H*w JsioriW Car©U*MX .btritar ®l)p ICtbraru afttft Untermty nf Norilj (Hamlina (Eoltertioit of Nortlj (Earoltmatta lEnonuipn bij at % (UlaBB of 1BS9 wash This hook must not he taken from the Lihvary huilding. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill http://archive.org/details/hownorthcarolinaOOwrit HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW THE NEWS AND OBSERVER RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 1941 l 3 How North Carolina Grew Compiled by Workers of the Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in.the State of North Carolina Sponsored by the NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL COMMISSION THE NEWS AND OBSERVER RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 1941 cfctno bo 1SK Copyright, 1941, by The North Carolina Historical Commission PREFACE For a long time teachers, journal- ists, officials, and other citizens have felt the need for a concise, carefully authenticated outline of North Caro- lina history arranged chronologically. The WPA Writers' Project of the State seeks to meet this need in presenting this work. After examining a large amount of data, those items were selected that best indicate the processes by which the primitive little coastal colony evolved into a populous and prosperous State. Read with sym- pathy and imagination the chronol- ogy becomes a story of progress on social as well as material lines. The history of a State involves far more than shifts of government and military activities. Political and mili- tary events are given their due in this list but emphasis is placed on the happenings, often more signifi- cant though less dramatic, in the economic, social, and cultural evolu- tion. The long road from early sim- plicity to modern complexity in North Carolina is followed through agriculture, industry, transportation, education, religion, art, literature, recreation, conservation — separate but indivisibly related fields. As far as possible every item was checked against a primary source, and rechecked if more than one source was available. When primary sources were lacking, secondary sources supported by the majority of expert opinion were used. Public and private citizens, including his- torians, librarians, and members of newspaper staffs gave valuable as- sistance and advice. EDWIN BJORKMAN, State Supervisor. W. C. HENDRICKS, State Editor. UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA State-wide Sponsor of the North Carolina Writers' Project. Federal Works Agency JOHN M. CARMODY, Administrator. Work Projects Administration HOWARD O. HUNTER, Commissioner. FLORENCE KERR, Assistant Commissioner. CHARLES C. McGINNIS, State Administrator. HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1524 Mar. 10. John de (Giovanni da) Verrazzano, Florentine navigator in service of Francis I, King of France, exploring coast, reaches mouth of Cape Fear River; sends to King earli- est known description of Atlantic coast north of Cape Fear. 1540 May. Hernando De Soto, Spanish ex- plorer, moving from Savannah River, crosses extreme western part of North Carolina and enters Tennessee vainly searching for gold. 1567 Summer. Capt. Juan Pardo leads Spanish expedition into western North Carolina. 1584 Mar. 25. Sir Walter Raleigh obtains from Queen Elizabeth patent to lands "not actually possessed of any Christian prince" in North America, and to establish colonies. Apr. 27. Raleigh sends out explor- ing expedition under Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow. July 4. Expedition lands on Roa- noke Island; two Indians (Manteo and Wanchese) later taken to Eng- land; Queen Elizabeth permits land to be called Virginia. 1585 Aug. 17. Raleigh's first colony, 108 men, with Richard Grenville in 5 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW command, Ralph Lane as governor, lands on Roanoke; Grenville returns to England; colonists build Fort Ral- eigh. 1586 Lane colony concerns itself more with searching for gold than plant- ing crops; trouble with Indians and near-starvation ensue. June 19. Sir Francis Drake having arrived at Roanoke, Lane colonists return to England with him; intro- duce white potatoes and maize into England. July 3. Richard Grenville arriving at Roanoke with provisions finds colonists have departed; leaves 15 men to hold territory. 1587 July 22. The John White colony, 116 men, women, and children, sent out by Raleigh, reaches Roanoke; finds no trace of Grenville colony ex- cept unburied skeleton; fort and dwellings in ruins. Aug. 13. Indian Manteo baptized (first sacrament of baptism by Eng- lish-speaking people in America) and invested with title Lord of Roanoke. Aug. 18. Virginia Dare, daughter of Ananias and Eleanor (daughter of John White) Dare, born; first child born of English parents in America. Aug. 27. John White sails for Eng- land for supplies, leaving colony on island. 1590 Aug. 17. John White returns to Roanoke after being delayed by war between England and Spain; finds no trace of colony except word "Croa- toan" graven on a tree. End of first English attempts to establish a col- 6 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW ony in America. Fate of "Lost Col- ony" unknown. 1607 May 13. Jamestown Colony, in pres- ent Virginia, established. 1622 Feb. John Porey, secretary of Vir- ginia Colony, explores country to Chowan River. 1629 Oct. 30. Land south of Virginia granted to Sir Robert Heath by Charles I who names region Caro- lina or Carolana for himself; no seri- ous attempts at settlement made. 1651 Sept.-Oct. Edward Bland comes from Virginia to explore Carolina; publishes description of region, "The Discovery of New Brittaine." 1653 July. Lands along Roanoke and Chowan rivers granted to Roger Green, who had previously explored region. 1657 First permanent settlement in pres- ent North Carolina already made by Nathaniel Batts between mouth of Roanoke River and Salmon Creek. 1661 Mar. 1. Land grant from King Kil- cocanen of Yeopim Indians to George Durant, earliest on record (Per- quimans County) in colony. 1663 Mar. 24. Charles II grants Carolina territory to eight Lords Proprietors: Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon; George Monck, Duke of Albemarle: William, Lord Craven; Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord Ashley; Sir 7 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW George Carteret; Sir William Berke- ley, and Sir George Colleton. Gov- ernment under Lords Proprietors (1663-1729) begins. Great County of Albemarle in northeastern, and great County of Clarendon in south- ern parts of province created. Wil- liam Drummond appointed governor of Albemarle under Lords Pro- prietors. 1664 May 29. Party of Englishmen estab- lish settlement, Charles Town, on Cape Fear at mouth of Town Creek. 1665 Charles Town colony joined by Barbadians; Sir John Yeamans, gov- ernor; raises cotton, tobacco, indigo, corn; exports boards, staves, shingles. Introduction of cotton culture in colony. Grand Assembly of the Albemarle, first meeting of law-making body in North Carolina. June 30. Charter of Lords Pro- prietors amended to include Albe- marle settlements which had here- tofore been considered a part of Virginia. 1666 Sept. Colony joins with Virginia and Maryland to prohibit cultivation of tobacco from Feb. 1667 to Feb. 1668; believed to be first statute enacted in colony. Pasquotank River settlement made by Bermudians. 1667 Oct. Samuel Stephens, governor of Albemarle. Population increases by immigration from Virginia and New England. 8 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Charles Town settlement on Cape Fear abandoned. 1668 May 1. Great Deed of Grant from Lords Proprietors permits Albemarle settlers to hold lands under same terms as in Virginia. 1669 July 21. Fundamental Constitutions drawn up by John Locke approved by Lords Proprietors. Immigration encouraged by laws re- ducing land tax and giving settlers five years' immunity from suits over former accounts. 1670 Oct. Peter Carteret, governor of Al- bemarle. Thomas Relfe, provost marshal of general court, builds home (Enfield Farm) on Pasquotank River near present Elizabeth City; scene of Cul- peper revolt, 1677. Two rooms (of brick) remaining believed to be old- est standing structure in North Caro- lina. 1672 First sermon in colony preached near site of Hertford by William Edmund- son, Quaker and first missionary to arrive in colony; Quakers first re- ligious body to obtain foothold in colony and only communion of im- portance until 1700. Nov. George Fox, founder of Quak- erism, spends 18 days in Albemarle section "sowing the Seed." English navigation laws interfere with colonial trade; Governor Car- teret leaves office after failing to compose differences between himself and council. HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Great County of Albemarle divided into Currituck, Pasquotank, Per- quimans and Chowan precincts. 1673 May. John Jenkins, governor of Albemarle. 1675 Pop. (estimated), 4,000. 1676 Nov. Governor Jenkins deposed and imprisoned by assembly for attempt- ing to enforce navigation acts and customs duties; acquitted and re- leased. Hereafter, until 1710, a governor for all Carolina, with residence at Charleston, is appointed by Lords Proprietors; deputy governor ap- pointed for the northern part. Nov. 21. Thomas Eastchurch ap- pointed governor and commander- in-chief of Albemarle, and "of all such settlements as shall be made upon the Rivers of Pampleco and Newse"; he "dallied" in East Indies en route to colony; reaching James- town he is prevented from entering colony by armed hostility of col- onists; dies in Virginia. 1677 Thomas Miller, acting governor. Albemarle settlers market 2,000 hogsheads of tobacco, receiving £20,000 for year's crop. Dec. Charging Miller with arbitrary actions, John Culpeper, George Durant and other colonists seize and imprison Miller and his council: rebels convoke assembly, appoint courts, and for two years conduct affairs of colony. Culpeper, ap- pointed "chief Scribe Councellor & Collector" by people; goes to Eng- 10 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW land, is tried for treason and exon- erated. Dec. 3. Precinct court authorized in Perquimans County with jurisdic- tion over "felonious witchcrafts, en- chantments, sorceries, magic arts, trespass, and forestalling." 1679 Feb. John Harvey, president of coun- cil and governor. Oct. 10. Virginia bans importation of Carolina tobacco because "the im- portation of trash greatly injure the reputation of the Virginia manufac- ture." Nov. John Jenkins reinstated as gov- ernor of Albemarle. 1681 Dec. Henry Wilkinson, governor of "that part of the Province of Caro- lina that lyes 5. Miles South of the River of Pemplico and from Thence to Virginia." 1683 Seth Sothel, liberated by Barbary pirates, reaches colony and becomes governor of the County of Albemarle. 1684 Feb. 27. Considering "the great damage that does arise in his Maj- esty's service by harboring and en- couraging pirates in Carolina," Lords of the Committee for Trade and Plantations send "Draught of the law now in force in Jamaica against Pirates and Privateers" with instruc- tions that it be promulgated as a stat- ute of the province. 1686 Act of 1669, exempting persons in colony from prosecution for collec- tion of debts contracted abroad, re- pealed. 11 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1689 Dec. 2. Seth Sothel removed as gov- ernor and deported to South Carolina because of alleged larcenies. Dec. 5. Philip Ludwell appointed governor of "that part of our Prov- ince of Carolina that lyes North and East of Cape feare." 1690 June 6. Col. John Gibbs, claiming governorship, with armed men raids precinct court in Albemarle; seizes two magistrates and takes them pris- oners to Virginia; Governor Ludweil appeals to Lieut. Gov. Francis Nichol- son of Virginia for aid in arresting Gibbs. Aug. 20. Nicholson writes to the "Lords of Comittee" that Ludwell and Gibbs have both gone to Eng- land; refers to North Carolinians as "mutinous" and "idle" people. 1691 Nov. 2. Philip Ludwell appointed governor of whole of Carolina; Thomas Jarvis, deputy governor for north part. 1693 Fundamental constitutions abrogated by Lords Proprietors. 1694 Aug. 31. John Archdale, Quaker, governor; Quaker influence predomi- nant in colonial assembly. Thomas Harvey, deputy governor for north- ern part. Rice culture introduced by Land- grave Thomas Smith. 1696 Great County of Bath created from area south of Albemarle Sound. 1699 July 3. Henderson Walker, deputy governor. 12 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1700 First public library in North Caro- lina opened in Bath with books sent from England by the Rev. Thomas Bray. Maize is principal grain for man and beast; wheat, rice, beans, peas, ap- ples, peaches, grapes and many oth- er grains, vegetables, fruits, berries and nuts being raised; hemp, flax and cotton grown for home use. Dec. 28. John Lawson begins thou- sand-mile travel through Carolina. Cheraw (Sara, Suali, Saraw) Indians established a few years previously on Dan River. 1701 Pop. (estimated), 5,000. Aug. 5. The Rev. Daniel Brett is first Anglican minister in colony, having arrived from England some time previously. Dec. 15. Vestry of Chowan Parish, first in colony, organized; first church (forerunner of St. Paul's, Edenton) built. 1703 Oct. 21. Governor Walker complains to Bishop of London concerning con- duct of the Rev. Daniel Brett. 1704 Apr. 14. Robert Daniel, deputy gov- ernor. Daniel insists on Quakers taking oath of allegiance before as- suming seats in assembly, leading to his removal in 1705. No inhabitants live along the roads, but plant only along the rivers. Tar is being produced in colony. 1705 Thomas Cary, deputy governor, also 13 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW insists on Quakers taking allegiance oath; he in turn is displaced in 1706. First school in North Carolina opened in present Pasquotank County by Charles Griffin, lay reader of the Church of England. Great County of Bath divided into Pamlico, Wickham and Archdale Precincts. Bath incorporated; first town incor- porated in North Carolina. 1706 William Glover, president of council and deputy governor, takes same stand toward Quakers as Daniel and Cary. 1707 Pop. (estimated), 7,000. 1708 Thomas Cary reappointed deputy governor; Glover flees to Virginia and leads Anglican faction against Cary who now champions Quaker faction. 1709 John Lawson publishes description of North Carolina, his travels, and Indian tribes and villages. 1710 June 8. Tuscarora Indians on Roan- oke and Tar-Pamlico Rivers send pe- tition to provincial government of Pennsylvania protesting against seiz- ure of their lands and enslavement of their people by Carolina settlers. Spring. German Palatines settle on site of New Bern. Sept. 10. Palatines joined by Baron Christopher De Graffenried and group of Swiss; town of New Bern founded. Dec. 10. Cary and Glover factions 14 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW join in inducing Edward Hyde to accept governorship; later Glover's faction, controlling first assembly convened by Hyde, passes punitive measures against Caryites; this leads to "Cary Rebellion," which is put down in 1711 with aid of militia and marines sent from Virginia. Cary taken to England for trial, released for lack of evidence. Lords Proprietors resolve that "a Governor be made for North Caro- lina Independent of the Governor of South Carolina" (establishment of North Carolina as separate province). 