.W JMoGte#/ 
 
 iMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION 
 
 IN 1889. 
 
 BY 
 
 .■ V" / 
 
 THOMAS WILSON, 
 
 Curator , Department of Prehistoric Anthropology. 
 
 
 From the Report of the National Museum for 1890, pages 641-680 
 (with Plates CLVII CLXIII). 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION 
 
 IN 1889. 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS WILSON, 
 
 Curator , Department of Prehistoric Anthropology. 
 
 From the Report of the National Museum for 1890, pages 641-680 
 (with Plates CLVII-CLXI 1 I). 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1892 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2019 with funding from 
 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 
 
 https://archive.org/details/anthropologyatpaOOwils 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889, 
 
 By Thomas Wilson. 
 
 At the Exposition of 18G7 in Paris there was little or no attempt to 
 represent the science of anthropology. At the Exposition of 1878, 
 however, an effort was made. M. Gabriel de Mortillet was director and 
 the preparation of the display was given into his charge. A modest 
 building was erected in the garden of the Trocadero Palace which was 
 called the building of anthropology. The minister of commerce and 
 agriculture took up the matter and lent his aid and confidence, and a 
 creditable display was made. It was small, but quite complete and 
 made a fair presentation of prehistoric anthropology. The societies 
 and amateur collectors throughout France responded nobly to his ap¬ 
 peal. 1 remember the elegant display made by Mr. Sender, of the city 
 of Nantes, who transferred his entire Scandinavian collection to Paris 
 for use in this exposition. 
 
 But it was reserved for the Exposition Universelle of 1889 to make 
 the grand display in regard to anthropology and its kindred sciences. 
 Three exhibits were made. They were not the same, and one tended 
 largely to supplement the other, making them, when taken in connec¬ 
 tion, a most elaborate, wonderful, and complete display. 
 
 The most extensive of the three was that under the direction of the 
 minister of agriculture and commerce, and which formed section 1 of 
 the l’Bistoire Retrospectif du Travail. This had Drs. Topinard, Hamy, 
 and M. Cartailhac for its directors and managers. The adjoining dis¬ 
 play was under the supervision of the minister of public instruction, 
 and it had for its director the Societe d’Authropologie of Paris. The 
 third was section 5 of the exposition Retrospective du Travail, consisting 
 solely of prehistoric weapons, and was associated with the exhibit of 
 arms in the building of the department of war on the Champ de Mars. 
 
 The French people or Government in all former expositions had made 
 a principal feature of the display called The History of Retrospective 
 Labor (PHistoire Retrospectif du Travail). The Exposition of 1889 was 
 not to be an exception. The grand commission superior of organiza¬ 
 tion had Jules Simon, senateur, a member of the academy, for its presi¬ 
 dent, and twenty-five members which divided the display into five sec¬ 
 tions.. (1) Anthropology and Ethnography ; (2) Liberal Arts; (3) Art 
 
 641 
 
 II. Mis. 129, pt. 2- 
 
 41 
 
642 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 and Trade ; (4) Transportation, and, (5) Military Art. It was assigned 
 the principal nave of the great building devoted to liberal art, or to that 
 half of it north of the rotunda and towards the Seine. 
 
 Section I. —Anthropological Display. 
 
 It is only with the first section that I have to deal at present— 
 the anthropologic sciences and ethnography. This was placed in the 
 hands of a committee and again divided into three portions. Dr. Top- 
 in ard had the principal direction of that portion relating to general an¬ 
 thropology with Dr. Magitot in charge of a subsection of criminal an¬ 
 thropology. M. Oartailhac to archaeology and prehistoric anthropol¬ 
 ogy. M. Hamy to ethnography. This division was one of theory and 
 science more than of practice, for the objects themselves were not thus 
 divided, and these gentlemen acted more as a committee than sepa¬ 
 rately. 
 
 The following was the classification for the division of anthropology, 
 archaeology, and ethnography. 
 
 I.—Anthropology, Under Direction of I)r. Totinard. 
 
 Pieces and specimens of comparative anatomy and embryogeny rela¬ 
 tive to man; casts of the brain; skulls and skeletons, and in their default 
 casts; prehistoric skulls, trepanned skulls, and prehistoric pathologic 
 specimens; casts of busts and typic masks of the living; instruments 
 for physical and physiological observations; instruments of crani¬ 
 ometry and anthropometry ; charts showing the division and character 
 of races; photographs of skulls and of ethnic types; composite pho¬ 
 tography. 
 
 II. —Prehistoric Archaeology, Under Direction of M. Emile Cartailhac of 
 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Material for work and specimens representing the different phases of 
 the fabrication of primitive instruments; chipping, polishing, perfora¬ 
 tion, etc., of objects of stone; work on bone and on the horn of rumi¬ 
 nants; pieces which bear relation to the practice of art, of design, of 
 drawing, etc.; primitive pottery; views and plans or models of hab¬ 
 itations, funeral monuments, antiques, etc.; casting or hammering of 
 metal, bronze, copper, iron ; specimens of molds and objects of metal, 
 cast or hammered; caches of the foudeur; origin of glass, enamel, 
 etc.; terms of comparison borrowed from savage populations—fire 
 making, fabrication of objects of stone, of wood, of bone, of pottery; 
 com parative metall u rgy. 
 
 III. —Ethnography and Classic Archaeology, Under Direction of Dr. Hamy. 
 
 Dr. Hamy was assisted by several oriental travelers and scholars, 
 MM. Maspero, Villefosse, Perrot, Solomon Reinach, and others. Its 
 divisions were as follows : RBC 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889 , 6 43 
 
 Objects relative to tlie history of work in antiquity: Egypt, Assyria, 
 Pkenicia, Greece, the Roman Empire, and particularly Gaul, the ex¬ 
 treme Orient, and the New World ; models, plans, etc., and character¬ 
 istic constructions; sculptures and paintings (originals and copies), 
 reproducing the manual art; scientific apparatus and material for 
 industrial art to the reign of Charlemagne ; specimens representing 
 the different phases of fabrication and collections of characteristic 
 products. 
 
 I. GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 The display of anthropology in general, was marvelous. A resume 
 of it shows that there were 115 busts or entire figures of races; 77 
 pieces or casts of brains; 15 of the hand; 234 human skulls or their 
 casts, of which 48 were prehistoric or very ancient; a considerable 
 number of paintings, charts, etc., these being all furnished by 71 per¬ 
 sons, of which 24 came from foreign countries, among which are named 
 Great Britain, the United States of America, Brazil, Germany, Aus¬ 
 tria, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy. 
 
 On entering the building of Liberal Arts from the side facing 
 the Seine the first object which struck the eye in the section of the 
 Histoire Retrospectif du Travail was a gigantic gilt statue of the Jap¬ 
 anese Buddha—one of the grandest and largest known. It came from 
 the city of Nara, which was in the eighth century the capital of Japan, 
 and one of the great centers of the Buddhist religion. 
 
 a Derriere le Grand Buddha v was the place of rendezvous for all anthro¬ 
 pologists during the Exposition. This was the entrance to the pavilion 
 of anthropological science. To the right of the Grand Buddha were 
 the three skeletons, in their original soil, found by Dr. Riviere in the 
 Grotte of Mentone, near Nice, with whom I had formed an interesting 
 acquaintance during my residence as consul at that point. The earth 
 was cut around the sides and at the bottom so as to lift them without 
 disturbance and then placed on blocks, and thus transported to Paris and 
 are now here displayed. The larger and most important of these skele¬ 
 tons is that at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. None of these have ever 
 been disturbed or taken out of their native soil as found in the caves. 
 
 To the left were casts of the two Bushmen, who had been presented 
 to the Society d’Anthropologic in October of 1886, in my presence. One 
 of the men was afterwards cast in full life. He died one month after 
 the casts were taken. 
 
 On the outside of the pavilion, to the right and left, respectively, of 
 the Grand Buddha, were the two cases containing the objects from the 
 United States transported to Paris by me. When the various con¬ 
 gresses were in session during the Exposition and the members visited 
 the anthropological section of the Exposition each exponent was ex¬ 
 pected to be at his respective place to show his objects, to make such 
 explanations as might be needed, and answer such questions as might 
 be put. I spent the principal or a large part of the time during the 
 
644 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 weeks of the meeting of the Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology 
 engaged in this and similar duties. 
 
 Entering the pavilion we come at once to the subject of anthropol¬ 
 ogy and the anthropological sciences. Dr. Topinard attended on every 
 other day, at 10 o’clock in the morning, to give instructions and answer 
 questions. The public were invited to be present at the conferences, 
 and they were attractive and interesting as well as instructive. 
 
 In the entrance to this pavilion was the exhibit of Mr. Carl Lum- 
 holtz, the Norwegian traveler and anthropological investigator in Aus¬ 
 tralia and among the Australians. His display consisted of Indian 
 relics from the mounds of Ohio and Minnesota. 
 
 Possibly no better understanding could be given of the science of 
 anthropology, as it is taught in France, than by a description of the 
 charts and tables displayed by Dr. Topinard and used by him before 
 the l5eole d’Anthropologie. The following were displayed: 
 
 (1) Place of anthropology in science. 
 
 (2) Place of man in the classification of mammals. 
 
 (3) Genealogical tree of the animals up to man, according to Lamarck. 
 
 (4) The distance of man from the anthropoides as determined by the 
 weight of the brain and capacity of the skull. 
 
 (5) Composite sterographic representation of different races. 
 
 (6) An example of the variation of character in a single human group, 
 taken from measurements of the cephalic index of 1,000 Parisians. 
 
 (7) The average weight of brain of man in his ordinary condition but 
 at different periods of his life. 
 
 (8) The same, divided the same way, of men in peculiarly good con¬ 
 dition, as of professional men, those of leisure, etc. The excess over 
 the former is 10 per cent. 
 
 (9) The same of woman. The difference against woman when com¬ 
 pared with the ordinary man is 4 per cent. 
 
 (10) The curved lines representing the average variation of the weight 
 of the brain in man from 15 years of age until his death. Average 
 taken from 1,551 cases. 
 
 (11) Classification of the cephalic index by units and also by 5 units, 
 according to the quinary nomenclature. 
 
 A series of anthropologic charts, sixteen in number, forming a single 
 work, relative to the color of eyes and hair of persons in France, and 
 giving full statistics. 
 
 There were the same kind of charts prepared by other persons. Drs. 
 Collineau, Bertholon, and Lelarge, gave the division and classifica¬ 
 tion for France, Tunis, and Corsica, showing the index cephalic, the 
 nasal index, the height according to departments and given localities. 
 All these showed the extremes as well as the average of each charac¬ 
 teristic. 
 
 There was a chart of the same kind, showing the divisions of the 
 Berber race in Tunis, 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARTS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 
 
 645 
 
 There were similar charts and statistics relating to Germany, by Dr. 
 Schaafi'hausen, of the University of Bonn; of A. B. Meyer, of Dresden. 
 Prof. Virchow presented his great chart on the color of the eyes, hair, 
 and skin of 2,000,000 of school children in Germany, taken during the 
 year 1875, showing the percentage of blonds, of brunettes, of brown 
 eyes to blue eyes, of brown hair to blond hair, and of gray eyes to light 
 eyes. 
 
 There were also anthropologic charts from the British Islands,show¬ 
 ing practically the same classifications, prepared by Dr. John Beddoe, of 
 Bristol, England. 
 
 The same for Norway, by C. Arbo ; of Switzerland, by Dr. Kollman. 
 
 Also ethnographic charts of Caucasus, by Monsieur Emil Chantre; of 
 south oriental Europe and of Dobrusha, by M. A. Bosny; of Asia, by M. 
 Deniker, librarian at the Museum of Natural History, Paris, together 
 with his proposed classifications of the human race based ou their 
 affinities and anthropologic characters. He groups the people of Asia 
 into twenty-six grand divisions, and these again, according to locality, 
 into two hundred peoples or tribes. 
 
 The two systems of representation were shown, that of Drs. Topinard 
 and Beddoe, and the other that of Professor Virchow. The first was 
 represented by the charts of Beddoe, Bertillou, Collineau, Arno, Arbo, 
 and the other by the charts of Virchow and Kollman. In the first, adults 
 only were reported ; in the second, children. 
 
 The prehistoric skulls or their casts on exhibition numbered forty- 
 eight. Among these were all the principal ones, or their duplicates, 
 Neanderthal, Olmo, Canstadt, Brux, Mentone, Solutre, Cro-Magnon, 
 Langerie Basse, Spy, etc. 
 
 Those from Spy were taken from their pedestals and exhibited by 
 their discoverers before the congress of anthropology, and the necessary 
 descriptions were given. 
 
 Monsieur Tramont exhibited a series of comparative anatomy of verte¬ 
 brate animals, consisting of thirteen skeletons. They were arranged to 
 show the relationship between man and these animals, and, beginning 
 with the higher and going downward, they were, a man, a chimpanzee, 
 an ourang, a monkey of the ancient continent, one of the new conti¬ 
 nent, a limure,abat, a lion, a kangaroo, a reptile, and two fish. Along 
 with it was another series of five pieces showing the evolution of the 
 brain from the fish to the man. The same of the foot and hand, show¬ 
 ing the series from man down—five pieces. Another of the brain rep¬ 
 resented by tweuty-six pieces, ten of which showed the structure of 
 the brain, two its exterior part, and eleven its convolutions. Dr. Capi- 
 tan presented an exceedingly interesting series relating to prehistoric 
 trepanation. There were a number of prehistoric skulls bearing evi¬ 
 dences of trepanation; one, a human, bore upon its right side a deep 
 circular groove, from which the circular piece was intended to be taken 
 out; another, a modern human skull, in which the processes ot pro- 
 
646 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 historic trepanation in its various stages were shown ; the cut was 
 made deep, then slighter, a portion of the rondelle taken out, and, 
 finally, the entire piece. This operation was performed by Dr. Capi- 
 tan to show how it might have been done in prehistoric times. The 
 implements with which it was performed were all laid by the side 
 of the skull. They were the knives and scrapers of sharp flint, pieces 
 of wood and bone to support them, and by which the trepanned piece 
 could be lifted out. 
 
