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 1857 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL 
 
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Dean's Stereotype Edition. 
 
 M AIR'S 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO 
 
 LATIN S Y N 1 
 
 FROM THE EDINBURGH STEREOTYPE EDITION 
 REVISED AND CORRECTED 
 BY 
 
 A. R. CARSON, 
 
 E£CTOR OF THE HIGH SCHOOL OF EDINBURGH. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED, 
 
 COPIOUS EXERCISES UPON THE DECLINABLE PARTS 
 OF SPEECH: 
 
 AND 
 
 AN EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE SEVERAL MOODS AND TENSES. 
 BY 
 
 DAVID PATTERSON, A.M. 
 
 LA.TE SECTOR OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL OF KIRKWALL, AND 
 TEACHER OF LANGUAGES IN N E VV YORK. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 J. B. LIPPINGOTT & CO. 
 1857. 
 
 /£5 7 - 
 
 FAX. 
 
V 
 
 Exterep, 
 
 According to the Act of Congress, in the v?ar 1827, by 
 WILLI AM E. DEAN, 
 Im th« Clerk's Office oj' the District Court of the Southern District of 
 New Youk. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Mr. Stewart, Printer to the University of Edinburgh, 
 having, in the year 1815, proposed publishing a Stereotype 
 edition of Mair's Introduction, requested me to undertake 
 the correction of the proof-sheets. The pains bestowed 
 upon the work may be in some degree appreciated, when 
 it is known, that almost every sentence was traced to its 
 original author, by which means several important changes 
 were introduced, and the Stereotype edition, I trust, ren- 
 dered considerably more accurate than any other late edition 
 of the same book. Soon after this, a Company of Book- 
 sellers in Edinburgh also published an edition of this work, 
 in which they not only adopted the changes which with 
 much labour I had been enabled to make, but had even the 
 hardihood to copy such notes as I had subjoined, and that 
 too with my initials (A. R. C.) ; by which I was made 
 answerable for whatever errors this spurious edition might 
 happen to contain. In these circumstances, it appears ne- 
 cessary to declare to the public, who, from these initials 
 occurring in different parts of the work, and from the still 
 ampler notices exhibited in the catalogues of booksellers, 
 and advertisements in newspapers, are generally aware of 
 its having passed through my hands, that the Stereotype 
 edition printed by Mr. Stewart is that alone in which I 
 had any concern, and that any copy from it is a daring at- 
 tempt to impose a fraud upon the Teachers of the country, 
 under the sanction of a signature to which it has no claim. 
 This declaration I make with the greater confidence, be- 
 cause I neither have now, nor ever had, any share what- 
 ever in the profits arising from the sale of the book, and be- 
 cause my sole object in superintending the impression, was 
 to furnish my own Class and Teachers in general with a 
 more correct edition of a book much used in our public se- 
 minaries, and which, from the numberless errors with which 
 it was disfigured, had been rendered almost wholly unfit for 
 the purposes of education. 
 
 A. R. CARSON. 
 
 Edinburgh, ) 
 August, 1817. J 
 
 7G5X95 Wi<JUA 
 
EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 The ordinary editions of Mair's Introduction abound 
 so much in errors, that this popular school book has 
 been thereby rendered almost unfit for use. A few 
 years ago it was revised and corrected by A. R. Car- 
 son, Rector of the High School of Edinburgh, and ste- 
 reotyped. From this edition, the most accurate and 
 valuable which has yet appeared, the present work has 
 been printed. 
 
 But Mair's Introduction affords us merely an exem- 
 plification of the Rules of Construction. It has always 
 appeared to the editor that an exemplification of the 
 Moods and Tenses of the Verb was no less necessary 
 than the former. For certainly few tasks can be more 
 dry, unmeaning, and repulsive to the young student, 
 than the tabular forms of nouns and verbs as exhibited 
 in our Grammars. To supply this defect, the editor 
 has compiled suitable exercises on the Declinable Parts 
 of Speech, and an exemplification of the Moods and 
 Tenses. 
 
 This division of the work, if properly understood, 
 will form an admirable introduction to translating : and 
 will prepare the student to enter on that business with 
 intelligence. 
 
 DAVID PATTERSON. 
 
 New-York, November, 1827. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The rules of Syntax, here exemplified, are taken from 
 the Rudiments, composed and published by Mr. Thomas 
 Ruddiman, being generally allowed to be the most accurate 
 and. best system of that kind. And as the rules are of two 
 kinds, viz. primary or fundamental, to which all the rest are 
 reducible ; and secondary or elliptical, which are by far the 
 most numerous ; these latter rules are distinguished from 
 the former by an asterisk on the margin. 
 
 To make the young scholar comprehend the meaning 
 and extent of the rules with greater ease, each of them is 
 illustrated with one or more examples of construed Latin : 
 and where it is necessary, grammatical terms are explained, 
 and lists, or catalogues of the words belonging to the rules, 
 given. To which is subjoined, a pretty large collection of 
 explanatory notes, exhibiting the exceptions, the varieties, 
 the elegant phrases and modes of expression that occur in 
 authors, and pointing out the method of supplying the ellip- 
 tical constructions, and reducing them to the primary or fun- 
 damental rules. Some few of the notes are exemplified ; 
 the proper time of teaching the rest is left to the discretion 
 of the master. 
 
 After the notes, follow the examples ; which are of two 
 sorts. The first go only the length of this mark % ; and are 
 generally short, being intended purely for the exemplifica- 
 tion of the rule to which they are subjoined. The second 
 sort, which begin at the aforesaid mark, are longer ; wherein 
 not only the rule to which they are annexed, is exemplified, 
 but the preceding rules are again brought upon the field, in 
 order to render them more familiar to the mind, and fix them 
 more effectually in the memory. 
 
 Most of the examples, whether of the first or second 
 sorts, are excerpted from the Latin authors, being such sen- 
 tences as would admit of a literal translation, and are adapt- 
 ed to our purpose, with little or no variation. Some of them, 
 indeed, for the sake of enriching the exemplification, are 
 a !j 
 
vi 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 patched or made up of sentences, coupled together ; but the 
 expressions, separately taken, are generally classical ; and, 
 it is hoped no great impropriety will be found in the mannei 
 of their junction. 
 
 To the examples ar*e subjoined on each rule a few Eng- 
 lish exercises, intended as another piece of recreation to 
 the young student, as well as a further trial of his skill. 
 In the examples, the Latin words being laid to his hand, 
 he needs only, in order to make good Latin, attend to the 
 declensions, conjugations, and rules of syntax ; whereas, 
 by these exercises, he will be obliged to go in search of 
 vocables, and so, by degrees, learn to distinguish the words 
 that are proper for his purpose from such as are not so. 
 And here I may add, that, could boys be persuaded, by a 
 careful use of their dictionary, to acquaint themselves tho- 
 roughly with the signification, derivation, composition, and 
 proper use of the Latin words that occur in the several parts 
 of their studies, they would soon find the benefit of it : their 
 proficiency would, in this case, do more than reward their 
 pains. To a neglect on this head, is frequently owing the 
 small progress boys make, and the difficulty they find in 
 speaking and writing Latin ; being equally puzzled for 
 want of words, and at a loss how to apply them. 
 
 The rules in the Rudiments being ranged according to 
 the order of the parts of speech, it was impossible to exem- 
 plify them in that order, without a medley of antecedent and 
 subsequent rules, which by all means was to be avoided. 
 The reader, therefore, is desired to begin with No. 2. ; then 
 proceed to No. 28. ; from that to No. 45. He next turns 
 over to No. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. ; then to No. 75, 76. ; and 
 on each of these rules he is to read till he come to this mark 
 *[f, except No. 28. ; in which he is to read only the first 
 four paragraphs. After this, he is to return to the beginning 
 of the book, and go straight on to the end, omitting only what 
 was read on the above-mentioned rules ; and, by proceed- 
 ing in this manner, he will find no posterior rule anticipated. 
 The English exercises, too, are so chosen, that they may 
 be turned into good Latin without recourse to any subse- 
 quent rule. 
 
 As the governed words in the exemplification of several 
 rules, viz. No. 12. 21. 29. 62. 64. and 73. may be put in 
 different cases ; and though, generally speaking, the Latin 
 will be grammatical and good in either of them ; yet, to 
 prevent any doubt that may arise in the learner's mind on 
 
 i 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 vii 
 
 this head, and to enable him to use with certainty the case 
 used by the author the example is brought from, I have 
 given the following mark of distinction, viz. in No. 12. 21. 
 62. and 64. when the governed word is put in the ablative, 
 it has the figure 6 before it ; and in No. 29. when the 
 governed word is to be put in the accusative, it has the 
 figure 4 before it. In like manner, in No. 73. the governed 
 word has the figure 1 or 4 before it, according as it is to be 
 put in the nominative or accusative. But in the exempli- 
 fication of each of these six rules, when the governed word 
 has no figure prefixed, it is then to be put in the other cases 
 mentioned in the rule. Nor are these distinctive figures 
 applied thus in the exemplification of the above rules only, 
 but also in all the subsequent places where these ambiguous 
 constructions recur. 
 
 The examples and English exercises contained in this 
 Introduction, being of a select kind, consisting generally of 
 moral, historical, and mythological sentences, the perusal 
 of them will, accordingly, be attended with peculiar advan- 
 tages. The first sort have a natural tendency to form and 
 dispose the mind to virtue, and to produce such impressions 
 as will influence the temper and behaviour of youth, not 
 while at school only, but through the whole course of their 
 life. By the use of the second and third sort, boys will ac- 
 quire a stock of ancient history and mythology, and so get 
 acquainted, in some measure, with the Roman writers be- 
 fore they begin to read them. 
 
 To the Introduction is subjoined an Epitome of Ancient 
 History, containing a succinct account of the most memo- 
 rable transactions and events that occur, from the creation 
 to the birth of Christ. And, whereas, several things sus- 
 pected of fiction or romance, especially with respect to the 
 Assyrian and Babylonian monarchies, were, in compliance 
 with the commonly received opinion, admitted into the first 
 edition ; these are now either thrown out, or taken notice 
 of as fabulous, and the accounts, that by the best judges are 
 esteemed genuine, introduced. These alterations, it is 
 hoped, will render this epitome more perfect, and conse- 
 quently a fitter system for initiating youth in the useful study 
 of history. And, as the Latin of this epitome, is for the 
 most part, taken from an historian much admired for con- 
 ciseness, delicacy, and, purity of language, it will serve to 
 exercise and improve the learner, not barely in the know- 
 ledge of grammar, but even in the elegance and beauties of 
 
viii 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 the Latin tongue. The chronology here used is the same 
 with that adopted by the writers of the Universal History. 
 Several chronological mistakes, which had escaped obser- 
 vation in the first edition, are here rectified. 
 
 J M. 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 UPON THE 
 
 DECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH 
 
 View or scheme of the five modes of declension ; ex- 
 cept that Greek words and neuters are omitted ; the nomi- 
 native singular also does not appear in its various forms. 
 
 L 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gen. ae 
 
 I 
 
 Is 
 
 us 
 
 el 
 
 Dat. ae 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ul 
 
 el 
 
 "Acc. am 
 
 um 
 
 em 
 
 um 
 
 em 
 
 Voc.like Nom. 
 
 like Nom. 
 
 like Nom. 
 
 like Nom. 
 
 like Nom. 
 
 Abl. a 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 u 
 
 e 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom. ae 
 
 I 
 
 es 
 
 us 
 
 es 
 
 Gen. arum 
 
 orum 
 
 um 
 
 uum 
 
 erum 
 
 Dat. Is 
 
 Is 
 
 Ibus 
 
 ibus 
 
 ebus 
 
 Acc. as 
 
 OS 
 
 es 
 
 us 
 
 es 
 
 Voc. like Nom. 
 
 like Nom. 
 
 like Nom. 
 
 like Nom. 
 
 like Nom. 
 
 Abl. like Dat. (like Dat. 
 
 like Dat. 
 
 like Dat. 
 
 Qike Dat. 
 
 Exercises upon Nouns and Adjectives, through all the 
 degrees of Comparison.* 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 Dura penna, a hard pen. 
 Mollis penna, a soft pen. 
 Formosa puella, a beautiful 
 girl. 
 
 Pauper casa, a poor cottage. 
 Humilis casa, an humble cot- 
 tage. 
 
 Impiger agricola, an active 
 husbandman. 
 
 Ferox athleta, a fierce wrest- 
 ler. 
 
 Gravis injuria, a heavy in- 
 jury. 
 
 Nigra umbra, a black shade. 
 Tristis lacryma, a sad tear. 
 Dulcis rosa, a sweet rose. 
 Ferox insula, a fertile island. 
 Justa dea, a just goddess. 
 Suavisjilia, a sweet daughter 
 Nigra asina, a black she-ass. 
 Celeris mula, a swift she-mule 
 Niger talpa, a black mole. 
 
 * The Comparative degree is formed from the first case of the positive in t, by 
 adding the syllable or for the masculine and feminine, and us for the neuter. The 
 Superlative is formed from the first case of the positive in t, by adding ssimus. 
 Ezcep. If the positive end in er, the superlative is formed by adding rimus to the 
 nominative singular masculine. 
 
2 
 
 DECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 Rule. — Filial daughter; Nata, a daughter; Dea, a god- 
 dess ; Anima, the soul ; Famula, a female servant ; Liberia, 
 a freedwoman ; Asina, a she-ass ; Mula, a she-mule ; and 
 Equa, a mare ; have more frequently abus, than is, in their 
 Native and ablative plural, to distinguish them in these 
 cases from masculines in us of the second declension. 
 
 NOUNS OF A GREEK ORIGIN. 
 
 Pius JEneas, the pious 
 
 iEneas. 
 For lis Achates, the brave 
 
 Achates. 
 Clarus comet es, a bright co- 
 met. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 Casta Penelope, the chaste 
 Penelope. 
 
 Tota epitome, the whole 
 abridgment. 
 
 Latus tiaras, a broad tur- 
 ban. 
 
 Carus gener, a dear son-in- 
 law. 
 
 Sagax vir, a sagacious man. 
 
 Prudens socer, a prudent fa- 
 ther-in-law. 
 
 Procax puer, a forward boy. 
 
 Mollis puer, an efTeminate 
 boy. 
 
 TJtilis liber, a useful book. 
 Feriilis ager, a fertile field. 
 Longusgladius, a long sword. 
 Crudelis tyr annus, a cruel 
 tyrant. 
 
 Tristis rogus, a sad funeral- 
 pile. 
 
 Rapax lupus, a rapacious 
 wolf. 
 
 Mitis Zephyrus, a mild west 
 wind. 
 
 Felix regnum, a fortunate 
 
 a strong 
 propitious 
 
 kingdom. 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 Flor ens regnum, a flourishing 
 kingdom. 
 
 Grave jugum, a heavy yoke. 
 
 Breve adagium, a short pro- 
 verb. 
 
 Forte vinculum, 
 chain. 
 
 Felix genius, a 
 tutelar angel. 
 
 Felix fdius, a fortunate son. 
 
 Clemens Deus, a merciful 
 God. 
 
 Felix Albion, happy Albion. 
 
 Canorus Orpheus, musical 
 Orpheus. 
 
 Velificatus Aihos, Athos sail- 
 ed over. 
 
 Vaga Delos, wandering De- 
 los. 
 
 Georgtca, The Georgicks. 
 
 Miser rex, an unhappy king. 
 Pulcher, or formosus pavo, a 
 
 beautiful peacock. 
 Sacra lex, a sacred law. 
 Gelidus Aquilo, the cold 
 
 north wind. 
 
 Carus pater, a dear father. 
 Dulcis odor, a sweet smell. 
 Acer miles, a brave soldier. 
 Piger homo, a lazy fellow. 
 Pius David, pious David. 
 Bonus pecten, a good comb. 
 
DECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 3 
 
 Aspera rupes, a rugged rock. 
 F era gens, a savage nation. 
 Asper lapis, a rough stone. 
 Tenerum caput, a tender 
 head. 
 
 Ligneum sedlle, a wooden 
 seat. 
 
 Tutum mare, a safe sea. 
 Dulce carmen, a sweet song. 
 Fallax iter, a deceitful jour- 
 ney. 
 
 Crudele animal, a cruel ani- 
 mal. 
 
 Longum calcar, a long spur. 
 
 NOUNS OF A GREEK ORIGIN. 
 (See Adam's Grammar, page 35.) 
 
 Difficile (Enigma, a difficult 
 riddle. 
 
 Pretiosum diadema, a pre- 
 cious crown. 
 
 Magnanxmus heros, a mag- 
 nanimous hero. 
 
 Nocturna lampas, a night 
 lamp. 
 
 Clara lampus, a clear lamp. 
 Impia heresis, an impious 
 
 heresy. 
 Misera Troas, a wretched 
 
 Trojan woman. 
 Audax Tros, a bold Trojan. 
 
 Formosa Phillis, the fair 
 
 Phillis. 
 Trojanus Paris, the Trojan 
 
 Paris. 
 
 Pulchra chlamys, a beautiful 
 military cloak. 
 
 Velox Argo, the swift Argo. 
 
 Rex Capys, King Capys. 
 
 Altera metamorphosis, an- 
 other metamorphose. 
 
 Vocalis Orpheus, the tuneful 
 Orpheus. 
 
 Infelix Dido, unhappy Dido. 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 
 Novus Jructus, new fruit. 
 Tener fructus, tender fruit. 
 Dulcis fructus, sweet fruit. 
 Durum cornu, a hard horn. 
 Minax cornu, a threatening 
 horn. . 
 
 Fortis exercitus, a brave ar- 
 my. 
 
 Capax portus, a capacious 
 harbour. 
 
 Acuta acus, a sharp needle. 
 
 Mitts Jesus, the meek Je- 
 sus. 
 
 Longum vcru, a long spit. 
 Gravis ictus, a heavy stroke. 
 Magnus fiuctus, a large bil- 
 low. 
 
 Fortis manus, a strong hand 
 Pulchra manus, a fair hand. 
 Mollis manus, a soft hand. 
 Tutus portus, a secure har- 
 bour. 
 
 Tensus arcus, a bent bow. 
 Magna domus, a large house. 
 Humilis domus, a low house. 
 Alius lacus, a deep lake. 
 
 Rule.— Some nouns have ubus in their dative and abla- 
 tive plural ; viz, Arcus, a bow ; Artus, s, joint ; Lacus, a 
 lake : Acus, a needle ; Portus, a port or harbour : Partus, 
 
4 
 
 DECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 a birth ; Tribus, a tribe ; Vcru, a spit ; Genu, the knee ; 
 Specus, a den ; and Quercus, an oak ; but partus, genu % 
 and vent, have likewise ibus. 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 Bona res, a good thing. 
 Tenera res, a tender thing. 
 Omnis res, every thing. 
 Res nova, a new thing. 
 RespubUca, the common- 
 wealth. 
 Res secundcs, prosperity. 
 Res adverse, adversity. 
 
 Res aspera, difficulties. 
 Brevis dies, a short day. 
 Felix dies, a happy day- 
 Vana spes, a vain hope. 
 Fallax spes, a fallacious hope. 
 Levis spes, a light hope. 
 Nulla jides, no faith. 
 Spes una, hope alone 
 
 Pronouns, Adjectives, and 
 tog< 
 
 Hie bonus jilius, this good son. 
 H(bc felix Jilia, this fortunate 
 
 daughter. 
 Hoc molle pratum, this soft 
 
 meadow. 
 Ille clarus vir, that famous 
 
 man. 
 
 Ilia magna urbs, that great 
 city. 
 
 Illudferum animal, that wild 
 
 animal. 
 Ille ecler equus, that swift 
 
 horse. 
 
 Hoc tenerum caput, this ten- 
 der head. 
 
 Illud durum sedile, that hard 
 seat. 
 
 Is ma gnus liber, that large 
 book. 
 
 Ea alta rupes, that hard rock. 
 Id utile carmen, that useful 
 song. 
 
 Quis benignus deus, what 
 
 kind god. 
 Qu<b benigna dea, what kind 
 
 goddess. 
 
 Substantives, to be declined 
 ther. 
 
 Quid divinum numen, what 
 
 divine deity. 
 Qui beatus agricola, which 
 
 happy husbandman. 
 Qu(B utilis epitome, which 
 
 useful epitome. 
 Quod longum iter, which 
 
 long journey. 
 Aliquis magnus error, some 
 
 great error. 
 Aliqua parva pars, some 
 
 small part. 
 Aliquid magnum nomen, 
 
 some great name. 
 Quidam clarus vir, a certain 
 
 famous man. 
 Qumdam casta mulier, a cer- 
 tain chaste woman. 
 Quoddam utile ju gum, a cer- 
 tain useful yoke. 
 Idem parvus liber, the same 
 
 small book. 
 Eddem magna regio, the 
 
 same great district. 
 Idem utile calcar, the same 
 
 useful spur. 
 
EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 I. 
 
 Filius amat patre?n. 
 Filii amant patres. 
 Pater amatur a filio- 
 Patres amantur a filiis. 
 II ' 
 
 Prcecepfor docet discipulum. 
 Praceptores doceni discipulos 
 Discipulus docetur aprcecep- 
 tore. 
 
 Discipuli docentur a precep- 
 tor ib us. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 Ne insulta miseris. Noli insultare miseris. 
 
 Ne insultes miseris. Nolis insultare miseris. 
 
 Ne insultaveris miseris. Cave insultes miseris. 
 
 Ne insultabis miseris. Cave insultare miseris. 
 
 EXERCISES UPON THE INFINITIVE ACTIVE. 
 
 III. 
 
 Puer legit librum. 
 Pueri legunt libros. 
 Liber legitur a puero> 
 Libri leguntur a pueris. 
 IV. 
 
 Homo audit sermonem. 
 Homines audiunt sermones. 
 Sermo auditur ab homine. 
 Sermones audiuntur ab homi- 
 nibus. 
 
 Dicit me scribere, 
 Dixit me scribere, 
 Dicit me scripsisse, 
 Dixit me scripsisse, 
 Dicit me scripturum esse, 
 Dixit me scripturum esse, 
 Dicit me scripturum fuisse, 
 
 Dixit me scripturum fuisse, 
 
 te scripturum fuisse, 
 
 ilium scripturum fuisse , 
 
 nos scriptures fuisse, 
 
 vos scripter os fuisse, 
 
 • ilhs scripturos fuisse, 
 
 — homines scripturos fuis- 
 
 He says that I am writing. 
 He said that 1 was writing. 
 He says that I have written. 
 He said that I had written. 
 He says that I will write. 
 He said that I would write. 
 He says that I would have 
 
 written. 
 He said that I would have 
 
 written. 
 that thou wouldest 
 
 have written. 
 that he would have 
 
 written. 
 
 that we would have 
 
 written. 
 
 that you would have 
 
 written. 
 
 . that they would have 
 
 written. 
 
 that men would have 
 
 se 9 
 
 -fmminas script uras fu- 
 
 written. 
 
 that women would 
 
 isse f &c. 
 
 have written, &c. 
 
EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 INFINITIVE PASSIVE. 
 
 Dicit litems scribi, 
 Dixit literas scribi, 
 Dicit literas scriptas esse. 
 Dixit literas scriptas esse, 
 Dicit literas scriptas fuisse, 
 Dixit literas scriptas fuisse, 
 
 He says that letters are 
 
 writing. 
 He said that letters were 
 
 writing. 
 He says that letters are writ- 
 ten, (finished). 
 He said that letters were 
 
 written. 
 He says that letters have 
 
 been written. 
 He said that letters had been 
 
 written. 
 He says that letters will be 
 
 written. 
 He said that letters would 
 be written. 
 
 Dicit literas scriptum in, or 
 
 scriptas fore. 
 Dixit literas scriptum iri, or 
 
 scriptas fore. 
 
 Obs. 1. Scriptum, when joined with iri in the future 
 inrin. pass, is the former supine, and therefore not varied, 
 whatever the accusative may be that goes before it. 
 
 Obs. 2. When a verb wants the supine, the future infi- 
 nitive must be expressed by a periphrasis or circumlocu- 
 tion. This form is often used in verbs that have the su- 
 pine ; as, 
 
 Sciofore, or futurum esse ut 
 scribant — ut litera scri- 
 bantur. 
 
 Scio fore, or futurum esse ut 
 scriberent — ut liter a scri- 
 berentur. 
 
 Scivi futurum fuisse ut scri- 
 berent — ut litera scribe- 
 rentur. 
 
 I know that they will write 
 — that letters will be writ- 
 ten. 
 
 I knew that they would 
 write — that letters would be 
 written. 
 
 I knew that they would 
 have written — that letters 
 would have been written. 
 
 Obs. 3. To prevent ambiguity in the case of two accu- 
 satives, it is often necessary to change the active into the 
 passive voice ; as, 
 
 Dico me amare patrem, 
 
 Aio te, JEacule, Romanos vin- 
 cere posse. 
 
 I say that I love my father, 
 or that my father loves me. 
 
 Descendant of iEacus, I say 
 that you may conquer the 
 Romans, or that the Ro- 
 mans may conquer you. 
 
EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 7 
 
 EXERCISES ON GERUNDS AND THE FUTURE 
 PARTICIPLE PASSIVE. 
 
 Mihi petendum est pacem. 
 Tempus petendi pacem. 
 Cupidus petendi pacem. 
 Aptus petendo pacem. 
 Venit ad petendum pacem. 
 Rediit a petendo pacem. 
 
 Mihi petenda est pax. 
 Tempus petenda pads 
 Cupidus petenda pads. 
 Aptus petendce pad. 
 Venit ad petendam pacem. 
 Rediit a petendd pace. 
 
 Defessus sum ambulando. 
 
 Mihi scribendum est literas, or Scribendce sunt Uteres. 
 
 scribendum erat literas, or Scribenda erant liters. 
 
 scribendum fuit literas, or Scribenda fuerunt liters. 
 
 scribendum fuerat litems, or S crib enda fuer ant liter a. 
 
 scribendum erii literas, or Scribenda? erunt liter®. 
 
 Dico mihi scribendum esse lit eras, or Dico mihi scribendas 
 
 est literas. 
 
 mihi scribendum fuisse literas, or mihi scribendas 
 
 fuisse literas. 
 - mihi scribendas 
 
 ■ mihi scribendum fore literas, or- 
 
 fore literas. 
 
 The meaning of the Former Supine may be variously 
 expressed. 
 
 Misit legatos petitum pacem. 
 
 • ad petendum pacem-. 
 
 ■ — — ad pelenda.m pacem. 
 
 petendi pacem. 
 
 causa, or gratia. 
 petendce pacis. 
 
 causa, or gratis. 
 ut peter ent pacem. 
 
 Misit legatos qui peter ent pacem. 
 
 pacem petituros. 
 
 pacem petentes. 
 
 de petendo pacem. 
 
 depcienda pace. 
 
 de pace. 
 
 petere pacem. 
 
 pact petendce. 
 
 He comes to beg aid, 
 
 He came to beg aid, 
 
 They came to beg aid, 
 
 Also of the Latter Supine. 
 
 Res digna cognitu Res digna qua cognosedtur. 
 
 cognitione. quarn cognoscamus. 
 
 cognosci. Res facilis ad credendum. 
 
 Venit ut opem oret, or opem 
 
 oraturus. 
 Venit ut opem oraret, or opem 
 
 oraturus. 
 Venerunt opem oraturi, <$c. 
 
8 
 
 EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
 ZD 
 
 c/2 
 
 i 
 
 • -si P 
 
 ■ '2 § 
 
 ^ ^ 2 p 
 
 | ^ | g g g 
 
 Of) v _ jo •* 
 
 -X) be bfi <o v> v> 
 
 53 S <u « <3 <3 
 
 I 3 
 
 2 ^ J ^ 
 ^ ft -^S -13 
 
 a a £ a 
 
 C5 ^ 5> 5> 
 
 is. 5^ <-« Vs v <- 
 
 •o s b? v w .s> « 
 
 •S 'Z £ "2 -B * * 
 
 5 ill s § I 
 
 CD 
 „ > 
 
 G n — 
 
 5? « _o -a ~3 
 
 h, ra -* --h o o 
 
 lUqXi JOU AOU^ I }nq JOU jqiiop J 0J9qM inj;qnop si }] 
 
 In like manner, dubito an, utrurn audiat, &c. &c &< 
 
 PASSIVE IMPERSONALS. 
 
 1. An Impersonal passive maybe elegantly used for 
 person active of the same mood and tense. 
 
EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 
 
 Regmo, I reign. Rcgnatur (a me.) 
 
 Regnaverunt, They reigned. Regnatum est (ab Mis.) 
 Venerunt, They have come. Ventum est (ab Mis.) 
 
 2. Verbs, which in the active voice govern the dative 
 only, must be used impersonally in the passive, with the 
 same dative. 
 
 Mihi imperatur, . I am commanded, [not impe- 
 
 ror.) 
 
 Mihi nocctur, I am hurt, [not noceor.) 
 
 Mihi par citur, 1 am spared, (not parcor.) 
 
 Mihi servitur, I am served, (not servior.) 
 
 Obs. — These verbs potest, c&pit, incipit, desinit, debet, 
 and solet, are used impersonally when joined with imper- 
 sonal verbs. 
 
 Mihi non potest noceri, I cannot be hurt. 
 
 Tibi non debet parci, You ought not to be spared. 
 
 Four Rules for the Construction of Qui with the Sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 The Relative Qui takes the subjunctive, 
 
 h When the antecedent clause is oblique, an author 
 detailing or referring to the sentiments of another. 
 
 N. B. The Subjunctive and Infinitive only are admissible 
 in a narration, which is purely oblique or indirect. 
 
 2. When it has the force of ut ego, ut tu, ut Me, &c. or 
 of quanquam is, eisi is ; si modo, or dummodo is, &c. 
 
 3. When it serves to account for what is stated, in the 
 antecedent or principal clause. 
 
 4. When it is used in a periphrasis after the verbs sum, 
 reperio, invenio, habeo, &c. or after an Interrogative, Ne- 
 gative, Restrictive, or Indefinite clause. 
 
 N. B. When the antecedent clause is the predicate, or 
 when it refers to a definite person or thing, we must use 
 the indicative after Qui* 
 
 All Interrogates, when placed indefinitely, require the 
 Subjunctive.f 
 
 N. B. Qui for quis indefinite requires the Subjunctive, 
 Rule 1. — Plato dicit deum esse, qui omnia vide at. 
 Rule 2. — Pyrrhus misit legatos qui pacem peterent, (i. e. 
 ut peter ent). Puer dignus est, qui ametur, (i. e. ut Me ame- 
 
 * The subject of a proposition is that concerning which any thing- is afiirmod 
 or denied; the predicate is that which is affirmed of the subject. 
 
 t An Interrogative is a word which asks a question, and is said to be used 
 Indefinite! v when preceded bv such words as nescio, qmvro, o'ubito. 
 
 b 2 
 
10 
 
 EXERCISES UPON* VERBS. 
 
 tur). Tu aquam a pumice postulas, qui ipsius sitiat (i. e. 
 etsi, &c.) Nihil molestum, quod non desideres (i. e. dum- 
 modo, Sic.) 
 
 Rule 3. — Err as qui censeas (i. e. quod censes). Male 
 fecit Hannibal, qui Capua hie?naverit, (i. e. quod hiemavit). 
 Periphrasis. Without Periphrasis. 
 
 Rule 4. — Sunt qui scribant. \ 
 
 Non desunt qui scribant. f Nonnulli, or aliqui scri- 
 
 Reperiuntur qui scribant. t bunt. 
 
 Jnveniuntur qui scribant. j 
 
 Habeo quod scribam. Habeo scribere. 
 
 Quis est qui scribat ? Quis scribit ? 
 
 Nemo est qui scribat. Nemo scribit. 
 
 Solus, or unus est qui scribat. Hie solus, or unus scribit. 
 
 Nescio quis sit qui scribat. Nescio quis scribat. Scri- 
 bat, because quis is indefinite, and all interrogative s, when 
 placed indefinitely, require the Subjunctive. 
 
 Notes. • — Qui sit da Tityre nobis. Nemo liber est, quis 
 corpori servit. 
 
 Notes to Rule 2. — 1. Quantus and qualis, when they 
 have the force of ut tantus, ut talis, require the Subjunc- 
 tive. 2. Unde for ut inde ; ubi for ut ubi ; quo for ut eo, re- 
 quire the Subjunctive. 
 
 Note to Rule 4. — Ubi and cur are sometimes used in- 
 stead of the relative ; so quin after a negative clause. 
 
 GENERAL OBSERVATION. 
 A present or future tense is followed by the present sub- 
 junctive, a past tense by the imperfect. 
 Suadet puero ut studeat, He advises the boy to study. 
 
 Suasit puero ut studeret, He advised the boy to study. 
 Sunt qui dicant, Some say. 
 
 JErunt qui dicant, Some will say. 
 
 Fuerunt qui dicerent, Some said. 
 
 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
 The Principal Parts are marked xcith an Asterisk. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 Active. Passive. Active. Passive, 
 
 ♦Indie, pres. Am-o, Am-or, *Doc-eo, Doc-eor, 
 
 imperf. Am-abam, Am-abar, Doc-ebam, Doc-ebar, 
 
 future. Am-abo, Am-abor, Doc-ebo, Doc-ebor, 
 
 Subjunc. pres. Am-em, Am-er, Doc-eam, Doc-ear, 
 
 Particip. pres. Am-ans, Doc-ens, 
 
 Gerunds. Am-andnm, Doc-endum, 
 
EXERCISES UPOX VERBS. 
 
 11 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 Active. Passive. Active. Passive. 
 Particip. fut. pass. Am-andus, Doc-end is, 
 
 ♦Infinit. pres. Am-are, Am-ari, ♦Doc-ere, Dcc-eri, 
 
 Subjunc. imperf. Am-arem, Am-arer, Doc-erem, Doc-ere? 
 
 Imperat pres. Ara-a, Am-are, Doc-e, Doc-ere, 
 
 ♦Indie, perf. Amav-i, ♦ Docu-i, 
 
 lndic pluperf. Amav-eram, Doeu-eram, 
 
 Subjunc. perf. Amav-erim, Docu-erim, 
 
 pluperf. Amav-issem, Docu-issem, 
 
 future. Amav-ero, Docu-ero, 
 
 Infinit. perf. Amav-isse, Docu-isse, 
 
 Former supine, Amat-um, *Doct-um, 
 
 Latter , Amat-u, Doct-u, 
 
 Particip. fut. act. Amat-urus, Doct-urus. 
 Particip. perf. pass. Amat-us, Doct-us. 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
 
 ♦Indie, pres. Leg-o, Leg-or, *Aud-io, Aud-ior, 
 
 imperf. Leg-ebam, Leg-ebar, Aud-iebam, Aud-iebar, 
 
 future. Leg-am, Leg-ar, Aud-iam, Aud-iar, 
 
 Subjunc. pres. Leg-am, Leg-ar, Aud-iam, Aud-iar, 
 
 Particip. pres. Leg-ens, Aud-iens, 
 
 Gerunds, Leg-endum, Aud-iendum, 
 
 Particip. fut. pass. Leg-endus, Aud-iendus, 
 
 ♦Infinit. pres. Leg-ere, Leg-eri, ♦Aud-ire, Aud-iri, 
 
 Subjunc. imperf. Leg-erem, Leg-erer, Aud-irem, Aud-irer, 
 
 Imperat. pres. Leg-e, Leg-ere, Aud-i, Aud-ire, 
 
 ♦Indie, perf. Leg-i, ♦Audiv-i, 
 
 — —pluperf. Leg-eram, Audiv-eram, 
 
 Subjunc. perf. Leg-erim, Audiv-erim, 
 
 pluperf. Leg-issem, Audiv-issem, 
 
 fut. Leg-ero, Audiv-ero, 
 
 Infinit. perf. Leg-isse, Audiv r -isse, 
 
 ♦Former supine, Lect-um, *Audit-um, 
 
 Latter , Lect-u, Audit-u, 
 
 Particip. fut. act. Lect-urus, Audit-urus, 
 
 perf. pass. Lect-us, Audit-us. 
 
 AN EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE MOODS AND TENSES. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 Present Tense. 
 
 I praise thee, Thou art 
 praised by me. Thou de- 
 sirest wisdom, Wisdom is 
 desired by thee. God go- 
 verns the world, The world 
 
 Ego laud are tu, Tu laudan 
 a ego. — Tu expetere sapien- 
 tia, Sapientia expeti a tu. — 
 Deus guhernare mundus 
 Mundus guhernari a Deus --• 
 
1J 
 
 EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 is governed by God. We 
 write letters, Letters are 
 written by us. You get 
 riches, Riches are gotten by 
 you. All men blame un- 
 grateful persons, The un- 
 grateful are blamed by all. 
 
 DEPONENT VERBS. 
 I confess. Thou deserv- Ego fatcri. Tu mereri lavs, 
 
 Ego scribvre liter a. Liter a 
 scribi a ego. — 
 Tu parare diviticc, Divitia 
 parari a tu. — 
 Omnis culpare ingrati, In- 
 grati culpari ah omnis. 
 
 est praise. The sun rises. 
 We agree to thee. 
 You forget injuries. 
 Men die. 
 
 Sol oriri. 
 Ego assentiri tu. 
 Tu oblivisci injuria 
 Homo mori. 
 
 Obs. Through the whole of the Indicative mood the 
 scholar should turn the examples into questions ; first in 
 English, by putting the sign of the verb before the Nomi- 
 native case ; and then in Latin, by putting An or Num be- 
 fore the first word, or Ne after it ; likewise putting Annon 
 or Nonne first, where there is Not in the English. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 It refers to a certain past time, signifying a thing which 
 was then doing, or present and unfinished. Or it speaks 
 of a thing as present at some certain time past. 
 
 I wrote (did write) let- Ego tunc scribere liter a, 
 ters then, Letters were then Liters tunc scribi a ego. 
 
 written by me. — At what 
 time thou soughtest for me, 
 I was sought for by thee. — 
 When Numa held the king- 
 dom, When the kingdom was 
 held by Numa. 
 
 At that age we gave our 
 minds (endeavour) to learn- 
 ing ; You always gave your 
 minds to play. 
 
 While the fields did flour- 
 ish. 
 
 Quo tempore tu qu&rere ego, 
 
 Ego qu&ri a tu. 
 
 Ubi Numa obtinere reg- 
 num, Ubi regnum obtineria 
 Numa. 
 
 Ego is t hue <b tat is dare 
 opera litera ; 
 
 Tu semper dare opera lusus. 
 Dum arvum jlorere. 
 
 DEPONENTS. 
 I was glad, so long as thou Ego Icetari, donee tu sec* 
 didst follow virtue ; and so tari virtus ; et donee ille re- 
 Ion* as he reverenced his vercri parens suus. 
 parents. 
 
EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 13 
 
 Whilst we hunted hares, 
 you followed, they talked in 
 the mean time. 
 
 Dum ego venari lepus, tu 
 sequi, ille fahulari inter ea. 
 
 PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 It speaks of a tiling as now past, and is either Definite 
 or Indefinite. 
 
 1 . The Perfect Definite respects a certain past time, and 
 speaks of a thing which happened and was finished or com- 
 pleted then. 
 
 I sought (did seek) for 
 thee yesterday, Thou wert 
 sought for by me yesterday. 
 Thou didst well, It was well 
 done by thee. 
 
 God created the world, 
 The world was created by 
 God out of nothing. 
 
 Pompey got great praise. 
 We went away presently. 
 You saw it. They did not 
 believe these things, These 
 things were not credited by 
 
 Ego queer ere tu heri, 
 Tu qu&situs esse a ego heri, 
 
 Benefacere, Benef actus esse 
 a tu. 
 
 Deus creare mundus, Mun- 
 dus creatus esse a Deus ex ni- 
 hilo. 
 
 Pompeius adeplus esse laus 
 magnus. Ego statim ahire. 
 Tu videre. Ille non credere 
 hoc, Hoc non creditus esse ab 
 ille. 
 
 them. 
 
 2. The Perfect Indefinite either speaks of a thing as but 
 just now past, or at least does not refer to any particular 
 time that it happened at. 
 
 Sccpe queerer e tu, Tu scepe 
 qu&situs esse a ego. 
 Tu locutus esse bene, et meri- 
 tus esse laus. 
 
 I have often sought for 
 thee, Thou hast often been 
 sought for by me. Thou 
 has spoken well, and hast 
 deserved praise. 
 
 She has found her parents. 
 We have made trial, Trial 
 has been made by us. You 
 have kept your promise, 
 (Your) promise has been 
 kept by you. All men have 
 sinned, and have deserved 
 punishment. 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 It refers to some former time, and speaks of a thing 
 which happened before, and was past then. 
 
 Ilia repenre parens. Fa- 
 cere periculum. Periculum 
 f actus esse a ego, Tu sol- 
 vere fides, Fides sclutus esse 
 a tu. 
 
 Omnis peccare, 
 esse pcence. 
 
 et meritus 
 
u 
 
 EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 I had sought for thee be- 
 fore, Thou hadst been sought 
 for by me before. Thou 
 hadst promised the day be- 
 fore. 
 
 The master had often for- 
 bidden that, That had often 
 been forbidden by the mas- 
 ter. 
 
 We had dined long be- 
 fore. You had asked. 
 
 Their fathers had taken 
 care of that, That had been 
 taken care of by their fa- 
 thers. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE 
 
 Quarere tu antea, 
 Tu qucesitus esse a ego antea* 
 Tu promittere pridie. 
 
 Magister scepe prchibere 
 id, Id scepe prohibitum esse a 
 ■magister. 
 
 Prandere multo ante. Tu 
 rogare 
 
 Pater curare id, Id cura~ 
 tus esse a pater. 
 
 1. Importing will or purpose 
 sign will, the rest shall. 
 
 I will write letters, Let- 
 ters shall be written by me. 
 Thou shalt hear the whole 
 matter. He shall suffer 
 punishment. Punishment 
 shall be suffered by him. 
 We will do our endeavour, 
 Endeavour shall be used by 
 us. 
 
 You shall know, 
 The boys shall play 
 
 The first person has the 
 
 Scribcre liters, Liter & sort' 
 bi a ego. 
 
 Audlrs res ojnnis. 
 Ille dare pcence, Pana dare 
 ab ille. 
 
 Ego dare opera, 
 Opera dari a ego. 
 
 Tu scire. 
 Pueri ludere. 
 
 IMPERATIVELY. 
 
 Venerari Deus, reveren 
 parens, et imitari bonus. 
 
 Thou shalt worship God, 
 reverence thy parents, and 
 shalt imitate the good. 
 
 Thou shalt beware of 
 passionateness, govern thy 
 tongue and follow peace, 
 neither shalt thou do injury 
 to any one. 
 
 We shall use diligence. Adhibere diligentia. 
 
 2. Signifying bare future event. The first person has 
 the sign shall, the rest will. 
 
 Cavere iracundia, mode- 
 rari lingua, et colere pax, 
 neque facere injuria quis- 
 quam. 
 
EXERCISES UroX VERBS. 
 
 15 
 
 I shall see. Thou wilt 
 oblige him. He will give 
 thanks to thee, Thanks will 
 be given to thee by him. 
 
 We shall obtain leave, 
 Leave will be obtained by 
 us. 
 
 You will get (make) an 
 estate. They will get friends, 
 Friends will be gotten by 
 them. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD 
 
 Ego videre. Facer e ille 
 gratum. Agere gratia tu, 
 Gratia agi tu ab ille. 
 
 Impetrare venia, 
 impetrari a ego. 
 
 Venia 
 
 Tu facere res. 
 Ille invenire amicus, 
 Amicus, inveniri ab ille. 
 
 Learn thou good arts, Let 
 good arts be learned by thee. 
 Shun thou sloth. Let the 
 victor have a horse. Beware 
 you of passionateness. 
 
 Call ye me. Let scholars 
 obey their masters. Let 
 them suffer themselves to be 
 taught. 
 
 The Present Subjunctive is often used instead of this 
 mood, especially in forbidding after ne, nemo, nullus, &c. 
 
 Discere bonus ars, Bonus 
 ars disci a tu. 
 
 Fugere segnities. Victor ha- 
 bere equus. Cavere tu ira- 
 cundia. 
 
 Vocareme. Discipulus ma- 
 gister parere. Doceri sui 
 
 Try that, which thou canst 
 (do). 
 
 Love a parent if he is 
 kind, if otherwise, bear 
 (him). 
 
 Don't thou covet other 
 men's goods. 
 
 Do not thou injury to any 
 one. 
 
 Do not hurt any one. 
 
 Give not up thyself to la- 
 ziness. 
 
 Give not yourselves whol- 
 ly to pleasures ; but rather 
 give yourselves to learning. 
 
 Quod posse, id tentare. 
 
 Amare parens, si aquus 
 esse ; si aliter, ferre. 
 
 Ne concupiscere alienum. 
 
 Ne facere injuria quis- 
 quam. 
 
 Ne cui nocere. 
 
 Ne tradere tu socordia. 
 
 Ne dedere tu totus volup- 
 tds ; quin potius doctrina tu 
 dedere. 
 
 ALSO THE FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Remember thou. See thou Tu meminissc. Tu videre. 
 to it. Don't say it. Do not Ne diccre. Ne facere injuria. 
 
16 
 
 EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 ihou do injury. Make not Ne fcstinaire loqui. 
 
 haste to speak. Deride no- Nemo irredere. 
 
 body. Give not up thyself to Ne tradere in ignavia. 
 
 idleness. Let him look to it. Ille videre. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 This Mood has always before it another verb in the same 
 sentence, as also some Conjunction, Adverb, Indefinite or 
 Relative expressed or understood. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 1. With some Conjunction, Adverb, Indefinite, or Rela- 
 tive, expressed; englished generally as the Indicative. 
 
 Seeing I am in health. Cum valere. 
 Have a care what thou Videre quid agere. 
 
 doest ; What is done by thee. 
 There is no covetous man 
 who does not want. 
 
 Stay till we return. Ycu 
 do not know for whom you 
 get money ; For whom mo- 
 ney is gotten by you. See- 
 ing covetous men always 
 want, though they abound. 
 
 I wish I may become a 
 scholar. I wish thou mayst 
 recover. I wish the king 
 may live long. 
 
 2. Without any Verb and Conjunction expressed. The 
 signs are May, Can, Let, Should, Would. 
 
 By this means thou may Ita invcnirc laus ; 
 
 Quid agi a tu. 
 
 Nemo avarus esse, qui non 
 eglre. 
 
 Expect are dum redire. Nes- 
 cire, qui pardre pecunia ; 
 Qui pecunia parari a tu. 
 Cum avarus semper egere f 
 etiamsi abundare. 
 
 Utinam evadere doctus. 
 Utinam tu convalescere. 
 Utinam rex vivcre diu. 
 
 g^t praise ; Praise may be 
 gotten by thee. Thou canst 
 scarce find a faithful friend ; 
 A faithful friend can scarce 
 be found by thee. Somebody 
 may say. Let us live piously. 
 I should refuse. She should 
 pray for help. 
 
 INTERROGATIVELY. 
 
 Laus inveniri a tu. 
 Vix reperire amicus f. delis ; 
 
 Amicus Jidelis vix repcrirt a 
 tu. Aliquis dicere. 
 Vivere pie. 
 
 Recusdre. Ordre opis. 
 
 Should I tell it ? What 
 ahould I think ? Whom 
 
 Narrare ? Quid putare t 
 Quern rogare t 
 
EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 17 
 
 should I ask ? What shouldst 
 thou do here ? Who can 
 (could, would) believe this 1 
 Why should she ask this ? 
 Why should this be asked by 
 her ? 
 
 Quid tu hie agere ? 
 Quis hoc credere ? 
 
 Cur ilia qu&ritare hoc ? 
 Cur hoc quaritari ab ilia ? 
 
 3. With Conjunctions, Indefinites, and Relatives, and the 
 signs May, Can, &c. 
 
 TJt verum dicer e. 
 Nescire quid me facer e. 
 
 Dare opera ut valere. 
 
 Ut amari, amare. 
 Velle* (ut) scribere. 
 Cavere (ne) credere. 
 
 Orare, ut venire. 
 Curare, ut scire. 
 Timere, ut credere. 
 
 Si quis rogare. Nihil habere* 
 quod agere. 
 Monere, ut studere. 
 Etsi ille negare. 
 Etsi neorari ab ille. 
 
 That I may speak the 
 truth. I don't know what 
 I should do with myself. 
 Use thy endeavour, that 
 thou may'st be in good 
 health. Love, that thou 
 may'st be loved. I would 
 have thee write. Beware, 
 that thou dost not believe it. 
 He begs that thou wouldst 
 come. Take care that he 
 may know. I am afraid, 
 lest he should not believe it. 
 If any one should ask. We 
 have nothing which we can 
 (may) do. I advise that 
 you would study. Though 
 they should deny. Though 
 it should be denied by thern. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 1. With Conjunctions, Indefinites, &c. englished as the 
 Indicative. 
 
 Seeing I did not hear, what 
 thou said'st ; What was said 
 by thee. If he knew what 
 we were now doing ; What 
 was doing now by us. 
 When you did not know, for 
 whom you got money ; For 
 whom money was gotten by 
 you. I stay'd till they re- 
 
 Cum non audire, quid di- 
 cer e ; Quid did a tu. 
 Si scire quid nunc agere ; 
 Quid nunc agi a ego. 
 
 Cum nescire qui parare pe~ 
 cunia ; Qui pecunia parari 
 a tu. 
 
 Expectare dum redire. 
 
 * Note — TJt is often understood after volo, nolo y facio, cen.teo, jubeo y opto, nno, 
 licet, oportet, &c. and ne after cavt 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 turned. I wish I were in 
 health. I wish thou spokest 
 from thy heart. I wish we 
 were wise enough. I wish 
 you used diligence ; I wish 
 diligence was used by you. 
 
 Utinam valere. 
 U tinam tu loqui ex animus, 
 Utinam sapere satis. 
 Utinam tu adhibere diligen- 
 tia ; Utinam diligentia ad' 
 hiberi a tu. 
 
 2 With the signs Would, Could, Should, Might, either 
 with or without Conjunctions, Indefinites, &c. 
 
 I would take care. He 
 begged that I would come. 
 Thou wouldst think thyself 
 happy, if thou wert rich. 
 
 He might say ; It mightbe 
 said by him. The day would 
 fail me, if I should reckon 
 every one. 
 
 We should not suffer it. 
 You would learn willingly, 
 if you were wise. Men would 
 follow virtue, if they were 
 wise. 
 
 INTERROGATIVELY. 
 What should I do ? Quid facer e 
 
 Wouldst not thou think thy- 
 self happy ? Might not 
 (would not) he say 1 What 
 would he say ? Should we 
 not do it ? Would you suffer 
 it ? Would they believe 1 
 
 Curare. Orare ut venire. 
 
 Putare tu felix, si esse dives, 
 
 Dicere ; Dici ab ille. 
 Dies defcere ego, si enume- 
 rare omnia. 
 
 N071 sinere. 
 Discere libenter, si sapere. 
 Homo sectari virtus, si sa- 
 pere. 
 
 Nonne putare tu felix ? 
 Nonne dicere ? 
 Quid dicere ? 
 Annon facer e 1 
 Num sinere ? 
 An credere ? 
 
 PERFECT, DEFINITE. 
 1. With Conjunctions, Indefinites, &c. englished as the 
 Indicative. 
 
 Though I sought for thee 
 yesterday ; Though thou 
 
 wert sought for by me yes- 
 terday. I do not knew whe- 
 ther you went. Who can 
 doubt but God created the 
 world ? But the world was 
 created by God ? You know 
 how great praise we got. 
 Though many did not bc- 
 
 Licet quaerre tu lieri ; 
 Licet qucBsitus esse a ego heri. 
 
 Nesclre quo profcctus esse. 
 Quis dubitare, quin Deus 
 creare mundus ? 
 Quin mundus crcatus esse a 
 Deus ? Scire, quantus laus 
 adcptus esse. 
 
 Quanquam mulli non credere 
 
EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 19 
 
 lieve these tilings ; Though 
 these things were not be- 
 lieved by many. 
 
 I wish 1 satisfied the mas- 
 ter. I wish thou spokest the 
 truth. 
 
 2. Without a Conjunction, 
 Perhaps I might be in an 
 error. Perhaps I might add 
 more kind expressions. Per- 
 haps the Sabine (woman) 
 might be unwilling. Perhaps 
 Ulysses might keep his 
 wife's birth-day. 
 
 hoc ; Quanquam hoc non 
 creditus esse a mult us. 
 
 Utinam satisfacere pr<£« 
 ceptor. Utinam dicere ve- 
 rum. 
 
 the sign is Might. 
 
 Err are fortasfe. 
 Forsitan addere blanditi<B 
 plures. Forsitan Sabina nolle. 
 
 Ulysses agere forsan dies na- 
 talis conjuor. 
 
 PERFECT, INDEFINITE. 
 
 1. With Conjunctions, Indefinites, &c. englished as the 
 Indicative. 
 
 Though I have made 
 trial ; Though trial has been 
 made by me. Tell me what 
 you have got. I know the 
 man who has promised. See- 
 ing we all have sinned. I am 
 glad that you have escaped. 
 I desire to know, what they 
 have done ; What has been 
 done by them. I wish he 
 hath spoken the truth ; 
 Truth hath been spoken by 
 him. I wish he has (may 
 have) obtained leave. 
 
 Etiamsi facer e periculum ; 
 Etiamsi per iculumf actus esse 
 a ego. Dicere miki, quid nac- 
 tus esse. Nusse homo, qui pro- 
 mittere. Cum omnis pcccare. 
 Gaudere, quod evader e. 
 
 Avere scire, quid agere ; 
 Quid actus esse ah Me. 
 Utinam dicere verum ; 
 Verum dictus esse ab Me. 
 
 Utinam ille imvetrare venia 
 
 2. With the signs may have, should have 
 
 That he may not have lost, 
 the gamester does not cease 
 to lose. Then I should 
 have saved the Capitol in 
 vain. Thou fearest lest I 
 should not have received 
 thy epistle ; Lest thy epistle 
 should not have been receiv- 
 ed by me. I am afraid, lest 
 he should have taken it ill. 
 
 Ne non perdere, non cessare 
 perdere lusor. 
 
 Tunc ego nequicquam Capi- 
 tolium servare. 
 Vereri, ul accipere tua epis- 
 tola ; 
 
 Ut tua epistola acceptus esse 
 a ego. 
 
 Vereriy ne illud gravius 
 
 ferre. 
 
20 
 
 EXERCISES UPON VERBS. 
 
 Metuerc, ne frustra suscipere 
 labor ; Ne excedere modus ; 
 
 Ne ilia ha>c audire. 
 
 I fear lest I should have ta- 
 ken pains in vain ; Lest 
 thou shouldst have exceed- 
 ed moderation ; Lest she 
 should have heard these 
 things. 
 
 3. This perfect of the Subjunctive sometimes inclines 
 very much to a future signification. The signs are, should, 
 would, could, may, can. 
 
 I should choose rather to 
 be poor. I would not do it 
 without your order. Thou 
 wouldst choose rather to be 
 in health, than to be rich. 
 Who would say that the co- 
 vetous man is rich ? You 
 would play more willingly 
 than study. 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 1. With Conjunctions, Indefinites, &c. englished as the 
 Indicative. 
 
 Opiate pauper esse potius. 
 Nonjacere injussu tuus. 
 Pr&ferre valere, quam dives 
 esse. 
 
 Quis dicer e avarus esse dives ? 
 Ludere libentius quam stu- 
 dere. 
 
 Because I had received 
 a kindness ; Because a kind- 
 ness had been received by 
 me. If thou hadst restrain- 
 ed thy passion ; If passion 
 had been restrained by thee. 
 He who had offered injury ; 
 By whom injury had been 
 offered.. If they had kept 
 promise. I did not know 
 whether he had thanked him 
 or not. I wish I had obeyed. 
 I wish you had made trial. 
 
 Quod accipere beneficium ; 
 Quod beriejicium acceptus esse 
 a ego. 
 
 Si cohibere iracundia ; 
 
 Si iracundia cohibitus esse a 
 
 tu. 
 
 I lie qui infcrre injuria ; 
 A qui injuria Hiatus esse. 
 Si serv are promts sum. 
 Nescire an agcre gratia Hie 
 necne. 
 
 Utinam par ere. TJtinam fa- 
 cere periculum. 
 
 2. With the signs, might have, would have, could have, 
 should have, ought to have, and had for would or should have. 
 
 If he had (should have) 
 commanded it, I would have 
 obeyed. Thou should est 
 (oughtest to) have called 
 
 Si jubere, par ere. 
 Vocare. 
 
 me. Cnesar would never 
 have done this, nor sutTered 
 
 Cmsar nunquam hoc facere % 
 neque passus esse 
 
EXERCISES UPON VERES. 
 
 21 
 
 Non effugere hoc malum. 
 
 it. We could not have es- 
 caped this mischief. 
 
 INTERROGATIVELY. 
 
 Wouldst thou have obey- 
 ed ? Wouldst thou not have 
 obeyed ? Would Caesar have 
 done or suffered this 1 
 Would not Caesar have suf- 
 fered this 1 Who would have 
 done this ! Could we have 
 escaped. 
 
 3. There is a peculiar use of this Pluperfect of the Sub- 
 junctive, when a thing is signified future at a certain past 
 time referred to. 
 
 An par ere ? 
 Annon (nonne) parere ? 
 An Ccesar hoc facere aut pas- 
 sus esse ? 
 
 Nonne C <Bsar hoc passus esse? 
 Quis hoc facere ? 
 An effugere. 
 
 Thou promisedst thou 
 wouldst write, if I desired 
 (should desire) it. Thou 
 saidst thou wouldst come, if 
 thou didst (shouldst) obtain 
 leave. They decreed a re- 
 ward if any one should dis- 
 cover. 
 
 Examples of this kind are usual in recitals of Laws, 
 Speeches and Predictions ; the future tense in the Law, 
 Speech, or Prediction being in the recital expressed by the 
 Pluperfect, which is to the future as the imperfect is to 
 the present. 
 
 Promittere tu scripturus 
 (esse) si rogare. 
 JDicere tu venturus esse, si 
 impetrare venia. 
 
 Decernere pramium, si quis 
 indicare. 
 
 Fut. If any one shall make 
 bad verses against any one, 
 there is law. 
 
 Pluperf. The twelve ta- 
 bles made it capital, if any 
 one should compose verses 
 which brought infamy to an^ 
 other. 
 
 Fut. They promise, that 
 } they will do what he com- 
 mands (shall command). 
 
 Pluperf. They promised 
 that they would do what he 
 commanded (should com- 
 mand). 
 
 Si mains condere in quis- 
 quis carmen>jus esse. 
 
 Duodecim tabula capite 
 sancire, si quis carmen con- 
 dere qui infamia afferre al- 
 ter. 
 
 Qua imperare i suifacturus 
 (esse) polliceri. 
 
 Qua imperare suifacturus 
 (esse) polliceri. 
 
 c2 
 
22 
 
 EXEKCISE3 UPON VERBS. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 1. With Conjunctions, Indefinites, Sic. the sign is shall 
 have ; but generally the have or the shall, and frequently 
 both, are omitted. 
 
 When I (shall) have de- 
 termined, I will write. 
 When you (shall) have said 
 all. After he has spoken 
 with Csesar. When we 
 (shall) have written letters ; 
 When letters (shally have 
 been written by us. When 
 you (shall) have performed 
 your promises ; When pro- 
 mises shall have been (are) 
 performed by you. As soon 
 as they (shall) have heard. 
 If I (shall) ask. If thou shalt 
 obtain (obtainest). If any one 
 (shall) discover. If we 
 (shall) do that. If you 
 (shall) make me consul. 
 Unless they (shall) come to- 
 morrow. 
 
 2. Without Conjunctions, &c. the sign to the first person 
 is shall, to the rest will. 
 
 Cum constituere, scribere. 
 
 Cum dicer e omnia. 
 Postquam convenire Ccesar. 
 Ubi saribere literce ; 
 
 Vbi litcra scriptus esse a ego. 
 Cum prcBstare promissum ; 
 
 Cum promissum praslitus 
 esse a tu. 
 
 Cum primum (simul ac) au- 
 
 dir. 
 
 Si rogare. Si impetrare 
 
 Si quis indicate. 
 
 Si id facer e. 
 
 Si facer e ego consul. 
 
 Nisi eras venire. 
 
 I shall see. Thou wilt 
 do kindly, if thou wilt come. 
 A covetous man will always 
 want. We shall obtain. 
 You will conquer. They 
 will get friends. 
 
 Note. The Participle in rus with sim and essem is often 
 used instead of the Future Subjunctive or Pluperfect, viz. 
 with such Indefinites as are sometimes also Interrogative s ; 
 and with the Conjunctions cum, quin, quod, quia, qud, ut. 
 
 Ego videre. Facere benigne, 
 si venire. 
 
 Avarus semper egerc. 
 Impetrare. 
 
 Yincere. Tile invenire ami- 
 cus. 
 
AN 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO 
 
 LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 Syntax is the right ordering of words in speech. 
 Its parts are two, concord and government. 
 Concord is when one word agrees with another in some 
 accidents. 
 
 Government is when a word governs a certain case. 
 
 7. OF CONCORD. 
 
 Concord is fourfold. 
 
 1 . Of an adjective with a substantive. 
 
 2. Of a verb with a nominative. 
 
 3. Of a relative with an antecedent. 
 
 4. Of a substantive with a substantive. 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 An adjective agrees with a substantive, in gender, num- 
 ber, and case. 
 
 Fleeting years slide awa)'. Fngaces anni labuntur. 
 Sluggish old age approaches. Tarda senectus subit. 
 Time past never returns. Tempus praeteritum nun- 
 
 quam revertitur. 
 We all hasten to one end. Nos omnes metam propera- 
 
 mus ad unam. 
 
 Note 1. The substantive is sometimes understood ; and in this case the adjec- 
 tive takes the gender of the suppressed substantive ; as, per immortelles ; sc. Deos. 
 Laborare tertiana ; ; sup. febri. Faucis te volo; nempe verbis. Tristre lupus sta- 
 bulis ; sup. negotium. Omnia senescunt ; sup. negotia. This last substantive is 
 seldom expressed ; and its usual sign in English is the word thing or things. 
 
 Note 2. Adjectives are often put substantively, or used in a substantive sense ; 
 and may then have other adjectives agreeing with them ; as, Virg. Fortunate 
 senex. CtC Amicus ccrlus. And sometimes substantives seem to be used in an 
 adjective sense ; as, Virg. Populism, late regem, for regnanicm. Cic. Victor exer- 
 eitus. Ovid. Dardanides matres. 
 
 Note 3. An adjective joined with two substantives of different genders, gen- 
 erally agrees with that chiefly or principally spoken of; as, PJin. Oppidum Paes- 
 turn, Graecis Posidonia appellatum. The adjective, however, sometimes neglect- 
 ing the principal substantive, agrees with the nearest ; as, Cic. Non nmnis error 
 stultitia est dicenda. But if the principal substantive be the proper name of a 
 man or woman, the adjective always agrees with it ; as, Vopisc. Bonosvs Impera- 
 tor amphora dictus est ; not dicta. Just. Stmiramis ptter esse credita est ; not creditus. 
 
24 
 
 a:\ t introduction 
 
 The good boy learns, the 
 naughty boys play ; the swift 
 horse conquers, the slow hor- 
 ses are overcome. 
 
 Proud men do fall, but hum- 
 ble men shall be exalted ; high 
 towers fall, whilst low cottages 
 stand. 
 
 Our master comes, let us 
 read, the idle boys shall be 
 beaten, my books were torn, 
 thy brothers were commend- 
 ed. 
 
 Note 1. We always rush 
 upon a thing forbidden, and we 
 covet things denied. Let us 
 despise earthly things, when 
 we contemplate heavenly 
 things. 
 
 TT A small spark neglected, 
 often raises a great conflagra- 
 tion ; so after Sylla had settled 
 the commonwealth, new wars 
 broke out. 
 
 The general triumphed most 
 splendidly in a golden chariot 
 with his sons ; two princes 
 were led before his chariot ; 
 many kings came to this sight. 
 
 Caesar returning from Gaul 
 began to demand another 
 consulship ; but he was order- 
 ed to disband his army and re- 
 turn to town ; for which inju- 
 ry he came from Ariminum, 
 where he had his soldiers 
 drawn together, against his 
 country with an army. Caesar 
 prevailed : he was afterwards 
 murdered. Death devours all 
 things. 
 
 Bonus puer disco, malus 
 puer ludo ; celer equus 
 vinco, tardus equus vinco 
 
 Superbus homo cado, 
 sed modestus homo prove- 
 ho ; alius turris cado, dum 
 humilis casa sto. 
 
 Noster praeceptor vc- 
 nio, lego ego, ignavus puer 
 caedo, meus liber lacero, 
 tuusf rater laudo. 
 
 Nitor in vetitus sempe? , 
 cupioque negatus. Con- 
 temno humcnus, cum spec- 
 to coelestis. 
 
 Parvus scintilla con- 
 temptus, saepe excito mag- 
 num incendium ; sic cum 
 Sylla compono respublica, 
 novus helium exardeo. 
 
 Irnperator triumpho mag- 
 nificenter in aureus cur- 
 rus cum jilius suus ; duo 
 princeps duco ante currus ; 
 mult us rex vcnio ad hie 
 spectaculum- 
 
 Ccesar, rediens e Gallia, 
 coepi deposco alter consu 
 latus ; sed jubeo dimitto 
 exercitus et redeo ad urbs ; 
 propter qui injuria venio 
 ab Ariminum, ubi habeo 
 miles congregatus, adver- 
 sum patria cum exercitus. 
 Ccesar vinco : postea inter- 
 ficio. Mors devoro omnis 
 
 Diligence overcomes all difficulties. Delays often ruin the best design* 
 Shame attends unlawful pleasures. One bad sheep infects a whole flock. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 25 
 
 Industry keeps the mind clear, and the body healthful. Prosperity gains 
 friends, and adversity tries them. Where no law is, there is no transgression. 
 Vanity makes beauty contemptible. God sees all things. 
 
 When men neglect God, they neglect their own safety; they procure theii 
 own ruin ; they fly from their own happiness ; they pursue their own misery, 
 and make haste to be undone. 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 A verb agrees with the nominative before it in number 
 and person. 
 I read. 
 
 Thou writest. 
 He studies. 
 The girl sings. 
 We teach. 
 Ye hear, 
 They learn. 
 The boys are praised. 
 
 Ego lego. 
 Tu scribis. 
 Ille studet. 
 Puclla canit. 
 Nos docemus. 
 Vos audit is. 
 IUi discunt. 
 Pueri laudantur. 
 
 Note 1. Bgo and Nos are the first person, Tu and Vos the second, and all other 
 nouns are the third person. Here observe, that a nominative of the first and se- 
 cond person is seldom expressed, being always known by the verb. 
 
 Note 2. This rule respects only the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative. 
 The infinitive has, indeed, sometimes a nominative before it ; but then coepit or 
 coeperunt is understood ; as, Virg. Aeneas humeris abscindere vestem ; sc. coepit. 
 Ter. Omnes invidere mihi ; sc. coeperunt. Or we may suppose, as is usually done 
 in this case, that the infinitive is put for the perfect of the indicative, viz. ab- 
 scindere for abscindcbaty and invidere for invidebant. 
 
 I call, thou dost answer, he 
 taught, we did study, ye have 
 given, they have received. 
 
 I had gone, thou hadst come, 
 he had sent, we will touch, ye 
 shall taste, they will drink. 
 
 Do thou go on, let him make 
 haste, let us prepare, proceed 
 ye, let them return. 
 
 I am accused, thou art blam- 
 ed, he was praised, we were 
 condemned, ye will be dismiss- 
 ed, they shall be punished. 
 
 Be thou joined, let him be 
 separated, let us be instructed, 
 be ye exalted, let them be dis- 
 graced. 
 
 The cock crows, the goose 
 did cackle, the parrot spoke, 
 the magpies had chattered, 
 ravens will croak, let hens 
 cluck. 
 
 Ego voco, tu respondco, 
 ille doceo, ego studeo, tu 
 do, ille accipio. 
 
 Ego eo, tu venio, ille 
 mitto, ego tango, tu gusto, 
 ille bibo. 
 
 Per go tu, feslino ille, 
 paro ego, progredior tu, 
 redeo ille. 
 
 Ego accuso, tu culpo, 
 ille laudo, ego condemno, 
 tu dimitto, ille punio. 
 
 Jungo tu, separo ille, 
 erudio ego, exalto tu, vi- 
 tupero ille. 
 
 G alius canto, anser glo- 
 cito,psittachus loquor, pica 
 garrio, corvus crocito, gal- 
 Una pipo. 
 
20 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 The dog barks, the sheep did 
 bleat, the hog hath grunted, the 
 
 Cards latro, ovis baio, 
 sus grunnio, equus hinnio, 
 
 horses had neighed, asses will asinus rudo, leo rugio, bos 
 bray, let lions roar, oxen will mugio, lupus ululo. 
 bellow, wolves will howl. 
 
 shunned, honour was sought, to, honos quaero, divitiae 
 
 riches were acquired, the boys paro, puer disco, emo li- 
 
 will learn, let books be bought, her, Pctus ajfirmo, quis 
 
 Peter affirms, who will deny ? nego ? 
 
 The men did shout, the bat- Homo clamo, praelium 
 
 tie was joined, the arrows fly, committo, sagitta volo,gla- 
 
 the swords are drawn, the sol- dius destringo, milesp ug- 
 
 diers have fought, the horses no, equus capio, hostis fu- 
 
 are taken, the enemy will be go, venio victoria, pax 
 
 routed, let victory come, peace peto. 
 will be sought. 
 
 % In the mean time, all Interea omnis Graecia, 
 
 Greece being divided into two divisus in duo pars, con- 
 
 parties, turned their arms from verto arma ab externus 
 
 foreign wars, as it were upon bellum, velut in viscus 
 
 their own bowels ; wherefore suus ; igitur duo corpus 
 
 two bodies are made out of one jio de unus populus, et 
 
 people, and the soldiers are miles divido in duo hosti- 
 
 divided into two hostile armies, lis exercitus. 
 
 After the battle, no woman la- ' Post praelium nullus 
 
 mented her lost husband ; all la- mulier Jleo amissus con- 
 
 mented their own hap, because jux ; omnis doleo suus vi~ 
 
 they had not fallen for their cis, quod ipse non cado pro 
 
 country; all received the woun- patria ; omnis excipio sau- 
 
 ded, dressed their wounds, re- cius, euro vulnus, reficio 
 
 freshed the fatigued, and they all lassus, omnisque magis lu- 
 
 more lamented the public than geo publicus quam priva- 
 
 their private fortune. For these tus fortuna. Ob hie me- 
 
 things they deserve praise. reor laus. 
 
 God made the world, and all things in it ; he created the light, and formed 
 darkness ; in him we live and move ; if he look on the earth, it trembles ; if he 
 touch the hills, they smoko ; I will bless my God while I live ; he alone doth 
 wondrous works, praise ye the Lord. 
 
 3. Substantive verbs, verbs of naming and gesture, have 
 a nominative both before and after them belonging to the 
 same thing. 
 
 Virtue is praised, vice was 
 
 Vurtus laudo, vitium vi- 
 
 ANNOTATIONS. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 27 
 
 I am a scholar. 
 Thou wilt become a poet. 
 Diogenes was called a philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 We are esteemed wise men. 
 
 Ego sum discipulus. 
 
 Tufas po'eta. 
 
 Diogenes appellabatur phi- 
 
 losophus. 
 Nos existimamur sapien- 
 
 tes. 
 
 Ilia incedit regina 
 Milites dormiunt securi 
 
 She walks as a queen. 
 The soldiers sleep secure. 
 
 1. Substantive verbs are sum, fo, for em, and existo. 
 
 2. Verbs of naming are these passives, appellor, dicor, 
 vocor, nominor, nuncupor ; to which add videor, existimor, 
 censeor, habeor, creor, constitutor, salutor, designor, cognos- 
 cor, agnoscor, invenior, reperior, &c. 
 
 3. Verbs of gesture are, eo, incedo, venio, cubo, sto, jaceo, 
 sedeo, evado,fugio, dormio, somnio, maneo, &c. 
 
 Note 1. The nominative, after these verbs is frequently an adjective, which 
 agrees with the nominative before them as its substantive, in gender, number, 
 and case, or some other substantive is understood. 
 
 Note 2. Any verb may have a nominative after it, when it belongs to the same 
 thing with the nominative before it ; as, Cic. Adivi hoc puer. Id. Sapiens ninil 
 facit invitus. 
 
 Note 3. When a verb comes betwixt two nominatives of different numbers, it 
 usually takes the number of the first ; as, Ter. Dos est decern talenta. Ovid. Ossa 
 Ijpisfiunt. But sometimes it takes the number of the last ; as, Ter. Amantium 
 irae amoris integratio est. Luc. Sanguis erant lachrymae. 
 
 1. The lion is king among the 
 wild beasts, the ash is the fair- 
 est tree in the woods, and the 
 hr in the lofty mountains. 
 
 Patience often offended be- 
 comes fury, and generals after 
 victory are sometimes tyrants. 
 
 2. Virtue is often called vice, 
 vice too is often called virtue, 
 and poverty is sometimes reck- 
 oned a disgrace. 
 
 Varro was esteemed a learn- 
 ed man, Cicero was accounted 
 eloquent, Aristides was called 
 just, Pompey was named great. 
 
 3. The boy sits porter before 
 the gate, the servants walk on 
 foot, the master stays alone, the 
 soldiers come up in arms. 
 
 Leo sum rex inter f era, 
 fraxinus sum pulcher ar- 
 bos in sylva, et abies in al- 
 tus mons. 
 
 Patientia saepe laesus 
 jio furor, et dux ex victo- 
 ria interdum existo tyran- 
 nus. 
 
 Virtus saepe voco viti- 
 um, victium quoque saepe 
 appcllo virtus, et paupertas 
 nonnunquam censeo oppro- 
 brium, 
 
 Varro existimo doctus 
 vir, Cicero habco disertus, 
 Aristides dicojustus, Pom- 
 peius nomino magnus. 
 
 Puer sedeo janitor ante 
 fores, famulus incedo pe- 
 des, herus maneo solus, 
 miles, venio armatus. 
 
28 
 
 AN IXTKODUCTIOX 
 
 Beauty is a fair but fading flower Virtue is its own reward, and envy is its own 
 punishment. Religion is the greatest wisdom, honesty is the best policy, and 
 temperance is the best physic. 
 
 Quarrelsome persons are mischievous companions. A false friend will be the 
 most dangerous enemy. Fraud in childhood will become knavery in manhood. 
 
 The spring is a plesant time, for nature then seems to be renew ed, the trees be- 
 gin to sprout, and the gardens bring forth herbs and llowers ; these are all sweet 
 things. 
 
 4. The infinitive mood has an accusative before it. 
 
 I am glad that you are well. Gaudeo te valere. 
 I confess that I have sinned. Fatero me peccasse. 
 
 Note 1. The word that betwixt two English verbs is the usual sign of this con- 
 struction. 
 
 Note 2. The accusative may be turned into the nominative with quod or vt. 
 Thus, instead of gaudeo te valere, we may say. gaudeo quod tu valeas ; and instead 
 of opus est te scire, we may say, opus est ut scias. 
 
 Note 3. The accusatives me, te, sc, ilium, as also the infinitive esse or fuisse, are 
 frequently suppressed ; as, Virg. Reddere posse negabat, sc. se posse. Cic. Exsr- 
 citum cacsum cognovi, sc. fuisse caesum. 
 
 I wonder that your brother 
 does not write to me ; I cannot 
 believe that he is well. 
 
 Silius boasted that his sol- 
 diers had persisted in obedi- 
 ence, when others had lapsed 
 into sedition. 
 
 When Cresar heard that the 
 Helvetii were in arms, and that 
 they designed to make their 
 way through his province, he 
 made haste to be gone from 
 Rome, and come very speedily 
 to Geneva. 
 
 The ambassadors complain- 
 ed that they were slighted, and 
 took it ill that they were order- 
 ed to depart from the city ; but 
 the king declared that he would 
 reckon them for enemies, un- 
 less they went off at the day 
 appointed. 
 
 Historians tell, that Philip Historicus narro, Phi- 
 was slain by a young man, as lippus obtrunco ab adoles- 
 he was going to the public cens, cum eo, ad Indus, pub- 
 games, and many believed that licus, et multus credo Al 
 Alexander had encouraged him exander impello is ad tan 
 to so great a crime. The young tus /acinus. Adolesccn 
 man was called Pausanias. voco Pausanias. 
 
 Miror tuus frater non 
 scriboadego; non possum 
 credo isvaleo. 
 
 Silius jaclo suus miles 
 duro in obscquium, cum 
 alius prolabor ad seditio. 
 
 Cum Caesar audio Hel- 
 vetii sum in arma, et is sta- 
 tuo facio iter per provincia 
 suus f maturo proficiscor a 
 Roma, et venio celcriter ad 
 Geneva. 
 
 Legatus queror sui ncg- 
 ligo, et aegre fero suijubco 
 discedo ab urbs ; at rex de- 
 nuncio sui habeo is pro 
 hostis, nisi proficiscor ad 
 dies statu tus. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 29 
 
 Young men hope that they shall live long ; but they ought to remember, that 
 they were sent into this world as into a lodging, not as into a home, and that 
 they will soon be called hence. 
 
 While Caesar was in Hither Gaul, In winter-quarters, frequent reports were 
 brought to him, that all the Belga? had conspired against the Roman people. 
 
 5. ESSE hath the same case after it that it hath before it 
 Or more generally thus : 
 
 The infinitive of a substantive verb, verb of naming or ges- 
 ture, takes the same case after it that it hath before it. 
 
 Peter desires to be a learned 
 man. 
 
 Thou lovest to be called father. 
 He would have himself made 
 
 general. 
 We see that the old man walks 
 
 straight. 
 
 Petrus cupit esse vir doc- 
 tus. 
 
 Tu amas dici pater. 
 Vult se creari ducem 
 
 Videmus 
 rectum. 
 
 senem incedere 
 
 Note 1. The noun after these infinitives is frequently an adjective, which either 
 agrees with the substantive before them, or has some other substantive under- 
 stood. 
 
 Note 2. When a verb that governs the dative, such as licet, expedit, datur, con- 
 cedo, and the like, comes before these infinitives, the case after them is com- 
 monly the dative, but sometimes the accusative ; as, Non datur omnibus esse no- 
 bilibus et opulentis ; sed licet omnibus esse bonis, si velint. Ter. Expedit vobis esse 
 bonos. Cic. Liceat esse miseros. Which may be supplied thus ; Expedit vobis 
 vos esse bonos. Liceat vobis vos esse miseros. 
 
 Note 3. When a verb that governs the accusative, such as, aio, refer o, puto, 
 nescio, and the like, comes before the infinitive esse, the case after it, in prose au- 
 thors, is always the accusative ; but the Poets, sometimes, in imitation of the 
 Greeks, omitting the pronoun me, te, or se, use the nominative ; as, Ovid. Quid re- 
 tulit Ajax esse Jovis pronepos. Hot. Uxor invicti Jovis esse nescis. Id. Paticns 
 vocari Ccesaris ultor. And Virg. Sensit medios delapsus in hostes ; i. e. Sensit esse 
 delapsut, instead of sensit se esse delapsum. 
 
 Note 4. This rule respects only the nominative, dative, and accusative, and is 
 not to be extended to the genitive or ablative ; for we do not say, Interest Cice- 
 ronis esse eloquentis ; but, Interest Ciceronis esse eloquentcm. 
 
 The old Persians believed 
 that the sun was God. 
 
 The Nymph complained 
 that her arms were become 
 long boughs. 
 
 If thou desirest to be a good 
 man, practice charity and other 
 virtues. 
 
 Empedocles affected to be 
 esteemed an immortal god. 
 
 No man ought to be called 
 happy before death. 
 
 Thou art become an old 
 wife, yet thou affectest to be 
 thought a beauty. 
 
 D 
 
 Vetus Persa credo sot 
 sum Deus. 
 
 Nympha doleo suus bra- 
 chiumjio longus ramus. 
 
 Si tu volo sum bonus 
 vir, colo caritas aliusque 
 virtus. 
 
 Empedocles cupio ha- 
 beo immortalis deus. 
 
 Nemo debeo dico be at us 
 ante obitus. 
 
 Tu Jio anus, tamen volo 
 video jormosus. 
 
30 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Antigonus orders himself to 
 be called king by the people, 
 Ptolemy also is styled king by 
 the army. 
 
 Such a stupidity seized Vi- 
 tellius, that, if others had net re- 
 membered that he was emperor, 
 he himself would have forgot. 
 
 If you would be happy, fear God, and li 
 A wise man may be thought to be a fool 
 be esteemed a wise man, if he hold Ins tor 
 silence is often great prudence. 
 
 Antigonus jubeo sui ap~ 
 pello rex a populus, Pto- 
 lemaeus quoque cognomino 
 rex ab exercitus. 
 
 Tantus torpedo invado 
 Vitellius, ut, si caeter non 
 memini is sum princeps, 
 ipse obliviscor. 
 
 ve according to nature. 
 
 [,if he talk too much ; and a fool may 
 
 igue. A man is known by his talk, and 
 
 RULE It I. 
 
 6. The relative qui, quae, quod, agrees with the ante- 
 cedent in gender and number. 
 
 The man is wise who speaks Vir sapit qui pauca loqui- 
 little. tur. 
 
 annotations. 
 
 7. If no nominative comes between the relative and the 
 verb, the relative shall be the nominative to the verb. 
 
 The covetous man, who al- Avarus, qui semper cget, 
 ways wants, cannot be rich. non potest esse dives. 
 
 8. But if a nominative comes between the relative and 
 the verb, the relative shall be of that case, which the verb 
 or noun following, or the preposition going before, use to 
 govern. 
 
 God, who governs the world, Deus, qui gubernat mun- 
 and by whom all things were dum, et a quo omnia 
 created, is a spirit, whom creabantur, est spiritus, 
 no man hath seen, or can quern nemo vidit, aul 
 see. videre potest. 
 
 Note 1. The antecedent is commonly some substantive noun, either expressed 
 or understood, that goes before the relative, and is again understood to, or some- 
 times repeated along with the relative as its substantive ; as, cave voluptatem, 
 quae est pestis ; i. e. cave voluptacem, quae voluptas est pestis. Caes. Erant omnino 
 itinera- duo, quibus itineribus dorno exire possent. And here observe, that the ante- 
 cedent is sometimes omitted in its proper p'ace, and only expressed along with 
 the relative ; as, Ter. Populo ui placercnt quas fecisset jabulae ; for fabulae, quag 
 fabulas. Ovid. Sub qua nuncrecubas arbore,virga fuit; for arbor, sub quaaroore* 
 Virg. Urbem, quam statuo, vestra est ; for urbs, quam n^bcm, <fcc. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 31 
 
 Note 2. An infinitive or a sentence sometimes supplies the place of a nomina- 
 tive to a verb, of a substantive to an adjective, of an antecedent to a relative ; and 
 in this case, the verb is in the third person, the adjective and relative are put in 
 the neuter gender ; as, 
 
 To excel in knowledge is reckoned a In scientia excellere pulchrum puta- 
 
 fine thing. tut. 
 
 Peter is a learned man, which nobody Petrus est vir doctus, quod nemo 
 
 denies. negat. 
 
 Note 2. The person of the relative is always the same with that of its antece- 
 dent ; as, Ego qui doceo ; tu qui discis ; lectio quae docctur. The reason is plain, 
 namely, the antecedent, which is supposed to be repeated along with the rela- 
 tive, is the true nominative to the verb ; thus, Ego qui doceo, when supplied, is, 
 Ego qui ego doceo, &c. 
 
 Note 4. When the relative comes betwixt two substantives of different gen- 
 ders, it sometimes, though more rarely, agrees with the last ; as, Cic. Animal 
 quern vocamus hominenu 
 
 Note 5. The antecedent is sometimes couched or included in the possessive 
 pronoun ; as, Ter. Omnes laudare foriunas, meas, qui haberem gnatum tali ingenio 
 praeditum. 
 
 Note 6. The relative sometimes, instead of taking the gender of the antece- 
 dent, takes the gender of some synonymous word suppressed ; as, Sail. Earum 
 rerum, quae prima mortales dicunt ; sc. negotia. 
 
 Note 7. The interrogatives or indefinites, qualis, quantvs, quotits* quotuplex, &c. 
 sometimes observe the construction of the relative qui, quae, quod ; as, Ovid. Fa- 
 des non omnibus una, nec diversa tamen ; qualem decet esse sororum. 
 
 Amribal, who had made trial 
 of the Roman courage, denied 
 that the Romans could be con- 
 quered but in Italy. 
 
 Caesar first conquered the 
 Helvetii, who are now called 
 the Sequani ; after that he sub- 
 dued all Gaul, that is betwixt 
 the Alps and the British ocean. 
 
 Many find fault with crimes 
 which they will not forsake ; 
 but let us pursue virtue, in 
 which true glory consists ; for 
 gold, which is so eagerly sought 
 after by men, often hurts. 
 
 They are good boys whom 
 glory encourages, and com- 
 mendation delights ; they will 
 become excellent men. 
 
 The city which Romulus 
 built was called Rome, the in- 
 habitants were named Romans, 
 and were deservedly esteemed 
 very brave men. 
 
 Note 2. To read and xiot to 
 
 Annibal, qui tento Ro- 
 manics virtus, nego Roma- 
 nus possum opprimo nisi 
 in Italia, 
 
 Casar primo vinco Hel- 
 vetii, qui nunc appello Se- 
 quani ; deinde domo omnis 
 Gallia, qui sum inter Alpes 
 et oceanus Britannicus. 
 
 Multus corripio crimen 
 qui nolo linquo ; sed ego 
 colo virtus, in qui verus 
 decus sum positus ; nam 
 aurum, qui tarn cupide pe- 
 to ab homo, saepe nocco. 
 
 Hie sum bonus puer qui 
 gloria excito, et laus delec- 
 to ; Jio egregius vir. 
 
 TJrbs qui Romulus condo 
 voco Roma, incola nomino 
 R07 nanus, et merit o habeo 
 fortis vir. 
 
 Lego et non intelligo, 
 
AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 understand, is to neglect ; to 
 sow and not to reap, is to lose 
 your labour. 
 
 Not to know what happened 
 before thou wert born, is to be 
 •ilways a child. 
 
 To see is pleasant, but to dis- 
 cover truth is more pleasant ; 
 philosophy, therefore, which 
 searches for truth, is a most 
 noble study. 
 
 To flee when our country is 
 invaded is base ; let us there- 
 fore fight valiantly ; to die for 
 one's country is sweet and glo- 
 rious. 
 
 Men often pursue pleasure, 
 which is a pernicious thing ; 
 but do thou seek after true 
 glory, which is a commendable 
 thing. 
 
 To know one's self is the 
 first step towards wisdom ; 
 which, as it is a very hard 
 thing, so it is a very useful 
 thing. 
 
 sum negligo ; sero et mm 
 meto, sum per do opera. 
 
 Nescio quid accido an- 
 tequam nascor, sum semper 
 sum puer. 
 
 Video sum jucundus, sed 
 invenio Veritas sumjucun- 
 dus ; philosophia, igitur, 
 qui investigo Veritas, sum 
 honestus studium. 
 
 Fugio cum patria noster 
 oppugno sum turpis ; pug- 
 no igitur strenue ; morior 
 pro patria sum dulcis et 
 decorus. 
 
 Homo saepe sector vo- 
 luptas, qui sum pernicio- 
 sus ; sed tu quaero verus 
 gloria, qui sum laudabilis. 
 
 Nosco sui ipse sum pri- 
 mus, gradus ad sapientia ; 
 qui, ut sum difficilis, ita 
 sum utilis 
 
 If thy soul thirsteth for honour, if thine ear loveth praise, raise thyself from the 
 dust, of which thou art made, and aspire after something that is great and good. 
 The oak, which now spreadeth its branches towards heaven, was onco but an 
 acorn. 
 
 To go to school and not to learn, is to trifle ; and to go to church and not to 
 hear, is to profane that sacred place : but to make advances in knowledge and 
 wisdom, is an excellent thing. 
 
 9. Two or more substantives singular, coupled together 
 with a conjunction [et, ac, ataue, &c.) have a verb, adiective, 
 or relative plural. 
 
 Cyrus and Alexander^ who 
 subdued Asia, are renowned 
 anion £ all nations. 
 
 Cyrus et Alexander, qui 
 domuerunt Asiam, sunt 
 inclyti apud omnes gen- 
 tes. 
 
 Notel. If the singular substantives be nominatives, and of different persons, 
 the plural verb will agree with the more worthy person ; that is, with the first 
 person rather than the second, and with the second rather than the third ; as, 
 
 If vou and Tullia are well, I and Cicero are 
 weli 
 
 Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero 
 vaUmur 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 33 
 
 Note 2. If the singular substantives are of different genders, and signify persons, 
 the adjective or relative plural will take the more worthy gender ; that is, the 
 masculine rather than the feminine or neuter. But if all, or any of the singular 
 substantives, signify things without life, the adjective or relative plural is gene- 
 lally put in the neuter gender ; as, 
 
 My father and mother, who are now dead, Pater et mater, qui nunc sunt moriui, 
 were very pious. erant valde pii. 
 
 Riches, honour, and glory, are set before Divitiae, decus, gloria, in oculis sita 
 your eyes. sunt. 
 
 It is uncertain whether the feminine of persons be more worthy than the neu- 
 ter ; for grammarians, having no authority to determine them, are not agreed 
 whether we ought to say, Lucretia et ejus mancipium Juerunt castae or casta. 
 
 Note 3. A singular nominative, with an ablative governed by cum, sometimes 
 takes a plural verb or adjective ; as, Virg. Quirinus cum fratrejura dabunt. Hirt. 
 B. Afr. Juba cum Labieno capti in potestatem Casaris venerunt. Ilygin. Cadmus cum 
 uxore in dracones sunt convcrsi. 
 
 Note 4. The conjunction is sometimes suppressed ; as, Ter. Dum aetas, rnetus, 
 magister, prohibebant. 
 
 Note 5. The verb or adjective, neglecting this rule, often agrees with the near- 
 est nominative or substantive ; as, Cic. Et ego et Cicero meus flagitabit. Plm 
 Mare rubrum et totus orxentis oceanus refertus est sylvis. Virg. Sociis et rege recepto. 
 Ibid. Omnia tuta tides, classem sociosque receptos. 
 
 Note 6. Collectives, which are substantives signifying many in their singular 
 number, such as multitudo,pars,famiha, civitas, gens, populus, &c. take sometimes 
 plural verbs or adjectives ; and the adjective frequently, instead of taking the 
 gender of the collective, takes that which the sense directs to ; as, Caes. Multi- 
 tudo convencrant. Sail. Magna pars vulnerati aut occisi sunt. Id. Familia, quo- 
 rum, &c. 
 
 Note 7. The reason of this rule is, because two or more singulars are equiva- 
 lent to a plural ; thus, Ego et tu is the same as nos ; tu et ille the same as vos , 
 Petrus et Joannes the same as illi, &c. 
 
 In the first battle Brutus and 
 Aruns killed one another, yet 
 the Romans came off victori- 
 ous. 
 
 Cato and Cicero were wise 
 and learned ; they loved their 
 country, and all those that lov- 
 ed and defended it. 
 
 Hamilcar, Annibal, and As- 
 drubal, who carried on a war 
 against the Romans, were very 
 skilful generals. 
 
 Homer, Virgil, and Horace, 
 whom the ancients admired, 
 are justly esteemed most ex- 
 cellent poets. 
 
 Note 1 . I and you went into 
 the garden, where vou and my 
 d 2 
 
 In primus pugna Bru- 
 tus et Aruns occido sui in- 
 vicem, tamen Romanus re- 
 cedo victor. 
 
 Cato et Cicero sum sa- 
 piens et doctus ; amo pa- 
 tria, et omnis is qui amo 
 et defendo is. 
 
 Hamilcar, Annibal, ac 
 Asdrubal, qui gero helium 
 adversus Romanus, sum 
 peritus dux. 
 
 Homerus, Virgilius, at- 
 que Horatius, qui vetus ad- 
 miror, merito existimo bo- 
 nus poeta. 
 
 Ego et tu eo in hortus, 
 nbi tu et meus frater lego 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 brother read Terence, whilst I 
 and the servant were gather- 
 ing flowers. 
 
 Note 2. The man and the 
 woman whom I and you saw 
 yesterday, are dead to-day, and 
 will be buried to-morrow. 
 
 Honour, praise, and glory 
 are valued and sought after by 
 good men ; but laws, faith, and 
 the gods themselves are tram- 
 pled on by the wicked. 
 
 After the greatest jollity and 
 wantonness, which a long quiet 
 had produced, all on a sudden, 
 consternation and sorrow over- 
 spread the city ; but the night 
 and the plunder retarded the 
 enemy. 
 
 Terentius, dum ego et fa 
 tnulus carpofios. 
 
 Vir et foemina, qui ego 
 et tu video heri, sum mor- 
 tuus hodie, et sepelio eras. 
 
 Honos, laus, et decus 
 sum aestimatus, et quae- 
 situs a bonus vir ; sedjus, 
 fides, et dcus ipse sum cal- 
 catus ab improbus. 
 
 Ex summits laetitia at- 
 que lascivia, qui diuturnus 
 quies pario, repente metus 
 atque moernr invado civi- 
 tas ; sed nox et praeda re- 
 moratus sum hostis. 
 
 A contented mind and a good conscience will make a man happy in all condi- 
 tions, but distraction cometh upon the wicked man as a whirlwind ; shame and 
 repentance descend with him to the grave. 
 
 Augustus, writing to Tiberius, hath these words : If we shall hear that you 
 are sickly, I and your mother will die. 
 
 The man-servant and maid, who do their duty carefully, are to be commended 
 and rewarded. 
 