1711 Sept. 1. First Tuscarora War. Baron De Graffenried and John Lawson captured by Tuscarora; Lawson slain at Catechna, near present Snow Hill; De Graffenried freed. Sept. 22. Tuscarora attack settle- ments on Trent and Pamlico Rivers; 130 settlers slain, New Bern almost wiped out. Aided by troops under Colonel Barnwell of South Carolina and friendly Indians, settlers drive Tuscarora into palisaded town; In- dians make peace treaty. 1712 May 9. Edward Hyde qualifies as governor of North Carolina. Sept. 9. Thomas Pollock, governor. Barter is common method of ex- change. Charging that whites violated terms of treaty and are again seizing lands and enslaving their people, Tusca- rora launch second war. 1713 Mar. 20-23. Again South Carolina sends aid against Tuscarora who are defeated at Nohoroco by Col. Charles 15 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Moore, breaking their power. Indian prisoners sold as slaves. Bills of credit for £800 issued by colony to pay Indian war debt. 1714 May 28. Charles Eden, governor. Most survivors of Tuscarora Tribe migrate to New York, taking refuge with Five Tribes. 1715 Pop. (estimated), 11,200, including 3,700 slaves. Assembly authorizes construction of courthouse and assembly house at Forks of Queen Anne's Creek (later Edenton). Nov. 31. Church of England declared established church of colony by act of assembly. 1717 Jan. England, France, and Holland form triple alliance against Spain; war leads to Spanish raids on Eng- lish colonies in North Carolina. 1718 Sept. 10. South Carolina expedition led by Col. William Rhett captures pirate Stede Bonnett after fight in Cape Fear River; Bonnett and crew taken to Charleston where they are hanged. Nov. 22. Virginia expedition of two ships commanded by Lieut. Robert Maynard defeats the pirate Black- beard (Edward Teach or Thatch) near Ocracoke; Blackbeard slain and his head displayed at Bath Town. 1720 First free school in North Carolina opened at Bath, endowed by Society for Propagation of the Gospel. Exports of pitch and tar to Great 16 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Britain by way of New England re- ported at 6,000 barrels. 1722 Mar. 20. Thomas Pollock, governor. Aug. 30. William Reed, governor. Beaufort Town is laid out. 1723 Apr. 1. First settlement on site of Halifax. South Carolina planters of substance settle along lower Cape Fear and begin development of rice and naval stores industries. Settlements still confined to coastal plain; pop. about 10,000 with about 7,000 in Albemarle section, 2,500 along lower Pamlico and Neuse Rivers, 500 on lower Cape Fear. Upon death of the Rev. Thomas Newnam there is no clergyman in the province although there are 11 parishes. 1724 Jan. 15. George Burrington, gov- ernor. 1725 July 17. Sir Richard Everard, gov- ernor; only nobleman to serve as governor of North Carolina. Orton Plantation House on lower Cape Fear built by Roger Moore. Brunswick Town founded. 1726 Tenancy reported as virtually non- existent in colony. Remaining Cheraw Indians join Ca- tawba Tribe. 1727 First Baptist congregation in North Carolina gathered into a church, in Chowan Precinct. 1728 Mar. 27-Oct. 26. First survey of 17 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW North Carolina-Virginia boundary, by William Byrd and others. "Cotton weevil" reported. 1729 Pop. (estimated), 35,000. June. George II buys out interests of seven Lords Proprietors; Lord Granville retains his share known as Granville District; Sir Richard Everard, first governor under the Crown. Small quantities of iron shipped to England. 1730 Ban on importation of North Caro- lina tobacco ended by Virginia. 1731 Feb. 25. George Burrington, gov- ernor. Burrington indicates that British Government is interested in pro- ducing oil, silk, potash, naval stores and other items in colony that would not compete with English indus- tries. Brunswick flourishing; 42 vessels carrying cargo sail from port in one year. 1732 Henry Berry and James Lowrie, Croatan Indians, obtain land grants east of Lumber River from George II; James Lowrie is said to be the progenitor of all Lowries belonging to tribe. New Liverpool, on site of present Wilmington, settled. 1734 St. Thomas Church, Bath, oldest standing church in North Carolina, built. First tobacco market in North Caro- 18 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW lina opened at Bellair, Craven County. Nov. 2. Gabriel Johnston, governor; serves longest term (18 years) of any North Carolina governor before or since. 1735 May-Oct. First survey of North Car- olina-South Carolina boundary. 1736 Slavery making but little progress in colony. 1738 Catawba Tribe reduced by smallpox. 1739 Precincts of Great Counties of Albe- marle, Bath and Clarendon created counties. Brunswick declines as Wilmington grows; Brunswick finally abandoned during Revolutionary War. 1740 Scotch-Irish from Pennsylvania be- gin settling in Piedmont. North Carolina contributes 4 com- panies of 100 men each to Crown expedition against Jamaica (War of Jenkins' Ear); participate in dis- astrous expedition to Cartagena and but few survive. Waxhaw Indians, decimated by smallpox, abandon lands (in present Union County) and join Catawba Tribe; vacated lands taken up by German, English, Scotch and Welsh immigrants. 1741 Privilege of performing marriage ceremony restricted to clergy of Anglican Church, or in lieu of sucn, any lawful magistrate. Spanish privateers take temporary 19 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW possession of Ocracoke Inlet, seize incoming vessels, and raid Ocracoke Island. 1742 Presbyterian missionaries visit prov- ince. 1743 Religious groups in colony listed by Dr. John Brickell include Quakers, Presbyterians, "Roman-Catholicks," Anabaptists and "many Sectaries." Produce exported to Europe: "Beef, Porke, Tallow, Hides, Deer-Skins, Furs, Wheat, Indian-Corn, Pease, Potatoes, Rice, Honey, Bees-wax, Myrtle-Wax, Tobacco, snake-root, Turpentine, Tar, Pitch, Masts for Ships, Staves, Planks and Boards . Timber, Cotton and several sorts of Gums, Tears and some Me- dicinal Drugs . Horses ..." 1745 Apr. 20. First liquor-control law adopted by colonial assembly levies fine of 10 shillings, proclamation money, on any tavern keeper who allows any person "to get drunk in his home on the Sabbath." Germans from Pennsylvania and Virginia settling fertile lands in Piedmont. Fort Johnston, at mouth of Cape Fear, construction begun. 1746 Apr. 16. Battle of Culloden, Scot- land; Scots supporting Prince Charles defeated; many participants who were spared the death penalty later migrate to North Carolina. 1747 Cape Fear Valley being settled by Scottish Highlanders. Aug. 26. Beaufort captured by Span- 20 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW ish privateers who remain in tov/n several days. Hickory Church, one of first Evan- gelical Lutheran churches in North Carolina, organized near present Salisbury. 1748 Sept. 3-10. Spaniards capture and plunder Brunswick; driven off after explosion destroys one of invaders' largest sloops. 1749 June 24. First printing press in North Carolina set up at New Bern by James Davis. 1750 Plantation system in eastern North Carolina makes considerable progress in spite of commercial handicaps, partly displacing earlier regime of backwoods farmers. 1751 July. First newspaper, North Caro- lina Gazette, published at New Bern by James Davis. Swann's Revisal of North Carolina laws, first book published in North Carolina, at New Bern, by James Davis. Daniel Boone accompanies parents from Virginia and settles on Yadkin River (present Davie County). 1752 July 17. Nathaniel Rice, governor. Quaker Meadows section of Burk ; 2 County settled. 1753 Jan. 29. Matthew Rowan, governor. June. Salisbury founded. Exports of pitch, tar and turpentine reported at 84,012 barrels. 21 HOW NORTH CAROLI NA GREW Nov. 17. Moravians from Bethle- hem, Pa., settle Wachovia tract of 98,985 acres, in present Forsyth County, purchased from Lord Gren- ville; found first town, Bethabara. 1754 Pop. (estimated), 90,000, including 20,000 slaves. Beginning of French and Indian War for possession of lands from Ap- palachian Mountains to Mississippi River. North Carolina sends troops to aid Virginia in Indian War. Nov. 2. Arthur Dobbs, governor. 1755 Construction of road from Wilming- ton to Hillsboro authorized by as- sembly. Oct. 14. Contract for first postal service awarded by assembly to James Davis, public printer, who is authorized to "forward public dis- patches to all parts of the province." First "water engine" at Wilmington. Sandy Creek Baptist Church, "moth- er of Southern Baptist Churches," founded near present Asheboro by the Rev. Shubael Stearns. General Baptists have 16 churches and membership outnumbering all other denominations combined. 1756 Fort Dobbs, near Statesville, built as outpost against Cherokee Indians, allies of French; governor's commis- sion also recommends construction of a fort near headwaters of Catawba River (Old Fort). Inspection warehouse for export to- bacco established in colony as step toward economic independence from Virginia. 22 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1757 The Rev. James Campbell, Scottish missionary, serves Presbyterian churches at Old Bluff, Barbecue, and Longstreet between 1757 and 1770. 1758 Jan. Baptist churches in portions of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina form Sandy Creek Baptist Association under direction of the Rev. Shubael Stearns. Mar. 26. First Easter sunrise service held at Bethabara by Moravians. 1759 June. Bethania (New Town) found- ed by Moravians. Lottery to raise funds for finishing St. James Church, Wilmington, and St. Philip's Church, Brunswick, au- thorized by assembly. Second smallpox epidemic reduces Catawba Tribe by half. 1760 Pop. (estimated), 131,000. Act of assembly permits North Caro- linians serving against Indian allies of French to enslave captives. June 27. Colonial and British forces under Col. James Montgomery de- feated by Cherokee near site of Franklin. The Rev. James Tate opens academy at Wilmington, called Tate's Acad- emy. Piedmont settlements reach base of Blue Ridge. 1761 June 10. Col. James Grant's troops, aided by Chickasaw and Catawba Indians, defeat Cherokee near site of Franklin. 23 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1763 Feb. 10. French and Indian War ends in victory for English who ob- tain lands east of Mississippi as far south as Louisiana. Remaining Catawba Indians estab- lished on reservation in South Caro- lina. 1764 Jan. 1. New Bern Academy, first chartered school in North Carolina, opens. Nearly seven-eighths of cattle in col- ony reported dead from distemper. Daniel Boone, as agent for Richard Henderson & Co., explores western lands. 1765 Mar. 22. British Parliament passes Stamp Act, levying tax on colonial trade. Mar. 28. William Tryon, governor. Charlotte town site donated by Augustus Selwyn. Nov. 16. At Wilmington, citizens re- sisting Stamp Act force resignation of British stamp master, William Houston. 1766 Jan. 6. Salem, later part of Winston- Salem, founded by Moravians. Feb. 19. In defiance of two armed British ships at mouth of Cape Fear, armed citizens force release of two vessels held because papers were unstamped and force resignation of William Pennington, His Majesty's comptroller. Apr. British Parliament repeals Stamp Act. Aug. 2. Heavy migration into col- ony. Governor Tryon writes that 24 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW "last autumn and winter upwards of 1,000 wagons passed thro' Salis- bury with families from northward to settle in this province chiefly." 1767 Mar. 15. Andrew Jackson, seventh President, born in Waxhaw settle- ment. David Caldwell opens "log college" for boys in present Guilford County. Chowan County Courthouse, oldest standing courthouse in State, be- lieved to have been built this year. 1768 Road laid off from "frontier of prov- ince" through Rowan, Mecklenburg, Anson and Bladen Counties to Wil- mington; construction by citizens along the line. March. Association known as Regu- lators formed by people of Orange County to secure abatement of abuses in taxation and redress of grievances against colonial officials. Sept. 9. Land deeded for St. John's Lutheran Church at Salisbury. Nov. Charlotte Town incorporated. North Carolina is most important of Southern colonies as exporter of livestock and products, shipping to West Indies 2,241 barrels of beef and pork, 514 head of sheep and hogs, some cattle and horses. 1769 North Carolina is largest producer of naval stores. James Innes bequeaths £100 and other property for the "use of a free school" in Wilmington. Apr. Masonic Temple, oldest struc- ture for purpose still in use in North Carolina, built at Halifax. 25 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1770 Iron being mined and iron works established on Troublesome CreeK, present Rockingham County. New Bern is seat of royal governors between 1770 and 1775. Three bales of cotton reported ship- ped from North Carolina to England. Sept. 24. Regulators seize Hillsboro, conduct mock courts and burn homes of Crown officers. 1771 Jan. 13. Joseph Montfort of Hali- fax appointed Provincial Grand Master of Masons for America by Henry Somerset, Duke of Beaufort and Grand Master for England. Jan. 15. Queens College, Charlotte, first college chartered by assembly; act later disallowed by privy coun- cil because there are "too many dis- senting ministers" among the trus- tees; operates without charter; named Liberty Hall in 1777. May 16. Regulators defeated by militia under Governor Tryon at Alamance; seven leaders hanged. July 1. William Tryon appointed governor of New York; James Has- sell, governor of North Carolina. 1772 Spring. Watauga Settlements organ- ized as separate government by James Robertson and John Sevier. Sept. 28. Methodist sermon deliv- ered at Currituck Courthouse by Joseph Pilmoor. 1774 Pop. (estimated), 260,000. Aug. 8. Rowan County freeholders adopt resolutions opposing Crown taxes and duties, favoring restric- HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW tion of imports from Great Britain, and objecting to the "African trade." Aug. 23. Mass meeting at Edenton protests Boston Port Act. Aug. 25. First provincial congress at New Bern criticizes acts and pol- icies of British Government; decides that after Sept. 10, 1774, no East India tea will be used; after Nov. 1, 1774, no slaves shall be imported, after Jan. 1, 1775, no British or East India goods shall be imported; ap- points William Hooper, Joseph Hewes and Richard Caswell delegates to general congress at Philadelphia. Sept. 5. First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia. Oct. 25. Edenton Tea Party. Fifty- one women "solemnly engage not to conform to that Pernicious Custom of Drinking tea, or promote ye wear of any manufacture from Eng- land, until such time that all Acts which tend to enslave this our Na- tive Country shall be repealed." 1775 March. Daniel Boone, as agent for Richard Henderson, leads settlers into "Kaintuck country" and founds short-lived Transylvania Colony. Apr. 8. Dissolution of assembly or- dered by Governor Martin who flees aboard British man-of-war; end of Royal rule in North Carolina. May 20. Declaration of independence (Mecklenburg Declaration), accord- ing to local history, adopted in Char- lotte. 