 There were also skulls of dogs, one of which had been trepanned after 
 death, another which had been trepanned during life, and lived three 
 weeks. Again another which had the same operation performed and 
 lived six mouths; another, six weeks. These dogs had all been cured 
 of the operation and were in a situation to live as long as they might. 
 They were then killed for the purpose of obtaining the information 
 concerning the operation. The results were such as to show that the 
 implements and instruments used produced a trepanation identical with 
 those observed upon prehistoric skulls. 
 
 This display of Dr. Capitan would have warmed the hearts of our 
 doctors at the Army Medical Museum if they could but have seen it. 
 
 it was supplemented and made much more interesting by nearly all 
 the genuine and original trepanned skulls from France. 
 
 It goes without saying that this exposition was filled with all the 
 necessary descriptive charts and casts, colored plates, characteristic 
 subjects for study of anatomy and the human form, but they can not be 
 mentioned here. There were extensive representations of the races and 
 peoples of the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. 
 
 Complete series of instruments of craniometry and anthropometry 
 were exhibited ; those by Mathien, Collen, Tramont, Molteni, Colas, and 
 Mr. Francis Galton, of Great Britain; also those by Dr. Gillet de 
 Grandmont by Hamy of the Ethnographic Musee of the Trocadero, 
 Demeny ot the College de France, Dr. Luigi Anfosso, and others from 
 Italy, and not to be forgotten was that of Dr. Benedikt of the Univer¬ 
 sity ol Vienna. He has just published a work upon the subject of 
 craniometry. 
 
 It has appeared to me fit in times past to criticise adversely the 
 apathy, it not to say opposition, on the part of some of the people of 
 the United Htates to the science of anthropometry. Anthropometry 
 and craniology may not have been able to classify the races of men in 
 either a perfect or approved manner, and so some of our anthropolo¬ 
 gists have been led to oppose it; but it is of such benefit and impor¬ 
 tance as that it ought not to be overlooked nor fall into disuse. I may 
 be excused il I give a list of some of the instruments used for this pur¬ 
 pose. I take the exhibit of Mr. Francis Galton. He has described his 
 system and his instruments in the Journal of the Anthropological In¬ 
 stitute, and I shall not repeat it. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 64 ? 
 
 I. Spirometre to measure the capacity of respiration. 
 
 II. Dynamo metre for the hand. 
 
 III. Dynamometre for the arm. 
 
 TV. A series of colored wools to be used in testing the candidates iu 
 color-blindness. 
 
 Y. A rule to determine the individual aptitude to measure and divide 
 distances, to divide angles. Another to test the aptitude or capacity 
 for judging of weight. 
 
 IX, X and XI. To test the capacity of the ear to detect differences 
 iu sound. 
 
 XII. An apparatus to measure an interval, and the difference in its 
 detection between the eyes and the ear. 
 
 There was to be added to this list other instruments which were not 
 present because of their weight and their not being necessary. The 
 scales, the measure of height, the measure of the length of arm, the 
 compass, and the models for establishing the colors of the eyes and hair. 
 
 With these instruments Mr. Galtou established a laboratory of an¬ 
 thropometry at the health exposition of 1884 at Loudon, and he used a 
 formula of tables on which all these things were entered, and one copy 
 kept and another given to the subject. I have one which I received 
 from his laboratory on being measured myself, personally, at the Brit¬ 
 ish Association at Newcastle. 
 
 The display of M. Mathieu, a mathematical instrument maker on the 
 Boulevard St. Germain, near to the Eeole de Medicine, are those made 
 after the system of Broca. The compass for measuring thicknesses 
 having small balls upon the end, and the graduating arm markiug 
 millimetres; a sliding compass marked in the same way; divers gouio* 
 metres ; a craniostat, with its needles for measuring orbits ; the endo- 
 metre; the crochet occipital, and all the tropometre, the apparatus for 
 taking the cubic contents of skulls. 
 
 Let no one think that even with all this apparatus he can measure 
 skulls with accuracy or certainty until after he shall have had suffi¬ 
 cient practice and instruction. I served in the Laboratoire d’Anthro- 
 pologie, at Paris, practising upon the same skull for two weeks, the 
 afternoon of each day, before I obtained sufficient degree of manipula¬ 
 tion to be able to measure the same skull two times alike. 
 
 The apparatus in use in the police department by Alphonse Bertillon 
 was also displayed by their maker, M. Colas. They consisted of (1) 
 scale for measuring the height, standing; (1!) scale for measuring the 
 height, sitting; (3) scale for measuring the outstretched arm ; (4) the 
 compass of M. Bertillon, (5) the sliding compass to measure the elbow, 
 length of the foot, palm of the hand ; (6) small compass to measure the 
 fingers and the ears. 
 
 The display of anthropometric instruments made by Dr. Topinard 
 was more interesting as an illustrated history of the science than for 
 actual use. He exhibited various kinds, the earliest ones that were 
 
648 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 used, their changes, their improvements, etc.; the different methods ot 
 measuring skulls—that employed by MM. Kanke, Tlianu, Holder, Vir- 
 chow, and, of course, Broca. 
 
 Dr. flamy exhibited a set of anthropometric instruments packed for 
 transportation. They were intended for travelers and to be used in 
 measuring the living person, usually the savage among whom the trav¬ 
 eler might pass. They consisted of the various compasses, the meas¬ 
 ures, etc., together with the tables that were to be used in transcribing 
 them. 
 
 The Government of Denmark made a special exhibit at its own ex¬ 
 pense with its own officers in charge, working, of course, under the 
 direction of the committee. 
 
 There was an extensive exhibit from Italy, but it pertained more to 
 
 anthropology pure and simple, and its relation to crime. 
 
 Belgium was well represented, and her museums and societies and 
 amateur collectors lent their objects quite freely and made an elaborate 
 and extensive display, comprising the great discoveries of MM. Fraipont 
 and Lohest in the Grotte de Spy relating to the paleolithic period. 
 
 Dr. Cunningham, from the medical college of the Dublin University, 
 made a presentation of twenty pieces prepared by his process of freez¬ 
 ing, similar to those now shown in the Army Medical Museum. 
 
 Probably the most important, the most unique and valuable contri¬ 
 bution in relation to American prehistoric anthropology, was that 
 made by the National Museum of Bio Janeiro, Brazil. It consisted of 
 9 skulls of prehistoric men, the chief among which was that of Lagoa 
 Santa which was discovered now 15 or more years by Lund during his 
 residence in that country, taken by him to Copenhagen, and lately pub¬ 
 lished by Dr. Soren Hansen. Other prehistoric skulls of the same 
 country and part of the same exposition were those from the shell heaps 
 of Parama, St. Catharine, etc. 
 
 The prehistoric man of Caucasus was represented by the collection of 
 Monsieur Chantre, who has made such studies in that couuutry, the re¬ 
 sults of which have been lately published in his extensive work. 
 
 The collection of M. H. H. Bisley, director of the ethnographic service 
 of Bengal, comprised about six hundred objects and gave as complete a 
 representation of ethnography in India as was possible. 
 
 There were casts of fourteen skulls of Indians from North America. 
 They were all of prisoners in Florida, and the casts were sent by the 
 Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 FRANCE—PALEOLITHIC PERIOD. 
 
 A 
 
 This division was under the special charge of M. Cartailhac. It was 
 airanged b\ him, and was intended to be as complete an exposition of 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 6 49 
 
 tlieir own country, France, as it was possible to make. M. Cartailhac 
 classified it as follows : 
 
 The first period of the paleolithic age, the alluvium ; the second 
 period of the paleolithic age, the caverns; the neolithic period; the 
 age of metal, which he divided into Celtic and Gauloise periods, which 
 brought it to the historic period, and there his display ended. The 
 historical career of France was taken up in another section. 
 
 The display of prehistoric archeology was more extensive than one 
 would suppose from the meager description I have been able to give. 
 There were no less than eighty-five cases, tables, shelves, etc. All the 
 epochs mentioned in the description were here displayed. They were 
 divided among the paleolithic, neolithic, and bronze ages, though these 
 were not in all cases kept separate, it being found impracticable to 
 make the classification and divide the collection of each contributor. 
 Making the rudest attempt at classification, I give the following : 
 
 TERTIARY. 
 
 [Collections of the Arctueologic Society of Vendotue. M. Ad. Arcelin, Macon.] 
 
 PALEOLITHIC. 
 
 Collections of— 
 
 MM. Cnnisset-Carnot, l)ijon. 
 
 M. E. Cartailhac, Toulouse. 
 
 M. Marcellin Bonle, Aurillac. 
 
 M. E. Collin, Chelles. 
 
 M. A. Nicaise, Chelles, Marne, Yonne, Aube, Moustier. 
 
 M. Elie Massenat, Correze, Dordogne. 
 
 M. Vauville, Cceuvres, Roche-Bertier, Charente. 
 
 * 
 
 Madame Capitan, Vienne—Surface. 
 
 M. Lejeuue, Pas-de-Calais. 
 
 M. Abbe Maillard, VErve. 
 
 M. Maurice Feaux, Dordogne. 
 
 M. Michel Hardy, Jean le Blanc, Bruniquel, Badegoule. 
 
 M. Paiguon, Montgandier. 
 
 M. J. St. Venant, Jussy-Champagne, Cher. 
 
 M. Cau-Durban, Hante-Garonne, Grotto de Forges near Bruniquel. 
 Viscount de Lastic, Tarn-et-Garouue. 
 
 M. Paysant, Grotte de Reilhac, Rossiguol. 
 
 M. Judge Piette, Mas d’Azil, Grotte Duruthy. 
 
 Several of these collections of paleolithic implements were from the 
 surface, notably those oi M. Cartailhac and Madame Capitan. Moie 
 than one-half of them contain objects engraved or sculptured. The 
 principal were those of Judge Piette, M. Massenat, Maurice Feaux, 
 Michel Hardy, M. Paiguon, M. Cau Durban, M. Paysant, and Viscount 
 
 de Lastic. 
 
 lean do no better in giving a description of this section of prehistoric 
 archeology than to take a portion of M. Cartailhac’s carefully digested 
 and closely written introduction. He says : 
 
 The paleolithic period having endured for a long time, presents itself to us with 
 various and successive aspects. The objects of industry, the most ancient of all Eu- 
 
650 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 rope, are shown iii the alluvium of the great rivers, on the shores of which lived our 
 ancestors, having around them a magnificent fauna. Two species of elephants, two 
 rhinoceros, and other animals that appear to have made their rendezvous from Asia 
 and Africa on the territory of France. Secondary, flora to support the life ot the vari¬ 
 ous animals, which was made possible by warm and rainy climate. The man of this 
 period is known to us, not by his bones, but only by his industry. We have his imple¬ 
 ments of chipped stone. The other matter employed in liis tools and implements for 
 his weapons were perishable, and thus have not left any record. The stone was 
 chosen with care for that kind of work for which it was to be employed. They are, 
 more than anj 7 , the flint, but in certain regions quartz, quartzite, and sandstone. 
 The instruments have been made by chipping, and sometimes the first flakes were 
 used and sometimes the block itself. They were sharpened on their edges and points 
 by retouching, sometimes by shock and sometimes by pressure. It is not possible to 
 distinguish the arms from the tools. The specimens vary much in form, size, and in 
 the finish. Some of them are fashioned with art and delicacy. 
 
 This extremely interesting civilization reigned in a great part of the world. Its 
 vestiges are found in eastern Europe, in the north and south of Africa, in India, in 
 the United States. The history of the actual savage resembles it in many degrees. 
 
 The second period of the paleolithic age was that of the caverns. The climate be¬ 
 came modified, dry and cold. The animals who could not live without heat disap¬ 
 peared. But, on the other hand, we find an abundance of those who remain have 
 retired heretofore towards the colder regions. These are the blue fox, the arctic hare, 
 the reindeer, and on our elevated plateaus the mountain goat, the chamois, and also 
 the siaga or antelope. The plauts are recognized as the species which to-day live 
 within the polar circle. The glaciers before and at sundry times have descended or 
 did descend to the plains, and covering to a large extent the valley, now extended 
 amongst the mountains of their actual neighborhood. 
 
 It was during this epoch that Europe became separated from the American conti¬ 
 nent on the one side and with the British islands on the other. The industry is 
 slowly transformed, and it was at first very like that of the period which had just 
 passed. Then new forms appear. The stones, which until then were chipped on both 
 their faces, were replaced by the flakes detached from the nuclei. One face of these 
 flake's remains smooth aud untouched, while the other faco was retouched with care, 
 and thus the implement is brought to an edge and point. These points could have 
 served for spearheads or something similar. Other productions were rather tools, 
 and they are called scrapers or racloirs, such as resemble the instruments of the same 
 kind utilized by savages of the present day, like those of the Eskimo. 
 
 Later still the working of this stone took a marvelous development. The tools are 
 easily distinguished from the weapons. These latter are the spears, lances, or arrow¬ 
 heads made of the flake or blades of flint, often large and long, retouched and chis¬ 
 eled with great care on both their faces. The tools, in general of small dimensions, 
 were already of great variety. The flakes detached from the nuclei and then re¬ 
 touched became saws, gravers, piercers or perforators, grattoirs or scrapers, and the 
 bones of all the auimals were utilized in the same way for the same purpose. In the 
 habitation or resting place of the prehistoric people of this epoch thousands of these 
 pieces of flint and of these worked bones are found. The bones, which serve to make 
 the ornaments, pendants, harpoons, arrowheads, needles, and a mass of objects which 
 we can not always recognize the purpose even with all the aids of all peoples who 
 are now in the same level of civilization. 
 
