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Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine 
 
 Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at 
 
 Tufts University 
 
 200 Westboro Road 
 
 North Grafton, MA 01536 
 
NEWMARKET & ARABIA 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE DESCENT OF 
 
 RACERS AND COURSERS 
 
 BY 
 
 ROGER D. UPTON 
 
 (captain late gTH ROVAL LANCERS) 
 
 Henry S. King & Co. 
 
 65 CoRNHiLL & 12 Paternoster Row, London 
 1873 
 

 (/^// ^-i^'7/^.J reserved) 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In offering the present volume to the pubhc, I will 
 briefly state, the object is to encourage a more general 
 knowledge of and a deeper insight into the history of the 
 horse in this country, more especially that relating to our 
 standard breed called thoroughbred ; to point out errors 
 that have been committed in the breeding of our horse 
 which have prevented, and ever will prevent, his attaining 
 to a complete and satisfactory degree of excellence. 
 
 I ask for a patient perusal of its pages, in the hope 
 that many may see the subject in the same light with 
 myself, and the necessity of action in the matter. Long 
 and constant study of the horse and his history, which 
 from early youth has been a labour of love, only in- 
 creasing with years, added to considerable practical 
 experience gained in many parts of the world, has con- 
 vinced me of existing faults, and also led me to see the 
 only way in which a true and useful breed of thorough- 
 bred horses can be established. 
 
 I more readily put forward the opinions I entertain, 
 
 A 2 
 
IV Preface. 
 
 as I have been frequently urged by many, both at home 
 and abroad, to pubh'sh in one volume certain essays and 
 reviews on the subject of horses, which have appeared at 
 different times in various magazines and papers. 
 
 There have been also frequent demands for the re- 
 production, in a separate volume, of the ' Successional 
 and Historic Review of the English Racer from 1689 to 
 the Present Time,' to which, it was requested, tables of 
 pedigrees might be added ; but I was unwilling that 
 should appear unless accompanied by the history of 
 the Arabian horse, for ' as in geography we can have 
 no just idea of the situation of one country without 
 knowing that of others, so in history, it is in some 
 measure necessary to be acquainted with the whole to 
 comprehend a part.' So, rather than reproduce a number 
 of letters and papers, in which there would be to some 
 extent a want of connection, and necessarily a repetition, 
 I have chosen to write a fresh work giving a history of 
 the Arabian, a knowledge of which is indispensable to a 
 thorough appreciation of the history of the English horse, 
 and in which the whole subject has been enlarged and 
 more fully discussed. 
 
 It may perhaps surprise some to find the ' English 
 Uhlan ' to be one and the same with the author of the 
 * Successional and Historic Review of the English Racer,' 
 whose letters in support of Arabian blood appeared about 
 the same time, and although they were not recognised 
 
Preface. v 
 
 as coming from the same pen it was sufficiently gratify- 
 ing to find that the views elucidated in the letters of 
 the former were publicly admitted to be confirmed by 
 the latter, and had led, at least in one instance, to a 
 positive indorsement of the opinions urged by the 
 * English Uhlan.' 
 
 For the completion of the First Part, ' The English 
 Horse,' the pedigrees of Herod, Eclipse, and Trumpator 
 have been given at full length, which it, is hoped, may 
 be of great assistance to the reader ; these, being traced 
 back to the furthest extent, will enable any one to form a 
 just appreciation of the breeding of the English racer, 
 and at the same tune will show conclusively how far short 
 he is of being of pure blood. Trumpator, through horses 
 of mixed and common blood (such as would now be 
 called half-bred), inherited not less than 207 strains of 
 impure blood — this is counting Turks and Barbs as of 
 equally pure blood with Arabians, but which in reality 
 cannot be allowed ; therefore the strains of inferior blood 
 are in excess of what is stated. Eclipse inherited at 
 least %6, and Herod a similar number. 
 
 The modern racer, being in every instance descended 
 from one or all of the above-named horses, not only 
 inherits these stains, but as often as these horses appear 
 in his pedigree (which they do over and over again) are 
 the original number of stains doubled or quadrupled, 
 as the case may be, and, it must be remembered, faults 
 
vi Preface. 
 
 more readily appear than perfections. Pedigrees of 
 some, if not of all the horses and mares which, although 
 foaled in England, appear to have been entirely of 
 Arabian, Turkish, and Barb blood (these were racers, 
 stallions, and brood mares in the beginning of the last 
 century and the latter end of the preceding one), have 
 also been added, as well as a catalogue of most ; and I 
 believe, as nearly as possible, a complete list of the 
 Arabians, so-called Arabians, Barbs, and Turks, which 
 were employed in the formation of the English stud, 
 from the time of King James I. to the end of the last 
 century. 
 
 It will be seen the Arabians are in excess of either 
 Barbs or Turks. It would be wrong to encourage the 
 belief that Turks and Barbs were either Arabians or 
 even altogether of unmixed Arab blood ; and I think it 
 more than doubtful whether all those horses styled 
 Arabians were really so. Of the Darley Arabian we 
 are quite sure, and what a brilliant example we had of 
 his quality in his son Flying Childers ! 
 
 It cannot fail to be noticed, there were but few 
 Eastern mares, and those were principally Barbs. With 
 one exception, the royal mares can only be considered 
 of uncertain origin. 
 
 The Second Part, ' The History of the Arabian,' may, 
 perhaps, be considered rather long, but it is a subject 
 that might well be enlarged. My only regret is that it 
 
Preface. vii 
 
 should not have been in hands which could have done 
 it full justice. It was necessary to show the antiquity 
 and purity of the race, although the Arabian horse is a 
 living witness, and both outwardly and inwardly speaks 
 for himself. He is one by himself 
 
 I cannot refrain froni expressing admiration at the 
 zeal, patience and perseverance, skill and ability, dis- 
 played by the framers of the ' General Stud Book,' 
 and the first volume is marvellous. 
 
 It only remains for me to thank many friends and 
 authors for their kind assistance, and for the informa- 
 tion I have derived from them. I do not mention them 
 by name, knowing it would not be agreeable to some of 
 them ; but perhaps it may be interesting to learn that 
 much that has been stated about the Arabian horse — 
 especially of his habitat and oneness — has been fully 
 confirmed by an Arab gentleman of a Nejdean family, 
 who was gratified by the interest I took in Arabian 
 horses, and at the knowledge I had acquired of his 
 country, its tribes and horses. 
 
 October, 1872. 
 
 Roger D. Upton, 
 * 
 
 Capt. late 9th Royal Lancers. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART 1. 
 THE ENGLISH HORSE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 An enquiry as to the breeding of the English racer — Different opinions 
 entertained — The term 'thorough -bred,' in its usual acceptance, with 
 regard to the English horse — Its real signification — Dissertation on the 
 horse in Britain, and a sketch of his history from the earliest period to 
 the reign of Queen Anne — Horses of entirely Eastern blood in England 
 in Queen Anne's time — Highest state of excellence arrived at in Flying 
 Childers — Eastern blood relinquished, and horses and mares of mixed 
 origin again used — The modern racer not thorough -bred, nor even alto- 
 gether of Eastern blood — Purer at a former period than now . page i 
 
 CHAPTER H. 
 
 A successional and historic review of the English race horse, from the year 
 1689 to the present time ........ 10 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 General opinion that impure stock may become pure in eight descents — A 
 different opinion held by the Arabs — Not achieved in the case of the 
 English horse — The breeding of the Eastern horses imported into this 
 country discussed — Remarks on a review of ' Les Races chevalines de la 
 Ru.ssie, par J. Mcerder' — Inferences drawn therefrom — Remarks on the 
 horses that followed Flying Childers — Not so purely bred — Great size 
 no proof that degeneracy has not occurred — The English thorough-bred 
 horse not of pure Arabian blood — The excellence of the English 
 horse attributable to Ai^abian blood — False system of breeding pursued 
 after the time of Childers discussed — Greater results would have been 
 gained if a different system had been pursued — the necessity of ob- 
 taining pure stock for the purpose of establishing a standard breed of 
 horses . . . . . . . . . . .90 
 
Contents. 
 
 PART 2. 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF THE ARABIAN. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Different opinions as to his origin — Probable early history discussed — 
 Views against his being originally located in Arabia — Objections an- 
 swered — No lack of horses in Arabia during the time of Mohammed 
 — Held in great estimation very shortly after his death — The horse 
 taken into Africa at an early date — Indication of the horse being in 
 Arabia before he is mentioned as being in Egypt— Times and country of 
 Job discussed — The horse always ridden in Arabia — The unchanging 
 ciiaracter of the Arabs, the probable means of the horse having been 
 kept in a pure state — The horse created good : the original not im- 
 proved upon — The Persian horse probably owed his improvement to 
 Arab blood — Short dissertation on Jonadab : his occupation —The 
 Rechabites, Midianiles, and Ishmaelites — The horse likely to become 
 degenerate in Egypt ....... page io8 
 
 Ari'ENDix. — The causes of degeneracy among horses in other countries 
 than Arabia — The external changes which would ensue — The Arabian 
 still a distinct breed — Additional reason why Arabia was the habitat of 
 the horse ........... 130 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Description of the Arabian horse — Objection taken to the description — 
 Argument in support of the description — More minute description of 
 the Arabian horse — Described by different people — Some exceptions 
 against the Arabian — The horse defended — Proofs offered in de- 
 fence ^ 135 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The boundaries of the Arab people — The Aral)ian horse and his habitat 
 further discussed — Arab horses in Africa ; but horses called Barbs not 
 generally of pure Arabian blood — Confusion existing as to the Arabian 
 horse, owing to the use of improper terms — Egypt and Turkey not the 
 habitat of the Arabian — Different terms explained — One breed of 
 ^Vrabians — The several families discussed, and llie tribes who possess 
 fhcni — Apjiarcnt iliscrcpancics in the accounts uf Iravelicrs ex- 
 plained . . . . . . . . . .152 
 
Contents. xi 
 
 PART 3. 
 
 CHAPTER I . 
 
 The Arabian considered as a racer — Characteristics of Arab racing — His 
 speed considered — Account of various races contested by Arabs in 
 India — Racing sometimes slower in England — The normal speed of 
 Arabs increased by a better system of training — No effort made to 
 secure the importation of the best Arab horse — The European idea of 
 size detrimental to the importation of good Arabs — Ibraheem-bin-Alee 
 and Honeysuckle — The Arabs' King David and Antelope . PAGE 163 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Arab as a hunter and charger — Considered as a hunter — Jurham and 
 the Forbes Cup — Considered as a war horse — Arab blood likely to give 
 better horses for cavalry and artillery — The French in Africa — Per- 
 formances of certain horses — Ninety-mile match across the Desert — 
 Match in Madras — Certain essential constitutional points more likely to 
 be transmitted to half-bred stock either as hunters or troop horses by the 
 Arabian than the English horse — Dissertation on the chest and its 
 functions —Proper fonn of chest : to be found in the Arabian horse — 
 Remarks by Youatt — The different formation in the modern thorough- 
 bred horse affects all other half-bred stock — The Arabian the founder of 
 the best breeds in India . ... . . . . . l8i 
 
 Conclusion 194 
 
 List of Arabians, Barbs, Turks, and Foreign Horses . 201 
 Pedigrees 207 
 
HORSES: 
 
 uN' ZjL-_1II2CaTIOX Or THZ IZi-ZZXT OF 
 
 IJLCURS ANT) C^' "~ ^77->. 
 
 "rrrrimr of 'ie Jlr, 
 
 Ai T_- 
 
 br^sd. 15 ver 
 
The Eno-lisk Horse. 
 
 •^ 
 
 blood, ' the true son of Arabia Deserta, without a drop of 
 EngHsh blood in his veins.' If such can be proved to be 
 the case, our horse is entitled to be called thorough-bred. 
 
 Others hold the opinion that our horse's excellence is 
 to be attributed to the consummate skill in breeding ex- 
 hibited in this country, rather than to the procuration of 
 original stock of good description. And there are some 
 who have no knowledge of the history or antecedents 
 of our thorough-bred horse. 
 
 What is generally understood by the term ' thorough- 
 bred ' is any horse or mare which may have a place in 
 the Stud Book, and can be traced partly (certainly not 
 altogether) up to Arabians, Barbs, Turks, Persian, Egyp- 
 tian, and other horses of Eastern blood, which, to say 
 the least, is a very vague and incomplete definition or 
 explanation of the term. 
 
 Thorough-bred means bred from the best blood, com- 
 pletely bred ; or, it might be put, completely or entirely 
 bred from the best blood — not merely the best that may 
 be at hand, but the very best procurable — such which 
 has been kept pure, and has not suffered from degene- 
 racy ; bred completely from a pure and original race. 
 
 The state of the horse in this country at the time 
 immediately preceding the arrival of the Darley Arabian 
 appears to bear some resemblance to that of the inhabitants 
 of England during the Saxon period, before the Conquest. 
 Although nominally Saxon, for a long period Norse blood 
 had been dispersed throughout the land. Norsemen, 
 from Norway and Denmark, the same race, had overrun 
 many parts of England ; and at the time of the Con- 
 quest the country was ready to receive a further infusion 
 
His early History. 3 
 
 of the same blood from the chivalrous Normans. So 
 was it with the horse. Arabian blood had been intro- 
 duced from time to time ; horses and mares described 
 as Barbs and Turks, more or less of Arabian descent, 
 had been freely used, and a great change had been 
 wrought in the native horse. Then came the Darley 
 Arabian, whose son, Flying Childers, is the best-bred 
 horse to be found in the Stud Book. 
 
 Although it may not be of much consequence to 
 speculate upon the type of horse Caesar found in Bri- 
 tain, it would still be deeply interesting to inquire 
 whether the earliest inhabitants of Northern and West- 
 ern Europe, the Kimmerians and the Kelts, were po.s- 
 sessed of horses ; whether the Kumry brought the horse 
 with them from the Bosphorus across the wilds of Europe 
 to the Kimbric Chersonese; whether the horse was brought 
 into Britain by one of the first three immigrations of the 
 Kumry, or by the later ones of the Belgae, offshoots from 
 the Germans, belonging to the second great tide of popu- 
 lation which overran Europe from Asia, and whom we 
 know were possessed of horses in immense numbers. 
 One thing we know : that the horse did not precede 
 man as an inhabitant of these isles, as, when Hu Cadarn, 
 ' the strong or mighty,' led over the first migration of the 
 Kumry, before him there were no inhabitants in Britain, 
 and the country was occupied only by bears, wolves, 
 beavers, and oxen with large protuberances, similar or 
 identical with the denizens of the great Hyrcinian 
 Forest, After Caesar's time, and during the Roman 
 occupation, it has been suggested, and with much pro- 
 
The Eno'lish Horse. 
 
 i> 
 
 bability, that the British horse would consist of a com- 
 pound of the native animal and those from Gaul, Italy, 
 Spain, and every province from which the Roman ca- 
 valry was supplied. Perhaps the first introduction of 
 Arabian blood took place at this time. Hannibal's 
 cavalry, principally Numidian, had overrun Spain, part 
 of Gaul, and Italy, whose horses were doubtless more or 
 less of Arabian descent. It would also be interesting to 
 learn whether our Saxon forefathers, in their exodus 
 from still further east, when they entered Europe with 
 the second great human wave of population, brought 
 horses with them from the banks of the Araxes ; whether, 
 when long settled in Jutland, Sleswig, and Holsatia, pre- 
 vious to their entrance into England under the banner of 
 the White Horse, they still retained those horses, and 
 what effect they had upon the compound breed of Roman 
 -Britain. 
 
 One thing is certain : during the Saxon period the 
 horses sent by Hugh Capet to Athelstan were highly 
 prized by him, as were also their descendants ; and it is 
 more than probable that these owed their excellence to 
 a direct infusion of Arabian blood, as Charlemagne, pre- 
 decessor to Hugh Capet, had received one or more Ara- 
 bian horses from his equally celebrated contemporar}^ 
 the Caliph Haroun el Raschid. These infusions would, 
 of course, be slight. 
 
 The next importation came with William the Con- 
 queror, when the Spanish horse was introduced. Wil- 
 liam's charger ' was a Spaniard, and several of his barons 
 
 ' He is also described as a Spanisli iJarb. 
 
Various Horses introduced. 5 
 
 seem to have bred from Spanish stallions. But the 
 best horses in Spain were those which had been derived 
 from the cross with the horses of Arabian blood of the 
 Saracens, who had for so long a time held sway in Spain. 
 This was doubtless a more important cross, and would 
 change the character of the breed to some considerable 
 extent, although it must not be thought that the Spanish 
 horse introduced by the Normans much resembled the 
 Arabian, but he had derived certain good qualities. 
 The next opportunity of an introduction of Eastern 
 blood would be in the long period of the Crusades ; 
 but this opportunity was not made much of, although 
 the mail-clad champions found out the superiority of 
 the Arabian horse. 
 
 The first recorded instance of an Arabian horse in 
 this country was in the reign of Henry I., when Alexan- 
 der I. of Scotland introduced an Arab horse ; and it has 
 been stated (but with no certain records) that an improved 
 breed was derived from this horse. 
 
 But King John imported horses of a different stamp, 
 namely, stallions from Flanders, which, good as they may 
 have been for draught, must have done incalculable harm 
 to the progress of the English riding-horse. Then came 
 thirty war-horses from Lombardy, and twelve heavy 
 draught-horses imported by Edward II. ; and Edward 
 III. purchased fifty Spanish horses. With these con- 
 flicting elements the prosperity of the horse in this 
 country rose and fell. 
 
 It would appear, however, that even in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. the state of the English horse was by 
 
TJie Eiio-lts/i Horse. 
 
 '<*> 
 
 no means very satisfactory, and that there were almost 
 as great a variety of kinds as in the present day ; and 
 which might, indeed, be expected, from the strange ad- 
 mixture. There were the Gentil horse, the palfrey, and 
 the ' grete doble or double trottynge horse,' from among 
 others ; the first doubtless bred with more care and more 
 exclusively from the importations from Southern Europe, 
 the last-named showing, no doubt, a large preponderance 
 of the Flemish blood. 
 
 The earlier races were contested by horses of all 
 kinds, but gradually a system of training was esta- 
 blished, and certain horses selected or bred as racers, 
 improved by the importations from the Levant. King 
 James I. resolved to try the Arab, and bought one for 
 500/. from Mr. Markham. I have no means of ascer- 
 taining the antecedents of this horse, and it is very 
 questionable if he were much used as a sire, the then 
 Master of the Horse having taken a great dislike to the 
 little bony horse. Charles I. established races at New- 
 market, but during his disturbed reign but little was 
 accomplished, except that it became apparent during 
 the civil war that the Eastern importations had rendered 
 essential service, by the increased activity of the cavalry. 
 Charles II. re-inaugurated the races at Newmarket, and 
 gave plates to be run for, and bought horses and mares 
 of Eastern blood, principally Barbs and Turks, and also 
 mares which were termed royal mares, as were also 
 their descendants, and were of no very certain origin. 
 Some, it has been stated, were purchased in Hungary. 
 
 Such is a very brief sketch of our horse up to the 
 
Variotcs Horses intromiced. 7 
 
 end of the reign of James II. During the reigns of 
 WilHam III. and Queen Anne a fresh impulse was given 
 to racing and the improvement of horses for the Turt. 
 The horses imported during the reign of Charles II. 
 were principally Barbs and Turks ; indeed, I ex- 
 pect the Duke of Newcastle having so strong a preju- 
 dice against Markham's Arabian was one of the causes 
 why Arabian blood was not more diligently sought for ; 
 but in these latter reigns every variety of Eastern blood 
 would appear to have been introduced, and it showed 
 its superiority over the original stock. By this, I take 
 it, is meant the horse as improved by Eastern blood from 
 the time of James I. to William III., not the stock of 
 the country of an earlier date. This is easily accounted 
 for, as at this period there were some horses not of pure 
 Arab blood, but altogether of Eastern extraction, with- 
 out any admixture of common blood, and these horses 
 showed their superiority over those of mixed origin. 
 Among such were Basto, by the Byerly Turk ; Bay 
 Pigot, by Old Careless ; Blossom, Careless, Leedes, and 
 Sister to Leedes, and Charming Jenny, also sister to 
 Leedes by the Leedes Arabian ; Lord Lonsdale's Coun- 
 sellor, (Dyer's) Dimple, by the Leedes Arabian ; and the 
 two Childers, and Lord Lonsdale's Darley Arabian mare. 
 Those who have expressed the opinion that our horse 
 attained his highest perfection in Flying Childers I 
 believe were perfectly correct. 
 
 Strange to say, from the time of the Childers this 
 system of breeding was neglected ; and instead of pur- 
 suing the plan of carrying on the Eastern blood un- 
 
The Eiiclish Horse. 
 
 v> 
 
 mixed, that of breeding from horses and mares of 
 maxed blood, or of putting mares of mixed blood to 
 horses of Eastern blood, was again pursued ; and our 
 present breed of horses traced through the three lines of 
 descent from the Byerly Turk, Darley Arabian, and 
 Godolphin Arabian, or Barb, have all come through 
 horses and mares of mixed blood, being more or less 
 of the old native stock, or from unknown mares. No 
 wonder, in the days of Hobgoblin and Shakespear, 
 although coming immediately after Flying Childers, 
 deterioration was discov^ered. The fact is, the horse had 
 gone back to the state before the importation of the 
 Leedes and Darley Arabian. Our modern racer has 
 been derived from three branches or lines, and every 
 individual has descended from either Eclipse, Herod, or 
 Trumpator, or a combination of all three, which horses 
 had many flaws in their pedigrees — they were only 
 half-bred. 
 
 The very fact that at this period many horses 
 (see table of pedigrees) were bred entirely of Eastern 
 blood, and especially that Arabian blood had been 
 more freely used, is sufficient to account for the supe- 
 riority shown by such over the horses of a preceding 
 period and also of their own time, which were only of 
 Eastern blood mixed with or engrafted upon the old 
 native stock, and shows that the horse in England had 
 attained at this time to a degree of excellence unknown 
 before in this country ; and taking into consideration 
 how imperfect and inferior the breeding of our horse 
 was immediately after the time of Childers — and which 
 
Purer Bred than at present. 9 
 
 will be more apparent from the pedigrees in the next 
 chapter — it may be safely advanced that such a degree 
 of excellence has not been known since. This may be 
 considered bold language ; but that the racer was purer 
 bred then than at any later period, or even now, cannot 
 be denied. 
 
I o The English Horse 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 A successional and historic review of tlie English race horse, from the year 
 1689 to the present time. 
 
 It is purposed to give a sketch of the Enghsh race horse 
 from the year 1689 up to the present time, and to take 
 the three imported horses, known as the Darley Arabian, 
 the Byerly Turk, and the Godolphin Arabian, and trace 
 from them separately the various famihes that have 
 sprung from them in direct male descent. The other 
 imported horses are not brought in, as they have not 
 handed down their blood in direct male descent, although 
 they did their work by improving the blood of the former 
 running horse of this country ; among such are the 
 Helmsley Turk, Place's Turk, Lister's Turk, D'Arcey 
 White and Yellow Turks, Dods worth, the Belgrade 
 Turk, and perhaps prominently among these importa- 
 tions, Curwen's bay Barb, Sir J. Williams's Turk (or 
 Honeywood's Arabian), Bloody Buttocks, and the Leedes 
 Arabian. Nor has it been attempted to give here a full 
 list of the Eastern horses brought to this country. It is 
 more than likely Markham's Arabian was not used at 
 all, although King James I. gave 500 guineas for him, as 
 the prejudice was very strong against the Arabian, and 
 the Master of the Horse took a dislike to him. Although 
 
The Bycrly Turk's Line. 1 1 
 
 small, it is quite possible he may have been a horse of 
 excellent blood. The imported horses were used among 
 the mares of the country ; a mixture, perhaps, of every 
 kind of horse under the sun, or nearly so. But besides 
 these were others : King Charles II. sent abroad 
 to procure a number of foreig7t horses and mares for 
 breeding ; the mares thus imported were called royal 
 mares, as were also many of their produce ; these also 
 enter into the composition of our race horse ; they were 
 probably partly of Eastern blood. Next it is proposed 
 to show how these various families are represented at the 
 present time at the stud, or by horses which may have 
 lately retired from the Turf, or may be about to leave, 
 and which may be likely to appear as sires. Some 
 horses may be mentioned at greater length, and other 
 matters brought forward to help deductions being drawn, 
 and which, it is hoped, may be rather interesting than 
 tedious. As the eldest, the line from the Byerly Turk 
 shall first come under consideration. 
 
 The Byerly Turk's Line. 
 
 Captain Byerly's charger, used by him in 1687 in 
 King William's wars in Ireland, does not seem to have 
 been much patronised at the stud, but he was the sire of 
 Sprite, thought to have been nearly as good as Leedes, 
 who was a son of the Leedes Arabian (Leedes was a horse 
 of entirely Eastern blood) ; but Sprite did not hand 
 down the Byerly Turk's line, and we must look to Jigg, 
 whose dam was by Spanker. Jigg begot Partner from 
 a sister to Mixbury, who was by Curwen's bay Barb. 
 
12 
 
 The Eno-lish Horse. 
 
 <i> 
 
 The latter was a present to Louis XIV. from Muly 
 Ishmael, King of Morocco. Partner was the sire of 
 Tartar, whose dam, MeHora, was by Fox (Fox's sire, 
 Clumsy, was only half-bred, but Fox's dam was a finely- 
 bred mare, entirely of Eastern blood, and very similarly 
 bred to the dam of the two Childers). Tartar was foaled 
 1743, and was the sire of King Herod, commonly called 
 Herod, whose dam, Cypron, notwithstanding certain 
 flaws in her pedigree, was a highly-bred mare, having 
 two direct strains of the Darley Arabian in her veins 
 (her sire, Blaze, was a grandson of the Darley Arabian). 
 Herod had two sons — Woodpecker, foaled in 1773, and 
 Highflyer in 1774 — who handed down his blood through 
 two rival families. Woodpecker's dam, Miss Ramsden, 
 was by Cade, a son of the Godolphin Arabian. The dam 
 of Highflyer was Rachel, by Blank, also a son of the 
 Godolphin Arab, from a Bartlet Childers mare. 
 
 Although Woodpecker and Highflyer were similarly 
 bred, the former is a particularly well-bred horse, and 
 worthy of special notice. He traces back to the Darley 
 Arabian through a mare who played a very conspicuous 
 part in the English stud— Lord Lonsdale's Darley 
 Arabian mare. Miss Ramsden's dam was by the Lons- 
 dale bay Arabian, her granddam by Bay Bolton, her 
 great granddam the Darley Arabian mare, entirely of 
 Eastern blood. Pursuing the system of going by 
 seniority, the line from Herod through Woodpecker, the 
 elder son, will be first reviewed. 
 
 In 1787 Buzzard was accredited to him ; a chestnut 
 like his sire ; his dam. Misfortune, was by Dux, by Mat- 
 
Woodpecker s Descendants. 13 
 
 chem, a son of Cade, of the Godolphin Arab line. Buz- 
 zard was the sire of three celebrated chestnut horses, to 
 wit, Castrel, Selim, and Rubens, foaled respectively in 
 the years 1801, 1802, and 1805. Their dam, the Alex- 
 ander mare, has often been styled the most remarkable 
 mare in the Stud Book. Without going quite so far, in 
 all justice it may be said there are few more celebrated ; 
 her sire, Alexander, was by Eclipse, from Grecian Prin- 
 cess. The dam of the Alexander mare was by Highflyer. 
 Castrel, the eldest of the three brothers, begot Merlin, 
 foaled in 18 15, and Pantaloon, a chestnut with dark spots, 
 in 1824. Pantaloon was the sire of Sleight of Hand, 
 foaled in 1836. The late Sir Tatton Sykes was very 
 partial to the blood, and had very many of his mares in 
 his stud. 1 84 1 was a great year for Pantaloon, as his 
 daughter, Ghuznee, won the Oaks, and his son, Satirist, 
 the Doncaster St. Leger, beating Coronation, the Derby 
 winner, for whom the St. Leger was looked upon as a 
 certainty. In the same year Satirist also astonished the 
 public by carrying off the Gold Vase at Ascot from 
 Lanercost. He was a bay-brown horse ; his dam Sar- 
 casm, a brown mare, by Teniers, a son of Rubens, from 
 Banter (Touchstone's dam), by Master Henry. 
 
 Ghuznee was a bright bay, and through her dam 
 Languish, also bay, traced back to Herod (the founder 
 of both the Woodpecker and Highflyer lines), through 
 Cain, Paulovitz, Sir Paul, Sir Peter Teazle (commonly 
 called Sir Peter), and Highflyer. She was a very fine 
 and strongly-formed mare, although only 1 5 hands and 
 half ail inch, and was pronounced by Mr. George Tatter- 
 
14 The English Horse. 
 
 sail to be of a shape peculiarly calculated to make a 
 superior brood mare. Pantaloon was the sire of The Libel, 
 foaled in 1842, a brown horse from a Camel mare. He 
 was the sire of the following also : — Elthiron, a very- 
 neat horse, foaled in 1846 ; Windhound, foaled in 1847 ; 
 Hernandez, in 1848 (winner of the Two Thousand 
 Guineas) ; Hobbie Noble, in 1849, quite a sensational 
 horse; The Reiver, in 1850; and Miserrima, a brown 
 filly, foaled in 1848. Elthiron, Windhound, Miserrima, 
 Hobbie Noble, and The Reiver, were all from one mare. 
 Lord Westminster's Phryne, by Touchstone. The three 
 former were brown, the two latter bay ; their Touchstone 
 dam may have influenced their colour. 
 
 But to return to Windhound, in whom we are most 
 concerned, as the reputed and generally accepted sire of 
 Thormanby, winner of the Derby in i860, now at the 
 stud, with a chance of making himself a name, if he has 
 not already done so. The beautiful and celebrated 
 Alice Hawthorn, whose breeding will be commented 
 upon further on, was the dam of Thormanby. 
 
 Presuming Thormanby to be the bond fide son of 
 Windhound, he must certainly be put down as the best 
 representative of the line at the present day, and the 
 honour of the family would appear to be confided to his 
 keeping. 
 
 The blood of the Darley Arabian and of the Godol- 
 phin Arab was first introduced into the Turk's line in 
 Herod through the dam of Blaze, the latter the sire of 
 Cypron (Herod's dam). The dam of Blaze, the Con- 
 federate filly, was by Confederate, by Conductor, of the 
 
Selhn and Sitltan. \ 5 
 
 Godolphin Arab's line, but Herod had three strains of 
 the Darley Arabian's blood through the same mare, and 
 two from Cypron, his own dam. Since then fresh strains 
 from both lines have been continually brought into the 
 Byerly Turk's line. Sometimes the blood of one has 
 predominated over the other, and it is very interesting 
 to consider whether the larger admixture of the Darley 
 Arabian blood in some horses may not have given greater 
 stoutness than is seen in others, who had less of that and 
 more of the Godolphin Arab's blood. That such has 
 been the case I trust will become apparent to those who 
 may have the patience to follow me, particularly those 
 interested in the welfare of our horse, and who may not 
 have time, patience, or opportunity to unravel the mazes 
 of the Stud Book. 
 
 We must now cast back to the year 1802, and trace 
 the Woodpecker line, through his grandson, Selim, the 
 second son of Buzzard. 
 
 Selim, grandson of Woodpecker, foaled in 1802, a 
 chestnut, and own brother to Castrel, was the sire of a 
 brown filly, dam by Cesario, winner of the One Thousand 
 Guineas in 181 5 ; of Medora, winner of the Oaks in 18 14 ; 
 of Azor, winner of the Derby in 1 8 1 7 ; of Turcoman, win- 
 ner of the Two Thousand Guineas in 1827, whose dam, 
 Pope Joan, was by Waxy ; and of Turquoise, winner of 
 the Oaks in 1828; of Sultan, foaled in 1816 ; and 
 Langar in 1817. These last two we shall take for our 
 consideration. 
 
 Sultan, a magnificent bay horse with a blaze and four 
 white feet, the off hind-leg white half way to the hock ; 
 
1 6 The Enoiish Horse. 
 
 v>' 
 
 his dam was Bacchante, a brown mare, by Wilhamson's 
 Ditto (a son of Sir Peter, grandson of Herod, from 
 Arcthusa, by Dungannon, son of EcHpse). Bacchante's 
 dam was sister to Calomel, by Mercury, son of Eclipse 
 out of Folly, by Marske, great-grandson of the Darley 
 Arabian, tracing back to Herod and the Darley Arabian 
 through many sources. It has been asserted that Sultan 
 bore a strong resemblance to the Darley Arabian — it 
 will be seen he inherited much of his blood ; he has 
 been described to me by one who knew him well as 
 a splendid animal, but perhaps hardly deep enough in 
 the chest. Looking at his portrait by Herring which is 
 before me, I should say the deficiency was in appearance 
 only ; he seems to have been a very level-made horse, 
 with deep back ribs, which formation always takes off 
 from the appearance of a deep chest. This formation 
 (of deep back ribs) seems to have been general among 
 the racers of an elder period, and is characteristic of 
 Arabian blood. The modern racer is lighter in his ribs, 
 not so round, and less deep in the back ribs, which shows 
 the chest as more deep. He had a fine head, with much 
 of the Arabian character in it, small and finely-formed 
 ears, well pricked. I am not sure whether Sultan ought 
 not to be written down as the best representative of the 
 Woodpecker line, if not of the Herod, but of that opinions 
 can be formed hereafter. His career at the stud was 
 certainly most brilliant. Among others he was the sire 
 of the following horses : — Beiram, Ishmael, Jereed ; of 
 Grecnmantle, winner of the Oaks, 1829 (her dam Dul- 
 cinea, by Cervantes) ; of Augustus, winner of the Two 
 
Langar. 1 7 
 
 Thousand Guineas in 1830 (his dam Augusta, by Woful) ; 
 of Galata, winner of the One Thousand Guineas and the 
 Oaks in 1832 (whose dam Advance was by Pioneer) ; of 
 the magnificent Glencoe, winner of the Two Thousand 
 Guineas in 1834 (whose dam, TrampoHne, was by Tramp 
 out of Web, by Waxy). Glencoe was the sire of Poca- 
 hontas (the dam of Stockwell) ; of Ibrahim, winner of 
 the Two Thousand Guineas in 1835, whose dam, a 
 Phantom mare, was sister to Cobweb (Bay Middleton's 
 dam) ; of Achmet (own brother to Bay Middleton), 
 winner of the Two Thousand Guineas in 1837 ; of Des- 
 tiny, winner of the One Thousand Guineas in 1836, and 
 of that splendid racehorse, Bay Middleton, winner of the 
 Two Thousand Guineas and the Derby in 1836. Before 
 proceeding further with the Sultan family, I purpose 
 taking up the history of Langar, the other son of Selim, 
 before mentioned, to enable us to review the career of 
 his son Elis, who was contemporary with Bay Middleton, 
 and to some extent his rival. Langar, a chestnut horse, 
 foaled in 18 17, from a Walton mare (whose dam. Young 
 Giantess, was by Diomed, out of Giantess, by Matchem, 
 son of Cade, son of Godolphin Arab or Barb), was the 
 sire of Elis and Epirus, both chestnuts, and own brothers ; 
 their dam was Olympia, by Sir Oliver. Elis, foaled in 
 1833, had a white face, and both hind legs white, was 
 the winner of the St. Leger in 1836, beating among 
 others the celebrated Beeswing. Epirus, foaled in 1834, 
 was the sire of Pyrrhus the First, a bright chestnut, with 
 two hind feet white, and a white reach down his face ; 
 his dam was Fortress, by Defence ; he won the Derby 
 
 C 
 
1 8 The English Horse. 
 
 in 1846, beating Sir Tatton Sykes by a neck. Having 
 such stout blood as Defence's in his veins from his dam, 
 it was expected he would have been a success at the 
 stud — that, as is often the case with expectations, was not 
 realised (the blood on his dam's side was too good to allow 
 of his being a successful sire) — however, he was the sire 
 of the celebrated Virago, winner of the One Thousand 
 Guineas in 1854. But to return to Bay Middleton, his 
 dam Cobweb (herself winner of the One Thousand 
 Guineas, 1824) was by Phantom out of Filagree, by 
 Soothsayer out of Web, by Waxy, &c. He was a bay 
 colt, but in after years more nearly brown than bay, and 
 mottled on his quarters ; standing nearly 16 hands and 
 a half, without white, except on three of his coronets. 
 Although not what could- be called a symmetrically 
 made horse, yet he was a splendid animal, and full of 
 character. He ran first without a name, and in the 
 Newmarket Craven Meeting won the Riddlesworth 
 Stakes of 200 sovs. each, beating, among others, his half 
 sister. Destiny, the winner of the One Thousand Guineas. 
 He won as he liked. He had been considered a bad 
 tempered horse up to this time, but after winning his 
 race he was changed into a high-couraged one. For the 
 Two Thousand Guineas he met Elis and five others ; the 
 Cobweb colt beat Elis on the post by a neck ; ' the 
 others were beaten off an immense distance by the 
 extraordinary severity of the pace ;' he was then named 
 Bay Middleton. Elis was not in the Derby, 1836, which 
 was won by Bay Middleton by two lengths, with such 
 horses as Gladiator, Venison, and Slane, respectively 
 
Bay Middleton and Elis. 1 9 
 
 second, third, and fourth to him. Bay Middleton was not 
 in the St. Leger, which was won by Elis very easily by two 
 lengths. In the same year Bay Middleton and Elis met 
 again in the Newmarket First October Meeting, for the 
 Grand Duke St. Michael Stakes ; twenty-one horses 
 were frightened out of the field by their appearance ; 
 the race was won by the former by a length. Mr. 
 George Tattersall has thus described it : ' After all, it 
 was a falsely run race, the pace being poor, and each 
 on the lurching order till they passed the Bushes, where 
 Bay Middleton went up ; at the top of the hill he was 
 leading, and in going down it his wonderful stride 
 enabled him to show his tail to his gallant opponent. 
 " Honest John " (the rider of Elis) tried what whipping 
 would do, but it was " no go," and the winner of the 
 St. Leger was beaten in pace, stride, and stoutness, by 
 the winner of the Derby.' Here, I think, is a case in 
 point : The greater number of crosses of the Darley 
 Arabian blood in Bay Middleton and his sire Sultan 
 than in Elis and his sire Langar — although Sultan and 
 Langar were half-brothers, both being sons of Selim — 
 will account for Bay Middleton being stouter than Elis. 
 His career was brilliant, but short. A foreleg already 
 looking suspicious prevented his training on, and he 
 retired to the stud in 1838. As a sire he cannot be 
 said to have equalled Sultan. He was the sire of Ellen 
 Middleton, the dam of Wild Dayrell (winner of the 
 Derby, 1855), of Cowl (1842), of The Flying Dutch- 
 man (winner of the Derby and St. Leger in 1849), of 
 Aphrodite (winner of the One Thousand Guineas, 185 1), 
 
 c 2 
 
20 The English Horse. 
 
 of Andover (winner of the Derby in 1854), whose dam 
 was a Defence mare, of Hermit (winner of the Two 
 Thousand Guineas, 1854), from Jenny Lind, by Touch- 
 stone. 
 
 Andover was a very nice horse, but The Flying 
 Dutchman was the most distinguished of Bay Middle- 
 ton's sons, and won all his two-year-old engagements 
 without having been fairly extended — the Derby and 
 St. Leger, as before said, and the Emperor's Plate at 
 Ascot. The only time he was beaten was for the 
 Doncaster Cup, by Voltigeur, in 1850, when perhaps 
 he was not thoroughly prepared. Upon his defeat a 
 match of 1,000/. a side was made between him and 
 Voltigeur, by the Earls of Eglinton and Zetland, the 
 former giving the latter the choice of ground. It was 
 over two miles of ground, and run at York, 1 3th May, 
 185 1, the Dutchman defeating Voltigeur by a length. 
 The time was accurately'taken — 3 minutes 55 seconds. 
 He was a fine-looking horse, dark brown, without white, 
 with springy action, which he generally transmitted to 
 his stock, and inherited from his dam, Barbelle, by 
 Sandbeck, her dam Darioletta, by Amadts. He might 
 be distinguished among a crowd of horses by his grand 
 appearance, and was remarkable for the size of his 
 arms, as was also his sire. Bay Middleton, and this 
 point is also transmitted, as a rule, to his stock. He 
 was the sire of Ellington (winner of the Derby in 1856), 
 of Gildermire, who ran a dead heat for the Oaks of 
 1858, and of Brown Duchess (winner of the Oaks, 1861). 
 Brown Duchess ran a dead heat with Kettledrum for 
 
Rubens. 2 1 
 
 the Doncaster Cup, but the latter walked over for it 
 afterwards. His son Ellington has not achieved any- 
 great stud success, and there is no worthy representative 
 of Bay Middleton and Sultan, The Bay Middleton 
 stock have been pronounced as invariably blood-like 
 in their appearance. I do not hold with this. Many 
 of them had a certain elegance about them, and some 
 were grand-looking, with fine points ; but to be blood- 
 like a horse ought to have the symmetry and beauty- 
 approaching to the Arabian, from which source the 
 blood was derived, and the term blood-like had its 
 origin. As an example of the Bay Middleton family, 
 I think Himalaya, in Her Majesty's stud, would convey 
 a very just idea, presenting all the grand points, with 
 some of the deficiencies. 
 
 We must now consider Rubens, the third son of 
 Buzzard, a chestnut, foaled in 1805, ^rid own brother to 
 Castrel and Selim, as stated before. He is more dis- 
 tinguished for his daughters. He was the sire of Land- 
 scape, winner of the Oaks, 18 16; of Pastille, winner of 
 the Two Thousand Guineas and the Oaks, 1822 (Pas- 
 tille's dam was Parasol, by PotSos, son of Eclipse) ; and 
 of Whizgig, winner of the One Thousand Guineas the 
 same year. The Two Thousand Guineas, the One 
 Thousand Guineas, and the Oaks having been won 
 by two of his fillies in one year, was certainly a feather 
 in the cap of Rubens. Whizgig was also the dam of 
 Oxygen, winner of the Oaks in 183 1. Rubens was also 
 the sire of the dam of Lord Berner's Phosphorus (winner 
 of the Derby, 1837) and of May Day, own sister of 
 
2 2 The Ens'lish Horse. 
 
 is> 
 
 Phosphorus, whmer of the One Thousand Guineas, 1834 ; 
 of Defiance, the dam of Defence ; and of Ruby, the 
 dam of Coronation (winner of the Derby, 1841) ; and 
 of Sir Joshua, foaled in 1812, who defeated Filho da 
 Puta in a match at Newmarket, Sir Joshua's dam was 
 own sister to Filho da Puta's sire. Sir Joshua : a chestnut 
 horse, about fifteen hands, by Rubens out of a Sir 
 Peter mare (sister to Haphazard). Filho da Puta, a 
 bay horse, also foaled in 18 12, sixteen hands or over, 
 was by Haphazard (son of Sir Peter and Miss Hervey, 
 by Eclipse) ; his dam, Mrs. Barnet, by Waxy out of 
 a Woodpecker mare. There is great similarity in 
 the breeding of these two horses, and the strains of 
 Darley Arabian blood in each of them very evenly 
 balanced. This brings us to the end of the Woodpecker 
 branch of the Herod line, great-great-grandson of the 
 Byerly Turk ; but before we leave this portion of our 
 subject I wish to allude in a few words to Merlin, a son 
 of Castrel, a chestnut horse, foaled in 1801. He was the 
 sire of Lamplighter, who, in his turn, was the sire of 
 Phosphorus, winner of the Derby in 1837, and of May 
 Day, winner of the One Thousand Guineas in 1834. 
 