 RULE IV. 
 
 10. Substantives signifying the same thing agree in case. 
 
 Julius Cresar, the first Roman Julius Casar, primus jRo- 
 emperor, was an excellent manus imperator, fait 
 orator. eximius orator. 
 
 Note 1. This concord is called opposition, and it is not necessary that the sub- 
 stantives agree in gender, number, or person. The construction, strictly speak- 
 ing, is elliptical, and may be supplied with the obsolete participle ens, or by qui 
 eat, qui vocutur, or the like ; as, Anna so; or, i. e. Anna ens soror, or quae est soror 
 
 NotcV. When a plural appellative is put in apposition with two or more pro 
 per names of different genders, the appellative must be of the more worthy gen- 
 der ; as, Liv. Ad Ptohmaeum Cleopatramquc reges legati missi, not reginas. Here 
 reges denotes both regem and regmam. 
 
 Note 3. The latter substantive is sometimes put in the genitive ; as, Cic. In op* 
 pido Antiochiae. Virg. Amnis Eridani. 
 
 Note 4. A clause or sentence sometimes supplies the place of one of thti sub 
 ftantives ; as, Quintc. Cogiiet oratorem institui, rem arduam. 
 
TO LA.TIN SYNTAX. 
 
 35 
 
 The sheep, innocent crea- 
 tures, are often torn and de- 
 voured by the furious ravenous 
 wild beasts, the wolves. 
 
 While these things are do- 
 ing at the Hellespont, Perdic- 
 cas is slain at the river Nile 
 by Seleucus and Antigonus. 
 
 They say that Marcus Tul- 
 lius Cicero, the orator, was a 
 very great philosopher ; he 
 sent his son Marcus to the 
 city Athens to attend Cratip- 
 pus, a very famous teacher, 
 and be educated by him. 
 
 In the mean time Asdrubal 
 and his colleague, who had 
 continued in Spain with a great 
 army, are conquered by the two 
 Scipios, the Roman generals. 
 
 Ovis, innoxius animal, 
 saepe dilacero et devoro a 
 rabidus rapaxfera, lupus. 
 
 Dum hie gero apud Hel- 
 lespontus, Perdiccas inter- 
 jicio apud jlumen Nilus a 
 Seleucus et Antigonus. 
 
 Aio Marcus Tullius Ci- 
 cero, orator, sum magnus 
 philosophus ; mitto films 
 Marcus ad urbs Athenae, 
 ut audio Cratippus, cele- 
 ber doctor, et instituo ab 
 is. 
 
 Interea Asdrubal et col- 
 lega, qui remaneo in His- 
 pania cum magnus exerci- 
 tus, vinco a duo Scipio, 
 Romanus dux. 
 
 Our Lord Jesus Christ, the only Saviour, came into the world, that he might re- 
 deem sinners from sin, death, and destruction, and that they who should believe 
 in his name, might not perish, but have eternal life. 
 
 Demosthenes, the orator, that he might rouse his fellow-citizens, the Atheni- 
 ans, to war against Alexander, brought a man into the assembly, who affirmed, 
 that he had boen wounded in a battle, in which Philip the king was slain 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 To these four concords some add a fifth, viz. that of the responsive with the in 
 terrogative in case ; as, Quis gubernat mundum ? Deus. Cujus es J Amphitryonis. 
 Cut dedisti librum ? Pctro. Quid meritus es ? Crucem. Quo cares ? Libro. But 
 this, strictly speaking, is no concord ; for the responsive does not depend upon 
 the interrogative, but upon the verb, or some word joined with it, which is gene- 
 rally suppressed in the answer, and may be supplied thus : Quis gubernat mun- 
 dum? Deus gubernat mundum. Cujus es? Sum servus Amphitryonis. Cui dedisti 
 librum? Dedi hbrum Petro, &c. And if the word, on which the answer depends, 
 require a different construction, this concord does not take place ; as, Quanti 
 tmptae ? Octussibus. Cujus est liber ? Meus. Cuja interest Deo parere ? Omnium 
 hominum, <fcc. 
 
 //. OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Government is three-fold. 
 
 1. Of nouns. 
 
 2. Of verbs. 
 
 3. Of words indeclinable. 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 I. The Government of Nouns. 
 § 1 . Of Substantives 
 RULE I. 
 
 11. One substantive governs another signifying a differ- 
 ent thing in the genitive. 
 
 Virtue removes the fear of Virtus tollit terror em mor- 
 
 death. tis. 
 Nature's laws cannot be chang- Naturae leges non possunt 
 
 ed. mulari. 
 The souls of men are immor- Animi hominum sunt im- 
 
 tal, but their bodies return mortales, sed corpora 
 
 to dust. eorum in pulverem re- 
 
 deunt. 
 
 Note 1. The Latin noun to be put in the genitive, is that which answers to 
 the English word following the particle of, or to the word ending in 's. 
 
 Note 2. The pronouns hujus, ejus, illius, cujus, &c. englished his, her, its, 
 their, thereof, whereof, whose, have their substantive generally suppressed ; as, 
 Liber ejus, [sc. hominis, &c] his book, or her book ; Libri eorum, [sc. hominum, <fcc] 
 their books. 
 
 Note 3. These following adjectives, primus, medius, ultimus, eztremus, infimus, 
 imus, summus, supremus, reliquus, caetera, generally denote pars prima, media, ul- 
 tima, &c. of the substantive with which they are joined. Thus prima fabula, is 
 the same as prima pars fabulae, and does not signify the first fable, but the first 
 part of the fable. And summa arbor, the same as summa pars arboris, does not 
 signify the highest tree, but the top or highest part of the tree. In like man- 
 ner are to be understood media nox, ultima platea, ima cera, supremus mom, 
 reliqua JEgyptus, cactrra turba, &c. 
 
 ANNOTATIONS. 
 
 * 12. If the last substantive have an adjective of praise 
 or dispraise joined with it, it may be put in the genitive or 
 ablative. 
 
 Thy brother is a boy of a fine Frater tuns est pucr pro- 
 disposition, of the strictest bae indolis, summae vir- 
 virtue, of a graceful mien, tutis, honesta facie, et 
 and handsome person. figwra venusta. 
 
 Note 1. The first substantive is often suppressed ; as, Hor. Di me pusillifinxe 
 runt animi; sup. virum. Sail. Vulgus est ingenio mobili ; sup. populus. 
 
 Note 2. The latter substantive must signify some part or property of the first 
 otherwise it does not belong to this rule. Hence from this rule are excluded 
 Virg. Pulchra prole parent em. Hor. Rex gelidae orae. Juv. Gallinae filius albae. 
 Pater optimorum libe.rorum. And the like, where the latter substantive signifies 
 neither any part, nor any p/operty of the first. 
 
 Note 3. The adjective is sometimes joined with the first substantive, and then 
 the latter substantive is put in the ablative ; as, Cic. Hortensius excellens inge- 
 uto, nobilitate, cxi stimatione . Id. Vir gravitate et prudentia praestans. Sail. An- 
 tonius pedibus aeger. And by the poets sometimes in the accusative ; as, Virg. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 37 
 
 Os humerosque Deo similis. Ilor. Nec Mauris animum mitior anguibus. Stat. Heroa 
 accurrit vultuvi dejectus. Ilor. Miles fractus membra. Luc. J n vultus cffusa comas 
 Cornelia. To which we may understand the preposition secundum or quod ad; 
 thus, Similis Deo, secundum vel quod ad os humerosque. Mitior, secundum vet 
 quod ad animum. Dejectus, secundum vel quod ad vultum. Fractus y secundum 
 vel quod ad membra. Ejfusa, secundum vel quod ad comas. 
 
 Note 4. In like manner, neuter and passive verbs are construed with the abla- 
 tive ; as, Ilor. Et corde et genibus trcmit, Liv. Laevo brachio vulneratur. And 
 by the poets with the accusative ; as, Hor. Tremis ossa pavore. Sil. Truncatur 
 membra bipenni. Virg. Expleri mentem nequit ; i.e. tremis, secundum vel quod 
 ad ossa pavore ; truncatur, secundum vel quod ad membra bipenni, &c. 
 
 Note 5. When the latter substantive is put in the ablative, some preposition, 
 luch as cum, de, ex, in, a, ab, with ens, existens, natus, praeditus, affectus, or the like, 
 is understood ; as, Homo antiqua virtute ; i. e. ens cum antiqua virtute. Vir claris 
 uatalibus ; natus seuortus develex. Homoinfirma valetudine ; i. e. affectus ab, &c. 
 
 * 13. An adjective in the neuter gender without a substan- 
 tive, governs the genitive. 
 
 The soldiers seem to move this Milites hue tenderc viden- 
 way, a great deal of silver tur, plurimum argcnti 
 glitters on their arms, what f^Igct in armis, quid 
 is the meaning 1 what is the causae ? quid rei est ? 
 matter ? 
 
 Note 1. These adjectives are generally such as signify quantity ; as, multum y 
 plus, plurimum, tantum, quantum, minus, minimum; also id, quid, hoc, aliquid, 
 fuidquam ; to which may be added, summum, extremum, ultimum, dimidium, medium ; 
 as, summummontis, extremo anni, ultimum periculi, dimidium animae, medium noctis. 
 To these may likewise be added a great many plural neuters ; such as, Virg. An- 
 gusta viarum, opaca locorum, telluris operta. Hor. Amara curarum, cuncta terra- 
 rvm, acuta belli. Liv. Incerta fortunae, antiqua foederum, extrema penculorum. 
 Tac. Occulta saltuum, inania famae, amocna Asiae. Just. Profunda camporum, 
 praerupta, collium, ardua montium, tfce. And sometimes other singular neuters ; 
 as, Tac. Lubricum juventae. Virg. Sub obscurum noctis. Ex diverse coeli, &c. 
 
 Note 2. The substantive understood to these neuter adjectives is negotium, 
 tempus, locum [whence loca], spatium, or the like ; as, Tantum telluris; sup. spa- 
 tium. Hoc noctis ; sup. tempore, or ad tempus, &c. 
 
 Note 3. Plus and quid always govern the genitive ; and, on that account, are 
 esteemed by many real substances. 
 
 Note 4. Opus and usus govern the ablative, and sometimes the genitive, of the 
 thing wanted, together with the dative of the person, who wants, expressed or 
 understood; as, Cic. Auctoritate tua nobis opus est. Virg. Nunc viribus usus; 
 sup. est vobis. Quinct. Lectionis opus est. Liv. Si quo usus cperae sit. 
 Opus elegantly governs a participle in the ablative . and that either with a sub- 
 stantive ; as, Plant. Celeriter mihi hoc homine convenio est opus. Or without a 
 substantive ; as, Liv. Maturato opus est. Opus is likewise sometimes joined, by 
 way of adjective, with a substantive ; as, Cic. Dux nobis et auctor opus est. Id. 
 Dices nummos mihi opus esse. And in Plautus we find usus governing a participle 
 in the ablative, in the same manner as opus; Eacch. Quid usus est conscriptis 
 ap hunc modum tubulis 1 Amph. Citius, quod non facto est usus, fit, quam quod facto 
 est opus. And there is at least one example of its being joined by way of adjec- 
 tive to a substantive , Plaut. Rud. Hocneque isti usus est ; etilli miscrae suppetias 
 feret. 
 
 1 1 . The power of honesty Vis honestas sum tan- 
 is so great, that we love it even tus, ut diligo is etiam in 
 in an enemy. hostis. 
 
38 
 
 AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 Marcellus engaged with a 
 small body of horse, and slew 
 Viridomarus king of the Gauls. 
 
 Lampedo, the Lacedemo- 
 nian, is said to have been the 
 only woman in any age, who 
 was a king's daughter, a king's 
 wife, and a king's mother. 
 
 God, who knoweth man's 
 b^art, will punish the wicked 
 who transgress his commands. 
 
 They are not rich, whose 
 money is increased, or whose 
 flecks are many ; but he is rich, 
 whose mind is quiet and con- 
 tent. 
 
 A kindness does not consist 
 in that which is done or given, 
 but in the intention of the doer 
 or giver. 
 
 My father and mother were 
 very pious, I will implore the 
 divine assistance, and will fol- 
 low their good example. 
 
 12. Numerianus, Cams' 
 son, a young man of an extra- 
 ordinary genius, was taken off 
 by a plot among the Persians. 
 
 Olympias confessed, that she 
 had conceived Alexander, not 
 by her husband Philip, but by a 
 serpent of a huge bigness. 
 
 Tiberius, the Roman empe- 
 ror, was a man of a large and 
 strong body, of a fair complex- 
 ion, and a graceful aspect. 
 
 Catiline was a man of great 
 vigour both of mind and body, 
 but of a wicked and perverse 
 disposition. 
 
 12. After the battle, much 
 gold and other riches were 
 
 Marcellus dimico cum 
 parvus manus eques, el 
 occido Viridomarus rex 
 Gallus. 
 
 Lampedo, Lacedaemo 
 nius, dico sum unicus foe- 
 mina in omnis aevum, qui 
 sum rex filia, rex uxor, et 
 rex mater. 
 
 Dcus, qui nosco homo 
 cor, punio scelestus qui vi- 
 olo is praeceptum. 
 
 Ille non sum dives, qui 
 pecunia augeo, aut qui 
 grex sum multus ; sed ille 
 sum dives, qui animus sum 
 quietus et tranquillus. 
 
 Beneficium non consisto 
 in is qui fio aut do, sed in 
 animus faciens aut dans. 
 
 Meus pater et mater 
 sum valde pius, imploro 
 divinus opts, et sequor is 
 bonus exemplum. 
 
 Numerianus, Carus fili- 
 us, adolescens egregius in- 
 doles, occido per insidiae 
 apud Persae. 
 
 Olympias confteor, sui 
 concipio Alexander, non ex 
 vir suus Philippus, sed ex 
 serpens ingens magnitudo. 
 
 Tiberius, Romanus im- 
 perator, sum vir amplus 
 et robustus 6 corpus, can- 
 didus 6 color, et honestus 
 6 fades. 
 
 Catilina sum vir mag- 
 nus 6 ins et animus et cor- 
 pus, sed malus pravusque 
 6 ingenium. 
 
 Post praelium, multum 
 aurum et alius opes in- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 39 
 
 found in the camp of the Per- 
 sians. 
 
 As much money as any one 
 has in his chest, so much cre- 
 dit has he ; and he that has 
 little money, ha likewise lit- 
 tle credit. 
 
 The victory is glorious, in 
 which there is more [of] cle- 
 mency than cruelty ; for cru- 
 elty always occasions a great 
 deal of mischief. 
 
 Cicero was a man of a mild 
 disposition, and polite elo- 
 quence ; he had less courage 
 than Julius Caesar, but he had 
 more honesty. 
 
 What news is there in the 
 city about Nero ? a little be- 
 fore his death he leaned down 
 upon a bed, and drank some 
 warm water. 
 
 After I had gone away from 
 you, I wrote this little epistle, 
 and I took care to avoid the 
 words that might occasion any 
 obscurity. 
 
 Note 4. They have not so 
 much need of precept as ex- 
 ample ; the boys are now ar- 
 rived at that age, that they 
 ought to behave wisely ; what 
 need is there of words ? 
 
 Now there will be need of 
 your assistance ; for in a capi- 
 tal affair a judge ought to act 
 cautiously, and there is need 
 of great evidence. 
 
 % The giants, who assaulted 
 heaven, were buried under 
 vast mountains ; they endea- 
 
 venio in castra Persae. 
 
 Quantum nummus quis- 
 que servo in area suus, 
 tantum fides habeo ; et 
 qui habeo paululum pe- 
 cuniae habeo etiam pau- 
 lulum fides. 
 
 Victoria sum praecla- 
 rus, in qui plus dementia 
 sum quam crudelitas ; nam 
 crudelitas semper facio 
 plurimum malum. 
 
 Cicero sum vir mitis 6 
 ingenium, et comptus 6 
 facundia ; habeo minus 
 fortitudo quam Julius C&- 
 sar, sed habeo plus probi- 
 tas. 
 
 Ecquid novum sum in 
 civitas de Nero ? sub mors 
 decumbo super lectus, et 
 bibo aliquantum tepidus 
 aqua. 
 
 Postquam discedo a tu, 
 exaro hie literulae, et eu- 
 ro vito verbum qui pos- 
 sum offer o aliquid obscu- 
 ritas. 
 
 Non tarn ille opus sum 
 imperium quam exem- 
 plum ; puer jam pervenio 
 ad id aetas, ut debeo ago 
 prudenter ; quid opus sum 
 verbum ? 
 
 Nunc usus sum tuus 
 opera ; nam in res capi 
 talis judex debeo ago caute, 
 et opus sum magnus docu 
 mentum. 
 
 Gigas, qui oppugno coe- 
 lum, sepelio sub ingens 
 mons ; conor surgo sub- 
 
40 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 vour to rise now and then, 
 which causes the earthquake, 
 as old poets affirm. 
 
 Pompey triumphed on ac- 
 count of the Mithridatic war : no 
 pomp of a triumph was ever like 
 it : the son of Mithridates, the 
 son of Tigranes, and Aristobu- 
 lus king of the Jews, were led 
 before his chariot. 
 
 The Athenians, that they 
 might not be reduced to their 
 former condition of slavery, 
 draw together an army, and 
 order it to be led by Iphicrates. 
 The conduct of this youth was 
 wonderful ; nor had the Athe- 
 nians ever before him, among 
 so many and so great generals, 
 a commander either of greater 
 hopes, or of a riper genius. 
 
 After they had pitched their 
 camp, they receive an account 
 of an old story, that Cyrene, a 
 lady of excellent beauty, car- 
 ried away by Apollo from Pe- 
 lion, a mountain in Thessaly, 
 had been got with child by the 
 god, and had brought forth four 
 boys ; and that Aristaeus, one 
 of them, had first taught the 
 use of bees and honey, and of 
 milk for curds. 
 
 Courage was the cause of 
 the victory ; wherefore such 
 was the slaughter of the enemy, 
 that the victorious Romans did 
 not drink more water than 
 blood of the barbarians out of 
 the bloody river. 
 
 At last Corinth, the head of 
 Achaia, the glory of Greece, 
 being deserted by the inhabit- 
 
 inde, qui officio terra mo- 
 tus, ut vetus poet a ajjirmo. 
 
 Pompeius triumpho de 
 Mitltridaticus helium : nul- 
 lus pompa triumphus un- 
 quam sum sirnilis : jilius 
 Mithridates, Jilius Ti- 
 granes, et Aristobulus rex 
 Judaeus, ductus sum ante 
 is currus. 
 
 Atheniensis, ne rcdigo 
 in pristinus sors servitus, 
 contraho exerciius, jubeo- 
 que is duco per Iphicrates. 
 Virtus die adolescens sum 
 admirabilis ; nec Athenien- 
 sis habeo unquam ante is, 
 inter tot tantusquc dux, 
 imperator autmagnus spes, 
 aut naturus indoles. 
 
 Cum pono castra, acci- 
 pio opinio vetus fabula, 
 Cyrene, virgo cximius pul- 
 chritudo, raptus ab Apollo 
 a Pelion, mons Thessalia, 
 rcpleo a deus, et pario qua- 
 tuor puer ; et Aristaeus, 
 unus ex hie, primus trado 
 usus apis et mel, et lac ad 
 coagulum. 
 
 Virtus sum causa victo- 
 ria ; itaque is sum caedes 
 hostis, ut victor Romanus 
 non bibo plus aqua quam 
 sanguis barbarus de cruen- 
 tus Jlumcn. 
 
 Tandem Corinthus, ca- 
 put Achaia, decus Grae- 
 cia, desertus ab incola 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 41 
 
 ants, was first plundered, and 
 then destroyed ; but what sta- 
 tues, what clothes, and what 
 pictures, were seized, burnt, 
 and thrown about ! 
 
 When the old men perceived 
 the approach* of the enemy, 
 they met them in the very en- 
 trance of the gates : and a hun- 
 dred men of an age quite worn 
 out, fought against fifteen thou- 
 sand : so much courage and 
 strength does the sight of one's 
 country and home inspire. 
 
 The first inhabitants of Italy 
 were the Aborigines, whose 
 king, Saturn, is said to have 
 been a man of so much justice, 
 that neither was any one a 
 slave under him, nor had any 
 [thing of] private property, but 
 all things were common and 
 undivided. 
 
 Numantia,the glory of Spain, 
 a town without walls, without 
 towers, held out against an ar- 
 my of forty thousand, for four- 
 teen years ; nor did it hold out 
 only, but often mauled them ; 
 and before it could be taken, 
 there was occasion for him 
 who had destroyed Carthage. 
 
 primum sum direptus, 
 deinde deletus ; sed quid 
 signum, quid vestis, quid- 
 que tabula raptus, incen- 
 sus, atque projectus sum / 
 Cum senex praesentio 
 adventus hostis, occurro in 
 ipse angustiae porta; et 
 centum vir cffoetus aetas 
 pugno, adversus quindecim 
 mille : tantum animus «t- 
 resque conspectus patria 
 penatesqae subministro. 
 
 Primus cultor Italia 
 sum Aborigines, qui rex 
 Saturnus trado sum tantus 
 justitia, ut neque quisquam 
 servio sub ille, neque ha- 
 beo quicquam privatus res, 
 sed omnis sum communis 
 et indivisus. 
 
 Numantia, decus His- 
 pania, oppidum sine mu~ 
 rits, sine turris, sustineo 
 exercitus quadraginta mil- 
 le, per quatuordecim an- 
 nus ; nec sustineo modo, 
 sed saepius percello ; et 
 priusquam capio possum, 
 opus sum is qui everto 
 Carthago. 
 
 There is but one God, the author, the creator, the governor of the world , al- 
 mighty, eternal, and unchangeable. Wonderful he is in all his ways . his coun- 
 sels are unsearchable, his goodness is conspicuous in all his works : he is the 
 fountain of excellence, the centre of perfection : the creatures of his hand declare 
 his goodness, all their enjoyments speak his praise. 
 
 Thales was reckoned amongst the wise men, because he was believed to bo 
 the first that brought geometry into Greece. He first observed the motions of the 
 sun and stars, the origin of winds, and the nature of thunder. Being asked what 
 he thought the most difficult thing in the world 1 he answered, To know one's self. 
 
 Sir William Wallace was a man of an ancient family, but of a small fortune. 
 He performed many glorious exploits in the war against the English. Many, 
 whom the love of their country had called together, flocked to Wallace from 
 all parts. He quickly took the castles which the English possessed beyond the 
 Forth. The Forth is a river and arm of the sea, which divides Lothian from 
 Fife. The mouth of the Forth is called the Scottish sea. He led his army into 
 England, where he found much gold and silver amons the spoils of his enemies. 
 What need had be of more * 
 
42 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 § 2. Of Adjectives. 
 RULE I. 
 
 * 14. Verbal adjectives, and such as signify an affec- 
 tion of the mind, require the genitive. 
 
 This man is capable of friend- Hie vir est capax amici- 
 ship, a lover of his country, tiae, amans patriae, cu- 
 fond of learning, skilled in pidus literarum, peritus 
 war, not ignorant of religion, belli, haud ignarus reli- 
 and privy to all my designs. gionis, et conscius, om- 
 nium meorum consilio- 
 rum. 
 
 To this rule belong, 
 
 t VERBALS in AX, and PARTICIPIALS in NS ; as, 
 capax, edax, fugax, pertinax, pervicax, rapax, sagax, sper- 
 nax, tenax, vorax, &c. amans, appetens, cupiens, experiens, 
 intelligens, i?isolens, negligens, diligens, metuens, observans, 
 patiens, impatiens, retinens, reverentior, sciens, servantissi- 
 mus,timens, tolerans, fugiens, sitiens, &c. 
 
 II. ADJECTIVES signifying an affection of the mind ; 
 such as, 
 
 1. DESIRE and DISDAIN ; as, cupidus, avarus, avi- 
 dus, stvdiosus, curiosus, aemulus, fastidiosus, incuriosus, 
 profusus, &c. 
 
 2. KNOWLEDGE; as, peritus, gnarus, prudens, cal- 
 lidus, providus, doctus, docilis, praescius, praesagus, certus, 
 certior, memor, expertus, consullus, assuetus, &c. 
 
 3. IGNORANCE ; as, ignarus, rudis, imperitus, impru- 
 dens, improvidus, nescius, inscius, incertus, dubius, anxius, 
 solicitus, immemor, ambiguus, suspensus, indoctus, inexper- 
 tus, formidolosus, pavidus, timidus, trepidus ; also, insuetus, 
 insolitus, securus, intrepidus, interrilus, impavidus, &c. 
 
 4. GUILT ; as, conscius, convictus, manifestus, suspec- 
 tus, reus, noxius, compertus ; also, innoxius, innocens, insons 9 
 &c. 
 
 Note 1. Verbals or verbal adjectives are adjective nouns derived from verbs ; 
 as, capax from capio, edax from edo, &c. Participials are participles turned into 
 adjective nouns ; such as, patiens, impatiens ; doctus, indoctus; expertus % incx- 
 pertus, Ac. Here observe that the participial and participle, though the word b« 
 often the same, differ in signification, as well as in point of construction ; the 
 participle signifies a single act at a certain time ; but the participial, without re- 
 gard to any particular time, denotes a habit. Thus, patiens frigus signifies a per- 
 son just now exposed to the cold, however unfit he may be to bear it ; but patiens 
 frigoris denotes one whom nature or custom has enabled or fitted to bear cold 
 with ease. Again, doctus grammaticam signifies a person who some time ago has 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 43 
 
 been taught grammar, though perhaps, he never understood it, or has now foigot 
 it ; but doctus grammatical denotes one who by long study has attained a tho- 
 rough knowledge in grammar, or is become a connoisseur in it. Again, partici- 
 pials admit the degrees of comparison, which participles do not ; thus, amans, 
 amantior,amantissimus ; doctus, doctior, doctissimus. 
 
 Note 2. To this rule may be referred a great variety of other adjectives, the more 
 common of which occur in the following phrases : 'Abjectior animi, abstemius vini, 
 
 * acer mihtiae, illustrium domuum adversa, aeger animi, aequales aevi, aequus 
 ' absentmm, illarum rerum affines, alienum dignitatis, alternus animae, amens 
 
 * animi, anhelus laboris, ardens animi, atrox odii, audax ingenii, aversus animi, bi- 
 4 bulus Falerni, blandus precum, caecus animi, captus animi, catus legum, com- 
 4 rnune omnium, confidens animi, confirmatus animi, confusus animi, conterminus 
 ' jugi, contrariavirtutum, credulus adversi, degener virtutis, devius aequi, diser- 
 4 tus leporum, dispar sortis, dissimilis tui, di versus morum, divina avis imbrium, du- 
 ' rus oris, effusissimus munificentiae, egregius animi,enunciativus corporum, erec- 
 ' tus animi, exactus morum, exiguus animi, eximius animi, exosa vitae, externat us 
 4 animi, facilis frugum, fallax amicitiae, falsus animi, felix cerebri, ferox animi, 
 
 * fervidus ingenii, fessus rerum, festinus voti, fidens animi, fidissima tui, finitimus 
 
 * fluvii, fiavus comarum, fioridior aevi, fiuxi vestium, fortunatus laborum, frustra- 
 4 tus decoris, fugitivus patriae, furens animi, gaudens alt), iilex animi, impiger 
 *militiae, improba connubii, incautus futuri, inconsuetus mensae, indecora for 
 
 4 mae, indocilis pacis, infelix culpae, ingens animi, inglorius militiae, ingratus sa 
 4 lutis, insanus, animi, insolens infamiae, integer animi, invictus laboris, lapsus ani- 
 4 mi, lassus maris, lentus coepti, levis opum, madidus roris, maturus laudujp, maxi- 
 4 mus aevi, medius coeli, miser animi, moderatus irae, mutabile mentis, mutatus 
 4 animi, nobilis fandi, notus fugarum, obnoxius timoris, occultus odii, optimus 
 4 militiae, oriundus cuj us patriae, ornatus fidei, otiosi studiorurn, pares aetatis, 
 *perfida pacti, periclitabundus sui, perinfames maleficae disciplinae, piger pericli, 
 4 praeclarus fidei, praeceps animi, praecipuus virtutis, praestans belli, pravus fa- 
 4 voris, primus luendae poenae, properus occasionis, propriae Deorum voluptates, 
 'procax otii, profugus regni, promptus belli, pulcherrimus irae, recreatus animi, 
 4 rectus judicii, resides bellorum, sanus mentis, saucius famae, scitus vadorum, 
 4 secors rerum, secreta teporis, segnis occasionum, seri studiorurn, sicci sangui- 
 nis enses, significativus belli cometes, similis tui, sinister fidei, solers lyrae, 
 4 spernendus morum, spreta vigoris, stabilis sui orbis, strenuus militiae, stupens 
 
 * animi, summus severitatis, superior sui, superstes bellorum, surdus veritatis, 
 4 tantus animi, tardus fugae, tenella animi, territus animi, turbatus animi, turbi- 
 4 dus animi, vafer juris, vagus animi, validus opum, vanus veri, vecors animi, 
 4 venerandus sceptri, versus anirni, versutus ingenii, vetus regnandi, victus animi, 
 4 vigil armenti, viridissimus irae, unius rerum.' 
 
 Note 3. Of the adjectives belonging to this rule, aemulus, certus, incertus, dubius, 
 ambiguus, conscius, manifestus, suspectus, noxius, compertus, instead of the geni- 
 tive, take frequently the dative, but generally in a different sense, as will be 
 taught in No. 16. Several also of the adjectives in note 2, such as, adversus, aequa 
 lis, ajfinis, alicnus, blandus, communis, conterminus, contrarius, credulus, dispar, dis 
 similis, fidus, finitimus, par,proprius, similis, superstes, and some others, take often 
 er the dative than the genitive, as will likewise be taught in No. 16. Andswpe 
 rior, captus, oriundus, gaudens, take commonly the ablative, as taught in No. 19. 
 20.52. 
 
 Note 4. Many of the adjectives belonging to this rule., admit of other construc- 
 tions ; as, Cic. De alieno negligcns. Id. Avidus in pecuniis. Id. Certior factus 
 de re. Liv. Securus debello. Cic. Nulla in re rudis . Id. Doctus Latinis Uteris. 
 Plin. Suspecia incestu. Cic. Reus de vi. Reus magnis criminibus. Colum. In- 
 noxius ab injuria. Many also of those enumerated in note 2. either take the ab- 
 lative, or admit of some other construction ; as, Ovid. Felix morte sua. Cic. Fe- 
 rox natura. Id. Praestans ingenio ef doctrina. Tac. Devius consiliis. Ovid. Fu- 
 gitivus a domino. Cic. Profvgi ab Thcbis. Tac. Degener ad pp.ricula. And alie- 
 nus has very frequently the ablative, with a or ab ; as, Ter. Homo sum: humani 
 nihil a me alienum puto. 
 
 Note 5. The genitive, according to Grammarians, is not governed by these 
 adjectives, but by in re, in nogotio, in causa, or the like, understood ; except in 
 cases where the adjective is used substantively. 
 
 L Blasius was a man capable Blasius sum vir capax 
 
 of profound thought, firm in his alius mens, tenax proposi- 
 
 resolution, despising death and turn, spernax mors, et fu- 
 
 avoiding ambition ; he was a gax ambitio ; sum sagax 
 
 quick discerner of things, and res, it pertinax rectum ; 
 
44 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 a stickler for what was right ; 
 but he was obstinate in wrath, 
 and a devourer of much meat. 
 
 The Emperor's freed man 
 was a man able to endure cold, 
 and capable of bearing want ; 
 but he was afraid of the lash, 
 and unacquaint with war : he 
 was skilled in music, fond of 
 pleasure, and a lover of wine : 
 nay, he was greedy of praise, 
 covetous of applause, but equal- 
 ly neglectful of friends and ene- 
 mies. He was, however, most 
 observant of justice, and nobo- 
 dy was more revereful of the 
 gods. 
 
 II. 1. The man, whom I 
 mentioned above, was of a fickle 
 temper ; at first he was desi- 
 rous of war, greedy of military 
 glory, and weary of learning ; 
 but after Carthage, that vied 
 with the city of Rome for so 
 many years, was destroyed, he 
 was fond of peace, addicted to 
 eloquence, and much taken up 
 with physic. 
 
 2. Our general is skilled in 
 many things, being expert at 
 arms, well seen in the art mili- 
 tary, versed in war, foreseeing 
 what is to come, aware of 
 things future, well assured of 
 what will happen, but undaunt- 
 ed at danger, and not afraid of 
 death : his son is well acquaint 
 with learning, but apt to learn 
 vice ; he is skilled in the law, 
 versed in country affairs, and 
 mindful of a good turn. 
 
 3. This man is void of learn- 
 ing, ignorant of philosophy, un- 
 skilled at arms, unacquaint with 
 
 sed sum pervicax ira> et 
 edax multus cibus. 
 
 Imperator libertus sum 
 homo patiens algor, et 
 tolerans penuria ; sed sum * 
 metuens fiagellum, et in- 
 solens helium : sum, scicns 
 musica, cupiens voluptas, 
 et amans vinum : imo sum 
 appetens laus, sitieus fa- 
 ma, sed aeque negligcns 
 amicus inimicusque. Sum 
 tamen servantissimus ae- 
 quum, et nemo sum reve- 
 rentior deus. 
 
 Vir, qui memoro svpra, 
 sum mobilis 6 ingenium ; 
 primo sum avidus bellum, 
 avarus mill tar is gloria, ct 
 fastidiosus Uteres ; sed 
 postquam Carthago, acmu- 
 lus urbs Roma per tot an* 
 nus, everto, sum cupidus 
 pax, studio sus eloquentia, 
 et curiosus medicina. 
 
 Noster dux sum peritus 
 multus res, gnarus arma, 
 prudens res militaris, ex- 
 pertus helium, praescius 
 venturum, providus res 
 futurus, certus futurum, 
 verum intrepidus pericu- 
 lum et interritus letum : 
 isfilius sum doctus litcrae, 
 sed docilis pravum ; sum 
 consultus jus, callidus res 
 rusticus, et memor beneji- 
 cium. 
 
 Hie homo sum rudis li- 
 ter ae, ignarus philosophic, 
 inscius arrna, imperitus 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 45 
 
 the world, not afraid of the 
 gods, unaccustomed to hard- 
 ship, not used to slavery, fear- 
 less of death, unmindful of his 
 condition, and regardless of re- 
 putation. His wife, ignorant 
 of her extraction, is unstaid in 
 her mind, wavering in her re- 
 solution, concerned and in pain 
 for her affairs, and perplexed 
 about the theft. 
 
 4. The orator defended two 
 men accused of parricide, and 
 suspected of capital crimes : 
 the one had been privy to mur- 
 der, and concerned in a con- 
 spiracy, who, being evidently 
 guilty of»the villainy, and con- 
 victed of the crime, was con- 
 demned : the other, being 
 guiltless [sakeless] of the facts, 
 not concerned in the plot en- 
 tered into against the king's 
 life, innocent of his brother's 
 blood, and found guilty of no 
 crime, was acquitted. 
 
 TT Shame and modesty are 
 weak restraints amongst men. 
 thirsting after power, and re- 
 gardless of honour : according- 
 ly Domitian proceeded to huge 
 excesses of lust, rage, cruelty, 
 and avarice, and raised so great 
 a hatred against himself, that 
 he quite wiped off the merits 
 of his father and brother. 
 
 Catiline, a man of a very no- 
 ble extraction, but of a very 
 wicked disposition, with some 
 famous indeed, but daring men, 
 conspired against his country ; 
 his accomplices being seized 
 were strangled in prison ; and, 
 e 2 
 
 res, hand timidus deus, in 
 suetus labor, insolitus ser- 
 vitium, impavidus mors, 
 immemor sors, et securus 
 fama. Is uxor, nescius 
 genus, sum incertus ani- 
 mus, dubius consilium, so- 
 licitus et trepidus res suus, 
 et anxius furtum. 
 
 Orator defendo duo ho- 
 mo reus parricidium, et 
 suspectus capitalis crimen : 
 alter sum conscius caedes, 
 ct noxius conjuratio, qui 
 manifestus scelus, et con- 
 victus facinus, condemno : 
 alter, innocens factum, in- 
 noxius consilium initus in 
 rex caput, insons frater- 
 nus sanguis, et compertus 
 nullus flagitium, absolvo. 
 
 Pudor et modestia sum 
 injirmus vinculum apud 
 homo avidus potentia, et 
 securus decus : itaque Do- 
 mitianus progredior ad 
 ingens vitium libido, ira- 
 cundia, crudelitas, et ava- 
 ritia, et concito tantus odi- 
 um in sui, ut penitus abo- 
 Ico meritum pater et fra- 
 ter. 
 
 Catilina, vir nobilis 6 
 genus, sed pravus 6 inge- 
 nium, cum quidam clarus 
 quidem, sed audax vir, 
 conjuro adversus patria ; 
 is socius deprehensus stran- 
 gulo in career; et sane 
 
46 
 
 AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 indeed, what could be hard, 
 or too severe, against men con- 
 victed of such villainy ? 
 
 Vespasian, the emperor, was 
 apt not to remember offences 
 and quarrels ; he took patient- 
 ly the ill language uttered 
 against him by the lawyers and 
 philosophers : and Gaiba was 
 a man not regardless of fame, 
 not covetous of other men's 
 money, but greedy of the pub- 
 lic money, and not lavish of his 
 own ; could bear with his 
 friends and freed men ; was 
 capable of empire, had he not 
 governed. 
 
 Cineas, who was Demos- 
 thenes' scholar, and skilled in 
 the Latin tongue, was sent to 
 Rome by Pyrrhus, to ad- 
 vise the Romans to sue for 
 peace ; but the Romans after- 
 wards despatched generals in- 
 to Greece and other quarters, 
 who taught the nations, till that 
 time free, and therefore unable 
 to bear the yoke, to beg peace 
 of them, and be subject. 
 
 Sylla w r as fond of pleasure, 
 but fonder of glory : he has- 
 tened with his victorious army 
 from Asia: and, indeed, since 
 Marius had been so cruel 
 against his friends, how great 
 severity was there occasion 
 for, that Sylla might be reveng- 
 ed of Marius ? 
 
 quis possum sum acerbu* 
 aut idmis gravis in homo 
 convictus tantus f acinus ? 
 
 Vespasianus, princeps, 
 sum immemor cffensa et 
 inimicitia ; leniter fero 
 convicium dictus in sui a 
 causidicus et philosophus : 
 et Galba sum vir non in- 
 curiosus jama, non appc- 
 tcns alienus pecunia, sed 
 avarus pecunia publicus, 
 et non profusus suus ; pa- 
 tiens amicus libertusque ; 
 capax imperium, nisi im- 
 pero. 
 
 Cineas, qui sum Demos- 
 thenes discipulus, et doc- 
 tus Latinus lingua, mitto 
 ad Roma a Pyrrhus, ut 
 hortor Romanus pcto pax ; 
 sed Romanus postca mitto 
 dux in Graecia aliusque 
 pars, qui doceo gens, ad 
 id tempus liber, et ideo 
 impatiens jugum, peto pax 
 a sui, et servio. 
 
 Sylla sum cupidus vo- 
 luptas, sed cupidus glo- 
 ria : propero cum victor 
 exercitus ab Asia : et sane 
 quum Marius sum tarn fe- 
 rus in is amicus, quantus 
 saevitia opus sum, ut Syl- 
 la vindico de Marius ? 
 
 Agesilaus was an excellent general, undaunted at danger, able to endure 
 want, and accustomed to hardship : he was a man of low stature, and slender 
 body ; so that strangers, when they beheld his person, despised him ; but they 
 who knew his abilities, could not sufficiently admire him. 
 
 Epaminondas, the son of Polymnus, the Theban, was modest, prudent, skilled 
 in war, a lover of truth, and of a great spirit. 
 
 Nyctimene is said to have committed some horrible wickedness, for which she 
 was changed into an owl, an ugly dismal bird, who, conscious of her guilt, never 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 47 
 
 appears when the sun shines, but, being driven from the society of oirds, seeks to 
 conceal her shame in the darkness of the night. 
 
 RULE II 
 
 * 15. Partitives, and words placed partitively, compa 
 ratives, superlatives, interrogative s, and some numerals, 
 govern the genitive plural. 
 
 None of the wild beasts. 
 The black among the vul- 
 tures. 
 
 The elder of the brothers. 
 The most learned of the Ro- 
 mans. 
 Which of us ? 
 One of the muses. 
 The eighth of the wise men. 
 
 Nulla belluarum. 
 Nigri vulturum. 
 
 Senior fratrum. 
 Doctissimus Romanorum. 
 
 Quis nostrum ? 
 Una musarum. 
 Octavus sapientum. 
 
 1. Partitives are adjective nouns, or pronouns, signify- 
 ing many, or a part of many, severally, and, as it were, one 
 by one ; as, ullus, nullus, solus, uter, uterque, utercunque^ 
 utervis, uterlibet, alter, alter uter, neuter, alius, aliquis, qui- 
 dam, quispiam, quisquis, quisque, unusquisque, aliquot, cae- 
 tera, reliquus ; to which add, omnis, cunctus, and the sub- 
 stantive nemo, 
 
 2. Words placed partitively are adjectives used in a par- 
 titive sense, or taken to signify a part of many ; as, lecti 
 juvenum, the choice of the young men ; nigrae lanarum, 
 the black hair among wool ; degeneres canum, sancti deo- 
 rum, &c. to which may be added the substantive vulgus ; 
 as, vulgus Atheniensium, vulgus militum. 
 
 3. Comparatives are adjectives of the comparative de- 
 gree ; as, doctior. 
 
 4. Superlatives are adjectives of the superlative degree ; 
 as, doctissimus. 
 
 5. Interrogatives are adjective nouns or pronouns, by 
 which we ask a question ; those belonging to this rule are, 
 quis, quisnam, quisque, uter, quot, quotas, quotusquisque. 
 
 6. Numerals are adjectives signifying number ; and to 
 this rule belong both the cardinals, such as, unus, duo, tres, 
 &c. and the ordinals, such as, primus, secundus, tcrtius, 
 ifcc. as also the distributive, singuli ; to which add, multi, 
 pauci, plerique, mcdius. 
 
43 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Notel. The partitive, &c. takes the gender of the substantive it governs, wheiv 
 there is no other ; bat if there are two substantives of different genders, it gene- 
 rally agrees with the first ; as, Cic. Indus maximus fiuminum. Id. Leo fortissimut 
 animalium. But not always ; as, Plin. Ddphinus velocissimum omnium animalium. 
 
 Note 2. Partitives, &c. govern the genitive singular of collectives ; as, Cic. 
 Praestantissimus nostrae civitatis. Virg. Nympharum sanguinis una. 
 
 Note 3. The comparative, as also the partitives, utcr, alter, neuter, when they 
 govern a genitive of partition, import a comparison betwixt two only ; thus, speak- 
 ing of two brothers, or two persons, we say, major fratrum, liter vestrum! But 
 speaking of three or more, we say, maximus fratrum, quis vestrum? &c. 
 
 Note 4. Instead of the genitive of partition, we often find the ablative with de, 
 e, ex, or in, and sometimes the accusative with inter, or ante ; as, Ovid. De tot 
 modo fratribus unus. Cic. Unus e Stoicis. Id. Accrrimus ex omniimsnostris sensi- 
 bus est sensus videndi. Senec. Croesus inter reges opulentissimus. Liv. Longe 
 ante alios acceptissimus militum animis. 
 
 Note 5. After partitives, <kc. we use the genitives nostrum and vestrum, but not 
 nostri or vestri. 
 
 Note 6. In this construction of partitives, &c. de, e, vel exnumero, is understood, 
 
 or sometimes expressed , as, Juv. Quaedam de numero Lamiarum. V. Max. Unus 
 e numero Persarum. Caes. Ex numero adversariorum sexcentis interfectis. 
 
 L Augustus, after the civil 
 wars, neither in his harangues 
 nor in his edicts, called any of 
 the military fellow-soldiers. 
 
 Alexander engaged with none 
 of his enemies whom he did not 
 conquer, and laid siege to no 
 town which he did not take. 
 
 Spain was invaded by the 
 Romans before it knew itself, 
 and alone of all the provinces 
 understood its own strength 
 after it was subdued. 
 
 Who will wonder that the 
 enemy gave way, when one of 
 the consuls ordered his own 
 son, though victorious, to be 
 slain, because he had fought 
 contrary to orders ? 
 
 What every one of your 
 friends may have written to 
 the general concerning these 
 two men, I know not ; but nei- 
 ther of them is much to be 
 blamed ; the rest of the sol- 
 diers were also in the fault, 
 and none of us is innocent. 
 
 Augustus, post civilis 
 helium, neque in concio 
 neque per edictum, ap- 
 pello ullus miles commi- 
 lito. 
 
 Alexander congredior 
 cum nullus hostis qui non 
 vinco, et obsideo nullus 
 urbs qui non eocpugno. 
 
 Hispania obsideo a Ro- 
 manus antequam cognosco 
 sui, et solus omnis provin- 
 cia intelligo suus vires 
 postquam vinco. 
 
 Quis miror hostis cedo, 
 quum alter consul jubeo 
 suusjilius, quamvis victor, 
 occido, quia pugno contra 
 imperium ? 
 
 Quis quisque tuus neces- 
 sarius scribo ad imperator 
 de hie duo vir, nescio ; sed 
 neuter is sum valde repre- 
 hendendus ; reliquus miles 
 sum etiam in culpa, et ne- 
 mo ego sum innocuus. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 49 
 
 This man entertains a strang- 
 er more handsomely than ei- 
 ther of you, or any of your 
 friends : Come, says he, here 
 are eggs, hens, apples, and 
 nuts ; some of the apples are 
 mellow ; of the eggs, some 
 are long, some round ; choose 
 either of them you please, for 
 both of them are good. 
 
 2. The centurion being sur- 
 rounded by the enemy, was in 
 great danger ; but the chief of 
 his friends, the choice of the 
 vounor men, and the lioht-armed 
 of the soldiers, came running 
 up to his relief. 
 
 3. & 4. The younger of the 
 bees go abroad to their work, 
 the more elderly labour within. 
 Thus the most ancient of mor- 
 tals practised industry ; they 
 lived without a crime, and 
 therefore without punishment, 
 nor was there need of rewards. 
 
 5. Si 6. Who of mortals can 
 endure regal pride ? Where- 
 fore, Tarquin, the seventh and 
 last of the Roman kings, was 
 driven into banishment, and 
 scarce two or three of his well- 
 wishers were left in the city. 
 
 All Gaul is divided into three 
 parts, whereof the Belgae in- 
 habit one, the Aquitani another, 
 the Gauls, the third. Of all 
 these the Belgae are the brav- 
 est. What numbers of men 
 have flourished there ? 
 
 T After Sylla came over to 
 Africa, and to the camp of Ma- 
 rius with the horse, though raw 
 before, and unacquainted w T ith 
 war, he soon became the most 
 
 Hie vir excipio hospes 
 elegantcr quam utervis tu, 
 dut quisquam amicus ves- 
 tor : Agite, inquam, hie 
 sum ovum, gallina, po- 
 mum, et nux ; quidam po* 
 mum sum mitis ; ovum ali- 
 us sum oblongus, alius ro- 
 tundus ; eligo uterlibet hie, 
 nam uterquc is sum bonus. 
 
 Centurio circumventus 
 ab hostis, vers or in mag- 
 nus pcriculum ; sed prae- 
 cipuus amicus, lectus ju- 
 venis, el expeditus miles, 
 concurro in auxilium. 
 
 Adolescentior apis exeo 
 ad opus, senior operor in- 
 tus. Ita vetustissimus 
 mortalis exerceo diligen- 
 tia ; ago sine scelus, eo- 
 que sine poena, nec opus 
 sum praemium. 
 
 Quis mortalis possum 
 tolero regalis superbia ? 
 Itaque Tarquinius, Septi- 
 mus atque ultimus Roma- 
 nus rex, ago in exilium, 
 et vix duo aut tres fautor 
 relinquo in urbs. 
 
 Omnis Gallia sum di- 
 visus in tres pars, qui 
 Belgae incolo unus, Aqui- 
 tani alius, Galli tertius. 
 Hie omnis Belgae sumfor- 
 tissimus. Quot homo ibi 
 provenio ? 
 
 Postquam Sylla venio in 
 Africa, atque in castra 
 Marius cum cquitatus, 
 quamvis rudis antea, et 
 ignarus bellum, brevis fio 
 
50 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 accomplished of all. But what 
 one of a thousand [of ] great 
 generals is happy 1 
 
 The tyrants are conquered, 
 and fly back to the city. Af- 
 ter this, they begged assistance 
 of the Lacedemonians. The 
 war is renewed, five hundred 
 of the Lacedemonians are slain 
 in battle, Critias and Hippolo- 
 chus, the most cruel of all the 
 tyrants, fall. But who amongst 
 men, or which of the gods, be- 
 wailed their death 1 
 
 Many of the soldiers were 
 kissing the hands and feet of 
 Otho, and calling him the only 
 emperor ; whilst, in the mean 
 time, Yitellius, ignorant of the 
 victory, was drawing together 
 the remaining strength of the 
 German army ; most of the sol- 
 diers were on their march, a 
 few only of the veterans were 
 left in the winter-quarters. 
 
 Of Caesar's men, not above 
 twenty were missing ; but in 
 the castle there were none of 
 the soldiers but were wound- 
 ed ; four of the centurions lost 
 their eyes ; thirty thousand 
 arrows were shot into the cas- 
 tle by the enemy ; and in the 
 shield of Scaeva, the centu- 
 rion, were found two hundred 
 and thirty holes. 
 
 Sicily, at the beginning, was 
 the country of the Cyclops : 
 after they were extirpated, Co- 
 calus seized the government of 
 the island : after whom each 
 of the cities fell under the pow- 
 er of tyrants. 
 
 Caesar, the most penetrating, 
 
 solertissimus omnis. Sed 
 quotusquisque magnus dux 
 sum felix ? 
 
 Tyr annus vinco, et in 
 urbs rcfugio. Post hie 
 peto auxilium a Lacedae- 
 monius. Bellum redinte- 
 gro, quingenti Lacedae- 
 monius interjicio in prae- 
 lium, Critias et Hippolo- 
 chus, omnis tyrannus sae- 
 vissimus, cado. Sedquis- 
 nam homo, quisve deus, 
 lucreo mors ? 
 
 Multus miles exosculor 
 manus ac pes Otho, uni- 
 cusque imperator prae- 
 dico ; dum, interim, Vi~ 
 tellius, nescius victoria, 
 traho reliquus vires Ger- 
 manicus exercitus ; pleri~ 
 que miles sum in iter, pau- 
 ci tantum veteranus relin- 
 quo in hiberna. 
 
 Casar miles non am- 
 plius viginti sum. deside- 
 ratus : sed in castellum 
 nemo miles omnino sum 
 quin vulnero ; quatuor 
 centurio amitto oculus ; 
 triginta mille sagitta con* 
 jicio in castellum ab hos- 
 tis ; et in scutum Scaeva 
 centurio invenio ccxxx fo- 
 ramen. 
 
 Sicilia a principium 
 sum patria Cyclops : post- 
 quam ille extinguo, Co- 
 calus occupo regnum in- 
 sula : post qui singuli ci- 
 vitas concedo in imperium 
 tyrannus, 
 
 Casar, sagacissimus ac 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 51 
 
 and wisest of generals, resolves 
 to take Dumnorix along with 
 him into Britain, because he 
 knew him to be desirous of 
 change, fond of power, of a 
 great spirit, and of great au- 
 thority among the Gauls ; 
 though he persisted to intreat 
 that he might be left in Gaul. 
 
 Gordius spied a young lady 
 of excellent beauty at the gate 
 of the city, and asked her which 
 of the augurs he should con- 
 sult? When she understood 
 the occasion of his question, 
 being skilled in the art, she 
 told him that he should be a 
 king, and promises that she 
 would be the companion of his 
 life and hopes. This offer 
 seemed the chief happiness of 
 a kingdom. 
 
 sapientissimus dux, consti- 
 tuo duco Dumnorix sui- 
 cum in Britannia, quod 
 cognosco is cupidiis res 
 novus, avidus imperium, 
 magnus animus^ et mag- 
 nus auctoritas inter G al- 
 ius ; quamvis ille contendo 
 ptto, uti in Gallia relin- 
 quo. 
 
 Gordius conspicor vir- 
 go eximius pulchritudo ad 
 porta urbs, et percontor 
 quis augur consulo ? Cum 
 intelligo causa quaestio, 
 peritus ars, respondeo, ille 
 sum rex, et polliceor sui 
 fore socius vita is et spes. 
 Hie conditio videor pri- 
 mus felicitas regnum. 
 
 Pylades and Orestes cherished a mutual love, and no mortal knows which of 
 them, was the more faithful. 
 
 The priestess of Apollo, being asked why Jupiter was esteemed the chief of the 
 Gods, since Mars was the best soldier, made this answer : Mars is valiant, but 
 Jupiter is wise. 
 
 The nation of the Suevi is the most warlike of all the Germans. The nature 
 of their food, their daily exercise, and free manner of life, improve their strength, 
 and make them men of huge stature of body. 
 
 When Faith, Temperance, the Graces, and other celestial powers, left, the 
 earth, (says one of the ancients,) Hope was the only goddess that staid behind. 
 
 The first of all virtues is innocence, the next is modesty. If we banish modesty 
 out of the world, she carries away with her half the virtue that is in it. 
 
 RULE UL 
 
 16. Adjectives signifying profit or disprofit govern th* 
 dative. 
 
 Kind to me. 
 
 Agreeable to the people. 
 Sentenced to punishment. 
 Evident to all. 
 Bordering on the sea. 
 
 Benignus mihi. 
 Acceptus plebi. 
 Addictus supplicio, 
 Apertum omnibus, 
 Finitimus maru 
 
52 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Fit for study. 
 
 Frank to petitioners. 
 
 Of the same age with Cicero. 
 
 Like his father. 
 
 Allied to heaven. 
 
 Exposed to danger. 
 
 Apius studio. 
 Facilis rogantibus. 
 Aequalis Ciceroni. 
 Similis patri. 
 Cognatus coelo. 
 Obnoxius periculo. 
 
 To this rule belong chiefly adjectives signifying, 
 
 L PROFIT or DISPROFIT ; as, benignus, bonus, uti* 
 lis, commodus, felix, faustus, fructuosus, prosper, saluber ; 
 also, calamitosus, inutilis, damnosus, dirus, exitiosus, funcs- 
 tus, incommodus, malus, noxius, perniciosus, pestifer. 
 
 2. PLEASURE or PAIN ; as, acceptus, dulcis, gratus, 
 gratiosus, jucundus, laetus, suavis ; also, acerbus, amarus, 
 insuavis, injucundus, ingratus, molestus tristis. 
 
 3. LOVE or HATRED ; as, addictus, aequus, amicus, 
 benevolus, blandus, carus, deditus,fidus, Jidelis, lenis, mitts, 
 propitius ; also, advcrsus, asper, crudelis, contrarius, infen- 
 sus, infestus, infidus, immitis, inimicus, iniquus, invisus, in- 
 vidus, iratus, odiosus, suspectus, trux. 
 
 4. PERSPICUITY or OBSCURITY ; as, apertus,cer- 
 tus, compertus, conspicuus, manifestus, notus, perspicuus ; 
 also, ambiguus, dubius, ignotus, incertus, obscurus. 
 
 5. PROPINQUITY; as, finitimus, propior, proximus f 
 propinquus, socius, vicinus, affmis. 
 
 6. FITNESS or UNFITNESS; as, aptus, appositus, 
 accommodatus, habilis, idoneus, opportunus ; also, ineptus, 
 inhabilis, importunus. inconveniens. 
 
 7. EASINESS or DIFFICULTY ; as, facilis, levis, ob- 
 vius, pervius ; also, difficilis, arduus, gravis, laboriosus,pcri- 
 culosus, invius. 
 
 8. EQUALITY or INEQUALITY; as, aequalis, aequae- 
 vus, par, compar, suppar, communis ; and, inaequalis, im« 
 par, dispar, discors : Also, LIKENESS or UNLIKE- 
 NESS ; as, similis, aemulus, geminus ; and, dissimilis, ab- 
 sonus, alienus, diversus, discolor. 
 
 9. Also, many compounded with CON ; as, cognatus, con- 
 color, concors, confinis, congruus, consanguineus, conscius, 
 consentaneus, consonus, conveniens, conterminus, contiguus, 
 continuus, continens, &c. 
 
 10. A great variety of other adjectives that cannot be re- 
 duced to distinct classes : as, obnoxius, subjectus, supplcx, 
 super stes, proprius, eredulus, absurdus, decor us, deformis, 
 praesto, secundus, &c. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 53 
 
 Note 1. With respect to the adjectives belonging to this rule, observe, 1. That 
 aemulus, certus, incertus, dubius, ambiguus, conscius, manifestus, suspectus, noxius, 
 compertus, &c. often govern the genitive, as was taught No. 14. 2. That though 
 adversus, aequalis, ajjinis, alicnus, blandus, communis, confer minus, contrarius, cre- 
 dulus, dispar, dissimilis, jidus, finitimus, par, proprius, similis, superstes, &c. take 
 commonly the dative ; yet sometimes they govern the genitive, as already ob- 
 served in No. 14. note 2. 3. That benignus, prosper, laetus, gravis, and some 
 others, often take the genitive or ablative, as belonging to No. 21. Here also ob- 
 serve, that adjectives belonging to different rules, and which admit of different 
 constructions in different senses, sometimes take both cases after them ; as, 
 Ter. Mens sibi conscia recti. 
 
 Note 2. Some adjectives signifying love, hatred, or other passions toward or 
 against a person ; such as, amicus, animatus, bencficus, benevolus, benignus, pius, 
 gratus, misericors, liberalis ; acerbus, severus, saevus, crudelis, iniquus, injuriosus, 
 infensus, &c. take often the accusative with the preposition in, erga, or adversus. 
 
 Note 3. Some adjectives signifying fitness, usefulness, or the contrary ; such 
 as, accommodatus, appositus, aptus, congruus, commcdus, habilis, idoneus, opportu- 
 nus, utilisi ineptus,xnkabxlis, inutilis, &c. take frequently the accusative with ad. 
 
 Note 4. Adjectives signifying motion, tendency, or propension to a thing; such 
 as, celer, tardus, velox, piger, impiger, lentus, praeceps, rapidus, segnis ; dcclivis, 
 inclinabilis, proclivis, pi onus ; propensus^ paralus promptus, profugus, &c. take the 
 accusative with ad or in rather than the dative. 
 
 Note 5. Propior and proximus, in imitation of their primitive prope, sometimes 
 take the accusative, the preposition ad bemg understood, but seldom or never 
 expressed; as, Sail. Vitium prcpius virtutem. Cic. Proximus Prompeium sedebam. 
 
 Note 6. Substantives sometimes govern the dative ; as, Virg. Erit ilh mihi 
 semper Deus. Ter. Naturd tu illi pater es, consiliis ego. Hor. Moeslis praesidi- 
 um rcis. Virg. Tu decus omne tuis. Cic. Non hominibus sed virtutibus hostis. 
 Plant. Lupus est homo homini. Luc. Urbi pater est. Ter. Nostrae est fautrixfa- 
 miliae. 
 
 Note 7. The dative, according to Grammarians, is not, properly speaking, go- 
 verned either by adjectives, verbs, or any other part of speech ; but is fitly sub- 
 joined to any word, when acquisition, ademption, advantage, disadvantage, of 
 destination is signified. 
 
 17. Verbals in BILIS and DUS govern the dative 
 
 Wonderful to you. Mirabilis tibi. 
 
 To be intreated by me. Exorandus mihi. 
 
 Note 1. The participle perfect, signifying passively, takes sometimes the dative, 
 but oftener the ablative with a or ab. Cic. Ego audita tibi putaram. Id. Mors 
 Crassi est a multis defieta. Ovid. Proditus a socio est. 
 
 Note 2. Verbals in DUS also, instead of the dative, take sometimes the abla- 
 tive with a or ab. Cic. Admnnendum a me. Id. Non eos venerandos a nobis. 
 
 16. 1. Mallows are whole- 
 some for the body, useful to 
 the sick, and hurtful to no 
 man ; but some medicines are 
 unprofitable to the physician 
 himself, destructive to health, 
 and pernicious to the patient. 
 
 The victory, which Caesar 
 obtained in the plains of Phar- 
 salia, was baneful to his coun - 
 
 Molva sum saluber cor- 
 pus, ulilis aeger, et pesti- 
 fer nemo ; sed quidam rne- 
 dicamcntum sum inutilis 
 medicus ipse, perniciosus 
 valetudo, et exitiosus ae- 
 grotus. 
 
 Victoria, qui C&sar 
 adipiscor in campus Phar- 
 salia, sum calamitosus pa- 
 
54 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 try, destructive to the common- 
 wealth, pernicious to the Ro- 
 man name, fatal to the city, 
 and dismal to human kind. 
 
 Fortune is always kind to 
 you ; my trade is profitable to 
 me ; the stars are beneficial to 
 mariners ; w r e shall loose from 
 the harbour to-morrow ; may 
 it be lucky, fortunate, and hap- 
 py for us all. 
 
 2. My colleague is delightful 
 to his friends, agreeable to his 
 companions, acceptable to all, 
 and unpleasant to nobody : 
 without him, and without the 
 study of letters, life itself 
 would be tasteless to me. 
 
 Dew on the tender grass is 
 agreeable to cattle, and sleep 
 is sweet to a traveller ; a bur- 
 den is irksome to a sluggish 
 ass, and labour troublesome to 
 a lazy person ; an unripe grape 
 is sour to the taste ; and the 
 wind is a sad thing for trees. 
 
 3. Be just to all, kind to all, 
 intimate with few, fawning to 
 none, true to your lord, faith- 
 ful to your master, gentle to 
 your petitioner, merciful to 
 enemies, and unjust to nobody : 
 thus you will be dear to all, 
 and hated by none. 
 
 Nero at first was friendly to 
 good men, and addicted to the 
 study of the muses ; but the 
 latter part of his life was con- 
 trary to the former ; for now 
 he was harsh to and angry with 
 those that advised him, spiteful 
 and enraged against mankind, 
 an enemy to all, hated by the 
 £ods, and many things were 
 i rvss to him. 
 
 tria, darnnosus rcspublica, 
 exitiabilis Romanus no- 
 men, funestus urbs, et di- 
 ms humanus genus, 
 
 Fortuna semper sum 
 benignus tu ; mens ars 
 sumfructuosus ego ; Stella 
 sum commodus nauta ; 
 solvo e porlus eras ; qui 
 bonus, faustus, felixque 
 sum ego omnis. 
 
 Meus collcga sumjucun- 
 dus amicus, acceptus co- 
 mes, gratiosus omnis, et 
 injucundus nemo : sine is, 
 et sine studium liter ae, vita 
 ipse for em insuavis ego. 
 
 Ros in tenet gramen 
 sum gratus pecus, et som- 
 nus sum dulcis viator , 
 onus sum ingratus piger 
 asinus, et labor molestus 
 ignavus ; immaturus uva 
 sum acerbus gustus ; et 
 ventus sum tristis arbor. 
 
 Sum tu aequus omnis, 
 benevolus cunctus, fami- 
 liaris pauci, blandus nul- 
 lus, jidus dominus, Jidelis 
 herus, lenis precans, mitis 
 hostis, et iniquus nemo : 
 sic sum carus omnis, et 
 odiosus nullus. 
 
 Nero primo sum ami- 
 cus bonus, et deditus stu- 
 dium musa ; sed posterior 
 pars vita sum contrarius 
 prior; nam jam sum as- 
 per et iratus monitor, in* 
 festus ac infensus huma- 
 nus genus, inimicus om- 
 nis, invisus deus, et mul~ 
 tus sum adversus tile. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 55 
 
 4. The arguments concern- 
 ing the former pyramids appear 
 dark to some, doubtful to 
 others, and clear to few ; but 
 the three remaining pyramids, 
 being situate on a hill, are visi- 
 ble to sailors, and known to all. 
 
 5. In Africa, the places that 
 are next to our sea, nigh to 
 Carthage, or near to Mauri- 
 tania, are very fertile : but the 
 places bordering on Numidia, 
 and nearer to the scorching 
 heats, are more barren. 
 
 6. Decency is adapted to the 
 nature of things ; thus, some 
 colours are proper for mourn- 
 ing, and others quite improper 
 for this purpose ; the morning 
 is friendly to the muses, and fit 
 for study ; a town situated on 
 the shore is convenient for 
 trade, but without walls it will 
 be exposed to enemies. 
 
 7. Nothing is difficult or hard 
 to a brave man ; to him no 
 place is dangerous, no battle 
 terrible, no sea unpassable ; 
 all hardships are easy and light 
 to such a man ; yet his mind 
 is always disposed to peace, 
 but ready and prepared for war. 
 
 8. The poet married a wife 
 equal in age, and every way a 
 match for him ; she was like 
 her mother, her lips rivalled 
 the roses ; and, as a matron is 
 diverse and different from a 
 strumpet, so she was unlike 
 her sister : but there is a fault 
 different from this fault ; her 
 spirit was unsuitable and un- 
 
 Argurnentum de prior 
 pyrarnis video ob scums 
 quidam, dubius alius, et 
 perspicuus pauci ; at tres 
 reliquus pyrarnis, situs in 
 mons, sum conspicuus na- 
 vigans, et not us o?nnis. 
 
 In Africa, locus qui sum 
 proximus noster mare, 
 propinquus Carthago, aut 
 vicinus Mauritania, sum 
 fcrax : sed locus finitimus 
 Numidia, et propior ar- 
 dor, sum magis sterilis. 
 
 Decor sum accommoda- 
 tes natura 7*es ; sic, qui- 
 dam color sum conveniens 
 luctus, et alius prorsus 
 ineptus hie res; aurora 
 sum amicus musa, et aptus 
 studium ; urbs appositus 
 littus sum idoneus commer- 
 cium, sed sine murus sum 
 opportunus hostis. 
 
 Nihil sum difficilis aut 
 arduus fort is vir ; is nul- 
 lus locus sum periculosus, 
 nullus praelium gravis, 
 nullus mare invius ; omnis 
 labor sum facilis et levis 
 talis vir ; tamen animus 
 sum semper pronus pax, 
 sed promptus et paratus 
 bellum. 
 
 Poeta duco uxor ae 
 quaevus, et omnimodo par 
 sui ; sum similis mater, 
 labrum sum aemulus rosa ; 
 et, ut matrona sum dispar 
 atque discolor meretrix, ita 
 sum dissimilis soror : sed 
 sum vitium diver sus hie 
 vitium ; animus sum alie- 
 nus et impar fortuna 
 
56 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 equal to her fortune ; some- 
 times she was inconsistent with 
 herself; now she is dead; 
 death is common to every age. 
 
 9. and 10. Heaven is allied 
 to earth, nature is always con- 
 sistent with itself, and men's 
 fortune is agreeablo to their 
 manners ; thus, the savage peo- 
 ple bordering on Ethiopia are 
 subject to sad slavery, exposed 
 to many hardships ; and yet, if 
 you consider their strength, 
 they are inferior to none of the 
 neighbouring nations. 
 
 Note 2. A good man is affec- 
 tionate towards his parents, 
 beneficent to his relations, be- 
 nevolent to his friends, grate- 
 ful to his well-wishers, well 
 affected towards good men, 
 kind to all, injurious to none, 
 harsh to nobody, and not cruel 
 or severe to an enemy. 
 
 Note 3. This fellow is good 
 for nothing, but his brother is 
 good for many things ; his 
 shoes are tight and meet for 
 his feet, his clothes are light 
 and convenient for running, 
 and the ground is proper for 
 that purpose. 
 
 Note 4. The general is slow 
 to punishment, swift to re- 
 wards, bent on war ; his son 
 too is alert for battle, and not 
 backward to danger ; but his 
 mind is prone to cruelty, in- 
 clined to vice, and disposed to 
 any wickedness. 
 
 nonnunquam sum dicors 
 sui ; nunc mortuus sum ; 
 mors sum communis omnis 
 aetas. 
 
 Coelum sum cognatus 
 tellus, natura semper sum 
 concors sui, et homo for* 
 tuna sum consentaneus 
 mos ; sic ferus natio conji- 
 nis Aethiopia sum subjec- 
 tus trisiis sermtium, ob- 
 noxius multus injuria ; et 
 tamen, si spec to vires, sum 
 secundus nullus fmitimus 
 gens. 
 
 Bonus vir sum pius in 
 parens, benejicus in pro- 
 pinquus y benevolus erg a 
 amicus, gratus adversus 
 fautor, bene animatus in 
 bonus, benignus erga om- 
 nis, injuriosus in nullus, 
 acerbus in nemo, neque 
 crudelis aut saevus in hos~ 
 tis. 
 
 Hie homo sum utilis ad 
 nullus res, sed f rater sum 
 idoncus ad multus res ; 
 calceus sum habilis et ap- 
 tus ad pes, vestis sum levis 
 et commodus ad cursus, 
 et locus sum opportunus 
 ad is res. 
 
 Dux sum piger ad poe- 
 na, velox ad praemium, 
 promptus ad helium ; ji 
 lias quoque sum eeler in 
 pugna, et haud ignavus 
 ad periculum ; sed ani- 
 mus sum praeceps in cru- 
 delitas, propensus ad vi- 
 tium, et par at us ad omnis 
 nefas. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 57 
 
 1 7. Death, whose path must 
 once be trod by all, is terrible 
 to the wicked, with whose life 
 all good things are extinguish- 
 ed ; but desirable to good men, 
 whose praise cannot die, and 
 whose minds are conscious to 
 themselves of integrity. Let 
 us therefore imitate the life 
 of good men, who are born for 
 glory, though they be often de- 
 spised by the wicked. 
 
 % Liberty is equally desira- 
 ble to the good and to the bad, 
 to the brave and to the dastard- 
 ly ; wherefore Apuleius did 
 not cease to maintain the laws 
 of the Gracchi, so much spirit 
 did Marius inspire, who had 
 been always an enemy to the 
 nobility. But Tiberius refused 
 the title of father of his coun- 
 try, lest afterwards he should 
 be found unequal to so great an 
 honour. 
 
 Subrius the tribune, being 
 asked by Nero, why he had 
 not discovered the conspiracy, 
 replied, Because I hated you ; 
 nor was any of the soldiers, 
 quoth he, more faithful to you 
 than I, whilst you deserved to 
 be loved ; I began to hate you, 
 after you became a murderer 
 of your mother, and of your 
 wife, a charioteer, a comedian, 
 and an incendiary. 
 
 The Romans were now so 
 powerful, that they were a 
 match for any of the foreign 
 nations : wherefore, the con- 
 sul provides forces, arms, and 
 other things necessary for the 
 war, very industriously ; nor 
 
 Mors, qui via sum se* 
 mel calcandus omnis, sum 
 terribilis mains, cum qui 
 vita omnis bonus extinguo ; 
 sed optabilis bonus, q^i 
 laus non possum emorior, 
 et qui mens sum conscius 
 sui rectum. Imitor igitur 
 vita bonus, qui sum natus 
 gloria, licet saepe sum des- 
 pectus mains. 
 
 Libertas sum aeque op' 
 tabilis bonus et malus, 
 strenuus et ignavus: itaque 
 Apuleius non desist o as* 
 sero Graccha?ius lex, tan* 
 tum animus Marius do, qui 
 semper sum inimicus nobi* 
 litas. At Tiberius recuso 
 appcllatio pater patria, ne 
 postea invenio impar tan* 
 tus honor. 
 
 Subrius tribunus, inter- 
 rogates a Nero, cur non 
 patefacio conjuratio, res* 
 pondeo, Quia odi tu ; ncc 
 quisquam miles, inquam, 
 sum jidelis tu quam ego, 
 dum mereo amo ; cocpi 
 odi, postquam existo par* 
 ricida mater et uxor, auri* 
 ga, histrio, et incendia* 
 rius. . 
 
 Romanus jam sum adeo 
 validus, ut sum par quili* 
 bet exlernus gens : itaque 
 consul paro copiae, arma, 
 et alius necessarius bellum 
 diligenter ; nec eventus 
 bellum sum alius, quam 
 
53 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 was the event of the war any 
 other, than the preparation had 
 been ; wherefore, Antiochus 
 was routed, and forced to flee 
 into Asia. 
 
 Nor was fortune more fa- 
 vourable to the flying Gauls : 
 but continual showers, frost 
 and snow, fatigue and famine, 
 consumed the miserable re- 
 mains of this unhappy war. 
 The people and nations, too, 
 through which they marched, 
 followed the scattered Gauls, 
 and slaughtered vast numbers 
 of them. 
 
 After the death of the king, 
 the Alexandrians sent ambas- 
 sadors to the Romans, intreat- 
 ing, that they would undertake 
 the guardianship of the child, 
 and defend the kingdom of 
 Egypt, which they said Philip 
 and Antiochus had divided be- 
 twixt them. This embassy 
 was very acceptable to the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Ptolemy was as ridiculous 
 to the Romans, as he was cruel 
 to his own subjects. His 
 countenance was deformed, 
 his stature short, his oelly 
 hanging out, so that he was 
 more like a beast than a man. 
 He sent for his son from Cy- 
 rene, and slew him, lest the 
 Alexandrians should make him 
 king. 
 
 After Alexander had dismiss- 
 ed his soldiers, being now 
 near his death, he asked his 
 friends standing about him, 
 whether they thought that they 
 iould lind a king like him ? 
 
 apparatus su?n ; guars 
 Antiochus fugo, et cogo 
 fugio in Asia. 
 
 Nec fortv %a sum be n ig - 
 nus fugiens G alius : sed 
 assiduus imbcr, gelu et 
 nix, lassitudo et fames, ob- 
 tero miser reliquiae hie 
 infelix bellum. Gens quo- 
 que et natio, per qui ha- 
 beo iter, sector palans G al- 
 ius, et occido magnus is 
 numerus. 
 
 Post mora rex, Alex an 
 drinus mitto legatus ad 
 Romanus, orans, ut susci- 
 pio tutela pupillus, et tutor 
 regnum jEgyptus, qui di 
 co Plnlippus et Antiochus 
 divido inter sui. Hie le- 
 gatio sum gratus Roma- 
 nus. 
 
 Ptolemaeus sum tarn ri- 
 diculus Romanus, quam 
 sum cruentus civis suus. 
 Vultus sum deformis, sta- 
 tura brevis, venter promt- 
 nulus, ut sum similis bel- 
 lua quam homo. Arcesso 
 films a Cyrenae, et inter- 
 fido ille, ne Alcxandiinus 
 creo rjx. 
 
 Po/*qua?n Alexander di- 
 mitto miles, jam proxirnus 
 7nors, pcrcontor amicus 
 circu/Kstans, num existi- 
 mo iui possum invenio rex 
 similis sui ? Cunctus 
 
to Latin syntax. 
 
 59 
 
 They all held their tongue. 
 Then he said, that he knew not 
 that, but that he foresaw how 
 much blood Macedonia would 
 shed in that contest. 
 
 Nor did the friends of Alex- 
 ander without reason expect 
 his kingdom ; for they were 
 men of such valour and dignity, 
 that you would have thought 
 every one of them kings. 
 Never would they have found 
 any equal to themselves, if 
 they had not clashed among 
 themselves ; and Macedonia 
 would have had many Alexan- 
 ders, instead of one, had not 
 fortune armed them for their 
 mutual destruction. 
 
 Atticus is said to have been complaisant to strangers, agreeable to his friends, 
 just to all, and troublesome to none. He so demeaned himself, that he seemed 
 on a level with the lowest, yet equal to the greatest, and was deservedly very 
 dear to the Athenians. Praise is grateful to human nature. 
 
 The heart of the envious man is gall and bitterness, his tongue spitteth venom, 
 the success of his neighbour breaketh his rest, he sitteth in his cell repining ; ha- 
 tred and malice prey upon his heart, and there is no rest in him. He feeleth 
 in his own breast no love of goodness, and therefore believeth his neighbour is 
 like unto himself. 
 
 The hand of the generous man is like the clouds of heaven, which drop upon 
 the earth, fruits, herbage, and flowers ; but the heart of the ungrateful is like a 
 desert of sand, which swalloweth the showers that fall, burieth them in its bo 
 som, and produceth nothing. 
 
 A wise man considers that nothing is to be desired by him but what is lauda- 
 ble and excellent. Let us imitate the wise, and always live so as to think that 
 an account must be given by us. 
 
 taceo. Turn dico, sui ncs- 
 cio is, sed sui prospicio 
 quantum sanguis Mace* 
 donia fundo in is certa- 
 men, 
 
 Nec amicus Alexander 
 frustra regnum specto ; 
 nam sum vir is 6 virtus ae 
 6 veneratio, ut singuli is 
 rex puto. Nunquam sui 
 par reperio, si non inter 
 sui concurro ; multusque 
 Macedonia, pro unus, Al- 
 exander habeo, nisifortuna 
 is in mutuus pernicies 
 armo. 
 
 RULE 
 
 * 18. Adjectives signifying 
 cusative of measure. 
 
 The stones of Solomon's tem- 
 ple were forty cubits long, 
 twelve cubits broad, and 
 eight cubits high. 
 
 dimension govern the ac- 
 
 Lapides Solomonis templi 
 crant quadraginta cubi- 
 tos longi, duodecim cu- 
 bitos lati, et octo cubitos 
 alti.* 
 
 * In this sentence, and in the latter half of the second example following, the 
 cardinal numbers seem to be inaccurately put instead of the distributive. The 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Adjectives of DIMENSION are, altus, crassus, 
 densus, latus, longus, profundus. 
 
 The names of MEASURE are, digitus, palmus, per, cu- 
 bitus v. um, ulna, passus, stadium, milliare. 
 
 Note 1. Verbs of DIMENSION, such as, patco, cresco, &c. govern also an ac- 
 cusative of MEASURE. 
 
 Note2. The word of MEASURE is sometimes put in the ablative ; as, Liv. Fos- 
 sa sex cubitis alta. Pers. Venter ejus extat sesquipcde ; and sometimes, but rarely, 
 in the genitive ; as, Piin. Nec lengiores duodenum pedum. 
 
 Note 3. The measure of excess, or the word denoting- how much one thing ex- 
 ceeds or comes short of another, is always put in the ablative. 
 
 Note 4. To the measure of excess may be referred these ablatives, tanto, quanto, 
 quo, eo, hoc, ahquantOy viulto, paulo, niiiilo, &c. which are frequently joined in 
 this sense with'the comparative degree, or sometimes with the superlative, or 
 with a verb importing comparison. 
 
 Note 5. These adjectives do not govern the accusative of themselves, the 
 preposition ad or in being understood, or sometimes expressed ; as, Plin. Longa 
 folia habet fere ad tres digitos. Colum. Sulcum in quatuor pedes longum, in tres 
 ahum. When they take the ablative, a, ab, tenus, or in, may be supplied ; and 
 when they take the genitive, ad mensuram vel spatium may be understood. 
 
 The walls of Babylon were 
 two hundred feet high, and fifty 
 broad. 
 
 This wall is five feet six 
 inches high, and three hundred 
 cubits long ; and these trees 
 are twenty feet long, and two 
 feet round. 
 
 In this climate, about the 
 day of the equinox, a gnomon 
 seven feet high casts a shadow 
 not above four feet long. 
 
 Note 1. Tell in what coun- 
 try the expanse of heaven does 
 not extend above three ells, 
 and though shalt be the great 
 Apollo. 
 
 Othos and Ephialtes are said 
 to have been of a wonderful big- 
 
 Murus Babylon sum 
 duceni pes altus, et quin- 
 quageni latus. 
 
 Hie maceria sum quin- 
 que pes sex digitus altus, 
 et irecenti cubitus longus ; 
 et hie arbor sum vigi?iti 
 pes longus, et duo per eras- 
 sus. 
 
 In hie tractus, circa 
 dies aequinoctium, gnomon, 
 septcm pes altus, reddc 
 umbra non amplius qua- 
 tuor pes longus. 
 
 Dico quis in terra spa- 
 Hum coelum non pateo am- 
 plius tres ulna, et sum 
 magnus Apollo. 
 
 Othos et Ephialtes dico 
 sum mirus magnitudo ; 
 
 doctrine concerning the use of these classes of numbers m such sentences is il- 
 lustrated and confirmed in a note to the Grammatical Exercises, p. 107. Stereo- 
 type Edition, q. v. A. R. C. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 61 
 
 ness ; every month they grew 
 nine inches ; at length they en- 
 deavoured to climb up into hea- 
 ven. 
 
 Note 3. The wall is six feet 
 higher than the rock, and the 
 turrets are ten feet higher than 
 the wall. 
 
 I am two feet taller than you, 
 and you are a foot and a half 
 taller than my brother. 
 
 The sun is many times big- 
 ger than the earth, and the 
 earth is many times bigger 
 than the moon. 
 
 Note 4. By how much the 
 greater the battle was, by so 
 much more famous was the 
 victory of Conon ; the Lace- 
 demonians being conquered, 
 take to flight. 
 
 The disease of the covetous 
 man is scarcely curable ; for 
 the more he has, the more he 
 desires. 
 
 It is much more laborious 
 to conquer one's self than an 
 enemy ; but the more difficult 
 any thing, the more honourable 
 it is. 
 
 This condition was so much 
 the more grievous to them, by 
 how much it was the later ; 
 for formerly they had quelled, 
 in the Delphic war, the fury of 
 the Gauls, terrible both to Asia 
 and Italy. 
 
 The exploits of the Athe- 
 nians were great and glorious 
 enough, but yet somewhat less 
 than they are represented ; but 
 because their writers were 
 men of great parts and elo- 
 
 per singuli mensis cresca 
 novem digitus ; tandem 
 conor ascendo in coclum. 
 
 Murus sum sex pes al- 
 tior quam rupes, et turris 
 sum deni pes altior quam 
 murus. 
 
 Ego sum duo pes Ion- 
 gior quam tu, et tu sum 
 sesquipes longior quam 
 meus frater. 
 
 Sol sum multus pars 
 major quam terra, et terra 
 sum multus pars major 
 quam luna. 
 
 Quantum major prae- 
 lium sum, tantum clarior 
 sum victoria Conon ; La- 
 cedaemonius victus, fuga 
 capesso. 
 
 Morbus avarus vix sum 
 medicabilis ; nam quod 
 plus habeo, id plus cupio. 
 
 Sum multum operosior 
 super o sui ipse quam hos- 
 tis ; sed quod quid sum 
 dijjicilior, hoc praeclarior 
 sum. 
 
 Hie conditio sum tan- 
 tum amarior is, quantum 
 sum serior ; nam antea 
 frango, in Delphicus bel- 
 lum, violentia Gallus, ter- 
 ribilis et Asia et Italia. 
 
 Res gestus Atheniensis 
 sum satis amplus et mag- 
 nificus, verum tamen ali- 
 quantum minor quam fe- 
 ro ; sed quia auctor sum 
 homo magnus 6 ingenium 
 
62 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 quence, the actions of the 
 Athenians are celebrated 
 through the whole world for 
 the greatest. 
 
 This garden is an hundred 
 cubits long and sixty broad. 
 Here are three beds, every 
 one of which is three feet 
 broad and five feet long ; but 
 the middle bed, which is one 
 foot high, is the most pleas- 
 ant ; upon it I often sit and 
 read the old poets with great 
 pleasure. 
 
 et 6 facundia, ' factum 
 Atheniensis celebro per lo- 
 tus orhis pro maximus. 
 
 Hie hortus sum centum 
 cubitus longus sexaginta 
 latus. Hie sum tres area, 
 qui singuli sum tres pes 
 latus et quinque pes lon- 
 gus ; sed medius area, qui 
 sum unus pes alius, sum 
 amoenus ; super is saepe 
 sedeo, et lego vetus poeta 
 magnus cum voluptas. 
 
 The ark in which Noah, his wife, his three sons, with their wives, and a few 
 animals of every species, were saved, is recorded by Mosis, the sacred historian, 
 to have been 300 cubits long, 50 broad, and 30 (cubits^ high. 
 
 The grotto in the island of Antiparos is a cavern 120 yards wide, 113 long, and 
 about 60 yards high, and the descent to it is 480 yards deep. 
 
 There are about 400 famous pyramids in Egypt, three of which are great 
 ones, the rest are smaller; the largest of the three great pyramids is 512 feet 
 high, and 1028 feet broad at the bottom ; the second pyramidis 312 feet high, and 
 its broadest side at the bottom 622 feet long. 
 
 A great fortune in the hands of a fool is a great misfortune. The more riches 
 a fool has the greater fool he is 
 
 RULE V. 
 
 * 19. The comparative degree governs the ablative, 
 which is resolved by quam. 
 
 Nothing is sweeter than liberty. Nihil est dulcius libertate. 
 Resolved thus : Nihil est dulcius quam libertas. 
 
 Note 1. The positive with the adverb magis sometimes governs the ablative ; 
 as, Virg. O luce magis dilecta sorori. Ovid. Puraquc magis pellucida gemma. 
 
 Note 2. The comparative takes often the following or like ablatives; opt- 
 nione, spc, aequo, justo, solito, diclo, <J-c. as, opinione major, spe amplior, flagranti or 
 aequo, tristior solito, &c. 
 
 Not* 3. Nihil with the comparative is elegantly put for nemo or nullus ; as, 
 Nihil Virgilio dotting; None more learned than Virgil. 
 
 Note 4. Quam after plus, amplius, minuses elegantly suppressed ; as, Ter. Quis 
 giiingentos colapkos inf regit mihi. Virg. Noctem non amplius unam. Nep. Minus 
 diebus triginta in Asiam reversus. 
 
 Note 5. To the comparative the words quampro are sometimes elegantly sub- 
 joined; as, Curt. Major em quam pro flatu sonum reddebant sylvae. 
 
 Note 6. Comparatives, besides the ablative of comparison, take naturally 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 63 
 
 after them the case which their positives govern; as, Virg. Thymomtht dulcior 
 Hyblac. Senec. Nihil est dignius magno viro placabilitate. 
 
 Note 7. The comparative does not govern the ablative of itself, the preposition 
 prae being understood, or sometimes expressed ; as, Apul. Unus prae caeterit /or- 
 tior exsurgit. 
 
 RULE VI. 
 
 * 20. These adjectives, dignus, indignus, contentus, 
 praeditus, captus, and fretus ; also natus, satus, ortus, editus, 
 and the like, require the ablative. 
 
 Worthy of praise. 
 Content with little. 
 Endued with virtue. 
 Charmed with learning. 
 Trusting to his strength. 
 Born of a goddess. 
 Descended of kings. 
 
 Dignus laude. 
 Contentus parvo. 
 Praeditus virtute. 
 Captus doctrind. 
 Fretus viribus. 
 Natus Ded. 
 Ortus regibus. 
 
 Note I. Like adjectives are such as, generatus, creatus, prognatus, procreatus, 
 cretuSj oriundus. 
 
 Note 2. Dignus, indignts, contentus, take sometimes the genitive ; as, SSL Pro- 
 les digna Dcum. Virg. Indignus avorum. Li v. Nec jam libcrtatis contentos. See 
 captus and oriundus also governing the genitive, in No. 14. note 2. 
 
 Note 3. The ablative is not governed by the adjectives mentioned in this rule, 
 but by some preposition understood ; such as, a, ab, cum, in, e, ex, de. And the 
 genitives in note 2. are governed by some ablative understood. • 
 
 19. The first epistle of Ho- 
 race is sweeter than any ho- 
 ney. 
 
 Nothing is sweeter to the 
 mind than the light of truth. 
 
 In civil broils, where there is 
 need of action rather than de- 
 liberation, nothing is safer than 
 despatch. 
 
 The country of Campania is 
 the finest of all : nothing is 
 softer than the air, nothing 
 more fruitful than the soil, 
 nothing more hospitable than 
 the sea. 
 
 Amongst the Scythians no 
 crime is more heinous than 
 
 Primus epistola Hora- 
 tius sum dulcior quiuis mel. 
 
 Nihil sum dulcior mens 
 lux Veritas. 
 
 In discordia cioilis, ubi 
 opus sum factum, magis 
 quam consultum, nihil sum 
 tutior festinatio. 
 
 Plaga Campania sum 
 pulchcr omnis : nihil sum 
 mollior coelum, nihil ube- 
 rior solum, nihil hospita- 
 lior mare. 
 
 Apud Scytha nullus sce- 
 lus sum gravior furtum ; 
 
64 
 
 AN" INTRODUCTION" 
 
 theft ; they just as much des- 
 pise gold and silver as other 
 mortals covet them. 
 
 A stroke follows heavier than 
 all that had happened be- 
 fore, through the violence of 
 fire. Rome is divided into 
 fourteen quarters, whereof 
 three were levelled with the 
 ground. 
 
 20. The king was worthy 
 of a laurel, worthy of a cha- 
 riot ; but Csesar was now so 
 great, that he might despise 
 triumphs. 
 
 Nothing is more worthy of a 
 great and brave man, than cle - 
 mency and readiness to be pa- 
 cified. 
 
 To be always repining and 
 complaining is unworthy of a 
 man ; but he who is endued 
 with virtue, and satisfied with 
 his lot, is truly rich and truly 
 great. 
 
 Sylla, trusting to the strength 
 of his party, returned from 
 Asia: whilst he staid at Athens, 
 he kept Pomponius with him, 
 being charmed with the polite- 
 ness and learning of the youth. 
 
 Ascanius, sprung from the 
 ancient Trojan race, was born 
 of a noble family ; for his fa- 
 ther Aeneas was descended of 
 Anchises and Venus, and An- 
 chises was descended of king 
 Assaracus. 
 
 If I be descended from a 
 heavenly race, says Phaeton, 
 give me a token of such a great 
 descent. Your father's palace, 
 replied his mother, is contigu- 
 ous to our earth ; go, and in- 
 
 perinde aspernor aurum 
 et argentum ac reliquus 
 mortalis appeto. 
 
 Clades sequor gravior 
 omnis qui ante accido, per 
 violentia ignis. Roma di- 
 vido in quatuordecim re- 
 gio, qui tres solum tenus 
 dejicio. 
 
 Res sum dignus laurus, 
 dignus currus ; sed Caesar 
 jam tantus sum, ut possum 
 contemno triumphus. 
 
 Nihil sum dignior mag- 
 nus et praeclarus vir, de- 
 mentia et placabilitas. 
 
 Semper murmur o et quc~ 
 ror sum indignus homo ; 
 sed qui praeditus sum vir- 
 tus, et contentus suits sors, 
 sum vere dives et vere 
 magnus. 
 
 Sylla, fretus opes pars, 
 redeo ex Asia : durn apud 
 Athenae moror, habeo 
 Pomponius suicum, captus 
 et humanitas et doctrina 
 adolescens. 
 
 Ascanius, editus anti- 
 quus Trojanus stirps, na- 
 tus sum nobilis genus; 
 nam pater Aeneas satus 
 sum Anchises et Venus, et 
 Anchises ortus sum rex 
 Assaracus. 
 
 Si sum creatus coelestis 
 stirps, inquam Phaeton, 
 edo nota tantus genus. 
 Paternus domus, respon- 
 deo mater, sum contcrmi- 
 nus noster terra ; gra- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 65 
 
 quire of himself, of what blood 
 thou art sprung. 
 
 •f After him Aurelian under- 
 took the government, born in 
 Dacia, a man powerful in war, 
 yet of a violent temper, and 
 somewhat too inclinable to 
 cruelty, who likewise most va- 
 liantly beat the Goths. 
 
 Caesar, descended of the 
 most noble and most ancient 
 family of the Julii, not content 
 with very many and very for- 
 tunate victories in Gaul, carried 
 over his arm into Britain. 
 
 The Gauls boast that they 
 are all descended of Pluto ; 
 and for that reason compute 
 their reckonings of time, not 
 from the number of days, but 
 nights ; and they so regulate 
 their birth- days, and the be- 
 ginnings of their months and 
 years, that the day comes after 
 the night. 
 
 There were with Cassar 
 two brothers, Roscillus and 
 Agus,men of singular courage: 
 these, on account of their bra- 
 very, were not only in high es- 
 teem with Caesar, but were 
 even accounted dear by the 
 army ; but depending on Cae- 
 sar's friendship, they despised 
 their comrades. 
 
 Cyrus, after this victory, 
 carried the war into Lydia, 
 where he routs Croesus' sarmy ; 
 Croesus himself is taken. By 
 how much slighter this war 
 was than the former, by so 
 much the milder was the vic- 
 tory. Croesus obtains the city 
 
 dior, et scitor ah ipse, quis 
 sanguis sum cretus. 
 
 Post is Aurelianus sus- 
 cipio imperium, Dacia 
 oriundus, vir potens in 
 helium, tamen immodicus 
 animus, et aliquantum pro- 
 pensior ad crudelitas, qui- 
 que strenuissime GotJii 
 vinco. 
 
 Casar, genitus nohilis 
 et antiquus Julii familia, 
 haud contentus multus ac 
 felix victoria in Gallia, 
 trajicio exercitus in Bri- 
 tannia. 
 
 Galli praedico sui omnis 
 prognatus Dis ; et oh is 
 causa jinio spatium tem- 
 pus, non ex numerus dies, 
 sed nox ; et sic oh servo 
 dies natalis, et initium 
 mensis et annus, ut dies 
 suhsequor nox. 
 
 Sum apud CcBsar duo 
 f rater, Roscillus et Agus, 
 homo singularis 6 virtus : 
 hie, propter virtus, sum 
 non solum in honor apud 
 Ccesar, sed etiam haheo 
 carus apud exercitus ; sed 
 fretus Cmsar amicitia, 
 despicio suus. 
 
 Cyrus, post hie victoria, 
 transfero helium in Lydia, 
 uhi fundo Croesus exerci- 
 tus ; Croesus ipse capio. 
 Quantum levior hie helium 
 sum prior, tantum mitior 
 sum victoria. Croesus 
 impetro urhs Barce ; in 
 
66 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Barce ; in which, though he did 
 not lead a king's life, yet he 
 led a life next to royal majesty. 
 This clemency was no less 
 useful to the conqueror than 
 the conquered. 
 