 The shells came from the ocean or the Mediterranean. The rock aud the silex or 
 flint were brought from distant beds, testimony of their commercial relations of long 
 voyages whether in pursuit or avoidance of savage tribes or in search of better ter¬ 
 ritories for game. Our ancestors frequented aud inhabited the caverns or the rock 
 shelters on the borders of rivers which furnished abundance of fish. They do uot 
 appear to have known any domestic auimals in this epoch. The reindeer and the 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARTS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 651 
 
 horse were wild. The ox tribe was represented by the anroch or bison of Europe, and 
 the urns. The domestic dog did uot then exist. 
 
 No traces of cereals have ever been met with, nor any grinding or pounding instru¬ 
 ments, like a mortar or grinding stone, which justifies the belief that agriculture was in 
 progress. Nor was pottery yet in use. This civilization to which they have given the 
 name of the age of the reindeer was the artistic one par excellence of all prehistoric 
 ages. There was an efflorescence of art without precedent. For the tirst time man drew, 
 engraved, and sculptured living things with which he was surrounded, and brought 
 them out with an aesthetic taste truly astonishing. The hunters of the reindeer had 
 some regard for their dead. They did not yet construct a cemetery, nor did they yet 
 inter the bodies. But they often placed their dead in the grotto and cavern which 
 they occupied, in the ashes of their hearthstone, in the middle of all the debris of 
 their kitchens or industries, nor did they quit their habitations in this grotto for this 
 reason. The dead, in some cases at least, were the objects of particular care. After 
 the disappearance of the flesh the skeleton was covered with red powder, and we And 
 it many times ornamented in what would correspond to difl'ereut parts of the costume, 
 with marine shells, amulets, the teeth of animals. 
 
 The majority of the men of this period belong to the race which have been called 
 Cro-Magnon. There was another with savage aspect, called race of Canstadt or Spy, 
 the name of the localities where the industries have been the best characterized. The 
 stations in France in which these industries have her u found number more than one 
 hundred, and there are many others iu neighboring countries which show the same 
 civilization and have evidently belonged to the same epoch. There is as yet no 
 natural phenomena which has been taken for a chrouometer, or which has been able 
 to furnish dates by which we can determine the antiquity of these two ages of stone. 
 
 M. Georges Perrat, member of the Institute of Paris, says that hu¬ 
 manity has not even the faintest idea of these two ages. All our studies 
 have not even pierced the darkness. We are lost in the night of our 
 ignorance, and all our studies have uot taken us over the threshold of 
 that night. 
 
 I will not extend this further. I trust enough has been said to dem¬ 
 onstrate the extent and importance of the anthropologic display at 
 this exposition, and to show the importance with which the science is 
 regarded by the savants of France and its adjoining countries. Pro¬ 
 fessor Mason was quite right when he said, as he did iu his paper read 
 before the Anthropolical Society ot Washington, and published in the 
 “Anthropologist, 77 that the opportunities to study the natural history of 
 man in Paris during the exposition were unparalleled, and that at any 
 time the French capital affords rare advantages to the anthropologist. 
 
 POLISHED STONE AND BRONZE. 
 
 Collections of 
 MM. Emile Tate, Aisne. 
 
 Capitau. 
 
 Leou Cabiugt, Seine Inferior. 
 Judge Piette. 
 detriment Rubbens. 
 Valentine Smith. 
 
 Cartailhac. 
 
 Pitre de Lisle, Brittany. 
 Chauvet, Ckarente. 
 
 Dr. Berchon, Madoc. 
 
652 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 Dr. Lecocq, Normandy. 
 
 Massenat, Lot and Correze. 
 
 Lemire. 
 
 Eugene Piketty. 
 
 Earnest Ckantre, Koban, Caucasus. 
 
 B. Tornier, Hautes Alpes. 
 
 Can-Durban, Saint-Girons. 
 
 Collin, Seine-et Oise. 
 
 A magnificent collection was that of Mr. Frederic Moreau, filling 
 nineteen cases and comprising every arcbgeological epoch and period of 
 France. They are principally his own discoveries, and he has pub¬ 
 lished each year for many years a report of his work and a description 
 of the objects found, the latter in the form of an album with beautiful 
 chrorno lithographic illustrations. 
 
 FRANCE—NEOLITHIC PERIOD. 
 
 To the cold and dryness of the climate of the epoch of the reindeer 
 succeeded the climate of the present time, though at first more humid 
 than to-day. There was no more rhinoceros, nor elephant, nor the 
 great cave bear, which are now extinct species, nor the reindeer, nor 
 the animals which had been cold-blooded, for they had all emigrated 
 toward the north. The wild animals at the commencement of the neo¬ 
 lithic period seem to have been those of the present time, though more 
 numerous than now. Animals became domesticated; the dog was the 
 first, and probably after him the horse. The cultivated plants showed 
 themselves at the same time, though probably in succession and not 
 always the same variety that we now possess. Flax was utilized, but 
 not hemp. The industry indicates to us with what slowness civiliza¬ 
 tion has evolved. Man lived not iu the cavern, but only just outside. 
 
 The civilization of the neolithic period is characterized principally by 
 the polished stone hatchet. This implement has become so abundant 
 that many communities have counted them by the thousand. Ethnog¬ 
 raphy has taught us that the use of these implements was much 
 
 varied. Sometimes it was an arm, sometimes a sign of the chief, some¬ 
 times a cutting tool, and sometimes an instrument to dig in the earth. 
 We have discovered the different systems of the handling of these 
 hatchets and their different destinations. They were made of the 
 local rock and the form varied slightly according to their region. The 
 same observation is true of all contemporaneous objects. This differ¬ 
 ence in these tools and in the objects of their industry would tend to 
 show that there were distinct groups in the population of France at 
 this epoch. It is doubtless true that there are found a number of varia¬ 
 tions in arms, tools, ornaments, and implements, which on examination 
 
 as to material, etc., prove to be foreign to the country, and are there¬ 
 fore believed to furnish proof of foreign commercial relations. There 
 were quarries and workshops of flint which seem to have been made 
 for exportation, notably that of Grand Pressigny in the Vienne, Men- 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 653 
 
 don, on the Marne, near Paris, also in Aveyron. In all these they had 
 mines ot Hint, with wells and long and deep galleries for exploring them. 
 Bone, stone, and wood were worked with talent and for Yarious desti¬ 
 nations. The pottery became in extensive use. 
 
 The Swiss lakes have preserved pieces of textile fabrics from which 
 they can be easily reproduced. This civilization compares with that of 
 the natives of the Polynesian Islands. 
 
 The man of that period had the idea to build his habitation above 
 the water, and each lake has preserved at its center and in its bottom 
 the ruins and cumulation of debris which has furnished the most com¬ 
 plete information. 
 
 The lake dwellings constructed on piles firmly driven into the bottom, 
 were agglomerations of huts or cabins which did not differ very much 
 from those which later were the habitations of the Gaulois. The coast 
 was well inhabited. Each shore bears an enormous accumulation of 
 shells, principally of oysters, in the midst of which we now find well- 
 preserved worked objects, sometimes of flint, sometimes of horn, bone 
 or shell. These shell-heaps are probably the earliest human habitation 
 of the neolithic period. 
 
 There has never been found a picture or engraving of a human figure 
 in this stage, except a possibly human representation sculptured in 
 relief on the sides of one of the grottoes in the Marne, and something 
 of the same kind on several dolmens in Normandy and Provence. The 
 neolithic human races were much varied and mixed. No one has been 
 able to determine any relation between any one of them and the mon¬ 
 uments which belonged to the same age. 
 
 The names given by M. Cartailhac to the periods in the prehistoric 
 history of France subsequent to the neolithic and before the historic 
 period, were the Celtic and Gauloise periods. They correspond with 
 the ages of bronze and iron. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OE SPECIAL EXHIBITS. 
 
 Probably the most interesting and instructive collection displayed 
 under the head of prehistoric anthropology and archaeology, certainly 
 that which attracted the most attention, was the reconstruction ol the 
 families of men of the different prehistoric races. The figures were 
 life size and reproduced after the most accurate study. 1 fie greatest 
 care was used in the details of the anatomy, the industry, the costume, 
 and surroundings. They were the combined work ot scientists and 
 artists the most capable, and all that the anthropologist, ethnologist, 
 anatomist, and artist sculptor could do was done to make them true 
 and correct representations. One group represented the chelleeu epocli 
 or the age of the mammoth, or alluvium, and this was called the fiist 
 industry. The second represented the cavern period, or the age ol the 
 reindeer, and was called the first artist. The tliird represented the 
 neolithic period, or the age of polished stone. It was the first con- 
 
654 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 structor. The fourth was a bronze foundry and represented the first 
 metallurgist. Each one of these occupied its respective corner in the 
 interior court of prehistoric anthropology. 
 
 In the center was a group representing the tent and encampment of 
 the Samoiedes from northern Russia with their outfit of reindeer, etc. 
 This was intended to represent the age of the reindeer of modern times. 
 
 Two other groups occupied places in the same court. One represented 
 the age of iron of primitive times and was taken from a group of Soudan 
 blacksmiths 5 the other was a group of Aztecs making paper of agave 
 plant. The latter was made from models furnished to the Trocadero 
 Museum by the Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 These were the work of M. Jules Hebert, the artist modeler of the 
 Trocadero Museum, done under the direction of Dr. Hamy, conserva- 
 teur of that museum. The principal groups will be described. 
 
 Grout 1 .—Paleolithic period. Chelleen epoch. 
 
 (Corresponding to the alluvium or age of mammoth.) 
 
 \ 
 
 At the foot of a tree which bent over and spread its branches to fur¬ 
 nish a protection were a man and a woman eugaged in making the rude 
 flint implements of the epoch. (PI. CLVii.) 
 
 The proportions and general forms of the body the cephalic indices 
 and the general morphology of the face are taken from the human crania 
 and bones found in the caverns which have served as habitations for the 
 man of this epoch—Spy, La Naulette, Gourdon—while the flesh and par¬ 
 ticularly the nose, lips, breasts, etc., are reproduced after atavic types, 
 specially observed in Belgium and the neighborhood of Paris. The 
 costume is imaginary, but was patterned after that of the savages of 
 modern times. 
 
 CROur 2 .—Cavern period. 
 
 (Corresponding to the age of reindeer or the solutreen moustierien and madalenien epochs.) 
 
 The scene (PI. olviii) represents a woman and a young man engaged 
 in engraving the reindeer horn, as described in the chapter on prehis¬ 
 toric art. The father of the family has just returned from the chase and 
 carries the hind quarters of a mountain goat, which he has killed. 
 
 The natural portions of the scene are reproductions of the rock shelter 
 at. Laugerie Basse as determined by the discoveries of M. Elie Massauet. 
 The three personages were reconstructed with the aid of the skeletons 
 which had been found almost entire in the caverns of this neighborhood, 
 Laugerie Basse, Cro-Magnon, etc. By their means the anthroplo- 
 gist was able to ftx the proportions of the body and the essential 
 forms of the lace and skull. The soft parts representing flesh, were 
 made after individuals of an apparently similar race, principally the 
 Berbers, of the type of Cro-Magnon. The arms, tools, and implements, 
 were patterned alter original pieces obtained from the caverns of the 
 neighborhood. The disposition ol the hair of the old man, is that of the 
 celebrated engraving on reindeer horn found at Laugerie Basse by M. 
 Massenat and known under the name ol u the man chasing the auroch. ,, 
 Ihe shells which have been pierced and strung, and worn as ornaments 
 
Report of National Museum, 1890.—Wilson. 
 
 Plate CLVII. 
 
 Representation of the Neanderthal or Canstadt Race of Men. 
 
 (The Chellean epoch of the Paleolithic age.) 
 
Report of National Museum, 1890.—Wilson. 
 
 Plate CLVIII. 
 
 Representation of the Cro-Magnon Race of Men. 
 
 (Cavern period of the Paleolithic age.) 
 

ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 6 5 5 
 
 around the head and on the arms and limbs, are placed as they were found 
 by M. Oartailhac on the fossil man at Laugerie. The shells aud amulets 
 of ivory worn by the woman and the young man are reproductions of 
 those of Cro-Magnon. Thus much is known or, at least, can be fairly 
 judged to be an actual representation of these people. The costumes of 
 skin worn by these people are purely imaginary, for nothing is known 
 concerning them. Therefore, it has been made up from the costumes 
 of various savage tribes. The bones of animals, etc., which lie in such 
 a mass on the ground around the mouth of the cavern are believed to be 
 a substantial representation of the ancient times, and give one an idea 
 of how these things accumulated. 
 
 Group 3 .—Neolithic period or age of polished stone or Robenhausen epoch. 
 
 The scene depicted in Plate clix represents three men erecting a 
 prehistoric funeral monument. One is making a hieroglyph, the sec¬ 
 ond polishing a hatchet by rubbing it on one of the great polishing 
 stones, and the third is making a pottery vase. This epoch or period 
 is quite a different civilization from either of the former. It was char¬ 
 acterized by the polishing of stone for weapons, tools and implements, 
 by the development of the ceramic industry, by the invention of archi¬ 
 tecture, and by sculpture on the face of the rock. This scene is in¬ 
 tended to represent the principal of these discoveries. It does not, 
 and, indeed, could not represent the other manifestations of civiliza¬ 
 tion, such as agriculture, sociology, etc. These men are erecting a dol¬ 
 men. It is not of any particular one, but represents the principal parts 
 of several. The stone with a hole through it, which separates the ves¬ 
 tibule from the funeral chambers, is copied' from that of la Belle-Haie, 
 near Gisor. The first stone to the left exhibits a feminine figure, or 
 one which has been so considered, though I have had doubts about it. 
 Yet these and similar have been found, one each in Normandy, Marne, 
 aud Le Gard. The polishing stone of the second workman is copied 
 from the collection of Dr. Capital). The vase of the third is made by 
 hand, aud one of the common dolmen type. 
 
