strongest. 
 Thus the fore shoes should be principally fastened in 
 front, and the hind ones towards the quarters. 
 
 The inner side of the hoof is the weakest, and rather 
 the highest. This natural formation is not generally 
 attended to by smiths, for as this quarter is weaker 
 than the other, so it always wears faster, which ought 
 to be remedied by general care, and also by particular 
 management in shoeing, instead of which the outer heel 
 may frequently be, and generally is the highest before 
 and behind, which, as it exactly reverses the natural 
 line of pressure, produces an undue bearing on the 
 weaker part, and 'proves a fruitful source of splints, 
 curbs, spavins, contractions, and navicular disease. 
 
 If I had anything to do with the legislation of this 
 
Il6 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 country, I would compel all shoeing smiths to pass a 
 suitable examination before being permitted to under- 
 take the shoeing of horses. 
 
 Preparation of the horse's foot for Shoeing. — I shall 
 give my experience and opinion on this subject 
 unbiassed by anything that has been previously 
 written. 
 
 I strongly condemn the use of the knife on the sole 
 or frog of a healthy foot for the following reasons. It 
 is necessary that the sole of the foot should be strong 
 enough to prevent any loose stone from bruising it 
 and causing lameness. Then why weaken it by paring 
 it away till so thin that the smith can easily bend it 
 in with a slight pressure from his thumb ? and some, 
 w^hen they can do this without having actually fetched 
 blood, congratulate themselves upon their skill and 
 cleverness. As an instance of the result of this extreme 
 paring — I was engaged in Yorkshire at the time, and 
 was driving a fine chestnut horse, with grand action 
 and style of going (I afterwards sold him for ^^85). I 
 would never permit the knife on the soles or frogs of 
 his feet, so of course they looked rough. My groom 
 neglected to tell the smith this. I had to drive over 
 the moors to St. John's Chapel that day, and all the 
 stones he came to the horse would creep over like a 
 cat on hot bricks, and before long he went quite lame 
 and dared scarcely lift his fore feet off the ground. I 
 got out and examined his feet. The soles had been 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. TI7 
 
 pared quite thin, and bruises were showing, caused by 
 the rough metal. The frog was cut clean away. The 
 same treatment was the cause of " Butterfly's " lame- 
 ness, referred to a few pages back. 
 
 A smith can with a sharp knife pare away in a few 
 seconds more frog and sole than will grow in six 
 months. It is almost worse in my opinion to cut and 
 mutilate the frog than it is the sole, as shod or unshod 
 the frog should touch the ground. The natural crust 
 or shoe will prevent too much pressure being put upon 
 the frog. Any superfluity of sole will be shed by a 
 natural process. The jar of the foot coming into 
 contact with the ground is sufficient to bring the 
 pieces away. The sole is not constructed to come in 
 heavy and continuous contact with the ground, 
 because it is naturally concave. The frog is always, 
 in an unshod healthy foot, level with the crust. 
 
 Opening of the heels should never be permitted. 
 The use of the knife on this particular portion of the 
 horse's foot promotes contraction, and weakens what 
 is already the weakest portion of the wall of the foot. 
 The bars are generally most abused and weakened b}' 
 the knife. The smith, thinking these parts useless, 
 cuts them out, and so the foot loses one of its principal 
 supports. 
 
 Corns. — I think the name rather a mistake. The 
 disease is not a corn as we understand the word, but 
 simply a bruise, arising from two causes, viz. — first, 
 
Il8 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 keeping the shoe on too long. The foot in the mean- 
 time having been growing and the shoe not, the shoe 
 gets off the wall of the foot on to the horny sole, and 
 gradually imbeds itself in it, touches the sensitive 
 sole, causes a bruise, which is shown by the congested 
 blood, and produces lameness. The second cause is 
 too tight shoeing at the heels at first. 
 
 Ctire. — Take the shoe off, cut down to the corn, 
 taking care not to wound the sensitive sole underneath. 
 Having done this, introduce a little butter of antimony 
 into the opening. The crust should be slightly cut 
 away, so as to remove the pressure from that part of 
 the foot on the shoe. 
 
 Caulkings. — I think all light harness horses are 
 better without them, as they throw the foot out of its 
 natural position by bringing too much weight upon 
 the toe. Besides, if the caulkings are meant to pre- 
 vent slipping, they only do it for a very short time, as 
 they rapidly wear away and become smooth. A flat 
 shoe is best, so that the frog may perform its work to 
 some extent by coming in contact with the ground, 
 and preventing the horse from slipping. 
 
 Make the shoe to fit the foot, instead of making 
 the foot to fit the shoe, as is generally done, so as to 
 get a set of neat looking feet, but almost useless to 
 the animal, as they are pinched up with tight heels, 
 and the walls weakened with the rasp. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. II9 
 
 ANECDOTES, &c., 
 
 RELATING TO HORSES AND HORSEMEN. 
 
 " English and A ustralian Race Horses in India. — 
 Our old friend Sting appears to be recovering his 
 form in India. At the Umballa meeting he carried 
 9st. 91b. and won the St. Leger, and is credited with 
 having run the mile and a half in 2 min. 40 sec. At 
 the same meeting the Australian gelding Prospero 
 won two steeplechases, Regulator won the Trial 
 Stakes, and Paragraph also was successful. At the 
 Calcutta Sky meeting all the open races were won by 
 Australians. Mr. Maitland has disposed of Sylvanus 
 for 4000 rupees." 
 
 " Australian horses were in good form at the Poona 
 (India) meeting. Sunnylocks, by Tubal Cain from 
 Sunbeam, won the Deccan Derby on the first day. 
 She carried 9st. lib.; Sparkle, 6st. 131b., was second; 
 and Mr Maitland's Steersman, by Robinson Crusoe, 
 8st. 2lb., third. Odds of 2 to i were laid on Sunny- 
 locks, and she never gave her backers the slightest 
 cause for anxiety, for she had her field settled half a 
 mile from home, and won in a common canter. On 
 
1 20 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 the second day nothing came out to meet her in the 
 Deccan Stakes, and she walked over. She was then 
 handicapped at lost. 2lb. for the Grand Stand Stakes, 
 but could only get third, Mr. R. K. Maitland's old 
 gelding Masquerade, 8st. 131b., winning, and Sparkle, 
 6st. 131b., being second. Oscar Dignum always 
 maintained that Sunnylocks only required time to 
 prove herself a real good mare, and I am glad that she 
 has corroborated his opinion. Statesman, who is 
 considered the champion of India, won the Trial 
 Stakes, beating Trafalgar and Steersman." 
 
 " TJie Siiccessfiil Sire ' Hermit! — The success of the 
 progeny of Mr. Chaplin's thoroughbred horse Hermit 
 — himself the winner of the Derby in 1 867 — has been 
 most remarkable. During the fourteen years to 
 which his stud life has already extended, his stock 
 have won the surprising sum of ^^"300,000. About 
 600 races have been won by 276 of his progeny, and, 
 though he is now twenty-three years old, there is no 
 sign of any decay in the excellence of his stock. 
 This season Hermit's stock have already won about 
 i^ 1 7,000, and for the last seven years the average 
 winnings of his progeny have been over ^30,000, the 
 best season he ever had being in 1882, when his stock 
 were credited with over ^^46,000, inclusive of what 
 they won abroad. In that year the winner of the 
 Two Thousand and Derby, and the winner of the 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. T2I 
 
 One Thousand Guineas were both by Hermit, and he 
 was also the sire of the Derby winner in 1883." 
 
 " Number of Horses in Great Britain. — There are in 
 all 1,428,383 horses in Great Britain, of which 981,130 
 are used solely for agricultural purposes. The re- 
 maining 447,253 are unbroken horses and mares kept 
 for breeding. In the total number there is an 
 increase of 3024 horses as compared with that of 
 1886, but the strictly agricultural class has decreased 
 some 577. The gain is thus entirely confined to 
 unbroken horses and breeding mares. It is surprising 
 that farm horses should be fewer than last year, 
 seeing that the quantity of uncultivated land has 
 decreased well-nigh 19,000 acres. I suspect a reason- 
 able explanation of the discrepancy will be found 
 in the altered conditions of farm management. 
 The cost of labour has latterly become so. heavy in 
 proportion to the farmer's income, that economy is 
 being studied in the use of horse-power as in every- 
 thing else." 
 
 " The 'Master of the Boys! — Daring Feat with a 
 Vicious Horse. — Mr. Galvayne, the well-known horse 
 tamer, caused no little commotion in Castle Street on 
 Wednesday night by his daring treatment of the 
 celebrated vicious horse, ' Master of the Boys.' This 
 animal was tamed in Yorkshire some two years ago. 
 About eighteen months ago Mr. Galvayne sent him to 
 
 H 
 
122 THE HORSE: ITS i'AMING, 
 
 his owner. During the interval he has been but little 
 ridden and never in harness. The horse, as is well 
 known, had beaten all horse-breakers, and had been 
 given up as a bad job. He was bought at Hull a few 
 days ago by a London dealer, who, on learning the 
 reputation of the animal, sacrificed a portion of his 
 price money to get rid of him. By accident the 
 animal fell into the hands of a horse-hirer in Scotland, 
 who purchased him along with some other animals. 
 He w^as recognised by Mr. Galvayne, who took the 
 horse at the price paid for him, convinced that he 
 would be able to use him as he had done during the 
 time the animal had been previously in his hands. 
 Mr. Galvayne had no sooner bought the horse than 
 he put him into harness, hitched him to his buggy, 
 and started for Dundee at eleven o'clock on Wednes- 
 day night, eliciting the plaudits of a large crowd. 
 This will prove to the sceptical the permanent results 
 of the Galvayne system of taming and training. This 
 horse was afterwards sold for £S^ to a lady, who is 
 still driving him daily without the least sign of vice 
 or tricks of any kind." 
 
 " Visit to Balmoral Castle. — The well-knowm Aus- 
 tralian horse tamer, Sydney Galvayne, gave a series 
 of exhibitions last week in a marquee specially 
 erected for the purpose in Balmoral grounds before 
 H.R.H. Prince Henry of Battenberg, H.R.H. Princess 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 23 
 
 Beatrice (Princess Henry of Battenberg), H.R.H. 
 Princess Irene of Hesse, H.R.H. Princess Alice of 
 Hesse, Miss Bauer, Lord Bridport, General the Right 
 Honourable Sir Henry Ponsonby, K.C.B., Major 
 Bigge, C.B., Dr. Reid, Dr. Profeit, Her Majesty's 
 Commissioner at Balmoral, and the principal of Her 
 Majesty's servants connected with the stables. The 
 proceedings commenced by the introduction of a local 
 kicker, who was rapidly reduced to subjection, and 
 failed to show the least inclination to vice. So satis- 
 factory was the treatment from a humane as well 
 as a scientific point of view, that Her Majesty gave 
 a beautiful bay Arab stallion for the afternoon 
 exhibition. Professor Galvayne and his son being in- 
 vited to luncheon at the Castle. Before handling- the 
 stallion, an instantaneous system for casting horses 
 single-handed was shown. The stallion was then 
 treated, and in about half an hour was driven in a 
 vehicle perfectly quiet, and was afterwards ridden by 
 Mr. Galvayne's son, who gave a fine exhibition of 
 horsemanship. Mr Galvayne afterwards treated a 
 shying horse, the property of H.R.H. Prince Henry 
 of Battenberg, the treatment of this subject being 
 equally as satisfactory as those preceding it. Pro- 
 fessor Galvayne, at the request of H.R.H. Prince 
 Henry, drove him to Abergeldie Castle in a dogcart. 
 All who had witnessed the performances congratu- 
 lated Mr. Galvayne on his wonderful skill with horses." 
 
124 T^E HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 " Taming a nervous Horse. — Professor Galvaynes 
 Classes. — The pupils have been wishing to procure a 
 horse for the professor that would test the system of 
 taming to the utmost, and the chance came at last, for 
 on Friday he was in the ring with a very excitable, 
 nervous, shying horse, the property of a Doctor. 
 This was a fine strong animal, and could not 
 be controlled under excitement ; refused to pass 
 steam trams, railway bridges-, &c., and gave other 
 evidence of his nervous nature. The professor put 
 this horse through his system, and in a little over an 
 hour, crackers were being let off, both in front and 
 behind him, and did not seem to cause him the least 
 annoyance. At the conclusion of the class, the 
 Doctor's groom rode the horse out into the street, 
 right up to a steam tram, and then home, without any 
 show of his nervous habits." 
 
 " Taming a vicious Race-horse. — On Monday after- 
 noon, the members of Professor Galvayne's class in 
 Sunderland assembled in the marquee, Hudson-road, 
 to the number of nearly 200, for the purpose of 
 witnessing the professor's system illustrated on an 
 extremely vicious horse called 'North Riding,' the 
 property of a local gentleman. Before the proceedings 
 commenced. Colonel W. H. Allison, of Undercliffe, on 
 behalf of the class, presented Professor Galvayne with 
 a handsome illuminated address. Professor Galvayne, 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 25 
 
 in acknowledging the presentation, said it had ahvays 
 been a great pleasure to him to meet his Sunderland 
 class, and to endeavour to teach them all he knew 
 himself of the treatment of horses. Professor Galvayne 
 then commenced the exceedingly hard task of taming 
 the vicious horse ' North Riding.' This horse is by 
 ' Martyrdom,' and as a yearling was sold for 800 
 guineas, and last year ^^3,000 was refused for him, he 
 being then entered for the Cambridgeshire. He, how- 
 ever, developed into such a vicious brute that he 
 became almost worthless, and was bought for a small 
 sum by his present owner. He had particularly 
 distinguished himslf by bucking, kicking furiously, 
 then lying down whenever a saddle was put on 
 him and remaining there, and also by worrying 
 his owner. In fact, it was a matter of great 
 danger to enter his stall, and on Monday he was led 
 out of his box by means of a long hooked pole. When 
 taken into the ring he developed all his vicious traits 
 for at least an hour and a half, kicking continually, 
 tearing the ring ropes down, roaring, screaming, and 
 throwing himself down and gnawing a stick held to his 
 mouth. Professor Galvayne, however, with wonderful 
 patience, subjected the horse to his treatment, which is 
 a splendid exhibition of humanity and science com- 
 bined, and at last was rewarded by getting the animal 
 under control, so that he refused to kick under any 
 circumstances. The professor put a set of harness on 
 
126 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 him, breeching him tightly, and drove him round the 
 ring both with and without bHnkers. He then stripped 
 the horse and turned him perfectly loose in the ring, 
 when the animal followed him round as docilely as a 
 dog, and rubbed its nose against his chest. He also 
 walked both backwards and forwards at word of com- 
 mand — in fact every atom of wickedness seemed to 
 have been taken out of him, a feat which very few of 
 them expected to see performed. It need hardly be 
 stated that the professor was greeted with round upon 
 round of applause at the conclusion of his difficult 
 achievement. At the close the pupils, in recognition 
 of his successful handling of ' North Riding,' deter- 
 mined to present him with a gold medal." 
 
 " Tarning an ex-troop Horse. — Horse-taming in Edin- 
 burgJi. — Yesterday Professor Sydney Galvayne, the 
 Australian horse-tamer, had, at the Royal Riding 
 School, Tollcross, a difficult and dangerous subject 
 under his treatment. It was said to have been nearly 
 the death of more than one person who had under- 
 taken the task of breaking it in, and had been turned 
 out of regimental riding schools as unbreakable. The 
 horse showed its vice by tearing and kicking the ring 
 down, and in trying to get out of the marquee gave 
 some of the pupils a lively time of it. The masterly 
 manner in which Mr. Galvayne brought the animal 
 under command was loudly applauded, and at the close 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 27 
 
 the horse was mounted by a groom, and ridden home. 
 Mr. Galvayne afterwards explained how to use his 
 humane twitch and his system of casting horses, the 
 animal being thrown on its back in a few seconds 
 without danger, and yet unable to rise." 
 