 Sandrocottus, a man born of 
 a mean family, was the assertor 
 of their liberty; but after his 
 success, he turned the title of 
 liberty into slavery. This man 
 being ordered to be slain by 
 Alexander, whom he had of- 
 fended, made his escape ; af- 
 ter which fatigue, as he lay 
 fast asleep, a lion of (a) huge 
 bigness came up to him as he 
 slept, and wiped off the sweat. 
 
 Duilius the admiral, not sa- 
 tisfied with the triumph of one 
 day, ordered, during his whole 
 life, when he returned from 
 supper, torches to be lighted 
 up, and flutes to play before 
 him, as if he would triumph 
 every day. Thus all mortals 
 know the actions of those, who, 
 endued with great power, pass 
 their life in an exalted station. 
 
 The Macedonian war was 
 by so much the more famous 
 than the Carthaginian, by how 
 much the Macedonians excel- 
 led the Carthaginians ; where- 
 fore the Romans raised more 
 legions than usual, and sent for 
 aid from Masinissa king of the 
 Numidians, and all their other 
 allies. 
 
 It was indeed a sort of pro- 
 digy, that, out of fifty children, 
 not one was found, whom either 
 paternal majesty, or the vene- 
 ration of an old man, or the in- 
 dulgence of a father, could re- 
 
 qui, etsi non dego regius 
 vita, tamen d*go vita 
 proximus regius majestas. 
 Hie dementia non sum mi- 
 nus utilis victor quam vic- 
 tus. 
 
 Sandrocottus, vir natus 
 humilis genus, sum auctor 
 libertas; sed post victo- 
 ria, verto titulus libertas 
 in servitus. Hie vir jus- 
 sus inter fcio ab Alexan- 
 der, qui offendo, aufugio ; 
 ex qui fatigatio, cum ja- 
 ceo captus somnus, leo in- 
 gens forma accedo ad dor- 
 miens, et deter go sudor. 
 
 Duilius imperator, non 
 contentus unus dies trium- 
 phus, jubeo, per omnis vi~ 
 ta, ubi redeo a coena, fu- 
 nale praeluceo, et tibia 
 praecino, quasi quotidie 
 triumpho. Ita, cunctus 
 mortalis nosco factum is, 
 qui, praeditus magnus im- 
 perium, ago aetas in ex- 
 celsus. 
 
 Bellum Macedonicus 
 sum tantum clarior Puni- 
 cus, quantum Macedo an- 
 tecedo Poeni; quare Ro- 
 manus conscribo legio plus 
 solitus, et accio auxilium 
 a Masinissa rex Numidae, 
 caeterpue omnis socius 
 
 Sum prorsus ostentum 
 genus, ut, ex quinquagin- 
 ta liberi, nemo invenio* qui 
 aut paternus majestas, out 
 veneratio senex, aut induU 
 gentia pater, a tantus rm- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 67 
 
 claim from so great a barbari- 
 ty. Was a father's name so 
 contemptible among so many 
 sons ? But the cause of the 
 parricide was more wicked 
 than the parricide itself. 
 
 manitas revoco. Sumne 
 paternus nomen adeo vilis 
 apud totjilius ? Sed cau- 
 sa parricidium sum scele- 
 ratior ipse parricidium. 
 
 The piety of a child is sweeter than incense, more delicious than odours, waft- 
 ed by the gales, from a field of spices. 
 
 Wisdom is more precious than rubies, length of days is in her right hand, and 
 in her left hand riches and honour. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all 
 her paths are peace. 
 
 When Chiron, whose actions are worthy of honour, was handling the arrows 
 of Hercules, one of them, that had been dipped in the poisonous blood of the Ler- 
 naean Hydra, fell upon his foot, and made a wound that was incurable, and pains 
 that were intolerable, insomuch that he desired to die, but could not, because ha 
 was descended of two immortal parents. 
 
 RULE VII. 
 
 21. An adjective of plenty, want, and privation, governs 
 the genitive or ablative. 
 
 Rich in horses. Dives equorum. 
 
 Rich in lands. Dives agris. 
 
 Void of reason. Inops rationis. 
 
 Wanting words. Inops verbis. 
 
 Free from faults, Immunis delictorum. 
 
 Free from vices. Immunis vitiis. 
 
 To this rule belong, 
 
 L Adjectives of PLENTY ; such as, abundans, beatus> 
 ropiosus, dives, ferax, fertilis, foecundus, foetus, frequens, 
 frugifer, gravis, gravidus, immodicus, largus, praelargus, 
 locuples, mactus, nimius, oneratus, onustus, opulentus, ple- 
 nus, refertus, differtus, satur, tentus, distentus, tumidus, tur- 
 gidus, uber ; to which add, benignus,Jirmus, instructus, lae- 
 tus, liber alis, munificus, paratus, prodigus, prosper, satiatus, 
 insatiatus, insatiabilis. 
 
 II. Adjectives of WANT ; such as, egenus, indigus, in* 
 ops, jejunus, inanis, modicus, pauper, stcrilis, tenuis, vacuus. 
 
 III. Adjectives of PRIVATION ; such as, cassus, ex- 
 pers, exsors, dissors, exsul, extorris, exhaeres, immunis, ir- 
 ritus, mutilus, nudus, orbus, truncus, viduus. Of PARTI- 
 CIPATION ; as, consors, particeps. Of POWER and IM- 
 POTENCE ; as, compos, pollens, potens ; impos, impotens. 
 To which add, liber, solutus* imparatus, injirmus, parcus, 
 purus. 
 
m 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Of these some govern, 
 
 1. The genitive only ; as, benignus, exsors, impos, impo- 
 tens, irritus, liber alls, rnunificus, praelargus. 
 
 2. The ablative only ; as, beatus, differtus^frugifer, mu- 
 tilus, tentus, distentus, tumidus, turgidus, paratus, imparatus 
 instructus. 
 
 3. The genitive more frequently ; as, compos, consors, 
 particeps, egenus, dissors, exsul, exhaeres, expers, fertilis, in- 
 digus, parous, pauper, prodigus, sterilis, prosper, insatiatus, 
 insatiabilis. 
 
 4. The ablative more frequently ; as, abandons, cassus, 
 extorris, foetus, frequens, gravis, gravidas, jejunus, liber, lo- 
 cuples, nudus, oneratus, onustus, orbus, pollens, solutus, trun- 
 rus, viduus, laetus, firmus, infrmus, satiatus. tenuis. 
 
 5. The genitive or ablative indifferently ; as, copiosus, 
 dives, foecundus, ferax, immunis, inanis, inops, largus, mac- 
 tus, modicus, imrnodicus, nimius, opulentus, plenus, potens. 
 refertus, satur, purus, vacuus, uber. 
 
 Note 1. Neither the genitive nor the ablative, strictly speaking, depends upon 
 the adjectives ; for the genitive is governed by the ablative re, or negotio, under- 
 stood ; and these, and ail other ablatives, by in, a, ab, de, or ex. 
 
 Note 2. Of the above adjectives, copiosus, firmus, paratus, imparatus, inops, in- 
 structus, extorris, orbus, pauper, tenuis, foecundus, modicus, parous, immunis, inaniSj 
 liber, nudus, solutus, vacuus, potens, sterilis, have frequently the preposition ex- 
 pressed ; as, Cic. Locus copiosus a frumento. Id. Ab equitatu firmus. Id. Ab 
 omni re paratus. Id. Imparatus a pecunia. Id. Incps ab amicis. Id. Instructus a 
 doctrina. Hor. Meo sum pauper in aere. Id. Tenuis in verbis serendis. Plin Par- 
 ous in victu, modicus in cultu. Veil. Liber a conspectu, immunis ab arbitris. Cic. 
 Messana ab his rebus vacua atque nuda est. Id. Solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a de- 
 lictis. Quinct. In affectibus potentissimus. Ovid. Herba potens ad opem. Liv 
 In res bellicas potens. Apul. Civitas ab aquis sterilis. 
 
 Note 3. Benignus, prosper, laetus, gravis, and some others, m a different sense, 
 govern the dative, by No. 16. 
 
 Note 4. Some grammarians refer the adjectives governing the genitive only, to 
 No. 14. And it would not have been repugnant to method and srood order to have 
 framed No. 20, bo as to comprehend those which govern the ablative only. 
 
 1. This island is rich in cat- 
 tle, well stored with goats, 
 overflowing with milk, fertile 
 in grain, fruitful in corn, and 
 abounding in herbs. Its moun- 
 tains are stored with brass 
 and lead, and covered with 
 woods. 
 
 This man is blessed with 
 wealth, and rich in money ; his 
 
 Hie insula sum dives 
 pecus, copiosus capra, li- 
 bit n dans lac, fertilis fru 
 ges, foecundus annona, el 
 ferax herba. Mons is sum 
 uber aes et plumbum, it 
 frequens sylva. 
 
 Hie homo sum beatus 6 
 divitiae, el opulentus v 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 69 
 
 house is full of plate, replen- 
 ished with precious things, 
 and stuffed with jewels ; his 
 pockets are always loaded 
 with silver, and strutted with 
 gold. 
 
 This soldier formerly was 
 frank of his money, abounding 
 in wealth, profuse of his gold, 
 lavish of praise, proud of vic- 
 tory, extravagant in his mirth, 
 and too high-spirited ; now he 
 is loaded with years, cloyed 
 with age, his wife is big with 
 a boy. 
 
 These fields are rich in 
 grain, fertile in corn, fruitful in 
 victual, gay with grain and 
 flowers ; the cows and sheep 
 are fat, their udders are strut- 
 ted with milk. 
 
 II. Your brother is moderate 
 in his desire, but yet he is in 
 want of every thing, in need of 
 help, poor in silver and gold, 
 weak in strength, destitute of 
 friends, but free from guilt. 
 
 No letter comes from you 
 empty, or void of something 
 useful, which I the rather ad- 
 mire and commend, because 
 this age is barren in virtues, 
 and fruitful in vices. 
 
 III. This gentleman is free 
 of all vice, void of a fault, and 
 clear of wickedness ; yet he is 
 in want of help, being banish- 
 ed his country, forced from his 
 city and home, disappointed of 
 his hope, deprived of his pa- 
 ternal estate, and destitute of 
 all his possessions. 
 
 g2 
 
 cunia ; domus is sum pte- 
 rins vas, satur pretiosus 
 res, et refertus 6 gemma ; 
 crumena sum semper onus- 
 tus 6 argentum, et turgi- 
 dus 6 aurum. 
 
 Hie miles olim sum li- 
 beralis pecunia, largus 
 opes, prodigus aurum, mu- 
 nificus laus, tumidus 6 suc- 
 cessus, immodicus laetitia, 
 et nimius animus ; nunc 
 sum gravis 6 annus, satia- 
 tus aevum, uxor sum gra- 
 vidus 6 puer. 
 
 Hie ager sum locuples 
 8 fruges, f jetus 6 j rumen- 
 turn, frugifer, 6 alimentum, 
 laetus fruges et jlos ; vac- 
 ca et ovis sum pinguis, 
 uber sum distentus 6 lac. 
 
 Tuus f rater sum modi- 
 cus votum, attamen sum 
 egenus omnis res, indigus 
 opis, pauper argentum et 
 aurum, tenuis 6 vires, 
 inops amicus, sed vacuus 6 
 crimen. 
 
 Nullus epistola venio a 
 tu jejunus, aut inanis ali- 
 quis 6 res utilis, qui eo 
 magis miror et laudo 9 
 quia hie seculum sum ste- 
 rilis virtus, et foecundus 
 vitium. 
 
 Hie vir sum immunis 
 omnis 6 vitium, exsors cul- 
 pa, etpurus scelus ; tamen 
 sum indigus opis, exsiil 
 patria, ext orris 6 urbs do- 
 musque, irritus spes, ex- 
 haeres paternus bonum, et 
 expers omnis 6 fortuna. 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 This young lady, deprived of 
 her parents, and wanting a por- 
 tion, was the sharer of my dan- 
 gers, and shall be the partner 
 of my kingdom ; her life has 
 not been free of troubles, nor 
 is her breast void of love. 
 
 The governor of the city, 
 which is destitute of a garrison, 
 is a man endued with virtue, 
 abounding in wealth, but spa- 
 ring of his money ; mighty in 
 war, but unable to restrain his 
 passion ; his mind however is 
 generally calm, free from fear, 
 and disengaged from all cares. 
 
 Some animals are destitute 
 of feet ; but in Germany there 
 are wild beasts that are called 
 alces, whose shape is like that 
 of goats, which have legs with- 
 out joints, and [they] are void 
 of horns. 
 
 % The victorious Regulus, 
 an honest man, and of ancient 
 morals, lovely to all, though ig- 
 norant of the liberal arts, after 
 he had widely spread the ter- 
 ror of his name, and slain a 
 great number of the Carthagi- 
 nian youth, sent a fleet to Rome 
 loaded with abundance of spoil, 
 and heavy with a triumph. 
 
 Alexander, though full of 
 dust and sweat, yet taken with 
 the pleasantness of the river 
 Cydnus, threw himself into the 
 cold water ; then on a sudden 
 a numbness seized his nerves : 
 yet afterwards he recovered 
 his health, and took Persepolis, 
 the metropolis of the Persian 
 empire, a famous city, tilled 
 with the spoils of the world. 
 
 Hie virgo, orbus 6 pa- 
 reus, et cassus 6 dos, sum 
 particeps mens periculum, 
 et sum consors regnum ; 
 vita non sum vacuus 6 mo- 
 lestia, nee pectus sum vi- 
 duus 6 amor. 
 
 Praefectus urbs, qui 
 sum nudus 6 praesidium, 
 sum vir compos virtus, 
 pollens 6 opes, sed parcus 
 pecunia ; potens 6 bellum, 
 sed impotens ira ; animus 
 tamen sum fere tranquillus, 
 liber 6 terror, et solutus 
 omnis G cura. 
 
 Quidam animal su?n 
 truncus pes ; sed in Ger- 
 mania sum bellua qui ap- 
 pello alces, qui figura sum 
 consimilis capra, qui ha- 
 beo crus sine nodus, sum- 
 que mutilus 6 cor?iu. 
 
 Victor Regulus, probus 
 vir, et vetus rnos, amabilis 
 cunctus, quamvis expers 
 liberalis ars, quum late 
 circumfero terror suus no* 
 men, et caedo magnus vis 
 juventus Punicus, ad Ro- 
 ma mitto class is onustus 
 ingens 6 praeda, et gravis 
 6 triumphus. 
 
 Alexander, etsi plenus 
 pulvis ac sudor, tamen 
 captus amoenitas Jlumen 
 Cydnus, projicio sui in 
 praefrigidus aqua ; turn 
 repente rigor occupo ?ier~ 
 vus : tamen postea recipio 
 sanitas, et expugno Perse- 
 polis, caput Persicus reg- 
 num, xirbs illustris, refer* 
 tus 6 spolium terra orbis. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 71 
 
 . Man, who is partaker of rea- 
 son and speech, is more excel- 
 lent than beasts, which [who] 
 are void of reason and speech ; 
 but the mind of man has got 
 reason in vain, unless he is 
 mindful of his duty, and do the 
 things that are agreeable to 
 reason and nature. 
 
 The Egyptians boast that 
 Egypt was always so tempe- 
 rate, that neither the winter's 
 cold nor the heats of the sum- 
 mer sun did incommode its 
 inhabitants ; that the soil is so 
 fertile, that no country is more 
 fruitful in food for the use of 
 man. 
 
 Alcibiades, the Athenian, 
 born of a great family, in a very 
 great city, was much the hand- 
 somest of all the men of his 
 time, fit for all things, and 
 abounding in sense : it is agreed 
 amongst all, that nobody was 
 more eminent than he, cither 
 in vices or in virtues. 
 
 Historians say, that Cyrus 
 king of Persia, who conquered 
 the greatest part of Asia, wag- 
 ed war at last against the Scy- 
 thians, whose queen was nam- 
 ed Tomyris ; that his army was 
 routed, he himself slain ; that 
 his head was cut off, and thrown 
 into a vessel full of blood. 
 
 All men hate those that are 
 unmindful of a kindness, and 
 all men love a mind grateful, 
 and mindful of a good turn. 
 Mutual benevolence is the 
 great bond of human society ; 
 and without it life itself is grie- 
 vous, full of fear and anxiety, 
 
 Homo, qui sum particeps 
 ratio et oratio, sum praes- 
 tans fera, qui sum expers 
 ratio et oratio ; sed animus 
 homo sortior ratio frustra, 
 nisi sum memor ojficium 
 suus, et ago is qui sum con- 
 sentaneus ratio et natura. 
 
 Aegyptii pratdico Ae- 
 gyptus sum semper ita tem- 
 per atus, ut neque hibernus 
 frigus nec ardor aestivus 
 solpremo is incola ; solum 
 ita foecundus, ut nullus 
 terra sumferax alimentum 
 in usus homo 
 
 Alcibiades, Athemensis, 
 natus summus genus, in 
 amplus civitas, sum mul- 
 tum formosus omnis suus 
 aetas, aptus ad res omnis, 
 plenusque consilium : con- 
 stat inter omnis, nihil sum 
 excellens ille, vel in vitium 
 vel in virtus, 
 
 Auctor narro, Cyrus rex 
 Persia, qui domo magnus 
 pars Asia, gcro bellum 
 tandem contra Scytha, qui 
 regina appcllo Tomyris ; 
 cxercitus is dcleo, ipse oc- 
 cido ; caput is abscindo, 
 et conjicio in vas plenus 
 sanguis. 
 
 Omnis odi is qui sum 
 immcmor benejicium, et 
 omnis amo animus gratus, 
 et memor benejicium.. Mu- 
 tuus benevolentia sum mag- 
 nus vinculum humanus s*0- 
 cietas ; et sine is vita ipse 
 sum gravis, plenus timor 
 
72 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 and void of all comfort and plea- 
 sure. Let us therefore avoid 
 the crime of ingratitude above 
 all others. 
 
 et anxietas, et vacuus om- 
 nis 6 solatium et voluptas. 
 Fugio igitur crimen in- 
 gratus animus prae reli- 
 quus. 
 
 If we lift up our eyes to the heavens, the glory of God shineth forth ; if we cast 
 them down upon the earth, it is full of his goodness . The hills and ti e valleys 
 rejoice and sing ; fields, rivers, and woods resound his praise. 
 
 Human life is never free fiom troubles ; all places aro full of fraud, treachery, 
 and snares. 
 
 The Roman soldiery made Veteranio emperor, who was a good man, and of 
 ancient morals, but void of all the liberal arts. 
 No man can be said to be great or powerful, who is not master of himself. 
 
 II. The Government of verbs. 
 §1. Of personal verbs. 
 RULE I. 
 
 * 22. Sum when it signifies possession, property, part 
 or duty, governs the genitive. 
 
 This field is my father's, but Hie ager est patris, at po~ 
 the orchard belongs to my marium est avunculi. 
 uncle. 
 
 It is the property of a fool to Insipientis est perseverare 
 persist in an error. in errore. 
 
 It is the part of a poor man to Pauperis est numerare pe- 
 number his flock. cus. 
 
 It is the duty of soldiers to Militum est pro patria 
 fight for their country. pugnare. 
 
 Note 1. Both in this and in the following rule, offirium, munus, opus, negotium y 
 res, proprium, or some other word, to be gathered from the sense, is understood, and 
 sometimes expressed , as, Cic. Principum ntunus est resistere levitati multitudinis. 
 Sometimes the preceding substantive is to be repeated ; as, Hie liber est [liberj 
 fratris. Hoc pecus est [pecus] Meliboti. 
 
 Note 2. To this rule may be referred the following and like expressions. Virg. 
 Crates persolvere dignas non opts est nostrae. Caes. Est hoc Gallicae consvetudinis. 
 Plin. Moris antiqui fuit. Cic. Quae res ever tc.ndi reip. solent esse. Sail. Regium 
 xmperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis fuerat. Id. Quae postquam gloriosa 
 modo, neque belli patrandi cognovit, sup. esse. 
 
 23. These nominatives, meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, ves~ 
 trum, are excepted. 
 
 It is my duty to confess. Meum est fateri. 
 
 It is your part to forgive. Tuum est ignoscere. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 73 
 
 Note l.The meaning of the rule is, that instead of the primitive pronouns, mei, 
 tut, sui, nostri, vestri, in the genitive, we must use their possessives, meum, tuum, 
 tuum, nostrum, vestrum, in the nominitive case, and in the neuter gender. 
 
 Note 2. POSSESSIVE nouns, such as, regius,humanus,belluinus, Romanus,&c. 
 admit of the like construction ; as, Cic. Ilocquam regium sit, quern prae tent? Ter. 
 Humanum est errare. Proverb. Belluinum est ventri servire. Li v. Et agere et pati 
 fortia Roma num est Ter. Hoc patrium est. Cic. Gladiatorium id quidem. 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 * 24. MISEREOR, miseresco, and satago, govern the 
 genitive. 
 
 Take pity on your country- Miserere civium tuorum. 
 men. 
 
 Take pity on trie king. Miserescite regis. 
 
 He has enough to do with his Satagit rerum suarum. 
 own affairs. 
 
 Note I. Several other verbs, signifying an affection of the mind, govern some- 
 times the genitive, but chiefly with the poets ; as, Cic. Pendeo animi. Ter. Dis- 
 crucior animi. Plaut. Fastidit mci. Hot. Decipicur laborum. Plaut. Fallebar ser- 
 monis. Ilor. Invidit ciceris. Virg. Laetor malorum. Hor. Abstineto irarum. Id. 
 Deeine querelarum. Virg. Dcsistere pugnae. Hot. Regnavit populorum. Tac. 
 Adipisceretur dominationis . Plaut. Levas laborum, &c. But these and the 
 like are much oftener otherwise construed, viz. some take the accusative, others 
 the ablative, and that either with or without a preposition, &c. 
 
 Note 2. In assigning the reason of this rule, grammari'ans differ : some take all 
 such constructions to be Grecisrns, or imitations of the Greek ; others consider 
 them as elliptical Latin expressions, and pretend to supply them by some general 
 word : such as, ncgotio, re, causa, nomine, or the like ; with the preposition in, 
 d*, or a. Others again think, if they are to be supplied, that some particular 
 word, suited to the sense of the expression, must be understood, thus : Miserere 
 civium, sc. mis erid. Discrucior animi, sc. dolore. Regnavit populorum, sc. in coetu. 
 Levas laborum, sc. onere, &c. 
 
 RULE III. 
 
 25. EST taken for habeo [to have] governs the dative Ot 
 
 a person. 
 
 Every one has his own way. 
 We have many books. 
 Do you not know that kings 
 have long hands 1 
 
 Suits cuique mos est. 
 Sunt nobis multi libri, 
 An nescis longas regibus 
 esse manus ? 
 
 Note, That for et and suppetit , as also suppeditat, when used in the neuter sense, 
 are likewise often taken for habeo, and admit of the same construction. Mart. Si 
 viihi cauda foret. Hot. Qui rerum suppetit us us. Tac. Publio neque animus in perir 
 eulxs, nt r {ue oratio suppeditavit. 
 
74 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 RULE IV. 
 
 26. SUM taken for affero [to bring] governs two datives, 
 ihe one of a person, the other of a thing. 
 
 The sea brings ruin upon ma- Mare est exitio nautis. 
 riners. 
 
 King Philip brought aid to the Philippus rex Romanis 
 Romans. auxiliofuit. 
 
 Every one minds his own plea- Curae est sua cuique volup- 
 sure. tas. 
 
 Note 1. Other verbs sometimes govern two datives ; such as, /orcm, do, duco, 
 habeo, tribuo, relinquo, verto, venio, mitto, and some others. 
 
 Note 2. To this rule may be referred such phrases of naming as these, Est mi- 
 ni nomen Joanni. Just. Ptolemaeus, cut cognomentum Philopatorifu.it. Virg. As- 
 canius, cui nunc cognomen lido additur. As also the following or like expressions, 
 Esse cordiy usui, derisui, praedae, ludibrio, sc. alicui. Alicui dicto audiens esse. 
 Habere curae, quaestui, sc. sibi. Canere receptui, sc. militibus, &c. 
 
 Note 3. Instead of the dative of the THING, the nominative Is sometimes used ; 
 as, Virg. Idem amor exitium pecori est, pecorisque magistro ; for exitio. 
 
 22. The books which you 
 see, were my cousin's, but now 
 they are my brother's. 
 
 Caesar Augustus dwelt hard 
 by the forum, in a house that 
 had belonged to Calvus the ora- 
 tor. 
 
 Never was there a more 
 bloody battle ; at last, howev- 
 er, the victory was the Lacede- 
 monians'. 
 
 It is the property of a cow- 
 ard to wish for death ; but it is 
 the property of a great soul to 
 despise an injury. 
 
 It is the part of a foolish boy 
 to love play, and neglect his 
 studies ; and it is the part of 
 a good shepherd to shear his 
 sheep, not to Hay them. 
 
 It is the duty of children to 
 love and reverence their pa- 
 
 Liber, qui video, sum 
 consobrinus meus } sed nunc 
 sum f rater. 
 
 C(Bsar Augustus habito 
 juxta forum, in domus qui 
 sum Calvus orator. 
 
 Nunquam sum cruentus 
 praelium ; ad postremum, 
 tamen, victoria sum Lace- 
 daemonh. 
 
 Sum timidus opto mors ; 
 sed sum magnus animus 
 despicio injuria. 
 
 Sum stultus puer amo 
 lusus, et negligo studium ; 
 et sum bonus pastor tondeo 
 pecus, non deglubo. 
 
 Sum liberi amo et reve- 
 reor parens, et sum disci- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 75 
 
 rents, and it is the duty of a 
 scholar to honour his master. 
 
 23. It is my part to teach 
 and direct ; it is thy part to 
 study hard, if thou desirest to 
 be a scholar. 
 
 It is our part to regulate 
 your courage ; and it is your 
 duty, not to pry into the or- 
 ders of your officers, but sub- 
 missively to obey. 
 
 24. Look about, says Tellus, 
 take pity on your own hea- 
 ven : the poles are smoking, 
 which if the fire shall destroy, 
 your palaces will tumble down. 
 
 Pity such great hardships ; 
 take pity also on me, and be 
 not troublesome ; I am busy in 
 my own affairs. 
 
 Xantippe, Socrates' wife, by 
 day and by night, was suffi- 
 ciently employed in womanish 
 quarre*ls and brawlings. 
 
 25. Cresar the dictator ri- 
 valled the greatest orators, and 
 Augustus had a ready and flu- 
 ent eloquence. 
 
 Thou mayest rest with us 
 upon the green grass ; we have 
 mellow apples, soft chesnuts, 
 and plenty of curdled milk. 
 
 26. Conon, when he heard 
 that his country was invaded, 
 did not inquire where he might 
 live safely, but from whence 
 he might bring relief to Ids 
 countrymen. 
 
 The loss, however, of the 
 human race, was matter of grief 
 to all the gods ; and they ask- 
 ed, what would be the appear- 
 
 pulus honoro magister. 
 
 Sum meus docco etprae* 
 scribo ; sum tuus studeo 
 diligenter, si volo sum 
 doctus. 
 
 Sum noster rego vester 
 virtus ; et vester sum, non 
 sciscitor imperium dux, 
 sed modeste pareo. 
 
 Circumspicio, aio Tel- 
 lus, misereor caelum ves- 
 ter : polus fumo, qui si ig- 
 nis vitio, atrium vester 
 ruo. 
 
 Misereor tantus labor; 
 mxseresco quoque ego, ac 
 ne sum molestus ; satago 
 res meus. 
 
 Xantippe, Socrates ux- 
 or, per dies perque nox, 
 satago muliebris ira et 
 molestia, 
 
 Casar dictator sum 
 aemulus summus orator, 
 et Augustus promptus ae 
 profiuens eloquentia. 
 
 Tu possum requiesco 
 egocum super viridis 
 frons ; sum ego mitis po- 
 mum, mollis castanea, et 
 pressus copia lac. 
 
 Conon, quum audio pa- 
 tria obsideo, non quaero, 
 ubi ipse vivo tuto, sed un- 
 de sum praesidium civis 
 suus. 
 
 Jactura, tamen, huma- 
 nus genus, sum dolor om- 
 nis superi ; et rogo, quis 
 sum forma terra 6 morta* 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 ance of the earth destitute of 
 mortals ? 
 
 The vine is an ornament to 
 the trees, grapes are an orna- 
 ment to the vines, bulls to the 
 flocks, and growing corns to 
 the fertile fields. 
 
 Note i. Micipsa imagined 
 that Jugurtha would be an ho- 
 nour to his kingdom, and 
 thought it a glory to himself, 
 that he was called the friend 
 and ally of the Roman people. 
 
 The complainers charged it 
 as a crime against Gallius, that 
 he had provided poison ; and 
 who is it that would not have 
 imputed it to him as a fault ? 
 
 These gentlemen strut in 
 state before your noses, and 
 boast of their triumphs, just as 
 if they reckoned them an ho- 
 nour to them, and not rapine. 
 
 The girl was left to this wo- 
 man as a pledge for the money; 
 but it is charged upon you as 
 laziness, that you write so few 
 letters to your friends. 
 
 Chabrias too was reckoned 
 amongst the greatest generals, 
 and performed many things 
 worthy of memory ; but of 
 these his invention in the bat- 
 tle which he fought at Thebes, 
 when he came to the relief of 
 the Boeotians, is the most fa- 
 mous. 
 
 If After this a battle is 
 fought : the Macedonians rush 
 upon the sword, with contempt 
 of an enemy so often conquer- 
 ed by them : Alexander him- 
 self attempted the most dange- 
 
 r's orbus. 
 
 Vitis sum decus arbor % 
 uva sum decus vitis, tau- 
 rus grex, et seges pinguis 
 arvum. 
 
 Micipsa existimo Jugur- 
 tha forem gloria regnum 
 suus, et duco sui gloria, 
 sui voco amicus et socius 
 populus Roma?ius, 
 
 A ccusator do crimen 
 Gallius, is paro venenum ; 
 et quis sum, qui non verto 
 is vitium ? 
 
 Hie vir incedo per os 
 vester, et ostento suus 
 triumphus, perinde quasi 
 habeo is honor sui, ac non 
 praeda. 
 
 Adolescentula relinquo 
 hie mulier arrhabo pro ar- 
 gentum ; sed tribuo tu ig- 
 navia, quod scribo tarn ra- 
 rus litera ad amicus, 
 
 Chabrias quoque habeo 
 in summus dux, geroque 
 multus res dignus memo- 
 ria ; sed ex hie inventum 
 is in praelium, qui apud 
 Thebae facio, cum venio 
 subsidium Boeotii, maxime 
 eluceo. 
 
 Post hie praelium com- 
 mitto : Macedo ruo in for- 
 rum, cum contemptus hos- 
 tis toties a sui victus : A- 
 lexander ipse aggredior 
 quisque pcriculosus ; ubi 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 77 
 
 rous things ; where he saw the 
 enemy thickest, there he al- 
 ways thrust himself, and had a 
 mind the dangers should be 
 his own, not his soldiers'. 
 
 Rashness is the property of 
 youth, prudence of old age ; 
 and to love riches is the pro- 
 perty of a little and narrow 
 soul, as to despise them, in 
 comparison of virtue, is the 
 property of a great and noble 
 mind. 
 
 Virginius begged that they 
 would pity him and his daugh- 
 ter : that they would not heark- 
 en to the intreaties of the 
 Claudian family, but to the in- 
 treaties of Virginia's relations, 
 the tribunes, who being creat- 
 ed for the assistance of the 
 commons, did implore their 
 protection and aid. 
 
 Part advised to call in Mi- 
 thridates king of Pontus, part 
 Ptolemy king of Egypt ; but 
 Mithridates was full of business 
 of his own, and Ptolemy had 
 always been an enemy to Sy- 
 ria : wherefore all agreed upon 
 Tigranes king of Armenia ; 
 who being sent for, held the 
 kingdom of Syria for eighteen 
 years. 
 
 The nation of the Catti have 
 robust bodies, compact limbs, a 
 stern countenance, great vigour 
 of mind, a great deal of sense 
 and address ; they confide more 
 in their general than in their 
 army : over the blood and 
 spoils of an enemy they unco- 
 ver their face, and boast that 
 
 conspicio hostis confertus, 
 eo sui semper ingero, vo- 
 loque periculum sum suus, 
 non miles, 
 
 Temeritas sum fiorens 
 actas, prudentia senectus ; 
 et amo divitiae sum par- 
 vus angustusque animus, 
 ut contemno prae vir- 
 tus, sum ma gnus et subli- 
 mis animus. 
 
 Virginius oro ut mise- 
 rcor sui et Jilia : ne audio 
 precis gens Claudius, sed 
 precis Virginia cognatus, 
 whunus, qui creatus ad 
 auxilium plebs, imploro 
 is fides et auxilium. 
 
 Pars suadeo arcesso Mi- 
 thridates rex Pontus, pars 
 Ptolemaeus rex Aegyptus ; 
 sed Mithridates satago res 
 suus^ et Ptolemaeus semper 
 sum hostis Syria : itaque 
 omnis consentio in Ti- 
 granes rex Armenia; qui 
 accitus teneo regnum Sy- 
 ria per octodecim annus. 
 
 Gens Catti sum durus 
 corpus, slrictus artus, mi- 
 nax vullus, magnus vigor 
 animus, multum ratio ac 
 solertia ; repono plus in 
 dux quam in excrcitus : 
 super sanguis et spolium 
 hostis revelo fades, et fero 
 sui sum turn dignus patria 
 
 II 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 they are then worthy of their 
 country and their parents. 
 
 Now I come to Cicero, who 
 had the same contest with his 
 contemporaries, that I have 
 with you ; for they admired 
 the ancients, he preferred the 
 eloquence of his own times. 
 
 The Macedonians had per- 
 petual wars with the Thracians 
 and Illyrians : the latter des- 
 pised the infancy of the Mace- 
 donian king, and invaded the 
 Macedonians ; who being beat, 
 brought out their king, and 
 placed him behind their army 
 in his cradle, and then renew- 
 ed the dispute more briskly. 
 
 As soon as Philip, king of 
 Macedonia, entered upon the 
 government, all people had 
 great hopes of him, because of 
 his parts, and because of the 
 old oracles of Macedonia, 
 which had given out that the 
 state of Macedonia should be 
 very flourishing under one of 
 the sons of Amyntas. 
 
 After this Alexander orders 
 himself to be adored, not salut- 
 ed. Callisthenes was the most 
 violent amongst the recusants ; 
 which thing brought ruin both 
 on him, and on many great men 
 of Macedonia ; for they were 
 all put to death under pretence 
 of a plot. 
 
 He ordered Marcus Claudius 
 the proconsul, to retain a suffi- 
 cient garrison at Nola, and 
 send away the rest of the sol- 
 diers, that they might not be 
 a burden to their allies, and a 
 charge to the government. 
 
 et parens. 
 
 Nunc ad Cicero venio, 
 qui idem pugna sum cum 
 aequalis suus, qui ego sum 
 tucum ; Me enim antiquus 
 miror, ipse suus tempus 
 eloquentia antepono. 
 
 Macedo sum assiduus 
 helium cum Thraces et II- 
 lyrii: posterior contemno 
 tnfantia Macedonicus rex, 
 et invado Macedo; qui 
 pulsus, profero rex suus, 
 et pono pone acies in cu- 
 nae, et tunc repeto certa- 
 men acriter. 
 
 Ut Philippus, rex Ma- 
 cedonia, ingredior impe- 
 rium, omnis sum magnus 
 spes de Me, propter ipse 
 ingenium, et propter vetus 
 fatum Macedonia, qui ca- 
 rio status Macedonia sum 
 jlorens sub unus Jilius A- 
 myntas. 
 
 Deindc Alexander jubco 
 sui adoro, non salutor. 
 Callisthenes sum acer inter 
 recusans ; qui res sum exi- 
 tium et Me, et multus 
 princeps Macedonia ; si- 
 quidem omnis interjicio 
 sub species insidiae. 
 
 Jubeo Marcus Claudius 
 proconsul, retineo idoneus 
 praesidium ad Nola, et 
 dimitto caeter miles, ne 
 sum onus socius, et sump* 
 tus respublica. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 79 
 
 Caesar, Octavianus, Mark 
 Antony, and Lepidus divided 
 the Roman empire among them- 
 selves. Asia and Egypt were 
 Mark Antony's ; he married 
 Cleopatra, the most beautiful 
 woman of her age, who, desi- 
 rous of the empire of the 
 world, stirred him up to make 
 war against Caesar Octavianus, 
 which brought destruction on 
 them both. 
 
 Ccesar Octavianus, 
 Marcus Antonius, et Lepi- 
 dus partior Romanus im- 
 perium inter sui. Asia et 
 Aegyptus sum Marcus An- 
 tonius ; duco Cleopatra, 
 pulcher foemina seculum 
 suus, qui, cupidus impe- 
 rium terra orbis, impello 
 is gero bellum contra Ca- 
 sar Octavianus, qui sum 
 pernicies uterque. 
 
 It is the part of a wise man to look to the end of things. When, therefore, the 
 fatherless call upon thee ; when the widow's heart is sunk, and she imploreth 
 thy assistance ; it is thy duty to pity her affliction, and relieve those who have 
 no helper. 
 
 Every thing- is common among ants. An ant never works for herself, but for 
 the whole society of which she is a member. Whereas bees, of which so won- 
 derful stories are told, have each of them a hole in their hives ; their honey is 
 their own, and every bee is wholly taken up about her own concerns. 
 
 Idleness is the parent of want and pain, but the labour of virtue bringeth forth 
 pleasure. The hand of the diligent defeateth want, prosperity and success are 
 the industrious man's attendants. But the slothful man is a burden to himself; 
 he loitereth about, and knoweth not what he would do. 
 
 RULE V. 
 
 27. A verb signifying advantage or disadvantage governs 
 the dative. 
 
 I am not profitable to myself. 
 Fortune favours the brave. 
 Wise men commaud their pas- 
 sions. 
 
 Caesar threatened the eagle- 
 bearer. 
 
 Fools trust to dreams. 
 
 The girl married her cousin- 
 german. 
 
 It is the part of a good man to 
 satisfy his conscience. 
 
 I was present at the battle. 
 
 The last hand is put to the 
 work. 
 
 Man, who is partaker of rea- 
 son, excels the brutes. 
 
 Mihi minus proficio. 
 For tuna facet fortibus. 
 Sapientes imperant cupi* 
 
 ditatibus suis. 
 Aquilifero Casar commi- 
 
 natus est. 
 Stulti Jidunt somnis. 
 Consobrino suo nupsit 
 
 puella. 
 Est boni viri satisfacere 
 
 conscientiae suae. 
 Aderam pugnae. 
 Accessit operi manus ex* 
 
 trema. 
 
 Homo, qui rationis parti* 
 ceps est, antecellit bes- 
 tiis. 
 
oO AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 A boy takes pleasure to play Puer gcstit paribus collu 
 
 with his equals. dere. 
 The sailors ply the oars. Nautae incumbunt remis. 
 
 To this rule belong a great variety of verbs, mostly neu- 
 ter, viz. 
 
 I. Verbs of various significations, importing, 
 
 1. To PROFIT or HURT; as, proficio, placeo, commo- 
 tio, prospicio, caveo, metuo, timeo, consulo to provide for or 
 against ; also, noceo, officio, incommodo, displiceo, insi- 
 dior. 
 
 2. To FAVOUR, to HELP, and their contraries ; as, 
 faveo, gratulor, gratificor, grator, ignosco, indulgeo, annuo, 
 parco, studeo, adulor, plaudo, blandior, lenocinor, palpor, 
 assentor, supplico, subparasitor ; also, auxilior, adminicu- 
 lor ; also, derogo, detraho, invideo, aemulor. 
 
 3. To COMMAND, OBEY, SERVE, andRESIST ; as, 
 impero, praecipio, mando, moderor to restrain ; also, pareo, 
 ausculto, obedio, obsequor, obtempero, morigeror, obsecundo ; 
 also, famulor, servio, inservio, ministro, ancillor ; also, re- 
 pugno, obsto, reluctor, renitor, resisto, refragor, adversor ; 
 and with the poets, pugno, certo, bello, contendo, concurro, 
 luctor. 
 
 4. To THREATEN, or be ANGI^Y with ; as, minor, 
 
 comminor, interminor, irascor, succenseo. 
 
 5. To TRUST; as, Jido, conjido, credo; also, dijjido, 
 despero. 
 
 6. A great many other, verbs that cannot be reduced to 
 any distinct head ; such as, nubo, cxcello, haereo, cedo, ope- 
 ror, praestolor, praevaricor, recipio, to promise, pepigi to 
 promise, renuncio, respondeo, temper o, vaco, convicior, aio, 
 luceo, sapio, sordeo, dormio, &c. 
 
 II. Verbs compounded with SATIS, BENE, and MALE; 
 as, satisfacio, satisdo, benefacio, benedico, benevolo, malefa- 
 cio, malcdico. 
 
 III. All the compounds of the verb SUM, except possum ; 
 as, adsum,prosum, obsum, desum, insum, inter sum, praesum, 
 super sum, Sic. 
 
 IV. A great many verbs compounded with these nine 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 81 
 
 PREPOSITIONS, ad, ante, con, in, inter, oh, prae, sub, 
 
 super. 
 
 AD ; as, accedo, accresco, accumbo, acquiesco, adno, ad- 
 nato, adequito, adhaero, adrepo, adsto, adstipulor, advolvor, 
 affulgeo, allabor, allaboro, annuo, applaudo, appropinquo, 
 arrideo, aspiro, assentior, assideo, assisto, assuesco, assurgo. 
 
 ANTE ; as, antecello, anteeo, antesto, anteverto. 
 
 CON ; as, colludo, concino, consono, convivo. 
 
 IN ; as, incumbo, indormio, inhio, ingemisco, inhaereo, 
 innascor, innitor, insideo, insto, insisto, insudo, insulto, invigi- 
 lo, illacrymo, illudo, immlneo, immorior, immoror, impendeo. 
 
 INTER ; as, intervenio, intermico, interccdo, intercido, 
 interjaceo. 
 
 OB ; as, obrepo, obluctor, obtrecto, obstrepo, obmurmuro, 
 occumbo, occurro, occurso, obsto, obsisto, obvenio. 
 
 PRAE ; as, praecedo, praecurro, praeeo, praesideo,prae- 
 luceo, praeniteo, praesto, praevaleo, praeverto. 
 
 SUB ; as, succedo, succumbo, sujjicio, suffragor, subcres- 
 co, suboleo, subjaceo, subrepo, supplico. 
 
 SUPER ; as, supervenio, super curro, super sto. 
 
 Note 1. Some few of these verbs ; such as, fido, confido, innitor, cedo, vaco, in 
 stead of the dative, take sometimes the ablative, as will be taught No. 30. 
 
 Note 2. The verbs jubeo, offendo, laedo, and^wvo, though reducible to some of 
 the above classes, uo not govern the dative, but the accusative ; as, Luc. Silen- 
 tia jussit. Hot. Cur ego amicum offendam in rtugis 1 Cic. Neminem laesit. Ovid. 
 Juvitfacundia causam. 
 
 Note 3. Verbs of LOCAL MOTION ; such as, eo, vado, curro, propero, festino t 
 pergo,fugio, &c. and verbs denoting tendency to MOTION ; such as, tendo, ver- 
 go,spcclo, pertineo, &c. instead of the dative, take the accusative with the pre- 
 position ad or in. 
 
 Note 4. A great many of the verbs belonging to this rule admit of other con- 
 structions ; as, Plaut. Parcere pecuniam. Id. Auscultare aliquem. Cic. Despe* 
 rare rernpublicam. Caes. Adhaecrespnnd.it. Cic. Adesse in pugna. Sail. Acct- 
 dere ad urbem. Cic. Accedere in oppidum. Virg. Accedere domos infernas. Sail. 
 Ant ei e omnes gloria. Id. Colludere cum aliquo. Plaut. Incumber e gladium. Cic. 
 Incumber e ad, studia in studium. Petron. Incumber e super praedam. Plin. Inter- 
 jacct duas syrtes. Cic. Obrepere in animos, ad honores. Virg. Praecedere agmen. 
 Sail. Succedere murum. Liv. Succedere ad urbem, in pugnam. Virg. Superstore 
 aliquem, &c. 
 
 I. 1. It is the part of a wise Sum sapiens placeo 
 man to please God, to do good Deus, projicio homo, caveo 
 to men, to take care of himself, sui, prospicio salus suus, 
 to provide for his own safety, metuo amicus, et consulo 
 to be concerned for his friends, utilitas, officio nullus, dis- 
 and studv their interest, to do pliceo nemo, neque no* 
 h 2 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 harm to none, to displease no- 
 body, neither to hurt the mise- 
 rable, nor to lay snares for the 
 innocent. • 
 
 2. A good man favours the 
 good, and rejoiceth with them 
 upon any happy event ; he is 
 always disposed to spare the 
 vanquished, and forgive what 
 is past ; he neither entertains 
 resentment, nor flatters any 
 one ; he knows, that those who 
 detract from good men, dero- 
 gate from themselves ; he 
 therefore envies nobody, but 
 zealously imitates the most 
 worthy. 
 
 It is the property of a gene- 
 rous man to assist the poor, to 
 aid the needy, to succour the 
 distressed, to heal their wounds, 
 to patronize the orphans, to 
 help his countrymen, to study 
 their advantage, and to pray to 
 God, that he would second his 
 endeavours ; whilst the cove- 
 tous man flatters and caresses 
 the rich, and applauds himself 
 when he looks at his money in 
 his chest. 
 
 3. God hath commanded us 
 to rule our lusts, to govern our 
 spirit, to listen to his word, to 
 obey his admonitions, to be 
 subject to his laws, to be sub- 
 missive to parents, to comply 
 with their will, to serve and 
 wait upon them, and obey their 
 orders, and not to be a slave to 
 passion. 
 
 A Christian ought to oppose 
 vicious pleasure, to struggle 
 against and withstand the be- 
 ginnings of anger, to resist evil, 
 
 ceo miser, neque insidior 
 innocuus. 
 
 Bonus favco bonus, et 
 gratulor is de aliquis res 
 felix ; semper para tus sum 
 parco victus, et ignosco 
 praeteritus ; neque indul- 
 geo ira, neque adulor quis- 
 quam ; nosco is, qui de- 
 1 1 alio bonus, derogo sui ; 
 ideo invideo nemo, sed ae- 
 mulor dignus. 
 
 Sum generosus auxilior 
 pauper, subvenio inops, 
 succurro ?niser, medeor 
 vulnus, patrocinor orbus 6 
 parens, opitulor civis, stu- 
 deo commodum, et suppli- 
 co Deus, ut annuo ausum ; 
 dum avarus assentor et 
 blandior dives, et plaudo 
 sui, cum contemplor num- 
 mus in area, 
 
 Deus praecipio ego ut 
 impero cupiditas, moderor 
 animus, ausculto verbum 
 is, pareo monitum, obedio 
 lex, obtempero parens, ob- 
 secundo voluntas is, famu- 
 lor et ministro ille, et ob- 
 sequor imperium, neque 
 servio iracundia. 
 
 Christianus debeo repug- 
 no vitiosus voluptas, reluc- 
 tor et obsto principium ira, 
 re sis to malum, adversor 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 83 
 
 to oppose the corrupt practices 
 of those who despise virtue 
 and religion, and not to be a 
 slave to lust, nor humour wick- 
 ed men. 
 
 4. & 5. The general was an- 
 gry and enraged at the soldiers, 
 he threatened the standard- 
 bearers, he threatened the run- 
 aways ; but as he durst not de- 
 pend on the courage of his men, 
 he resolved to retreat, and trust 
 to the night and the darkness. 
 Though at first he did not be- 
 lieve the things that were said 
 concerning the enemy, yet now 
 he began to give up his affairs 
 for lost, and despair of safety. 
 
 6. I cannot restrain my 
 tongue, says the gentleman to 
 his companion ; the sun shines 
 on the wicked, and few are 
 wise for themselves. I bewail 
 the misfortune of the unhappy 
 young lady ; she excelled all 
 the girls of the east, she was 
 taken up with the liberal scien- 
 ces, and was always intent up- 
 on philosophy. 
 
 Many young men courted 
 this girl, and presents sent by 
 many lovers were disdained by 
 her ; at length, however, she 
 yielded to the gentle command 
 of her parents, and married a 
 Roman knight ; but the event 
 did not answer people's expec- 
 tation ; he was a bad husband, 
 and the poor creature has bid 
 adieu to life ; my voice clings 
 to my jaws ! 
 
 II. An honest man endea- 
 vours to satisfy his creditors, 
 and to act well for the com- 
 
 pravus mos is qui contem- 
 no virtus et religio, neque 
 inservio cupiditas, neque 
 moriareror malus homo 
 
 o 
 
 Dux succensco et irascor 
 miles, minor signifer, corn- 
 minor fugiens ; sed cum 
 non audeo confido virtus 
 miles, ztatuo recedo, etjido 
 nox et tenebrae. Quam- 
 vis primo non credo is qui 
 narro de hostis, tamen nunc 
 coepi diffido res suus, et 
 despero salus. 
 
 Non possum temper o lin- 
 gua, aio vir comes ; sol 
 luceo sceleratus, et pauci 
 sapio sui. Doleo casus 
 infelix vir go ; excello om- 
 nis puella oriens, operor 
 liber alis studium, et sem 
 per vaco philosophia. 
 
 Multus juvenis peto hie 
 puella, et munus missus a 
 multus procus sordeo ille ; 
 tandem, tamen, ccdo lenis 
 imperium parens, et nubo 
 Romanus eques ; scd res 
 non respondeo homo opi- 
 nio ; sum durus maritus, 
 et miser renuncio vita ; 
 vox faux haereo ! 
 
 Probus vir conor satis- 
 facio creditor, et benefacio 
 respublica, qui sum puU 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 monwealth, which is a fine 
 thing ; he endeavours also to 
 speak well of good men, to re- 
 vile nobody, and to do an ill 
 turn to none. God often bless- 
 es such a man, which he does 
 when he gives him prosperity, 
 enlarges his fortune, and shews 
 him favour. 
 
 III. Parents o r len outlive 
 their children ; and as some 
 men have a weakness of judg- 
 ment, and others want pru- 
 dence, an old man of this sort 
 ought to be present at public 
 deliberations, and have the 
 charge of the thing to be done ; 
 not that he may have it in his 
 power to hurt any one, but that 
 he may be able to do good to 
 many ; and God sometimes fa- 
 vours such an undertaking. 
 
 IV. Ad. The thing pleased 
 me much ; for the young man 
 had resolved to rest in your 
 opinion, and adhere to virtue. 
 Fortune, therefore, smiled up- 
 on him, and favoured his first 
 attempt ; and great courage 
 was added to his men, who rode 
 up to the very gates of the city. 
 
 The enemy threw them- 
 selves into the river, and en- 
 deavoured to swim to land. Our 
 general returned victorious 
 with twelve Serjeants, who at- 
 tended him, and all rose up be- 
 fore him, as he came into his 
 tent, where he sat down to a 
 feast. The grandees sat by him, 
 and six boys waited at table. 
 
 Ante and Con. Virtue, which 
 is always consistent with itself, 
 excels all other things, and the 
 
 cher ; conor quoque bene- 
 dico bonus homo, maledico 
 nemo, et malefacio nullus. 
 Deus saepe benedico talis 
 homo, qui facio, cum do 
 prosper, augeo bonum, fa- 
 veoque. 
 
 Parens saepe supers-urn 
 liberi ; et ut quidam homo 
 insum imbecillitas judi- 
 cium, et alius desum pru- 
 dcntia, senex ejusmodi de- 
 beo inter sum publicus con- 
 silium, et praesum res fa- 
 ciendus ; non ut possum 
 obsum quivis, sed ut pos- 
 sum prosum multus ; et 
 Deus nonnunquam adsum 
 talis inceptum. 
 
 Res arrideo ego valde ; 
 nam adolescens statuo ac- 
 quiesco sententia tuus, et 
 adhaereo virtus. Fortu- 
 na, igitur, affulgeo tile, et 
 aspiro primus labor, et in- 
 gens animus accedo miles, 
 qui adequito ipse porta 
 urbs. 
 
 Hostis projicio sui in 
 jluvius, et conor adno ter- 
 ra. Noster dux redeo 
 victor cum duodecim lie- 
 tor, qui appareo is, et om- 
 nis assurgo is, veniens in 
 tabernaculum, ubi accumbo 
 epulae, Primores assideo 
 ille, et sex puer adsto men- 
 sa. 
 
 Virtus, qui semper con- 
 sono sui, anteeo omnis 
 alius res, et dos anim* 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 85 
 
 endowments of the mind excel 
 strength of body ; but they of- 
 ten beget pride. There was a 
 comedian in Greece, of a cele- 
 brated character, with whom 
 1 lived a long time, who far ex- 
 celled most actors and musi- 
 cians : he used to boast and 
 say, Let the boys play with 
 their equals, and sing to them- 
 selves and the muses. 
 
 In. This villain mocks and 
 insults all good men ; he is said 
 never to have groaned or wept 
 at the death of a friend ; but 
 he gapes after gain, and sleeps 
 on his bags of money ; he ob- 
 stinately persists in, and pur- 
 sues his former course, though 
 danger seems to hang and ho- 
 ver over him ; for a pain has 
 lately settled in his feet, which 
 obliges him to lean on a staff, 
 as a soldier leans on a spear, 
 or as a house leans on pillars. 
 
 Inter. There was an alliance 
 for a long time betwixt this 
 people and their neighbours : 
 a war, however, at last broke 
 out between them ; they join- 
 ed battle in a valley full of 
 ferns, which use to grow in 
 neglected fields : at first the 
 sun was shining, and the gold 
 glittered on their bright armour ; 
 many were slain on both sides, 
 who were all buried in pits that 
 lay betwixt the hills, and more 
 would have fallen, had not 
 night come on during the time 
 of the battle. 
 
 Ob. The lot that has fallen 
 to men is mortal : mortality 
 occurs, nay often occurs to our 
 
 antecello vires corpus ; at 
 saepe gigno superbia. Sum 
 histrio in Graecia, celeber 
 fama, qui diu convivo, qui 
 longe antesto plerique ac- 
 tor et citharoedus : soleo 
 glorior et dico, Puer col- 
 ludo par, et concino sui et 
 musa. 
 
 Hie scelestus illudo et 
 insulto omnis bonus ; dico 
 nunquam ingemo aut ilia- 
 c/try mo mors amicus ; sed 
 inhio lucrum, et indormio 
 saccus pecunia ; pertina- 
 citer insto, et inhaereo pri- 
 or vestigium, etiamsi peri- 
 culum videor impendeo et 
 immineo is ; nam dolor nu- 
 per insideo pes, qui cogo is 
 innitor baculum, ut miles 
 insisto hasta, aut ut tectum 
 incumho columna. 
 
 Amicitia diu inter cedo 
 hie populus cum jinitimus : 
 bellum, tamen, tandem ex- 
 orior inter is ; commit to 
 praelium in vallis plenus 
 6 jilix, qui soleo innascor 
 neglectus ager : primo sol 
 splendeo, et aurum inter- 
 mico fulgens arma ; mul- 
 tus interficio utrinque, qui 
 omnis sepelio in fovea qui 
 interjaceo mons, ct plus 
 cado, nisi nox intervenio 
 praelium 
 
 Sors qui obvenio homo 
 sum mortali ? ; mortalitas 
 occurroy imo occurso ani- 
 
86 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 thought, and all men struggle 
 against death in vain ; but yet 
 vices creep in upon us, wick- 
 edness stands in the way of 
 piety, one decries and depre- 
 ciates the merits of another, 
 few withstand the allurements 
 of pleasure, and nobody is dis- 
 posed to die for his country. 
 
 Prae. Mercury is said to pre- 
 side over gain ; but a fair re- 
 putation is better than riches. 
 Masters ought and use to lead 
 the way to their scholars, and 
 the boy is worthy of honour 
 who outshines his ancestors, or 
 outstrips his contemporaries. 
 Providence over-rules human 
 devices, and certain signs 
 sometimes go before certain 
 events. 
 
 Sub and Super. Wave suc- 
 ceeds wave, grief comes in the 
 midst of joy, old age and pover- 
 ty steal upon you : but do not 
 sink under the burthen ; for 
 your farm, which lies under the 
 hill, is far better than its rent, 
 and will find a purchaser ; and 
 as you are content with little, 
 if but a small part of the price 
 shall be left to you, you will 
 be richer than a covetous man, 
 whom the wealth of Croesus 
 would not satisfy. 
 
 Note 3. All the rivers run 
 into the sea, and we all hasten 
 to one habitation. My brother 
 enlisted in the army, went to a 
 battle ; but being worsted, he 
 hastened to the shore, fled into 
 Africa, and went to the city 
 Carthage. His friends, to whom 
 the business chiefly belonged, 
 
 mus, et o?nnis obluctor 
 mors f lustra ; attamen vi- 
 tium obrepo ego, scelus ob- 
 sto pietas, alter obstrepo et 
 obtrccto laus alter, pauci 
 obsisto blanditiae voluptas, 
 et nemo sum paratus oc- 
 cumbo mors pro p atria. 
 
 Mercurius dico praesi- 
 deo lucrum ; sed bonus ex- 
 istimatio praesto divitiae. 
 Praeceptor debeo et solco 
 praeeo discipulus, et puer 
 sum dignus honor qui 
 praeluceo majores, aut an 
 tecello aequalis. Provi- 
 dentia praevaleo humanus 
 consilium, et certus signum 
 interdum praecurro certus 
 res. 
 
 Unda succedo unda, luc- 
 tus supervenio laetitia, se- 
 nectus et paupertas subrepo 
 tu : sed ne succumbo onus ; 
 nam ager tuus, qui subja- 
 ceo mons, longe supercurro 
 vectigal, et invenio emptor ; 
 et cum sum content us par- 
 vum, si modo exiguus pars 
 pretium super sto tu, sum 
 ditior avarus, qui opes 
 Croesus non sufficio. 
 
 Ornnis jluvius curro in 
 mare, et ego omnis sedes 
 propero ad unus. Meus 
 f rater eo in militia, vado 
 in praelium ; sed victus, 
 festino ad littus, fugio in 
 Africa, et per go ad urbs 
 Carthago. Amicus, ad 
 qui res maxime pertineo, 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 87 
 
 afterwards brought him back ; 
 his years are now on the de- 
 cline towards old age. Virtue 
 aims at high things. 
 
 % So great a madness had 
 seized their cruel minds, that 
 they did not spare the age, 
 which even enemies would 
 have spared, and carried on a 
 destructive war against their 
 children, and children's mo- 
 thers, for whom wars use to 
 be undertaken. So great was 
 the havock,that the gods seem- 
 ed to have agreed, together 
 with men, for the destruction 
 of the parricides. 
 
 The chief of the fathers said, 
 that his speech was worthy of 
 the consular office, worthy of 
 so many consulships, worthy 
 of his whole life, full of ho- 
 noar ; that other consuls had, 
 by betraying their dignity, flat- 
 tered the common people ; that 
 he, mindful of the majesty of 
 the fathers, had made a speech 
 suitable to the times. 
 
 Polycletus, a man terrible to 
 our own soldiers, is sent into 
 Britain ; but he was an object 
 of derision to the enemy, 
 amongst whom the power of 
 freed men was not yet known ; 
 and they wondered that an ar- 
 my should obey a slave. 
 
 The Christian religion not 
 only commands us to help our 
 friends, but to relieve those 
 that are enemies to us ; for so 
 we shall make them our friends, 
 and shall promote love, kind- 
 ness, peace, and good will 
 
 postea reduco ; annus jam 
 vergo in senium. Virtus 
 ad arduus tendo. 
 
 Tantus rabies invado 
 ferus animus, ut non par' 
 co aetas, qui etiam hostis 
 parco, geroque interned 
 vus helium cum liberi, li- 
 berique mater, pro qui hel- 
 ium soleo suscipio. Tan- 
 tus strages sum, ut deus 
 videor consentio, pariter 
 cum homo, in exitium par- 
 ricida. 
 
 Primores pater dico, 
 concio is dignus sum im- 
 perium consularis, dignus 
 tot consulatus, dignus to- 
 tus vita, plenus 6 honor ; 
 alius consul, per proditio 
 dignitas, adulor plebs ; is, 
 memor ma jest as pater, ha- 
 beo oratio accommodatus 
 tempus. 
 
 Polycletus, vir terrihilis 
 noster miles, mitto in Bri- 
 tannia ; scd sum irrisus 
 hostis, apud qui potentia 
 libertus nondum cognosco ; 
 mirorque quod exercitus 
 obedio servitium. 
 
 Christianus religio non 
 modo praecipio ego opitu- 
 lor amicus, sed succurro is 
 qui sum inimicus ego ; sic 
 enim reddo is amicus, et 
 promoveo amor, benigni- 
 tas, pax et benevolejitia 
 
88 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 among men ; which things 
 pleased God. 
 
 The Parthians were former- 
 ly the most obscure among the 
 people of the east. When the 
 empire of Asia was transferred 
 from the Medestothe Persians, 
 they were a prey to the con- 
 querors ; finally, they were 
 subject to the Macedonians ; 
 that it may seem strange to any 
 one, that they are arrived to 
 such a flourishing condition, 
 that they now command those 
 nations to which they formerly 
 were under subjection. 
 
 He that resisteth his own 
 evil inclinations, obeyeth God ; 
 and deserves greater praise 
 than the general who vanquish- 
 es mighty armies, and takes 
 the strongest cities, but serves 
 his passions, which he cannot 
 govern. 
 
 Taken with the sweetness 
 of that power, you suffer any 
 wickedness to lurk under it. 
 Let them say the same things, 
 which they bawl out here, in 
 the camp, and amongst the sol- 
 diers ; and let them corrupt 
 our armies, and not suffer them 
 to obey their commanders ; 
 since that is at least the liberty 
 of Rome, not to reverence the 
 senate, the magistrates, or the 
 laws. 
 
 The Lacedemonians, after 
 the manner of mankind, the 
 more they have, the more they 
 desire ; for, not content with 
 the accession of the Athenian 
 powers, they began to affect the 
 
 inter homo ; qui placeo 
 Deus. 
 
 Parthi sum olim obscu- 
 rus inter populus oriens. 
 Cum imperium Asia trans- 
 fero a Medi ad Persa, sum 
 praeda victor ; postremo, 
 servio Macedo ; ut videor 
 mirus quivis, is proveho ad 
 tantus felicitas, ut nunc 
 impero is gens qui olim 
 servio. 
 
 Qui repugno suus malus 
 affectus, obedio Deus ; et 
 mereor magnus laus quam 
 dux qui f undo magnus co- 
 piae, et expugno munitus 
 urbs, sed servio cupiditas, 
 qui non possum moderor. 
 
 Captus dulccdo is potes- 
 tas, sino quilibet scelus la- 
 teo sub is. Dico idem , qui 
 vociferor hie, in castra, et 
 apud miles ; et corrumpo 
 exercitus, nec patior is pa- 
 reo dux ; quoniam is de- 
 mum sum libertas Roma, 
 non revereor senatus, ma- 
 gistrates, aut lex. 
 
 Lacedaemonius, de mos 
 genus humanus, quod plus 
 habeo, id plus cupio ; nam, 
 non contentus accessio opes 
 Atheniensis, coepi affecto 
 imperium totus Asia, qui 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 89 
 
 empire of all Asia, the greater 
 part of which was subject to 
 the Persians. 
 
 King Eumenes met the Ro- 
 mans with aid, and a little after 
 a battle was fought with Antio- 
 chus : a Roman legion was beat 
 in the right wing, and fled to 
 the camp ; but M. Aemilius, a 
 tribune of the soldiers, who 
 had been left for the security 
 of it, commands his soldiers to 
 take arms, and threaten the 
 runaways. 
 
 Hiero was descended of Hie- 
 rocles ; his very education was 
 ominous of his future gran- 
 deur : he had a remarkable 
 handsomeness of person ; he 
 was smooth in his address, just 
 in business, moderate in com- 
 mand, that there seemed no- 
 thing at all wanting to him suit- 
 able for a king, but a kingdom. 
 
 And that no misery might be 
 wanting to the most honoura- 
 ble families, he obliges their 
 wives and daughters to marry 
 their slaves, that he might 
 render them more faithful to 
 himself, and more violent 
 against their masters. But 
 such dismal matches were 
 more grievous to the matrons 
 than sudden death. 
 
 We were not bom for ourselves only ; we ought therefore to consult the in- 
 terest of our friends, to be beneficial to mankind, and serviceable to human society- 
 Canute, one of the kings of England, piously acknowledged, that none truly 
 deserves the name of King, but he whose eternal laws, heaven, earth, and seas 
 obey. 
 
 Agamemr.on, king of the Argives, commanded the Grecian fleet in the expe- 
 dition against Troy. But Diana was angry with Agamemnon, because he had 
 killed one of her deer. Wherefore the provoked goddess caused such a calm, 
 that the Grecian ships became fixed and immoveable. Hereupon they consult- 
 ed the soothsayers, who ordered to sacrifice one of Agamemnon's children, 
 and so satisfy the winds and Diana. Accordingly his daughter Iphigenia is brought ; 
 but whilst the young lady stood at the altar, the goddess pitied her, and substi- 
 tuted a hind in h3r stead. Iphigenia was sent into the Chersonese, where aha 
 presided over the sacrifices of Diana. 
 
 magnus pars pareo Per 
 sa. 
 
 Rex Eumenes occurro 
 Romanics cum auxilium, 
 et paulo post praelium 
 committo cum Antiochus : 
 Romanus legio pello in 
 dexterior cornu, et fugio 
 ad castra ; sed M. Aemi- 
 lius, tribunus miles, qui 
 relinquo ad tutela is, im- 
 pero miles capio arma, et 
 minor fugiens. 
 
 Hiero gigno Hierocles ; 
 ipse educatio sum prae- 
 nuncius futurus majestas : 
 sum is insignis pulchritU" 
 do corpus ; sum blandus 
 in alloquium, justus in ne~ 
 gotium, moderatus in im- 
 perium, ut nihil prorsus 
 video desum is regium, 
 praeter regnum. 
 
 Et ne quid malum desum 
 honestus domus, compello 
 uxor isjiliaque nubo servus 
 suus, ut reddo isfidus sui, 
 et infestus dominus. Sed 
 tarn lugubris nuptiae sum 
 gravis matrona repentinus 
 funus. 
 
90 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Ib it not better to die by bravery, than by disgrace to lose a miserable and m 
 glorious life, after you have been the sport of other men's insolence 1 But surely 
 we have the victory in our own hands ; our age is fresh, our minds are vigorous : 
 On the other hand, all things are decayed to them ; there is need only of a be- 
 ginning. Who of mortals, that has the spirit of a man, can endure that they 
 should have an excess of wealth, and that a private estate is wanting to us 
 •ren for necessaries ? In short, what have we left except a miserable hfe* 
 
 RULE VI. 
 
 28. A verb signiiying actively governs the accusative. 
 
 Love God. Ama Deum. 
 
 Reverence your parents. Reverere parentes. 
 
 Note 1. The infinitive or a sentence sometimes supplies the placs of the ac- 
 cusative ; as, Gell. Poenitere tanti non emo ; for poenitentiam. Ter. Feci e serve 
 hbertus ut esses mihi ; for feci te libertum. 
 
 NoteZ. NEUTER VERBS have sometimes an accusative : 1. Of their own 
 or the like signification ; as, vivere vitam, gaudere gaudium, servire scrvitutem, ire 
 viam longam, pugnare praelia, garrire nugas, prandere olus, coenare aprum, sitirc 
 tanguinem, &c. 2. When taken in a metaphorical, or in an active sense ; as, Cory- 
 don ardebat Alexin, creput sulcos et vineta, saltare Cyclopa, sonat vitium fidelia, oltt 
 kircum, spiral deam : Abolere maculam, laborare arma, clamare aliquem, horret mar*, 
 sensum pulchre calleo, mcdias fraudes palluit, &c. But some preposition, such 
 as ad, in, ob, circa, per, is always understood. 
 
 NoteZ. The accusatives, hoc, id, quid, aliquid, quicquid, nihil, idem, illud, tan~ 
 turn, quantum, multa, pauca, alia, caetera, omnia, are often governed by propter, 
 ob, or circa, understood ; as, Ter. Num id lacrumat virgo ? Plaut. Scio quid er- 
 r«s. Hor. Quicquid delxrant reges plcctuntur Achivi. 
 
 Note 4. ADVERBS are often joined to verbs, nouns, and other parts of speech, 
 to express some circumstance, quality, or manner of their signification. 
 
 Note 5. The poets frequently use the neuter gender of adjectives adverbially, 
 or instead of adverbs ; as, Virg. Torvumque repente clamat ; for torve. Hot. Mens 
 laetatur terbidum; for turbide. Virg. Et pede terram crebra ferit ; for crebro. Id. 
 Transversa tuentibus hircis ; for transverse. 
 
 Note 6. The accusative after active verbs, in some figurative expressions, is 
 governed, not by the verb, but by some preposition understood, while the true 
 accusative to the verbis suppressed; thus, Ferire, icere,percutere foedus, is put 
 for Ferire, &>C.por cum ad sanciendum foedus. Plangere funera, damna ; for, ?lan~ 
 gere pectus ad funera, ad damna. Conserere praelium; for, conserere mavm ad 
 praelium faciendum. 
 
 * 29. Recordor, memini, reminiscor , and obliviscor, go^r* rti 
 the accusative or genitive. 
 
 I remember the battle. 
 
 I remember the victory. 
 
 I mind the place. 
 
 I mind the day. 
 
 He remembers the time. 
 
 He remembers the night. 
 
 Recordor pugnam. 
 Recordor victoriae. 
 Memini locum. 
 Memini diei. 
 Reminiscitur tempus, 
 Reminiscitur noctis. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 91 
 
 We forget reproaches. 
 We forget hardships. 
 
 Obliviscimur contumelias. 
 Obliviscimur laborum. 
 
 Note 1. Memini, when it signifies to make mention of, takes the genitive or the 
 ablative with de, but never the accusative ; as, Caes. Cujus supra meminimus. 
 Quinct. De quibus multx meminerunt. 
 
 Not" 2. The verbs belonging to this rule are generally esteemed neuter, and 
 when they take the accusative, ad, or quod ad, is understood; when they take 
 the genitive, quod ad negotium, or in negotio, is suppressed. 
 
 Note 3. The phrase, Venit mihi in mentem, seems someway allied to this rule, 
 and admits of three varieties, viz. Venit mihi in mentem haec res, hujus rei, de hac 
 re : to the last two may be understood memoria, or recordatio ; as, Cic. Si quid 
 in mentem veniet. Id. Mihi solet venire in mentem illius temporis, quo fuimus una. 
 Plaut. In mentem venit de speculo. 
 
 28. T love virtue, thou 
 seekest praise, he despises 
 pleasure, we practise charity, 
 ye fear God, they honour the 
 king. 
 
 The boy deserves praise, 
 the slave shall suffer punish- 
 ment, the man defames his 
 wife, care attends money, pride 
 accompanies honours. 
 
 God wisely governs the 
 world, riches sometimes pro- 
 cure envy, birds do not every 
 where build their nests, the 
 dogs nimbly pursue the hare. 
 
 Discord always produces 
 strife, strife generally begets 
 hatred, quarrels often break up 
 friendship, honours commonly 
 change manners. 
 
 29. A good man easily for- 
 gets injuries, but always re- 
 members a good turn : a wick- 
 ed man sees the faults of oth- 
 ers, and forgets his own, but 
 at length, with sorrow, shall he 
 remember his villanies. 
 
 Caesar settled the differences 
 among the Aeduans, and having 
 exhorted them to forget their 
 disputes and quarrels, he re- 
 
 Amo virtus, quaero laus 9 
 contemno voluptas, colo 
 charitas, timeo Deus, ho- 
 noro rex. 
 
 Puer mereor laus, ser- 
 vus pallor poena, vir cri- 
 minor uxor, cura sequor 
 pecunia, super bia comitor 
 honor. 
 
 Deus sapienter guberno 
 mundus, divitiae interdum 
 contraho invidia, avis non 
 ubivis struo nidus, cams 
 strenue sector lepus. 
 
 Discordia semper pario 
 lis, lis plerumque genero 
 odium, jurgium saepe dis- 
 solvo amicitia, honor vul- 
 go muto mos. 
 
 Bonus vir facile oblivis- 
 cor injuria, sed semper re' 
 miniscor benejicium : im~ 
 probus cerno vitium alius 
 et obliviscor suus, sed tan- 
 dem cum dolor recordor 
 flagitium suus. 
 
 CcBsar compono lis in- 
 ter Aedui, et cohortatus ut 
 obliviscor controversia ac 
 dissensio, redeo ad castra. 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 turned to the camp. They re- 
 membered his advice, and 
 complied with his admonitions. 
 
 Tf In the mean time the Ro- 
 man people received a terrible 
 stroke from the Parthians : nor 
 can we complain ; for, after 
 Crassus had pitched his camp 
 at Nicephorium, deputies sent 
 by king Orodes advised him to 
 remember the treaties made 
 with Pompey and Sylla. But 
 the consul was gaping after 
 the Parthian gold. 
 
 Let not the glare of gold and 
 silver dismay you, which nei- 
 ther protects nor wounds. In 
 the very host of the enemy we 
 shall find our troops, the Bri- 
 tons will espouse their own 
 cause, the Gauls will reflect on 
 their former liberty, and the 
 Germans will abandon the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Antiochus, though he ap- 
 proved of Annibal's advice, yet 
 would not act according to his 
 counsel, lest the glory of the 
 victory should be Annibal's, 
 and not his own. He was con- 
 quered therefore, and remem- 
 bered Annibal's counsel when 
 it was too late. 
 
 Remember the counsel which 
 I gave, it will profit thee very 
 much if thou dost not forget 
 it : obey the laws of almighty 
 God ; obey the king and all 
 [other] subordinate magis- 
 trates, in all things that are 
 iawful ; resist the beginnings 
 of anger, and yield not to the 
 allurements of pleasure. 
 
 Such was the greatness of 
 
 Ille memini consilium, el 
 par co monitum. 
 
 Interim Romanus j.opu- 
 lus accipio gravis vulnus 
 a Parlhi: ncc possum 
 queror ; nam postquam 
 Crassus pono castra apud 
 Nicephorium, legaius mis- 
 sus a rex Orodes denuncio 
 ut mcmini foedus percus- 
 sus cum Pompeius ct Syl- 
 la. Sed consul inhio Par- 
 thicus aurum. 
 
 Ne fulgor aurum atque 
 argent am terreo tu, qui 
 neque tego, neque vulnero. 
 In ipse acies hostis invenio 
 noster manus, Britanni 
 agnosco suus causa, Galli 
 recordor prior 4 libertas, 
 et Germani desero Roma- 
 nus. 
 
 Antiochus, tametsi pro* 
 bo consilium Annibal, ta- 
 rn en nolo ago ex sentcntia 
 ille, ne gloria victoria sum 
 Annibal, etnon suus. Vin- 
 co igitur et memini con- 
 silium Annibal cum sum 
 sero. 
 
 Memini 4 consilium qui 
 do, prosum tu plurimum 
 si 4 is 7ion obliviscor : obe- 
 dio lex omnipotent Deus ; 
 obedio rex et ormiis [alius] 
 inferior magistratus, in 
 07nnis qui sum licitus ; re- 
 pugno principium ira, et 
 ne cedo blanditiae volup- 
 tas. 
 
 Tantus sum magnitudo 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 93 
 
 Alexander's soul, that though 
 he left a son who was called 
 Hercules, a brother who was 
 named Aridaeus, and his wife 
 Roxane with child, he forgot 
 his relations, and named the 
 most worthy his heir, just as if 
 it was unlawful for any other 
 than a brave man to succeed a 
 brave man. 
 
 Difficulties stupify the sluggard, and terrify the fearful, but animate the coura- 
 geous. 
 
 A faithful friend is the medicine of life, and they that fear the Lord shall find 
 him. 
 
 That man is of a happy memory, who forgets injuries, and remembers those 
 things that are worthy of his character. 
 
 Egeon, called also Briareus, was one of the giants ; Virgil says that he had 50 
 heads and 100 hands. He tore up solid rocks from the foundation, and hurled 
 them against Jupiter ; yet Jupiter overcame him, and thrust him under mount 
 Aetna ; where, as often as he moves his side, the mountain casts forth streams 
 of liquid fire. 
 
 The poets mention a river in hell called Lethe ; of the water of which if any 
 one drinks, he immediately forgets all things past ; so that the souls of the pious, 
 when they drink of the water of this river, straightway forget the miseries which 
 they suffered in this world. 
 
 animus Alexander, ut 
 quamvis reiinquo jilius qui 
 appello Hercules, frater 
 qui nomino Aridaeus, et 
 uxor Roxane praegnans, 
 obliviscor necessitudo, et 
 nuncupo dignus haeres, 
 prorsus quasi nefas sum 
 alius quam vir fortis sue- 
 cedo vir fortis. 
 
 RULE VII. 
 
 * 30. Verbs of plenty and scarcity ; also, utor, abutor, 
 fruor, fungcr, potior, vescor, and some others, generally go- 
 vern the ablative. 
 
 He abounds in riches. Abundat divitiis. 
 
 He is free from every fault. Caret omni culpa. 
 
 He uses deceit. TJtitur fraude. 
 
 He abuses books. Abutitur libris. 
 
 We depend on hope. Nitimur spe. 
 
 You take pleasure in poems. Gaudes carminibus. 
 
 The boy is sick of a fever. Puer febri labor at. 
 
 To this rule belong, 
 
 1. Verbs of PLENTY ; as, abundo, exubero, redundo, 
 scateo, affluo, circumfluo, diffluo, superfiuo. 
 
 2. Verbs of SCARCITY ; as, careo, egeo, indigeo, vaco 
 to want ; to which add, dejicior, destituor. 
 
 3. Utor, abutor fruor, fungor, portior, vescor. 
 
 4. Nitor, innitor, epulor, naseor, creor, glortor, laetor w 
 
 i 2 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 delector, gaudeo, vivo, victito, fido, conjido, exu to, sto. con- 
 sto, consisto, cedo, supersedeo, laboro. 
 
 Note 1. Egeo and indigeo frequently take the genitive ; as, Caes. Egere auxilii 
 Cor. Opis indigent. Also among the more ancient writers scateo and careo ; as.. 
 Lucret. Terra scald fcrarum. Plaut. Tui carendum erat. Sometimes careo and 
 egeo take the accusative ; as, Plaut. Id careo. Cell. Multa egeo. 
 
 Note 2. Potior sometimes governs the genitive ; as, Sail. Potiri urbis, to make 
 himself master of the city. Id. Potiri hostium, to get his enemies into iiis power. 
 Cic. Potiri rerum, to have the chief command. 
 
 Note 3. Potior, fungor,vescor, and epulor, sometimes take the accusative ; as, Cic. 
 Gens wbern nostrum potitura. Tac. Ui munera fungcrentur. Plin. Si caprivum 
 jecur vescantur. Id. Pullos epulari. As also, among the more ancient writers, 
 titer, abutor, and fruor ; as, Plaut. Uteris, at voles, operam me am. Ter. Operant 
 abutitur. Id. Ingenivm frui. 
 
 Note 4. The ablative is not governed by these verbs, but by some preposition un- 
 derstood ; such as, a, ab, de, ex, in. And when any of these verbs takes the geni- 
 tive, some ablative, such as re, ncgotio, causa, praesentia, ope, copia, imperio, or 
 the like, with a preposition, is understood. 
 
 Note 5. With some of these verbs the preposition is frequently expressed ; as, 
 Liv. Ne a metu vacarent. Cic. Cum conslemus ex animo et corpore. Id. Cum gra- 
 viter ex xntcstinis laborarem. Id. Cujus in vxta nitebatur salus civitatis. Id. In 
 virtute *ecte gloriamur. 
 
 Note 6. The verbs fido, confido, innitor,cedo, vaco, instead of the ablative, take 
 frequently the dative, as was taught No. 27. 
 
 1 . Many men abound in gold 
 and silver, whose houses are 
 full of wickedness. 
 
 Some men flow in wealth, 
 nay, overflow in money, and 
 yet desire those things most 
 with which they abound. 
 
 Neglected sores use to 
 swarm with vermin, and neg- 
 lected fields with noxious 
 weeds ; but yet this garden 
 abounds in apples. 
 
 This man pleads the cause 
 with great vigour ; he is all be- 
 dewed with sweat ; he is over 
 copious in his language ; his 
 discourse, however, abounds 
 with all manner of ornaments. 
 
 2. Nature needs few things ; 
 lie however that wants friends, 
 and he that is weak in judg- 
 ment, or is disappointed of his 
 
 Multus homo abundo 
 aurum atque argentum, 
 qui domus scelus affluo. 
 
 Quidam homo circum- 
 Jiuo opes, imo super jluo 
 pecunia, et tamen deside- 
 ro is maxime qui abundo. 
 
 Neglectus ulcus soleo 
 scateo vermis, et neglectus 
 agcr noxius herba ; sed 
 tamen hie hortus exubero 
 pomum. 
 
 Hie vir ago causa stre- 
 nue ; diffluo sudor ; re- 
 dundo eloquium ; oratio 
 tamen abundo omnis orna- 
 menlum. 
 
 Natura egeo pauci ; qui 
 autern careo amicus, et qui 
 deficior ratio, aut desti* 
 tuor spes, indigeo consi- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 95 
 
 expectations, stands in need of 
 advice ; but to be free from a 
 fault is a great comfort. 
 
 3. We ought to use diligence, 
 and not to abuse time ; the life 
 which we enjoy is short, let us 
 therefore do our duty careful- 
 ly ; thus at length we shall ob- 
 tain the golden fleece, we shall 
 feed on milk and honey. 
 
 £). Men ought to depend on 
 virtue rather than blood ; for 
 if any one persist in this prac- 
 tice, and take pleasure in equi- 
 ty, he deserves praise. But 
 fools often labour under this dis- 
 temper, that they glory in their 
 faults, rejoice at other men's 
 misfortunes, are delighted with 
 vain hope, and exult in success. 
 
 The rich feast on dainty 
 dishes, but the poor live on 
 barley bread, nay, some live 
 on husks. Let us lay aside 
 prolixity of words ; for many 
 poor people, descended of ho- 
 nourable parents, have retired 
 from the city, on account of 
 the dearth of corn. 
 
 Some men trust to strength 
 of body, and the stability of 
 fortune, as stags trust to their 
 running ; brave men, say they, 
 descend from brave men, and 
 a pretty girl cannot be born of 
 a disgraceful mother. 
 
 This field consists of vine- 
 yards and woods ; I might re- 
 tain it, but I will stand by my 
 bargain and my promise ; thus 
 good men will praise me, the 
 poor will bless me. 
 
 IT In Thessaly, Caesar's ar- 
 my enjoyed very good health, 
 
 Hum ; sed vaco culpa mag- 
 nus sum solatium, 
 
 Debeo utor diligentia, 
 et non abutor tempus ; vi- 
 ta qui fruor sum brevis, 
 fungor igitur officium se- 
 dulo ; sic tandem potior 
 aureus vellus, vescor lac et 
 mel. 
 
 Homo debeo nitor virtus 
 potius quam sanguis ; nam 
 si quis innitor hie ars, et 
 gaudeo aequitas, mereor 
 laus. Sed stultus saepe is 
 morbus laboro, ut glorior 
 vitium suus. laetor alienus 
 malum, delect or vanus 
 spes, et exulto successus. 
 
 Dives epulor opimus 
 dopes, sed pauper victito 
 hordeaceus panis, imo qui- 
 dam vivo siliqua. Svper- 
 sedeo multitudo verbum ; 
 nam rnultus pauper, prog- 
 natus honestus parens, ce- 
 do urbs, propter caritas 
 annona. 
 
 Quidam homo conjido 
 jirmitas corpus, et stabili- 
 t as for tuna, ut cervus fido 
 cursus ; fortis, inquam y 
 creor fortis, et formosus 
 puella non possum nascor 
 mater pudendus. 
 
 Hie ager consto vinea et 
 sylva ; possum retineo, sed 
 sto pactum et promissum ; 
 sic bonus ego laudo, pau- 
 per ego benedico. 
 
 In Thessalia, Cmsarer- 
 ercitus utor bonus valetu- 
 
96 
 
 AN INTRO DUCTI02* 
 
 and very great plenty of water, 
 and abounded in every kind of 
 provision, except corn. 
 
 Great armies need great ge- 
 nerals. Though Caesar's sol- 
 diers had long wanted corn, and 
 had endured the most pinching 
 famine, yet no word was heard 
 from them unworthy of the ma- 
 jesty of the Roman people, or 
 of their former victories. 
 
 He seems to me to live, and 
 enjoy life, who, intent on busi- 
 ness, pursues the glory of some 
 famous action or useful art. 
 But in the great multitude of 
 affairs, nature has pointed out 
 different ways. It is a glorious 
 thing to act well for the re- 
 public, and it is no despicable 
 thing to speak well. 
 
 The victory was the The- 
 bans' ; but Epaminondas, 
 whilst he performed the office, 
 not only of a general, but also 
 of a very gallant soldier, was 
 grievously wounded. It is 
 uncertain whether he was a 
 better man or general ; he was 
 frugal of the public money ; he 
 was more greedy of glory than 
 of riches. 
 
 After this, Yitellius obtained 
 the government, a man of an 
 honourable rather than a noble 
 family ; he, as he had a mind 
 to be like Nero, was slain by 
 Vespasian's generals, and, be- 
 ing thrown into the Tiber, 
 wanted common burial. 
 
 The Scythians have not any 
 house, or dwelling, or habita- 
 
 do, summusque copia aqua, 
 ahundoque omnis genus 
 com meatus , praetcr fru- 
 mentum. 
 
 Magnus exercitus egeo 
 ma gnus dux, Quam vis 
 C(Bsar miles diu careo 
 frumentum, et sustento ex- 
 tremus fames, tamen nullus 
 vox audio ab is indig- 
 jius majestas populus Ro- 
 manus, aut superior victo- 
 ria. 
 
 Is videor ego vivo, et 
 fruor anima, qui, intentus 
 negotium, quacro gloria 
 aliquis praeclarus facinus 
 aut bonus ars. Sed in 
 magnus copia res, natura 
 ostendo diversus iter. Sum 
 pulcher benefacio respubli- 
 ca, et non sum absurdus 
 bene dico. 
 
 Victoria sum Thebanus ; 
 sed Epaminondas, dum 
 fungor offcium, non tan- 
 turn dux, verum etiam for- 
 tis miles, graviter vulnero. 
 Sum incertus sumne vir 
 bonus an dux ; sum par- 
 cus publicus pecunia ; sum 
 cupidus gloria quam divi- 
 tiae. 
 
 Dein, Yitellius potior 
 imperium, vir honoratus 
 magis quam nobilis 6 fa- 
 milia ; hie, cum volo sum 
 similis Nero occido a Ves- 
 pasianus dux, et, dejectus 
 in Tiberis, careo commu- 
 nis sepultura. 
 
 Scythae non sum ullus 
 domus, aut tectum, aut 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 97 
 
 tion ; they carry their wives 
 and children along with them 
 in waggons, which they use in- 
 stead of houses ; they live on 
 milk and venison ; the use of 
 wool is quite unknown to them. 
 
 Do you think that this most 
 beautiful city consists of houses 
 roofs, and a pile of stones ? 
 These dumb and lifeless things 
 may perish, and be repaired : 
 the eternity of the state, and 
 the peace of nations, depend 
 upon the safety of the senate. 
 
 sedes ; veho uxor liberique 
 suicum in plaustrum, qui 
 utor pro domus ; vescor 
 lac et ferina ; usus lana 
 sum prorsus ignotus is. 
 
 Tu credo hie pulcher 
 urbs sto domus, tectum, et 
 congeslus lapis ? Iste mu- 
 tus et inanimus possum in- 
 ter xido, ac reparo : aeter- 
 nitas res, et pax gens, in- 
 columitas senatus itor. 
 
 The land of Canaan, into which Moses conducted the Israelites, not only flow- 
 ed with rnilk and honey, but with wine also ; as appears from the large bunjh of 
 grapes which the spies brought to Moses. It abounded also in springs of water. 
 
 The poor man wants some things, the luxurious man many, and the covetous 
 man wants all things. 
 
 When liabel was a building, they made use of burnt bricks instead of stone, 
 and slime instead of mortar. Strabo aihrms the tower to have been 660 feet 
 high. It consisted of eight square towers, one above another, wiiich gradually 
 decreased in breadth. This, with the winding of the stairs from top to bottom, 
 on the outside, rendered it in some sort like a pyramid. 
 
 Active VERBS governing another case together with the 
 accusative 
 
 * 31. VERBS of accusing, condemning, acquitting, and 
 admonishing, with the accusative of the person, govern also 
 the genitive of the crime or thing. 
 
 He accuses me of theft. Arguit mefurti. 
 
 I condemn myself of laziness. Meipsum inertiae condem- 
 
 no. 
 
 They acquit him of man- Ilium homicidii absolvunt. 
 slaughter. 
 
 We put the grammarians in Grammaticos officii sui 
 mind of their duty. commonemus. 
 
 1. Verbs of ACCUSING are, accuso, ago, appello, arces» 
 so, anquiro, arguo, incuso, insimulo, inierrogo, postulo, alii'" 
 go, astringo, defero^ compello. 
 
 2. Verbs of CONDEMNING are, damno, condemno, in- 
 famo % noto. 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 3. Verbs of ACQUITTING are, absolvo, Ubcro, purgo. 
 
 4. Verbs of ADMONISHING are, moneo, admoneo, com- 
 moneo, commonefacio. 
 
 Note t. Verbs cf ACCUSING, CONDEMNING, and ACQUITTING, instead of 
 the genitive, take frequently the ablative, and that either with or without the 
 preposition de ; as, Cic. Accusare me de epistolarum negligentia. Id. De repetundis 
 eum postulavit. Id. De praevaricatione eum absolvere. Id. Eumde vi condemnavit. 
 Id. Suis eum eriminibus accusabo. Id. Metuit ne scelere se alligct. Liv. Consulem 
 suspicione absolvere. Cic. Librarios culpa libero. Tac. Adohscentem crimine pur- 
 eavit. Virg. Damnabis tu quoque votis. Cic. Condemnabo te eodem crxmine. Eut. 
 tlurimoa capite damnavit. 
 
 Note 2. Accuso, incuso, xnsimulo, sometimes take two accusatives ; as, Plaut. 
 Si id me non accusas. Ter. Quae me incusaveras. Plaut. Sic me insimulare falsum 
 facinus. 
 
 Note 3. Verbs of ADMONISHING, instead of the genitive, take sometimes 
 the ablathe with de ; as, Cic. Ut Tcrentiam moneatis de testamento. Id. J)e 
 quo vos paulo ante admonui. Id. Te de indulgentia patria commonebat. And some- 
 times they govern two accusatives ; as, Cic. Eos hoc monco. Ter. Id unum te mo- 
 neo. Id. Isthuc me admonere. 
 
 Note 4. The genitive, strictly speaking, is notgoverned by the verbs mentioned 
 in this rule, but by some ablative understood ; such as, crimine, scelere, peccato, 
 culpa, poena, actione, multa, nomine, re, causa, ergo, &c. as, Accuso te furti ; i. e. 
 crimine furti. And these, or any other ablative, is always governed by de or in 
 expressed or understood. When verbs of admonishing take two accusatives, 
 circa or quod ad may be understood to the accusative of the thing. 
 
 1. He that accuses another 
 of a crime, ought to look well 
 to himself ; for it is the proper- 
 ty of a fool, to accuse another 
 of a fault, of which he himself 
 is guilty. 
 
 The soldiers were in a rage, 
 and began to charge the tri- 
 bunes with treason and trea- 
 chery, and to accuse the cen- 
 turions of avarice. 
 
 The deputies have accused 
 this man of extortion ; he can- 
 not govern his tongue, he will 
 make himself guilty of theft or 
 of bribery. 
 
 2. Forbear to charge your 
 friend with villany, or reproach 
 him with arrogance ; he con- 
 demns himself of rashness, he 
 condemns himself of foolish- 
 ness. 
 
 3. The senate neither freed 
 
 Qui incuso alter pro 
 brum, debeo intueor sui 
 ipse ; nam sum stultus, ac- 
 cuso alter peccatum f qui 
 ipse sum conscius. 
 
 Miles fremo, et coept 
 arguo tribunus majestas ac 
 proditio, et insimulo cen- 
 turio avaritia. 
 
 Legatus postulo hie ho- 
 mo repetundae ; ipse non 
 possum moderor lingua, 
 alligo sui fur turn aut am- 
 bitus. 
 
 Parco damno amicus 
 tuus scelus, aut infamo is 
 arrogantia ; condemno sui 
 ipse temeritas, condemno 
 sui ipse amentia. 
 
 Senatus nec libero homo 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 9fl 
 
 the man of the fault, nor accus- 
 ed him ; but after he had clear- 
 ed himself of all the things that 
 were alleged, the judges ac- 
 quitted him of the trespass. 
 
 4. Our infirmity often re 
 minds us of mortality, sickness 
 warns us of death, adversity 
 ought to admonish us of our 
 duty, and put us in mind of 
 religion. 
 
 Tf Julius Caesar was a very 
 spare drinker of wine, and so 
 easy as to his diet, that he is 
 said once to have made use of 
 old oil, served up instead of 
 fresh, that he might not seem 
 to accuse his landlord of care- 
 lessness or clownish ignorance. 
 