 The remarks heretofore made as to the faithful representation ot these 
 
 personages taken so far as possible from originals, applies here. The 
 potter is a type of one of the races of Furfooz, Belgium, discovered 
 by M. Dupont, and is the oldest potter known. The costumes are re¬ 
 constituted from similar objects found in the lake dwellings ot Roben¬ 
 hausen. This settlement is believed to have been destroyed by fire, and 
 
 the objects have been charred, and, falling into the lake, the fire was 
 extinguished and they thus preserved. The pieces have been found in 
 such numbers, and extend to such variety, as that the anthropologists 
 
 feel justified in believing that they have a substantially correct repie 
 sentation. Much of the material is the hammered or bruised bark. 
 Other portions of the costume were of linen cloth, dyed sometimes l»n>\\ n 
 with ochre, sometimes blue with pastel. The loot coverings aie in- 
 
656 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 spired by those of an Archaic Gallo-Roman god, he of the Hammer , 
 which is believed to have had a high antiquity in that country. 
 
 The Bronze Age. 
 
 The scene in PI clx represents a primitive foundry. Under a great 
 rock, protected from the wind by a hedge of dead brush and twigs, a 
 in older and his assistant are engaged in casting implements of bronze. 
 These two personages represent the introduction of bronze which is be¬ 
 lieved to have come from the Occident. The assistant is of the type of 
 what is called the Nutons in Belgium and conies from the Iron of that 
 name, being one of the caverns of the Lesse, near the town of Furfooz. 
 This cavern contains a great number of skeletons of men belonging to 
 two distinct types. The Nutons are dwarfs, and this is intended to rep¬ 
 resent the smaller and inferior of the two races. The master molder is 
 of the type of the most ancient Ligurians who occupied the territory on 
 the shores of the Mediterranean in what was ancient Liguria, say from 
 Toulon to Genoa. The two figures are dressed in a loose costume of 
 leather. The master founder pours the metal from a crucible, held by 
 means of a large pair of tongs made of bronze, which is a reproduction 
 of such an implement discovered in one of these foundries and now at 
 the Musee of St. Germain. The metal is represented as boiling in the 
 mold. The crucible and mold are copied after originals in St. Germain. 
 By the side of the workmen are pieces of bronze, broken ready to be 
 melted, while on the other side a dozen or more new hatchets are laid 
 out apparently ready for sale. 
 
 The amount of work bestowed upon this, as well as the other group, 
 in order to make them faithful representations of originals, must have 
 been great, and their success is a high testimony to the gentlemen who 
 conceived and executed it. 
 
 I may be pardoned for a few words explanatory of the extent of this 
 industry and the age or civilization to which it belonged, by which 1 
 tell that there have been discovered in France alone fifty-seven such 
 foundries, that the implements of bronze, broken and made ready for 
 melting, number among the thousands, the implements found among 
 the ten thousands, and the new objects deposited in caches , evidently 
 never used and ready for sale, have been found in many places. The 
 great foundry at Bologna had 14,000 pieces of broken implements for 
 a like purpose, and weighing several thousand pounds. 
 
 The Iron Age. 
 
 Two men, life-size, were at work with the forge, beating and ham¬ 
 mering, working the iron. One, the assistant, helper he is called in 
 the trade, blew the bellows, the other was the master-workman. The 
 bellows consisted of two skin bags with a bit of iron pipe or tube tied 
 in the mouth of each laid fiat upon the ground, the two nozzles coming 
 together. The alternate motion of these two bags like the working of 
 an accordeon kept a continuous stream of air flowing from the (one or 
 the other) nozzles which ted the fire on the ground and so heated the 
 
Report of National Museum, 1890.—Wilson 
 
 Plate CLIX. 
 
 
 Representation of a Group of Prehistoric Men. 
 (Neolithic, or polished stone age.) 
 
Report of National Museum, 1 890.—Wilson. 
 
 Plate CLX. 
 
 Representation of a Group of Prehistoric Men. 
 
 (Age of bronze.) 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 6 5 7 
 
 iron. The anvil was about 2 inches long and 1 inch wide, driven into 
 a block of wood which in its turn was driven firmly in the ground the 
 whole affair being not more than 5 or 0 inches above the level of the 
 ground. This was the most primitive blacksmith shop I had ever seen, 
 and it interested me much, but my interest was redoubled when on 
 going through the Esplanade des Invalides in the colony of Senegal I 
 came upon the same machine, same workshop, with the same furniture 
 and tools and implements, and all worked in the same way. 
 
 Another of these life-size groups constructed and displayed in the 
 court of the section of anthropology was from our own continent. It 
 represented the Aztecs in old Mexico in the act of preparing the agave 
 plant and making it into fiber to be woven into cloth (Plate olxi). The 
 agave plant is the American aloe, and there were many of them planted 
 around and in the neighborhood of the Mexican colony. It serves many 
 purposes of livelihood for the poor people, probably not now so much as 
 in times of antiquity. It made their fences or hedges, the trunks of its 
 trees made their houses, its leaves served for ropes, it made thread 
 of the loug fiber, and needles of the sharp points. The interior of leaves, 
 the juicy part, produces alcoholic liquor, and it can be formed into the 
 fiber of which their textile fabrics were made. The two life-size figures, 
 the one engaged in beating, the other in rolling or bruising the agave 
 plant fiber, were believed to be correct representations of the Aztec 
 people at the time of the discovery of America by Columbus. 
 
 SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY OF PARIS. 
 
 This society made a separate display under the protection of the 
 minister of public instruction. 
 
 The objects displayed under the direction of the Society of Anthro¬ 
 pology occupied a large space in the grand hall in the second story of 
 the main buildiug in the department of the minister of public instruc¬ 
 tion. Its classification was as follows : 
 
 I.—Anatomic anthropology. 
 
 (1) Society of Autopsy, (2) Cerebral Morphology, (3) Histology of Cerebral Con¬ 
 volutions, (4) Crauiology, (5) Osteology, (6) Comparative Splauchology, (7) Myol¬ 
 ogy, (8) Antkropogeuy. 
 
 II.—Prehistoric anthropology. 
 
 (I) Geologic Palethuology, (2) Miueralogic Paletkuology, (3) Ages ot Stoue. 
 Classification, (4) Processes of fabrication of the various forms of implements, (5) 
 
 Age of Metal, (6) Paleoanthropology—prehistoric skulls and skeletons, (7) Trepana¬ 
 tion, (8) Agriculture of Palethuology, (9) Methods of Excavation. 
 
 III. —Ethnography. 
 
 (1) Algeria and Tunis, (2) Central Asia, (3) Malacca, (4) Iudo-Chiua and Cam¬ 
 bodia, (5) Cochin China, (6) United States of America, (7) Venezuela, (8) Miscella¬ 
 neous. 
 
 IV.— History of religions. 
 
 (1) Amulets, (2) Divinities. 
 
 H. Mis. 129, pt. 2-42 
 
658 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 V.—Demography. 
 
 (1) Anthropometry, (2) Medical Geography. 
 
 VI. —Bibliography. 
 
 (1) Books, (2) Maps, (3) Charts, etc. 
 
 Tlie first section of the first division was autopsy, and with it cere¬ 
 bral morhology. Here were displayed the brains of the following 
 gentlemen who had belonged to the society of autopsy, and as such 
 their braius had been dissected in the laboratory. The peculiarities 
 and anatomic description were attached to each one: 
 
 Jules Assezat, died 1876, aged 45 years. 
 
 Louis Asseliue, died L878, aged 49 years. 
 
 Dr. Coudereau, died 1882, aged 50 years. 
 
 M. Gambetta, died 1882, aged 43 years. 
 
 Dr. Adolph Bertillon, died 1883, aged 02 years. 
 
 Gillet-Vital, died at 63 years of age. 
 
 Charts were shown in which some of these brains were superposed, 
 notably that of Dr. Bertillon and Leon Gambetta, so that one could 
 compare them. 
 
 In the section of cerebral morphology was displayed a chart of the 
 brain of decapitated assassins, of imbeciles, and anthropoid apes. 
 Another was the encephalic profile of four specimens, two gorillas, an 
 adult and one of 2 or 3 years; two humans, an adult and an infant of 
 2 years. These various designs were made by the stereograph, and 
 were so superposed that one could see the differences between them. 
 Each one was represented, and yet one could see plainly the difference 
 between them. 
 
 In crauiology not only full tables and charts were shown, but there 
 were practical illustrations, by means of natural specimens, of the dif¬ 
 ferences in the cephalic index in the human race, and also the differences 
 in the different races. This made an exceedingly interesting and valu¬ 
 able display. There were numerous tables and charts, full of informa¬ 
 tion as to the cranial form, capacity, deformity, etc., of the different 
 races of men, and of as many different kinds in the same race as was 
 possible, and these compared again with the anthropoid apes. Along 
 with them were displayed the anthropometric instruments by which 
 the measurements were to be made. 
 
 In osteology were tables and charts at great length, in great detail, 
 with many figures, giving full and complete information in relation to 
 various portions of the human skeleton: sometimes in relation to* itself 
 and to other members of the same family; at other times compared 
 with those of the higher quadrupeds. 
 
 For example, one showed the relative development of the different 
 portions of the body according to sex, race, age, and height: the rela¬ 
 tion between the long bones and the height of man, the method of 
 measuring the long bones and thus determining the relation between 
 
Report of National Museum, 1890.—Wilson 
 
 Plate CLXI 
 
 Representation of 
 
 Aztecs working the Agave Plant. 
 

 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 659 
 
 them aud the height:—showing the relation between man and the an¬ 
 thropoid apes in relation to flattening of the tibia, the development of 
 the different organs and functions in the two sexes. The remarkable 
 thing about this chart was that it demonstrated that the weight of the 
 brain is relatively greater in women than in men. 
 
 Splanchnology was represented by the internal organs of man aud 
 gorilla compared. 
 
 Anthropogeuy was illustrated by six charts taken from the atlas of 
 Monsieur Mathias Duval, representing his theory of the commencement 
 of life in man. These charts represented the ovum of many animals, 
 including man, in their various stages of impregnation, so that the 
 differences could be easily compared and studied. lie opposes fiercely 
 the doctrine of heredity laid down by Weisman, Turner, and their 
 school. 
 
 Prehistoric anthropology had an extensive display made in great de¬ 
 tail, yet with the number of specimens reduced so as to employ as small 
 a space as possible. The classification was that of Monsieur IP Ault du 
 Mesuil, which was a variation of the classification of de Mortillet. It 
 began with the quaternary inferior corresponding to the Chelleeu of 
 M. de Mortillet, the contemporaneous animals being the Elephas an - 
 tiquus , Rhinoceros merkii, Hippopotamus amphibius , aud so went through 
 the various stages or epochs until it ended in the reindeer—this for the 
 paleolithic period. Samples aud specimens were shown of the fauna, 
 and of the human industry in each. To describe it satisfactorily would 
 be to write an entire book upon the science. It was continued through 
 the various epochs and periods of the age of stone down to and includ¬ 
 ing that of the Neolithic or polished stone. The miueralogy of prehis¬ 
 toric anthropology also received attention, and specimens of the vari¬ 
 ous kinds of stone or minerals employed were displayed. Processes of 
 the fabrication aud the working of miuerals of stone were also shown. 
 
 A small series of the implements characteristic of the age of bronze 
 were also exhibited. 
 
 Prehistoric craniology received due attention aud was represented 
 by the casts of the skulls of the various races which were divided, first, 
 into the great periods of paleolithic and neolithic, and these again di¬ 
 vided and subdivided according to the best information. 
 
 Trepanation was not forgotten. Several specimens were shown, to¬ 
 gether with the means by which it might have been practiced. 
 
 Prehistoric agriculture had a tine representation in its display of cul¬ 
 tivated fruits, cereals, and vegetables with the textile plant. 
 
 Not the least interesting of the entire prehistoric display in the expo¬ 
 sition was that showing the proper methods for making exca\ ations. 
 This was even more important because of its result. I>.\ means of these 
 investigations were determined the superposition of one civilization 
 upon another in the various caverns which had been occupied loi a long 
 time as humau habitations. Thus was determined the succession ot 
 
660 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 occupations, consequently tbe succession ot industries, of civilizations, 
 and so of races. These were shown in detail and with satisfaction. I 
 had visited many of the places here described and was acquainted with 
 several localities, and it was to me an intensely interesting exhibit. 
 It showed the successive ages of prehistoric civilization in a most sat¬ 
 isfactory and convincing manner. 
 
 The department of ethnography was fairly well represented, but I 
 only mention two ; one the exposition made by M. Boban from North 
 America, those which had been given to him by the Smithsonian Insti¬ 
 tution, and which I recognized as having been selected by myself. The 
 second was the display from the Koekenmmoddens of Cambodia, and 
 now interesting because the National Museum has just purchased a sim¬ 
 ilar series from that country which were there displayed. 
 
 The history of religion figures largely in the science of authropology. 
 It was well represented in the exhibition of the school of anthropology. 
 It will serve for a separate paper. 
 
 Anthropometry was illustrated by several charts, showing the various 
 measurements, especially of France, but also of other and adjoining 
 countries. 
 
 Medical geography illustrated by charts the various condition of 
 France from different points of view. 
 
 Bibliography .—There was a library of the principal works published 
 in France of late years bearing upon the subject of anthropology and 
 prehistoric archeology. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 In the little corner room from the pavilion, just beyond it on the 
 right, entering from the Buddha, was installed the anthropologic dis¬ 
 play of Denmark. The government called to its aid three scientists, 
 who are at the head of important departments of the Royal Museum of 
 Antiquities in the Priuce’s palace at Copenhagen. Dr. Sophus Muller 
 was charged with that portion of the exposition relating to prehistoric 
 archaeology; Mr. Kristian Bahnson with the second part, relating to 
 the ethnography of Greenland; and Mr. Soren Hansen with the third, 
 authropology in general. All these sections were wonderfully prepared 
 and united admirably in forming a comprehensive display of the great 
 science. 
 