 From " Kelso Mail,'' December, 1886. — " Taming a 
 Savage Colt and Vicious Mare, the property of the 
 Duke of Bnccleiicli. — Mr. Galvayne, the vv^ell-known 
 Australian expert in horse training and taming, has, 
 during the past few weeks, been holding, in this part 
 of Scotland, most successful classes, and has been 
 demonstrating his extraordinary powers over the brute 
 creation. It was the fortune of his Earlston pupils to 
 get a 'rough one' for the Australian in the form of a 
 half-bred colt, the property of a gentleman who is well 
 known as being a good horseman, and one not easily 
 beaten by any beast. However, this animal, as a colt 
 sixteen months old, was so determined and vicious 
 that ten men could not teach him to lead. His owner 
 tackled him himself, and the result was three broken 
 ribs. The message sent with the brute, when put in 
 Mr. Galvayne's hands, was to ' Look out ; he is a perfect 
 savage,' and so he proved himself to be. Before having 
 been in the ring two minutes he went straight for the 
 professor, rearing up on end and fighting with his fore 
 feet like a man, snorting and growling, and evidently 
 meaning to ' force the fighting.' At first it certainly 
 
128 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 appeared to the members present as if the animal was 
 going to conquer, but in a few minutes, by judicial and 
 kind treatment, during which time Mr. Galvayne was 
 more than once hit, the tamer at last got his hand 
 upon the colt's head, and a halter being then put on, 
 he was from that moment absolutely in the Australian's 
 power. This result provoked a hearty round of 
 applause, although for the previous half-hour a pin 
 could have been heard to drop, so intent were all in 
 watching the conflict between man and beast. The 
 colt then went in for a furious striking and kicking 
 match, but at last the kick was taken out of him. 
 The animal was then quietly groomed all over with a 
 cloth, a bit was next put into his mouth, and a set of 
 harness put on. Thereafter the process of * mouthing' 
 commenced, and before leaving the ring the colt would 
 turn, stop, start, and back. The Galvayne system for 
 throwing horses was then practically illustrated, when, 
 in a second, the 'demon savage' was thrown on its 
 back. Previous to handling the colt, Mr. Galvayne 
 had in hand a hunting mare, the property of the Duke 
 of Buccleuch, which had the habit of squealing and 
 striking when the bit was put into her mouth, and 
 would also kick when approached in the stable. After 
 her lesson, she seemed as quietly disposed as any 
 animal could possibly be. It is needless to add that 
 all were delighted, as the applause given from time to 
 time testified." 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 29 
 
 " Taming a Steeplechase Mare in Hiiddersfield. — The 
 Professor's Huddersfield subjects have been given to 
 various vices, all of which have been put straight, and 
 the animals are working well. The noted steeplechase 
 and kicking mare ' Killarney ' was on Monday driven 
 30 miles in harness perfectly quiet, without any kick- 
 ing straps, starting and stopping both up and down 
 hill like an old harness horse, and this result was 
 obtained after only one lesson. She was considered 
 by all who knew her to be unbreakable to harness. 
 The professor has any number of subjects here, and 
 the ring is kept full all day, jibbers, kickers, biters, 
 strikers follow in rotation, and one after another leave 
 reformed animals." 
 
 Nezvcastle Chronicle, December iS8j. — " TJirozving 
 Two Horses Simidtaneously. — The celebrated Aus- 
 tralian horse tamer accomplished a feat on Saturday 
 which has never been performed before — viz., throwing 
 two horses at the same time single-handed, and in 
 almost a moment, neither being able to rise. He also 
 broke in, rode, and drove a colt in less than 60 
 minutes, the owner's man riding it home, a distance 
 of 12 miles, perfectly tractable, and as obedient to the 
 bit as any old horse." 
 
 " North British Agriculturist," 20th April, i88j. — 
 '* Taming a Vicious Colt at DalkeitJi. — Professor Gal- 
 
130 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 vayne continues to give demonstrations in the horse 
 taming art. Some days ago he was at Dalkeith, and 
 the pupils who attended his class witnessed a rather 
 exciting scene. The subject was a three-year-old 
 colt. At the outset the animal gave an excel- 
 lent display of its kicking propensities. Before the 
 halter was put on the colt began plunging, rearing, 
 squealing, and striking out in all directions, and a 
 scene of great excitement prevailed, the colt running 
 about the enclosure kicking, jumping, and bucking, 
 whereby all the poles, ropes, &c., were knocked to the 
 ground, as well as the trainer. At last it was 
 captured and handled for about an hour, during 
 which time he made a hard and stubborn fight. 
 Ultimately it allowed the crupper to be put on with- 
 out any attempt at kicking. A day or two later the 
 same colt was brought into the ring, when another 
 scene was witnessed. On the Professor attempting 
 to put the bit in its mouth, the colt at once showed 
 by its behaviour that the trainer would have a most 
 difficult task to perform. No sooner had he arrived 
 at its head than it commenced plunging and rearing, 
 striking out in all directions with its hind and fore legs, 
 during which the Professor was struck severely on the 
 head and face, which caused an effusion of blood. He 
 then threw the horse by his throwing method, and put the 
 bit in its mouth, and afterwards put the harness on and 
 mounted. The scene inside the marquee was a most 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. I31 
 
 interesting one, and extremely exciting, but was 
 not wanting in humour. Several of the pupils 
 quickly made their way to places of safety as the 
 animal began its gymnastics, and one in a great 
 hurry stumbled over the seats in his desire to escape 
 from the angry colt. The remarkable coolness of 
 Professor Galvayne, and the keen yet calculating and 
 determined manner in which he manages to subdue 
 the fiery nature of the most stubborn of the equine 
 race, commands at once the admiration of all who 
 witness his combats, in which he always proves a 
 master of his art. This colt was sold for ^45, and is 
 now a perfectly tractable hunter." 
 
 " Scottish Leader',' February yth, i88j. — " Taming a 
 Vicious Stallion. — The celebrated Australian horse 
 tamer and trainer gave another example on Saturday 
 afternoon, at the Royal Riding School, Tollcross, of 
 his wonderful skill in taming and training wild horses, 
 before an audience of about 300 ladies and gentlemen. 
 The subject operated upon was a thorough-bred 
 stallion, whose vices consisted of a desire to savage 
 people, and buck and kick any person off his back, 
 no matter how good a horseman he was. After 
 applying his system to the horse, the Professor put 
 on long reins, drove for a short time, and then turned 
 the animal loose in the ring. The horse obeyed more 
 like one trained to go through a performance in a 
 
132 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 circus, than one which was entirely uncontrollable a 
 short half-hour before. At word of command the 
 beast even galloped backwards, and it was ridden 
 perfectly quiet both with and without reins by Mr. 
 Galvayne's son, who is quite a lad. During the exhi- 
 bition Mr. Galvayne was frequently and deservedly 
 applauded." 
 
 Kilmarnock Herald. — ''Remarkable Victory of Man 
 over tJie Brute Creation. The Australian Horse-tamer 
 and the vicious Clydesdale Stallion ' Lord Lyon! — Mr. 
 Sydney Galvayne, the well-known Australian horse- 
 tamer and breaker, took in hand the really formidable 
 task of taming ' Lord Lyon,' a horse that has the 
 worst reputation for vice in Scotland, or even in Great 
 Britain. ' Lord Lyon ' is a particularly dangerous 
 brute, because his moods are so variable, and his fits 
 of temper seem, in a moment, to madden him, and to 
 introduce, as it were, temporary insanity ; and during 
 these fits he will worry man or men, and walk clean 
 through the walls of his box and chase every one out 
 of the yard. Being withal a fine animal, with immense 
 power and strength, and much sought after by farmers 
 and breeders of Clydesdale stock, it was a matter of 
 importance, not only to the owner but to the district 
 generally, that this serviceable horse should be made 
 somewhat tractable. It was only three or four weeks 
 ago that his owner had to shoot at him with a gun to 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 33 
 
 get him off a man he was worrying, and, in doing so, 
 knocked out the brute's off-side eye, which gives him 
 on that side even a more terrible appearance than on 
 the side with the eye perfect. Some years ago we 
 recollect reading of a bad blood stallion that had both 
 its eyes put out, because it was worth a man's life to 
 approach it. Now arises the question — Why do 
 horses become such murderous brutes ? It cannot be 
 stated that it is innate in the disposition of the animal, 
 which, when a foal, is such a pretty, active, harmless, 
 little animal, and is often reared as a pet. We hear 
 that ' Lord Lyon ' was reared by hand on cow's milk. 
 As Mr. Galvayne said, in his lecture before commencing 
 with the animal, temperament may be inherited, but 
 actual vice, in his opinion, never. Horses are made vicious, 
 either by cruelty, ignorance, or mismanagement — more 
 frequently by the latter. To keep a stallion in proper 
 health — whether in or out of season — he should be 
 worked or exercised, taught obedience, and made to 
 obey. Nothing is easier than to manage a horse 
 properly, if the manager only knows how it should be 
 done ; and this was well exemplified by the Australian 
 tamer when in the ring with this ponderous and 
 ferocious brute. ' Lord Lyon ' was led by four men, 
 each having hold of a lo-feet rope, from the stables, 
 and they were followed by a big crowd to the scene of 
 action. No difficulty was experienced in getting him 
 into the marquee ; the only difficult}' that might arise 
 
134 THE HORSE: IIS TAMING, 
 
 was how to keep him in when there. There were over 
 200 of the members present, but all had secured 
 some means of retreat when necessary ; and a 
 general stir was made, leaving Mr. Galvayne alone 
 with the brute. But in a few moments the Austra- 
 lian had him fixed, and big and strong as he 
 was, he was at the mercy of the tamer, who treated 
 the horse far too kindly and considerately, as was 
 afterwards proved. During the first portion of the 
 horse's training, he kicked most furiously wath all 
 his might, strength, and determination, kicking some- 
 times twelve feet high ; in fact, he touched the tent 
 roof parallel with the ring, at the same time letting out 
 a tremendous roar, more like a real royal denizen of 
 an African forest than a resident of Titwood. The 
 sweat began then to pour off man and beast, so Mr. 
 Galvayne told one of his assistants to wipe ' Lord 
 Lyon ' down : but when he approached, the horse 
 let out with a roar and struck at him with both feet, 
 and the man glided out of the ring and declined 
 further intercourse with his lordship. After a while 
 the stallion was turned perfectly loose in the ring, 
 when he sullenly followed Mr. Galvayne about, stop- 
 ping and turning at word of command. But when 
 being taught to back at the word, and after he had 
 been backed twice or thrice round the ring, he refused 
 to obey, and with a roar like his namesake, he rushed 
 open-mouthed, with his ears close to his head, at the 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 35 
 
 Australian, and rearing up,heknocked him to the ground. 
 There was a shout and a stir among those present who 
 expected to see Mr. Galvayne worried to death ; but 
 as he fell he gave a cut with the whip on the horse's 
 nose, w^hich just turned him off; this mark he will carry 
 for a few days. He then flogged the horse round the 
 ring, and w^ent on with the task of making him back. 
 Again the horse rushed at the Australian, but this 
 time the tamer, a little more wary, dogged and flogged 
 the brute clean off him with the whip. Before the 
 horse left the ring he did back at the word of command, 
 and was ultimately led home byone man — and that man 
 a stranger — and was without trouble put into his box 
 until the following morning, when again he was led 
 perfectly quiet to the ring. His conduct was much 
 improved ; not a single roar or strike, and only a few 
 kicks, these being very mild indeed in comparison to 
 his first performance. He backed twice the whole 
 circle of the ring to the word of command, in fact, he 
 did not seem like the same horse. Before he left the 
 ring, Mr. Galvayne irritated the horse with the whip, 
 to see if the brute would rush at him again, but he did 
 not, and seemed quite afraid of the w^hip, w^hereas 
 before, he would fight it. Mr. Galvayne stated had he 
 knowm that the animal had only one eye he would 
 never have undertaken to handle him at all, as it 
 is an impossibility to perfectly tame a horse that is 
 deficient in eyesight, or, indeed, any of its faculties ; 
 
136 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 but having promised, he had fulfilled his promise. At 
 the termination, Mr. Galvayne received the very hearty 
 applause he deserved for his pluck, and also for his 
 humane treatment of the brute. Altogether it was a 
 sight never to be forgotten by those present, and one 
 that could not be adequately described on paper, as 
 language could scarcely depict the animal's actions^ 
 rage, and roars, and it is to be hoped that it will be 
 long again before such an exhibition of brutal vice is 
 seen in the most useful of all helpmates to man — the 
 horse." 
 
 Ayrshire Argus. — " At Ayr the noted runaway 
 Clydesdale, the property of a local farmer, which 
 always bolted when a cart was brought near him, 
 was the subject on Saturday. About this horse party 
 opinion ran high, and a local breaker declared that no 
 man could put him into a cart. At the end of the 
 lesson he was not only put into a cart, but driven 
 down the High Street, Ayr, going perfectly quiet,, 
 although followed by an admiring crowd, who one 
 and all acknowledged the value of Mr. Galvayne's 
 tuition as exemplified in its effect on this notorious 
 bolter. Surely the prejudices of the old-fashioned 
 breakers must evaporate before such palpable proofs 
 of the benefit of the new system of taming and 
 training." 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 37 
 
 Durham County Chronicle. — " Taming of 'Cecily', 
 by ^ Ruperra' — On Saturday afternoon last Professor 
 Galvayne brought his second visit to this city to a 
 close. There was a very large number of pupils 
 present. When 'Cecily' was first brought into the 
 ring she was very nervous, and would not turn either 
 one way or the other, and reared and plunged about 
 the ring. At the termination of the lesson the Pro- 
 fessor was able to stop, start, turn, and back her in 
 any direction. She was also put into harness and 
 driven, and afterwards ridden round the ring and 
 outside in the open field. There is no doubt that 
 with another lesson this blood mare, which could 
 never be ridden before, would be perfect in all 
 respects." 
 
 Tanmig a Vicious and supposed Unbreakable Seve7t- 
 year-old Black Mare at Halifax. — " On Thursday last, 
 at the Riding School, Mr. Galvayne undertook to tame 
 and train an extremely vicious 7-year-old mare. She 
 was sent with about 6 or 7 other horses and ponies 
 from the pastures, as to lead her was an impossibility. 
 Among such a mob of unbroken animals it was no 
 easy task to get a halter upon her, and it was attended 
 with danger from all quarters, but at last this was 
 effected. Then a lively scene commenced. She 
 galloped from end to end of the school with the 
 Australian hanging on to one ear and the halter. 
 
I ^8 THE horsp: : its taming 
 
 She did her utmost to get away, even to nearh' 
 knocking her brains out against the walls. At last, 
 being induced to enter the ring, Mr. Galvayne gripped 
 her by head and tail, and quickly put her into the 
 ' Galvayning' position. She commenced to kick, throw 
 herself down, and at last galloped about the school 
 with the whole of the ring and ropes attached to her. 
 She quickly cleared all spectators away, they rushed 
 under vehicles, seats, and to adjoining rooms, and it 
 was the universal opinion of those present that before 
 she would be broken she would kill her breaker. The 
 mare had put all of the previous breakers (?) /lors de 
 combat. Being a strong half-bred mare, full of life 
 and feed, and seven years of age, a kick from, her 
 meant nothing less than being a cripple for life or a 
 corpse, and it was not until the third handling that Mr. 
 Galvayne succeeded in putting the bit in her mouth, 
 and then she struck at him so savagely that, missing 
 him once, she hit one of the ring posts, and cut her 
 leg with a gash three inches long. Excitement ran 
 so high in Huddersfield that hundreds of people 
 would crowd round the yard to see Mr. Galvayne 
 dress this mare, or walk into her box and close 
 the doors ; she was eventually broken into both saddle 
 and harness, to pass steam trains, etc., was ridden both 
 by night and day, and sent home to her owner per- 
 fectly tamed. She was soon afterwards sold, and 
 remained so perfectly quiet in all respects, that the late 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 39 
 
 owner sent a silver and Ivory mounted horse whip to 
 the Earl of Galloway to present to Mr. Galvayne 
 publicly during his class at Newton-Stewart. Mr. 
 Galvayne frankly admitted that this was the worst 
 brute he had ever treated, and the most dangerous 
 also." 
 
 'Taming a vicious, kicking Mare, the property of 
 the Earl of Gallozvay. — " A beautiful thoroughbred 
 chestnut, about fourteen years old, having the reputa- 
 tion of being such an inveterate kicker that she 
 would kick off a set of harness as quickly as it was 
 put on, was, at the conclusion of her second lesson, 
 harnessed to the owner's dog-cart, and driven to 
 Cumloden, the seat of the Earl, Mr. Galvayne going 
 out and putting her in trap single-handed, and driv- 
 ing her without either kicking strap or even breeching 
 
 on." 
 
 From " Gallozvay Gazette',' nth September, 1886. — 
 ^' Presentatio?i to Professor Galvayne, the Atistralian 
 Horse Tamer. — Yesterday afternoon Prof Galvayne, 
 who has been conducting his classes in Newton- 
 Stewart during the past week, was presented with a 
 very handsome silver-mounted whip, which had been 
 sent by a former Yorkshire pupil. 
 