 Having made this amende to Castrel I will only say 
 that I think Sultan must be considered the chief of his 
 family, and his son, Bay Middleton, and his grandson. 
 The Flying Dutchman, the most distinguished racers. 
 
 It was stated that King Herod, great-great-grandson 
 of the Byerly Turk, had two sons. Woodpecker and 
 Highflyer, through whom the blood of the Byerly Turk 
 has been handed down in the male line to the present 
 
Herod. 2 3 
 
 time ; but as King Herod, or, as we shall call him, 
 Herod, was not particularly described, before proceeding 
 to trace the Highflyer branch a slight sketch of this fine 
 horse shall be given. He was a bay horse without white, 
 saving a very small star, standing about 1 5 hands 3 inches" 
 high, of substance, length, and power, foaled in 1758, 
 with a level back and high quarter, and deep in the 
 back ribs. He ran five times for 1,000 guineas each 
 race, and won three out of the five, and won several 
 matches of 500 guineas. He usually, if not invariably, 
 ran over a course of four miles at Newmarket, Ascot, 
 and York ; stoutness and ability to carry weight were 
 his characteristics. His dam, Cypron, was by Blaze, a 
 son of Flying Childers, son of the Darley Arabian ; 
 Cypron's dam Selima, by Bethell's Arabian, from a 
 mare by Graham's Champion, who was by Harpur's 
 Arabian from a mare by the Darley Arabian. Looking 
 at his dam's pedigree, we may well believe him to have 
 been a stout, game horse ; and there are good grounds 
 for believing that the assertion made — viz., that his 
 great-great-grandson, Sultan, bore a strong resemblance 
 to the Darley Arabian — was a correct one. 
 
 The list of Herod mares is an extensive one. His 
 daughter Bridget won the first Oaks, in 1779 ; and his 
 daughter Faith won the Oaks in 1781. In 1783 his son 
 Phoenomenon won the St. Leger, and in the same year 
 his daughter Maid of the Oaks won the Oaks. The first 
 Derby (1780) was won by Diomed, grandson of Herod. 
 Tuberose was another of his daughters. 
 
 Unlike Woodpecker, Highflyer from Rachel, by Blank, 
 
24 The English Horse. 
 
 was bay, like his sire Herod. He never paid forfeit, and 
 was never beaten. It is noteworthy that most of the 
 descendants of Woodpecker were chestnuts, and those of 
 Highflyer for the most part bay. Sultan was bay ; but 
 then his dam came from the Highflyer family, and 
 bays and browns were chiefly carried on through his son 
 Bay Middleton. Highflyer also left behind him a goodly 
 roll of mares. His sons Noble and Sir Peter Teazle 
 won the Derby in the years 1786 and 1787 ; and in 
 1789 his son Skyscraper won the Derby. In 1792 Via- 
 lante, a filly of his, won the Oaks, and his daughters 
 Omphale and Cowslip the St. Leger in 1784 and 1785 ; 
 his son Spadille in 1787, and his daughter Young Flora, 
 own sister to Spadille, in 1788. 
 
 This must suffice for Highflyer, and we select his son, 
 Sir Peter, who hands down his family, for consideration. 
 
 Sir Peter Teazle, a brown horse, foaled in 1784, his 
 dam Papillon, was by Snap ; Snap by Snip, Snip by 
 Flying Childers. Here we get another infusion of Dar- 
 ley Arabian blood. Besides being the sire of Sir Harry 
 and Archduke, winners of the Derby in 1798 and 1799 ; 
 of Ditto, who won the Derby in 1803, and who was the 
 sire of Sultan's dam ; of Paris, winner of the Derby, 
 1806, his daughters Hermione and Parasote won the 
 Oaks in 1794 and 1796; and Ambrosio, Fyldener, Pau- 
 lina, and Petronius were his St. Leger winners in 1796, 
 1806, 1807, and 1808, He was also the sire of Hap- 
 hazard, foaled in 1797 ; of Walton, foaled in 1799 ; of 
 Sir Oliver, 1800; of Sir Paul, foaled in 1802. Sir 
 Oliver, whose dam was by Diomed, was the sire of 
 
Sir Peter s Sons. 25 
 
 Olympia, the dam of Elis and Epirus. Haphazard, 
 Walton, and Sir Paul have brought down the Sir Peter 
 blood in male descent, and these we shall consider in 
 succession. Haphazard's dam was Miss Hervey, by 
 Eclipse, and he was the sire of Filho da Puta, foaled in 
 1 81 2. The latter won the St. Leger in 181 5 ; but he 
 was beaten by Sir Joshua, by Rubens, in their cele- 
 brated match, run at Newmarket, by a head. He was 
 the first foal of Mrs. Barnet, by Waxy, and was a mag- 
 nificent horse. Sir Joshua, a chestnut, was a small horse ; 
 his dam was own sister to Haphazard, by Sir Peter out 
 of Mrs. Hervey. Filho da Puta was the sire of Bir- 
 mingham, who won the St. Leger in 1830, and of Col- 
 wick, foaled in 1828, whose dam, Stella, was by Sir 
 Oliver. Colwick was a bay horse, and sire of Attila, 
 winner of the Derby in 1 842. Attila's dam. Progress, 
 was by Langar. He was a small-sized but a strong- 
 made horse ; he had splendid action, and a very light 
 step. Few handsomer or truer-made horses, it has been 
 said, have appeared on the Turf But it was maintained 
 by some that he was wanting in ' heart.' There is noth- 
 ing more worthy of notice in this branch of the Sir Peter 
 line ; but it may be mentioned that Antar and Reginald, 
 sons of Haphazard, won the Two Thousand Guineas, and 
 his daughter Rowena the One Thousand Guineas. 
 
 As a sire Walton must be considered the most distin- 
 guished of Sir Peter's sons. He was a bay horse, foaled 
 in 1799, and own brother to Ditto. His dam, Arethusa, 
 by Dungannon, got another strain of the Darley Arabian 
 through her granddam, Virago, by Snap, grandson of Fly- 
 
26 The English Horse. 
 
 ing Childers. Dungannon was by Eclipse, from Aspasia, 
 by Herod. His son Phantom won the Derby in 1811 ; 
 and St. Patrick, another son, the Leger in 1 820. Phan- 
 tom (foaled in 1808) was a bay horse ; his dam was Julia 
 (sister to Eleanor), got by Whiskey out of Sorcerer's 
 dam, by Diomed, who was a grandson of Herod. 
 Whiskey was by Saltram, from Calash, by Herod. Sal- 
 tram was by Eclipse, from Virago, by Snap, grandson of 
 Flying Childers. Phantom was the sire of Cedric and 
 Middleton (winners of the Derby in 1824 and 1825), but 
 he is more renowned as the sire of Cobweb (winner of the 
 Oaks in 1824), she being the dam of Bay Middleton. It 
 is quite worthy of note that Walton's own brother, Ditto 
 (whose dam came from the Darley Arabian's line), was 
 the sire of Sultan's dam, Bacchante, and that Walton's 
 son Phantom (whose dam also came from the Darley 
 Arabian's family) was the sire of Cobweb, Bay Middle- 
 ton's dam, which horse was the son of Sultan. Cobweb 
 was a bay mare ; her dam was Filagree, by Soothsayer, 
 from Web, by Waxy (more Darley Arabian blood, but 
 also with an infusion of the Godolphins). However, we 
 must now proceed to look at Partisan, the son of Wal- 
 ton, who handed down the line to the present time. He 
 was a bay horse, foaled in 181 1 ; his dam, Parasol, was 
 by PotSos (son of Eclipse, great-grandson of Bartlet 
 Childers, son of the Darley Arabian), her dam Prunella, 
 by Highflyer (son of Herod), whose dam was by Blaze 
 (son of Flying Childers, son of the Darley Arabian), 
 from Promise, by Snap (grandson of Flying Childers). 
 I will merely mention that his son Mameluke, whose 
 
Partisan and Gladiator. 2 7 
 
 dam was by Stamford (another son of Sir Peter's), and 
 from an Eclipse mare, was the winner of the Derby 
 in 1827, and that his son Glaucus, whose dam was by 
 Selim, was the sire of Refraction, who won the Oaks in 
 1845. They were all bay. Glaucus missed the Derby 
 and St. Leger, but defeated Rockingham, the St. Leger 
 winner, the next year (1834) for the Gold Cup at Ascot, 
 about two miles and a half I will return to Partisan, 
 who handed down the Sir Peter line through two of his 
 sons. Gladiator and Venison, both foaled in 1833. They 
 were of kin to Bay Middleton, and finished second and 
 third to him for the Derby, 1836. Cyprian, his daughter, 
 won the Oaks in the same year ; Zeal the One Thousand 
 Guineas in 1821 ; and his son Patron the Two Thousand 
 Guineas in 1829, 
 
 Gladiator, a chestnut, and Venison, bay, were both 
 good-looking horses, with good blood-like heads and fine 
 eyes, which points are to be noticed as a rule in their 
 descendants. 
 
 Gladiator went to France, and has done that country 
 very great service ; and his daughter, Miss Gladiator, 
 was the dam of Gladiateur. 
 
 Pauline, the dam of Gladiator, was by Moses, the 
 winner of the Derby in 1822. Whether Moses was the 
 son of Seymour or of Whalebone I will not pretend to 
 say, but he is generally traced to Whalebone. Be this 
 as it may, Moses's dam was by Gohanna, a grandson of 
 Eclipse, her dam Grey Skin, by Woodpecker out of 
 Silver's dam by Herod ; and Gohanna's dam was by 
 Herod. Gladiator was thought to have been of a deli- 
 
The Ens'lisli Horse. 
 
 •^ 
 
 cate constitution, but he got good sons and daughters in 
 France. He was the sire of Sweetmeat, foaled in 1842. 
 
 Sweetmeat was a very neat horse, a dark brown in 
 colour, like his dam ; and among other winning horses 
 was the sire of Mincemeat and Mincepie, winners of the 
 Oaks in 1854 and 1856; of Macaroni, winner of the 
 Two Thousand Guineas and Derby in 1863 ; and of 
 Carnival. Sweetmeat's dam was Lollypop, got by 
 Starch or Voltaire ; her dam Belinda, by Blacklock. 
 Starch was by Waxy Pope by Waxy ; his dam, Miss 
 Stavely, was by Shuttle, by Young Marske, out of 
 Vauxhall Snap mare. 
 
 Macaroni, a brown horse, foaled in i860, is now at 
 the stud. His performances are fresh in our recollec- 
 tion ; and his stock, which have frequently been placed 
 first by the judge, are growing up before our eyes, and 
 we can form our own opinions. It would be premature 
 to say if he or some other son of Sweetmeat is to hand 
 down the Gladiator branch, which, although not likely 
 to be lost in France, if it had not been for Sweetmeat, 
 would have been a dead letter in this country. 
 
 Parmesan, a brown horse, by Sweetmeat, from a well- 
 bred mare, Gruyere, by Verulam, from Jennala, by 
 Touchstone, from Emma, by Whisker, was a very neat 
 horse, but he would be called small. He won the Me- 
 tropolitan Stakes in 1861, however. As the best public 
 performer Macaroni must be considered for the present, 
 at all events, as the representative of the Gladiator 
 blood in this country. Queen Mary, by Gladiator, out 
 of a mare by Plcnipo, out of Myrrha, by Whalebone, is 
 
Venison. 29 
 
 celebrated as being the dam of Blink Bonny, also the 
 dam of Haricot, the dam of Caller Ou. 
 
 Venison was a bay horse with a white reach and both 
 hind fetlocks white. He was a very honest, game horse, 
 and although he had not the speed of Bay Middleton 
 he picked up a good many things for his owner between 
 Epsom and Doncaster, and always travelled on foot. 
 He defeated Miindig, the winner of the Derby, 1835, for 
 the King's Plate at Doncaster (four miles), winning in a 
 canter by three or four lengths. Venison's dam, Fawn, 
 had the reputation of being a great jade, and was by 
 Smolensko ; her dam. Jerboa, was by Gohanna (grandson 
 of Eclipse) out of Camilla, by Trentham. He was the 
 sire of many winners of more or less note. His son, 
 The Ugly Buck, won the Two Thousand Guineas in 
 1844. Clementina, his daughter, won the One Thousand 
 Guineas in 1847, and his daughter, Miami, the Oaks the 
 same year. Then there were Red Deer and Red Hart, 
 own brothers, and the handsome Vatican and Cruiser, 
 who was tamed by Rarey, Fallow Buck, Filius, and many 
 others, among which was Chamois, the winner of the 
 first Metropolitan Stakes at Epsom. Venison was the 
 sire of Alarm, foaled in 1842, whose dam. Southdown, 
 was by Defence, a grandson of Waxy. Alarm, a bay 
 horse with a blaze, won the Cambridgeshire in 1845, and 
 the Emperor's Plate at Ascot, 1846. I am afraid as a 
 stud horse, as in the case of Pyrrhus the First, those who 
 expected much were doomed to disappointment, and for 
 similar reasons, although his blood, through his daughters, 
 must be useful. It must not be forgotten that he was 
 
30 The English Horse. 
 
 the sire of that fine mare, Torment, the dam of Tormen- 
 tor, winner of the Oaks, 1866. He was a good-looking 
 horse, but we pass on to Kingston (foaled in 1849). 
 His dam. Queen Anne, was by Slane ; her dam, Garcia, 
 by Octavian, from a mare by Shuttle, who was by Young 
 Marske from the Vauxhall Snap mare, a piece of breed- 
 ing very similar to that seen in Sweetmeat's pedigree. 
 He was a very handsome horse, and although he did not 
 win the Derby was a good racer, and pulled off many 
 races ; his son, Caractacus, won the Derby in 1862, and 
 his daughter. Queen Bertha, the Oaks in 1863. He was 
 also the sire of Ely, and of numerous mares, many of 
 which were in Mr. Blenkiron's stud. 
 
 Caractacus, foaled in 1859, a bay horse, with a blaze, 
 and near hind leg grey, was a good-looking horse ; his 
 dam. Defenceless, by Defence ; her dam by Cain. Here 
 we have a similarly bred horse to Alarm, and I should 
 say like him in appearance, but very docile and good- 
 tempered. He had beautiful action, and I never saw a 
 better mover on any racecourse — he showed his gamcness 
 when he ran for the Metropolitan. The Derby of 1862 
 must be still fresh in the memory of most. Caractacus 
 proved himself to be a racehorse, and although many 
 people thought it a mistake, my own opinion has always 
 been that he won very easily, and might have done so 
 by lengths. Although Caractacus possessed certain cha- 
 racteristics of his sire Kingston, and his grandsire Veni- 
 son, in shape and formation I should say he bore more 
 resemblance to his maternal grandsire. Defence. 
 
 Ely, a bay horse, with a few silver hairs, marks which 
 
Sir Paul. 3 1 
 
 are to be seen in most, if not all, of the Venisons, fully 
 kept up the renown of the family for gameness. Al- 
 though he failed to carry off the great prizes of his year, 
 he met with frequent triumphs ; he is now at the stud. 
 
 King John, by Kingston, from Dinah by Clarion, her 
 dam Rebekah, by Sir Hercules, has many admirers, and 
 it is expected by some that he will be the horse of the 
 family, if not the one of the period. There is still plenty 
 of time for any one of them to make himself a stud 
 name, but neither Caractacus nor Ely appear to have 
 been patronised to the extent their performances might 
 justly warrant. I look upon mares of this family as 
 very valuable, as will also be fillies from the above-named 
 young sires. Ferina, by Venison, foaled in 1 844, was the 
 dam of Pretender, the winner of the Derby in 1 869. 
 
 Sir Paul, the last of the sons of Sir Peter which we 
 have to consider, foaled in 1802, was a bay horse, and 
 own brother to Paulina, winner of the St. Leger ; his 
 dam, Pewet, was by Tandem. He was the sire of 
 Paulowitz, a brown horse, foaled in 1813 ; his dam, 
 Evelina, was by Highflyer, also the dam of Cervantes, 
 by Don Quixote. He was the sire of Archibald, who 
 won the Two Thousand Guineas in 1832; and of 
 Cain, a bay horse foaled in 1822, whose dam was by 
 Paynator. Cain was the sire of Ion, a brown horse, 
 foaled 1835 ; his dam, Margaret, by Edmund (a son of 
 Orville), from Medora, by Selim. Ion showed in good 
 form as a two-year-old ; he ran second to Amato for the 
 Derby in 1838, and was second also for the St. Leger, 
 won by Don John. In a fortunate moment he was 
 
32 The English Hor'se. 
 
 selected as the only horse good enoitgh for Ellen Middle- 
 ton, and became the sire of Wild Dayrell, or it is likely 
 nothing more might have been heard of him. 
 
 Wild Dayrell, a brown horse, foaled in 1852 (his dam, 
 Ellen Middleton, by Bay Middleton from Myrrha, by 
 Malek), winner of the Derby in 1855, was the sire of 
 Hurricane, winner of the One Thousand Guineas in 
 1862 ; but his stud fame is owing principally to his having 
 been the sire of Buccaneer, from a Little Red Rover 
 mare, the dam of Cruiser. Buccaneer is lost to this 
 country ; he was foaled in 1857. He has made himself 
 a name through his daughters Formosa and Brigantine. 
 With this exception, I know of no other worthy scion of 
 the line from Sir Peter. 
 
 We have now come to the end of the Byerly Turk's 
 line, having traced it through several branches to the 
 present day ; and we find the following to be the 
 principal representatives : — Buccaneer abroad ; Macaroni, 
 Parmesan, and Carnival ; Caractacus, Ely, and King 
 John ; Ellington, Dollar, and Thormanby. 
 
 Certain memoranda have been mentioned from time 
 to time to arrest the attention of the reader, and to serve 
 as data for him to form his own opinions and come to 
 his own conclusions. The similarity of breeding between 
 Woodpecker and Highflyer was noticed with a special 
 reference to some strains of blood in Woodpecker's 
 pedigree. As a rule the descendants from Herod, 
 through Highflyer and Sir Peter, have been distin- 
 guished more for stoutness ; those generally from Wood- 
 pecker, although with some notable exceptions, rather 
 
The Byerly Tztrk's Line. 33 
 
 for great speed ; one line generally being distinguished 
 by bays, the other by chestnuts, and both of them 
 being celebrated for the excellences of their mares. 
 My own ideas, derived from studying the pedigrees of 
 the various horses of this line, I am tempted to give, 
 not that I would wish to thrust them upon others, 
 but to be taken for what they may be worth, and also 
 as a reply to any cui bono, which may be asked, for all 
 these particulars about horses dead and gone, and many 
 quite forgotten. 
 
 First, I must state my conviction is this : The real 
 worth of the family is owing to the blood of the Darley 
 Arabian, first brought into the line in Herod, and it is 
 owing to the frequent and very strong infusions of that 
 blood which have taken place that the line has been so 
 widely spread and so long handed down, and at times 
 had such splendid representatives. I cannot offer, of 
 course, actual proofs, but there are not wanting, to my 
 mind, certain indications, kind of sign posts to the 
 traveller through the mazes of breeding, of which I have 
 availed myself, and which may not have been noticed by 
 many. Partner, the paternal grandsire of Herod, was a 
 bright chestnut ; Herod a bay horse. He inherited 
 much of the Darley Arabian blood through his dam 
 Cypron, who was bay. Her sire, Blaze, was bay, as was 
 his sire, Flying Childers, as also was his sire, the Darley 
 Arabian, and ability to run long distances was his forte. 
 I think it will be observed by those who may have the 
 patience to read these papers that as a rule when the 
 Darley Arabian blood has been more prominent, and 
 
 D 
 
34 The English Horse. 
 
 especially when derived from Flying Childers and his sons, 
 there have been more bays ; and the line through Sir Peter 
 evidently containing a stronger infusion of the Darley 
 Arabian blood than those generally through Woodpecker 
 has not only handed down bay horses, but they have 
 been more celebrated for their stoutness and gameness. 
 Sultan, of the Woodpecker line, said to be like the Dar- 
 ley Arabian in figure and appearance, was bay, and he 
 had derived advantage of more Darley Arabian blood 
 through his dam, by Williamson's Ditto, and Sir Peter. 
 Not only was the colour more confirmed in his son. Bay 
 Middleton, but stoutness as well, and through his dam. 
 Cobweb, he had still further infusions of the Darley 
 Arabian blood. It must not be supposed that it is argued 
 the increased stoutness was derived from the change of 
 colour from chestnut to bay, but it is a tolerably fair and 
 conclusive inference that as the bay colour came in and 
 was perpetuated or confirmed by the infusion of the Darley 
 Arabian blood, the increased stoutness and gameness is 
 also to be attributed to the same source,the one being the 
 sign, the other the result. It is true that Highflyer's dam, 
 like Woodpecker's, was from another family, namely, the 
 Godolphin Arabian ; but in the Woodpecker line it was 
 carried on still in Buzzard, whose dam was by a horse 
 of that family ; but in the case of Highflyer it was not 
 so, as his son's (Sir Peter) dam was by Snap, son of 
 Snip, grandson of the Darley Arabian, who seems to 
 have snapped and snipped off some of that blood brought 
 in by Highflyer's dam. I could proceed with tin's or a 
 similar train of reasoning, but I do not wish to be tedious. 
 
The Byerly Turk's Line. 35 
 
 or to take up too much space, and I will only add, in 
 conclusion, that I think the blood of this line is more 
 valuable through the mares than through the horses. I 
 do not mean to say that individual great horses may 
 not appear as they have before, but that as the best 
 blood is on the female side, and was originally derived 
 from the female side, the horses may not be always 
 capable of handing down their own individual excellences. 
 On the other hand, the mares having so much of the 
 Darley Arabian blood in their veins put to his male 
 descendants may be most valuable. 
 
 One great feature in this line is that it has been bred 
 up to excellence. Herod was a great landmark, if the 
 expression may be allowed ; he may almost be said to 
 have been a grand starting point, for in him the nature 
 of the Eastern blood handed down to him was raised 
 and vivified by a strong infusion of true Arabian 
 blood ; thus the character of the breed was materially 
 changed. Whether it reached its zenith in him or in his 
 great-great-grandson, Sultan, I will not pretend to say, 
 for although I think the excellence was abated for two 
 generations, it was revived in the third, and more so in 
 the fourth, which was in Sultan, but I think the greatest 
 benefit that will be derived from this line at the present 
 time and in future will be from its daughters and the 
 daughters which may come from the young sires now at 
 the stud. 
 
 »2 
 
36 The English Horse. 
 
 Tpie Darley Arabian Line, 
 
 The Darley Arabian was a bay horse who possessed, 
 so it has been stated, every point that could be desired 
 in a Turf horse. 
 
 He was a Koheilan-Ras-el-Fedawi. The Kaheilan is 
 one of the principal breeds of pure bred Arabians ; the 
 adjunct Ras-el-Fedawi specifies one of the numerous 
 varieties of this family. Mr. Darley, who was consul 
 at Aleppo, obtained this horse, I believe, during one of 
 the annual visits of the great Anezah of Nejed, which 
 tribe goes annually from thence to within a few miles 
 of Aleppo in the spring, and returns to Nejed in the 
 autumn or winter. He had a white snip down his face ; 
 his two hind feet and off fore foot were white. 
 
 The Stud Book informs us that he covered very 
 few mares except Mr. Darley's, who had very few well- 
 bred ones. 
 
 He was the sire of Childers, commonly called Flying 
 Childers, Almanzor, and his own brother, Cupid, Brisk, 
 Aleppo, and some few others. 
 
 Bartlet's Childers is generally supposed to have been 
 own brother to Flying Childers, and the Darley Arabian 
 line is traced from him through Eclipse, supposed to be 
 great-grandson of Bartlet's Childers, the blood of Flying 
 Childers being more generally represented in the line of 
 the Byerly Turk. It would have been, I think, more 
 satisfactory had Flying Childers handed down the line 
 in direct male descent; but the usually admitted succes- 
 sion is as follows : — Bartlet's Childers, Squirt, Marskc, 
 
Flying Childers. t^j 
 
 Eclipse. Spiletta, the dam of Eclipse, was also covered 
 by Shakespear, and there are some who think he was 
 the sire of Eclipse; if they be right, the line of succession 
 would be — Flying Childers, Aleppo, Hobgoblin, Shake- 
 spear, Eclipse ; but as I have no convincing evidence to 
 bring forward in support of Shakespear having been the 
 sire of Eclipse, I must content myself with only alluding 
 to the doubt that has arisen, and pursue for considera- 
 tion the line from Bartlet's Childers. 
 
 Unfortunately, a doubt has been expressed about 
 Bartlet's Childers. The Stud Book says he was 
 for several years called Young Childers, it being gene- 
 rally supposed that he was own brother to the Devon- 
 shire Childers (Flying Childers), though some insisted 
 that Betty Leedes never produced any other foal than 
 Flying Childers, except one that was choked when very 
 young by eating chaff. Mr. Cheney says, ' he has 
 heard the contrary from so many gentlemen of worth 
 and honour, that he cannot but be of opinion that he 
 was own brother to him.' He was never trained, and 
 was the sire of Squirt, CEdipus, and the Little Hartley 
 mare, &c. 
 
 Flying Childers was a bay horse, about 15 hands 
 high, with a blaze and four white feet. He is usually 
 represented in woodcuts and engravings as a very well- 
 formed horse, but with a prominent and bony head 
 between the eyes and for some way down the face. I 
 have seen a large oil painting which represents him with 
 a very fine head of the Arabian type, with a wide fore- 
 head, and flat between the e}'es, tapering and slightly 
 
38 The English Horse. 
 
 dished before coming to the muzzle, and with a fine full 
 eye, with a straight back and high quarters, long shoul- 
 ders, not very deep in chest, but deep in the back ribs, 
 so that the underneath line carried from the elbow 
 along the belly was very nearly straight, a similar for- 
 mation and appearance to those described in Sultan's 
 sketch. There is good reason for believing this repre- 
 sentation to be more correct than that shown by the 
 prints, which represent him with that formation of head 
 which tells of base blood, when it is remembered that 
 Flying Childers was a horse altogether of Eastern 
 blood, and very nearly Arabian. His sons Blaze and 
 Snip infused his blood very largely into the line of the 
 Byerly Turk. Supposing Bartlet's Childers to have been 
 his own brother, we shall find the line for some time 
 breeding down from a more excellent state to one of 
 less purity, unlike the Turk's line upwards, from an 
 inferior to a better. The Turk's line was improved by 
 frequent infusions of Arabian blood. In the Darley 
 Arabian's line the blood was departed from at once 
 with giant strides. 
 
 Squirt, a chestnut horse, foaled in 1732, by Bartlet's 
 Childers, was from a Snake mare without any certain 
 Arabian blood in her veins, and Snake cannot be con- 
 sidered as more than half bred, being by the Lister Turk, 
 his dam by Hautboy, but who was her dam } besides, 
 Hautboy was by a Turk out of a Royal mare, which 
 may have been of any breed. 
 
 Marske, by Squirt, foaled in 1750, was a brown horse. 
 
Eclipse. 39 
 
 His dam was got by Mr. Hiittois Blacklegs (not the 
 Blacklegs by Flying Childers, but by a bay Turk), Her 
 dam was by Bay Bolton out of a mare, by Fox Cub. 
 He got a little more Arabian blood here, as the dam of 
 Fox Cub was by the Leedes Arabian, but there is no 
 other Arab strain, and the pedigree is full of flaws. 
 In these two horses we have no direct return to Arab 
 blood except in the case of the slight infusion of the 
 Leedes Arabian just mentioned, but no instance of 
 breeding back to the Darley Arabian through daughters 
 of Flying Childers, or through mares by any of his 
 sons ; and it can be well imagined that these two 
 horses, Squirt and Marske, who had common blood in 
 their veins, could not compare with Flying Childers, 
 who was very nearly of pure Arabian blood. 
 
 We have now come down to Eclipse, a chestnut horse, 
 quite sixteen hands, if not more, foaled in 1764. His 
 dam Spiletta, foaled in 1749, was by Regulus, her dam 
 Mother Western, by Smith's son of Snake from a mare 
 by Old Montague, from a mare by Hautboy from a 
 mare by Brimmer — no direct Arab blood, but Eastern 
 mixed with common blood, and many flaws in the 
 pedigree. But Regulus was the son of the Godolphin 
 Arab or Barb, and this is the first time his blood was 
 brought into the line from the Darley Arabian. The 
 Godolphin will be spoken of hereafter, when we come 
 to consider the line he established in direct male de- 
 scent. The dam of Regulus was Grey Robinson, by 
 the Bald Galloway. She was of the usual mixture of 
 
40 The English Hoi'se. 
 
 Eastern and common blood, but without any direct 
 Arabian strain. 
 
 Now it must be mentioned how the Godolphin was 
 first brought forward. The Bald Galloway, the sire of 
 the dam of Regulus, was also the sire of Roxana. 
 Hobgoblin, son of Aleppo, son of Flying Childers, was 
 to have been her mate ; but he refusing to cover her 
 she was handed over to the Godolphin, who was used 
 as a teaser. This was in 1731. The produce was Lath, 
 1732. Seven years later Regulus was born to the Go- 
 dolphin, and his daughter Spiletta was covered by both 
 Marske (grandson of Bartlet's Childers) and by Shake- 
 spear (son of Hobgoblin), this latter horse being a 
 grandson of Flying Childers ; hence the doubt as to 
 which was the sire of Eclipse. Shakespear was a 
 cliestnut horse, foaled in 1745 ; his dam, the Little 
 Hartley mare, was by Bartlet's Childers from Flying 
 Whig, by Williams's Woodstock Arabian. 
 
 But to return to Eclipse, so named from the great 
 eclipse of the sun in 1764, the year of his birth. No 
 horse that he met was able to extend him. He is said 
 to have run the course at York in eight minutes. This 
 was the only race in which it is supposed he was 
 timed. The only contemporary who was thought to 
 have any pretensions to rival Eclipse was Goldfinder, 
 foaled the same year (1764). He has been described 
 as a beautiful and long-reached brown horse, and, like 
 Eclipse, was never beaten. Accident prevented the 
 two meeting, which is to be regretted. Goldfinder was 
 by Snap, grandson of Flying Childers. Though he, too. 
 
Goldjindcr, Pottos, Waxy. 41 
 
 was not without flaws in his pedigree, I question if he 
 were not a better bred horse than the great EcHpse. 
 Before leaving Eclipse it is well to state that, as a 
 rule, 'the produce of Eclipse ran too generally and 
 exclusively to speed, and that in stoutness and con- 
 tinuance they were greatly surpassed by their compe- 
 titors on the course, the stock of King Herod and 
 Goldfinder.' ^ 
 
 Eclipse was the sire of three Derby winners : Young 
 Eclipse, in 1781, Saltram, in 1783, and Serjeant, in 
 1784; of one winner of the Oaks, Annette, in 1787; 
 but no St. Leger winner is accredited to him. His 
 blood was handed down in male descent, principally 
 through PotSos, King Fergus, Joe Andrews, and Mer- 
 cury. 
 
 First was PotSos, a chestnut horse, foaled in 1773 ; 
 his dam Sportmistress was by Warren's Sportsman, who 
 was by Cade, a son of the Godolphin Arabian, from 
 Silvertail, by Whitenose, who was by the Hall Arabian, 
 and through Silvertail inherited one other strain of the 
 Darley Arabian blood. PotSos was the sire of three 
 Derby winners, one Oaks winner, and one winner of the 
 St. Leger — namely. Waxy, Champion, winner of the 
 Derby and St. Leger, and Tyrant, and Nightshade, win- 
 ner of the Oaks, 17SS. 
 
 Waxy was a bay horse, foaled in 1790, his dam Maria, 
 by Herod, her dam Lisette, by Snap out of Miss Wind- 
 sor, by the Godolphin Arab. He has been called, and I 
 think not inaptly, the ace of trumps of the Stud Book. 
 
 ' Remarks on Eclipse's produce in Scott's ' Sportsman's Repository.' 
 
42 The English Horse. 
 
 In him the Darley Arabian blood was returned to by 
 several strong infusions, as Maria had two strains of his 
 blood, and one of these by Blaze, son of Flying Childers, 
 and her dam Lisette, had two, one of them by Snap (her 
 sire), who was a grandson of Flying Childers, so that 
 Waxy had five fresh infusions through his dam, and two 
 of them through Flying Childers, 
 
 Waxy was the sire of Pope, Whalebone, Blucher, and 
 Whisker (all Derby winners), and of Music, Minuet, and 
 Corinne (winners of the Oaks). These were all bays 
 except Corinne and Whalebone, who were brown. 
 
 Whalebone and Whisker were own brothers. Music 
 and Minuet own sisters. Pope was foaled in 1806, his 
 dam Prunella, by Highflyer, from Promise, by Snap. 
 His career was principally in Ireland. Whalebone, foaled 
 in 1807, was the most distinguished of Waxy's sons. His 
 dam Penelope was by Trumpator, from Prunella, by 
 Highflyer, from Promise, by Snap. He was the sire of 
 Lapdog and Spaniel (both Derby winners), both bay, 
 and of Caroline (winner of the Oaks), also a bay, and 
 the line was handed down by three of his sons. Camel, 
 Defence, and Sir Hercules. His son Waverly was the 
 sire of The Saddler, and a reputed sire of Don John 
 (winner of the St. Leger in 1838), as Whalebone was of 
 Moses (the winner of the Derby in 1822). 
 
 Three distinguished branches have sprung from these 
 three horses, which we must consider in the order they 
 stand. First, Camel, a brown horse with a blaze and 
 hind feet white, was from a Selim mare, whose dam was 
 Maiden, by Sir Peter. He was the sire of Touchstone 
 
Touchstone and Orlando. 43 
 
 and Launcelot, both winners of the St. Leger in 1834 
 and 1840. 
 
 Touchstone, foaled in 183 1, was a brown ; he did not 
 run for the Derby, but carried off the St. Leger; his dam 
 Banter was by Master Henry, who was by Orville, 
 grandson of King Fergus, son of Echpse, and Banter's 
 dam was by Alexander, son of Eclipse. Here we have 
 an instance of considerable in-breeding to Eclipse, the 
 direct male descendant from the Darley Arabian, through 
 Bartlet Childers. Touchstone was the sire of Cother- 
 stone and Orlando, winners of the Derby ; of Surplice, 
 winner of the Derby and St. Leger — the first time both 
 races were won by the same horse after a period of 48 
 years, when it had been won in 1 800 by Champion, son 
 of Pot8os ; and as Waxy's dam was by Herod, so was 
 Champion's dam by Highflyer, Herod's son ; of Mendi- 
 cant, winner of the Oaks in 1846; of Blue Bonnet and 
 Newminster, winners of the St. Leger in 1842 and 185 1 ; 
 besides of many other winners, too numerous to mention 
 here. 
 
 Leaving Cotherstone and Surplice, who have not 
 earned much of a reputation at the stud, but whose 
 mares may still be useful, we must consider Touch- 
 stone's sons, Orlando and Newminster. 
 
 Orlando, a bay horse, with hind legs white, with a 
 blaze and white nose, was very good-looking ; his dam, 
 Vulture, was by Langar out of Kite, by Bustard (son of 
 Castrel) out of Olympia, by Sir Oliver, from Scotilla, by 
 Anvil, who was by Herod. Scotilla's dam was Scota, 
 by Eclipse, from Harmony, by Herod out of Rutilia, 
 
44 The English Horse. 
 
 sister to Highflyer's dam. I have given the pedigree at 
 some length, being very curious from the in-breeding of 
 Herod. Orlando is generally supposed to have had very 
 little of the Darley Arabian blood, which, however, is a 
 very erroneous opinion, when it is remembered that his 
 sire came from the Darley Arabian through sire and 
 dam in direct male descent, besides by various other 
 strains, and although his dam Vulture belonged to 
 another family, yet in looking through the names of her 
 progenitors we find animals tracing back to Flying 
 Childers. 
 
 From among others he was the sire of Fazzoletto, 
 Fitz-Roland, and Diophantus, winners of the Two Thou- 
 sand Guineas ; of Imperieuse, winner of the One Thou- 
 sand Guineas and St. Leger ; of Teddington, the winner 
 of the Derby, 185 1. Of all his sons Teddington was the 
 most distinguished. He was a chestnut with a blaze, 
 and a fore and hind leg white, both on the same side ; 
 he was fast, game, honest, and stout, and was one of the 
 best examples of modern days of speed and stoutness 
 combined ; he was an excellent racehorse, won the Derby 
 in 1 85 1, the Doncaster Cup in 1852, and the Emperor's 
 Plate at Ascot in 1853, beating Stockwell with great 
 gameness ; he has often been described as a short horse 
 on a high leg ; it is said he measured in girth. only 63in. 
 when he stripped for the Derby. The last time I saw 
 him was in 1854, when he stood at Theobald's Park, 
 Enfield. He appeared to me to be a very handsome 
 horse, not more than 15 hands i inch high, with a blood- 
 
Marsyas and Nezvmmster. 45 
 
 like head and eye and blood-like appearance generally, 
 with a strong back, and very powerful quarters, which 
 reached well forward into his middle piece, nor did he 
 seem to me to be deficient in length ; he looked as if a 
 great stud career was before him, but his success was 
 not very great, and his fame will rest on his own Turf 
 performances only, I am afraid. 
 
 Orlando was also the sire of Marsyas, a finely-bred 
 horse, his dam was Malibran by Whisker, and of Cheva- 
 lier d'Industrie, whose dam was Industry (winner of the 
 Oaks), by Priam. Teddington's dam was Miss Twicken- 
 ham, by Rockingham, her dam Electress, by Election, 
 son of Gohanna. 
 
 Newminster, a son of Touchstone and the celebrated 
 Beeswing, being a delicate horse, was difficult to train, 
 and ran, I believe, quite big for the St. Leger, which he 
 won in 185 i. He was a dark bay horse, without white. 
 The young Newminsters have been chestnut, bay, brown, 
 and grey, some large and some small. His dam. Bees- 
 wing, was by the evergreen Doctor Syntax, son of Pay- 
 nator, grandson of Conductor ; Doctor Syntax's dam was 
 by Beningbrough, grandson of Eclipse ; Beeswing's dam 
 was by Ardrossan, by John Bull, son of Fortitude, who 
 was by Herod, from a Snap mare. His son Musjid won 
 the Derby in 1859, and Hermit in \%6y, whose dam is 
 Seclusion by Tadmor. His son. Lord Clifden, won the 
 St. Leger in 1863, his dam The Slave, by Melbourne, 
 her dam Volley, by Voltaire, from Martha Lynn, by 
 Mulatto. Then there are his sons, Newcastle, Strath- 
 
46 The English Horse. 
 
 conan, Vespasian, and Adventurer, foaled in 1859, whose 
 dam, Palma, was by Emilius, from Francesca, by Par- 
 tizan out of a mare, by Orville (the sire of Emilius). 
 
 Adventurer has already made himself known, being 
 the sire of Pretender, winner of the Derby in 1869. 
 There are other descendants of both Orlando and New- 
 minster who may still make themselves names at the 
 stud. Before leaving the Touchstone line, although it 
 would occupy too much space to dilate upon all his 
 descendants, I think it only fit to mention his grand- 
 son, Dundee, who, after a very bad break down, ran 
 second to Kettledrum for the Derby in 1861 on three 
 legs. He was a very nice-looking horse, with fine quar- 
 ters, and is a good horse to look at from behind ; his 
 shoulders have a good slope, but a little heavy at the 
 points. 
 
 Defence, a brown horse, foaled in 1824, is the next 
 son of Whalebone who must come under our notice. 
 His dam was Defiance, by Rubens. His blood is as 
 scarce as it is good, and until lately was chiefly repre- 
 sented through his daughters. His daughter Deception 
 won the Oaks in 1839. ^^s mares seemed to have 
 mated well with horses of the Partisan line. He was 
 the sire, Southdown and Defenceless the dams, of 
 Alarm and Caractacus, also of Fortress, the dam of 
 Pyrrhus the First. He was also the sire of The Em- 
 peror, a chestnut horse, foaled in 1841, winner of the 
 Ascot Cup in 1844, and of the Emperor's Plate (Ascot) 
 in 1845 ; his dam was by Reveller, and her dam. De- 
 sign (own sister to Dangerous, winner of the Derby in 
 
The Emperoi'. 47 
 
 1833), was by Tramp out of Defiance, by Rubens ; 
 here is breeding back to the same mare — Defiance was 
 the dam of Defence, sire of The Emperor. Tramp, the 
 sire of The Emperor's maternal granddam, Design, was 
 the great-grandson of EcHpse, as Defence was great- 
 great-grandson of EcHpse. Moreover, the dam of Ru- 
 bens (sire of Defiance), as has been shown before, was 
 by Alexander, a son of Eclipse ; so that there is much 
 in-breeding to the Darley Arabian through Eclipse ; but 
 the pedigree of Defiance, paternal grandmother and 
 maternal great-grandmother of The Emperor, goes back 
 to Magnolia, by Marske, great-grandson of the Darley 
 Arabian ; and her great-granddam was Ebony, a 
 daughter of Flying Childers, son of the Darley Ara- 
 bian. This pedigree may be a little tedious and intri- 
 cate, but it will show how that The Emperor, a great- 
 grandson in male descent of Waxy, traced' back to the 
 Darley Arabian through most, if not all, of the female 
 descents. Defence was the sire of Safeguard, foaled in 
 1841, of Grace Darling (the dam of Hero), and of Sister 
 to -^gis, the dam of Andover, winner of the Derby, 
 
 1854. 
 
 I presume The Emperor was but lightly esteemed in 
 this country, and therefore allowed to go to France, 
 where he, as many others have, turned out a trump-card. 
 He is the accepted grandsire of Gladiateur, whose dam 
 was Miss Gladiator, a daughter of Gladiator by Parti- 
 san, another of the expatriated horses. Miss Gladia- 
 tor's dam was Taffrail, by Sheet Anchor, Taffi'ail's dam 
 The Warwick mare, by Merman (son of Whalebone), 
 
48 The English Horse. 
 
 from a mare by Ardrossan, her dam Shepherdess, by 
 Shuttle. 
 