1776 Feb. 27. At Moore's Creek Bridge, North Carolinians lei by Richard Caswell and Alexander Lillington defeat Tory force under Gen. Donald Macdonald. 27 HOW NORTH CAROLIN A GREW Apr. 12. North Carolina is first col- ony to authorize delegates to Conti- nental Congress to vote for inde- pendence (Halifax Resolves). June. Settlements in Watauga and South Carolina raided by Cherokee Indians, allies of British, who had promised to protect them from en- croachments by American borderers. July 29-Nov. Gen. Griffith Ruther- ford with 2,400 men invades Chero- kee country, destroys 32 towns and villages; joined by Col. Andrew Wil- liamson with South Carolina troops and Col. William Christian with Vir- ginians; Cherokee power broken; Indians sue for peace. Yearly meeting of Friends (Quak- ers) appoints committee to aid Friends in emancipating their slaves; about 40 slaves freed. Aug. 2. National Declaration of In- dependence signed for North Caro- lina by Joseph Hewes, William Hooper and John Penn. Washington, N. C. first town named for George Washington; laid out in 1771 and originally called "Forks of the Tar River." Nov. 12. State constitution adopted by provisional congress at Halifax: fixes qualifications for office-hold- ing: member of State senate must own at least 300 acres; member of house, 100 acres; to vote for senator freeman must own 50 acres; to vote for representative, must have paid public taxes. Dec. 24. Richard Caswell elected gov- ernor by provincial congress; first governor under State constitution; term one year; governors hereafter until 1836 elected by general assem- bly. 28 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1777 Apr. Exodus of British sympathizers to England, Scotland, Canada, Nova Scotia, Florida and West Indies, fol- lowing enactment of punitive laws by assembly. July 20. Treaty of Long Island of Holston; Cherokee cede territory east of Blue Ridge and along Watauga, Nolichucky, Upper Holston and New Rivers (area east of present Kings- port and Greeneville, Tenn.). Nov. Watauga Settlements (Wash- ington District) formed into Wash- ington County by assembly, with boundaries comprising all of present Tennessee. 1778 March. Waterworks established at Salem. July 4. New Bern citizens join in "spirited celebration" of second In- dependence Day anniversary. July 21. Articles of Confederation signed for North Carolina by John Penn, Cornelius Harnett and John Williams. All regular ministers and justices of peace empowered by assembly to perform marriage ceremony. Thermal Springs discovered at Warm (Hot) Springs (now Madison County). 1780 Apr. Abner Nash, governor. June 20. At Ramsours Mill, Tories defeated by Patriots. Sept. 26. Lord Cornwallis occupies Charlotte. Freedom from serious disturbances since defeat of Tories at Moore's Creek Bridge ends with invasion by 29 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Cornwallis and Tory uprising; west- central part of State suffers severe- ly from internecine strife. Oct. 7. At Kings Mountain, British and Tories under Col. Patrick Fergu- son defeated by mountain men; Fer- guson slain, his entire command of 1,125 men killed, wounded, or cap- tured. Oct. 12. Alarmed over turn of events, Cornwallis withdraws from Charlotte into South Carolina. North Carolina is important source of livestock, leather and other prod- ucts, the Southern Revolutionary Army largely depending on the State for these supplies. Bishop Francis Asbury preaches Methodism throughout State be- tween 1780 and 1816. 1781 Jan. Cornwallis begins second in- vasion of State from South Caro- lina. Mar. 15. At Guilford Courthouse, Americans under Gen. Nathanael Greene are defeated by Cornwallis' troops; battle weakens British Army, which starts retrograde movement toward Wilmington. Apr. 7. Cornwallis occupies Wil- mington. / Apr. 25. Cornwallis sets out for Vir- ginia. June 26. Thomas Burke, governor. Sept. 13. Tories under David Fan- ning and Hector McNeil raid Hills- boro, capture Gov. Burke and his suite, who are taken to Charleston, S. C; Burke violates parole, returns to North Carolina, and resumes gov- ernorship. Oct. 19. Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, Va. 30 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1782 Apr. 22. Alexander Martin, governor; serves six full terms, largest number in State's history. 1783 June 18. Gov. Alexander Martin pro- claims July 4 as "a day of Solemn Thanksgiving to Almighty God . . . enjoining all the Good Citizens of this State to set apart the said Day from bodily labour, and employ the same in devout and religious exer- cises " Earliest known proc- lamation of July 4 for observance as Independence Day. Despite Indian treaty of 1777 fixing boundary at foot of Blue Ridge, Sta:e assembly declares western lands open for settlement as far as Pigeon River. Beginning of two years of abnormal commercial activity and specula- tion, followed by economic depres- sion. Book store opens in New Bern. Sept. 3. Peace treaty with Great Britain signed in Paris. Nov. Loyalist property valued at £583,643 confiscated and sold in North Carolina. 1784 Spring. Samuel Davidson, one of the first white settlers west of Blue Ridge, killed by Indians near pres- ent Oteen. June. Assembly cedes western lands to Federal Government; repeals act in November. Aug. 23. Alleging neglect by North Carolina, State of Franklin is set up from northwestern counties of Wash- ington, Sullivan and Greene by con- vention at Jonesboro; John Sevier later elected governor. 31 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Planters reported heavily in debt to merchants. 1785 Apr. 14. Revolt of State of Franklin denounced as usurpation by Gov. Alexander Martin. Apr. 19. First Methodist Conference in State held by Bishops Francis As- bury and Thomas Coke at home of Green Hill (Franklin County). Apr. 30. Richard Caswell, governor. May 9. Salem receives two fire en- gines from Europe. Swannanoa Settlements near pres- ent Asheville founded. Nov. 28. By terms of Treaty of Hope- well (South Carolina), Cherokee cede additional territory to line east of present site of Marshall, Asheville and Hendersonville; also cede a strip along south bank of Cumberland River in present middle Tennessee. 1786 Pop. (estimated), 350,000. Population of State still scattered and rural. 1787 Sept. State of Franklin reabsorbed by North Carolina. Sept. 17. Federal Constitution signed for North Carolina by William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight and Hugh Williamson. Dec. 20. Samuel Johnston, governor. 1788 Aug. 2. Convention at Hillsboro de- clines to ratify Federal Constitution chiefly because it lacks a bill of rights. Aug. 15. Assembly orders State capi- tal located within 10 miles of Isaac 32 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Hunter's plantation (Wake County). Aug. 26. Iron mine and forge oper- ated in Lincoln County. Nov. Synod of Carolinas (Presby- terian) organized at Mount Mourne. Iron works encouraged by assembly offer of 3,000 acres of vacant land for each set of works placed in oper- ation. 1789 June 20. French Revolution begins. Population of North Carolina pre- dominantly poor and debt-ridden small farmers. Sept. 25. First Congress submits to State 12 proposed Constitutional Amendments (bill of rights). Nov. 21. At Fayetteville, State con- vention ratifies Federal Constitution and North Carolina joins Union. Dec. 11. University of North Caro- lina chartered by assembly. Dec. 17. Gov. Samuel Johnston re- signs to become first U. S. Senator from North Carolina; succeeded as governor by Alexander Martin. Dec. 22. North Carolina assembly ratifies 10 of 12 proposed amend- ments to Federal Constitution. Dec. 22. Assembly cedes western lands to Federal Government. 1790 First Federal census: pop., 393,751; rank 3rd among States; 288,204 white, 105,547 Negro; entirely rural. Percent of slaveholding population to total free population, 32.2; percent of slave population to total popula- tion, 25.5. Feb. 10. James Iredell, North Caro- linian, appointed justice of U. S. Su- preme Court. 33 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Apr. 2. U. S. Congress accepts deed to western lands; organizes them as Territory South of the Ohio River. Wilmington Thalian Society, one of earliest theatrical groups in State, functioning. Nov. 1. Dismal Swamp Canal con- struction begun. 1791 Apr.-June. President Washington visits several towns in North Caro- lina during southern tour. July 2. By Treaty of Holston, Chero- kee Indians cede in North Carolina triangular strip of territory with points on State line in Smoky Moun- tains near Indian Gap, in Bald Moun- tains north of present Marshall, and southeast of present Asheville. About 3,000 hogsheads of flaxseed exported from Wilmington; flax and hemp are of considerable importance in rural economy of back-country farms. Laws of the State of North Caro- lina published by James Iredell; most comprehensive compilation of State laws up to this time. 1792 Apr. City of Raleigh laid out by com- mission on 1,000 acres bought from Joel Lane near Wake County Court House. Ann Jessop, a minister of Friends, returns from England with "grafts of the standard fruits," which she in- troduces in Guilford County. Nov. 6. James O'Kelly withdraws from Methodist Conference; founds Republican Methodist (later Chris- tian) Church. Dec. 14. Richard Dobbs Spaight, gov- ernor. 34 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1793 Aug. 23. Fayetteville Independent Light Infantry organized as European war situation threatens to involve United States. Oct. 12. Cornerstone of Old East Building laid at University of North Carolina (University Day). 1794 May 31. Charles Pettigrew elected first bishop of Protestant Episcopal Church in North Carolina (though never consecrated). July 28. Morristown (later Ashe- ville) laid out on town tract by John Burton. Aug. 30. Andre Michaux, exploring Appalachian Mountains, ascends Grandfather Mountain, believing it to be the highest peak in North America. Fayetteville Library Society incor- porated. First State House in Raleigh com- pleted. Nov. 1. The Newbern Company of Mutual Insurers (fire insurance), or- ganized at New Bern; "The sum of £80,000 required for the company's stock is supposed to be the value of one-half of the buildings in the town of Newbern." 1795 Jan. 15. University of North Caro- lina first State university to open its doors. Mechanics' associations formed in Wilmington and Fayetteville. Nov. 2. James K. Polk, eleventh Pres- ident, born near present Pineville, Mecklenburg County. Nov. 19. Samuel Ashe, governor. 35 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1796 June 1. Western lands, part of Ter- ritory South of the Ohio River, ad- mitted to Union as State of Ten- nessee. Geographical Catechism, textbook written by Henry Patillo, published. Thomas Jefferson receives 11 North Carolina electoral votes: Adams, 1. 1797 Because of aversion to increased tax- ation, public lotteries, authorized by assembly, are popular method of raising funds for academies, churches, bridges, canals and other public works. Between 1797 and 1825 the State raised $150,000 for educational purposes alone. 1798 Cape Hatteras Lighthouse built. Oct. 2. By Treaty of Tellico, Chero- kee cede triangular area with points near Indian Gap, east of present Bre- vard, and southeast of Asheville. Dec. 7. William R. Davie, governor. 1799 May 20-June 28. First survey of North Carolina-Tennessee boundary. Gold discovered in Cabarrus County. Nov. 24. Benjamin Williams, gov- ernor. Dec. 16. North Carolina Medical So- ciety holds first meeting in Raleigh; organization continues until 1804. Dec. Alfred Moore, North Carolinian, appointed justice of United States Supreme Court. 1800 Pop., 478,103; rank, 4th; 337,764 white, 140,339 Negro. Principal towns: New Bern, 2,467; Wilmington, 1,689; Raleigh, 669. 36 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Sixty-one counties and 68 post offices. Feb. 22. Washington's birthday anni- versary observed in Raleigh. June. James Glasgow, former Secre- tary of State, convicted of land frauds; fined £1,000. English traveler writes that Nortn Carolina is almost "lost to the sense of religion." Soil exhaustion and low prices cause farmers in eastern counties to aban- don tobacco culture. Jockey clubs organized in several counties. "Great Revival" of religious interest, originating in Tennessee, reaches North Carolina; attains climax in 1804. 1801 Oct. 17. Nathaniel Macon, North Carolinian, becomes Speaker of House of Representatives. 1802 Fire company organized in Fayette- ville. Guilford County Medical Society or- ganized. Sept. 5. Former Gov. Richard Dobbs Spaight (Republican) fatally wounded in duel by John Stanly the younger (Federalist), at New Bern. Dec. 2. James Turner, governor. Cotton spinning machines being op- erated at Fayetteville. 1803 Methodist Bishop Asbury says "en- camping places" of Methodists and Presbyterians in western North Carolina "made the country look like the Holy Land." Dec. State of Georgia creates Walton County in "orphan strip," 12 miles 37 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW wide, lying along boundary between North Carolina and Georgia, and claimed by both States; leads to so- called Walton War, during which two skirmishes occurred in terri- tory; commissioners of both States met June 15, 1807, and fixed loca- tion of 35th degree of latitude, giv- ing contested land to North Caro- lina; resisted by Georgia but finally conceded to be part of North Caro- lina in 1819. 1804 May 16. Salem Female Academy opened by Moravians; first institu- tion for higher education of women in State. Matilda Berkley, novel written by Winifred Marshall Gales, published in State. Nail machine made and operated by John Fulenwider on Maiden Creek (Lincoln County). Jefferson receives all North Carolina electoral votes; State said to be "as firmly attached to Republicanism as any in the Union." Banks of New Bern and Cape Fear chartered by assembly. 1805 Negro woman slave burned at stake in Wayne County for poisoning four persons. Nov. 18. Court of Conference be- comes State Supreme Court by act of assembly. Dec. 10. Nathaniel Alexander, gover- nor. Cotillion introduced in town society by dancing masters. 1806 Organization of local militia units authorized by assembly. 38 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1807 Dec. 1. Benjamin Williams, governor. 1808 Mar. 12. Greensboro founded. First circulating library in State or- ganized by students of Raleigh Acad- emy. Masonic Temple and theatre at New Bern completed. Dr. Joseph Hawkins establishes med- ical school at Middleburg. Dec. 12. David Stone, governor. Dec. 29. Andrew Johnson, seven- teenth President, born in Raleigh. 1810 Pop., 555,500; rank, 4th; 376,410 white, 179,090 Negro. Ten newspapers in State: five Fed- eral Republican, three Republican, two neutral. Prevailing style of architecture is log cabin, says Raleigh Star. Warm (Hot) Springs developing as a resort. State bank incorporated. Yellow fever causes 16 deaths in Elizabeth City. Dec. 5. Benjamin Smith, governor. 1811 Dec. 9. William Hawkins, governor. 1812 June 18. Congress declares war on Great Britain. Capt. Otway Burns of Beaufort raids British shipping off North Carolina coast with privateer Snap Dragon. Three-story brick building in Ral- eigh. New Bern Female Charitable Soci- ety first woman's benevolent organi- zation in State. 