 Denmark was the seat of the discovery of the existence of prehis¬ 
 toric man. In 1807 the first public museum was organized for the re¬ 
 ception and display of prehistoric antiquities, at Copenhagen; and 
 here, and then, was announced for the first time that chronologic 
 division ot the prehistoric times into the ages of stone, bronze, and 
 iron. This was the work of Mr. Thomsen. He commenced his work 
 in that country in 1810 as founder of the great prehistoric museum 
 of northern antiquities. He held the position of curator and did the 
 work belonging thereto lor 50 years, and this great museum, with its 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 661 
 
 extensive and wonderful riches, the result of his life's work, is his 
 monument. 
 
 The coadjutor of Thomsen was Worsaae, who during his life’s work 
 of -o years did more probably than any other one man, a scientist 
 and not particularly a discoverer, to establish the science of prehistoric 
 anthropology on a firm basis. 
 
 Engelhardt, Steeustrup, and Thomsen were the early ones. To them 
 must be given the honor of being the discoverers of prehistoric 
 man. But Worsaae used these discoveries with the rarest genius and 
 talent. It was not simply in prehistoric anthropology his talent was 
 shown, for he was an all round man, who did admirable work in other 
 branches of the great science, and not content with that, was called in 
 his later years to be a councillor in the cabinet of the king, and there 
 showed that rare combination, an illustrious scientist and a profound 
 and sensible statesman. 
 
 The names of others can not be given in this paper. It will be enough 
 if we can but mention their work. A systematic exploration, survey, 
 and map have been commenced of the prehistoric monuments of Den¬ 
 mark. The archaeologists are charged with this, and they, accompa¬ 
 nied by good artists, are traveling and working over the country in 
 order to make this map with all accuracy in both art and science. One- 
 third of the entire country has been thus surveyed and more than one- 
 third of this great work has been completed. All the monuments have 
 been discovered, designated, drawn, and the most of them are in the 
 hands of the engravers. One thousand five hundred of these monu¬ 
 ments are now placed under the protection of the law, either as prop¬ 
 erty of the government or under prohibition to destroy them without 
 giving the government the first right of purchase. Four great leaves 
 of this arclneologic map of Denmark were displayed upon the walls, 
 and I confess the feeling of envy of them and the regret that my own 
 country has not such a map. I was only consoled by the hope that 
 the Bureau of Ethnology would soon have completed the linguistic map 
 which is in progress under its direction. 
 
 These four Danish charts of the archaeological monuments represented 
 the Islands of Moen, a part of the Seeland, the east of Jutland, and a 
 part of its interior. 
 
 A library containing all or nearly all the Danish books upon the sub¬ 
 ject of prehistoric anthropology was displayed in the cases in this de¬ 
 partment, and the organizers thereof were very free in their commen¬ 
 dations of the private collectors and individuals who had so willingly 
 given of their riches to secure success at the exposition. 
 
 Dr. Soph us Muller thus expresses his appreciation of the patriotic 
 feeling of the Danish people in making contribution to the need ol the 
 governmental display at the French Exposition: 
 
 The Danish archaeological display gives a good idea of the patriotic principles of 
 our country, as it is composed for the greatest part ol contributions Horn private col- 
 
662 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 lections. They have felt it a duty that our country should be diguifiedly represented 
 at Paris/ where is reunited this year the International Congress of Archjeology and 
 Anthropology, and they were pleased to offer to the committee their best and most 
 precious objects. The number of objects offered were even so great that it would 
 itself form a small museum. But the space which had been reserved for us by the 
 committee of the Exposition was too limited and it would have been an impossibility 
 that all could be accepted. For this cause the objects exposed were much too many; 
 but on the other side, what we lost in quantity we made up in qnality. It shows 
 that our country possesses the best and the most interesting objects belonging to pre¬ 
 historic archaeology. 
 
 Tlie age of stone in Denmark, indeed in Scandinavia, is divided by 
 the scientists of those countries into two parts. The earliest was that 
 of the Kjoekkemnoeddings, where the implements were rough and rude, 
 small, and comparatively insignificant. Bat it was the age of polished 
 stone. The second epoch of tlie age of stone comprised those magnifi¬ 
 cent and beautiful examples of hint chipping found in that country. 
 The paleolithic age is not represented in Scandinavia. No objects be¬ 
 longing to that period have been found there, and it is believed by all 
 that it was uninhabited during that period. But in the implements of 
 the neolithic period that country was especially rich. There were the 
 polished hatchets, the large tranchets of hint, again the small ones, 
 the scrapers, the perforators, and the hatchets of deer horn. These 
 have all been found in, and are supposed to belong to, the Kjoekken- 
 raoeddings, and represent the first stage of polished stone in that 
 country. I can scarcely attempt to describe the beauty and gran¬ 
 deur of the display of the second period of the age of stone. One 
 must have seen the magnificent specimens of that country in order to 
 appreciate or even understand what is meant by their grand display. 
 I can only name at hazard, without attempting to describe the dis¬ 
 play. There were nucleii and the hammer stones, the long blades and 
 flakes of flint, the exceedingly large and long stone hatchets shown 
 in all the stages of their manufacture, from the first flake struck 
 from the rock to the finely polished and finished hatchet of extraordi¬ 
 nary length. The finely chipped poignards, with the ridges in their 
 handles worked herring-bone fashion, blades long, thin, sharp; spear 
 and lance heads of the same style, the flint flaked almost like shavings, 
 from the edge to the center, and done with a regularity which would 
 seem impossible but for the specimens now before our eyes. Arrow¬ 
 heads in profusion and of every possible form, shape, and style of 
 manufacture. Each one of these particular forms, where there was 
 anything peculiar about it, was represented by three examples, one of 
 which was chipped ready for polishing; another, polished, which was 
 new and had never served, and a third, a specimen which was more or 
 less used. There were other series arranged in the same manner; 
 scrapers, knives, chisels, club-heads, all the sort of implements and 
 weapons belonging to that same age; scrapers, and pottery of various 
 forms aud ornamentation. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. CG3 
 
 The polished-stone age in Denmark is most instructive and interest¬ 
 ing. The number of implements of this period have filled the public 
 and private collections and are a source of pride to all. The varietv 
 and elegance of form, the perfection and surprising management of the 
 fashioning, provoke the greatest admiration.' The principal reason for 
 the excellence in Denmark lies in the superior quality of the flint of that 
 country, and the ease with which it could be worked. If we consider 
 the geographic formation of the country and the little islands which 
 are surrounded by the numerous fiords that have favored such things, 
 we may understand the circumstances which gave birth to and favored 
 the development of a civilization which was comparatively well ad¬ 
 vanced. This age is supposed to have endured for about 2,500 years 
 and to have come to an end from 1,500 to 2,000 years B. C., when it was 
 supplanted by the age of bronze.. This age was correspondingly well 
 represented. It is but small wonder that Denmark should have fur¬ 
 nished those jirofound students who have made such wonderful prog¬ 
 ress in the science of prehistoric anthropology. Its richness in antiq¬ 
 uities is surprising and can not be understood without being seen, and 
 the more it is seen and studied the more surprising and bewildering it 
 becomes in number, extent, and beauty. Not to mention more than the 
 word amber, would be to give a theme which, to be exhaustive, would 
 require an entire book. The museum at Copenhagen possesses now 
 over 200 discoveries of amber wrought by the prehistoric man as his 
 ornaments for personal decoration. Four fifths of these came from the 
 Island of Jutland, but the rest were fairly well distributed around the 
 various coasts. To follow out the commercial relations between the 
 
 Scandinavian and other prehistoric countries by means of its trade in 
 amber would require more space than could be devoted in this paper. 
 Wherever in Europe prehistoric man of this epoch has been found, am¬ 
 ber has been found with him, and it is believed that nearly all of it came 
 from the North Sea and was exchanged for the objects, implements, 
 and weapons of a foreign country. It is believed that the commerce in 
 amber can be traced back to a period commencing 1,000 years before 
 Christ. Numerous cases of amber were displayed in this Exposition. 
 
 Of the bronze age there were many specimens. The bars or ingots of 
 bronze, rough and rude, the molds for casting hatchets and saws, hatch¬ 
 ets of all kinds, knives, saws, sickles, razors, pinchers, arrowheads, 
 swords, poignards, trumpets, spearheads, rings, fibula, etc., were there 
 shown in all perfection; in all their beauty and wealth of form and com¬ 
 pass. One case was devoted to vases, of gold, of bronze, of wood ; some 
 of them are ornamented with tin inlaid, having the appearance of the 
 ware of the Japanese. The metal work was some of it hammered, some 
 repousse, some cast. The ornamentation was of the style of the bronze 
 age, geometric design, made by points and lines. 
 
 Two exceedingly interesting specimens in the Danish display, that 
 impressed themselves with greater ease upon the understanding and 
 
664 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 memory of those who saw them and gave them, at less expenditure of 
 of thought, a better understanding of the prehistoric man of thatcoum 
 try during the bronze age, were the two figures, reproductions of a 
 warrior and a woman, dressed in the costume of the period, being a 
 reproduction of like objects possessed by the museum at Copenhagen. 
 The warrior wore a bonnet upon his head; it was round, and made of 
 double cloth ; no seams were shown. His body was covered with a 
 square piece of cloth coming down to the knees and bound around by 
 different straps and thongs, tied at the back. He wore a mantle upon 
 his shoulders which fastened at the neck with a fibula of bronze. His 
 feet were covered with sandals bound across the top with cord; he had 
 a leather belt, which was fastened with a button of bronze ornamented 
 with a piece of incrusted amber. On his arm was a gold ring, and he 
 held in his hand a sword of bronze. • 
 
 The woman wore upon her head a net, which was in a sufficient state 
 of preservation when found to enable them to imitate the fabrication. 
 It was made by simple interlacing of threads. Her jacket was a single 
 piece of stuff which was originally too short and had been added to— 
 pieced as it were. Her petticoat was made without being cut and was 
 sewed only to bring the two ends together. Her cloak, which fastened 
 with a hook, was ornamented in different colors, different designs being 
 used in an ingenious manner of twisting the thread. All the jewelry 
 which she had—the collar, the clasp to her cloak, the bronze bracelet, 
 and the gold ring were reproduced in the forms which have been found 
 to be the most frequent. She carried by her side a small poniard in a 
 wooden scabbard. 
 
 In the reproduction of these objects the mus6e had employed the veri¬ 
 table bronze; one part tin and nine parts copper. These dresses were 
 made by Madame Klein, director of the Academy of Artaud Industries 
 for Women, who has studied them minutely in their original production, 
 and she and her scholars have produced them with minute exactness. 
 The color was the only thing about which there was doubt, for, be it 
 understood, that all these objects were found in, and came from, tombs, 
 and from having lain either in wooden coffins, or by contact with the 
 earth, have become a dark brown or possibly a black. I have one of 
 these pieces from the same place out of one of these tombs. The near¬ 
 est description I can give of its color would be a butternut. 
 
 The age of iron was represented, a full series of the ethnography of 
 Greenland, together with all the books and specimens presented or 
 gathered by that celebrated and well-known ardent scientist and an¬ 
 thropologist, Mr. Soren Hansen. One of the most important works 
 done by anthropologists in later years in relation to America has 
 been that accomplished by this gentleman, and he had at this display 
 an example ot his work. Many years ago Lund, who was himself an 
 aid, being in the plains and caverns cf Samidouro, Brazil, made some 
 anthropologic discoveries in regard to the prehistoric man, and being 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 665 
 
 unable to make studies ot them himself, or, may be, having’ com¬ 
 pleted them, sent them to Copenhagen. They were lost in transit and 
 did not arrive tor some time after. Upon their arrival they were un¬ 
 recognized, and it was not until the last 3 or 4 years that these valu¬ 
 able relics were discovered by Mr. Hansen, brought to light, investi¬ 
 gated, compared, measured, and the result made known to the world. 
 He thinks from these investigations that there is evidence at least of 
 the possibility of man having existed in South America in the Tertiary 
 period, and in this, I believe M. de Quatrefages, the most conservative 
 of all European anthropologists, coincides, except as to the geology or 
 paleontology—whether the Tertiary epoch of America is not one period 
 behind that of Europe. This question has, I believe, received little 
 attention from the American paleontologists, except Professor Cope, 
 and he doubts the correctness of the conclusion. If he be correct, it 
 puts the appearance of man in South America at the greatest antiquity 
 probably of any other well-defined discovery of the kind. 
 
 The age of bronze came to an end in Scandinavia about the com¬ 
 mencement of the Christian era, but the age of iron or its first use 
 began some centuries before that. These ages necessarily lap one over 
 the other. The prehistoric iron age in Scandinavia was divided into 
 three grand epochs before the commencement of the historic period 
 which was about the year 1000. These were the epochs of the bar¬ 
 barian. 
 
 At the far end of the pavillion was exhibited a great runic stone, 
 which, as shown by its inscriptions in ancient runes, recounts the 
 exploits of Harald Ylaatau, who lived from 935 to 980 A. D., and to his 
 illustrious parent, Gorm, the first historic king of Denmark and to his 
 queen, Thyra. 
 
 Neither time nor space permits a description of the other two depart¬ 
 ments of the Danish display—the ethnography of Greenland and Mr. 
 Hansen’s display of anthropology. 
 