 Gladiateur, a bay horse, standing about i6 hands i^ 
 inch, with quite a French pedigree, but from some of 
 the best blood in England, was the first horse bred 
 abroad who won the Epsom Derby. That he was a 
 remarkable horse and a first-class racer few could be 
 found to deny ; but although possessing some splendid 
 points, that he has not that true and perfect symmetry 
 that would be desirable in a first-rate performer and 
 stud horse, is equally certain, I do not wish to cavil at 
 or even find fault with a really first-class horse because 
 he may not possess that symmetry which would be 
 thoroughly pleasing to the eye ; but at the same time, 
 had he been of truer shape, I have no doubt he would 
 have been equally good in a smaller compass, and that 
 with less of wear and tear and expenditure of power. 
 He might be classed with that fine specimen of a race- 
 horse. Bay Middleton. His head, eye, neck, and shoul- 
 ders are truly grand ; his legs are not first-rate, nor are 
 his quarters, to say the least, the handsomest. That he 
 will be a stud success I both hope and expect ; and to 
 make use of his blood to the fullest extent, and pre- 
 eminently that of his great-grandsire. Defence, I would 
 select for him certain mares whose dams were by De- 
 fence, or by horses whose dams were by Defence — such 
 as mares by Alarm and by Andovcr (if they could be 
 obtained), by Pyrrhus the First, and by Caractacus. 
 Thus, as in former days, by breeding from mares whose 
 sires were from mares by sons of Flying Childers, such 
 
Gladiateiir. 49 
 
 as Blaze, Snip, and his son Snap, the Darley Arabian 
 blood was brought back, and to a very great extent 
 confirmed in Waxy ; so would the Defence blood be 
 concentrated in horses so bred. 
 
 As in the days of Waxy, it was not the engrafting 
 the stock, or rather blood, of the Byerly Turk upon the 
 stem of the Darley Arabian through Bartlet's Childers, 
 but the getting back and concentrating that which had 
 made the Turk's line truly valuable — namely, the blood 
 of the Darley Arabian — which, as has been shown, was 
 so strongly infused into the Turk's family through 
 Flying Childers, which proved so great a success in 
 Waxy. 
 
 So in the case of mating the before-mentioned mares 
 with Gladiateur should we be confirming, perhaps, the 
 best family of the Darley Arabian line. Daughters of 
 Old Defenceless and any mares that there may be by 
 Old England, whose dam Fortress was by Defence, 
 would be well mated with him ; in short, I would bring 
 to bear as much Defence blood as could be procured to 
 strengthen the blood that has been so nearly lost to us, 
 but which has fortunately been restored to some extent 
 by Gladiateur. 
 
 Gladiateur shows much of the character of his maternal 
 grandsire. Gladiator ; he has the eye of the family, which 
 is also to be particularly noticed in the mares Vesuvienne 
 and Harriott. This feature has doubtless resulted from 
 the frequent infusion of the Darley Arabian's blood, 
 particularly through Waxy. 
 
 Before leaving the Defence family I think a few words 
 
 E 
 
50 The English Horse. 
 
 may be devoted to Safeguard. His dam was by Selim 
 from Euryone, who was by Witchcraft from Fair Ellen 
 (the dam of Lilias, winner of the Oaks). Fair Ellen was 
 by a horse styled The Wellesley Grey Arab, out of Maria, 
 by Highflyer. Owing to his blindness, and perhaps also 
 to the prejudice against the infusion of Eastern blood 
 he had derived from his great-granddam, Fair Ellen, 
 daughter of The Wellesley Grey Arab, notwithstanding 
 she was the dam of an Oaks winner, Safeguard was not 
 much patronised by first-class mares, and from the same 
 source, the more recent infusion of Eastern blood, may 
 be attributed his other unexceptionable qualities, won- 
 derful constitution, and the extraordinary goodness of 
 his feet and legs. There may not be any of his mares 
 left now, but some of his granddaughters might make 
 a great hit with Gladiateur if any one would venture the 
 attempt 
 
 The Wellesley Arab was an Eastern horse, but the 
 Stud Book says evidently he was not an Arabian. It 
 would be interesting to know from whence he was ob- 
 tained and his antecedents before he was brought to 
 this country. 
 
 Sir Hercules was a handsome black horse, foaled in 
 1826 ; in the autumn of the year I have heard he might 
 have been called almost grey, from some grey hairs 
 either becoming more numerous or more visible. He 
 heads a very distinguished branch of the Whalebone 
 family. He ran third for the St. Leger in 1829, Rowton 
 and Voltaire having been first and second. His dam 
 was Peri, by Wanderer, her dam Thalestris, a black 
 
Sir Hercules. 5 1 
 
 mare, by Alexander (son of Eclipse) ; and Goldfinder, 
 by Snap (grandson of Flying Childers), appears as one 
 of her ancestors. Wanderer was by Gohanna, a grand- 
 son of Eclipse. 
 
 The pedigree of Sir Hercules shows considerable in- 
 breeding to the Darley Arabian in direct male descent 
 through both sire and dam ; his sire and his dam's sire 
 were both great-grandsons of Eclipse. 
 
 Sir Hercules was the sire of Coronation, winner of the 
 Derby in 1841, a very fine horse ; of Faugh a Ballagh, 
 winner of the St. Leger in 1 844, a horse of high courage, 
 fine temper, and great power ; he also won the Cesare- 
 witch Stakes at Newmarket, beating a large field, carry- 
 ing as a three-year-old 8st, The Emperor, /st 131b, the 
 same age, running fourth to him, but was in his turn 
 beaten by The Emperor the next year at Ascot for the 
 Emperor's Plate. He was a dark brown in colour, was 
 sent to France, and became the sire of Fille de I'Air. 
 
 Sir Hercules is principally known through his son 
 Birdcatcher, commonly called Irish Birdcatcher, foaled 
 in 1833, and own brother to Faugh a Ballagh; 
 their dam Guiccoli was by Bob Booty, by Chanticleer, 
 from a daughter of Eclipse. Bob Booty's dam, lerne, 
 has a curious pedigree, but of too great a length to be 
 inserted here. It contains the names of such horses as 
 Traveller, Hartley's Blind Horse, Barley's Arabian, Go- 
 dolphin Arab, Partner, Bay Bolton, Justice, Ringtail 
 Galloway, Litton Arab, Curwen's Bay barb, Hip, and 
 sister to Piping Peg. Irish Birdcatcher was the sire 
 of one Derby winner, Daniel O'Rourke, in 1852, who 
 
 K 2 
 
52 The English Horse. 
 
 defeated Stockwell, grandson of Birdcatcher; of one 
 Oaks winner, Songstress, in 1852 ; of three St. Leger 
 winners: The Baron in 1845, Knight of St. George in 
 1854, Warlock in 1856. He was the sire of Saunterer, 
 a black horse of great merit. For some time the latter 
 was abroad, but was purchased by Mr. Blenkiron, and 
 so restored to this country. He is the sire of Gamos, 
 winner of the Oaks, with a good chance of making 
 himself a stud reputation. 
 
 Birdcatcher was a chestnut horse ; his stock had 
 generally the reputation of being smart, light, and 
 active, a trifle small and short, but I have seen some 
 Birdcatchers of almost gigantic size. Nor should I say 
 they were all systematically blood-like in appearance. 
 Some show much quality ; in others I have seen points 
 of quite a different character. The pedigree of his dam 
 shows, I think, more than the usual amount of indifferent 
 breeding, although mixed with good strains, which may 
 account for the conflicting appearances seen in his stock. 
 His son. The Baron, winner of the St. Leger in 1845, 
 has chiefly made him famous ; he was a dark chestnut 
 horse, with a star, a white spot at the muzzle — I think 
 the off nostril — near hind foot white. He had a bony, 
 prominent head, very fine shoulders, short back, and his 
 quarters drooping a little to the setting-on of the tail, 
 but his thighs were well let down. He won the Cesare- 
 witch Stakes the same year, but he was defeated in the 
 Cambridgeshire by Alarm, a horse of the same age, 
 The Baron carrying 7st 81b, the latter /st 91b. The 
 next year The Baron did not win a single race, and was 
 
Stockwell and Blair Athol. 53 
 
 again beaten by Alarm for the Emperor's Plate at 
 Ascot. In 1847 he went to the stud, and was located 
 at Stockwell. His dam, Echidna, was by Economist, 
 son of Whisker, son of Waxy ; her dam, Miss Pratt, 
 was by Blacklock, from Gadabout, by Orville, from 
 Minstrel, by Sir Peter. Here is in-breeding to some 
 extent to Waxy. Echidna and Birdcatcher were grand- 
 son and daughter of the own brothers. Whalebone and 
 Whisker, sons of Waxy. The Baron, through sire and 
 dam, was great-grandson of Waxy. The Baron was 
 the sire of Stockwell and Rataplan, both chestnuts. 
 Their dam, Pocahontas, was by Glencoe, son of Sultan ; 
 her dam, Marpessa, by Muley, son of Orville ; her dam, 
 Clare, by Marmion out of Harpalice, by Gohanna. 
 Stockwell, who has been termed the * Emperor of 
 Stallions,' was foaled in 1849. Won the Two Thousand 
 Guineas in 1852, was beaten by Daniel O'Rourke for 
 the Derby, but won the St. Leger, Daniel running 
 third. He is the sire of far too numerous a progeny 
 to mention here ; among them were two Derby winners, 
 and the winners of six St. Legers : Blair Athol, winner 
 of both events ; Lord Lyon, also a double winner ; St. 
 Albans, Caller Ou, The Marquis, and Achievement, 
 winners of the St. Leger. 
 
 Blair Athol, a chestnut with a white face. His dam 
 was the celebrated Blink Bonny, by Melbourne out of 
 the no less distinguished Queen Mary, by Gladiator. 
 Being now at the stud, and to be seen at any time, stock 
 can be taken of him, and his performances are too 
 recent to need to be recapitulated. The way in which 
 
54 The English Horse. 
 
 he and General Peel came away from their horses in the 
 Derby of 1864 must be still fresh in the memory of 
 most. St. Albans' dam was Bribery, by The Libel. 
 Caller Ou's dam was Haricot, whose sire was Mango or 
 Lanercost, her dam Queen Mary, by Gladiator. The 
 Marquis was a bay horse out of Cinizelli, by Touch- 
 stone, from Brocade, by Pantaloon. Lord Lyon, a bay, 
 and Achievement brown (own brother and sister), their 
 dam Paradigm, by Paragone (a son of Touchstone), her 
 dam Ellen Home, by Redshank out of Delhi, by Pleni- 
 potentiary, are perhaps bred more directly back to Eclipse 
 than any of the others ; and though their dam may not 
 be so illustrious as Blair Athol's, the strains they in- 
 herit through her from Catton, Emilius, and Touchstone 
 cannot but be valuable ; and I am inclined to think if 
 Blair Athol may be generally considered the best repre- 
 sentative of his sire, the breeding of Lord Lyon is the 
 more perfect. The Stockwell and Touchstone cross, as 
 it is termed, has become almost a proverb, but Beads- 
 man would appear to be an appropriate sire for Stock- 
 well mares. Birdcatcher was also the sire of the grey 
 horse Chanticleer, the sire of Sunbeam (winner of the St. 
 Leger, 1858). This brings us to the end of the Sir Her- 
 cules family, and a few words about Whisker must close 
 the review of the Darley Arabian line through PotSos. 
 
 Whisker (own brother to Whalebone) was the sire of 
 Economist, the sire of Harkaway, who was the sire of 
 King Tom,' from Stock well's dam, Pocahontas, several 
 of whose mares have been good performers, although, 
 
 ' Kingcraft, son of King Tom, won the Derby, 1S70. 
 
Kmg Fergus and his Descendants, 5 5 
 
 with rare exceptions, his sons have not been so success- 
 ful. Whisker was also the sire of The Colonel, whose ■ 
 son, Chatham, was the sire of the celebrated Governess. 
 
 King Fergus, a chestnut horse, foaled in 1775, is the 
 second son of Eclipse it was proposed to notice. His 
 two sons, Hambletonian and Beningbrough, are the 
 fathers of two families we shall consider. From the 
 former came the Blacklocks ; the latter was the ancestor 
 of Emilius, Priam, and Plenipotentiary. Three of his 
 sons were winners of the St. Leger — Young Traveller, 
 Beningbrough, and Hambletonian. 
 
 The dam of King Fergus was Tuting's Polly, by 
 Black-and-all-Black out of his Fanny, by Tartar, from a 
 mare by Old Starling, from a Flying Childers mare. 
 Black-and-all-Black was by Crab, son of Alcock Arabian, 
 from Miss Slammerkin. 
 
 Beningbrough, winner of the St. Leger in 1 794, was a 
 bay horse, from a Herod mare. He was the sire of two 
 Oaks winners, Briseis and Oriana, and his son, Orville, 
 won the St. Leger in 1802. Orville was a bay horse, 
 his dam was Evelina, by Highflyer. His sons, Octavius 
 and Emilius, were winners of the Derby, and Ebor of 
 the St. Leger in 1817. He was also the sire of Muley, 
 whose son. Little Wonder, carried off the Derby in 
 1840; his daughter, Vespa, the Oaks in 1833 ; and his 
 son. Margrave, the St. Leger, in 1832. His son, Muley 
 Moloch, was the sire of that beautiful and truly famous 
 mare, Alice Hawthorn, She was bred back to the 
 Darley Arabian to a very great extent ; her sire was a 
 direct male descendant through King Fergus and Eclipse, 
 
56 The English Horse. 
 
 and Nancy, the dam of Muley Moloch, her sire was by 
 Dick Andrews, a grandson in male descent of Eclipse, 
 and her dam, Rebecca, was the offspring of collateral 
 lines from the Darley Arabian in both male and female 
 descents. The sire of Rebecca was Lottery, who was 
 by Tramp, great-grandson of Eclipse, from the cele- 
 brated Mandane, a daughter of PotSos, son of Eclipse. 
 Rebecca's dam was by Cervantes (son of Don Quixote, 
 who was a grandson of Eclipse), from Anticipation, by 
 Beningbrough, the head of the branch of the King Fer- 
 gus family we are now considering, and grandson of 
 Eclipse. The breeding of these two mares, mother and 
 daughter, is perhaps as perfect as anything that we may 
 find since the days of the Childers. 
 
 Little Wonder was a brilliant bay in colour, and 
 stood 14 hands 3 inches in height. He was a good and 
 game little horse, and is one of the examples that occa- 
 sionally occur which prove that speed, stride, and power 
 are not altogether consequent upon height, size, and 
 apparent length. The Derby of 1840 seems to have 
 been a very true run race. They got away at an excel- 
 lent pace, Little Wonder lying about seventh. After 
 going half a mile the running was taken up by the 
 Melody colt, Launcelot second. Little Wonder sixth. 
 In going round the turn Little Wonder took his place at 
 Launcelot's quarters, and these three were all that were 
 left in the race ; the others were beaten off. At the dis- 
 tance it was all up with the Melody colt, and Little 
 Wonder challenged the 'crack' Launcelot, headed him 
 in a few yards, was half a length ahead of him before 
 
Emilhts and Priam. 5 7 
 
 they reached the Stand, and was a clever winner by a 
 length. It must be remembered that Launcelot, who 
 was the St. Leger winner of the year, was a horse of 
 great speed. Little Wonder was nicely bred, but not 
 nearly so perfect in that respect as Rebecca and Alice 
 Hawthorn. 
 
 We must now return to Emilius (son of Orville), win- 
 ner of the Derby in 1823. He was a bay horse; his 
 dam, Emily, was by Stamford, by Sir Peter ; her dam 
 has not a very excellent pedigree, but Stamford's dam, 
 Horatio, was by Eclipse — I think the only return to the 
 Darley Arabian blood, but it goes by to Rib, the Wynn 
 Arabian and Alcock Arabian — yet Sir Peter, Stamford's 
 sire, has several strains of that blood ; his dam, Papillon, 
 was by Snap, great-grandson of the Darley Arabian. 
 He was a very fine horse, stood about 15 hands 2 inches 
 in height, and was considered of almost faultless sym- 
 metry. I believe he was also conspicuous for the size 
 or depth of his back ribs, which point Mango also pos- 
 sessed. His sons, Priam and Plenipotentiary, were 
 Derby winners ; his daughter, Oxygen, a winner of the 
 Oaks ; and Mango, his son, won the St. Leger in 1837. 
 
 Priam, foaled in 1827, a bay horse from Cressida, 
 sister to Eleanor, by Whiskey, has been described as a 
 fine horse to stand up against, but narrow and light ; 
 however, he had fine action. His daughters, Miss Letty, 
 Industry, and Crucifix, were winners of the Oaks. 
 
 Perhaps he is more distinguished as the sire of Crucifix 
 than by anything else. She was the winner of both the 
 Two Thousand and One Thousand Guineas, and the 
 
58 TJic English Ho7'se. 
 
 Oaks ; her dam Octaviana, by Octavian, her dam by 
 Shuttle out of Zara, by Delpini from Flora, by King 
 Fergus. Her pedigree goes back to the Darley Arabian, 
 through Shuttle, who was by Young Marske (son of 
 Marske, great-grandson of the Darley Arabian, and 
 through his dam the Vauxhall Snap mare). Vauxhall 
 Snap was by Snap, grandson of Flying Childers, and 
 again through King Fergus, the head of the line from 
 Eclipse we are now reviewing. Crucifix was the dam of 
 Cowl, by Bay Middleton, Crozier by Lanercost, and 
 Surplice by Touchstone. 
 
 Plenipotentiary, winner of the Derby in 1834, was a 
 rich chestnut horse, a little over 1 5 hands 2 inches ; he 
 was a large horse, of great muscular development, and 
 carried plenty of flesh ; he won the Derby without the 
 shadow of a struggle, and was considered one of the 
 most magnificent horses ever seen on a racecourse. 
 Poison, a filly of his, won the Oaks in 1843. As a sire 
 he does not appear to have answered the expectations 
 that his appearance might have warranted. In his pedi- 
 gree the blood of the Byerly Turk, the Darley Arabian, 
 and of the Godolphin Arab or Barb would appear to 
 have been pretty equally distributed. 
 
 We now return to Hambletonian, winner of the St. 
 Leger in 1795, a bay horse, his dam a Highfiyer mare, 
 her dam Monimia, by Matchem, &c. With the excep- 
 tion of the strains through Highflyer, we find no further 
 return to the Darley Arabian ; he was the sire of White- 
 lock, a bay horse from Rosalind, got by Phoenomenon, 
 her dam Atalanta, by Matchem, with no other strain 
 
Coheiress. 59 
 
 of the Darley Arabian than those through Phoenomenon, 
 by Herod and his dam Frenzy, by Echpse, and one 
 through Blank, whose dam was the Little Hartley mare, 
 by Bartlet's Childers. He was the sire of Blacklock, 
 a bay horse, foaled in 1814 ; his dam was by Coriander, 
 a son of PotSos, her dam Wildgoose, by Highflyer out 
 of Coheiress, by PotSos. Coriander's dam was Lavender, 
 by Herod from a mare by Snap out of Miss Roan, by 
 Cade from Madam, by Bloody-Buttocks, who was a 
 grey Arabian, with a red mark on his hip ; but nothing 
 further is known of him. 
 
 Coheiress, who was also by PotSos, from Manilla, by 
 Goldfinder (son of Snap) out of an Old England' mare, 
 from a mare, by the Cullen Arabian, from a mare by 
 Cade, &c. The sire of Blacklock's dam and her granddam 
 were by the same horse, PotSos. This is a curious and 
 interesting pedigree, showing a considerable amount of 
 in-breeding to the Darley Arabian, but much mingled 
 with other inferior strains. Blacklock's most memorable 
 race was four miles, at York, when he defeated Magis- 
 trate by a short head, but it finished both of them ; he 
 was a plain, coarse horse, with bad fore legs. His son. 
 Velocipede, foaled in 1S25, was a chestnut horse, his 
 dam was by Juniper, son of Whiskey (grandson of 
 Eclipse), her dam by Sorcerer, son of Trumpator of the 
 Godolphin Arabian's line out of Virgin, by Sir Peter out 
 of a mare by PotSos out of Editha, by Herod from 
 Elfrida, by Snap. He was highly esteemed by John 
 Scott, and was the sire of Amato, winner of the Derby 
 in 1838, and also of the Queen of Trumps, a slashing 
 
6o The English Horse. 
 
 brown mare, winner of the Oaks and St. Leger in 1835. 
 She had great speed, like her sire, and like him I should 
 say doubtful legs; her dam was Princess Royal, by 
 Castrel. Blacklock was also the sire of Brutandorf, sire 
 of Hetman Platofif, the sire of Cossack, winner of the 
 Derby in 1847. Brutandorfs dam was Mandane, by 
 Pot8os. Cossack, a chestnut horse, was from a Priam 
 mare. Voltaire, by Blacklock, was a brown horse, foaled 
 in 1826, and his descendants are mostly dark brown or 
 black ; his dam was a Phantom mare, and traces back to 
 Matchem ; he was the sire of Charles XII., who won the 
 St. Leger after a dead heat with Euclid, a son of Emilius, 
 and also the sire of Voltigeur, winner of the Derby and 
 St, Leger in 1850 ; the latter race was won after a dead 
 heat with Russborough ; he also won the Doncaster 
 Cup the same week, defeating the, up to that time, 
 unconquered Flying Dutchman, but he was subsequently 
 defeated by The Dutchman in a two-mile match at York. 
 His dam was Martha Lynn, by Mulatto, son of Catton 
 out of the Mercury line from Eclipse. Mulatto's dam 
 was by Orville ; there is considerable breeding back 
 to Eclipse in his pedigree. From among many others, 
 Voltigeur was the sire of Vedette, Skirmisher, and 
 Sabreur ; but, to my mind, Buckstone was his best son, 
 a bay or brown horse, foaled in France in 1859; his 
 dam was Burlesque by Touchstone, her dam. Maid of 
 Honour, by Champion out of Etiquette, by Orville, 
 which gives more breeding back to Eclipse. He ran 
 third to Caractacus for the Derby in 1862, and second 
 to The Marquis for The St. Leger. He was generally 
 
Gohanna. 6 1 
 
 considered a horse with two good ends, but deficient in 
 middle piece ; but I thought him a fine horse when he 
 ran with Tim Whiftier for the Ascot Cup, which he won 
 after a dead heat. It was a sight worth seeing in these 
 days. He was sent out to China in 1863, and died 
 there. 
 
 Voltigeur's memory and Hkeness will probably be 
 preserved, as Sir Edwin Landseer has depicted him on 
 canvas with his cat almost, if not quite, as large as life. 
 
 This must suffice for the King Fergus family, and we 
 will get back to the year 1778, when the chestnut 
 horse. Mercury, son of Eclipse, was foaled ; his dam was 
 by Tartar, great-grandson of the Byerly Turk, her dam 
 by Mogul, son of the Godolphin Arab or Barb, without 
 any return to the Darley Arabian. He was the sire of 
 Gohanna, a bay horse, foaled in 1790; his dam was a 
 Herod mare, her dam, Maiden Sister to Pumpkin, by 
 Matchem, from a mare by Squirt, her dam by Mogul 
 out of Camilla, by Bay Bolton from Old Lady, by 
 Pulleine's chestnut Arabian from a mare by Rockwood 
 from a mare by Bustler, There are strains here of the 
 Darley Arabian, through his dam by Herod and through 
 Pumpkin's dam, but there are many strains containing 
 other than Eastern blood. He was the sire of Golumpus, 
 a bay horse, foaled in 1802 ; his dam, Catherine, by 
 Woodpecker, her dam, Camilla, by Trentham. This 
 latter horse was by Sweepstakes from Miss South, her 
 dam by Cartouch out of Ebony, by Flying Childers. 
 Woodpecker and Ebony gave him some of the Darley 
 Arabian blood, but there is much of the Godolphin 
 
62 The English Horse. 
 
 Arab or Barb's, and many strains of inferior blood. He 
 was the sire of Catton, a^bay horse, foaled in 1809 ; he 
 was the first foal of Lucy Gray, whose sire was Timothy, 
 her dam Lucy, by Florizel out of Frenzy, by Eclipse. 
 Through Lucy and Florizel (son of Herod) he inherited 
 rather more of the Darley Arabian blood; Florizel's 
 dam was a daughter of Cygnet, by the Godolphin Arab 
 or Barb, from a daughter of Crab (son of Alcock's Arab), 
 from a daughter of Flying Childers ; Cygnet's dam was 
 by Cartouch, from Ebony, by Flying Childers out of 
 Old Ebony, by Basto, and Basto, one of the very few 
 horses altogether of Eastern blood ; but he was not like 
 the Childers of Arabian blood on the sire's side. Basto 
 was by the Byerly Turk out of Bay Peg, who was by 
 the Leedes Arabian out of Young Bald Peg, who was by 
 the Leedes Arabian out of Spanker's dam, which was 
 the old Morocco mare, by the Morocco Barb out of Old 
 Bald Peg, who was by an Arabian out of a Barb mare. 
 The Childers were by the Darley Arabian out of Betty 
 Leedes, who was by Careless out of Sister to Leedes, 
 who was by the Leedes Arabian, out of a mare by 
 Spanker, out of a Barb mare, which was Spanker's dam, 
 viz., the old Morocco mare, by the Morocco Barb out of 
 Bald Peg, who was by an Arabian out of a Barb mare. 
 Careless, the sire of Betty Leedes, was by Spanker out 
 of a Barb mare, and Spanker was by D'Arcy's Yellow 
 Turk out of the above old Morocco mare. Catton was 
 a stout horse, with capital legs. It will be seen besides 
 the strains of blood going back to the Darley Arabian, 
 there was very much in breeding on his dam's side 
 
Cation, Sandbeck, and Barbelle. 63 
 
 through Basto, to the Childers through their dam, Betty 
 Leedes. Catton was the sire of Mulatto (the sire of 
 Voltigeur's dam), and Mulatto was the sire of Blooms- 
 bury (winner of the Derby in 1839). Catton was the 
 sire of Mundig, out of Emma, by Whisker, winner of the 
 Derby, 1835, a horse with splendid action, especially 
 when he got well into his stride ; of Tarrare, winner of 
 the St. Leger, 1826 ; of Royal Oak, who was the sire of 
 Slane, who was the sire of that fine-looking horse Merry 
 Monarch, winner of the Derby, 1845 ; and of Princess, 
 winner of the Oaks, 1 844. Slane himself ran fourth for 
 the Derby, 1836, won by Bay Middleton, Gladiator and 
 Venison being second and third. He was a rich bay in 
 colour, and was the sire of Queen Anne, the dam of 
 Kingston ; his dam was an Orville mare, and strained 
 back to King Fergus and Marske through Alexina, 
 the granddam of the Orville mare. Slane was sold 
 and went abroad. Catton was also the sire of Sand- 
 beck, a bay horse, foaled in 18 18, his dam was 
 OrviUina, sister to Orville. Sandbeck was the sire 
 of Barbelle, the dam of Van Tromp and The Flying 
 Dutchman. There is considerable breeding back to 
 Darley Arabian both in Sandbeck and in Barbelle, whose 
 dam, Darioletta, was by Amadis, son of Don Quixote 
 (brother to Alexander), by Eclipse ; and her dam Selima 
 was out of a mare by Pot8os (by Eclipse) from Editha, 
 by Herod out of Elfrida, by Snap, great-grandson of the 
 Darley Arabian. She had springy, elastic action, which 
 was bequeathed to her son. The Flying Dutchman, and 
 to several of his sons, certainly no small recommendation 
 
64 The English Horse. 
 
 to racing stock. The line from the Darley Arabian will 
 be lastly traced through Joe Andrews. 
 
 The fourth and last son of Eclipse whose descendants 
 we shall trace is Joe Andrews (at first called Dennis O !), 
 a bay horse. His dam was Amaranda, by Omnium ; 
 her dam Cloudy, by Blank out of Fancy, a grey mare 
 by Crab (son of Alcock's Arab) ; her dam Spinster (the 
 Widdrington mare), who was by Partner out of bay 
 Bloody-Buttocks, by the Arab Bloody-Buttocks. Om- 
 nium, sire of Amaranda, was by Snap, great-grandson of 
 the Darley Arabian from Miss Cade ; her dam by Part- 
 ner out of a mare by Makeless (son of the Oglethorpe 
 Arabian and a mare by Brimmer, son of D'Arcy's Yellow 
 Turk and a Royal mare) out of a mare by Place's White 
 Turk, out of a mare by Dodsworth out of the Layton 
 Barb mare. 
 
 Besides being in direct male descent from the Darley 
 Arabian, Joe Andrews got two other strains of that 
 blood, one through Omnium, the other through Cloudy, 
 whose dam was the Little Hartley mare by Bartlet's 
 Childers. There are numerous other strains of Eastern 
 blood, with perhaps fewer flaws than is usually the case. 
 
 Dick Andrews, his son (foaled in 1794), was a bay 
 horse ; his dam a Highflyer mare ; her dam by Cardinal 
 Puff out of a mare by Tatler out of Bay Snip, by Snip 
 (son of Flying Childers), out of a mare by the Godol- 
 phin Arab or Barb, out of Frampton's Whiteneck, full 
 sister to the Mixbury Galloway. Cardinal Pufl", a grey 
 horse, was by Babraham out of a mare by Snip ; her 
 dam Lady Thigh, by Partner out of a mare by Bloody- 
 
Tramp. 65 
 
 Buttocks (own sister to the dam of the Widdrington 
 mare). Tatler was by Blank out of a mare by Partner 
 out of Bonny Lass, by Bolton from a Darley Arabian 
 mare. This pedigree shows in-breeding to the Arab 
 Bloody-Buttocks, and some strains of the Darley Ara- 
 bian, with several of the Godolphin Arab's and Byerly 
 Turk's blood, but prior to the infusions of the Darley 
 Arabian blood into the Byerly Turk's line, which it is 
 believed so greatly enhanced its value. 
 
 Tramp, son of Dick Andrews, a bay horse, foaled in 
 1 8 10; his dam a Gohanna mare from Fraxinella, by 
 Trentham from a Woodpecker mare out of Everlasting, 
 who was by Eclipse out of Hyaena, by Snap (great- 
 grandson of the Darley Arabian), thus straining back to 
 Eclipse through Gohanna and Everlasting, and to the 
 Darley Arabian through Hyaena, with the additional 
 strains he would get from Woodpecker, through his sire's, 
 Herod, dam. Tramp was the sire of two winners of 
 the Derby, St. Giles in 1832, and Dangerous in 1833; of 
 one St. Leger winner. Barefoot, in 1823. He was also 
 the sire of Lottery and Liverpool ; the latter horse was 
 the sire of Lanercost. Tramp has been described as a 
 narrow horse, but with years he came very large of 
 bone. 
 
 The dam of Liverpool was by Whisker out of Man- 
 dane, by PotSos out of Young Camilla, by Woodpecker. 
 Lanercost's dam was Otis, by Bustard (son of Buzzard) 
 out of a mare by Election. He was a gross and slug- 
 gish horse ; won the Cambridgeshire in 1839, Newcastle 
 Cup in 1840, the Ascot Cup in 1841. He was the sire 
 
 F 
 
66 The Eno-lisk Horse. 
 
 i> 
 
 of Van Tromp, the winner of the St. Leger 1847; of 
 Catharine Hayes, winner of the Oaks 1853 ; of Loup- 
 Garou, and Beauty the dam of Nutbush. His success 
 at the stud was hardly so great as was expected ; per- 
 haps he was at first too freely used — not an unfrequent 
 occurrence. As a racer I question if he could be con- 
 sidered first-rate, although he was a stout horse, which 
 may have been owing to his infirmity, for he was tender- 
 footed, and perhaps too ponderous for his legs. Laner- 
 cost was the sire of Ellerdale, who was the dam of 
 Ellington (son of The Flying Dutchman), winner of the 
 Derby 1856; and Ellermire, her daughter by Chanti- 
 cleer, was the dam of Elland by Rataplan ; and Liverpool 
 was the sire of Espoir, the dam of the Oaks winner, 
 Brown Duchess. Colsterdale, a son of Lanercost, who 
 was at one time thought very highly of, has left a good 
 horse to the credit of the Lanercost line, namely. Little 
 Lecturer, whose dam Algebra was by Mathematician. 
 
 Lotter}^, by Tramp, a brown horse, foaled in 1820, 
 was the winner of the Doncaster Cup in 1825, perhaps 
 his best race. His dam was Mandane by PotSos. He 
 was the sire of Sheet Anchor, a brown horse, foaled in 
 1832. His dam was Morgiana, by Muley (son of Orville) 
 from a mare by Sorcerer. 
 
 Weatherbit, his son, was a bay, or rather, I should 
 say, a brown horse, foaled in 1842. His dam was Miss 
 Letty, winner of the Oaks in 1837, a daughter of Priam; 
 her dam by Orville from a mare by Buzzard out of 
 Hornpipe, by Trumpator, out of Luna, by Herod ; her 
 dam, Proserpine, own sister to Eclipse. There is very 
 
Beadsman. 67 
 
 considerable in-breeding to the Darley Arabian. The 
 sire and dam of Weatherbit's sire, and the sire and dam 
 of Miss Letty, his dam, are all descendants in male 
 descent of sons of Eclipse. The coarseness that existed 
 in many of his progenitors in the male line was npt seen 
 in him. Even when old and infirm he was a very good- 
 looking horse, with a level top and high quarters, good 
 hocks, and well-shaped and well-placed hind legs. He 
 has left several sons. From among them, Bel Demonio, 
 from a Birdcatcher mare ; Bismark, also from a Bird- 
 catcher mare ; Brown Bread, from a West Australian 
 mare ; Jupiter, from Athena Pallas ; Mandrake, from a 
 mare by Rataplan. And he was also the sire of Beads- 
 man, whose name would have been more properly writ- 
 ten Bedesman. 
 
 Beadsman,* winner of the Derby, 1858, is a brown 
 horse ; his dam Mendicant (winner of the Oaks, 1 846), 
 by Touchstone ; her dam Lady Moore Carew, by Tramp 
 out of Kite, by Bustard (son of Castrel), her dam 
 Olympia, by Sir Oliver (son of Sir Peter) out of Scotilla, 
 by Anvil, from Scota, a daughter of Eclipse. Through 
 his dam. Beadsman is in-bred to his paternal ancestor 
 Tramp, and there is very much breeding back to the 
 Darley Arabian on both sides of his pedigree, and 
 although there are several strains of the blood of the 
 Byerly Turk's line, yet they also contain much of the 
 Darley Arabian blood. Bustard's dam, Miss Hap, was 
 by Shuttle, by Young Marske (whose sire Marske was 
 great-grandson of the Darley Arabian), out of the 
 
 ' Since dead. 
 F 2 
 
68 The Ens'lish Horse. 
 
 '^>' 
 
 Vauxhall Snap mare, by Vauxhall Snap, whose sire 
 Snap was great-grandson of the Darley Arabian. The 
 dam of Miss Hap was sister to Haphazard, who was by 
 Sir Peter, from an Ech'pse mare, and Sir Peter's dam 
 was Papillon, by Snap. Anvil has two strains of the 
 Darley Arabian, besides those through the dam of his 
 sire Herod, and both through P'lying Childers. Again, 
 the dam of Castrel (sire of Bustard and grandsire of 
 Kite) was the Alexander mare, whose sire was by 
 Eclipse. On the whole, Beadsman is certainly a blood- 
 like looking horse, and had fine action. He is the sire 
 of Blue Gown and Pero Gomez. 
 
 Blue Gown (son of Beadsman and Bas Bleu), winner of 
 the Derby, 1868, is a bay horse. Perhaps not particularly 
 taking in his slower paces, but a fine mover when at 
 speed, he must be considered as a remarkably well- 
 bred horse. We have seen that his progenitors for 
 five generations were bred back to the Darley Arabian 
 by several collateral lines in male descent. Thus 
 Beadsman sprang from a union of the Joe Andrews 
 and Waxy lines ; his sire Weatherbit from a com- 
 bination of the blood from Joe Andrews and King 
 Fergus, his grandsire Sheet Anchor also from the Joe 
 Andrews and King Fergus lines ; his great-grandsire 
 Lottery from a union of the lines from Joe Andrews and 
 Waxy ; and in some instances the dams of several of 
 these horses were themselves bred on both sides of their 
 pedigree from collateral and identical lines from the 
 Darley Arabian. For instance, Miss Letty, the dam of 
 Weatherbit, was the offspring of a horse and mare in 
 
Blue Gown. 69 
 
 direct male descent from King Fergus through Orv^ille ; 
 and Mendicant, Beadsman's dam, on her sire's side came 
 from the collateral line from Waxy, and on the side 
 of her dam from the identical line from which her son 
 was descended in male descent, which was that from 
 Joe Andrews ; Tramp being great-grandsire of Weather- 
 bit and maternal grandsire of Mendicant. The in- 
 breeding and breeding back were further prosecuted in 
 Blue Gown. From his sire he inherited strains of the 
 Darley Arabian blood through Joe Andrews, King Fer- 
 gus, PotSos, and Waxy, and through his dam he got a 
 double infusion of the same blood (the Darley Arabian's) 
 through two collateral branches of the Waxy family, she 
 being the offspring of a descendant of Sir Hercules on 
 her sire's side, and a descendant of Camel on the side of 
 her dam ; Sir Hercules and Camel being both grandsons 
 of Waxy. Bas Bleu, the dam of Blue Gown, was a bay 
 mare by Stockwell from Vexation, by Touchstone out 
 of Vat, by Langar out of Wire (sister to Whalebone), a 
 daughter of Waxy, and Touchstone's dam was by Master 
 Henry, son of Orville; which gives two other additional 
 strains from the Darley Arabian in direct male descent. 
 In addition to his being so finely bred a horse, I think 
 it will be generally allowed he was a good racer ; and 
 although neither his owner nor his trainer, so it has been 
 reported, thought very highly of him, and preferred his 
 half-brother, Rosicrucian, yet his jockey had formed 
 quite a different opinion, and stuck to him through good 
 and evil report ; for myself, I think Blue Gown had all 
 the appearance of a racehorse, and the other was only 
 a handsome coach horse in comparison. 
 
■Q The Ens^lish Horse. 
 
 'i> ' 
 
 Pero Gomez, by Beadsman, ran second to Pretender 
 for the Derby, 1869, and carried off the St. Leger ; his 
 dam Salamanca was by Student ; her dam Bravery, by 
 Gameboy out of Ennui, by Bay Middleton. This horse 
 is to a certain extent similarly bred to his half-brother 
 Blue Gown, but the breeding is not so perfect, the breed- 
 ing back not so continuous ; and although he pos- 
 sessed through his dam several strains of the Darley 
 Arabian blood, the pedigree is, as it were, more broken 
 up Student, the sire of Salamanca, is descended from 
 Waxy through Chatham and The Colonel, and Student's 
 dam, the Laurel mare, was from Plight by Velocipede 
 (son of Blacklock), and Laurel was by Blacklock out of 
 a mare by Prime Minister (son of Sancho, grandson of 
 Eclipse) out of an Orville mare. It must have been 
 most gratifying to the owner of Beadsm.an to have bred 
 and possessed in two successive years two such horses as 
 Blue Gown and Pero Gomez. I consider the former as 
 far superior, and likely to be the better horse at the 
 stud ; and, as is not unusual, the more valuable blood 
 has gone abroad, perhaps to be repurchased at some 
 future time for this country ; but such opportunities can- 
 not always be counted upon. 
 
 We have now considered the descendants of the four 
 sons of Eclipse, who have been principally concerned in 
 handing down the blood of the Darley Arabian. In the 
 earlier stages there was very little breeding back to the 
 founder of the line, and the horses would appear, in most 
 instances, to have possessed very considerable coarseness 
 in appearance ; but as soon as any amount of breeding 
 
Breeding back to the Darley Arabian. 71 
 
 back to the Darley Arabian had taken place, improve- 
 ment in both forvi and appearance was discernible. In 
 the line through PotSos, the blood was returned to, and 
 confirmed to a great extent in Waxy. And we have 
 seen that the Joe Andrews line, for the last six genera- 
 tions, has been bred in and in to the Darley Arabian 
 blood ; we saw also the advantages derived from the 
 system by such results as Rebecca, Alice Hawthorn, and 
 Little Wonder ; and quite recently by the uniting of the 
 lines from Waxy by the breeding from Stockwell and 
 Touchstone mares, or mares of Touchstone blood. It is 
 not from the fact of the mares being daughters or grand- 
 daughters of Touchstone that so good a result was ob- 
 tained, but that by such a union the blood of the Darley 
 Arabian was being made more use of, was being concen- 
 trated, and through good lines and individuals. 
 
 Lord Lyon, so bred, running first in the Derby and 
 St. Leger to Savernake and Rustic, his half-brothers, 
 both being by Stockwell, but from mares who were not 
 bred from collateral lines from the Darley Arabian, is 
 an example of the good results of this system of breed- 
 ing, and it is seen to a still greater extent in Blue Gown 
 and Beadsman. Bribery, the dam of Savernake, was 
 by The Libel (son of Pantaloon) ; Village Lass, the dam 
 of Rustic, was by Pyrrhus the First, and although both 
 inherited strains of the Darley Arabian's blood on their 
 dams' side, they were not in-bred through collateral 
 lines. 
 
 The line from Mercury can hardly be said to be repre- 
 sented now ; that from King Fergus principally by Vol- 
 
72 The E7iglish Horse. 
 
 tigeur and his sons ; the PotSos and Waxy Hne princi- 
 pally by the Birdcatchers, Stockwells, and Newminsters, 
 with still some Touchstones and Orlandos, and now 
 again through Defence, as the services of his grand re- 
 presentative Gladiateur have been available for breeders 
 in this country. I shall be surprised if Lord Lyon does 
 not leave his mark at the stud if he has a fair chance, 
 and perhaps his mares may hereafter be especially well 
 mated to the representatives of the Joe Andrews line. 
 
 The line through this fourth son of Eclipse from the 
 Darley Arabian has been splendidly bred up for some 
 generations ; and although the representatives are not 
 so numerous as those of the PotSos and Waxy line, the 
 excellence of the breeding of Beadsman and Blue Gown 
 is not to be surpassed by any of the Waxy lines. There 
 are also several of Weatherbit's sons at the stud ; and 
 Lecturer may also do some service for the line from 
 which he has sprung ; he is in good hands. 
 
 Some further remarks will be offered on the subject 
 of this grand source from which our racehorse has 
 sprung when the whole review shall have been com- 
 pleted. The Godolphin Arab or Barb and his descen- 
 dants will next be considered. 
 
 The Line from the Godolphin Arab or Barb. 
 