39 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1813 Mar. The Carolina Law Repository published in Raleigh. First cotton mill in State started near Lincolnton by Michael Schenck and Absolem Warlick. July 11 -Aug. 6. British fleet lands several hundred troops at Ocracoke and Portsmouth, planning to erect fort; withdraw without further ac- tion; last invasion of North Carolina by foreign enemy. Private infirmary opened at Beau- fort by Dr. John Poytress. Cape Fear Agricultural Society of New Hanover first of its kind incor- porated in State. Oct. Synod of North Carolina organ- ized at Alamance Presbyterian Church. 1814 Divorce laws enacted by assembly (previously all petitions for divorce were heard and decided by assem- bly). Nov. 29. William Miller, governor. Dec. 5. David Stone resigns as Unit- ed States Senator because assembly criticized his anti-administration po- sition. Dec. 24. Peace treaty with Great Britain signed at Ghent. 1815 Seven towns exceed 1,000 popula- tion; in State are 1 cotton mill, 3 paper mills, 23 small iron mills; 1815- 1840, period of western migration due to soil exhaustion, lack of in- ternal improvements and of educa- tional facilities, and lure of west- ern lands; North Carolina called "Rip Van Winkle of the States," and "the Ireland of America." 40 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Archibald Debow Murphey appeals for system of inland waterways, uni- versal education, roads and other internal improvements. 1816 Penal code prescribes punishment by death without benefit of clergy in at least 28 instances; lesser crimes pun- ishable by maiming, branding, whip- ping, exposure at pillory, ducking, imprisonment or fine. Moravians open Sunday school near Salem. Unusual weather conditions; frost reported each month of year; Albe- marle Sound frozen over during winter; no fruit matured; corn crop fails. 1817 Dec. 3. John Branch, governor. 1818 Prometheus, first steamboat on Cape Fear River, built at Beaufort. Regular steamboat lines operate be- tween New Bern and Elizabeth City, Edenton and Plymouth, Wilmington and Fayetteville. Cotton mills at Falls of Tar (Rocky Mount) established by Joel Battle. Sept. Water system completed at Raleigh (pumps operated by water wheel). 1819 Feb. 27. Cherokee Indians cede lands north and east of Little Tennessee River and east of Nantahala Moun- tains. Nov. 4. Wilmington damaged by fire; 300 buildings, including Presby- terian Church, destroyed. 1820 Pop., 638,829; rank, 4th; 419,200 41 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW white, 219,629 Negro; 12,502 urban, 626,327 rural. Principal towns: New Bern, 3,663; Fayetteville ; 3,532; Raleigh, 2,674; Wilmington, 2,633. Three banks in State. Native Catawba grapes being do- mesticated by Major Adlum. First Roman Catholic parish: St. Paul's, New Bern. Dec. 7. Jesse Franklin, governor. 1821 Aug. Runaway Negro slaves, said to number 80, take refuge in Onslow swamps, causing fear of uprising : dispersed by militia. Dec. 7. Gabriel Holmes, governor. 1822 June. Temperance Society formed in Guilford County. 1823 May 22. John Stark Ravenscroft first Protestant Episcopal bishop for North Carolina. Assembly appropriates funds for con- struction of Buncombe Turnpike, Plymouth Toll Road, Old Fort-Ashe- ville Road and Tennessee River Turnpike. First geological survey of State. Nov. 18. Raleigh Register, first regu- lar semi-weekly newspaper in State. 1824 Dec. 7. Hutchins G. Burton, gover- nor. 1825 Mar. 4-5. Marquis de Lafayette visits North Carolina. Gold mines at Charlotte opened. Mail coach operates from Fredericks- burg, Va., to Greensboro, Salisbury, 42 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Charlotte, Milledgeville, Ga., travers- ing 586 miles in 11 days. Bishop John Stark Ravenscroft writes concerning Episcopal Church: " political feelings were asso- ciated with its very name, which operated as a complete bar to any useful or comfortable exercise of duty, by the very few clergymen, perhaps not more than three or four " remaining in the State. 1826 Jan. North Carolina Telegraph, first religious newspaper in State, pub- lished at Fayetteville. Manumission societies, numbering 40 or more, in State; in three years 2,000 slaves freed. Careful ginning and preparation give North Carolina cotton special classi- fication on British market. 1827 Buncombe Turnpike, connecting Greenville, S. C, with Greeneville, Tenn., through Asheville and Hot Springs, completed; influx of sum- mer visitors from lowlands to moun- tain section follows. Dec. 8. James Iredell, the younger, governor. 1828 Aug. 1. Public meeting to promote railroads in North Carolina held at home of William Albright in Ala- mance County. Public "bathing rooms" opened in Raleigh. Coastal counties importing Northern flour, feeding slaves on New York pork; middle and southern counties importing droves of hogs from Ken- tucky and Tennessee. Balance of trade greatly against 43 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW State; debts of inhabitants, contract- ed mostly when prices were high, es- timated at more than $10,000,000; local banks embarrassed by their notes being discounted 4 to 5 per- cent in Northern financial centers; credit available to farmers and mer- chants seriously restricted. Dec. 12. John Owen, governor. 1829 Feb. 10. Former Gov. Benjamin Smith dies in prison at Smithville (now Southport) while confined for debt. Mar. 9. John Branch, North Carolin- ian, becomes Secretary of the Navy. Farmer's and Planter's Almanac publication begun at Salem by John Christian Blum. Gold worth $100,000 produced in State in year. 1830 Pop., 937,987; rank, 5th; 472,843 white, 265,144 Negro; 10,455 urban, 727,532 rural. Mar. 26. Baptist State Convention organized at Greenville; Patrick Dowd, president; Samuel Wait, cor- responding secretary. Observatory built by Joseph Cald- well at University of North Caro- lina. Oil street lamps in Raleigh. Pig iron production, mostly in Pied- mont, reaches 1,800 tons a year. First cotton mill operated by steam in North Carolina established in Greensboro by Henry Humphries. Teaching slaves to read and write prohibited by law, "the use of fig- ures excepted." Dec. 17. Legislative committee says 44 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW North Carolina is "a State without foreign commerce, for want of sea- ports, or a staple; without internal communications by rivers, roads or canals; without a cash market for any article of agricultural product; without manufactures; in short with- out any object to which native indus- try and active enterprise could be directed " Dec. 18. Montfort Stokes, governor. 1831 Jan. North Carolina Temperance So- ciety organized in Raleigh; in 1834 there were 51 auxiliary societies in 27 counties with about 4,700 mem- bers. May 29. Fire at Fayetteville destroys convention hall, 600 homes, 125 busi- ness houses. June 21. State House in Raleigh de- stroyed by fire. Aug. 21. Nat Turner Rebellion in Vir- ginia; further restrictions placed on slaves; Negro ministers prohibited from preaching. Alleged slave insurrection plot re- sults in hanging of two Negroes in Onslow and slaying of 15 others, some by mobs. State Library created by act of as- sembly. Private mint opened by Christopher Bechtler near Rutherfordton; coins $3,625,840 in gold before closing about 1849; first gold dollars in United States minted. Intensification of struggle for politi- cal control between East and West, East opposes increased legislative representation for West and opposes internal improvements. 45 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1832 Asiatic cholera causes 13 deaths in Elizabeth City. Kindergarten foi children 2 to 8 years old opened in Fayetteville. Dec. 6. David Lowrie Swain, young- est man (31) ever to serve as gov- ernor of North Carolina. 1833 Jan. 1. First railroad in State com- pleted at Raleigh; cars drawn by horses haul granite from quarry for building State Capitol (1V4 miles); passengers carried on Sundays. Jan. Nullification doctrine as avowed by South Carolina declared by North Carolina assembly to be revolution- ary in character, but Congress is urged to repeal duties on imports and adjust controversy. July 5. The Harbinger, first periodi- cal published at University of North Carolina. July. Benjamin Swaim publishes magazine, Man of Business, at New Salem. Agriculture at low ebb due to soil exhaustion, emigration, labor scarc- ity and low crop prices. Cotton crop estimated at 10,000,000 pounds, dropping from an estimated 18,000,000 pounds in 1826. Completion of railroad from Peters- burg, Va., to Blakely on Roanoke River allows Petersburg to tap Roanoke River Valley trade, espe- cially tobacco. 1834 Feb. 4. Wake Forest Institute (later College) opens. Lyceum Society formed in Fayette- ville. Lotteries prohibited by State law. 46 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Copper stills introduced in turpen- tine industry, improving output. 1835 June. Constitutional convention adopts amendments providing for reapportionment of representation in assembly, popular election of gover- nor (term, two years), disfranchise- ment of free Negroes, partial removal of religious qualifications for voting and office-holding (ban against Roman Catholics lifted, against Jews retained); property qualifications for office-holding removed; ownership of 50 acres of land as prerequisite to voting for State Senator, retained. Northeastern region largely shifts from corn to cotton, the change hav- ing begun after War of 1812. Circus companies exhibit in several towns. Dec. 10. Richard Dobbs Spaight, the younger, governor. Discovery of gold in North Georgia leads to increasing encroachment by white settlers on Indian lands. Dec. 29. By terms of treaty of New Echota (Ga.), Cherokee cede all re- maining lands to Federal government for $5,600,000 and lands in Indian Territory; treaty repudiated by chiefs and 90 percent of Indians; a few Cherokee leave for West volun- tarily, others remain, defying Fed- eral government order to depart. 1836 State receives $1,433,757.39 from Federal Treasury surplus; most of sum applied to Literary Fund mak- ing possible creation of free school system three years later. Francis Fries builds cotton mill in Winston. 47 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Washington silver mine, later known as Silver Hill Mine, Davidson Coun- ty, operates from 1836 to 1852; re- opened in 1855. Smallpox epidemic in Piedmont and western North Carolina. Dec. 31. Edward B. Dudley (Whig), first governor elected by people, takes office. Under Whig adminis- tration program of internal improve- ments begun. 1837 Edwin M. Holt opens cotton mill at Alamance. Dec. Charlotte branch mint opens; coins $5,059,188 in gold up to 1861. 1838 June 14. S. S. Pulaski blows up off coast; 140 lives lost. Spring. The Rev. Brantley York opens school in Randolph County from which grew Union Institute, later Trinity College and Duke Uni- versity. Oct. to Mar., 1839. Regular troops, militia and volunteers under Gen. Winfield Scott round up Cherokee and march them overland to western territory; 13,000 removed; about 1,500 Indians die en route on what has been called "The Trail of Tears"; some elude capture, others escape soldiers and return to mountain homes. For killing soldiers and escaping, Indian Tsali, brothers and sons sur- render to General Scott's troops and are executed by firing squad on Little Tennessee River. Incident is basis for negotiations permitting remnant of Cherokee tribe to remain, and leads to creation of Cherokee (Qualla) Reservation in western North Carolina. 48 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1839 Jan. 7. Establishment of free schools with State aid in all counties voting for same, provided in act of assem- bly. Aug. Vote for free schools carries in all but seven of State's 68 counties. Use of charcoal by young Negro slave in curing tobacco grown on silicious soil (Caswell County) re- sults in brighter leaf. Among all States, North Carolina is: 4th in rice production (2,820,388 pounds), 5th in tobacco (16,772,359 pounds); among 14 Southern States: 3rd in corn (23,893,753 bushels), 4th in oats (3,193,941 bushels), 5th in rye (213,971 bushels); 10th in bar- ley (3,574 bushels); also produces wheat (1,960,855 bushels) and buck- wheat (15,391 bushels). 1840 Pop., 753,409; rank, 7th; 484,870 white, 268,549 Negro; 13,310 urban, 740,109 rural. Principal towns: Wilmington, 5,335; Fayetteville, 4,285; New Bern, 3,690; Raleigh, 2,244. Ten banks. Jan. 20. First free school in State opens in Rockingham County; other counties follow; State education fund exceeds $2,000,000. Mar. 7. Wilmington & Raleigh Railroad, longest railroad in world (161.5 miles), connecting Wilming- ton and Weldon (near the Virginia border), built by State, completed. April. Raleigh & Gaston Railroad, connecting Raleigh and Gaston (on the Roanoke River), 85 miles, built by State, completed. June 13. Completion of new State 49 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW capitol building and Raleigh & Gas- ton Railroad celebrated in Raleigh. Aug. Whigs gain control of assem- bly, winning 104 out of 107 seats, and elect John Motley Morehead governor. Twenty-five cotton mills operating. Cotton yield 45,000 bales; production steadily increasing. Tobacco manu- facture, mostly plug, amounts to $189,868, 3.2 percent of total for nation. From 1840 until War between the States Warrenton was noted resort and center of culture. Sports page in Raleigh Register. 1841 Jan. 1. John Motley Morehead (Whig), first governor inaugurated in present capitol building. Mar. 5. George E. Badger, Nortn Carolinian, becomes Secretary of the Navy. Apr. 26. Weldon Lodge, No. 1 (Hali- fax County), first subordinate lodge, I.O.O.F. 1842 • William Thomas appointed Indian agent for Cherokee; later acquires lands incorporated in Qualla Bound- ary. Extensive silkworm culture begun in Piedmont; ends in failure by 1847. 1843 Jan. 6. Right Worthy Grand Lodge (I.O.O.F.) of North Carolina formed in Raleigh. Apr. 30. Wilmington severely dam- aged by fire. Aug. 31 -Oct. 4. Yellow fever causes 26 deaths in Washington, N. C. 1844 June 5. North Carolina Historical 50 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Society, organized by David L. Swain, holds first meeting at Uni- versity of North Carolina. Dr. Elisha Mitchell, University of North Carolina professor, explores and measures peaks in Black Moun- tains. 1845 Jan. 1. William A. Graham (Whig), governor. May. State school for deaf mutes opens in Raleigh, department for blind added in July 1851, and in 1852 school is incorporated as Nortn Carolina Institute for the Educa- tion of the Deaf, Dumb and Blind. Hardy Carroll legally hanged at Louisburg for theft of pair of sus- penders. 1846 May 13. Congress declares war on Mexico. Oct. 15. Peanuts raised in eastern North Carolina shipped from Wil- mington to New York. Soap and candle factory at Fayette- ville produces from 40 to 59 thousand pounds of tallow candles a year. 1847 Feb. 2. North Carolina Regiment of Volunteers departs for service in War with Mexico. Wesleyan Methodist churches or- ganized by opponents of pro-slavery policy of Methodist Episcopal Church. South. Corundum discovered above mouth •of Little Pine Creek, Madison County. 1848 Feb. Peace with Mexico ratified. Telegraph line connects Fayetteville :and Raleigh with Virginia. 51 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW First surgical operation in North. Carolina employing chloroform by Dr. F. J. Haywood of Raleigh. 