 Not long after Coepio and 
 Hispo accused Marcellus, pre- 
 tor of Bithynia, of high treason. 
 The calamities of the times 
 and the insolence of men ren- 
 dered Hispo and his way of life 
 afterwards famous : at first he 
 was needy and obscure, but 
 turbulent ; he made his court 
 to the cruelty of the prince. 
 There remained even then 
 some traces of expiring liberty. 
 
 Capito objected, that Thra- 
 sea, though invested with the 
 priesthood, had never made 
 oblations for the safety of the 
 prince, and that he had not at- 
 tended the funeral of Poppea. 
 Capito was an enemy to Thra- 
 sea, because he had supported 
 the deputies of the Cilicians, 
 when they accused him of ex- 
 tortion. 
 
 A certain informer long ago 
 
 culpa, neque arguo ; sed 
 
 postquam purgo sui om- 
 
 nis qui affero, judex ab- 
 solvo is injuria. 
 
 Imbecillitas nosier saepe 
 admoneo ego mortalitas, 
 morbus moneo ego mors, 
 res adversus dcbeo com- 
 monefacio ego ojficium nos- 
 ter, et commoneo ego reli- 
 gio. 
 
 Julius Ccesar sum par- 
 ous vinum, et adeo indiffe- 
 rens circa victus, ut dico 
 quondam appeto conditus 
 oleum, appositus pro viri- 
 dis, ne videor arguo hos- 
 pes negligentia aut rusti- 
 citas. 
 
 Nec multo post, Coepio 
 et Hispo postulo Marcel- 
 lus, praetor Bithynia, ma- 
 jest as. Miser ia tempus et 
 audacia homo facio Hispo 
 et forma vita postea cele- 
 ber : primo sum egens et 
 ignotus, at inquies ; adre- 
 po saevitia princeps. Ma- 
 neo etiam turn quidam ves- 
 tigium moriens libertas. 
 
 Capito objecto, Thrasea, 
 quamvis praeditus sacer- 
 dotium, nunquam immolo 
 pro salus princeps, et non 
 intcrsum funus Poppea. 
 Capito sum inimicus Thra- 
 sea, quod juvo legatus Ci- 
 lix, dum interrogo is re 
 petundae. 
 
 Delator quidam olim 
 
100 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 accused this honest man of a 
 wicked action ; the judges how- 
 ever did not find him guilty of 
 the villany, but absolved him 
 from the charge. The cursed 
 rogue was cast into prison, 
 where he leads a life worse 
 than death. He often blames 
 the times for the mishap, of 
 which he himself is the cause. 
 
 On the other side the consul 
 bade the Romans remember 
 their former bravery ; he put 
 them in mind of the Aventine 
 and Sacred mount, that they 
 should fight for their liberty, 
 which they had lately recover- 
 ed. 
 
 When the army of the thirty 
 tyrants, of which the greatest 
 part were Athenians, fled, 
 Thrasybulus called out, and put 
 them in mind of their relation, 
 their laws, and their old fel- 
 lowship during so many wars, 
 and begged that they would 
 pity their banished countrymen. 
 
 Alexander, in his passage, 
 put the Thessalians in mind of 
 the kindnesses of his father 
 Philip, and his mother's alli- 
 ance with them by the family 
 of the Aeacidae. The Thes- 
 salians heard these things 
 gladly, and made him captain- 
 general of the whole nation. 
 
 accuso hie probus vir fa- 
 cinus ; judex tamen non 
 condeirmo is scclus, scd ab- 
 soloo is crimen. Scelera- 
 tits homo conjicio in car- 
 eer, ubi vita gravis mors 
 exigo. Saepe damno 
 tempus infelicitas, qui ipse 
 sum causa. 
 
 Ex alter pars, consul 
 jubeo Romanus memini 
 pristinus virtus; admoneo 
 is Aventinus et Sacer mons, 
 ut pugno pro libertas, qui 
 nuper recupero. 
 
 Cum exercitus triginta 
 tyr annus, qui pars magnus 
 sum Athcniensis, fugio, 
 Thrasybulus exclamo, et 
 admoneo is cognatio, lex, 
 et vetustus commilitium 
 per tot helium, et oro ut 
 misereor exul civis. 
 
 Alexander, in transi- 
 tus, admoneo Thessalu.? 
 beneficium pater Philip- 
 pus, et maternus necessi* 
 tudo cum hie ab gens 
 Aeacidae. Thessalus au- 
 dio hie cupide, et creo is 
 dux universus gens. 
 
 Midas requested of Bacchus, that whatever he touched might become go,d ; 
 Bacchus consented. Whatever, therefore, Midas touched, instantly became 
 gold ; nay, when he touched his meat or drink, they also became gold. Midas, 
 now sensible of his mistake, accused himself of folly, and desired Bacchus to re- 
 move this pernicious gift. Bacchus complied, and bid him bathe in the river 
 Pactolus. Midas did so, and hence the sand ot that river became gold. 
 
 Sesostris, king of Egypt, had his chariot drawn by four captive kings, whom 
 he had not condemned to die. But as one of them continually fixed his eye upon 
 the chariot-wheel, Sesostris asked him, what he meant ? The captive king re- 
 plied, The turning of the wheel puts me in mind of our fortune ; for that part 
 which is now highest, presently becomes lowest ; and that which is lowest, 
 becomes highest. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 101 
 
 * 32. Verbs of valuing, with the accusative, govern such 
 genitives as these, magni, parvi, nihili, &c. 
 
 I value you much. Aestimo te magni. 
 
 You little regard me. Tu me parvi pencils 
 
 Verbs of VALUING are, aestimo, existimo, duco, facio, 
 habeo, pendo, puto, taxo ; to these add sum andjfo, which 
 likewise govern the genitive of value, but do not take the 
 accusative. 
 
 The rest of these genitives are, tanti, quanti, pluris, mi 
 noris, maximi, minimi, plui imi ; also, assis, nauci, Jiocci 
 pili, teruncii, hujus, pensi. 
 
 Note 1. To this rule maybe referred these phrases, aequi bonique facio, or aeqvr 
 \oni facio ; and boni consulo. 
 
 Note 2. The verb aestimo, instead of the genitive, takes sometimes these abla- 
 tives, magno, permagno, parvo, nihilo, nonnihilo ; as, Senec. Data magno aestimas , 
 accepta parvo. Cic. Quia sit nonnihilo aestimandum. Id. Tuistapermagno aestimas. 
 
 Note 3. The substantive understood to the adjectives magni, parvi, &c. is pre' 
 tii, aeris, ponderis, momenti, or the like ; and the construction may be thus sup- 
 plied : Aestimo te magni, i. e. aestimo te esse hominem magni pretii. Aestimat 
 pecuniam parvi, i. e. aestimat pecuniam esse rem parvi momenti ; or thus, aestimo 
 te pro homine magni pretii, aestimat pecuniam pro re parvi momenti. In like man- 
 ner, Isthuc aequi bonique facio, i. e. facio isthuc rem aequi bonique hominis vel ne- 
 gotii. And someway similar to this is that of Nep. Quae tile vniversa naturati 
 quodam bono fecit lucri, i. e. fecit rem lucri. 
 
 Epicurus valued pleasure at 
 a great rate ; but a wise man 
 values pleasure at a very low 
 rate. 
 
 Brave men little regard big 
 words, and they value threats 
 as nothing. 
 
 I do not value those men a 
 farthing, I do not value the au- 
 gur a rush, I value you more 
 than them all. 
 
 That fellow did not value me 
 one penny ; he went off, nor 
 did he value a pin what I said. 
 
 Cassius likewise plighted 
 his own faith, which Jugurtha 
 valued no less than that of the 
 public. 
 
 Most men value money very 
 K 
 
 Epicurus voluptas mag- 
 vnm aestimo ; sed sapiens 
 voluptas minimum facio. 
 
 Vir fortis jactans ver- 
 bum parvum pendo, et mi- 
 nac nihilum facio. 
 
 Non is teruncius facio, 
 non nauci augur liabeo, tu 
 plus quam omnis ille puto. 
 
 Iste homo non unus as 
 ego aestimo ; abeo, neque 
 qui dico floccus existimo. 
 
 Cassius quoque fides su- 
 us interpono, qui Jugurtha 
 non minus quam publicus 
 duco. 
 
 Plerique liomo petunia 
 
102 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 much, and gold is valued a 
 great deal every where. 
 
 Every evil is as great as we 
 rate it ; a wise man, however, 
 values reputation more than 
 life itself. 
 
 There is nobody in all this 
 house who regards what he 
 either says or does before the 
 child. 
 
 War makes many bishops 
 who in peace were not valued 
 so much as a farthing or a pin. 
 
 It is not the part of a wise 
 man to say, I will live well to- 
 morrow. Virtue is the most 
 precious of all things. It is 
 therefore the part of a fool to 
 despise that, which all men 
 ought to value more than riches 
 or pleasure. 
 
 A wise man values pleasure 
 very little, because it is the 
 bane of the mind, and the cause 
 of all wickedness and misery ; 
 but he values no possession 
 more than virtue, because it is 
 an ornament in prosperity, a 
 comfort in adversity, and the 
 fountain of all public and pri- 
 vate happiness. 
 
 Thebes, both before Epami- 
 nondas was born, and after hi3 
 death, was always subject to a 
 foreign power ; on the other 
 hand, as long as he governed 
 the commonwealth, it was the 
 head of all Greece. From 
 ^vhich it may be understood, 
 ttiat one man was more worth 
 than the whole city, and that 
 an army is just as much worth 
 as the general is 
 
 maximum facio, et passim 
 plurimumjio aurum. 
 
 Unusquisque malum sum 
 tantum quantum Me taxo ; 
 sapiens, tamen, aestimo fa- 
 ma plus quam vita ipse. 
 
 Nemo sum in hie totus 
 domus qui pensum habeo 
 quis coram infans aut dice 
 aut facio. 
 
 Bellum gigno multus 
 episcopus, qui in pax ne 
 quidem teruncius aut pilus 
 fio. 
 
 Non sum sapiens dico, 
 vivo bene eras. Virtus 
 sum pretiosus omnis res. 
 Sum itaque stultus sperno 
 is qui omnis debeo aestimo 
 plus quam divitiae aut vo- 
 luntas. 
 
 Sapiens facio volupta* 
 minimum, quia sum pestis 
 animus, et origo omnis sce- 
 lus et miseria ; sed aestimo 
 nullus possessio plus quam 
 virtus, quia sum ornamen- 
 tum in res secundus, sola- 
 tium in adversus, et fons 
 omnis publicus et privatus 
 felicitas* 
 
 Thebae, et ante Epami- 
 nondas natus, et post is in- 
 teritus, perpetuo pareo a- 
 lienus imperium ; contra 
 is, quamdiu ille praesum 
 respublica, sum caput totus 
 Graecia. Ex qui possum 
 intelligo, unus homo sum 
 plus quam totus civitas, et 
 exercitus sum tantum quan» 
 turn imperator. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 103 
 
 A boar had made the fountain muddy, out of which a horse of a proud spirit used 
 to drink. The horse, full of wrath, inlreated a man, that he would assist him 
 against the boar. The man leaped upon the back of the horse, and slew the boar. 
 The horse was glad ; nothing was more joyful than the foolish horse. The man 
 then spake to the horse thus : I value you more than the boar which I have 
 slain ; a horse is the most useful of all quadrupeds ; hitherto you have been free 
 from labour, you shall not return to your former way of life. The horse, now 
 sad, accused himself of great madness : Pride, said he, hath pushed me on to re- 
 venge ; my foolish pride is now a grief to my heart ; I wish I had forgot the small 
 injury done by the boar ; I am no more my own master. 
 
 33. VERBS of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking 
 away, govern the dative with the accusative. 
 
 I compare Virgil to Homer. 
 
 Give every man his own. 
 You tell a story to a deaf man. 
 He rescued me from death. 
 Give not up your mind to plea- 
 sure. 
 
 Comparo Virgilium Home' 
 ro. 
 
 Suum cuique tribuito. 
 N arras fabulam surdo. 
 Eripuil me morti. 
 Ne addicas animum volup- 
 tatu 
 
 h Verbs of COMPARING are, comparo, compono, con- 
 fero, aequo, aequiparo ; also, antepono, antefero, pracpcno y 
 praefero ; and postpono, posthabeo,postfero, &c. 
 
 2. Verbs of GIVING are, do, tribuo, largior, praebeo, 
 ministro, suggero, supptdito. To which add verbs of RE- 
 STORING ; as, reddo, restituo, retribuo, rependo, reme- 
 tior : of ACQUIRING ; as, quaero, acquiro, pa.ro, par io : 
 of PROMISING ; as, promitto, polliceor, recipio, spondeo ; 
 also, debeo, solvo, asscro, vindico, mitto, relinquo, and in- 
 numerable others. 
 
 3. Verbs of DECLARING are, narro, dico, memoro, lo- 
 quor, nuncio, refero, declaro, aperio, expono, explico, signifi- 
 co, indico, monstro, ostendo, &c. To which add verbs of 
 DENYING ; as, nego, inficior : and CONFESSING ; as, 
 fateor, confiteor, &c. 
 
 4. Verbs of TAKING AWAY are, aufero, adimo, eripio, 
 eximo, demo, surripio, detraho, excutio, extorqueo, Sic. 
 
 5. To these may be added a great many active verbs, 
 compounded with the prepositions ad, in, cb,prae, sub, and 
 innumerable other verbs that cannot be reduced to distinct 
 classes. In short, any active verb may govern the dative 
 w r ith the accusative, when together with the things done is 
 also signified the person oi thing to or for whom or which 
 it is done- 
 
,04 
 
 AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 Note 1. Comparo, confero, componc, instead of the dative, take frequently the 
 ablative with cum : as, Cic. Ut homintm cum homine comparetis. Sail. IHcta cum 
 factis componere. Cic. Conferte kanc paccm cum illo hello. 
 
 Note 2. Verbs of TAKING AWAY, instead of the dative, have often *.he ti la- 
 tive, with a, ab, de, e, or ex ; as, Ter. A ujerre ah aliquo triginta minus. Cic. Eri- 
 pite. nos ex miseriis. Plaut. Demagnis dxvitiis si quid demas, &C. The preposi- 
 tion is sometimes suppressed; as, Virg. Vagina eripit ensem. 
 
 Note 3. The accusative is sometimes suppressed ; as, Supplicare ahcui, sc. ge> 
 nua. Nubere alicui, sc. se vel vultum. hnponere alicui, sc. sarcinam vel ridiculi 
 quidpiam. Dctrahere alicui, sc. laudem. Ignoscere ahcui, sc. culpam, &C. 
 
 Note 4. These verbs hortor, invito, voco, provoco, animo, stimulo, conformo, la~ 
 cesso, instigo, incito, suscito, allicio, pellicio, and the like, instead of the dative, 
 take the accusative, with tne preposition ad } or sometimes in. 
 
 1 . The covetous man com- 
 pares great things with small, 
 and disregards every thing in 
 comparison of money. Old 
 men compare themselves with 
 old men, and prefer retirement 
 to business ; but boys general- 
 ly postpone serious matters to 
 diversion. 
 
 Fools compare themselves 
 with great men, and prefer 
 pleasure to virtue ; but wise 
 men put themselves on a level 
 with their inferiors, and prefer 
 friendship to money ; they less 
 value wealth than liberty, and 
 prefer death to slavery. 
 
 2. God hath given an erect 
 countenance to man, bestowed 
 on him many endowments of 
 mind, and granted him the earth 
 for a habitation, which yields 
 grass for cattle, affords flowers 
 for bees, finds food for man, 
 and furnishes fuel for fire. 
 
 If this tyrant will not restore 
 liberty to the citizens, return 
 things to their owners, refund 
 the money to the people, or re- 
 pay to every one his own, the 
 people ought to seek for them- 
 selves another governor, and 
 procure an enemy to their foe. 
 
 Avarus compono mag- 
 nus parvus, et postpono om- 
 uls nummus. Senex com- 
 paro sui senex, et antefero 
 otium negotium ; at puer 
 fereposthabeo serius Indus, 
 
 Stultus conjero sui mag- 
 nus, et praepono voluptas 
 virtus; sed sapiens aequo 
 sui inferior, et praefero 
 amicitia pecunia ; postfero 
 opes libertas, et antepono 
 mors servitus. 
 
 Deus do sublimis os ha 
 mo, tribuo is multus dos 
 animus, et largior is terra 
 in domicilium, qui suggero 
 gramen pecus, ministro 
 Jlos apis, suppedito alimcn- 
 tum homo, et praebeo mate- 
 ria ignis. 
 
 Si hie tyrannus, nolo 
 reddo libertas civis, resti- 
 tuo res dominus suits, rc- 
 tribuo pecunia populus, out 
 rependo quisque suus, po- 
 pulus debeo quaero alius 
 praefectus sui, at que acqui- 
 ro hostis inimicus suus 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 105 
 
 This covetous fellow lays up 
 riches for others, but he will 
 not gain praise to himself : he 
 has lately betrothed his daugh- 
 ter to a gentleman, to whom he 
 has promised a large portion ; 
 but he will not perform what 
 he has promised to him ; for he 
 designs to leave a very great 
 estate to his son. 
 
 The gentleman who used to 
 send letters and presents to 
 you, begins now to claim and 
 assume high titles to himself ; 
 you owe him a great sum, and 
 it is not your part to pay him 
 bad money instead of good ; 
 you owe your life to him. 
 
 3. This man brings good 
 news to us ; he has told the 
 whole affair to his master, and 
 has assigned me the reason why 
 he did so. I give credit to his 
 words, for he does not use to 
 tell a falsehood to any one, but 
 speaks the truth to all ; in this 
 affair he has behaved well, I 
 will return him the favour. 
 
 It is the part of a fool to dis- 
 cover his sentiments to every 
 one, to unfold his thoughts to 
 mockers, to expose his mis- 
 takes to enemies, or to open his 
 ears to flatterers ; but we may 
 discover any thing to a true 
 friend, or signify our mind to 
 him by a letter. 
 
 It is the part of a good man 
 to show the way to him that 
 winders, and point out to him 
 his road. It is also the part of 
 a good man to confess his sins 
 to God, and own his mistakes 
 to men. But he does wicked- 
 k2 
 
 Hie avarus paro divi- 
 tiae alius, sed non pario 
 laus sui : nuper spondeo 
 fdia vir, qui polliceor am- 
 plus dos ; sed non praesto 
 qui promitto is ; nam sta- 
 tuo relinquo permagnus 
 haereditas fdius. 
 
 Vir qui soleo mitto litera 
 et munus tu, nunc incipio 
 assero et vindico tnagnus 
 titulus sui; debeo ille 
 grandis pecunia, et non 
 sum tuus solvo is adulte- 
 rinus numrnus pro bonus ; 
 debeo vita ille. 
 
 Hie homo nuncio res 
 laetus ego ; narro omnis 
 res dorninus, et memoro 
 ego causa quare ita facio. 
 Tribuo jides verbum, non 
 enim soleo dico falsuS qui' 
 vis, sed loquor verum om- 
 nis ; hie in. res ago bene, 
 refero is gratia. 
 
 Sum stultus declaro sen-. 
 
 tentia suus quivis, eocplico 
 
 cositatio suus irrisor, ex- 
 es ... 
 pono error suus inimicus, 
 
 aut aperio auris assenta- 
 tor ; at possum indico qui- 
 vis res verus amicus, aut 
 signifco mens is per lite- 
 rae. 
 
 Sum bonus vir monstro 
 via errans, et ostendo is 
 iter. Sum etiam bonus 
 vir conjitcor peccatum 
 Deus, et fateor error homo 
 At improbe facio, qui nego 
 opis patria, aut inficior le~ 
 
106 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 ly, who denies aid to his coun- 
 try, or refuses a legacy to the 
 man to whom the testator hath 
 left it. 
 
 4. Pain takes away the en- 
 joyment of pleasure from men, 
 and often removes sleep from 
 their eyes. Wine removes the 
 load from an anxious spirit, 
 and takes off the gloom from 
 the hrows. But it is the pro- 
 perty of philosophy to remove 
 error from the mind. 
 
 Fortune often snatches away 
 wealth from the rich, but she 
 cannot filch away honesty or 
 probity from the virtuous. It is 
 not easy, however, to extort 
 money from a covetous man ; 
 you will sooner wrest the club 
 from Hercules. But you may 
 easily strike fire from a flint. 
 
 5. A wise man suits himself 
 to nature, and adds virtue to 
 virtue ; but a fool gives up his 
 mind to intemperance, and 
 brings misery on his country ; 
 sometimes he turns robber, and 
 puts a sword to the throat of his 
 countrymen ; he joins wicked 
 fellows as comrades to him, and 
 adds strength to the mischief. 
 
 A brave man easily pardons 
 others many things, himself 
 nothing ; he proclaims war 
 against his lusts, but never de- 
 sires to make war upon his 
 country, or engage himself in 
 civil broils ; he rather chuses 
 to fasten his darts in the backs 
 of enemies, to strike a terror 
 into them, or to inflict punish- 
 ment on criminals. 
 
 We ought to oppose a stout 
 
 gatum homo qui legator 
 relinquo. 
 
 Dolor aufero fructas vo- 
 luptas homo, et saepe adi- 
 rno somnus oculus. Vinum 
 eximo onus solicit us ani- 
 mus, et demo nubes super- 
 cilium. Sed sum proprius 
 philosophia detraho error 
 mens. 
 
 For tun a saepe eripio 
 opes dives, at non possum 
 surripio honestas aut pro- 
 bitas bonus. Haud facilis 
 tamen sum extorquco pecu- 
 nia avarus ; cito extorquco 
 clava Hercules. Sed pos- 
 sum facile cxcutio ignis 
 silex. 
 
 Sapiens accommodo sui 
 natura, ct addo virtus vir- 
 tus ; at stultus addico ani- 
 mus in temper antia, et ad- 
 fero calamitas patria ; in- 
 terdum fio latro, et admo- 
 veo gladius jugulum civis ; 
 adjungo pravus homo so- 
 cius sui, et adjicio vires 
 malum. 
 
 Fortis vir facile ignosco 
 alius multus, sui nihil ; in- 
 dico bcllum cupiditas suus, 
 sed nunquam cupio infer o 
 bellum patria, aut insero 
 sui civilis disse?isio ; malo 
 infigo telum tergurn hostis, 
 incutio terror ille, aut ir- 
 rogo poena peccans 
 
 Debeo oppono fortis pec* 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 107 
 
 heart to hard fortune ; but we 
 ought not to throw ourselves 
 in among the darts of the ene- 
 my, and expose our life to dan- 
 ger without cause, especially 
 now when night begins to 
 spread darkness over the earth. 
 
 The bees prepare meat for 
 the winter ; and a king ought 
 to imitate them, and provide 
 those things that are necessary 
 for war or a siege ; he ought 
 to set a general and lieutenants 
 over his forces, and prescribe 
 to every one his duty, that he 
 may be able to prevent access 
 to the enemy. 
 
 The king being frighted, 
 puts spurs to his horse, and 
 withdraws himself from the 
 battle ; his army was routed 
 and put to flight ; the cities and 
 towns soon after began to sub- 
 mit themselves to the conque- 
 ror, to put their necks under 
 his yoke, and subject them- 
 selves to his government. 
 
 Gold and poverty have often 
 persuaded men to bad things ; 
 but I give thanks to God, that 
 my brother has done you no 
 wrong ; I give credit to the 
 words of the messenger more 
 than to yours ; I will not shut 
 my ears to the truth. 
 
 God, who has threatened 
 most dreadful punishment to 
 the wicked, commands us to 
 set bounds to our desires, and 
 give a check to lust ; let us, 
 therefore, lend a patient ear to 
 his admonitions ; let us not de- 
 vote ourselves to pleasure, nor 
 
 tus adversus res ; sed non 
 debeo olnicio ego telum 
 hostis, et offcro caput peri- 
 culum sine causa, praeser- 
 tim nun cumc nox incipio 
 offundo caligo terra. 
 
 Apis praeparo cihus 
 kiems ; et rex debeo imitor 
 is, et paro is qui sum ne- 
 cessarius bellum aut obsi- 
 dio ; debeo praejicio dux et 
 legatus copiae, et praescri- 
 bo unusquisque munia suus, 
 ut possum praecludo aditus 
 hostis* 
 
 Rex territus, subdo cal- 
 car equus, et subtraho sui 
 pugna ; exercitus is fundo 
 fugoque ; urbs et oppidum 
 mox coepi submitto sui vic- 
 tor, suppono collum jugum, 
 et subjicio sui imperium is. 
 
 Aurum et paupertas 
 saepe suadeo malum homo ; 
 sed ago gratia Deus, quod 
 fratcr meusfacio tu nullus 
 injuria : habeo fides ver~ 
 bum nuncius magis quam 
 tuus ; nolo claudo auris 
 Veritas. 
 
 Deus, qui minor gravis 
 supplicium impius, jubeo 
 ego statuo modus cupido 
 noster, et injicio fraenum 
 libido ; commodo, igitur, 
 patiens auris monitum is , 
 ne dedo ego voluptas, ne- 
 que trado egomet socordia 
 
108 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 give up ourselves to sloth or 
 idleness. 
 
 Note 4. The general con- 
 formed himself to the inclina- 
 tion of the prince, and called 
 the rogues hefore him ; they 
 had provoked us to anger, had 
 challenged us to a combat, had 
 spirited up others to the same 
 crime, and spurred them on to 
 arms. The next day, however, 
 the general invited them all to 
 a feast, and exhorted them to 
 peace. 
 
 Ihe love of praise rouses 
 men to their duty, disposes their 
 minds to industry, and incites 
 them to glorious actions. But 
 the love of money prompts 
 men to villanous practices, al- 
 lures them to wickedness, and 
 entices maids to dishonesty. 
 
 Tf When Eumenes under- 
 stood these things, he called his 
 soldiers together, and first he 
 gives them thanks, that none 
 was found who preferred the 
 hopes of a bloody reward to the 
 obligation of his oath ; then he 
 cunningly subjoins, that he had 
 forged these letters, that he 
 might try their affections. 
 
 After this, Alexander invites 
 his friends to a feast ; where, 
 when mention was made of the 
 things which Philip his father 
 had done, he began to prefer 
 himself before his father, and 
 to extol the greatness of his 
 own exploits to heaven, whilst 
 the greater part of the guests 
 said as he said. 
 
 When the ambassadors of the 
 Athenians came to Alcibiades, 
 
 aut ignavia. 
 
 Dux conformo sui ad 
 voluntas rex, et scelestus ad 
 sui voco ; lacesso ego ad 
 ira, provoco ego ad certa- 
 mcn, animo alius ad idem 
 crimen et stimulo is ad ar- 
 ma. Postridie, tamen, 
 dux invito omnis ad epu- 
 lae, et hor 'or is ad pax. 
 
 A mor laus svscito homo 
 ad officium suus, inclino 
 animus ad diligentia, et in- 
 cito is ad praeclarus f aci- 
 nus. Sed amor nummus 
 instigo vir in malus ars, 
 allicio is ad nequitia, et 
 pellicio virgo ad stuprum. 
 
 Cum Eumenes cognosco 
 hie, convoco miles, et pri- 
 rno ago is gratia, quod ne- 
 mo invenio qui antepono 
 spes crucntus praemium 
 jldes sacramentum ; turn 
 collide subnecto, sui confin- 
 go hie epistola, ut experior 
 animus. 
 
 Post hie, Alexander vo- 
 co amicus ad convixnum ; 
 ubi, cum mentio orior res 
 qui Philippus pater is ge- 
 ro, coepi praefero sui pa- 
 ter, et extollo magnitudo 
 res suus coclum tenus, dum 
 magnus pars conviva as- 
 scntor. 
 
 Cum legatus Atheniensis 
 venio aa Alcibiades, polli- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 109 
 
 he promised them the king's 
 friendship, if the government 
 should be transferred from the 
 people to the senate. The 
 Athenians > because the danger 
 of the war hung over them, 
 had a greater care of their 
 safety than honour ; where- 
 fore the government is trans- 
 ferred to the senate. 
 
 The coming of the Cartha- 
 ginians recalled Dionysius the 
 tyrant [out of Italy] into Sicily. 
 Hanno the Carthaginian was 
 general of that war, whose ene- 
 my, Suniatus, the most power- 
 ful of the Carthaginians, en- 
 deavoured to give notice of his 
 coming to Dionysius ; but Han- 
 no intercepted the letter, and 
 condemned Suniatus of treach- 
 ery. 
 
 Virginius weeping said never 
 a word a long time ; at last he 
 lifted up his hands to heaven, 
 and be "-(red of his fellow- sol- 
 diers that they would not as- 
 cribe the villany of Appius 
 Claudius to him ; that they 
 would not abhor him as the 
 murderer of his children. He 
 told them that the life of his 
 daughter was dearer to him 
 than his own. 
 
 After Alexander, Arrybas' 
 step-son, and brother of Olym- 
 pias, was come to the age of 
 twenty years, Philip, king of 
 Macedonia, took the kingdom 
 of Epire from Arrybas, and 
 gave it to the youth ; being 
 wicked towards both ; for he 
 did not observe the laws of af- 
 finity towards him from whom 
 
 ceor is amicitia rex, si res- 
 publica translatus for em a 
 populus ad scnatus. Aihe- 
 niensis, quod periculum 
 helium is immineo, sum 
 magnus cura solus quam 
 dignitas ; itaque imperium 
 transfero ad senatus. 
 
 Adventus Carthaginien- 
 sis in Sicilia revoco Diony- 
 sius tyr annus [ex Italia], 
 Hanno Carthaginiensis 
 sum dux is helium, qui ini- 
 micus, Suniatus, potens 
 Poenus, conor praenuncio 
 adventus is Dionysius ; sed 
 Hanno comprehendo lite- 
 rae, et damno Suniatus 
 proditio. 
 
 Virginius jlens mitto 
 nullus vox diu ; tandem 
 tendo manus ad coelum, et 
 oro commilito ne atiribuo 
 scelus Appius Claudius 
 sui ; ne avers or sui ut par- 
 ricida liheri. Dico is vita 
 jilia sum carus sui suus. 
 
 Postquam Alexander, 
 Arrybas privignus, et f ra- 
 ter Olympias, pervenio ad 
 aetas viginti annus, Phi- 
 lippus, rex Macedonia, 
 eripio regnum Epirus Ar- 
 rybas, et do puer ; scelestus 
 in uterque ; nam non servo 
 jus cognatio in is qui adi- 
 mo regnum, et facio is qui 
 
110 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 he took the kingdom, and he 
 made him to whom he gave it 
 a debauchee, before he made 
 him a king. 
 
 Alexander commends the 
 loyalty of the Persians, as well 
 to their former kings as to 
 himself. He puts them in 
 mind of his kindnesses to them, 
 how he had never treated them 
 as a conquered people, but as 
 the companions of his victory ; 
 and now he says, that he 
 would trust the guard of his 
 person, not only to the Mace- 
 donians, but to them too. 
 
 Almost all the east appoint- 
 ed divine honours and temples 
 for Jason ; which, after many 
 years, Parmenio, a general of 
 Alexander the Great, ordered 
 to be pulled down, lest the 
 name of any one should be 
 more venerable in the east than 
 the name of Alexander. After 
 the death of Jason, Medius his 
 son built the city of Medea, in 
 honour of his mother. 
 
 The Athenians, therefore; 
 against so great a storm of war, 
 chuse two generals, Pericles, a 
 man of tried conduct, and So- 
 phocles, the writer of trage- 
 dies ; who both laid waste the 
 lands of the Spartans, and add- 
 ed many cities of Achaia to 
 the empire of the Athenians. 
 This affair procured to the ge- 
 nerals the love of the citizens. 
 
 Wherefore, as all the pre- 
 tenders were invited to the 
 wedding, the Grecian strangers 
 are desired likewise to the 
 feast ; then the young lady be- 
 
 do impudicus, antequam 
 facio rex. 
 
 A lexander laudo fides 
 Persae, turn in pristinus 
 rex, turn in sui. Admo- 
 neo is beneficium suns in is, 
 ut nunquam habeo is quasi 
 victus, sed veluti socius 
 victoria; et nunc aio, sui 
 credo custodia corpus suus, 
 non tantum Macedo, sed is 
 etiam. 
 
 Totus fere oriens consti- 
 tuo divinus honor et tern- 
 plum Jason ; qui, post mul- 
 tus annus, Parmenio, dux 
 Alexander Magnus, jubeo 
 diruo, ne nomen quisquam 
 sum vcnerabilis in oriens 
 nomen Alexander. Post 
 mors Jason, Medius is fi- 
 lms condo urbs Medea, in 
 honor mater. 
 
 Atheniensis, igitur, ad- 
 versus tantus tempestas bel- 
 lum, deligo duo dux, Peri- 
 cles, vir spcctatus virtus, 
 et Sophocles, scriptor tra- 
 goedia : qui et vasto agcr 
 Spartanus, et adjicio mul- 
 tus civitas Achaia imperi- 
 um Atheniensis. Is res 
 concilio dux amor civis. 
 
 Itaque, cum omnis pro- 
 cus invito ad nuptiae, 
 Graecus hospes rogo etiam 
 ad convivium ; deinde vir- 
 go introductus, jubeo a pa- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ing introduced, was ordered by 
 her father to deliver water to 
 him, whom she chose for her 
 husband. She turning to the 
 Greeks, delivers the water to 
 Protis, who afterwards built 
 Massilia nigh tjie mouth of the 
 river Rhone. 
 
 Claudius Caesar made war 
 upon Britain, which none of the 
 Romans after Julius Caesar had 
 meddled with ; he added like- 
 wise some islands lying in the 
 ocean beyond Britain to the 
 Roman empire, which are call- 
 ed the Orkneys, and gave the 
 name of Britannicus to his son. 
 
 Vespasian was a prince of 
 the most charming goodness, 
 as who did not easily punish 
 those guilty of treason against 
 him, beyond the pain of banish- 
 ment ; but he was too greedy 
 of money, yet so that he took 
 it from nobody unjustly, and 
 bestowed it very liberally on 
 people in want. He added two 
 very potent nations, twenty 
 towns, and the isle of Wight 
 near Britain, to the Roman em- 
 pire. Under him too Judea 
 was added to the Roman em- 
 pire, and Jerusalem, the most 
 famous city of Palestine. 
 
 Cyrus takes Sybaris, and re- 
 turns to Persepolis ; where he 
 called the people together, and 
 orders them all to be ready with 
 hatchets, and cut down the 
 wood which hung over the 
 highways ; which when they 
 had readily done, he invites 
 them all to a feast the day after. 
 
 ter porrigo aqua is, qui 
 eligo vir. Ille convcrsus 
 ad Graccus, porrigo aqua 
 Protis, qui postea condo 
 Massilia prope ostium am- 
 nis Rhodanus. 
 
 Claudius C(Bsar infero 
 helium Britannia, qui nul- 
 lus Romanus post Julius 
 CcBsar attingo ; addo etiam 
 quidam insula positus in 
 oceanus ultra Britannia 
 Romanus imperium, qui 
 appello Orcades, impono- 
 que nomen Britannicus Ji- 
 lius suus. 
 
 Vespasianus sum prin- 
 ceps placidus bonitas, ut 
 qui non facile punio reus 
 majestas contra sui, ultra 
 poena exilium ; sed sum 
 avidus pecunia, tamen ita 
 ut aufero is nullus injuste, 
 et largior is studiose indi- 
 gens. Adjicio duo validus 
 gens, viginti oppidum, el 
 insula Vectae proximus 
 Britannia, Romanus impe- 
 rium. Sub hie quoque Ju- 
 daea accedo Romanus im- 
 perium, et Hierosolyma, 
 clarus urbs Palestina. 
 
 Cyrus assumo Sybaris, 
 et regredior ad Persepo- 
 lis ; ubi convoco populus, 
 et jubco omnis praesto sum 
 cum securis, et excido syl- 
 va qui immineo via ; qui 
 cum strenue facio, invito 
 omnis ad epulae postridie. 
 
112 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Annibal's advice pleased king 
 Antiochus ; wherefore one of 
 Annibal's companions is sent 
 into Africa to the Carthagi- 
 nians, to encourage them to 
 the war, and tell them that An- 
 nibal would come presently 
 with an army ; that nothing 
 was wanting but the counte- 
 nance of the Carthaginians. 
 
 Whilst all were amazed at 
 the cruel tyranny of Aristoti- 
 mus, Hellenicus, an old n-an, 
 who had no children, gathers 
 together his friends, and ex- 
 horts them to the delivery of 
 their country. They conspire 
 together against the tyrant's 
 life, and Aristotimus is taken 
 off. 
 
 It is a commendable thing 
 for a boy to apply his mind to 
 the study of good letters ; they 
 will be always useful to him, 
 they will procure him the fa- 
 vour and love of good men, 
 which those that are wise va- 
 lue more than riches and plea- 
 sure. 
 
 Annibal consilium pla- 
 ceo rex Antiochus; quare 
 unus ex co?ncs Annibal mit- 
 to in Africa ad Carthagi- 
 niensis, ut hortor is ad bel- 
 lum, et nuncio Annibal 
 mox venio cum exercitus ; 
 nihil desum nisi animus 
 Carthaginiensis. 
 
 Cum omnis stupeo ad 
 saevus dominatio Aristoti- 
 mus, Hellenicus, senex, 
 qui nallus liberi sum, con- 
 traho amicus suits, et hortor 
 is ad vindicta patria. Con- 
 juro in caput tyr annus, et 
 Aristotimus opprimo. 
 
 Laudabilis sum puer ad- 
 jungo animus ad studium 
 bonus literae ; sum semper 
 utilis ille, concilio ille fa- 
 vor et amor bonus, qui qui 
 sapio aestimo plus quarn 
 divitiae et voluptas. 
 
 God has bestowed upon all his creatures some arms or weapons for theft de- 
 fence. To the birds he has given wings, to the lions strength ; horns to the 
 brills ; stings to the bees ; and to man he hath given wisdom, which is a more 
 excellent weapon, and sharper than a two-edged sword. 
 
 Do not, says Hanno, give yourselves up to an immoderate joy ; Mago deceives 
 you. It is only imaginary triumphs he promises you. If we are to believe him, 
 Annibal has cut the Roman armies to pieces ; why, therefore, does he ask more 
 soldiers ? He has twice taken and plundered the Roman camp ; he is loaded 
 with boot} ; why, therefore, should we send him more money and provisions ? 
 The Romans do not desire peace, and consequently are not so much humbled as 
 he would pursuade us. Let us not exhaust ourselves merely to satisfy Annibal's 
 pri le. 
 
 When Caius, a Roman nobleman, had beaten Pyrrhus king of Epire, and driven 
 him out of Italy, he divided some lands among his soldiers ; to every man he dis- 
 tributed four acres, and reserved no more for himself ; for none, said he, ought 
 to be a general, who will not be content with the share of a common soldier ; I 
 wo rld rather, quoth he, rule over rich men, than be rich myself. 
 
 There are a great many miseries to which nothing but death can give reliel. 
 Death puts an end to the sorrows of the afflicted and oppressed ; it sets the pri- 
 son jrs at liberty ; it dries up the tears of the widows and fatherless ; it eases 
 the complaints of the hungry and naked ; it tames the proudest tyrants, and puts 
 an tnd to all our labours. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 113 
 
 * 34. VERBS of asking and teaching idmit of two accu- 
 satives, the first of a person, and the second of a thing. 
 
 Beg pardon of God. Posce Deum veniam. 
 
 He taught me grammar. Docuit me grammaticam. 
 
 1. Verbs of ASKING are, rogo, oro, exoro, obsecro, pre- 
 cor, posco, reposco,jlagito. 
 
 2. Verbs of TEACHING are, doceo, edoceo, dedoceo, 
 erudio. 
 
 Note !. The verb celo also governs two accusatives ; as, Celahanc remuxorem, 
 conceal this affair from your wife. But we also say, Celo te de hac re, and celo tibi 
 hanc rem. 
 
 Note 2. Verbs of ASKING often change the accusative of the person into the 
 ablative, with a, ab, or abs ; as, Plaut. Ab ami co argent urn roges. Cic. Quid stu- 
 dia a te jlagitent tu videbis. Virg. Veniam oremus ab ipso. Flaut. Res quaedam 
 est, quam volo ego me abs te exorare. 
 
 Note 3. Verbs of TEACHING frequently change the accusative of the tlung 
 into the ablative, with de ; as, Cic. Quid est tarn arrogans, quam de rebus divinis 
 collegium pontificum docerc 1 Sail. De itinere hostium senatum edocet. 
 
 Note 4. We say, instruo, instiluo,fomio, informo, imbuo aliquem artibus, gene- 
 rally without any preposition. 
 
 Note 5. Other verbs are sometimes found construed with two accusatives ; as, 
 Ter. Argentum, quod habes, condonamus te. Cic. Literas ad te, a consule, non quae 
 te aliqutd juberent, sumpsimus. Ter. Scin 9 quod ego te volebam. Sail. Multa pnus 
 de salute sua Pomptinum obtestatus. 
 
 Note 6. The accusative of the thing is not governed by the verb, but by ad, quod 
 md, secundum, circa, or ob, understood. 
 
 1 . When 1 ask money of you Cum rogo tu nummus 
 
 without a pawn, you say, I sine pignus, non habeo, in- 
 
 have none. quam. 
 
 This one thing I beg of you, Hie unus tu oro, ut de- 
 
 that you would give over lying ; sino mentior ; sino ut exo- 
 
 grant that I may obtain this fa- ro tu hie venia. 
 vour of you. 
 
 We all beg peace of you, the Pax tu posco omnis, 
 
 soldiers beseech this of you, miles tu hie obsecro, dux 
 
 the general himself entreats ipse hie tu precor. 
 this of you. 
 
 He ordered that they should Jubeo ut adeo ad Verves, 
 
 go to Verres, and demand of et reposco is simulacrum 
 
 him the statute of Ceres and Ceres et Victoria. 
 Victory. 
 
 I have a bounteous stock of Sum ego benignus vena 
 
 natural sense, and the rich ingenium, divesque ego pe- 
 
 court me though poor ; I im- to pauper ; lacesso deus nu 
 
114 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION' 
 
 portune the gods for nothing 
 more, nor do I dun my potent 
 friend for greater things. 
 
 2. Poverty teaches some 
 men temperance, and makes 
 them relinquish their former 
 fashions ; but those men act 
 wisely, who ask life, health, 
 and subsistence of God. 
 
 Minerva taught Telemachus 
 all her arts, she taught him the 
 laws and precepts of war. 
 
 Note 4. Instruct this boy in 
 the Greek and Latin languages; 
 he is a youth of extraordinary 
 hopes, and of the highest vir- 
 tue ; instruct him in all the arts 
 which you yourself have stu- 
 died ; and this I chiefly beg of 
 you, that you season his mind 
 with piety. 
 
 *If The people conferred on 
 him the sovereignty ; they did 
 not take the advice of the more 
 elderly, nor asked them their 
 opinion. Thus whilst they are 
 angry at the senate's power, 
 they deliver themselves, with 
 their wives and children, into 
 slavery ; wherefore the tyrant 
 seizes sixty senators, lays 
 them in chains, and threatens 
 them with death. 
 
 After they all with tears had 
 begged peace of the king, he 
 replied, if they would give him 
 pledges, that he might know 
 they would do the things which 
 they had promised, and if they 
 would satisfy his allies and 
 neighbours for the injuries 
 which they had done them, 
 that he would make peace 
 with them. 
 
 kil supra, nec flag i to po* 
 tens amicus largus. 
 
 Egestas doceo aliquis 
 lemperantia, et dedoceo is 
 prior mos ; sed hie homo 
 ago prudenter ; qui rogo 
 Deus vita, salus, et victus. 
 
 Minerva edoceo Telema- 
 chus ornnisars suus, erudio 
 is lex praeccptumque hel- 
 ium. 
 
 Instituo hie puer Grae 
 cus et Latinus litera ; sum 
 adolesccns eximius spes, et 
 summus virtus ; instruo 
 ille omnis ars qui tu ipse 
 studeo ; et hie praesertim 
 tu oro, ut animus is pietax 
 imbuo. 
 
 Plebs defero is summus 
 imperium ; non consulo se- 
 nior, neque rogo is senten- 
 tia suus. Ita dum irascor 
 senatus potentia, trado sui, 
 cum conyux et liberi, in 
 servitus ; itaque tyr annus 
 comprehendo sexaginta se- 
 nator, compingo in vincu- 
 lum, et minor ille mors. 
 
 Postquam omnis cum la- 
 cryma posco rex pa<x\ re- 
 spondeo, si do sui obses, ut 
 intelligo isfacio is quipol- 
 liceor, et si satisfacio so- 
 cius et flnitimus suus de in- 
 juria qui infer o ipse, sui 
 facio pax cum is. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 115 
 
 "Vitellius, bent on the death 
 and punishment of almost every 
 one, cut off a great many no- 
 blemen; he scarcely spared 
 any one of the usurers and 
 publicans, who had ever de- 
 manded of him a debt or duty ; 
 he put to death also some of 
 the commons, because they 
 had cursed the blue faction. 
 
 After him, Marcus Antoni- 
 nus held the government alone, 
 a man of the most frank gene- 
 rosity, whom all men admired ; 
 he was trained up to philoso- 
 phy by Apollonius, to the 
 knowledge of the Greek 
 tongue by Sextus, the grandson 
 of Plutarch ; Fronto the orator 
 taught him the Latin tongue. 
 
 Pythagoras taught the ma- 
 trons chastity, and complai- 
 sance to their husbands ; he 
 taught the boys modesty, and 
 the study of letters ; amidst 
 these things he inculcated upon 
 all frugality, as the mother of 
 virtues ; he recommended tem- 
 perance, and recounted every 
 day the mischiefs of luxury. 
 So great was the admiration of 
 this man, that, after his death, 
 they made a temple of his 
 house, and worshipped him for 
 a god. 
 
 Catiline taught the youth, 
 whom he had seduced, many 
 wicked practices ; for as every 
 one's fancy, according to their 
 age, was fired, he furnished 
 whores to some, bought dogs 
 and horses for others ; in short, 
 he spared neither expense nor 
 
 Vitellius, pronus ad ncx 
 atque suppliciumfere qxiis- 
 que, occido multus nobilis 
 vir ; vix parco ullus foene- 
 rator publicanusque, qui 
 unquam flagito sui debitum 
 aut portorium. ; interimo et 
 quidam de plebs, quod ma- 
 ledico venetus f actio. 
 
 Post is, Marcus Antoni- 
 nus teneo respublica solus, 
 vir promptus liber alitas, 
 qui omnis miror ; instituo 
 ad philosophia per Apollo- 
 nius ; ad scientia Graecus 
 litera per Sextus, nepos 
 Plutarchus ; Fronto orator 
 doceo is Latinus litera. 
 
 Pythagoras doceo ma- 
 trona pudicitia, ct obsequi- 
 um in vir ; doceo puer mo- 
 destia, et stadium litera; 
 inter hie ingero omnis fru- 
 galitas, velut genetrix vir- 
 tus ; laudo temperantia, et 
 enumero quotidie vitium 
 luxuria. Tantus sum ad- 
 miratio hie vir % ut, post 
 mors is,facio templum ex 
 domus is, coloque is pro 
 dcus\ 
 
 Catilina edoceo juven- 
 tus, qui illicio, multus malus 
 f acinus ; nam uti quisque 
 studium, ex aetas, fiagro, 
 praebeo scortum alius, mer- 
 cor canis atque equus 
 alius ; postremo, parco ne- 
 que sumptus neque modes 
 
116 
 
 AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 his own modesty, provided he tia suus, dum facto ille ol* 
 could make them subject and noxius fidusque sui. 
 trusty to him. 
 
 Solomon asked wisdom of God ; and God said unto him, Because thou hast 
 asked this thing, and hast not asked of me long life, nor riches, nor the life of 
 thine enemies, behold I have done according to thy word. Lo ! 1 have given 
 thee a wise and understanding heart, and have also given thee that which thou 
 hast not asked, riches and honour. 
 
 Before Jove, no husbandman manured the fields, the earth of itself produced 
 every thing. But now sturdy steers turn up the soil, harrows break the sluggish 
 clods, and the swains pray to the gods for moist summers and serene winters. 
 
 When Hercules killed the giants Albion and Bergion, his arrows were wasted 
 in the fight, so that he wanted arms : wherefore he begged aid of Jupiter, and 
 obtained from him a shower of stones. 
 
 Teach thy son obedience, and he shall bless thee ; teach him temperance, ind 
 he shall have health ; teach him prudence, and fortune shall attend him ; teach 
 him science, and his life shall be useful ; teach lum religion, and his death shall 
 be happy. 
 
 * 36. YERBS of filling, loading, binding, depriving, 
 clothing, and some others, require the accusative with the 
 ablative. 
 
 He filled the bowl with wine, Implevit pater am mero. 
 
 They load the ship with gold. Navem onerant auro. 
 
 He bound Gaul in fetters. Vinculis Galliamastrinxit. 
 
 He deprived his father of life. Patrem vita privavit. 
 
 He clothed the wall with pic- Parietem tabulis vestiehat. 
 tures. 
 
 He exchanges squares for Mutat quadrata rotundis. 
 rounds. 
 
 We present you with this pipe. Hac te donamus cicuta. 
 
 You give me great joy. Afficis me magna laetitia. 
 
 1. Yerbs of FILLING are, impleo, compleo, explco y replco % 
 saturo, obsaturo, satio, rffercio, ingurgilo, dito, and the 
 like. 
 
 2. Yerbsof LOADING are, onero, cumulo, premo, oppri- 
 mo, operio, obruo : to which add Yerbs of UNLOADING ; 
 such as, levo, exonero. 
 
 3. Yerbs of BINDING are, astringo, alligo, devincio, 
 impcdio, irretio, illaqueo, c^c. to which add verbs of LOOS- 
 ING ; such as, solvo, exsolvo, libero, laxo, expedio. 
 
 4. Verbs of DEPRIVING are, privo, ?iudo, orbo : to 
 which add verbs of SPOILING; such as, spolio, fraudo, 
 emungo. 
 
 5. Verbs of CLOTHING are, vestio, a?nicio, induo, cingo 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 117 
 
 tego, velo, corono, calceo : to which add their contraries, 
 cxuo, discingo. 
 
 6. The other verbs belonging to this rule are, muto, do- 
 no, mumero, remunero, communico, pasco, beo, impertior, 
 dignor, officio, prosequor, spargo, incesso, insector, oblecto, 
 and the like. 
 
 Note 1. Impleo, compleo, and expleo, sometimes take the accusative and geni- 
 tive; as, Liv. Adolescentem suae temeritatis implet. Plaut. Erroris illos, et de- 
 mcntiac complebo. Virg. Animumque expksse juvabit ultricisfiammae. And among 
 the more ancient authors, also saturo and obsaturo ; as, Plaut. Haeres vitae me 
 saturant. And hence their passives sometimes retain the genitive ; as, Virg. Im- 
 phntur vettris Bacchi. Cic. Cum completes jam mercatorum career esset. Lucret. 
 Sanguinis explstis naribus. Ter. lstius obsaturabcre. 
 
 Note 2. These passive verbs of clothing, induor, amicicr,vestior, cingor, accin- 
 gor ; also, exuor, discingor, and their participles, have frequently the accusative 
 with the poets ; as, Ovid. Induitur facicm cultumque Dianae. Virg. Inutile Jer- 
 tum, cingitur. Id. Exuvias indutus Achilhi. Claud. Canas vesttta nives. Sil. 
 Exuta pudorcm. But with prose authors they have the ablative ; as, Curt. Veste 
 Arabica tnduitur : Liv. Hispano cingitur gladio. Cic. Pallium quo amictus. Tac 
 Exutus omnibus for tunis. 
 
 Note 3. Pascor dep. instead of the ablative, sometimes takes the acccusative: 
 as, Virg. Pascuntur sylvas. 
 
 Note 4. The ablative is not governed by the verbs belonging to this rule, but 
 by some preposition understood ; such as, a, ab, de, e, ex, cum, pro ; and which are 
 sometimes expressed ; as, Mait. De Jlava loculos implere moneta. Cic. Arccm ur- 
 bis ab incendio hberavi. Liv. Lax ar e animum a laborious. Caes. Solvere naves e 
 portu. Sail. Mutare bellum pro pace. Plin. Mcntionem alicujus cum honore swn- 
 mo prosequi. When the passive verbs of clothing take the accusative, ad, quod 
 ad, or per, is understood. And when any verb belonging to this rule takes the ge- 
 nitive, some ablative, such as re, negotio y causa, or the like, with a preposition, 
 is understood. 
 
 Note 5. Several of these ablatives may be referred to the cause, manner, or 
 instrument, of which in No. 53. 
 
 1 . The tyrant filled his coun- 
 try with blood and slaughter, he 
 filled the city with havock and 
 carnage, he filled every house 
 with mourning, which filled 
 men's ears with dismal stories. 
 
 After he had satiated himself 
 with revenge, after he had 
 glutted himself with slaughter, 
 after he had satiated himself 
 with the blood of citizens, he 
 sat down to a feast, and glutted 
 himself with meat and drink. 
 
 2. After they had loaded the 
 altars with presents, they dis- 
 burden themselves of cares, 
 and load the ships with arms 
 
 1 2 
 
 Tyrannus impleo patria 
 sanguis et caedes, repleo 
 civitas strages et interne- 
 cio, compleo omnis domus 
 luetics, qui refercio homo 
 auris dims rumor. 
 
 Postquam expleo sui ul- 
 tio, postquam satio sui cae- 
 des, postquam saturo sui 
 sanguis civis, accumbo 
 epulae, et ingurgito sui ci- 
 bus potusque. 
 
 Postquam cumulo altare 
 donum, exonero sui cura, 
 et onero navis arma et com- 
 meatus % et egressus e por 
 
118 
 
 A N I X T R O DUCTIO Jf 
 
 and provision, and sailing out 
 of the harbour they covered 
 the whole sea with their fleet. 
 
 But Aeolus, who controls 
 the winds with imperial sway, 
 had resolved, when night should 
 cover the earth with darkness, 
 to bury them under the waves, 
 whilst there should be none at 
 hand that could relieve their 
 minds from the distress. 
 
 3. You will easily gain over 
 good men by acts of kindness ; 
 but it is necessary to tie up 
 some men by laws, to bind 
 others with chains, that they 
 may not obstruct the public 
 good by their private quarrels. 
 
 The wicked endeavour to 
 ensnare others with the allure- 
 ments of vice ; but they can- 
 not disengage themselves from 
 troubles, or extricate them- 
 selves from sorrows ; for 
 though fortune sometimes deli- 
 vers them from punishment, she 
 never frees them from fear. 
 
 4. This new philosophy de- 
 prives us of our rest, despoils 
 us of our judgment, bereaves 
 us of our senses ; it cheats the 
 young men out of their diver- 
 sion, cozens the old men out 
 of their money, nay, it robs the 
 temples of presents. 
 
 5. The ancients used to 
 clothe their bodies with the 
 skins of wild beasts, and to co- 
 ver the temples of the gods 
 with boughs ; but men now 
 clothe themselves with gar- 
 ments of silk, even when winter 
 has covered the earth with snow 
 
 The Athenians used to crown 
 
 tus operio totus pelagus 
 
 classis. 
 
 At Aeolus, qui venlus 
 imperium premo, statuo, 
 cum nox obruo terra tene- 
 brae, opprimo is Jluctus, 
 dum nullus adsum qui le- 
 vo animus acgritudo. 
 
 Facile devincio bonus 
 beneficium ; at necesse sum 
 ligo qui dam lex, astringo 
 alius vinculum, ne impedio 
 bonum publicus privatus 
 simultas. 
 
 Malus conor irretio alius 
 illecebrae vitium ; at non 
 possum laxo sui molestia, 
 ant expedio sui aerumna ; 
 licet enim for tuna inter- 
 dum libero is suppiicium, 
 nunquam solvo is metus. 
 
 Hie novus philosophia 
 privo ego quies, spolio ego 
 judicium, orbo ego sensus ; 
 fraudo adolescens oblccta- 
 mentum, emungo senex ar- 
 gen turn, imo nudo fanum 
 donum. 
 
 Vetuslus soleo vestio cor- 
 pus spolium fera, et velo 
 delubrum deus frons ; at 
 nunc homo induo sui seri- 
 cus vestimentum., etiam 
 cu?n brum a amicio terra 
 nix. 
 
 Atlieniensis soico coroni 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 119 
 
 their conquerors with olive, or 
 bedeck the temples of their 
 heads with laurel, when they 
 had forced an enemy from their 
 camp, or saved a citizen by 
 their arms ; they used also to 
 crown their poets with ivy or 
 laurel ; they shod their come- 
 dians with sandals, and their 
 tragedians with buskins. 
 
 6. The man who doth not 
 pursue his enemy with curses, 
 nor maul him with darts, but 
 exchanges resentment for 
 friendship, is worthy to be lov- 
 ed. The poets will present 
 him with immortality, they will 
 reward him with encomiums, 
 they will extol him with ho- 
 nour, and celebrate him with 
 praises. Others will enrich 
 him with gifts, and entertain 
 him at their table. 
 
 That fellow bestrews the 
 ground with leaves, he feeds 
 himself with herbs, and amu- 
 ses himself with trifles ; I will 
 not compliment him with a sa- 
 lutation, I will not dignify him 
 with such an honour. 
 
 1[ Some men value reputation 
 more than riches, or life itself; 
 wherefore the tyrant, whilst he 
 thinks himself despised, is in a 
 rage, and resolves to fill the 
 city with slaughter ; but it was 
 to no purpose to be angry w r ith 
 those who did not value him a 
 rush. 
 
 When Alcibiades returned, 
 the Athenians loaded him not 
 only with all human honours, 
 but divine ; they compensated 
 his losses with presents : they 
 
 victor olea, aut cingo tern- 
 pus laurus, cum exuo hostis 
 castra, aut tego civ is ar- 
 ma ; soleo etiam corono 
 poeta hedera aut laurus ; 
 comocdus calceo soccus, it 
 tragocdas cothurnus. 
 
 Vir qui non insector int 
 micus rnaledictum, aut in- 
 cesso is jaculum, sed muto 
 ira amicitia, sum dignus 
 amo. Poeta dono is aeter- 
 nitas, remuneror is elogi- 
 um officio is honor, et pro- 
 sequor is laus. Alius beo 
 is munus, et communico 
 is mensa. 
 
 Iste homo spargo humus 
 folium, pasco sui herba, et 
 oblecto sui nugae ; ego non 
 imperitor is solus, haud 
 dignor is talis honor. 
 
 Quidam aestimo fama 
 plus quam divitiae, aut vi- 
 ta ipse ; itaque tyrannus, 
 dum puto sui contemno, 
 saevio, et statuo repleo ci- 
 vitas caedes ; sed de nihi- 
 lum sum irascor ille qui is 
 non jloccus facio. 
 
 Cum Alcibiades redeo, 
 Atheniensis oncro is non 
 tantum omnis humanus ho- 
 nor, sed divinus ; ecrpleo 
 detrimentum munus : non 
 
120 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 had not the unfortunate battle 
 of Sicily in their mouths, but 
 the conquest of Greece ; nor 
 did they make mention of Sy- 
 racuse, but of Ionia and the 
 Hellespont. 
 
 After he had obliged the 
 neighbouring princes with acts 
 of kindness and complaisance, 
 he lays a plot for his sister's 
 son, whom he resolves to de- 
 prive of life and of his posses- 
 sions ; and he would have rob- 
 bed him of his kingdom, had 
 not a mutiny of the soldiers en- 
 sued, whom he had cheated of 
 their pay. 
 
 At Alesia, Csssar drew two 
 ditches fifteen feet broad, the 
 innermost of which he filled 
 with water conveyed from the 
 river. This the enemy after- 
 wards endeavoured to cover 
 over with hurdles, and fill up 
 with the rampart. 
 
 Varro says, that he had a li- 
 oness of marble, and winged 
 Cupids sporting with her, some 
 of which were holding her tied 
 fast, others were forcing her to 
 drink out of a horn, others were 
 shoeing her with sandals, and 
 that all were of one stone. 
 
 Such was the slaughter of 
 the scattered soldiers, that the 
 Athenians sustained more da- 
 mage in that battle, than they 
 had caused in the former; 
 and so great was the despair 
 among the Athenians, that im- 
 mediately they changed their 
 general Alcibiades for Conon. 
 
 If I shall only touch upon the 
 most considerable virtues of 
 
 tile in os sum adversus pug* 
 na Sicilia, sed victoria 
 Graecia ; nec Syracusae, 
 sed Ionia, Hellespontusque 
 mernini. 
 
 Postquam devincio jini- 
 timus rex benejicium et ob- 
 sequiurn, soror Jilius insi- 
 diae instruo, qui statuo 
 privo vita et possessio ; et 
 spolio is regnum, ni seditio 
 miles insequor, qui stipen- 
 dium fraudo. 
 
 A pud Alesia, CcBsar 
 perduco duo fossa quinde- 
 cim pes latus, qui interior 
 compleo aqua ex Jiumen de- 
 rivatus. Hie hostis postea 
 conor intego crates, atque 
 expleo agger. 
 
 Varro trado, sui habeo 
 leaena marmoreus, aligcr- 
 que Cupido ludens cum is, 
 qui alius teneo is religatus, 
 alius cogo is bibo ex cornu, 
 alius calceo is soccus, et 
 ornnis su?n ex unus lapis. 
 
 Tantus sum caedes pa- 
 taus miles, ut Atheniensis 
 accipio plus vulnus in is 
 praelium^ quam do in su- 
 perior ; et tantus sum des- 
 per alio apud Atheniensis, 
 ut statim muto dux A lci- 
 biades Conon. 
 
 Si tantummodo summus 
 virtus Pelopidas attingo, 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX, 
 
 121 
 
 Pelopidas, I fear, lest it may 
 less plainly appear to those 
 ignorant of the Greek tongue 
 how great a man he was : after 
 his death, the cities of Thessa- 
 ly complimented his children 
 with a great deal of land. 
 
 He was glad that his rival was 
 forced into banishment, and re- 
 joiced at his misfortune ; but 
 never did an exile affect the 
 eyes of beholders with greater 
 compassion ; his enemies in- 
 deed filled the palace with 
 shoutings, but the people be- 
 decked his statues with flowers. 
 
 The Germans do not mind 
 husbandry, and the greater 
 part of their food consists in 
 milk, and cheese, and flesh ; 
 nor has any one a certain por- 
 tion of land, or distinct boun- 
 daries, lest, taken with the 
 pleasantness of fields, they 
 should exchange the study of 
 war for agriculture. 
 
 vereor, ne rudis Graecus 
 liter a minus lucide appareo, 
 quantus vir ille sum : post 
 mors, civitas Thessalia li- 
 beri is multus ager dono. 
 
 Gaudeo aemulus ago in 
 exilium, ct laetor casus is ; 
 sed nunquam. exul oculus 
 xnsens magnus misericor- 
 dia afficio : inimicus qui- 
 dem compleo palatium cla- 
 mor, sed populus imago is 
 jlos spargo. 
 
 Germanus agricultura 
 non studeo, magnusque 
 pars victus is lac, et case- 
 us, et caro consisto ; neque 
 quisquam certus modus 
 ager, out finis proprius 
 habeo, ne, captus amoeni- 
 tas ager, studium helium 
 agricultura commuto. 
 
 Two brothers, kings of Thrace, chose Philip, king of Macedonia, umpire of 
 their differences ; but Philip, at first filled their minds with vain hopes; at last 
 he bound both princes with chains, robbed them of their kingdom, and stripped 
 thern of all their possessions. 
 
 The Chimaera, according to the poets, is a monster, which vomiteth forth fire , 
 he hath the head and breast of a lion, the belly of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. 
 A volcano in Lycia gave occasion to this fable ; for in the top of the mountain 
 were lions, the middle of it abounded with goats, and the bottom of it was full of 
 serpents. Eellerophon rendered the mountain habitable ; and hence he is said 
 to have bound the monster withfetters, and to have killed or deprived the Chi- 
 maera of life. 
 
 Hamilcar being chosen general, discharged that office with great applause. Ho 
 soon restored to his country all the revolted cities, and among these Utica and 
 Hippo, the strongest of all Africa. Nor was he content with this, but likewise 
 extended the bounds of the empire. He subdued several great and warlike na- 
 tions in Spain ; and enriched all Africa with horses, arms, men, and money. 
 
 ANNOTATIO. 
 
 * 36. The passives of such active verbs, as govern two 
 cases, do still retain the last of them. 
 
122 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 J am accused of theft. 
 Slaves are rated at more. 
 
 Virgil is compared to Homer. 
 
 1 am taught grammar. 
 
 The bowl is filled with wine. 
 
 Accusor furti. 
 Mancipia pluris acstiman- 
 tur. 
 
 Virgilius comparatur Ho- 
 mero. 
 
 Doceor grammaticam. 
 Patera impletur mero. 
 
 1 . The passives of verbs of accusing, condemning, ac- 
 quitting, and admonishing, retain the genitive. 
 
 2. The passives of verbs of valuing, retain the genitives 
 magni, parvi, nihili, &c. 
 
 3. The passives of verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, 
 and taking away, retain the dative. 
 
 4. The passives of verbs of asking and teaching, retain 
 the accusative of the thing. 
 
 5. The passives of verbs of filling, loading, binding, de- 
 priving, clothing, cj-c. retain the ablative. 
 
 1 . He was accused of most 
 heinous crimes, but he was 
 cleared of all : and deservedly ; 
 for he was accused of faults, 
 of which he w T as innocent. 
 
 Albucilla, the famous woman, 
 w T as accused of disaffection to- 
 ward the emperor ; but she 
 was accused of this crime by 
 her enemies. 
 
 One was condemned for mur- 
 der, another was condemned 
 for extortion, a third was con- 
 demned for bribery and the 
 public money. 
 
 If any Roman knight was 
 seen to have a horse somewhat 
 lean, or not very sleek, he was 
 censured for clownish care- 
 lessness. 
 
 We are admonished of many 
 things by our friends ; do not 
 therefore take it ill that you 
 are put in mind of your duty. 
 
 Accuso gravis sceius, 
 sed absolvo omnis : et rne- 
 rito ; nam arguo culpa, qui 
 sum insons. 
 
 Albucilla, famosus mu- 
 lier, defer o impietas in 
 princeps ; sed compello 
 hie crimen ah inimicus. 
 
 Alius damno caedes, alius 
 damno repetundae, alius 
 condemno ambitus et publi- 
 cus pecunia. 
 
 Si quis Romanus eques 
 videor habeo equus graci- 
 lentus, aut parum nitidus, 
 noto impolitia. 
 
 Admonco multus ah ami- 
 cus ; nolo igitur aegrefero 
 tu ojfeium tuns commoneo. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 123 
 
 2. Silver is valued much, 
 gold is valued more, but virtue 
 ought to be valued most. 
 
 The sayings of wise men are 
 sometimes little esteemed, bat 
 the words of a fool are always 
 regarded less. 
 
 3. Death is rightly compar- 
 ed to sleep, and fortune is 
 very rightly compared to the 
 wind, to which it is very like. 
 
 Speech is given to all, wis- 
 dom to few ; and the way to 
 true happiness is shown to us 
 from the word of God only. 
 
 Virtue can neither be forced 
 away, nor stolen away from 
 any one ; but nobody can serve 
 pleasure and virtue together. 
 
 4. The consul, when he 
 understood these things were 
 designed, calls the senate ; and 
 Silanus was first asked his 
 opinion, because he was con- 
 sul elect. 
 
 Nor was the earth called 
 upon for corn and food only, 
 but riches are dug up ; and 
 now the iron comes out, and 
 gold more hurtful than iron. 
 
 This age is fertile in vice ; 
 a young lady takes pleasure 
 to be taught the Ionic dances, 
 and thinks on love from her 
 tender years. 
 
 5. Neither are bees satis- 
 fied with heather, nor kids with 
 leaves, nor cruel love with 
 tears. 
 
 The man is amused with tri- 
 fles, he is surfeited with feast- 
 
 Argentum aestimo mag- 
 num, aurum aestimo plus, 
 sed virtus debeo aestimo 
 plurimum. 
 
 Dictum sapiens inter- 
 dum parvum existimo, sed 
 verbum stultus minor sem- 
 per duco. 
 
 Mors recte comparo 
 somnus, et fortuna recte 
 comparo ventus, qui sum 
 similis. 
 
 Sermo do cunctus, sa- 
 pientia pauci ; et via ad 
 verus felicitas ostendo ego 
 ex verbum Deus solus. 
 
 Virtus nec possum eri- 
 pio, nec surripio quis- 
 quam ; at nemo possum 
 servio voluptas et virtus 
 simul. 
 
 Consul, ubi cognosco is 
 paro, convoco senatus ; et 
 Silanus primus rogo sen- 
 tential quod sum consul 
 designatus. 
 
 Nec humus tantum pos- 
 co seges alimentumque, sed 
 opes ejfodio ; jamque fer- 
 rum prodeo, et aurum no- 
 cens ferrum. 
 
 Hie seculum sumfoecun- 
 dus culpa ; virgo gaudeo 
 doceo motus lonicus, et me* 
 ditor amor de tener un- 
 guis. 
 
 Nec cytisus saturo apis 9 
 nec frons capella, nec la~ 
 cryma crudelis amor. 
 
 Homo oblecto nugae^ 
 onero epulae ; at f return 
 
124 
 
 AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 ing ; but the sea is not over- 
 charged with waters. The 
 vallies are covered with dark- 
 ness though the mountains are 
 clothed with snow. 
 
 Tf When Pausanias, king of 
 the Lacedemonians, came to 
 the assistance of the Athenians, 
 he made peace betwixt Thrasy- 
 bulus and those who held the 
 town. Thrasybulus also made 
 a law, that nobody should be 
 called to an account for things 
 past, nor punished ; and they 
 called that an act of oblivion. 
 
 He that is accused of a wick- 
 ed action, or he that is called 
 in question about any thing, is 
 called in La f in reus; but he 
 that is accused of a fault, is not 
 consequently in the fault ; nor 
 ought he to be accounted guilty 
 of the crime, till it be proved ; 
 for if to accuse any one of a 
 crime were sufficient for con- 
 demnation, who could be safe 1 
 
 Who doubts but many inno- 
 cent persons have been tried 
 for life, and condemned to 
 death ; and that a great many 
 wicked villains have been tri- 
 ed for life, and absolved from 
 the crimes of which they were 
 guilty 1 But they will not es- 
 cape in the world to come ; 
 God will not absolve them 
 from the wickedness which 
 they have committed. 
 
 Hippias ordered the mur- 
 derer of his brother to be seiz- 
 ed ? who, being forced by tor- 
 metns to name those that were 
 guilty of the murder, named ail 
 Ihe tyrant's friends ; who were 
 
 mm satio aqua. Vallis 
 tenebrae tcgo, licet mo?is 
 amicio Mm. 
 
 Cum Pausanias, rex La- 
 cedaemonius, venio auxili- 
 um Atticus , facio pax inter 
 Thrasybulus et is qui teneo 
 urbs. Thrasybulus quo- 
 que fero lex, ne quis accu- 
 so anteactus res, neve mul- 
 to ; appelloque is lex obli- 
 vio. 
 
 Qui accuso J acinus \ aut 
 qui postulo de res aliquis, 
 voco Latine reus ; sed qui 
 accuso culpa, non sum con- 
 tinue in culpa ; rtec debeo 
 existimo conscius crimen, 
 donee probo ; nam si accu- 
 so aliquis crimen sum sa- 
 tis ad condemnatio, quis 
 possum sum tutus ? 
 
 Quis dubito quin multus 
 homo innocens accuso ca- 
 put, et damno caput ; et 
 multus homo facinorosus 
 accuso caput, et absolvo 
 crimen qui sum conscius 1 
 Sed non ejfugio in seculum 
 futurus ; Deus non absolvo 
 is scclus qui perpctro- 
 
 Hippias jubco inter fee- 
 tor f rater suns compr eh en- 
 do ; qui, coactus per tor- 
 mentum nomino is qui sum 
 conscius caedes, nomino 
 omnis tyrannus a?nicus ; 
 
TO LATIN" SVxNTAX. 
 
 125 
 
 slain. Thus the citizens were 
 put in mind of their liberty, 
 and Hippias was forced into 
 banishment. 
 
 If cunning valuers of things 
 esteem meadows and fields at 
 a great rate, because that sort 
 of possession can least be da- 
 maged ; at how great a rate 
 ought virtue to be esteemed, 
 which can neither be forced 
 away nor stolen from any one \ 
 
 After some days, another let- 
 ter of Darius is delivered to 
 Alexander, in which the mar- 
 riage of a daughter, and a part 
 of his kingdom are offered him : 
 but Alexander returned an- 
 swer, that his own was given 
 him, and ordered Darius to 
 come, and leave the disposal of 
 his kingdom to the conqueror. 
 
 When Eumenes was return- 
 ed to the camp, letters were 
 found scattered throughout the 
 camp, in which great rewards 
 were promised to those that 
 should bring the head of Eu- 
 menes to Antigonus. But this 
 project was vain ; for none of 
 the soldiers would betray their 
 general. 
 
 He that only pleases himself, 
 does himself no kindness, be- 
 cause he displeases God his 
 creator, who commands us to 
 be kind and good to all men, 
 and to do to others those things 
 which we incline should be 
 done to ourselves. This pre- 
 cept is delivered to us in the 
 gospel, and comprehends al- 
 most the whole duty of a 
 Christian. 
 
 M 
 
 qui inter jicio. Sic civis ad- 
 monad liber tas, et Hippias 
 ago in cxilium. 
 
 Si callidus aestimator 
 res aestimo pratum et area 
 magnum , quod is genus 
 posses sio possum minime 
 laedo ; quantum debeo virtus 
 aestimo, qui nec possum 
 eripio nec surripio quis- 
 quam ? 
 
 Post aliquot dies, alius 
 epistola Darius reddo Al- 
 exander, in qui matrimoni- 
 um filia et portio regnum 
 offer o is : sed Alexander 
 rescribo suus do sui, et ju- 
 beo Darius venio, et per- 
 mit to arbitrium regnum 
 victor. 
 
 Cum Eumenes reveixo 
 in castra, liter a invenio ab- 
 jectus per castra, in qui 
 ma gnus praemium promt t- 
 to is qui defero caput Eu- 
 menes ad Antigonus. Sed 
 Jiic consilium sum irritus ; 
 nam nemo miles volo prodo 
 imperator. 
 
 Qui tan turn placeo sui, 
 non pro sum sui, quia dis- 
 pliceo Deus creator suus, 
 quijubeo ego sum benignus 
 et beneficus omnis, et facio 
 alius is qui volo fto ego 
 ipse. Hie praeceptum tra- 
 do ego in evangelium, et 
 complector pene tot us offi* 
 cium Christianus. 
 
126 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Trajan succeeded him, de- 
 scended of an ancient rather 
 than an illustrious family ; he 
 so managed the government, 
 that he is deservedly preferred 
 to all the emperors. He was a 
 man of unusual moderation and 
 bravery ; he extended far and 
 wide the boundaries of the Ro- 
 man empire, which had been 
 defended rather, after Augus- 
 tus, than nobly enlarged. 
 
 When Cato was asked his 
 opinion, he made a speech to 
 this purpose : Do you demur, 
 quoth he, what you should de- 
 termine with respect to the 
 most barbarous parricides ? 
 They have conspired to set 
 their country in flames ; they 
 solicit to the war the nation of 
 the Gauls, the most spiteful to 
 the Roman state. 
 
 Cicero had been informed of 
 every thing by the deputies ; 
 wherefore he unfolds the whole 
 affair to the pretors, who im- 
 mediately beset the Mulvian 
 bridge. The Allobroges with- 
 out delay surrender themselves 
 to the pretors. All things are 
 instantly notified to the con- 
 sul by messengers ; but a vast 
 concern and joy seized him at 
 once ; for glad he was that the 
 city was rescued from danger, 
 but he thought the punishing of 
 the conspirators would be a 
 burdensome task to himself. 
 The ambassadors of the Gauls 
 returning, set forth the enemy's 
 wealth and negligence ; they 
 said, that their camp was filled 
 with gold and silver ; and that 
 
 Trajanus succedo is, na* 
 tus antiquus magis quam 
 clarus familia ; ita admi- 
 nistro respublica, ut merito 
 praefero omnis princeps 
 Sum vir inusitatus civili- 
 tas et fortitudo : diffundo 
 longe lateque finis Roma* 
 nus imperium, qui sum de- 
 fensus magis, post Augus- 
 tus, quam nobiliter ampli- 
 atus. 
 
 Cum Cato rogo sententia, 
 liabeo oratio hujuscemodi : 
 Tu cunctor, inquam ille, 
 qu ; s statuo de crudelis par- 
 ricida 1 Conjuro incendo 
 patria ; arcesso ad helium 
 gens G alius, infestus Ro- 
 manus nomen. 
 
 Cicero cdoceo cunctus 
 per legatus ; itaque aperio 
 res omnis praetor, qui sta- 
 tim obsideo Mulvius pons. 
 Allobroges sine moro dedo 
 sui praetor. Omnis pro- 
 pere declaro consul per 
 nuncius ; at ingens cura 
 atque laetitia simui occupo 
 ille ; nam laetor civitas eri- 
 pio periculum, credo au- 
 tem poena conjuratus fo- 
 rem onus sui. 
 
 Legatus Galli reversus, 
 ostendo hostis opes et negli~ 
 gentia ; dico, castra repleo 
 aurum et argentum ; et is 
 intermitlo omnis militaris 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 127 
 
 they neglected all military 
 duty, as if they did not want 
 the help of the sword, because 
 they abounded in gold. 
 
 This place is encompassed 
 on all sides with craggy rocks, 
 that it needs no defenders ; 
 and such is the fruitfulness of 
 the adjacent soil, that it is filled 
 ivith its own riches ; and such 
 is the plenty of fountains and 
 woods, that it abounds with wa- 
 ter, and wants not the diver- 
 sions of hunting. 
 
 oflcium, quasi non indigeo 
 auxilium ferrum, quia 
 abundo aurum. 
 
 Hie locus cingo undique 
 praeruptus rupes, ut egeo 
 nullus defensor ; et tantus 
 sum fertiiitas circumjacens 
 solum, ut expleo proprius 
 opes ; et is sum copia fons 
 et sylva, ut abundo aqua, 
 nec careo voluptas venatio. 
 
 Mars was accused of murder and incest, and obliged to undergo atrial before 
 twelve gods as judges ; but was acquitted of the crimes. The place of trial, which 
 was near Athens, became afterwards the seat of a court, and was called Areo- 
 pagus, that is, the hill of Mars. The judges were called Areopagites, who were 
 men of the strictest integrity, and of the most blameless life. 
 
 Heaven is the lofty throne of God, but to describe the glory of it is more than 
 human tongue can do. The gTandeur and state we behold on earth cannot be 
 compared with it. It is the abode of the just, the resting-place of the weary, and 
 the reward of the faithful. There are rivers of pleasure and crowns of glory. 
 Ask, and it shall be given you ; seek, and ye shall find it ; knock, and it shall be 
 opened unto you. 
 
 When Cicero was asked his opinion concerning the immortality of the soul, 
 he replied, For many reasons I persuade myself that the soul is immortal ; and if 
 in this I err, I err with pleasure ; nor will I ever be forced out of an opinion, 
 which yields me so much delight. 
 
 In Britain, says Caesar, there is a vast number of inhabitants ; the buildings 
 are numerous, and much like those of Gaul ; the country abounds in cattle ; in- 
 stead of money, the Britons make use of brass or pieces of iron of a certain 
 weight. They do not sow much corn ; but live on milk and flesh, and are clothed 
 with skins. 
 
 § 2. The government of impersonal verbs. 
 
 RULE VIII. 
 
 37. An impersonal verb governs the dative. 
 
 It happened to me. Accidit mild. • 
 
 It is profitable for the state. Expedit reipuhlicae. 
 No man is allowed to sin. Licet nemini peccare. 
 
 The impersonal verbs belonging to this general rule, ex- 
 cluding those contained in the following exceptions, are 
 such as, accidit, contingit, evenit, conducit, expedit, lubet, lu 
 bet, licet, placet, displicet, vacat, res tat, praestat, liquet, no- 
 cet, dolct, sufjicit, apparet, &c. Together with the dative, 
 ihey have frequently an infinitive after them, which sup- 
 plies the place of a nominative before them. 
 
128 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Note 1. The dative is often suppressed ; as, Cic. Sexccritalicet ejus?nodiproferr§ % 
 •c. nobis. Ter. Faciat quod lubet, sc. sibi. 
 
 Note 2. Impersonal verbs are sometimes used personally, especially with the 
 pronouns id, hoc, %Uud, quod, and the like ; as, Cic. St tibi id minus libebit. Id. 
 Non idem mihi licet. Id. »S'i habes quod liqueat. Suet. Quae cuique hbuissent. 
 ^•atul. Marito isla non licent. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 * 38. Refert and interest require the genitive. 
 It concerns my father. Refert patris. 
 
 It is the interest of all. Interest omnium. 
 
 Note I. Refert and interest, beside other genitives, admit also of these, tanti 
 quanti, magni, permagni, parvi, pluris ; as, Cic. Parvi refert abs te jus did. Id. 
 Magni interest mea una nos esse. 
 
 Note 2. They are sometimes used personally, and admit not only of the norm, 
 natives quid, quod, id, hoc, Mud, &c. but of others also ; as, Ter. Tua quod nihil 
 refert. Cic. Illud mea magni interest. Id. Non quo mea interesset loci natura 
 Lucr. Magni refert studiu/n at que voluntas. 
 
 Note 3. The adverbs tantum, quantum, multum, phtrimum, infinitum, parum,nihil, 
 maxime, minime, and the like, are often joined with them ; as, Mart. Multum r« 
 fert. Juv. Plurimumintercrit, &c. 
 
 Note 4. The construction is elliptical, and may be thus supplied: Refert patris, 
 i.e. refert se ad negotia patris. Interest omnium, i. e. est inter ncgotia omnium. 
 
 * 39. But mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, are put in the accu 
 sative plural. 
 I am not concerned. Non mea refert. 
 
 It concerns both you and me. Et tua ct mea interest 
 
 Note 1. We may say indifferently, cuja, or cujus interest ; as, Cic. Detureicuja 
 interfuit, non ei cuja nihil interfuit. Id. Quis enim est hodie, cujus intersit istam 
 legem manere 1 
 
 Note<Z. The construction may be thus supplied : Refert mea,\. e. refert se ad 
 mea negotia. Interest tua, i. e. est inter tua ntgotia. 
 
 * 40. These five, miser et, poenitct, pudet, taedet, and 
 piget, govern the accusative of a person with the genitive 
 of a thing. 
 
 I pity you. Miseret me tui. 
 
 I repent of my sin. Poenitet me peccati 
 
 J am weary of my life. Taedet me vitae. 
 
 Note 1. The infinitive frequently supplies the place of the genitive ; as, Pocm* 
 tet me peccasse, for poenitet me peccati. Taedet me vivere, for taedet me vitae. 
 
 Note 2. The accusative of the person is often suppressed ; as, Ilor. Scelerum s\ 
 poenitct, sc. nos. 
 
 Note 3. These verbs are sometimes used personally ; as, Lucr. Ipse sui miseret. 
 Plant. Me hate conditio non poenitet. Plaut. Id quod pudet facilius fertitr, quam id 
 quod piget. 
 
 Notei. The genitive is governed by some substantive understood, such as, 
 negotinm, factum, status, fortuna, respeclus, cogitatio, o/ the like ; and the con- 
 struction may be thus completed : Miseret me tui, i. e. nrgotivm tui malt miseret 
 me, or res* ictus ttd miseret me. Poenitet me peccati, i. e. negotiant peccati, or cogi- 
 tatio peccati poenitet me. 
 
TO I..ATIX SYNTAX. 
 
 129 
 
 # 41. These four, decet, delectat, juvat, oportet, govern the 
 accusative of the person with the infinitive. 
 
 It does not become you to scold. Non decet te rixari. 
 I delight to study. Delectat me studere. 
 
 Note 1. Decet, instead of the accusative, sometimes takes the dative ; as, Ten 
 Ita nobis decet. Gell. Aetati ejus decebat. 
 
 Note 2. Oportet is elegantly joined with the subjunctive mood, ut being under- 
 stood ; as, oportet facias, for oportet te Jaccre. 
 
 Note 3. Fallit, fugit, praeterit, latet, when used impersonally, take also the ac- 
 cusative with the infinitive ; as, Cic. Fugit me ad te scribere, &c. 
 
 Note 4. Attinetjpertinet, and spectat, when used impersonally, have the accusa- 
 tive with ad; as, Ter. Pereat, nihil ad me attinet. Cic. Ad rempublicam pertinet 
 me conservari. lncert. Spectat ad omnes bene vivere 
 
 Note 5. Decet, delectat, and juvat , are often used personally, and oportet some- 
 times ; as, Hor. Parvum parva decent. Cic. Me status hie reipublicae non delectat* 
 Juv. Si senem juvat alea. Ter. Haec facta ab illo oportebant. 
 
 37. It happened to the young 
 man, that he was very dear to 
 the senate. 
 
 It happened ill for them, but 
 very well for us, if you please 
 to hear. 
 
 It contributes to health to 
 live according to nature, and 
 it is proper for us so to live. 
 
 They beg that it may be al- 
 lowed them to pass their days 
 in exile, and it pleases me to 
 allow them. 
 
 Jove has not leisure to at- 
 tend on small affairs ; but it is 
 better for us to be silent than 
 to speak. 
 
 It appears to all that this 
 man aims at sovereignty ; nay, 
 I am clear to swear it. 
 
 38. It concerns all men to 
 practise virtue, and it concerns 
 all men to pity the miserable. 
 
 39. It concerns me, it con- 
 cerns you and the common- 
 wealth, that you do your duty. 
 
 It concerns thee not to be- 
 m 2 
 
 Contingit adolescens, ut 
 sum cams Senatus. 
 
 Male evenit tile, at bene 
 ego, si placet tu audio. 
 
 Conducit salus vivo e 
 natura, et expedit ego ita 
 vivo. 
 
 Peto ut licet ille ago ae- 
 tas in exilium, et lubet ego 
 sino. 
 
 Non vaeat Jupiter ad- 
 sum exiguus res ; sedprac- 
 stat ego taceo quam lo- 
 quor. 
 
 Apparet omnis hie homo 
 affecto imperium ; imo, li- 
 quet ego dejero. 
 
 Refert omnis colo virtus, 
 et interest omnis miscreor 
 miser. 
 
 Refert mens, refert tuus 
 et respublica, ut tufungor 
 officium. 
 
 Refirt tuus non credo te- 
 
130 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION* 
 
 lieve rashly, and it concerns 
 thee to know thyself. 
 
 Caesar used to say, that it did 
 not so much concern him as 
 the state, that he should be 
 preserved. 
 
 Caligula sufTered the writings 
 of Labienus to be searched for 
 and read ; since it very much 
 concerned him that every ac- 
 tion should be transmitted to 
 posterity. 
 
 It concerns you, who are fa- 
 thers, to take care that your 
 children be well educated, and 
 it concerns children to obey 
 their parents. 
 
 40. I look for death as the 
 end of my miseries ; but I pity 
 you, against whom w r ars and 
 battles are prepared. 
 
 If thou art sorry for, and 
 ashamed of thy faults, thou 
 wilt take care not to commit 
 any such thing hereafter. 
 
 Sulpicius, tribune of the 
 commons, after he had acquir- 
 ed the greatest honour, made 
 many destructive laws, as if 
 he had been sorry for, and 
 weary of his former virtues. 
 
 41. It becomes all men to be 
 free from hatred, love, wrath, 
 and compassion, when they de- 
 liberate about doubtful matters. 
 
 There are boys that delight 
 to lead an idle life, and there 
 are boys who take pleasure to 
 ply their studies. 
 
 It behoves men to reckon 
 that God sees all things, that 
 all things are full of God. 
 
 1 As soon as Eumenes un- 
 derstood that Perdiccas was 
 
 mere, ct interest tuus nosco 
 ta ipse. 
 
 Cccsar soleo dico, non 
 tarn interest suus quam 
 respublica, uti salvus sum, 
 
 Caligula pcrmiito scrip- 
 turn habienus requiro et 
 lectito ; quando maxirne 
 interest suus ut quisque 
 factum trado posteri. 
 
 Interest vester, qui pater 
 sum, euro ut libcri probe 
 ins tit uo, et refert liberi 
 obedio parens. 
 
 Expecto mors ut finis 
 miseria ; sed miser et ego 
 tu t adversus qui proelium 
 et acies paro. 
 
 Si pocnitet, ac pudet tu 
 peccatuin tuus, caveo ne 
 quis talis posthac commit- 
 to. 
 
 Sulpicius, tribunus plebSy 
 cum quaero magnus dig- 
 nitas, fero multus pernicio- 
 sus lex, quasi piget, ac 
 tacdet is pristinus virtus. 
 
 Decct omnis homo sum 
 vacuus ab odium, amicitia, 
 ira, at que miscricordia, 
 cum consulto de res dubius. 
 
 Sum puer qui delectat 
 scgnis traduco vita, et sum 
 puer qui studium invigilo 
 juvat. 
 
 Oportet homo existimo 
 Deus cerno omnis, omnis 6 
 Dcus plenus sum. 
 
 Ut Eumenes cognosco 
 Ptrdiccas occido, sui ju 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 131 
 
 slain, himself judged an ene- 
 my, and the management of 
 the war committed to Antigo- 
 nus, he declared those things 
 to the soldiers, and added 
 moreover, if those things were 
 a terror to any, it was permit- 
 ted them to depart. 
 
 The anger of the Almighty 
 God ought to be terrible to all 
 men, no less to the highest 
 and haughtiest of the lords of 
 the earth, than the meanest of 
 mortals. He can, if he please, 
 disjoint all the parts of this 
 beautiful structure of the 
 world, and reduce them into 
 one confused mass, like that 
 out of which they were origi- 
 nally formed. 
 
 You see, says Eumenes, the 
 dress and ornaments of your 
 general, which not any of my 
 enemies has put upon me, for 
 that would be a comfort to me ; 
 you have made me of a general 
 a prisoner. One thing I beg, 
 that you would let me die 
 among yourselves ; for it signi- 
 fies nothing to Antigonus, how 
 or where I fall. If I obtain this, 
 I free you from your oath. 
 
 Honesty hurts nobody ; but 
 knavery, though it seems to 
 profit a man, is very pernicious 
 to a man's credit, which all 
 wise men value more than mo- 
 ney ; and very often it is hurt- 
 ful to a man's estate and life, 
 which fools value more than 
 all things else ; it therefore 
 concerns all men to beware 
 of and avoid injustice. 
 
 dico host is, et summa hel- 
 ium commit to Antigonus, 
 indico is miles ; et addo in- 
 super, si quis is terror 
 sum, licet ille discedo.. % 
 
 Ira Deus Omnipotens de- 
 beo sum terribilis omnis, 
 non minus summus et super- 
 bus dominus terra or bis, 
 quam infimus mortalis. 
 Possum, si placet is, divel- 
 lo omnis pars hie pulcher 
 aedificium mundus, et redi- 
 go in unus moles indiges- 
 tus, similis is ex qui pri- 
 mum formo. 
 
 Cerno, inquam Eume 
 nes, habitus atque orna- 
 mentum dux vester, qui non 
 quisquam hostis impono ego, 
 nam hie forcm solatium 
 ego ; tu facio ego ex im- 
 perator captivus. Unus 
 oro, ut volo ego morior in- 
 ter tu ; nam neque interest 
 Antigonus, quemadmodum 
 aut ubi cado. Si hie im- 
 petro, solvo tu jusjuran- 
 dum. 
 
 Probitas noceo nemo ; 
 sed improbitas, etsi videor 
 prosum homo, sum perni- 
 ciosus existimatio homo, 
 qui omnis sapiens aestimo 
 plus quam pecunia ; et 
 saepe sum perniciosus homo 
 res et vita, qui stultus facio 
 plus quam alius omnis ; re- 
 fer t igitur omnis caveo et 
 vito injustitia. 
 
132 
 
 £N INTRODUCTION 
 
 God is angry with the wick- 
 ed, and threatens them with 
 most dreadful torments; not be- 
 cause he hates them, but that 
 they may repent of their sin, 
 and be happy for ever in hea- 
 ven. Do not they, therefore, 
 deserve the punishment of eter- 
 nal death, who value eternal 
 life and happiness at nothing ? 
 
 You are weary of the patri- 
 cian, and we of the plebeian 
 magistrates. What do you 
 mean, I beseech you ? You de- 
 sired tribunes of the commons, 
 we grant them ; you desired 
 the decemvir s, we suffered them 
 to be made ; you were weary 
 of the decemvirs, we forced 
 them to lay down their power. 
 
 Wicked men provoke God 
 daily, but he is very merciful ; 
 therefore he pities them, and 
 is ready to forgive them their 
 sins, if they repent of them, 
 and are ashamed of their folly, 
 and be willing to obey those 
 precepts which are prescribed 
 to us in the gospel. 
 
 . King Darius' mother, who 
 till that day had not been weary 
 of her life, when she heard that 
 Alexander was dead, laid vio- 
 lent hands upon herself ; not 
 that she preferred an enemy 
 before a son, but because she 
 had experienced the duty of a 
 son in him whom she had 
 feared as an enemy. 
 
 Julian was a man of great elo- 
 o^ience, of a quick and most te- 
 nacious memory, liberal to his 
 friends, as became so great a 
 prince to be ; he was greedy 
 
 Deus irascor impius, et 
 minor ille dims suppli- 
 cium ; non quod odi, sed 
 uti poenitet is pcccatum, et 
 sum fclix in aeternum in 
 coelum. Nonne, igiiur, 
 mereor poena aeternus 
 mors, qui aestimo aeternus 
 vita ctfelicitas nihilum ? 
 