 The Godolphin Arab or Barb, the head of the third 
 line of our English racers, was a dark bay or brown bay 
 horse, said to hav^e been about 15 hands high. He is 
 supposed to date back to 1724, but was first used as a 
 stallion in this country in 173 1. In all probability 
 
1 he Godolphin Aj'ab or Barb. "j^ 
 
 nothing certain will now be known of his origin. I 
 understand the distinguished Turkish general, Omar 
 Pasha, who made enquiries about him, was informed in 
 Egypt that he was of the breed or family called Jelfan, 
 which would lead to the supposition that he had either 
 passed from Arabia through Egypt into Africa, or as 
 there was no distinctive name attached to the generic of 
 Jelfan, that he might have been foaled in Egypt, got by 
 a horse of the Jelfan family, from a mare of Egypt ; for 
 had he been pure Arabian of the Jelfan family, the dis- 
 tinguishing adjunct would in all probability have been 
 also known, and he may have been brought from thence 
 or some other part of Northern Africa into Europe. 
 There is a story current in France that he had been sent 
 over as a present to the King of France, which would 
 have been Louis XV., but by whom is not mentioned ; 
 probably the story had its origin in, or was confounded 
 with, the history of the Curwen Bay Barb, presented to 
 Louis XIV. The original portrait of the Godolphin 
 Arab or Barb I have not seen. All of the prints of him 
 do not correspond ; but the expression of the counte- 
 nance, and the outline of the head as more generally 
 depicted, would lead to the supposition that he was a 
 horse of Northern Africa (commonly called a Barb), and 
 not of pure or unmixed Arabian blood, which surmise 
 would be further strengthened by the drawing of the 
 ears, which are shown as lopping outwards. The first of 
 his get was Lath, foaled in 1731, whose dam was Rox- 
 ana, by the Bald Galloway ; he was also the sire of 
 Regulus, foaled in 1739, whose dam. Grey Robinson, 
 
74 The English Horse. 
 
 was by the Bald Galloway ; and Regulus was the sire of 
 Spiletta, dam of Eclipse. The Godolphin Arab or Barb 
 was also the sire of the Gower stallion, Babraham, and 
 Blank, but his line in male descent is handed down for 
 some time through a single string of horses — Cade, 
 Matchem, Conductor, and Trumpator; and then the line 
 divides. Paynator and Sorcerer, sons of the last-named 
 horse, formed two branches ; that from Paynator is 
 carried on in single line, while Sorcerer formed three 
 branches, headed by Smolensko, Soothsayer, and 
 Comus. 
 
 Cade, by the Godolphin Arab or Barb, was a bay 
 horse ; his dam Roxana, got by the Bald Galloway ; her 
 dam Sister to Chanter, by the Akaster Turk, from a 
 mare by the Leedes Arabian, whose dam was by 
 Spanker. The Bald Galloway was by St. Victor's Barb 
 out of a mare by Why Not, from a Royal mare. 
 
 Matchem, a bay horse, by Cade out of a mare by 
 Partner (grandson of the Byerly Turk) ; her dam by 
 Makeless out of a mare by Brimmer, from a mare by 
 Place's White Turk out of a mare by Dodsworth, out of 
 the Layton Barb mare. He was the sire of Teetotum 
 (winner of the Oaks, 1780), and of Hollandaise (winner 
 of the St. Leger, 1778). In Matchem there is the first 
 direct union of the Godolphin Arab or Barb's line with 
 that of the Byerly Turk. 
 
 Conductor, a chestnut horse, foaled 1767, by Matchem; 
 his dam by Snap (grandson of Flying Childers) ; her dam 
 by the Cullen Arabian out of Lady Thigh, by Partner. 
 Here we have the blood of the Darley Arabian intro- 
 
Triimpato}^ and Paynator, 75 
 
 duced for the first time with another strain of the Byerly 
 Turk's blood. 
 
 Trumpator, by Conductor, foaled in 1782, was a black 
 horse, from whom are descended several horses of the 
 same colour ; his dam was Brunette, a mare combining 
 the blood of the Byerly Turk and of the Godolphin 
 Arab or Barb, with a distant strain or two of the Darley 
 Arabian's. Brunette was by Squirrel, a speedy horse (by 
 Old Traveller), son of Partner, out of a mare by Alman- 
 zor (a remarkably fine horse by the Darley Arabian) ; 
 Squirrel's dam was by the Arab Bloody-Buttocks. 
 
 Dove, the dam of Brunette, was by Matchless (son of 
 the Godolphin Arab or Barb, out of South's dam, by 
 Soreheels), son of Basto, a horse of Eastern blood, whose 
 breeding on his dam's side was very similar to that of 
 the Childers on the side of their dam. Dove's dam was 
 by the Ancaster Starling, granddam by Grasshopper, 
 great-granddam by Sir M. Newton's Arabian. The line 
 here branches into two descents. That through Paynator 
 will be taken first. 
 
 Paynator, by Trumpator, a brown colt, foaled in 1791 ; 
 his dam was by Mark Anthony, son of Spectator, son of 
 Crab, by the Alcock's Arab, out of Signora, by Snap 
 (great-grandson of the Darley Arabian), out of Miss 
 Windsor, by the Godolphin Arab or Barb, through 
 whom one other strain of the Darley Arabian was in- 
 herited from a mare by Bartlet's Childers. 
 
 From Paynator came the evergreen Doctor Syntax, 
 foaled in 181 1, the first foal of a mare by Beningbrough, 
 and being small was very nearly being devoted to other 
 
76 The English Horse. 
 
 purposes than that of the sire of racehorses. The dam 
 of the Beningbrough mare, Jenny Mole, was by Car- 
 buncle, a son of Babraham Blank (grandson of the 
 Godolphin Arab or Barb), out of a mare by Prince 
 T'Quassaw (a son of Snip, grandson of the Darley Ara- 
 bian), out of Dairymaid, by the Arab Bloody-Buttocks 
 out of a mare by Regulus (son of the Godolphin Arab 
 or Barb), out of a mare by Partner, grandson of the 
 Byerly Turk. Babraham Blank was by Babraham out 
 of Sister to Blank, by the Godolphin Arab or Barb out 
 of the Little Hartley mare (a daughter of Bartlet's 
 Childers). This is an uncommon and curious pedigree, 
 containing a good amount of the Darley Arabian's blood, 
 some of the Byerly Turk's, but much in-breeding to the 
 Godolphin Arab. 
 
 The Doctor, a black horse, foaled in 1834, son of 
 Doctor Syntax, ran third to Mango for the St. Leger. 
 His dam was by Lottery from Elizabeth, by Walton out 
 of Trulla, by Sorcerer, granddam by Weathercock out 
 of Cade, by Matchem. He was the sire of The Black 
 Doctor, a black horse, foaled in 1848, whose dam, Betsy 
 Bird, was by Voltaire out of Zephyrina, by Middlethorpe 
 out of Pagoda, by Sir Peter. Middlethorpe, a chestnut 
 horse, was by Shuttle (by Young Marske, great-grand- 
 son of Bartlet's Childers out of the Vauxhall Snap 
 mare). He had a great many strains of the Darley 
 Arabian blood, and was also bred back by several strains 
 to the Godolphin Arab or Barb. He won the Man- 
 chester Trade Cup in 1S52, then four years old, canying^ 
 8st. 31b. He was a good-looking horse, with much 
 
Beeswing, 77 
 
 Arabian character in his head and ears, and in the swell 
 of the barrel behind the arms. He was, however, an 
 entire failure at the stud; although he covered his mares 
 with much apparent vigour and determination, very few 
 foals were accredited to him. Perhaps had he gone 
 abroad he might have done better. Sabreur's was a 
 very similar case, but he begets foals in Hungary. 
 
 Perhaps the Paynator family is most celebrated by 
 Beeswing, a bay mare, by Doctor Syntax, and dam of 
 Newminster. She was foaled in 1833. Her dam was 
 by Ardrossan out of Lady Eliza, by Whitworth out of a 
 mare by Spadille out of Sylvia, by Young Marske. Her 
 pedigree on the side of her dam contains many strains 
 of blood from the Byerly Turk's line, but also goes 
 back to the Darley Arabian. She was six times the 
 winner of the Newcastle Cup, and won the Ascot Cup 
 in 1842. 
 
 We must return to Trumpator, who was the sire of 
 Didelot, winner of the Derby 1796, from a mare by 
 Highflyer, and of Sorcerer, a black horse (foaled in 
 1796), whose dam was Young Giantess, got by Diomed 
 (the winner of the first Derby), son of Florizel. Ex- 
 cepting through the Cygnet mare, who was the dam 
 of Florizel — her granddam was Ebony, by Childers — 
 and through Herod (Florizel's sire), there is little or 
 no return to the Darley Arabian blood ; the dam of 
 Young Giantess being Giantess, by Matchem out of 
 Molly Longlegs, by Babraham (son of the Godolphin 
 Arab or Barb). Soothsayer, son of Sorcerer, was a 
 chestnut horse (foaled in 1808) ; he won the St Leger 
 
78 The E7iglish Horse. 
 
 in 181 1 ; his dam Goldenlocks was by Dclpini (son of 
 Highflyer), from Violet, by Shark, a son of Marske 
 (great-grandson of the Darley Arabian), from a mare by 
 Snap, also his great-grandson, and the dam of Violet 
 was by Syphon, a son of Squirt, son of Bartlet's 
 Childers, and grandson of the Darley Arabian, out of 
 Charlotte, by Blank (son of the Godolphin Arab or 
 Barb, from the Little Hartley mare, by Bartlet's 
 Childers), from a mare by Crab (son of Alcock's Arab), 
 from a mare by Dyer's Dimple, who was by the 
 Leedes Arabian, from a mare by Spanker, which latter 
 horse was entirely of Eastern blood. Although there 
 are many flaws in this pedigree, and not unfrequent 
 returns to the Godolphin Arab or Barb's blood, yet 
 there are very many strains of the Darley Arabians with 
 some of the other Arab horses. His daughters, Morel 
 and Maid of Orleans, were winners of the Oaks in 1808 
 and 1809, and Sorcery in 181 1, Morel's dam was by 
 Buzzard ; the dam of Maid of Orleans (sister to Cham- 
 pion, the first winner of both Derby and St. Leger) 
 was by Pot8os ; PotSos was a son of Eclipse. 
 
 Soothsayer was the sire of Tiresias, winner of the 
 Derby in 18 19, a brown horse, whose dam Pledge was 
 by Waxy, of the Darley Arabian line, from Prunella, by 
 Highflyer out of Promise, by Snap, great-grandson o£ 
 the Darley Arabian, from Julia, by Blank (son of the 
 Godolphin Arab or Barb and the Little Hartley mare, 
 by Bartlet's Childers). 
 
 Comus and Smolensko, the sons of Sorcerer, and 
 their descendants, will now be considered, and although 
 
Comus and S^nolensko. 79 
 
 Comus is senior to the former by one year, the order of 
 precedence will be broken for the first time, and 
 Smolensko taken first, as the line from Comus will bring 
 us down to a later period. 
 
 Smolensko was a black horse, foaled in 18 10; winner 
 of the Derby in 1813 ; his dam was Wowski, by Mentor 
 out of Waxy's dam, by Herod out of Lisette, by Snap 
 (grandson of Flying Childers) out of Miss Windsor, by 
 the Godolphin Arab or Barb out of a mare by Young 
 Belgrade, from a mare by Bartlet's Childers. Smolensko 
 was the sire of Gulnare, winner of the Oaks in 1827, 
 and of Jerry, winner of the St. Leger in 1824. 
 
 Jerry was a black horse, foaled in 1821 ; his dam 
 Louisa by Orville, son of Beningbrough, of the King 
 Fergus line, from Eclipse ; her dam Tomasina, by 
 Timothy out of Violet, by Shark, &c., as in the pedigree 
 of Soothsayer. He was the sire of Tomboy, a bay 
 horse, foaled in 1829, who in his turn was the sire of 
 Nutwith, winner of the St. Leger in 1843. Nutwith's 
 dam was by Comus (son of Sorcerer). Jerry was also 
 the sire of Jericho, and Nutwith of Knight of Kars. 
 
 Comus, by Sorcerer, was a chestnut horse, foaled in 
 1809; his dam was Houghton Lass, by Sir Peter; her 
 dam Alexina, by King Fergus (son of Eclipse) out of 
 Lardella, by Young Marske out of a mare by Cade. 
 
 He was the sire of Reveller, winner of the St. Leger, 
 1 81 8; of Matilda, winner of the St. Leger, 1827; and 
 of Humphrey Clinker. 
 
 Reveller was a bay horse ; his dam Rosette was by 
 Beningbrough, of the King Fergus line. 
 
8o The English Horse. 
 
 <b ' 
 
 Humphrey Clinker, a bay horse, foaled in 1822; his 
 dam Clinkerina was by Clinker out of Pewet, by Tandem 
 out of Termagant, by Tantrum. Clinker was by Sir 
 Peter. Tantrum, the sire of Termagant, was by Cripple, 
 from a mare by the Hampton Court Childers (son of 
 Flying Childers) out of a mare by Whitefoot, from a 
 mare by Stanyoa's Arabian, from the Moonah Barb 
 mare. The dam of Termagant was Cantatrice, by 
 Sampson (son of Blaze, son of Flying Childers) out of 
 a mare by Regulus (son of the Godolphin Arab or 
 Barb). Cripple, the sire of Tantrum, was by the 
 Godolphin Arab or Barb out of Blossom, got by Crab 
 (son of Alcock's Arab) out of a mare by Flying 
 Childers. Humphrey Clinker was bred back to the 
 founder of his line, the Godolphin Arab or Barb, but he 
 had a great many strains of the Darley Arabian's blood. 
 
 He was the sire of Rockingham, winner of the St. 
 Leger, 1833, and of Melbourne, a brown horse foaled in 
 1834. Although of no reputation as a racer, Melbourne 
 was more successful at the stud, and by having been the 
 sire of more winners of great events than any of his 
 predecessors did much to establish the popularity of 
 his line. 
 
 His dam was by Cervantes, from a mare by Golumpus 
 (son of Gohanna, a direct male descendant of the 
 Darley Arabian through Eclipse), from a mare by Pay- 
 nator (son of Trumpator). Cervantes was by Don 
 Quixote (son or grandson of Eclipse) from Evelina, by 
 Highflyer out of Termagant, by Tantrum out of a mare 
 by Sampson (grandson of Flying Childers) — similai 
 
Melbourne. 8 1 
 
 breeding to that seen in the pedigree of Clinkerina (the 
 dam of his sire Humphrey Chnker). Although he 
 traces back through his dam to some extent to the 
 Godolphin Arab or Barb, the strains of the Darley 
 Arabian's blood are considerably increased. 
 
 Melbourne was the sire of Sir Tatton Sykes, who 
 just missed the Derby, but won the St. Leger in 1846 ; 
 of Cymba, winner of the Oaks, 1848 ; of West Australian, 
 winner of the Two Thousand Guineas, Derby, and St. 
 Leger in 1853 (the first time the three races had been 
 won by the same horse) ; of Marchioness, winner of the 
 Oaks, 1855 ; and of Blink Bonny, the winner of the 
 Derby and Oaks in 1857, ^i"^*^ afterwards the dam of 
 Blair Athol. 
 
 The dam of Sir Tatton Sykes was by Margrave (son 
 of Muley), tracing up to the Darley Arabian through 
 Beningbrough, Gohanna, Mercury, and Eclipse, in direct 
 male descent, besides through many other strains, but 
 she was also bred back to the Godolphin Arab or Barb, 
 through his descendants Sorcerer and Soothsayer. 
 
 The dam of Cymba was Skiff, by Sheet Anchor out 
 of Tertia, by Emilius out of Miss Wentworth, by Cer- 
 vantes ; all in direct male descent from the Darley 
 Arabian. 
 
 The dam of Marchioness was Cinizelli, by Touch- 
 stone, a horse through sire and dam a direct descendant 
 of the Darley Arabian. 
 
 The dam of Blink Bonny was Queen Mary (got by 
 Gladiator) ; her dam by Plenipotentiary out of Myrrha, 
 by Whalebone. The dam of Queen Mary was in direct 
 
 G 
 
The Enoiish Horse. 
 
 '<i 
 
 descent from the Darley Arabian through sire and dam, 
 and Gladiator (son of Partisan) strained back to the 
 Darley Arabian in two separate lines through PotSos 
 and Waxy, besides through numerous other channels. 
 
 West Australian, a bay horse, with a white mark 
 down his face, foaled in 1850 ; his dam, Mowerina (sister 
 to Cotherstone, winner of the Derby, 1843), was by 
 Touchstone, a horse in-bred to the Darley Arabian 
 through sire and dam, out of Emma by Whisker (son of 
 Waxy out of Penelope, by Trumpator out of Prunella, 
 by Highflyer out of Promise), by Snap (grandson of 
 Flying Childers) ; and Emma's dam, Gibside Fair)-', was 
 by Hermes, son of Mercury, son of Eclipse, from Vicissi- 
 tude, granddaughter of Trumpator (descendant of the 
 Godolphin Arab or Barb), out of Beatrice by Sir Peter 
 Melbourne was also the sire of Oulston, whose dam was 
 Alice Hawthorn ; of The Prime Minister, whose dam 
 was by Pantaloon ; and of Young Melbourne, who, 
 again, is the sire of General Peel, whose dam was by 
 Orlando, from Brown Bess by Camel. 
 
 West Australian was bought by Count De Morny, 
 and went to France, and notwithstanding the many 
 strains of fine blood he inherited, and his brilliant 
 success as a racehorse, I do not consider his exporta- 
 tion to have been any loss to this country. 
 
 The line from the Godolphin Arab or Barb is princi- 
 pally represented by the following horses, and through 
 the branch from Humphrey Clinker and Melbourne — 
 The Prime Minister, Arthur Wellcslc}-, Cannobic, Oul- 
 ston, Mentmore, and Young Melbourne. 
 
The Line from the Godolphin Ai^ad or Bard. 8 
 
 o 
 
 Melbourne's son, West Australian, has given Bonny- 
 field, Joskin, and Solon ; and Young Melbourne, Rapid 
 Rhone and General Peel. It is noteworthy how very 
 few winners, comparatively speaking, of great events 
 have been given by this third source from whence 
 our racehorse has sprung ; and, again, those horses, 
 with the exception of Soothsayer and Smolensko, 
 who have been winners themselves of one of the 
 great events, have not begotten winners of such races. 
 Jerry, Rockingham, Sir Tatton Sykes, and West Aus- 
 tralian, winners of the Derby or St. Leger, have not 
 produced winners of those events. In the cases of 
 Soothsayer and Smolensko, as has been shown, they 
 had several strains of the Darley Arabian blood, parti- 
 cularly the former horse, but none very direct ; for in- 
 stance, their dams were not themselves descendants, on 
 the male side, from the Darley Arabian, but most of the 
 winners have been bred on their dams' sides direct to 
 the Darley Arab. Thus the dam of Tiresias, winner of 
 the Derby, 1819, was a daughter of Waxy; her grand- 
 dam Promise by Snap, with another strain through the 
 Little Hartley mare. Jerry's dam was a daughter of 
 Orville, in direct descent to the Darley Arabian through 
 King Fergus, besides other strains. The dam of Revel- 
 ler, winner of the St. Leger, 18 19, was a daughter of 
 Beningbrough, also a direct descendant of the Darley 
 Arabian through King Fergus. The dam of Matilda 
 (winner of the St. Leger, 1827), Juliana, formerly Lady 
 Thigh, was a daughter of Gohanna ; and her dam, 
 Platina, was a daughter of Mercury (sire of Gohanna) 
 
84 The English Horse. 
 
 thus going up by a double strain to the Darley Arabian 
 through Mercury. Sir Tatton Sykes's dam was a 
 daughter of Margrave (himself a St. Leger winner), a 
 descendant of the Darley Arabian through the two col- 
 lateral lines of King Fergus and Mercury. Cyniba and 
 Marchioness, winners of the Oaks, were almost altogether 
 of Darley Arabian blood on the side of their dams. The 
 granddam of Blink Bonny was also similarly bred, and 
 West Australian's dam was a Touchstone mare, and 
 almost entirely of Darley Arabian blood. General Peel, 
 who ran second to Blair Athol for the Derby and St. 
 Leger, was the son of a mare descended through sire 
 and dam in direct male descent from the Darley 
 Arabian. 
 
 In itself I cannot help considering the line from the 
 Godolphin Arab or Barb a very poor one, and, like that 
 from the Byerly Turk, it really owes what celebrity it 
 may have, and its continuance, to the infusions of blood it 
 has received from the descendants of the Darley Arabian. 
 It is worthy of remark, although not extraordinary, that 
 almost in proportion to the amount of Darley Arabian 
 blood has been the success of the individuals of this line. 
 This, I think, can hardly fail to strike those who may 
 have had the patience to go so far with us ; yet the 
 many strains of fine blood inherited by most of the great 
 winners of this line — although without doubt it was tJiat 
 blood, namely, the Darley Arabian's, which constituted 
 their goodness and insured their success — have not 
 enabled them to beget stock as good or successful as 
 themselves, and to hand down a continuous line of ^vin- 
 
Remarks on Breeding. 85 
 
 ncrs. This would go very far to prove the theory cor- 
 rect, that should there be any difference of breeding 
 between the sires and dams the sire should be of the 
 purer blood. The breeding of West Australian on his 
 dam's side being so superior and overwhelming would 
 prevent his being a good sire, although the produce 
 from a mare so bred might have been a great success 
 if she had been mated to a good horse of the Darley 
 Arabian line. His breeding is very similar to the result 
 that might be anticipated from the mating a half-bred 
 horse with a thorough-bred mare ; or, to go further, the 
 putting a horse of any inferior blood to a pure Arabian 
 mare — the offspring in both cases might prove a great 
 success as far as the individual was concerned, either as 
 a racer or for other purposes, but, if a horse, would be of 
 little or no use for the stud. 
 
 Although many would say that our racehorse is 
 equally descended from all three lines, and the blood so 
 thoroughly mixed that it cannot be separated, and that 
 it does not matter from which family you select your 
 sire, I consider using a horse either from the Godolphin 
 Arab's or Barb's line, or from the Byerly Turk's, is almost 
 the same as if a Persian, Barb, Turkish, or any other 
 Eastern horse were used in preference to a pure Arabian, 
 which was continually being done in the early history 
 of our stud. There is no warranty for believing the 
 Byerly Turk to have been other than he is described ; 
 and of the breeding of the Godolphin Arab or Barb 
 doubts have always been entertained and expressed. 
 The surmise that he was a horse from Northern Africa, 
 
86 The EuQ-lish Hoj^sc. 
 
 <i) 
 
 and not of pure Arabian blood — and, therefore, far in- 
 ferior to the Darley Arabian — is, I think, most probably- 
 correct, and the history of his line, and the character of 
 his descendants, would confirm this view. The improve- 
 ment shown in certain individuals of his line by the 
 infusion of other blood on the female side, and yet a 
 failure in these hidividuals to reproduce this improve- 
 ment, is quite the criterion of inferior blood on the male 
 side. 
 
 The line from the Byerly Turk, as we have seen, was 
 strengthened and supported by frequent and strong infu- 
 sions of the blood from the Darley Arabian, especially by 
 the sons and daughters of Flying Childers, the most dis- 
 tinguished son of the Darley Arabian ; and as the direct 
 line from the last-named horse was not bred back to him 
 for two or three generations by the union of the descen- 
 dants of his sons and daughters — which is, I think, much 
 to be deplored — had it not been for the Turk's line, the 
 line in direct descent from the Darley Arabian would 
 have been further weakened, but happily they were united 
 in Waxy, and subsequently in many instances. Had 
 daughters of Flying Childers been put to sons of Bart- 
 let's Childers, little or no use need have. been made of 
 the Turk's line. The great object ought to have been 
 the confirming of the Darley Arabian's blood. Now that 
 there are so many descendants of his in direct male 
 descent — both horses and mares — it is, I think, well 
 worthy of consideration whether they should not now be 
 almost entirely used for breeding — direct descendants 
 of the Darley Arabian bred among themselves. \\'cre 
 
^ yudicioiis' Crossings. S'/ 
 
 such a system carried out, the descendants of the Godol- 
 phin Arab and Barb bred from among themselves, those 
 from the Turk also among themselves, and the Darley 
 Arabian descendants kept to themselves, I believe the 
 Darley Arabian line would live and flourish, and in a 
 few generations the two other lines would become ex- 
 tinct ; for the excellence of the first would be found so 
 apparent that the two other lines would be left. 
 
 I have been amused from time to time by writings in 
 the papers on the mamifacture of our racehorse, if the 
 expression may be used. It being generally allowed that 
 although other countries have supplied the blood, not only 
 by the energy and perseverance of the British public, but 
 also by a wonderful amount of science in crossing, so 
 well understood in this country, the English racehorse 
 has arrived at his excellence. Some have endeavoured 
 to explain how this has been done by a judicious mix- 
 ture of Turk, Barb, and Arab. The speed and endurance 
 of the Arab being acknowledged, more size was obtained 
 hy judicious crossings with the Turk and Barb, inferior 
 blood ; and, again, whatever coarseness resulted from 
 this infusion from the Barb was dexterously kept in abey- 
 ance by another cross with the Arab. All this has ap- 
 peared to me very like the recipes for Christmas plum- 
 puddings — so much of one kind of fruit, so much of 
 another, with a spice of this, that, or the other, cemented 
 or bound together by flour or bread crumbs, which 
 might stand for the former blood of the country before 
 the Eastern importation ; but I feel convinced that these 
 ' ingenious ' crossings originated from no well-considered 
 
88 The En or lis k Horse. 
 
 <i> 
 
 system, that all horses of Eastern blood were found to 
 be superior to the old English breed, and little or no 
 distinction made between them, many or most being 
 called or considered as Arabs, although unworthy of the 
 name ; and although the immediate good result of the 
 Darley Arabian, as shown by his sons (the only true 
 Arabian so far as we can be certain), alone ought to 
 have convinced us, if other data were wanting (which 
 they are not), of his superiority, no efforts were made to 
 collect more of that pure blood. 
 
 At the present time, in spite of the numerous engraft- 
 ings of inferior strains upon the Darley Arabian line, 
 notwithstanding the loss of the blood in direct male line 
 from his best son. Flying Childers, and the advantage 
 the Turk's line derived from the blood of Flying Chil- 
 ders, the descendants in direct male descent from the 
 Darley Arabian may be unhesitatingly pronounced to 
 keep their heads in front. If any data I have given, or 
 any notes made, may tend to the support of a greater 
 cultivation of this blood, I shall be amply rewarded. It 
 may be said the blood of the three lines may be so in- 
 termingled, that even if we were to relinquish the two 
 inferior ones we should never get rid of the blood. 
 Granted, the mischief has been done ; we shall no more 
 quite get rid of it than we have of some particles or 
 some of the characteristics of the old native breed ; but 
 from breeding from descendants of the Darley Arabian 
 line alone, wc might to a very great extent hold tJic 
 inferior strains in abeyance. 
 
 Were this tried, and to a certain extent it has — and 
 
Vauxhall Snap Mare. 89 
 
 many striking examples were shown and alluded to 
 when the line Darley Arabian was under consideration — 
 it would lead to a clearer view of what the results would 
 now have been at this time, if such blood as that of the 
 Darley Arabian had alone been used, and what they 
 would be in a very short time were such pure Arabian 
 blood only to be bred from. 
 
 There is one little incidence of breeding that will not 
 have escaped notice— at least I think not — and whenever 
 it has recurred, excellence in that individual, no matter 
 of what family, is noticeable. I allude to the Vauxhall 
 Snap mare and her son Shuttle, he being the produce of 
 a great-great-grandson of the Darley Arabian, through 
 Bartlet's Childers from a mare (the Vauxhall Snap mare), 
 the daughter of a great-great-grandson of the Darley 
 Arabian, through Flying Childers. This breeding, which 
 is nothing more nor less than a union of or breeding 
 back to the Darley Arabian through the two Childers, 
 is seen among others in the pedigree of Sweetmeat, 
 Kingston, Crucifix, Beadsman, Gladiateur, and The 
 Black Doctor. The last-named, although not a distin- 
 guished horse at the stud, showed great stoutness and 
 S'ameness as a racer. 
 
90 The English Horse. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 General opinion that impure stock may become pure in eight descents — A 
 different opinion held by the Arabs — Not achieved in the case of the 
 English horse — The breeding of the Eastern horses imported into this 
 country discussed — Remarks on a review of ' Les Races chevalines de la 
 Russie, par J. Moerder' — Inferences dra^vn therefrom — Remarks on the 
 horses that followed Flying Childers — Not so purely bred — Great size 
 no proof that degeneracy has not occurred — The English thorough-bred 
 horse not of pure Arabian blood — The excellence of the English 
 horse attributable to Arabian blood — False system of breeding pursued 
 after the time of Cliilders discussed — Greater results would have been 
 gained if a different system had been pursued — The necessity of obtain- 
 ing pure stocl-c for the purpose of establishing a standard breed of horses. 
 
 In the first chapter it was shown that in the Darley 
 Arabian's time, and just previously to his importation, 
 there really were racers of entirely Eastern blood and 
 origin ; but that since the days of his son Flying Chil- 
 ders, no such horses have been bred, but all subsequently 
 have only been partially of Eastern blood, and have in- 
 herited many stains of base blood. Had only Eastern 
 blood (instead of pure Arabian) been sufficient to have 
 established a pure race, our horse might have been styled 
 thorough-bred with far more truth then than no\\'. 
 
 From the history of the English racer given in the 
 last chapter, it will be seen that the breeding of our 
 horse is very imperfect — that he is not entirely descended 
 from pure blood. It is very commonly considered that, 
 
Pure and Impure Breeding. 9 1 
 
 in breeding, any stain that exists may be eradicated in 
 eight generations ; that in the eighth descent there is 
 not any difiference to be detected in form and appear- 
 ance between the newly formed breed and the pure 
 parent stock. In other words, the pure blood infused 
 into the impure or inferior stock will have washed away 
 and obliterated all stains and flaws in eight descents. 
 There are others, however, who hold a different opinion ; 
 among those the Arabs. ' It is impossible,' says the 
 Emir Abd-el-Kader, ' we think, to get a pure race out 
 of a stock the blood of which is impure.' On the other 
 hand, it is a well-authenticated fact, it is quite possible 
 to restore to its primitive nobleness a breed that has 
 become impoverished, but without any taint in its blood. 
 In a word, a race may be restored, the degeneracy of 
 which has not been occasioned by any admixture of 
 blood. 
 
 But allowing the opinion to be correct, that in eight 
 descents impure blood may be obliterated, to arrive at 
 the desired result it is necessary, in each and every 
 descent anterior to the ninth, to return on the male side 
 to the original pure blood. Now, certainly, as showai in 
 Chapter II., our horse, since the days of Flying Childers, 
 has not been so bred. I fail to trace any systematic 
 return to Arabian blood for the prescribed period of 
 eight generations ; or, indeed, a return to horses of only 
 Eastern blood. On the contrary, horses and mares 
 only partially descended from Eastern horses have been 
 bred from. 
 
 But, after all, this system of breeding — namely, that of 
 
92 The English Horse. 
 
 trying to eradicate base blood and defects by the en- 
 grafting of pure blood on the male side for eight 
 descents, is a very unsafe one to rest upon. Its being 
 open to question is unsatisfactory; it is opposed in prin- 
 ciple to the experience of the Arabs, the most renowned 
 horse breeders in the world ; contrary to their practice, 
 and, so far as I see, has nothing to recommend it. 
 
 Should the desired result be attained even in the 
 eighth generation, and there should not be any appre- 
 ciable difference from the original pure stock, it is quite 
 possible that the eighth descent might not be capable of 
 handing down to posterity through succeeding genera- 
 tions the primal characteristics of its originator. It is 
 far more probable that in each succeeding generation, 
 after the infusion of the pure blood on the male side 
 had ceased, the attributes so derived would grow fainter 
 and fainter. The greatest test of pure breeding is 
 stoutness and endurance, combined with a high degree 
 of speed. 
 
 ' Look in a horse' (says Abd-el-Kader) 'for speed and 
 bottom ; one that has speed alone, and no bottom, must 
 have a blemish in his descent ; and one that has bottom 
 alone, and no speed, must have some defect — open or 
 concealed.' 
 
 It is often asserted, and very generally allowed, that 
 our thoroughbred has deteriorated and become degene- 
 rate, and some have urged this degeneracy has taken 
 place from the system of early training which has been 
 pursued, rather than from any fault or deficiency in the 
 breedincr of our horses. 
 
Early Education. 93 
 
 What is pvit forward in this country as a plea for the 
 deterioration, degeneracy, and want of endurance of our 
 thoro2igh-hrQd horse, is considered by the Arabs abso- 
 hitely necessary to the development of the inherent 
 good qualities of their horse. General Daumas was in- 
 formed by Abd-el-Kader that in the Sahara the pure-bred 
 descendant of the Arabian is taught to lead when a foal ; 
 when it has entered on its second year (a yearling, in 
 fact), it is ridden a mile or two, or even sixteen ; and 
 after it has completed eighteen months they do not fear 
 to fatigue it. The Emir also states that unless a horse 
 has been broken from a foal, he will never be able to 
 perform the great feats and long journeys for which the 
 Arabian is justly famed. Should his education be put 
 off until he is four years old, he is almost worthless ; Abd- 
 el-Kader would decline to buy such a horse. This is 
 his experience after having seen upwards of 10,000 colts 
 reared. He also affirms, when he has made long and 
 rapid marches at the head of 12,000 or 15,000 horsemen, 
 horses, however lean, if they had been early broken into 
 fatigue, never fell out of the ranks. The same system 
 is pursued by the Arabs in the East — early training and 
 hard work is the rule. M. Petiniaud, who wandered 
 among the Arab tribes from Diarbekir and, Aleppo in 
 the north, to the confines of Nejed in the south, thus 
 writes to General Daumas : ' I have witnessed in Asia 
 what you have written of in Africa.' 
 
 In an article (I think in 'The Times') some few years 
 ago, I noticed the following : ' Although the staying 
 qualities of our racehorses are certainly on the decrease, 
 
94 The English Horse. 
 
 and although aged running horses and mares have dis- 
 appeared from our racecourses, it is certain that the 
 racing yearhngs annually offered under the hammer 
 are, on the average, growing larger and stronger.' May 
 it not be inferred from this — Firstly, that size is not the 
 great or ultimate desideratum ; and secondly, that the 
 strength this size would seem to indicate is fallacious, 
 and not real ? And is not the cause of the degeneracy 
 and deterioration to be accounted for by the fact that 
 our horse is not tJioroiigh-brcd — not bred completely 
 from a pure and original race ? And is not this the 
 secret of our horse being less enduring and less lasting 
 than the Arabian ? Stoutness and endurance, combined 
 with speed, contained in a beautiful form of perfect 
 symmetry, being the attributes, characteristics, and very 
 birth-right of a pure and noble race, are not to be in- 
 variably reproduced by a breed of less pure blood, nor 
 by a crossed and inferior breed. 
 
 It would be well to take a retrospect of the Arabian 
 and other Eastern horses w'hich have been brought over 
 to this country. They have been styled Arabians, 
 Turks, Barbs, Persians, Egyptian, Toorkoman, and 
 foreign horses. 
 
 The value of the blood of these imported horses would 
 be greater or less in proportion as they may be regarded 
 as being wholly, or only partially, of Arabian blood. In 
 looking at the Turks generally, it is to be considered, 
 were they merely horses of the Turkish dominions — the 
 descendants, doubtless, of breeds improved by the Ara- 
 bian — or were they really Arab horses imported into 
 
Barbs and Turks. 95 
 
 Turkey? Now it is a well-known fact, that with the 
 exception of an occasional present, either to the Sultan 
 at Constantinople, or to the Pasha of Egypt, there are 
 no good Arabs either in Turkey or Egypt ; and the dis- 
 like Arabs have towards the Turks would prevent more 
 being sent than absolute policy might dictate, and they 
 would not willingly supply them with horses. Even at 
 a very recent period it is most probable that there was 
 but one real Arabian in the Sultan's possession, and that 
 had been obtained from an Englishman ; and the far 
 more reasonable supposition is that the horses brought 
 to this country from Turkey were only partly of Arabian 
 blood. And in many parts of Asia Minor are some 
 very useful breeds of horses which have been improved 
 by the Arabian, with excellent legs and feet — apparently 
 in that respect everything to be desired ; but they have 
 not the rare combination of qualities as in the Arabian, 
 nor his springiness and flexibility. Yet, without doubt, 
 many of these have been reckoned as Arabs in England. 
 With respect to the horses imported under the name 
 of Barbs, it must be remembered that, although the Emir 
 Abd-el-Kader says the ' horses of the Sahara^ are the pure 
 descendants of Arabians, he also says all Barbs are not 
 of unmixed blood, but that the breed has not been kept 
 pure, and has degenerated, and especially towards the 
 coast. And General Daumas, who has given the subject 
 the greatest attention, says : ' We may rest assured that, 
 for the most part, the animals sold to us' (he is referring 
 to Barbs) ' are of an inferior order.' Of the horses styled 
 Arabian little or nothing is now known of them or their 
 
96 The English Horse. 
 
 antecedents, if they were ever ascertained (but Bloody- 
 Buttocks and the Leedes Arabian would appear to have 
 been excellent horses — especially the latter), with the 
 single exception of the Darley Arabian, whose history is 
 known, and his family was mentioned, in the account of 
 the line he founded, in a former chapter. And as further 
 reference will be made to that hereafter, I will only add, 
 his memory is still retained among the Arabs ; and I 
 have been informed, horses descended direct from him 
 are still to be met with in Arabia. 
 
 From a review which appeared in 'Bell's Life' a year 
 or two ago on a work entitled, ' Apercu historique sur 
 les Institutions hippiques et les Races chevalines de 
 la Russie, par J. Moerder,' St. Petersburg, 1868, in- 
 ferences may be drawn as to the types of horses past 
 and present, which support the often asserted opinion of 
 the deterioration of the English thorough-bred horse. 
 It was remarked : ' It will be flattering to our country- 
 men to read the following am.ongst other observations : 
 " Nous allons maintcnant passer a I'examen des types 
 de chevaux de haras. La premiere place est occupee 
 par le pur sang arabe et le cheval de course anglais. 
 Ces deux types servent a la formation de toutes nos 
 meilleures especes." ' And again, when speaking farther 
 on of the purity of the blood of English horses, M. 
 Mcerder states : ' Lc cheval anglais, dans sa forme pri- 
 mitive, etait remarquable par sa haute taille, sa belle 
 tete, qu'il tenait du cheval arabe; ses petites oreilles, son 
 cou long et gracieux, son dos court, sa croupe huutc ct 
 droitc, sa queue bicn adaptcc, ses jambcs fortes et bien 
 
The Racer. 97 
 
 formees, son allure ferme.' These quotations appear 
 to be very significant. 
 
 It might be sufficiently flattering to the Arabs, if they 
 cared about other people's concerns, to know that the 
 Arabian horse had given such excellent points to ours, 
 as we find by the above description he formerly pos- 
 sessed ; but we can hardly have cause to congratulate 
 ourselves, when we compare our'cheval de course' of 
 the present day with the animal M, Moerder shows him 
 to have been ' dans sa forme primitive.' Formerly he 
 was distinguished by his fine carriage, by his beautiful 
 head, of the Arabian type, his small ears, his short back, 
 his long and elegant neck ('gracicux' well expresses it), 
 his high and straight croup, his well set-on tail, his 
 strong and well-formed limbs, and his good true action. 
 
 All these are eminently the attributes of the Arabian, 
 and, according to M. Moerder, were to be seen origi- 
 nally or formerly (in a modified degree, I think must be 
 understood) in the breed of horses derived from him, 
 which we call thorough-bred. Do we see all these points, 
 as a rule, in the modern racer ? Are they the invariable 
 or prevailing characteristics .'* The answer must be in the 
 negative. The grand carriage of the Arabian is not 
 seen ; the head is very often quite the reverse of the 
 Arabian's ; he has often long and large ears instead of 
 small ones ; his neck, though sometimes long, is as often 
 short, and very seldom ' gracieux ' ; his back has certainly 
 become elongated. Alas ! what shall we say when we 
 come to the high quarter, such as is seen among 
 Arabians. Ours is but very drooping. Instead of the 
 
 H 
 
98 The English Horse. 
 
 well set-on tail, he has often one set on rather low, and 
 but seldom carried ; and instead of well-formed limbs, 
 do we not too often find badly-shaped and weak legs ? 
 His action is not always good all round, nor is his gait 
 always bold and steady. 
 
 There is certainly a considerable alteration in the 
 structure of our horse from his Arabian ancestor. He 
 may be classed as more like the Toorkoman or Persian 
 horse, or the Barb. It is my belief there has been some 
 change in the last thirty years. His shoulders are not 
 generally so well thrown back, nor so long, nor so powerful, 
 his quarters more drooping. This alteration of form gives 
 a longer back and barrel, and perhaps a greater appear- 
 ance of length, but it is not real : the structure is altered 
 for the worse ; the various parts are not so well placed to 
 act with the greatest advantage, and it is contrary to the 
 form of his Arabian ancestor. It is no unfrequent thing 
 to see short, jumped-up, long-legged horses stripped on 
 the course. Many are coarse, others are weedy, some 
 both coarse and weedy, and others positively ugly. If 
 you can notice a horse's back as being long, either his 
 shoulders or his quarters, or both, are faulty : too long a 
 back with good quarters is a sure sign of upright 
 shoulders ; if the shoulders are well placed, but accom- 
 panied by a long back, the quarters are short, or have a 
 wrong direction ; or it may be that a horse with too 
 long a back may have upright shoulders and short 
 quarters. 
 
 I think any one who has examined and docs study 
 attentively our blood stock will allow these changes and 
 
The Modern Racer. 99 
 
 modifications do exist in our modern racer, and that no 
 unfaithful picture has been drawn. The modern racer 
 does not show the fine points and attributes which were 
 formerly seen in horses of an older date, imprinted upon 
 them by their Arabian ancestry. In other words, the 
 English thorough-bred horse has failed to hand down to 
 his descendants the primal characteristics of the pure 
 Arabian, or, indeed, retained the modified points which 
 were observable formerly. Can this be flattering to our 
 countrymen .'' Now the question will naturally arise, 
 Why have not these points been preserved and per- 
 petuated .'' Is it not owing to one grand cause, or — to 
 speak, perhaps, more correctly — accounted for by one 
 simple fact, he is not really thoroughbred ; he is not 
 of pure race .'' 
 
 In going through the pedigrees of the modern horses 
 whose history has been sketched in the second chapter, 
 reference should be made to the three tables of pedigrees 
 which have been fully drawn out, and it will be seen 
 that every individual inherits the flaws which are shown 
 to have existed in Matchem, Eclipse, and Herod, and, 
 in addition, the multiplication of these deficiencies ; for, 
 although good blood is accumulated in certain horses, 
 by the in-breeding to certain families containing the 
 blood of the Darley Arabian, inasmuch as his blood has 
 only descended to modern horses (even in direct descent) 
 through half-bred horses, with the accumulation of good 
 strains, the number of stains which were in the pedigrees 
 of these half-bred ancestors has also increased. If this 
 be the case with the best and more carefully bred among 
 
 H 2 
 
I oo The Eiiorlish Horse. 
 
 <b 
 
 our horses, what can be said of those of much mixed 
 pedigrees, where stains are as numerous, but derived, 
 perhaps, through inferior horses, and without the advan- 
 tage of the concentration of good blood ? In the case of 
 our breed called through-bred, besides the impure strains 
 which are still handed down, fresh stains may be said to 
 appear. Mares in the Stud Book have produced foals to 
 half-bred horses (I have known an instance where a cart- 
 horse was used). Some of these mares have since produced 
 animals which have been successful. These horses, used 
 at the stud, hand down the stain immediately derived 
 from their dam, in addition to former ones. Again, some 
 horses that have appeared on the Turf as half-breed are 
 now in the Stud Book. 
 