 Mr. W aide mar Schmidt had the immediate charge of this exposition, 
 and he, as many others, attended on each specified occasion to open 
 cases, display objects, explain them, and make the necessary speeches 
 and lectures for the education and edification of the public. These 
 gentlemen have recognized the great advantage to be derived from 
 anthropometry in their anthropologic studies both of prehistoric and 
 modern Greenland. Therefore they have organized their governmental 
 commissions for the purpose of carrying on these studies. More than 
 three thousand Greenlanders have been measured, weighed, and tested 
 with the exactness peculiar to the science of anthropometry. The walls 
 were covered with charts of anthropometric measurements, showing in 
 great detail the difference of height, average, and extremes, the (olor 
 of the hair and eyes, and the effect in these respects of the crossing ol 
 the races of the Danes and Greenlanders and Eskimos. 
 
666 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890- 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Spanish prehistoric archaeology was represented in four cases, being 
 selections from the collection of MM. Henry and Louis Siret, No. 11 
 rue Joseph, Antwerp, Belgium. These gentlemen (brothers) made 
 extensive exploration in the province of Carthagena, in the southeast 
 of Spain, which they published in a magnificent album. 1 had the 
 pleasure to visit their house and examine their collection at Antwerp. 
 Their collection represented the neolithic period, the bronze age, and 
 the period of transition from one to the other. There were arms, imple¬ 
 ments, and ornaments in stone and bone, immense vases of pottery, 
 some of which were used for burial by inhumation. The usual bronze 
 implements and objects were shown. There were sepultures of vari¬ 
 ous kinds, and fragments of clothing made of linen cloth were found 
 with the bodies. Agriculture and industries had large representation. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Switzerland was represented by the collection of Mr. Valentine 
 Schmidt. There were the usual objects belonging to the neolithic 
 period and found in connection with the lake dwellings of that epoch. 
 While the objects were choice and well selected, and consequently of 
 beauty and importance, there was nothing remarkable about them more 
 than one can find in good museums. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 Belgium had a representation of fifty cases devoted to prehistoric 
 anthropology and arclueology, though the occupation represented may 
 have come down somewhat into the commencement of historic times. 
 That portion of their display which they called ethnology was devoted 
 almost exclusively to the crania and skeletons of prehistoric men, but 
 which they carried over to ethnology because of the exhibition of the 
 specimens of Neanderthal, Engis, Spy, Cro-Magnon, Furfooz, Sclaiz- 
 neaux, Antwerp, Selzsete, with some individuals from Frankish ceme¬ 
 teries. 
 
 The paleolithic period was well represented, and this in some of its 
 earliest manifestations, for the occupation of Belgium by prehistoric 
 man seems to have begun at as early a period as that of any other 
 country of Europe. A principal depot of this early occupation is at 
 Mesvin, near Mons (Hainault). There were many pieces of flint dis¬ 
 played from this depot, which is believed by some of the Belgium 
 prehistoric archaeologists to belong to the very earliest quaternary 
 geologic period, and to have been earlier than the depots at either 
 Chelles or St. Acheul. 
 
 In objects belonging to the cavern period—mammoth and reindeer— 
 southern Belgium is especially rich. The rivers Meuse, Lesse, and 
 Sambre have many caverns in the ravines along their banks, and they 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 667 
 
 were largely occupied by man in this early antiquity. The representa¬ 
 tion of the geography of this country and of the caverns was exceed- 
 ingly elaborate, and the display of objects therefrom very rich. 
 
 M. Dupont continued in 1872 the excavations of caverns in that 
 country which were begun by Schmerling 35 or 40 years before, and 
 MM. de Puydt, Fraipont and Lohest took it up in 1884 where M. Dupont 
 had left it. These gentlemen made many investigations and excava¬ 
 tions in the caverns of the Lesse and Meuse, but the principal one was 
 at the Grotte de Spy, a few miles northwest from the city of Dinant, 
 where were found the celebrated skulls and skeletons of prehistoric 
 man. Not only did these discoveries verify those of Schmerling and 
 Dupont, and establish with greater certainty the existence of the paleo¬ 
 lithic period and the human occupation during that period in the num¬ 
 berless caverns of that locality; but it served to emphasize our knowl¬ 
 edge concerning the race of men belonging thereto. The discoveries 
 at Neanderthal and Canstadt were only of human skulls, but that of 
 Spy included much of the skeleton, and has done more than probably 
 any other to give us an accurate knowledge of the anatomy and osteol- 
 ogy, and of the size and form of this, the man of greatest antiquity 
 whose remains have vet been found. 
 
 The Belgian display was worthy of much commendation. Not only 
 was it quite complete, but its arrangement was excellent. The student, 
 as he passed along, could comprehend and understand the science which 
 it illustrated and the sequence of the specimens displayed. Maps were 
 displayed upon the walls which showed the various prehistoric stations 
 and the different periods and epochs to which they belonged. With 
 lithographs, drawings, and photographs the various caverns of southern 
 Belgium were well illustrated. La Naulette, Pont-a-Lesse, Montaigle, 
 Furfooz, Ohaleux, Hastiere were shown in their geographic position, by a 
 general view, three sections, longitudinal, and transverse. The cavern 
 of Spy was shown in much the same way, but, being more modern and 
 considered more important,it was given in greater detail. A section was 
 given both ways, showing the various strata in the cavern, while in the 
 case below were laid out a series of objects found in each stratum. This 
 was continued in a similar manner in many other of the caverns. By 
 these means one could study the prehistoric archaeology of Belgium in 
 great detail and with much certainty. 
 
 The neolithic period was occupied principally with the great quarry at 
 Spiennes. I had visited it and studied it under the guidance of M. Cor¬ 
 net, now unhappily deceased, and this display was particularly gratify¬ 
 ing to me. Many excavations have been made in this quarry, and it and 
 the workshop have been so studied as to be understood in all its rela¬ 
 tions to the prehistoric man. These excavations had been carefully de¬ 
 signed at the time, and the designs, together with the objects found, were 
 here laid out before the beholder. 
 
 These labors so conscientiously done in respect ol the prehistoric sta- 
 
668 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 tions mentioned, were extended with greater or less success over almost 
 the entire country, and what surprised me was that in northern Belgium, 
 in the neighborhood of Ghent, and between it and Antwerp, have been 
 lately found enough of the prehistoric objects to establish the human 
 occupation of that country in prehistoric times. 
 
 HISTORY OF WRITING. 
 
 The study of inscriptions has demonstrated the relationship between 
 the various forms of the alphabet, and has enabled the student to follow 
 their transformation from their origin to modern times. An attempt 
 was made at the French Exposition by Monsieur Philip Berger to col¬ 
 lect the principal forms of writing in antiquity, and to give a resume of 
 their progress and relationship. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 I. —Picto graphic. 
 
 On dolmens and stone monuments of 
 western Europe. 
 
 Scandinavia. 
 
 North American Indian. 
 
 Eskimo. 
 
 Oceanica. 
 
 Messages: 
 
 Sticks, feathers, knots, etc. 
 
 Cuneiform: 
 
 Sumero-Akkadian. 
 Babylonian. 
 Assyrian. 
 Persian. 
 Scythian. 
 
 Semitic: 
 
 Phmnician. 
 
 Punic. 
 
 Neopuuic. 
 Ancient Hebrew. 
 Aramean : 
 
 Nabatean. 
 
 Pal my reau. 
 Hebrew Carre. 
 Syrian. 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 llimyarite. 
 
 Ethiopian. 
 
 II. —H ierogl yphi c. 
 
 Egyptian. 
 
 Hittites. 
 
 Chinese. 
 
 Mayas. 
 
 Mexican. 
 
 Easter Island. 
 
 III. — Alphabetic. 
 
 European : 
 
 Etruscan. 
 
 Greek Archaic. 
 
 Latin Archaic. 
 
 Scandinavian. 
 
 Runic stones, first and second 
 period. 
 
 Ogham stones, Ireland. 
 
 Gaul. 
 
 Saxon 
 
 British. 
 
 Hindoo: 
 
 Sanscrit. 
 
 Bactriau. 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 669 
 
 PIOTOGRAPHIO WRITING. 
 
 No discovery or invention had so great an effect upon tbe develop- 
 mentof human civilization as that of writing. The inventionof writing 
 was the debut of history. Writing made history possible. Although 
 we have no knowledge ol the actual beginning of writing, we may 
 suppose it to have been by picture writing. This certainly was the 
 earliest of which we know. It was called pictography, and gave but 
 little more than the rudiments of the idea intended to be recorded. 
 The pictographic inscriptions found on the most ancient monuments of 
 the stone age have a marked resemblance to those we find to-day 
 
 among savages who live in a corresponding state of civilization. It 
 employed usually a mixture of images borrowed from animal life, and 
 of figures which were after a fashion geometric. 
 
 Pictographic writing seems to have spread over almost the entire sur¬ 
 face of the globe. Pictographs are to be found in almost every coun¬ 
 try. There was no single system of pictography. Each nation or tribe, 
 even each family or person, may have established a code for itself or may 
 have followed no code. They may have been governed in making pic¬ 
 tographs more by fantasy or caprice than anything else. Pictographs 
 have been found of the highest antiquity in Asia and in Europe, while 
 they are still employed in Africa, Oceanica, and among the North 
 American Indians. The works of Col. Garrick Mallery in the Bureau 
 of Ethnology are standards for the latter. 
 
 Fig. 1 of PI. clxh represents the engravingof the covering stone of 
 a small dolmen at Baker Hill in Kosshire, Scotland, from Mr. Simpson. 
 This represents the cup marking of nearly every kind, some of which 
 have been found in almost every part of the globe. 
 
 Fig. 2 of PI. clxii, is an engraving on one of the granite supports of the 
 dolmen of Petit-Mont at Arzon, Morbihan. Two human feet are repre¬ 
 sented and many undulated lines. Some of those which are continuous 
 have been taken to be serpents, but there is no more reason for this 
 than is shown by the lines themselves. There are two open U’s, which 
 is a common sign in that country. Another, equally common, is the 
 crook just below the U’s. They are sometimes with the crook turned 
 to the right, sometimes to the left, and are occasionally arranged in 
 groups, one following the other. They resemble a figure 7, sometimes 
 placed right and sometimes reversed. 
 
 Fig. 3 of PI. clxii is an engraved support of the dolmen ot Gavr’Inis, 
 Morbihan. This dolmen was under a tumulus. It consisted of a rec¬ 
 tangular chamber with a long covered entry-way extending nearly to 
 the periphery of the tumulus. It is of granite slabs, which were nearly 
 all engraved similar to the one shown, though not intended to be copies 
 
 or exact imitations. 
 
 These are all one twenty-fifth natural size. 
 
670 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 181)0. 
 
 PI. clxiii represents a slab of granite one-fiftli natural size from the 
 dolmen of GavrMuis, Morbihan, on which is engraved in deep lines the 
 outline of a polished stone hatchet with its handle. This has been so 
 protected from weathering by being under the tumulus as that it is not 
 degraded and has been cited as one of the evidences of that manner of 
 handling the polished stone hatchet. 
 
 The display of pictographic writing at the French Exposition was as 
 follows: 
 
 1. Marks on the dolmen of Men-er-Hroek, Morbihan, France. (Cast.) 
 
 2. Rock carving at Skebbervall, Bohuslan, Sweden. (Cast.) 
 
 3. Modern—An Indian petition claiming the possession of certain lakes. The original 
 
 is in the Museum of Santiago, Chili. A cast given by Dr. Meyer, of Dresden. 
 4 and 5. Inscriptions from Easter Island, engraved on wood. 
 
 6 and 6a. Mayas writing from Yucatan—inscription from the steps of the temple of 
 Palenque. From the Musee Trocadero. (Cast.) 
 
 7. Mexican writing—a mixture of pictographs and hieroglyphs. Dedication of the 
 grand temple by Ahuitzotl. 
 
 This bas-relief represented the king laying the corner-stone. Above and 
 below appeared the date, of which a translation has been attempted, 
 viz: “The day 7 Roseau, 13 of the month Itzeallt Xochilluit of the 
 year Eight Roseaux (Feb. l‘Jth, 1487).” Cast. The original at the Na¬ 
 tional Museum, Mexico. 
 
 HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING. 
 
 When the pictographic system had so progressed that each picture 
 represented an idea, and when made after a given design, it represented 
 the same idea continuously, the art of writing was born. This was 
 ideography, and was thus named because it rendered the ideas of the 
 writer, by signs, the meaning of which was fixed or had been agreed 
 upon. The ideas to be expressed were naturally of great number, and 
 the ideographs became complicated. It was called hieroglyphic be. 
 cause it was practiced principally by the priests—the hierarchy. The 
 term “ hieroglyphic” was applied first to the ancient Egyptian writing, 
 but afterwards to all analogous systems. 
 
 The ideographic or hieroglyphic system extended to many nations 
 or peoples, but the codes of hieroglyphs were different. The principal 
 hieroglyphic writings w r ere the Chinese, Egyptian, Assyrian, or Cunei¬ 
 form, and Hittites in the eastern hemisphere; and the Aztecs and 
 Mayas in the western. 
 
 The resources of language and the needs of writers caused the intro¬ 
 duction of other signs and characters, which completed the ideographic 
 signs aud added precision to their sense. Thus it came that some of 
 the ancient writing employed all three of the systems; the ancient 
 Egyptian writing was at the same time hieroglyphic aud alphabetic. 
 
 The first growth by which written language came into being is uu- 
 known. It is surmised that because of the needs of people for the 
 recording of lacts, or for the transmission of messages, some system 
 
Report of National Museum, 1890.—Wilson. 
 
 Plate CLXII. 
 
 r/g 3, 
 
 Fig 1 Engraving on stone of dolmen. (Ross-shire, Scotland. From Archaic sculpturing. 
 
 St I 
 
Report of National Museum, 1890.—Wilson. 
 
 Plate CLXIII. 
 
 Pictograph. Polished Stone Hatchet. 
 
 (Dolmen of Gavr’Inis, Morbihan, France. One-third natural size.) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 . .. * i.li MMMM 
 
 . * 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ‘ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 671 
 
 should be invented, and thus, little by little, the art of writing grew to 
 its present perfection. In the hieroglyphic system each sign repre¬ 
 sented an idea which, being in the mind of the maker, would be recog¬ 
 nized and understood by the reader. 
 