 Taedet tu patricius, ego 
 plebeius magistratus. Quts 
 volo, obsecro tu 1 Concu- 
 pio tribunus plebs, ego con- 
 cedo ; desidero decemviri, 
 ego patior creo ; taedet tu 
 decemviri, cogo is abdico 
 magisti atus. 
 
 Improbus lacesso Deus 
 quotidie, sed sum clemens ; 
 itaque miseret is ille, etpa- 
 ratus sum condono is pec- 
 catum, si poenitet is ille, et 
 pudet is stultitia, et volo 
 obtempero lex qui condo 
 ego in cvangelium. 
 
 Rex Darius mater, qui 
 in is dies non taedet vita, 
 cum audio Alexander mo- 
 rior, infer o manus sui ip- 
 se ; non quodpraefero hos- 
 tis Jilius, sed quod experior 
 pietas films in is qui timeo 
 ut kostis. 
 
 Julianus sum vir inge:is 
 6 facundia, promptus et 
 tenax memoria, liberalis in 
 amicus, ut decet tantus 
 princcps sum ; sum avidus 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 133 
 
 of glory, and Lut unlike Mar- 
 cus Antoninus, whom he made 
 it his business to imitate : he 
 made war upon the Parthians, 
 in which expedition I was 
 likewise present. 
 
 gloria, et non abs im His 
 Marcus Antoninus, qui ae- 
 mulor studeo : infero bel- 
 lum Partlnts, qui cxpeditio 
 ego quoque intersum. 
 
 We are allowed from reason and scripture to conclude, that pnrt of the plea 
 sure which happy minds shall enjoy in a future state, will arise from an enlarg- 
 ed contemplation of the divine wisdom in the government of the world ; and from 
 a discovery of the secret and amazing steps of Providence from the beginning to 
 the end of time. 
 
 It concerns subjects to obey the laws . and it is of great importance to the pub- 
 lic, that all should follow peace, practise justice, and discharge their duty in 
 that station in civil life which they hold in society. 
 
 Thou owest thy food, thy clothing, thy habitation, and every comfort and plea- 
 sure of life, to the labour of others ; it concerns thee therefore to be a friend to 
 mankind, as it is thy interest that men should be friendly to thee. 
 
 Ceres was ashamed of her fault, and greatly lamented the loss of her honour. 
 She retired into the dark recesses of a cave, whore she lay so concealed that 
 none of the gods knew where she was, till Pan, the god of the woods, discovered 
 her. 
 
 Robert Bruce addressed Sir William Wallace thus : What madness hath seiz- 
 ed you ? King Edward, against whom you carry on war, is a most powerful mo- 
 narch ; and though you should overcome him, the Scots will never deliver up 
 the government to you. Wallace answered thus : You use me ill, when you 
 say that I aspire to the kingdom. I am not desirous of royal power ; the honours of 
 a kingdom neither agree to my fortune nor to my mind.' It belongs to the nobles 
 to defend their country. W'hen I saw that our nobles had neglected theii duty, I 
 pitied my wretched countrymen, who are destitute of governors, and expos- 
 ed to the cruelty of barbarous enemies. Our nobles prefer most scandalous 
 slav ery to honourable liberty. War is a ttiror to our nobles. Let them enjoy 
 that fort une which they value so much. I will defend my country. 
 
 It becomes us to be kind and courteous to strangers, for we know not to what 
 part of the world we ourselves may go. 
 
 If you would have God to hear your prayers, it behoves you to hear the peti- 
 tions of the poor. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 42. PASSIVE VERBS take after them an ablative of the 
 agent or doer, with the preposition a, ab, or abs. 
 
 The world is governed by God. Mundus gubernatur a Deo. 
 
 Virtue is praised by all. Virtus laudatur ab omni- 
 
 t bus. 
 
 [ am glad that my conduct is Gaudeo meum factum abs 
 
 approved by you. te probari. 
 
 Notel. The preposition is sometimes suppressed; as, Ovid. Deseror conjuge. 
 id. Cclitur linigera turba. Senec. Contra Stertinium quo premebalur. 
 
 Note2. Passive verbs, instead of the ablative with the preposition, scmetimej 
 take the dative ; as, Virg. Neque cerniiur ulli. Ter. Meditata rnihi sunt incom- 
 moda. Ovid. Nulla laudetur mihi. 
 
 Note 3. A great many other verbs take also the ablative with a or ab ; such as, 
 
 1. Verbs of RECEIVING, as, accipio, capio, sumo, mutuor ; also, adipiscor, cotw 
 sequor y impetro, &c ; as. Cic. A majoribun moron accepimus 
 
134 
 
 AS INTRODUCTION 
 
 2 Verbs of DISTANCE, DIFFERENCE, and DISSENSION ; as, disto, diffe 
 
 TO, disscnto, dissideo, diixrepo, discordo ; as, Cic. Vides quantum distet a veritate. 
 
 3 Verbs of DESIRING, ENTREATING, and ENQUIRING ; as, peto } expeto 
 posco, pcrcontor, scitor, sciacitor, rogo, oro, obsecro, precor, jjostulo,jlagito, contenr 
 do, exigo, &c. ; as, Cic. A te op cm pelimus. 
 
 4. Verbs of CESSATION.; as, cesso, desisto, quiesco, requiesco, tempero ; as, 
 Liv. A praeliis cessare. 
 
 5. Verbs of EXPECTING; as, expecto, spero ; as, Buchan. Ab uno expccUs 
 quod a multis sperm e ntqueas. 
 
 6. Verbs of TAKING AWAY and REMOVING ; as, aufero,rapio, surripio, fu- 
 ror, tollo ; removeo, arceo, prohibeo, pello, repello, propulso, revoco ; also, contineo, 
 cohibeo, refreno ; also, defendo, munio, tcgo, tueor ; also, deficio, descisco, dcgeneio, 
 &.C To these add verbs compounded with a or ab ; as, abigo, abstineo, amovto, 
 abduco, abrado, amitto, avcllo, avoco, &c. ; Ter. Minas triginta ab Mo obstuli. 
 
 7. Verbs of DISMISSING, BANISHMENT, and DISJOINING ; as, dimitto, 
 relego, disjungo. divello, segrego, separo, &c. ; as, Caes. Eum absedimitt.it. 
 
 8. Verbs of BUYING; as, emo, mercer, foener or, conduco ; as, V. Max. A pisca 
 toribus jactum emerat. 
 
 9. Many other verbs of different significations ; as, caveo, declino, dcjlccto ; dis- 
 ctdo, recedo ; affero, do, reddo,fero, reporto ; incipio, ordior ; servo, cusiodio, vindi- 
 co t timeo, metuo, formido, &c. ; as, Cic. Regem monuerunt, a veneno vt caveret. 
 
 Note 4. Verbs of STRIVING ; as, contendo, certo, bello, pugno : and JOINING 
 TOGETHER ; as, jungo, conjungo, concumbo, coeo, misceo, take the ablative with 
 cum; as, Ovid. Mecum certasse feretur. Id. Contendite mecu?n. Cic. Be Hare cum 
 dhs. Id. Salutem meam cum communi salute conjungerc decrevi. Tac. Consilia cum 
 illo non miscuerant. 
 
 Note 5. The verbs mereor, facio,fit, erit,futurum est, take the ablative with 
 de ; as, Bene vel male de aliquq mereri. Cic. Indicium dc fide ejus Jccisti. Ter. 
 Qui de me fiet 1 &c. 
 
 Note 6. Verbs of PERCEIVING and KNOWING ; as, intelligo, sentio, cognos- 
 ce, conjicio, disco, percipio, colligo, audio, take the ablative with e or ex ; as, Cic. 
 Ex gestu tuo xntelligo quid velis. Id Ex tuis Uteris statum rerum cognovi. Id. Hoe 
 ex illo audivi, &c. 
 
 Notel. Passive IMPERSONALS are either put absolutely; as, Ter. Quid 
 agitur? statur. Cic. Ab bora tertia bibebatur, ludebatur, vomcbatur. Or they take 
 after them the case of their PERSONALS ; as, Cic. lit majoribus natu assurga- 
 tur,ut supplicum miser ealur. Ovid. Nec mini parcaiur. Virg. ltur in st/lvam. JLiV 
 Pestilcntia laboratum est. 
 
 Note 8. These six verbs, potest, coepit, incipit, desinit, debet, and solet, when 
 joined with impersonal verbs, become impersonal themselves ; as, Quinct. 
 Perveniri ad summa nisi ex principiis non potest. Just . Pigerc eum facii coepit. 
 Cic. Singulis a Deo consuli el provxderi solet. Id. Negat jucunde posse vivi, nisi 
 cum virtute vivatur. 
 
 He is miserable, who neither Miser sum, qui neque 
 loves any one, nor is himself diligo quisquam, nec ipse 
 beloved by any one. diligo ab ullus. 
 
 The affairs of a good man Res bonus vir nunquam 
 are never neglected by God. mgligo a Lfeus. 
 
 Do not trust [to] a man by Ne fido homo a qui se* 
 whom thou hast been once de- met decipio. 
 ceived. 
 
 Carthage was destroyed by Carthago deleo a celcher 
 the famous captain Scipio dux Scipio Africanus. 
 Africanus. 
 
 Learning and virtue are Doctrina et virtus ap- 
 sought by few, pleasure by pelo a pauci, voluptas a 
 many plurimus. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 135 
 
 We are so formed by nature, 
 that we do not seem made for 
 6port and jest. 
 
 TT For these achievements 
 Codomannus is set over Arme- 
 nia ; and, after the death of 
 king Ochus, is made king by the 
 people for his former bravery. 
 He waged war with Alexander 
 the Great: at last, however, he 
 was conquered by Alexander ; 
 and being slain by his own rela- 
 tions, he ended his life, together 
 with the empire of the Persians. 
 
 Whilst these things are doing, 
 he is acquainted that a plot is 
 laid for him by Alexander the 
 son-in-law of Antipater, who 
 has been set over Macedonia ; 
 for which reason, fearing lest, 
 if he should be slain, some tu- 
 mult should arise in Macedonia, 
 he kept him in chains. After 
 this he goes to the city Gor- 
 dium, which is situated betwixt 
 the greater and lesser Phrygia. 
 
 Whilst the Gauls plunder the 
 ships, they are cut in pieces by 
 the rowers and a partof the ar- 
 my, which had fled thither with 
 their wives and children ; and 
 so great was the slaughter of 
 the Gauls, that the fame of this 
 victory procured Antigonus a 
 peace not only from the Gauls, 
 but from all his neighbours. 
 
 Queen Thessalonice, the la- 
 dy of Cassander, was slain by 
 her son Antipater, though she 
 begged her life by his mother's 
 breasts : the reason of which 
 parricide was, that after the 
 death of her husband, in the 
 division of the kingdom betwixt 
 the brothers, she seemed to 
 
 Ita genero a natura, ut 
 non videor f actus ad ludus 
 jocusque. 
 
 Ob hie decus Codoman- 
 nus praejicio Armenia; 
 et, post mors rex Ochus, 
 constituo rex a populus 
 propter pristinus virtus. 
 Gero helium cum Alexan- 
 der Magnus : postremo, 
 tamen, vinco ab Alexan- 
 der ; et occisus a suus,Jinio 
 vita, pariter cum imperium 
 Persa. 
 
 Dum hie ago, jio certi- 
 or insidiae paro sui ab Al- 
 exander gener Antipater, 
 qui praepono Macedonia ; 
 ob qui causa, timens ne, si 
 interficio, quis motus ori- 
 or in Macedonia, habco is 
 in vinculum. Post hie 
 peto urbs Gordium, qui 
 positus sum inter magnus 
 et parvus Phrygia. 
 
 Dum Gallus diripio na- 
 vis, trucido a remex et 
 pars exercitus, qui confu- 
 gio eo cum conjux et libe- 
 ri ; et tantus sum caedes 
 Gallus, ut opinio hie vic- 
 toria praesto Antigonus 
 pax non tantum a Gallus, 
 sed ab omnis jinitimus. 
 
 Regina Thessalonice, 
 uxor Cassander, occ'ido a 
 Jilius Antipater, cum de* 
 precor vita per uber ma- 
 ternus : causa qui parri* 
 cidium sum, quod post 
 mors maritus, in divisio 
 regnum inter frater, vide* 
 or propensus Alexander. 
 
136 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 have been more favourable to 
 Alexander. 
 
 Pluto desired of Jupiter, that 
 Proserpine might be given to 
 him in marriage, by him and 
 her mother Ceres. Jupiter de- 
 nied that Ceres would suffer 
 her daughter to live in hell ; 
 but he bids him steal her, 
 whilst she gathered flowers up- 
 on mount Aetna, which is in 
 Sicily. Afterwards Ceres ob- 
 tained of Jupiter, that she 
 should be with her sometimes. 
 
 Perdiccas pretends to desire 
 the daughter of Anti pater in 
 
 marriage, that he might the 
 
 . . . 
 
 more easily obtain of him re- 
 cruits out of Macedonia ; but 
 Antipater perceived his cun- 
 ning, and balked his hopes. 
 After this a war broke out be- 
 tween Antigonus and Perdic- 
 cas, in which Perdiccas was 
 worsted by Antigonus. 
 
 Pluto peto a Jupiter, 
 ut Proserpina do sui in 
 matrimonium, ab Me et 
 mater Ceres. Jupiter 
 nego Ceres patior jilia 
 suus vivo in tartarus ; sed 
 jubeo is rapio is, dum lego 
 Jlos in mons Aetna, qui 
 sum in Sicilia. Postea 
 Ceres impetro a Jupiter, 
 ut sum suicum aliquando. 
 
 Perdiccas simulo peto 
 jilia Antipater in matri- 
 monium, ut facile oblineo 
 ab is supplementum ex 
 Macedonia ; sed Antipa- 
 ter praesentio dolus, et 
 fallo spes is. Post hie 
 bellum orior inter Antigo- 
 nus et Perdiccas, in qui 
 Perdiccas super o ab Anti- 
 gonus. 
 
 The poets say, that the first woman was made by Vulcan, and that every god 
 gave her some present, whence she was called Pandora. Pallas gave her wis- 
 dom, Apollo the art of music, Mercury the art of eloquence, and Venus gave her 
 beauty. 
 
 Acrisius, king of the Argives, shut up his daughter Danae in a strong tower, 
 and suffered none to enter into it ; because he had heard from the oracle, that 
 he should be killed by his grandson. Jupiter turned himself into a shower of 
 gold, and entered into the tower through the tiles. Thus Danae was got with 
 child by the god. When Acrisius heard that his daughter had brought forth 
 a son, he ordered her and the child to be put into a chest, and thrown into the sea. 
 The chest was found by a fisherman, and given by him to Pilumnus king of the 
 Rutilians, who married Danae. When Perseus, the son of Danae, was grown up, 
 he slew his grandfather Acrisius, and so fulfilled the oracle. 
 
 § 3. The government of the infinitive, participles, gerunds, 
 and supines, 
 
 RULE IX. 
 
 43. One verb governs another in the infinitive. 
 
 I desire to learn. Cupio discere. 
 
 Thou art glad to be taught. Gaudes doceru 
 
 Mercury is said to have invent- Mercurius dicitur inve~ 
 ed the harp. nisse lyram. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 137 
 
 Note\. The infinitive is frequently governed by adjectives or participles; as, 
 Dignus legi, cupidus nwri, indocilis pauperiem pali, avidi committere pugnatn, audax 
 omnia perpcti ; cupiens cognoscere, metuens pollui, meritus relinqui,frugesconsumere 
 nati. And sometimes by substantives ; as, Tempus abire, occasio scribere, signa 
 dedi ventsse Deum. 
 
 Note 2. The governing word is sometimes suppressed ; as, Ter. Omnes mihi 
 invidere, sc. coeperunt. Virg. Merit inccpto desistere 1 sc. decet or par est. And to 
 these phrases, videre est, animadvertere est, rcperire est, &c. we may understand 
 facultas, potestas, copia, or the like. 
 
 Note 3. The infinitive itself is sometimes suppressed ; as, Cic. Socratcmjidibm 
 docuit, sc. canere. Sail. Ex provinciam Namidiam populus jussit ; sc. dart. 
 
 Note 4. The infinitive is a kind of substantive noun, has adjectives sometimes 
 joined with it, and occurs in all cases. In the nominative ; as, Pers. Scire tuum 
 nihil est, for scientia tua. Cic. Adulterare turpe est, for adulterium. Gen. Virg. 
 Soli cant are periti, for cantandi or cant us. Dat. Sail. Servire parati, for servituti. 
 Acc. Hor. Da Mihi fallere, for ar tern fallendi. Voc. O vivere nostrum, for vita nos- 
 tra. Abl. Quinct. Haec demonstrasse contentus, for horwn demonstration facta. 
 
 I desire to know, thou art 
 afraid to tell, he despises to be 
 taught, we are forbid to prate, 
 ye ought tc study, they are or- 
 dered to write. 
 
 I will take care to avoid in- 
 temperance, thou oughtest to 
 seek wisdom, he endeavours to 
 perform his promise, we have 
 resolved to hear the lesson, ye 
 design to make verses, they 
 seem to have done an injury, 
 learn thou to lay aside pride. 
 
 Money cannot change nature, 
 a soldier always rejoices to re- 
 count his dangers, a sailor often 
 uses to relate his losses, Egna- 
 tius before this had resolved to 
 kill Caesar, the general order- 
 ed his men carefully to keep 
 rank. 
 
 i| He then recites his own 
 services; how he had revenged 
 the revolt of their allies, and 
 quelled the Thessalians ; how 
 he had not only defended, but 
 advanced the dignity of the 
 Macedonians ; for which if they 
 were sorry, he said he laid 
 down his authority, and restor- 
 ed them their present ; they 
 N 
 
 Cupio scio, vereor dico, 
 spemo doceo, veto garrio, 
 debeo studeo, jubeo scribo. 
 
 Curo vtio intemperan- 
 tia, debeo expeto sapien- 
 tia, conor praesto pro* 
 7nissum, statuo audio 
 praclectio, volo compono 
 versus, video facto inju- 
 ria, disco depono superci- 
 lium. 
 
 Pecunia nescio muto 
 natura, miles semper gau- 
 dco memoro periculum, 
 nauta saepe soleo refer o 
 damnum, Egnatius antca 
 statuo interimo Ccesar, 
 dux jubeo miles sedulo 
 servo ordo. 
 
 Deinde commemoro 
 suus beneficium ; ut vin- 
 dico defectio socius, et 
 compesco Thessalus ; utnon 
 tantum defendo, verum 
 augeo dignitas Macedo ; 
 qui si is poenitet, dico sui 
 depono imperium, et red" 
 do tile munus suus ; ipse 
 quaero rex qui impero. 
 
138 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 might seek a king whom they 
 could govern. 
 
 There were besides a great 
 many accomplices of this de- 
 sign, whom the hope of power 
 encouraged, more than want 
 or any necessity. Most of the 
 youth, but especially of the 
 nobility, favoured the designs 
 of Catiline ; they chose war 
 rather than peace, who might 
 have lived in peace quietly and 
 splendidly. 
 
 Sum praetcrea complu« 
 res particeps hicce consi- 
 lium, qui spes dominatio 
 hortor, magis quam inopio 
 aut alius neccssitudo. Pie' 
 rique juvenis, sed prae- 
 sertim nobilis,faveo incep* 
 turn Catilina ; malo helium 
 quam pax, qui licet vivo 
 in otium molliter et mag- 
 nifice. 
 
 The minutest plant or animal, if attentively examined, affords a thousand won- 
 ders, and obliges us to admire and adore that jmnipotcnt hand which created 
 ourselves, as weJl as the object we admire. 
 
 So great was the impudence of the giants, that they strove to turn Tupiter out 
 of heaven ; and when they began to fight against the gods, they heaped up moun- 
 tains upon mountains, and from thence darted trees set on fire. They hurled 
 also massy stones and solid rocks : some of which falling upon the earth again, 
 became mountains ; others fell into the sea, and became islands. 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 44. The gerund in DUM of the nominative case, with 
 the verb est, governs the dative. 
 
 I must live well. Vivcndum est mild recte. 
 
 All must die. Moriendum est omnibus. 
 
 Note 1. This gerund always imports necessity or obligation, and the dative af- 
 ter it is the person on whom the necessity or obligation lies. 
 
 Note 2. The dative is often suppressed ; as, Si pereundum sit ; sc. mihi, tibi, 
 illi, nobis, vobts, Mis, &c. 
 
 Note 3. This gerund, when it comes after a verb in the same clause, passes into 
 the accusative, and, with the infinitive esse, expressed or understood, governs the 
 dative ; as, Cic. Quotidie mediterc rcsistendum esse iracundiae. Caes. Quibus re 
 bus quam maturrime occurrendum [esse] putabat. 
 
 45. The gerund in DI is governed by substantives or ad- 
 jectives. 
 
 Time of reading. Tempus legendi. 
 
 Desirous to learn. Cupidus discendi. 
 
 The substantives are such as, amor, causa, gratia, studi* 
 um, tempus, occasio, ars, facultas, otium, cupido, voluntas, 
 consuetudo, &c. 
 
 The adjectives are such as, peritus, imperitus, cupidus y 
 msuetus f certus i rudis, and others belonging to No. 14. 
 
TO LATIN S\ NTAX. 
 
 139 
 
 Note L Tlie infinitive is sometimes used for the gerund in DI, especially by 
 the poets ; as, Ttmpus abire, occasio scribere, peritus cant are ; instead of abeun* 
 li, scribendi, cantandi. 
 
 Note 2. The governing substantive is sometimes suppressed ; as, Cic. Cum 
 hcberem in animo navigandi, sc. propositum. Plaut. Huic ducendi interca abscesse- 
 rit t sc. voluntas. 
 
 • 
 
 46. The gerund in DO of the dative case is governed 
 by adjectives signifying usefulness or fitness. 
 
 Paper useful for writing. Charta utilis scribendo. 
 Iron fit for beating. Ferrum habile tundendo. 
 
 These adjectives are such as, utilis, inutilis, aptus, in- 
 eptus, var, habilis, idoneus, accommodatus, bonus, communis, 
 &c 
 
 Note 1. The adjective is sometimes suppressed ; a<?, Cic. Cum solvcndo civitates 
 non essent, sc. pares vel habilts. ±*lin. Alezandrinae Jieus non sunt vescendo, sc. 
 idoncae vel utiles. 
 
 Note 2. This gerund is sometimes governed by a verb ; as, Plaut. Epidicum 
 quaerendo operant, dabo. Cic. Cum omnes scribendo adessent. Liv. Is censendo 
 finis f actus est. 
 
 47. The gerund in DUM of the accusative case is go- 
 verned by the prepositions ad or inter, and sometimes by 
 ante, circa, or ob. 
 
 Ready to hear. Promptus ad audiendum. 
 
 Attentive in time of teaching. Attentus inter docendum. 
 A reward for teaching. Merces ob docendum. 
 
 Note 1. This gerund is sometimes governed by the verb habeo ; as, Plin. Quum 
 enitendum haberemus. 
 
 Note 2. It frequently supplies the place of the accusative before the infinitive 
 esse or fuisse, as was already observed in note 3. on No. 44. 
 
 48. The gerund in DO, of the ablative case is governed 
 by the prepositions a, ab, de, e, ex, or in ; but if the cause 
 or manner of a thing be signified, the preposition is gene- 
 rally suppressed. 
 
 Punishment frightens from Poena a peccando abster* 
 
 sinning. ret. 
 Pleasure is found in learning. Voluptas capitur ex discen- 
 
 do. 
 
 I am weary with walking. Dcfessus sum ambulando. 
 A wife by obeying governs. Uxor par endo imperat. 
 
 Note 1. This gerund is sometimes, though rarely, governed by pro or cum ; as, 
 Plaut. Prcr vapulando abs te mercedem petam. Quinct. Ratio recte scribendi juncta 
 cum loguendo est. 
 
 Note<Z. Gerunds are substantive nouns, and consequently subject to the same 
 rules of construction with thein. 
 
140 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 49. Gerunds of verbs governing the accusative .are ele- 
 gantly turned into the gerundives, or participles in DUS, 
 which agree with their substantives in gender, number, 
 and case. 
 
 The affair must be managed. 
 
 The time of managing the affair. 
 
 Fit for managing the affair . 
 
 To manage the affair. 
 
 In managing the affair. 
 
 To these may be added the gerunds of utor, abator, fru- 
 or,fungor, and potior : as, Cic. Ad vitam utendam. Plin. 
 In fruendis voluptatibus. Cic. In munere fungendo. Sail. 
 Urbis potiundae cupido eum invasit. 
 
 Note 1. The meaning of the rule is, that the gerunds of active verbs govern 
 the accusative, as will be more fully taught in No. 54. following ; but the 
 same sense is more usually and more elegantly expressed by the gerundive joined 
 with the substantive, which the gerund governs. And here observe, that the 
 gerundive, with its substantive, are always put in the case of the gerund. 
 
 Note 2. In the plural we likewise say, curandae sunt res, idoneus curandis rebus, 
 ad curandus res, and in curandis rebus, rather than curandum est res, idoneus curan- 
 do res, ad curandum res, in curando res ; but tnnpus curandarum rerum in the geni- 
 tive, on account of its harsh sound, is seldom used ; tempus curandi res is more 
 usual and more ornate. 
 
 Note 3. Though the grounds of active verbs have generally an active significa- 
 tion ; yet sometimes they seem to be used in a passive sense ; as, Just. Athenas 
 trudiendi gratia missus, i. e. ut erudirttur. Sail. Cum ipse ad imperandum Tisidrum 
 vocaretur, i. e. ut ipsi imptrarclur. Veil. Ut cives ad censendum in Italiam revoca- 
 verint, i. e. ut censerentur, &c. 
 
 ^ Curandum est rem. 
 I Curanda est res. 
 ^ 'i empus curandi rem. 
 ( Tempus curandae rex. 
 
 Idoneus curando rem. 
 
 Idoneus curandae rei. 
 
 A d curandum rem. 
 
 Ad curandam rem. 
 
 In curando rem. 
 
 In curanda re. 
 
 SUPINES. 
 
 * 50. The supine in UM is put after a verb of motion. 
 
 He hath gone to walk. Abiit deambulatum. 
 
 They come to see. Spectatum veniunt. 
 
 Note 1. This supine is sometimes put after the participle ; as, II or. Spectatum 
 admissi, rij'iin teneatis amid. 
 
 Note 2. The supine in UM is a substantive noun in the accusative, of the fourth 
 declension, and governed by ad or tn understood, or sometimes expressed; as, 
 Var. Nonomnis tempestas apes ad pastum prodire longius patitur. Lucr. In com* 
 *>iulatum veniunt. 
 
 Note 3. This supine with the verb in, constitutes the future of the mf.nitiv# 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 141 
 
 passive, and tlu supins being- a substantive noun never varies its termination ; 
 for we do not say, Mas occisos iri, but illos occisum iri. 
 
 Note 4. An expression by this supine may be varied several ways. Thus, in- 
 stead of Venit oratum opem, we may say, I. Venit ut oret opem. 2. Venit opis 
 orandae causa. 3. Venit ad orandam opem. 4. Venit opem oraturus. 5. Venit opem 
 orandi causa. 6. Venit ad orandum opem. 7. Venit opi orandae. 8. Venit qui opem 
 oret. 9. Venit opem orare. But of these varieties the first four are usual and ele- 
 gant ; the next four less ornate and more rare ; and the last seldom used but by 
 poets. 
 
 * 51. The supine in U is put after an adjective noun. 
 
 Easy to tell, or to be told. Facile dictu. 
 Dreadful to be mentioned. Horrendum relatu. 
 
 Note 1. It is also put after these substantives, fas, nefas, opus ; as, Cic. Fas 
 dictu. Id. Nefas dictu. Id. Quod scitu opus est. It is put also after verbs signi- 
 fying motion from a place ; as, Plaut. Nunc obsonatu redeo. Cato, rrimus cubitu 
 surgat. 
 
 Note 2. This supine is a substantive noun in the aDlative of the fourth declen- 
 sion, and governed by in, e, or ex, understood, or sometimes expressed ; as, 
 Quinct. In receptu difficilis. Virg. E pastu vitulos ad tecta reducit. 
 
 Note 3. An expression by this supine may be varied several ways : Thus, in- 
 stead of Utile cognitu, we may say, 1. Cognnsci utile. 2. Ad cognoscendum utile. 
 3. Cognitione utile. 
 
 44. I must ride, but you 
 must walk. 
 
 We must fight stoutly with 
 our vices. 
 
 You ought to beware, lest 
 you fall into a distemper. 
 
 He must fly, but they must 
 fight, that they may be safe. 
 
 45. The lust of governing is 
 more violent than all the other 
 passions. 
 
 The gods have given you 
 riches, and the art of enjoying 
 them. 
 
 In a new kind of war new 
 methods of carrying on the war 
 are necessary. 
 
 Dionysius obliged the physi- 
 cians to give his father a 
 sleepy dose, lest Dion should 
 have an opportunity of tamper- 
 ing with him. 
 
 This man is courageous in 
 danger, prudent in his conduct, 
 n 2 
 
 Equitandum sum ego, 
 sed ambulandum sum tu. 
 
 Pugnandum sum ego 
 fortiter cum viiium noster. 
 
 Cavendum sum tu, ne 
 incido in morbus. 
 
 Fugiendum sum is, at 
 dimicandum sum ille, ut 
 sum salvus. 
 
 Cupido dominandum 
 sum jiagrans cunctus ali- 
 us affectus. 
 
 Deus do tu divitiae, 
 arsque fruendum. 
 
 In novus genus helium 
 novus ratio bellandum sum 
 necessarius. 
 
 Dionysius cogo medicus 
 do pater sopor, ne Dion 
 sum potestas agendum cum 
 is. 
 
 Hie vir sum jortis adpe- 
 riculum, prudens ad con- 
 
112 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 and skilled in carrying on a 
 war. 
 
 He acknowledges himself to 
 be unskilled in pleading, but 
 not unacquainted with war. 
 
 A great many young men 
 take pleasure in horses and 
 dogs, and are fond of hunting. 
 
 46. Bituminous and nitrous 
 water is good to be drunk. 
 
 Nature has given the frogs 
 legs fit for swimming. 
 
 This is common to studying 
 and writing, that good health 
 contributes a great deal to both. 
 
 47. Wisdom provides things 
 to us for living happily. 
 
 The Parthians are more dis- 
 posed to act than to speak. 
 
 As we walk we will talk to- 
 gether about the great works 
 of God. 
 
 Nobody ought to receive a 
 reward for accusing. 
 
 48. Lazy boys are soon dis- 
 couraged from learning. 
 
 No question is now made 
 about living well. 
 
 Greater glory is acquired by 
 defending than by accusing. 
 
 The spirit of the Cantabrians 
 was obstinate in rebelling. 
 
 The dog by barking dis- 
 covered the thieves. 
 
 Scipio reformed the soldiers 
 by exercising rather than by 
 punishing. 
 
 Caesar, by giving, by reliev- 
 ing, and forgiving, acquired 
 great glory. 
 
 silium, et peritus bellige- 
 randum. 
 
 Fateor sui sum rudis di- 
 cendum, at non ignarus 
 helium. 
 
 Plurimus adolesccns 
 gaudco equus et cants , et 
 sum studiosus venandum. 
 
 Bituminatus et nitrosus 
 aqua sum utilis bibendum. 
 
 Natura do rana cms 
 aptus natandum. 
 
 Ille sum communis edis- 
 cendum scribendu rn q ue y 
 quod bonus valetudo con- 
 fero plurimum uterque. 
 
 Sapientia comparo res 
 ego ad beate vivendum. 
 
 Parthi sum promptus 
 ad faciendum quam ad 
 dicendum. 
 
 Inter ambulandum con* 
 fabulor de magnus opus 
 Deus. 
 
 Nemo debeo accipio 
 praemium ob accusandum. 
 
 Ignavus puer cilo de- 
 tcrreo a discendum. 
 
 Nullus quaestio jam 
 moceo de bene vivendum. 
 
 Uber gloria comparo ex 
 defendendum quam ex ac- 
 cusandum. 
 
 Animus Cantabrus sum 
 pertinax in rebellandum. 
 
 Ca?iis latrandum prodo 
 fur. 
 
 Scipio corrigo miles ex" 
 ercendun mag is quam 
 puniendum. 
 
 Ccssar^ dandum, sub- 
 levandum, et ignoscen- 
 dum, magnus gloria adi* 
 pise or. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 US 
 
 49. Friends ought to be 
 admonished and chid, and that 
 ought to be taken kindly which 
 is done with a good intention. 
 
 Why do you hesitate ? says 
 he ; or what place of trying 
 our courage do you expect ? 
 This day shall determine con- 
 cerning our disputes. 
 
 Old oil is said to be ^ood for 
 clearing ivory from rottenness. 
 
 Claudius was a modest man, 
 tenacious of what was just, and 
 lit for managing the common- 
 wealth. 
 
 The boy is fit for bearing the 
 burden ; but this place is pro- 
 per for spreading the nets. 
 
 All the cities of Greece con- 
 tributed money for equipping a 
 fleet and raising an army. 
 
 Men use care in purchasing 
 a horse, and are negligent in 
 ckusing friends. 
 
 50. This man came to Cae- 
 sar to entreat that he would 
 pardon him. 
 
 Maecenas went to diversion, 
 I and Virgil went to bed. 
 
 51. A true friend is a thing 
 hard to be found. 
 
 Let nothing filthy to be 
 spoken or to be seen touch 
 those doors within which there 
 is a child. 
 
 % A general must endeavour 
 to accustom his soldiers to ob- 
 serve the tricks, plots, and 
 stratagems of the enemy, and 
 what [it] is proper to pursue, 
 and what to avoid. 
 
 Amicus sum monendus 
 et ohjurgandus, et is sum 
 accipiendus amice qui be- 
 ncvole jio. 
 
 Quid dubito ? inquam ; 
 aut quis locus probandus 
 virtus expecto ? Hie dies 
 judico de noster controver- 
 sial. 
 
 Vetus oleum dico sum 
 utilis vindicandus ebur a 
 caries. 
 
 Claudius sum vir mo- 
 dest us, tcnax jus turn, et 
 idoneus gerendus respub- 
 lie a. 
 
 Puer sum par ferendus 
 onus ; sed hie locus sum 
 habilis pandendus rete. 
 
 Omnis civitas Graecia 
 do pecunia ad aedifican- 
 dus classis, et comparan- 
 dus excrcitus. 
 
 Homo adhibeo cura in 
 parandus equus f et sum 
 negligeiis in diligendus 
 amicus. 
 
 Hie homo venio ad 
 Ccesar oratum ut ignosco 
 sui. 
 
 Maecenas eo lusum, ego 
 Virgiliusque eo dormitum. 
 
 Verus amicus sum res 
 difficilis inventu. 
 
 Nil foedus dictu visuve 
 tango hie limen intra qu. 
 puer sum. 
 
 Laborandum sum dux 
 ut consuefacio miles cog- 
 nosco dolus, insidiae, et 
 artificium hostis, et quis 
 convenit sequor, quisque 
 vito. 
 
 4 
 
144 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 After a long series of ages, 
 the bird phoenix came into 
 Egypt, and furnished an occa- 
 sion to the most learned of the 
 natives and Greeks of making 
 speculations on that prodigy. 
 
 In that battle the general was 
 wounded ; who, when he saw 
 his men slaughtered, demand- 
 ed by a crier the bodies of the 
 slain for burial ; for this among 
 the Greeks is a sign of the vic- 
 tory's being yielded up : with 
 which confession the Thebans 
 being content gave the signal 
 of giving quarter. 
 
 Whilst each of the states of 
 Greece are ambitious of domi- 
 neering, they were all ruined ; 
 for Philip king of Macedonia 
 plotted against their common 
 liberty ; he fomented the quar- 
 rels of the states, gave assist- 
 ance to the weaker, and at 
 last reduced all, the conquer- 
 ors and conquered alike, under 
 his power. 
 
 The Carthaginians attempted 
 to renew the war, and excited 
 the Sardinians, who by an ar- 
 ticle of the peace were oblig- 
 ed to be subject to the Romans, 
 to rebel : an embassy, howev- 
 er, of the Carthaginians came 
 to Rome and obtained peace. 
 
 How desperately the fight' 
 was maintained the event 
 shewed ; none of the enemies 
 survived the battle. The place 
 that every one had received in 
 fighting, that he covered with 
 his body. Catiline was found a 
 great way from his men amongst 
 the carcases of the enemies. 
 
 Post longus ambitus se- 
 culum., avis phoenix venio 
 in Aegyptus praebcoque 
 mater ies doctus indigena 
 et Graecus disscrenaum 
 super is miraculum. 
 
 In is praelium dux vul- 
 nero ; qui, cum video suus 
 caedo, posco per praeco 
 corpus interfectus ad sc~ 
 pultura ; hie cnim apud 
 Graecus sum signum vic- 
 toria traditus : qui con- 
 fessio Thebanus conte?itus, 
 do signum pare endum. 
 
 Dum singulus civitas 
 Graecia su?n cupidus do- 
 minandum, ornnis perco ; 
 nam PJnlippus rex Mace- 
 donia insidior communis 
 libertas ; ole contentio 
 civitas, fero auxilium in- 
 fer us, et tandem redigo 
 omnis, victor et victus pa- 
 riter, sub suus potestas. 
 
 Carthaginiensis tento 
 reparo bcllum, et impello 
 Sardiniensis, qui ex con- 
 ditio pax debeo pareo 
 Romanus, ad rebellan- 
 dum : legatio, tamen, 
 Carthaginiensis ad Roma 
 venio, et pax impetro. 
 
 Qua?n atrociter dimico, 
 exit us do ceo ; nemo hostis 
 supersum bcllum. Qui 
 locus quis in pugnandum 
 capio, is corpus tego. Ca- 
 tilina longe a suus intef 
 hostis cadaver reperio. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 145 
 
 Eumenes being thus received 
 by the Argyraspides, by de- 
 grees assumes the command ; 
 first by admonishing, and then 
 by gently correcting,he brought 
 it to pass that nothing could be 
 done in the camp without him. 
 
 Clearchus thought the disa- 
 greement of the people an op- 
 portunity of seizing the govern- 
 ment ; wherefore he confers 
 first with Mithridates, the ene- 
 my of his countrymen, and 
 promises to betray the city to 
 him ; but afterwards he turn- 
 ed the plot which he had form- 
 ed against his countrymen up- 
 on Mithridates himself. But 
 faith ought to be kept. 
 
 All the sons of Hanno, not 
 only those that appeared fit for 
 assuming the government, but 
 the rest also, and all his rela- 
 tions, are delivered up to pu- 
 nishment ; that no one of so 
 wicked a family might be left, 
 either to imitate his villany or 
 to revenge his death. 
 
 The Phocensians fly to arms ; 
 but there was neither leisure to 
 prepare for war, nor time to 
 get together auxiliaries ; they 
 are slaughtered, therefore, 
 every where, and carried off. 
 The miserable people had one 
 comfort, that, as Philip had 
 cheated his allies of their part 
 of the plunder, they saw none 
 of their goods in the hands of 
 their enemies. 
 
 When he came to the admi- 
 nistration of the government, he 
 did not think so much of go- 
 
 Eumenes it a reccptus 
 ah Argyraspidae, pau- 
 latim usurpo imperium ; 
 primum monendum, mox 
 blande corrigendum, offi- 
 cio, ut nihil possum ago 
 in castra sine ille. 
 
 Clearchus cxistimo dis- 
 sensio populus occasio in- 
 vadendus tyrannis ; itaqve 
 colloquor primo cum Mi- 
 thridates, civis suus hos- 
 tis, et promitto prodo urbs 
 is ; postea autem verto in- 
 sidiae qui civis paro in 
 ipse Mithridates. Sed ji- 
 des sum servandus. 
 
 Omnis jilius Hanno, 
 non tantum is qui video 
 habilis capessendus res- 
 publica, sed cactcr quoque, 
 omnisque cognatus, trado 
 supplicium ; ne quisquam 
 ex tarn nefarius domus 
 supersum, aut ad imitan- 
 dus scelus, aut ad ulcis- 
 cendus mors. 
 
 Phocensis ad, arma con- 
 fugio ; sed neque sum spa- 
 tium instruendus bellum, 
 neque tempus ad contra- 
 hendi auxilium ; cacdo, 
 igitur, passim, rapioque. 
 Unus solatium miser sum, 
 quod, cum Philippus frau- 
 do socius portio praeda % 
 video nihil res suus apud 
 inimicus. 
 
 Cum venio ad adminis* 
 tratio regnum, non tarn 
 cogito de regendum quam 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 kerning as of increasing his 
 kingdom : wherefore he sub- 
 dued the Scythians, till that 
 time invincible, who had cut 
 off Sopyrion, a general of Al- 
 exander the Great, and had 
 slain Cyrus, king of the Persi- 
 ans with two hundred thousand. 
 
 Lysander, when he found 
 by his scouts, that the Atheni- 
 ans were gone ashore to plun- 
 der, and that the ships were 
 left almost empty, did not let 
 slip the opportunity of doing 
 his business, and so put an 
 end to the whole war. 
 
 Whilst these things are doing 
 in Egypt, king Dejotarus 
 comes to Domitius, to entreat 
 that he would not suffer the 
 lesser Armenia, his kingdom, 
 to be laid waste by Pharnaces. 
 
 Among the ancient Romans 
 some matron of approved and 
 well known morals was made 
 choice of, to whom was com- 
 mitted all the children of the 
 family, in whose presence it 
 was neither allowable to speak 
 what appeared shameful to be 
 said, nor to do what was inde- 
 cent to be done. 
 
 When the enemies saw Al- 
 exander alone, they flock toge- 
 ther from all quarters : nor did 
 he less courageously resist, and 
 alone light against so many 
 thousands. It is incredible to 
 be said, that not the multitude of 
 the enemies, nor the vast num- 
 ber of weapons, nor so great a 
 shout of those that attacked 
 him should fright him, that he 
 alone should slaughter and put 
 to flight so many thousands. 
 
 de augendus regnum .■ 
 itaque perdomo Scythae, 
 usque ad id tcmpus invic- 
 tus, qui deleo Sopyrio, 
 dux Alexander Magnus, 
 et trucido Cyrus, rex Per- 
 sa, cum ducenti mille. 
 
 Lysander, cum per spe- 
 culator comperio, Athe- 
 niensis exeo praedatum, 
 navisque relictus sum pene 
 inanis, tempus gerendus 
 res non dimitto, atque ita 
 totus helium deleo. 
 
 Dum hie in Aegyptus 
 gcro, rex Dejotarus ad 
 Domitius venio oratum, 
 ne patior Armenia minor, 
 regnum suus, vasto a 
 Pharnaces. 
 
 Apud vetus Romanus 
 aliquis matrona probatvs 
 spectatusque 6 mos eligo, 
 qui commit to omnis sobo- 
 les familia, coram qui 
 neque fas sum dico qui vi- 
 deo turpis dictu, neque 
 facio qui sum inhonestus, 
 factu. 
 
 Cum hostis conspicio 
 Alexander solus, undique 
 concurro : nec minus 
 constanter resisto, et unus 
 praelior adversus tot mille. 
 Sum incredibilis dictu, ut 
 non multitudo hostis, non 
 vis ma gnus telum, non tan- 
 tus clamor lacessens terreo, 
 ut solus caedo ac fugo tot 
 mille. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 147 
 
 The last and dreadful day will soon approach, when we mast all appear before 
 our Judge. What consternation Mall then seize the wicked ! That mighty hand, 
 which once opened the windows of heaven, and broke up the fountains of the 
 great deep, will then unlock all the magazines of fire, and pour a second deluge 
 on the earth. The everlasting mountains will then melt like the snow which 
 covers their summits, and all nature will be laid in ashes. 
 
 Ceres is the goddess of fruits ; she first taught the art of ploughing and sowing. 
 Before her time the earth lay rough and uncultivated, covered with briers and 
 full of weeds, and the people lived on acorns. 
 
 How wonderful are the birds ! A passage through the air, which has been deni- 
 ed to other animals, is open to them. They are capable of soaring up to the 
 clouds : they suspend their bodies and continue motionless in an element lighter 
 than themselves. They remount, and then precipitate themselves to the earth 
 like a descending stone. 
 
 Virgil describes the seasons, and gives the signs of the weather proper for sow- 
 ing, planting, grafting, and reaping. 
 
 When men are freed from the business and cares of life, they are generally 
 more inclined to hear and to learn ; but they mistake when they consider the 
 knowledge of abstruse and strange things as necessary to living happily. 
 
 When Ceres was weary with travelling, and thirsty, she came to a cottage, 
 and begged a little water of an old woman that lived there : The old woman not 
 only gave her water, but also barley broth ; which, when the goddess supped up 
 greedily, the woman's son Stellio, a saucy boy, mocked her. Ceres being thus 
 provoked, threw some of the broth into the boy's face, and metamorphosed him 
 into an evet. 
 
 A good man enjoycth the tranquillity of his own breast, and rejoiceth in the hap- 
 piness and prosperity of his fieighbour : he openeth not his ear unto slander: the 
 faults and failings of men give a pain to his heart. His desire is to do good ; 
 and in removing the oppression of others, he relieveth himself. 
 
 Here is the place whither we are come to bathe ; you may walk along the 
 side of the river, I with my maid will repair to the grove, to enjoy the cool shade. 
 
 The poets tell many stories hard to be believed : They say, that when Prome- 
 theus stole fire from heaven, Jupiter was incensed, and sent Pandora to Prome- 
 theus with a sealed box ; but Prometheus would not receive it. Jupiter sent her 
 again with tiie same box to the wife of Epimetheus, the brother of Prometheus : 
 and she being curious, as is natural to her sex, opened it ; whereupon all sorts ot 
 diseases and evils with which it was tilled, flew out amongst mankind, and have 
 infested them ever since. 
 
 RULE X. 
 
 52. Participles, gerunds, and supines, govern the case 
 of their own verbs. 
 
 Loving virtue. Amans vir tit tern. 
 
 Wanting guile. Carens fraudc. 
 
 Having got riches. Nadus divitias. 
 
 Having forgot your own affairs. Oblitus rerum tuarum. 
 About to write a letter. Scripturus literas. 
 
 Going to accuse him of theft. Accusaturus eum furti. 
 Fond of reading books. Cupidus legendi libros. 
 
 We must improve time. Utendum est aetate. 
 
 They came to complain of in- Venerunt questum inju~ 
 
 juries. rias. 
 I shall go to serve the Gre- Gratis servitum matribus 
 
 cian dames. ibo. 
 
 Note 1. The participle in DUS governs the dative by No. 17. And the supina 
 in U has no case after it. 
 
 Note 2. Participles, gerunds, and supines, partake both of the nature of a noun 
 and of a verb; and, accordingly, admit of a two-fold construction. In the first 
 respect, participles are construed as other adjectives, and the gerunds and su- 
 pines, like other substantive nouns ; but as they partake of the nature of a verb, 
 they govern the case of the verbs from whence they come. 
 
148 
 
 AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 Note 3. VERBAL nouns, as well substantives as adjectives, sometimes govern 
 the case of their verbs ; as, Cic. Juztitia est oolemperatio scnptis legibus. Sail. 
 Insidiie consult ron procedebant. Ovid. Ignis aquae pugnax. Just. Gratulabundus 
 patriae. Gell. Populabundus agros. Liv. Vitabundus castra hostium. 
 
 Note 4. Exosus, perosus, always, and pertaesvs, often, govern the accusative , 
 as, Ovid. Tacdas exosajugatcs. Liv. Plebc sonsulum nomen perosa. Suet. Per- 
 taesus ignaviam suam. But pertaesvs sometimes takes the genitive ; as, Tac. 
 Lentitudinis eorum pertaesa. 
 
 Note 5. The gerund in Df, in imitation of substantive nouns, instead of the 
 accusative, sometimes governs the genitive plural ; as, Piaut. Nominandi isto- 
 rum eril copia. Cic. Facultas agrorum condonandi. 
 
 Note 6. The verbs do, reddo, volo, euro, facio, habe.o, with a participle perfect 
 in the accusative, are often used by way of circumlocution, instead of the verb 
 of the participle ; as, Ter. Effectum dabo, i. e. ejficiam. Id. Inventus reddam,i. e 
 eas inveniam. Id. Vos oratos volo, i. e. vos oro. Id. Mc missum face, i. e. me mitle 
 
 Note 7. The verbs euro, habeo, mando, loco, conduco, do, tribuo, accipio, mitto, 
 relinquo, and some others, instead of the infinitive or substantive are elegantly 
 construed with the participle in DUS, joined with a substantive ; as, Cic. Funus 
 ex amplum faciendum curavi ; instead of fiei t, or utjieret. Id. Demus nos philoso- 
 phiae excolendos, &c. 
 
 The Asiatics, remembering 
 the dignity of Berenice's fa- 
 ther, and pitying her hard for- 
 tune, sent aid. 
 
 Perseus, forgetting his fa- 
 ther's fortune, bid his soldiers 
 remember the old glory of 
 Alexander. 
 
 Julius Silanus, being asked 
 his opinion concerning those 
 that were detained in prison, 
 voted that punishment ought to 
 be inflicted. 
 
 Pausanias too, the other ge- 
 neral of the Lacedemonians, 
 being accused of treachery, 
 went into banishment. 
 
 Good magistrates, promoting 
 the public interest, observing 
 the laws, and favouring virtue, 
 are worthy of honour. 
 
 Alexander, king of Egypt, 
 dreading the cruelty of his mo- 
 ther, and preferring a secure 
 and a safe life before a king- 
 dom, left her. 
 
 Darius went about encourag- 
 ing his men, and putting them 
 
 Asiatici, recordans 4 
 dignitas pater Berenice, 
 et miser tus is indignus 
 for tuna, mitto auxilium. 
 
 Perseus, oblitus pater 
 fortuna, jubeo suus miles 
 reminiscor vetus gloria 
 Alexander. 
 
 Julius Silanus, roga- 
 tus sententia de hie qui 
 in custodia teneo, decerno 
 supplicium sum sumendus. 
 
 Pausanias quoque, al- 
 ter dux Lacedaemonius, 
 accusatus proditio, abeo in 
 exilium. 
 
 Bonus magistratus, ser- 
 viens communis utilitas* 
 parens lex, et favens vir- 
 tus, sum dignus honor. 
 
 Alexander, rex Aegyp- 
 tus, timens crudelitas ma- 
 ter, et anteponens secu- 
 rus et tutus vita rcgnu?n 9 
 relinquo is. 
 
 Darius circumeo hor- 
 tans suus, et admonens is 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 149 
 
 in mind of the ancient glory of 
 the Persians, and of the per- 
 petual possession of empire 
 given him by the gods. 
 
 Having got Egypt without 
 ai./ contest, he goes into Li- 
 bya, designing to visit the tem- 
 pi e of Jupiter Hammon, and 
 consult him concerning the 
 event of the war. 
 
 Boys are not to be glutted 
 v, ith meat ; for we cannot use 
 our reason well, being filled 
 with much meat and drink. 
 
 Many men abounding in gold 
 and flowing in wealth, cannot 
 deliver their minds from cares ; 
 no possession therefore is to 
 be valued more than virtue. 
 
 Tiberius seldom used the 
 Greek language, and abstained 
 from it chiefly in the senate ; 
 insomuch that, being about to 
 mention the word monopolium, 
 he asked pardon, because he 
 was obliged to make use of a 
 foreign word. 
 
 Sylla for a long time so be- 
 haved himself that he seemed 
 to have no thought of setting 
 up for the consulship. 
 
 There will be no other more 
 seasonable time of delivering 
 ourselves from the dread of 
 the Carthaginians than now, 
 whilst they are weak and nee- 
 
 After this the Carthaginians 
 sent generals into Sicily, to 
 prosecute the remains of the 
 war, with whom Agathocles 
 made a peace. 
 
 It would be tedious to re- 
 O 
 
 vetus gloria Persa, et per- 
 petuus possessio imperium 
 datus sui a deus. 
 
 Potitus Aegyptus sine 
 cert amen , per go in Libya, 
 visum s templum Jupiter 
 Hammon, et consulturus is 
 de eventus helium, 
 
 Puer non sum implendus 
 cibus ; non enim possum 
 utor mens recte, completus 
 multus cibus et potio. 
 
 Multus homo abundans 
 aurum, et circumjluens di- 
 vitiae, non possum libero 
 animus cura ; nullus pos- 
 sessio igitur sum plus acs- 
 timandus quam virtus. 
 
 Tiberius raro utor Grae- 
 cus sermo, abstineoque 
 maocime in senatus ; adeo 
 quidem ut, nominaturusvox 
 monopolium, postulo ve- 
 nia, quod sui utendum sum 
 verbum peregrinus. 
 
 Sylla diu it a sui gero, 
 ut videor habeo nullus co- 
 gitatio petendum consula- 
 tes. 
 
 Non su?n alius oppor- 
 tunus tempus liberandum 
 ego mctus Carthaginiensis 
 quam nunc, dum sum in- 
 jirmus et egenus. 
 
 Post hie Poeni mitto dux 
 in Sicilia ad persequen- 
 dum reliquiae helium, cum 
 qui Agathocles paxfacio. 
 
 Longus sum recenseo 
 
150 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 count what Annibal has done 
 against us and our armies, by- 
 plundering our cities, and kill- 
 ing our fellow-soldiers. 
 
 The Bituriges sent deputies 
 to Caesar to complain of inju- 
 ries, and to beg assistance 
 against the Carnutes. 
 
 Timoleon took Mamercus, 
 the Italian general, a warlike 
 man, and of great power, who 
 had come into Sicily to assist 
 the tyrants. 
 
 Tf All the soldiers of Alex- 
 ander, forgetting their wives 
 and children, looked upon the 
 Fersian gold and the riches of 
 all the East, as their plunder ; 
 nor did they talk of wars and 
 dangers, but the riches which 
 they hoped to obtain. 
 
 Lysimachus being wont to 
 hear Callisthenes, and receive 
 precepts of virtue from him, 
 pitying so great a man suffer- 
 ing the punishment, not of any 
 crime, but his freedom, gave 
 him poison for a remedy of his 
 misery ; which Alexander took 
 so ill, that he ordered him to 
 be delivered to a very fierce 
 lion. 
 
 The conditions of peace of- 
 fered to Antiochus, king of 
 Asia, were these : That Asia 
 should be the Romans' ; that 
 he should have the kingdom of 
 Syria ; that he should deliver 
 up all his ships, prisoners, and 
 deserters, and restore the Ro- 
 mans the whole charge of the 
 war. 
 
 God, though angry with sin, 
 invites sinners to repentance : 
 
 qui Annibal patro in ego 
 exercitusque noster, popu- 
 landum urbs, et interficien- 
 dum commilito. 
 
 Bituriges mitto legatus 
 ad Cdssar questum de in- 
 juria, et petitum auxilium 
 contra Carnutes, 
 
 Timoleon capio Mamer- 
 cus, Italicus dux, homo 
 bellicosus et potens, qui 
 venio in Sicilia adjutum 
 tyrannus. 
 
 Omnis miles Alexander, 
 oblitus cojijux et liberi, 
 duco Persicus aurum, et 
 opes totus Oriens, ut suus 
 praeda ; nec memini bel- 
 lum et periculum, sed di- 
 vitiae qui spero obtinco. 
 
 Lysimachus solitus au- 
 dio Callisthenes, et accipio 
 praeceptum virtus ab is, 
 misertus tantus vir pen- 
 dens poena, non culpa, sed 
 libertas, do is venenum in 
 remedium calamitas ; qui 
 Alexander fero tarn aegre, 
 utjubeo is trado ferox leo. 
 
 Conditio pax oblatus 
 Antiochus, rex Asia, sum 
 hie : Ut Asia sum Roma- 
 nus ; ut ille habeo regnum 
 Syria ; ut trado univcrsus 
 navis, captivus, et transfu- 
 ga, et restituo totus sump- 
 tus bellum. Romanus. 
 
 Deus, licet iratus pec* 
 catum, invito peccatoi ad 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 151 
 
 he offers them eternal happi- 
 ness in heaven ; but they de- 
 spise his mercy, and hearken to 
 the devil, who endeavours to 
 tempt them to wickedness. 
 They repent of their sins when 
 it is too late, and their repen- 
 tance cannot profit them, that 
 is, when they suffer the pun- 
 ishment due to their folly. 
 
 Antoninus was a man of an 
 illustrious family, but not very 
 ancient, and who deservedly 
 may be compared with Numa ; 
 he was cruel to nobody, kind 
 to all, seeking out the most 
 just men to manage the govern- 
 ment, giving honour to the 
 good, detesting the wicked, no 
 less venerable than terrible to 
 kings ; he was called pious, 
 on account of his clemency. 
 
 It was a thing worth the 
 sight, to see Xerxes lurking in 
 a small vessel, whom a little 
 before the whole sea hardly 
 contained ; wanting likewise 
 the attendance of servants, 
 whose armies, by reason of 
 their number, were burden- 
 some to the earth. 
 
 Epaminondas was modest, 
 prudent, steady, wisely using 
 the times, skilled in war, of a 
 great spirit, a lover of truth, 
 merciful, not only bearing with 
 the injuries of the people, but 
 his friends too ; he was exer- 
 cised very much in running 
 and wrestling, and employed 
 a great deal of his application 
 in arms. 
 
 Philip sends deputies to 
 Atheas, king of the Scythians, 
 
 poenitentia : offero ille ae- 
 ternus feiicitas in coclum ; 
 sed contemno is misericor- 
 dia, et pareo diabolus, qui 
 conor pellicio is ad scelus. 
 Poenitet is peccatum quan- 
 do sum sero, et poenitentia 
 suus non possum prosum 
 is, is sum, cum do poena 
 debitus stultitia suus. 
 
 Antoninus sum vir cla- 
 rus 6 genus, sed non ad- 
 modum vetus, et qui merito 
 confer o Numa ; sum acer- 
 bus nullus, benignus cunc- 
 tus, quaerens justus ad ad- 
 ministrandus respublica, 
 habens honor bonus, detes- 
 tans improbus, non minus 
 venerabilis quam terribilis 
 rex ; pius propter demen- 
 tia dico. 
 
 Sum res dignus specta- 
 culum, video Xerxes latens 
 in exiguus navigium, qui 
 paulo ante vix omnis ae- 
 quor capio ; carens etiam 
 ministerium servus, qui 
 exercitus, propter multi- 
 tudo, sum gravis terra. 
 
 Epaminondas sum mo- 
 destus, prudens, gravis, 
 sapienter uteris tempus, 
 peritus bellum, magnus 6 
 animus, diligens Veritas, 
 elemens, non solum fer ens 
 injuria populus, sed etiam 
 amicus ; exerceo plurimum 
 currendum et luctandum, 
 et consumo plurimum stu- 
 dium in arma. 
 
 Philippus mitto legatus 
 ad Atheas, rex Scythae, 
 
152 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 desiring a part of the expense 
 of the siege. Atheas, blaming 
 the rigour of the climate, and 
 the barrenness of the land, 
 which did not enrich the Scy- 
 thians with wealth, replied, 
 That he had no riches where- 
 with he might satisfy so great 
 a king, and that he thought it 
 more scandalous to do but a 
 little, than to refuse the whole. 
 
 Alexander, fond of high ti- 
 tles, ordered himself to be 
 adored. The most violent 
 among the recusants was Cal- 
 listhenes, which thing brought 
 ruin on him, and on many of 
 the great men of Macedonia ; 
 for they were ail put to death, 
 under pretence of a plot. Ne- 
 vertheless, the custom of sa- 
 luting their king was retained 
 by the Macedonians. 
 
 Many cities of Greece came 
 to complain of the injuries of 
 Philip, king of Macedonia ; 
 but such a dispute arose in the 
 senate betwixt Demetrius, 
 Philip's son, whom his father 
 had sent to satisfy the senate, 
 and the deputies of the cities, 
 that, to soothe their minds, and 
 to compose the differences, 
 there was need of threats. 
 
 They do not believe there 
 are any gods, and he thinks 
 they are to be saved, to avoid 
 the odium of gods and men. 
 But, 1 think the gods have re- 
 duced the Carthaginians to this 
 condition, that they may suffer 
 the punishment of their im- 
 piety ; who, by breaking the 
 treaties made with us in Sicily, 
 Spain, Italy, and Africa, have 
 
 petens portio impensa ob- 
 sidio. Athens, causatus 
 inclementia caelum, et ste- 
 rilitas terra, qui non dito 
 Scythae patrimonium, res- 
 pondeo, Nullus sui opes 
 sum, qui expleo tantus 
 rex, et puto turpis defun- 
 gor parvus, quam abnuo 
 totus. 
 
 Alexander, gaudens mag- 
 nus titulus,jubco suiadoro. 
 Acer inter recusans sum 
 Callisthenes, qui sum exiti- 
 um ille, et multus princeps 
 Macedonia ; nam omnis in- 
 terficio, sub species insi- 
 diae. Tamen, mos salutan- 
 dum rex retineo a Macedo- 
 nes. 
 
 Multus civitas Graecia 
 venio questum de injuria 
 Philippus, rex Macedonia ; 
 sed tantus disceptatio orior 
 in senatus inter Demetri- 
 us, Philippus fdius, qui 
 pater mitto ad satisfacien- 
 dum senatus, et legatus ci- 
 vitas, ut, ad mitigandus 
 animus, et ad componen- 
 dus lis, opus sum minae. 
 
 Non credo sum deus, et 
 ille censeo is sum servan- 
 dus, ad vitandus invidia 
 deus homoque. At ego 
 puto deus redigo Pocni in 
 hie status, ut luo poena irn- 
 pietas ; qui, violandum 
 foedus ictus egocum in Si- 
 cilia, Hispania, Italia, el 
 Africa, infer o ego gravis 
 calamitas. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 153 
 
 brought upon us the heaviest 
 calamities. 
 
 When both the prayers and 
 the threats of the deputies 
 were slighted, they came arm- 
 ed to the city ; there they call 
 gods and men to witness, that 
 they came not to force, but to 
 recover their country ; and 
 would shew their countrymen, 
 that not their courage but for- 
 tune, had failed them in the 
 former war. 
 
 The Helvetii by this time 
 had carried their forces through 
 the straits and the territories 
 of the Sequani, and had come 
 into the dominions of the Ae- 
 dui, and were ravaging their 
 country ; the Aedui, as they 
 were not able to defend them- 
 selves and their possessions 
 against them, sent deputies to 
 Caesar to beg assistance. 
 
 Cum et precis et minae 
 legatus sperno, arrnatus ad 
 urbs venio ; ibi deus ho- 
 moque testor, sui venio non 
 expugnatum, sed recupe- 
 ratum patria ; ostensur- 
 usque civis suus, non vir- 
 tus, sed for tuna descm 
 sui in prior bellum. 
 
 Helvetii jam transduco 
 suus copiae per angustia 
 et finis Sequani, et perve- 
 nio in finis Aedui, popu- 
 torque is ager ; Aedui, 
 quum non possum defendo 
 sui suusque ab hie, mitto 
 legatus ad Casar rogatum 
 auxilium. 
 
 Demetrius compares prosperity to the indulgence of a fond mother, which of- 
 ten ruins the child ; but he compaies the affection of the Divine Being to that of 
 a wise father, who would have his sons to labour, to feel disappointment and 
 pain, that they may gather strength and improve their fortitude. There is not 
 on earth, says he, a spectacle more worthy the regard of a Creator intent on his 
 works, than a brave man superior to his sufferings \ it must be a pleasure to Ju- 
 piter himself to look down from heaven, and see Cato, amidst the ruins of his 
 country, preserving his integrity. 
 
 Bacchus is said to have taught the art of planting the vine, of making honey, 
 and tilling the ground ; but the ass of Nauplia also deserves praise, who used to 
 gnaw the vines, and so taught men the art of pruning them. 
 
 4. The Construction of CIRCUMSTANCES. 
 1. The Cause, Manner, and Instrument. 
 RULE XI. 
 
 * 53. The cause, manner, and instrument, are put in the 
 ablative. 
 
 I am pale for fear. Palleo metu. 
 
 He did it after his own way. Fecit suo more. 
 I write with a pen. Scribo calamo. 
 
 o2 
 
154 
 
 AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 Note 1. The CAUSE is known by the question CUR or Q UARET Why ? Where- 
 /ore? the MANNER, by the question QUOMODOI How/ and the INSTRU- 
 MENT, by the question QUOCUM? Wherewith f 
 
 Note 2. The cause sometimes takes the prepositions per, propter, or dc, e, ex, 
 p*ae ; as, Cic. hegihus propter metum paret. Id. Cum e via languercm. Id. Nee 
 loqui prae rr.oerore potuit. 
 
 Note 3. The manner frequently admits the preposition cum, and sometimes de, 
 t, ex, 01 per ; as, Cic. Semper mag no cum metu dicere incipio. Virg. Sohtio rna- 
 trum de more locuta est. Cic. Quod adeptus est per scelus, id per luxuriam effundit. 
 
 Note 4. The instrument seldom or never admits the preposition cum, but it is 
 expressed sometimes with a or ab by the poets ; as, Ovid. Hi jacuto pisces, illi 
 capiuntur abhamo. But here observe, that cum is generally expressed with the 
 ablative of concontitancy, which signifies something to be in company with another 
 thing ; as, Ingressus est cum gladio, lie entered with a sword, i. e. having a sword 
 with him, or about him. In like manner, Cic. Desinant obsidere cum gladiis curi 
 am. Id. Ut Vettiusin foro cum pugionc comprehenderetur. 
 
 Note 5. To the cause may be referred the matter of which any thing is made ; 
 as, Liv. Capitoliumsaxo quadrato substructum. Virg. Acre cavo clypeus. But the 
 preposition is more frequently expressed ; as, Cic. Pocula ex uuro. Virg. Tern- 
 plum de mamwre. Caes. Naoes factae ex robore. Cic. Candelabrum factum e gem- 
 mis. 
 
 Note 6. To the manner may be referred the means by which ; as, Cic. Amicos ob- 
 servantia, rem parsimonia retinuit. Sail. Huic quia bonae artes desunt, dohs aique 
 fallaciis contendit : and the respect wherein ; as, Cic. Floruit cum acumine ingenii, 
 turn admirabili quodam lepore dicendi. Id. Scipio omnes sale facetiisque superabat. 
 Caes. Fama nobiles potentesque bello. These also sometimes have the preposi- 
 tion expressed. 
 
 CcBsar habeo magnus 
 bencficium ac munijicentia, 
 Cato integritas vita. 
 
 Limus duresco et cera 
 liquesco unus idemque ig- 
 nis. 
 
 Nemo violo tuus com- 
 modum gratia ; homo homo 
 causa genero. 
 
 Pausanias cpulor, mos 
 Persae, luxuriose quam 
 qui adsum possum perpe- 
 tior. 
 
 Xerxes vinco magis con- 
 silium Themistocles, quam 
 arma Graecia. 
 
 Syria vasto terra motus, 
 qui centum septuaginta mil- 
 Ic homo et mult us urbs 
 per°o. 
 
 Mithridates sum vir 
 accr helium i eximius vir- 
 tus, dux consilium, mh& 
 
 1. Caesar was esteemed 
 great for his favours and gene- 
 rosity, Cato for the integrity of 
 his life. 
 
 Clay hardens and wax softens 
 by one and the same fire. 
 
 Wrong nobody for thy own 
 interest's sake ; men were 
 born for the sake of men. 
 
 2. Pausanias feasted after 
 the manner of the Persians, 
 more luxuriously than they that 
 were with him could endure. 
 
 Xerxes was conquered more 
 by the contrivance of Themis- 
 tocles, than the arms of Greece. 
 
 Syria was desolated by an 
 earthquake, wherein a hundred 
 and seventy thousand men and 
 many cities perished. 
 
 Mithridates was a man very 
 brisk in war, extraordinary for 
 courage, a general for conduct, 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 155 
 
 a soldier in action, a Hannibal 
 for spite against the Romans. 
 
 3. Alexander stabbed his 
 most dear friend Clitus with 
 a sword. 
 
 They cut down the wood, 
 which hung over the w T ay, with 
 hatchets. 
 
 Nero fished with golden nets 
 which he drew with cords of 
 purple silk. 
 
 The Metapontini shew, in 
 the temple of Minerva, the 
 iron tools with which Epeus 
 made the Trojan horse. 
 
 Antonius fills the houses nigh 
 the walls with the bravest of 
 the soldiers, who forced away 
 the defenders with trees, cud- 
 gels, tiles, and torches. 
 
 Fulvius surrounded the lurk- 
 ing places of the enemy with 
 fire; Posthumius so disarmed 
 them that he scarce left them 
 iron wherewith the ground 
 might be tilled. 
 
 TT The contest was dubious 
 till his army broke into the 
 town. In that battle, being 
 wounded under the breast, he 
 began to faint through loss of 
 blood ; yet he fought upon his 
 knees, till he killed him by 
 whom he had been wounded. 
 The dressing of the wound was 
 more painful than the wound 
 itself. 
 
 The Lacedaemonians, as 
 they observed the excellent 
 conduct of Alcibiades in all 
 things, were afraid, lest, tempt- 
 ed by the love of his country, 
 he should revolt from them, 
 and return to a good under- 
 
 manus, Hannibal odium in 
 Romanus. 
 
 Alexander transfodio 
 earns suus amicus Clitus 
 gladius. 
 
 Excido sylva, qui im- 
 mineo via, securis, 
 
 Nero piscor aureus 
 rete, qui extraho blatteus 
 funis. 
 
 Metapontini ostento, in 
 templum Minerva, ferra- 
 mentum qui Epeus fabrico 
 Trojanus equus. 
 
 Antonius compleo tec- 
 tum propinquus murus f or- 
 ris miles, qui deturbo pro- 
 pugnator trabs, fustis, te- 
 gula, et fax. 
 
 Fulvius sepio latebra 
 hostis ignis ; Posthumius 
 ita exarmo, ut vix relinqno 
 ferrum qui terra colo. 
 
 Cert amen sum anceps 
 donee exercitus irrumpo in 
 oppidum. In is praelium, 
 trajectus sub mamma, coe- 
 pi deficio fluxus sanguis ; 
 tamen praelior genu, do- 
 nee occido is a qui vulne- 
 ro. Curatio vulnus sum 
 gravis ipse vulnus. 
 
 Lacedaemonii, quum 
 cognosco praestans pru- 
 dentia Alcibiades in omnis 
 res, pcr.imesco, nc, duc- 
 tus amor patria, desciscu 
 ab ipse, et redeo in gra- 
 tia cum suus; itaque in 
 
156 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 standing with his countrymen ; 
 wherefore they resolved to 
 seek an opportunity of cutting 
 him off. 
 
 The shepherd, wearied by 
 his wife's entreaties, returned 
 into the wood, and found a 
 bitch by the infant, giving her 
 dugs to the little one, and de- 
 fending it from the wild beasts 
 and birds ; and being moved 
 with pity, with which he saw 
 the bitch moved, he carried it 
 to his cottage, whilst the same 
 bitch followed. 
 
 After this Alexander goes 
 for India, that he might bound 
 his empire with the ocean ; to 
 which glory, that the ornaments 
 of his army might agree, he 
 covers the horses' trappings 
 and Iris soldiers' arms with sil- 
 ver, and called his army from 
 their silver shields, Arjyras- 
 pides. 
 
 When Alexander was come 
 to the Cuphites, where the 
 enemy waited his coming with 
 two hundred thousand horse, 
 the whole army being wearied, 
 no less with the number of 
 their victories, than the fatigue 
 of the war, entreats him with 
 tears, that he would make an 
 end of the war, remember his 
 country, and regard the years 
 of his soldiers. 
 
 Annibal got Marceilus' ring, 
 logether with his body. Cris- 
 pinus fearing some trick would 
 be played with it by the Car- 
 thaginian, sent messengers 
 about the neighbouring cities, 
 that his colleague was slain, 
 
 stituo quaero tempus inter* 
 
 ficiendus is. 
 
 Pastor, fatigatus precis 
 uxor, revertor in sylva, et 
 invenio canis foemina jux- 
 ta infans, praebens uber 
 parvulus, et defendens a 
 fera alesque ; et motus 
 misericordia, qui video 
 canis motus, defero ad sta- 
 bulum, dum idem canis 
 prosequor. 
 
 Post hie Alexander ad 
 India per go, ut finio im- 
 perium oceanus ; qui glo- 
 ria ut ornamentum exer- 
 citus convenio, induco 
 equus phalerae et miles 
 arma argentum, et voco 
 exercitus suus, ab argen- 
 teus clypeus, Argyraspides. 
 
 Cum Alexander venio 
 ad Cuphites, ubi hostis 
 opperior is adventus cum 
 ducenti mille eques, omnis 
 exercitus fessus, non minus 
 numerus victoria, quam 
 labor helium, deprecor is 
 lacryma, ut facio Jinis bel- 
 lum, memini patria, et re- 
 spicio annus miles. 
 
 Annibal potior annulus 
 Marceilus, simul cum cor- 
 pus. Crispinus metuens 
 ne quid dolus nccto a Poe- 
 nus, mitto nuncius circa 
 proximus civitas, collcga 
 occido, et hostis potic? an- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX 
 
 157 
 
 and the enemy had got his 
 ring; that they should not 
 believe any letters written in 
 the name of Marcellus. 
 
 After Seleucus was recalled 
 into Asia by new commotions, 
 Arsaces settles the kingdom of 
 the Parthians, raises soldiers, 
 fortifies castles, and strength- 
 ens the towns ; he builds like- 
 wise a city, by name Dera, 
 upon a mountain which is call- 
 ed Zapaortenon, of which place 
 the nature is such, that nothing 
 can be stronger or more plea- 
 sant than that mountain. 
 
 He has shown above, that 
 avarice is worse than ambition, 
 because among ambitious men 
 are found some good and some 
 bad : for almost all men are de- 
 sirous of praise, glory, and 
 power ; but seem to differ in 
 this, that the good man attains 
 to honour by the true way of 
 virtue, but the bad by deceit 
 and fraud. 
 
 Philip said, that he saw a 
 cloud of terrible and bloody 
 war rising in Italy ; that he 
 saw the storm roaring and 
 thundering from the west, 
 which, into whatever part of 
 the earth the tempest of vic- 
 tory should drive it, would 
 stain all places with a vast 
 shower of blood. 
 
 After Alexander had receiv- 
 ed the cup at the feast to 
 which Medius Thessalus in- 
 vited him, he groan e 1 in the 
 middle of his draught, as if 
 stabbed with a dart ; and being 
 carried out of the feast half 
 
 nulus is; ne quis litera 
 credo compositus nomen 
 Marcellus. 
 
 Postquam Seleucus re* 
 voco in Asia novus motus. 
 Arsaces formo regnum 
 Parthicus, lego miles, 
 munio castellum, et Jirmo 
 civitas ; condo quoqueurbs, 
 nomen Dera, in mons qui 
 appello Zapaortenon, qui 
 locus conditio sum is, ut 
 nihil possum sum munitus 
 aut amoenus is mons. 
 
 Ostendo superius, ava- 
 ritia sum deterior ambitio, 
 propterea quod inter am- 
 bitiosus tarn bonus quam 
 malus invenio : nam omnis 
 ferme sum cupidus laus, 
 gloria, et imperium ; ta- 
 men video in hie differo, 
 quod bonus accedo ad ho- 
 nor verus via virtus, ma- 
 lus autem dolus et fraus. 
 
 Philippus dico, sui video 
 nubes trux ct cruentus bel- 
 lum consurgens in Italia ; 
 video procella tonans ac 
 fulminans ab occasus, qui, 
 in quicunque pars terra 
 tempest as victoria defer o, 
 foedaturus omnis magnus 
 imber cruor. 
 
 Postquam Alexander ac- 
 cipio poculum in convivi- 
 um ad qui Medius Thes* 
 salus voco is, ingemo in 
 medius potio, velut con- 
 Jixus telum ; elatusque e 
 convivium semianimis 
 
AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 alive, "he was racked with, so 
 much pain, that he called for 
 his sword to kill himself with. 
 
 Whilst the rest flattered Al- 
 exander, one of the old men, 
 Clitus by name, in confidence 
 of the king's friendship, of 
 which he held the first place, 
 defended the memory of Philip, 
 and commended his exploits ; 
 but he so displeased the king, 
 that he slew him in the enter- 
 tainment with a spear, which 
 he took from a lifeguard-man. 
 
 Gallaecia is very fruitful in 
 brass and lead, and very rich 
 in gold too, so that often with 
 the plough they tear up goMen 
 sods. On the confines of this 
 nation there is a sacred moun- 
 tain, which it is reckoned a 
 heinous crime to open with un 
 iron tool ; but if at any time 
 the earth is rent with lightning, 
 it is allowed to pick up the 
 gold thus uncovered as a pre- 
 sent from the god. 
 
 The glory of Cynaegirus too, 
 an Athenian soldier, is celebrat- 
 ed by mighty commendations 
 of historians, who, after innu - 
 merable slaughters, when he 
 had driven the flying enemy to 
 their ships, seized a loaded 
 ship with his right hand, nor 
 did he let go till he lost his 
 hand; then too he t jok hold 
 of the ship with his left ; which 
 when he had likewise lost, he 
 seized the ship with his teeth. 
 
 Chabrias being surrounded 
 by a concourse of the enemy, 
 fought very bravely ; but his 
 ship being struck with a ros- 
 
 crucio tantus dolor, ut 
 posco ferrum qui sui in- 
 ter ficio. 
 
 Dum cacter adulor 
 Alexander, units ex senex, 
 Clitus nomen, fiducia rex 
 amicitia, qui primus locus 
 teneo, tueor, memoria Phi- 
 lippus, et laudo is res ges- 
 tus ; sed adeo displiceo 
 rex, ut trucido is in con- 
 vivium telum, qui aufero 
 satelles. 
 
 Gallaecia sum uber aes 
 ac plumbum, dives quoque 
 6 aurum, adeo ut frequen- 
 ter aratrum exscindo au- 
 reus gleba. In finis hie 
 gens sum sacer mons, qui 
 habjo nefas violo ferrum ; 
 sed si quando terra pros- 
 cindo fulgur, permit to col- 
 ligo aurum sic detectus 
 velut deus munus. 
 
 Gloria Cynaegirus quo- 
 que, Athcniensis miles, ce- 
 lebro magnus laus scriptor, 
 qui, post innumerus cae- 
 des, cum ago fugiens hos- 
 tis ad naois, teneo onustus 
 navis dexter vianus, nec 
 dimitto priusquam amitto 
 manus ; turn quoque com- 
 prehendo navis sinister ; 
 qui cum etiam amitto, de- 
 tinco navis morsus. 
 
 Chabrias circumfusus 
 concursus hostis, fortiter 
 pugno ; sed navis percus- 
 sus rostrum, coepi sido. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 trum, begafc to sink. Though 
 he might have escaped by 
 swimming, if he would have 
 thrown himself into the sea, 
 because the fleet of the Athe- 
 nians w r as at hand, he chose 
 rather to perish than to quit 
 the ship in which he had 
 sailed : wherefore he was 
 slain by the enemies' weapons 
 fighting hand to hand. 
 
 Cum possum refugio nan- 
 dum, si dejicio sui in mare, 
 quod classis Atltcniensis 
 subsum, malo pereo quam 
 relinquo navis in quiveho : 
 itaque interficio hostis te- 
 lum cominus pugnans. 
 
 When Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, came to visit Judaea, she 
 found Jerusalem, and the country about, in a forlorn ruinous condition ; but be- 
 ing arirnated with a noble zeal of adorning the theatre of the world's redemption, 
 she caused, with a great deal of cost and labour, the places where our Saviour 
 had suffered, to be cleared of rubbish, and a magnificent church to be built, which 
 should inclose as many of the scenes of his sufferings as possible ; which stately 
 edifice is still standing, and is kept in good repair by the generous offerings of a 
 constant concourse of pilgrims, w ho annually resort to it. The walls of it are 
 of stone, the roof of cedar. The east end incloses Mount Calvary, and the west 
 the holy sepulchre. 
 
 To God, who is supreme, most wise and beneficent, and to him alone, belong 
 worship, adoration, thanksgiving, and praise ; who hath stretched forth the hea- 
 vens with his hand, who setteth bounds to the ocean that it cannot pass, and 
 saith unto the stormy winds, Be still ; who shaketh the earth, and the nations 
 tremble ; who darteth his lightning, and the wicked are dismayed ; who calleth 
 forth worlds by the word of his mouth ; who smiteth with his arm, and they 
 sink into nothing. 
 
 2. PLACE. 
 RULE XII. 
 
 * 54. The name of a town of the first or second declen- 
 sion, and singular number, is put in the genitive, when the 
 question is made by UBI? Where? 
 
 He lived at Rome. Vixit Romae. 
 
 He died at London. Mortuus est Londinu 
 
 Note 1. When the name of a town is put in the genitive, in urbe or in oppido is 
 understood ; and therefore we cannot say, Natus est Romae urbis Celebris, but Ro- 
 mae celebri urbe, or in Romae celebri urbe, or in Roma celebri urbe. 
 
 Note 2. Humi, militiae, and belli, are also construed in the genitive, when the 
 question is made by uhi? as, Ovid. Procumbit humi, sup. in terra vel solo. Id. 
 Prosternite humi juvcnem, sc. ad terram. Cic. Cujus laudem domi defenderis, sc. 
 tin aedibus. Ter. Domi militiaeque una juimus. And Sail. Belli domique agitabatur P 
 sc. it loco. 
 
 Note 3. The names of towns belonging to tins rule, are sometimes, chough 
 rarely, expressed in the ablative ; as, Vitruv. Hujus exemplar Roma nullum habe- 
 mus, for Romae. Just. Rex Tyro decedit, for Tyri. 
 
 * 55. The name of a town of the third declension, or of 
 the plural number, is expressed in the ablative, when the 
 
 question is mtide by UBI? 
 
160 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 He dwells at Carthage Habitat Carthagine. 
 
 He studied at Athens. Studuit Athenis. 
 
 The oracles are silent at Dcldhis oracula cessant. 
 Delphi. 
 
 Note. Some names of towns of the third declension seem to be put in the dative t 
 as, Plaut. In Graecia el Carthagini. C'c. Convento Antonio Tiburi. Nep. Nulla 
 Jjacedaemonia tarn est nobilis vidua, &c. But these are old ablatives, instead of 
 Carthagine, Tibure, Lacedaemone. To which add ruri for rare. 
 
 * 56. When the question is made by Quo ? [Whither?] 
 the name of a town is governed in the accusative. 
 
 I will send a letter to Syra- Epistolam Syracusas miU 
 
 cuse. tarn. 
 
 He went to Corinth. Profcclus est Corinthum. 
 
 He returned to Babylon. Rediit Babylonem. 
 
 Note. We sometimes, though rarely, find the names of towns in the dative, in- 
 «tead of the accusative ; as, Hor. Carthagini nuncios mittam superbos. 
 
 * 57. If the question is made by UNDE 1 [ Whence ?] or 
 QUA ? [By or Through what place . ? ] the name of a town 
 is put in the ablative. 
 
 He departed from Athens. Discessit Athenis 
 He came from Corinth. Venit Corintho. 
 
 I was passing through Lao- Iter Laodicea faciebam. 
 dicea. 
 
 Notel. When the question is made by QUA ? the preposition per, to prevent 
 ambiguity, is generally added ; as. Nep. Cum iter per Thebas faceret. 
 
 Note 2. These rules concerning names of towns may be thus expressed: The 
 name of a town after IN or AT is put in the genitive ; unless it be of the third 
 declension, or of the plural number, and then it is expressed in the ablative. The 
 name ot a town after TO or UNTO is put in the accusative ; after FROM or 
 THROUGH, in the ablative. 
 
 * 58. Domus and rus are construed the same way as 
 name? of towns. 
 
 He stays at home. Manet domi. 
 
 He returns home. ' Domum revertitur. 
 
 I am called from home. Domo accer situs sum. 
 He lives in the country. Vivit rure vel ruri. 
 He hath gone to the coun- Abiit rus. 
 try. 
 
 He returns from the coun- Redit rure. 
 try. 
 
 Note 1. The preposition is frequently expressed with domus and rus ; as, Ter. 
 In domo. Sail. In domum Bruti perduciU Ascon. in Cic. Ex rure in urbtm revert* 
 batur. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 161 
 
 Note 2. Domos, with the pronouns meas, tuas, <fcc. often occur in the accusative 
 
 {)Lural without a preposition ; as. Sail. Alius alium domos suas inviiant. But ruia 
 las the preposition always expressed ; as, Varro. Quae inducuntur in rura. 
 
 59. To the names of countries, provinces, and other 
 places, not mentioned, the preposition is generally added. 
 
 He married a wife in Lemnos. In hemno uxorem duxit. 
 
 He came into Epire. Venit in Epirum. 
 
 From Asia he went over into Ex Asia transit in Euro- 
 
 Europe. pam. 
 
 I pass through Greece to Italy. Iter per Graeciam in Ita- 
 ^ liamfacio. 
 
 Note 1. The preposition is frequently added to names of towns ; as, Suet. In 
 Slymphalo mortuus est Terentius. Sail. Bum apud Zamam stc certatur. Cic. Pro- 
 fectus sum ad Capuam. Id. A Brundusio nulla adhuc jama venerat. And some- 
 times omitted to names of countries, &c. which in this case are construed as 
 names of towns ; as, V. Max. Filios Aegypti occisos cognovit. Cic. Sardiniamcum 
 classe venit. Li v. Literae Macedonia ablatae. Cic. Nunc tola Asia vagatur. Hor. 
 Ibam forte via sacra. Liv. Seu terra seu mart obviam eundum hosti foret. 
 
 Note 2. With respect to names of towns, observe mo;e particularly, 1. If an 
 appellative or adjective be added, the preposition is generally expressed; as, 
 Plin. In Hispali oppido. Propert. Ad doctas proficisci Athenas. Mart. Haec de 
 vitifera venisse Vienna. 2. When nigh to or about a place, is signified, the prepo- 
 sition ad or apud is always added ; as, Virg*. Bellum quod ad Trojam gesserai. Cic. 
 Nos apud Alyziam unum diem commorati sumus. 
 
 Note 3. Peto, when it signifies to go, governs the name of any place in the ac- 
 cusative without a preposition ; as, Ovid. Lacedaemona classe petebat. Curt. 
 Aegyptum petere decrevit 
 
 Note 4. The adverb versus, when used, is always put after the names of pla- 
 ces, sometimes with, but oftener without the preposition ad or in ; as, Cic. In 
 Italiam versus navigaturus. Id. Amanum versus proj ecti. 
 
 Note 5. The adverb usque is often joined to names of places, the prepositions 
 ad, a, ab, e, ex, de, being sometimes expressed and sometimes understood ; as, 
 Cic. Usque ad Numantiam. Id. Usque Ennam profecti. Plaut. Usque e Persia. 
 Cic. Usque Tmolo petivit. Instead of usque ad, usque ab, the poets sometimes 
 sav, adusque, abusque ; as, Virg. Adusque columnas, abusque Pachyno. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 * 60. The distance of one place from another is put 
 in the accusative, and sometimes in the ablative. 
 
 The farm is distant from the Villa distat ab urbe iter 
 
 city one day's journey. unius diei. 
 
 The tower is twenty furlongs Turris est viginti stadia 
 
 on this side the river. citra Jluvium. 
 
 I will not stir a foot from you. A te pedem non discedam. 
 
 He is at the distance of two Bidui spatio abest. 
 days' journey. 
 
 The king's army is thirty Regis copiae a nostris mil- 
 
 miles distant from ours. libus passuum triginta 
 
 absunt. 
 
162 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Note t. One of the substantives expressing the distance, is sometimes express- 
 ed , as, Cic. Castra aberant Oidui, sc. spatiwn, iter, viam ; or spatio, itinere, via. 
 
 Note 2. When the place where a thing is done is signified, the word denoting 
 the distance is either expressed in the ablative ; as, Caes. Millibus passuum duo- 
 bus ultra eum castra fecit : Or in the accusative with ad; as, Cic. Ad tertium mil- 
 liarium cons edit. Nep. Sepultus est ad quintum lopidtm. 
 
 Note 3. The EXCESS of measure or distance is always put in the ablative ; 
 as, Hoc lignum excedit illuddigito. Briianniae longitudo ejus latitudinem quadra- 
 ginta milliaribus super at. 
 
 Note 4. The word of distance is governed in the accusative by ad or per under- 
 stood, and in the ablative by a or ab. 
 
 54. My brother was born at 
 London, studied at Geneva, 
 and died at Marseilles. 
 
 55. Old age was no where 
 more honoured than at Lace- 
 demon, and servants were no 
 where better treated than at 
 Athens. 
 
 Pyrrhus was slain at Del- 
 phi, and Philip was slain at 
 Agae, as he was going to see 
 the public games. 
 
 56. He led his army to Co- 
 rinth, and immediately after to 
 Megara ; and from thence to 
 Athens. 
 
 Annibal sent three bushels 
 of gold rings to Carthage, 
 which he had taken from the 
 hands of the Romans slain at 
 Cannae. 
 
 57. Caesar setting out from 
 Rome, came to Geneva ; and 
 Quintius going from Corinth, 
 came to Philippi. 
 
 Dionysius sent for Plato 
 from Athens, and at the same 
 lime brought back Philistus 
 the historian to Syracuse. 
 
 58. I use to be frequently 
 in the country, but I was at 
 home yesterday, and I will go 
 home again to-morrow. 
 
 All whom disgrace or villany 
 
 Mens frater nascor 
 Londinum, studeo Geneva, 
 et morior Massilia. 
 
 Senectus nusquam sum 
 honoratus quam Lacedae- 
 mon, et servus nusquam 
 bene habeo quam Athenae. 
 
 Pyrrhus occido Delphi, 
 et Philippus interjicio 
 Agae, cum eo spectatum 
 ludus publicus. 
 
 Duco exercitus Conn- 
 thus, ac protinus Megara ( 
 et inde Athenae. 
 
 Annibal mitto tres mo- 
 dius aureus annulus Car- 
 thago, qui detraho e ma- 
 nus Romanics occisus Can- 
 nae. 
 
 Cmsar profectus Roma, 
 venio Geneva ; et Quin- 
 tius profectus Corinthus, 
 venio Philippi. 
 
 Dionysius arcesso Plato 
 Athenae, simulque reduco 
 Philistus historicus Syr a- 
 cusae. 
 
 Soleo sum rus crebro, 
 sed sum domus heri, et re- 
 verter domus eras. 
 
 Omnis qui fogitium aut 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 163 
 
 had chased from home, had 
 flocked to Rome, as to a com- 
 mon sewer. 
 
 The old fellow just now 
 came out of the country, I will 
 drive him into the country 
 again. 
 
 59. Hannibal sent one army 
 into Africa, left another in 
 Spain, and carried a third 
 along with him into Italy. 
 
 Caesar gave up the kingdom 
 of Egypt to Cleopatra, and 
 from Alexandria he passed 
 over to Syria, and from thence 
 to Pontus. 
 
 Cato returning from Africa, 
 brought the poet Ennius from 
 Sardinia to Rome, whom we 
 value very much. 
 
 Then Pyrrhus came into 
 Campania, and encamped at 
 the river Allia ; but, being 
 soon forced to retire from Ita- 
 ly, he went into Sicily. 
 
 The Athenians taking this 
 thing ill, removed the money, 
 that had been contributed by 
 all Greece for the expense of 
 the Persian war, from Delos 
 to Athens. 
 
 60. The Persian gulf is 
 distant a hundred and fifteen 
 miles from the Red Sea. 
 
 Caesar was patient of fatigue 
 beyond relief; he made very 
 long journies with incredible 
 expedition, a hundred miles 
 generally every day. 
 
 He pitched his camp six 
 miles from the enemy, and he 
 was at that time three days 
 journey from Tarentum. 
 
 facinus cxpello domus, 
 Roma, sicut in sentina, 
 confluo. 
 
 Senex modo redeo rus, 
 rus abigo is denuo. 
 
 Hannibal mitto unus 
 exercitus in Africa, re- 
 linquo alter in Hispania, 
 et duco tertius suicum in 
 Italia. 
 
 Ccesar regnum Aegyp~ 
 tus Cleopatra permitto, et 
 ab Alexandria transeo in 
 Syria, et inde in Pontus, 
 
 Cato rediens ex A frica, 
 deduco poeta Ennius ex 
 Sardinia Roma, qui plu~ 
 rimum aesiimo. 
 
 Turn Pyrrhus vcnio in 
 Campania, et consideo ad 
 {lumen Allia; sed, move 
 coactus reccdo ex Italia, 
 proficiscor in Sicilia. 
 
 Atheniensis graviter hie 
 res fercns, transfcro pccu- 
 nia, qui confero ab univer- 
 sus Graecia in stipendium 
 Persicus bclhim, a Delos 
 Athcnae. 
 
 Sinus Persicus disto 
 centum et quindecim mille 
 pas sus a Mare Ruber. 
 
 Ccesar su?n patiens la* 
 bor ultra jides ; conjicio 
 longus via incredibilis ce- 
 ieritas, centcni mille pas- 
 sus fere in singulus dies. 
 
 Pono castra sex 6 mille. 
 passus ab hostis, et turn 
 absum 6 via triduum a 
 Tarentum. 
 
JG4 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 If Caesar divided his army 
 .rito five parts, and left one at 
 Brundusium, another at Hy- 
 drant urn, and another at Ta- 
 rentum : Q. Valerius, being 
 sent with another, seized Sar- 
 dinia, very fruitful in corn ; by 
 his order Asinius Pollio went 
 for Sicily, which Cato govern- 
 ed. 
 
 Whilst these things are do- 
 ing, it is told at Lacedemon, 
 that a new war was broken out 
 at Athens. King Pausanias is 
 sent thither ; who, being mov- 
 ed with pity of the exiled peo- 
 ple, restored their country to 
 the miserable citizens, and or- 
 dered the ten tyrants to re- 
 move to Eleusis. 
 