 Lath, the first son of the Godolphin Arab or Barb, own 
 brother to Cade, their dam being Roxana, was considered 
 the best horse that had been at Newmarket since Flying 
 Childers. It must be remembered he made his appear- 
 ance in the days of degeneracy that happened after the 
 time of Childers, and was therefore opposed to inferior 
 horses, the offspring of half-bred sires and dams ; but, 
 although he was considered a wonder, it is recorded that 
 Lath did not come up to the standard or the excellence 
 of Childers. Those who had seen Childers were able to 
 appreciate the difference, although the young sportsmen 
 may have been satisfied. 
 
 So, again. Eclipse, a descendant in male line from the 
 Darley Arabian, and on the side of his dam from the 
 Godolphin Arab, was deemed a phenomenon. Why was 
 this } A little reOection on the sketch of the history of 
 
The Racei\ loi 
 
 our horse will explain it. From the time of Flying 
 Childers the horse was retrograding— by Eastern blood 
 having been set aside in favour of crossed-bred horses. 
 The result became apparent ; a deficiency in every 
 respect was discernible. It is clearly to be seen that 
 our horse then did not possess the high qualities of 
 Flying Childers and the horses of his time or imme- 
 diately before him, many of whom were entirely of 
 Eastern blood. But in Eclipse there was another fresh 
 infusion of Eastern blood — Spiletta, his dam, being the 
 grand-daughter of an Eastern horse. It was a happy 
 circumstance ; it answered. Her sire, Regulus, son of the 
 Godolphin Arab, distinguished himself among the de- 
 generated horses of that period ; but he himself was not 
 of Eastern blood alone ; and on both sides of Eclipse's 
 pedigree, although there was a re-union of Eastern and 
 Arab blood, there ivcre many stains. But because 
 Eclipse was superior to the two generations before him, 
 and to the horses of his time, it is no proof that he was 
 at all equal to the racers which were entirely of Eastern 
 blood at the period of the Darley Arabian. And at the 
 present time there is nothing to guide us to the belief 
 that the racer of our day has improved upon the form of 
 Flying Childers, but many things, and especially the fact 
 that he is not now of such pure breeding, to lead us to 
 the conviction that he is inferior. What have we to 
 guide us to the assumption that our present horse is 
 superior, even to Eclipse .'' Certainly not the distances 
 that are now run, nor the weights now carried, against 
 those under which former distances were accomplished. 
 
I02 The English Horse. 
 
 ^> 
 
 I am not one of those always lamenting over our horse's 
 degeneracy, although I may be quite willing to accept 
 the convictions which those who can look further back 
 are compelled to admit ; but I maintain our horse is not 
 so good as he might be if we had pursued a different 
 and more careful style of breeding. Those who argue 
 that the horse has not deteriorated point to certain 
 stallions of a large size, and, although they as a rule 
 ignore the time test, yet they refer you to the time in 
 which certain great races have been run, as being faster 
 during the last few years than a short period before. 
 This latter — if a correct test — could only show that 
 there had been an improvement in the last thirty years 
 or half-century. But even this is a delusion ; for I have 
 it on very good authority that hardly any races for 
 several years past have been truly timed, the horses 
 having started seconds before the time-keepers begin to 
 take time. 
 
 Time, if properly taken, and races be truly run, must 
 be a tolerably correct test, and be valuable as a guide 
 to those who come after us ; but if time be not taken, 
 fifty years hence people will imagine that we had 
 stayers, from the fact that there were some races of two 
 and three miles, and, having no time to guide them, will 
 presume they were run from end to end. 
 
 Does experience teach us that ' those fine-sized, big- 
 boned thorough-breds,' which are sometimes seen, and 
 brought forward as an emphatic proof that there is no 
 necessity, at any rate, for the breed of horses to deterio- 
 rate, are as a rule the stoutest, the truest, and most 
 
' As thoroiLgh-bred as Eclipse.^ 103 
 
 enduring, or that as stallions they are the sires which 
 beget the stoutest stock ? Is not the contrary rather the 
 rule ? The history of the thoroughbred, and more espe- 
 cially the tables of pedigrees given at the end, most 
 conclusively prove our horse is neither altogether of 
 Arabian blood, nor yet even entirely of Eastern extrac- 
 tion, and therefore certainly not thorough-bred. More- 
 over, the three horses, Herod, Matchem, and Eclipse, 
 from which all modern horses are descended, were 
 nothing more than half-bred, got by half-bred sires 
 from half-bred dams ; which completely destroys the 
 theory that the English racer is entirely of Arabian 
 blood — ' the true son of Arabia Deserta.' 
 
 'As thorough-bred as Eclipse' is a common expression 
 in speaking of a horse's claim to pure breeding. If he 
 be not better bred than Eclipse, he is but a cocktail. 
 People are apt to talk of horses tracing back to Eclipse 
 and Herod, and in looking at pedigrees which are seldom 
 drawn out so far as either ; but by seeing a combination 
 of the blood of Herod and Eclipse, say, ' There's blood 
 for you ; good enough for anything ! ' Kind reader, look 
 carefully at the pedigrees of your favourite horses ; the 
 real interest and the very essence of which only begin 
 with those up to which you are content to trace. Look, 
 and find that the ' terribly high-bred cattle,' which yon 
 fondly imagine to be without peer, are the descendants 
 of a half-bred horse and a half-bred dam. Look a little 
 further back, to the days of Queen Anne, and trace the 
 pedigrees also given of some horses of her days, in which, 
 at all events, nothing but Eastern blood can be found ; 
 
I04 TJie English Horse. 
 
 and what becomes of the thoroughbred of modern 
 days ? 
 
 Those who assert that our horse's excellence is owing to 
 our consummate skill in breeding rather than to procura- 
 tion of original stock of good description (the Eastern 
 stock), and which was supported by Mr. William Percivall 
 in his address at the University College in 1834, seem to 
 be forgetful of the fact that it was immediately after the 
 introduction of Eastern blood, not before, that the Eng- 
 lish became celebrated for their horses. Youatt, who 
 quotes Mr. Percivall, says, ' and although, perhaps on 
 the whole, the English were not far behind their conti- 
 nental neighbours, yet at no period until within the last 
 century and a half has Great Britian been at all distin- 
 guished on this account' — that is, the excellence of its 
 horses. Youatt made the remark in 1850 ; so the cen- 
 tury and a half from that date takes us back not only to 
 when Eastern blood had been acknowledged as superior, 
 and had wrought great changes in our native breed, but 
 to the very days of the Leedes and Darley Arabians, 
 when there were actually horses and mares of entirely 
 Eastern blood ; and only just before Flying Childers, in 
 whose days our horse arrived at the zenith of his excel- 
 lence. The fallacy of such an assertion can hardly fail 
 to be apparent. Common sense, let alone consummate 
 judgment and skill in breeding, ought to have dictated 
 the advisability of perpetuating such blood as Flying 
 Childers' and other horses also of entirely Eastern blood, 
 and principally of Arabian, instead of allowing it to 
 become degenerate b}' resorting to mares of common 
 
Only half-bred. 105 
 
 blood, and afterwards breeding from half-bred horses 
 and mares. Consummate skill devoted to breeding-, if 
 it had been applied to drawing- out the excellences of the 
 best stock, must have achieved a higher success and 
 greater results than has resulted from the continued 
 system of breeding from a mixed and half-bred stock. 
 As Eastern blood had been found more than 200 years 
 ago necessary for horses of any degree of excellence, 
 and of all Eastern blood the Arabian is incomparable, 
 even if no more skill and no greater perception and 
 ability than have been displayed in breeding from half- 
 bred stock, had been devoted to the incomparable 
 Arabian blood, must not the results have been far greater 
 than at present ? Even if we allow the horse to have 
 improved upon the form of Eclipse, being now, as in the 
 days of Eclipse, but a half-bred animal, he cannot be 
 compared to Flying Childers, altogether of Eastern 
 blood, and two-thirds Arabian. I must crave indulgence 
 for using the plainest language, and for repeatedly urging 
 the fact of our horse being only half-bred since the days 
 of Childers, which is supported by proof from our Stud 
 Book. What would be thought of a proposal to breed 
 thoroug-h-bred horses (racers) from -what are called half- 
 bred horses and mares now-a-days } But it is the very 
 thing we have been doing for the last 1 50 years ; it is the 
 very thing we are doing now at this very time ! 
 
 Those who may have no knowledge of the history of 
 our horse, may gather some information on the subject 
 by following me so far, and cannot fail to see he is not 
 
1 06 The Enorlish Horse. 
 
 <i> 
 
 completely bred, nor entirely bred from the best blood, 
 nor completely bred from a pure and original race. 
 
 Nearly a century after the birth of Flying Childers, 
 Fair Ellen is born to an Eastern horse styled the Wel- 
 lesley Grey Arabian. She was the dam of Lilias, winner 
 of the Oaks, 1826, and of The Exquisite, who ran second 
 for the Derby, 1829 ; and of Euryone, granddam of Safe- 
 guard, a horse of very considerable merit. Unfortunately 
 his blindness (derived doubtless from his sire Defence) 
 always prevented his employment with valuable mares, 
 coupled also with the prejudice against modern Arabian 
 blood ; but his soundness in every other respect, the 
 extraordinary goodness of his feet and legs, and his 
 wonderful constitution, and his success as a sire, consi- 
 dering the inferior mares put to him, have been noticed 
 and recorded by ' Stonehenge.' Slight as was the infusion 
 of Eastern blood, it was not without beneficial results. 
 Perhaps, with the exception of the Darley Arabian, no 
 better Arabs have appeared in this country than the 
 black and bay Arabians presented by Imaun Seyeed, 
 of Muscat, to his Majesty William IV., but I believe 
 they were never used as sires with thorough-bred mares, 
 nor with an Arabian mare also sent with them ; and so 
 the opportunity of trying Arabian blood was again lost 
 or thrown away. These horses, doubtless, came from 
 Nejed. The Arabian horse is not indigenous to Oman. 
 
 Assuming that purity of blood is necessary for the 
 attainment of the full amount of excellence in the horse, 
 it is obvious, for the purpose of founding a standard breed 
 in this or any other country, in which the horse did not 
 
Necessity of Ptcre Blood. 107 
 
 exist In a pure or perfect state, that stock of pure blood 
 should have been, and also should now be, obtained for 
 such a purpose, instead of having, in the first instance, 
 engrafted a few individuals of more or less pure blood, 
 and that chiefly on the male side, on to the former hetero- 
 geneous stock, as in this country, and then subsequently 
 breeding entirely from their half-bred descendants. 
 
 The horse of such a character, to found a race of true 
 thorough-bred horses, and in which alone such requisite 
 perfections can be found, will be discussed in the second 
 part. 
 
PART 2 
 
 THE ARABIAN HORSE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF THE ARABIAN. 
 
 Different opinions as to his origin — Probable early history discussed- 
 Views against his being originally located in Arabia — Objections 
 answered — No lack of horses in Arabia during the time of Mohammed 
 — Held in great estimation very shortly after his death — The horse 
 taken into Africa at an early date — Indication of the horse being in 
 Arabia before he is mentioned as being in Egypt — Times and country of 
 Job discussed — The horse always ridden in Arabia — The unchanging 
 character of the Arabs, the probable means of the horse having been 
 kept in a pure state — The horse created good : the original not im- 
 proved upon — The Persian horse probably owed his improvement to 
 Arab blood — Short dissertation on Jonadab : his occupation — The 
 Rechabites, Midianites, and Ishmaelites — The horse likely to become 
 degenerate in Egypt. 
 
 The silver Arab with his purple veins, 
 The true blood royal of his race. — Yule. 
 
 As to the origin and antiquity of the Arabian different 
 opinions exist. Some imagine the Arabian horse to 
 be an improved specimen of the species, bred up from 
 the original race, which has been presumed was of 
 a very poor and sorry description, and only of com- 
 
His Early Histoiy. 109 
 
 paratively recent date a native of Arabia ; others believe 
 him to have been originally located and domesticated 
 in Arabia. I may say at once I entertain the latter 
 opinion, and believe him to be the sole pure representa- 
 tive of the species. 
 
 I will give a short sketch of his probable early history, 
 and then bring forward such matter as may bear upon the 
 subject, in proof and support. 
 
 When the horse made his exit from the Ark with 
 the other animals saved alive from the Flood, B.C. 
 2349-48, I do not mean to insist he immediately made 
 his way into Central Arabia, and was found there 
 by those who first inhabited that country, although 
 such a supposition is very far from improbable. The 
 same law of nature that dictates to him and every 
 animal what is best for them — the fine instinct which 
 he has received from his Creator, and which enables him 
 to find his nearest way home, or if cast adrift at sea, at 
 once to turn his head to the nearest land, might as 
 easily 'have directed him to Arabia, the soil and climate 
 of which are peculiarly adapted to him and the reten- 
 tion of his primal characteristics. 
 
 It may be supposed rather, that he would follow the 
 saved inhabitants of the world, or be taken by them 
 to the plains of Shinar ; and when, rather more than 
 a hundred years after the Flood — during which time 
 he would have increased and multiplied — the Tower of 
 Babel being in course of erection, the work was sud- 
 denly stopped by the confusion of tongues, and the 
 families of Noah dispersed to seek localities for them- 
 
1 1 o The A 7^abian Hoi^sc. 
 
 selves, that he would be settled and domesticated with 
 some of these families. 
 
 When Nimrod was founding Babylon he may have 
 retained some for his future kingdom ; and Misraim 
 may have carried the horse into Egypt ; and why not 
 with equal probability that family which went into 
 Central Arabia, and first peopled it ? Why should the 
 horse be denied to that country, the most propitious to 
 him, and where, at the present time, he is found in the 
 purest form, to a people of the highest antiquity? 
 
 Eber, the great-grandson of Shem, had two sons, 
 Joktan (or Kahtan as spelt in Arabia) and Peleg ; the 
 latter, the founder of Abraham's family, and subse- 
 quently through Abraham's son Ishmael became joined 
 with the descendants of Joktan. ' In the days of Peleg 
 the earth was divided,' or, as I understand, the dispersion 
 took place at Babel. Joktan and his family went down 
 into Central Arabia, about the time Nimrod was 
 founding Babylon, or perhaps before. They must have 
 been, as their descendants are now, horse-fanciers. 
 The horse was ridden in Arabia ; he was not put to 
 degrading work ; he was a hunter and a war horse. 
 The horse was ridden only in Arabia, not used for 
 harness, as subsequently by other nations. Joktan and 
 his family were settled in that part of Arabia even now 
 called Kahtan, and to whose inhabitants the term 
 Ketanic is still applied, reaching from near Mecca in 
 the west to Jebel Toweek in the east. 
 
 It was from this district, in all probability, that the 
 descendants of Joktan, if not at war among themselves, 
 
His History. 1 1 1 
 
 made frequent raids upon their northern neighbours ; 
 and among them the Sabseans, mounted upon their 
 matchless coursers, performed a true Arab feat, making 
 a swoop upon Job's peaceful possessions, carrying off 
 his cattle, and killing his servants with the edge of the 
 sword. When war was not -the order of the day, the 
 chase occupied their time, either for pastime or in quest of 
 food, and when the ostrich was the game, to try the speed 
 and endurance of their horses. Thus would pass many 
 generations ; but at an early period the horse was taken 
 from Arabia into Africa, and founded the breed known 
 as the horses of Sahara. Since, both before and after 
 the time of Mohammed, importations of Arabian horses 
 into Africa have taken place. 
 
 At a later period the Arabian horse became more 
 generally known, and played a very conspicuous part. 
 When, after the death of Mohammed, Arabia had 
 become the centre of an empire second to none in 
 extent, he was taken out into all lands, east, north, and 
 west — into Europe, Africa, and other parts of Asia, 
 and left his mark upon the degenerated and changed 
 breeds of other countries through which he passed ; and 
 at this day, according to the amount of Arab blood to 
 be found in the modern horse, in any part of the world, 
 is he valuable. 
 
 Scripture tells us that Joktan had thirteen sons, one 
 of whom was named Sheba, ' and their dwelling was 
 from Mesha, as thou goest unto Sephar, a mount of the 
 East.' 
 
 Mecca in the Hejaz, allowed to be one of the most 
 
112 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 ancient cities, is supposed to be identical with the 
 Mesha of Scripture (of this there can be httle doubt), 
 but some have objected to Central Arabia as being the 
 territory occupied by Joktan, as they know of no 
 ' mount ' in the East. A glance at the map appended 
 to Mr. Palgrave's book of travel through Central Arabia 
 will dispel such doubts at once. 
 
 It will be seen that between Mecca and Jebel Toweek — 
 which latter is, strictly speaking, Nejed Proper — lies the 
 district called Kahtan. Jebel Toweek literally means, 
 we are told, a little twist or garland of mountains, which 
 would answer to the description * a mount of the East' 
 At the foot of the collection of little mounts, at the 
 northern extremity, but still east from Mecca, is a town 
 now called Zulphar, which, I think, might well be the 
 Sephar of Scripture, the western boundary of Joktan's 
 dominion. From profane history we learn that Joktan, 
 the father of the ancient Arabs, had thirty-one sons, and 
 that he first wore the diadem in Yemen. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Yarab, Yarab by his son Yashab, and Yashab 
 by Abd-Shems, who was a great and successful monarch. 
 He built the city of Saba, and formed vast reservoirs 
 above the city to supply the inhabitants and surrounding 
 lands with water. Abd-Shems was succeeded by his son 
 Hamyar, so called from his wearing red clothes, and he 
 gave his name to a tribe. He was succeeded by a line 
 of seventeen kings, from one of whom, named Africus, 
 the continent of Africa derived its name. It is believed 
 the Ouccn of Sheba followed this line of seventeen 
 kings. 
 
His History. 113 
 
 Another son of Joktan founded the kingdom of Hejaz. 
 Whether Joktan first settled in the district known as 
 Kahtan, and afterwards founded the kingdom of Yemen, 
 or whether the kingdoms of Yemen and Hejaz were first 
 estabhshed, and his descendants afterwards spread them- 
 selves over Kahtan, is not of much consequence ; but that 
 such was their territory, and identical with that as de- 
 scribed from Mesha to Sephar, a mount of the East, 
 there can be but little doubt. In this country, then, the 
 horse was established not later than about one hundred 
 years after the Deluge ; it may have been simultaneously 
 with other families, w'ho might have taken horses with 
 them. Here only the horse would appear to have been 
 kept in a pure and unmixed state, and to have been pre- 
 served from degeneration, as, after a lapse of four thousand 
 years, we find him still in the purest and noblest form, 
 unchanged and unchanging, in pristine beauty, and in the 
 hands of a people the most ancient and least affected by 
 the outward world ; if indeed he did not find his way there 
 immediately after the exodus from the Ark, which is by 
 no means improbable, and which will now be considered. 
 
 Although there are reasons for believing that the horse 
 was distributed over many parts of the world before the 
 Deluge, it is only consistent to believe that the most 
 perfect specimens of all things living were taken into the 
 Ark. Where this was built cannot be stated ; but we 
 know that when the waters subsided it rested upon the 
 mountains of Ararat, which, however, is no evidence 
 that it was constructed there — all probability would point 
 to a less elevated locality. The wisdom of the exit 
 
 I 
 
114 ^^^^ Arabian Horse. 
 
 taking place from such a lofty position is at once appa- 
 rent when we consider for one moment in Avhat a state 
 the lowlands must have been after having been deluged 
 for so long a time. What situation could be more admi- 
 rably chosen, both with regard to its central position for 
 the replenishing of the earth, and also on account of the 
 health of the long-imprisoned inhabitants, than a moun- 
 tain land and its surrounding slopes ! Even if we knew 
 the exact spot where the Ark was constructed, it would 
 not necessarily indicate the original locality of the horse ; 
 nor is it necessary to believe that Noah, in compliance 
 with the Divine command, took unto him any animals 
 that might be immediately around him, or that the 
 selection was left to him. Taking into consideration the 
 antagonistic character and habits of many of the creatures, 
 both small and great, it is very easy to believe that those 
 intended for preservation, ' to keep seed alive upon the 
 face of all the earth,' would be drawn together by the 
 Divine Power and Infinite Wisdom — many specimens 
 perhaps from great distances ; and if that part of the 
 world now known as Arabia were then, as Gibbon says 
 it is now, the most propitious to the horse, that from 
 thence came the horses to the Ark. That they were 
 divinely directed, and not selected by Noah, is borne out 
 by Holy Scripture. In Genesis, ch. vi. verse 20, Noah is 
 told ' two of every sort shall come unto thee to keep 
 them alive.' In ch. vii. verse i, he is directed to enter 
 the Ark with his house. At verse 7 it is stated, * Noah 
 went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives 
 with him into the Ark '; verses 8 and 9 narrate how that 
 
His History. 1 1 5 
 
 two and two of all flesh (the male and the female) went 
 unto Noah into the Ark. It is also repeated in verse 15 
 that they zvent in unto Noah into the Ark two and 
 two of all flesh ; and in verse 16 it is stated, 'and the 
 Lord shut him in.' 
 
 Noah, on the appointed day, went into the Ark with 
 his family. Then entered unto him two and two of all 
 creatures, and, when all were in, the door was shut. 
 Following this train of thought, it would not require any 
 great stretch of imagination to believe that the horses, 
 freed from their long confinement, upon leaving the Ark 
 would at once, or so soon as the state of the ground 
 would permit, seek the place from whence they had 
 come, and which was most congenial to them. 
 
 If this supposition be correct — and I confess I have a 
 decided opinion in its favour — the horse would be found 
 in Arabia by Joktan and his family after the dispersion 
 at Babel, who would hold him in their complete posses- 
 sion ; and from Arabia the horse would have gone forth 
 into other parts of the world (as he has subsequently 
 done at different periods of his history), and this would 
 allow ample time for the horse to be established in 
 Egypt by the time he is first mentioned in the days of 
 Joseph. 
 
 There is yet another view. Bishop Patrick, in his 
 Notes on Genesis, believes that all the posterity of Noah, 
 much less Noah himself, were not at the building of 
 Babel ; and therefore the language of Noah was not 
 changed. It is probable, also, although I would not 
 insist upon this view, that Shem and his descendants, 
 
ii6 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 through one family of whom all nations are blessed, 
 were separate from those who were at Babel ; and as 
 Eber, the great-grandson of Shem, was the father of 
 two great families — the Hebrews and the ancient 
 Arabians — it is possible that, as to the former family 
 was confided the care of the knowledge of the true and 
 only God, so might the charge of man's most valued 
 servant be committed to the other family. I speak this 
 with all reverence. That the language of Shem's family, 
 or a considerable portion of it, was not changed or con- 
 founded, is probable, from the fact that the language of 
 his descendants, the Hebrews and Arabians, is very 
 similar, even at the present day. Of course the lan- 
 guage of Ishmael was identical with Abraham's, and, 
 being the same, or nearly so, with the descendants of 
 Joktan, which had probably become only slightly modi- 
 fied by time, was one of the reasons which rendered his 
 fusion with the ancient Arabians the more easy. 
 
 Against the views I hold, it has constantly been urged 
 as a proof that Egypt is the original country of the 
 horse, that the first direct mention of the horse in Scrip- 
 ture is of his being in that country. This cannot, I 
 think, be taken as a proof that Egypt was the original 
 country of the horse after the Flood, or that the horse was 
 not in Arabia before the time when he is first mentioned 
 in Scripture. If so, it would show that the horse was 
 not in any other part of the Avorld, and that he was first 
 known and heard of some time between Abraham's visit 
 to Egypt and Joseph's sojourn there. The Scriptures 
 do not give the history of animals, although much valua- 
 
His History. 1 1 7 
 
 ble information on such a subject may be gained from 
 them. The horse is only mentioned when he performs 
 a part in any event in the country that may enter into 
 BibHcal history ; he is first mentioned when Joseph gave 
 the starving inhabitants of Egypt, during the seven years 
 of famine, bread in exchange for horses and for the flocks, 
 &c. This was centuries after the Flood. When Abram 
 went down into Egypt, no mention is made of the horse : 
 he is not among the gifts presented to the patriarch ; 
 and so, equally, it might be argued that at that time the 
 horse was unknown in Egypt, although probably it was 
 because such a gift would not have been acceptable. 
 When Joseph goes up into Canaan to buiy his father, as 
 the horse takes a part in the procession, he is again 
 mentioned. A writer in Blaine's ' Rural Sports ' says, 
 ' It appears difficult to reconcile the plentitude of horses 
 in Arabia with the Scriptural account that when Saul, 
 who became king of Israel, B.C. 1095, made a successful 
 war against this very country, his plunder consisted of 
 camels, sheep, oxen, and asses only ; no mention being 
 made of horses.' And Youatt ' On the Horse' states 
 that so late as the seventh century the Arabs had few 
 horses, and those of little value ; for when Mohammed 
 attacked the Koreish near Mecca, he had but two horses 
 in his whole army. And at the close of his murderous 
 campaign, although he drove off 24,000 camels, 140,000 
 sheep, and carried away 24,000 oz. of silver, not one 
 horse appears in the list of plunder. 
 
 But another writer in Blaine's ' Rural Sports,' Mr. 
 Burchett, of Truro, says Arabia possessed horses in great 
 
1 18 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 numbers at a very early period of the world, and has 
 stronger claims to be entitled the primal seat of these 
 animals than any other country. His opinion is partly 
 grounded upon the extreme antiquity of the Arabs, 
 whom he regards as the most ancient people in the 
 world. Gibbon also gives Arabia the credit of being the 
 genuine and original country of the horse. ' It is a 
 climate the most propitious, not indeed to size, but 
 to the spirit of that generous animal' Niebuhr says, 
 ' Some animals appear to be originally natives of 
 Arabia, for they are not common through other regions 
 of the East ; they retain their primary instincts in a 
 higher perfection, and are more eminently distinguished 
 by strength and beauty here than elsewhere ; such are 
 the horse, the ass, and the camel.' And Mr. Gififord 
 Palgrave says the kingdom of Oman is as celebrated for 
 camels as Central Arabia for its horses. 
 
 One would not be far wrong in assigning the ass to 
 the more northern districts ; the camel to the south- 
 eastern, and the horses to Central Arabia. 
 
 With reference to the remark that horses were not 
 part of the plunder taken by King Saul from the Amale- 
 kites, it must be borne in mind that that people, the 
 descendants of one of the sons of Esau, of far less anti- 
 quity than the Ketanie Arabs or the Ishmaelites, 
 occupied a very small portion of Arabia, that small 
 peninsula between the gulfs of Akabah and Zuez, a 
 district not adapted to the rearing of horses, even if the 
 Amalekites were possessed of them. But because he 
 was not found among that people, is no proof he was 
 
His History. 1 1 9 
 
 not in Arabia ; nor, again, the fact that afterwards 
 King Solomon got his horses from Egypt, and gold and 
 silver from Arabia ; the gold and silver would be brought, 
 no doubt, from the south of Yemen and Hadramaut by 
 ships up the Red Sea, manned by King Hiram's sailors, 
 and landed at Elath, King Solomon's seaport, on the 
 Gulf of Akabah. 
 
 His communication with Egypt was easy, the distance 
 not very great, and he had constant and intimate inter- 
 course with Egypt. Horses and chariots could be brought 
 up very easily from thence ; there would appear to have 
 been a regular trade ; the prices are fixed — a chariot at 
 six hundred shekels of silver, and a horse at one hundred 
 and fifty. And through King Solomon's interest, the 
 kings of the Hittites and of Syria also obtained them ; 
 so horses were not general at that time in Syria. These 
 horses reared in the fat lands of Rameses, Avhether they 
 were the descendants of the horses from Arabia, or of 
 those that Misraim may have taken, would by this time 
 have lost much of their pristine beauty and perfection, 
 and have become grosser, coarser, of a more bulky body, 
 and more suitable for dragging chariots. 
 
 But Solomon had other horses. In i Kings, chap, x. 
 verse 25, we read, after being told that all the earth 
 sought Solomon, ' and they brought every man his pre- 
 sent, vessels of silver and vessels of gold, and garments, 
 and armour, and spices, horses and mules, a rate year by 
 year.' It is quite: likely the Arabs deemed it expedient, 
 if not absolutely necessary, to present horses to King 
 Solomon from time to time as gifts, even if not as 
 
I20 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 tribute, and they would do this far more readily than 
 they do now to the Sultan at Constantinople or the 
 Viceroy in Egypt, for they looked upon Solomon as a 
 kinsman, but they detest the Turks and despise them as 
 aliens. 
 
 The statement alluded to just before, that, so late as 
 the seventh century, the Arabs had few horses, and 
 those of little value, is not supported by history, and 
 would appear to be based upon the absence of the horses 
 among the things plundered. This is very easily ex- 
 plained. Mohammed had a very up-hill game to fight. 
 During his early career he was badly off for horses, and 
 he could not possibly capture them. When successful 
 in action, or plundering caravans, he took much plunder ; 
 but, without cavalry, how could he capture Arab Jiorsc- 
 mcn ? But some he had at command. It is commonly 
 reported, he and his five followers fied from Mecca to 
 Medina on horses. The Arabs say he had only one 
 follower, and he went on a camel. But in the second 
 year of the Hegira, we read that Mohammed sent out 
 on one occasion a body of thirty horse to attack a rich 
 caravan going to Mecca ; on another, in the same year, 
 a body of sixty or eighty horse. 
 
 It was at the battle of Ohod, in the third year of the 
 Hegira, that Mohammed is said to have had only two 
 horses with him. But that is no proof that there were 
 no horses in Arabia. For the Koreish met him with a 
 force of 800 men, 200 of whom were horsemen. Mo- 
 hammed suffered defeat by a charge of cavalry com- 
 manded by Calcd h2bn-el-Wallid. IMohammcd at this 
 
His History. 121 
 
 time was continually employed in plundering caravans. 
 When he lost the battle of Ohod, what horse he had (a 
 considerable force, 500 horse) was away on a plundering 
 expedition under his follower Zeid, who came down 
 upon a very rich caravan at Al-Karda in Nejed. The 
 booty taken on this occasion was estimated at 25,000 
 dahrems or pieces of silver. 
 
 On another occasion, after having been compelled to 
 raise the siege of the castle of El-Tayef, into which 
 Malec the chief and his fighting-men had thrown them- 
 selves, Mohammed took the town of Waha, in which 
 Malec had caused to be deposited many of their most 
 valuable effects, which is said to have consisted of 
 24,000 camels, 40,000 .sheep, and 4,000 oz. of silver, in 
 addition to 6,000 captives. If Malec were possessed of 
 horses — which most probably he was — and they not away 
 from home on any expedition, they would be with his 
 fighting-men, and form part of the garrison of El-Tayef, 
 and which did not succumb to Mohammed. 
 
 Mohammed was not slow in learning the full value of 
 the horse, and during his early career doubtless often 
 deplored his own deficiency in cavalry. Having seen 
 how essential the horse was to rapid movement, either 
 in the advance to attack, or for security in case of defeat, 
 he was loud in the praise of that generous animal, and 
 left maxims regarding his care and treatment to his fol- 
 lowers. 
 
 It was in the ninth year of the Hegira — only one 
 year before the death of Mohammed — that the greater 
 number of Arabian tribes sent embassies to him, ten- 
 
122 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 dering their submission, or, rather, making alHances, as 
 many of them did so to suit their own convenience, and 
 did not really believe in him as a prophet. They had 
 been watching with interest the results of his protracted 
 war and disputes with the Koreish. 
 
 Again, during the reign of Omar, the second Caliph, 
 Abu Obeidah, his commander-in-chief, after the battle 
 of Yermouk — which decided the fate of Syria — in the 
 division of the spoil, made a distinction between horse 
 and foot, and between those who were mounted on 
 Arabian horses and those who rode horses of a foreign 
 breed. All cavalry in general had three times the value 
 in spoils to what the infantry had ; but the owner of a 
 true Arabian horse had a double portion to what the 
 master of any other horse had. This was in the fifteenth 
 year of the Hegira, very shortly after the death of Mo- 
 hammed, and it proves that Arabian horses were neither 
 scarce nor of little value in the sixth and the beginning 
 of the seventh centuries. If there had been only a few 
 horses in Arabia, and those of no value, in Mohammed's 
 time, it would have been impossible, in so short a period 
 as fifteen years, to have established a breed of such 
 great value and well-acknowledged superiority as the 
 trne Arabian horse. 
 
 Moreover, Abd-el-Kader, the celebrated Emir in 
 Africa, has stated that the Arabian horse was taken 
 into Africa anterior to Islam by two Herimetic tribes, 
 that the horses of the Sahara are their pure descendants, 
 and that the first family or race among them is the 
 Hamyan. It has been shown that IIam}'ar, who gave 
 
Collateral Events. 123 
 
 his name to a tribe, was the sixth only in descent from 
 Joktan, and that among the seventeen kings who suc- 
 ceeded him was one Africus, who called Africa after 
 himself Perhaps in the time of Hamyar the Arabian 
 horse was taken into Africa ; hardly later than that of 
 Africus. 
 
 Here it may not be out of place to draw attention to 
 collateral events. When Abram went down into Egypt, 
 no mention is made of the horse ; but he is mentioned 
 as being in that country in the time of Joseph, the great- 
 grandson of the patriarch. Abram was the fifth only 
 from Peleg, the founder of the family, brother to Joktan ; 
 and Hamyar, from whom, doubtless, the best race of 
 horses in Africa takes its name, was sixth in descent. 
 Supposing Abram and Hamyar to have been contem- 
 poraries, there would have been ample time for the horse 
 to have been introduced into Egypt from Arabia, and 
 to have been established, the period being rather over 
 two hundred years. Abram went into Egypt about 
 1920 B.C. ; and the horse is first mentioned in the Bible, 
 1702 B.C. But there is an indirect mention of the 
 horse. Anah discovered mules in the wilderness, while 
 feeding the asses of Zibeon. This, it must be remem- 
 bered, was in Arabia, although in the northern or north- 
 eastern part, and the date would either be 1840 B.C. or 
 1760 B.C. The former would be the more correct date 
 if I be right in the surmise that this Anah was the 
 daughter of Zibeon and mother of Esau's wife, Aholi- 
 bamah ; but in either case it would be a considerable 
 time prior to the first mention of the horse in Egypt. 
 
124 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 A stray horse of the Sabaeans may have been the cause 
 of the phenomenon, which was evidently accidental, and 
 not, as now, by a perversion of man's ; or the accident 
 may have happened as horses were being sent from 
 Arabia into Egypt. 
 
 Besides, Scripture clearly indicates that the horse was 
 in Arabia at a very early period by the description of 
 him in the Book of Job, allowed by most to be a work 
 of the highest antiquity, considered by many the oldest 
 extant, believed to have been originally in Arabic, and 
 afterwards translated into Hebrew. When did Job live, 
 where, and of what race was he } One thing is certain : he 
 was a worshipper of the true God, and his acts of wor- 
 ship were according to those of the days of Noah. Job 
 is described as living in the land of Uz. Uz was the 
 name of one of the grandsons of Seir the Horite, who in- 
 habited the land before Esau's days, and probably 
 given to that part of the country to which Uz de- 
 parted, and not the district known as Mount Seir, some- 
 where in Arabia, and in the northern part, and was 
 equally accessible to the Chaldeans as to the Sabseans, 
 the southern Arabs ; which would indicate that portion 
 of Arabia occupied by Ishmael's children, ' from Havilah 
 unto Shur, that is before Egypt, as thou goest towards 
 Assyria,' reaching from just nortli of Mount Sinai to 
 the south of Babylonia, and just north of the Persian 
 Gulf May not Job have been a descendant of Ishmael, 
 and living even in the days of Abraham } The names 
 of Ishmael's sons are given, but not of his grandsons. 
 One of those sons was Tema ; one of Job's friends was a 
 
A War- Horse and Hunter. 125 
 
 Tcmanite. He certainly was an inhabitant of Arabia, 
 It is probable he lived as early as the times of 
 Abraham, and, as his possessions were attacked by 
 both Arabs and Chaldeans, that he was living in the 
 land of the Ishmaelites, a considerable portion of which 
 would be desert. The Sabaean descendants of Joktan, 
 in going north from Kahtan, perhaps taking the very 
 same route that the Sabaean Arabs do now annually, fell 
 upon Job's asses and oxen simultaneously as the 
 Chaldeans took off his camels, although the events did 
 not perhaps take place quite in the same place. In the 
 thirty-ninth chapter of the Book of Job the occupation 
 of the horse in Arabia is shown : he is a war-horse and 
 hunter. In the eighteenth verse, in speaking of the 
 ostrich (a bird of Arabia), 'What time she lifteth up 
 herself on high, she scorneth the Jiorse and his rider, — 
 shows he is ridden, not driven, as among the Egyptians 
 and other nations ; his avocation then was the same as 
 at the present day. The grand description of the horse 
 recounted to Job, so universally admired, and essentially 
 descriptive of the Arabian horse, and so vividly pour- 
 traying him to the mind, does not admit of a doubt 
 that he was then a native of Arabia, and most probably 
 was not altogether unknown to Job. 
 
 The Arabs are a people who have existed from the 
 earliest times. Many ancient nations have passed away, 
 new ones risen and also disappeared, but the Arabs still 
 exist, and are the same as four thousand years ago. 
 May we not well believe that the wisdom and power 
 that have kept a people through so many centuries, and 
 
126 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 preserved them unchanged, which ordahicd the plan 
 of the Ark and the scheme for replenishing the earthy 
 have ordered and directed the horse into Arabia, to a 
 climate and soil peculiarly adapted to him and to the 
 retention of his primal beauty, vigour, and attributes, 
 under charge of a people who have themselves with- 
 stood the changes of the world, to be preserved from all 
 the causes tending to deterioration and degeneracy ? Is 
 it not more reasonable to believe that by these means 
 the horse has been preserved very nearly in his original 
 perfection, than that he should have been bred up from 
 a poor miserable animal such as is seen in the highlands 
 of Central Asia, and showing very little of the true 
 character of the horse. ' Facilis descensus Averni ' is 
 a very true saying, but it is indeed a difficult thing 
 to ascend and to bring back qualities that have been 
 lost. Besides, we have the most sure warranty that 
 the horse, as all other things, was created perfect ; 
 and he, as others, Avas pronounced to be ' very good.' 
 This truth seems either to be forgotten or overlooked 
 when people talk about improving upon any original 
 species. Do they think man by his skill could breed 
 a better lion or tiger } Has the skill of man during four 
 thousand years succeeded in arriving at so perfect a 
 form or model as the Arabian horse 1 A most impor- 
 tant part has the Arabian horse -already played in im- 
 proving and invigorating the various degenerate breeds 
 of horses scattered over the whole earth, but none have 
 attained unto his perfection ; and there may be yet 
 work in store for him. 
 
The Bi^eed Preserved. 1 2 7 
 
 There are numerous instances mentioned of the horse 
 leaving Arabia for other parts of the world, but no 
 account of his having been imported into that country 
 as an unknown animal, subsequently to the dispersion 
 from Babel. The original inhabitants of Arabia, the sons 
 of Joktan or Kahtan, founded kingdoms and built 
 cities. Yarab, one son, had the province of Yemen, and 
 another son, Jorham, became King of Hejaz. His pos- 
 terity continued to reign as kings until the time of 
 Ishmael, when either the Ketanic princes were expelled, 
 or the two peoples became one by intermarriage. At this 
 period the kingly rule was changed, in a great measure 
 at all events, for the patriarchal, as among the Bedouin 
 of the present day. Yet in the days of Moses the 
 Ishmaelites were possessed of castles and towns, and 
 towns of considerable extent with castles and palaces 
 are still numerous in Arabia. All Arabs are not Bedouin.' 
 Arabia, having been cut off from neighbouring countries 
 where not separated by sea, by a girdle of desert, and by 
 outposts of watchful Bedouin, has preserved its breed of 
 horses as well as its independence, and has never been 
 thoroughly subjugated by any. 
 
 It has been stated that celebrated as Persian horses 
 afterwards became, there were very few of them, and 
 those inferior until the time of Cyrus ; and he greatly 
 encouraged the breeding of horses. It is very probable 
 
 • A high state of civilisation was enjoyed by the early Arabians — perhaps 
 that of the antediluvian world ; for some of the works of Abd-Shems, the 
 great-grandson of Joktan, still remain, and are perhaps capable of resto- 
 ration 
 
128 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 that Arabian blood was used by Cyrus for that pur- 
 pose, and that the Arabian then first became the means 
 of estabh'shing the reputation of the Persian horse, as 
 very many centuries later he made that of the Eng- 
 lish. In the reign of Neriglissar, King of Babylon, who 
 succeeded Evil-Merodach, and preceded Nabonadius 
 or Belshazzar, there was war between the Babylonians 
 and Persians ; Neriglissar was at the head of 20,000 
 cavalry, with infantry in proportion, and had numerous 
 contingents from other powers. Among these it is men- 
 tioned in history that Marogdas the Arabian conducted 
 10,000 horse. Neriglissar and his allies were totally 
 defeated by Cyrus. It is probable the conqueror was 
 struck with the horses of the Arab contingent, and 
 some, besides, may have fallen into his hands. Arabia 
 may have supplied Babylon also with horses, although 
 doubtless degeneracy had taken place, owing to the 
 use of chariots ; and about eighteen years later, when 
 Cyrus besieged and took Babylon, 'he would have the 
 opportunity of passing them over into Persia, besides, 
 perhaps, of opening some communication with the 
 Arabs. 
 