 " The Earl of Galloway, who attended the classes 
 here, said he had been requested to make the presenta- 
 
140 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 tion of a whip to Professor Galvayne. This whip, he 
 added, went to prove, if any proof was necessary, the 
 success which the Professor had achieved in his attempt, 
 which he hoped was not in vain, to teach some of them. 
 It was from a Yorkshire gentleman, T. F. Riley, Esq., 
 of Elwood Hall, whose letter his lordship had in his 
 pocket. Mr. Riley stated in this letter that the whip was 
 in recognition of Professor Galvayne's brilliant services 
 in successfully attempting the breaking of a very wild 
 and unbroken seven-year-old mare, half-bred. Mr. 
 Riley wished it to be known that he himself was origin- 
 ally quite a sceptic as to the Professor's abilities or his 
 power of success, but he sent this whip in recognition of 
 his having now become a complete convert to the Gal- 
 vayne system, and he believed in its success. His lord- 
 ship went on to say that he was present a week ago upon 
 the occasion of Professor Galvayne's introduction to 
 Newton-Stewart, and he then told them that when he 
 started in Great Britain he chose Yorkshire because 
 there he understood they were the most hard-headed 
 set of men in Great Britain. He supplemented that 
 by adding that when he came to Scotland he found 
 something harder still. (Laughter.) Well, one of these 
 hard-headed gentlemen had acknowledged that he was 
 completely wrong himself, and that Professor Galvayne 
 was entirely in the right, having seen what he could do. 
 (Applause.) His lordship had a blood mare, which had 
 been in his possession for seven or eight years, and 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. I4I 
 
 which for a while went quietly in harness, but for some 
 reason orother she took a turn, and nothingwould induce 
 her to go into harness, and she had beaten them for 
 the last two years to such an extent that they gave up 
 trying. She had been taken in hand in the course of 
 the week by Professor Galvayne, and his lordship and 
 some of the other pupils had seen part of her drill. 
 That morning the Professor had been kind enough to 
 come to Cumloden and put her in the trap, where she 
 remained perfectly quiet. (Applause.) It remained 
 to be proved whether the education given by Professor 
 Galvayne would keep the mare right after she had 
 been put right, but there was no doubt she had been 
 put right. (Applause.) It afforded his lordship much 
 pleasure to make this presentation, as he was thoroughly 
 convinced that the system was a good one, based as it 
 was on kindness, and that they had all been taught a 
 great deal which would be a great benefit to them for 
 many years to come." (Applause.) 
 
 Twelve months afterwards the Earl informed Mr. 
 Galvayne that she gave them no trouble whatever. 
 
 " Sportsman^' June 6th, i88^. — " Driving to the 
 Derby. — In connection with the race for the Derby, 
 we may mention that Professor Sydney Galvayne, 
 the celebrated Australian horse tamer, drove to 
 Epsom Downs three of the very worst horses he had 
 ever had under his tuition. They went quietly and 
 
142 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 well, and did ample credit to the Professor's system 
 of taming." 
 
 ^^ Stmderland Echol' June i8, 1886. — ''Professor Gal- 
 vayne in Almvick. — Professor Galvayne terminated a 
 particularly successful class at Alnwick on Friday 
 last. At the express invitation of the Duke of Nor- 
 thumberland he three times visited the Castle, and 
 gave a private exhibition of his skill in horse taming 
 and training. The animal handled was a peculiarly 
 vicious mare, which had been found so incorrigible 
 that she had been turned from the stables into the 
 park. It is only fair to say that at first Professor 
 Galvayne could not get near l:cr quarters, but by his 
 treatment and skill he, in the course of an hour or 
 two, had her so thoroughly under control that she 
 allowed herself to be mounted from either side, per- 
 mitted Mr Galvayne to crawl in and about her hind 
 legs, to hold on to her tail while she trotted round 
 the ring, and finally to fire off a six-chambered 
 revolver behind her without producing the least effect 
 The Duke expressed his extreme satisfaction at the 
 result of the Professor's system, and in a letter to Mr. 
 Galvayne said that he would be pleased to be placed 
 on the list of patrons. After handling the mare, Mr. 
 Galvayne went through Earl Percy's stud, and showed 
 his thorough knowledge of horse teeth by stating the 
 age correctly of a number of horses varying from five 
 years to over twenty. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 143 
 
 " Training a Colt to Harness in Six Hours. 
 
 "Kelso, 17th November, 1886. 
 
 " Professor Galvayne. 
 
 " Dear Sir, — The result of your breaking on 
 our cob is really wonderful, considering the little time 
 taken (6 hours). It is perfect to ride, thoroughly 
 mouthed, and first-class in harness. We have been 
 delivering our orders with it in our own van now for 
 two days, and it stops, starts, turns, and backs always 
 readily. 
 
 "It was never touched before you took it into 
 your hand. 
 
 " Yours faithfully, 
 
 "J. & T. White." 
 
 " Taming a Kicking Five-year-old Mare. 
 
 ' Long Bingham, Coldstream, 
 'November i8th, 1866. 
 
 ' Professor Sydney Galvayne has put in harness 
 and driven my mare after only two lessons of about 
 an hour and a-half each. She showed so much 
 temper and kicked so persistently while being taught 
 her first lesson, that I was very doubtful about a good 
 result being obtained ; but at her second lesson she 
 behaved as a useful beast ought, had no desire to 
 kick, although a tin can was tied to her tail, and 
 crackers let off among her feet. The whole class, as 
 
144 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 well as myself, was astonished at this result, though 
 some, I dare say, were a little disappointed, having 
 expected some fun ; but the Professor outwitted any 
 such, and plainly proved that ' knowledge is power.' 
 
 "JOHN WADDELL." 
 
 Visit to Aberdeen Agricultural Show, i88j. — " In 
 the afternoon Professor Sydney Galvayne gave two 
 exhibitions of his system of horse taming in a large 
 marquee erected in the showyard. There was a good 
 attendance at both exhibitions, among others present 
 being Lord Lionel Cecil, Colonel Anstruther Thomson 
 of Charlton, and most of the directors of the show. 
 The first animal operated on was a colt belonging to 
 Lord Lionel Cecil, which was very easily handled. 
 The Professor's second subject was an unbroken 
 thorough-bred, which showed a good deal of fighting 
 power, and struck out freely. In less than an hour, 
 however, Mr. Galvayne had the colt so completely 
 tamed that he was able to harness it with perfect 
 safety, while one of his assistants rattled a tin pan at 
 the animal's hind feet. The Professor was frequently 
 applauded during the performance, and the universal 
 opinion was that his system was a complete success." 
 
 From North- Eastern Advertiser, i88^. — " Visit to 
 Birdsall, the Seat of Lord Middleton. — Mr. Galvayne 
 visited Birdsall, by invitation of its owner, to handle 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 45 
 
 some 3-year-old thoroughbreds, which were in tip-top 
 condition and pretty wild. A grand filly was run into 
 the yard perfectly naked, as wild as a hare, but as 
 active as a cat; and although she kicked a bit, 
 the Professor had her caught in less than two minutes, 
 much to the surprise of all. She was then put through 
 the system for ' teaching to lead,' and in a minute or 
 two would have led, in 'horsey' parlance, 'with a 
 straw.' She was then handled and groomed all over, 
 and the Professor sat upon her hocks, and put her tail 
 round his neck. She never kicked, or seemed in the 
 least disposed to do so, although at first she could 
 Mift' a bit. Afterwards a mare was brought into the 
 yard, caught and thrown single-handed in about half- 
 a-minute. 
 
 "There was a number of Lord Middleton's friends 
 present, among whom was Lady Middleton, and the 
 spectators watched the tamer's actions with interest, 
 and well-deserved applause was given at the conclu- 
 sion. The quiet, calm, and determined manner in 
 which the Professor goes about his work at once 
 commands the approbation of his audience." 
 
 " First Back-Jump Riding Exhibition in Great 
 Britain, also Tamittg a vicious, kicking Colt. — Mr. 
 Galvayne, the well-known Australian horse tamer and 
 trainer, commenced a series of lectures and exhibitions 
 in Ayr. The animal, a colt that was really a bad one 
 
146 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 (he having proved this by nearly kilHng a man at 
 the opening lecture the day previous), was in less 
 than twenty minutes ridden with saddle and bridle 
 on in the show field, and the following afternoon was 
 driven in harness. During the handling of the colt 
 the applause was frequent. Mr. Galvayne was very 
 patient and cool, though at times the efforts made by 
 the colt to strike him were nearly successful. The treat- 
 ment was most humane, and at the termination of the 
 breaking not a whip mark or a hair knocked off could 
 be seen. On Saturday,for the first time out of Australia, 
 Great Britain had all opportunities of seeing the Anglo- 
 Australian on a rough 'un. It may be, perhaps, as 
 well to describe the antics of a horse when bucking. 
 You have seen a cat set its back up at a dog. Well^ 
 just put her head between her fore legs, and her tail 
 between her hind ones, and let her give a violent 
 spring upwards and forwards, still keeping her body 
 in the same position ; let her alight upon the ground 
 with her legs as stiff as cloth's props, and with her 
 head in the direction her tail was, and repeat the 
 movement a dozen times rapidly, varied by a side 
 spring, a rear, or a tremendous kick up, and you have 
 an idea of an Australian bucking-horse. The first 
 'bucker' that entered the ring was certainly a bad 
 one, and in the ring, which was too small, the horse 
 had a bit the best of it. He started by pulling the 
 ring down and nearly clearing the onlookers out of 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. T47 
 
 the marquee, but the AustraHan soon had him beaten. 
 The next was a fine chestnut colt never ridden before. 
 He gave a splendid exhibition of ' bucking,' but failed 
 to displace the rider — certainly a fine exhibition of 
 horsemanship — and the rider got a well-deserved 
 round of applause. The next animal was the cele- 
 brated black colt. He did not ' buck,' but tried by 
 every other means to throw his rider. He kicked high 
 and furiously, would start off at a gallop, kick, prop, 
 and turn like 'lightning,' and although this was 
 repeated a great number of times, he only managed 
 to shift his rider once. The audience inside was select 
 and appreciative, and outside there were thousands of 
 onlookers, the roadway being completely blocked by 
 vehicles. Altogether the exhibition was most satis- 
 factory." 
 
 From '' Kilmartiock Herald^' joth July, 1886. — 
 " Tamijig an American Trotti?ig Stallion. — And 
 yesterday, although he had a much more difficult 
 task with Bungaroo, the celebrated American trotting 
 stallion, the property of a Kilmarnock gentleman, Mr. 
 Galvayne demonstrated the value of his system in the 
 most remarkable manner. This horse had been given 
 up as perfectly unmanageable, having kicked himself 
 out of the vehicle he was last harnessed to. It was 
 accordingly anticipated that Mr Galvayne would have 
 to own himself defeated ; but instead of defeat, he had 
 
148 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 an entire victory over the vicious brute. So thoroughly 
 was the stallion tamed, that when he was yoked to a 
 machine, on the rear of which Mr. Galvayne's son and 
 assistant sat and held him by the tail, he did 
 not even attempt to kick. The triumph of the system 
 was acknowledged by every one present." 
 
 From ^^ Huddersfie Id Examiner. '' — " Taming a ' Demon ' 
 Mare. — A wilder or more uncontrollable brute than 
 the 7-year-old mare handled by Professor Galvayne 
 on Saturday afternoon it would be almost impossible 
 to find in the United Kingdom. It was with the 
 greatest difficulty that she was kept in the marquee 
 at all, although placed in such a position that her 
 moving seemed an utter absurdity. She knocked Mr. 
 Galvayne down twice, and not content with that she 
 had a go at the assistant, and sent him flying, finally 
 kicking the posts in all directions, splitting them like 
 so much match wood. She tried to walk out of the 
 side of the tent, and for a little time it seemed doubtful 
 whether marquee, mare, and operators were not coming 
 to grief together. Ultimately the mare was thrown, 
 and the bit put into her mouth for the first time. Mr. 
 Galvayne then proceeded to lunge her and form her 
 mouth, not without an amount of resistance on her 
 part that required all the strength and courage of the 
 Professor to successfully combat. The process termed 
 ' Galvayning' was quite inadequate to meet the 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 49 
 
 requirements of her case, owing to the flimsy 
 nature of the marquee, and other methods were resorted 
 to which have not hitherto formed a part of Mr. 
 Galvayne's tuition. The mare had been quite un- 
 approachable, therefore unbreakable, yet the Professor 
 went into her box after leaving the ring, and picked 
 up her legs and otherwise handled her. The universal 
 opinion of the pupils was that Mr, Galvayne would 
 never break the mare and live, that he would fail or 
 she would kill him, but up to now, to use his own 
 expression, ' I'm doing well.' At the termination of 
 the class she had harness on and was driven. 
 The mare was on Wednesday ridden by his son, a 
 lad of 16, through Huddersfield, in the dark as well as 
 the daylight." 
 
 " Harpertown, 17th November, t886. 
 
 " Professor S. Galvayne. 
 
 " Dear Sir, — I am very much pleased with the mare 
 you have handled for me. She is perfect in the saddle, 
 quiet to mount from either side, and a good mouth, 
 after about three hours' training. 
 
 " Yours faithfully, 
 
 "George Hardy." 
 
 Professor Galvayne's Visit to the Duke of West- 
 minster, at Eaton Hall. — " On Friday, Mr. Galvayne 
 
150 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 gave a practical exhibition of his skill on a colt by 
 'Petrarch,' dam 'Jessie Agnes,' by invitation of His 
 Grace the Duke of Westminster, in his own Riding 
 School, at Eaton Hall — there being about 1 50 of the 
 Duke's guests present — and commenced by explaining 
 the basis and principles of his system, showing how to 
 fix a halter properly for catching colts, explaining his 
 method of doing so, and illustrating his system for 
 teaching to lead, the effect being very wonderful, the 
 colt fairly jumping off the ground in its eagerness to 
 come forward. The ' Galvayning ' process was then 
 shown, and it is certainly a most effective way of 
 proving the mastery of man over an animal. We are 
 convinced, as were all present, that it is quite a physical 
 impossibility for any horse to beat Mr. Galvayne, or, 
 in fact, anyone who practises his system as he does. 
 The system of taming and training is most complete, 
 and a wonderful conception and adaptation of simple 
 methods which baffles the horse at every turn, until 
 the animal is taught to be docile. All methods used 
 are humane and free from all abuse or shadow of 
 cruelty, and it is almost needless to state that no 
 drugs of any kind were used. The colt was a very 
 lively customer, and could use his forefeet like a man; 
 and it was the opinion of those in the stud department 
 of the Duke's establishment that it was an impossibi- 
 lity to saddle and riJe the colt under a fortnight, but 
 it was done in forty minutes, mounted from both sides, 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 151 
 
 the rider even vaulting over and standing up on its 
 back, and the colt had not turned a single hair. The 
 Duke spoke highly of the system, and congratulated 
 Mr. Galvayne on his great success, amidst loud 
 applause. He showed how to tie a horse in saddle 
 so that it could not run away when left unattended 
 in the field or road. Also his system for throwing 
 horses, upon two animals. One was a very stubborn 
 brute, but he was on his back in a few seconds, and 
 was put down again twice afterwards in not more 
 than a second of time each throw. Rounds of 
 applause were given at the success of this feat." 
 
 Horse Taming in R2igby. — An Exciting Scene. — 
 " Mr. Galvayne, the well-known Australian expert in 
 the art of taming vicious and refractory horses, and 
 who possesses the highest credentials it is possible for 
 any in his profession to obtain, was provided with a 
 
 * hot 'un ' in Rugby — a horse that would test the 
 nerve and ability of anyone who undertook to tame 
 it. The animal referred to is ' Plebicite,' a thorough- 
 bred, six-years-old, by ' Plebian ' out of ' Fromage,' by 
 
 * Parmesan ' out of ' Legacy,' by brother to ' Bird-on- 
 the-Wing,' his dam ' Physilis,' by ' Bay Middleton,' so 
 as regards pedigree nothing could be much better. 
 
 * Plebicite ' is the property of a gentleman well-known 
 as a breeder of first-class horses, a * good 'un ' to 
 hounds, and a horse-tamer himself; but, as he said, 
 
152 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 * I have had many a rough one, but none so rough as 
 ' Plebicite,' and if you, Mr. Galvayne, can tame him, 
 you can tame anything.' 
 
 " Mr. Galvayne sent his man to bring him in by 
 train on Thursday morning to Rugby. As it was 
 nearly two years since he had been touched, and 
 had also been in the box since October last, it took 
 the man some time to get a rope fixed to the halter 
 already on the ' varmint,' and during the process was 
 knocked down ; and the commotion was great at the 
 railway station when the operation of boxing him was 
 essayed, but after about an hour's work he was boxed, 
 then a kicking match took place, and when he 
 couldn't kick any longer he sat on his haunches and 
 pawed furiously. On arriving at Rugby another 
 lively scene took place — innumerable porters, with 
 sticks to stop him if a bolt was made — but at last he 
 was landed safely at the marquee. The railway refused 
 to insure the animal when being boxed, the man being 
 asked in reply ' if he wanted to rob the company.' 
 