 It is reported that a remark- 
 able thing happened at Gom- 
 phi : That twenty old noble- 
 men were found in a physi- 
 cian's house, lying on the 
 ground with cups in their 
 hands, without any wound, like 
 drunk men, and one as a phy- 
 sician, sitting in a chair, ad- 
 ministering physic to the rest. 
 
 After that the ambassadors 
 came to Marseilles, where 
 they found that the affections 
 of the Gauls had been already 
 gained by Annibal ; but that 
 they would hardly be very 
 faithful to him, their temper 
 was so wild and savage, unless 
 the affections of the great men 
 were secured now and then by 
 gold, of which the nation was 
 very greedy. 
 
 Whilst these things are do- 
 ing, ambassadors came from 
 
 Caesar divido copiae in 
 quinque pars, ct relinquo 
 unus Brundusium, alius 
 Hydruntum, alius Tar en- 
 turn : Q. Valerius, missus 
 cum alius, occupo Sardi- 
 nia, ferax frumentum ; is 
 jussu Asinius Pollio peto 
 Sicilia, qui Cato praesum. 
 
 Dum hie ago, nuncio 
 Lacedaemon, novus helium 
 exardeo Athenae. Rex 
 Pausanias eo mitto ; qui 
 permotus misericord ta exut 
 populus, restituo patria 
 miser civis, etjubeo decern 
 tyr annus migro Eleusis. 
 
 Fero quidam memora- 
 bilis accido Gomphi : Vi- 
 ginti scnex nobilis reperio 
 in aedes medicus, jacens 
 humus cum calix in ma- 
 nus, sine vulnus, similis 
 ebrius, ct unus, ceu medi- 
 cus, sedens in sella, porri- 
 gens potio reliquus. 
 
 Deinde legatus venio 
 Massilia, ubi cognosco ani- 
 mus Galli jam pracoccupo 
 ah Annibal ; scd vixfutu- 
 rus sum satis fidus, inge- 
 ntum sum adeo ferox el in- 
 domitus, ni animus princeps 
 concilio subinde aurum, qu: 
 gens sum avidus. 
 
 Dum hie ago, legatus 
 venio a Darius, rex Ptrs& % 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 165 
 
 Darius, king of the Persians, to 
 Carthage, bringing an edict, by 
 which the Carthaginians were 
 forbid to offer human sacrifices, 
 and eat dogs' flesh ; and were 
 commanded to burn the bodies 
 of the dead, rather than bury 
 them in the earth ; begging, at 
 the same time, assistance 
 against Greece, upon which 
 Darius was about to make war. 
 
 Before this engagement at 
 sea, Xerxes had sent four 
 thousand armed men to Del- 
 phi, to plunder the temple of 
 Apollo, as if he carried on the 
 war, not with the Greeks only, 
 but also with the immortal 
 gods ; which detachment was 
 all destroyed with rains and 
 thunder, that he might under- 
 stand how vain the strength of 
 men is against the gods. 
 
 The Athenians, as they had 
 first revolted, so did they first 
 begin to repent, turning their 
 contempt of the enemy into ad- 
 miration, and extolling the 
 youth of Alexander above the 
 conduct of old generals. Then 
 he turns his army toward 
 Thebes, intending to use the 
 same kindness, if he had found 
 the same repentance ; but the 
 Thebans made use of arms, 
 not prayers nor entreaty. 
 
 The first field of the civil 
 war was Italy, the first signals 
 sounded from Ariminum ; then 
 JLibo was forced from truria, 
 Thermus from Umbria, Domi- 
 tius from Corfinium ; and the 
 war had been ended without 
 bloodshed, if he could have 
 s 2 
 
 Carthago, aff evens edic- 
 tum, qui Poeni prohibeo 
 immolo humanus hostia, et 
 vescor caninus ; jubeoque 
 cremo corpus mortuus, po- 
 tius quam obruo terra ; pe 
 tens simul auxilium adver- 
 sus Graecia, qui Darius 
 bellum infer o. 
 
 Ante navalis praelium, 
 Xerxes mitto quatuor mille 
 armatus Delphi, ad tern- 
 plum Apollo diripiendus, 
 quasi gero bellum, non 
 cum Graeci tantum, sed et 
 cum deus immortalis ; qui 
 manus totus deleo imber et 
 fulmen, ut intelligo quam 
 nullus vires homo sum ad- 
 versus deus. 
 
 Atheniensis, sicut pri- 
 mus deficio, ita primus 
 poeniteo coepi, vertens con- 
 temptus hostis in admira- 
 tio, extollensque pueritia 
 Alexander supra virtus ve- 
 tus dux. Tnde converto ex- 
 ercitus Thebae, usurus 
 idem indulgentia, si inve- 
 nio par poenitentia ; sed 
 Thebani utor arma, non 
 precis ncc deprecatio. 
 
 Primus arena civilis 
 bellum Italia sum, primus 
 signum Ariminum cano ; 
 turn Libo pello Etruria, 
 Thermus Umbria, Domi- 
 tius Corfinium ; et bellum 
 per ago sine sanguis, si 
 possum opprimo Pompcius 
 
166 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 mastered Pompey at Brundu- 
 sium ; but he got off through 
 the barricade of the besieged 
 harbour : scandalous to be 
 said ! 
 
 But at Carthage, as so many 
 commanders were dangerous to 
 a free state, an hundred judges 
 are chosen out of the number 
 of the senators, who, upon the 
 ..return of the generals from the 
 war, should demand an account 
 of things transacted ; that, upon 
 this awe, they might so consi- 
 der their command in the war, 
 as to have a regard to the ju- 
 dicatures and laws at home. 
 
 The king of Persia's com- 
 manders sent messengers to 
 Athens to complain, that Cha- 
 brias made war with the Egyp- 
 tians against the king. The 
 Athenians fixed Chabrias a cer- 
 tain day, before which, if he 
 did not return home, they de- 
 clared they would condemn him 
 to die. Upon this he returned 
 to Athens. 
 
 They brought Cornelius, 
 our consul, deceived by an 
 oath, to their general, as it 
 were for the sake of seeing 
 him, who was at that time sick, 
 and presently after carried him 
 away prisoner out of Sicily in- 
 to Africa, with twenty ships. 
 They put our general Regulus 
 likewise to death. 
 
 When these things were told 
 Marcellus, he sent ambassa- 
 dors immediately to Syracuse, 
 to complain of the violation of 
 the treaty ; the ambassadors 
 said, that there would never be 
 
 Brundusium ; sed ille 
 evado per claustrum ob- 
 sessus portus : turpis die 
 tu ! 
 
 Carthago autcm, cum 
 tot impcrator sum gravis 
 liber civitas, centum judex 
 deligo ex numerus senator, 
 qui, reversus e bellum dux, 
 exigo ratio res gestus ; ut, 
 hie metus, ita cogito im- 
 pcrium in bellum, ut ju- 
 dicium lexquc domus res* 
 picio. 
 
 Praefectus rex Persia 
 mitto legatus Athenae 
 que stum , quod Chabrias 
 gero bellum cum Aegyptius 
 ad versus rex. A thenienses 
 pracstituo Chabrias ccrtus 
 dies, ante qui nisi, redeo 
 domus, denuncio sui con- 
 demno ille caput. Turn 
 ille Athenae redeo. 
 
 Adduco Cornelius, con- 
 sul noster, deceptus jus- 
 jurandum, ad dux suus, 
 quasi gratia visendum is, 
 qui turn aegroto, ct moor 
 abduco captivus e Sicilia 
 in Africa, cum viginti na- 
 vis. Inter imo quoque dux 
 noster Regulus. 
 
 Quum hie nuncio Mar- 
 cellus, mitto legatus ex- 
 templo Syracusae, qui ex- 
 postulo de violatio foedus ; 
 legatus dico, nunquam 
 desum causa bellum, nisi 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 167 
 
 wanting an occasion of war, 
 unless Hippocrates and Epy- 
 cides were banished, not only 
 from Syracuse, but far from Si- 
 cily. Upon this Epycides per- 
 suade* the Leontini to revolt 
 from the Syracusans. 
 
 Darius, that he might reduce 
 Greece under his authority, fit- 
 ted out a fleet of five hundred 
 ships, and set Datis and Arta- 
 phernes over it ; who came to 
 Attica, and drew out their 
 troops into the plain of Mara- 
 thon ; that is distant about ten 
 miles from the city of Athens. 
 The Athenians, being very 
 much startled at this alarm, 
 sought for assistance no where 
 but from the Lacedemonians ; 
 but at home ten officers were 
 chosen to command the army. 
 
 After Tullus Hostilius, An- 
 cus Martius, the grandson of 
 Numa by a daughter, took upon 
 him the government ; he 
 fought against the Latins, add- 
 ed mount Aventine and Jani- 
 culum to the city ; he built the 
 city Ostia upon the sea, at the 
 sixteenth mile from the city 
 Rome. 
 
 Hippocrates atque Epy- 
 cides ablego, non modo ab 
 Syracuse a, sed procul a 
 Sicilia. Deinde Epycides 
 persuadeo Leontini dejicio 
 a Syracusani, 
 
 Darius, ut redigo Grac~ 
 cia in suus potestas, com- 
 paro classis quingenti na~ 
 vis, praejicioque is Datis 
 et Artaphernes ; qui ad 
 Attica accedo, ac deduco 
 suus copiae in campus Ma- 
 rathon ; is absum ab op- 
 pidum Athenae circiter de- 
 cern miile passus. Athe- 
 niensis, permotus hie tu- 
 multus, peto auxilium nus- 
 quam nisi a Lacedaemonii ; 
 domus autem decern prae- 
 tor creo qui praesum excr- 
 citus. 
 
 Post Tullus Hostilius, 
 Ancus Martius, ncpos 
 Numa ex Jilia, suscipio 
 imperium ; contra Latini 
 dimico, adjicio mons Aven- 
 tinus et Janiculum civi- 
 tas ; condo civitas Ostia 
 supra mare, sextus decimus 
 6 milliarium ab urbs Ro- 
 ma. 
 
 Diana had a most magnificent temple at Ephesus. It was supported by 127 
 pillars, which were built by 127 king's. Each of the pillars was 60 feet high. The 
 statue of the goddess was of ebony. 
 
 The father of Pomponius was a lover of learning, and taught his son every 
 thing that a boy could be taught at Rome. Afterwards Pomponius went to Athens. 
 The most noble university of the world was at Athens. Young noblemen and 
 the sons of kings were sent from all parts to Athens. 
 
 Cicero, the greatest of the Roman orators, was born at Arpinum. Cicero re- 
 moved from Arpinum to Rome. The excellent endowments of his mind soon 
 made him famous at Rome. After he had discharged several other offices oi 
 the Roman republic, at last he was made consul. Cicero discharged the consul- 
 ship with so great watchfulness and industry, that he was called father of his 
 country. That honour was given to none before Cicero. 
 
168 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 The nation of Ihc Suevi is the greatest and most warlike of all the Germans. 
 
 The Suevi are said to have an hundreu cantons, from whicii f hey bring forth ma- 
 ny thousands of armed men yearly to fight The rest stay at home. They 
 live upon mil!; and flesh, and exercise themselves in hunting. 
 
 When Arion, the Lyric poet, was sailing from Lesbos to^Italy, the sailors re- 
 solved to throw him into the sea, that they might get his money ; but Alio™ en- 
 treated, that they would suffer him first to play a tune upon his harp ; which w as 
 granted. Upon this Arion tuned his harp, and played so artfully, that, by the 
 sweetness of his music, he drew the dolphins round the ship ; who, when he was 
 cast into the sea, received him on their back, and carried him to Tenedos. 
 
 They say, that the famous oracle of Apollo at Delphi in Boeotia became dumb, 
 when Christ our Saviour came into the worid ; and that, when Augustus, who 
 was a great votary of Apollo, desired to know the reason of its silence, the ora- 
 cle answered him, That in Judaea a child was born, who was the supreme God, 
 and had commanded him to depart, and return no more answers. 
 
 Mount Vesuvius is distant about seven miles from Naples, rising in the middle 
 of a large plain, above four miles off the sea ; from which it is seen gradually to 
 increase in height, till it is half a mile perpendicular above the level of the sea ; 
 when it becomes almost circular, being about five miles diameter. This is the 
 basis of the mountain ; out of which arises a smaller mount, called Monte Vec- 
 chio, four hundred paces high, and at top of near two miles circumference. 
 
 3. TIME. 
 RULE XI J I . 
 
 * 61. Time is put in the ablative, when the question is 
 made by QUANDO ? When ? 
 
 He died in the twentieth year Vigcsimo anno aetati? 
 
 of his age. obi it. 
 
 In what period did he live ? Quo tempore vixit ? 
 Many years ago. Myitis abhinc annis. 
 
 Note 1. To this rule belong mane, diluculo, sero, raro, noctu, quotannis, which 
 are commonly esteemed adverbs ; as also, the old ablatives fret, tempori t ves- 
 peri, used instead of luce, tempore, vespere. 
 
 Note 2. The phrases id temporis, islhuc aciatis, hoc aetatis, Mud horae, and the 
 like, have circa or ad understood, and are put for eo tempore, isthuc aetate, hac a?~ 
 tate, ilia fiord- 
 
 * 62. When the question is made by QUAMDIU? How 
 long ? time is put in the accusative or ablative, but oftener 
 in the accusative. 
 
 Ennius lived seventy years. Annos septuaginta vixit 
 
 Ennius. 
 
 Pluto's gate is open night and Nodes atque dies patet ja~ 
 
 day. nua Ditis. 
 
 Caligula reigned three years, Caligula imperavit trien- 
 ten months, and eight days. nio, decern mensibus 9 
 
 diebus octo. 
 These two rules may be thus expressed : 
 Time WHEN, is put in the ablative ; Time HOW LONG 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 169 
 
 or CONTINUANCE of Time, is put sometimes in the ab- 
 lative, but oftener in the accusative. 
 
 Note I. Both time WHEN, and lime HOW LONG, are governed by a preposi- 
 tion expressed, 1. Time WHEN; as, Ter. In tempore ad eamveni. Hor. Surgurt 
 de node latrones. Sic. Praesto fuit ad horam. Id. Te penitus rogo, nete tarn Ion- 
 
 f ae viae per hyemem committas Liv. Consul intra paucos dies moritur. 2. Time 
 IOW LONG ; as, Cic. Sero resistimus et, quern per annos decern aluimus contra 
 nos. Id. Bestiae ex senatos amant ad quoddam tempus. Id. Habebit senatus inhune 
 annum quern sequatur. Caes. Qui inter annos quatuordecim tectum non subierint. 
 Cic. Quae inter decern annos facta sunt. 
 
 Note 2. The way of supplying the following and like expressions ought carelul- 
 Jy to be studied ; Cic. Annos natus unum et viginti, sup. ante. Curt. Tyrus septi- 
 mo mense. quarn oppugnari coepta erat, capta est, i. e. postquam. Cic. Septingentos 
 jam annos arnplius unis moribus vivunt, sc. quam per. Nep. Minus diebus triginta 
 in Asiam reversus est, sup. quam in. 
 
 61. Hannibal returned to 
 Africa the third year after he 
 had fled from home. 
 
 Tiberius died in the seventy- 
 eighth year of his age, and 
 twenty-third of bis reign. 
 
 Constantius died in Britain, 
 at York, in the thirteenth year 
 of his reign. 
 
 Bocchus, at the beginning of 
 the war, had sent ambassadors 
 to Rome to desire a league and 
 alliance. 
 
 Aulus called out his soldiers 
 in the month of January, from 
 winter-quarters, upon an expe- 
 dition. 
 
 The usurer calls in all his 
 money on the Ides, and seeks 
 to lay it out on the Kalends. 
 
 In the same year there was 
 an earthquake betwixt the is- 
 lands of Thera and Therasia, 
 and on a sudden an island rose 
 out of the deep. 
 
 In Asia too, the same day, 
 the same earthquake shatter- 
 ed Rhodes, and many other 
 cities. 
 
 Hannibal ad Africa re- 
 deo tertius annus postquam 
 profugio domus. 
 
 Tiberius obeo octavus 
 et septuagesi?nus annus 
 aetas, et vigesimus tertius 
 imperium. 
 
 Constantius obeo in Bri- 
 tannia, Eboracum, deci- 
 mus tertius annus princi- 
 palis. 
 
 Bocchus, initium bellum, 
 rnitto legatus Roma peti- 
 tum foedus et amicitia. 
 
 Aulas evoco miles men- 
 sis Januarius, ex hyberna 
 in expeditio. 
 
 Foenerator relego omnis 
 pecunia Idus, et quaere 
 Kalcndae pono. 
 
 Idem annus sum terra 
 motus inter insula Thera 
 et Therasia, et repente in- 
 sula emergo ex profun- 
 dum. 
 
 In Asia quoque, idem 
 dies, idem motus terra con- 
 cutio RhoduSy multusque 
 alius civitas. 
 
170 
 
 AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 62. Homer and Hesiod liv- 
 ed about an hundred and fifty 
 years before the building of 
 Rome. 
 
 Mithridates reigned sixty 
 years, lived seventy-two, and 
 had a war with the Romans 
 forty years. 
 
 Pythagoras, after he had 
 lived' twenty years at Crotona, 
 removed to Metapontum, and 
 there died. 
 
 Caligula lived twenty-nine 
 years ; he reigned three years, 
 ten months, and eight days. 
 
 Agamemnon with much ado 
 took one city in ten years, 
 Epaminondas in one day deli- 
 vered all Greece. 
 
 The labours of many months 
 and years may perish in a mo- 
 ment of time. 
 
 % When this was told to the 
 senate, immediately the consul 
 set out with an army, and took 
 a place for his camp, three 
 miles from the enemy. About 
 the fourth watch he marched 
 out of the camp, and the work 
 w a» carried on so fast, that the 
 Volsci found themselves sur- 
 rounded by a strong intrench- 
 ment at sun-rise. 
 
 Whilst the works go on more 
 diligently in the day than they 
 are guarded in the night, a great 
 multitude coming out of the 
 town, armed chiefiy with torch- 
 es, threw fire about, and in 
 a minute of time the fire con- 
 sumed the mole and the vineae, 
 a work of so long a time ; and 
 
 Homer us et Hesiodus 
 vivo circiter centum et 
 quinquaginta annus ante 
 Roma conditus. 
 
 Mithridates regno sexa- 
 ginta annus, vivo septua- 
 ginta duo, et habeo helium 
 contra Romanus quadra- 
 ginta annus. 
 
 Pythagoras, cum annus 
 viginti Crotona ago, Me- 
 tapontum migro, ibique 
 decedo. 
 
 Caligula vivo 6 annus 
 viginti novem ; impero 6 
 triennium, decern 6 men- 
 sis, 6 diesque octo. 
 
 Agamemnon vix ca- 
 pio unus urbs decern 6 an- 
 nus, Epaminondas unus 6 
 dies liber o tot us Graecia. 
 
 Labor multus mensis et 
 annus intereo possum 6 
 punctum tempus. 
 
 Cum hie nuncio senatus 
 extemplo consul projiciscor 
 cum. excrcitus, et capio lo- 
 tus castra, tres mille pas- 
 sus ah hostis. Quartus 
 vip-ilia egredior e castra. 
 et opus adeo appropero, ut 
 Volsci video sui circum- 
 vallalus firmus munimen- 
 tum sol ortus 
 
 Dum opus fio diligen- 
 ter dies, qnam custodio 
 nox, magnus multitudo 
 egressus ex urbs, armatus 
 praecipue fax, conjicio 
 ignis, et momentum hora, 
 incendium haurio agger et 
 vineae, opus tarn longus 
 tempus ; et multus mor 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 171 
 
 a great many men, bringing 
 aid in vain, perished by fire 
 and sword. 
 
 Datames took Thyus alive, a 
 man of a huge body, and a ter- 
 rible countenance, because he 
 was black, of long hair, and a 
 long beard ; whom the day af- 
 ter he clothed in a fine robe, 
 which the king's viceroys used 
 to wear ; he dressed him up 
 likewise in a collar, and brace- 
 lets of gold, and other royal 
 apparel, and brought him to 
 the king of Persia. 
 
 In the wings likewise two 
 young men, of an extraordinary 
 bigness, were seen to fight, nor 
 did they appear any longer 
 than the battle lasted. The 
 incredible swiftness of fame in- 
 creased this admiration ; for 
 the same day that the battle 
 was fought in Italy, the news 
 of the victory was told in Cor- 
 inth, Athens, and Lacedemon. 
 
 In that battle Astyages is ta- 
 ken, from whom Cyrus took no- 
 thing else but his kingdom, and 
 acted the grandson towards 
 him, rather than the conqueror, 
 and set him over the great na- 
 tion of the Hyrcanians. This 
 was the end of the empire of 
 the Medes ; they enjoyed the 
 empire three hundred and fifty 
 years. 
 
 About the same time there 
 was an earthquake in the parts 
 of the Hellespont and the 
 Chersonese, by which the city 
 Lysimachia, built two and 
 twenty years before by Lysi- 
 machus, was ruined ; which 
 
 talis, ferens opts frustra, 
 absumo ignis ferrumque. 
 
 Datames capio Thyus 
 vivus, homo magnus cor* 
 pus, terribilisque 6 fades, 
 quod su7ii niger, long us 6 
 capillus, 6 barbaque pro- 
 missus ; qui postems dies 
 bonus vestis tego, qui sa- 
 il apa rex gero consuesco ; 
 orno etiam torquis, et ar- 
 milla aureus, caeterqut 
 regius cultus, et ad rex 
 Persia adduco. 
 
 In cornu quoque duo ju- 
 venis, eximius 6 magnitu- 
 do, videor pugno, nec ul- 
 tra appareo quam pugna- 
 tur. Incredibilis velocitas 
 fama augeo hie admiratio ; 
 nam idem dies qui in Italia 
 pugnatur, nuncio victoria 
 Corinthus, Athenae, et La- 
 cedaemon. 
 
 In is praelium Astyages 
 capio, qui Cyrus adimo 
 nihil alius quam regnum, 
 et ago nepos in is, magis 
 quam victo, et praepono is 
 magnus gens Hyrcani. 
 Hie sum finis imperium 
 Medi ; potior imperium 
 trecenti et quinquaginta 
 annus. 
 
 Idem fere tempus sum 
 terra motus in regio Hel- 
 lespontus et Chersonesus, 
 qui urbs Lysimachia, con- 
 ditus duo et viginti annus 
 ante a Lysimachus, ever to ; 
 qui portendo diruv Lysi- 
 
j72 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 foreboded dreadful things to 
 Lysimachus and his family, 
 and the ruin of his kingdom, 
 with the desolation of the ha- 
 rassed provinces. 
 
 The Phoenicians built Car- 
 thage in Africa, fifty years be- 
 fore the taking of Troy. The 
 founders of it were Xorus and 
 Charcedon ; but, as the Ro- 
 mans and Carthaginians them- 
 selves believe, Dido, a woman 
 who had come from Tyre into 
 those parts, whose husband, 
 Pygmalion, who ruled at Tyre, 
 had slain. 
 
 The Spartans at that time 
 had so far degenerated from 
 their ancestors, that whereas 
 the bravery of the citizens had 
 been for several ages a wall to 
 the city, the citizens then 
 thought they could not be se- 
 cure, unless they lay lurking 
 within walls. But much about 
 the same time the troubled 
 state of Macedonia recalled 
 home Cassander from Greece. 
 
 Hiero, being born of a maid- 
 servant, was exposed by his 
 father, as the disgrace of his 
 family ; but bees for several 
 days fed the infant, destitute of 
 human assistance, with honey. 
 For which reason, the father, 
 being encouraged to it by the 
 answer of the Haruspices, 
 takes home the child, and with 
 the utmost care educates him 
 for the hopes of the majesty 
 that was promised. 
 
 Prodigies in the heavens had 
 foretold the future greatness of 
 Mithridates : for both the year 
 
 machns et stirps is, ruina 
 regnum, cum clades regw 
 vexatus. 
 
 Phoenices condo Car- 
 thago in Africa, quinqua- 
 ginta annus ante captus 
 Ilium. Conditor sum Xo- 
 rus et Charcedon ; sed, ut 
 Romani, et Carthaginien- 
 ses ipse existimo, Dido, 
 mulier qui vcnio Tyrus in 
 is locus, qui maritus, Pyg- 
 malion, qui potior res Ty- 
 rus, interjicio. 
 
 Spartani is tempus tan- 
 turn degenero a majores, 
 ut cum virtus civis multus 
 6 scculum sum murus urbs, 
 civis tunc existimo sui non 
 forem salvus, nisi intra 
 murus lateo. Sed idem 
 fere tempus turbatus status 
 Macedonia rcvoco domus 
 Cassander a Graccia. 
 
 Hiero, ex ancilla natus, 
 a pater cxpono, velut de- 
 honestamentum genus ; scd 
 apis multus 6 dies alo par- 
 vulus, humanus opis egens, 
 mcl. Ob qui res pater, 
 admonitus responsum A- 
 ruspex, recolligo parvulus > 
 omnisque studium instit.io 
 ad spcs majestas qui pro- 
 mitto 
 
 Coelestis ostcntumprae- 
 dico futurus magnitude 
 Mithridates : nam ct is 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 173 
 
 he was born, and that wherein annus qui gigno et is qui 
 
 he first began to reign, a comet primum coepi regno, to- 
 
 both times shone so for seventy metes per vterque tempus 
 
 days together, that all the hea- ita luceo septuaginta 6 
 
 vens seemed to be on fire ; for dies, ut coelum omnis Jla- 
 
 it took up a fourth part of the gro video ; nam magnitudo 
 
 heavens by its bulk, and with snus quartus pars coelum 
 
 its brightness outshone the occupo, et fulgor sui nitor 
 
 splendour of the sun, and whilst sol vinco, et cum orior cc- 
 
 it was rising and setting took up cumboque consumo spatium 
 
 the space of four hours. quatuor hora. 
 
 Virgil died at Brundusium, in the fifty-first year of his age, and. was buried at 
 Naples, eighteen years before the Christian era. 
 
 Whilst Sir William Wallace was besieging the castle of Cupar in Fife, he was 
 informed that the English were advancing to cross the river Forth ; wherefore 
 he led his army from Cupar to Stirling. There was a wooden bridge over the 
 Forth at Stirling. When Cressingham, general of the English, had passed the 
 Forth with the greater part of his army, the bridge broke, and the passage of the 
 rest was stopped. Wallace attacked those who had passed the river, made great 
 slaughter, killed Cressingham, their general, and drove the rest back into the 
 river. So great was the overthrow, that all the English were either slain, or 
 swallowed up by the river. This signal victory was gained by Wallace in the 
 year 1297. 
 
 Circe, the daughter of Sol, was the most skilful of all the sorceresses. The 
 proud woman poisoned her husband, king of the Sarrnatae, that she herself 
 might reign alone. For this heinous crime, being shut out of her kingdom by her 
 subjects, she fled into Italy, and there fixed her seat on a certain promontory in 
 Etruria.* There she changed Scylla, the daughter of Phorcus, into a sea-mon- 
 ster. Ulysses returning from Troy, was driven by violence of storms to the pro* 
 montory of Circe ; who entertained him at her house twelve months, andrestor- 
 ed to their former shapes his companions, whom she had formerly metamor- 
 phosed into hogs, bears, and wolves. 
 
 The industrious woman is up with the sun ; she awaketh at the crowing of the 
 cock, and walketh abroad to taste the sweetness of the morning. Her garment 
 sweepeth the dew-drop from the new stubble and the green grass. Her house 
 is elegant, and plenty smileth at her table. Her woik is done at the evening, 
 but the work of the slothful is put off till to-morrow. 
 
 Of the Ablative of Price. 
 RULE XIV. 
 * 63. The price of a thing is put in the ablative. 
 I bought a book for two shil- Emi librum duobus cm- 
 lings, bus. 
 This man sold his country for Vendidit hie auro patriom. 
 gold. 
 
 Demosthenes taught for a ta- Demosthenes docuit talento. 
 Jent. 
 
 Note 1. The ablative of PRICE is found often annexed to verbs of buving and 
 selling ; such as, emo,tnercor, vendo, venio, sto y consto, liceor, licitor. nddico, &c. 
 But is not confined to these ; for it is subjoined to any sort of verb ; as, Cic 
 
 * Circaeum, (hod. Monte CircclloS to which the Author here all udes, is in ihe 
 •outh of Latium, not in Etruria. A. R. C 
 
 Q. 
 
174 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Triginta millibus dixistis eum habitare. Ter. Vix drachmis est obsonatum decern. 
 And to adjectives; as, Senec. Quodnonopusest, assc carumest. Plaut. Vile est viginti 
 minis. Propert. Auto venaliajura. This ablative, however, depends neither on the 
 verb nor adjective, but is governed by the preposition pro understood ; which too is 
 sometimes, though more rarely, expressed ; as, Liv. Bum pro argenteis decern 
 aureus unus valeret. Lucil. Vcndunt, quod pro minore empt.um. To the genitives 
 tanti, quanti, &c. in No. 64. following, we may understand pro aeris pretio, seu 
 » pondere ; or pro pretii, vel ponderis aere. 
 
 Note 2. To the verb valeo is sometimes subjoined an accusative of price, the 
 preposition ad being understood ; as, Varr. Denarii dicti, quod denos aeris valebant. 
 
 Note 3. These ablatives, magno, permagno, parvo, pautulo, minimo, plurime, 
 often occur without any substantive ; as, Senec. Pa? vo fames constat, magno 
 fastidium. Cic. Permagno decumas vendidisii. 
 
 * 64. These genitives, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, are 
 excepted. 
 
 How much cost it 1 Quanti constitit ? 
 
 A shilling and more. Asse et pluris. 
 
 Note 1. To these adjectives add their compounds, quanticunque, quantiquanti, 
 tantidem ; as, Senec. Non concupisces ad libertatem quanticunque pervenire. Cic. 
 Quantiquanti, bene emitur quod necesse est. Id. Jbi tantidem frumentum emeret, 
 quanti domi vendidisset. To which add majoris ; as, Phaed. Multo majoris alapae 
 me cum veneunt. 
 
 Note 2. If the substantive be expressed, these genitives are turned into the 
 ablative ,* as, Cic. Authepsa ilia, quam tanto pretio mercatus est. Juv. Quanto meti- 
 ris pretio? Gell. Mercatur libros minore pretio. Liv. Nec majore pretio redimi 
 possumus. 
 
 63. Isocrates sold one ora- 
 tion for twenty talents. 
 
 Nothing costs dearer than 
 that which is bought with 
 prayers. 
 
 That victory cost the Car- 
 thaginians much blood and 
 wounds. 
 
 Despise pleasure ; pleasure 
 hurts when bought with pain. 
 
 A great many posts are sold 
 for gold, but wise men do not 
 buy hope at a great price. 
 
 Fish-ponds are built at a 
 great expense, filled at a great 
 expense, and maintained at a 
 great expense. 
 
 64. Merchants use to sell 
 their goods at as high a rate as 
 they can. 
 
 Those things please more, 
 which are bought at a dearer 
 rate. 
 
 Isocrates vendo unus 
 oratio viginti talentum. 
 
 Nullus res care cons to 
 quam qui precis emo. 
 
 Is victoria sto Poeni 
 multus sanguis ac vulnus. 
 
 Sperno voluptas ; volup- 
 tas emptus dolor noceo. 
 
 Plurimus honor veneo 
 aurum, sed sapiens non 
 emo spes magnus pretium. 
 
 Piscina aedijico mag- 
 num, impleo magnum, et 
 alo magnum. 
 
 Mcrcator soleo vendo 
 res suus tantum quantum 
 possum. 
 
 Magis ille juvo, qui 
 plus rmo. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 175 
 
 The fisher may be bought 
 sometimes for less than his 
 fish. 
 
 Nothing shall cost a father 
 less than his son ; but Demos- 
 thenes taught nobody for less 
 than a talent. 
 
 Tf I have Virgil, with notae 
 variorum, which cost me five 
 shillings ; besides Horace, 
 with notes for the use of the 
 Dauphin, which cost me five 
 shillings and sixpence ; I have 
 likewise Cicero's select ora- 
 tions, with notes for the use 
 of the Dauphin, which I bought 
 for four shillings. 
 
 Whilst these things are do- 
 ing, one of Alexander's friends, 
 whose name was Hephaestion, 
 died ; he was very dear to Al- 
 exander, who lamented his 
 death above measure, and 
 made him a monument that cost 
 twelve thousand talents, and 
 ordered him to be worshipped 
 as a god after his death. 
 
 Lycurgus, the son of Euno- 
 mus, who reigned at Lacede- 
 mon, was a famous lawgiver, 
 fie ordered every thing to be 
 purchased not with money, but 
 with exchanges of merchan- 
 dise. He abolished the use 
 of gold and silver, as the occa- 
 sion of all wickedness. He 
 divided the administration of 
 the commonwealth among the 
 states ; to the king he granted 
 the power of war, to the se- 
 nate the guard of the laws. 
 
 Whilst Alexander, the fol- 
 io wing year, enters upon the 
 Persian war, that had been be- 
 
 Piscator interdum pos- 
 sum emo minus quam pis- 
 cis. 
 
 Res nullus minus consto 
 pater quam jilius ; sed De- 
 mosthenes doceo nemo mi- 
 nus talentum. 
 
 Sum ego Virgilius, cum 
 nota varius, qui consto ego 
 quinque solidus ; praeterea 
 Horatius, cum nota in usus 
 Delphinus, qui consto ego 
 quinque solidus et sex as ; 
 habeo etiam Cicero selectus 
 oratio, cum nota in usus 
 Delphinus, qui emo qua- 
 tuor solidus. 
 
 Dum hie ago, unus ami- 
 cus Alexander, qui nomen 
 sum Hephaestion, decedo ; 
 sum percarus Alexander, 
 qui lugeo is mors supra 
 modus, et facio is monu- 
 mentum, qui consto duode- 
 cim mille talentum, et ju- 
 beo is colo ut deus post 
 mors. 
 
 Lycurgus, jilius Euno- 
 mus, qui regno Lacedac- 
 mon, sum inclytus legisla ■ 
 tor. Jubeo singulus emo, 
 non pecunia, sed compen- 
 satio merx. Tollo usus 
 aurum argent umque, ve- 
 lut materia omnis scelus. 
 Divido administrate res- 
 publica per ordo ; rex po- 
 testas bellum permitto, se- 
 natus custodia lex. 
 
 Dum Alexander, poste 
 rus annus, aggredior Per- 
 sicus bellum, inchoatus a 
 
AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 gun by his father, he is inform- 
 ed, that the Thebans and Athe- 
 nians had revolted from him to 
 the Persians, and that the au- 
 thor of that revolt was De- 
 # mosthenes the orator, having 
 been bribed by the Persians 
 with a great sum of gold, 
 namely, with two hundred ta- 
 lents and more. 
 
 The Gauls, when the coun- 
 try that had produced them, 
 could not contain them, sent 
 out, in the beginning of sum- 
 mer, three hundred thousand 
 men, to seek new habitations ; 
 who passed the insuperable 
 summits of the Alps ; and such 
 was the terror of the Gallic 
 name, that kings not attacked 
 did of their own accord pur- 
 chase peace with a large sum. 
 
 Parmenio, ignorant of Alex- 
 ander's illness, had written to 
 him, to beware of his physi- 
 cian, that he was corrupted by 
 Darius with a great sum of 
 money ; Alexander, however, 
 thought it safer to trust the 
 doubtful faith of the physician 
 than perish ; he therefore took 
 the cup, delivered the letter to 
 the doctor, and as he drank, he 
 fixed his eyes on his counte- 
 nance as he read. 
 
 pater, certior jio, Thebani 
 et Athenienses dejicio asui 
 ad Persae, auctorque is 
 defectio existo Demosthenes 
 orator, corruptus a Pcrsae 
 magnus pondus aurum, 
 nempe ducenti talentum ei 
 plus. 
 
 Galli, cum terra qui 
 gigno is non capio, mitto, 
 initium aestas, trecenti 
 mille homo, ad quaerendus 
 novus sedes ; qui trans- 
 cendo invictus jugum Al- 
 pes ; tantusque sum ter- 
 ror Gallicus nomen, ut rex 
 non lacessitus ultro mercor 
 pax ingens pecunia. 
 
 Parmenio, ignarvs Al- 
 exander infirmitas, scribo 
 ad is, ut caveo a medicus, 
 ille corrumpo a Darius in- 
 gens pecunia ; Alexander, 
 tamen reor tutus credo du- 
 bius jides medicus quam 
 per eo ; accipio igitur po- 
 culum. trado epistola me- 
 dicus, et, inter bibendum, 
 intendo oculus in vultus 
 legens. 
 
 In the island of Rhodes Apollo had a statue, called Colossus, 70 cubits high ; 
 --vhieh was erected at the mouth of the harbour. One man could scarce grasp 
 its thumb. The distance between its legs was !5 or 20 cubits at least; for a 
 large ship, with tall masts, could easily pass belwixt its shanks. This statue 
 cost 300 talents and more. 
 
 Sarah, Abraham's wife, died at Kirjatharba. in the land of Canaan, being 127 
 years old. As Abraham at this time was a stranger in that country, he applied 
 to Ephron the Hittite, begging that lie would allow him a piece of ground for a 
 burial-place. Ephron answered Abraham, saying, The cave of Muchpelah, and 
 the field wherein it is, are mine: I compliment you both with the field and the 
 cave ; bury thy dead. Abraham bowed down himself before Ephron, returned 
 him thanks, and said, I rather chuse to purchase the field lor as much as it is 
 worth ; I pray thee, accept of a price. Ephron replied, The field is worth 400 
 shekels of silver, but what is that betwixt me and thee 7 Abraham paid down t\i& 
 money to Ephron, and then buried Sarah his wife. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 177 
 
 Of the Ablative Absolute. 
 RULE XV. 
 
 * 65. A substantive with a participle, whose case de- 
 pends upon no other word, are put in the ablative abso- 
 lute. 
 
 The sun rising [or, while the Sole oriente fugiunt tene- 
 smi riseth] darkness flies brae. 
 away. 
 
 Our work being finished [or, Opere peracto ludemus. 
 when our work is finished] 
 we will play. 
 
 Note 1. Whilst^when, after, having, being, or a word ending ill ing, are the 
 usual signs of this ablative ; which generally takes place when two parts of a 
 sentence respect different persons or things ; lj, Ovid. Me duce, carpe viam. 
 Id. Et fugiunt, fraeno non remorante, dies. Where the persons ego and tu, and 
 the things dies andfraenum are different. 
 
 Note 2. The participle existente is frequently understood ; as, Plaut. Me sua" 
 sore hoc f aetata, i. e. me existente suasore. Liv. Sylvam vendas, nobis consulibus, sc. 
 existentibus. Virg. Rege Latino. Hor. Jove aequo. In like manner, Fatis aucto- 
 ribus, Deo duce^ comite fortuna, invita Minerva, me ignaro, coelo sereno, aspera 
 hyeme, me puero, Saturno rege, civitatc nondum libera, caeteris paribus, &c 
 
 Note 3. Sometimes the participle is only expressed ; in which case negotio if 
 understood, or the sentence supplies the place of the substantive ; as, Hor. Ex- 
 cepto quod non simul esses, caetera laetus. Liv. Nondum comperto quam regionem 
 hostes peitissent. 
 
 Note 4. The participles meant in this rule are chiefly the participle present» 
 and the participle perfect of passive verbs. Some few examples indeed occur of 
 the future in RUS; as, Mart. Caesare venturo, Phosphore,redde diem. But the 
 future in DUS is seldom or never thus used. 
 
 Note 5. In using the participle perfect, the learner ought carefully to observe, 
 whether it be passive or deponent ; for we say, Jacobus his dictis abiit, but we 
 say, Jacobus haec locutus abiit. 
 
 Note 6. This ablative may be resolved into the nominative, with cum, dum t 
 quando, postquam, si, quoniam, or the like ; as, Cic. Pythagoras, Superbo regnante f 
 in Italiam venit, i. e. cum, dum, vel quando Superbus regnabat. 
 
 Notel. This ablative, though it be called absolute, is however governed by 
 sub, cum, a, or ab, understood ; which sometimes seem to be expressed ; as, Virg. 
 rtole sub ardenti. Cato. Cum diis volentibus. Lucan. Positis repetistis ab armis. 
 
 Note 8. In some old authors we meet with nobis praesente, absente nobis, prae- 
 tente testibus ; instead of nobis praesentibus, &c. 
 
 Whilst our cavalry were Noster equitatus adven- 
 
 coming up, the enemy all on a tans y hostis subito ostendo 
 
 sudden she wed their foot, which pedestris copia t qui colloco 
 
 they had planted in ambuscade, in insidiae. 
 
 When these things were told His res nunciatus Roma* 
 
 at Rome, the senate gave the senatus decerno summa 
 
 command of the Achaian war Achaicus bellum consul. 
 to the consul. 
 
 q2 
 
178 
 
 AN INTItODUCTIOV 
 
 The enemy, after they knew 
 of his coming, having raised 
 great forces, attacked our army 
 in their march. 
 
 Laevinus, after having reco- 
 vered all Sicily, after having 
 humbled Macedonia, returned 
 with great glory to Rome. 
 
 This matter being proposed 
 to a council, when he found 
 they all thought the same thing, 
 he appoints the next day for 
 the battle. 
 
 Drawing out his forces about 
 break of day, and ha\ 'ng form- 
 ed them into two lines, he 
 waited to see what measures 
 the enemy would take. 
 
 Nero committed many par- 
 ricides : after putting to death 
 his brother, wile, and mother, 
 he fired the city of Rome. 
 
 In the room of Aeneas, As- 
 canius his son succeeded ; who, 
 leaving Lavinium, built Longa 
 Alba, which was the metropo- 
 lis of the kingdom for three 
 hundred years. 
 
 ■[[ Alexander, when he had 
 overrun India, came to a rock 
 of wonderful ruggedness and 
 height, into which many 
 people had fled ; and when he 
 understood that Hercules had 
 been restrained by an earth- 
 quake from the taking of that 
 rock, being seized with a de- 
 sire of outdoing the actions of 
 Hercules, he made himself 
 master of the rock with the 
 utmost fatigue and danger. 
 
 The Roman people, after 
 Caesar and Pompey were slain, 
 seemed to have returned to 
 
 Hostis, cognitus is ad 
 ventus, coactus magnus co 
 piae, adorior noster agmen 
 in iter. 
 
 Laevinus, omnis Sicilia 
 receptus, Macedonia f r ac- 
 tus y cum ingens gloria Ro- 
 ma regredior. 
 
 Hie res delatus, ad con- 
 cilium,, cum cognosco om- 
 nis sentio idem, constituo 
 proximus dies pugna. 
 
 Productus copiae primus 
 lux, et duplex acics institu- 
 tus, exspecto quid consili- 
 um hostis capio. 
 
 Nero multus parricidi 
 um committo : f rater, uxor 
 et mater interfectus, urbs 
 Roma incendo. 
 
 In locus Aeneas , Asca- 
 nius filius succedo : qui, 
 relictus Lavinium, condo 
 Alba Longa, qui sum caput 
 regnum trecenti 6 annus. 
 
 Alexander, peragratus 
 India* pervenio ad saxum 
 minis asperitas et altitudo, 
 in qui multus populus con- 
 fugio : et ubi cognosco 
 Hercules prohibitus terra 
 motus ab expugnatio idem 
 saxum, captus cupido su- 
 perandum factum Her- 
 cules, potior saxum cum 
 summus labor ac pericu- 
 lum- 
 
 Populus Romanus, Ccb 
 sar et Pompeius trucida 
 tus, videor rcdeo in p^is 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 179 
 
 their former state of liberty ; 
 and they would have returned, 
 had not Pompey left children, 
 or Caesar an heir, or, which 
 was more fatal than either, 
 had not Antony, the rival of 
 Caesar's power, the incendiary 
 and firebrand of the following 
 age, survived. 
 
 Hannibal being called home 
 to defend his country, was de- 
 sirous to make an end of the 
 war by treaty, the wealth of 
 his country being now ex- 
 hausted ; but the articles were 
 not agreed to. A few days after 
 this he engaged with Scipio at 
 Zama, and being routed, (incre- 
 dible to be said,) in two days and 
 two nights he came to Adrume- 
 tum, which is about three hun- 
 dred miles distant from Zama. 
 
 Galba, having fought some 
 successful skirmishes, and hav- 
 ing taken several of their forts, 
 deputies too being sent to him 
 from all parts, and a peace con- 
 cluded, resolves to quarter two 
 cohorts among the Nantuates, 
 and to winter himself with the 
 other cohorts of that legion in 
 a village of the Veragri which 
 is called Octodurus ; and as it 
 was divided into two parts by a 
 torrent, one part of the village 
 he assigned to the Gauls, the 
 other he allotted for the cohorts 
 to winter in. 
 
 The state of the Juhones in 
 alliance with us was afflicted 
 with a sudden calamity ; for 
 fires issuing from the earth, 
 every where seized their 
 towns, farms, and dwellings ; 
 
 firms status libertas ; et 
 redeo, nisi Poinpeius re- 
 linquo liberi, aut C&sar 
 haeres, vel, qui sum perni- 
 ciosus uterque, si non An- 
 tonius,acmulusC<Bsarianus 
 potentia, fax et turbo se- 
 quens seculum, supersum. 
 
 Hannibal revocatus de- 
 fensum patria, cupio com- 
 pono bellum, facultas pa- 
 tria jam exhaustus ; sed 
 conditio non convenio. 
 Pauci dies post is conjiigo 
 cum Scipio apud Zama, et 
 pulsus, (incredibilis dictu,) 
 6 biduum et duo 6 nox 
 Adrumetum pervenio, qui 
 absum circiter trecenti 
 mille passus a Zama. 
 
 Galba, secundus aliquot 
 praelium factus, expugna- 
 tusque cornplures is castel- 
 lum, legatus quoque mis- 
 sus ad is undique, et pax 
 factus, constituo colloco 
 duo cohors in Nantuates, 
 et Memo ipse cum reliquus 
 is legio cohors, in vicus Ve- 
 ragri, qui appello Octodu- 
 rus ; et quum hie in duo 
 pars ftumen divido, alter 
 pars is vicus Galli concedo, 
 alter cohors ad hiemandum 
 attribuo. 
 
 Civitas Juhones socius 
 ego crffligo improv 'tsus ma- 
 lum ; nam ignis, terra 
 edit us, passim corripio 
 villa, arvum, et vicus; 
 neque extinguo possum. 
 
180 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 nor could they be extinguished. 
 During the same year too, the 
 tree Ruminalis, that, eight hun- 
 dred and forty years ago, had 
 sheltered the infancy of Remus 
 and Romulus, was broken 
 down, its branches being dead, 
 and its trunk withered. 
 
 Alexander died three and 
 thirty-years and a month old ; 
 a man endowed with a great- 
 ness of soul above human pow- 
 er. Some omens of his future 
 greatness appeared at his birth ; 
 for the day on which he was 
 born, two eagles sat all day 
 upon the top of his father's 
 house ; the same day too his 
 father received the news of 
 two victories. After the time 
 of his boyship was over, he 
 grew up under Aristotle, the 
 famous teacher of all the phi- 
 losophers. Upon his coming to 
 the kingdom, he ordered him- 
 self to be called the king of all 
 the earth and the world. When 
 he was present, his soldiers 
 feared the arms of no enemy. 
 
 The Carthaginians, upon 
 hearing this answer, sent for 
 Hannibal home. He, as soon 
 as he returned, was made prae- 
 tor, in the two and twentieth 
 year after he had been king. 
 For at Carthage every year 
 two kings were made, as con- 
 suls are at Rome. The year 
 after his praetorship, when M. 
 Claudius, and L. Furius were 
 consuls, ambassadors came 
 from Rome to Carthage ; and 
 Hannibal, supposing they were 
 
 Idem quoque annus, arbor 
 Ruminalis, qui, octingenti 
 et quadraginta annus ante, 
 togo infantia Remus Ro- 
 mulusque, deminuo, mor- 
 tuus ramale, et arescens 
 truncus. 
 
 Alexander decedo tres 
 et triginta annus et unus 
 mensis natus ; vir praedi- 
 tus magnitudo animus su- 
 pra humanus potentia. 
 Nonnullus prodigium fu- 
 turus magnitudo in ipse 
 ortus appareo ; nam is 
 dies qui nascor, duo aquila 
 sedeo totus 6 dies supra 
 culrncn domus pater is; 
 idem quoque dies pater ac- 
 cipio nuntius duo victoria. 
 Exactus pueritia, cresco 
 sub A r is to teles, inclytus 
 doctor omnis philosophus. 
 Acceptus imperium, jubeo 
 sui appello rex omnis terra 
 ac mundus. Ille prae- 
 scns, miles timeo arma 
 nullus host is. 
 
 Carthaginienses, hie res- 
 ponsum cognitus, revoco 
 Hannibal domus. Hie, ut 
 redeo, pr aetor jio, annus 
 secundus et vicesimus post- 
 quam rex sum. Carthago 
 enim quotannis binus rex 
 creo, ut consul Roma. 
 Annus post praetura, M. 
 Claudius, L. Furius con 
 sui, legatus Roma Cartha- 
 go venio ; et Hannibal, hie 
 sui expo scendus gratia mis- 
 sus ratus, conscendo na- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 181 
 
 sent on account of demanding 
 him, goes aboard a ship, and 
 flies into Syria to Antiochus. 
 
 The Gauls did so abound 
 with numbers of people, that 
 they filled all Asia as it were 
 with a swarm ; at last they re- 
 solved to turn their arms against 
 Antiochus ; upon information 
 whereof, he redeems himself 
 from them with gold, as from 
 robbers ; and claps up an alli- 
 ance with his hirelincrs. 
 
 vis, atque profugio in Sy- 
 ria ad Antiochus. 
 
 Galli adeo abundo mul- 
 titude, ut impleo omnis 
 Asia velut examen ; tan- 
 dem statuo verto arma in 
 Antiochus ; qui cognitus, 
 rcdimo sui ab hie aurum, 
 velut apraedo ; societasque 
 cum mercenarius suus 
 jungo. 
 
 Cyrus having- subdued the Lesser Asia, as likewise Syria and Arabia, entered 
 Assyria, and bent his march towards Babylon. The siege of this important 
 place was no easy enterprise. The walls were of a prodigious height, the num- 
 ber of men to defend them very great, and the city stored with all sorts of provi- 
 sions for twenty years. However, these difficulties did not discourage Cyrus 
 from prosecuting his design ; who, after spending two entire years before the 
 place, became master of it by a stratagem. Upon a festival-night, which the Ba- 
 bylonians were accustomed to spend in drinking and debauchery, he ordered the 
 bank of the canal, above the city, leading to the great lake, that had been lately 
 dug by Nitocris, to be broken down ; and having thus diverted the course of the 
 river, by turning the whole current into the lake, he caused his troops to march 
 in by the bed of the river; who now penetrated into the heart of the city with- 
 out opposition, surprised the guards of the palace, and cut them to pieces. The 
 taking of Babylon put an end to the Babylonian empire, and fulfilled the predic- 
 tions which the prophets Isaiah, Jeremian, and Danift, had uttered against that 
 proud metropolis. 
 
 III. The Construction of words indeclinable. 
 1. OF ADVERBS. 
 
 * 66. Some adverbs of time, place, and quantity, govern 
 the genitive. 
 
 In the mean time. Inter ea loci. 
 
 At that time. Tunc temporis. 
 
 Where in the world \ TJbi terrarum ? 
 
 To what nation ? Quo gentium ? 
 
 Abundance of power. Abunde potentiae. 
 
 Enough of words. Satis verborum. 
 
 1. The adverbs of time are, inter ea, postea, inde, tunc. 
 
 2. The adverbs of place are, ubi and quo, with their 
 compounds, ubique^ ubicunque, ubiubi, ubinam, ubivis alibi 
 olicubi, quocunque, quovis, aliquo, quoquo ; also, eo, hu% 
 huccine, unde, usquam, nusquam, longe, ibidem. 
 
182 
 
 A X INTRODUCTION 7 
 
 3. The adverbs of quantity are, abunde, affatim, largiter 
 nimis, quoad * satis, parum, minirne. 
 
 The words ergo, for the sake, instar, and parlim, usually 
 added here, are real substantives. 
 
 Note 1. Pridie and postridie govern the genitive or the accusative ; as, Cic. 
 Pridie ejus diei. Caes. Postridie ejus diei. Cic. Pridie quinquatrus. Id. Postri- 
 die Ludos Apollinarts. Thus pridie, postridie, Kalendas, Nonas, ldus, seldom Ka- 
 iendarum, &c. 
 
 Note 2. The adverbs en, ecce, take the nominative or the accusative ; as, Cic. 
 En causa, car dominum servus accuset. Senec. En Paridis hostetn. Cic. Ecce 
 viulto major dissensio. Plaut. Ecce rem. 
 
 Note 3. To these constructions the words negotium, res, locus, tempus, or the 
 ]ike, with some preposition, is understood. Thus, Interea loci, i. e. inter eanego- 
 iia loci. Ubi t err arum, i. e. ubi in ncgoiio t err arum. Quo gentium, i. e. cui negotio 
 vel loco gentium. t Abunde potentiae, i. e. abunde de re potentiae. And Pridie ejus 
 diei, i. e. pridie ante tempus ejus diei. To en and ecce some verb is understood ; 
 as, En Prxamus, sc. adest. Ecce dv.as aras, sc. videtis. 
 
 * 67. Some derivative adverbs govern the case of their 
 primitives. 
 
 Most elegantly of all. Elegantissime omnium. 
 
 Agreeably to nature. Congrue titer naturae. 
 
 A foot high. Alte pedem. 
 
 Beyond expectation. Amplius opinione. 
 
 Note. These adverbs require the same supplies, to complete the construction, 
 as the adjectives from which they are formed. 
 
 66. 1. Whilst I wandering 
 about am deprived of my 
 country, you in the mean time 
 have made yourself rich. 
 
 After this the consul, now 
 unquestionably conqueror, 
 came to the town of Cirta. 
 
 The strength of the Athe- 
 nians at that time was small, 
 their fleet being sent into Egypt. 
 
 Dum ego err arts patria 
 careo, tu interea locus tu 
 locupleto. 
 
 Postea locus consul, 
 haud dubie jam victor, 
 pervenio in oppidum Cirta. 
 
 Vires Athenienses tunc 
 tempus sum parvus, clas- 
 sis in Aegyptus missus. 
 
 * Dr. Crombie seems to argue with much critical skill against, the introduction 
 yf quoad under this rule ; Vide Gymnasium, vol. 2. p. 251 & seqq. A. R. C. 
 
 t From the explanation of Quo gentium by cui neg Uio, &c. the author seems to 
 intimate his belief, that quo is an obsolete dative, a position which any respon- 
 sive term readily confutes. It seems, in such expressions, to be neither a dative 
 nor an ablative ; but any philological history of this and similar terms is unne- 
 cessary and inadmissible here. It is only requisite to put the pupil on his guard 
 against supposing, that in answer to such a question as quo gentium fugiam? one 
 might sny, fugias Romae, A thenis, Carthaginians our author s cui negotio might 
 lead him to imagine. A. R C. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX 
 
 183 
 
 2. What you was doing, or 
 where in the world you was, I 
 could not so much as guess. 
 
 He came to that height of 
 madness, that what I should 
 do, or to what part of the world 
 I should fly, I know not. 
 
 Where in the world are we 1 
 Are we come to this pass 1 
 Are we come to this pitch of 
 misery ? 
 
 I can find my brother no 
 where ; but in whatever part 
 of the world he may be, he 
 will be beloved by good men. 
 
 Let him go to any part of 
 the world, the affair will be in 
 the same condition : virtue 
 every where will find friends. 
 
 3. Caesar said that he had 
 got abundance of power and 
 glory, and plenty of wealth. 
 
 Let him have plenty of old 
 wine, that he may drink day 
 and night. 
 
 Too much artifice seems to 
 have been used for charming 
 the ears ; he that behaves right 
 will have plenty of applauders. 
 
 Will he become an excellent 
 poet who has no courage to 
 dash the words that have little 
 beauty 1 By no means. 
 
 97. The lynx is said to see 
 the most clearly of all quad- 
 rupeds. 
 
 1 do not ask what he says, 
 but what he can say agreeably 
 to reason. 
 
 The Sulmonenses opened 
 the gates, and all went out to 
 meet Antony. 
 
 The ground being covered 
 with dung a foot thick, must be 
 
 Quis ago, aut ubi terra 
 sum, ne suspicor quidem. 
 
 Eo vecordia procedo, ul 
 quis ago, aut quo gens 
 fugio, nescio. 
 
 Ubinam gens su?n 1 
 Huccine res venio ? Eone 
 miseria venitur ? 
 
 Frater nusquam gens 
 invenio ; sed ubicunque 
 terra sum, diligo a bonus 
 vir. 
 
 Abeo quovis gens, res 
 ibidem locus sum : virtus 
 ubique locus invenio ami- 
 cus. 
 
 Casar dico sui adipis- 
 cor potentia gloriaque a- 
 bunde, et divitiae affatim. 
 
 Habeo vetus vinum lar- 
 giter, ut dies noxque poto. 
 
 Nimis insidiae ad ca- 
 piendus auris adhibeo vi- 
 deor ; qui recte facio ha- 
 beo satis laudator. 
 
 Fione ille egregius poe- 
 ta, qui non audeo expungo 
 verbum qui parum splen- 
 dor habeo ? Minime gens. 
 
 Lynx dico cerno clare 
 omnis quadrupes. 
 
 Non quaero quis dic* f 
 sed quis possum dico con* 
 venienter ratio. 
 
 Sulmonenses porta ape- 
 rio, et omnis obviam An- 
 tonius exco. 
 
 Terra stercoratus pes 
 alte, in pulvinus redigen- 
 
184 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 formed into beds before you 
 begin to sow. 
 
 The Numidians possess the 
 other parts as far as Maurita- 
 nia ; the Mauri are next to 
 Spain. 
 
 The beauty of Glycera, 
 shining more bright than Pa- 
 rian marble, consumes me. 
 
 Thus speaks Neptune, and 
 swifter than speech he smooths 
 the swelling seas, disperses 
 the collected clouds, and 
 brings back the day. 
 
 If Astyages, being frighted at 
 this answer, gave his daughter 
 in marriage neither to a fa- 
 mous man, nor to one of that 
 country, but to Cambyses, a 
 mean man of the nation of the 
 Persians, at that time obscure. 
 And the fear of the dream not 
 being laid aside even thus, he 
 sends for his daughter big with 
 child, that the infant might be 
 slain under the eye of his 
 grandfather. 
 
 The Lacedemonians, having 
 consulted the oracle at Delphos 
 concerning the event of the 
 war, are ordered to seek a ge- 
 neral from the Athenians ; but 
 the Athenians, when they un- 
 derstood the answer, in con- 
 tempt of the Spartans, sent 
 Tyrtaeus, a poet, lame of a 
 foot ; who being routed in 
 three battles, reduced the 
 Spartans to that despair, that 
 they manumitted their slaves 
 for the recruiting of their army. 
 
 I know not whether it would 
 not have been better for the 
 Roman people to have been 
 
 dus sum antequam sero 
 incipio. 
 
 Numidiae teneo cacter 
 locus usque ad Maurita- 
 nia ; proxime Hispania 
 Mauri sum. 
 
 Nitor Glycera, splen- 
 dens pure Parius marmor, 
 uro ego. 
 
 Sic aio Neptunus, et 
 dictum cito placo tumidus 
 aequor, fugo collectus nu- 
 bes, solque reduco. 
 
 Astyages, exterritus hie 
 responsum, trado fdia in 
 matrimonium neque clarus 
 vir, neque civis, sed Cam- 
 byses, mediocris vir ex 
 gens Persae, tunc* tempus 
 obscurus. Ac ne sic qui- 
 dem somnium metus de- 
 positus, arcesso filia gra- 
 vidas, ut sub avus oculus 
 partus neco 
 
 Lacedaemonh, oraculum 
 Delphi cortsultus de bcllum 
 eventus, jubeo peto dux ab 
 Atheniensis : porro Athcn- 
 iensis, cum cognosco re- 
 sponsum, in con tempt us 
 Spartani, initio Tyrtaeus, 
 poeta, claudus pes ; qui 
 tres praelium fusus, eo 
 df-speratio Spartani ad- 
 duco, ut manumit to servus 
 ad supplcmcntum exerci- 
 tus. 
 
 Nescio an satius sumpo* 
 pulus Romanus sum con- 
 tentus Sicilia et Africa 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 185 
 
 content with Sicily and Africa, 
 or even to have wanted these, 
 than to grow to that bigness as 
 to be destroyed by their own 
 strength ; for what thing else 
 produced intestine distractions, 
 than excessive good fortune 1 
 and whence came that desire 
 of superiority and domineering, 
 but from excessive wealth 1 
 
 Cyrus, the day following, 
 forsook his camp ; but left 
 plenty of wine, and those 
 things that were necessary for 
 a feast. The queen sends her 
 son with a third part of her for- 
 ces to pursue Cyrus. When 
 they were come to Cyrus' 
 camp, the young man, ignorant 
 of military affairs, as if he 
 was come to a feast, not to a 
 battle, letting the enemy alone, 
 suffers the barbarians to load 
 themselves with wine ; and 
 the Scythians are conquered 
 by drunkenness. 
 
 He is an orator, who, on 
 every question, can speak fine- 
 ly and ornately, and in a man- 
 ner fit for persuading : but in 
 these times of ours, neither 
 sufficient pains is bestowed in 
 reading authors, nor in search- 
 ing into antiquity, nor upon 
 the knowledge either of things, 
 or of men, or of the times. 
 
 Diomcdon came to Thebes 
 with a vast quantity of gold, 
 and drew over Micythus, a 
 y oung man, by five talents, to his 
 lure. Micythus went to Epa- 
 minondas, and told him the 
 occasion of Diomedon's com- 
 ing : but he, in the presence 
 
 aut etiam hie careo, quam 
 eo magnitudo cresco, ut 
 vires suits conjicio ; quis 
 enim res alius furor civilx* 
 pario, quam nimius felici- 
 tas ? et unde venio ille cu- 
 pido principatus et domi- 
 nandum, nisi ex nimius 
 opes ? 
 
 Cyrus, diesposterus, de- 
 sero castra ; at relinquo 
 vinum affatim, et is qui 
 epulae necessarius sum. 
 Regina mitto filius cum 
 tertius pars copiae ad in- 
 sequendus Cyrus. Cum 
 venitur ad Cyrus castra, 
 adolesce ns, ignarus res mi- 
 litarise veluti ad epulae, 
 non ad praelium venio, 
 omissus hostis, patior bar- 
 barus onero sui vinum ; et 
 Scythae ebrietas vinco. 
 
 Is sum orator, qui, de 
 omnis quaestio, possum 
 dico pulchre et ornate, et 
 apte ad persuadendum : sed 
 hie noster tempus nec satis 
 opera insumo in cognos- 
 cendus auctor, nec in evol- 
 vendus antiquitas, nec in 
 notitia vel res, vel homo, 
 vel tempus. 
 
 Diomedon venio Thebae 
 cum magnus pondus aurum , 
 et perduco Micythus, ado- 
 lescentulus, quinque talent- 
 um, ad suus voluntas. Mi- 
 cythus Epaminondas con- 
 venio, et ostendo causa 
 Diomedon adventus : at 
 
186 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 of Diomedon, said, There is 
 no need of money ; for if the 
 king desire those things that 
 are expedient for the Thebans, 
 I am ready to do them for no- 
 thing ; but if the contrary, he 
 has not gold and silver enough. 
 
 Next day Caesar, before the 
 enemy could recover them- 
 selves from their consternation 
 and flight, led his army into the 
 country of the Suessiones, who 
 are next to the Remi ; and, 
 having performed a great 
 march, he came to the city No- 
 viodunum. After fortifying 
 his camp, having reared the 
 vineae, having cast up a mount, 
 and erected turrets, he began 
 to storm the town. 
 
 Micipsa, as Jugurtha was 
 fond of military glory, resolves 
 to expose him to dangers, hop- 
 ing he would fall, either in 
 making a shew of his bravery, 
 or by the fury of the enemy. 
 But that matter fell out quite 
 otherwise than he imagined ; 
 for Jugurtha, as he was of an 
 enterprising and penetrating 
 genius, after he came to know 
 the general's temper, by much 
 pains and much diligence, and 
 by often exposing himself to 
 dangers, came in a short time 
 to so great reputation, that he 
 was a very great terror to the 
 enemy. 
 
 Lycurgus suffered the young 
 men to use no more then one 
 coat in a whole year, nor any 
 one to go finer than another, 
 nor fare more sumptuously, 
 
 ille, Diomedon coram, m- 
 quam, Nihil opus sum pe- 
 cunia ; nam si rex is volo 
 qui Thebani sum utilis, 
 gratis facio sum paratus ; 
 sin awtcm contrarius, non 
 habeo aurum atque argen- 
 tum satis. 
 
 Postridie is dies Ccesar, 
 priusquam hostis recipio 
 sui ex terror acfuga, duco 
 exercitus in finis Suessi- 
 ones, qui sum proximus 
 Remi ; et, magnus iter 
 confectus, ad oppidum No- 
 viodunum pervenio. Cas- 
 tra munitus, vineae actus, 
 agger jactus, turrisque 
 constitutus, oppidum ob- 
 pugno coepi. 
 
 Micipsa, quod Jugurtha 
 sum appetens gloria mili- 
 iaris, statuo objecto is pe- 
 riculum, sperans occasu- 
 rus, vel ostentandum vir- 
 tus, vel sacvitiahostis. Sed 
 is res longe aliter evenio 
 ac reor ; nam Jugurtha, 
 ut sum impiger atque acris 
 6 ingenium, ubi cognosco 
 natura imperator, multus 
 labor multusque cura, et 
 sacpe eundum obviam pe- 
 riculum, brcvi pervenio in 
 tantus claritudo, ut sum 
 magnus terror hostis 
 
 Lycurgus permitto ju- 
 venis utor non ample units 
 vestis totus 6 annus, nec 
 quisquam progredior culte 
 quam alter, nec epulor opu- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 187 
 
 He ordered young women to 
 be married without fortunes, 
 that wives might bt chosen, not 
 money. He ordered the great- 
 est respect should belong, not 
 to the rich and powerful, but to 
 old men, according to the de- 
 gree of their age ; nor indeed 
 has old age anywhere on earth 
 a more respectful habitation 
 than at'Lacedemon. 
 
 lenter. Jubeo virgo nubo 
 sine dos, ut uxor eligo, 
 non pecunia. Yolo mag- 
 nus honor sum, non dives 
 et potens, sed senex, pro 
 gradus aetas ; nec sane 
 usquam terra senectus lo- 
 cus honoratus habeo quam 
 Lacedaemon. 
 
 Cotta being asked his opinion, spoke to this purpose : It is the part of wise 
 men to do nothing rashly. I do not think, that we ought to remove from our win- 
 ter-quarters without the order of Caesar. Our winter-quarters being fortified, 
 we shall easily withstand the forces of the Germans. You see, that we have 
 bravely withstood the first assault of our enemies. Our enemies, after receiving 
 many wounds, have desisted from the siege. We have enough of corn. Caesar 
 will not forget his faithful soldiers. What is more foolish, what is more dis- 
 graceful, than to listen to the advice of an enemy, in so important an affair 1 It 
 becomes us to remember that we are Romans. 
 
 The Tyrians sent ambassadors to meet Alexander, with presents for himself, 
 and provisions for his army. But when he desired to enter the city, under pre- 
 tence of offering sacrifice to Hercules, they refused him admittance ; which pro- 
 voked Alexander, now flushed with so many victories, to such a degree of re- 
 sentment, that he resolved to storm the city, and enter it by force. The city then 
 stood on an island half a mile distant from the shore, was surrounded with a 
 strong wall, 150 feet high, the inhabitants had plenty of provisions, and were 
 stored with all sorts of warlike machines. Alexander, however, by carrying a 
 mole or causey, 200 feet broad, from the continent to the island, transported his 
 army, and after a siege of seven months, battered down the walls, took the city by 
 storm, and f ully executed upon that wealthy and wicked city the judgments long 
 before denounced by the prophets. 
 
 I 2. OF PREPOSITIONS 
 
 68. The prepositions ad, apud, antc^ &c. govern the ac- 
 cusative. 
 
 To the father. Ad patrem. 
 
 Note. To the prepositions governing the accusative some add circiter, prope, 
 usque, and versus ; but these are real adverbs, having the preposition ad under- 
 stood ; which with the last three is sometimes expressed. 
 
 69. The prepositions a, ab, abs, &c. govern the abla- 
 tive. 
 
 From the father. A patre. 
 
 Note 1. To the prepositions governing the ablative some a'dd procul; but this 
 is an adverb, having a or ab understood, or sometimes expressed ; as, Virg. Pro* 
 cul a patria. 
 
 Note 2. Tenus is put after its case, and, when the noun is plural, usually go- 
 verns the genitive ; as, Virg. Crurum tenus a mento valearia pendent. Cic. Lum- 
 borum tenus. But sometimes the ablative ; as, Ovid. Pectoribus tenus. 
 
 Note 3. That a and e are put before consonants, ab and ex before vowels or 
 consonants, abs before q and t ; as, a patre, e regione ; ab initio, ab rege ; exurbc, 
 ex parte ; abs quovis homine, ibs te. 
 
188 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION* 
 
 70. The prepositions in, sub, super, and subter, govern 
 the accusative, when motion to a place is signified. 
 
 I go into the school. Eo in scholam. 
 
 He shall go under the earth. Ibit sub terras. 
 It fell upon the troops. Incidit super agmina. 
 
 He brings him under the Ducit subter fas tigia. 
 roof. 
 
 71. But if motion or rest in a place be signified, in and 
 sub govern the ablative ; super and subter either the ac- 
 cusative or ablative. 
 
 I run or sit in the school. Discurro vel sedeo in scho- 
 
 la. 
 
 I walk or lie under the shade. Ambulo vel recubo sub 
 
 umbra. 
 
 He pitched his camp beyond Posuit castra super am- 
 
 the river. nem. 
 He sits upon the grass. Sedet super fronde. 
 
 The veins are dispersed under Venae subter cutem dis- 
 
 the skin. perguntur. 
 They continue under the tar- Subter testudine mancnt. 
 
 get-fence. 
 
 Note 1. In signifying to, into, toward, against, till, until, over, after, for, upon, by, 
 or between, governs the accusative ; but when it signifies in or among, it generally 
 takes the ablative. 
 
 Note 2. Sub signifying at or about such a time, generally governs the accusative. 
 But when it signifies nigh to, or near a place, it commonly takes the ablative. 
 
 Note 3. Super signifying beyond, above, besides, upon, at, or in time of ', governs 
 fhe accusative ; but when it signifies about, concerning, for, or because of, it takes 
 the ablative. 
 
 Note 4. Subter takes very rarely the ablative, and only among poets. 
 
 GENERAL NOTES. 
 
 |. The word governed by the preposition is sometimes suppressed; as, ad 
 Opis, ad Dianae ; supple acdem. A Vestac ; supple aede. 
 
 2. The preposition itself is frequently suppressed ; as, Caes. Circiter meridiem. 
 Cic. Trope muros. Cart. Usque pedes. Plin. Orient em versus. Virg. Devencre lo 
 cos. Cic. Magnam partem ex Jambis constat oratio ; sup. ad. Ter. Nunc id pro* 
 deo, ire infeias, suppttias. exsequias ; sup. ob or propter. Virg. Maria aspera juro ; 
 sup. per. Liv. Procul seditione ; sup. a. Caes. Se loco viovere ; sup. e. Ilor. Vina 
 pr omens dolio ; sup. far. Ter. Quid illo facias; sup. de. Vitrtiv. Ahud alius loco 
 nascitur ; sup. in. Juv. Fallit nos vitium specis virtutis ; sup. sub. 
 
 72. A preposition often governs the same case in com- 
 position that it does without it. 
 
 Let us go to the school. Admmus scholam. 
 
 He speaks to his brother. Alloquitur fratrem. 
 
 He carried the army over the Exercitum fiuviurn trans* 
 river. duxit. 
 
TO LATIN SV^rTAX. 
 
 189 
 
 They go out of the church. 
 He departed from the city. 
 They engage in battle. 
 They come up to the walls. 
 He excels all. 
 
 He is carried round the fort. 
 
 Exeunt templo. 
 Deccssit urbe, 
 Ineunt praelium. 
 Subeunt muros. 
 Super emmet omnes. 
 Circumvchitur arcem. 
 
 Note I. This rule takes place only when the preposition may be dissolved 
 from the verb, and put before the case by itself ; as, Virg. Alloquor patrem, i. e. 
 loquor ad patrem. Liv. Circunwehitur arcem, i. e. vehitur circum arcem. 
 
 Note 2. The preposition is frequently repeated ; as, Cic. Ad r.os adeunt. Caes. 
 Exire e Jinibus suis. Cic. In rempublicam invasit. 
 
 Note 3. Some verbs compounded with e or cx govern the ablative, or the ac- 
 cusative, extra being understood ; as, Virg. Exire seplis. Stat. Exire campum, sc. 
 extra campum. Ovid. Pot tubus egredior. Plin. Egredi veritatem, sc. extra verita- 
 tem. Virg. Excedere terra. Lucan. Excedere viuros, sc. extra muros. Virg. 
 Erumpunt portis. Id. Erumpere nubem, sc. extra nubem. In like manner, Praeve- 
 hi littus, praelabi moenia, sc. praeter littus, praeter moenia. 
 
 68. After they came to a 
 conference, peace was con- 
 cluded between them. 
 
 The swallows come before 
 summer, they take pleasure to 
 fly through the air. 
 
 The boy practises piety to- 
 wards God, reverence towards 
 men. 
 
 The general drew up his 
 army on this side the Alps, no- 
 body ever fought more stoutly 
 against an enemy. 
 
 He takes the towns about 
 Capua, he rewards the soldiers 
 according to their bravery. 
 
 The moon drives her cha- 
 riot beneath the sun, the hea- 
 ven is stretched out above the 
 clouds. 
 
 69. The boy is praised by 
 us, he is approved by you, he 
 is blamed by others without 
 reason. 
 
 Friends are changed with 
 fortune, hatred is often repaid 
 for favour, a tree is known by 
 its fruit. 
 
 r 2 
 
 Postquam venio ad col- 
 loquium, pax ordino inter 
 is. 
 
 Hirundo venio ante aes- 
 tas, gaudeo volito per aura. 
 
 Puer exerceo pietas ad- 
 versus Deus, reverentia 
 erga homo. 
 
 Dux instruo acies cis 
 Alpcs, nemo unquam pug- 
 no fortiter contra hostis. 
 
 Occupo urbs circa Ca- 
 pua, remuneror miles se- 
 cundum virtus. 
 
 Luna ago currus infra 
 sol, coelum porrigo supra 
 nubcs. 
 
 Puer laudo a ego, pro- 
 bo abs tu, culpo ab alius 
 absque causa. 
 
 Amicus muto cum for- 
 tuna, odium saepe reddo 
 pro gratia, arbor dignosco 
 ex fructus. 
 
100 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 After the battle the general 
 began to treat about a peace 
 without delay. 
 
 Whilst he was sailing cross 
 the river, the boat began to 
 sink, he is wet up to the chin. 
 
 70. Showers are poured 
 down into the vallies, whilst 
 snow falls upon the hills. 
 
 The shepherds came under 
 the mountains with their flocks; 
 at length they were forced by 
 the rain to drive them into folds 
 under the ground. 
 
 71. Whilst Peter was sitting 
 in the parlour, the boys were 
 playing in the porch, the girls 
 were dancing under a tree. 
 
 The soldiers sat down upon 
 the grass, nigh the shore, 
 where they dined in presence 
 of their general. 
 
 Phaeton for fear fell from 
 heaven into the Po in Italy ; 
 his sisters bewailed his death, 
 till they were all changed into 
 poplar trees. 
 
 Whilst the war is carried on 
 in Numidia against Jugurtha, 
 the Romans were defeated by 
 the Gauls nigh the Rhone. 
 
 Toward the evening the no- 
 bility lied out of the city, pass- 
 ed over into Greece, levied war 
 in Epire against Caesar. 
 
 Caesar is sent into Germany, 
 he marches with his army be- 
 yond the Rhine , lays waste the 
 country, returns with glory to 
 winter-quarters. 
 
 72. The shepherd passes by 
 the village, goes to the city, 
 where he stays a long time ; he 
 is ordered to depart from the 
 town, to return to his flocks ; 
 
 Post pugna dux coepi 
 ago de pax sine mora. 
 
 Dum veho trans Jluvius, 
 cymba coepi sido, madejio 
 mentum tenus. 
 
 Imber fundo in vallis, 
 dum nix cado super mons. 
 
 Pastor venio sub mons 
 cum grex ; tandem cogo 
 ab imber ago is in septum 
 subter terra. 
 
 Dum Petrus sedeo in 
 coenaculum, puer colludo 
 in vestibulum, puella salto 
 sub arbor. 
 
 Miles discumbo super 
 gra?nen, subter littus, ubi 
 prandeo coram dux. 
 
 Phaeton prae timor cafa 
 de coelum in Padus in lt<* 
 lia ; soror lugeo mors. Of* 
 nec omnis muto in pop* 
 I us. 
 
 Dum helium gcro ?» 
 Numidia contra Jugurtha 
 Romanus vinco a Gallu* 
 juxta Rhodanus. 
 
 Sub vesperus nobilita 
 fugio ex urbs, transeo i» 
 Graecia, paro bellum apu0 
 Epirus contra Casar. 
 
 C(Bsar mitto in Ger 
 mania, per go cum excrc* 
 tus ultra Rhenus, vasta 
 ager, revertor cum gloria 
 in hyberna. 
 
 Pastor praetereo villa, 
 adeo wbs, ubi diu com- 
 moror ; jubeo decedo op- 
 pidum, redco ad grex ; a* 
 nolo absisto inceptum 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 191 
 
 but he would not desist from 
 his purpose. 
 
 % Mardonius accosts Xerxes 
 affrighted at this defeat, and 
 doubtful what course to take ; 
 he advises him to go away into 
 his kingdom, lest the fame of 
 this unfortunate war should oc- 
 casion any sedition. His ad- 
 vice being approved, an army 
 is delivered to Mardonius ; the 
 king himself prepares to draw 
 back the rest of the troops in- 
 to his kingdom : but the Greeks, 
 having heard of the king's 
 flight, entered into a design of 
 breaking down the bridge 
 which he had made at Abydos. 
 
 Thus, after Atticus had ab- 
 stained from food for two days, 
 on a sudden his fever went off, 
 and the distemper began to be 
 more easy ; he died, however, 
 the fifth day after, the day be- 
 fore the Kalends of x\pril,when 
 On. Domitius and C. Sosius 
 were consuls. He was carried 
 to his funeral upon a little 
 couch, as he himself had order- 
 ed, without any pomp of fu- 
 neral, all good people attending 
 him. He was buried near the 
 Appian way, at the fifth mile- 
 stone, in the monument of Q. 
 Caecilius his uncle. 
 
 In the mean time the Ro- 
 mans, sending the Scipios into 
 Spain, first drove the Cartha- 
 ginians out of the province ; af- 
 terwards they carried on terri- 
 ble wars with the Spaniards 
 themselves ; nor would the 
 Spaniards receive the yoke, 
 till Caesar Augustus, after he 
 had conquered the world, car- 
 
 Mardonius aggredioi 
 Xerxes perculsus hie cla 
 dos, et dubius consilium , 
 hortor ut in regnum abeo, 
 ne quid seditio fama adver- 
 sus helium moveo. Proba- 
 tus consilium, exercitus 
 trado Mardonius ; rex ipse 
 paro reduco reliquus copiae 
 in regnum : sed Graeci, 
 auditus rex fuga, ineo con- 
 silium inter rumpendus pons 
 qui tile Abydus facio. 
 
 Sic, cum Atticus abstu 
 neo cibus biduum, subito 
 febris decedo, morbusquc 
 coepi sum levis ; decedo, 
 tamen, quintus exinde dies, 
 pridie Kalendae Aprilis, 
 Cn. Domitius, C. Sosius 
 consul. Effero in lecti- 
 cula, ut ipse praescribo, 
 sine ullus pompa funus, 
 omnis bonus comitans. 
 Sepelio juxta via Appius, 
 ad quintus lapis, in monu- 
 menturn Q. Caecilius avun- 
 culus suus. 
 
 Inter ea Romani, missus 
 in Hispania Scipio, primo 
 Poeni provincia expello ; 
 postea cum ipse Hispani 
 gravis bellum gero ; nec 
 prius jugum Hispani ac- 
 cipio volo, quam C&sar 
 Augustus, perdomitus or- 
 bis, victrix ad is arma 
 tran*foro, populusque bar- 
 
192 
 
 AN INTHODUCTxON 
 
 ried his victorious arms to 
 them, and reduced the barba- 
 rous and savage people into 
 the form of a province. 
 
 The Dorians consulted the 
 oracle about the event of the 
 contest; answerwasmade them 
 That they should be superior 
 unless they killed the king of 
 the Athenians. Codrus was 
 king of the Athenians at that 
 time ; who, having got notice 
 of the answer of the god, 
 changing his royal habit, en- 
 tered the enemy's camp ; he is 
 slain by a soldier, whom he 
 had wounded with a cutting- 
 knife. The king's body being 
 known, the Dorians march off 
 without fighting ; and thus the 
 Athenians are delivered from 
 the war, by the bravery of 
 their prince offering himself to 
 death for the safety of his 
 country. 
 
 A desire of visiting the sa- 
 cred residence of the god Se- 
 ra pis, whom Egypt, a nation 
 devoted to superstition, adores 
 beyond all other, seized Ves- 
 pasian, that he might consult 
 him about affairs of the em- 
 pire ; and having entered the 
 temple, and being intent upon 
 the deity, behind his own back 
 he perceived Basilides, whom 
 he knew to be several days' 
 journey from Alexandria. He 
 examines the priests, whether 
 Basilides that day had entered 
 the temple 1 he asks, whether 
 hehadbeenseeninthe city? At 
 last, despatching horsemen, he 
 learns, that he was at that in- 
 stant eighty miles from thence. 
 
 harus ac ferus in forma 
 provincia rcdigo. 
 
 Dorienses de eventus 
 praeliwn oraculum consu- 
 lo ; respondetur, is superior 
 for em, ni rex Atheniensis 
 occido. Atheniensis is 
 tcmpus rex Codrus sum ; 
 qui, responsum dcus cog- 
 nitus, permutatus regius 
 habitus, castra hostis in- 
 gredior ; interficio a miles, 
 qui falx vulnero. Rex 
 corpus cognitus, Dorienses 
 sine praelium discedo ; at- 
 que ita Athenienses, virtus 
 dux, pro salus patria mors 
 sui offerens, helium libero 
 
 Cupido adeundum sacer 
 scdes deus Scrapis, qui Ae- 
 gyptus, gens deditus super- 
 stitio, colo ante omnis ali- 
 us, capio Vespasianus, ut 
 consulo is super res im- 
 perium ; atque ingressus 
 templum, intentusque nu- 
 men, pone tergum suus 
 respicio Basilides, qui 
 nosc.o plus dies 6 iter ab- 
 sum Alexandria Per con- 
 tor sacerdos, num ille dies 
 Basilides templum ineo ? 
 percontor, num in urbs vi- 
 deo ? Denique, missus 
 eques, exploro, is ille t em- 
 pus momentum octoginta 6 
 mille passus absum. 
 
TO I, ATTN SYNTAX. 
 
 193 
 
 Neptune, Vulcan, and Minerva disputed, which of them was the most skilful 
 artificer ; whereupon Neptune made a bull, Minerva a house, and Vulcan a man : 
 and they chose Momus judge. But Momus chid them all three. He accused 
 Neptune of imprudence ; because he had not placed the bull's horns in his fore- 
 head betwixt his eyes ; for then the bull might give a stronger and surer blow. 
 He accused Minerva of folly ; because her house was immoveable* and could not 
 be carried away, if it happened to be placed among ill neighbours. But he said 
 Vulcan was the most imprudent of them all ; because he had not made a window 
 in the man's breast, that he might see what his thoughts were. 
 
 Merchants are of great benefit to the public. They knit mankind together in 
 a mutual intercourse of good offices ; they distribute the gifts of nature, find work 
 for the poor, add wealth to the rich, and magnificence to the great. Our fleets 
 of British merchantmen are so many squadrons of floating shops, that vend our 
 wares and manufactures in all the markets of the world; and, with dangerous 
 industry, find out chapmen under both tropics. Our British merchant converts 
 the tin of his own country into gold, and exchanges his wool for rubies. The 
 Mahometans are clothed in our British manufactures, and the inhabitants of the 
 frozen zone are warmed with the fleeces of our sheep. 
 
 Robert Bruce, the son of that Robert Bruce, who, in the year 1285, had con- 
 tended with Baliol about the succession, was crowned king of the Scots, at 
 Scoon, in the year 1306. He was a man of great bravery in war, and of great 
 moderation in peace. The strength of his mind in adversity was wonderful. 
 Tiiough his wile was taken prisoner ; though his four brothers, ail brave men, 
 were cruelly butchered ; and though he himself was stripped, not only of his pa- 
 ternal estate, but of his kingdom, by Edward, king of England ; yet his mind 
 was so far from sinking under this load of affliction, that he never lost hopes of 
 recovering his kingdom. Few : of the ancients may be compared to Robert Bruce. 
 Cato and Brutus laid violent hands on themselves : Manus, thirsting after re- 
 venge, entered into wicked and cruel measures against his country: Robert, af- 
 ter recovering his kingdom, forgot the ill usage of his enemies. 
 
 3. OF INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 * 73. The interjections O, heu, and proh, govern the 
 nominative or vocative, and sometimes the accusative. 
 
 Nom. what a face ! 
 
 Ah ignorant souls ! 
 
 Oh the pain ! 
 Voc. O my father ! 
 
 Ah wretched boy ! 
 
 O awful Jove ! 
 Acc. O distressed old age ! 
 
 Ah unhappy creature 
 that 1 am ! 
 
 O the faith of gods and 
 men ! 
 
 O qualis fades ! 
 
 Heu ignarae mentes ! 
 
 Proh dolor ! 
 
 O mi pater ! 
 
 Heu miser ande puer ! 
 
 Proh sancte Jupiter t 
 
 O calamitosam senectutem! 
 
 Heu me infelicem ! 
 
 Proh deum hominumque ji- 
 dem ! 
 
 Note l. O before the vocative is often suppressed ; as, Virg. Musa, mihi ca% 
 sasmemora; and indeed, strictly speaking, the vocative is always absolute, b©- 
 ing governed by no word whatever. 
 
 Note 2. These or the like constructions may be thus supplied: O qualis fades 
 est huic ; Heu mentes ignarae sunt ! Proh quantus est dolor I O quam calamitosam 
 senectutem exterior ! Heu quam me infelicem sentio ! Proh deum atque hominum fula* 
 imploro vel obtestor. The word fidcm is sometimes suppressed. 
 
 74. Hci and vae govern the dative. 
 
194 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Ah mo. 
 Wo to you ! 
 
 Hex mihi ! 
 Vae tibi ! 
 
 Note 1. Ileus and ohe take the vocative only ; as, Ter. Heus Syrel Mart. Ohe U> 
 belle. 
 
 Note 2. Ah and vah take the accusative or vocative ; as, Ter. Ah me miserum . 
 Virg. Ah virgo infelix ! Incert. Vah inconstantiam I Plaut. Vah salus meal 
 
 Note 3. Hem takes the dative, accusative, or vocative ; as, Ter. Hem tibi! Id 
 Hem astutias ! Id. Hem Davum tibi ! Cic. Hem mea lux ! 
 
 Note 4. Most of the other interjections, and frequently also these mentioned, 
 are thrown into discourse without any case subjoined to them. 
 
 Note 5. The dative is fitly subjoined to interjections, as well as to other parts 
 of speech ; the vocative is absolute ; and the accusative may be thus supplied . 
 Ah me miserurn sentio ! Vah quam inconstantiam narras ! Hem astutias videte ! Hem 
 Davum obviam tibi vide ! 
 
 73. O man valiant and friend- 
 ly ! O joyful day ! 
 
 Ah the piety ! Ah the faith 
 of ancient times ! Ah the vani- 
 ty of men ! 
 
 Oh the pain ! Oh the wick- 
 edness ! Oh the manners ! We 
 degenerate from our parents. 
 
 O Davus ! am I thus despis- 
 ed hy you ? Ah wretched boy ! 
 
 Ah fortune ! what god is 
 more cruel than you ? you al- 
 ways take pleasure to sport 
 with the designs of men. 
 
 O awful Jove ! what greater 
 thins 1 has been done on earth ? 
 
 O the times ! Othe fashions ! 
 O the wretched minds of men ! 
 O blind souls ! 
 
 Ah wretch that I am ! why 
 am I forced to do this ? 
 
 By the faith of gods and men, 
 the victory is in our hands. 
 
 74. Ah me ! woes me ! love 
 is curable by no herbs. 
 
 T When Titus one day re- 
 collected, at supper, that he 
 
 1 virfortis atque ami- 
 cus ! O festus 1 dies ! 
 
 Heu 1 pietas f Heu 1 
 fides priscus ! Heu 1 va- 
 nitas humanus ! 
 
 Proh 1 dolor ! Proh 1 
 scelus ! Proh 1 mos ! De- 
 genero a parens noster. 
 
 O Davus 1 itane con- 
 temnor abs tu ? Heu mi~ 
 serandus puer t 
 
 Heu Fortuna } quis de- 
 us sum crudelis tu ? sem- 
 per gaudeo illudo res hu- 
 manus. 
 
 Proh sa?ictus Jupiter ( 
 quis res magnus gero in 
 terra ? 
 
 O 4 tempus ! O 4 mos ! 
 O miser homo 4 mens ! O 
 4 pectus caecus ! 
 
 Heu 4 ego miser ! cu* 
 cogo hie facio? 
 
 Proh deus atque homo 4 
 fides ! victoria ego in ma- 
 nus smn. 
 
 Hex ego ! vae ego { nul- 
 lus amor sum medicabilis 
 herba. 
 
 Cum Titus quidam dies 
 rccordor, in coena, sui ni- 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 195 
 
 had done nothing for any one 
 that day, he said, O friends ! 
 to-day I have lost a day. He 
 was a prince of so much easi- 
 ness and generosity, that he 
 denied no man any thing ; and 
 when he was blamed for it by 
 his friends, he replied, that no 
 man ought to go away sorrow- 
 ful from an emperor. 
 
 To you, says Alexander, O 
 most faithful and most affec- 
 tionate of countrymen and 
 friends ! I [do] give thanks, 
 not only because to-day you 
 have preferred my life to your 
 own, but because, since the be- 
 ginning of the war, you have 
 omitted no token or expression 
 of kindness towards me. 
 
 This was another occasion 
 of making war against Jugur- 
 tha ; wherefore the following 
 revenge is committed to Albi- 
 nus ; but, O shameful ! the Nu- 
 midians so corrupted his army, 
 that he prevailed by the vo- 
 luntary flight of our men, and 
 took our camp ; and, a scanda- 
 lous treaty being added for the 
 purchase of their security, he 
 dismissed the army which he 
 had before bought. 
 
 O dreadful assurance in the 
 midst of so much adversity ! O 
 the singular courage and spirit 
 of the Roman people ! Whilst 
 Annibal was flying over their 
 throat through Campania and 
 Apulia ; at the same time they 
 both withstood him, and sent 
 their arms into Sicily, Sardi- 
 nia, and Spain. O people 
 worthy of the empire of the 
 
 Jul quisquam praesto ille 
 dies, dico, O amicus ! hodie 
 dies perdo. Sum prin- 
 ceps tantus facilitas et li- 
 beralitas, nt nullus quis- 
 quam nego ; et cum ab 
 amicus reprehendo, res- 
 pondeo, ?iullus tristis debeo 
 ab imperator discedo. 
 
 Tu, inquam Alexander 
 O fidus piusque civis aU 
 que amicus ! grates ago, 
 non solum quod hodie salus 
 meus vester praepono, sed 
 quod, a primordium bel- 
 lum, nullus erga ego be- 
 nevolentia pignus aut in- 
 dicium omitto. 
 
 Hie sum alter causa bel- 
 landum contra Jugurtha ; 
 igitur sequens altio mando 
 Albinus : sed, proh dede- 
 cus ! Numida ita corrum- 
 po hie exercitus, ut vinco 
 voluntarius fuga noster, 
 castraque potior ; et, tur- 
 pis foedus additus in pre- 
 hum salus, dimitto exerci- 
 tus qui prius emo. 
 
 O horribilis in tot ad- 
 versus 4 fiducial O singu- 
 laris 4 animus ac 4 spiri- 
 tus populus Romanus ! 
 Cum Annibal in jugulum 
 per Campania Apuliaque 
 volito ; idem tempus et hie 
 sustineo, et in Sicilia, Sar- 
 dinia, Hispaniaque arma 
 mitto. 4 populus dig' 
 nus orbis imperium ! dig- 
 
196 
 
 AX INTRODUCTION 
 
 world ! worthy of the favour and nus favor et admiratio de- 
 admiration of gods and men ! us ac homo ! 
 
 The Lord is j ust and righteous, and will judge the earth with equity and truth. 
 Think not, bold man ! because thy punishment is delayed, that the arm of tho 
 Lord is weakened, neither flatter thyself with hopes that lie winketh at thy do- 
 ings. The high and the low, the rich and the poor, the wise and the ignorant, 
 when the soul hath shaken oft" the cumbrous shackles of this mortal life, shall 
 equally receive from the sentence of God a just and everlasting retribution, ac- 
 cording to their works. Then shall the wicked tremble and be afraid, but the 
 heart of the righteous shall rejoice in his judgments. 
 