 What was the occupation or calling of Jonadab, the 
 son of Rcchab (the son of the rider), who was not of the 
 children of Israel, and how came he to be the friend of 
 Jehu .'' It is possible and quite consistent to presume he 
 was the medium in those days of horses being passed 
 from Arabia into Palestine, as they are at the present day 
 into India. In other words, it is very likely Jonadab 
 was the merchant of the day who provided Arab horses 
 
 I 
 
Midianites and Ishmaelites. 129 
 
 for Joram's Court and the officers of his army. And 
 who more likely than such an one to be the friend and 
 welcomed companion of the fierce and impetuous Jehu, 
 who rode after Ahab, and was well known for his 
 furious driving ? The father of Rechab may have per- 
 formed like services for King Solomon. The Recha- 
 bites were Midianites, descended from Abraham and 
 Keturah, and some imagine from that family of Midia- 
 nites whose forefather was Hohab, brother-in-law to 
 Moses, and dwelt among the Israelites ; but in the time 
 of Jeremiah, as the house of the Rechabites went up to 
 Jerusalem only from fear of the army of the Chaldeans, 
 and as they were forbidden to live in houses, to plant, 
 or sow, they evidently were to some extent nomads. 
 Be that as it may, they were Midianites, and these were 
 very early associated and fused with the Ishmaelites, 
 also descended from Abraham, who were intermingled 
 with the ancient Arabians of Ketanic race. That the 
 Midianites were mingled with the Ishmaelites is gathered 
 from the facts mentioned in Genesis. The merchants 
 trading with Egypt in the days of Jacob, and to whom 
 his brethren sold Joseph for twenty pieces of silver, are 
 sometimes described as Midianites, and at others Ish- 
 maelites ; although in those days associated, and to 
 some extent one people, it is possible the Ishmaelites 
 were more addicted to wandering and predatory habits, 
 and the Midianites to trading. The former being the 
 first to be associated with the Arabs might have oppor- 
 tunities of acquiring Arab horses ; and their kinsmen, 
 the Midianites, being traders, passed them off into 
 
 K 
 
130 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 Egypt ; which is not at all an improbable means of the 
 horse being taken into Egypt. If the Ishmaelites, in 
 any of the predatory raids, captured horses, they might 
 be glad of such a ready market for them as Egypt. I 
 don't want to insist upon this view, but the Midianite 
 merchants evidently were in the habit of trading with 
 Egypt before the horse is first mentioned. Whether 
 the horse was taken from Arabia into Egypt or originally 
 taken there by Mizraim, it is a country in which the 
 horse would degenerate, and become of larger and 
 heavier build ; thus more adapted for harness and chariot 
 work, and another reason why King Solomon should 
 obtain horses from Egypt besides the easy access and 
 his peculiar affinity for that country. The Hebrews 
 had two different words for the horse, one to denote 
 the chariot, the other the riding horse; the former 
 horse was much heavier and larsfer. 
 
 APPENDIX TO THE FIRST CHAPTER. 
 
 The causes of degeneracy ainong horses in otlier countries than Arabia — 
 The external clianges which would ensue — The Arabian still a distinct 
 breed — Additional reason why Arabia was the habitat of the horse. 
 
 Whether it be supposed or admitted that there were 
 other breeds, or, rather, that the horse was domesticated 
 by several families of mankind about the same time, or 
 whether the horse immediately found his way into 
 Arabia after the Flood, and from thence the race was 
 distributed over the earth, it may be well to show causes 
 that may have produced degeneracy. 
 
 The following appear to be some of the most pro- 
 bable : — 
 
Cattses of Degeneracy among other Breeds. 131 
 
 Making the horse an animal for draught, using liim as 
 a beast of burthen ; neglect and the effect of neglect, more 
 especially in cold, damp, and uncongenial climates ; and by 
 intermixture of alien species such as the ass and quagga. 
 ' Of all nations, the Arabs alone seem to have kept the 
 horse for the purpose for which he was doubtless in- 
 tended — for riding, not as a beast of draught ; other 
 ancient nations used him for harness as well as for 
 saddle. The use of chariots was very general. If we 
 now consider a horse used for draught as spoiled for the 
 saddle, what would be the consequence in a few genera- 
 tions if he were exclusively used for harness work } 
 Would there not be naturally a gradual alteration of 
 structure } Would not his action become materially 
 changed 1 Undoubtedly great modification would take 
 place ; he would become heavier and more upright in 
 the shoulders, would lose his natural easy and graceful 
 carriage, his active and light step, his springiness and 
 elasticity. Again, taken into districts and countries un- 
 congenial to him, uncared for and neglected, a change 
 would very soon take place. If in low, damp, but fat 
 lands, where there was no lack of food, he would soon 
 assume a large, heavy, and bulky frame ; but with a loss 
 of vigour, courage, fibre, muscle, density of bone, and 
 compactness of frame, assuming more the characteristic 
 of the fatted ox. If uncared for and starved in damp 
 and cold climates, he would assume a small, wasted, and 
 ill-shaped form. In a cold, but dry climate — such as 
 the highlands of Central Asia and steppes of Russia — 
 allowed to run wild and uncared for, he would become 
 small and often ill-formed, but would retain much of his 
 
132 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 original spirit and endurance, with density of bone, and 
 much wire and soundness of constitution. 
 
 But chief among the causes of decay would be the 
 intermixture of species, as in breeding mules : ' TJioii 
 shalt 7iot let thy cattle gender ivith a diverse kind ' (Levi- 
 ticus, 19th chapter, 19th verse). For a mare which has 
 once produced a mule cannot again produce a horse — 
 the offspring would invariably partake more or less of 
 the strange breeds. An instance is cited in ' Blaine's 
 Rural Sports.' A thorough-bred mare that had bred to 
 a quagga, subsequently breeding to a horse, the off- 
 spring took after the quagga. Experience has taught 
 me that if a mare which has produced a mule has pro- 
 duce afterwards by a horse, the stock always possesses 
 asinine properties, in form, by elongated ears, a heavy 
 head, stripes about the legs and body, contracted feet, 
 and is more or less asinine in temper and character. 
 What else but destruction to the race would be the 
 result if mares who had bred mules, and their after- 
 progeny by horses, were allowed to breed to horses .-' 
 The striped animals we even now sometimes see are 
 thus easily accounted for. 
 
 But the Arabian horse is still a distinct breed, without 
 any sign of degeneracy or of admixture ; he is certainly 
 one by himself, nor have any been able to breed up to 
 such a state of perfection or to attain to so perfect a 
 model. I defy any one to point out any feature in the 
 Arabian horse that may have been derived from other 
 breeds, whereas you can trace Arabian blood almost in 
 every breed of horses, and detect his features in a greater 
 or less degree in every kind of horse of breeding, and 
 
The Antiquity of this Race. 133 
 
 more or less as it is good and valuable. This appears 
 to me to be a striking instance of the pure and unmixed 
 character of the Arabian horse ; and, if pure and un- 
 mixed, of the antiquity of his race. Surely it is more 
 reasonable to believe that the horse went southwards 
 from Ararat to a congenial climate, than that he should 
 go north-easterly to Central Asia, and was there first 
 domesticated, as supposed by Colonel Hamilton Smith 
 — to an uncongenial climate ; on the other hand, if the 
 horse first multiplied, and his offspring became dis- 
 persed and was domesticated in Bactria, the higher val- 
 leys of the Oxus, in Cashmere, or in Central Asia, and 
 perhaps simultaneously in several regions, why exclude 
 Arabia } Again, if the horse were not taken'into Egypt 
 by Mizraim, or domesticated there simultaneously with 
 other countries, it is more easy to believe he should 
 have been taken from Arabia into Egypt than that herds 
 or troops of wild horses should find their way across so 
 vast an extent of country as from Central Asia to 
 Egypt, many parts of which would be inhabited, for we 
 have no indication or record of any exodus from Cen- 
 tral Asia to Egypt between the dispersion at Babel and 
 1702 B.C. to account for the horse having been taken 
 thence by Man. Moreover, during so long a period 
 (there were 589 years between the Deluge and when the 
 horse is first mentioned in Egypt, according to the 
 chronology in our authorised version of the Scriptures, 
 which gives the lowest calculation), the horse coming 
 from the wilds of Central Asia would have, in all pro- 
 bability, undergone considerable changes, but in Job's 
 time the horse in Arabia was in his grandest form. 
 
134 ^-^^ Arabian Horse 
 
 Noah found grace in the sight of God, and was saved 
 with his house to perpetuate the race of man. He was 
 not only a just man, but was found ' perfect in his 
 generations ' (Genesis, chap. vi. verse 9). This I read 
 simply as it is put, not as it is very generally supposed 
 to mean, that Noah was a godly and an upright man. 
 It is written before that he Avas a just man. I think 
 it implies that Noah and all his ancestry had kept 
 themselves perfect, had not formed alliances with ' the 
 daughters of men,' nor taken ' them wives of all which 
 they chose,' but his generations were to be found 
 entirely in Seth. The whole of Noah's house was 
 saved, which consisted of eight souls, for it is not re- 
 corded that he had sons and daughters besides Shem, 
 Ham, and Japhet, which is mentioned in the case of 
 former patriarchs. The race of man was to be carried 
 on after the Deluge by a family which had no an- 
 cestral imperfections beyond that inherited from Adam. 
 Surely it may be believed that the animals which the 
 Almighty caused to come unto Noah, ' to keep them 
 alive' for the purpose of replenishing the earth, were 
 also perfect in their generations, and for like reasons. 
 
 The horse being created good, the most perfect speci- 
 mens being preserved at the general destruction by the 
 Deluge, it is not inconsistent to suppose the same care 
 might further provide that some portion of the race 
 should be kept perfect and from the things tending to 
 degeneracy. Now, four thousand years after the Flood, 
 we find the horse in Central Asia in a degenerate form ; 
 in Arabia in primeval beauty. 
 
Described. 
 
 135 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Description of the Arabian horse — Objection taken to the description — 
 Argument in support of the description — More minute description of 
 the Arabian horse — Described by different people — Some exceptions 
 against tlie Arabian — The horse defended — Proofs offered in defence. 
 
 ' Hast tlrou given the horse strength ? hast thou clotlied his neck witli 
 thunder ? 
 
 Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper ? the glory of his nostrils 
 is terrible. 
 
 He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in Jiis strength : he goeth on to 
 meet the armed men. 
 
 He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted ; neither turnetli he back from 
 th^ sword. 
 
 The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield. 
 
 He swallovveth the ground with fierceness and rage : neither believeth 
 he that it is the sound of the trumpet. 
 
 He saith among the trumpets, Ha, ha ; and he smelleth the battle afar 
 off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.' — yol>, chap, xxxix. 
 
 Notwithstanding the appearance of the Arabian is 
 generally supposed to be well known, this history would 
 not be complete unless his features and characteristics 
 were set forth. And there may still be some who do 
 not know him, and therefore may be unable to recognise 
 him in the above sublime description. 
 
 It must be remembered it is not Job who speaks, nor 
 are the words those of man ; Job is standing dumb before 
 his Maker, and the words are those of the Almighty, 
 spoken from out of the whirlwind. I find objection has 
 
136 The Arabian Horse 
 
 been taken to the passage in the description of the horse 
 of Arabia, ' Hast thou clothed his neck with thunder ? ' 
 and that it should be his beautiful mane, as no meaning 
 can be attached to clothing the neck with thunder. I 
 beg to differ entirely from this ; great force is given, and, 
 I think, the exact idea intended to be conveyed is ex- 
 pressed by the word thunder, which ' the beautiful mane ' 
 would not at all express, and which would quite alter the 
 grandeur of the whole description. 
 
 Thunder conveys the idea of great force, awe, and 
 majesty ; it is lightning, and is emitted with terror. 
 What term could more aptly express the force, strength, 
 and beauty of the Arabian horse's neck, especially when 
 under excitement, and the whole description is of him in 
 an excited state .'* A neck of a perfect arch, with im- 
 mense swelling muscles, a splendid large throat, and 
 windpipe of extraordinary capacity, and all set off by 
 his beautiful flowing but light and fine mane, darting 
 out, as the writer has sometimes seen it, like flashes of 
 electricity, and covering the horse, as it were, with a 
 glory ; his eyes glowing and emitting flashes of fire and 
 light ; his nostrils curled up and almost turned inside 
 out ; the whole head seemingly expressed by eyes and 
 nostrils, and that set on, or, as it were, darting forth 
 from his neck of thunder. The description conveys to 
 my mind and senses a true and vivid picture of that 
 which my own eyes have seen. 
 
 The Arabian is a horse of the highest courage, in 
 stature about 14 hands 2 inches,^ a horse of length, 
 ' More oRcn a liltlc under than over. 
 
Described. 137 
 
 power, and substance, combined with the elastic and 
 the sinuous-Hke movement of the serpent. He is a very- 
 perfect animal ; he is not exaggerated — in some parts 
 large ; meagre and diminished in others. There is a 
 balance and harmony throughout his frame not seen in 
 any other horse ; the quintessence of all good qualities 
 in a compact form. 
 
 The beauty of head, ears, eyes, jaw, mouth, and 
 nostrils, should be seen to be appreciated ; the ears small, 
 but sufficiently open, pricked, and altogether well-formed; 
 the head short from the eye to the muzzle, broad and 
 well-developed above ; the eye peculiarly soft and intel- 
 ligent when quiescent, emitting light and fire when 
 roused or excited, but very different to the strained wild 
 look, and pained, staring expression often seen in Euro- 
 pean horses ; the nostril long and well chiselled, and 
 crisp in appearance and to the touch, and capable of 
 great distension ; the neck is a model of strength and 
 grandeur, of which he can make a perfect arch. One 
 feature, the throat, is particularly large and well deve- 
 loped ; it is loose and pliant when at rest, and much 
 detached from the rest of the neck. This feature is not 
 often noticed — indicative not only of good wind, but of 
 the capability of prolonged exertion without distress ; 
 great width between the jaws ; shoulders of a slope rarely 
 seen in English horses, but more powerful, longer, 
 deeper, and stronger at the base by the withers ; lighter 
 at the points. He is deep in the chest, the appearance 
 of which is diminished by his big and deep ribs ; back 
 short, loins of immense power, and quarters long and 
 
o 
 
 8 The Arabian Horse 
 
 strong, the whole beautifully turned ; tail set on high 
 and grandly carried in an arch, powerful in the gaskins ; 
 hocks and knees very good and large ; these points much 
 larger than seen in the European horse, not only in pro- 
 portion to height, but often really so. Arms long, legs 
 short, hard, and clean ; large tendons and ligaments ; 
 pasterns sufficiently long, large, powerful, and springy ; 
 fetlock joints well developed, affiarding room for the ad- 
 vantageous attachment of ligaments ; feet tough, sound, 
 and good, and rather deep. An honest heart, a skin as 
 soft as silk, and a coat like satin. 
 
 There is no weediness in the Arab ; his splendid 
 barrel will at once convince a judge of his wonderful 
 constitution, and gives the expanse necessary for the play 
 of heart and lungs ; great power and ability to carry 
 weight. Stand in front of him ; you will see the swell 
 and barrel of chest expanding far beyond his shoulders 
 and width of breast. Look at him from behind ; his 
 great back ribs extend far beyond his haunches on either 
 side, whereas in the generality of English horses their 
 flat sides are contained within the width of the breast, 
 and are hidden from view when you stand directly in 
 front ; and so, when you stand behind, are the back ribs 
 hidden by the quarters. This was not formerly the case. 
 In examining a sketch of Eclipse, drawn from measure- 
 ments taken by M. St. Bel, the swell of the barrel is 
 seen to extend be}'ond the breast and shoulders, showing 
 at once how correct is the opinion that the modern horse 
 has deteriorated in outward form. 
 
 There is nothing more beautiful to contemplate than 
 
Different to the English Horse. 139 
 
 the Arabian horse ; not only does he exhibit perfect 
 symmetry, but he is a fit emblem of nobility, generosity, 
 and courage. 
 
 The formation of the Arabian is so perfect, there is 
 nothifig to spare, no waste ; his form is one essentially 
 of utility : the space for the seat of the rider is suffi- 
 cient, and at once fixes his true position ; the weight 
 is therefore carried on that part most adapted for 
 it. The rest of his frame is taken up with the powers of 
 progression. Nature, the unerring artist, has not made 
 a mistake, and man with his improvements has not had 
 the opportunity of spoiling him. If he be carefully 
 examined, it will be found that all the limbs of progres- 
 sion are longer and better placed than in any other 
 horse ; the scapulae, haunches, thighs, and arms are all 
 longer, which, added to the power of great flexion, give 
 great extension, and will explain how the stride of the 
 Arabian, although under 15 hands, is, at all events, 
 greater in proportion to his size than that of any other 
 horse. 
 
 Whether we look at the Arabian as a whole, or 
 analyse his points one by one, you can arrive at no other 
 conclusion than that he is an animal of perfect form. 
 It has been truly remarked, the longer he is looked at, 
 and the more minutely he is examined, the more en- 
 raptured one becomes, and convinced one is looking at 
 something genuine. Can this be said of any other 
 horse .■' 
 
 It has been said our thorough-bred horse resem- 
 bles most the Arabian in the form of his figure, his 
 
1 40 The A radian Horse 
 
 limbs, his head, and his countenance. It would be 
 strange if he did not to a very considerable extent, con- 
 sidering the important part the Arabian has had in his 
 origin, but our horse certainly bears the marks of a 
 mixed race. Let us look at some of the points in which 
 a difference may be seen between the Arabian and his 
 descendant, the English horse, where a departure from the 
 pure model has taken place. In the Arabian, the head, 
 countenance, ears, eyes, mouth, jaws, are inimitable, and 
 are not at all approached in beauty by any other breed ; 
 his neck is more beautiful and grander, and far more 
 powerful. The shoulders of the Arabian are stronger 
 than those of the English horse ; the scapulae are broader 
 at the base, and have a greater inclination backwards ; 
 are of a better shape. Englishmen think the Arabian's 
 a heavier shoulder ; it is really, although a more power- 
 ful, a lighter shoulder than that of the English horse. 
 English horses are very thin, narrow, and undeveloped 
 about the withers ; the latter are often high to a fault, 
 but the bases of the scapulse almost meet ; whereas the 
 Arabian horse shows some thickness there, and can 
 better support weight ; but the English horse is heavier 
 at the shoulder points, and is much wider across the 
 breast than the Arabian — a formation similar to the 
 bull-dog ; it is a weak and heavy shoulder compared with 
 the Arabian's. This broad and heavy breast is a fault 
 I have frequently seen animadverted upon by a warm 
 supporter of our English horse. The Arabian will be 
 seen to barrel and swell out immediately behind the 
 arms — the English horse is flat there. Here is a direct 
 
Described. 141 
 
 departure from the advantageous form of the original 
 pure blood. 
 
 There has also been considerable alteration in the 
 direction and form of the haunch, which, besides being 
 a loss of power, is also a sign of want of breeding. The 
 loins and quarters of the Arabian are more beautiful and 
 far more powerful ; they can hardly be called his greatest 
 characteristics, but yet an Arabian might be known by 
 his hind quarters. Another point, the pasterns, which 
 in the Arabian are oblique and yielding, are strong 
 and large in comparison with those of an English 
 thorough-bred horse, as are all other joints. Youatt 
 says : 'In the formation of the shoulder, next to 
 that of the head, the Arab is superior to any other 
 breed.' Again : ' The shoulder-blade has its proper 
 inclination backwards. It is thickly clothed with 
 muscle, but without the slightest appearance of heavi- 
 ness.' The same author says : ' The chest of the Arab 
 may, pcrJiaps, be considered too narrow, that being 
 the opinion of the uninitiated, or of those who have 
 studied an imperfect and inferior model, whose judgment 
 has been thereby perverted. But^ says the same writer, 
 ' behind the arms the barrel generally swells out, and 
 leaves sufficient room for the play of the lungs.' Youatt 
 is still more emphatic when stating the advantages of 
 this formation, which gives a broad deep chest : ' It is to 
 the mixture of Arabian blood that we principally owe 
 this peculiar and advantageous formation of the chest of 
 the horse. The Arab is light, some would say too much 
 so before, but immediately behind the arms the barrel 
 
142 The Arabian Horse 
 
 almost invariably swells out, and leaves plenty of room 
 where it is most zvanted for the play of the lungs, and at 
 the same time where the weight does not press so exclu- 
 sively on the fore legs, and expose the feet to concussion 
 and injury.' This confirms what has been stated of the 
 perfect symmetry in the Arabian ; everything is in its 
 proper place. 
 
 To fully appreciate the perfection of the Arabian 
 horse, to the knowledge of a horseman that of an ana- 
 tomist and painter should be added. By making studies 
 of him with the pencil it is found with surprise how large 
 a horse he is, and the difficulty there is of keeping him 
 within the canvas or paper, and you become assured of 
 the trueness of his proportions. 
 
 Mr. Gififord Palgrave thus describes the Arab horses 
 in the Imaun's stables at Riad : ' Their stature was in- 
 deed somewhat low. I do not think that any came fully 
 up to fifteen hands — fourteen appeared to me about 
 their average ; but they were so exquisitely well shaped, 
 that want of greater size seemed hardly, if at all, a 
 defect. Remarkably full in the haunches, with a 
 shoulder of a slope so elegant as to make one, in the 
 words of an Arab poet, " go raving mad about it." A 
 little, a very little, saddle-backed, just the curve which 
 indicates springiness without any weakness ; a head 
 broad above, and tapering down to a nose fine enough 
 to verify the phrase of " drinking from a pint pot," did 
 pint pots exist in Nejcd ; a most intelligent and yet a 
 singularly gentle look ; full c}'e ; sharp, thorn-like little car ; 
 legs, fore and hind, that seemed as if made of hammered 
 
Described. 143 
 
 iron, so clean, and yet so well twisted with sinew ; a 
 neat round hoof, just the requisite for hard ground ; the 
 tail set-on, or rather thrown out, at a perfect arch ; coat 
 smooth, shining, and light ; the mane long, but not over- 
 grown nor heavy. Their appearance justified all reputa- 
 tion, all value, all poetry. 
 
 ' But if asked what are, after all, the specially distinc- 
 tive points of the Nejdee horse, I should reply, the slope 
 of the shoulder, the extreme cleanness of the shank, and 
 the full rounded haunch ; though every other part, too, 
 has a perfection and a harmony unwitnessed (at least by 
 my eyes) anywhere else. 
 
 ' The peculiar obliquity of the shoulder-blade gave 
 them an easy^ springy movement, which, combined 
 with their splendid barrel, immense haunches, superbly 
 set tail, delicate muzzle, and magnificent crest, made 
 them the beau ideal of a horse.' 
 
 The following is the description of Major Gwatkin's 
 Arab horse. Barefoot, considered by Mr, Elliott as the 
 best specimen of the Arabian he had met with in India. 
 It is very characteristic, and is almost identical with the 
 preceding more general description : ' Barefoot is of the 
 Nejdee caste, eight years old, 14 hands -2 inches ; is a 
 silvery grey, with a dark skin, blood head, full eye, large 
 throttle, light neck ; the shoulders are flat, with the 
 muscular lines very distinct ; withers well raised ; a 
 good arm, leg flat, and the sinews large and well de- 
 tached from the bone ; pastern of a moderate length. 
 His back and loins are particularly beautiful, and convey 
 the idea of great strength. His quarters are finely 
 
144 The Arabian Horse 
 
 turned and very muscular. His temper is exceedingly- 
 good. When led out to start, he appears to great ad- 
 vantage, full of fire, yet very temperate ; and when at 
 work no horse could evince more vigour and determined 
 courage. Other similar examples might be shown of 
 the Arabian as known in India, and among them the 
 beautiful and equally good Little Honeysuckle.' 
 
 A gentleman to whom I am much indebted, and who 
 has for many years been in constant intercourse with 
 the Bedouin Sheiks from Nejed, thus speaks of the 
 Arabian : ' The Arab, although less swift for a short dis- 
 tance, is certainly stouter than the English thorough-bred 
 horse ; his stride is greater in proportion to their size.' 
 
 The English thorough-breds are certainly flatter, 
 more lathy, and of less swelling development than the 
 best Arabians. The Arabians have longer shoulder- 
 blades in proportion to height, and it is only the first 
 blood of England that comes near the Arabian in obli- 
 quity. Muscle starts out of the Arabian in a way I 
 never saw in the best trained English racer. Bone is of 
 a closer texture, more heavy when a cubic inch of each 
 is weighed. First-class Arabians have as large hocks as 
 English horses ; their feet as a rule larger. All good 
 Arabians have the same high, full, and long quarters, 
 and tail set-on high and carried well. Nejed is a coun- 
 try where the best horses are to be found. 
 
 Abd-el-Kader thus describes the Arabian : ' Every 
 horse of noble race fascinates the eyes and rivets the gaze 
 of the enthusiastic spectator. In a pure bred Arabian 
 the moral and physical qualities are inseparable one 
 
Described. 145 
 
 from the other.' The truth and faithfuhiess of this can- 
 not fail to be recognised by any who know the Ara- 
 bian horse. 
 
 I give an account of an Arabian sent as a present to 
 the late Emperor of the French from Abd-el-Kader, after 
 his residence had been fixed at Damascus : it was written, 
 no doubt, by one more conversant with European horses 
 than Arabians. ' The horse Emir is eight years old, colour 
 brown, with a very silky skin, three white fetlocks ; some 
 white, but not too much, about his face. He has some 
 white spots about the size of a small pea on his neck 
 and shoulders. He stands fourteen hands one inch 
 high, has a good, long, lean head, well set-on ; ears 
 slender, his eye mild and intelligent, his mane and tail 
 light and the hair fine; a handsome straight, strong neck- 
 longer than one generally sees with other Arabs ; his 
 shoulders are long and well laid-in, each of those points 
 showing much quality. He has great legs and quarters, 
 ribs and back wide to a degree ; hoofs black, strong, 
 wide at the heels, and deep ; joints large ; knees and 
 hocks very good. He is all over a remarkably strong, 
 thick-made horse ; but to my taste too thick to be 
 speedy, and sinks a little too much upon his fetlocks, but 
 we cannot have perfection ; his action is more elastic 
 than might be expected from a horse of his build and 
 strength. He is as gentle as a sheep, without being 
 dull ; he looks like what we would call a craving but 
 very aristocratic animal.' ^ 
 
 ' This horse has been described as of the race Kohel-Obaion ; probably 
 his sire was Keheilan and his dam Abeyan, or vice versa. See account 
 of various families, Chap. III., Part 3. 
 
 L 
 
146 The Arabian Horse 
 
 I venture to offer a few remarks. The writer is at a 
 loss to understand how so strong and powerful a horse 
 can have speed, although he sees and admits his action 
 to be elastic. If he had been more conversant with 
 Arabians, he would have known that the rare combina- 
 tion of points to be found only in the Arabian, permits 
 of a horse being strong, powerful, enabled to carry- 
 weight, and with good speed, and all done with light 
 and elastic action. And why object to his springy 
 and elastic pasterns, — the means provided by nature to 
 secure his good action, and preserve him from accidents } 
 Has not rather the European eye been perverted by 
 studying a false and imperfect model .'' I think, too, he 
 must have been mistaken in the long head. The Flying 
 Dutchman, who was more distinguished for elastic action 
 and for springy pasterns than "perhaps any other English 
 race horse, was a sound horse ; and I have seen it no- 
 ticed that upon one occasion, when trainers were only 
 allowing their horses to take gentle canters, and for 
 short distances, Fobert was sending the Dutchman over 
 the hard ground four-mile gallops ; but, as was remarked, 
 lie was one of the very fezv sound ones. 
 
 But the Arab is so small ! is the remark made by 
 many of his detractors. He is low in stature, but is no 
 weed. He is not a small, but really a large horse. 
 Those who do not know the Arab cannot understand 
 this ; they say, if a horse 14^ hands has as much power 
 as one 15^ or 16 hands, he must be out of proportion ; 
 they are ever guided by the English standard. They see 
 the pretty galloways or ponies in London or Paris about 
 
Described. 147 
 
 14 hands or a little over, perhaps capable of carrying 
 eight or nine stone; and therefore argue, the Arab being 
 about the same height, it is the same with him ; but 
 Arabs are master of more than a light weight, and have 
 done some wonderful things under very heavy weights. 
 A member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons 
 thus speaks of an Arab 14 hands i inch, he had the 
 opportunity of seeing a few years ago ; he might not 
 have seen many Arabs, yet his knowledge of anatomy 
 enabled him at once to appreciate the horse : * I con- 
 sider him better able to carry fourteen stone than many 
 horses that measure fifteen hands, and more elastic and 
 easy to ride ; his hind quarters are longer and bigger 
 than some horses at sixteen hands. I believe him to be 
 the most perfect Jiorsc I have ever seen! Here we have 
 the acknowledgment from a professional man — who, 
 after some thirty years' experience, during which period 
 he must have seen some of the elite of England — that the 
 one little Arab stranger, not a selected horse, was 
 the most perfect specimen of the equine race he had 
 met with ; and further, a declaration that in an animal 
 of 14 hands i inch actual greater size was found than in 
 many of 16 hands, yet with a perfect form. A small 
 horse is not necessarily a weed ; and one apparently 
 very large may be in reality a small horse, may be light 
 and weedy ; another may be big, coarse, and weedy. 
 An overgrown horse, although he may have powerful 
 shoulders and quarters, big limbs and large bone, if he 
 fails in his middle piece and loins — which is very often 
 the case— is weedy. He is not in harmony ; he lacks 
 
148 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 the constitutional powers to work his large frame. A 
 small light horse, with light and sloping shoulders, with 
 powerful quarters and thighs, and even with great depth 
 of chest, may also be a weed, from being deficient in 
 barrel, flat and narrow instead of a swelling develop- 
 ment, and faulty in the loins. These horses may have 
 speed, they may be prepared and win a race, but they 
 are not the horses that would have won races a hundred 
 years ago. 
 
 It may be called heresy, but it is nevertheless true, 
 that very many of our celebrated modern racers are 
 and have been nothing more nor less than weeds. 
 
 Others have said, the Arab's weak points are his 
 shoulders, and his paces are bad ; nothing less than 
 execrable. The paces of a horse (except the gallop) 
 are very much what the rider makes them. 
 
 Arabs have little or no trouble taken with their educa- 
 tion. In India they are taught to walk badly, to step 
 at a short contracted pace, by their being constantly, 
 and sometimes for weeks together, led by their syces 
 (grooms) at the rate of about two miles an hour. It is 
 hardly fair to blame a horse for the very faults man has 
 taught him. I suppose one would not be far wrong in 
 saying that ninety out of every hundred men who ride 
 are carried as their horses choose to go — not as their 
 riders like. If a horse trots, his rider is content to go at 
 a trot ; if he canters, the rider concludes he cannot trot. 
 So it is with the Arab ; he has been taught a cramped 
 action before at a walk. When his owner gets up, instead 
 of correcting the errors that have been forced upon his 
 
His Action. 149 
 
 horse, he contents himself by saying no Arab can walk. 
 The horse has probably never been tried at a trot ; there- 
 fore it is said he cannot trot. I affirm that the Arabian 
 can walk, trot, and gallop. I have possessed some that 
 would walk five miles an hour, and certainly one that 
 could do that pace at the rate of six or more miles in 
 the hour. The fastest trotter I ever rode, or perhaps 
 have ever seen, unless among trained trotters, was an 
 Arab. 
 
 Even the detractors of the Arab allow that he will 
 gallop at speed with ease and in safety over broken and 
 rough ground. This is certain proof that his shoulders 
 are not faulty, and a most incontestable proof that they 
 are very perfect. Besides this, I will give two illustra- 
 tions which will, I think, convince any liorscman that 
 the Arab must have good and perfect shoulders. Most 
 must have noticed when riding on the grass by the side 
 of roads, how constantly their horses are putting their 
 feet into the grips, or on the edge of them, which have 
 been cut to carry off the water, and which, it would 
 appear, they were incapable of avoiding, jerking and 
 shaking their own limbs, and making it unpleasant for 
 their riders. I have known Arabs, on the contrary, 
 either at a canter or a trot, avoid these grips and 
 obstacles by a most nimble management of their legs 
 either extending one shoulder and leg beyond the grip 
 or putting one foot neatly down before concluding the 
 usual length of pace. The other is the ability Arabs 
 have of playing with their forefeet, even when at a 
 tolerably smart gallop. If a bird or insect, no matter 
 
150 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 how small, suddenly flies across their path, without 
 stopping they will make a pat at it, like a kitten playing 
 with a ball. Such feats, I hold, cannot possibly be 
 performed except by a horse with good shoulders and a 
 free use of them ; bad shoulders and galloping bring 
 the legs to grief See the amount of galloping the 
 Arab's legs can stand. 
 
 Galloping one of my own Arabs at more than three- 
 quarter speed on the race-course at Amballah, the horse 
 put his near fore foot into a fox's or rat's hole — such 
 holes were very numerous ; this let him down in depth 
 to his knee, but did not bring him down — it scarcely 
 made a difference in his stride — good shoulders or bad. 
 
 I will give another instance, which, I think, displays 
 not only the high courage of the Arabian, but his 
 wonderful power and activity. The Arab I was riding, 
 jackal-hunting, would have been considered an old 
 horse in England. He could not have seen less than 
 twenty summers, had been a racer, had gone through two 
 campaigns as a charger, but his legs were as straight 
 and clean as a foal's. After a kill, when riding slowly 
 homewards, we came to the bank of a nullah. Some 
 thought the bottom looked suspicious. I pushed my 
 horse down, and was immediately up to the hips of my 
 horse in quicksands. I would have got off if I could, 
 but the horse never gave me a chance ; his bounds and 
 springs can only be described as astonishing ; he lifted 
 himself straight up out of the treacherous soil over and 
 over again, only to be again engulfed ; still he did not 
 give up, nor fall over, or succumb, and finally landed 
 
His Action. 151 
 
 on a sounder bit. We escaped. I could not have 
 believed any animal could have displayed such strength ; 
 formerly on several occasions I had been bogged on 
 Dartmoor, and • have subsequently on forest lands in 
 England, but I never found a horse behave under me 
 like the old Arab. Five minutes afterwards there was 
 a whimper, an indication of a find ; the gallant old 
 horse's head was up, his beautiful little ears pricked ; 
 he was dancing on his legs, anticipating another gallop. 
 As to the action of the Arabian, it is very well de- 
 scribed by the writer of an able article who signed 
 himself ' Picador.' ' Sit easily and flexibly on him, put 
 your hands down, and set him going, and then you will 
 experience a sensation delightful to the man who 
 really can ride : he will bound along with you with 
 a stride and movement that gives you the idea of riding 
 over india-rubber.' 
 
1 5 2 The A rabian Horse. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The boundaries of the Arab people — Tlie Arabian horse and his habitat 
 further discussed — Arab horses in Africa ; but horses called Barbs not 
 generally of pure Arabian blood — Confusion existing as to the Arabian 
 horse, owing to the use of improper terms — Egypt and Turkey not the 
 habitat of the Arabian — Different terms explained — One breed of 
 Arabians — The several families discussed, and the tribes who jDossess 
 them — Apparent discrepancies in the accounts of travellers explained. 
 
 'Who can tell Avhere the Arab dwelleth, or who has marked out the 
 boundaries of his people ? ' — IVarbtirtoii. 
 
 From Diarbekr in the north, to Hadramaut in the 
 south, from the Euphrates and even the Tigris, to 
 the western coast of Africa, is Arabic spoken, more or 
 less ; and every part of this vast district is traversed 
 by the Arabs or their descendants.' But our present 
 business is with the Arabian horse and his habitat. Mr. 
 Layard mentions the horses of tlie Shammar tribe who 
 were frequently about him during his excavations at 
 Nineveh, and speaks with the greatest admiration of 
 some of their mares. Sofuk, then their sheikh, was 
 possessed of a mare of matchless beauty, and Kubleh, 
 her dam, was still more celebrated for her speed and 
 powers of endurance, and was known from the sources 
 of Khabour to the end of the Arabian promontory. 
 
 ' It must not be thought that Arabian horses arc common, or to be 
 found throughout this district, or wherever Arabic may be spoken. 
 
His Habitat. 153 
 
 The Shammar migrated from Central Arabia about 
 two hundred years ago. Being pushed by subsequent 
 emigrations, they crossed the Euphrates, and are to be 
 found principally between that river and the Tigris, 
 known as Mesopotamia. Here we have the Arab and 
 his horse in the most north-eastern district. Mr. Gififord 
 Palgrave speaks of him in Nejed, which is the central 
 highland of Arabia proper ; Abd-el-Kader and General 
 Daumas speak of him in Africa, or the most westerly 
 part of the Arab's possessions. But all horses from 
 the north of Africa are not Arabs. Barbs, properly 
 speaking, are common horses on the coasts or northern 
 parts of Africa, of Arabian origin, but of mixed 
 blood, and very inferior, yet are often, although falsely, 
 called Arabs. There is no reason to doubt that the 
 horses of the Sahara are the pure and unmixed de- 
 scendants of the importation from the parent country ; 
 and when in Africa some years ago the writer saw one 
 or two horses, evidently pure Arabian, and entirely 
 different from common Barbs. So, again, on the borders 
 of Syria, in Irak, Khuzistan, and Kurdistan, are to be 
 found horses of mixed blood, generally called Arabs, 
 often sold and bought as such ; and being sometimes of 
 taller grozvtJi, but always less beautiful and far inferior 
 to the Arabian, are often even preferred by the Euro- 
 pean; and from the eastern side of the Persian Gulf, 
 horses of mixed blood are often passed as Arabs. 
 Could a stranger form a correct idea of the English 
 thorough-bred horse, if he had only seen the hacks let 
 out for hire at our sea-side places of resort } 
 
154 '^^^^ Arabian Horse. 
 
 Much confusion exists with regard to Arab horses. 
 This has arisen partly from the vast districts occupied 
 and traversed by the Arabs, partly from the misapplica- 
 tion of terms and words. A man possessing an Arab 
 horse says he is of such and such a breed, instead of 
 saying, of such a family of the Arabian breed ; and 
 therefore it has got about that there are upwards of 
 a hundred different breeds of Arabian horses. It is not 
 unfrequent to hear people speak of horses as Egyptian, 
 Syrian, or Turkish Arabs. If it were intended to convey 
 the idea that such horses were of pure Arab blood, 
 only foaled or bought in those countries, they might be 
 simply styled Arabs ; but as it really infers that they 
 are not of pure Arabian blood they should simply be 
 called Egyptian, &c. With the exception of horses 
 sent as gifts very occasionally to the Sultan at Con- 
 stantinople, or the Viceroy in Egypt, let it be most 
 distinctly understood there are no Arabians in Egypt or 
 Turkey. The Arabian is not the horse of either country. 
 The Egyptian is the degenerated horse of Egypt crossed 
 with the horse of Dongola, the English horse, and also 
 the Arab, and is as mixed as most European breeds. 
 
 The terms Nejed or Nejdee, and Anezah, as applied 
 to Arabian horses, have led to much confusion and pro- 
 duced many doubts. It has been generally supposed 
 they implied two separate breeds of horses, rival breeds 
 by some, a superior and inferior by others, or that they 
 were the horses of two great rival tribes. Some will 
 tell you the Nejdee is the onl}' pure Arabian, others that 
 the Anezah is the best. 
 
His Habitat. 1 5'5 
 
 These doubts and conflicting statements have arisen, 
 I do not doubt, from a want of knowledge of the country 
 of Arabia, and correct information of its people and its 
 horses. Nejed is the name of a country or district in 
 Arabia ; but is neither the name of a breed of horses, 
 nor of any particular tribe ; and probably that district 
 discussed at the commencement of the first chapter, in 
 which the horse was kept free from the causes of de- 
 generacy which has befallen the horse in other parts 
 of the world ; or, as Mr. Palgrave has aptly put it, ' In 
 Nejed is the true birthplace of the Arab steed — the 
 primal type, the authentic model.' 
 
 Every horse bred in Nejed, or bred by any of the 
 tribes of Nejed, may be called correctly a Nejdee, or a 
 horse of Nejed ; not, I think, implying any difference in 
 race and blood from an Anezah horse, but solely as a 
 distinction from the horses of other tribes than those 
 of Nejed, such as the Shammar, although they possess 
 horses of the same blood as those in Nejed ; and most 
 distinctly in opposition to all horses of mixed blood on 
 the borders or outskirts of Arabia. 
 
 The horses of the Great Anezah and other Bedouin 
 tribes of Nejed, of which there are several (Mr. Pal- 
 grave enumerates twelve), are essentially Nejdee horses. 
 The Great Anezah is sub-divided into many families ; 
 and from among them the Gomassa have, perhaps, the 
 best horses in the known world. In describing a horse 
 as an Anezah, or, still further, as a Gomassa, it is not 
 implied that he is not Nejdean, but he is particularised 
 as a Nejdean horse of the Great Anezah tribe, of the 
 
156 The Arabiaji Horse. 
 
 S'bah division of the Gomassa family ; in the same 
 way as the English horse, Saunterer, for instance, in 
 male descent, might be described of the Darley Arabian 
 line, of the Waxy family, of the Birdcatcher branch. I 
 am assured that many horses in the stables of the 
 Imaun of the Wahabees have been obtained from the 
 Bedouin, especially the Anezah, either purchased, or by 
 tribute, or as gifts.' The blood in Nejed and among 
 other Bedouin is the same. 
 
 I believe there is really but one breed of Arabian 
 horses, although many families. There are five principal 
 families, not breeds, derived from five celebrated mares. 
 They are usually styled Seglawi, Keheilan, Abeyan, 
 Hadban, and Hamdami. No allusion is intended to 
 the tale of five mares ridden by Mohammed and his 
 followers ; which I believe to be a European invention. 
 The Arabian horse existed thousands of years before 
 Mohammed's time ; besides, the Arabs say, as was 
 before mentioned, that his one follower rode on a camel. 
 
 The Bedouin would scorn any horse or mare that 
 could not be traced back to these five families. Certain 
 specific adjuncts to these names indicate first-class 
 animals, or the best specimens of the five families or 
 varieties ; other specific names denote second-class 
 animals ; and an absence of a distinguishing name to 
 the generic, implies the animals are of the third class. 
 The numerous divisions that have sprung from these 
 
 ' As the Ibn Sawood, the ruling family of the Wahabees at Riad, is of 
 Anezah origin, the first being a Sheik of the Sebaa, this may be the 
 more readily received. 
 
His Habitat. 157 
 
 five families have derived their names from their owners, 
 from the events that made them famous, or from some 
 personal quality: as Seglawi Jedran, from the name 
 of the owner ; Keheilan-Abu-Argub (Father of Hocks), 
 Abu-Jenub (Father of Flanks), and Keheilan-ras-el- 
 Fedawi (The Headstrong). This was the family from 
 whence came the renowned Darley Arabian. There 
 is no crossing implied by breeding indiscriminately 
 among the five famihes, the blood is identical, and the 
 foal takes the name of the variety of the dam ; thus 
 a colt or filly whose dam was a Seglawi, and whose 
 sire was Keheilan, would be Seglawi. Animals of the 
 first class are those only which are the produce of both 
 horses and mares of the first class, nor will this alone 
 suffice ; for if the colt or filly were possessed of any 
 unlucky marks, or should they fail to come up to a 
 certain standard, they are not considered first-class, are 
 not allowed the specific adjunct of their dam, but drop 
 into the third class, and retain their generic name only. 
 None but first-class horses are allowed for first-class 
 mares, and when an inferior horse (not one of less pure 
 blood) has through inadvertence or by accident covered 
 a mare of the first class, such a mare is herself lost to 
 her class, and becomes of the second, as does her 
 ofispring. This is how a second cla^s has been esta- 
 blished. 
 
 The most esteemed from the five families are Seglawi- 
 Jedran, Keheilan-Adjuz, Abeyan - Sherrak, Hadban - 
 Enzehi, and Hamdami-Simri. The varieties of the 
 Keheilan are the most numerous, and many of them 
 
158 The Arabiau Horse. 
 
 are first-class besides Keheilan-Adjuz, as, for instance, 
 Maneghi-Hedrudj, Keheilan-Abu-Argub, Keheilan-Abu- 
 Jenub, and Keheilan-ras-el-Fedawi. 
 