 " About four o'clock ' Plebicite ' was led into the 
 ring. Then commenced an exciting scene of rearing, 
 plunging, striking, and occasionally a grunt of 
 defiance, sweat pouring off man and beast, the horse 
 being inside and outside the ring, tearing it down, 
 scattering the onlookers, who rapidly sought the 
 ' upper circle ' of seats, and even after a couple of 
 hours' fighting Mr. Galvayne could only just touch 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. T55 
 
 him on the head without resentment from the horse 
 and danger to himself, but he positively refused to 
 have his ears handled. On Friday Mr. Galvayne 
 tackled him again, and he was not long in the ring 
 before another scene of strife took place, but by a 
 peculiar method of fixing, the tamer had complete 
 mastery over the animal, which then threw itself down 
 in extreme rage and passion, after looking as if he 
 would every moment rush and attack the Australian, 
 his ears being thrown back, and eyes surrounded by 
 white fairly gleaming with passion, and when on the 
 ground he roared and bit the sods. After a few 
 moments he was made to get up again. Then Mr. 
 Galvayne got hold of his ears and fondled him about 
 the head and mouth, and after some further treatment 
 put a bridle on him quietly, which was never done 
 before, and afterwards a saddle, and ' Plebicite ' was 
 ridden perfectly tractable, both inside the marquee 
 and in the field, and it is a wonder that one, if not 
 both man and beast, were not killed in the struggle. 
 Mr. Galvayne said that in all his experience he had 
 never had, either in Great Britain or Australia, such a 
 determined fighter. The quiet, determined, yet 
 perfectly gentle manner Mr. Galvayne went about his 
 work, won the admiration of all present, never once 
 losing perfect command over his temper. His 
 working with wonderful patience and nerve pronounced 
 him to be, what he has always shown himself, a 
 
 K 
 
154 I'HE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 perfect master of his art. It was a well-earned 
 victory, and the victor was deservedly greeted by 
 unanimous applause." 
 
 Working Horses in Hot Weather. — That horses at 
 hard work should have an opportunity of drinking 
 good clean water whenever they are inclined to do so, 
 is a fact which is well-known to every horse-owner who 
 studies the comfort and health of his animals. Horses 
 should not be compelled to go thirsty at any time and 
 particularly when at hard work and sweating freely, 
 when the water is required to keep up the moisture of 
 the body. When kept for several hours without water, 
 they not only suffer for want of it and work with less 
 spirit, but will drink too much when they have an 
 opportunity. In Australia in very hot weather many 
 contrivances are adopted to add to the comfort of 
 horses when at work in the heat of the day, and 
 it is quite a common practice to fasten a large sponge 
 saturated with cold water on the top of the animal's 
 head at the end of each journey in the " Busses." I 
 used this method one hot summer, and did not have 
 a single case of sunstroke. 
 
 Comparison of Buck-Jumpe7's at Wild West Show, 
 Earl's Court, zvitJi the Aiistralian. — I consider that the 
 Australians display far more skill in sitting their 
 notorious buck-jumpers, and an Australian stock- 
 
TRAINING, AND CtENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 55 
 
 rider would be rather amused at the manner in which 
 a cow-boy keeps his seat on a buck-jumper — namely, 
 b}' " fixing his spur firmly into the saddle-cloth," and 
 " grasping the pommel at the same time." I say there 
 is only one buck-jumper — the Australian. No doubt 
 the performance at Earl's Court is excellent of its 
 kind ; but a man seated between a pommel and cantle 
 each six inches or eight inches high, with his feet jamm- 
 ed into a couple of small coal-boxes, ought to make a 
 decent show on any animal, more especially tJiese 
 obviously zveak fotirteen-Jiand horses. The Australian 
 stock-rider is called upon to sit a powerful sixteen- 
 hand horse, bred from good English stock, on an 
 ordinary Australian bush saddle, with a snaffle bit. 
 This animal is often so thoroughly bad and dangerous 
 that he must be driven into what is known as a 
 *' crush" — two converging fences — the place at the 
 end of the lane being so narrow that the animal 
 cannot turn. Jammed in here, with a bar above his 
 rump and another behind him, the tackle is put on. 
 He is then partially roped, edged away to a gate, held 
 by two men while the rider mounts, and, on beinsr set 
 free, dashes into the open stockyard and bounds into 
 the air, all his legs clear four or five feet from the 
 ground. This height has often been verified by myself 
 and others, by aligning the horse's hoofs with the 
 upper rails of the stock-yard fence, the total height of 
 the fence being about six feet six inches. You can 
 
156 THE horse: its taming, 
 
 imagine (no, you cannot, unless you have felt it) the 
 effect of a dozen or so shocks to the spine in rapid 
 succession, the horse coming down with all his legs 
 straight as iron bars, and twisting his head in the 
 air each time in a different direction. This takes 
 place upon a limited area, perhaps twenty feet by 
 twenty feet. Unless the man goes off in the first 
 bound, the horse spins round on his legs a few times 
 and renews the bounding, until one wonders whether 
 any of one's teeth intend to remain in their sockets. 
 One of two things must happen — either the man is 
 " slung" handsomely, or he sticks to the animal until 
 the beast becomes exhausted, gives in, and stands 
 sullenly refusing (or unable) to move to any persuasion 
 of the spur. I have seen a horse take severe punish- 
 ment after one of these bouts without stirring a yard, 
 his legs firmly planted wide apart, his head down, his 
 mouth wide open, and his tail tucked tight between 
 his legs. Even then he will occasionally get fresh 
 wind, and give you another nasty turn ; but it generally 
 means that he is done. Good sound girths will some- 
 times break by the violence of the strain, or the 
 crupper may slip — then, of course, man and tackle go 
 off altogether in a heap. Incredible as it may appear, 
 horses have been known, after a prolonged struggle, to 
 buck the saddle right off over head and forelegs with- 
 out breaking the girths. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 15 7 
 
 Aiistralian Bucking Horses. — I believe the Australian 
 horsemen to be the best in the world, especially on the 
 mountains, and for endurance our horses can't be 
 beaten, but they are frightfully vicious, and a new 
 hand in the country — be he ever so good a rider at 
 home — gets many an awkward spill before he acquires 
 the matchless firmness of seat that enables him to 
 contend with the brute successfully. 
 
 FEATS OF HORSEMANSHIP. 
 
 " When a few old bushmen get together spinning 
 yarns commencing with ' I recollect,' &c., many a good 
 and true story is related, for as a rule your decent 
 bushman is not given, like the jackaroo, to pulling the 
 long bow. 
 
 " I formed one of a little group the other day dis- 
 cussing the threadbare subject of Dick Turpin's famous 
 ride, and the conversation turned upon feats of English 
 and Colonial horsemanship — racing and jumping to 
 wit. I was able to draw upon my memory from an 
 old Illustrated London News of a celebrated jump at 
 Kensal Green over a ditch 22ft. wide, which I do not 
 recollect having heard excelled ; but for the staying 
 powers of both horse and man in performing either 
 long or rapid journeys under difficult circumstances, I 
 am inclined to believe, from my own experience, that 
 the valiant highwayman's performance makes a poor 
 
158 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 show by the side of some noted Austrahan events 
 possibly unrecorded. In knocking about Queensland 
 on station and surveying life, some good things have 
 come under my notice in the way of riding. 
 
 " I recollect one by Mr. Archie Ferguson, of Walloon, 
 on the Dawson River, who made a smart night's run 
 from Banana to the station. It was occasioned by his 
 venerable father (who was in the habit of roaming by 
 himself) having been lost. The old gentleman not 
 turning up at nightfall, all hands on the station were 
 scouring the country for him up till 12 o'clock without 
 success, and then it was decided to send a black boy 
 to Banana for Archie. The boy started, leading ' Billy 
 Button,' a small but compact animal, the boss's favour- 
 ite ; the distance was 35 miles to Banana ; how long 
 the boy was going is not known, but by daylight 
 Archie was at the door with ' Billy Button,' and a little 
 after sunrise had his father home. This celebrated 
 feat was long remembered on the Dawson, and is 
 probably fresh in the minds of some few at the present 
 time. 
 
 " A good day's performance was done by T. S. 
 Collings, of Eton Vale, Kennedy, on a dapple gray, 
 ' Bonnie Doon,' well known at Bowen. Collings left 
 Eton about 8 a.m. for town, the road being at that 
 time some 40 good bush miles (before the short track 
 over the range was made), and after doing some 
 business at Bowen, rode out to Adelaide Point, at that 
 
TRAINING, AND GENP:RAL MANAOKMENT. 1 59 
 
 time the residence of T. C. M'Donald, now at Spring- 
 sure ; this was 12 miles along the beach. He then 
 returned home, arriving at sundown, bringing ' Bonnie 
 Doon ' up the paddock at a smart hand gallop to show 
 what was still left in him. 
 
 " This story was responded to by one present of a 
 ride by Pat. Bolger on old ' Boomerang.' He rode from 
 the Dee, crossing into Rockhampton, and back as far 
 as Westwood, something like 105 miles in one day. 
 This may seem a tough yarn ; but any one acquainted 
 with overlanding will know what can be done by a 
 start at daylight and quietly jogging on till sundown ; 
 and when one considers the rough treatment that 
 horses receive travelling day after day a long overland 
 journey from dawn to dark, many nights with no 
 greater refreshment than a whack on the ribs with a 
 bridle as they are turned out on a place as bare as 
 your hand, it is marvellous the endurance of many of 
 the colonial horses." 
 
 Long Distance Driving. — The horse stock are 
 principally hacks and buggy horses. There are three 
 good Cleveland mares, which are used with a Cleve- 
 land stallion, and the young stock are useful for the 
 road. With horses of his own breeding Mr. Henry 
 frequently drives 220 miles in two days. With a 
 buggy and pair he visits his place near Swanhill, 1 10 
 miles distant, going one day and returning the next. 
 
l6o THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 I rode a mare i6 years of age, by " Snowdon," i68 
 miles in two days, without her showing any sign of 
 extreme fatigue. On another occasion I rode a creamy 
 thoroughbred, a grand hack, about i6o miles in two 
 days. This same horse was ridden by his previous 
 owner 95 miles in one day. He never wanted either 
 whip or spur. I afterwards broke him to harness, and 
 he worked very quietly, although many before had 
 failed with him, and he was considered unbreakable to 
 harness. 
 
 Big Jump in Australia. — A sensational jump is 
 recorded as having taken place on July at Caulfield. 
 An eye-witness to the feat, says that " Lizette," with 
 Batty in the saddle, on the morning named accom- 
 plished a leap which has probably never been equalled 
 in Australia. My informant states that the mare, in 
 negotiating the fence on the hill opposite the stables 
 formerly occupied by the late Frank Lang, took off so 
 far from the obstacle that the few spectators present 
 anticipated with horror a catastrophe, and it seemed 
 impossible that she could clear the jump. To the 
 equal astonishment and relief of the watchers, how- 
 ever, the gallant daughter of "Hieroglyph" landed clear, 
 and so impressed were those present with the perform- 
 ance that measurements were quickly taken, when it 
 was found that Lizette had taken off twenty-five feet 
 from the fence, and in her jump had cleared a few 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. l6l 
 
 inches over thirty-five feet. This is about the nearest 
 Australian approach to Chandler's celebrated English 
 record of thirty-nine feet. 
 
 Another marvellous jump was made by "Patchwork" 
 while being schooled at Cheltenham. Fred. Hill was 
 on his back, and the leap seemed such a wonderful one 
 that a tape was immediately obtained, and it was found 
 to be no less than thirty-five feet two inches. 
 
 From the " Queenslander,'' Oct. j, iSS^- — " The most 
 remarkable ride in the world. — ^^An explosion of some 
 two tons of dynamite occurred on Monday, the 24th 
 August, at Iffley, about 120 miles from Normanton. 
 The dynamite was in course of transit by bullock- 
 waggon to Cloncurry. The driver of the team, a man 
 named Daniel Wilson, pulled up his bullocks at the 
 Iffley Hotel (in course of construction) at noon on the 
 day mentioned, for the purpose of getting his dinner, 
 and it was then noticed that smoke was issuing from 
 the loading on the waggon. The bullocks were 
 immediately unyoked and driven off to a safe dis- 
 tance, and Wilson then rode back some three miles 
 to where some teamsters were camped for assistance. 
 Accompanied by a man named Hansen, Wilson rode 
 back to the burning waggon, and the two men 
 endeavoured to quench the fire, and save some of the 
 loading. Two or three buckets of water were pro- 
 cured from Cobb's Camp close by and poured over 
 
1 62 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 the burning dynamite, which then began to hiss, and 
 throw off sparks, seeing which Wilson called upon 
 Hansen, who was standing on top of the waggon, to 
 come down. The two men then ran off, and when 
 about lOO yards away Wilson fell down exhausted, 
 Hansen being some 20 yards nearer the waggon. 
 At that moment the dynamite exploded with terrific 
 force, scattering pieces of iron in all directions, tearing 
 up trees, and cutting others clean through. Hansen 
 was unhurt, but Wilson was struck by something 
 which shattered his right arm and smashed his ribs. 
 Notwithstanding the nature of his wounds, however, 
 he mounted a horse and rode to the Twelve-mile, a 
 distance of about 100 miles from the scene of the 
 accident. He was then brought into town to the 
 hospital, where he was immediately attended by Dr. 
 Dyson ; but the injuries sustained, and aggravated by 
 the long ride, were of such a nature that Wilson died 
 on the following Saturday. An inquiry is being held 
 into the matter, but so far nothing has transpired to 
 show how the fire originated. The loading on the 
 waggon consisted of about two tons dynamite, general 
 ironmongery, steel tram-rails, some cases of chemicals^ 
 and a jar of acid was carried on the tail-board. The 
 explosion was felt many miles away, and where the 
 waggon stood there is now a deep hole. The Iffley 
 Hotel received such damage that the building entirely 
 collapsed two nights afterwards." 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 63 
 
 " J O E. 
 
 "AN AUSTRALIAN NARRATIVE. 
 
 " No, he ain't for sale ; it's no use talking. 
 There's the old woman, you'll get your walking- 
 Papers sudden if she gets the idea 
 That brought you here. 
 
 " Pretty, ain't he? — 16-1 all over. 
 Out of a Warhawk mare — sire Red Rover 
 By Gratis-Lena; that head shows Lena 
 The sire's cleaner. 
 
 " I know he's a heavy, ugly quarter, 
 A failing, that, of old Warhawk's daughter ; 
 That chest shows some of the Gratis breed, 
 Them pasterns signify spring and speed, 
 That's one of them eyes that ' loves the lead ;' 
 Yes, he's pigeon-toed, and a bit in-kneed ; 
 But that's no fault in a jumping hoss 
 When heavily-timbered ground you cross, 
 He wouldn't baulk at a six-foot wall. 
 Them pigeon-toed un's doesn't fall. 
 He's just a weaner. 
 
164 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 " Three off; that's all. Too young for you? Yes, Boss, 
 You want a steady, settled-down old hoss ; 
 A young 'un wouldn't never have the stay 
 To work everyday. 
 
 " He's got a wicked eye? Oh, yes! That's so. 
 Awfully wicked, ain't you, hey? Come here, Joe; 
 ' Over ! ' — good boy. There ain't no fence stops him. 
 The wicked limb! 
 
 " He wants to buy you, Joe, you wicked dog. 
 You pigeon-toed, in-kneed, long-headed hog; 
 If he tried to buy a hair in your tail 
 I think he'd fail. 
 
 " Don't fool round there at his latter end. 
 He's none too quiet: you ain't no friend 
 Of his — He knows you'd buy him. 
 So don't try him. 
 
 "Why won't I sell him? Go ask the wife. 
 If food was money and coin was our life. 
 And you offered her money and wanted Joe, 
 She'd tell you *Go!' 
 
 " She'd tell you how, nigh on two years ago, 
 (Joe can remember it. Can't you, Joe? 
 
 I 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 65 
 
 Though a baby yearling you was then). 
 She expected a stranger — that's him, ' Ben,' 
 That yellow-haired boy near the weaners' pen ; 
 She got a hurt — we'll, we're married men, 
 We ought to know. 
 