1849 Jan. 1. Charles Manly (Whig), gov- ernor. Jan. 16. Assembly authorizes gov- ernor to set aside a day each year for public thanksgiving. Jan. 29. Western Turnpike, Salis- bury to Asheville, chartered. Jan. 29. Dix Hill, State Hospital for Insane, authorized by assembly, due largely to persuasion of Dorothea L. Dix. Apr. 16. North Carolina Medical So- ciety reorganized. Aug. 3. Day of prayer observed due to prevalence of cholera in eastern, part of State. Hundreds of North Carolinians sell possessions and migrate to Far West in California Gold Rush. From 1849 to 1860 numerous plank roads are built in State; several ra- diate from Fayetteville. "The rumb- ling of carriages on that part of it in town (Fayetteville), and the solid tramp of horses' feet, will give us a. noise to get used to." 1850 Pop., 869,039; rank, 10th; 553,028' white, 316,011 Negro; 21,109 urban, 847,930 rural. 2,657 public schools, 100,591 pupils. 1,795 churches; principal denomi- nations: Methodist, 784; Baptist, 616;, Presbyterian, 151; Episcopal, 50. 19 banks; 51 newspapers. More than half of State's residents- depend on wagon transportation. Large number of slaves introduced' 52 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW into rapidly expanding cotton and tobacco sections during ensuing decade. July 9. William A. Graham, North Carolinian, becomes Secretary of the Navy. Raleigh Register becomes first daily newspaper. Bathtub of massive oak lined with copper installed in home of Joshua G. Wright, Wilmington; believed to be first in State. Value of manufactured products, $2,086,522. Asheville has 500 tourists during year. 1851 Jan. 1. David S. Reid (Democrat), governor; rise of Democratic party in State. Dec. 25. Christmas is celebrated in Wilmington "with noise and con- fusion firecrackers and all other unnamed horrors and abominations." 1852 Feb. 28. First steam newspaper press used by North Carolina In- stitute for Deaf, Dumb and Blind. Oct. 8. North Carolina Agricultural Society organized at Raleigh. Malaria referred to as "most vigor- ous agent of death in the South" Dy Dr. S. S. Satchwell of Wilmington. 1853 Jan. 1. Calvin H. Wiley becomes first State Superintendent of Schools; serves until 1865. Mar. 7. James C. Dobbin, North Carolinian, becomes Secretary of the Navy. Gas street lamps in Charlotte. Colored cotton fabrics manufactured 53 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW on power looms by Thomas M. Holt at Alamance. High Point founded. Oct. 18. State fair opens in Raleigh. 1854 Apr. 17. Plank road between Fay- etteville and Salem, 129 miles, longest in world, completed; sev- eral other plank roads built. Macadam street paving in Charlotte. Negro blacksmith, "not very su- perior," brings $2,400 at auction near Warrenton. Dec. 6. Warren Winslow (Whig), Speaker of Senate, succeeds to gov- ernorship when David S. Reid is elected to United States Senate. 1855 Jan. 1. Thomas Bragg (Democrat), governor. Seventeen crimes punishable by death; benefit of clergy eliminated from criminal code. Coal deposits discovered on Deep River. Wilmington Library opened. 1856 Jan. 4. A Salem firm is prepared to furnish "besides the ordinary daugerreotypes Ambrotypes or Vitrotypes and Photographs. The Ambrotypes are made on glass; the Photographs on paper, and far ex- cel the most accurate engraving." Jan. 30. North Carolina Railroad, Goldsboro to Raleigh, Durham, Greensboro, Salisbury, Charlotte, 223 miles, built by State, completed. Apr. 29. State Hospital for Insane opened in Raleigh. May 7. Educational leaders from 23 counties meeting in Goldsboro make 54 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW plans for State educational conven- tion of teachers and friends of edu- cation at Salisbury in November 1856, at which North Carolina Edu- cational Association is formed. 1857 Aug. Ownership of real estate (50 acres) as prerequisite for voting for State Senator removed as voters adopt constitutional amendment, 50,007 to 19,379. About 500 miles of plank road com- pleted representing outlay of $1,000,- 000; due to financial stringency, bad crops and advent of railroads, they decline rapidly from this peak. Impending Crisis of the South: Hoio to Meet It, by Hinton Rowan Helper, strong contribution to abolition movement. 1858 June 7. First train runs from Goldr.- boro to Morehead City on Atlantic & North Carolina Railroad. Oct. 1. Western North Carolina Railroad completed to Statesville. Robert F. Morris begins manufacture of smoking tobacco in Durham. 1859 May 10. Board of Medical Examin- ers appointed by authority of as- sembly (first in America). Raleigh Working Men's Association formed. Tobacco production 32,853,250 pounds; 5th largest producing State. Land values in northern Piedmont booming as result of spread of bright-leaf culture. Rice production 7,593,976 pounds, 3rd largest producing State; hereafter crop declines to 5,609,191 pounds in 1880, 511,110 pounds in 1909, and 55 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW virtually disappears by 1939. 1860 Pop., 992,622; rank, 12th; 629,942 white, 331,059 slave, 30,463 free Ne- gro, 1,158 Indian; 24,554 urban, 968,068 rural. Percent of slaveholding popula- tion to total free population, 28.8; percent of slave population to total population, 33.4; average number of slaves per holding, 19.3. Principal towns: Wilmington, 9,552; New Bern, 5,432; Fayetteville, 4,790; Raleigh, 4,780. North Carolina contains one-tenth as many white persons who have come from outside the State as have emigrated from North Carolina to other States. 2,854 public schools, 116,567 pupils; average term, 4 months. 2,117 churches, 157,014 members; principal denominations: Baptist bodies, 780 churches, 65,000 mem- bers; Methodist bodies, 966 churches, 61,000 members; Presbyterians, 182 churches, 15,053 members; Luther- ans, 38 churches, 3,942 members, Episcopalians, 38 churches, 3,036 members. 30 banks; 74 newspapers and period- icals include 8 dailies; 39 cotton mills; about 1,400 employed in all mechani- cal and manufacturing occupations. Era of resorts and mineral springs; most popular: Piedmont Springs (Stokes), Shocco and Sulphur Springs (Warren), Warm Springs (Madison), Sulphur Springs (Bun- combe), Wilson Springs and Cataw- ba Springs (Cleveland); beaches at Nags Head, Beaufort, Wrightsville, Masonboro, Ocracoke. 56 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Dec. 20. South Carolina secedes irom Union. Pro-Union sentiment strong in North Carolina. 1861 Jan. 1. John W. Ellis (Democrat), governor. Feb. 4. Southern Confederacy formed at Montgomery, Ala. Apr. 15. President Lincoln calls for volunteers to put down rebellion; most North Carolina leaders cast lots with Confederacy. Apr. 16. State militiamen seize Forts Caswell and Johnston at mouth of Cape Fear River. May 20. Ordinance of secession adopted by convention in Raleigh; North Carolina is next to last State to leave Union. During War be- tween the States (1861-65), North Carolina furnished one-fifth of all Confederate troops although it had only one-ninth of population; sent approximately 125,000 men, a num- ber larger than its voting population; of all Confederates who lost lives about one-fourth (40,275) were North Carolinians. June 10. Henry L. Wyatt of Edge- combe County killed in battle at Bethel, Va.; first Confederate sol- dier slain in War between the States ('First at Bethel"). July 7. Henry T. Clark (Democrat), Speaker of Senate, becomes acting governor following death of Gov- ernor Ellis. Aug. 29. Forts Hatteras and Clark captured by Federals, opening North Carolina seaboard to Union troops. Western North Carolina Railroad completed to Morganton. Railroad between Wilmington and 57 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Rockingham completed. Nov. Unionists hold convention at Hatteras, declare secession void; name Marble N. Taylor provisional governor. Dec. 31. Hesper and Other Poems, by Theophilus H. Hill, published in Ra- leigh under copyright laws of Con- federate States. 1862 Feb. 8. Roanoke Island captured by Federals under Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside. Mar. 14. New Bern captured by Fed- erals. First public school for Negroes open- ed by Unionists in New Bern. Mar. 21. Washington captured by Federals. Apr. 26. Fort Macon falls to Federals. May 26. Edward Stanly appointed (Union) military governor of east- ern North Carolina. Sept. 8. Zebulon B. Vance (Demo- crat), governor. Sept. 22. President Lincoln issues preliminary emancipation proclama- tion. Dec. 13. Plymouth captured by Fed- erals. Dec. 30. U. S. S. Monitor founders in gale off Hatteras; 16 members of crew lost. 1863 Jan. 1. President Lincoln declares slaves free in territory now in re- bellion. Feb. Allen and William Lowrie exe- cuted by Home Guard of Robeson County for receiving stolen goods; starts depredations of "Lowrie Gang" composed of Croatan Indians; under leadership of Henry Berry Lowrie- 58 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW they kill several men of the section, raid jails to liberate their friends, burn buildings and loot stores over a period of 10 years; Henry Berry Lowrie killed by the accidental dis- charge of his own gun, Feb. 20, 1872; last outlaw slain in 1874. Mar. 15. At Salisbury, 200 women armed with hatchets defy soldiers and successfully demand flour from merchants. July 3. In famous charge on Ceme- tery Hill, Battle of Gettysburg, Pa., North Carolinians under Gen. James Johnston Pettigrew went farther than any other Confederate troops ("Farthest at Gettysburg"). 1864 Apr. 24. Plymouth retaken by Con- federates under Gen. Robert F. Hoke. Aug. 20. Negro slaves, sold at auction for cash in Charlotte, bring follow- ing prices: boy, 18, $5,150; boy, 11, $4,100; girl, 16, $4,000; woman, 35, $3,025; girl, 16 (very likely), $5,000; hoy, 21, $5,200; man (with one eye), wife and 2 children, 2 and 4, $6,500. Oct. 27. Confederate ram Albemarle sunk by torpedo placed by Federal Lt. W. B. Cushing, leading to re- capture of Plymouth by Union troops. 1865 Jan. 15. Fort Fisher at mouth of Cape Fear, guarding Wilmington, last port for blockade runners on "lifeline of Confederacy," falls before Union at- tack. Mar. 4-7. Sherman's army enters State from South Carolina. Mar. 10-14. Fayetteville occupied by Sherman's troops. Mar. 16. At Averasboro, Confederates 59 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW under Hardee defeated by Sher- man's army. Mar. 19-21. At Bentonville, Con- federates under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston defeated by Sherman's army; most sanguinary battle ever fought on North Carolina soil; Feder- al casualties, 1,646; Confederate, 2,- 606. Mar. 21. Goldsboro occupied by Sher- man's troops. Apr. 9. North Carolinians under Gen. W. R. Cox said to have made last attack and fired last volley in battle at Appomatox Court House, Va. ("Last at Appomatox"). Apr. 11. Salisbury captured by Fed- eral troops; Salisbury prison and part of town burned. Apr. 13. Raleigh peacefully surrend- ered to Sherman's army. Apr. 14. President Lincoln shot by J. Wilkes Booth; dies following day; Andrew Johnson, President. Apr. 26. Gen. Johnston surrenders Confederate Army to Gen. Sherman near Durham. Negroes begin leaving plantations and flocking to towns. Apr. 29. Gen. John McA. Schofield becomes military commander of North Carolina. May 19. William Woods Holden ap- pointed provisional governor by President Johnson; beginning of Re- construction Period. July 15. Bureau for Relief of Freed- men and Refugees (Freedmen's Bu- reau) organized; distributes food, es- tablishes hospitals, and organizes 431 schools for Negroes during ensuing four years. Summer. Washington Duke and his 60 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW sons begin manufacturing smoking tobacco on their Durham County- farm. Cotton sells for $1 a pound. Manufacture of chairs in Thomas- ville begun by D. S. Westmoreland. Dec. 28. Holden defeated in election and succeeded as governor by Jona- than Worth (Conservative). 1866 Jan. "Black Code," validating mar- riages of former slaves, declaring Negroes entitled to same rights as whites in suits at law and equity and granting other privileges but retaining legal and political discrimi- nations adopted by assembly. June. Convention drafts constitution- al amendments limiting suffrage and office-holding to white persons; rati- fication fails, 19,570 to 21,552. Sept. 11. Wilmington Chamber of Commerce organized. City directory issued for Wilming- ton. 1867 Mar. 2. State again placed under military rule as Congress nullifies President Johnson's plan of Recon- struction and substitutes Congres- sional plan. Plantation system breaking up due to emancipation of slaves; rise of tenant farming. Mining of mica begun in Mitchell County. Old Belt tobacco growers speed change from dark to bright tobacco as tales are circulated that choice bright wrappers sell for $4-$6 a pound. Ku Klux Klan organized to com- bat secret organization of Northern- 61 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW ers who came into State since "the Surrender," to regain white political control, and to "protect Southern womanhood"; believed to have at- tained membership in State of 40,- 000; 260 "visitations" in 20 counties reported. Sept. 23. Wilmington Star, State's oldest existing daily newspaper, started. Nov. 9. "Radicals," as Republicans and their sympathizers are called, supporting proposed constitutional convention, win over Conservative opposition, 93,506 to 32,961. 1868 Jan. 14. Constitutional convention, composed of 107 Republicans (in- cluding 18 carpetbaggers and 15 Negroes), and 13 Conservatives (Democrats), meets in Raleigh and draws up constitution, which, with many amendments, is still in effect. Among provisions are abolition of slavery, elimination of property and religious (except for denial of exist- ence of Almighty God) qualifica- tions for voting or office-holding, popular election of State and coun- ty officials, county court system, township-county commission form of county government, 4-month school term, provisions for charities and public welfare; term of governor 4 years. Carpetbagger - controlled assembly issues State bonds totalling $42,000,- 000 in two years; large sums and commissions paid to lawyers, judges and railroad contractors; corruption charged against Geo. W. Swepson and M. S. Littlefield in connection with financing of Western North Carolina Railroad. 62 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Cotton sells at 25 cents a pound. Apr. 21. New constitution ratified, 93,084 to 74,015; Holden (Republi- can) elected governor. Summer. Samuel C. Shelton of Bun- combe County raises first bright to- bacco crop in western North Caro- lina, starting tobacco boom in sec- tion. July 1. Gov. Worth removed by military authority; Holden again appointed provisional governor be- fore beginning his regular term. July 9. Assembly ratifies 14th amendment (citizenship rights not to be abridged). July 20. North Carolina delegation admitted to United States Congress. Nov. Josiah Turner acquires Ra- leigh Sentinel; conducts vigorous editorial campaign against "carpet- baggers and scallawaggers," partly responsible for impeachment of Gov. Holden in 1870 and final overthrow of carpet-bagger regime. 1869 Jan. 4. First school in United States for deaf and blind Negroes opens in Raleigh. Horse-drawn streetcars in Wilming- ton. Two-wheeled "velocipede" in Ra- leigh; "for the most part the riders are unsuccessful and after a moment or two they usually found them- selves sprawling on the ground." 