 The second-class Seglawi are Seglawi-Obeiran and 
 Seglawi-Arjibi, formed, as before-mentioned, by ac- 
 cident. So there is one breed of Arabian horses, five 
 distinguished families ; most of these divided into three 
 classes. Many of the third class have their own specific 
 adjuncts, and I have no doubt they would amount 
 to over one hundred, but these are not separate breeds ; 
 and although the blood is the same, one would naturally 
 prefer animals of the select Arab class. 
 
 Arabian horses are to be found among most, if not 
 all, of the Bedouin tribes, in greater or less numbers, 
 and also among the resident population in Nejed, but 
 would hardly be so numerous among the latter, as the 
 nobles or wealthy only would possess them. The 
 Imaun of the Wahabees, his sons and officers, have 
 their separate studs. 
 
 The five different families of horses are also possessed 
 indiscriminately by different Bedouin tribes, but all do 
 not necessarily possess horses of each variety. The 
 Shammar are principally located in Mesopotamia. The 
 Mawali, a small tribe, are generally to be found between 
 Aleppo, Palmyra, and Damascus ; the Wcldi on the 
 borders of Mesopotamia ; the Weldi Ali always east of 
 Damascus ; the Beni-Sachar and Salhaan east of Jeru- 
 salem, and on the banks of the Jordan ; some few 
 smaller tribes have settled and taken to agriculture. 
 
 The Great Anezah, or Anezah proper, describe an 
 
The Great Anezah. 159 
 
 annual circuit. Coming up from Nejed to near Aleppo 
 in the spring they cross the desert to the Euphrates, and 
 return into Nejed for the winter. They are the largest 
 and most powerful of all tribes, and have by far the 
 greatest number of horses. They are divided into 
 several tribes, and these again into sections or sub- 
 divisions. The Fedan-Anezah has nine divisions : Me- 
 hed, the people of Jedaan (a well-known chief), Tooenis, 
 Ajajara, Roas, Shmeilat, Griebat, Roaba, and Hrisa ; 
 this last is, I believe, subdivided. Then there are Jelas, 
 Roala, Seloot, Erfuddi, Shumlan, Hayaza, and Ibu- 
 Haddal ; the Amarat, Magin, Serdyeh, Tiar, and He- 
 senneh. Last, but not the least important among the 
 Anezah, is the Sebaa, with its seven divisions — Duam, 
 Abideh, Ishhoieh, Mooeneh, Gomassa, Mooajeh, and 
 Beaieh. If not the most numerous, they have the re- 
 putation of being the wealthiest of all tribes, possessing 
 enormous herds and flocks, and they can muster 12,000 
 horsemen. 
 
 The apparent discrepancy between this account and 
 that which has been frequently asserted and generally 
 accepted, is not difficult of explanation. Some writers 
 have mentioned that there are upwards of one hundred 
 breeds of Arabian horses, but it is generally sup- 
 posed there are three distinct breeds ; the first pure, the 
 second of mixed blood, and the third with no claim 
 to gentle breeding, although, rather contradictorily, it is 
 admitted a good deal of the choice blood is distributed 
 among animals of that breed ; and, lastly, that the 
 Nejdean horse is the best or of the highest type. 
 
i6o The Arabian Horse. 
 
 First, the numerous subdivisions which have been 
 derived from the classes formed from the before-men- 
 tioned five celebrated families, and most of them with 
 specific names, would account for the broad assertion 
 that there are numerous breeds. 
 
 Secondly, the three classes, according to the nice 
 discrimination of the Bedouin (although of the same 
 blood), would explain the statement that there are 
 three distinct breeds ; which statement, made in good 
 faith, has nevertheless misled many, and caused much 
 confusion; but only required a little further investiga- 
 tion to get at the bottom of it. The first, stated as pure, 
 from the fact that, except through inadvertence, mares 
 of the first class are never covered by any but accepted 
 stallions of the first class. The second breed, mentioned 
 as being of mixed blood, from the fact that mares of 
 the second class are continually being put to horses of 
 the first ; the mares often being sent long distances. 
 
 Thirdly, the rather contradictory description that the 
 horses of the third breed have no claim to gentle breed- 
 ing, although they have a good deal of choice blood 
 distributed among them, is quite explained by the fact 
 that the third class is made up from horses and mares 
 of the first, which have failed in some requirements, 
 and perhaps sometimes from no authentic notice having 
 been taken of their birth, although of the same identical 
 blood. 
 
 And fourthly, that the horses of Nejed are best, and 
 reared in the remoter parts of the desert, from the very 
 evident circumstance that the Anezah possess the 
 
His Habitat. 1 6 1 
 
 greatest number, and the best horses in Arabia, and 
 that they do come from Nejed, and that they are indeed 
 a part of the population of Nejed, and when wandering, 
 as a rule keep within the more remote parts of the 
 desert, avoiding as far as possible all intercourse with 
 the Turks, whom they dislike and despise. 
 
 Although representatives of the five families are dis- 
 tributed indiscriminately among the different tribes, it 
 is necessary to know where to go for the best of each 
 kind. Keheilans are to be found in all tribes. The 
 Shammar in Mesopotamia have principally Hellawis, 
 which are a third class of Keheilan. Of course there 
 are some horses of the first class in their possession ; 
 and these have not been overdrawn by Mr. Layard, for 
 the celebrated Anezah sheik Jedaan rode a mare con- 
 stantly, which had been given him by the Shammar 
 sheik, because she was unsurpassed in speed and 
 bottom, so that he might not fall into the hands of the 
 Shammar — the two sheiks having been playmates in 
 their boyhood's days. But the Shammar have a bad 
 name. They have Kurds and Persians in their close 
 proximity, who would always be ready to pass off an 
 animal of mixed breed as an Arab. 
 
 The number of first-class animals among small tribes, 
 such as the Mowali, must necessarily be small. For- 
 merly at feud with the Anezah, but latterly often on 
 friendly terms with them, they might have an oppor- 
 tunity of acquiring horses, or of breeding from their 
 first-class horses. 
 
 The Fedan Anezah is a great fighting tribe, and use 
 
 M 
 
1 62 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 and consume a great number of horses. They have 
 very fine horses, and some of these must sometimes fall 
 into other hands ; their consumption in horseflesh is 
 so great that they often have to buy from other tribes. 
 The Roala and Ibu Haddal Anezah are well-horsed 
 tribes ; but of all, the Sebaa Anezah is the tribe for 
 horses, and of their seven subdivisions the Gomassa 
 have the reputation of possessing the finest horses in 
 the world. The Seglawi Jedran is found in its greatest 
 perfection among the Gomassa. The Fedan Anezah 
 possess also two families. The Gomassa have also 
 the best Abeyans and the best Maneghi : this latter 
 a first-class subdivision of the Keheilan. 
 
 Although horses of equal beauty and perfection are 
 to be found in all five families, the Seglawi Jedran may 
 be the favourite among Bedouin, and, perhaps, the most 
 famous. 
 
i63 
 
 PART 3. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Arabian considered as a racer — Characteristics of Arab racing — His 
 speed considered — Account of various races contested by Arabs in 
 India — Racing sometimes slower in England — The normal speed of 
 Arabs increased by a better system of training — No effort made to 
 secure the importation of the best Arab horse — The European idea' of 
 size detrimental to the importation of good Arabs — Ibraheen-bin-Alee 
 and Honeysuckle — The Arabs King David and Antelope. 
 
 Having discussed both the Enghsh horse of the Stud 
 Book and the Arabian — the former having been clearly- 
 shown to be nothing more than a registered half-bred, 
 while the latter is the real aristocrat and the true noble, 
 always bearing in mind the necessity of pure breeding 
 for the attainment of great excellence — we will proceed 
 to consider how advantageous it would be to employ 
 the Arabian : first, to establish a pure breed in this 
 country ; secondly, how admirably he is adapted to 
 raise the character of half-bred stock for the purpose 
 of field sports and for the army, even supposing that 
 horses of such pure blood might not become available 
 for both such purposes. 
 
 First, as a racer. It is said, and will be said again, 
 the Arab is a small animal, and without speed, there- 
 
164 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 fore incapable of either being a racer or of begetting 
 racing stock. This is a frequent assertion. Let us see if 
 it holds good. Our horse which we call thorough- bred, 
 ' our terribly high-bred racer,' is the Arab's half-bred 
 descendant ; the Arab has, in fact, made a breed of 
 racers by the infusion of his blood into a very inferior 
 breed. This part of the subject might be dismissed 
 after the following w^ords. Our racer, such as he is, is 
 a living witness of the Arabian's capability to found 
 and create a breed of racers. He has made a breed 
 of racers in spite of the many inferior strains of blood 
 that he has had to combat with ; it is only reasonable 
 to believe that had his blood been used alone, with the 
 same advantages in cultivation and selection that have 
 been bestowed upon his half-bred descendant, his pure- 
 bred descendants would have exhibited greater excel- 
 lence. 
 
 As a racer himself the Arabian possesses every na- 
 tural gift and qualification — courage, docility, temper, 
 endurance, good and untiring action, great determina- 
 tion, nervous energy, and speed ; for a horse that can 
 run tv/o miles under Derby Course weights in 3 min. 
 48 sees, cannot truly be called a slow horse or devoid 
 of speed. The speed exhibited by Arabians on the 
 race-course may be termed their normal speed, in con- 
 tradistinction to the artificial speed of the English racer, 
 because he has not been bred generation after generation 
 as a racer or for the sole sake of speed ; but sitcJi Arab 
 horses as Jiavc come to hand have shown this rate of 
 speed and also ability to maintain a high rate of speed. 
 
A Racer. 165 
 
 The Arab will run an honest and true horse from end to 
 end ; he stands training for years ; his temper' is so good, 
 a large field can be sent from the post without difficulty 
 the first time. Close finishes, severe struggles, dead 
 heats, and not unfrequently dead heats after dead 
 heats, are the characteristics of Arab racing. Open the 
 pages of the ' Oriental Sporting Magazine,' and almost 
 every start of Arabs is described as being got off in 
 capital order the first time of asking — in the usual way, 
 in fact. Then he is so kind and so generous ! In his 
 compact form is also contained every requisite for com- 
 bined speed and strength — the broad, deep, and swelling 
 chest (the most desirable for rapid progression), length in 
 the right place, length of shoulders, length of quarters, 
 length in his arms, immense power to work the parts of 
 motion, and great nervous energy to excite the power ; 
 and, owing to his true symmetry, he has nothing super- 
 fluous to carry. All these points are more conspicuous 
 and more developed in the Arabian than in any other 
 horse. He has more length in proportion to size, and 
 more power, is a bigger, larger, and far more powerful 
 animal than our thorough-bred, in proportion to size. 
 He does not open his mouth and drop his bit when you 
 ask him to do his best, (It is worthy of consideration 
 whether this trait has not been on the increase the last 
 decade or two.) His heart is all right, and in the right 
 place, which, with his sound constitution and his perfect 
 formation, enables him not only to struggle to the end 
 of his race, but to come out day after day. 
 
 The best criterion we have of the speed of the Arabian 
 
1 66 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 is from his performances on the Indian turf There he 
 has met Enghsh racers and his descendants from Aus- 
 traha (thorough-bred as our horse) ; and although his 
 speed has been inferior as a rule, instances are not 
 wanting in which he has been the victor over English 
 horses of racing blood ; and even when beaten, has 
 proved his superiority as a horse ; for after having 
 struggled with unflinching gameness to the end against 
 greater speed, the vanquished has been none the worse, 
 and has come out the next day, and day after day, and 
 won ; whereas the victor or victress has been unable to 
 put in an appearance. But it is argued only second or 
 third-class racers have found their way to India ! Will 
 any man be bold enough to say that the best Arabians 
 have ever appeared on an Indian racecourse either ? 
 Even there he is under as many disadvantages as the 
 English horse ; and his performances, good as they are, 
 can hardly be considered as fair tests of what the speed 
 and running of some Arabians may be ; certainly does 
 not limit what it might be brought to, if they were care- 
 full)^ bred for racers for a generation or two. First of 
 all, in India one is dependent for Arabs upon mer- 
 chants, who import them often without a guarantee as 
 to their antecedents or ancestry ; and although some 
 Arabians do go to India, there are many that are called 
 Arabs which are not Arabs. Besides, many of the best 
 that do get there are never seen on a race-course, or do 
 not appear until well in years and accustomed to other 
 work (and it is well known in England bringing an aged 
 horse out, cv^en if he had previously been a racer, proves 
 
A Racer. 167 
 
 a failure), their owners keeping them for their own 
 use as hog-hunters, riding-horses, or chargers. Then 
 only Jiorses are imported ; and as it has been found that 
 EngHsh mares run much better than horses in India, it 
 is just possible that Arabian mares might also run better 
 than horses in that country. This is no doubt owing to 
 climate, especially in Bengal, and perhaps Madras, for 
 the often humid climate of Bengal is as great a change 
 for the Arab as to the English horse, or greater ; for 
 in Arabia, although under a burning sun, he has been 
 accustomed to a dry, bracing, exhilarating, and pecu- 
 liarly pure air, unknown in our island. But from among 
 such Arabs as go to India, when running among them- 
 selves, can anyone say that they do not possess the 
 highest merits as race-horses .'' Possessed of speed only 
 inferior, as a rule, to the carefully-bred racers of Eng- 
 land, but combined with stoutness, which enables them 
 to run continuously races of any distance in as good 
 time as is often seen in England. 
 
 The race-courses in India are measured to a yard, and 
 I believe at the distance of one foot only from the inner 
 circle, thus giving the shortest possible amount of 
 ground a horse can go over. The following instances 
 of time and distance (taken from the ' Oriental Sporting 
 Magazine '), will prove the claim of the Arabian to be 
 considered a race-horse :— At Calcutta, January 1 847, 
 the gray Arab horse. The Baron, aged, ran \ mile, at 
 8 St. 7 lb., in 54 sees., which is considered the average 
 rate for a \ mile, the \ mile being continually accom- 
 plished in 26 sees. But it is recorded that at Soone- 
 
1 68 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 poore in 1844, the gray Arab, Sir Hugh, did the first 
 \ mile for the Soonepoore Cup in 51 sees. ; and at the 
 same place and following year the bay Arab Oranmore 
 beat Sir Hugh, doing the \ mile in 52 sees. At Cal- 
 cutta, 1847, the bay Arab horse. The Child of the 
 Islands, 6 years, did | mile, carrying 8 st. 7 lb., in i min. 
 21 sees., beating among others the English horse Ignis 
 Fatuus (by Slane out of Deception), the English mare 
 Morgiana, and the New South Wales mare Greenmantle, 
 carrying 9 st, 7 lbs. each. The three quarters were run 
 in 26 sees., 28 sees., 27 sees. At Calcutta, 1847, the bay 
 Arab horse Minuet, 5 years, ran i mile in i min. 50 sees., 
 carrying 8 st. 3 lbs. ; this being the last mile of the race, 
 for the Civilian Cup 2\ miles : Minuet beating among 
 others the English mare Morgiana, and the New South 
 Wales mare Greenmantle without difficulty — the weights 
 are not given. The gray Arab Brag carrying 9 stone, 
 ran a mile at Allyghur in 1845 in i min. 51 sees. The 
 Child, carrying 8 st. 13 lbs., also ran a mile in that 
 time at Calcutta, 1847; the same year he ran the same 
 distance in the same time, beating the English mare 
 Cossack Maid, carrying 8 st. 11 lbs., the Arab carrying 
 8 st. 10 lbs. At Calcutta, 1847, the bay Arab horse 
 Glaucus, aged, ran i^ mile, cariying 9 st. 7 lbs., in 
 2 min. 22 sees. At Calcutta, in 1S47, the bay Arab horse. 
 The Child of the Islands, 5 years old, ran i-^ mile, carrying 
 7 st. 8 lbs., in 2 min. 48 sees., coming home too in a hand 
 gallop. At Calcutta, 1847, the gray Arab horse Elepoo, 
 aged, ran i| mile, carrying 8 st. 4 lbs., in 3 min. 20 sees., 
 beating Morgiana, 9 st. 2 lbs. At Calcutta, in 1848, 
 
Honeysuckle, Minttet, and Seliin. 1 69 
 
 the grey Arab horse Honeysuckle, about 14 hands 
 I inch, ran 2 miles, carrying 8 st, in 3 min. 48 sees., 
 beating the English mare Morgiana, New South Wales 
 mare Greenmantle, and The Child of the Islands, carry- 
 ing 9 St. This race was the fastest for the distance 
 hitherto run by an Arab. The next month Honeysuckle, 
 carrying 8 st. 11 lbs., ran also 2 miles in 3 min. 50 sees, 
 (several persons making the time 3 min. 48 sees again), 
 beating Minuet, 8 st. 13 lbs., and Elepoo, 7 st. 13 lbs. 
 
 At Calcutta, the bay Arab horse Minuet, in 1848, 
 ran 2\ miles, carrying 8 st. 7 lbs. in 4 min. 19 sees., 
 winning without difficulty, beating The Child of the 
 Islands, the New South Wales mare Greenmantle, and 
 the English mares Morgiana and Cossack Maid at 8 st. 
 7 lbs., 9 St. 9 lbs., 9 St. 4 lbs., and 8 st. 5 lbs. respectively. 
 At Calcutta, 1841, the grey Arab horse Glendower ran 
 2\ miles, carrying 8 st. 8 lbs., in 4 min. ^'^ sees. 
 
 At Calcutta January 3, 1846, the bay Arab horse 
 Selim, aged, ran 3 miles, carrying 9 st. 5 lbs., in 5 min, 
 54 sees. This was the quickest three miles run by an 
 Arab. These instances, showing that the Arabian can 
 maintain nearly his highest rate of speed from end to end 
 in 3 miles, surely prove him to possess the highest 
 qualities of a racer, and show that his natural speed is 
 by no means contemptible. It is remarked, Selim 
 would have proved a first-rate racer, had he been 
 entered young on the Turf; but he was used as a hog- 
 hunter until aged. 
 
 The performances of the Arab Gray-leg will give 
 some idea of the continuous runninfj of Arabians. He 
 
1 70 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 was 14 hands if inch in height; he was never out 
 of training for 7 years, from 1861 to 1868 ; he ran 
 80 times and won 5 i races at all distances, and under 
 all weights. At Bombay, 1864, he won the Forbes 
 Stakes, 2 miles, beating the English mare Shah Rook 
 and the Australian Van Diemen ; he also won a handi- 
 cap i-^ mile, beating the English mare Mary Glen, 9 st. 
 each. 
 
 The gray Arab Hermit is another example of speed, 
 weight, carrying power, and continuance. He won dur- 
 ing his career 32 races, besides 2 disputed ones, which he 
 had won with ease. At Calcutta, 1862, won the Trades 
 Plate, \\ mile, carrying 10 st. 4 lbs., beating five others, in 
 2 min. 56 sees. Next day a cup, with 9 st. 3 lb. up. Then 
 came his celebrated race Avith the English mare Voltige 
 and three others, two of which, the Walers Sampson 
 and Ellerton, were horses of note ; he was beaten by 
 Voltige, it is true, but the Arab was fresh and well 
 the next day, and came out and won his race in style ; 
 whereas the English mare declined a fresh encounter. 
 The race for the Trades Cup is thus described : — ' They 
 came by the stand, Voltige leading, Sampson second, 
 and Hermit (the Arab) third ; having done the first 
 quarter in 26 sees. Almost immediately after, Hermit 
 ran up to the mare, and remained with her, doing the 
 mile in i min. 52 sees. Soon after this the others were 
 out of the race, for the two were keeping up the pace 
 and gradually dropping them, passing the mile and lialf 
 in 2 min. 49 sees. Sampson was quite told out half a 
 mile from home. As they turned the Calcutta corner, 
 
Hermit. 171 
 
 Hermit went up and collared the mare, but under 
 persuasion she drew away again slightly, and finished 
 a couple of lengths in advance of the Arab.' The 
 2 miles were accomplished in 3 min. 46 sees. 
 
 The day following he won the Calcutta Stakes, 2 
 miles. Hermit, Ellerton, Voltige, and Sampson were 
 entered. Both Voltige and Sampson were drawn. Her- 
 mit gave the good Waler Ellerton 7 lbs. The Arab 
 came out full of running, and won hands down, doing 
 the 2 miles in 3 min. 51 sees. 
 
 Hermit received weight from Voltige, but it is possible 
 he might have given her weight the following day ; 
 indeed, had different tactics been employed in the 
 Trades Cup, had Hermit made the running instead 
 of lying third, and running up to her twice, the results 
 might have been different. At Burdwan, i860, Hermit 
 defeated the English horse Cockscomb (possibly by 
 Chanticleer out of Yorkshire Lass). Many of these 
 performances will show the capability of the Arab to 
 carry weight and race. 3 miles, under 9 st. 5 lbs., in 
 5 min. 54 sees., is no mean performance. 
 
 The gray Arab Exile, carrying 11 st. 7 lbs., ran half 
 a mile in 57 sees., and came home the next half-mile in 
 a hand-gallop in i min. 3 sees., thus performing the mile 
 in 2 min. with the greatest ease. 
 
 The gray Arab Salonica, carrying 10 st. 5 lbs., won a 
 mile race easily in i min. 56 sees. 
 
 The Arab Elepoo, carrying 1 1 st. 7 lbs., ran the mile 
 home for the Great Welter under i min. 58 sees., per- 
 forming the whole distance, if mile and 15 yards, in 
 
172 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 3 min. 34 sees. ; and, carrying 10 st. 7 lbs., ran i-^ mile 
 in 2 min. 55 sees., winning in hand. 
 
 The bay Arab Glenmore, carrying 1 1 st., won the 
 Winners' Handicap at Madras, in two heats ; distance, 
 i| mile ; the first heat in 3 min. 28^ sees., the second 
 in 3 min. 28 sees. 
 
 The true running and determination of the Arab are 
 shown by the following account of the running of the gray 
 Arab Crab, and the bay Arab Oranmore, at Calcutta, 
 1845. They met for the Bengal Cup (heats), 2 miles; 
 they had previously run three or four well-contested 
 races, winning alternately. For the Bengal Cup they 
 ran five heats. The first won by Oranmore, second a 
 dead heat, third won by Crab, fourth a dead heat, fifth 
 heat won by Crab ; weight 8 st. 7 lbs. each. These two 
 horses met again the following month for a sweepstakes, 
 round the course, i| mile and 15 yards. A splendid rush 
 on the part of each ended in a dead heat ; time 3 min. 
 27 sees. Deciding heat won by a head by Oranmore ; time 
 3 min. 25 sees. Crab carried 9 st., Oranmore 8 st. 
 1 2 lbs. Surely this is something like the stuff of which 
 race horses should be made ! The above-mentioned 
 statistics establish the following facts : — That the Arab, 
 even as known in India, has speed. Secondly, that he 
 can maintain his speed over a distance of ground. 
 Thirdly, that size (or height rather) has really nothing 
 to do with speed or stride. Some may be willing to 
 admit the merits of the Arabian, but will say, we cannot 
 allow the Arabian to be a racer if he docs not possess 
 so great a flash of speed as our present breed ; nor 
 
A Racer. 173 
 
 attempt to use him as a sire unless he can show superior 
 speed. Nor would the public submit to the spectacle 
 of Arabians racing when they could witness an exhibition 
 of greater speed by our own English horses. 
 
 Well, be that as it may ; for my own part — and I trust 
 I may not be alone — I would prefer seeing a field of 
 honest, pure-bred, handsome horses like Honeysuckle 
 and Selim running hardly-contested races of 2 and 
 3 miles than scurries over a T.Y.C. After having bred 
 racers, and exclusively for speed, for many generations, 
 have we arrived at a very great difference in speed .'' 
 Does it compensate for the bottom, determination, and 
 honesty which are wanting } Has it never struck breed- 
 ers that the natural speed of the pure Arabian might 
 have been increased to even a greater degree than that 
 now exhibited by his half-bred descendant, the English 
 thorough-bred horse, if Arabian blood had been bred 
 from alone for only a few generations, and that his other 
 good qualities and characteristics might have been re- 
 tained.'' Besides, is not the public often treated to the 
 spectacle of witnessing races run in worse time than 
 that made by Arabs .'' The pleasure of seeing a field of 
 really beautiful horses honestly contesting for a prize is 
 worth looking at. 
 
 But has it been proved yet that Arabians have not as 
 high a rate of speed } Have we gone to Arabia and 
 procured young stock, and by careful training ascer- 
 tained their capabilities in that respect .'' Have we 
 taken the pains to procure choice mares in foal, so that 
 their produce might be born and reared in this country, 
 
1 74 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 developed, trained, and tried ? Have we tried the 
 plan of breeding horses of pure Arabian blood, and 
 trying the young stock in the first, second, and third 
 generation ? Until all this has been tried and proved, 
 who can say that the Arabian is inferior in speed to the 
 English racer ? It is only an unfounded assertion. Has 
 any trouble been taken at all about the matter ? The 
 answers are simply in the negative. 
 
 Formerly the training of Arabs consisted in galloping 
 a good honest game horse so many times round a race 
 course. A somewhat improved system, since 1838, has 
 shown that from such Arabs as go to India the time 
 has improved from 2 miles in 4 min. to 2 miles in 3 min. 
 48 sees., and from 3 miles in 6 min. or 6 min. 7 sees, to 
 3 miles in 5 min. 54 sees., but the improvement is not 
 necessarily limited to this ; but with such natural speed 
 to start upon, if these horses were bred from exclusively, 
 in a few generations what might we not hope for ! 
 
 Much as the Arab has been appreciated in India, 
 little or no trouble has been taken to secure the impor- 
 tation of first-class Arabs ; and even there, comparatively 
 few really know an Arab horse. 
 
 The love of size which Englishmen have, has been for 
 a long period detrimental to the importation of good 
 Arabians into India. Size was demanded. The Arab 
 merchant would plead in vain that it was no real cri- 
 terion. Eventually the gentleman from England with 
 European taste would find some one less scrupulous 
 to accommodate him, and horses not of quite pure blood 
 on the dams' side would be imported to please him, 
 
King David. 175 
 
 and, except to the fastidious or initiated, as taking or 
 even more so to the European eye. This, I feel sure, 
 has been one of the reasons why more horses hke Bare- 
 foot and Honeysuckle have not found their way there. 
 The latter horse was disliked on his first appearance on 
 account of his want of size, and called an impostor and a 
 brute. But Sheik Ibraheen-bin-Alee, of Calcutta cele- 
 brity, quietly remarked, ' Very well, gentlemen, you will 
 see what a horse he will prove ! ' and when, in the 
 following season, ' the denounced ' did prove a distin- 
 guished winner, added, * Gentlemen, I told you so ! You 
 will never meet his like again ! ' His end was a sad 
 one ; he was burnt to death going up the Ganges in 
 the steamer ' Benares.' 
 
 It is related that about the close of the last century, 
 an Arab horse was taken to Madras, and 6,000/. de- 
 manded for him. 1,000/. was eventually offered ; the 
 offer was indignantly refused, and the horse taken back. 
 I find, also, that in 1797 a horse of extraordinary merit 
 was sent to Bombay, evidently in very poor condition, 
 and out of all form, from neglect and bad usage, an 
 Arab called King David, 14 hands i^ inch high. He 
 was entered to make up one for the Aged Plate of 800 
 rupees, at Bombay, with little hope of his saving his 
 distance. He started with three others ; he won the 
 first' heat with great ease, distancing two of his three 
 competitors, and won the second very easily. The 
 next month being February, 1798, he ran a match for 
 10,000 rupees (1,000/.), with a famous Arab horse called 
 Antelope, which was brought down from Surat, it was 
 
I "j^ The Arabian Horse. 
 
 supposed, on purpose to beat King David. Antelope 
 was acknowledged to be the fleetest horse that was 
 ever remembered at Surat by the oldest natives, and 
 the gentlemen of that station positively asserted that 
 on trial he ran a mile within the minute} The race 
 was run at score all round. King David took the lead 
 at starting, and kept it, winning by about three lengths. 
 It is stated. King David, changing hands at this time, 
 improved very much in appearance. At the second 
 Bombay Races, December, 1798, he again started for 
 the Aged Plate against his former competitor Ante- 
 lope and three others. Antelope was made favourite, 
 his former defeat being attributed to his having been 
 landed out of a boat, on his passage from Surat, the 
 day before he ran. To the astonishment of all. King 
 David won with the greatest ease, and it was generally 
 supposed, had he been pushed, could have distanced 
 the whole the first heat. 
 
 On January 14, 1799, at Madras, he won 100/. with 
 great ease, and on the 19th another race. In 1800, at 
 Bombay, he won three several matches, beating Brown 
 Bess, Dragon, and the famous mare Arabella. He 
 never carried less than 10 st. 3 lbs., and no horse would 
 after that appear against him.^ 
 
 ' The author does not pretend to endorse this assertion ; it is similar to 
 the tradition of the English wonder, Flying Childers ; but we may be well 
 assured that, in both instances, such assertions were not made, nor could 
 the tradition have originated, without the display of some extraordinary 
 power and speed. 
 
 - It is probable, Arabella was the chestnut marc foaled in 1792 by 
 Rockingham, her dam Rachel by Highflyer. 
 
A Racer-. 177 
 
 Here we have a horse worthy to be put in the same 
 roll or category as Flying Childers, and the accounts 
 of their performances are very similar. 
 
 Although numerous instances could be brought for- 
 ward, sufficient have been given to prove that the 
 Arabian is worthy to be considered as a race horse 
 himself, and is pre-eminently suited to found a breed of 
 thorough-bred racers. 
 
 It is often urged that Mr. Attwood ' and General 
 Angerstein tried the Arab cross, and it failed. I 
 answer, they never tried breeding from Arabs on both 
 sides and cultivating the pure breed. 
 
 The fact of the occasional produce of an Arab horse 
 and an English thorough-bred mare being unsuccessful, 
 by not showing the average speed of a racer, proves 
 nothing. Have such mares produced racers to other 
 sires .'' Some of those of the Angerstein cross have 
 run respectably ; some have been winners ; and Fair 
 Ellen, daughter of the Eastern horse called * The 
 Wellesley Grey Arabian,' was the dam of Lilias, winner 
 of the Oaks in 1826, and of The Exquisite, who ran 
 second for the Derby in 1872. 
 
 It has been suggested that, although the horse bred 
 for racing in England may possess a higher rate of 
 speed than the Arabian, yet that the public may ofteti 
 witness races run by English horses in worse time than 
 that made by Arab horses in runnijig over like or similar 
 distances. The account of the running of some Arabs 
 
 ' Several of Mr. Attwood's, which were never trained, turned out 
 excellent hunters. 
 
 N 
 
178 
 
 The Arabian Horse, 
 
 in India, which is given in a former part of this 
 chapter, proves the suggestion to be fact ; but to 
 make it more apparent, and to save the trouble of re- 
 ference, I give two tables, one showing the time occupied 
 in running for the ' Epsom Derby,' during a period of 
 fifteen years taken in succession, with the single ex- 
 ception of the race in 1861, Kettledrum's year, in 
 which instance the horses were started some 50 yards 
 in advance of the post (the time was the same in Blair 
 Athol's year) ; the other giving the performances of 
 certain Arabs before mentioned, in which account the 
 accuracy of the distances, weights, and timing may be 
 depended upon. I selected the Epsom Derby because 
 the distance was exactly i^ mile. It is the race of the 
 year, contested by the ' crack ' horses of the year, and 
 perhaps the best criterion we have in England. The 
 period includes the Flying Dutchman's and Blair Athol's 
 years, the latter the fastest Derby on record. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 
 Distance. 
 
 Time. 
 
 The Flying Dutchman . i \ mile . 3 min. 
 
 Voltigeur 
 
 )) 
 
 2 ,, 50 sec 
 
 Teddington . 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 „ 51 „ 
 
 Daniel O'Roiirke 
 
 
 11 
 
 3 „ 2 „ 
 
 West Australian 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 „ 55!,, 
 
 Andover 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 „ 52 ,, 
 
 Wild Dayrell . 
 
 
 M 
 
 2 ,, 54 „ 
 
 Ellington 
 
 
 )) 
 
 3 M 4 ,, 
 
 Blink Bonny . 
 
 "* 
 
 „ 
 
 2 „ 45 „ 
 
 Beadsman 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 „ 45 „ 
 
 Musjid 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 ,, 59 ,, 
 
 Thormanby . 
 
 
 J> 
 
 2 „ 55 >, 
 
 Caractacus 
 
 . 
 
 5) 
 
 2 „ 45i „ 
 
 Macaroni 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 ,, lo\ „ 
 
 Blair Athol . 
 
 
 )) 
 
 2 ,, 43 „ 
 

 A Racer. 
 
 
 179 
 
 The Arab Horse 
 
 Distance. 
 
 
 Time. 
 
 
 The Child of the Isles . 
 
 I^ mile 
 
 2 
 
 min. 48 sec. 
 
 (won in a canter) 
 
 The Arab horse Elepoo . 
 
 . If „ 
 
 3 
 
 ,, 20 ,, 
 
 
 Elepoo, carrying lo st. 7 lbs 
 
 . I^ „ 
 
 2 
 
 „ 55 » 
 
 (winning easily) 
 
 The Arab Glenmore, } 
 carrying li st. ) 
 
 • If „ 
 
 3 
 
 „ 28 ,, 
 
 
 The Arab Oranmore, / .^ ., , , 
 'I li mile 15 yds. 
 2nd heat ) 
 
 3 
 
 ,, 25 ,, 
 
 
 Or compare the Flying Dutchman, 5 years old, 
 standing 15 hands 3 inches, carrying 8 st. Z\ lbs., 
 winning the 2-mile match at York in 3 min. 55 sec, 
 with the performance of the Arab Honeysuckle, 5 years 
 old, standing 14 hands i inch, carrying 8 St., winning 
 his 2-mile race in 3 min. 48 sec. ; and the old Arab 
 hunter Selim, carrying 9 st. 5 lbs., winning his 3-mile 
 race in 5 min. 54 sec. It is noteworthy that heavy 
 weights seem to have very little influence upon the 
 running of these Arabs. 
 
 These examples are not offered to prove the Arab 
 as known in India a speedier racer than the best in 
 England, but I maintain they do show him to be pos- 
 sessed of speed, courage, endurance, and to be essentially 
 a weight-carrier, and worthy the name of a courser or 
 racer. You cannot call a horse that can do his 2 miles 
 in 3 min. 48 sec. or 3 miles in 5 min. 54 sec. a slow 
 horse. 
 
 The Arab may not be so speedy as the racer bred 
 exclusively for speed for the last half-century, yet it 
 cannot be denied, the performances of Arabs compare 
 very favourably with those of English racers. 
 
 An Arab has been brought from India, and very 
 occasionally trained, most likely when he has lost his 
 
1 80 TJie A radian Horse. 
 
 speed, and because such a horse has failed to be suc- 
 cessful against a field of English racers, it is said the 
 Arab is not a racer. A likely colt was bought a few 
 years ago at the annual sale of yearlings at Middle 
 Park, and taken to Australia — by Gladiateur — his dam 
 a Stockwell mare. Every care was taken of him, he 
 was trained and raced, and although I am assured he 
 ran gamely on several occasions, he had not the speed 
 to contend successfully with the Australians ; he was 
 invariably beaten : ergo, the English thorough-bred of 
 the best blood is not a racer. 
 
 On the other hand, in March 1872, the Australian 
 Cup, a sweepstakes of 20 sovs. with 300 sovs. added, 2\ 
 miles, was won after three heats by Saladin, a son of Pe- 
 gasus, an imported Arab, beating a field of seven horses. 
 Saladin, the half Arab, aged, carried 7 st. 8 lbs., and 
 Flying Dutchman, 6 years, 7 st. 5 lbs., made a dead 
 heat after a splendid finish. Time, 4 min. 12 sees. 
 The dead heat was run off at 5 o'clock, and after a close 
 run race, resulted in another dead heat. Time 4 min. 
 1 5 sees. At 6 o'clock they started again, when the 
 half Arab Saladin proved the winner by a good neck. 
 Time, 4 min. 15 secs.^ 
 
 ' Dagworth, at Sydney, won the Great Metropolitan Stakes, 2 miles. 
 The hero of the meeting was the great-grandson of an Arab. Dagworth 
 is by Yattendon, his dam Nutcut by Pitsford, grandam by Glaucus (an 
 Arab). 
 
]Sr 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Arab as a hunter and charger — Considered as a hunter — Jurham and 
 the Forbes Cup — Considered as a war horse — Arab blood likely to give 
 better horses for cavalry and artillery — The French in Africa — Per- 
 formances of certain horses — Ninety-mile match across the Desert — - 
 Match in Madras — Certain essential constitutional points more likely to 
 be transmitted to half-bred stock either as hunters or troop horses by the 
 Arabian than the English horse — Dissertation on the chest and its 
 functions — Proper form of chest : to be found in the Arabian horse — 
 Remarks by Youatt — The different formation in the modem thorough- 
 bred horse affects all other half-bred stock — The Arabian the founder of 
 the best breeds in India. 
 
 We will next proceed to consider how admirably the 
 Arabian is adapted to improve the character of half- 
 bred stock for purposes of field sports and for the 
 army. 
 
 As a hunter and war-horse the Arabian has been 
 celebrated from all timxC. As a hunter, from when, in 
 early time, he was employed to ride down the ostrich 
 and the wild ass in his native country, to the present 
 day, when he carries the expatriated Englishman over 
 the plains of Hindostan up to the haunches of the wild 
 pig, faces the tiger, or, single-handed, gallops down the 
 wild deer and antelope ; and, complying with the man- 
 ners and customs of the age, becomes a steeplechaser 
 and wins the Forbes Kadur Cup over a four-mile course, 
 stated by an experienced steeplechase-rider to have been 
 
i82 1 he Arabian Horse, 
 
 more difficult and severe than any country or course in 
 England, which, in 1871, Jurham, the only Arab in the 
 race, among a good field of horses, wins with ease, the 
 Arabian has ever proved himself a horse of unmatched 
 courage and endurance. The tall and heavy grass, said 
 to be so difficult and exhausting for so small and light a 
 horse to force his way through, and other difficulties in 
 the course, proved to be rather destructive to the Arab's 
 opponents, as Jurham had speed and bottom left in him, 
 in the last half-mile of tolerably open ground, when 
 called upon to shoot away from his horses and win 
 easily. 
 
 The high courage, the suppleness, the spring and 
 elasticity, the compact but developed form, and great 
 muscular development of the Arabian must cause him 
 to be the horse best adapted for a hunter. 
 
 These qualities render him also more desirable than 
 any other horse as a sire for begetting half-bred stock, 
 either for hunting or for the military service. A horse of 
 pure blood is more likely to implant and stamp his own 
 good points and qualities upon properly selected stock, 
 and in a greater degree, than a horse of less pure blood, 
 such as the so-called English thorough-bred horse; more 
 especially, too, when the latter horse does not possess 
 the combination of excellences of the former. In the 
 hunting-field, whenever a horse has possessed any direct 
 Arab blood, he has always shown himself an excellent 
 and superior hunter. This was the opinion of no less a 
 udge than Davis, the late Royal Huntsman. 
 
 As a war-horse, from the days when he carried his 
 
A Hitnter and War Ho7'se. 183 
 
 relentless rider, as on a whirlwind, upon Job's possessions, 
 when he carried conquests from his birthplace to the 
 confines of China in the east and the Atlantic on the 
 west, to the present time, when, in the East, he leads 
 the charge of England's chivalry, he has ever shone 
 pre-eminent. 
 
 In India, certainly the best field for our cavalry, as a 
 charger the Arab has always maintained the highest 
 position. The Arabian horse has done his share in the 
 conquests of that country. 
 
 I am fully persuaded if horses for both cavalry and 
 artillery were bred from suitable mares from Arab 
 horses, a marked difference and superiority would be 
 the result, and we might then truly boast of having the 
 best cavalry in the world. The French had to discard 
 the European horse when in Africa, and re-mount their 
 cavalry on such horses of Arab blood as they could 
 procure, and these carried a weight of twenty-five stone. 
 General Daumas may well exclaim, * Now, a horse that, 
 in a country often rough and difficult, marches and gal- 
 lops, ascends and descends, endures unparalleled priva- 
 tions, and goes through a campaign with spirit, with 
 such a weight on his back, is he or is he not a war- 
 horse ? ' 
 
 Are our cavalry so mounted .-' What is the opinion 
 of the War Office } Is not the Arabian horse worthy of 
 their consideration .'' 
 
 Abd-el-Kader has stated that an Arab horse can travel 
 a distance of fifty English miles day after day, and this 
 without fatigue, for three or four months ; and if re- 
 
184 The Arabian Horse, 
 
 quired could accomplish 150 miles in one day, but 
 should be carefully ridden the next, and only go a 
 much shorter distance. Two instances recorded by 
 General Daumas are worthy of consideration. On one 
 occasion a young Arab, Si-Ben-Zyon, rode his father's 
 mare eighty French leagues within twenty-four hours. 
 She was watered only once, and had but eaten some 
 leaves from the dwarf-palm while her rider had lain 
 down by her side to sleep ; }^et she was not done up, 
 and, as Si-Ben Zyon said, was capable of still per- 
 forming a further journey. The next : ' All the old 
 ofificers ' (says General Daumas) ' of the Oran Division 
 can state how, in 1837, a general, attaching the greatest 
 importance to the receipt of intelligence from Tlemcem, 
 gave his own charger (an Arab horse) to an Arab to go 
 to procure the news. The latter set out from Chateau 
 Neuf at 4 a.m., and returned at the same hour on the 
 following day, having travelled seventy leagues (French) 
 over ground very different from the comparatively level 
 desert.' This latter confirms the former, and is a very 
 valuable instance, as the distance had been measured, 
 and was well known, and is sufficient warranty to in- 
 duce belief in the reported great capabilities of the 
 Arabian, which are but too often, in this country, re- 
 garded as only tales of the East and Oriental exagge- 
 rations. Moreover, the Arabs are just and true in their 
 accounts and descriptions, although couched in lan- 
 guage full of imagery. But are not we ourselves a 
 very boastful people, and very reluctant to admit 
 excellence in others ? 
 
A Hitnter and War Horse. 185 
 
 In the ninety-mile match between an English tho- 
 rough-bred horse and an Arab across the desert to Cairo, 
 a few years ago, the former broke down badly ; the Arab 
 came in alone, having accomplished the whole distance 
 in 7 hours 52 minutes. There was but little difference 
 in the weights at starting ; they appear to have carried 
 10 St. 81bs. and 10 st. respectively. On returning to weigh 
 the rider of the Arab was some 5 lbs. under weight, and 
 it is quite possible, had the rider of the English horse 
 also weighed, it might have been found he had lost as 
 much weight. 
 
 At Madras a match was made by an officer of Horse 
 Artillery and some officers of the 15th Hussars (then 
 disbelievers in the Arabian) ; the former was to ride his 
 Arab horse, about 14 hands i inch, 400 miles in five 
 days. The Arab won the match with ease, without 
 distress, and was none the worse after the performance, 
 and his owner offered to do it again after resting one 
 day. 
 