 For the specimens of Chinese hieroglyphic writing the visitor was 
 requested to see the adjoining section in ethnography, where Chinese 
 industries, arts, etc., especially that of printing, were displayed at 
 length. 
 
 Cuneiform writing .—Cuneiform writing was, like that of the Chinese, 
 composed in its origin of figures that have become, little by little, 
 unrecognizable. Their primitive form is found in the most ancient 
 Chaldean inscriptions. The principal varieties of Cuneiform writings 
 are the Chaldean, which lasted until the fall of Babylon. The Assyrian 
 and Persian seem to have been simplified from an Arian language. 
 
 8 and 8b Bricks from Babylon. One bearing the seal of Nebuchadnezzar stamped in 
 the soft brick before it was burnt. Translation—“Nebachadnezzar, Kim* of 
 Babylon, King of Nations, Grand King, Servant of the Great God, Restorer 
 of the Towersand the Pyramids, I.” One showing the bitumen still attached 
 which had served as cement. 
 
 9. Assyrian writing—Obelisk of Nimrod, built by Salmanazar II, about 860 B. C. 
 
 This celebrated monument represents the kings bringing tribute and mak¬ 
 ing submission to Salmanazar. Men are carrying bars of precious metal. 
 There are the elephant, horse, camel, and gigantic apes. Among the tribu¬ 
 taries shown in the second register is the King of Israel Jehu prostrate before 
 the feet of the King of Assyria. Underneath is the legend : Jehoua bin Ornri 
 (Jehu Son of Omri). Cast. The original is in the British Museum. 
 
 Rittite Hieroglyphs .—These are anterior to the year 1000 B. C. 
 
 10. Lion fouud by his excellency Hamdg-bey at Maracli, Asia Minor. Cast given 
 by the Musee of Ethnography of Trocadero. The original is at the Impe¬ 
 rial Museum, Constantinople. 
 
 It is scarcely 20 years since the discovery of the first inscription of these 
 characters. Since then the number has increased, but without being yet 
 deciphered. It appears to have been used before the invention ot the alpha¬ 
 bet by the people on the borders of Syria. On this lion one can see the gross 
 hieroglyphic characters covering its body. 
 
 Egyptian writing .—Egyptian writing is the most perfect of the hiero¬ 
 glyphic system. It was the forerunner of the alphabet. It is presented 
 in three forms—the writing hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic. The 
 hieroglyphs have preserved with a remarkable fidelity the primitive 
 form of the ancient ideographs, which, on the contrary, disappear 
 almost entirely in the hieratic and demotic writing. The latter are the 
 forms most altered from the hieroglyphs. The most celebrated speci¬ 
 men of this system was the 
 
 11. Rosetta stone, with its corresponding paragraphs in hieroglyphic, demotic, and 
 Greek, each being a translation of the other. 
 
 This was found in 1799, during the French expedition to Egypt, by an 
 officer of artillery named Boussard. The name of the King—Ptolemy—was 
 
672 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890 
 
 recognized in each, or at least in two of the writings, and thus caused the 
 discovery of their similarity and lead to the deciphering of the hieroglyphs 
 by Chainpollion. Cast given by the British Museum, which possesses the 
 original. 
 
 ALPHABETIC WRITING. 
 
 About the year 1500 B. C., that is about or before the time of Moses, 
 the alphabet made its appearance among the Phoenician and afterwards 
 among the Hebrew peoples on the Syrian coast. It would seem to have 
 been only a simplification of Egyptian writing, adapted to the needs of 
 commerce. The Phoenicians borrowed from the great mass of Egyptian 
 hieroglyphics about twenty signs corresponding to the principal articu¬ 
 latory sounds of human speech. This was a radical transformation of 
 the art of writing. We can believe that it was of much greater import 
 than supposed by its discoverers. It changed for all the world and for 
 all time the power of man over his civilization by giving him the ability 
 to record, communicate and perpetuate his knowledge. Monsieur Ke¬ 
 nan declares the discovery of alphabetic writing to be the highest 
 testimony of the genius of man. Capacity to utter articulate sounds 
 is limited, so a very few characters were sufficient to record them, and 
 it was not difficult, the discovery once made, to render all of man’s ideas 
 and to give every shade of his thought. These signs formed the al¬ 
 phabet of writing. 
 
 The Phoenician alphabet was modest in its commencement, but it fin¬ 
 ished by triumphing over all other systems, and has imposed itself upon 
 all civilized peoples. It gave birth to all the Semitic alphabets, from 
 the Hebrew to the Syrian and Arabic, yet they employed only the con¬ 
 sonants. It gave birth to the Greek alphabet in which was created the 
 vowels, and was thereupon communicated to the Etruscans, the Latins, 
 the Slav and Germanic peoples, and so all over Europe. 
 
 The Greeks, after some hesitation and trial, finally determined for 
 all these languages and peoples the system of alphabetic writing from 
 left to right. The Phenician alphabet spread to the east and south, as 
 well as to the north and west. It gave birth to the Aramean, to the 
 ancient Hindoo, and so to the modern alphabets of India. Indeed, 
 with the exception of China and Japan, and their dependencies, to all 
 those of Asia. Whatever of ideographic or hieroglyphic writing these 
 peoples may have employed, they, with the exception noted, only used 
 an alphabet descended from the twenty-two letters of the Plienicians. 
 
 The alphabetic writing descending from the Phoenician alphabet is 
 divided into three branches: 
 
 (1) The Semitic alphabet, which is written from right to left and has 
 no vowel. The principal of these are the Phoenician, from which is de¬ 
 rived the Punic and Neopunic, the ancient Hebrew, the Aramean, which 
 gave birth to the Nabatean, the Palmyrenian, the Hebrew Carre, to 
 the Syriac and the Arabian, and finally the alphabet Himyarite and 
 Ethiopian. 
 
ANT1IK0P0L0GY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 613 
 
 (-) The European alphabets which are all derived from the ancient 
 Phoenician by the intermediation of the Greek. 
 
 (d) The alphabets of India and of Pehlevi. which descended at a 
 comparatively recent date from the Aramean. 
 
 1. Semitic alphabet. 
 
 Hebrew alphabet. 
 
 12. Pillar Dai bon ; with an inscription of Mesa, king of Moali, about 875 B. C. 
 
 This is placed at the head because of its importance, for it is one of the most 
 ancient alphabetic inscriptions known (but see Mr. W. Flinder Petrie’s dis¬ 
 coveries of 18o9 at Kahun, in which he tinds many possibly alphabetic signs 
 of the Xllth dynasty, 2600 B. C.). One can recognize in the foregoing in¬ 
 scription the relationship of different Hebrew letters with those of the Phoeni¬ 
 cian and Archaic-Greek alphabets. Cast given by the Louvre Museum, which 
 possesses the original. 
 
 Phoenician alphabet. 
 
 13. Bronze cup dedicated to Baal Lebanon (the god of Lebanon), by King Hiram, 800 
 
 to 1000 B. C. The original is at the Bibliothequo Nationale (Cabinet des M<5- 
 dailles). 
 
 14. An inscription engraved on one of the colossuses of Ipsamboul by a mercenary of 
 
 Psammetic, 650 to 600 B. C. Cast. 
 
 15. Cyprus. Inscription bilingual, Phoenician and Cyprian of Idalie of the year 4 
 
 of the King Melokjaton, 375 B. C. Cast from the original in the British 
 M useum. 
 
 16. Sardinia. An inscription trilingual on bronze, engraved on the base of an altar 
 
 weighing 100 pounds, given to Esculapius by Clion. 
 
 17. Carthage. Punic writing anterior to200 years B. C. Au ex-voto toTanit in form 
 
 of a tower. 
 
 18. 1. Idem. Fragment of the tariff of sacrifices of Carthage. 
 
 2. Idem. A dedication of a sacred abbatoir. 
 
 3. Malta. Dedication of a temple of Gaulos. 
 
 All casts. 
 
 19. Malta. A bilingual inscription, Phoenician and Greek, which furnished to Abbe 
 
 Barthelemy, about 1760, the key to the Phoenician alphabet. 200 to 150 B. C* 
 Cast. Gift of the Louvre Museum. 
 
 20. A funeral vase from the cemetery of Hatrumete (Sousse), Tunis; with inscription 
 
 painted in characters of running hand. 156 to 50 B. C. 
 
 Translation : “ This urn contains the bones of Iatanmelek, son of Boniilcar, 
 son of Abdmelbari, the * * * .” Gift of Colonel Vincent. 
 
 21. Another funeral vase from the same cemetery, with painted inscription. Gift of 
 
 Colonel Vincent. 
 
 22. Neopuuic writing of the Roman epoch. Cabinet of Corpus Inscriptionum Semiti- 
 
 carum . 
 
 Aramean alphabet. 
 
 In its origin the Aramean alphabet is confounded with the Phoenician 
 alphabet, which gave birth to it. But soon the tail to the letters were 
 made longer, then were bent to the left that they might be joined to the 
 following letters. At the same time the head of the letters became 
 
 H. Mis. 129, pt. 2-43 
 
674 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 modified, and the writing took more the character of running hand, of 
 which we find the complete development in the Arabic writing. 
 
 23. Ancient Aramean writing in relief. Inscription of Teima, Central Arabia, dis¬ 
 
 covered by Mr. Cli. Huber, assassinated at Djedda in 1884. A pillar com¬ 
 memorative of the installation of the cult of the god Telem of Hagam at 
 Teima. On the left side of the pillar is the image of the god, and below, 
 the priest, which makes him an offering upon au altar with the legend 
 “Selemsazab, Priest.” Cast, gift of the Louvre Museum. 
 
 24. Au aucieut Aramean inscription found by Ch. Huber at Teima. 
 
 25. Aramean inscription of the north of Arabia by Ch. Huber. 
 
 26. Aramean alphabet from Egypt. A funeral pillar from Vatican. Persian epoch 
 
 500 to 300 B. C. Cast given by M. Fr. Leuormant to the cabinet of Corpus 
 Iuscriptionnm Semiticarum. 
 
 27. Nabatean writing, from 100 years B. C, to 300 A. D. In use by the populations 
 
 of the north of Arabia before the time of Mahomet. Original, found at 
 Teina, Arabia. By Ch. Huber. 
 
 28. Idem. 
 
 29. Palmyrian inscription, bilingual, from the Musde du Capitol, 236 years A. D. 
 
 This is a consecration of a silver statue to the gods Aglibol and Malakbel. 
 Cast. Original the property of Marquis de Vogud. 
 
 30. Palmyrian inscription. A votive altar dedicated to the god Malakbel. Musee of 
 
 the Capitol. Cast. Original the property of Marquis de Vogud. 
 
 31. Hebrew Carre, about 150 B. C. Jewish inscription from Jaffa. Fifth or sixth 
 
 century A. D. Cast. 
 
 32. Arabian writing. Specimens of manuscript Coufique and Neskis, from the 
 
 mosque Kairouan, Tunis. 
 
 2. European alphabet. 
 
 33. Archaic-Greek, derived from the ancient Phoenician. Treaty of the Arcadians with 
 
 the Eleens d’Uera 600 to 500 B. C. Facsimile. The original is engraved on 
 a bronze plate. 
 
 34. Archaic-Greek. The law of Gortyne, 500 B. C. Au inscription boustrophedon, 
 
 that is to say, going alternately from right to left and from left to right. 
 Cast, gift of the Louvre Museum. 
 
 35. Etruscan inscription. Cast, gift of Louvre Museum. 
 
 36. Archaic-Latiu, derived from the Phoenician by the intermediation of the Greek. 
 
 Bronzeplacque discovered in 1866-’67 near Gibraltar. Decree of Paul Emelie 
 according libeity to the slaves of the Iiastenses who occupied the tower of 
 Lasceta, then the property of their town and territory. 190 B. C. ■ Cast, gift 
 of the Louvre Museum. 
 
 37. Trilingual inscription; Greek, Latin, and Phoenician. Engraved on the base of 
 
 a bronze altar of the weight of 100 pounds. This was an offering to the great 
 Doctor Esculapius (Esmoun Merre), by Clion. “ Because he heard his voice 
 and was cured.” 150 to 130 B. C. Heliogravure from Sardinia. A cast of the 
 original was shown in the Phoenician section, No. 16. 
 
 38. An Equestrian incription of the time of the Republic. Cast from the Louvre 
 
 Museum. 
 
 The runic characters of Scandinavia are probably the latest manifes¬ 
 tation of the alphabetic writing in antiquity. It may be called the last 
 fossil alphabetic writing. They had two grand epochs or divisions both 
 of which, however, belonged to the iron age. The characters were es¬ 
 sentially different, so much so that a knowledge of one does not enable 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 6 7 5 
 
 one to read the other. The more ancient is the most difficult. The ear¬ 
 liest one dates from before the Christian era to about 400 A. D.; the 
 second begins with the fifth century and coutiuues to the beginning of 
 history, and corresponds to the Viking period. 
 
 3. Indian alphabets. 
 
 39. Sanscrit. Indian alphabet d’Acoka. Semitic origin which gave birth to the 
 
 Devauagari, and to all the modern alphabets of India. Third century B. 
 C. Facsimile of inscription of Bhabra, after M. Senart, Asiatic Journal, 
 April-Jnne, 1887. 
 
 40. Alphabet Indo-Bactrien from the northwest of India, derived from the Araineau. 
 
 Facsimile of an inscription dated the second year of Kanichka. First cen¬ 
 tury A. D. 
 
 Himyarite alphabet. — Writing of the ancient people of South Arabia from third 
 
 century B. C. to third century A. D. 
 