1870 Pop., 1,071,361; rank, 14th; 678,470 white, 391,650 Negro, 1,241 Indian; 36,218 urban, 1,035,143 rural. Jan. 6. State Penitentiary at Ra- leigh opens. Mar. 7. Because of Ku Klux Klan 63 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW activities, Gov. Holden declares Ala- mance County in insurrection. May 21. Murder of John W. "Chick- en" Stephens, Caswell Republican leader, by Ku Klux Klan in Yancey- ville courthouse, climaxes Klan vio- lence; Gov. Holden declares Cas- well County in insurrection (July 8), and sends Col. George W. Kirk with militia into Caswell and Alamance counties to put down same; known as "Kirk-Holden War"; writs of habeas corpus suspended. First tobacco factory in Winston manufactures about 20,000 pounds of chewing tobacco in year. Fall. First public graded school in State opens in Greensboro. Dec. 14. Gov. Holden impeached by house of representatives for alleged "high crimes and misdemeanors"; succeeded as governor by Lt. Gov. Tod R. Caldwell (Republican). 1871 Jan. 27. S. S. Kensington and Bark Templar collide off Hatteras; 150 lives lost. Mar. 22. Gov. Holden found guilty of impeachment charges by strictly par- tisan vote; senate orders him re- moved from office; Lt. Gov. Caldwell succeeds as governor. Sept. Federal grand jury at Raleigh indicts 981 persons for alleged Ku Klux depredations; 37 convicted in- cluding Randolph A. Shotwell, Democratic editor, who is sentenced to serve six years in Federal prison; after serving two years Shotwell is pardoned by President Grant. First tobacco auction warehouse in Durham opens. Corundum mining in Macon County begun. 64 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1872 John Robinson Circus, showing in State, uses railroad cars for trans- portation. 1873 Feb. 24. Eight amendments to con- stitution proposed in legislative act, include repudiation of bonds author- ized by carpetbagger-controlled as- sembly and provision for biennial instead of annual sessions of assem- bly. Approved by vote of people, Au- gust 7. June 7. First subordinate Grange or Patrons of Husbandry in North Caro- lina organized at McLeansville, Guil- ford County; other local organiza- tions follow; movement represents efforts to improve farm economy which has sunk to low level. Oxford Orphanage opened by Ma- sonic Order. Most banks of State weather money panic. 1874 Feb. 16. County local option law for sale of intoxicants enacted by assembly. July 11. Following death of Gov- ernor Caldwell, Lt. Gov. Curtis H. Brogden (Republican) succeeds to governorship. 1875 Mar. 3. Grange reaches peak with 501 subordinate organizations, 15,000 members; decline follows; drops to 26 Granges and about 700 members in 1885. First passenger train over North- western & North Carolina Railroad. R. J. Reynolds begins manufacture of chewing tobacco in Winston. First emerald mine in United States 65 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW opens at Stony Point, Alexander County. New Inlet, deepened by hurricane of 1871, closed by United States Army Engineers, thus saving Wil- mington's harbor. Sept. 5. Constitutional convention in Raleigh attended by 58 Conservatives (Democrats), 58 Republicans, 3 In- dependents; adopts 30 amendments, including provisions for separate schools for whites and Negroes, pro- hibiting secret political societies,, raising residence requirements for voting, increasing power of State over local affairs, prohibiting mar- riages between whites and Negroes. 1876 Spring. Roman Catholic religious and educational center founded at Belmont. 1877 Jan. 1. Zebulon B. Vance (Demo- crat) inaugurated governor mark- ing end of Reconstruction Period and return of Democratic political con- trol of State. Feb. 12. N. C. Board of Health au- thorized by general assembly. Apr. 19. State agricultural experi- ment station established at Chapel Hill. Nov. 24. United States sloop-of-war Huron wrecked off Nags Head with loss of 100 lives. First normal school in United States for Negroes opens in Fayetteville. 1878 Jan. 31. S. S. Metropolis wrecked off Currituck with loss of more than 100 lives. 1879 Feb. 5. Upon election of Governor 66 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Vance as United States Senator, Lieut. Gov. Thomas J. Jarvis (Demo- crat) succeeds to governorship. July 7. Long distance telephone con- versation between Wilmington and Petersburg, Va. July. Swannanoa Tunnel (1,809 feet) at Ridgecrest, on Western North Carolina Railroad, completed at cost of $600,000 and 120 lives, marking railroad penetration of Blue Ridge Mountains. Oct. c. 3. First telephone exchange in State opens at Raleigh; a few- days later an exchange is placed in operation in Wilmington. Roller-process flour mill established at Lexington. Durham, Winston and Reidsville are eading tobacco-manufacturing towns of State. 1880 Pop., 1,399,750; rank, 15th; 867,242 white, 531,277 Negro, 1,230 Indian; 55,116 urban, 1,344,634 rural. Principal towns: Wilmington, 17,- 350; Raleigh, 9,265; Charlotte, 7,094; New Bern, 6,443; Winston and Salem, 4,194; Fayetteville, 3,485. Oct. 3. Western North Carolina Railroad completed to Asheville. Wagons being made at Hickory. Bathtub with running water in- stalled in Swannanoa Hotel, Ashe- ville; townfolk permitted to inspect it as curiosity. Turpentine production reaches 121,- 000 barrels in year; destruction of pine forests causes industry to de- cline to 53,974 barrels in 1900. 1881 Jan. 29. First city hospital in North Carolina authorized by assem- 67 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW bly for Wilmington; opens same year. Jan. 31. Business section of Ply- mouth destroyed by fire. June. 20,000 acres of pine timber, church and farmhouse near Manly (Moore County) destroyed by fire. Aug. 9. State-wide prohibition de- feated, 166,325 to 48,370. Registration of vital statistics begun by State Board of Health. W. Duke & Sons export manufac- tured tobacco to England and Africa. Duke and Bull Durham factories at Durham begin manufacture of cigar- ettes. David A. and William E. White open factory at Mebane for manufacture of spindles from which furniture plant grew. Fries Textile Mill, Winston, lighted by electricity. 1883 Steamboat Mountain Lily with ca- pacity of 100 passengers and cor- responding amount of freight oper- ates for brief period on French Broad River between Asheville and Bre- vard. 1884 Feb. 20. Cyclone causes heavy loss of life and property in Richmond, Harnett, Anson and Cumberland Counties; about 50 persons killed in Richmond County. Apr. 30. Bonsack cigarette machines installed in Duke and Bull Durham factories at Durham. June 18. First North Carolina As- sembly of Knights of Labor organ- ized in Raleigh by John R. Ray,, printer. 68 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Forty-three cotton mills opened in State during past 12 months. 1885 Jan. 21. Alfred M. Scales (Demo- crat), governor. North Carolina Baseball Association formed with teams at Raleigh, Golds- boro, Durham, Henderson, Oxford and Wilmington. July 5. Crowd of 5,000 witness pub- lic hanging of three persons at Fay- etteville. Construction of macadam roads be- gins in Mecklenburg and Forsyth Counties. Dec. 6. Electric lights installed at Raleigh. 1886 Feb. 21. "Big Sunday Fire" in Wil- mington started by river steamboat at Chestnut Street wharf; destroys large part of town with loss of $1,000,000. Leonidas L. Polk begins publication of Progressive Farmer in Winston. Robeson is first county to prohibit sale of alcoholic beverages. 314,000 white children of school age in State, 167,000 enrolled. 1887 Jan. State Department of Labor established. Apr. 20. First subordinate unit of Farmers' Alliance in North Carolina organized at Ashpole, Robeson County; first county Alliance in same county, May 28; State Alliance or- ganized at Rockingham, October 4; 12 county Alliances, 250 subordinate Alliances, about 30,000 members on December 31. Rise of second agrarian movement. 69 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Southern Pines, Sandhills resort, in- corporated. Knights of Labor claim assemblies in most counties of State and large membership, both white and Negro, male and female. 1888 Furniture factory begins operation at High Point. Textile mill opened on site of Kan- napolis. Joint commission remarks Nortn Carolina- Virginia line. 1889 Jan. 17. Daniel G. Fowle (Demo- crat), governor. Feb. 1. First electric street cars in State in Asheville. July 4. First reunion of Confederate veterans in Asheville. State Agricultural and Mechanical College (State College) opens in Ra- leigh, due partly to efforts of Farm- ers' Alliance. Cotton acreage 1,147,136; tobacco 97,077. 1890 Pop., 1,617,947; rank, 16th; 1,055,382 white, 561,018 Negro; 115,759 urban, 1,502,190 rural. Jan. 31. James B. Duke organizes American Tobacco Company, in- cluding large part of tobacco in- dustry of United States. Farmers' Alliance has 2,147 chapters, 90,000 members. 1891 Apr. 8. Following death of Governor Fowle, Lieut. Gov. Thomas M. Holt (Democrat) succeeds to governor- ship. Apr. 16. S. S. St. Catharis wrecked 70 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW off Rodanthe with loss of 90 lives. 35 gold mines in operation. Dec. 19. Roanoke and Southern Rail- road, connecting Charleston, S. C, and Roanoke, Va., completed. Railroad reaches Murphy. 1892 Jan. Efforts in assembly to deprive University of North Carolina of State aid defeated through cooperation of Farmers' Alliance and education leaders. Jan. Gifford Pinchot, appointed superintendent of Biltmore forests near Asheville by George Vander- bilt, inaugurates first large-scale re- forestation project in United States. May. Commercial method of manu- facturing calcium carbide invented by Thomas L. Willson at Spray. 50,000 peach trees planted in Sand- hills section of Moore County by J. Van Lindley; start of great peach- growing district. Sept. 2. Trinity College (later Duke University) moved from Randolpn County to Durham after Julian S. Carr donates site and Washington Duke donates $85,000. Oct. 5. Normal and Industrial School (Woman's College) opens in Greens- boro due partly to efforts of Farmers' Alliance. Nov. "Radical wing" of Farmers' Alliance, charging that Democratic party had done nothing to improve status of agriculture, joins Populis; (Peoples) party; elects three mem- bers of general assembly. 1893 Jan. 18. Elias Carr (Democrat), governor. Apr. 29. Large area in Bladen and 71 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Columbus Counties infested witn caterpillars. May 29. Waldensians, religious col- ony from Cottian Alps on French- Italian border, found town of Valdese (Burke County). July 30. Railroad connecting Wil- mington and New Bern with Norfolk, Va., completed. Business depression marked by low prices, bank failures and factory closings throughout State. Cape Fear & Yadkin Valley Rail- road placed in receivership, divided and sold, ending hopes of great east- west railroad across North Carolina. Farmers' cooperatives collapse due to nation-wide depression. 1894 Cotton sells for 4 cents a pound. Nov. 6. Populist party fuses with Republicans; elects entire State ticket, six of seven Superior Court judges; four Populist and three Re- publican Congressmen; majority in general assembly. Democratic de- feat due partly to opposition to Pres- ident Cleveland's policies which were blamed for acute depression in agri- culture. Nov. 27. Marion almost completely destroyed by fire. 1895 Jan. Fusionist assembly elects Marion Butler (Populist) and Jeter C. Pritchard (Republican), United States Senators. Aug. 16. North Carolina Railroad leased to Southern Railway for 99 years. Biltmore House, George Vanderbilt's chateau near Asheville, begun in 1890, completed. Vanderbilt ac- 72 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW quires more than 100,000 acres of mountain lands south and southwest of Asheville. Ceasar and Moses Cone open textile mills in Greensboro. State gains many new industrial plants that have moved from New England. Production of bright, flue-cured to- bacco increasing in eastern counties. Bountiful harvests of grain and fruits; slow recovery from financial depression. 1896 Golf courses at Wilmington and Asheville. Oct. 23. First rural free delivery mail route in North Carolina established at China Grove (Rowan County). Nov. 3. Although Bryan carries State by 20,000, Fusionist State ticket has 8,000 plurality; Fusionists elect Rus- sell, governor; 5 Populists, 3 Re- publicans, 1 Democrat elected to Con- gress; Fusionists win majority in both houses of assembly; high tide of agrarian movement. Negroes control local government in Wilmington and several other towns of State. Red Shirts organize in southeast section for avowed purpose of restoring Democratic political con- trol. 1897 Jan. 12. Daniel L. Russell (Repub- lican), governor. Last bright tobacco warehouse in Asheville closes, ending tobacco boom in section. Gold discovery in Klondike attracts many prospectors from North Caro- lina. 1898 Apr. Fries Manufacturing & Power 73 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Co. installs hydro-electric plant on Yadkin River, first in State; transmits 1,000 h.p. to Winston, 13 miles. Apr. 25. Congress declares war on Spain. Three regiments of volunteers, two of whites, one of Negroes, enlist for service in Spanish- American War, one regiment reaches Cuba. May 11. Ensign Worth Bagley of Raleigh killed in action aboard United States torpedo boat Winslow in Cardenas Bay, Cuba; first Ameri- can naval officer slain in War witii Spain. Summer. Automobiles being oper- ated in State. Sept. 1. First school in United States dealing exclusively with forestry problems opened by Dr. Carl Alvin Schenck in Biltmore forest, near Asheville. Nov. 2. Democrats regain control of assembly by defeating Fusionist can- didates; decline of agrarian move- ment. Nov. 10. Race riots in Wilmington result from Red Shirt activities; 10 Negroes slain; force resignation of local officials, including Negroes. "North Carolina is today the Massa- chusetts of the South and exceeds any other Southern State in num- ber and value of manufacturing establishments," says State Bureau of Labor Statistics. 13 telephone exchanges and 17 tele- phone companies. Newspapers and magazines published in State total 279, of which 131 are Democratic, 34 Republican, 14 Pop- ulist. 1899 Feb. 6. Peace with Spain ratified. 74 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Mar. 4. Railroads and steamship companies required by act of as- sembly to provide separate accom- modations for white and Negro races. Apr. 1. North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company organized by Ne- groes in Durham. Rising prices of materials and wages mark recovery from financial de- pression. 96 tobacco factories produce $14,000,- 000 worth of products in year. More than 3,800 miles of railroads. 1900 Pop., 1,893,810; rank, 15th; 1,263,603 white, 624,469 Negro; 186,790 urban, 1,707,020 rural. Percentage of illiteracy: white 19.5, Negro 47.6. Principal cities: Wilmington, 20,976; Charlotte, 18,091; Asheville, 14,694, Winston and Salem, 13,650; Raleigh, 13,643; Greensboro, 10,035; Durham, 6,697. Aug. 2. "Grandfather Clause" amendment to Constitution adopted by vote of 182,217 to 128,285; liter- acy test for voting waived for all male persons entitled to vote on or before January 1, 1867, and all lineal descendants of such persons, pro- viding they shall have registered prior to December 1, 1908 (disfran- chisement of Negroes). Cotton mill operatives strike in Ala- mance County fails, virtually ending textile union movement. "The 20th century will be an age of dispute of nations on the most gigantic scale. It will be an age in which the Church of Jesus Christ will have to contend with iniquity without and with coldness with- in . . " writes Moravian Bishop 75 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Edward Rondthaler in his Memora- bilia. 