 "That meant 'boot and saddle' in red-hot speed 
 (No looking then for a favourite steed). 
 Forty mile to be done — the doctor brought, 
 I snatched a bridle, rushed out and caught — 
 Well, Joe was the only hoss / could see. 
 He'd thrown all the folks on the farm but me. 
 I roped him and drew him up to the tree. 
 Clapped the tackle on him and set him free. 
 When I cut the rope he gave just one bound, 
 Then stood, and looked, and walked quietly round ; 
 I leapt in the saddle and gave a ' cluck,' 
 He got over the fence with a flying buck.. 
 And straight away like a bullet flew. 
 No girth I tightened, no rein I drew. 
 From the setting sun till the first cock crew. 
 Ere my seat in the saddle got fairly cool. 
 The doctor (he's one of the sporting school) 
 Got astride of Joe, turned his head for home. 
 And before I had got there young Ben had come. 
 
 "Joe saved my wife. 
 Saved the youngster's life ; 
 
l66 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 So now you know 
 Why I won't sell Joe, 
 Pigeon-toed, ugly, bow-legged Joe." 
 
 Endurance of Australian Horses. — While on a visit 
 to Mudgee, I was told of a very long journey per- 
 formed by a pair of small three-quarter bred Arab 
 horses belonging to a medical gentleman in that 
 town. Owing to the urgent cases requiring the 
 doctor's presence occurring in widely separate places, 
 two pair were driven about 120 miles well within the 
 24 hours, and they did not suffer from their severe 
 exertions the next day. An instance of even greater 
 endurance was told me in Hay during the late race 
 meeting, which may be of interest to those who love 
 a good horse. Mr. E. Evans, of Roto, and Mr. Lindon 
 Wright, of Langlea, started from the residence of the 
 latter gentleman with four horses in a buggy to visit 
 the Hay show and races. They left Langlea at eight 
 o'clock in the morning, and drove to Hillston, a distance 
 of seven miles. Here they were detained for some 
 time, and about ten o'clock they resumed their journey, 
 and drove to Gunbower, 57 miles. Here some chaff 
 respecting the qualities of the team resulted in a 
 friendly wager being made that Mr. Evans and Mr. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 67 
 
 Wright would ride the two leaders into Hay that 
 night before twelve o'clock. Each gentleman rode 
 his own horse. Mr. Evans, who rides i/st, was 
 mounted on a rather small mare by an Arab sire; 
 Mr. Wright, who weighs about I3st., on a remarkably 
 fine horse, of great power, and nearly thoroughbred, 
 his sire being a son of old Panic. He is, however, a 
 very old horse. They started at once, and got on very 
 well till Mr. Wright missed the road to a station where 
 he had lived for several years, and this mishap put 
 them eleven miles out of their way. At the railway 
 crossing they had great difficulty in waking the gate- 
 keeper, and from this point Mr. Wright rode ahead, 
 his horse being the fresher. Both horsemen won their 
 wagers. Mr. Wright arrived in Hay at ten minutes 
 past eleven, and Mr. Evans arrived at seven minutes 
 to twelve o'clock, having performed the feat of travelling 
 1 1 1 miles in one day, 57 miles of which was done under 
 a heavy weight in the saddle. Both horses were as 
 fresh the next day as if they had done nothing extra- 
 ordinary. I feel quite satisfied that Mr. Evans's little 
 mare would not realise ten guineas if put up for sale 
 at Kirk's Bazaar. I sat behind her in a buggy two 
 days after she arrived in Hay, and when moving she 
 held her head up and was as gay as if fresh out of a 
 good paddock. Mr. Evans said he was quite confident 
 that if it was necessary she would carry him back to 
 Hillston in a day, but he was so pleased with the way 
 
1 68 ' THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 she won his wager that she is to work no more when 
 she gets back to Roto. 
 
 WILD-HORSE HUNTING IN NEW 
 SOUTH WALES. 
 
 Numbers of men make wild-horse hunting the busi- 
 ness of their Hves from year to year. The first wild 
 horses in New South Wales were descended from some 
 that had escaped from early settlers near Sydney. 
 They have increased by thousands in country best 
 suited to them, although the latter-day squatter has 
 done his best to clear them out. During the last 20 
 or 30 years many changes have come about. Country 
 which was waste and peopled only by blacks, is now 
 all taken up, and the wild horse has had to go further 
 inland. As the runs are occupied, the wild horses are 
 mustered, starved out, or shot down, and now only a 
 few districts in the wilder parts of the interior can 
 show them in any numbers. Hunting wild horses, or 
 " brumbies," is a recognised profession amongst bush- 
 men in the far north. 
 
 Many stations in the north depend almost entirely 
 upon the wild horses from which to get a supply of 
 mounts for station work. On one of these stations 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 69 
 
 was a Spring where all the stock, wild and tame, came 
 to get water. Within the ring fence which enclosed 
 the run were hundreds of horses, and the manager set 
 to work to secure as many of them as possible. With 
 this end in view he had high posts and rails put round 
 the water. Near the gateway and outside the enclo- 
 sure a hole was dug large enough to hide one man. 
 This was covered over with boughs, and the trap was 
 complete. It was determined not to make any 
 attempt at capturing horses until they were well used 
 to going in and out of the yard. At first they would 
 not enter, but on seeing the yard would gallop back to 
 the scrub. After a few days, however, thirst brought 
 large mobs of them to the spring, and some of the less 
 cautious soon led the way to the gate ; after a week 
 they thought nothing of entering to get water. A 
 time was then chosen, and a man hid himself under the 
 boughs. After sundown a mob came out of the scrub 
 and made for the spring. The look-out man quickly 
 closed the gate, thus securing some fifty horses for the 
 rough riders to start work upon. 
 
 On the following morning the work of hobbling, 
 branding, and breaking-in commenced. The fence 
 round the water had been made both strong and high. 
 Some of the wilder ones, however, became mad with 
 fear, and broke out. The first thing to be done was 
 to drive a few of the horses into a smaller and stronger 
 yard within the fence to commence work upon. The 
 
170 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 horse-breaker showed marvellous skill in lassoing. 
 The moment the rope was round the horse's neck the 
 animal would plunge wildly round the yard, hard held 
 by two or three men, until the tightening of the rope 
 brought it gasping to its knees. Green hide hobbles 
 were placed on the fore feet, the station brand burnt 
 in upon the shoulder. This work would often last the 
 whole day. 
 
 After a time the mobs of wild horses coming to 
 water got very small. They stayed away until they 
 nearly perished, and when at last they did enter and 
 got shut in they were often so weak and poor as to be 
 of little or no use. Their timidity was caused, no 
 doubt, by the horses that got away from the yard 
 joining other mobs and keeping them away from 
 danger. The length of time horses will go without 
 water, even during the hottest months of the year, is 
 astonishing. I have known numbers to go without 
 water for eight and ten days, and getting it at the end 
 of that time they would, although very poor and weak, 
 recover, and after a few months become fat again. 
 
 Wild horses are very cunning, and if they break 
 away once or twice when being driven in will never 
 afterwards be found near the yards, and if wanted will 
 have to be run down. Running down managed by 
 several riders, who go out with three or four horses 
 each. They are placed at convenient distances apart 
 over the country known to be frequented. When 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. I7I 
 
 once the strays are started they are never allowed to 
 rest, but kept on the move night and day, the men 
 taking turns with fresh horses to keep them going 
 until they will run no more. They are then easily 
 driven to the yards, and handed over, in due course, 
 to the station horse-breaker. At Toorale, on the 
 Darling, I heard of a wild stallion that gave a lot of 
 trouble. He was one of the last, and two men were 
 despatched to run him down. They had three horses 
 each, all shod, as they had stoney ground to course 
 over. When they found the horse they kept him 
 going hard all the day. Towards evening, when his 
 strength was almost spent, they got him near the 
 yard ; he fell down dead near the entrance. " We 
 broke his heart," the hunters told me. In colour the 
 wild horses vary in different parts of the country. 
 Those most generally met with are bay, brown, roan, 
 and grey. I have also heard of a mob that were all 
 piebalds. 
 
 The stallions fight for the leadership of the mob, 
 and if two or more be found in one lot, an armed 
 neutrality, after many fights, will be maintained by 
 them. The weaker are driven from the mob ; these 
 form a lot by themselves. Thus eight or ten stallions 
 will sometimes be found running together. Some 
 after being driven out will follow at a short distance 
 until they can entice some of the mares away. In 
 this way new mobs are formed. 
 
172 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 Some wild horses, even after they have been broken 
 in, are very hard to keep from trying to get back to 
 their old beats. In spite of hobbles, side lines, and 
 high fences, they will often get away, causing a lot of 
 trouble in finding and bringing them back. 
 
 Another custom of the bush is the habit amongst 
 cattle drovers of pulling out cattle that may get 
 bogged, especially in droughts, by fixing one end of 
 a strong rope (carried for the purpose) to their horse's 
 tail, making fast the other round the horns of the 
 bullock, and obliging the horse to pull the beast out. 
 The strength of a horse harnessed in this novel manner 
 is wonderful. On the Warrego I have seen one pull 
 out a bullock, which six strong men were utterly 
 unable to move. It has been said that a horse may 
 be suspended by the hairs of his tail. I have seen 
 horses pull twice their weight harnessed in the above 
 manner, and, apparently, without pain. 
 
 Sunday was " convincing" day on the station. 
 The old hands would, after a comparatively late 
 breakfast, stroll up to the stock-yards and take seats 
 all round upon the top rail. Awaiting the advent of 
 the horse-breaker, they would vie with one another in 
 telling thrilling stories of outlaws that had bucked and 
 bucked, and of riders of other days that rode so well. 
 A good rider, and a fearless one, is a power in the 
 bush, and a little god in the men's hut. But ride he 
 ever so well there will always come a man from " over 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 73 
 
 the river" who knows a mythical personage who can 
 ride, and who is ready to ride against your man for 
 all that he is worth. Some men who cannot ride will 
 always be found willing to risk breaking their necks 
 by taking a seat on a rough one. The new chums 
 sent up by owners who live in Melbourne to gain 
 colonial experience would also make sport for us when 
 handed over to the horse-breaker to learn riding. The 
 worst horses in the yard, or an old stager at getting 
 rid of his riders, would be saddled up, and the breaker 
 would hold the bridle until the new chum was well 
 into the saddle, so that great might be his fall. 
 
 Riverina is noted for its breed of horses. The 
 buyers for the Indian market know and love a good 
 horse. They go to and fro, and up and down amongst 
 the stations, and buy all the owners will sell. The 
 Indian market and its requirements deserve more 
 attention from breeders than it receives. At Toorale, 
 on the Darling, where many hundreds of horses have 
 been bred, the owner has no difficulty in finding buyers 
 for all and more than he wishes to sell. If the wise men 
 from the west speak truly, a great European war will 
 happen in the near future, and a demand will arise in 
 this country for army remounts. The Australian-bred 
 horse is noted, far and wide, for his staying qualities, 
 and his freedom from disease. Burnaby, in his " Ride 
 to Khiva," speaks of a small breed of horses that he 
 met with in Russia as being very hardy. The same 
 
174 'i'HE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 writer, when acting as war correspondent for the 
 Times in Spain, makes special mention of a breed he 
 met with in that country. Other writers credit the 
 American mustang — the wild horse of the western 
 plains — with extraordinary powers of endurance ; but 
 I do not think that any country in the world can show 
 horses equal to the Arab breed caught in Australia. 
 Under the most unfavourable circumstances grass-fed 
 horses will travel immense distances without shoes. I 
 knew an Arab mare to travel 90 miles in 24 consecutive 
 hours, and neither whip nor spur was used upon the 
 journey. Sickness is rarely met with, and it is usually 
 only trifling. 
 
 The days for wild horses in New South Wales 
 must in a few years be numbered. But for a century 
 to come there will still be parts of the Northern 
 Territory and of Western Australia in which the wild 
 horse may roam in peace and freedom. 
 
 Another Wild Horse Hunt. — In the drought a few 
 years ago, when the northern parts of New South 
 Wales suffered so severely, I myself had a saddle 
 hack that lived without water for twelve days, having 
 been by accident fenced off from the river. At the 
 end of that time he walked eight miles to water, and 
 although he was nine or ten years old, he recovered 
 after a long spell, and at this time of writing is fat 
 and fast again. 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 75 
 
 After a time it became difificult to secure horses at 
 the spring. Rain fell, and so long as the surface 
 water lasted, no mobs showed themselves. So it was 
 determined to try other means to secure them. 
 Running them in was to be tried, and for this pur- 
 pose a new yard was erected at one corner of the 
 paddock, with a calico wing, and some of the neigh- 
 bours were to be asked to help at driving up. A large 
 quantity of cheap calico was purchased to make the 
 wing. This was torn into narrow strips about a foot 
 wide and joined together, making, when finished, a 
 length of nearly two miles. One end of it was 
 fastened to the corner post of the yard, the calico 
 gradually payed out of a spring-cart to two men 
 following on foot, who fastened it from tree to tree. 
 The country was thickly timbered, and the calico made 
 an excellent fence to keep the horses in the right 
 direction when once started. Very little, by the way, 
 will turn a mob of wild horses ; and the sight of this 
 long white line through the timber almost invariably 
 stopped them when they showed any inclination to 
 break away. To make assurance doubly sure the 
 wing was strengthened for the first quarter of a mile 
 by a post and rail fence, so that should any of the 
 horses, when they sighted the yard, rush the wing, the 
 post and rails would prevent their escaping. 
 
 The horsemen spread through the scrub, starting 
 mobs as they went, and keeping them as near as 
 
I 76 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 possible in a direction away from the yard, so as to 
 
 get them all together in one big mob on a plain at the 
 
 far end of the paddock. Coming out on this plain 
 
 the horses, quite two hundred in number, could be 
 
 seen far in front, and going like the wind, with the 
 
 drivers scattered here and there a mile or more behind. 
 
 The fence soon turned the horses, now all in one mob, 
 
 back towards the scrub, and in the direction of the 
 
 yard. Three horsemen, who had kept somewhat 
 
 behind, now took up the running, and by making a 
 
 detour of a couple of miles, they were enabled to close 
 
 up with the brumbies as they again entered the timber. 
 
 They had still some seven miles to go before the yard 
 
 could be reached, and already the tremendous pace 
 
 began to tell. Two miles of lightly-timbered country 
 
 allowed the men to keep well in sight. Before the 
 
 horses were within the wing the mob broke up, and in 
 
 spite of the drivers a number got away, a belt of thick 
 
 mulga scrub, through which they were passing at the 
 
 time, helping them considerably. The main body, 
 
 however, kept straight on, and were soon between the 
 
 fence and the calico wing. Two men on fresh horses 
 
 now took up the running, and rushed the tired 
 
 brumbies towards the yard, giving them no time to 
 
 think of breaking. It was a sight to see this galloping 
 
 mob covered with foam and sweat, followed by riders, 
 
 yelling like fiends, and cracking stock whips. They 
 
 rushed wildly through the wide open gateway, shaking 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 77 
 
 the posts and rails, the gates were caught, and a good 
 day's work done. 
 
 Wi7d Horses. — Is there such a creature as a wild 
 horse, an aboriginal or truly wild horse, in the world 
 now ? The answer is more than doubtful. The 
 mustang of Mexico, the wild horse of the South 
 American Pampas, the brumbi of Australia, are all 
 descendants of domesticated animals introduced from 
 Europe. The first horse was landed in America at 
 Buenos Ayres in 1537. In 1580, that is in less than 
 fifty years, horses had spread to regions as remote as 
 Patagonia. In Australia the diffusion of horses that 
 have escaped from civilisation had been quite as rapid, 
 and in 1875 it was found necessary to shoot as many 
 as 7000 wild horses in the colony of New South Wales 
 alone In some parts of Australia the horse pest has 
 received legislative notice. The wild horses tempt 
 domesticated horses to join them, and wild stallions 
 also invade the Australian horse-runs and vitiate choice 
 herds in a most annoying manner. They recur to 
 ancestral manners in a way that is always the same. 
 Each stallion has his following of mares ranging from 
 a few up to 40 or even 50, and these parties may be 
 separate or banded together into herds of considerable 
 size, even 400 strong. The young and the weak males 
 remain with but a scanty or even no following. The 
 stallion has to maintain his supremacy by frequent 
 
1 7 8 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 combats, which especially occur at certain seasons of 
 the year. The animals are suspicious in the extreme, 
 swift of flight, but bold in defence with tooth and heel 
 in emergency. They range extensively in search of 
 pasture and water, and, when hard pressed by danger 
 of famine, the herds break up. It is said that each 
 troop has a leader and implicitly obeys him ; he is the 
 first to face danger and to give the hint to fly ; when 
 pressed, the horses form a ring with the mares and 
 foals in the centre, and defend themselves vigorously 
 with their heels, or they close in on their opponent in 
 dense masses and trample him to death. It is dis- 
 tinctly proved, then, that there can be no aboriginal 
 or truly wild horses in either America or Australia, 
 though there are tens of thousands of unowned horses. 
 Tradition points to Central Asia as the aboriginal 
 abode of the horse, and there the original stock of 
 wild horses may still possibly exist. The wild horse 
 of the British Islands is now practically the Shetland 
 pony, but he is not the powerful animal described by 
 Caesar. The domesticated animal everywhere, how- 
 ever, reverts very easily to the savage state. His usual 
 paces are a walk and a gallop. The double and the 
 canter are artificial, and it is still a moot question as to 
 whether the wild horse ever trots. 
 