 41. A votive altar. Incense burner. 
 
 42. Idem. 
 
 43. Dedication of a statue of gold to the God Talab-Ryam by a family of Raidauites 
 
 in recognition of the aid he had given to them in a war between the tribes 
 of Saba and Raitan against their enemies the Himyarites. 
 
 44. An inscription with bas-relief. The heads of the three personages are shown. 
 
 Their names are given in the inscription. Translation: Tomb of Yalimad 
 Kachfankau, Harat, and Khalkarib. 
 
 45. Votive inscription; pedestal. Cabinet Corpus inscription Semiticarum. 
 
 46. Berber writing. A funerary bilingual inscription ; Latin and Berber. Corp. 
 
 Inscr. Sem. 
 
 47 and 48. Neopunic inscription with bas-reliefs. Corp. Inscr. Sem. 
 
 49. Bas-relief, fragment from Teima, Arabia. By Ch. Huber. Original. 
 
 In order to complete the chart of the aucient writing Philip Berger 
 made an attempt at the reconstitution of a Phoenician pillar with its 
 ornaments and accessories. 
 
 50. Reconstitution of the pillar of Byblos, Phoenicia. 
 
 This pillar bears an inscription commemorative of the construction of a 
 portion of the temple of Byblos by the Yehaumelek. Above the inscription 
 is a bas-relief representing the scene of the dedication. The Goddess “Lady 
 of Byblos (Baalat Gebal)” is seated on a throne. She is represented after the 
 character or appearance of the Egyptian goddess Hathor. Her head-dress 
 is of two wings of the Guinea fowl which surmount two horns supporting a 
 disk. In her left hand is a scepter, while her right is raised in sign of bene¬ 
 diction. Opposite the king is Yehaumelek in Persian costume standing, and 
 in the posture of prayer, offers to the goddess the “cup of deliverance.” 
 The inscription explains the scene. It enumerates the constructions made by 
 the king to the goddess, because every time that he had invoked her aid, she 
 had heard his prayers aud had answered them for his good. The inscription 
 terminates with a prayer of the king in which he invokes the benediction of 
 the goddess on him and his reign. “For he is a just king.” 
 
 The restorations w ere, first, the disk of gold surrounded by serpents that 
 was inserted at the top of the bas-relief; second, the two horns supporting a 
 disk which surmounts the monument; third, the traces of color on the bas- 
 relief; the vase of libations with its twm elegant handles. 
 
676 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 This pillar is placed on two lions of stone, which were found at the same 
 time and in the same place, and which evidently had formed part of the 
 monument. These lions were loaned for this purpose by their owner, M. de 
 Clercq, who kindly gave permission to make the casts of the pillar, and as¬ 
 sisted in the reconstruction of the monument. 
 
 It might be of interest and value to continue this history of writing 
 by quotations or condensations from the latest literature upon the 
 subject, among which might be mentioned the history of the alpha¬ 
 bet by Canon Isaac Taylor, Rosny’s Les Ecritures Figuratives des Dif- 
 ferents Peoples Anciens et Modernes, and Essai sur la Propagation de 
 ^Alphabet Phenicien dans l’Ancien Monde, by M. Francois Lenormant, 
 but the purpose of this paper being rather a report upon anthropology 
 at the French Exposition, would not admit thereof. I can not, how¬ 
 
 ever, conclude this sub¬ 
 ject without calling to the 
 attention of the reader 
 the late discoveries made 
 by Mr. W. Flinders Petrie 
 at Kahun in the Fayum, 
 Egypt, of many hundred 
 specimens of marks or 
 characters upon the pot¬ 
 tery, and occasionally 
 upon the wooden toys, 
 ornaments, or imple¬ 
 ments found by him and 
 assigned to the period of 
 the twelfth dynasty, 2600 
 B. C., and identified by 
 the pyramids built by 
 
 Fig. 99.—Possible alphabetic characters. (From Kahun, twelfth 
 dynasty, Egypt. Discovered by Mr. Flinders Petrie. Probably 
 the earliest alphabetic characters known—2600 B. C.) 
 
 Usertesen II. I have mentioned those marks in my description of these 
 Egyptian objects purchased by me from Mr. Petrie at London, and now 
 displayed in the Rational Museum. Tracings of some of them are 
 shown in Fig. 99. 
 
 AMULETS. 
 
 The polished stone hatchet is recognized almost all over Europe as 
 an amulet protective against lightning. It is called in many languages 
 “the stone of lightning,” or “ thunder stone.” This belief pervades 
 western Europe, and it is no uncommon thing for peasants to deny any 
 knowledge of the polished stone hatchet, because they do not know it 
 by that name. Many of these hatchets were drilled for suspension. 
 In this way they were intended to be carried sometimes about the 
 neck or on the person, or occasionally are hung at the bed head or 
 near it, with other votive offerings. When not drilled, they are put in 
 any ledge in the stones of the fireplace, occasionally laid upon the 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 677 
 
 mautel over the fireplace, or may be inserted in a crack at the outside 
 ot the door. The general belief is that these stones come from the 
 heavens in the flash ot lightning, and one person declared that his 
 polished stone hatchet had descended therefrom in a streak of light¬ 
 ning in his presence, that lie had seen it strike in the neighboring field, 
 and upon his going to the place he found tliq hole and extracted there¬ 
 from this hatchet, still hot , and that he had kept it ever since. It is 
 needless to say that he positively refused to part with it at any price. 
 
 The flint arrowheads come within the same category, and many times 
 a flint chip is used to which is attributed the same virtue. The arrow¬ 
 heads were not drilled. Sometimes they were in their original condi¬ 
 tion, but many times they were mounted in silver and the mounting 
 arranged with a ring for suspension. Drawings of these are given in 
 Mr. John Evans’s “Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain,” in de 
 Mortillet, Oartailhac, etc. 
 
 In Brittany a common amulet, but one of great power and regarded 
 with great veneration, is the one called the pierre du croix , the staurolite 
 by the United States mineralogists, but staurotite by the French; a 
 mineral which crystallizes in the form of a cross, not always at right 
 angles, but frequently so. This is regarded as a token from God in 
 favor of the religion of the country, and is given to these his chosen 
 people as a recognition of their piety and religious fervor. There are 
 several quarries of these iu Brittany, one near Auray. There they are 
 gathered and mounted by the jewelers and sold as amulets. I saw in 
 the jeweler’s window in one of the streets of that town a slab of min¬ 
 eral containing these staurotites embedded therein in their natural 
 state. It was about 12 inches wide and lfi inches long and had in it, 
 if I remember rightly, forty or fifty of these specimens. It was re¬ 
 garded with great veneration, would not be sold at any price, but, 
 nevertheless, was exposed in the window and served as a sign by 
 which the owner did a good business at selling the single ones mounted. 
 
 There were others of the same nature, which are crystallized in the 
 star shape, and they are regarded in the same way. We have in the 
 National Museum full series of both kinds, some from the United States 
 and others from Europe. They are considered as a talisman against 
 shipwreck, drowning, and hydrophobia, and are a cure for sore eyes. 
 When not mounted as a pin or a ring, they are placed in a small sachet 
 or bag and so worn occasionally around the neck or in the pocket. 
 They are of various sizes aud lengths, from an inch down to less than a 
 
 quarter. 
 
 In Italy the coral is an amulet to guard its owner against the evil 
 eye. 
 
 These are the principal objects. The others dwindle in importance, 
 Put are, of course, considerable in number and much relied on tor their 
 
 efficacy and virtue. 
 
678 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 Beads, pearls, etc., are used as amulets. Common ground glass in 
 facets is a favorite. These are shaped as beads and are arranged on a 
 string and usually worn as a collar. A particular one at the exposition 
 came from Locmariaquer, Morbihan. It was endowed with great medi¬ 
 cal properties. It was a cure for diseases of the throat, diphtheria, that 
 kind of scrofula called the Mai da roi , because it is believed that this dis¬ 
 ease can be cured by the roi (king) if he simply touches the patient. 
 There are beads of other material. This form seems to have a high 
 reputation in this neighborhood. They should be of different materials 
 in the same string or collar. Those of amber are precious and are con¬ 
 sidered of great value and virtue. I have myself three or four coming 
 from that country, a half an inch long and five-eighths of an inch in 
 diameter, which have been worn until half the substance has gone, when 
 the holes have been filled with lead, bushed as one might say, and a 
 new hole drilled. The standard number of beads on a string for the 
 greatest efficacy is seven or nine, and to make them complete one 
 should be of rock crystal. The belief of the peasants in the virtue of 
 these is widespread. They are passed from hand to hand where need¬ 
 ful throughout the country. Every midwife is provided with a string 
 of these beads, and all careful mothers will provide or hire a string of 
 them to be worn by their children as they approach the age of puberty. 
 
 Limouite concretions (Pierre de la grossesse) in the form cf a hollow 
 ball with detached pieces inside are of great virtue during gestation. 
 The patella and similar shells are deemed of great benefit to nursing 
 women and aiding in the secretion of the infantile food. 
 
 The common people of France, Belgium, Ireland, and other countries 
 in Europe have a great veneration for their priests and a high regard 
 for their religion. Therefore medals and votive offerings are employed 
 extensively. These medals have been blessed by the mother-church and 
 so are worn not as any particular talisman, but as an omen of good luck, 
 a preventive against the powers of evil, and a constant reminder of one’s 
 vows to the church. They may be made in the form of a coin with a 
 hole or ring, or they may be oval that they can bear an image of the 
 Virgin. They are made of different metals, the most common being 
 lead or zinc, then of silver and occasionally of gold. 
 
 The v otive offerings given in thankfulness and remembrance of mercy 
 and benefits received are many. Those, of course, could not be gath¬ 
 ered and represented at the exposition, because they are deposited in 
 the churches and other sacred places. Occasionally they may be found 
 in the common churches, but the more sacred the church and the more 
 renowned for its sanctity, the greater the number of these votive offer¬ 
 ings. I have seen them in the church and at the spring of Madonna de 
 la Laghetto, near La Turbie, on the mountain just above Monaco, and in 
 the extreme southeast of France. They are to be found almost without 
 number at the grotto and church of Lourdes in the extreme southwest 
 of France, and I have seen them by the hundred in the church of Sainte 
 
ANTHROPOLOGY AT THE PARIS EXPOSITION IN 1889. 679 
 
 Anne cPAuray in the northwest of France. These votive offerings may 
 be of almost any kind, from a picture or an illuminated writing down to 
 the crutches and canes which have been thrown away because their 
 need had ceased, the invalid having been cured by the miraculous 
 interposition of the particular saint. The commonest votive offering is 
 a representation of the particular part which had been effected and on 
 which the cure was made. The foot, the arm, the head, or the leg may be 
 reproduced in wax, in miniature, and suspended from the wall or framed 
 in and around the statue of the particular saint to which the cure is 
 ascribed. I have never counted the number thus exposed and do no 
 more than to guess at it from their appearance. I should say of those 
 thus exhibited at the Sainte Anne d’Auray, one thousand would be a 
 moderate estimate. The collection of M. Bonnemere contained a num¬ 
 ber of these votive offerings from Belgium. 
 
 A favorite talisman in Brittany is a small key, cast or struck, and 
 made usually of cheap metal, as is the medals. These keys and medals 
 or charms represent the virtues of the different saints, and are sup¬ 
 posed to carry with them efficacy from his blessing. They are found 
 distributed throughout Brittany, and are for sale by the peddlers or 
 merchants at all the fairs and pardons in the province. The people 
 ascribe to each one key or medal its particular virtue. St. Eli and St. 
 Anthony are guardian saints of all animals; St. Comely is the guard¬ 
 ian saint of horned cattle. On the road from Quimperle to Pont Aven 
 is a spring of St. Eli, and every peasant who passes gives his cattle or 
 animals to drink of this spring. The church of St. Comely is at Car- 
 nac, and in the harvest moon of August the cattle are driven by their 
 owners to the churchyard and spring. They are decked with garlands 
 and flowers and beautiful greens, and it is a grand holiday, or rather 
 holinight. Cattle of the neighborhood, whenever sick or ailing, are 
 driven to the well or this spring. If not able to go, the water will be 
 carried to them. 
 
 Of the medals and coins, of which I spoke a moment ago as being 
 sold throughout the country at the pardons , a particular one to be men¬ 
 tioned is that of St. Mathuriu du Moncontonr. It is in the form ot a 
 cone, round at the summit, the top of which is surmounted by a head 
 with nimbus and terminates in a ring for suspension. It is in honor 
 of the saint, who is supposed to have great power and authority. His 
 chief virtue, however, would be regarded as that of self-denial, for it is 
 generally believed that he Aurait pu etre le bon Dieu s'il cut voulu 
 niais il a craint que cela peut-etre lui causdt trop de tracas—might have 
 been God if he had so willed, but he feared it would cause too much of a 
 
 fracas. 
 
 There is told, in the Bulletin of the Socidte d’Antliropologie at Paris, 
 a curious story of the cure of St. Brieuc, who distributed to the children 
 of the parish some of the round ivory chips or disks used as counters 
 for games of cards. These came in time to be regarded as amulets 
 
680 
 
 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 which the priest had blessed and, being carried by the children, were 
 considered as a preventive of intestinal worms in children. They are 
 called Olifants , and are sold at a comparatively high price. The wife 
 of the letter-carrier at Coruay hired hers out at vingt cinq centimes —5 
 cents a seance or day. Among other things, they will cure broken ribs. 
 
 There were three private collections of amulets, charms, and talis¬ 
 mans displayed at the exposition, and one of divinities. The former are 
 the property of, and were collected by, M. Joseph Belucci of Perugia, 
 Adrien de Mortillet of Paris, Lionel Bonnemere of Belgium ; and the 
 latter by Clement Bubbens. 
 
 They numbered from four hundred or five hundred pieces in a col¬ 
 lection down to one hundred. They were arranged in proper order and 
 with the classification and catalogue of their respective powers and 
 localities.