 The peculiar and perfect development of the Arabian 
 (I say peculiar, as the same is not found in any other 
 breed) — I now allude more especially to the chest, which 
 has been noticed in a former part of this work, and 
 which is one of the great secrets of the Arabian's endu- 
 rance — is more likely to be transmitted to half-bred stock, 
 either as hunters or for troopers — for both equally essen- 
 tial — by a horse who has this formation as a distinguishing 
 point of his race or breed, than by a horse who may fail in 
 this respect, or whose class or breed only possesses it in 
 a modified degree, and which has been derived in the 
 
1 86 The Arabian Horse, 
 
 first place from the Arabian. Too round and too heavy 
 a chest, however good it may be for heavy draught and 
 slow work, is not adapted to rapid and continuous pro- 
 gression. Horses possessing narrow chests and flat 
 sides are often spirited, very fast, but are incapable of 
 continued work. Neither of this kind are suitable to 
 the hunter or trooper, nor fit to be the sire of horses for 
 such purposes. Although the latter, being often a horse 
 of high speed, may be successful in half-mile races, he 
 ought not to be considered a race horse. To fully ex- 
 plain the advantages of the Arabian as a sire, the use 
 of the chest should be considered. Youatt says, ' The 
 contents of the chest are the lungs and the heart : the 
 first to render the blood nutrient and stimulating, and to 
 give or restore to it that vitality which will enable it to 
 support every part of the frame in the discharge of its 
 function, and devoid of which the complicated and 
 beautiful machine is inert and dead ; and the second, to 
 convey this purified arterialized blood to every part of 
 the frame.' 
 
 Tn order to produce and to convey to the various 
 parts a sufficient quantity of blood, these organs must 
 be large. If it amounts not to hypertrophy, the larger 
 the heart and lungs the more rapid the process of 
 nutrition, and the more perfect the discharge of every 
 animal function.' He then explains the circular chest is 
 clearly not ' advantageous, for it cannot expand, but 
 every change of form would be a diminution of capacity, 
 whereas the contents of the chest are ' alternately ex- 
 panding and contracting.' 
 
A Hunter and War Horse. 1 8 7 
 
 After instancing the description of cliest found in 
 cobs and some of our saddle-horses as being round 
 enough, and therefore valued, as they seldom lose their 
 condition, or tire if allowed to go their own pace — and 
 that not altogether a slow one — Youatt observes very 
 truly, if examined the chest will be found to be between 
 the circle and ellipse, thus allowing of expansion, while 
 retaining capacity. He next proceeds to describe the 
 chest more particularly adapted to rapid progression 
 combined with strength. The broad deep chest possess- 
 ing ' considerable capacity in a quiescent state, and the 
 power of increasing that capacity when the animal 
 requires it ' — this is the chest required by the race- 
 horse, the hunter, and the cavalry horse. 
 
 * There must be,' says Youatt, ' the broad chest for 
 the production of muscles and sinews, and the deep 
 chest, to give capacity or power of furnishing arterial 
 blood equal to the most rapid exhaustion of vitality.' 
 'This form of chest,' he further states, 'is consistent 
 with lightness, or at least with all the lightness that can 
 be rationally required. The broad-chested horse, or 
 he that, with moderate depth at the girth, swells and 
 barrels out immediately behind the elbow, may have as 
 light a fore-hand and as elevated a wither as the horse 
 with the narrowest chest ; but the animal with the 
 barrel approaching too near to rotundity is invariably 
 heavy about the shoulders, and low in the shoulders.' 
 Although this is sufficiently plain to all who thoroughly 
 know the horse, it may require a little explanation to 
 others who may not be so well initiated. The round 
 
1 88 The Arabian Horse, 
 
 chest is accompanied with a heavy shoulder, and fe only 
 applicable to draught ; that it is not sufficient for a 
 horse to have a very deep chest at the girth — seen some- 
 times to an exaggerated extent or to a fault — if that 
 chest is narrow and flat. A horse of such formation 
 might have great speed, but would not be capable of 
 prolonged or continued exertion. A chest ' of moderate 
 depth at the girth ' (often looking not so deep as it really 
 is), but which * swells and barrels oat immediately behind 
 the arms^ is the one for insuring combined speed and 
 bottom. Youatt next states how such a formation has 
 been obtained, and may be obtained — namely, from the 
 Arabian horse. ' It is to the mixture of Arabian blood 
 that we principally owe this peculiar and advantageous 
 formation of the chest of the horse.' Such a chest is 
 compatible with the lightest shoulders. For the Arabian 
 has the lightest shoulders — lighter than, but not so thin 
 as is seen in any other breed or kind of horse. ' The Arab 
 is light, some would say too much so before, but im- 
 mediately behind the arms the barrel almost invariably 
 swells out, and leaves plenty of room, and ivhere it is 
 most wanted for the play of the lungs, and at the same 
 time zvhere the zveight does not press so excbisively on the 
 fore legs, and expose the legs to injury.' 
 
 A contrary kind of chest being the type generally 
 seen in the modern thorough-bred horse, a deep but 
 narrow chest, reveals the secret of half-mile or short 
 races having become so general, and marks him as not 
 so fitting or capable of begetting weight-carrying and 
 enduring hunters and hardy, serviceable troop-horses, 
 
A Hunter and Wa7^ Horse. 1 89 
 
 capable of long-continued exertion, and occasionally- 
 great speed, as the Arabian horse, who possesses this 
 form of chest in the highest perfection. This most 
 important point in the form of a horse is further com- 
 mented upon by the same author : ' An elevated wither 
 or oblique shoulder, or powerful quarter, are great ad- 
 vantages ; but that which is most of all connected 
 with the general health of the animal, and with com- 
 bined fleetness or bottom, is a deep and broad and 
 swelling chest.' 
 
 If artificial breeds of horses are required for hunting 
 and the army in this country, why refuse to use the 
 Arabian as a sire, seeing that this essential conformation 
 is one of his attributes, and only possessed by other 
 breeds formerly improved by him in a modified degree .'' 
 Of all horses in the world the Arabian possesses the 
 deepest chest ; but this is often overlooked or unob- 
 served, for it is not so apparent at a casual glance, 
 owing to the swelling barrel and long back ribs, which 
 of course take off from the appearance of depth. 
 Now, in a flat-sided horse, what depth there may be 
 is at once seen, and appears often exaggerated, from 
 the lightness of the hinder ribs. Deterioration is said 
 to have taken place, and short races are in vogue. In 
 conformation the modern horse appears deep enough 
 in chest, but flat-sided. From the portraits of old 
 racers (mostly badly executed) we see less apparent 
 depth at the girth, but a more swelling barrel and 
 deeper back ribs, the line of belly being far straighten 
 These horses ran over long courses ; it was the fashion 
 
I go The Arabian Horse, 
 
 in those days. Perhaps the fashion was guided by the 
 constitution and capabilities of the horse. 
 
 This formation in the so-called thorough-bred horse 
 does and must necessarily affect all other breeds in the 
 country ; the standard or chief breed gives the tone to 
 all others — to our hunters and troop-horses. 
 
 Colonel Shakespeare states, the horses in the Hydera- 
 bad Deccan are superior to any other native breed in 
 India. They owe their superiority to the pure stock 
 from which they were derived, the Arabian. So many 
 as 500 Arab horses were imported into the Deccan at 
 the commencement of this century. The best troop- 
 horses bred in the late Company's studs had Arab 
 horses for their sires. The most successful Government 
 stud was one in the Madras Presidency, and that was 
 because the high-caste Arab was almost entirely used 
 as a sire. 
 
 The horses of the Hyderabad Deccan possess many 
 of the fine points and qualities of their progenitors, the 
 Arabians. Their temper, endurance, freedom from dis- 
 ease, longevity, capability of work and keeping con- 
 dition on small quantities of food, their high courage 
 and natural aptitude for being broken in, together with 
 their attachment to their riders, come direct from the 
 desert blood. Such qualities are admirable for all 
 descriptions of riding-horses, and especially for cavalry 
 horses, and, it would appear, can only be obtained by 
 direct Arab blood. 
 
 During the late war it was constantly reported from 
 many sources that horses derived partly from Arabian 
 
A Htmtcr and War Horse. 191 
 
 blood stood the hardships of a European campaign 
 much better than all others ; and in a letter which 
 appeared in 'The Times,' February 24, 1871, giving an 
 account of the entrance of Bourbaki's army into Berne, 
 and the distressing appearance of the men, it was 
 stated : ' The horses present a still worse appearance, 
 seeming more fitted for the knacker's yard than to 
 bear their burdens, although ti7idotibtedly the Arabs 
 justify the established reputation of their breed for 
 endurance by the very tolerable condition they present, 
 and the comparative elasticity of their paces.' 
 
 Although other Governments may be drawing large 
 supplies from this country, and may be well-advised in 
 so doing, it is no proof that they would not do better 
 in procuring purer blood, which they may be doing also ; 
 and certainly no excuse for us to remain satisfied with 
 an imperfect breed, when we might easily obtain a 
 better. 
 
 The head of a horse is the index to his character, 
 moral and physical. A breeder who was lamenting 
 some coarseness or deficiency in the head of a colt of 
 which he had expected great things, in reply to the 
 consolation a friend was offering by pointing out the 
 colt's otherwise almost perfect form, remarked : ' Never 
 mind the rest of his body, if the head had only been 
 all right, the body would have grown to it, but now 
 his body can never get beyond his head.' This is too 
 often overlooked in this country ; indeed, it would 
 appear, the head, the index, is little thought of; but it 
 will, perhaps, explain why so many animals, apparently 
 
192 The Arabian Horse, 
 
 of early promise, never improv^e or show to advantage 
 at maturity. A small head is not necessarily a beautiful 
 or good head, although smallness is very often among 
 horses of even racing blood the only recommendation, 
 for the head may still be vulgar in appearance and very 
 deficient. 
 
 Now, certainly, there is no head like the Arabian's. 
 It is the true index to his character and form. Thus 
 writes a member of the Veterinary profession. ' Fire 
 and sagacity, blood and action, speed and bottom, are 
 all the natural attributes of a horse having such a head.' 
 But the Arabian horse alone possesses it. The Arabian's 
 is not altogether a small head, it is, on the contrary, 
 large in all parts containing the working and essential 
 organs, it is small in those parts only which connect 
 these essential organs. The same professional man 
 says 'that which is set down as the handsomest of 
 heads, turns out to be, on examination, the most service- 
 able.' Such being the case with the head of the 
 Arabian, the index, so is it also with the rest of his 
 body, every part is in harmony and proportion ; he is a 
 large horse in every essential point and part of action 
 and motion ; as no other horse has such a head, so no 
 other horse possesses so fine and perfect a form. The 
 Arabian is identical with utility. In this is his rare 
 beauty. 
 
 What we call the thorough-bred horse, in spite of the 
 great esteem in which he is held, cannot be called the 
 saddle horse of the country. How icw ever ride one. 
 Look through a stud of hunters, how rarely a thorough- 
 
A Hunter and War Horse. 193 
 
 bred horse is seen. Is an entire stud of thorough-bred 
 hunters to be met with ? Comparatively speaking, how 
 seldom he is found as a hack or riding horse. He is 
 seldom seen as a cavalry charger, and he has not been 
 successful in producing good troopers for our cavalry in 
 India. 
 
 Yet the racer ought to be essentially a saddle horse. 
 We ought not to have to raise a class of horses for the 
 saddle, exclusive of the thorough-bred horse. The 
 Arabian is a racer, a war horse, and hunter, a riding 
 horse par excellence. 
 
194 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 It is evident the original framers of the Stud Book 
 looked upon the Eastern horse, and par excellence the 
 Arabian, as the pure-bred or thorough-bred horse, and 
 among our horses those alone who are descended from 
 Eastern horses, and are registered in the Book, are 
 now considered thorough-bred, an acknowledgment of 
 the superiority of Arabian blood. But another great 
 boon is conferred by the Stud Book. It shows us most 
 conclusively that our horse is not entirely of Eastern, 
 still less of Arabian blood, and, in fact, is not really 
 thorough or true bred. The character of our horse ebbs 
 and flows, rises to comparative excellence, or sinks into 
 mediocrity, as choice, or fashion, or the taste of the 
 breeder may hit upon a selection in sire or dam possess- 
 ing a larger or less amount of Arabian blood ; but it 
 cannot get beyond a certain point of excellence ; it is 
 impossible of permanent improvement. The mixed 
 blood from which our horse has sprung will ever prevent 
 him from attaining a permanent standard of excellence. 
 The same cause must always have a tendency to de- 
 generation, even if that should not have taken place — 
 which many good authorities pronounce to be the case — 
 and his altered form and want of stoutness would war- 
 rant that assertion. Seeing, then, that pure blood is 
 
Conclusion. 195 
 
 essential for the establishment of a thorough good breed 
 of horses, that our own is imperfect and deficient in blood, 
 the only true way of meeting the difficulty, the only 
 effectual one, the least expensive, and the quickest, is 
 to start afresh with pure Arabian blood. Starting from 
 a sure foundation (purity of blood), we have only to 
 educate and develope excellences. There is no doubt 
 horses of pure Arabian blood, bred in this country, 
 would attain to a larger size ; and there is every reason 
 to believe the increase would be in due proportion, 
 thereby insuring with the size increase of speed and 
 strength. The increase of size or height obtained by 
 our present thorough-bred horse has not been in pro- 
 portion ; it has led to many exaggerations. The increase 
 of height from 14^ hands to 16 hands has been accom- 
 plished by greater length of limb. This, again, as a 
 rule, has been owing to a greater length of cannon bone, 
 without a corresponding length of radius or arm. 
 Here is a great mechanical disadvantage. We will 
 suppose two horses of equal height and power ; the 
 moral qualities, such as temper, courage, and nervous 
 energy, also equal ; but one shall be an inch longer in 
 the cannon bone than the other, although the relative 
 length of the fore legs shall be the same. The horse 
 with the shorter cannon bone, and therefore longer 
 radius, must, of necessity, be a speedier horse, and not 
 only speedier, but, because the one has a great mechani- 
 cal advantage, he would be a more lasting horse. In- 
 crease of height thus obtained may have been one of 
 the causes of an increase of speed in the English racer 
 
 o 2 
 
196 The Ai^abian Horse. 
 
 over the Arab, but it tells against him over long courses 
 and constant work, which brings him back again below 
 the level of the Arabian. But if we establish a breed of 
 pure Arabians, in which we have increased the size to 
 15 hands 2 inches, we have every reason to believe, with 
 only proper care and treatment, the perfect form of the 
 original will be retained ; we may reasonably expect equal 
 speed to the modern racer, if not greater, but accompanied 
 with lasting qualities and endurance. The course to pur- 
 sue is the attainment of a certain number of pure-bred 
 Arabian horses and mares : the latter would most likely 
 be in foal. It would be better if the Government would 
 undertake this, and, indeed, engage to form such a 
 national stud, as it could then be carried on in its in- 
 tegrity, without let or hindrance from the whims or 
 fancies of private individuals. 
 
 A few well-selected persons, with knowledge of the 
 /Arabian horse and where to seek for him, would be the 
 first thing needful. Should the Government not feel 
 able to undertake it as a national scheme, there 
 is a grand opening for private enterprise, or for a 
 combination of gentlemen who have the welfare of the 
 horse at heart. (It does not seem more unreasonable 
 that there should be a stud for the production of horses 
 entirely of pure or Arabian blood, than that companies 
 should be formed for the breeding of racing stock of 
 inferior and mixed blood.) In this the Government might 
 help by granting certain plates or purses to be run for 
 by Arabians and by their pure descendants. While the 
 Middle Park Stud was intact, I abstained from giving 
 
Conclusion. 197 
 
 the opinion of the late lamented proprietor, when this 
 Arab scheme was brought to his notice, a few years ago. 
 Mr. Blenkiron acknowledged the correctness of the 
 theory. He said, ' It certainly would have been the 
 only true plan upon which to have started ; I can see 
 that plainly, I tell you what ; if it had been brought 
 to my notice when I first commenced breeding, I would 
 have done it ; notwithstanding I have established my 
 stud and have so- much invested in it, were I only a few 
 years younger, I would take it up myself now, and 
 begin breeding again.' To be done at all it must be 
 done well and thoroughly. It would be a great national 
 benefit, for the pro.sperity of the horse is intimately 
 connected with the welfare of a country : 
 
 Effodere loco signum, quod regia Juno 
 Monstrarat, caput acris equi : sic nam fore bello 
 Egregiam et facilem victu per srecula gentem. 
 
 /Eneidos, lib. 1. 
 
 ' Afterwards Queen of cities, mistress of the seas, Car- 
 thage forgot the sign of what was to be her strength, 
 became enslaved by commerce, and fell' 
 
 The English horse is a compound of those found in 
 Britain in Caesar's time (whether introduced by the 
 Kelt or Belgae) the Roman horse — also a compound 
 animal, or rather, many compound animals ; then the 
 Saxon horse, not unlikely of Persian extraction — even, 
 perhaps, after the Persian had been improved by Arabian 
 blood, but, in all probability, much modified and consider- 
 ably changed during the progress of the Saxons from the 
 Araxis to Jutland, and their long residence between the 
 
198 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 Elbe and the Eider ; then the Spanish horse, followed 
 by that of Flanders ; and upon this heterogeneous mass 
 was engrafted Eastern and Arabian blood. 
 
 Can we wonder, then, at the want of harmony of parts 
 and proportion in the animal, and the great diversity of 
 types to be seen in that select class called thorough-bred 
 (the present standard breed of the country) ? I do not 
 deny great merit in individual animals of mixed blood, 
 but it is not possessed collectively, nor can animals of 
 mixed blood keep up excellences. 
 
 But the advantages of pure blood are the mainte- 
 nance and continuance of certain original good qualities 
 and attributes, both moral and physical ; and by es- 
 tablishing pure Arab blood in this country, with proper 
 care we may expect to attain a degree of excellence 
 hitherto unknown. 
 
 Many think the English horse is more nearly allied 
 to the Barb than to the Arabian, and is more like the 
 former in appearance and character, and argue that for 
 any improvement the Barb should be selected. Beware 
 of doing this. Seek always the pure and parent breed. 
 That the English horse should have a closer resemblance 
 to the Barb and to other Eastern horses, does not show 
 that he has been derived more from such sources ; but it 
 is the natural consequence of his being of mixed blood, 
 and only partly Arabian, and therefore very similarly 
 bred to the Barb, Persian, and Toorkoman horse. The 
 English horse being of a mixed breed cannot have 
 the perfect form and character of the Arabian, therefore 
 has gradually assumed the appearance of those breeds 
 
Conchision. 199 
 
 which have also been derived or improved by the 
 Arabian, but whatever advantage it may be supposed 
 he has drawn from the Barb and other horses of Eastern 
 blood, has really been derived from the Arabian, who 
 gave the excellence to those breeds. 
 
 ' The Toorkomans trace their breed of horses to 
 Arabian sires,' and procure Arab blood to invigorate 
 their breed as often as opportunity may occur. The 
 Persian is certainly a breed improved by the Arabian. 
 It is stated that those horses bred in Kurdistan are ac- 
 counted the best in beauty and strength — very likely 
 they have received a further infusion of Arabian blood 
 since the Shammar have occupied Mesopotamia. The 
 Barb is a descendant of the Arabian, but certainly not 
 always of pure blood. 
 
 A national stud is wanted. There is a cry for a 
 system that shall supply good and useful horses. But 
 some will say it must be for the production of good, 
 sound, weight-carrying hunters ; others want good riding 
 horses for general purposes ; the Government, horses 
 for the army ; the sportsman a racer. When, after the 
 lapse of more than a century, our thorough-bred horse 
 has failed to become our saddle horse, our hunter, does 
 not supply our cavalry with hardy and useful horses, 
 now is the time no longer to postpone the selection of 
 the Arabian, The horse who in himself answers all 
 these requirements, whose natural attributes are fire and 
 sagacity, blood and action, speed and bottom. 
 
 The sportsman who loves racing for the sport itself 
 may yet carry off the Blue Riband of the Turf with a 
 
200 The Arabian Horse. 
 
 horse of pure Arabian blood, and know he is conferring 
 a lasting benefit on his country. The Welter weight 
 might find himself carried in the first flight by a real 
 weight-carrier of pure blood. The cavalry officer would 
 have a charger worthy to carry him in front of his 
 squadrons. All who are interested in riding would be 
 benefited, for we should have a pure breed of saddle- 
 horses. 
 
 Remarks on the future treatment of the Arabian horse 
 in this country, to ensure the successful establishment of 
 a new and pure breed, come not within the province of 
 this work — the chief object of which is to point out that 
 our thorough-bred horse is not pure ; that a pure breed 
 of horses does exist, and where it is to be found. 
 
 First let us obtain the pure bred and perfect horse, 
 then let us take care to keep his future generations 
 pure. 
 
LIST 
 
 OF 
 
 ARABIANS, BARBS, TURKS, AND FOREIGN HORSES, 
 
 WHICH WERE EMPLOYED, MOKE OR LESS, 
 
 IN THE FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH STUD, 
 
 FROM THE TIME OF KING JAMES I. UNTIL ABOUT THE END OF 
 THE LAST CENTURY. 
 
 ARABIANS. 
 
 Markham's Arabian. A bay horse, 
 bought by King James I. 
 
 Wilkinson's Bay Arabian, about 
 1680. King Charles II. 's reign. 
 
 An Arabian (sire of Bald Peg, 
 Spanker's gi-andam). 
 
 Curwen's Chestnut Arabian, about 
 1 700-1 709. 
 
 The Leedes Arabian. 
 
 The Darley Arabian. A Bedouin 
 Horse, of the family called 
 Keheilan-Ras-el-Fedawi, im- 
 ported by Mr. Darley the latter 
 end of Queen Anne's reign. 
 
 The Basset Ai^abian, about 1700. 
 
 Harpur's Arabian, about 1700. 
 
 Pulleine's Chestnut Arabian, about 
 1700. 
 
 D'Arcy's Chestnut Arabian, about 
 1700-1710. 
 
 Hutton's Arabian, about 1700. 
 
 Cyprus Arabian, about 171 5-1 720. 
 
 Bloody Buttocks, a grey Arabian 
 of Mr. Croft's, with a red mark 
 on his hip. 
 
 Lord Lonsdale's Bay and Grey 
 Arabians, about 1720. 
 
 Bethell's Arabian, about 1710-40 
 (sire of Salome, dam of Cypron, 
 and grandam of King Herod). 
 
 Alcock's Arabian, about 1 720. 
 
 Sir M. Newton's Arabian, about 
 1 720-1 745. 
 
 The Oglethorpe Arabian. 
 
 Lord Northumberland's Golden 
 Arabian, about 1 740-1 760. 
 
 Duke of Northumberland's Chest- 
 nut, Bay, and Grey Arabians, 
 about 1 760-1 780. 
 
 The Northumberland Brown Ara- 
 bian (aftenvards called Leedes 
 Arabian), about 1760. 
 
 The Cullen Arabian, about 1740- 
 
 1755- 
 
 The Coomb Arabian, about 1755- 
 1780 (sometimes called the Pigot 
 Arabian, and sometimes the Bo- 
 lingbroke Grey Arabian). 
 
 His Majesty's one-eyed Grey Ara- 
 bian (George I. or II.), about 
 1 720-30. 
 
 Hampton Court Arabian, 1720. 
 
 Chestnut Litton Arabian, 1720 
 
 0.\ford Bloody-shouldered Arabian, 
 1700-22. 
 
 Oxford Arabian. 
 
202 
 
 Arabs — Bards. 
 
 Oxford Dun Arabian (?). 
 
 Duke of Beaufort's White and Grey 
 
 Arabians, 1720-40. 
 Conyers' Arabian, about 1730-40 
 Grosvenor Arabian, about 1750-70. 
 Saanah Arabian, 1760-80. 
 Stanyan's Arabian, about 1720-30. 
 De'-'onshire Arabian, Chestnut, 
 
 about 1740-60. 
 Bell's Arabian, about 1760-72. 
 Blair's Arabian. 
 Bunbury Arabian, about 1760. 
 Widdrington Arabian, about 1710- 
 
 1730. 
 Wynn Arabian, about 1 7 10-30. 
 Ossory Arabian, about 1760-74. 
 Bright's Arabian, about 1730-46. 
 Newcomb's Ai-abian, about 1745- 
 
 1758. 
 Lord Brook's Arabian, about 1720. 
 Mr. Fletcher's Arabian, about 
 
 1730-45- 
 Somerset Arabian, about 1725-40. 
 Panton's Arabian, 1750-62. 
 Milward's Arabian, about 1755-75- 
 Mr. Parker's Arabian, about 
 
 1770-80. 
 Damascus Arabian, about 1750-75. 
 Witham Grey Arabian, about 
 
 1760-76. 
 Wilson's Arabian, about 1740-60. 
 Ward's Arabian, about 1760-70. 
 Blackett's Arabian, about 1710-30. 
 Mr. Gibson's Arabian, about 1750- 
 
 1770. 
 Clifton Arabian, about 1730-40. 
 Lord Rockingham's Arabian. 
 Sir John Sebright's Arabian. 
 Thompson's Grey Arabian. 
 Philippe's Arabian, about 1770-90. 
 General Evans's Arabian, about 
 
 1730. 
 General Smith's Arabian, 1760-77. 
 Woburn Arabian, 1 780- 1 800. 
 Sir J. Jenkins' Arabian, about 
 
 1 700-20. 
 Sir T. Gresley's Arabian, about 
 
 1700. 
 Sir R. Sutton's Grey Arabian, 
 
 about 1730. 
 Sir W. Morgan's Arabian, about 
 
 1720. 
 
 Arcot Arabian, 1790. 
 
 Jilfy Arabian, 1760-70. 
 
 Bistern Arabian. 
 
 Pembroke Arabian. 
 
 Portland Arabian, about 1 720. 
 
 Chesterfield Arabian. 
 
 Lord Cassilis' Arabian, about 
 1760-70. 
 
 Lord Heathfield's Arabian. 
 
 Lord Mansfield's Arabian. 
 
 Lord Winchilsea's Arabian. 
 
 Gregory's Arabian, about 1760-80. 
 
 Hall's Arabian, about 1710-20. 
 
 Ferrers' Arabian, 1760-76. 
 
 Ratcliff Arabian, about 1760. 
 
 Khalan Arabian, about 1750-70. 
 
 Clements' Arabian, 1770. 
 
 Richards' Arabian, about 1710-20. 
 
 Johnson's Arabian. 
 
 Storey's Arabian. 
 
 Morton Arabian. 
 
 Patnull Arabian. 
 
 Rumbold Arabian, 1787. 
 
 Barington Arabian. 
 
 Lexington Arabian, 1720. 
 
 Mr. Burlston's Arabian, 1750-70. 
 
 Williams' W^oodstock Arabian. 
 
 Sir John Sebright's Arabian, 1740. 
 
 Thompson's Arabian, 1760-72. 
 
 Vernon Arabian, 1760. 
 
 Lord Finch's Arabian (afterwards 
 Duke of Devonshire's, sire of 
 Fair Wanderer), about 1 730. 
 
 Lord Algernon Percy's Grey Ara- 
 bian, about 1770-85. 
 
 I^ord Bolingbroke's Arabian, 1760- 
 80. 
 
 Ancaster Arabian, 1 760. 
 
 Pembroke Arabian, 1780. 
 
 BARBS. 
 
 Dodsworth, foaled in England, was 
 a natural Barb; his dam, a Barb 
 mare, was imported in the time 
 of King Charles IL 
 
 Greyhound, foaled in England in 
 King William IIL's reign, was a 
 natural Barb; his sire the White 
 ]>arh Chillaby, his dam Slugey, a 
 natural Barb mare. 
 
Barbs — Turks. 
 
 203 
 
 Curwen's Bay Barb, was a present 
 from the Emperor of Morocco to 
 Lewis XIV. of France, brought 
 into England by Mr. Curwen. 
 
 The Thoulouse Barb. Brought 
 from France by Mr. Curwen; 
 afterwards the property of Sir J. 
 Parsons. 
 
 Croft's Bay Barb, was a son of 
 Chillaby and the Moonah Barb 
 Mare. 
 
 The Godolphin Barb, sometimes 
 called an Arabian. 
 
 The Compton Barb, often called 
 the Sedley Arabian. 
 
 Lord Fairfax's Morocco Barb, sire 
 of Spanker's dam. 
 
 Tafifolet Barb 
 
 Chillaby Barb, white. 
 
 Chillaby Barb, black. 
 
 Wolseley Barb. 
 
 Hutton's Grey Barb. 
 ,, Bay Barb. 
 
 Black Barb, without a tongue (King 
 William IIL's) 
 
 Layton Barb. 
 
 Burton Barb. 
 
 White-legged Lowther Barb. 
 
 Panton's Grey Barb. 
 
 Sir H. Harpur's Barb, 
 
 Cole's Barb. 
 
 Lowther's Bay Barb. 
 
 Fenwick's Barb. 
 
 Vernon Barb. 
 
 Dun Barb. 
 
 Sir W. Morgan's Grey Barb, 
 ,, ,, Black Barb. 
 
 Shafto's Barb. 
 
 Curzon's Grey Barb. 
 
 Lord Marsh's Barb. 
 
 Pelham's Barb. 
 
 Duke of Marlborough's little Moun- 
 tain Barb. 
 
 Orford Barb. 
 
 Lord Townshend's Brown Barb. 
 
 Meadows' Barb. 
 
 Godolphm Grey Barb. 
 
 Massey's Grey Barb. 
 
 Wilkinson's Barb. 
 
 Lord Townshend's Barb, 
 
 St. Victor's Barb. 
 
 Cripple Barb, 
 
 Sir R. Mostyn's Bay Barb. 
 Sir J. Pennington's Barb. 
 Duke of Rutland's Black Barb. 
 Rider's Chestnut Barb. 
 
 TURKS. 
 
 The Hemsley Turk (Duke of Buck- 
 ingham's). 
 
 Place's White Turk. (Mr. Place 
 was Stud-master to Oliver Crom- 
 well). 
 
 The Stradling, or Lister Turk. 
 Brought into England from the 
 siege of Buda, in the reign of 
 James II. 
 
 The Byerly Turk. Capt. Byerly's 
 charger, in King William's reign, 
 1689. 
 
 The D'Arcy White Turk. 
 
 The D'Arcy Yellow Turk. 
 
 The Selaby Turk. The property 
 of Mr. Marshall, Stud-master to 
 King William, Queen Anne, and 
 King George I. 
 
 Sir J. Williams' Turk. (Also called 
 the Honeywood Arabian.) 
 
 The Belgrade Turk. Taken at the 
 siege of Belgrade by General 
 Merci; afterwards purchased by 
 Sir Marmaduke Wyvill; he died 
 about 1740. 
 
 Phillips' Brown Turk, about 1740. 
 
 Orford Turk. 
 
 Stamford Turk. 
 
 Captain Rouksby's Turk. 
 
 Akaster Turk. 
 
 Westall Turk. 
 
 Mulso Turk. 
 
 Wilkinson's Turk. 
 
 Holderness Turk. 
 
 Ely Turk. 
 
 Bay Pigot Turk. 
 
 Lambert Turk. 
 
 Shaftesbury Turk. 
 
 Sir E. Hale's Turk. 
 
 Lord Hillsborough's Turk. 
 
 Sutton Turk. 
 
 Lord Carlisle's Turk, 
 
 Rutland Turk. 
 
 Paget Turk. 
 
204 
 
 Eastern Horses mid Arab Alares. 
 
 PERSIAN HORSES. 
 
 A Persian Stallion, the sire of the 
 Duke of Rutland's Bonny Black's 
 dam, foaled 1765. 
 
 Thompson's Persian, 1769. 
 
 Lord Burlington's Persian, 1752. 
 
 Commodore Mathews' Persian, 
 1729. 
 
 Mr. Howe's Persian, 1729 
 
 EGYPTIAN. 
 
 Mr. Croft's Egyptian. 
 
 FOREIGN HORSES. 
 
 Sir T. Gascoigne's. 
 
 A Foreign Horse in Diamond's 
 
 pedigree. 
 Sir W. Goring's Foreign Horse. 
 
 ARABIAN MARES, 
 
 Which tuere employed in the forma- 
 tion of the Efiglish stud during the 
 last century. 
 
 I. A Natural Arabian Mare, great- 
 grandamofMr. Bertie's Trifle, by 
 Fox. 
 This mare in another place, p. 183, 
 vol. i., 'General Stud-book' is 
 called a Natural Barb Mare, an 
 instance showing how horses of 
 Eastern blood were not always 
 accurately described, and that 
 there was formerly, as there is 
 now, a propensity to call any 
 horse of Eastern blood an Arab. 
 An inborn acknowledgment of 
 the superiority and antiquity of 
 the Arabian breed : no one pos- 
 sessing a pure Arabian would 
 call him a Turk or Barb, or care 
 to have him so described. 
 2. A Natural Arabian Mare, gran- 
 dam of Lord Portman's Tiney, by 
 Skim. 
 
 3. An Arabian Mare, great-gran- 
 dam of Lord Lonsdale's Monkey, 
 by his Bay Arabian. 
 
 4. An Arabian Mare, great-great- 
 grandam of Sir C. Sedley's 
 Cadena, by Cade. 
 
 5. An Arabian Mare of Lord 
 Lonsdale's, great -great -grandam 
 of Sir J. Pennyman's Bumper, by 
 Partner. 
 
 6. An Arabian Mare, the dam of 
 Sir C. Bunbury's Humdrum, by 
 Matchem. 
 
 7. An Arabian Mare, the dam of 
 Lord Clermont's Hunston. 
 
 There are two other Arabian Mares 
 mentioned between the years 
 1760-80, but I am not sure if 
 these were imported mares, or 
 whether they were foaled in this 
 country, and styled Arabian mares 
 after their sires, as in the cases of 
 the Beaufort, Cullen, the-Cyprus, 
 and the Darley Arabian Mares, 
 which were daughters of those 
 Arabians, and of mares more or 
 less purely bred. The same may 
 be the case with those mares 
 numbered 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. I do 
 not say it is so ; they were in this 
 country at an early date, but their 
 description is certainly rather 
 in opposition to those marked i 
 and 2, which, being called Natu- 
 ral Arabian Mares, would imply 
 they were imported, or, if foaled 
 in this country, that their sires 
 and dams were both Arabian. 
 
 BARB MARES. 
 
 1. A Barb Mare, grandam of 
 Achilles, 1737. 
 
 2. A Natural Barb Mare, dam of 
 Blossom. 
 
 3. The Moonah Barb Mare. 
 
 4. Laytoii Barb Mare. 
 
 5. A Barb Mare (the dam of Care- 
 less). 
 
 6. The Violet Layton Barb Mare. 
 
Barb Mares. 
 
 205 
 
 7. Sir Hugh Cholmondeley's Barb 
 Mare. 
 
 8. Barb Mare, great -grandam of 
 Dyer's Dimple. 
 
 9. ' A Natural Barb Mare, great- 
 grandam of Dismal, 1733. 
 
 10. The Burton Barb Mare. 
 
 loa. Mr. Burton's Natural Barb 
 Mare. 
 
 11. Barb Mare, great-grandam of 
 Grasshopper, 1731. 
 
 12. Barb Mare, dam of Grey Legs, 
 
 1725- 
 
 13. Barb Mare, dam of Look-about- 
 you, 1734. 
 
 14. Natural Barb Mare, grandam 
 of Old Smales. 
 
 15. The Barb Mare, great-gran- 
 dam of Spanker. 
 
 16. A Barb Mare, dam of Dods- 
 worth, imported in Charles II. 's 
 reign, and called, a Royal Mare. 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 17. Slugey, a Natural Barb Mare, 
 Greyhound's dam. 
 
 A Natural Barb Mare, great- 
 great-grandam of The Darley 
 Arabian Mare. 
 
 A Barb Mare, imported in 1 750 
 by Admiral Keppel. 
 
 A Natural Barb Mare, great- 
 grandam of a Childers' Mare. 
 
 Queen Anne's Moonah Barb 
 Mare. 
 
 A Natural Barb Mare, great- 
 great-grandam of Miss Layton 
 (Lodge's Roan Mare). This 
 Barb Mare was a present to Lord 
 Arlington (Secretary of State to 
 King Charles II.), from the Em- 
 peror of Morocco. 
 
 A Natural Barb Mare, great- 
 grandam of Pintoes. 
 
 A Natural Barb Mare, great- 
 grandam of a Whitefoot Mare. 
 
PEDIGREES. 
 
 HORSES AND MARES OF EASTERN BLOOD. 
 
 
 
 Byerly Turk 
 
 f Leedes Arabian 
 
 , Leedes Arabian 
 
 O 
 
 CD ^ Bay Peg 
 
 Younfr 
 Bald Peg i Qj^j ]\iorocco Mare 
 
 Lord Fail-fax's Morocco Barb 
 
 Old IMorocco Mare 1 
 I (Spanker's Dam) qj^ g^j^ p / An Arabian 
 V '^ *> \^a Barb Mare 
 
 Cur wen's Bay Barb 
 
 s ° s ^ , 
 
 O 1) HJ o 
 
 ^ O ,rt _Q I 
 
 m "^ A Natural Barb Mare 
 
 W 
 
 / f Yellow Turk 
 
 Spanker \ 
 Careless i [ Daughter of 
 
 ^Barb Mare 
 
 Morocco Barb 
 
 T> , , Ti fAn Arabian 
 Bald Peg I ^ g^^j^ ^j^^^ 
 
 Leedes Arabian 
 
 Charming Jenny \ 
 (Sister to Leedes) i Daughter of 
 
 S panker 
 
 Yellow Turk 
 Daughter of 
 
 (Morocco Barb 
 Bald (An Arabian 
 Peg \ a Barb Mare 
 
 IMorocco Barb 
 P;,ld Ppp-/^" Arabian 
 ■^^^^^^S^ a Barb Mare 
 
2o8 Horses entirely of Eastern Descent. 
 
 
 r 
 
 , Yellow Turk (D'Arcy's) 
 
 ^ >.'ri 
 
 
 
 hJ 2i^ 
 
 
 fLord Fairfax's Morocco Barb 
 
 ,• '-n 42 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Spanker 
 
 ■> Daufrhter of i r \ \ -u- 
 
 T> ij T> (An Arabian 
 Bald Pes < t^ u ht 
 I, =• l^a Barb Mare 
 
 arele 
 
 a ho 
 
 Ea 
 
 V A Barb Mare 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 Bartlet's Childers 
 
 Supposed and generally acknowledged as own Brother to 
 
 Flying Childers 
 
 son of Darley Arabian and Betty Leedes 
 
 See Flying Childers' Pedigree 
 
 JJ c (V The Shaftesbury Turk 
 
 ^"^ S-c (U ^ 
 
 u o o 
 
 rt "^ (U 1—1 
 
 C tH C W 
 
 o ^ S ^ Full Sister to Spanker 
 
 W 
 
 o n 
 ^ U o 
 
 ^ D'Arcy's Yellow Turk 
 
 i Lord Fairfax's Morocco Barb 
 
 Daughter of J^j^p^g I An ^ 
 
 Arabian 
 Barb Mare 
 
 o ^ ^ 
 
 Leedes Arabian 
 
 
 S Daughter of 
 
 ( D'Arcy's Yellow Turk 
 
 Spanker 
 
 Dau: 
 
 
 aughter of] 
 
 f Morocco Barb 
 
 r, , ] r> fAn Arabian 
 Bald Peg s -r? u at 
 
 '^ \a Barb Mare 
 
 {Dodsworth a Natural Barb foaled in 
 England 
 a Barb Mare 
 
Pedigrees. 
 
 209 
 
 C5 >- 
 r; S =^ 
 
 fGoclolphin Arab or Barb 
 
 I Daughter of 
 
 Alcock's Arabian 
 
 Daughter of |<=™"'^, ^^^A^J^ 
 " \ a Natural Barb Mare 
 
 (U o 
 
 •^•^'^ 
 
 13 " o 
 >^ C 
 
 -a o n 
 
 c H IJ 
 
 rt •< ■&; 
 
 ►t5 'd ■*; 
 
 HH g O 
 
 
 Leedes Arabian 
 
 Daughter of h 
 
 Spanker (see his Pedigree) 
 
 (Morocco Barb 
 Bald Peg P 
 
 An Arabian 
 Barb Mare 
 
 Leedes Arabian 
 j / Spanker (see his Pedigree) 
 
 Daughter of 
 
 Dauijhter of 
 
 ' Lord Fairfax's Morocco Barb 
 
 ^(Spanker's Dam) I g^, J p^g/ 
 
 An Arabian 
 a Barb Mare 
 
 o g 
 
 ■^ o ^ 
 
 o 2 
 
 H-1 O 
 
 ( 
 
 o 
 
 Lord Lonsdale's Bay Arabian 
 
 1 Curwen's Bay Barb 
 
 Daughter of L^^^^ „f TByerly Turk 
 
 j =• \ an Arabian Marc 
 
2IO 
 
 Horses entirely of Eastertt Descent. 
 
 VI O 
 
 >-. o 
 
 rC 
 
 
 8 H 
 
 3 Pi 
 
 c < 
 
 ^ (-: 
 
 \ 
 
 Spanker (a horse of Eastern blood) 
 
 (See his Pedigree) 
 Mr. Burton's Natural Barb Mare. 
 
 
 
 g w 
 
 D'Arcy's Yellow Turk 
 
 (Lord Fairfax's Morocco Barb 
 p I , p /An Arabian 
 i.aia leg ,^a Barb Mare 
 
 Thoulouse Barb 
 
 p I Sister to Leedes (a Mare of Eastern blood) 
 (See Leedes' Pedigree) 
 
 / Conycrs' Arabian 
 
 , Dyer's Dimple (see his Pedigree) 
 
 Daughter ..f 
 
 Dau-lilcr of 
 
 King William's lilack Barl 
 
 Cliillaby 
 •Moonali Bail) Marc 
 
Mares entirely of Eastc7'n* Descent. 
 
 211 
 
 ui =* rt * 
 
 < 
 
 Q 
 
 Darley Arabian 
 
 IByerly Turk 
 Taffolet Barb 
 Daughter of • rpj^ce's White Turk 
 
 Daughter of | ^ j^^^^^^j j^^^.^^ ^^^^ 
 
 * This mare was not put to an Arabian, nor to horses of Eastern blood, 
 but only to Bay Bolton. She was the great-great-grandam of Wood- 
 pecker. 
 
 <5 0), 
 
 y to 
 
 O Wlj 
 
 .s^ 8 
 
 J:; «* 
 
 Mr. Wilkinson's Bay Arabian 
 
 A Natural Barb Mare. 
 
 * This mare was the dam of the Duke of Wharton's Old Smales, 
 Her dam, the Barb Mare, was bought by Mr. Wilkinson of Lord Arling- 
 ton (Secretary of State to King Charles II.), to whom she was a present 
 from the Emperor of Morocco. 
 
 < 
 
 W 
 Q 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 Leedes, a hor.se of Eastern descent. (See his Pedigree) 
 
 Moonah Barb Mare 
 
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