 Although his most frequent paces are the walk and 
 gallop, I have seen wild horses that could and did trot 
 naturally, and some very fast, and could scarcely be 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 179 
 
 made to gallop. I caught a mare myself and broke 
 her. She was a natural trotter, absolutely refusing to 
 gallop, and she headed in her wild state a mob at the 
 trot. I shall never forget her. She was indeed a 
 " bone shaker," and would trot over fearfully rough 
 ground at a fast pace, till at last I had to give up rid- 
 ing her altogether. I broke her to harness. She 
 could do from Paramatta to Sydney, 15 miles, easily 
 in the hour in an ordinary buggy. 
 
 THE LIFE OF AN AUSTRALIAN 
 
 SHEPHERD. 
 
 The shady side of an Australian shepherd's life is 
 thus exhibited by the " Old Chum " in " Old 
 Colonials :" — 
 
 " I'm a shepherd. That's so. I've been a shepherd 
 for nigh on twenty-five years. And I've earned good 
 wages, too, for all I look so ragged. I remember, in 
 the good old times, when the shepherds was the 
 bosses. That was at the time of the big rushes to the 
 diggings. Money was plentiful then, and we used to 
 have some tremendous sprees. Why didn't I save my 
 money? There was never a chance to save. First of 
 all, when we got our wages, the cheque wasn't a right 
 
l8o THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 cheque ; it was an order written on flimsy or soft 
 paper, on the nearest agent of the squatter, an' cashed 
 by the nearest pubHcan, who, of course, never handed 
 over a cent. A man was compelled to stay there and 
 knock his cheque down ' like a man.' Then if the order 
 happen to be drawn on a merchant close by, it was all 
 the same. If it was drawn on somebody in Sydney, 
 how could a poor devil get away to Sydney — perhaps 
 a four or five hundred mile tramp, without a farthing 
 in his pocket? A man was obliged to go to the 
 publican to advance him some money, and once you 
 took a drink (for you couldn't go away without taking 
 a nip) it was all up with you. The liquor was hocussed, 
 and you got mad, and before you knew where you 
 were your cheque was spent — at least so the landlord 
 told you — and he bundled you out neck and crop. If 
 he was at all a decent sort of fellow, he would give you 
 a bottle of rum to recover from your spree, and you 
 returned to the station in a few days penniless. I've 
 no heart to begin to save. I was well-to-do once — 
 had a station of my own ; but what with foot-rot and 
 scab, and not looking after my own place, I soon went 
 to the wall, and I've been getting lower and lower till 
 at last I became a shepherd. It is a lonely life. I 
 never see anyone but the ration carrier once a week, 
 and I've no books to read. I follow the sheep, and 
 camp when they camp. I go to sleep sometimes, and 
 lose the run of the sheep. But I've been pretty well 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. l8l 
 
 broken into not going to sleep. I've been made to 
 pay for lost sheep, so that for three years I hadn't a 
 cent of wages to take. The native dogs and the 
 blacks worry me. Many a night I watch all night to 
 try and get a slant at the dingoes. I used to lay baits 
 for them, but I had my best dog poisoned through 
 taking one of the baits, so I've given it up now, and 
 shoot them when I've a chance. It used to be fine 
 times at night when there was a hut-keeper, but now- 
 a-days a man has got to be his own hut-keeper, and do 
 cooking, and washing, and watching at night, and 
 shepherding all day, mending hurdles and shifting 
 them, takes up plenty of time. It's no such an idle 
 life as people suppose. There's always something to 
 do. The idlest part of it is following the sheep out at 
 grass. Lambing time makes it pretty lively for every- 
 one ; we see more people then, and get a bit of news. 
 Would I recognise my sheep in a crowd ? Of course 
 I would. I know every face in the flock, and there 
 isn't two alike. People are apt to think a sheep is a 
 sheep. So is a child a child, but no two children are 
 exactly alike, and no two sheep are alike. I could 
 swear to every one of 'em. I don't think I shall shep- 
 herd much longer. I'm getting on in years. Sixty, 
 close on. I'm thinking of saving my wages next year 
 if the publican will let me, and taking a bit of land. I 
 could have a home then, and only take a job with a 
 travelling mob sometimes, or else go to shearing at 
 
1 82 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 shearing time, to keep one in tucker. I'd be obliged 
 for a bit of 'baccy. The rations ain't due till to- 
 morrow, and I'm clean run out. Thank'ee, sir." 
 
 AMERICAN TROTTERS. 
 
 Trotting horses in the United States have been 
 very carefully bred for some years past, and their 
 speed has been greatly developed. There are now- 
 more than iioo trotting horses which have made or 
 beaten a mile in 2 minutes 30 seconds, and 91 of them 
 have a record of 2 minutes 20 seconds ; and also the 
 increase of speed of late years in them. 
 
 I learn that the first noted trotter on the American turf 
 was "Lady Suffolk," and after the gallant little grey 
 marecame anotherofhersex," Flora Temple," the "bob- 
 tail nag " of song, and that was the first trotter to beat 
 2.20. Her record of 2.19^ stood until " Dexter," the 
 brown son of " Hambletonian," trotted the Buffalo 
 track in 2.171^, and was sold to Mr. Robert Bonner 
 for 33,000 dollars. Then came in quick succession 
 " Goldsmith Maid," 2.14;" Rarus," 2. 1 3 1^; ; " St. Julian," 
 2A\%; "Jay-eye-see," 2.10; and "Maud S.," 2.8^, 
 the ideal trotter — the culmination of the efforts of 
 American breeders to beat the world in the produc- 
 tion of fast trotters. She is the best type of the 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 83 
 
 trotting horse of America, and as such her pedigree 
 conveys lessons which may not be disregarded by 
 breeders. 
 
 On the side of her sire, " Maud S." gets a direct 
 double cross of the famous " Abdallah " blood that 
 founded the " Hambletonian " house, " Harold " being 
 by Rysdyk's " Hambletonian," son of " Abdallah," and 
 out of a mare by " Abdallah ; " so that in that direc- 
 tion there is nothing to be looked for. The dam of 
 *' Maud S." is a distinguished matron, having also pro- 
 duced "Nutwood," 2.18^, and "Cora Belmont," 
 2.241^ ; " Nutwood " being also one of the best sires 
 in the country. This mare, " Miss Russell," that pro- 
 duced all this speed, is by " Pilot Jr.," he by a pacing 
 horse called " Pilot " that came from Canada ; her dam 
 being a thorough-bred. The blood lines of " Maud 
 S.," therefore, are those of the trotter and pacer com- 
 bined, backed up by thoroughblood. " Jay-eye-see," 
 the next fastest trotter, is bred in precisely the same 
 manner, being by a son of Rysdyk's " Hambletonian," 
 dam by " Pilot Jr. ; " second dam by " Lexington." 
 That the pacing and trotting gaits are interchangeable 
 is well known, and the experience of recent years has 
 made it plain that the greatest amount of speed at 
 either way of going is most readily attained by a 
 judicious blending of these bloods, dozens of examples 
 among the fastest trotters and pacers proving this 
 beyond doubt. 
 
184 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 I see that subsequent to " Maud S." making the 
 astonishing record of 2min. 8^sec. for a mile, she had 
 been sold by Mr. Vanderbilt to Mr. Robert Bonner for 
 $40,000, equal to i^8,ooo. 
 
 The new owner of " Maud S." is strongly opposed 
 to racing for money, and is of opinion that gambling 
 degrades the sport and injures the horse interests of 
 the country. Moreover, he is convinced that the 
 popularity of racing does not, although many assume 
 that it does, depend upon betting. According to an 
 American paper, Mr. Bonner takes a great deal of 
 interest in stock-breeding, and likes to point out the 
 progress made in this business since Kentucky has 
 taken the place formerly occupied by Maine, Vermont, 
 and New York. When Mr. Bonner bought " Dexter," 
 that horse had the best trotting record, 2.17)4. ^^• 
 Bonner gave for him $35,000. Then came " Rarus" 
 with a record of 2. 1 3 ^, purchased for $36,000. Finally 
 " Maud S.," with a record of 2.9^, purchased for 
 $40,000. It is noteworthy that there is a difference of 
 just four seconds between these records. At Mr. 
 Bonner's farm in Westchester County some fine trotters 
 have been raised. One of them, " Majolica," has a 
 record of 2.17 ; Mr. Bonner believes that she may give 
 birth to a youngster that will lower even the record of 
 " Maud S." He has not yet decided what he will do 
 with " Maud S." 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 85 
 
 Wonderful Performance of a Yearling Trotter. — 
 Another Record Broken. — The yearling trotting record 
 of the American turf has again been lowered, a filly 
 by the celebrated Sherman's " Humbletonian " having 
 made a mile in 2 min. 35^sec. at the Fair Grounds, 
 Leamington, Kentucky, on the 14th of last month. 
 The previous record was 2.36. The newly fledged 
 queen of the yearlings was purchased immediately 
 after the performance at $5,000. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTES 
 AND NOTES. 
 
 Case of Driving Unshod Horses. — Mr. P. H. Fagin, 
 a furniture and piano mover at Meldon, . gives his 
 experience in the Bostofi Trajiscript with barefooted 
 horses. He has driven three horses (two w^eighing 
 iioolb. each, and the other 1 30olb.)Tsince January, 
 1885, without shoes. The large horse has always been 
 lame since he bought him, fourteen years ago, until he 
 took his shoes off. The animal has not gone lame 
 since. He has driven on hard, flint roads, and, of 
 course, on pavements in Boston. The horses travel 
 better than before their shoes were taken off They 
 are not afraid on slippery pavements, as they w^ere 
 
 M 
 
1 86 THE horse: its taming, 
 
 with shoes on, and there is no trouble in getting round 
 on any kind of going in the city. Mr. Fagin drove to 
 Shrewsbury, 35 miles from Melden, after two days' 
 rain in February, 1855, when it was so icy that a boy 
 could skate all the way, and had no trouble. The 
 hoof is hard and broad, and the frog is full and plump, 
 and on a level. They have driven two winters on ice 
 and snow altogether better than when they were shod. 
 Their feet are better for all purposes; they can trot 
 faster, pull as much, and go more miles in the same 
 time than they could when shod. 
 
 The Paris Oinnibits Horses. — The company has 
 something like 12,000 horses, which require to be fed, 
 and for some years past the officials of the company 
 have taken great pains to arrive at the best ration — 
 that, in fact, which would be at the same time cheap 
 and substantial. There are three services, the omnibus 
 and two tramways. The omnibus horses are fed at a 
 cost of i^. 6y2d. a day, the ordinary tramway at 
 i^. yd. a day, and the horses of the service coming 
 under the same head, and known as the voies ferrees^ 
 cost i.s'. jYod. a day. The general average is shown 
 to be about i^. 63/j^<f. a day, which appears to be the 
 lowest cost since the company was established in 1855 ; 
 the highest cost per horse having been in i ^y6^ when 
 it was 2s. S}^d. The composition of the ration of 
 1886 was as follows: — Hay, S'62 lb.; straw, y^o lb.; 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 87 
 
 oats, 5*50 lb. ; maize, I2"92 lb. ; beans, 'lo lb. ; bran and 
 carrots, "50 lb. In this year moss litter was used for 
 litter instead of straw, the average weight used for 
 each animal having been about three-quarters of a 
 pound a day. 
 
 Hoiv the French manage tJieir Stallions. — The 
 French work their stallions six or eight months in 
 the year, thus preserving their health and vigour, while 
 at the same time paying a revenue to their owners 
 instead of being a heavy expense. It is also certain 
 that regular work is an antidote for bad temper, and 
 that stallions would be much easier to handle and 
 have better dispositions were they subjected to suffi- 
 cient labour to keep them in good health. A stallion 
 in service should be in as hard condition as when in 
 training if his colts are to be sound and healthy, a 
 condition which they are not likely to be in if the 
 stallion is a sleek, fat animal, with fat taking the place 
 of muscle. 
 
 Age of Animals. — A bear rarely exceeds twenty 
 years; a dog lives fifteen or sixteen years; a fox four- 
 teen or fifteen ; lions are long-lived — Pompey lived to 
 the age of seventy ; the average of cats is fourteen 
 years; squirrels or hares, seven or eight years; rabbits, 
 seven. Elephants have been known to live to the 
 great age of four hundred years. When Alexander 
 
1 88 THE HORSE : ITS TAMING, 
 
 the Great had conquered Porus, King of India, he took 
 a great elephant, which had fought very vaHantly for 
 the king, named him Ajax, dedicated him to the sun, 
 and let him go with this inscription, " Alexander, the 
 son of Jupiter, has dedicated Ajax to the sun." This 
 elephant was found three hundred and fifty-four years 
 after. Pigs have been known to live to the age of 
 thirty years; the rhinoceros to twenty; a horse has 
 been known to live to the age of sixty-two, but 
 averages from twenty-five to thirty years; camels 
 sometimes live to the age of one hundred years; stags 
 are long-lived ; sheep seldom exceed the age of ten ; 
 cows live fifteen years. Guvier considers it probable 
 that whales sometimes live to the age of a thousand 
 years. Dolphins and porpoises attain the age of 
 thirty. An eagle died at Vienna at the age of one 
 hundred and four; ravens have reached the age of 
 one hundred ; and parrots, two hundred. Swans have 
 been known to live three hundred and sixty years. 
 Pelicans are long-lived. A tortoise has been known 
 to live to the age of one hundred and seven years. 
 
 Number of Packs of Hoimds in Great Britain. — 
 The number of packs is greater than it was ten years 
 ago, though it so happens that there is a trifling 
 diminution in last year's total. There were then 12 
 packs of staghounds in England and 2 in Ireland, or 
 14 in all; 158 packs of foxhounds in England, 8 in 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 1 89 
 
 Scotland, and i8 in Ireland, or 184 in all; loi packs 
 of harriers in England, 4 in Scotland, and 34 in Ireland, 
 or 139 in all; and 16 packs of beagles in England and 
 2 in Ireland, or 18 in all. This made up a total of 
 355 packs, exclusive of several which failed to make 
 their existence known; and this season the total is 
 350, comprising 14 packs of staghounds, 177 of fox- 
 hounds, 139 of harriers, and 20 of beagles. It will be 
 seen that the number of staghound and harrier packs 
 has not varied, for though several old packs of harriers 
 have been given up, just as many fresh ones have been 
 formed. The decrease has taken place among fox- 
 hounds, for while no new pack appears to have been 
 formed, two or three have been given up in England, 
 one in Scotland, and three in Ireland, and it is not 
 altogether a sufficient compensation to find that there 
 are two more packs of beagles than there were last 
 season. Still, there is no reason to feel doubt as to 
 the future of fox hunting, when the records of it tell 
 us that there are now 177 packs as compared with 170 
 four and 165 ten years ago. 
 