 The thoughtless man bndleth not his tongue, woe be to him ! he speaketh 
 at random, and is entangled in the foolishness of his own words. Hearken 
 therefore, O young man, unto the voice of Consideration ; her words are the 
 words of wisdom, and her paths shall lead thee to safety and truth. 
 
 4. OF CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 * 75. The conjunctions, et, ac, atque, nec, neque, aut, 
 vel, and some others, couple like cases and moods. 
 
 Honour your father and mo- Honora patrern et matrem. 
 ther. 
 
 He neither writes nor reads. Nec scrihit nec legit. 
 
 Note 1. To these add quam, nisi, praeterquam, an ; also nempe, licet, quamvis, 
 quantumvis, nedurn, sed, verum, <kc. And adverbs of likeness ; as, ceu, tanquam, 
 quasi, ut, velut, &c. 
 
 Note 2. If the words or clauses in a sentence require or admit of a different 
 construction, this rule does not take place ; as, Cic. Mea et reipublicae interest. 
 Juv. Sexcentis et pluris empta. Boet. Mulicr colore vivid o atque inexhausti vigo- 
 ris. Sail. Ubi videt neque per vim, neque insidiis, opprimi posse hominem. Pers. 
 Tecum habita, et noris quam sit Ubi curia supellex. 
 
 76. Ut, quo, licet, ne, utinam and dummodo, are for the 
 most part joined with the subjunctive mood. 
 
 I read that I may learn. Lego ut discam. 
 
 I wish you were wise. Utinam saperes. 
 
 Note 1. To these add all interrogatives, when taken indefinitely, whether they 
 be nouns ; as, quantus, qualis, qttotus, quot,uplex,uter ; or pronouns ; as, quis, cujas ; 
 or adverbs; as, ubi, quo ,undc, qua,quorsum, quando, quamdiu, quo tics, cur, quare, 
 quamobrem, quomodo, qui, &c. or conjunctions ; as, ne, an, annc, annon. These 
 when used interrogatively, stand first in a sentence, and take the indicative ; 
 but when a word goes before them in the sentence, such as, scio, ncscio* 
 video, intelligo, rogo, peto, cedo, die, dubito, or incertus, dubius, ignarus. and the 
 like, they generally become indefinite, and taxe the subjunctive ; as, iior. Quae 
 virtus, et quanta, boni, sit vivere parvo, discit.c. Cic. Ut sciam quid agas, ubi quo- 
 que, et maxime quando Romae futurus sis. Ovid. Nescit vitane jrualur, an sit apud 
 manes. 
 
 Note 2. Retakes the imperative or subjunctive ; as, ne time, or ne timcas. Al 
 ler the verb cave it is often suppressed ; as, Cave facias. 
 
 Note 3. Ut, after these verbs, volo, nolo,malo, rogo,precor, censeo, svadco, licet, 
 oportet, necesse est, and the like ; also after these imperatives,^ sine,fac, or fanto. is 
 elegantly suppressed; as, Ter. Ducasvolohodicuxorem. Id. Fac te patrern esse sen' 
 
 hat. ' 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 197 
 
 Note 4. Utinam is the same as ut or uti, and has opto understood ; as, Utinam 
 saperes, i.e. opto ut saperes. 
 
 Note 5. Ut and quod are thus distinguished : ut denotes the final cause, and ge 
 nerally respects what is future ; or, after adeo, ita, sic, tarn, talis, tantus, tot, and 
 the like, it signifies the manner ; but quod denotes the motive or efficient cause, 
 and commonly relates to what is past. 
 
 Note 6. Nc after timeo, metuo, vereor, paveo, is used affirmatively ; as, Ter. Ti- 
 met ne se deseras. But ut after these verbs is for ne non, or used negatively ; as, 
 Cic. Videris vereri ut epistolas Mas acceperim ; i.e. ne non accepcrim. 
 
 75. Riches breed pride and 
 insolence. 
 
 Scipio took and destroyed 
 Carthage. 
 
 Drunkenness impairs wealth 
 -and reputation. 
 
 Time consumes iron and 
 stones. 
 
 The man does wickedly, he 
 neither fears God nor honours 
 the king. 
 
 Covetousness is never satis- 
 fied nor satiated. 
 
 A soldier, according to his 
 bravery, is praised or disprais- 
 ed. 
 
 The poets design either to 
 profit or to please. 
 
 Whether I be silent or 
 speak, he goes on to provoke. 
 
 I would more willingly re- 
 ceive than do an injury. 
 
 When a man fears nothing 
 but a witness and a judge, what 
 will he not do in the dark ? 
 
 Nothing can be taken from 
 us except liberty or life. 
 
 Avoid idleness a3 a plague ; 
 glory attends virtue as a sha- 
 dow. 
 
 Honour, like the rainbow, 
 flies the pursuer, and pursues 
 the flier. 
 
 76. God did not send his son 
 into the world, that he might 
 
 S 
 
 Divitiae pario superbia 
 et arrogantia. 
 
 Scipio capio ac diruo 
 Carthago. 
 
 Ebrietas minuo opes at* 
 que honor. 
 
 Vetustas consumo fer- 
 rum lapisque. 
 
 Homo ago improbe, nec 
 timeo Deus nec honoro rex. 
 
 Cupidilas nunquam ex* 
 pleo ncque satio. 
 
 Miles, pro virtus r laudo 
 aut vitupero. 
 
 Poeta volo vel prosum 
 vel delecto. 
 
 Sive ego taceo sive lo* 
 quor, ille pergo lacesso. 
 
 Libenter accipio quam 
 facio injuria. 
 
 Cum homo timeo nihil 
 nisi testis et judex, quis 
 non facio in tenebrae 1 
 
 Nihil possum eripio x 
 ego praeterquam libertas 
 aut vita. 
 
 Fugio desidia ceu pes* 
 tis ; gloria sequor virtus 
 tanquam. umbra. 
 
 Honos, ut iris, fugio se- 
 quens, et sequor fugiens. 
 
 Deus non mittoflius in 
 mundus, ut condemno mun- 
 
198 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 condemn the world, but that 
 the world might be saved 
 through him. 
 
 I did this that T might escape 
 the more quickly ; but do you 
 assist me that it may be done 
 the more easily. 
 
 I will discover the theft, 
 though he threaten arms and 
 death. 
 
 Be not hasty to speak, take 
 care you do not stammer, take 
 care you do not lose your cou- 
 rage. 
 
 Virtue procures and pre- 
 serves friendship : I wish you 
 may do your duty carefully. 
 
 I will come to a conference, 
 provided there be a wall be- 
 twixt you and me. 
 
 In the five hundred and 
 fifty-first year from the build- 
 ing of the city, T. Quintius 
 Flaminius is sent against Phi- 
 lip king of Macedonia : he ma- 
 naged his affairs successfully ; 
 a peace was granted to the 
 king upon these terms, that he 
 should not make war upon the 
 cities of Greece, which the 
 Romans had defended against 
 him ; that he should restore 
 the prisoners and deserters. 
 
 Pompey restored the hos- 
 tages to the Antiochians, gave 
 some land to the Daphnensians, 
 that the grove there might be 
 made more spacious, being 
 mightily taken with the plea- 
 santness of the place, and the 
 plenty of water. Going from 
 thence to Judea, he took Je- 
 rusalem, the metropolis of the 
 nation, in three months, killing 
 
 dus, sed ut mundus servo 
 per is. 
 
 Facto Lie quo evado ce- 
 leritcr ; sed tu adjuto ego 
 quo is jio facile 
 
 Detego furtum, licet ar- 
 ma morsque minor. 
 
 Ne festino loquor, caveo 
 ne titubo, caveo ne perdo 
 animus. 
 
 Virtus concilia et con- 
 servo amicitia ; utinam 
 facio ofjicium diligent or. 
 
 Venio ad colloquium, 
 dummodo murus sum inter 
 tu et ego. 
 
 Quingentesimus et quin- 
 quagesimus primus annus 
 ah urbs conditus, T. Quin- 
 tius Flaminius adversus 
 Philippus rex Macedonia 
 milto : res prospere gero ; 
 pax rex do hie lex, ne 
 Graecia civitas, qui Roma- 
 nus contra is dtfendo, bel- 
 lum infer o ; ut captivus et 
 transfuga reddo. 
 
 Pompeius Antiochenses 
 obses reddo, aliquantum 
 ager Daphnenses do, quo 
 lucus ibi spatiosus fio, de- 
 legatus amoenitas locus, 
 et aqua abundantia. Inde 
 ad Judaea transgressus, 
 Hierosolyma, caput gens, 
 tertius mensis, capio, duo- 
 decim mille Judaei occisus, 
 caeter in fides acceptus. 
 
TO LATIN SYNTAX. 
 
 199 
 
 twelve thousand of the Jews,the 
 rest being admitted to quarter. 
 
 Titus succeeded Vespasian, 
 a man admirable for all sorts of 
 virtues, so that he was called 
 the darling and delight of man- 
 kind. He was a man of so 
 much moderation in his govern- 
 ment at Rome, that he punish- 
 ed nobody at all, and so dis- 
 missed those convicted of con- 
 spiring against him, that he 
 kept them in the same familia- 
 rity as before. He was very 
 eloquent too ; he pleaded 
 causes in Latin ; he composed 
 poems and tragedies in Greek. 
 
 Germanicus, when his end 
 approached, turning to his wife, 
 besought her, by the memory 
 of himself, by their common 
 children, that she would lay 
 aside her haughty spirit, that 
 she would submit her mind to 
 fortune ; and not long after he 
 expires. Foreign nations and 
 kings lamented him, strangers 
 bewailed Germanicus ; his fu- 
 neral without images was 
 grand by the praises and me- 
 mory of his virtues. 
 
 One of the Magi warned 
 Alexander, as he was hasten- 
 ing to Babylon, not to enter 
 the city, declaring that this 
 place would be fatal to him ; 
 for this reason, waving Baby- 
 lon, he went to Borsippa, a city 
 beyond the Euphrates : there he 
 was engaged again by Anaxar- 
 chus the philosopher to slight 
 the predictions of the Magi, as 
 false and uncertain ; where- 
 fore he returned to Babylon. 
 
 Vespasianus Titus suc- 
 cedo, vir omnis virtus ge- 
 nus mirabilis, adeo ut amor 
 et deliciae humanus genus 
 dico. Sum vir tantus ci- 
 vilitas in imperium Roma, 
 ut nullus omnino punio, 
 atque convictus adversum 
 suisui conjuratio ita di- 
 mitto, ut in idem familia- 
 ritas qui antea habeo. Sum 
 etiam facundus ; causa 
 Latine ago ; poema et 
 tragoedia Graece compono. 
 
 Germanicus, ubi finis 
 adsum, ad uxor versus, per 
 memoria sui, per communis 
 liberi oro, ut exuo ferocia, 
 ut fortuna submitto ani- 
 mus ; neque multo post ex- 
 tinguo. Idoleo exterus 
 natio rexque, Germanicus 
 ignotus jieo ; junus sine 
 imago per laus et memoria 
 virtus Celebris sum. 
 
 Alexander Babylon fes- 
 tinans, quidam ex Magus 
 praedico, ne urbs introeo, 
 testatus hie locus isfatalis 
 forem ; ob hie causa, omis- 
 sus Babylon, in Borsippa, 
 urbs trans Euphrates, 
 concedo : ibi ab Anaxar- 
 chus philosophus cornpellor 
 rursum Magus praedictum 
 contemno, ut falsus et in- 
 certus ; r ever tor igitur 
 Babylon. 
 
200 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION, &C 
 
 All nations in the west and 
 the south being conquered, the 
 Scythians and Sarmatians sent 
 ambassadors to Rome, begging 
 an alliance ; the Seres, and the 
 Indians, that live under the 
 sun, with jewels and pearls, 
 brought elephants too amongst 
 their presents : the length of 
 their journey was so great, that 
 they scarce finished it in four 
 years. Thus every where 
 there was peace ; insomuch 
 that Caesar Augustus at last 
 ventured, in the seven hun- 
 dredth year from the building 
 of the city, to shut the double- 
 faced Janus. Augustus, for 
 his great actions, was called 
 the Father of his Coun- 
 try. 
 
 By a virtuous emulation the spirit of a man is exalted within him ; he panteth 
 after fame, and rejoiceth as a racer to run his course. He riseth like the palm- 
 tree, in spite of oppression ; and as an eagle in the firmament ol heaven, he 
 soareth aloft, and fixeth his eye upon the glories of the sun. The examples of 
 eminent men are in his visions by night ; and his delight is to follow them all tlte 
 day long. 
 
 A famous critic, having gathered all the faults of an eminent poet, made a pie- 
 sent of them to Apollo ; who received them very graciously, and resolved to 
 make the author a suitable return for the trouble he had been at in collecting 
 them. In order to this, he set before him a sack of wheat, as it had been 
 threshed out of the sheaf. He then bid him pick out the chaff from among the 
 corn, and lay it aside by itself. The critic applied himself to the task with great 
 industry and pleasure ; and, after having made the due separation, was present- 
 ed by Apollo with the chaff for his pains. 
 
 Mankind seem to be no less accountable for the ill use of their dominion ovei 
 creatures of the lower rank, than for the exercise of tyranny over their own spe 
 cies. The more entirely the inferior creation is submitted to our power, the 
 more tenderly ought we to use it. It is certainly the part of a good man, to take 
 care of his horses and dogs, not only in expectation of their labour, while they are 
 foals and whelps, but even when their old age has made th?m incapable of ser- 
 vice. There is a passage in the book of Jonas, when God declares his aversion 
 to destroy Nineveh, where that compassion of the Creator, which extends to the 
 
 meanest rank of his creatures, is expressed with wonderful tenderness: Should 
 
 I not spare Nineveh, that great city, wherein are more than sixscore thou- 
 sand persons, and also much cattle ? And in the book of Deuteronomy we have 
 
 a precept to this purpose, with a blessing annexed to it, in these words : If thou 
 
 shalt find a bird's nest in the way, thou shalt not take the dam with the young 
 But thou shalt in any wise let the dam go ; that it may be well with thee, and 
 tiiat thou mayst prolong thy days. 
 
 Omnis ad occasus et me- 
 ridies pacatus gens, Scy- 
 thae et Sarmatae mitto Ro- 
 ma legatus, amicitia pe- 
 tens ; Seres, habitansque 
 sub ipse sol Indi, cum 
 gemma et margarita, ele- 
 phas quoque inter munus 
 traho ; longinquitas via 
 tantus sum, ut vix 6 qua- 
 driennium impleo. Sic 
 ubique pax sum ; adeo ut 
 C<Bsar Augustus audeo 
 tandem, septingentesimus 
 ab urbs conditus annus, 
 Janus geminus claudo. 
 Augustus, ob factum in- 
 gens, Pater Patria dico. 
 
 THE END OF THE INTRODUCTION. 
 
ANCIENT HISTORY EPITOMIZED : 
 
 OR, 
 
 A short View of the principal transactions and events that occur in HISTORY, 
 from the Creation of the World to the Iiirth of Christ ; 
 
 Digested Chronologically, and adapted to the method of the Introduction to Latin 
 Syntax, the English being in one column, and the Latin words in another; 
 
 Intended as a proper mean to initiate boys in the useful study of HISTORY, 
 at the same time that it serves to improve them in the knowledge of the LATIN 
 TONGUE. 
 
 CHAP. 1. 
 
 From the creation to the deluge , which includes 1G50 years. 
 
 In the beginning God created the 
 heaven and the earth, and curiously 
 finished them in the space of six da ys. 
 To Adam, the first of the human 
 race, he gave command over ail the 
 other creatures. Adam, by his wife 
 Eve, begat Cain and Abel ; the for- 
 mer of whom was a tiller of the 
 ground, and the latter a shepherd. 
 But wickedness soon breaking out 
 in his family, Cain slew Abel. Cain's 
 posterity invented music, the work^ 
 ing of iron, and other arts. The de- 
 scendants of Seth, who was born to 
 Adam after the murder of Abel, prov- 
 ed virtuous : those of Cain vicious. 
 The world was created 4004 years 
 before the Christian aera. 
 
 2. Enoch, the fifth in descent from 
 Seth, about a thousand years after 
 the creation of the world, was taken 
 "up from the society and converse of 
 men, into heaven, on account of his 
 intimate familiarity with God. His 
 son Methuselah died a natural death, 
 after he had lived near a thousand 
 years. But men, generally unmind- 
 ful of death, began to abuse longevi- 
 ty; for most of them lived full 900 
 years. Moreover the family of Seth , 
 intermarrying with that of Cain, 
 gave birth to a gigantic race of men ; 
 
 Principium creo Deus eoe- 
 lum et terra, idemque sex dies 
 exorno spatium. Adamus, hu- 
 manusgenusprinceps, creatura 
 caeteri praepono. Adamus, ex 
 uxor Eva, Cainus et Abel 
 gigno ; qui ille agricola, hie 
 pastor sum. Sed cito domesti- 
 cus malum subortus, Abel 
 Cainus interficio. Cainus pos- 
 ted, musica, ferraria, aliusque 
 ars invenio. Impius Cainus, 
 pius Sethus, qui post inter- 
 emptus Abel Adamus nascor, 
 progenies existo. Creomundus 
 annus ante aera Christianus 
 4004. 
 
 Enochus, Sethus trinepos, 
 annus post mundus conditus 
 prope millesimus, ob summus 
 Deus famiiiaritas, divinitus 
 sum ex homo coetus atque 
 oculus raptus. Hie filius Me- 
 thusales, cum annus fere mille 
 vivo, fa turn fungor. Vulgo 
 autem mortalis, mors oblitus, 
 vita longitudo, plerique enim 
 annus expleo nongentesimus, 
 abutor coepi. Sethus porro 
 gens, connubium cum Cainus 
 gens junctus, gigas progigno ; 
 
202 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY. 
 
 chap. n. 
 
 and degenerating into heathenish 
 practices, broke through all the re- 
 straints of modesty and duty. 
 
 3. Wherefore, 165b* years after 
 the world was created, and 2348 be- 
 fore the birth of Christ, God, pro- 
 voked with the wickedness of men, 
 determines to drown the whole world 
 by a deinge. Forty days the waters 
 increased exceedingly, and rose fif- 
 teen cubits above the highest moun- 
 tains ; no living creature any where 
 remained, except those which Noah, 
 a good man, saved by the direction 
 of God in a certain large vessel or 
 ark. After the flood the measure of 
 man's strength and life was lessened. 
 From the three sons of Noah, Shem, 
 Ham, and Japheih, all the families 
 of the earth have gradually been pro- 
 pagated. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 et in externus lapsus mos, ora- 
 nis pudor atque officium re- 
 pagulum perlringo. 
 
 Itaque annus post mundus 
 condiius 1656, et ante natus 
 Christus 2348, Deus, homo 
 nequitia iratus, totus terra or- 
 bis diluvium submergo statuo. 
 Aqua 40 dies vehementer in- 
 undo, et mons altus 15 cubitus 
 transcendo; animans nihil us- 
 piam reliquus ho, praeter is 
 qui Noes, vir bonus, Deus 
 monitus, in area, seu navis 
 quidam ingens asservo. Sub 
 eluvio vis et vita homo immi- 
 nuo. A tres Noes fiiius, Semus, 
 Cham us, Japheius, gens omnis 
 totus terra orbis paulatim sum 
 propagatus. 
 
 IT. 
 
 From the deluge to the vocation of i 
 
 The posterity of Noah, about 101 
 years after the flood, before their dis- 
 persion, entered upon a project of 
 building a city and a tower, whose 
 top might reach to heaven. Rut the 
 divine power checked the insoleru 
 attempts of mortals. They all then 
 used the same language, which on a 
 sudden was miraculously divided in- 
 to a multiplicity of tongues. Accord- 
 ingly the intercourse of speech be- 
 ing cut off, the building was laid 
 aside. After this the earth began to 
 be peopled. The city thus beg'in, 
 from the confusion of languages, was 
 first called Babel, and afterwards 
 Babylon. Nimrod having subdued 
 some neighbouring people by force 
 of arms, reigned in it the first after 
 the flood. 
 
 2. About the time of Nimrod, 
 Egypt seems rb have been divided 
 into four dynasties, or principali- 
 ties; Thebes, Thin, Memphis, and 
 Tan is. From this period, also, the 
 Egyptian laws and policy take 
 their rise. Already they began to 
 make a figure in the knowledge of 
 astronomy ; they first adjusted the 
 
 >raham, containing 427 years. 
 
 Noes posteri, annus post 
 diluvium circiter centesimus 
 primus, ante digressus, ineo 
 consilium exstruo urbs et tur- 
 ns, qui fastigium ad coelum 
 pertingo. Caeterum superbus 
 fata talis conatus divinus obsto 
 numen. Repente unus, qui 
 turn utor omnis, lingua in mul- 
 tifarius divinities dispertio. 
 Sublatus igitur sermo com- 
 mercium, aedificatio abjicio. 
 Ex is terra orbis frequento 
 coepi. Urbs sic inchoatus, ex 
 lingua confusio, Babel pri- 
 mum, deintle Babylon appello. 
 In is primus post diluvium im- 
 perito Nimbrothus, vicinus 
 quidam gers vis et arma sub- 
 act us. 
 
 Sub tern pus Nimbrothus, 
 quatnor in dynastia, seu prin- 
 cipatus, Aegyptus divido vi- 
 deor; Thebae, Thinus, Mem* 
 phis, Tanisque. Ex is quo- 
 que tempus Eepypiius lex po- 
 litiaque ortus suus duco. As- 
 tronomia scientia jam coepi 
 eniteo; ad cursus sol hie pri- 
 
chap. n. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 203 
 
 year to the annual revolution of the 
 sun. The inhabitants of this coun- 
 try were renowned for their wisdom 
 and learning, even in the earliest 
 times. Their Hermes, or Mercury 
 Trismegistus, filled all Egypt with 
 useful inventions. He, according to 
 them, first taught men letters, mu- 
 sic, religion, eloquence, statuary, 
 and other arts besides. Most histo- 
 rians say, that Aesculapius, or To- 
 sorthus, king of Memphis, first dis- 
 covered physic and anatomy. In 
 fine, the ancient Egyptians, as to arts 
 and sciences, and the illustrious mo- 
 numents of wealth and grandeur, 
 have deservedly obtained the pre- 
 ference among all nations of the 
 world. Every body owns, that 
 Menes was the first mortal who reign- 
 ed over Egypt. But the most fa- 
 mous amongst their princes was Se- 
 sostris, who with amazing rapidity 
 overran and conquered Asia, and, 
 subduing the countries beyond the 
 Ganges, advanced eastward as far 
 as the ocean. At last losing his 
 Bight, he laid violent hands on him- 
 self. The kings of that part of 
 Egypt, whereof Tanis was the ca- 
 pital, took all the name of Pharaoh. 
 
 3. Belus is said to have reigned 
 at Babylon ; whose son Ninus caus- 
 ed his father's image to be wor- 
 shipped as a god. This is remarked 
 to have been the origin of idols. 
 Ninus, fired with the lust of sove- 
 reignty, began to extend his em- 
 pire by arms. He reduced Asia un- 
 der his dominion; made himself 
 master of Bactria, by vanquishing 
 Oxyartes king of the Bactrians, and 
 the inventor of magic. He enlarged 
 the city Nineveh that had been built 
 by Ashur; and founded the empire 
 of the Assyrians. He himself reign- 
 ed 54 years. 
 
 4. Semiramis, the wife of Ninus, 
 a woman of a masculine spirit, trans- 
 ferred the crown to herself in pre- 
 judice of her son, who was yet a mi- 
 nor. By her was Babylon" adorned 
 in a most magnificent manner; Asia, 
 Media, Persia, Egypt, overrun with 
 
 mus annus descnbo. Hicce 
 regio incola, ob sapientia lite- 
 raeque, primus etiam tempus 
 sum celeber. Hermes ipse, 
 vel Mercurius Trismegistus, 
 bonus ars Aegyptus totus com- 
 pleo. Hie, secundum ille, li- 
 terae, musica, religio, rheto- 
 rica, statuaria, aliusque prae- 
 terea ars, mortalis primus in- 
 stituo. Physica ac anatomice 
 auctor, Aesculapius, vel To- 
 sorthus, Memphis rex, plerique 
 sumvolo. Vetus denique Ae- 
 gyptius, quoad ars scientiaque, 
 ac praeclarus opes magnifi- 
 centiaque monumentum, apud 
 cunctus terra orbis gens, palma 
 merito sum potitus. Menes, 
 mortalis primus, Aegyptus im- 
 pero, nemo sum qui nego. In- 
 clytus vero inter ille rex sum 
 Sesostris, qui mirus celeritas 
 Asia victor peragro, popu- 
 lusque extra Ganges perdo- 
 mitus, oriens versus ad ocea- 
 nus usque progredior. Tan- 
 dem coecitas laborans, mors 
 sui conscisco. Rex iste Ae- 
 gvptus pars, qui caput sum 
 Tanis,Pharao cognomen cunc- 
 tus usurpo. 
 
 Belus Babylon regna dico; 
 qui filius Ninus parens suus 
 simulacrum colo jubeo pro 
 deus. Is idolum oiigo noto. 
 Ninus, impero studium fla- 
 grans, imperium arma pro- 
 pago instituo. Asia in suus 
 redigo ditio ; Oxyartes Bac- 
 trianus rex, idemque magica 
 inventor, debellatus, Bactria 
 potior. Idem Ninive urbs ab 
 Ashur conditus amplio ; As- 
 syrius imperium constituo. 
 Ipse regno 54 annus. 
 
 Semiramis virago, Ninus 
 conjux, elusus filius aetas mi- 
 nor, regnum ad sui transfero. 
 Ab is Babylon magnificenter 
 sum exstructus ;' Asia, Me- 
 dia, Persia, Aegyptus, ingens 
 cum exercitus peragratus; 
 
204 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 chap. n. 
 
 mighty armies: a great part of Li- 
 bya and Ethiopia conquered. At 
 last she voluntarily resigned the 
 sceptre, after she had swayed it 42 
 years. But Justin says she was 
 murdered by her son Ninyas. 
 
 5. Ninyas degenerated quite from 
 both his parents, and giving up the 
 management of his kingdom to 
 lieutenants, he shut himself up in 
 his palace, entirely abandoned to his 
 pleasures. He had thirty or more 
 of the Assyrian monarchs that suc- 
 cessively followed his worthless ex- 
 ample, the following ones being al- 
 ways worse than the former ; the 
 last of whom was Sardanapalus, a 
 man more effeminate than a woman. 
 He being defeated by Arbaces, go- 
 vernor of the Medes, betook him- 
 self into his palace, where, erecting 
 a funeral pile, he burnt himself, his 
 wives, and all his wealth. Thus Ar- 
 baces transferred the empire from 
 the Assyrians to the Medes, after it 
 had lasted, as some say, 1300 years. 
 But this whole account of the Assy- 
 rian empire is rejected by very good 
 authors as false and fictitious. The 
 history of this monarchy that ap- 
 pears rational, and agreeable to 
 scripture, is related chap. vii. 2. 
 
 G. Abraham, the father of the 
 Hebrews, by nation a Chaldean, 
 descended from Heber, is called by 
 God, in the year of the flood 428, 
 and before Christ 1920. Whilst 
 he sojourned in Palestine, the seat 
 promised to his posterity, being pinch- 
 ed by a famine, he went down in'o 
 Egypt. Returning from thence, he 
 delivered Lot, his brother's son, who 
 had been carried or! prisoner from 
 Sodom. Afer this he paid tithes 
 to the priest Melchisedeck. More- 
 over, being now 100 years old, hav- 
 ing, at the divine command, circum- 
 cised himself and his family, he had 
 by his wife Sarah, Isaac, the son pro- 
 mised him by God. Isaac was not 
 yet born, when Abraham, by his 
 prevailing intercession with God, 
 rescued Lot, together with his wife 
 and children, from the burning of 
 Sodom. But Lot's wife, for look- 
 
 magnus, Libya, Aethiopiaque 
 
 pars subaetus. Tandem im- 
 perium sponte suus depono, 
 posiquam annus 42 teneo. At 
 Justinus scribo is a filius Niny- 
 as trucido. 
 
 Ninyas ab uterque parens 
 penitus degenero, regn unique 
 administratio praefectus com- 
 missus, totus voluptas suus de- 
 ditus regiasuicontineo. Nequi- 
 tia suus imitator triginta aut 
 plus deinceps Assyrius rex ha- 
 beo, alius alius nequam ; qui 
 ultimus Sardanapalus sum, vir 
 mulier corruptus. Is ab Ar- 
 bactus, Medus praefectus, 
 praelium victus, in regia sui 
 recipio, ubi, rogus exstructus, 
 sui, cum conjux, divitiaeque 
 suus, concremo. Itaimperium, 
 ab Assyrius ad Medus, Arbac- 
 tus transfero, postquam, ut 
 nonnullos volo, annus 1300 
 duro. Sed totus hie Assyrius 
 imperium descriptio ab opti- 
 mus scriptor ut falsus et fictus 
 rejicio. Historia hie impe- 
 rium, qui verisimilis et sacer 
 literae consentaneus video, ca- 
 put vii. 2. enarro. 
 
 Abraham us, Hebraeus pa- 
 rens, genus Chaldaeus, ab He- 
 berus origo traho, a Deus 
 evoco, annus a diluvium 428, 
 et ante Christus natus 1920. 
 Palestina, sedes posteri suus 
 promissus, cum peragro, an- 
 nona inopia coactus, descendo 
 in Aegyptus. Inde re versus, 
 Lotus, frater filius, Sodoma 
 abductus, libero. Deinde Mel- 
 chizedecus sacerdos decumae 
 persolvo. Porro. jam cente- 
 narius, cum sui ac suus, Deus 
 jnssu, praeputium circumcido, 
 e Sara conjux, divinitus pro- 
 missus Isaacus filius gigno. 
 Nondum nascor Isaacus, cum 
 Abrahamus Lotus, una cum is 
 uxor ac liberi, Deus exoratus, 
 Sodoma ineendium eximo. 
 Sed Lotus uxor, quod respicio, 
 in sal sum versus. Abraha- 
 
cuat ai. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 205 
 
 ing back, was turned into a pillar of 
 Rait. Further, Abraham's faith be- 
 ing tried by God, became eminently 
 illustrious ; for God commanding 
 him to sacrifice, with his own hand, 
 his only son Isaac, the sole hope of 
 any progeny, he scrupled not to obey, 
 His readiness to comply was accept- 
 ed instead of actual performance. 
 
 7. About the same time, as Euse- 
 bius supposes, lived the Titans in 
 Crete; the eldest of whom was 
 Saturn, who is said to be the father 
 of Jupi.er. Jupiter was regarded as 
 a god, on account of his fatherly af- 
 fection towards his people. His 
 brothers were Neptune and Pluto, 
 the one admiral of the king's fleet, 
 the other inventor of funeral cere- 
 monies in Greece. Which circum- 
 stances, amongst the foolish ancients, 
 procured the empire of the sea to 
 the former as a divinity, and to the 
 latter, the sovereignty of hell as a 
 god. 
 
 mus, porro, fides divinitus ten- 
 tatus, mire eniteo; nam im- 
 perans Deus, ut Isaacus, uni- 
 cus hiius, spes stirps, suus ma- 
 ntis immolo, pareo non dubito 
 Conatus pro factum sum. 
 
 Idem fere tempus, ut Eu- 
 sebius videor, Titan existo in 
 Creta ; qui natu maximus 
 Saturn us sum, qui pater per- 
 hibeo Jupiter. Jupiter, prop- 
 ter paternus in populus cari- 
 tas, deus sum habitus. Is fra- 
 ter sum Neptunus et Pluto, 
 alter regius classis praefrctus, 
 alter funus inventor in Grae- 
 cia. Gtui res ille mare, hic» 
 inferi imperium ac numen pa 
 rio, apud stnltus antiquitas. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 From the vocation of Abraham to the departure of the Israelite* oat jf 
 Egypt, comprehending 430 years. 
 
 Isaac, the son of Abraham, born 
 about the year after the flood 457, 
 had, by his wife Rebecca, Esau and 
 Jacob. Of Leah, Rachel, and his 
 other wives, Jacob begat the patri- 
 archs, the heads of the 13 tribes. He 
 was called Israel by God ; hence the 
 Israelites derived their name. Jo- 
 seph, one of the patriarchs, was sold 
 by h* brothers out of envy, and sent 
 into Egypt. Afterwards Joseph for- 
 gave his brethren this ill usage, 
 though an oppoitunity of revenging 
 it offered. He prevails with his fa- 
 ther to come down into Egypt with 
 his family, where in a short time the 
 Israelites multiply in a surprising 
 manner. This removal happened in 
 the vear of the world 2298, and be- 
 fore Christ 1706. 
 
 2. Almost cotcmporary with Isaac 
 was Inachus, the first king of the Ar- 
 gives ; whose son Phoroneus is re- 
 corded to have collected his wander- 
 
 Isaacus, Abrahamus filius, 
 a diluvium annus circiter 457 
 natus, Esaus et Jacobus e Re- 
 becca uxor gigno. Jacobus e 
 Lea, Rachel, aliusque uxor, 
 patriarcha gigno 12 tribusauc 
 tor. Israel a Deus appello j 
 hinc Israelita nomen fio. Jo- 
 seph us, unus e patriarcha, a 
 frater in Aegyptus, per invidia 
 amandatus ac vend it us sum. 
 Josephus postea frater injuria, 
 ulciscor oblatus occasio, con- 
 dono. Pater persuadeo, uti 
 cum stirps universus demigro 
 in Aegyptus, ubi brevi Israe- 
 lita mirus in modus augeo. 
 Hie demigratio factus sum an- 
 nus mundus 2298, et ante 
 Christus 1706. 
 
 Isaacus fere aequalis Argi- 
 vus rex primus Inachus exis- 
 to; qui filius Phoroneus vagus 
 homo ac dispersus in unus co- 
 
206 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 chaf. a*. 
 
 ing and scattered people into one bo- 
 dy, and to have secured them by ci- 
 ties and laws. But Apcllo, Mars, 
 Vulcan, Venus, Minerva, children of 
 Jupiter, the principal deities of 
 Greece, and the great founders of su- 
 perstition, fell in with the age of the 
 patriarchs ; as aiso Ogyges, the first 
 <dng of Attica, under whose reign 
 happened that remarkable inunda- 
 tion of Attica, called the deluge of 
 Ogyges. Eusebius places Spartus, 
 the son of Phoroneus, who built 
 Sparta, almost cotemporary with Jo- 
 seph. Argus, the grandson of Pho- 
 roneus, who, on account of his won- 
 derful sagacity, was said to have an 
 hundred eyes, built Argos. Hiero- 
 nymus too makes Job, so much fam- 
 ed for patience, coeval with Joseph ; 
 but others place him much later. 
 
 3. About the same time lived Pro- 
 metheus and Atlas, two eminent as- 
 tronomers, celebrated in the fabu- 
 lous poems of the Greeks. Prome- 
 theus, the son of Japetus, one of the 
 Titans, is represented by the poets, 
 as having made a man of clay, be- 
 cause he formed men that were ig- 
 norant and savage, to a civilized way 
 of living; as chained to Caucasus, 
 because he diligently observed the 
 courses of the stars upon Caucasus, 
 a mountain in Scythia; as having 
 stolen fire from the gods, because he 
 invented the method of striking fire 
 from flint. And his brother Atlas, on 
 account of his great skill in astrono- 
 my, is reported to have sustained 
 heaven on his shoulders; and gave 
 name to Atlas, a mountain of Mau- 
 ritania. 
 
 4. Moses, the great grandson of 
 Jacob, born about 60 years after the 
 death of Joseph, and 1571 before 
 Christ, was brought up by Phara- 
 oh's daughter, and well instructed 
 in the Egyptian learning. At eighty 
 years of age, admonished of God, 
 and assisted by his brother Aaron, 
 he attempts to deliver the nation of 
 the Israelites from the slavery of the 
 Egyptians. In fine, having struck 
 a mighty terror into Pharaoh, by 
 many very great miracles, he brings 
 
 go locus, ac moenia lexque se- 
 pio, memoro. At in patriar- 
 cha aetas, Apollo, Mars, Vul- 
 canus, Venus, Minerva, Jupi- 
 ter liberi, praecipuus Graecia 
 numen, et superstilio patriar- 
 cha, incido: itemque Ogyges, 
 primus rex Attica, qui regnans 
 memorabilis ill e Attica inun- 
 datio, Ogyges diluvium d ic- 
 tus, accido. Joseph us pene 
 aeqnalis, statuo Eusebius Spar- 
 tus, Phoroneusfilius, qui Spar- 
 ta condo. Argus, Phoroneus 
 nepos, qui, ob prudentia incre- 
 dibilis centoculus d ictus sum, 
 Argos condo. Jobus quoque, 
 patientia nobilitatus, Josephus 
 suppar, facio Hieronymus; 
 alius tamen rnultum junior. 
 
 Per idem tempus Promethe- 
 us et Atlas, egregius astrono- 
 mus, existo, fabulosus Graecus 
 carmen inclytus. Promethe- 
 us, Japetus, is unus e Titan 
 sum, natus, quod ignarus ru- 
 disque homo ad humanitas in- 
 formo, homo e lutum fingo; 
 quod in Caucasus, Scythia 
 mons, sidus cursus observo as- 
 sidue, Caucasus afiixus ; quod 
 ignis elicio e silex ratio inve- 
 nio, ignis deus surripio, dictus 
 sum a poeta. Atlas autem, is 
 frater, propter summus astro- 
 nomia scientia, coelum hume- 
 rus sustineo perhibeo; et At- 
 las Mauritania mons facio no- 
 men. 
 
 § 
 
 Moses, Jacobus abnepos, 60 
 circiter annus post Josephus 
 mors natus, et ante Christus 
 1571, a Pharao filia educatus 
 sum, literaeque excultus Ae- 
 gyptius. Octogenarius, auc- 
 tor Deus, adjutor Aaron fra- 
 ter, Israelita gens ab Aegyp- 
 tiusservitus vindico aggredior. 
 Denique, Pharao plurimus 
 maxim usque prodiginm per- 
 culsus, annus post diluvium 
 circiter 857, et ante Christus 
 
CHAP. III. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 207 
 
 forth the Israelites, loaded with the 
 spoils of the Egyptians, in the year 
 of the flood 857, and before Christ 
 1491. 
 
 5. The Red sea being divided, the 
 Israelites pass over into the deserts 
 of Arabia j provisions were furnish- 
 ed to them in a miraculous manner ; 
 water gushed out of the rocks, and 
 manna descended from heaven. At 
 mount Sinai, the law was given to 
 them by Moses, their sacrifices and 
 ceremonies instituted, and Aaron 
 consecrated high priest. After this, 
 in the 40. h year of their journey- 
 ing, their number being taken at 
 Jordan, the sum of those that were 
 able to bear arms, was above 600 
 thousand ; among whom there was 
 not one of those who had come out 
 of Egypt, except Joshua and Caleb: 
 for Moses, after having taken a pros- 
 pect of the promised settlements 
 from mount Pisgah, died, Joshua be- 
 ing appointed his successor. 
 
 6. Much about the same time that 
 Moses delivered to the Hebrews 
 their religious ceremonies, Cecrops 
 too, founder of Athens, introduced 
 images and sacrifices into Greece. 
 In the reign of Cecrops, flourished 
 Mercury, the grandson of Atlas, the 
 son of Jupiter and Maia, and the au- 
 thor of eloquence and many other 
 discoveries. Deucalion, upon Thes- 
 saly's being overflowed by an inun- 
 dation, saved several persons on the 
 tops of Parnassus, where he reigned ; 
 and, by means of his wife Pyrrha, 
 brought them over from a savage 
 and rustic life, to an humane and 
 civilized behaviour. Hence rise was 
 given to a number of fables. 
 
 7. At the same time, as if the fire 
 had conspired with the water for the 
 destruction of men, a mighty con- 
 flagration, in the time of Phaeton's 
 reign, broke out in Italy, near the 
 river Po; which proved no small 
 matter of fiction to the luxuriant fan- 
 cy of the poets. Oenotrus too, the 
 son of Lycaon, having brought over 
 a colony of Arcadians into Italy, set- 
 tled near the Tuscan sea, and dis- 
 
 1491, Israelita Aegyptius spo- 
 Hum onustus educo. 
 
 Ruber mare divisus, in soli- 
 tudo Arabia Israelita transeo ; 
 commeatus in divinitus suppe- 
 to ; manna de coelum, aqua e 
 saxum, defluo. Ad Sinamons 
 lex is per Moses datus, sacra 
 et ceremonia institutus, Aaron 
 summits sacerdos consecratus 
 Inde 40 peregrinatio annus, ad 
 Jordanis census habitus, sum- 
 ma is qui arma fero possum, 
 amplius 600 mille sum ; in qui 
 nemo omnino ex is qui ex Ae- 
 gyptus venio, praeter Josues 
 Calebusque : nam Moses, ex 
 Pisga mons promissus sedes 
 cum prospicio, intereo, Josues 
 successor designatus. 
 
 Idem fere tempus sacra et 
 ceremonia Moses trado Hebra- 
 eus, et Cecrops, Athenae con- 
 ditor, simulacrum et sacrin- 
 cium induco in Graecia. Ce- 
 crops regnans, Mercurius, At- 
 las nepos, Jupiter et Maia fi- 
 lius, idemque eloquentia et 
 multns res inventor existo. 
 Deucalion, obrutus eluvio 
 Thessalia, mortalis complures 
 in Parnassus jugum, ubi im- 
 perito, conservo ; isque Pyr- 
 rha conjux opera, a durus ag- 
 restisque vita, ad humanus cul- 
 tus civilisque traduco. Hinc 
 locus multiplex fabula datus. 
 
 Idem tempestas, perinde ac 
 si ad homo pernicies ignis cum 
 aqua conjuro, Phaeton rex, 
 maximus in Italia ad Eridanus 
 flumen exardeo incendium; 
 qui poeta licentia haud parvus 
 fingo materies existo. Oeno- 
 trus porro, Lycaon prognatus, 
 Areas colonia in Italia deduc- 
 tus, ad mare inferus consido, 
 Umbrique indigenae repulsus, 
 
ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP, JIT* 
 
 possessing the native Umbrians, peo- frequento Italia. Hie, Abori- 
 gines primum,ab ineertus ori- 
 go, inde, ab Italus rex, Italus 
 appellatus, regio Italia nomea 
 facio. 
 
 pled Italy. These, called at "first 
 Aborigines, from their uncertain 
 extraction, afterwards Italians, from 
 their king Italus, gave name to the 
 countrv of Italy. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 From the departure of the Israelites out of Egypt to the destruction oj 
 Troy, containing 307 years. 
 
 Joshua, having miraculously dri- 
 ed up the river Jordan, brought over 
 the Israelites. After this he over- 
 turns the walls of the city Jericho, 
 by the ark of the covenant carried 
 seven times round it, by the sound of 
 trumpets, and the shouts of his army. 
 He utterly destroys the Amorites, 
 the sun and moon standing still at his 
 command for the space of one day, 
 as spectators of the victory. At last, 
 after conquering thirty kings, and all 
 the nations of Palestine, he settled 
 the Israelites in the country promis- 
 ed to their ancestors, in the year of 
 the creation 2560, and before Christ 
 1444. 
 
 2. About the same time Dana us, 
 causing his fifty sons-in-law to be 
 murdered by his daughters, of whom 
 there was the like number, makes 
 himself master of the kingdom of 
 Egypt. But being deposed by Li- 
 nus hisson-in-law, he seizes upon Ar- 
 gos. Orcus, king of the Molossi, car- 
 ries off Proserpina, the daughter of 
 Ceres, out of Sicily. Europa, ra- 
 vished by Jupiier, brought forth Mi- 
 nos and Rhadamanthus, and gave 
 name to the third part of the earth ; 
 a large field for fables to the poets. 
 Much about this time flourished the 
 court of the Areopagites at Athens. 
 Upon the Nile too, Busiris, the son 
 of Neptune and Libya, violating the 
 most sacred laws of hospitality, is 
 said to have exercised violence up- 
 on his guests. About the same time 
 the Israelites w r ere treated in a way 
 not much kinder by the king of Me- 
 sopotamia ; but judges, by the divine 
 favour, were raised up from time to 
 lime for their relief. 
 
 Joshes, Jordanis flumen di- 
 vinitus siccatus, traduco Israe- 
 lita. Hierichus inde oppidum 
 murus, area foedus septiescir- 
 eumlatus, tuba clangor, atque 
 exercitus clamor disturbo. A- 
 morrhaeus, sol ac luna, is jus- 
 su per unus dies spatium, tan- 
 quam spectator victoria, sub- 
 sistens, occidio occidio. De- 
 mum, triginta rex, omnisque 
 Palestina gens debellatus, Is- 
 rael ita in promissus majores 
 sedes colloco, annus post mun- 
 dus conditus 2560, et ante 
 Christus 1444. 
 
 Sub idem tempus Danans, 
 quinquaginta gener per toti- 
 dem filia contrucidatus, Ae- 
 gyptus regnum potior. Sed a 
 Linus gener pulsus, Argos oc- 
 cupo. Orcus, Molossus rex, 
 Proserpina, Ceres filia, e Sici- 
 lia abnpio. Europa, a Jupiter 
 raptus, Minos ac Rhadaman- 
 thus pario. tertiusque orbis ter- 
 ra pars nomen do; ingens poe- 
 ta materies fabula. Per idem 
 fere tempus Athenae concilium 
 Areopagita existo. Busiris 
 quoque, Neptunus et Libya 
 Alius, ad Nilus, in hospes sae- 
 vio dico, sanctus, hospitium jus 
 violatus. Haud multum hu- 
 manius sub is tempus a rex 
 Mesopotamia acceptus sum Is- 
 rael ita; sed ad is deinceps li- 
 berandus judex divinus munua 
 concessus. 
 
CHAP. IV. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 209 
 
 3. Othniel, the first of the Hebrew Othniel, primus Hebraeus 
 judges, delivers his people by slay- judex, annus ante Christus 
 ing the king of Mesopotamia, in the 1405, populus, Mesopotamia 
 year before Christ 1405. Othniel's rex caesus, in libertas vindico. 
 successor was Ehud, who killed Othniel Eudus, qui Eglon Moa- 
 Eglon, king of the Moabites. Ehud bita rex interficio, succedo. 
 was^suceeededby Deborah, a woman Eudus Debora excipio, mulier 
 of more than masculine courage, virtus plusquam virilis. Hie 
 She attended Barak, general of the Barachus, dux exercitus, ad 
 army, to the war, and obtained a sig- bellum comitatus, insignis de 
 nal victory over the enemy. Jael, a hostis victoria pario. Jael, mu- 
 woman too, had a hand in this vie- lier quoque, hie victoria par- 
 tory; she completed the enemy's ticeps sum ; qui hostis clades 
 overthrow by the slaughter of their Sisera dux caedescumulo, an- 
 general Sisera, in the year before nus ante Christus 1285. 
 Christ 1285. 
 
 4. Whilst in Palestine even wo- Dum in Palestinaetiam mu- 
 men make a figure in the achieve- lier bellicus laus floreo, apud 
 ments of war, in other nations men caeter natio, vir pax fere ars 
 became illustrious generally for the vigeo. Trismegistus, Merci- 
 ans of peace. In Egypt, Trismegis- rius nepos, in Aegyptus, doc- 
 tus, the grandson of Mercury, excel- trina gloria praesto. Janus in 
 led in reputation for learning. Janus Latium imperito. Cadmus, 
 reigned in Latium. Cadmus, the Europa frater, litera e Phoeni- 
 brother of Europa, brought over let- ciadeporto in Graecia, et The- 
 ters from Phoenicia into Greece, and bae in Boeotia condo. Rha- 
 built Thebes in Boeotia. Pvhadaman- damanthus in Lycia, Minos in 
 thus reigned in Lycia, and Minos in Creta insula, summus cum se- 
 Crete, with the highest characters Veritas laus, regno. Acrisius, 
 of strict impartiality. Acrisius, king Argivus rex Amphictyones, 
 of the Argives, instituted or new- gravis Graecia concilium, in- 
 modelled the Amphictyones, the most stituo vel emendo; Apollo 
 august council of Greece ; he erect- Delphicus aedes et oraculum 
 ed the temple and oracle of Apollo excito. 
 at Delphos. 
 
 contemporary with Linus, expell- aequalis, Cadmus ejectus, 
 ing Cadmus, and building the cita- Thebanusque arx exstructus, 
 del of Thebes, occasioned abundant magnus poeta mentior licen- 
 matter of fiction to the poets. Liber, tia facio. Liber, seu Bacchus, 
 or Bacchus, built the city Nysa, near Nysa urbs, propter Indus flu- 
 the river Indus. He conquered India men, condo. India Bacchae 
 with an army of Bacchae. Per- exercitus subigo. Perseus, 
 seus, the son of Jupiter and Danae, Danae et Jupiter natus, Gor- 
 took off the head of Gorgon, a cour- gon meretrix eximius species 
 tezan of exquisite beauty. Pelops caput demo. Pelops quoque. 
 too, the son of Tantalus, by his Tantalus filius, deductus co- 
 planting a colony, gave name to Pe- Ionia, Peloponnesus facio no- 
 loponnesus. His sister Niobe, stu- men. Hie soror Niobe, ob 
 pified with grief for the loss of her a missus liberi ex moeror stu- 
 children, gave rise to the fable of the pefactus, poeta mendacium lo- 
 poets. Dardanus, the son of Jupiter, cus do. Dardanus, Jupiter 
 and son-in-law of Teucer, gave name genitus, Teucer gener, Dar- 
 to the country of Dardania ; which dania regio nomen facio ; qui 
 
 mean time Amphion, 
 
 Interim Amphion, Linus 
 
210 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 was afterwards called Troas, from 
 Tros, his son and successor. 
 
 6. In Latium, Janus was succeed- 
 ed by Saturn: under whose reign, 
 they'tell you, ail things were com- 
 mon, and ail men free. Hence it 
 was called the golden age. The same 
 Saturn taught men to till the ground, 
 to build houses, to plant vines, and 
 gather in the fruits. Meanwhile 
 the Pelasgi, seizing upon the sea- 
 coast of Italy, which is next to Si- 
 cily, introduced learning into Italy. 
 From them the country was named 
 Great Greece. Siculus, the son of 
 Italus, being driven out of Italy by 
 the Pelasgi, passed over into the 
 next island, which the Cyclops had 
 anciently possessed, and the Sicani 
 then inhabited; and the island was 
 called Sicily from king Siculus. Af- 
 ter Saturn Pic us, after Picus Faunus, 
 the fourth from Janus, held the king- 
 dom. The wife of Faunus, who 
 was also the mother of king Lati- 
 nus, is said to have invented the La- 
 tin characters. 
 
 7. Gideon, the fourth judge of the 
 Hebrews, about the year of the 
 world 2759, and before' Christ 1245. 
 performed an exploit that deserves 
 to be celebrated in the annals of all 
 nations. By the direction of God, 
 he selected 300 men out of all his 
 army. These he arms with trum- 
 pets and lamps. Then he orders 
 the pitchers, in which the lamps 
 were concealed, to be dashed to- 
 gether, and all the trumpets to be 
 blown at the same instant. This 
 unusual way of fighting wrought 
 such confusion in the camp of the 
 Midianites, that they slaughtered 
 one another with mutual havoc. 
 Abimelech, Gideon's son, was unlike 
 his father: he usurped the sovereign- 
 ty, after he had put to death his 
 brothers, in number 70. But within 
 three years he was slain by a woman 
 with a piece of a millstone, as he 
 was setting jire to the tower of 
 Thebes. 
 
 8. Toward the latter end of Gi- 
 deon's age appeared the Grecian 
 
 postea, ex is films ac successor 
 Tros, Troas appello. 
 
 Janus Saturnus succedo m 
 Latium : qui rex, omnis com- 
 munis, omnis liber sum, per- 
 hibeo. Inde aureus seculum 
 appellatus. Idem Saturnus 
 ager colo, domus aedifico, 
 vinea pono, et frux colligo, 
 doceo. Pelasgus interea, ma- 
 ritimus Italia ora, qui Sicilia 
 sum proximus, occupatus, li- 
 terae in Italia aflero. Ab hie 
 regio Magnus Graecia nomi- 
 natus. Siculus, Italus filius 
 Italia pulsus a Pelasgus, in 
 proximus trajicio insula, qui 
 olim Cyclops teneo, ac turn 
 Sicani incolo ; et a Siculus rex 
 insula Sicilia dictus sum. Ab 
 Saturnus Picus, a Picus Fau- 
 nus, quartus a Janus, regnum 
 accipio. Faunus uxor, idem- 
 que Latinus rex mater, Lati- 
 nus litera reperio memoro. 
 
 Gideon, judex Hebraeus 
 quartus, annus mundus circi- 
 ter 2759, et ante Chrisius 
 1245, facinus edo omnis gens 
 litera celebrandus. Deus mo- 
 nitus, vir ex omnis exercitus 
 trecenti deligo. Hie tuba ac 
 lampas armo. Turn lagena, 
 qui inclusus lampas sum, com- 
 plodo, infloque tuba omnis im» 
 pero unus tempus. Insolitus 
 pugna species usque eo Ma- 
 dianita castra turbo, ut mu- 
 tuus sui caedes conficio. Gi- 
 deon filius, dissimilis pater, 
 Abimelechus sum: is, irater 
 caesus, numerus ad 70, tyran- 
 nis occupo. At intra trien- 
 nium, dum turris Thebetis 
 ignis subdo, molaris lapis, frag- 
 men prostiatus sum a foemina. 
 
 Extremus Gideon aetas 
 Graecus heros attingo, haud 
 
CHAP. IV. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 211 
 
 heroes, furnishing ample subject for 
 fabulous stories. Hercules, Orpheus, 
 Castor, Pollux, and the other Argo- 
 nauts, having built the ship Argo, 
 sailed from Thessaly to Troas, and 
 hence to Colchis, under the con- 
 duct of Jason. Whilst they were at 
 Troy, Hercules delivered Hesione, 
 the daughter of Laomedon, the son 
 of Ilus, and king of Troy, from a 
 sea-monster, to which she had been 
 exposed. Her father promised him 
 the young lady, with some fleet 
 horses, as the re ward of his hazardous 
 enterprise. Being arrived at Col- 
 chis, they soothed the fierce and 
 savage guards by means of Medea, 
 the king's daughter; brought off the 
 treasures which had been carried 
 thither by Phryxus out of Thessaly, 
 called the golden fleece. In their 
 return they killed Laomedon, for re- 
 fusing the stipulated reward, and 
 gave the kingdom to his son Priam. 
 This expedition happened about 
 1280 years before Christ. 
 
 9. About the same time Aegeus, 
 king of the Athenians, and the father 
 of Theseus, had invidiously slain 
 Androgeos, the son of Minos king of 
 Crete. For which reason the Athe- 
 nians were ordered to send annually 
 into Crete seven young men, and as 
 many girls, to be devoured by the 
 Minotaur. In the number of these 
 went Theseus, who, by the assistance 
 of Daedalus, and Ariadne, Minos' 
 daughter, slew the Minotaur, and 
 delivered his country. Minos with 
 a fleet pursuing Daedalus in his 
 flight, was killed in the bath by king 
 Cocalus in Sicily. After this The- 
 seus encountered the Centaurs, or 
 Thessalian horsemen, with good suc- 
 cess, and associated himself with 
 Hercules. 
 
 10. The Amazons too, who were 
 women, natives of Scythia, having 
 ost their husbands in war, took up 
 irms, assuming at the same time a 
 masculine intrepidity ; possessed 
 themselves of the Lesser Asia, and 
 built Ephesus. Hercules and The- 
 seus made war upon them, and con- 
 
 exiguus materia fabula. Her- 
 cules, Orpheus, Castor, Pol- 
 lux, caeterque Argonauta, Ar- 
 go navis aedificatus, Jason dux, 
 e Thessalia ad Troas, exinde 
 Colchis, navigo. Dum apud 
 Troja sum, Hercules Hesione, 
 Laomedon, Ilus filius, rex 
 Trojanus, filia, monstrum ma- 
 rinus, qui expositussum,libero. 
 Pater virgo ille, cum pernix 
 equus, labor suus praemium, 
 pollicitus sum. Cum ad Col- 
 chis venio, Medea rex filia 
 opera, custos ferus ac barbarus 
 delenio; thesaurus eo a Phry- 
 xus e Thessalia deportatus, 
 aureus vellus dictus, aufero. 
 In reditus Laomedon, ob pac- 
 tus merces negatus, obtrunco ; 
 regnum Priamus, is filius, 
 trado. Hie expeditio incido 
 in annus circiter 1280 ante 
 Christus natus. 
 
 Sub idem tempus Aegeus, 
 Atheniensis rex, et pater The- 
 seus, Androgeos, Minos rex 
 Creta filius, per invidia occido. 
 Ob qui causa Atheniensis 
 jubeo quotannis septeni juve 
 nis et puella totidem in Creta 
 mitto, a Minotaurus devoran- 
 dus. Hie in numerus The- 
 s-eus profectus sum, qui, opis 
 Daedalus, et Ariadne, Minos 
 filia, Minotaurus occido, et 
 patria libero. Minos, Daeda- 
 lus fugiens classis insecutus, 
 in Sicilia a Cocalus rex neco 
 in balneum. Theseus inde cum 
 Centaurus, Thessalus eques, 
 bone pugno, suique Hercules 
 comes adjungo. 
 
 Amazones mulier quoque, e 
 Scythia oriundus, amissus in 
 bellum vir, cum arma, animus 
 virilis assumo ; Asia Minor oc- 
 cupo, Ephesus condo. Hie 
 Hercules ac Theseus infero 
 bellum, isque vinco, major vic- 
 tus gloria quam suus: quippe 
 
ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 quered them, more to the glory of 
 the vanquished than their own : for, 
 though women, they had valiantly 
 coped with such heroes, and when 
 taken prisoners, made their escape, 
 by killing the guards. Hercules is 
 further reported to have instituted 
 the Olympic, and Theseus the Is.h- 
 mian games. 
 
 11. Much about this time, Greece 
 exhibited scenes of an horrible and 
 tragical nature. Atreus and Thy- 
 estes, the sons of Pelops, vented their 
 mutual resentment in a more hos- 
 tile way than became brothers. For 
 Thyestes committed a rape on his 
 brother's wife: Atreus, on his part, 
 caused Thyestes' sons to be served 
 up to him at a banquet. Oedipus 
 having been exposed by his father 
 Laius, slew him afterwards in a 
 squabble, without knowing him to be 
 his father ; and restored the country 
 about Thebes to a perfect tranquil- 
 lity, by killing the Sphinx, an artful 
 mischievous woman. Having thus 
 procured himself his father's king- 
 dom, he unwittingly married his 
 mother Jocasta. However, being 
 informed of the whole matter by 
 Tyresias the seer, he plucked out 
 his own eyes, and left the kingdom 
 to his sons, Polynices and Eteocles. 
 But Polynices being quickly expell- 
 ed the kingdom by his brother, fled 
 to Adrastus king of the Argives. 
 Supported by him, he made war 
 upon his brother, attended by the 
 prophetic Amphiaraus, who having 
 been betrayed by his wife Eriphyla, 
 gave orders to his son Alcmeon to 
 assassinate his mother; in this more 
 wicked than his wife, that he made 
 a son the murderer of his parent. 
 During that war Amphiaraus was 
 swallowed up by an earthquake. 
 Polynices and his'brother fell by mu- 
 tual wounds. 
 
 12. Jephtha, the seventh judge of 
 the Hebrews, was somewhat later 
 than Hercules. As he was about to 
 join battle with the enemy, he vow- 
 ed, that if he overcame, he would 
 consecrate to God whatever he 
 
 et mulier cum talis vir fort iter 
 depugno, et captivus, caesus 
 custos, aufugio. Hercules 
 porro Olympicus ludus, The- 
 seus Isthmius fero instituo. 
 
 Idem fere tempus, foedus 
 ac dims speetaeulum edo 
 Graecia. Atreus et Thyes- 
 tes, Pelops natus, plusquam 
 fraternus inter sui odium ex- 
 erceo. Thyestes enim frater 
 uxor stuprum infero : Atreus 
 Thyestes vicissim filius epu- 
 landus appono. Oedipus a 
 Laius pater expositus, is de- 
 lude in rixa ignarus occido ; 
 agerque Thebanus, Sphinx 
 insidiosus mulier occisus, pa- 
 catus reddo. Ita paternus reg- 
 num adeptus, Jocasta mater 
 ipse inscius duco uxor. Cae- 
 terum res omnis ex Tyresias 
 vates cognitus, sui ipse eruo 
 oculus, et regnum Eteocles ac 
 Polynices filius relinquo. Po- 
 lynices autem cito regnum a 
 frater pulsus, ad Adrastus Ar- 
 givus rex confugio. Is opes 
 subnixus, frater bellum infero, 
 comes Amphiaraus vates, qui 
 ab Eriphyla conjux proditus, 
 Alcmeon filius, mater ut neco, 
 impero; hie sceleratus uxor, 
 quod filius fac o parricida. Is 
 bellum Amphiaraus hiatus 
 terra absorptus sum. Poly- 
 nices et frater mutuus vulnus 
 pereo. 
 
 Jephthes, septimus Hebrae- 
 us judex, Hercules paulo mi- 
 nor natu sum. Is signum 
 cum hostis collaturus, voveo, si 
 vinco, sui Deus eonsecro, quis- 
 quis re vertens primus occurro. 
 
THAP V. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 £13 
 
 should meet first at his return. He 
 engaged the enemy, and gained the 
 victory ; his daughter, the only child 
 he had, met him first of all at his re- 
 turn home and converted the glory 
 of the victory into mourning, about 
 the year before Christ 1188. 
 
 13. About the same time a much 
 greater disaster befel Priam king of 
 Troy, who refusing to restore Helen, 
 the wife of Menelaus king of Sparta, 
 that had been carried off by his son 
 Paris, called also Alexander, was 
 stripped of his kingdom, children, 
 and life, by the Greeks, after a siege 
 of ten years. Troy was destroyed 
 2820 years after the creation of the 
 world, 436 before the building of 
 Rome, and before the birth of Christ 
 1181. 
 
 Confligo cum hostis, victoria 
 refero : domus rediens, filia, 
 qui unicus habeo, primus om- 
 nis obviam venio, et gloria 
 victoria in moeror verto. an- 
 nus ante Christus natus fere 
 1188. 
 
 Multurn gravis sub idem 
 tempus Priamus Trojanus rex 
 casus evenio, qui cum Helena, 
 Menelaus rex Spartanus uxor, 
 a Paris Alius suus, Alexander 
 etiarn dictus, raptus, reddo no • 
 3o, post decennium obsidio, 
 liberi, regnum et vita orbo a 
 Graecus. Troja e versus sum 
 annus a mundus conditus 
 2820, ante Roma conditus 
 436, et ante Christus natus 
 1184, 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 From the destruction of Troy, to the finishing and dedicating of the tem- 
 ple at Jerusalem by Solomon, including 163 years. 
 
 Aeneas flying fnom Troy, came 
 into Italy. There he contracted an 
 alliance and affinity with Latinus 
 king of the Latins; from his wife's 
 name, he called the town built by 
 him Lavinium. He routed in battle, 
 and put to flight, Turnus king of the 
 Rutuli. After that he greatly weak- 
 ened the power of the Hetrusci; 
 and Latinus dying in battle, he him- 
 self reaped all the benfit of the vic- 
 tory. In order to strengthen his in- 
 terest, the name and laws of the La- 
 tins were by him imposed on the 
 Trojans . he himself was cailed king 
 of the Latins. After this, Aeneas 
 fell in battle, fighting against Mezen- 
 tius king of the Hetrusci. four years 
 after the death of his father-in-law 
 Latinus. 
 
 2. Samson was contemporary with 
 Aeneas. He killed a lion without 
 any weapon ; checked !he pride of 
 the Philistines, and made a dreadful 
 havoc of his enemies with the jaw- 
 bone of an ass. Having lost his 
 strength together with his hair, he 
 fell into the hands of his enemies, by 
 
 Aeneas Troja profugus, in 
 Italia venio. lbi cum Lati- 
 nus, Latinus rex, foedus affi- 
 nitasque jungo; oppidum a 
 sui conditus, ab uxor nomen, 
 Lavinium appello. Turnus 
 Rutulus rex praelium fundo 
 fugoque. Hetruscus inde opes 
 frango ; Latin usque in acies 
 mortuus, ipse omnis fero vic- 
 toria fructus. Ad firmandus 
 opes, Trojanus Latinus lex ab 
 is, ac nomen impositus : La- 
 tinus ipse rex dictus. Aeneas 
 postea, adversus Mezentius 
 Hetruscus rex pugnans, prae- 
 lium cado, annus quartus post 
 mors socer Latinus. 
 
 Samson Aeneas tempus sup- 
 par sum. Leo inermis neco, 
 Philistaeus superbia coerceo ; 
 asinus maxilla hostis trucido. 
 Mulier, qui depereo, prodens, 
 amissus cum coma vires, in 
 hostis potestas pervenio. Gtui, 
 orbatus lumen, diu ludibrium 
 
 t9 
 
ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. V, 
 
 the treachery of a woman, whom 
 he passionately loved. To them, af- 
 ter they had put out his eyes, he 
 served long for an object of derision. 
 At length, having recovered his 
 strength with his hair, he endeavour- 
 ed to put an honourable period to 
 his ignominious servitude. The pil- 
 lars of the house, wherein the Philis- 
 tines beheld him making sport, he 
 overset; the i hilistines who were 
 present, and Samson himself, were 
 crushed to death by the fall of the 
 building, in the year before Christ 
 1117. 
 
 3. Ascanius, Aeneas' son, resign- 
 ing Lavinium to his step-mother, 
 founded Alba Longa. After this the 
 sovereignty was conferred by the 
 people on Sylvius, a son of Aeneas, 
 born after his death. The priest- 
 hood was given to Julus, the son of 
 Ascanius, which the Julian family, 
 originally sprung from Julus, en joy- 
 ed hereditary ever after. After Syl- 
 vius, thirteen kings reigned in Alba 
 Longa, for near 400 years; of whom 
 Aeneas Sylvus swayed the sceptre 
 31 years, Latinns 51, Alba 39, Syl- 
 vius Athvs or Capetus I. 26, Capvs 
 28, Capetus II. 13, Tiberinus 8, 
 Agrippa 24, Romulus Sylvius or Al- 
 ladius 30, Aventinus 37, Procas 23, 
 Amulius 42; whose brother Numi- 
 tor was the last king of Alba. 
 
 4. Samuel, the last judge of the 
 Hebrews, by God's direction, anoints 
 Saul king, as he was in quest of his 
 father's asses, seven years before 
 Aeneas Sylvius began his reign in 
 Latium. The Hebrew state was 
 managed by judges about 400 years. 
 
 5. The Heraclidae, viz. the pos- 
 terity of Hercules, who, long harass- 
 ed by Euristheus king of Mycenae, 
 had lived in exile with Cevx in 
 Thrace, and afterwards with These- 
 us king of Athens; at length, about 
 80 years after the destruction of Troy, 
 returned to Peloponnesus, and set- 
 tled in it. 
 
 6. Saul, the first king of the Is- 
 raelites, came to the throne abuut 
 
 sum. Demum rtceptus cum 
 capillus vires, turpis servitus 
 honestus quaero exitus. Do- 
 mus is, unde Philistaeus ludens 
 ipse specto, columna concutio ; 
 aedes ruina Philistaeus, qui 
 praesto sum, atque Samson ip- 
 se, opprimo, annus ante Cnris- 
 tus natus 1117. 
 
 Ascanius, Aeneas filius, La- 
 vinium noverca relictus, Alba 
 Longa condo. Sylvius inde, 
 Aeneas filius posthumus, reg- 
 num a populus delatus sum. 
 Julus, Ascanius filius, sacerdo- 
 tium datus, qui gens Julius, ab 
 Julus ortus, postea heredita- 
 rius habeo. Post Sylvius a 
 tredecim rev in Alba Longa, 
 400 fere annus, regnatur ; qui 
 Aeneas Sylvius imperinm te- 
 neo annus 31, Latmus 51, Al- 
 ba 39, Sylvius Athvs seu Ca- 
 petus I. 26, Capys 28, Capetus 
 II. 13, Tiberinus 8, Agrippa 24, 
 Romulus Sylvius seu Alladius 
 19, Aventinus 37, Procas 23, 
 Amulius 42 ; qui fralerNumi- 
 tor ultimus Alba rex existo. 
 
 Samuel, judex Hebraeus 
 postremus, Saul, paternus asi- 
 na quaeritans, Deus admoni- 
 tus, consecro rex, septennium 
 antequam Aeneas Sylvius reg- 
 no occipio in Latium. Admi- 
 nistratus res Hebraeus sum a 
 judex annus circiter 400. 
 
 Heraclidae, viz. Hercules 
 posteri, qui, ab Euristheus 
 Mycenae rex diu exagitatus, 
 in exilium apud Ceyx in 
 Thracia, deinde apud Theseus 
 Athenae rex, retas ago; tan- 
 dem, 80 fere annus a clades 
 Trojanus, ad Peloponnesus re- 
 deo, ibique sedes suns pono. 
 
 Saul, Israel it a rex primus, 
 regnum accipio annus posl 
 
chap. y„ 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 •215 
 
 the year of the world 2009, and be- 
 fore Christ 1095. At first he behav- 
 ed well, but afierwards offended hei- 
 nously. Hereupon he was rejected by 
 God, and David chosen in his room. 
 He having slain Goliah, a gigantic 
 Philistine, was advanced to be the 
 king's son-in-law. Saul fell in bat- 
 tle fighting against the Philistines, in 
 the twentieth year of his reign. Da- 
 vid, afier lamenting the death of his 
 faiher-in-law, mounted the throne, 
 in the reign of Latinus Sylvius, the 
 son of Aeneas Sylvius, king of the 
 La'ins. 
 
 7. King David, a man of singular 
 piety towards God, was ever victori- 
 ous over his foes. He was dethron- 
 ed by his son Absalom; but having 
 defeated Absalom in battle, he re- 
 covered his kingdom. David reign- 
 ed 40 years. 
 
 8. Almost at the same time that 
 Absalom suffered the punishment of 
 his unnatu ral behaviour to his father, 
 Codrus, the son of Melanthus, and 
 the last king of Athens, gained the 
 character of a most extraordinary 
 affection for his country. In the 
 Dorian, or Peloponnesian war, being 
 informed by the oracle, that the ene- 
 my w r ould prove victorious, unless 
 the kingof the Athenians was killed, 
 he devoted his life for the safety of 
 his country. Having disguised him- 
 self in the habit of a peasant, he 
 wounded a common soldier of the 
 Dorians in a quarrel, and being 
 slain by him, as he wished, saved his 
 country from a blockade of the ene- 
 my; in fact, rather than in name, 
 the father of his country. Upon his 
 death, the government of Athens de- 
 volved on magistrates, who were 
 called Archons. The first of them 
 was Medon, the son of Codrus. 
 
 9. Solomon, the third king of the 
 Hebrews, reigned also 40 years. He 
 built and dedicated the temple, de- 
 signed by his father David, in the 
 most magnificent manner, about the 
 year of the world 2983, and before 
 the birth of Christ 1021, in the reign 
 of Alba Sylvius, king of the Latins. 
 
 iriundus conditus prope 2909, 
 et ante Christus lo95. Initium 
 bene sui gero, deinde graviter 
 offendo. GLuocirca rejicio a 
 Deus, et in is locus David suf- 
 ficio. Hie, Golias Philistaem 
 gigas interfectus, regius evado 
 gener. Saul, vigesimus reg- 
 num annus, ad versus Phil is- 
 taeus pugnans, praelium cado. 
 David, socer mors deploratus, 
 regnum potior, rex Latinus 
 Latinus Sylvius, Aeneas Syl- 
 vius filius. 
 
 David rex, homo eximius er- 
 ga Deus pietas, hostis perpe- 
 tuo victor existo. Regnum ab 
 Absalon filius pulsus sum; at 
 Absalon acies superatus, reg- 
 num recipio. David 40 annus 
 imperito. 
 
 Idem ferme tempus Absalon 
 impietas in pater poena luo, 
 et Codrus, Melanthus filius, 
 Atheniensis rex postremus,laus 
 egregius in patria pietas fero. 
 Bellu m Peloponnesiacus seu 
 Doriensis, cum ex oraculum 
 cognosco superior forem hos- 
 tis, nisi Atheniensis rex cado, 
 caput suus pro patria sains de- 
 voveo. Rusticus vestitus indu- 
 tus, gregarius miles Doriensis 
 exjurgium sancio; ab is, ut 
 opto, interemptus, hostis obsi- 
 dio patria eximo; pater patria, 
 res magis, quam nomen. Is 
 mors Athenae administrate ad 
 magistratus devenio, qui Ar- 
 chon sum appellatus. Is pri- 
 mus Medon sum, filius Co- 
 drus. 
 
 Salomon, rex Hebraeus ter- 
 tius, 40 quoque annus regno. 
 Templum, a David pater des- 
 tinaius, magnificenter exaedifi- 
 co dicoque, annus mundus 
 prope 2983, et ante Christus 
 natus 1021, Alba Sylvius rex 
 Latinus. Salomon, omnismor- 
 
216 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY ' chap, vi. 
 
 Solomon, the wisest of all men, in 
 his old age, was seduced by his wives 
 into the worship of Heathen deities. 
 Homer was something elder than 
 Solomon, if he lived, as Herodotus 
 says, 1G8 years after the Trojan war. 
 
 talis sapiens, ab uxor senox 
 perductus sum ad cultus deus 
 Ethnicus. Salomon senior ai- 
 iquantum Homerus sum, si 
 quidem existo, ut Herodotus 
 perhibeo, annus 168 post bel- 
 lum Trojanus. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 From the dedication of the temple to the building of Rome y comprehend' 
 ing 273 years. 
 
 Rkhoboam, Solomon's son, by his 
 folly, completed the ruin of the em- 
 pire, already tottering by his father's 
 misconduct. Thus out of one w T ere 
 two kingdoms formed; the, one was 
 called the kingdom of Judah, or Je- 
 rusalem; the other that of Israel, or 
 Samaria. The tribe of Judah and 
 Benjamin were subject to Rehobo- 
 am, and the other successive-descen- 
 dants of David ; the other ten tribes, 
 being seduced and corrupted by Je- 
 roboam, their first king, had princes 
 of very different families. The kings 
 of Samaria were all impious, to a 
 man, and worshippers of idols; the 
 kings of Jerusalem otherwise. And 
 these two kingdoms contended with 
 one another, in almost continual 
 wars. In the fifth year of Rehobo- 
 am's reign, Jerusalem was besieged 
 by Shishak, king of Egypt. He car- 
 ried away all the sacred furniture of 
 the temple. Rehoboam dying in the 
 17th year of his reign, leaves his king- 
 dom to his son Abijah, Sylvius Athys 
 being then king of the Latins. 
 
 2. In the third year of Abijah's 
 reign, Asa, hisson. succeeded him — 
 a king of eminent piety, who swayed 
 the sceptre 41 years. In his reign, 
 Capys ruled in Latium; and Omri, 
 king of Israel, built the royal city 
 of Samaria. 
 
 3. Jehoshaphat, the son of Asa, 
 proved a second David, for piety. — 
 He held the government 25 years. In 
 his reign lived Ahab, king of Sama- 
 ria, and the holy prophet Elijah, the 
 Tishbite. Much about the same 
 time Tiberinus, too, the son of Cape- 
 tus, the ninth ting of the Albans, after 
 
 Robots, Salomon filius, nu- 
 tans paternus culpa imperium, 
 suus stultitia everto. Sic duo 
 ex unus regnum factus: alter 
 Juda, seu Hierosolyma; alter 
 Israel, sive Samaria, dictus 
 sum. Judaeus tribus ac Ben- 
 jamin i us Roboas, ac stirps de- 
 inceps pareo Davidicus; caeter 
 decern tribus, a Jeroboas, pri- 
 mus rex, traductus deprava- 
 tusque, diversus stirps rex ha- 
 beo. Samaria rex omnis ad 
 unus impius sum. cultorque 
 idolum: Hierosolyma rex non 
 item. Et hie duo regnum 
 perpetuus inter sui bellum fere 
 con ten do. Annus imperium 
 Roboas quint us, a Sesacus Ae- 
 gyptus rex Hierosolyma obsi- 
 deo. Hie omnis sacer tem- 
 pi um supellex deporto. Ro- 
 boas 17 regnum annus exce- 
 dens e vita, Abias filius reg- 
 num lego, Sylvius Athys rex 
 Latin us. 
 
 Abias tertius regnum annus, 
 A*a filius, summus rex pietas, 
 succedo ; qui imperium annus 
 41 teneo. Hie regnans Capys 
 in Latium impero; et Amrius 
 Israel ita rex Samaria urbs re- 
 gius condo. 
 
 Josaphatus, Asa filius, pie- 
 tas alter David sum. Annus 
 25 imperium teneo. Is reg- 
 nans, existo Achabus rex Sa- 
 maria, et sacer vates Helias 
 Thesbites. Idem fere quoque 
 tempus Tiberinus, Capetus fi- 
 lius, rex Albanus ab Ascanius 
 
chap. vr. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 217 
 
 Ascanius, beim* drowned in his pas- 
 sage over the Albula, gave name to 
 •he river. 
 
 4. Jehoram, the son of Jehosha- 
 phat, and son-in-law of king Ahab, 
 followed the impious example of his 
 father-in-law. He possessed the 
 throne eight years. His son, Aha- 
 ziah, reigned only one year, Agrippa 
 being then king of the Latins. 
 
 5. Joash, the son of Ahaziah, the 
 tenth king of the Jews after David, 
 reigned 40 years. In his reign Ro- 
 mulus Sylvius, king of the Albans, 
 was burnt up by lightning. After 
 him Aventinus got the kingdom, who 
 gave name to the hill on which he 
 was buried. 
 
 6. Amaziah, the son of Joash, go- 
 verned 29 years. In his reign, as Eu- 
 sebius relates, flourished Lycurgus, 
 the famous lawgiver of Sparta, who 
 spontaneously resigned the crown of 
 Lacedemon, left him by his brother, 
 to Charilaus, his brother's son, born 
 after his father's death. He divided 
 the land of Laconia to each man 
 equally; abolished the use of gold 
 and silver ; and enjoined all people 
 to eat in public. Then he bound 
 his countrymen by an oath, that they 
 should not make any alteration of his 
 laws, till he should return from con- 
 sulting the oracle at Delphos. He 
 died at Crete, a voluntary exile, 
 about the lime of the death of Ama- 
 ziah king of the Jews. Uzziah,who 
 is also called Azariah, was the son 
 and successorof Amaziah. He reign- 
 ed 52 years. 
 
 7. Elisa, who is also called Dido, 
 abhorring her brother, Pygmalion, 
 the murderer of her husband Sichae- 
 us, privately put on board all her 
 husband's wealth, and sailed from 
 Tyre. Landing on the coast of Li- 
 bya, she built a city, which was first 
 called Byrsa, and afterwards Car- 
 thage. Carthage was founded about 
 142 years before the building -of 
 Rome, and before the birth of Christ 
 890. About the same time Boccho- 
 rus,or Bocchorides, king of Egypt, 
 settled the laws and institutions of 
 the Egyptians. 
 
 nonus, in trajectus Albula am- 
 nis submersus, flumen nomen 
 do. 
 
 Joras, Josaphatus filius, A- 
 chabus rex gener, impietas so- 
 cer secutus sum. Octo annus 
 imperium teneo. Filius is, 
 Ochozias, annus regno omnino 
 unus, Agrippa rex Latinus. 
 
 Joas, Ochozias filius, deci- 
 mus a David rex Judaeus, an- 
 nus 40 impero. Is regnans, 
 Romulus Sylvius, Albanus 
 rex, fulmen ictus deflagro. 
 Aventinus deinde obtineo reg- 
 num, qui collis, ubi sepultus 
 sum nomen do. 
 
 Amasias, Joas filius, annus 
 29 imperito. Is regnans, ut 
 Eusebius perhibeo, existo Ly- 
 curgus, celeber Sparta legisla- 
 tor, qui Lacedaemonius reg- 
 num, afrater relictus, frater fi- 
 lius posthumus Charilaus, suus 
 sponte trado. Ager Laconicus 
 viritim aequaliler divido; an- 
 jum argentumque usus tollo ; 
 et omnis epulor publice jubeo. 
 Civis inde sacramentum adigo, 
 ut nihil de lex immuto, quoad 
 ipse a consulendus Delphicus 
 reverto oraculum. Exul vo- 
 luntarius in Creta obeo, sub 
 nex Judaeus rex Amasias. 
 Ozias, qui etiam Azarias dic- 
 tus sum, Amasias filius ac suc- 
 cessor sum. Annus 52 regno. 
 
 Elisa, qui etiam Dido ap- 
 pello, Pygmalion frater, Si- 
 chaeus vir suus interfector, 
 exosns, omnis vir gaza clam 
 impono in navis, et Tyrus sol- 
 vo. Ad Libya appulsus, urbs 
 cendo, qui Byrsa primum, in- 
 de Carthago diet us sum. Con- 
 ditus Carthago sum annus an- 
 te Roma conditus circiter 142, 
 et ante Christus natus 890. 
 Sub idem tempus Bocchorus, 
 seu Bocchorides, rex Aegyp- 
 tus, lex Aegyptius et jus con- 
 stituo. 
 
£18 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAT. \n. 
 
 8. About the same time, that is, 
 409 years after the destruction of 
 Troy, and 27 before the building of 
 Rome, the Olympic games were re- 
 vived by Iphitus ; for they had been 
 instituted before by Hercules, as was 
 related above. The Olympic games 
 were so called from Olympia, a city 
 of Elis in Peloponnesus, near which 
 they were celebrated every fourth 
 year, by a great concourse of people 
 from all Greece, and other nations. 
 From this period the Greeks began 
 to use the Olympiads for the distinc- 
 tion of times. Before that epoch, 
 fiction prevailed. From it the true 
 history of the Greeks takes its rise. 
 In the beginning of the first Olym- 
 piad, if we believe Herodotus, died 
 Hesiod, about 140 years later than 
 Homer. 
 
 9. Jotham, Uzziah's son, and fa- 
 ther of Ahaz, a pious man, and be- 
 loved of God, governed 16 years. In 
 his reign, Theopompus, kir^gofthe 
 Lacedemonians, in order to render 
 the sovereign authority more stable, 
 by sharing the power with the peo- 
 ple, created five Ephori, 130 years 
 after Lycurgus. These magistrates 
 very much resembled the tribunes 
 of the people among the Romans. 
 
 10. In Latium, Amulius, having 
 deposed his elder brother Numitor, 
 usurped the crown. Romulus and 
 Remus, the sons of Rhea Sylvia, or 
 Ilia, Numiior's daughter, having 
 been exposed by Amulius, were edu- 
 cated by Faustiilus, the king's shep- 
 herd. When they came to a^e, they 
 knew their grandfather Numitor, 
 and, having slain Amulius, replaced 
 him on his throne. They themselves 
 having got together a body of shep- 
 herds, founded on mount Palatine 
 the city of Rome, for which was 
 destined the empire of the world. 
 Rome was built in the third year of 
 the seventh Olympiad, 430 years af- 
 ter the destruction of Troy, in the 
 year of the world 3256, of the flood 
 1600, and before the birth of Christ 
 748. 
 
 Sub idem tempus, annus 
 scilicet 409 post Trcja riele- 
 tus, et ante Roma conditus 27, 
 ludus Olympicus ab Iphitus 
 renovatus sum; nam antea, 
 ut supra dico, ab Hercules in- 
 stitutus sum. Ludus Olympi- 
 cus sic dictus sum ab Olympia, 
 urbs Elis in Peloponnesus, 
 prope quicelebratussum quar- 
 tus quisque annus, magnus 
 homo concursus ex omnis 
 Graecia gensque peregrinus. 
 Ex is tempus, Graecus, ad 
 tempus distinguo, Olympias 
 adhibeo coepi. Ante is tempus 
 fabula vigeo. Ex is Graecus 
 initium duco historia. In 
 auspicium primus Olympias, 
 si Herodotus credo, Hesiodus 
 obeo, Homerus junior annus 
 circiter 140. 
 
 Joathas, Ozias filius, et 
 Achas pater, vir pius, et Deus 
 carus, annus 16 impero. Is 
 regnans, Theopompus Lace- 
 daemonius rex, quo regnum, 
 communicatus cum populus 
 potestas, efficio diuturnus 
 Ephorus quinque, annus post 
 Lycurgus 130, creo. Hie tri- 
 bunes plebs apud Romanus 
 persimilis sum. 
 
 In Latium, Amulius, Nu- 
 mitor major frater pulsus, 
 regnum occupo. Romulus et 
 Remus. Rhea Sylvia, seu Ilia 
 Numitor filia, natus, ab Amu- 
 lius expositus, a Faustulus, 
 pastor regius, educaius sum. 
 Cum adolesco, Numitor avus 
 agnosco, isque, Amulius ob- 
 trnncatus, restituo in regnum. 
 Ipse, coactus pastor manus, in 
 Palatinus mons condo urbs 
 Roma, qui destino imperium 
 orbis terra. Roma conditus 
 sum annus tertius septimus 
 Olympias, post Troja eversus 
 436, annus mundus 3256, di- 
 luvium 1600, et ante Christus 
 natus 748. 
 
chap. vn. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 219 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 From the building of Rome to the liberation of the Jews from the Baby- 
 lonish captivity by Cyrus , in the first year of the Persian empire, co?i- 
 taining 214 years. 
 
 Romulus is commonly reported to 
 have killed his brother Remus, for 
 having contemptuously leaped over 
 his new walls. Thus he became sole 
 monarch. He took numbers of his 
 neighbours into his city. He chose 
 an hundred senators, who, from their 
 age, were called Fathers, and their 
 children Patricii. Then, as he and 
 his people had no wives, he invited 
 the neighbouring nations to the sight 
 of games, and seized their young 
 women. Whereupon the adjacent 
 nations made war upon the Romans. 
 Romulus havingroutedtheCaeninen- 
 ses, and slain their king Acron with 
 his own hand, presented the spolia 
 opima to Jupiter Feretrius, to whom 
 he then dedicated a temple. He tri- 
 umphed over the Antemnates, the 
 Crustuminians, the Fidenates, and 
 Veientes. Upon seeing his army like 
 to be worsted by Tatius, king of the 
 Sabines, he vowed a temple in the 
 Forum to Jupiter Stator. The action 
 being renewed, the Sabine women 
 throwing themselves into the battle, 
 put an end to the w r ar by their in- 
 treaties. An alliance is struck up be- 
 tween the generals, and the Sabines 
 remove to Rome. At last Romulus, 
 a sudden tempest arising, as he re- 
 viewed his army at the lake of Ca- 
 prea, entirely disappeared. He was 
 supposed to have gone to the gods. 
 He reigned 37 years. 
 
 2. Niniveh, as formerly observed, 
 was founded by Ashur, some time 
 after Babylon had been built by Nim- 
 rod ; but continued for many ages a 
 private royalty. For Pul, one of the 
 kings of Niniveh, and probably also 
 king of Babylon, seems to have 
 founded the Assyrian empire. He 
 makes his first appearance in scrip- 
 ture in the beginning of the reign of 
 Menahem, king of Israel, and 771 
 years before the birth of Christ. This 
 empire lasted about 170 years. The 
 
 Romulus vulgo fero Remus 
 fraler trucido, quod per con- 
 tumelia murus novus transilio. 
 Ita solus imperium potitussum. 
 Multitude* finitimus in civitas 
 recipio. Centum senator eligo, 
 qui ab aetas Pater, Patriciique 
 is progenies, appellatus. Tunc, 
 cum uxor ipse et populus non 
 habeo, invito ad spectaculum 
 ludus vicinus natio, atque is^ 
 virgo rapio. Itaque flnitimus 
 populus Romanus bellum in- 
 fero. Romulus, Caeninenses 
 fugatus isque rex Acron suus 
 manus interemptus, Jupiter 
 Feretrius, qui turn aedes dico, 
 opimus spolium fero. De An- 
 temnates, Crustuminii, Fide- 
 nates, et Veientes, triumpho. 
 A Tatius, Sabinus rex, acies 
 suus fugo videns,Jupiter Stator 
 templumvoveo in Forum. De- 
 mum redintegratus praelium, 
 Sabinus in acies irrumpens, 
 bellum precis dirimo. Percutio 
 inter dux foedus, et Sabinus 
 Roma commign. Romulus, 
 cumexercitus ad Caprea palus 
 recenseo, subitus coortus tem- 
 pestas, nusquam appareo. Ad 
 deus tran^eo creditus sum. 
 Regno annus 37. 
 
 Ninive, ut supra dictussum, 
 ab Ashur conditus sum, sero ali- 
 quantum quamBabylon a Nim- 
 brothus exstructus sum; sed 
 privatus tantummodo regnum 
 per multus seculum existo. 
 Namque Pul, unus e rex Nini- 
 ve, et, ut verisimilis sum, rex 
 etiamBabylon,Assyrius consti- 
 tuo imperium videor. Hie men* 
 tio fioprimo in scriptura sub in- 
 itium regnum Menahem rex Is- 
 raeliticus, et 771 annus ant* 
 
220 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY" 
 
 chap. va. 
 
 chief of its monarchs were, 1. Pul, 
 supposed to be the same with Belus. 
 He reigned upwards of 24 years. 2. 
 Tiglathpileser, who is supposed to be 
 the same with Ninus, and who subdu- 
 ed Damascus, and put an end to the 
 ancient kingdom of Syria, reigned 
 about 19 years. 3. Shalmaneser, who 
 besieged and sackedSamaria, reigned 
 12 years. 4. Sennacherib, whose ar- 
 my, whilst he attempted to besiege 
 Jerusalem, was smitten by an angel, 
 reigned G years. 5. Esarhaddon, who 
 carried Manasseh, king of Juda, cap- 
 tive to Babylon, and conquered Egypt 
 and Ethiopia, reigned 42 years, G. 
 Saosduchinus, in scripture called Ne- 
 buchadonosor, who conquered Phra- 
 ortes king of the Medes, levelled Ec- 
 batan with the ground, and returning 
 to Niniveh, feasted 120 days, reign- 
 ed 20 years. 7. Chynalydan, suppos- 
 ed to be the same w r ilh Sardanapalus, 
 reigned 22 years. This prince, the 
 Medes having made war upon him, 
 and the Babylonians having revolted 
 from him, set fire to his palace, and 
 was consumed, with all his wealth, in 
 the flames. The Assyrian empire 
 subsisted several years after his 
 death ; but was in the end overturned 
 by the Medes and Babylonians, in 
 the year before Christ G01. Thus 
 two empires prose out of that of the 
 Assyrians, namely, the Babylonian 
 and'Median. 
 
 3. From the lime of Nimrodto that 
 of Pul, a great many petty princes 
 reigned in Babylon. Niniveh too, 
 and Babylon, seem to have been often 
 governed by the same king. But, in 
 the 24th year of the reign of Pul and 
 747 years before Christ, these became 
 two distinct kingdoms. Nabonassar, 
 w r ho gives name to the famous era, 
 and who seems to have been a young- 
 er son of Pul, gets the kingdom of 
 Babylon, whilst his elder brotherTig- 
 lathpileser obtains the sceptre at Ni- 
 niveh. During the flourishing state 
 of the Assyrian monarchy, the kings 
 of Babylon seem to have been only 
 viceroys or lord lieutenants to those 
 of Niniveh, But afterwards Babylon 
 
 natus Christus. Hie imperium 
 annus circiter 170 duro. Piae- 
 cipuus ex is princeps sum, 1. 
 Pul, qui et Belus sum credo. Is 
 annus 24 et amplius imperito. 
 2. Tiglathpileser, qui et Ninus 
 sum credo, et qui, Damascus 
 subactus, antiquus Syria reg- 
 num finis impono, annus circi- 
 ter 19 regno. 3. Shalmaneser, 
 qui Samaria obsidio captus de- 
 leo, annus 12 regno. 4. Sen- 
 nacherib, qui exercitus, cum 
 Hierosolyma obsideo conor, ab 
 angelus caedo, annus G regno. 
 5. Esarhaddon, qui Manasses 
 Juda rex Babylon captivusab- 
 duco, et Aegyptusatque Aethi- 
 opia in suus ditio redigo, annus 
 42 regno. G. Saosduchinus, in 
 scriptura Nebuchadonosor ap- 
 peilatus, qui Phraortes Medus 
 rex devictus, Ecbatana solum 
 aequo, et Ninive reversus dies 
 120 epulor, annus 20 regno. 7. 
 Chynalydan, qui et Sardanapa- 
 lus fortasse dico, annus 22 reg- 
 no. Hie, Medus bellum infero, 
 Babylon i usque desero, regia 
 suus incendo, et cum divitiae 
 concremo. Imperium Assyrius 
 aliquot annus post is interitus 
 duro; demum vero a Medus et 
 Babylon i us everto, annus ante 
 Christus 601. Ita ex imperium 
 Assyrius duo orior, Babylo- 
 nius, sciz. et Medus. 
 