1901 Jan. 15. Charles Brantley Aycock (Democrat), "educational governor," inaugurated, restoring Democratic political control of State administra- tion; institutes program of expan- sion and development. Feb. 20. Execution of capital of- fenders (by hanging), at seat of county where crime was committed, hereafter carried out in private, as provided by act of assembly. Here- tofore hangings were public, al- though sheriff had discretionary powers in arranging for private executions. Oct. Good Roads Train operates through State, stimulating interest in highway improvement. 1903 Jan. 29. Legislative act (first in United States) requires examination and registration of trained nurses. Mar. 17. Gasoline-driven motor truck for hauling telephone poles assembled in Raleigh by W. A. Wynne. First North Carolina child labor law prohibits employment of children under 12 in factories, establishing maximum of 66 hours a week for persons under 18, but provides no machinery for enforcement. Dec. 11. Trinity College board of trustees issues declaration of aca- demic freedom and refuses to accept resignation of Prof. John Spencer Bassett after State-wide controversv over Bassett's statement that Booker T. Washington was "the greatest man, save General Lee, born in the South in a hundred years." 76 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Dec. 17. First flights of power-driven airplane made by Orville and Wilbur Wright at Kill Devil Hill. 1904 May 30. Josephus Daniels, editor of Raleigh News and Observer, cited in United States District Court for contempt for editorials criticising court's action in railroad cases; Dan- iels freed under habeas corpus writ issued by Judge J. C. Pritchard of United States Circuit Court of Ap- peals and later discharged. Oct. 29. Farmers' Educational and Cooperative Union (Farmers' Union) incorporated in North Carolina; pur- pose to improve farm economy, edu- cation and status of labor. James B. Duke takes over Catawba Power Company and forms Southern Power Company. 1905 Jan. 10. During past four years 1,200 new schoolhouses built, teach- ers' salaries raised, teacher training improved, school term lengthened, better textbooks provided, Negro education improved, many libraries opened. Jan. 11. Robert B. Glenn (Demo- crat), governor. State Federation of Labor (A. F. of L.) formed. Air conditioning installed in factory of Gray Manufacturing Company, Gastonia. Motion pictures being exhibited in North Carolina towns. 1906 8,592 churches, 824,385 members: principal denominations: Baptist bodies, 3,755 churches, 401,043 mem- bers; Methodist bodies, 3,095 77 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW churches, 277,282 members; Presby- terians, 600 churches, 55,837 mem- bers; Episcopalians, 258 churches, 13,890 members. May 28. White man lynched at Wadesboro for alleged murder. Nov. 5. Railroad bridge, connecting Beaufort and Morehead City, com- pleted; 8,400 feet long, two draws. Dec. 2. Railroad connecting Frank- lin, N. C, and Tallulah Falls, Ga., completed. 1907 First motor vehicle traffic laws en- acted by assembly. State Tuberculosis Sanatorium es- tablished. Fall. First county high school in State opens at Cary. 1908 Apr. 1. Farmers' Union forms State- wide organization at Charlotte, claims 185 locals, 5,000 members. May. State-wide prohibition adopt- ed, 113,612 to 69,416. Champion Fibre Company begins manufacture of wood pulp, Canton. Farm colonies of European immi- grants established in Pender, Col- umbus and New Hanover Counties by Hugh McRae include: St. Helena (Italians), Castle Hayne (Dutch and mixed), Van Eden (Dutch), New Berlin (Germans) and Marathon (Poles and Ruthenians). 1909 Jan. 1. Prohibition effective under terms of Turlington Act. Jan. 12. William W. Kitchin (Demo- crat), governor. Mar. 6. Electrocution in State Prison at Raleigh substituted for hanging 78 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW in capital offenses, by act of as- sembly. Mar. 9. $5 registration fee, renew- able at $1 annually, imposed by as- sembly on the 1,705 automobiles reg- istered. First skyscraper in State (Independ- ence Building) built at Charlotte, 14 stories. Fifty tobacco factories, declining from 253 in 1894. First Four-H Club organized in Hert- ford County. 1910 Pop., 2,206,287; rank, 16th; 1,500,511 white, 697,843 Negro, 7,851 Indian: 318,474 urban, 1,887,813 rural. Guilford County receives $1,000 prize for having best roads traversed be- tween Roanoke, Va., and Atlanta, Ga., awarded by New York Herald- Atlanta Journal motorcade. Oct. 18. Belmont Abbey created by papal edict, first cathedral abbey in western hemisphere. Nov. 25. First train on Winston- Salem Southbound Railroad. Dec. 5. 348 banks, $62,146,551 re- sources, $43,981,343 deposits, as com- pared to 1900 figures: 93 banks, $14,- 617,959 resources, $9,953,158 de- posits. 1911 Jan. 6. Inland (Intracoastal) water- way completed between Neuse River and Morehead City. Feb. 7. Greensboro first city in State to adopt commission form of munici- pal government. Feb. 23. Avery County, 100th and latest county in North Carolina, cre- ated. Mar. 6. Winston-Salem Southbound 79 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Railroad completed to Wadesboro. Mar. 6. Wachovia Bank & Trust Company opens at Winston with vacuum cleaning, thermostat-con- trolled heating, telautograph and money-counting machines. May 2. Socialist candidates poll ap- proximately 40 percent of vote in Asheville municipal election. May 29. American Tobacco Com- pany declared monopoly and or- dered dissolved into smaller units by United States Supreme Court de- cision. June 1. First county health depart- ment in State in Guilford. July 31. Prolonged drought causes shutdown of 152 textile mills in two Carolinas; rains give relief, August 3. Sept. 28. First letter delivered by airplane in North Carolina; sent from New York City to postmaster, Greensboro. First feldspar shipped from State mined at Penland, Mitchell County. 1912 Jan. 9-12. "Moonshiners" near Mt. Airy and Murphy engage in pitched battles with officers; militia ordered to Mt. Airy. Apr. 28. Motion pictures of Titanic disaster shown in North Carolina 13 days after sinking. Sept. 13. Death of University of North Carolina freshman results in ban on hazing in schools and colleges by act of assembly. Dec. 12. Farmers' Union denounces distribution by cotton mills of hand- bills said to be intended to lure farm families to mill villages. 1913 Jan. 15. Locke Craig (Democrat), governor. 80 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Mar. 5. Josephus Daniels, North Carolinian, becomes Secretary of the Navy. Apr. 26. Street car strike in Ashe- ville ties up service for week; con- cessions won by strikers. July 13. Grove Park Inn, resort ho- tel, opens at Asheville with William Jennings Bryan as principal speaker. City manager form of municipal gov- ernment adopted in Morganton and Hickory. 1914 June 28. Archduke Francis of Aus- tria and wife assasinated at Sara- jevo, Bosnia, later precipitating World War. Wilson is leading tobacco market in State. Tobacco Experiment Station near Oxford established. Sept. 16. Children with as much as one-sixteenth Negro blood may not attend schools for white children, State Supreme Court holds. Nov. 3. Lee S. Overman first United States Senator from North Carolina elected by popular vote. 1915 Mar. 9. Australian ballot system for State elections adopted by act of as- sembly. 20,000 automobiles. First Highway Commission ap- pointed. June 19. National Guard mobilized for duty on Mexican border; en- train for service Sept. 24. Oct. 29. Commissioners appointed by United States Supreme Court to re- mark North Carolina-Tennessee boundary file report. Nov. 27. Survey shows 7,000 children 81 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW under 16 years of age employed in cotton mill industry in North Caro- lina, an average of 10 hours 17 min- utes per day. 1916 June 3. T. Walter Bickett nominated for governor by Democrats in first State-wide primary. July 15-17. Rainfall for 24 hours, July 15-16, at Altapass, Mitchell County, 22.2 inches, breaking all previous recordings for continental United States; United States Weath- er Bureau estimates French Broad crest at Asheville 21 feet; Catawba River at Mount Holly reaches esti- mated 45.5-foot crest; flood condi- tions ensue in five Southeastern States; 61 miles of Southern Ry. track on Yadkin River destroyed; property loss for western North Carolina es- timated at $19,224,085; loss of life, mostly in streams of western North Carolina, estimated at 80; full rail facilities in section not restored for 6 weeks. Agricultural products for year valued at $200,000,000; more than 1,000 new corporations formed since Jan. 1. Pisgah National Forest established by Presidential proclamation, origin- al purchase units having been au- thorized Mar. 27, 1911. First concrete highway in North Carolina, one-mile link on Asheville- Black Mountain road; construction interrupted by World War. 1917 Jan. 11. T. Walter Bickett (Demo- crat), governor. Apr. 6. Congress declares war on Germany. May 21. Call for 5,100 volunteers for National Guard in North Carolina 82 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW answered by 8,500 enlistments. May 26. Hot Springs selected as in- ternment camp for enemy aliens. July 1. State becomes "bone dry" under Reed amendment. July 21. North Carolina called on to provide 15,974 men under se- lective service. During entire war State provides 86,457 men for military service; 833 deaths in battle and from wounds, 1,~ 542 deaths from disease; distinguish- ed service medals awarded to 6, dis- tinguished service crosses to 184. Camp Polk at Raleigh and Camp Greene at Charlotte, military can- tonments, established. 1918 Camp Bragg, United States Army Field Artillery training center in Cumberland and Hoke counties, es- tablished; name changed to Fort Bragg in 1922. Aug. 6. German submarine shells and sinks Diamond Shoals Lightship off North Carolina coast. Aug. 16. British tanker Mirlo torpe- doed and sunk by German subma- rine off Rodanthe; Chicamacomico Coast Guard crew braves sea of burning oil to rescue crew. Sept. 29. North Carolina troops of 30th (Old Hickory) Division parti- cipate in action that pierces Hin- denberg Line. Oct. Influenza epidemic sweeps State causing hundreds of deaths; schools, churches and theatres closed in sev- eral cities and towns. Fall. Carolina Playmakers establish- ed at University of North Carolina by Frederick H. Koch. Nov. 5. Voters approve constitution- 83 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW al amendment fixing minimum school term at six months. Nov. 11. World War ends with Arm- istice. Nov. 17. Five persons killed, 10 wounded in race riot at Winston-Sa- lem following futile attempt of mob to remove Negro prisoner from jail. 1919 June 30. National war-time prohibi- tion in effect. Aug. 9. Street car service suspended in Charlotte and Winston-Salem due to strike of conductors and motor- men. Aug. 24. At Charlotte five persons killed, 25 wounded, in clash be- tween policemen and strikers at street car barn; militiamen and arm- ed citizens patrol streets; strike set- tled Sept. 5. State-wide highway construction program begins. Cotton sells at 35 cents a pound; crop value $130,000,000. Employment of children under 14 in manufacturing plants forbidden by State law. 109,000 automobiles. United Textile Workers (A. F. of L.) claim 30,000 members in North Caro- lina; labor disputes in Charlotte, Concord, McAdenville, Salisbury, Gastonia result in some gains for workers. Fall. North Carolina tobacco crop sells at 49.2 cents a pound average and totals an all-time high value of $157,778,000. Oct. 30. First American Legion con- vention in State held at Raleigh. Nov. 28. State Board of Health be- gins inspection and rating of hotels. 84 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1920 Pop., 2,559,123; rank, 14th; 1,783,779 white, 763,407 Negro, 11,824 Indian; 490,370 urban, 2,068,753 rural. Principal cities: Winston-Salem, 48,- 395; Charlotte, 46,338; Wilmington, 33,372; Asheville, 28,504; Raleigh 24,418; Durham, 21,719; Greens- boro, 19,861; High Point, 14,302. Jan. 29. Nantahala National Forest established by Presidential procla- mation, original purchase unit hav- ing been authorized in 1911. Feb. 8. State Board of Health an- nounces 16,000 cases of influenza reported in past 14 days with 2,000 new cases daily; churches, schools and theatres closed in many cities and towns. Mar. 28. S. Glenn Young, United States Department of Justice agent, who for several months has been rounding up army deserters and draft dodgers in western section of State, reports arrests totaling 824; many sentenced to terms in Federal prisons. Aug. Assembly declines to ratify 19tn amendment (woman suffrage) but ratification by Tennessee provides necessary two-thirds of States. Nov. 2. Women vote for first time in North Carolina. Dec. Following decline of tobacco prices, growers hold meetings and organize Tobacco Growers Co-Opera- tive Marketing Assn. of North Caro- lina, South Carolina and Virginia. Maximum mileage of steam railroad lines, 5,522; hereafter mileage de- clines to 4,764 in 1937. 1921 Jan. 21. Cameron Morrison (Demo- crat ) , governor. 85 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW State takes over system of hard- surface highways to connect all county seats. July 1. Appalachian Forest Experi- ment Station, near Asheville, estab- lished; one of first of its kind in United States. Sept. 18. Negro lynched at Pitts- boro; 13th in State in 3V 2 years. Sept. 648 miles of improved high- ways completed since Jan. 1, at cost of $10,000,000; 600 additional miles under construction. Nov. 8. Miss Exum Clement of Ashe- ville elected first woman member of general assembly. First radio broadcast station in State opened in Charlotte by Fred M. Laxton. 1922 Mar. 22. 5,253,199 active spindles in North Carolina; second to Massachu- setts. Motor bus line operates between Ra- leigh and Durham. Nov. 7. State constitutional amend- ment increasing income tax rates, fixing 1-year residence and eliminat- ing payment of poll tax as prerequi- site for voting, ratified. Tobacco Co-op. has 1,800 locals; han- dles about 37 percent of tobacco produced in three States; high tide of Co-op. movement. Dec. 1. Fire destroys 40 blocks of property in New Bern; 3,500 home- less, property loss $2,250,000. 1923 May. Organized opposition to To- bacco Co-op. grows; many members break contracts resulting in court actions; decline of Co-up. ensues. Navigation of Cape Fear River to HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Fayetteville abandoned because cf shallow water. Sept. 28. National Guard troops or- dered to Spruce Pine to quell rioting which followed attack by Negro on white woman; subsequently Negro tried and sentenced to death; 77 white men indicted for rioting, 15 convicted. 2,670 manufacturing establishments produce goods valued at $951,000,000 in year; 42 percent increase over 1921. 