 " What does hunting do for Great Britain ? That's 
 a big question, and upon its answer depends also the 
 answer to the question which I am continually putting 
 to myself: Am I throwing away the best years of my 
 life, my money, and my brains, in what is good for my 
 country ? or is the contrary the case ? Now, let us 
 take mine, a four-day a week country, just for the sake 
 
T90 THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 of argument. I spend ^^3000 on my hounds and their 
 equipment. Many masters spend more, but a good 
 deal of this goes for little better than show ; and 
 therefore, wishing not to overstate my case, I put the 
 cost at £7^0 a day per season. By the latest returns 
 of packs of hounds we have in England and Wales, I 
 find 160 packs. Taking my calculation throughout, 
 according to the days a week each pack is advertised 
 to hunt, brings the actual cost of foxhounds, when 
 brought into the field, to ^^347,2 50 a year. There are 
 12 packs of staghounds, taken at the same calculation, 
 coming to ;^20,ooo or thereabouts. The hunters, 
 which may be fairly said to be kept solely for the 
 purpose of being ridden with these 172 packs of 
 hounds, other than those of the hunt-servants (alread}' 
 taken into account) cannot be less than 200 horses in 
 each hunt, although it is very difficult to average them 
 correctly. The cost of these 34,000 horses, if grooms' 
 wages are considered, cannot be less than £^0 a horse. 
 This is what I always reckon as the right sum per 
 head for my hunters, and we find in this item a total 
 of ^^2,752,000. We must not lose sight of what is 
 annually paid by hunting men for the rent of coverts, 
 poultry claims, fees to keepers, and damage to farmers. 
 On the figures I have got together on this head I can- 
 not put it less than i^200 a hunt, or ^32,000 a year. 
 Now, under these four items you will find an annual 
 expenditure of i^3, 15 1,250 ; upwards of three millions 
 
TRAINING, AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. I9I 
 
 per annum, in England and Wales alone, on actual 
 hunting-. Adding the sums spent in Scotland and 
 Ireland, the writer raises the 'grand total to three 
 millions three hundred and fifty thousand pounds a 
 year, in round figures.' " 
 
 " Pe7idragon " of the " Referee " on SteeplecJiasing in 
 Australia. — Australian steeplechasing seems to have 
 surprised our visitor, and he says : — " Many readers 
 may be astonished to learn that in a steeplechase trial, 
 England v. Australia, the old country would stand a 
 good chance of coming off second best ; she would be 
 in much the same position as Hanlon was after his 
 two races on the Paramatta. I was astonished at the 
 jumps shown me at Caulfield, but still more astonished 
 when I went to Flemington, the Newmarket of Victoria, 
 or rather the Newmarket-cum-Liverpool, seeing that it 
 is the head-quarters of both flat-racing and steeple- 
 chasing in the colony." After describing the courses, 
 he asks : — " How many of the steeplechasers of 
 Kempton, and Sandown, and the Grand National 
 Hunt would face such barriers ? And in Australian 
 steeplechasing there is no steadying ; they gallop 
 straight away, and there is no more hesitation or 
 delay than though they were flat-racing. ... It 
 is no exaggeration whatever to say that for height and 
 solidity we have nothing like these fences in England, 
 or even in Ireland. They are to my eyes — and I have 
 
192 THE horse: its general management. 
 
 seen most of the cross-country work that is worth 
 
 seeing at home — httle short of appalhng 
 
 Whatever may be said about the relative merits 
 of English and Australian flat-racers — and a good 
 deal has been said to me during the last month or so — 
 I am free to admit that we are right out of it with the 
 Australians across country." 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 1 93 
 
 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 From His Grace the DUKE OF WESTMINSTER. 
 
 Eaton Hall, 
 Chester, February, 1888. 
 
 " I have had very much pleasure in witnessing Mr. Galvatnb's 
 system of breaking Colts — it being most humane, quick, and effective. 
 I shall certainly adopt it in my stud here. 
 
 " Westminster." 
 
 " Bradford. — 150 Memlers. 
 
 " We, the undersigned, Members of Professor Sydney Galvayne's 
 Class now being held at the Bradford Riding School, hereby wish to 
 express our entire satisfaction of the scientific method adopted by him 
 in taming vicious horses, and his humane system of breaking young 
 colts, and we feel assured that if the knowledge imparted by him to his 
 pupils was more widely spread it would be more conducive to the 
 welfare of the horse, and prevent many frauds from being perpetrated 
 upon purchasers by unscrupulous dealers. 
 
 '■'The system he teaches far surpasses anything we have hitherto 
 known in this country, and we have every confidence in recommending 
 gentlemen and horse-owners to avail themselves of joining his Class 
 while opportunity is now afforded, as we believe the time and money 
 spent will be more than fully repaid by the satisfactory results of his 
 teaching." 
 
 "York. — 170 Members, 1 Class. 
 
 " We, Members of your First Class in Great Britain, voluntarily 
 testify to the utility, humanity, rapidity, and effectiveness of your 
 system for breaking colts and curing ill-broken and vicious horses. 
 
194 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 The knowledge you impart on Horse Dentition is of the greatest value 
 to all horse-owners, as it enables your pupils to tell the age of any 
 horse up to 30 years. 
 
 " We strongly advise all interested in horses to enrol themselves as 
 members of classes as oj^portunity offers, and most sincerely wish yon 
 prosperity in this country. 
 
 " We are, dear Sir, 
 
 " Yours very sincerely," 
 
 "Newcastle.— 220 Members, 1 Class. 
 
 " We, the undersigned, Members of your Newcastle Class, wish to- 
 testify to the superior and even wonderful results obtained by using 
 your humane and common-sense method of breaking colts and curing 
 ill-broken horses. 
 
 " We particularly appreciate the knowledge you have imparted on 
 Dentition, which enaV»les us to tell correctly the age of any horse up to 
 30 years. 
 
 " Altogether, we consider that the information you impart is of 
 immense value to all horse breeders, owners, and users, and cannot be 
 too widely known, as it alike is of benefit to man and horse, and we 
 wish you every success in the future. 
 
 ' ' We are, dear Sir, 
 
 '' Yours faithfully." 
 
 " Sunderland. — 200 Pupils, 3 Classes. 
 " January, 1886. 
 
 " We, the undersigned. Pupils of Professor Sydney Galvatne's- 
 Sunderland Class, hereby record our entire satisfaction with his system 
 of breaking colts, and manner of treating horses (young and old) 
 generally, which we consider thoroughly efficient, and far in advance of 
 the old system. 
 
 " Especially do we feel indebted for what the Professor has taught 
 us by his lectures on horses' teeth, by which we are enabled to ascertain 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 1 95 
 
 correctly the age of any animal of horse kind within a year up to 30 
 years. This invaluable knowledge the Professor imparts to us in the 
 most pleasant and instructive way, besides being an entirely new method 
 of his own, and different to any hitherto taught in this country. 
 
 " We also wish to thank him for the courteous and painstaking 
 manner in which he gives his information, for the willingness he has at 
 all times shown in answering inquiries, and, further, we wish him all 
 possible success in making more widely know;i his humane system of 
 treatment." 
 
 " Lkeds.— 300 Pupils, 1 Class. 
 May, 18S6. 
 
 " Dear Sir, — We, the undersigned, being Members of your Class 
 recently established in Leeds, desire to convey to you the expression of 
 our most sincere appreciation of the valuable instruction we have 
 derived from your deeply interesting course of lectures and lessons. 
 We are of opinion that your humane system of breaking colts, and your 
 manner of treating horses (young and old) generally, is far in advance 
 of those heretofore ; and particularly do we appreciate the information 
 you have given us on Dentition, which enables us to ascertain, up to 
 30 years, the age of any horse. Altogether, we consider we have 
 derived such benefit from your teaching that will be invaluable to us ; 
 and we must ever regard it as cause for congratulation to all horse 
 breeders, owners, and users in this country that you have been induced 
 to visit England. Begging you once more, therefore, to accept our 
 sincere thanks, and assuring you of our interest in your future welfare, 
 
 " We are, dear Sir, 
 
 " Yours very faithfully." 
 
 " HuLt. — 110 Members, 1 Class. 
 ''May, 1SS5. 
 
 " We, the undersigned, Members of Professor Sydney Galvayne's 
 Hull Class, hereby testify to the painstaking manner in which he makes 
 
196 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 his lectures intelligible to his i)upils, and are fully satisfied that his 
 system of breaking a colt is far in advance of the old. 
 
 •' His method of reading horse teeth we have proved to be correct 
 up to very great ages. We wish hiui every success in his future career, 
 and advise all keepers of horses who have not had an opportunity of 
 seeing his system to do so at once." 
 
 "Bridlington. — 50 Members, 1 Class. 
 ''April, 1885. 
 
 " The undersigned. Members of Professor Sydney Galvayne's 
 Bridlington Class, hereby record their entire satisfaction with his 
 system of breaking colts and manner of treating horses generally, which 
 they consider efficient, and a great imprt)vement on the old system. 
 
 " They also wish to thank him for the courteous and painstaking 
 manner in which he imparts information, for the willingness he has at 
 all times shown in answering inquiries ; and, further, they wish him all 
 possible success in making more widely known his humane system of 
 treatment." 
 
 '•' Whitby. — 50 Members, 1 Class. 
 
 " We, the undersigned, Members of Professor Sydney GalvaYxNe's 
 Whitby Cla'js, hereby testify our thorough approval of his humane and 
 scientific system of treating colts and vicious horses, it being in our 
 opinion far hi advance of the old method. 
 
 " His knowledge of Horse Dentition is complete and thorough, and 
 his mode of teaching simple and perfect. He displays untiring energy 
 as a tutor; and we strongly advise all horsemen to avail themselves of 
 the earliest opportunity to become pupils." 
 
 "Durham.— 100 Members, 1 Class. 
 
 " We, the undersigned, Pupils of Professor Sydney Galvayne at 
 Durham, hereby wish to express our unbounded satisfaction at the 
 course of lectures we have attended during your visit here amongst us. 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 1 97 
 
 We value very highly the knowledge you have imparted, and are unani- 
 mous in pronouncing your system of handling colts and vicious animals 
 as humane in the extreme, and most eflfective. 
 
 " To all classes your lectures on Horse Dentition are most valuable, 
 and we have pleasure in recommending you in this particular branch 
 of your professional duties to horse breeders and tradesmen wherever 
 you lecture and exhibit. 
 
 " Finally, ailovv us to wish you prosperity in the future, as well as 
 health and strength to enable you to dispense your useful instruction." 
 
 " Thirsk. — 50 Members, L Class. 
 
 " We, the undersigned, having attended Professor Sydney 
 Galvay:^e's Thirsk Class, wish to express our entire approval of his 
 system of breaking and training horses, and his method of telling the 
 ages of horses we consider to be of the greatest possible value, having 
 had practical proof of its correctness." 
 
 " Malton. — 100 Members, 2 Classes. 
 
 "We, the undersigned. Pupils of Professor Sydney Galvayne, and 
 Members of his Class at Malton, Yorkshire, thoroughly approve of his 
 system for handling colts and vicious horses, it being perfectly simple 
 and effective, and entirely without any abuse or cruelty, and it certainly 
 is entitled to the patronage of the Royal Society for Protection of 
 Animals. The knowledge he imparts in Horse Dentition is most useful 
 and valuable to his pupils, and his method of teaching is all that can be 
 desired, and we wish him the greatest possible success wherever he 
 goes." 
 
 " Darlington. — 95 Members, 2 Classes. 
 
 " We, the undersigned, Members of Professor Sydney Galvayne's 
 Class in Darlington, hereby testify to the humanity, effectiveness, and 
 superiority of his system for breaking colts and eradicating vice from 
 vicious horses. 
 
tqS testimonials. 
 
 '• The knowledge he imparts on Horse Dentition is most valuable, 
 as it enables his pupils to tell within a year the age of any horse up to 
 30 years old. We also take this opportunity of testifying to his un- 
 tiring energy and ability as a tutor, and strongly recommend all those 
 who have not had an opportunity of seeing and hearing him to do so." 
 
 "West Hartlepool. — 90 Members, 1 Class. 
 ''March, 1886. 
 
 "We, the members of Professor Sydney Galvayne's Class, here 
 wish to express our entire approval of his scientific and humane system 
 for taming vicious horses and breaking colts ; also, of the knowledge 
 he imparts on Horse Dentition, which is most valuable. His system of 
 teeth-reading, hitherto unknown in this country, enables his pupils to 
 tell the age of any horse up to thirty years of age. 
 
 We also thank him for the courteous and painstaking manner he 
 has of teaching, and sincerely wish him prosperity in the future." 
 
 a 
 
 HuDDEESFiELD. — 200 PupUs, 1 Class. 
 
 ''June, 1886. 
 " Deau Sir, 
 
 " W^e, the uudei'signed, on behalf of the 200 Pupils attending your 
 Class here, are desirous oi testifying to the benefits we have received 
 from your instruction, and to the excellent and even wonderful results 
 obtained by your system of taming and breaking horses. This system 
 is humane in its methods, reliable and effective in its results. It is 
 applicable alike to the unbroken colt and to the ill-broken horse; under it 
 the most vicious and nervous horses become tractable. Moreover, 
 there is no difficulty in the application of your system of breaking. 
 Any groom of ordinary patience, after attending your classes, could 
 break a colt. Further, the rules by which you calculate the age of 
 horses, from day of foaling up to thirty years, are sound and correct, 
 and a knowledge of these is of the greatest value to all owners of 
 horses. In conclusion, we have pleasure in saying that we are all 
 thoroughly satisfied, and gratefull}'- offer you our best thanks. 
 
 " We remain, 
 
 " Yours faithfully, etc." 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 1 99 
 
 " Professor Galvayne is, without doubt, the most accomplished 
 horse tamer in the world." — The American Traveller. 
 
 " The arrival in this country of tlie talented Professor Sydney 
 Galvayne (of Australia), bids fair to revolutionise the entire system of 
 horse breaking and training which has hitherto been practised in the 
 'old country.'" — The Sporting Life. 
 
 "We cordially commend the system, and hope Professor Galvayne 
 will gain a large class of patrons, both for his own advantage and in what 
 the late Victor Hugo called 'the sacred ^cause of humanity.'" — The 
 Sportsman. 
 
 "There is no question that the system is simple, humane, and 
 absolutely free from cruelty." — London Bailij Telegraph. 
 
 " Mr. Galvayne's sytem is entirely opposed to the tedious and 
 often cruel method which has long prevailed in this country." — 
 London Daily Telegraph. 
 
 " The Professor's powers as a tamer are of a high order." — Referee. 
 
 " The system is eminently successful, while it is conclusively proved 
 to the representatives of the Press that neither cruelty nor drugging 
 form part of the plan adopted," — Europ>ean Mail. 
 
 ' ' In every town Mr. Galvayne has visited, the unanimous opinion 
 of the Press is that his system is unique in its idea, unequalled in its 
 humanity, and unparalleled in its results." — Durham Chronicle. 
 
 " Professor Galvayne has done more, perhaps, than nny man to 
 disseminate a true knowledge of the animal and its treatment, and those 
 
200 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 who have associated themselves with his classes, and attended even one 
 of his lessons, will all the rest of their lives have a better appreciation 
 of the equine nature than they could by any other means obtain. " — 
 Durham Chronicle. 
 
 "NORTH RIDING," THE NOTORIOUS VICIOUS 
 
 RACE HORSE. 
 
 " Professor Galvayne, however, with wonderful patience, subjected 
 the horse to his treatment, which is a sjilendid exhibition of humanity 
 and science combined, and at last was rewarded by getting the animal 
 under control, so that he refused to kick under any circumstances." — 
 Sunderland Echo. 
 
 "LORD LYON," THE VICIOUS CLYDESDALE STALLION. 
 
 " Lord Lyon is a particularly^ dangerous brute. He had one eye 
 shot out by his owner to get him off a man he was worrying. At the 
 termination of his second lesson Mr. Galvayne had him perfectly 
 obedient to voice and whip — a most remarkable victory of man over the 
 brute creation." — KilmarnocTc Herald. 
 
 " The Duke of Northumberland expressed his entire satisfaction^ 
 stating that the success of Mr. Galvaynb's system with his mare was- 
 marvellous. " — A ImvicJc Guardian. 
 
 " Professor Galvayne's system, the efficacy of which he undertakes 
 to demonstrate, in the cases of the most nervous of vicious horses, as well 
 as being inexpensive and free from cruelty, is simplicity itself." — York- 
 shire Post. 
 
 " The simplicity, effectiveness, and common sense of all the methods- 
 introduced by Mr. Galvayne form their great recommendation." — 
 BclVs Life in London. 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 201 
 
 "In connection with the race for the Derby (1885), we may mention 
 that Professor Galvayne drove three of the worst horses he had had 
 under his tuition, and that they went quietly and well."^ — Sportsman. 
 
 •' The sentences 1 heard Mr, Galvayne utter are so good that they 
 ought to be written on the walls of every stable in the land. Here 
 they are — 'Vicious Men make Vicious Horses,' and 'A man should 
 learn to govern himself before he undertakes to govern his horse.'" — 
 Neiocastle Weekly Chronicle. 
 
 " The animal handled was a biter, striker, and kicker, tlie j^roperty 
 of N. Clark, Esq., of Beamish Park. Note. — She is now driven daily in 
 Mr. Galvayne's buggy, having been presented to him by the owner." — 
 Newcastle Journal, 14th Dec. 
 
 "The celebrated steeplechase Mare 'Killarney,' late the property of 
 Mr. Leonard Aspinall, now belonging to P. Sugden, Esq., supposed to 
 be unbreakable to harness, was put into harness, and went quietly after 
 only one lesson, and is being driven daily." — Huddersjield Chronicle. 
 
 "VICIOUS UNBREAKABLE SEVEN-YEAR OLD MAKE. 
 
 " After a lecture most forcible and interesting, during which Mr. 
 Galvayne exposed many absurd ideas that had up till now been 
 considered infallible, he proceeded to show how completely his system 
 was the system of the future, in that by simple means readily used, 
 hiimane to a degree, and not exhaustive, the, most vicious of horses can 
 be rendered as tractable as it is possible for any animal to be. The 
 success which attendetl his experiments with the animal above-mentioned 
 was wonderful, and the Professor was heartily applauded, and presented 
 with a testimonial."^ — Home Neirs. 
 
 N 
 
2 02 TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 ''• TAMING A SAVAGE COLT AT EARLSTON. 
 
 ' " Look out ; he is a perfect savage,' was the message sent with a 
 thi'ee-year-old colt. 'He has ah'eady broken three of his owner's ribs,' 
 &c. On entering the ring he walked on his hind legs and fought like a 
 man with his fore feet, but in a half-hour he stood quietly to be 
 groomed and the harness put on, and was ridden home by the owner's 
 servant."— ^cZso Mail. 
 
 " KICKING BLOOD MARE, THE PROPERTY OF THE EARL 
 
 OF GALLOWAY. 
 
 "The result of your system was wonderful on my chestnut mare, 
 as, previously to your taking her in hand, we could not induce her to 
 keep even the harness on ; now she is and remains perfectly quiet in 
 harness." 
 
 " PORTMACLURG, SCOTLAND. 
 
 " I find your method of breaking perfect. I tried it also on a 
 jibbing horse, and found it answer perfectly. Your system for haltering 
 colts could not be better — Yours truly, John Cai.lender." 
 
 " Durham. 
 
 " I put an unbroken colt through on Thursday, and rode him into 
 Durham on the Saturday. After keeping him in for a month, he was 
 put out to grass for four months. I then put him into harness, and 
 drove him, after only three lessons, to Coxhoe. He is as quiet as a 
 lamb — a child could drive him. The only bit I used was a plain snaffle, 
 and he has a capital mouth. — Yours faithfully, H. J. Ford." 
 
 " New Silksworth. 
 
 " The grey mare (blood) you handled for me works in all harness 
 perfectly quiet. (A kicker puixhased for £5, cost seller £75). I broke-in 
 a three-year-old colt with a bad character on your system in four 
 le.ssons, and she is a.< (piiet as a sheep in all harness.— Anthony 
 Watsok." 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 203 
 
 ' Kilmarnock. 
 
 "I thoroughly approve of Mr. Galvayne's method of breaking 
 horses, and would as freely have paid £10 10s. as £2 2s. for the 
 information I got from him. I would strongly advise every person who 
 has anything to do with horses, or who drive, to j<»in. His mode is very 
 simple, and most eflfective. — Yours sincerely, J. Harling Turner," 
 
 " Barglass, Wigtownshire. 
 
 " I have tried your system on six young horses, and have been most 
 successful in each case. I also cured a nervous runaway horse, but I 
 always drive him with your humane twitch on. — Yours truly, Jamrs 
 Christison." 
 
 ■ Stockton-on-tees. 
 
 " I am glad to inform you that your system of horse training is 
 becoming general in this district. I have broken several, and intend to 
 break one in the morning. I have also got a kicker to go quiet, so that 
 it can be driven by a lad. — Wm. Burton, District Surveyor." 
 
 " LoFTUs Hill, Sedbergh, Yorkshire. 
 
 " I find your system most effectual when properly carried out. I 
 have had two most vicious kicking mares under your treatment, and 
 have made theai both thoroughly quiet in three lessons each, of one 
 hour and half to each lesson. I have been a horse breaker for thirty years, 
 but find your system infinitely better than any I have tried before. — 
 I am. Dear Sir, yours very faithfully, Samuel Harper." 
 
 N.B. — Mr. Harper had only one lesson at Kendal. 
 
2 04 PATRONS. 
 
 UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF 
 
 Her Majesty the Queen, 
 
 BALMORAL CASTLE, 3D SEPTEMBER, 1887. 
 
 Mr. CtALVAYNE has the honoitr to iimnhei- ammigsi 
 
 his Patrons : — 
 
 H. R.H. Prince Henry of Battenberg, 
 H.R.H. Princess Beatrice, 
 ILR.H. Princess Irene of Hesse. 
 H.R.H. Princess Alice of Hesse. 
 His Grace the Duke of Westminster, K.G. 
 His Grace the Duke of Manchester, K.P., and his 
 Daughters. 
 
 Her Grace the Duchess of Hamilton and Lady Alice 
 
 Montague. 
 His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, K.G. 
 The Right Hon, Marquis of Normanby, late Governor 
 
 OF Victoria. 
 The Right Hon. Marquis Talon. 
 The Right Hon. Marquis of Worcester. 
 The Right Hon. Earl Rosebery. 
 The Right Hon. Earl Cadogan. 
 The Right Hon. Earl of Galloway. 
 The Right Hon. Earl of Stair. 
 The Right Hon. Earl Percy. 
 The Right Hon. Earl Durham. 
 Viscount Bury, M.P. 
 Lord Fitzhardinoe. 
 Lord Calthorpe. 
 Lord Middleton. 
 Lady Middleton. 
 
PATRONS. 205 
 
 Lord Percy, M.P. 
 
 Lady Percy. 
 
 Lord Alfred Paget. 
 
 Lord Warkworth. 
 
 Lord Royston. 
 
 Lord Justice Hawkins. 
 
 Lord Combermere. 
 
 Lord Arthur Grosvenor. 
 
 Lord Ken yon. 
 
 Lady G. Millicent Palmer. 
 
 Lord Bridport, Lord in Attendance on Her Majesty. 
 
 Sir Henry Ponsonby, K.C.B., H.M. Private Secretary. 
 
 Sir James F. Garrick, Q.C,, Agent-General for Queens- 
 land. 
 
 Major-General Mason. 
 
 Major Stewart. 
 
 Major C. Cunningham. 
 
 Robert Chapman, Esq. 
 
 Captain H. A. Armitage. 
 
 Rev. Canon Newton. 
 
 Hon. G. Ormsby Gore. 
 
 Hon. W. Vivian. 
 
 Charles Perkins, Esq., Kirby Hall. 
 
 Countess Dowager of Morton. 
 
 A. W. Browne, Esq., Callaby Castle. 
 
 J. T. Wharton, Esq., Skelton Castle. 
 
 Hon. Claude Vivian. 
 
 Principal M'Call, F.R.C.V.S. 
 
 Professor A. Robinson, V.S. 
 
 Major-General the Hon. A. Stewart. 
 
 Hon, G. Lowther. 
 
 Hon. F. W. Lambton. 
 
 Hon. C. Lambton. 
 
 Lord Lionel Cecil. 
 
 Lord Arthur Cecil. 
 
 Lord Henry Phipps. 
 
 Hon. W. Percy Drummond. 
 
 Baron Schroder. 
 
2o6 PATRONS. 
 
 Hon. Cecil Parker. 
 
 Hon. T. L. F. Willoughby. 
 
 General Sir Beecham Walker. 
 
 General Sir Charles Tyrwhitt. 
 
 Sir Arthur Blythe, Agent-General for South 
 Australia. 
 
 Sir Thos. Barrett Lennard. 
 
 Sir Samuel Wilson. 
 
 Sir Joseph Whitwell Pease, M.P. 
 
 Sir Matthew Wood, Bart. 
 
 LiEUT.-CoL. W. M. Angus. 
 
 R. S. Donkin, Esq., M.P. 
 
 Major Allfree. 
 
 Captain E. M. Flint. 
 
 Major Y. G. Lloyd-Greame. 
 
 A. Pease, M.P. 
 
 Captain G. Walker. 
 
 Captain E. S. V. Murphy. 
 
 Cy\PTAiN W. H. Fife. 
 
 H. F. Pease, M.P. 
 
 Col. D. R. Williamson of Lawers. 
 
 LiEUT.-CoL. T. H. Waites. 
 
 Captain A. Durand, 
 
 Captain T. E. Allison. 
 
 Captain A. M. Bagot. 
 
 Captain W. Tomlinson. 
 
 Captain W. Cameron. 
 
 Captain D. G. Irvine. 
 
 Captain Burton. 
 
 Colonel W. F. Picton. 
 
 Dr. Profeit, H.M. Commissioner, Balmoral Castle. 
 
 Major E. Vaux. 
 
 Colonel W. H. Allison. 
 
 Colonel J. J. Allison. 
 
 Captain R. G. Strange. 
 
 Captain A. E. Burdon. 
 
 C. J. Cunningham, Esq. 
 
 Major Gough. 
 
PATRONS. 
 
 207 
 
 Major Bigge, C.B., Equerry to H.M. the Queen. 
 
 Colonel Buchanan, M.F.H. 
 
 Principal Williams, F.R.C.V.S. 
 
 Colonel J. Anstruther Thomson, M.F.H. 
 
 Sir Thomas Erskine, 
 
 James Gilmour of Montrave. 
 
 Captain E. Park Yates, M.F.H. 
 
 Major Hogg. 
 
 Colonel W. Agg. 
 
 Colonel C. E. Stack. 
 
 C. W. Bell, M.F.H. 
 
 Captain Verschoyle. 
 
 Captain Peate. 
 
 ALSO, — 
 
 Societies for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, in 
 Australia, England, and Scotland. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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 ^a^i^^^ 
 
 no THE HORSE: ITS TAMING, 
 
 smith, and knows more than anyone else how it 
 ought to be done. Yet horses are lamed and crippled 
 daily by the bad shoeing of careless and ignorant 
 smiths. The navicular disease, as I have before said, 
 has been on the increase for years past in this country, 
 and " contraction " is more prevalent now than it ever 
 was. To prove this, examine a horse's foot at fifteen 
 years of age, and another's that has never been shod. 
 Yet all the smiths are clever (?) — at least, they say 
 they are so themselves. (Mind you, reader, I don't 
 mean the smiths of Great Britain ; it's the Australian 
 shoe-smiths I refer to.) 
 
 I have had something to do with smiths in both 
 countries, and there is nae sae muckle difference 
 between them. That is my first verdict ; but if there 
 is any, it is certainly to the credit of the home smith 
 — he^ as a rule, will do what he is told, even if it is 
 against his own belief; but the Australian smith won't 
 — he'll do it as he likes, and he tells you so ; and as 
 you do not, as a rule, carry a forge in your saddle 
 valise, you have to put up with what you get, and go 
 away thankful that it's not worse. During all my travel- 
 ling in Scotland, there was only one smith who deliber- 
 ately acted in opposition to my orders, and when he came 
 to be paid, I was so vexed, he got it. There was no 
 change given ; he had had enough of my custom, he 
 said. We never saw each other after, but my little 
 mare " Butterfly," that had never been lame in her 
 
I .^ 
 
 TRAINING, AND GENERAL iMANAGEMENT. I I I 
 
 life, couldn't put her foot to the ground. I had to 
 crawl along at about four miles an hour. I was sorry 
 for the poor little thing, but I couldn't get another to 
 take her place. I pulled up at the tent exactly at the 
 class time, instead of being there some hours before it. 
 
 The feet are always an object of particular atten- 
 tion with every horseman. I always make it a standing 
 rule that the ivalls and soles of each foot shall be 
 washed clean before the animal is stabled ; then there 
 is no excuse for passing a stone or nail in a foot — a 
 thing that may occur at any moment. 
 
 Every morning the feet should be carefully 
 examined with a pick ; the clenches of the nails 
 looked to ; the position of the shoe, if moved ; also 
 for broken nails, and the condition of the shoes 
 generally. 
 
 Three weeks is usually quite long enough to keep 
 the shoes on. 
 
 Now the question arises in a thinking horseman's 
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 are the benefits that arise from it ? I will answer the 
 first question by stating that many people have said, 
 and say now, that it is not necessary to shoe a horse 
 if he never has been shod, but I say there is a 
 necessity, under certain circumstances. Take a horse 
 in its wild state, and there is no necessity at all ; yet 
 he gallops over hills and rocks without impairing his 
 feet in any way, in fact he improves them by wearing 
 
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THE CELEBRATED "GALVATM" 
 
 GRIPE DREJJCil, 
 
 USED ALL OVER THE WORLD. 
 
 NEVER KNO\VN TO FAIL! 
 
 NEVER KNOWN TO FAIL! 
 
 Should be in Every Stable I 
 Sl^ould be in Every Stable I 
 
 Universally used by all Shippers of Horses, also in the 
 leading Horse Establishments in Great Britain, Australia, 
 and India, and pronounced to supersede any Drench 
 previously known. 
 
 Innumerable Testimonials from Stud JMasters, Masters 
 of Hounds, and Coach, Omnibus, and Tramway Proprietors. 
 
 To he obtained at any CHEMIST, o?' from 
 
 Messrs. CLARK & SOK, 
 
 AGENTS TO PROFESSOR S. GALVAYNE. 
 
 BOTTLES containing 2 Drenches, 4/3. 
 Do. Do. 4 Do., 8/. 
 
 Do. Do. 6 Do., 10/. 
 
g\f EIQ)YAL LiTTi^S P^TiPfiT, 
 
 Professor SYDNEY GALVAYNB'S INVENTION. 
 
 ""glim© 
 
 mi, 
 
 SNAFFLE BIT & EEIBLE 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 COMPLETE SUBJUGATION of RUNAWAY HORSES, 
 
 EITHER IN SADDLE OR HARNESS. 
 
 The Wildest Horse stopped in its own length, and can be safely 
 steadied when coming to a fence. 
 
 PATENT BIT (Silver-plated), and DOUBLE 
 REIN BRIDLE, Complete, First Quality, £2 2 
 
 PATENT BIT (Best Steel), and DOUBLE 
 REIN BRIDLE, Complete, - - £1 15 
 
 TO BE OBTAINED ONLY FROM 
 
 JAessps. CLJIRK. & SOH. Saddlers. 
 
HORSE DENTITION, 
 
 By SYDNEY GALYAYNE, 
 
 THE CELEBRATED AUSTRALIAN HORSE TAMER. 
 
 The Author is the sole Inventor of a New System of Reading 
 Horse Teeth, by which the age of any Horse can be correctly told 
 from day of foaling up to 30 years and over. The book is 
 written ivithout technicalities for the benefit of Farmers, Breeders, 
 and Purchasers of Horses, and contains Diagrams, Tabulated 
 Forms of Cattle and Sheep Teeth, as well as of Horse Teeth. 
 
 PRICE ^;/^AROEL POST, ^^^^, /o/n 
 
 As supplied to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, H.R.H. the Duke of 
 Cambridge, His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, Earl Percy, the Earl 
 of Galloway, and Lord Middleton, and others. 
 
 Purchasers and Breeders of Horses should not fail 
 
 to obtain a Copy. 
 
 From Me. ARCHIBALD BAIRD, Veterinary College, Edinburgh. 
 " I consider the System for reading old mouths, excellent and reliable." 
 
 From MAJOR B. GOUGH, 9th Lancers. 
 
 " After one lesson I read the ages of the following horses, correctly : a three- 
 year-old, a fourteen-year-old pony, and another twenty -two years of age." 
 
 From "LIVE STOCK JOURNAL," \st April, 1887. 
 "Teeth reading as here expounded is simple, reliable, and complete." 
 
 From " COUNTY GENTLEMAN," ith June, 1887. 
 ' ' Upon such an entirely sectional topic as Horse Dentition, for instance, 
 we could mention several publications calculated to be of service to the 
 inexperienced, one of the best and latest being the work of the accomplished 
 Australian Horse Tamer and Breaker, Mr. Sydney Galvayne.", 
 
 And Hundreds of other Testimonials of a like nature. 
 
 TO BE OBTAINED ONLY FROM 
 
 THOS. MURRAY & SOU, 
 
 fritttcrs, f ublishers, mh gookscUcvs, 
 68 BUCHANAN STREET, GLASGOW. 
 
THOS, MURRAY & SON, 
 
 PUBLISHERS, 
 
 (iEltolesiiU IpaokselUvs nnh (Stationers, 
 68 BUCHANAN STREET, 
 
 printing, Xitbograpbincj, & Bocftbin&ing. 
 
 J. p. TAYLOR'S 
 
 law 
 
 u 
 
 PROSPECTUS AND TESTIMONIALS, Apply 
 
 J. P. TAYLOR'S MOSS LITTER 00., 
 WATERGATE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. 
 
 Telegkams— " MOSS, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE." 
 
 M 
 
\, 
 
Webster Family Librrn/ of Vc*'":nr>:^f>' ?"c^^;cine 
 
 Cummings Schoc t 
 
 T.. 
 
 200 V\ d 
 
 North Grafton, y A 01536