1924 Mrs. James Cowan, mayor of Wil- mington, first woman mayor m State. College course in marriage conduct- ed at University of North Carolina by Prof. Ernest R. Groves. Nov. 4. Constitutional amendment limiting State debt to 7% percent of taxable property, ratified. Dec. 8. James B. Duke Endowment of $40,000,000 for Trinity College and other benefactions announced; name of Trinity changed to Duke Univer- sity. 1925 Jan. 14. Angus W. McLean (Demo- crat), governor. Feb. 19. Act to prohibit teaching evolution in public schools defeated in House of Representatives, 67 to 46. May 27. 60 miners killed in explosion at Glen Coal Mine near Sanford. Sept. 19. Mob raids county jail at Asheville seeking to remove Negro charged with rape; Negro had been spirited away. Subsequently 35 members of mob indicted, 20 con- victed and given sentences ranging from 4 months to 8 years. Sept. to Mar. 1926. Real estate boom 87 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW in Asheville and vicinity; wild specu- lation; numerous subdivisions sold out on paper; inflation of values and enormous borrowing leading to fi- nancial collapse in 1930. Oct. 23. Following death of James B. Duke, provisions of his will in- crease Duke Endowment to nearly $80,000,000. 1926 North Carolina becomes leading to- bacco-producing State. Cotton acreage at peak; 1,802,000 acres, 1,200,000 bales. May 22. Great Smoky Mountains National Park established by act of Congress. June 19. United States District Court appoints receivers for Tobacco Co- op.; assets liquidated, terminating organization. 1927 Mar. 8. Act of assembly prohibits employment in industrial plants of children under 16 for more than 8 hours a day. May 1. First regular air mail route through State, New York to Atlanta, includes stop at Greensboro. 1928 Nov. 6. Herbert Hoover, first Re- publican Presidential candidate since Grant to carry State, defeats Alfred E. Smith by 61,914 majority after bitter campaign in which religious and wet-dry issues figure promi- nently; Republicans elect two Con- gressmen and several county offi- cials; Democrats elect State candi- dates. Dec. 4. Final survey of North Caro- lina-South Carolina boundary. Dec. 13. Farmers' Union advocates legislation to improve education, 88 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW conduct of elections and status of agriculture and labor. 1929 Jan. 11. O. Max Gardner (Demo- crat), governor. Jan. 19. Tenant farmers and share- croppers pay interest rates on crop loans equivalent to 40 to 60 percent per year, Progressive Farmer charges. Workmen's Compensation Law en- acted by assembly. June 7. Police Chief O. F. Aderholt fatally shot at striking workers' col- ony in Gastonia, climaxing two months of sporadic violence in con- nection with textile strike. July 1. American Enka Corporation near Asheville begins manufacture of rayon yarn. Sept. 14. Mrs. Ella Mae Wiggins, strike sympathizer, shot to death by Gastonia mob. Oct. 2. Six strikers slain by sheriff's deputies before gates of textile mill at Marion. Oct. 21. Fred Beale and six other de- fendants given long prison terms for conspiracy to kill Chief Ader- holt. Dec. 23. Decline in New York stock market marks beginning of nation- wide economic depression. Oct. 24. Nine persons accused of slaying Mrs. Wiggins freed by Gas- tonia grand jury. Dec. 21. Eight deputies accused of slaying Marion strikers acquitted by jury at Burnsville. Dec. 31. Bank failures during year total 18 involving deposits aggre- gating $6,934,000. Efforts to enforce dry laws held re- 89 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW sponsible for 36 deaths in State during year. 1930 Pop., 3,170,276; rank, 12th; 2,234,- 948 white, 918,647 Negro, 16,579 Indian; 809,847 urban, 2,360,429 rural. Percentage of illiteracy: white 5.6, Negro 20.6. Aug. 19. Lynching at Tarboro, first in North Carolina in nine years. Oct. 16. 92,000 radio receiving sets in State. Nov. 20. Central Bank & Trust Com- pany and branches in Asheville fail to open, precipitating run on other banks; several banks fail in western North Carolina. Dec. 10. First burley tobacco mar- ket in State begins sales in Ashe- ville. Dec. 31. Bank failures in State dur- ing year total 93, involving deposits aggregating $56,178,000. Since 1799, gold worth $23,672,307 has been mined in State. 1931 Gold mining resumed in Piedmont. Mar. 26. Bill creating Greater Uni- versity by merger of University of North Carolina, State College, and North Carolina College for Women, enacted by assembly. Apr. 1. First regular air line pas- senger flight, New York to Miami with stop at Raleigh. July 15. 52 high and 413 element- ary schools eliminated as economy measure. July 16. Last section of North Caro- lina's paved "Main Street" (State Highway 10) from sand dunes of 90 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW Carteret County to the Georgia line, 600 miles, completed. Control of entire highway system assumed by State. North Carolina tobacco crop sells at 8.8 cents a pound, lowest price in almost 30 years. State Department of Labor reor- ganized and enlarged. 1932 Mar. North Carolina Symphony So- ciety organized at Chapel Hill. Sept. 18. First Greek college and orphanage in United States dedicated at Gastonia. 1933 Jan. 5. J. C. B. Ehringhaus (Demo- crat), governor. Jan. 13. 40 counties and 125 munici- palities reported in default of bond payments. Mar. 6. Banking holidays begin; all banks ordered closed by President Roosevelt and Governor Ehringhaus. Mar. 31. Emergency Conservation Work, later Civilian Conservation Corps, established; during ensuing years camps maintained at many points in State with average of about 7,800 men enrolled; program of con- servation, reclamation, and improve- ments carried out. May 1. Sale of light wines and beer {3.2 percent) becomes legal. June 13. Congress passes National Industrial Recovery Act and later Agricultural Adjustment Act, mark- ing beginning of Federal aid in eco- nomic recovery program. Aug. 31. Tobacco growers, meeting in Raleigh, protest low prices; Gov- ernor Ehringhaus orders all ware- houses in State closed; within two 91 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW weeks 95 percent of flue-cured growers sign to reduce 1934 acreage; markets reopen with higher prices. Penderlea Farms (Pender County) selected by Federal Government for subsistence homesteads project; Re- settlement Administration later pro- vides homes and farms for 194 fam- ilies on 10,000-acre tract. Sept. 13. Hurricane inflicts heavy damage on coast; New Bern severest sufferer. Nov. 7. Drys win 175,000 majority in State referendum on repeal of 18th amendment. State assumes financing of entire public school system on basis of eight-months term; revenue raised by 3 percent general sales tax. 1934 Jan. Plant for extraction of bromine from sea water begins operation near Wilmington. Jan. 31. Gold dollar weight reduced by Congress to 15 5-21 grains, 9-10 fine. Gold mining resumed at sev- eral points in Piedmont. July. Cattle from Western States drought area being "boarded" on North Carolina farms. Sept. 3. About 100 textile mills close as workers join nation-wide walkout. Sept. 11. 28 companies of National Guard troops on strike duty. Sept. 23. Textile workers call off strike in response to President Roose- velt's appeal; many remain idle as lockouts succeed strikes. Croatan and Uharie National Forests established. Nov. 12. Blue Ridge Parkway, con- necting Shenandoah Park in Virginia with Great Smoky Mountains Na- 82 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW tional Park in North Carolina-Ten- nessee, authorized. 1935 Jan. 22. William Dudley Pelley, "Silver Shirt" leader, and aide con- victed in Asheville of illegal sale of securities; given suspended prison sentences and fined. Feb. 4. "Walkathons," currently popular in State, and other forms of human endurance contests out- lawed by act of assembly. Apr. 8. Works Relief Bill signed by President Roosevelt. During ensuing years North Carolina shares in pro- gram of public works, agricultural aid and various relief and construc- tion projects. May 4. Lethal gas substituted for electrocution in executions for capital crimes, by act of assembly. May 11. "Pasquotank Act," grant- ing local option on sale of intoxi- cating beverages, enacted by assem- bly. Motor vehicle drivers' license lav/ enacted. June 26. National Youth Adminis- tration established; during ensuing years program of training and part- time jobs provided for many thou- sands of young men and women m State. July 2. First county-operated liquor store opens in Wilson; subsequently 17 counties, all in eastern half of State, establish liquor stores. Nov. 16. State resumes operation of Atlantic & North Carolina Railway (Beaufort to Goldsboro). Farm income rises to over $300,000,- 000, more than doubling since 1932; cotton sells at 11% cents a pound, crop value, $41,000,000. 93 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1936 Principal religious denominations: Baptist bodies, 3,412 churches, 566,- 907 members; Methodist bodies, 2,119 churches, 406,558 members; Presby- terians, 684 churches, 95,475 mem- bers; Episcopalians, 217 churches, 26,673 members. Mar. 8. Intracoastal Waterway com- pleted. Apr. 2. Tornado at Greensboro causes 13 deaths, injury of 144 per- sons, property damage of $2,250,000. Dec. 16. Special session of assembly adjourns after enacting Unemploy- ment Compensation Act, Old-Age Pension law and creating State Un- employment Compensation Commis- sion. Rural roads, 58,232 miles; primary system, 10,875 miles, of which 10,- 124 miles are surfaced. 888,775 pupils enrolled in public schools. 1937 Jan. 7. Clyde Hoey (Democrat), governor. Feb. 18. State-wide county option liquor bill ratified, ending 28 years of State prohibition. Bill to provide free basal textbooks for elementary school children en- acted by assembly. July 1. State labor law in effect, fixes maximum nine-hour day, 48- hour week for women, 10-hour day, 55-hour week for men, with many exceptions however; affects aboui 200,000 workers. Child labor law in effect: prohibits employment of children under 16 in all manufacturing and many other occupations defined as hazardous; re- strictions placed on employment of 94 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW minors under 18. July 4. First performance at re- constructed Fort Raleigh (Roanoke Island) of Lost Colony drama, writ- ten by Paul Green;, since repeated daily during summer months. July 31. State treasury has $5,231,- 300 surplus, largest in its history uo to this time Aug. 17. Cape Hatteras National Seashore established. Dec. 18. Smith Reynolds Foundation for combatting venereal diseases, an- nounced. Dec. 18. First jury show of North Carolina Professional Artists' Club held at Chapel Hill with 39 artists participating. 1,009 motor vehicle fatalities during year. 2,896 manufacturing establishments, 258,771 wage-earners; value of prod- ucts, $1,384,737,686; value added by manufacture, $475,834,443. 1938 July. Youth hostels opened in Pis- gah National Forest near Asheville. North Carolina ranks third among States in value of agricultural crops, total $183,810,000. Tobacco acreage exceeds cotton acreage for first time in nearly half century, and poundage, 811,675,000, is largest amount of to- bacco ever raised in any State; value $116,675,000. Cotton acreage lowest since 1877: 857,000 acres, 388,000 bales, value $16,931,000, 8.72 cents per pound. First State-sponsored birth-control clinics in U. S. opened by N. C. De- partment of Health in collaboration with local health authorities. 537,242 motor vehicles registered. 95 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW 1939 May 7. Military and political alliance between Germany and Italy an- nounced. Aug. Ecusta Corporation begins manufacture of cigarette paper near Brevard. Sept. German invasion of Poland marks beginning of second World War. Value of manufactured products, $1,421,329,758 (increase over 1937, $36,581,912); principal products: cigarettes, $532,439,765; cotton thread, yarn, knitted cloth, garments, $347,093,442; hosiery, $53,611,055, rayon woven goods, $52,716,278: furniture, $40,681,812. Value of 12 principal farm crops, $225,344,000; tobacco, $123,868,000, corn, $33,661,000; cotton, $21,780,- 000; tame hay, $13,973,000; peanuts, $10,174,000. Value of truck crops, $3,262,000. 1940 Pop., 3,571,623; rank, 11th; 974,175 urban; 2,597,448 rural. Principal cities: Charlotte, 100,899; Winston-Salem, 79,815; Durham, 60,- 195; Greensboro, 59,319; Asheville, 51,310; Raleigh, 46,897; High Point, 38,495; Wilmington, 33,407. Jan. 26. Cold wave hits State; offi- cial reading at Cullowhee, -18F. Jan. 30. Hiwassee Dam, TVA recla- mation power project (Cherokee County), completed. Apr. 1. 18,845,338 acres in 278,276 farms, average size 67.7 acres; com- pared with 1910: 22,439,129 acres in 253,725 farms, average size 88.4 acres. June 18. Salary differentials be- 96 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW tween white and Negro teachers in North Carolina and other Southern States held discriminatory and un- constitutional by United States Circuit Court of Appeals at Char- lotte, N. C. June 22. Congress enacts National Defense Bill. July. First Federal low-cost hous- ing project (for Negroes) in State completed in Wilmington. Aug. 13-14, 29-31. Flooded rivers cause heavy damage in five South- eastern States; in North Carolina 25 drowned, scores injured, hun- dreds homeless; property damage in excess of $5,000,000. Sept. 2. President Roosevelt dedi- cates Great Smoky Mountains Na- tional Park. Oct. 16. Shipping on Tar River to Greenville resumed after lapse of half century, result of United States Government improvements. Oct. 17. United States Coast Guard air base at Elizabeth City dedi- cated. Oct. 17. North Carolina's draft quota under Selective Service and Train- ing Act 15,613 men by June 15, 1941; North Carolina registrants total 448,283. Under control program, tobacco crop is 506,820,000 pounds, 38 percent less than in 1939; 511,800 acres compared with 864,100 acres in 1939. Cotton, 833,000 acres, 740,000 bales, value $35,150,000; 62 percent in- crease in production over 1939. Dec. 669,259 motor vehicles reg- istered. 1941 Jan. 1. 408 motion picture theatres 97 HOW NORTH CAROLINA GREW with 178,264 seats operating in State. Jan. 9. J. Melville Broughton (Dem- ocrat), governor. Jan. 27. Congressional districts in State increased from 11 to 12 by act of assembly as result of population gain. Feb. Teachers' and State employees' retirement pension system created by assembly. Another act provides for gradual extension of public school system to include 12 instead of 11 grades. Mar. 26. State bank resources $478,- 258,225; all-time high. Apr. 21. United States Army Air Base (Douglas Field) at Charlotte, dedicated. Fort Bragg greatly enlarged; Coast Artillery anti-aircraft firing center (Camp Davis) established at Holly Ridge; Marine Corps base in Onslow County established. North Carolina has 48 airports, four regular airlines. June 7. State's revised quota under selective service program, 69,804 men, of which 35,161 are already in service. June 26. On 6th anniversary of establishment of National Youth Ad- ministration, 475 projects being oper- ated in State; resident training cen- ters established; in past 12 months 25,000 given part-time jobs and an- other 13,000 given jobs to aid in con- tinuing their education. 98 V