 A tempus Nimbrothus ad 
 Pul, multus princeps exiguus 
 Babylon imperito. Ninive quo- 
 que et Babylon idem rex saepe 
 pareo videor. Sed 24 annus 
 regnum Ful, et 747 annus ante 
 Christus natus, ex unusduodi~ 
 versus regnum factussum. Na- 
 bonassar, qui inclytus aera no- 
 men facio, et qui filius Pul na- 
 tu minor sum video, regnum 
 Babylon icusadipiscor, cum in- 
 terim Tiglathpileser, fraterna- 
 tu major apud Ninive res po- 
 tior. Imperium Assyriacus vi- 
 gens, rex Babylonicus, quasi 
 prorexseu praefectus rexAssy- 
 ria subjectussum video: postea 
 
chap. vn. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 221 
 
 rose upon its ruins, and became a 
 great empire ; which computing from 
 Nabonassar, lasted 209 years; viz. 
 Nabonassar, called also Belesis and 
 Nanybrus, reigned 14 years. Na- 
 dius 2. Chinzirus and Porus jointly 
 5. Jugaeus 5. Mardoc Empadus, 
 in scripture called Merodach-Bala- 
 dan, who sent an embassy to Heze- 
 kiah, king of Judah, to inquire about 
 the sun's retrogression, reigned 12 
 years. Arkianus5. An inter-reign 
 of two years followed. Belibus 3. 
 Apronadius 6. Mesessimordacus 4. 
 Then an inter-reign of eight years. 
 Assaradinus, or Esarhaddon, who, 
 with his two successors, were also 
 ings of Assyria, reigned 13 years. 
 £aosduchinus 20. Chynalydan, call- 
 ed also Sarac, 22. "Nabopallasar, 
 who revolted from Chynalydan, and 
 transferred the seat of the empire 
 from Niniveh to Babylon, reigned 
 21 years. He, joining his forces 
 with those of Cyaxares, king of the 
 Medes, reduced Niniveh to a low 
 condition ; but did not live to see its 
 final destruction, having been di- 
 verted from this war by an irruption 
 of the Scythians, who at that time 
 overran a great part of Asia. Nabo- 
 colassar, or Nebuchadnezzar, who in 
 a most magnificent manner adorned 
 the city Babylon, and raised the em- 
 pire to its highest pitch of glory, and 
 was himself afterwards by the de- 
 cree of heaven, driven from the so- 
 ciety of men to dwell with the beasts 
 of the field, reigned 43 years. Evil- 
 rnerodach reigned 2 years. Nerig- 
 lissar 4. Nabonadius, Labynitus, or 
 Belshazzar 17; in whose time the 
 city of Babylon was taken by Cyrus, 
 and the empire overturned, in the 
 year before Christ 538. 
 
 i 4. The Medes, having thrown off 
 the Assyrian yoke in the reign of Sen- 
 nacherib, lived sometime without a 
 king; but intestine disorders arising, 
 Dejoces, one of their own number, 
 called Arphaxad in the book of Ju- 
 dith, was chosen king, in the year be- 
 
 autem Babylon Ninive excidi- 
 umauctussum, et magnusim- 
 perium evado; qui, si supputa- 
 tio a Nabonassar instituo, per 
 annus 209 duro; sciz. Nabo- 
 nassar, qui Belesis et Nanybrus 
 etiam dictus sum, annus 14 reg- 
 no. Nadius 2. Chinzirus et 
 Porus si mul 5. Jugaeus 5. 
 Mardoc Empadus,sacer literae 
 Merodach Baladan dictus, qui 
 legatus ad Ezechias rex Judaea 
 ut de sol retrogressus certior 
 fio. mitto, annus 12 impero. Ar- 
 kianus 5. Duo annus interreg- 
 num secutus sum. Belibus 3. 
 Apronadius 6. Mesessimorda- 
 cus 4. Deinde interregnum oc- 
 to annus. Assaradinus, seu 
 Esarhaddon, qui, cumduosuc- 
 cessor, rex etiam Assyria sum, 
 annus 13 regno. Saosduchinus 
 20. Chynalydan, Sarac etiam 
 appellatus, 22. Nabopallasar, 
 qui a Chynalydan descisco, et 
 sedesimperium aNiniveadBa- 
 bylon transfero, annus 21 reg- 
 no. Is, snus cum copiae Cyax- 
 ares Medus rex junctus, Ninive 
 ad conditio affl ctus redigo; at 
 mors praereptus internecio non 
 video ; ab hie etenimbellum ab- 
 stracts sum incursus Scytha, 
 qui tunc tern pus magnus pars 
 A sia vasto. Nebocolassar, seu 
 Nebuchadnezzar, qui urbs Ba- 
 bylon magnificenter exstruo, et 
 imperiumadsummusfastigium 
 eveho, et qui postea coelestis 
 decretum e homo coetus ad ha- 
 bitandum cum bestia ager ex- 
 pulsus sum, annus 43 impero. 
 Evilmerodach annus 2 regno. 
 Neriglissar4. Nabonadius, La- 
 bynituSjSeu Belshazzar 17; qui 
 regnans urbs Babylon a Cyrus 
 captus sum, et imperium ever- 
 sus, annus ante Chri«stus 538. 
 Med us,] ugu m Assy riu s exc us- 
 sus, rex Sennacherib, aliquam- 
 diu sine rex ago; sed discor- 
 dia civilis subortus, Dejoces, 
 ex gens Medus oriundu? ,qui in 
 liber Juditha Arphaxad appel- 
 lo, rex creo, annus ante Chris- 
 
ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 chap, m 
 
 fore Christ 710. In his latter days he 
 made war upon Saosduchinus, king 
 of the Assyrians; but his army was 
 defeated in a battle lought in the great 
 plain of Ragau, himself slain, and his 
 capital Ecbatan destroyed, after a 
 reign of 53 years. His son Phraortes 
 subdued a "great part of the upper 
 Asia, invaded Assyria, and laid siege 
 to Niniveh; where he perished, with 
 the greater part of his army, after 
 having reigned 2*2 years. His son, 
 Cyaxares I. by a stratagem, relieved 
 his country from the Scythians. He 
 engaged in war with the Lydians; 
 but a total eclipse of the sun, said to 
 have been foretold by Thales the 
 Milesian, happening in the time of 
 battle, both armies retreated, and a 
 peace was concluded. He after- 
 wards, in conjunction with Nebu- 
 chadnezzar, king of Babylon, invest- 
 ed Niniveh, and razed it to the 
 ground, in the year before Christ 601. 
 This confederate army soon after 
 overran and conquered Egypt, Ju- 
 dea, Syria, Armenia, Pontus, Cap- 
 padocia, and Persia. Cyaxares 
 reigned 40 years. His son Astyages, 
 called Ahasuerus in the book of Da- 
 niel, repulsed the Babylonians, who, 
 under the conduct of Evilmerodach, 
 had made an irruption into Media. 
 He reigned 35 years. His son 
 Cyaxares II. called in scripture Da- 
 rius the Mede, reigned 22 years. 
 He had a bloody war with the kings 
 of Babylon, and their ally Croesus 
 king of Lydia, for the space of 21 
 years. In this war he was assisted 
 by Cyrus his nephew; who, at last, 
 took Babylon, and placed his uncle 
 on the throne, where he reigned two 
 years. Upon his death, Cyrus trans- 
 ferred the seat of empire from the 
 Babylonians and Medes to the Per- 
 sians, in the year before Christ 536. 
 
 5. Twenty-five years after the 
 building of Rome, So or Sabacus, 
 the Ethiopian, began to reign in 
 Egypt; whose successors, for about 
 200 years, were Anysis, Sethon, 12 
 kings jointly, Psammitichus, Necho, 
 Psammis, A pries, Amasis, and 
 Psamminitus. 
 
 tus 710. Postremus tempus 
 bellum Saosduchinus,Assyrius 
 rex infero; sed exercitus isfu- 
 gatus sum, praelium in magnus 
 planities Ragau commissus, ip- 
 se interfectus, et caput regnum 
 Ecbatana excidiumdatus, post- 
 quamannus53 impero. Phraor- 
 tes filius magnus pars superior 
 Asia domo, Assyria invado, Ni- 
 niveque obsideo; ubi ipse cum 
 magnus pars copiae pereo, post 
 regnum 22 annus. Filius is, 
 Cyaxares I. civis dolus Scytha 
 libero. Bellum contra Lydi- 
 us ineo ; sed cum sol inter pug- 
 nan dum defect us totalis laboro, 
 qu deliquium Thales Milesius 
 praedico fama sum, ambo exer- 
 citus praelium recedo, et pax 
 factus sum. Hicpostea, Nebu- 
 chadnezzar rex Babylon adju- 
 vans, Ninive obsideo, et solum 
 aequo,annusante Christus 601. 
 Adunatus hie exercitus mox 
 Aegyptus, Judaea, Syria, Ar- 
 menia, Pontus, Cappadocia, et 
 Persia peragro domoque. An- 
 nus 50 regno. Astyages films, 
 Daniel liber Ahasuerus dictus, 
 Babylonius, qui, Evilmerodach 
 dux, in Media irrumpo, re- 
 pello. Annus 35 impero. Fi- 
 lius is, Cyaxares II. sacer lite- 
 rae Darius Medus appellatus, 
 annus 22 regno. Bellum cru- 
 entus cum rex Babylon, isque 
 socius Croesus Lydia rex, per 
 spatium 21 annus gero. In 
 hie bellum Cyrus nepos is aux- 
 ilium venio; qui tandem Ba- 
 bylon potitus, avunculus sum- 
 mus potestas permitto, qui ibi 
 duo annus regno. Cyrus, avun- 
 culus mortuus, sedes imperium 
 a Babylonius et Medus ad 
 Persa transfero, annus ante 
 Christus 536. 
 
 In Aegyptus Soseu Sabacus, 
 Aethiops, regno coepi, annus 
 post Roma conditus 25 ; qui 
 successor, per ducenti fere an- 
 nus, sum Anysis, Sethon, 12 
 rex simul, Psammitichus, Ne- 
 cus, Psammis, Apries, Amasis, 
 et Psammin'tus. 
 
CHAP. VII. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 223 
 
 6. Twenty-seven years after the 
 building of Rome, and 721 before 
 Christ, Samaria was taken and de- 
 stroyed by Salmaneser, king of the 
 Assyrians. The ten tribes, with 
 their king Hoshea, were carried 
 away into Assyria. Tobias was one 
 of the captives, whose piety preserv- 
 ed him his liberty in the midst of 
 servitude. Hezckiah, the son of king 
 Ahaz, a man of eminent piety, was 
 then king of Jerusalem. At this 
 time too, lived the prophet Isaiah. 
 
 7. Numa Pompilius, the second 
 king of the Romans, was called to the 
 throne from Cures, a town of the Sa- 
 bines, on account of his renowned 
 wisdom. He softened the martial 
 fierceness of Rome by religion. He 
 instituted priests and sacred rites, 
 pretending intercourse with the god- 
 dess Egeria in the night. Then he 
 built the temple of Janus, and shut 
 its gates, which were the signs of 
 peace and war. He completed the 
 year by the addition of two months; 
 and, instead of March appointed Jan- 
 uary to be the beginning of the 
 year. He reigned 43 years. 
 
 8. Manasseh, the son of Hezekiah, 
 reigned then in Judea. At the same 
 time lived Judith, by v» r hom Holo- 
 fernes, general of Saosduchinus,king 
 of the Assyrians was slain ; Gyges 
 too, who is said to have been the in- 
 timate favourite of Candaules, king 
 of the Lydians, and was forced by 
 him to view the beauty of his queen 
 when naked. After which Gyges, at 
 the queen's desire, murdered Can- 
 daules, and seized upon the kingdom. 
 
 9. After Numa, Tullus Hostilius, 
 being created king of Rome, made 
 war upon the Albans. The dispute 
 being referred to three Horatii on the 
 side of the Romans, and as many Cu- 
 riatii on that of the Albans, victory 
 declared for theRomans. The Albans 
 afterwards rebelling, Tullus, after 
 demolishing Alba, ordered them to 
 remove to Rome. Rome being in- 
 creased by the ruins of Alba, mount 
 Coelius was added to the city. Tul- 
 lus was thunderstruck, and burnt up 
 with all his house, after he had reign- 
 
 Annus post Roma conditus 
 27, et ante Christus 721, Sa- 
 maria a Salmaneser, Assyrius 
 rex, cap'us et eversus sum. 
 Tribus decern, cum Oseasrex, 
 in Assyria abductus. Unus e 
 captivus Tobias sum, qui liber- 
 tas in ipse servitus pietas con- 
 servo. Rex turn Hierosolyma 
 Ezechias, Achas rex natus, 
 homo singularis pietas. Hie 
 tempus etiam existo vates 
 Esaias. 
 
 Numa Pompilius, Romanus 
 rex II. propter sapientia fama, 
 ad regnum e Cures, Sabinus 
 oppidum, vocatus sum. Roma 
 arma ferox religio mansuefa- 
 cio. Sacra sacerdosque insti- 
 tuo, simulatus cum dea Egeria 
 nocturnus congressus. Janus 
 dein templum exstruo, isque 
 valvae, pax bellumque index, 
 claudo. Annus duo mensis ad- 
 ditus expleo. Annus initium 
 Januarius pro Martius sum vo- 
 lo. Regno annus quadraginta 
 tres. 
 
 Manasses, Ezechias filius, in 
 Judaea turn regno. Idem tem- 
 pus existo Juditha, a qui Ho- 
 lofernes, dux Saosduchinus, 
 rex Assyrius sum obtruncaius; 
 Gyges quoque, qui intimus 
 Candaules, Lydus rex, sum 
 assecla dico, ab isque coactus, 
 nt nudus regina species con- 
 templor. Postea Gyges, regina 
 jussu, Candaules obtrunco, et 
 regnum in v ado. 
 
 Tullus Hostilius, post Numa, 
 Roma rex creatus, bellum Al- 
 banus infero. Certamen tres 
 Horatius Romanus, et totidem 
 Curiatius Albanus, commissus, 
 victoria penes Romanus sum. 
 Albanus postea rebellans, Alba 
 eversus, Roma demigro Tullus 
 jubeo. Roma Alba ruina auc- 
 tus, Coelius mons urbs additus. 
 Cum Tullus 31 annus regno, 
 fulmen ictus, cum domussuus 
 ardeo. Ammon, interea, Ma- 
 nasses filius, et Hierosolyma 
 
224 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 ed 31 years. In the mean time Am- 
 nion, Manasseh's son, and king of 
 Jerusalem, was assassinated by his 
 servants. 
 
 10. After TullusHostilius, Ancus 
 Martius, the grandson of Numa by a 
 daughter, took upon him the govern- 
 ment. He proclaimed war by his 
 heralds against the Latins, and van- 
 quished them. He took a great many 
 of them afterwards into the city. He 
 united the Aventine mount to the 
 city, and likewise the Janiculum, by 
 throwing a wooden bridge over the 
 river. He extended the Roman do- 
 minion quite to the sea, and built the 
 city Ostia at. the mouth of the Tiber. 
 He died of a distemper in the 24th 
 year of his reign. A few years after, 
 Josiah, Hezekiah's grandson, fell in 
 bnwtV, fighting against Necho, king 
 oi Egypt. The prophet Jeremiah 
 and all the people lamented him. 
 
 11. The fifth king of Rome was 
 Tarquinius Priscus, the son of De- 
 maratus of Corinth. He doubled the 
 number of the senators, built the 
 Circus, and instituted the Circensian 
 games. He subdued the twelve na- 
 tions of Tuscany, and borrowed 
 from them the ensigns of supreme 
 powder, the Fasces, the Trabeae, the 
 Curule chairs, the Praetexta, and 
 other things of that kind. He was 
 slain by the sons of Ancus, in the 
 37th year of his reign. 
 
 12. " Dracho, who was Archon at 
 Athens, in the year before Christ 
 623, laid the Athenians under the 
 most cruel laws, by which the small- 
 est offences and the greatest crimes 
 were equally punished with death. 
 For which he himself assigned this 
 reason : Small faults seem to me 
 worthy of death, and for flagrant and 
 great offences I can find no higher 
 punishment. But these laws did not 
 long please the Athenians. Demades 
 was wont to say, that Draco's laws 
 were not written with ink, but blood. 
 
 13. In Judea, after the death of 
 Josiah, his son enjoyed the crown 
 three months, and his brother a few 
 years. Josiah s brother was succeed- 
 ed by Zedekiah. the last king of the 
 
 rex, a famulus suns interfeetus 
 sum. 
 
 Post Tullus Hostilius, Ancus 
 Martius, Numa ex filia nepos, 
 suscipio imperium Latinus bel- 
 lum perfecialisindico,acvinco. 
 Is plurimus postea in ci vitas 
 adscisco. Aventinusmons, nec 
 non, sublicius pons in flumen 
 factus, Janiculum uibsadjicio. 
 Romanus imperium usque ad 
 mare propago, et Ostia urbs 
 in os Tiberis condo. Annus 
 imperium 24 morbus pereo. 
 Pauci exinde annus, Josias, 
 Ezechias nepos, contra Necus, 
 Aegyptus rex, pugnans, prae- 
 lium cado. Is Jeremias vates 
 et cunctus populus lamentatio 
 prosequor. 
 
 QuintusRoma rex sum Tar- 
 quinius Priscus, films Dema- 
 ratusCorinthius. Hicnumerus 
 senator duplico, Circus aedifv- 
 co, et ludus Circensis instituo. 
 Thuscia populus duodecimsu- 
 bigo, ab isque summuspotestas 
 insigne accipio, Fasces, Tra- 
 beae, Cnrules, Praetexta, et is 
 genus alius. Annus imperium 
 37, per Ancus filius occisus 
 sum. 
 
 Draco, qui Archon Athenae 
 sum, annus ante Christus G23, 
 atrox Atheniensis lex impono, 
 qui aeque parvus peccatum ac 
 magnus scelus capitalis sum. 
 GUii ipse hie causa trado: Par- 
 vus peccatum ego mors dignus 
 video, et manifestus ac magnus 
 scelus magnus supplicium ex- 
 cogito non possum. At hie lex 
 Atheniensis non diu placeo. 
 Demades dico soleo, Draco lex 
 non atramentr m, sed sanguis, 
 scriptus sum. 
 
 In Judaea, post mors Josias, 
 filius tres mensis,et f rater pauci 
 annus, regnum potitus sum. 
 Frater Josias succedo Zede- 
 chias, rex Judaeus post rem us, 
 
ciup. vn. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 235 
 
 Jews, who was reduced to slavery by 
 Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon; 
 Jerusalem also, and the temple, were 
 burnt, and the citizens carried away 
 into Babylon, in the year before the 
 birth of Christ 583. 
 
 14. Whilst Palestine and Syria 
 were laid waste by the arms of bar- 
 barians, Greece was improved by the 
 institutions of its wise men. The 
 seven wise men of Greece flourished 
 at the same time. Solon, one of their 
 number, having abolished Draco's 
 laws, enacted new ones more proper 
 lor the Athenians. 
 
 15. Servius Tullius, the sixth king 
 of the Romans, having conquered 
 the Hetrusci and Veientes, instituted 
 the Census. He divided the people 
 into classes and centuries; added to 
 the city the Gluirinal, Viminal, and 
 Esquiline hills. He was murdered 
 in the 44th year of his reign, by the 
 villainy of his son-in-law, Tarquin 
 the Proud. 
 
 16. About this period lived a set 
 of the most savage tyrants in different 
 parts of the world ; Periander at Co- 
 rinth, Pisistratus at Athens, Thrasy- 
 bulus at Miletus, Polycrates in the 
 island Samos, and Phalarisin Sicily. 
 The same age was very productive 
 of wise men; then nourished Aesop 
 the famous writer of fables, and Py- 
 thagoras in Italy, who first called 
 himself a philosopher. In Greece, 
 the poets Alcaeus, Stesichorus, Sap- 
 pho, Simonides, Anacreon, Pindar, 
 were greatly renowned. 
 
 17. Towards the latter end of Ser- 
 vius Tullius' time nourished Cyrus 
 the Persian. He was the son of Cam- 
 byses, either king of Persia, or a man 
 of the first rank in that country, and 
 of Mandane, the daughter of Astya- 
 ges, king of the Medes. Herodotus in- 
 deed says, that his father was a mean 
 man; and that Cyrus, on account of 
 a dream, had been exposed in his in- 
 fancy by order of his grandfather. 
 But greater credit is due toZenophon. 
 Cyrus, in the fortieth year of his age, 
 was called from Persia to assist his 
 uncle Cyaxares,king of the Medes, in 
 his war against the Babylonians, and 
 
 qui a Nebuchadnezzar, Baby- 
 lon rex, in servitus redactus 
 sum ; templum quoque, ac Hie- 
 rosolyma, incensus, civis Ba- 
 bylon traductus, annus ante 
 Christus natus 588. 
 
 Dum Palaestina et Syria bar- 
 barus arma evasto, Graecia sa- 
 piens instiiutum excolo. Sep- 
 tem ilJe Graecia sapiens unus 
 tempus existo. Ex qui nume- 
 rus Solon, abrogatus Draco 
 lex, commodus Atheniensis 
 lex fero. 
 
 Servius Tullius, sextus Ro 
 manus rex, Hetruscus ac 
 Veiens debellatus. Census in- 
 stituo. Populus in classis ac 
 centuria describo ; urbs, Gluiri- 
 nalis, Vimmalis, Esquilinus 
 mons, adjungo. Occisus sum 
 44 imperium annus, scelus ge- 
 nersuus Tarquinius Superbus. 
 
 Hie tempus immanis tyran- 
 nus passim existo; Periander 
 Corinthus, Pisistratus Athe- 
 nae,ThrasybulusMiletus, Poly- 
 crates in Samos insula, et Pha- 
 laris in Sicilia. Idem aetas 
 sapiens ferax sum; Aesopus 
 fabula architectus turn vigeo, 
 necnon Pythagoras in Italia, 
 qui sui primus philosophus 
 appello. In Graecia, poeta, 
 Alcaeus, Stesichorus, Sappho, 
 Simonides, Anacreon, Pin- 
 darus, illustris sum. 
 
 Cyrus Persa extremus Ser- 
 vius Tullius tempus existo. 
 Sum natus Cambyses, aut rex 
 Persia, aut vir primus ordo in 
 is civitas, et Mandane, filia As- 
 tyages, rex Medus. Herodotus 
 quidem, pater Cyrus mediocris 
 vir sum, perhibeo ; et Cyrus in- 
 fans, jussu avus, propter som- 
 nium expositus sum. At fides 
 Xenophon potius adhibendus 
 sum. Cyrus qu.adragesimus 
 aetas annus agens, e Persia ar- 
 cessitus sum,ut Cyaxares avun» 
 cuius suns in bellum contra 
 Babylonius, isque socius Croe« 
 
226 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHiP. VII. 
 
 their ally Croesus, king of Lydia. 
 This war lasted 21 years. Cyrus 
 commanded the united army of 
 Medes and Persians; and from this 
 period historians compute the be- 
 ginning of his reign. Cyrus' con- 
 duct in this war was glorious, and 
 his success wonderful. He van- 
 quished Croesus, and took the royal 
 city of Sardis; after this he subdued 
 all the continent from the Aegean 
 sea to the Euphrates. He reduced 
 the strong city of Babylon, and de- 
 livering the government of that king- 
 dom to his uncle Cyaxares, called 
 also Darius the Mede, he returned 
 into Persia. About two years after, 
 Cyaxares dying, and also Cambyses, 
 king of Persia, Cyrus took upon him 
 the government of the whole empire; 
 which he held for the space of seven 
 years. In the first of these seven 
 years, and before Christ 534, he is- 
 sued out his decree for restoring the 
 Jews to their country. In the reign 
 of Cyrus lived the prophet Daniel, 
 whom that monarch esteemed with 
 an affectionate regard. 
 
 18. A few years after, as Herodo- 
 tus relates, Cyrus made war upon 
 the Scythians, and cut off the son of 
 their queen Tomyris with his army. 
 But the advantages of the victory 
 proved delusive and of short dura- 
 tion. Cyrus, flushed with his late vic- 
 tory, marches out into a place of dis- 
 advantage, where he was trepanned 
 by the enemy, and cut to pieces with 
 all his forces. But Xenophon says, 
 Cyrus died at home a natural death, 
 in the 70th year of his age, and was 
 buried at Pasargada in Persia, leav- 
 ing his son Cambyses heir to his em- 
 pire; who, having conquered Psam- 
 minitus, annexed Egypt to his fa- 
 ther's realm. The Persian empire 
 lasted 2*28 years. Cyrus reigned 30 
 vears, Cambyses 7, Darius Hystaspis 
 36, Xerxes 21. Artaxerxes Longima- 
 nus, called Ahasuerus in the scrip- 
 tures, and who had Esther for his 
 queen, 41, Darius Nothus 19, Artax- 
 erxes Mnemon 46, Ochus 21, Arses 
 2, Darius Codomannus 6. 
 
 sus, rex I^dia, auxilium sum. 
 Hie bellum per annus 21 gestus 
 sum. Adunatus copiae Medus 
 et Persa Cyrus praesum, etab 
 hie tempus imperium apud 
 historicus initium duco. Ut 
 Cyrus virtus in hie bellum sum 
 insignis, ita minis feiicitas usns 
 sum. Croesus supero, et regius 
 urbs Sardes expugno; post hie 
 totus regio inter mare Aegaeus 
 et Euphrates perdomo. Baby- 
 lon urbs munitissimus subigo 
 regnumque is administratis 
 avunculus suus Cyaxares, Da- 
 rius Medus etiam dictus, tra- 
 ditus, ipse in Persia regressus 
 sum. Post fere biennium, Cy- 
 axares, necnon Cambyses, rex 
 Persia, mortuus. Cyrus totus 
 imperium adminisi ratio susei- 
 pio; qui per septem annus te- 
 neo. Annus hie septem pri- 
 mus, et ante Christus 534, edic- 
 tum suus promulgo, qui Ju- 
 daeuspatria restituo. Regnans 
 Cyrus, vivo Daniel propheta, 
 qui imperator ille complexus 
 sum. 
 
 Pauei exinde annus, ut He- 
 rodotus narro, Cyrus Scytha 
 bellum infero, et Tomyris regi- 
 na filius cum exercitus caedo. 
 At brevis et fallax sum fructus 
 victoria. Cyrus, recens victo- 
 ria eJatus, in iniquus locus pro- 
 gredior, ubi insidiae hostis ipse 
 cum omnis copiae concido. 
 Xenophon autem aio, Cyrus 
 domus latum functus sum, an- 
 nus ae;as septuagesimus, et 
 Pasargada in Persia sepultus 
 sum, Cambyses filius heres im- 
 perium relictus; qui,Psammi- 
 nitus victus, paternus regnum 
 Aegyptus adjicio. Imperium 
 Persicus annus 2*28 duro. Cy- 
 rus regno annus 30, Cambyses 
 7, Darius Hystaspis 36, Xerxes 
 21, Artaxrrxes Longimanus, 
 Ahasuerus sacer literae dictus, 
 et qui Esther regina habeo, 
 41, Darius Nothus 11), Artax- 
 erxes Mnemon 46, Ochus 21 
 Arses 2, DariusCedomannus G 
 
CHAP. vnr. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 227 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 From the liberation of the Jews by Cyrus, to (he overthrow of the Persian 
 empire by Alexander the Great, including 204 years. 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh 
 and last of the Roman kings, de- 
 rived his surname from his beha- 
 viour. He slighted the authority of 
 the senate in the management of the 
 government. He finished the temple 
 of Jupiter which had been begun by 
 his father; he subdued the Volsci ; 
 and took Gabii by the artful conduct 
 of his son Sextus. He is said to have 
 purchased the Sibylline books from 
 the Cumean Sibyl. At last he was 
 turned out of the city, and his king- 
 dom too, for a rape committed by his 
 son upon Lucretia, a woman of qual- 
 ity, in the 23d year of his reign, in 
 the 68th Olympiad, and before Christ 
 506. The regal power obtained at 
 Rome under seven kings, almost 242 
 years. 
 
 2. Afterthe expiration of the kings, 
 two consuls were created annually 
 at Rome. Brutus and Collatinus were 
 the first consuls. Brutus, upon the 
 discovery of a conspiracy against 
 the public liberty, punished the con- 
 spirators, among whom were two of 
 his own sons, with death. 
 
 3. About the same time a like in- 
 cident delivered the Athenians from 
 tyranny. Hipparchus, the son of 
 Pisistratus, had debauched Harmo- 
 dius' sister. Whereupon Harmodius 
 slays the tyrant. Being forced with 
 torture, by Hippias, the tyrant's bro- 
 ther, to name those that were acces- 
 sary to the murder, he named the 
 tyrant's friends; who were'all imme- 
 diately put to death by the tyrant. 
 The citizens, roused by his magna- 
 nimity, banishing Hippias, restored 
 themselves to liberty. They erected 
 a statue to Harmodius. 
 
 4. Cambyses, king of the Persians, 
 caused his brother Smerdis to be as- 
 sassinated, because he had dreamed 
 that he saw him on the throne. Cam- 
 byses died soon after of a wound by 
 his own sword dropping accidentally 
 
 Tarqjjinius Superbus, Sep- 
 timus atque ultimus Romanuj 
 rex,ex factum cognomen traho. 
 Senatus auctoritas in admin is- 
 trandus respublica negiigo. Ju- 
 piter templum a pater inchoa- 
 tus exstruo ; Voh>cus arma do- 
 mo : Gabii Sextus filius dolus 
 capio. A Sibylla Cumanus li- 
 ber Sibyllinus emo dico. Tan- 
 dum, ob stuprum Lucretia, no- 
 bilissimus foemina, a filius il- 
 latus, et urbs, et regnum ejectus 
 sum, annus regnum 23, Olym- 
 pian 68, ante Christus natus 
 506. Regnatur Roma a sep- 
 tem rex annus prope 242. 
 
 Post rex expulsns, bini quo- 
 tannis consul Roma creo. Bru- 
 tus et Collatinus primus consul 
 sum. Brutus, conjuratio con- 
 tra libertas patefactus, conju- 
 ratus, in qui sum filius is duo, 
 mors multo. 
 
 Atheniensis per idem tempus 
 par causa tyrannislibero. Hip- 
 parchus, Pisistratus natus, 
 Harmodius soror violo. Itaque 
 Harmodius tyrannus obtrunco. 
 Ab Hippias," tyrannus frater, 
 nomino caedes conscius tor- 
 mentum coactus, tyrannus 
 amicus nomino; qui omnis 
 statim a tyrannus interfieio. 
 Hie virtus excitatuscivis, Hip- 
 pias pulsus, sui in libertas as- 
 sero. Harmodius statua pono. 
 
 Cambyses, rex Persa, frater 
 suus Smerdis interficiendus eu- 
 ro, quod per quies is regno vi- 
 deo. Paulo post Cambyses, 
 gladius e vagina delapsus, vul- 
 neratus intereo. Patizithes 
 
£28 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 chap. vm. 
 
 out of the sheath. Patizithes, one of 
 the Magi, concealing the death of 
 Smerdis, put up his own brother 
 Oropastes in his room, who, person- 
 ating Smerdis, obtained the sove- 
 reignty. But the imposture being 
 soon discovered, the pretended king, 
 with his brother, was taken off by 
 the grandees of Persia. 
 
 5. The grandees who had de- 
 spatched Oropastes, agreed among 
 themselves to come to the palace be- 
 fore sunrise, and that he whose 
 horse neighed first, should be king. 
 The horse of Darius, the son of 
 Hystaspis, neighed first, and pro- 
 cured his owner the kingdom. 
 
 6. Darius Hystaspisbeing thus cre- 
 ated king of the Persians, granted 
 leave to the Jews to finish the temple 
 of Jerusalem ; the prophet Haggai at 
 the same time encouraging them 
 thereto. Babylon, which had revolted 
 from the Persians, he recovered by 
 the artifice of his friend Zopyrus. For 
 he, having cut off his nose and ears, 
 made the Babylonians believe he had 
 fled over to them, on having been 
 barbarously used by Darius. Accord- 
 ingly he betrayed the city, with which 
 they intrusted him, to Darius. 
 
 7. Tarquinius Superbus, being ba- 
 nished from Rome, implored the as- 
 sistance of Porsenna, king of the He- 
 trusci ; who, waging war with the Ro- 
 mans,possessed himself of the Janicu- 
 lum. Horatius Codes alone sustain- 
 ed the assaults of the enemy on the 
 Sublician bridge, for a considerable 
 time, till the bridge was cut down be- 
 hind him. Then he plunged into the 
 Tiber, and swam over safe to the Ro- 
 mans, amidst the darts of the enemy. 
 Cloelia too, a Roman lady, one of the 
 hostages, having eluded her keepers, 
 swam over the Tiber, amidst the darts 
 of the Hetrusci. Moreover, Mutius 
 Scaevola.in order to deliver his coun- 
 try from the enemy's blockade, con- 
 veys himself into their camp, and, in- 
 stead of the king, by mistake kills his 
 secretary. Bein^ carried before the 
 king to be examined, he thrusts his 
 right hand into the fire, and burns ir ; 
 and at the same time declares to the 
 
 tin us e magus, celatus mors 
 Smerdis, frater suus Oropastes 
 pro is suppono, qui, sui Smer- 
 dis sum simulans, regnum po- 
 tior. Sed fraus cito patefactus, 
 pseudo-rex, cum frater, a Persa 
 princeps confodio. 
 
 Princeps, qui Oropastes ne- 
 co, inter sui paciscor, ut ad re- 
 gia ante sol ortus venio, et ut 
 is, qui equus hinnitus primus 
 edo, rex sum. Equus Darius, 
 Hystaspis filius, hinnitus pri- 
 mus edo, et dominus regnum 
 pario. 
 
 Darius Hystaspis rex Persa 
 sic creatus, Judaeus potestas 
 templum Hierosolyma absol- 
 vendus facio; adhortans simul 
 Haggai propheta. Babylon, 
 qui a Persa descisco, Zopyrus 
 amicus dolus recipio. Gluippe 
 is, nasus sui et auris desectus, 
 fides facio, Babylonius, sui, a 
 Darius crudeliter tractatus, ad 
 is confugio. Itaque urbs, suus 
 fides ab ille creditus, Darius 
 prodo. 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus Roma 
 exactus, Porsenna Hetruscus 
 rex auxilium imploro ; qui, bel- 
 lum Romanus illatus, Janicu- 
 lum occupo. Hostis impetus 
 Horatius Cocles tamdiu, susti- 
 neo in Sublicius pons solus, 
 quoad pons a tergum rescindo. 
 Inde in Tiberis desilio, atque 
 inter hostis telum incolumis ad 
 Romanus trano. Cloelia quo- 
 que, virgo Romanus, unus ex 
 obses, elusus custos, Tiberis in- 
 ter Hetruscus telum trano. Mu- 
 tius porro Scaevola, ut patria 
 obsidio hostis eximo,in is castra 
 sui insinuo, per error scriba pro 
 rex obtrunco. Ad tribunal rex 
 retractus, dextra foculus inji- 
 cio, atque exuro ; simulque rex, 
 trecenti Romanus idem ratio 
 in caput is conjuro, denuncio. 
 Itaque Porsenna, pax cum R<>- 
 manus factus, domus tedeo. 
 
CHAP. Till. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 229 
 
 K^Z, that 300 Romans had in like 
 !nanner taken an oath to murder him. 
 Whereupon Porsenna,making peace 
 with the Romans, returned home. 
 
 8. After this the Latins made war 
 upon the Romans, under the conduct 
 of Tarquin's son-in-law ; against 
 whom Posthumius being made dicta- 
 tor, vanquished them in a memorable 
 battle at the lake Regillus. It is said 
 the gods, particularly Castor and Pol- 
 lux, were present in this battle, and 
 were seen to right on white horses, 
 in the year of the city 255. Gelo at 
 that time reigned in Syracuse. 
 
 8. Darius also, king of the Persians, 
 endeavouring to reinstate Hippias in 
 his kingdom, made war upon Athens. 
 Miltiades, general of the Athenians, 
 quickly meets him at Marathon, with 
 a small body of men. Ten thousand 
 Athenians encountered two hundred 
 thousand Persians. Darius' army 
 was routed and put to flight, in the 
 year before the birth of Christ 490. 
 
 10. Rome, delivered from foreign 
 enemies, was well nigh ruined by in- 
 testine divisions. The commons, ha- 
 rassed by the senators and usurers, 
 vWthdrew to the Sacred Mount on the 
 r her side of the Anio ; but were ap- 
 peased by the persuasions of Mene- 
 nius Agrippa, and, upon obtaining 
 the protection of tribunes of the peo- 
 ple against the patricians, returned 
 into the city. 
 
 11. Martins Coriolanus, having 
 been forced from the city by the spite 
 of the tribunes, went over to the vol- 
 sci, and made war upon his country. 
 He so broke the power of the Ro- 
 mans, that they were obliged to sue 
 for peace, by sending his mother Ve- 
 'uria to him. Coriolanus yielded to 
 h's mother's entreaties, and the Vol- 
 sci w^re afterwards quite reduced 
 by Sspiuius Cassius. But Cassius, 
 after this, elated with his mighty suc- 
 cess, and aiming at sovereignty, was 
 thrown headlong from the Tarpeian 
 rock, in the year of the city 268. 
 
 12. About the same time Aristides, 
 surnamed the Just, was banished 
 Athens. But being soon restored, he 
 assisted Themistocles in the Persian 
 
 Latinus deinde, dux Tar- 
 quinius gener, bellum Roma- 
 nus infero ; contra qui, Posthu- 
 mius dictator factus, ad lacus 
 Regillus insignispraelium vin- 
 co. Fero deus, nempe Castor 
 et Pollux, hie praelium inter- 
 sum, et ex albus equus pugno 
 visus sum, annus urbs 255. 
 Gelo turn Syracusae regno. 
 
 Darius quoque, Persa rex, 
 Hippias in pristinus regnum 
 restituo conatus Athenae bel- 
 lum infero. Miltiades, Athe- 
 niensis dux, ad Marathon cum 
 parvus manus celeriter occur- 
 ro. Cum ducenti Persa mille 
 decern Atheniensis mille dimi- 
 co. Darius exercitus fususfu- 
 gatusque, annus ante Christus 
 natus 490. 
 
 Liberatus Roma- externus 
 hostis, intestinus discord ia 
 pene concido. Plebs, a pater 
 ac foenerator vexatus, in Sacer 
 mons trans Anio secedo; sed 
 Menenius Agrippa oratio de- 
 lenio, et, tribunus plebs prae- 
 sidium adversus pater accep- 
 tus, in urbs remigro. 
 
 Martius Coriolanus, tribunus 
 invidia ab urbs pulsus, ad Vols- 
 cus sui recipio, et patria bellum 
 infero. Romanus opes adeo 
 frango, ut, Veturia mater ad is 
 ablegatus, pax peto cogo. Co- 
 riolanus maternus precis cedo, 
 et Volscus postea a Spurius 
 Cassius penitus debellatus sum. 
 At Cassius exinde, magnus 
 successus elatus, et regnum 
 arTectans, de rupes Tarpeius 
 praecinitatus sum, annus urbs 
 2G8. 
 
 Sub idem tempus Aristides, 
 cognomentum Justus, Athenae 
 exulo. Brevi autem restitutus, 
 Themistocles, qui opera ejec- 
 
230 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. VIII, 
 
 war, by whose interest he had been 
 expelled, sacrificing private wrongs 
 *o the good of his country. 
 
 13. At Rome the Fabian family, to 
 ease their country of trouble, peti- 
 tioned for the entire management of 
 the Veientian war to themselves. 
 They defeated the Veientes several 
 times. Being now victorious, they 
 were almost utterly destroyed by a 
 stratagem of the enemy ; above 300 
 of the Fabii were cut off in one day. 
 
 14. Xerxes, the son of Darius Hys- 
 taspis, heir to his father's crown and 
 inveterate enmity to the Greeks, hav- 
 ing built a bridge of boats over the 
 Hellespont, and digged through 
 Mount Athos, invaded Greece with 
 an army of two millions of men. At 
 the straits of Thermopylae, Leonidas, 
 king of the Spartans, with a handful 
 of men, made a dreadful slaughter of 
 his troops, till, spent with killing, he 
 fell victorious above heaps of slain 
 enemies. The Athenians, in the 
 mean time, quitting their city, equip- 
 ped a fleet of 200 ships. Accordingly, 
 Xerxes having found Athens desert- 
 ed, burnt it. But his fleet, consisting 
 of 2000 sail and upwards, being de- 
 feated near Salamis, and put to flight 
 by the contrivance and valour of 
 Themistocles, the Athenian admiral, 
 he marched off in great dismay to- 
 wards Thrace, in order to cross the 
 Hellespont: but finding his bridge 
 broken down by the violence of the 
 storms, he passed over in a Ashing 
 boat, and continued his flight to Sar- 
 dis in the year of Rome 268, and 
 before Christ 480. 
 
 15. The year following,Mardonius, 
 who had been left by Xerxes with 
 300 thousand men to prosecute the 
 war, met with a mighty overthrow at 
 Plataea from the Greeks, under the 
 conduct of Aristides and Pausanias. 
 In the reign of Xerxes, flourished 
 Herodotus, the father of historians, 
 about GOO years later than Homer. 
 
 16. Gluinctius Cincinnatus, called 
 <rom the plough by the Romans to 
 the dictatorship, delivered the con- 
 sal M in ucius, who had been blocked 
 up by the Aequi at Algidum, and 
 
 tus sum, Persicus bellum ad- 
 juvo, privatus injuria patria 
 condonatus. 
 
 Roma Fabius gens, ut pa- 
 tria molestia libero, bellum sui 
 Veientinusipseposco. Veien- 
 tes saepe vinco. Jam victrix 
 ab hostis per insidiae pene de- 
 letussum; amplius 300 Fabii 
 unus dies cado. 
 
 Xerxes, Darius Hystaspts 
 Alius, paternus regnum atque 
 odium in Graecus heres junc- 
 tus navis Hellespontus, Athos- 
 que mons perfossus, Graecia 
 cum 2000 armatus mille inva- 
 do. Is Leonidas, rex Spar- 
 tiates, parvus manus. ad Ther- 
 mopylae angustiae, maximus 
 infero clades, donee, caedend- 
 um defatigatio, super strages 
 hostis corruo victor. Atheni- 
 ensis interim, relictus urbs, 
 classis 200 navis adorno. 
 Xerxes igitur Athenae vacuus 
 nactus, incendo. Sed classis 
 duo mille navis, et amplius, 
 Themistocles, dux Athenien- 
 sis, virtus et consilium prope 
 Salamis fusus ac fugatus, tre- 
 pidus Thracia versus discedo, 
 ut Hellespontus trajicio : cum 
 vero pons tempestas vis solutus 
 video,scapha piscatorius trans- 
 mitto, fugioque continuo Sar- 
 dis, annus Roma 268, et ante 
 Christus 480. 
 
 Sequens annus, Mardonius, 
 qui cum 300 armatus mille a 
 Xerxes ad persequendus bel- 
 lum relictus sum, magnus ad 
 Plataeae calamitas accipio a 
 Graecus, Aristides et Pausani- 
 as dux. Xerxes rex, floreo his- 
 toria pater Herodotus, annus 
 prope 600 junior Homerus. 
 
 Gluinctius Cincinnatus, ab 
 aratrum ad dictatura a Roma- 
 nus vocatus, Minucius consul 
 ad Algidum obsessusab Aequ- 
 us libero, hostisque sub ju$;urn 
 
chap. vm. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 231 
 
 caused the enemy to^ pass under the 
 yoke. Cimon also, the son of Mil- 
 tiades, having with the like good con- 
 duct vanquished the forces of Xerxes 
 near Cyprus, restored the Greek cities 
 of Asia to liberty. Nor was Greece 
 then illustrious for its generals only, 
 but philosophers also; for the same 
 age produced Heraclitus, Democri- 
 tus, Anaxagoras, and several others. 
 
 17. At Rome, about 300 years after 
 the building of the city, instead of two 
 consuls, decemviri were created. 
 They compiled a body of laws brought 
 over from Greece, and particularly 
 from Athens. These, being inscribed 
 on 12 tables, were called the laws of 
 the XII. tables. Within a few years, 
 by the lust of Appius Claudius, and 
 the outrages of his colleagues, the 
 government reverted to the consuls. 
 
 18. Artaxerxes Longimanus grant- 
 ed leave to Nehemiah, his cup-bearer, 
 to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem, in 
 the year before the birth of Christ 
 445. In the reign of Artaxerxes, lived 
 the famous naturalists Empedocles, 
 and Parmenides, Hippocrates the 
 physician, Polycletus and Phidias, 
 statuaries, Xeuxis, Parrhasius, and 
 Timantcs, painters. 
 
 19. About six years after the de- 
 cemviral power was abolished, mili- 
 tary tribunes with consular authority 
 began to be created at Rome. The 
 censors too were then first made for 
 holding the census. Cornelius Cos- 
 sus, a military tribune, having slain 
 Tolumn) us king of the Ve ientes with 
 his own hand, next after Romulus, 
 presented the spolia opima to Jupiter 
 Feretrius. 
 
 20. The same year that the mili- 
 tary tribunes were created at Rome, 
 the Peloponnesian war broke out in 
 Greece, which spreading itself over 
 all Greece, continued 27 years. Thu- 
 cydides, having been forced into ba- 
 nishment by Pericles, the incendiary 
 of the war, wrote the history of it. 
 
 21. A few years after, the -seat of 
 the war was transferred into Sicily. 
 The Athenians, importuned for aid 
 by the Catanenses, engaged in a war 
 against the Syracusans, in the reign of 
 
 mitto. Cimon quoque, Mil- 
 tiades filius, Xerxes copiae ad 
 Cyprus par virtus devictus, 
 Graecus Asia urbs in libertas 
 assero. Nec vero imperator 
 turn, sed etiam philosophus, 
 Graecia floreo ; idem enim 
 aetas Heraclitus, Democritus. 
 Anaxagorus, aliusque complu- 
 res effundo. 
 
 Roma, annus post urbs con- 
 ditus circiter 300, pro duo con- 
 sul decemviri creatus. Hie 
 lex e Graecia, ac potissimum 
 Athenae, petitus, conscribo. 
 Hie, quoniam tabula duodecim 
 mandatus sum, lex XII. tabula 
 appeliatus. Pauci annus, prop- 
 ter Appius Claudius libido, 
 collegaque impotentia, res ad 
 consul redeo. 
 
 Artaxerxes Longimanus, Ne- 
 hemias, pincerna suus, potes- 
 tas murus, Hierosolyma refici- 
 endum facio, annus ante Chris- 
 tus natus 445. Artaxerxes reg- 
 nans, Empedocles et Parme- 
 nides physicus, Hippocrates 
 medicus, Polycletus et Phidias, 
 statuarius, Xeuxis, Parrhasius, 
 et Timantes, pictor, clarussum. 
 
 Sex fere annus post sublatus 
 decemviri potestas, tribunus 
 miles consularis potestas Ro- 
 ma creo coepi. Censor quo- 
 que turn primum ad census 
 agendus creatus. Cornelius 
 Cossus, tribunus miles, Tolum- 
 nius Veientes rex suus manus 
 necatus, spolia opimus Jupiter 
 Feretrius, alter ab Romulus, 
 fero. 
 
 Idem annus qui tribunus 
 miles Roma creatus sum, bel- 
 lum Peloponnesiacus exardeo 
 in Graecia, qui totus pervaga- 
 tus Graecia, annus duro 27. Is 
 bellum Thucydides, a Pericles, 
 helium excitator, in exilium 
 ejectus, historia mando. 
 
 Pauci interjectus annus, bel- 
 lum in Sicilia transeo. Athe- 
 niensis, Catanensis opisimplo- 
 rans, bellum adversus Syracu- 
 sanus suscipio, Darius Nothus 
 
232 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. UK 
 
 Darius Nolhns, king of the Persians. 
 The first attempts of the Athenians 
 in this war were very successful, but 
 the issue proved fatal to them. The 
 generals of the Athenians were Al- 
 cibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus. 
 
 22. But at Athens the study of the 
 liberal arts was in high repute. Then 
 flourished Aristophanes, Cratinus, 
 and Eupolis, comic poets ; Sophocles 
 and Euripides, tragic poets; Praxite- 
 les, the famous statuary ; Gorgiasand 
 other sophists in great numbers; and 
 Socrates, the father of philosophers. 
 But Diagoras, denying the existence 
 of the gods, was banished from A- 
 thens, a reward being offered by the 
 government ifany one would kill him. 
 
 23. The Galli Senones, during the 
 reign of Tarquinius Priscus, having 
 driven out the Tuscans, had seized 
 upon that part of Italy which was af- 
 terwards called Cisalpine Gaul. This 
 people, incensed by QU Fabius, the 
 ambassador of the Roman people, at 
 the siege of Clusium, a town of the 
 Hetrusci, turned their arms against 
 the Romans, and, having cut oft" their 
 forces at the river Allia, fell upon the 
 city, under their leader Brennus, took 
 and destroyed it wilh fire and sword. 
 Rome was burnt in the year 3G5 after 
 it was built. 
 
 24. About those times a calamity of 
 much the like nature befel Athens. 
 Lysander, general of the Lacedemo- 
 nians, assisted by the power of Per- 
 sia, having vanquished Conon, and 
 brought the Athenians very low, took 
 Athens itself, demolished its walls, 
 and appointed thirty commissioners 
 to govern the state ; who, tyrannizing 
 cruelly over the citizens, were turn- 
 ed out by Thrasybulus, four years 
 after the taking of the city, and 
 Athens restored to its liberty. 
 
 25. About the same time flourished 
 Ctesias of Cnidus, who, having been 
 taken prisoner in the wars of Cyrus 
 against Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of 
 the Persians, was very honourably 
 treated by the king on account of his 
 skill in physic, and wrote the history 
 of the Persians. At the same time 
 Vived Archytas of Tarentum, and 
 
 rex Persa. Hie bellum prae- 
 clarus initium, exitus Atheni- 
 ensis calamitosus sum. Dux 
 Atheniensis sum Alcibiades, 
 Nicias, et Lamachus. 
 
 Athenae autem bonus ars 
 studium vigeo. Aristophanes, 
 Cratinus et Eupolis, comicus 
 poeta ; Sophocles et Euripides, 
 tragicus ; Praxiteles statuarius 
 insignis; Gorgias aliusque so- 
 phista quam plurimus; et So- 
 crates, philosophus parens, tuna 
 floreo. Diagoras autem, deus 
 sum negans, Athenae exulo, 
 praemium publice propositus, 
 si quis is occido. 
 
 Gallus Seno, Tarquinius 
 Priscus regnans, Italia pars, 
 qui Gallia Cisalpinus postea 
 dictus sum, Thuscus expulsus, 
 occupo. Hie, in oppugnatio 
 Clusium, Hetruscus oppidum, 
 a GL Fabius legatus populus 
 Romanus irritatus. in Roma- 
 nus arma verto, is copiae ad 
 Allia flu men caesus, urbs, 
 Brennus dux, invado, captus 
 ferrum flammaque populor. 
 Roma incensus annus post- 
 quam conditus sum 3G5. 
 
 Consimilis per is tempus 
 Athenae casus excipio. Ly- 
 sander, Lacedaemonius dux, 
 opes Persicus adjutus, cum, 
 Conon victus, Atheniensis 
 frango, ipse Athenae capio, 
 murus diruo, et triginta vir 
 respublica praepono; qui hi 
 civis crudeliter grassans, a 
 Thrasybulus, quartus post urbs 
 captus annus, ejectus sum, et 
 liberias Athenae restitntus. 
 
 Sub idem tempus floreo Cte- 
 sias Cnidius, qui, bellum Cyrus 
 contra Artaxerxes Mnemon, 
 Persa rex, captus, propter me- 
 dendum scientia, magnus in 
 honor ab rex rum habitus, et 
 Persa scribo historia. Idem 
 tempestas Archytas Tarenti- 
 n us, itemque Antisthenes, Aris- 
 
CHAP, vm, 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 233 
 
 likewise Antisthenes, Aristippus, 
 Xenophon, Plato, Isocrates, disci- 
 ples of Socrates. 
 
 26. In those times flourished seve- 
 ral famous generals; at Athens, 
 Iphicrates, Chabrias, Thrasybulus, 
 and Timotheus; amongst the The- 
 bans, Pelopidas, and Epaminondas, 
 a man of an illustrious character, 
 not only for military glory, but like- 
 wise for his skill in philosophy, and 
 integrity of life. 
 
 27. At Rome, Camillus, created 
 dictator in his absence, having rais- 
 ed an army, advanced to the city, 
 expelled the Gauls, and utterly de- 
 stroyed their whole army. Rome 
 within a year, by the generous acti- 
 vity of Camillus, was reared up 
 anew. Lucius Sextius, who, after a 
 long dispute, was the first consul 
 made from among the plebeians, put 
 an end to the creation of military 
 tribunes. A city Praetor, and two 
 Curule Aediles, were created. 
 
 28. Epaminondas, having cut off 
 Cleombrotus, king of the Lacedemo- 
 nians, together with his army, at 
 Leuctra, fell in battle, fighting with 
 great bravery against Agesilaus, at 
 Mantinea. With him fell the glory 
 of the Thebans. The martial cha- 
 racter of the Lacedemonians like- 
 wise died, upon the introducing of 
 gold, and along with it avarice, by 
 their general Lysander. 
 
 29. From the Greeks the martial 
 spirit passed to the Carthaginians, 
 who subdued Sardinia with their 
 arms; and having vanquished Dio- 
 nysius, tyrant of Syracuse, took se- 
 veral towns from the Syracusans. 
 Not long after, Dionysius being kill- 
 ed by his subjects, left the sovereign- 
 ty to his son Dionysius ; who bekg 
 at last driven from Syracuse for his 
 unparalleled extravagance, by Dion 
 the disciple of Plato, set up a school 
 at Corinth ; whilst Isocrates, Demos- 
 thenes' master, as yet taught rheto- 
 ric at Athens. 
 
 30. The arts of war in the mean 
 time were in great lustre at Rome. 
 T. Manlius, upon a challenge in the 
 Gallic war, slew a Gaul of prodi- 
 
 X 
 
 tippus, Xenophon, Plato, Iso- 
 crates, Socrates discipulus, ex- 
 isto. 
 
 Clarus quoque per idem tem- 
 pus imperator existo; Athenae 
 quidem, Iphicrates, Chabrias, 
 Thrasybulus, et Timotheus; 
 apud Thebanus, Pelopidas, e*" 
 Epaminondas, vir, non solum 
 res militaris gloria, sed etiam 
 philosophia laus, et vita inte- 
 gritas, illustris. 
 
 Camillus Roma, dictator ab- 
 sens factus, colleetus copiae, 
 urbs advenio, Gall usque inde 
 abjicio, et universus is exerci- 
 tus penitus deleo. Roma in- 
 tra annus, Camillus benefi- 
 cium, novus urbs sto. Lucius 
 Sextius, post longus certamen, 
 primus e plebs consul factus, 
 finis tribunus miles creandus 
 atfero. Praetor urbanus, et 
 Aedilis Curulis duo creo. 
 
 Epaminondas, Lacedaemo- 
 nius rex Cleombrotus cum ex- 
 ercitus ad Leuctra caesus, ad 
 Mantinea cum Agesilaus forti- 
 ter pugnan* cado. Cum is The- 
 banus virtus occido. Lacc- 
 daemonius quoque laas belli- 
 cus concido, invectus a Lysan- 
 der dux, cum aurum, avaritia. 
 
 A Graecv.s adCarthaginien- 
 sis beilicus virtus transeo, qui 
 Sardinia arma domo ; et Dio- 
 nysius, Syracusae tyrannus, 
 superatus, multus Siculus op- 
 pidum adimo. Haud ita mul- 
 to post, Dionysius interfectus 
 a suus, tyrannis Dionysius fi- 
 lms relinquo; is, ob singularis 
 nequitia, demum a Dion, Pla- 
 to auditor, ejectus Syracusae, 
 ludus aperio Corinthus; do- 
 cens etiam turn Athenae rhe- 
 torica Isocrates, magister De- 
 mosthenes. 
 
 Roma interea ars beilicus 
 eniteo. T. Manlius, bellum 
 Gallicus Gallus eximius pro- 
 ceritas in oculus uterque exer* 
 
 \ 
 
234 ANCIENT HISTORY chap, vm, 
 
 gious stature in the face of both ar- citus, ex provocatio, occido, 
 mies, and was called Torquatus, from et ex torquis qui Gallus cervix 
 the chain which he took from the detraho, Torquatus dictussuin. 
 Gaul's neck. Valerius too killed a Valerius item Gallus par mag- 
 Gaul of like size, by the assistance nitudo obtrunco, corvus prae- 
 of a raven, which perching on his sidium, qui in is galea insi- 
 helmet, had annoyed his antagonist dens, hostis ala rostrumque 
 with his wings and beak, and got the terreo, et cognomen Corvinus 
 surname of Corvinas. adipiscor. 
 
 31. Alexander the Great was born Annus post Roma conditus 
 at Pella, a town of Macedonia, in 392, Olympias 106, et ante 
 the year after the building of Rome Christus natus 356, in oppi- 
 392, in the 106th Olympiad, and be- dum Macedonia Pella, Alex- 
 fore the birth of Christ 356; his fa- ander Magnus natus bum; qui 
 ther Philip, king of the Macedoni- pater Philippus, rex Macedo, 
 ans, subdued the Illyrians, took se- lllyriussubigo, multusde Athe- 
 veral cities from the Athenians and niensis aliusque Graecus urbs 
 other Greeks, and would have made capio, totusque Graecia poti- 
 himself master of all Greece, had he tus sum, nisi Demosthenes 
 not been opposed by Demosthenes orator adversarius habeo. De- 
 the orator. Finally, being created nique, ad bellum Persicus ad- 
 general of Greece, for managing the ministrandus Graecia dux cre- 
 Persian w r ar, he was slain by Pausa- atus, a Pausanias, qui injuria 
 nias, whose ill usage he had neglect- vindico negligo, interficio, 
 ed to revenge, in the reign of Ochus, Ochus rex Persa. 
 
 king of the Persians. 
 
 32. In the mean time, the war with Samniticus, interim, bellum 
 the Samniies proved very grievous existo sane gravis ac diutur- 
 and lasting. War was declared nus. Pro Carnpanus, qui sui 
 against the Samnites in favour of the in fides populus Romanus tra- 
 Campani, who had put themselves* do, bellum Samnis indictus, 
 under the protection of the Roman ac varie gestus sum. Lati- 
 people, and was carried on with va- nus bellum accedo ; qui bel- 
 
 -rious success. To it was added the lum, T. Manlius Torquatus, 
 
 war with the Latins ; in which war, consul, filius, quod contra edic- 
 
 T. Manlius Torquatus, the consul, turn cum hostis pugno, secu- 
 
 beheaded his own son, for engag- ris percutio. Idem bellum 
 
 ing the enemy contrary to orders. Decius Mus, inclinatus acies 
 
 In the same war Decius Mus, upon Romanus, sui pro exercitus 
 
 the Roman troops giving ground, de- devoveo. Navis Antiates bel- 
 
 voted himself for the army. The lum captus, Roma subductus 
 
 ships of the Antiates taken during sum, atque is rostrum sugges- 
 
 the war, were brought to Rome, and turn in Forum extructus ador- 
 
 with their beaks the gallery in the no; Diogenes Cynicus, Antis- 
 
 Forum was adorned ; whilst Dk>- thenes, Aristoteles, Xenocra- 
 
 genes the Cynic, and scholar of An- tes, Speusippus, Plato audit 
 
 tisthenes, also Aristotle, Xenocrates, or, docens in Graecia. 
 Speusippus, disciples of Plato, taught 
 in Greece. 
 
 33. Alexander the Great in his Alexander Magnus puer 
 youth studied under Aristotle ; while Aristoteles opera do; adoles- 
 yet very young he conquered the centulus Illyricus Thraxque 
 Thracians and Illyrians, destroyed perdomo, Thebae everto, A- 
 Thebes, and received Athens upon thenae in deditio accipio. In- 
 surrender. After this, supported by de, junctus Thessalus Grae- 
 
CHAP. IX. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 235 
 
 the confederate arms of the Greeks 
 and Thessalians, he passes over into 
 Asia to the Persian war. He defeats 
 Darus Codomannus, king of the 
 Persians, first at Granicus, and a se- 
 cond time at Issus. 
 
 34. Moreover, Alexander having 
 \aken Tyre, invaded Judea. But 
 *eing received in a friendly manner 
 it Jerusalem by Jaddus the high 
 priest, he offered sacrifices in the 
 lemple. Having made himself mas- 
 ter of Egypt, he builds the city of 
 Alexandria, calling it by his own 
 name. In fine, he passes the Eu- 
 phrates, conquers Darius a third time 
 at Arbela, and having taken Baby- 
 lon, transfers the empire from the 
 Persians to the Macedonians, in the 
 fourth year of his reign, in the 112th 
 Olympiad, in the year of Rome 418, 
 and before Christ 330. 
 
 * 
 
 CHAP. I 
 
 cusque arma adjutus, ad Per- 
 sic us bellum in Asia trajicio. 
 Darius Codomannus, Persa 
 rex, primo ad Granicus, ite- 
 rum ad Issus supero. 
 
 Alexander, porro, captus Ty- 
 rus, Judaea invado. Sed Hie- 
 rosolyma ab Jaddus summus 
 sacerdos amice acceptus. in 
 templum victima immolo. Ae- 
 gyptus potitus, Alexandria urbs 
 a sui conditus, ex suus nomen 
 appello. Denique Euphrates 
 transeo, Darius tertio ad Arbe- 
 la vinco, et, Babylon captus, 
 imperium a Persa ad Macedo 
 traduco, annus regnum quar- 
 tus, Olympias 112, annus Ro- 
 ma 418, et ante Christus 330. 
 
 From the overthrow of the Persian en 
 last successor of Alexander the Grec 
 when Rome became the mistress of the 
 
 The Macedonian empire being 
 thus erected, Alexander marches in- 
 to India, and, after conquering many 
 nations, returns to Babylon ; where 
 he died, in the 12th year of his reign, 
 being 33 years old, in the year be- 
 fore the birth of Christ 323. In his 
 reign flourished the historians Theo- 
 pompus, Megasthenes, and Hecatae- 
 us. 
 
 2. Upon the demise of Alexander, 
 many princes started up in the room 
 of one. Ptolemy, the son of » Lagus, 
 called also Ptolemy Soter, reigned 
 in Egypt, Eumenes in Cappadocia, 
 Antigonus in Asia, Lysimachus in 
 Thrace, Seleucus at Babylon. Cas- 
 sander having put to death Alexan- 
 der's son, and his mother Olympias, 
 seized upon the kingdom of Macedo- 
 nia. At the same time Menander, 
 the comic poet, Crantor, the disciple 
 of Xenocrates, and Crates of Dio- 
 genes, Epicurus, and Zeno, the fa- 
 ther of the Stoics, as also Theophras- 
 tus, were in great reputa ion. 
 
 ipire to the defeat of Perseus, the 
 j in Greece, by Aernilius Paulus, 
 world ; comprehending 163 years. 
 
 Macedonicus imperium ita 
 constitutes, Alexander in In- 
 dia pergo, et, multus natio de- 
 victus, Babylon revertor; ubi, 
 annus 33 natus, excedo e vita, 
 annus regnum 12, et ante 
 Christus natus 323. Is reg- 
 nans, Theopompus, Megas- 
 thenes, et Hecataeus, histori- 
 cus, floreo. 
 
 Alexander mortuus, multus 
 pro unus rex existo. Ptole- 
 maeus, Lagus fit i us, Ptolemae- 
 us Soter etiam dictus, in Ae- 
 gyptus, Eumenes in Cappado- 
 cia, Antigonus in Asia, Lysi- 
 machus in Thracia, Seleucus 
 Babylon, regno. Cassander, 
 Alexander Alius ac mater 
 Olympias interfectus, regnum 
 Macedonia occupo. Idem 
 tempestas, Menander, comi- 
 cus poeta, Crantor Xenocra- 
 tes, et Crates Diogenes disci- 
 pulus, Epicurus, et Zeno, Stoi- 
 cus parens, itemque Theo- 
 phrastus, nomen habeo. 
 
236 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. IX, 
 
 2. About the time of Alexander's 
 death, Appius Claudius, the censor, 
 paved the Appian way at Rome. 
 About the same time the Tarentine 
 war was kindled up, occasioned by 
 their insulting the Roman ambassa- 
 dors. In which war the integrity 
 and courage of Curius and Fabri- 
 cius, with respect to Pyrrhus king of 
 Epire, who had come to the assist- 
 ance of the Tarentines, were re- 
 markably eminent. Curius Denta- 
 lus having defeated him in battle, 
 drove him at last out of Italy, and 
 forced the Tarentines to surrender, 
 about 483 years after the building of 
 the city. 
 
 4. After the death of Alexander 
 the Great, the regal government con- 
 tinued in Egypt for the space of 
 near 275 years. Ptolemy Soter, the 
 beginning of whose reign is to be 
 computed from the year before 
 Christ 304, for the successors of Alex- 
 ander long disclaimed the title of 
 king, ruled 20 years, Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphus 38, Ptolemy Euergetes 25, 
 Ptolemy Philopater 17, Ptolemy E- 
 piphanes 24, Ptolemy Philometor 
 So, Ptolemy Physcon 29, Ptolemy 
 Lathurnus or Soter 36, Alexander 
 15, Ptolemy Auletes 14, Q.ueen Cle- 
 opatra 22. 
 
 5. Agathocles, the tyrant of Sy- 
 racuse, besieged by the Carthagi- 
 nians, passes over privately with his 
 fleet into Africa ; by which means 
 he drew off the enemy to the de- 
 fence of their own country. Hav- 
 ing made peace with the Carthagi- 
 nians, he makes himself absolute 
 master of Sicily. He was succeed- 
 ed by Hiero, who, for his great mo- 
 deration, was honoured with the ti- 
 tle of king by the Syracnsans. He 
 gave occasion to the first Punic war 
 with the Romans. 
 
 6. About 405 years after the build- 
 ing of the city, the Roman people 
 having subdued almost all Italy, pass- 
 ed over into Sicily, to succour the 
 Mamertini their allies, against Hie- 
 ro and the Carthaginians. Accord- 
 
 Roma, sub Alexander mors, 
 Appius Claudius, censor, Ap- 
 pius via sterno. Sub idem 
 tempus bellum Tarentinus, ob 
 legatus populus Romanus vio- 
 latus, excitatus sum. Qui 
 bellum adversus Pyrrhus, E- 
 pirus rex, qui Tarentinus aux- 
 ilium venio, Curius et Fabri- 
 cius integritas ac virtus eniteo 
 Curius Dentatus denique, Pyr- 
 rhus devictus, Italia expello, et 
 Tarentinus ad deditio compel- 
 lo, annus ab urbs conditus cir- 
 citer 483. 
 
 Post mors Alexander Mag- 
 nus, per spatium fere 275 an- 
 nus in Egyptus regnatur. Pto- 
 lemaeus Soter, qui regnum 
 initium ab annus ante Chris- 
 tus 304 supputandus sum, 
 Alexander enim successor a 
 nomen rex din abstineo, annus 
 20 impero, Ptolemaeus Phila- 
 delphia 38, Ptolemaeus Euer- 
 getes 25, Ptolemaeus Philopa- 
 ter 17, Ptolemaeus Epiphanes 
 24, Ptolemaeus Philometor 35, 
 Ptolemaeus Physcon 29, Pto- 
 lemaeus Lathurnus sive Soter 
 36, Alexander 15, Ptolemae- 
 us Auletes 14, Cleopatra regi- 
 na 22. 
 
 Agathocles, Syracusae ty- 
 rannus, a Poenus obsessus, oc- 
 culte cum classis trajicio in 
 Africa; ita hostis ad defen- 
 dendus patria avoco. Pax 
 cum Carthaginensis factus, Si- 
 cilia imperium potior. Hie 
 Hiero succedo, qui, propter 
 summus moderatio, rex a Sy- 
 rac usa nus a p pel 1 a t u s sum . Hie 
 primus bellum Punicus occa- 
 sio Romanus do. 
 
 Populus Romanus, annus, 
 post urbs conditus, circiier 
 495, domitus toins paene Ita- 
 lia, ut Mamertinus socius con- 
 tra Hiero et Carthaginensis 
 auxilium fero, iransmitto in 
 
CHAP. HL, 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 237 
 
 ingly the Romans, under their gene- 
 ral Appius Claudius, vanquished Hi- 
 ero; and having worsted the Car- 
 thaginians, received several towns 
 of Sicily upon surrender. After this 
 C. Duilius first gained a naval victo- 
 ry over the Carthaginians. The seat 
 of the war was immediately carried 
 into Africa, under the command of 
 Attilius Regulus. He having taken 
 Tunis, and other towns of the Car- 
 thaginians, laid siege to Carthage. 
 But being worsted by Xantippus, 
 general of the Lacedaemonians, who 
 came to the assistance of the Car- 
 thaginians, he fell into the hands of 
 his enemies. Regulus being after- 
 wards sent to Rome to negotiate a 
 peace, advised the Romans to make 
 no peace with the Carthaginians. He 
 himself returning to Carthage, in 
 consequence of the engagements he 
 had come under to the enemy, was 
 put to death in the most cruel man- 
 ner imaginable. Finally, the consul 
 Luctatius humbled the power of the 
 Carthaginians in a sea-fight, and 
 granted them a peace. The first Pu- 
 nic war being ended in the 24th year, 
 the temple of Janus was shut a se- 
 cond time. About the same time 
 the consul Marcellus, having killed 
 Viridomarus, king of the Insubres, 
 with his own hand, was the third 
 that presented the opima spolia to 
 Jupiter. C. Flaminius the censor 
 paved the Flaminian way. 
 
 7. In Greece, Aratus, Cleanthes, 
 and Chrysippus, disciples of Zeno, 
 Arcesilas too, and Demetrius Phale- 
 reus, the scholar of Theophrastus, 
 left illustrious monuments of their 
 parts and learning, during the reign 
 of Ptolemy Philadelphus in Egypt, 
 who furnished the famous library at 
 Alexandria ; and, in order to render 
 it the more complete, procured the 
 sacred books from Eleazar, the high 
 priest of Jerusalem, and caused them 
 to be translated into Greek, in the 
 year before Christ 277. In the mean 
 time the Parthians revolted from the 
 dominion of the Macedonians. Ar- 
 saces was the first king of Parthia ; 
 
 Sicilia. Romanus igitur, Ap- 
 pius Claudius dux, Hiero vin- 
 co ; et, Poenus profligatus, op- 
 pidum Sicilia complures in de- 
 ditio accipio. C. Duilius inde 
 victoria navalis de Poenus pri- 
 mus reporto. Mox, Atilius 
 Regulus imperator, bellum in 
 Africa transeo. Is, Tunetum 
 aliusque Poenus oppidum cap- 
 tus, Carthago obsideo. Ve- 
 rum a Xantippus, Lacedae- 
 monius dux, qui Poenus sub- 
 sidium venio, victus, in po- 
 testas hostis venio. Roma 
 postea Regulus missus de pax 
 petendus, Romanus suadeo, 
 ne pax cum Poenus fio. Ipse, 
 ne datus hostis fides fallo, Car- 
 thago reversus, omnis crucia- 
 tus neco. Luctatius denique, 
 consul, navalis praelium Car- 
 thaginiensis opes frango, pax- 
 que do. Bellum primus Pu- 
 nicus vigesimus quartus annus 
 confectus, Janus iterum clau- 
 sus sum. Per idem tempus 
 Marcellus consul, Viridoma- 
 rus, Insubres rex, suus manus 
 interfectus, tertius spolium 
 opimus Jupiter fero. C. Fla- 
 minius, censor, via Flaminius 
 munio. 
 
 In Graecia, Aratus, Clean- 
 thes, et Chrysippus, Zeno au- 
 ditor, Arcesilas qnoque, et De- 
 metrius Phalereus, Theophras- 
 tus discipulus, praeclarus in- 
 genium ac doctrina monumen- 
 tum relinquo, regnans in Ae- 
 gyptus Ptolemaeus Philadel- 
 phus, qui celeberrimus Alex- 
 andria bibliotheca instruo; et, 
 ut sum cumulatus, ab Eleaza- 
 rus, summus pontifex Hiero- 
 solyma, sacer liber impetro, et 
 Graece vertendus euro, annus 
 ante Christus 277. Interea 
 Parthus a Macedo imperium 
 deficio. Primus in Parthia reg- 
 
228 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 HAP. IX. 
 
 from him the other kings of the 
 Parthians were called Arsacidae. 
 
 8. The tranquillity of Rome, after 
 the first Punic war, lasted scarce 24 
 years. Saguntum, a city in Spain, 
 in alliance with the Roman people, 
 having been destroyed by Annibal 
 the Carthaginian general, gave rise 
 to the second Punic war. Annibal 
 leaving his brother Asdrubal in 
 Spain, marches over the Alps into 
 Italy. Cornelius Scipio meets him at 
 Ticinum ; but narrowly escaped him- 
 self, with the loss of his army. Fla- 
 minius, with a more terrible stroke, 
 is cut off with his army by Annibal 
 at the lake Thrasymene. Q,. Fabius 
 Maximus checked the enemy's ca- 
 reer a little by waving battle ; hence 
 he was called Cunctator. But a sig- 
 nal overthrow was received at Can- 
 nae, a village of Apulia, by the rash- 
 ness of Terentius Varro. So great 
 was the number of the slain, that a 
 bushel of gold rings, which had been 
 taken from the hands of the Roman 
 knights, was sent to Carthage. But 
 the following year, M. Claudius 
 Marcellus, fighting a successful bat- 
 tle at Note, made it appear that An- 
 nibal could be conquered. 
 
 9. Hieronymus, the son of Hiero, 
 king of Syracuse, had revolted to 
 Annibal. Whereupon the consul 
 Marcellus made war upon the Syra- 
 cusans, and takes the city of Syra- 
 cuse by surprise in the night, which 
 had been long defended, no less by 
 the inventions of Archimedes, than 
 the arms of the citizens. The mo- 
 deration of the conqueror heighten- 
 ed the glory of the conquest. He 
 spared the city and the inhabitants. 
 In fine, Laevinus made Sicily the 
 first province of the Roman people. 
 
 10. Cornelius Scipio, yet very 
 young, is sent into Spain by the Ro- 
 mans. He takes New Carthage, and 
 drives Asdrubal out of Spain. There 
 too he struck up a league with Masi- 
 nissa. But Claudius Nero cut off 
 Asdrubal at the river Metaurus, as 
 he was going into Italy to join for- 
 ces with his brother Annibal. And 
 Scipio passed over into Africa, on 
 
 no Arsaces; unde caeter Par- 
 thus rex Arsacidae diclus. 
 
 Roma, post primus bellum 
 Punicus, vix 24 annus requies. 
 Saguntum, urbs in Hispania, 
 amicus populus Roman us, ab 
 Annibal, Poenus dux, deletus, 
 secundus bellum Punicus prin- 
 cipium sum. Annibal, Asdru- 
 bal frater in Hispania rel ictus, 
 per Alpes in Italia descendo. 
 Is Cornelius Scipio ad Tici- 
 num occurro; sed, amissus ex- 
 ercitus, ipse aegre evado. Fla- 
 minius deterior exitus ab An- 
 nibal ad lacus Thrasymenus 
 cum exercitus caedo. Q.. Fa- 
 bius Maximus hostis cunctan- 
 dum nonnihil reprimo; unde 
 ipse Cunctator diclus sum. 
 Sed Terentius Vario temeri- 
 tas insignis ad Cannae, Apu- 
 lia vicus, clades acceptus. 
 Caesus multitudo tantus sum, 
 ut aureus annulus, qui Roma- 
 nus eques man us detract us 
 sum, modius Carthago mitto. 
 At annus sequens, M. Claudius 
 Marcellus, ad Nola secundus 
 praelium factus, doceo Anni- 
 bal possum supero. 
 
 Hieronymus, Hiero films, 
 Syracusae rex, ad Annibal de- 
 scisco. Cluare Marcellus con- 
 sul Syracusanus bellum infe- 
 ro, urbs Syracusae, non minus 
 Archimedes ingenium, quam 
 civis arma, diu defensus, noc- 
 tu de improviso capio. Vic- 
 toria gloria augeo moderatio 
 victor. Urbs et civis parco. 
 Laevinus denique Sicilia pri- 
 mus populus Romanus provin- 
 cia facio. 
 
 Cornelius Scipio, adhuc ado- 
 lescentulus, a Romanus in His- 
 pania mitto. Is Carthago No- 
 vus capio, et Asdrubal ex His- 
 pania fugo. Foedus quoque 
 ibi cum Masinissa ftrio. At 
 Claudius Nero Asdrubal, in 
 Italia ad conjm.gendus cum 
 frater Annibal copiae veniens, 
 ad Metaurus tinmen, opprimo. 
 
CHAP. IX. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 239 
 
 design to draw off the enemy, who 
 still kept fast by Italy. He cuts off 
 Hanno the general of the Carthagi- 
 nians with his army, and having con- 
 quered Syphax their ally in battle, 
 took him prisoner. 
 
 11. In the 16th year of the war, 
 Annibal was recalled into Africa, by 
 the Carthaginians. He encounters 
 Scipio ; being defeated, makes his 
 escape from the battle, and giving 
 up all for lost, flies into Asia. Car- 
 thage was entirely subdued in the 
 year of Rome 560, just 188 years be- 
 fore the birth of Christ. 
 
 12. From Africa, Scipio got the 
 surname of Africanus, being the first 
 that was dignified with the name of 
 a vanquished nation. He greatly 
 honoured Ennius the epic poet, with 
 whom the comedians Naevius, Cae- 
 cilius, Plautus, are reckoned nearly 
 contemporary. 
 
 13. The peace with Carthage was 
 succeeded by the Macedonian war, 
 which was undertaken for the Athe- 
 nians their allies, and carried on with 
 various success for ten years. At 
 last this war was ended by Ctuinc- 
 tius Flaminius, by the entire con- 
 quest of Philip king of Macedonia, 
 and liberty restored to all Greece, 
 in the year of the city 552. 
 
 14. After this Antiochus, king of 
 Syria and Asia, made war upon the 
 Romans, at the instigation of Anni- 
 bal. But Antiochus being defeated 
 both by sea and land, by L. Scipio, 
 sued for peace ; which was granted 
 him on these terms : That he should 
 quit all Asia, and surrender up Anni- 
 bal ; who, to prevent his falling into 
 the hands of his enemies, swallowed 
 poison, and died, in the year of the 
 city 581. From Asia L. Scipio re- 
 ceived the surname of Asiaticus. In 
 those times Livy the writer of trage- 
 dies was accounted famous. 
 
 15. About the same time, M. Ful- 
 vius having taken Ambracia, the re- 
 sidence of Pyrrhus king of the Epi- 
 rots, conquered the Aetolians ; L. 
 Posthumius Albinus subdued the Lu- 
 sitani, Appius Pulcher the Istri ; Ae- 
 milius Paulus reduced Perseus king 
 
 Scipio autem, ut haerens Ita- 
 lia hostis abstraho, transmitto 
 in Africa. Hanno Poenus dux 
 cum exercitus caedo; Syphax 
 is socius, acies victus, capio. 
 
 Annibal a Carthaginiensis, 
 annus bellum 16, in Africa re- 
 voco. Signum cum Scipio 
 confero; victus, e praelium fu- 
 gio; res desperatus, in Asia 
 profugio. Carthago penitus 
 subactus annus post Roma con- 
 ditus 560, ante Christus natus 
 omnino 188. 
 
 Scipio, ex Africa, Africanus 
 cognomen deporto, primus no- 
 men devictus a sui gens nobi- 
 litatus. Idem Ennius poeta 
 epicus in honor habeo, qui 
 Naevius, Caecilius, Plautus, 
 comicus, fere acqualis nume- 
 ro. 
 
 Pax Punicus bellum Mace- 
 donicus excipio, qui pro Athe- 
 niensis amicus susceptus, per 
 decern annus varie gero. De- 
 nique a Gtninctius Flaminius 
 Philippus Macedonia rex de- 
 bellatus, hie bellum confectus 
 sum, et Graecia universus li- 
 bertas restitutus, annus ab urbs 
 conditus 552. 
 
 Antiochus deinde, rex Asia 
 ac Syria, Annibal impulsus, 
 bellum Romanus infero. Ve- 
 rum a Lucius Scipio terra 
 mareque Antiochus superatus, 
 pax peto; qui hie conditio da- 
 tus : Ut Asia excedo, et Anni- 
 bal dedo; qui, ne in hostis po- 
 testas venio, haustus venenum 
 intereo, annus urbs 581. L. 
 Scipio ex Asia cognomen A- 
 siaticus refero. Hie tempus 
 Livius tragoedia scriptor cla- 
 rus habeo/ 
 
 Sub idem tempus M. Ful- 
 vius, captus Ambracia, Pyr- 
 rhus rex Epirota sedes, Aetolus 
 domo; L. Posthumius Albi- 
 nus Lusitanus, Appius Pulcher 
 Ister snbigo ; Aemilius Pau- 
 lus, Perseus Macedonia rex, 
 
240 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. X, 
 
 of Macedon, the last successor of 
 Alexander the Great in Greece, and 
 led him in triumph to Rome, in the 
 year of the city 581, and before 
 Christ 1G7. Rome now began to be 
 accounted the mistress of the world. 
 
 16. Much about the same time 
 bloody wars were carried on in Ju-. 
 dea by the Maccabees, against An- 
 tiochus and Demetrius, with various 
 success. 
 
 ultimus in Graecia Alexander 
 Magnus successor, debello, ai- 
 que in triumphus Roma duco, 
 annus urbs 581, et ante Chris- 
 tus 167. Roma jam terra or- 
 bis domina habeo coepi. 
 
 Idem fere tempus, atrox bel- 
 lumin Judaea, a Maccabaeus, 
 contra Antiochus et Demetri- 
 us, varie gestus sum. 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 From the defeat of Perseus to the birth of Christ, or the beginning oj t/ie 
 Christian era\ including 167 years. 
 
 The Carthaginians, disregarding 
 treaties, and making war upon Ma- 
 sin issa, gave occasion to the third 
 Punic war. Wherefore, by the per- 
 suasion of M. Cato, a war is com- 
 menced against them. At last, be- 
 ing quite vanquished, in the fourth 
 year of it, by P. Scipio, they surren- 
 dered themselves at discretion. Car- 
 thage was levelled with the ground, 
 after it had stood above 700 years, 
 in the year from the buildingof Rome 
 602. The same Scipio made Panae- 
 tius the philosopher, Polybius the his- 
 torian, Terence the comic poet, his 
 intimate friends. These gentlemen 
 in their old age were succeeded tw 
 Pacuvius and Accius, tragic poets, 
 and Aristarchus the grammarian. 
 
 2. About these times *the Corin- 
 thians had beaten the ambassadors 
 of the Roman people, and engaged 
 the Achaeans to join them as con- 
 federates in the war. Whereupon L. 
 Mummius the consul, having receiv- 
 ed Achaia upon surrender, destroy- 
 ed Corinth, after it had stood 952 
 years, in the year of Rome 602. 
 About the same time Q.. Fabius in a 
 great measure recovered Lusitania, 
 which had been seized upon by Vi- 
 riatus the robber. P. Scipio too, 14 
 years after the destruction of Car- 
 thage, razed Numantia in Spain, with 
 the same army which had before 
 been often routed by the Numan- 
 tians. Of such importance was a 
 general and discipline. 
 
 Carthaginiensis, neglectus 
 foedus, bellumque Masinissa 
 illatus, tertius bellum Punicus 
 occasio do. Itaque is, suasor 
 M. Cato, bellum infero. Q,uar- 
 tus demum annus a P. Scipio 
 debellatus, deditio facio. Car- 
 thago solum aequo, cum jam 
 sto annus amplius septingenti, 
 annus a Roma conditus 602. 
 Idem Scipio Panaetius philo- 
 sophus, Polybius historicus, 
 Terentius comicus poeta, fa- 
 miliaris habeo. Hie senex suc- 
 cedo Pacuvius et Accius, tra- 
 gicus poeta, et Aristarchus 
 grammaticus. 
 
 Connthus sub is tempus le- 
 gatus populus Romanus pulso, 
 et Achaeus sui bellum socius 
 adjungo. Itaque L. Mummius 
 consul, Achaia in deditio ac- 
 ceptus, Corinthus, cum jam 
 annus 952 sto, deleo, annus 
 Roma 602. Per idem tempus 
 Q. Fabius Lucitania, a Viria- 
 tus latro occupatus, magnus ex 
 pars recipio. P. Scipio quo- 
 que, decimus quartus annus 
 post Carthago eversus, Nu- 
 mantia in Hispania everto, 
 idem exercitus qui a Numan- 
 tinus saepius fugatus antea 
 sum. Tan turn valeo dux H 
 disciplina. 
 
CHAP. X. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 21! 
 
 3. A bloody sedition, in the mean 
 time, broke out at Rome. Tib. Sem- 
 pronius Gracchus embroiled the 
 state, by preferring the agrarian law, 
 forbidding any person to possess 
 above 500 acres of land. Whereup- 
 on he was killed in the capitol by 
 Scipio Nasica. And not long after, 
 his brother C. Gracchus, attempting 
 the same, was slain by L. Opimius 
 the consul, and together with him 
 Fulvins Flaccus, a gentleman of con- 
 sular dignity. About the same time, 
 Attains, king of Phrygia, made the 
 Roman people his heir, in the year 
 of the city 615. 
 
 4. One Eunus, a Syrian, having 
 broken prison in Sicily, and drawn 
 together a vast multitude of slaves 
 from the country, gave the Roman 
 commanders several great over- 
 throws. At last he was routed by 
 P. Rupilius the consul, in the year 
 of the city G17. Then flourished 
 Lucilius the satirist. 
 
 5. After this the Jugurthine war 
 broke out. Jugurtha, king of Nu- 
 midia, and grandson of Masinissa, 
 had dispossessed his brothers, the 
 sons of Micipsa, of their kingdom. 
 The lat:er implored the protection 
 of the Roman people. Accordingly 
 war is waged with Jugurtha; who 
 being at last driven from his domin- 
 ions by C. Marius, fled to Bocchus, 
 king of Mauritania ; by him he was 
 delivered up bound to L. Sylla, Ma- 
 rius' quaestor, much about the same 
 time that Cicero was born, in the 
 year after the building of the city 
 043. Marius, continuing several 
 years in the consulship, cut off the 
 Cimbri, Teutones, and other barba- 
 rous nations, who were breaking in 
 upon Italy. 
 
 G. In the mean time, fresh disturb- 
 ances broke out at Rome. Satur- 
 ninus, a tribune of the people, a tur- 
 bulent fellow, exasperated the senate 
 against him, by forcibly passing the 
 agrarian law. Whereupon he was 
 murdered in a concourse of the Pa- 
 tricians rushing upon him. Soon af- 
 ter Livius Drusus, attempting the 
 
 Roma, interea, atrox sedilio 
 ortus sum. Tib. Sempronius 
 Gracchus, agrarius lex latus, 
 ne quis amplius quingenti ager 
 jugerum possideo, respublica 
 turbo. Itaque a Scipio Nasi- 
 ca in capitolium caedo. Kec 
 multo post, C. Gracchus fra- 
 ter, idem conatus, a L. Opi- 
 mius consul obtrunco, et una 
 cum is Fulvius Flaccus consu- 
 laris. Per idem tempus Atta- 
 lus, rex Phrygia, moriens, po- 
 pulus Romanus instituo heres, 
 annus urbs 615. 
 
 Eunus quidam, Syrus, ef- 
 fractus in Sicilia ergastulum, 
 contractusque agrestis servi- 
 tium ingens manus, clades im- 
 perator Romanus magnus et 
 multus infero. Ad ultimum, 
 a P. Rupilius consul profliga- 
 tus sum, annus urbs 617, vi- 
 gens satiricus poeta Lucilius. 
 
 Jugurthinus bellum inde ex- 
 ortus sum. Jugurtha, Numi- 
 dia rex, Masinissa nepos, fra- 
 ter, Micipsa Alius, regnumeji- 
 cio. Hie populus Romanus 
 fides imploro. Itaque Jugur- 
 tha bellum infero; qui deni- 
 que regnum pulsus a C. Ma- 
 rius, ad Bocchus, Mauritania 
 rex, confugio ; ab is L. Sylla, 
 quaestor Marius, vinctus tra- 
 do, idem fere tempus qui na- 
 tus sum Cicero, annus post 
 urbs conditus 643. Marius, 
 continuatus per complures an- 
 nus consulatus, Cimbri, Ten- 
 tones, aliusque barbarus natio, 
 in Italia irrumpens, delco. 
 
 Novus interim turba Roma 
 exortus sum. Saturninus, tri- 
 bunus plebs, homo turbulentus, 
 agrarius lex per vis latus, sena- 
 tus in sui concito. Itaque, con- 
 cursus in is optimates factus, 
 neco. Idem paulo post Livius 
 Drusus magnus opes conatus, 
 domus suus occisus sum. 
 
ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 same thing with a greater power, 
 was assassinated at his own house. 
 
 7. After this the social war was 
 lightel up in Italy. The Marsi, Pi- 
 centes, Peligni, Samnites, Lucani, 
 and other nations of Italy, finding 
 they could not obtain the freedom 
 of the city by gentle methods, endea- 
 voured to compass it by force of 
 arms. At last being conquered by 
 Cn. Pompey, and other command- 
 ers, they sued for peace. Together 
 with the peace, the freedom of the 
 city was spontaneously conferred on 
 them. About the same time, Aris- 
 tobulus, the high priest, received the 
 ensigns of royalty, in Judea, almost 
 482 years after Zedekiah the last 
 king of Judea. 
 
 8. Mithridates, king of Pontus, had 
 dispossessed Ariobarzanes, king of 
 Cappadocia, and Nicomedes king of 
 Bithynia, ailies of the Roman peo- 
 ple, of their respective kingdoms. 
 War was declared against him under 
 the conduct of L. Sylla. Upon this 
 a civil war was kindled up in Italy: 
 C. Marius, envying Sylla, his old 
 lieutenant, so large a field of glory, 
 brought it about by means of Sulpi- 
 tius, a tribune of the people, that the 
 management of the war was com- 
 mitted to himself. Upon this head, 
 Marius being forced from the city by 
 Sylla, withdrew into Africa. Sylla, 
 marching into Asia, fought with 
 great success against Mithridates. 
 He recovered Bithynia, Cappadocia, 
 and Asia, in the year of the city 663. 
 
 9. Marius, in the mean time, by 
 the assistance of L. Cinna the con- 
 sul, breaks into Rome with an army. 
 Sylla brings over his victorious for- 
 ces out of Asia, and having van- 
 quished Marius' party, fills the city 
 and Italy with slaughter and blood- 
 shed, the proscription of citizens 
 being then first set on foot. Sylla, 
 about four years after, consumed of 
 the lousy disease, died in the year 
 of the city 671. 
 
 10. Sertorius, a general of the Ma- 
 rian faction, had seized upon Spain, 
 and concluded an alliance with Mi- 
 
 Socialis deinde bellum ar- 
 deo coepi Italia. Marsi, Pi- 
 centes, Peligni, Samnites, Lu- 
 cani, aliusque populus Italia, 
 cum civitas impetro non pos- 
 sum, arma extorqueo tento. 
 Denique a Cn. Pompeius ali- 
 usque imperator domitus, pax 
 peto. Civitas ultro cum pax 
 datus. In Judaea per idem 
 tempus Aristobulus, pontifex 
 maximus, regius insigne acci- 
 pio, annus post Zedechias, nl- 
 timus Judaea rex, prope 482. 
 
 Mithridates, rex Pontus, Ari- 
 obarzanes Cappadocia, et Ni- 
 comedes Bithynia, rex, ami- 
 cus populus Romanus, regnum 
 suus exturbo. Is bellum indic- 
 tus, dux L. Sylla. Ex is civi- 
 lis bellum in Italia cxcitatus 
 sum : C. Marius, tantus gloria 
 seges Sylla, legatus olim suus. 
 invidens, ago per Sulpitius, tri- 
 bunus plebs, ut is bellum sui 
 mando. Is ob res Marius urbs 
 pulsus a Sylla, secedo in Afri- 
 ca. Sylla in Asia profectus 
 adversus Mithridates, bene 
 pugno. Bithynia, Cappado- 
 cia, Asia, recipio, annus urbs 
 663. 
 
 Interea, Marius, L. Cinna 
 consul adjuvans, Rcma cum 
 copiae irrumpo. Sylla victor 
 exercitus ex Asia transporto, 
 et profligalus Marianus pars, 
 urbs et Italia strages compleo, 
 proscriptio civis turn prim una 
 inductus. Sylla, quatuor ex- 
 inde circiter annus, pedicula- 
 ris morbus confectus, intereo, 
 annus urbs 671. 
 
 Sertorius, Marianus pars 
 dux, Hispania occupo, socie- 
 tasque cum Mithridates coeo. 
 
CHAP. X, 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 243 
 
 thridates. &. Metellus and Cn. Pom- 
 pey waged war against him with va- 
 rious success. At last Sertorius be- 
 ing murdered by his own men, Spain 
 was recovered, in the year of the ci- 
 ty 675. 
 
 11. At the same time slaves and 
 pirates raised disturbances. One 
 Spartacus, with above 70 gladiators, 
 having made his escape from a fenc- 
 ing school at Capua, and drawn to- 
 gether a numerous body of forces, 
 routed the Roman armies several 
 times. At last he was cut off by M. 
 Crassus. And Cn. Pompey, after- 
 wards called Pompey the Great, sub- 
 dued the pirates, who, at the instiga- 
 tion of Mithridates, infested the seas, 
 in the year of the city 682. 
 
 12. Mithridates having been rein- 
 forced with fresh succours, renewed 
 the war in Asia. Lucullus, after he 
 had brought him very low by seve- 
 ral battles, hemmed him in within 
 Pontus. At the same time Metellus, 
 having reduced the island of Crete 
 under the dominion of the Roman 
 people, was named Creticus. After 
 this Cn. Pompey stripped Mithridates 
 of his kingdom ; and admitted Ti- 
 granes, his confederate in the war, 
 to a surrender; taking from him Sy- 
 ria and Phoenicia. He reduced Pon- 
 tus into the form of a province, in 
 the year of the city 684. 
 
 13. Aristobulus and Hyrcanus, the 
 sons of Alexander, king of the Jews, 
 disputing about the succession to the 
 crown, Pompey came into Judea in 
 the character of an umpire, to de- 
 cide their differences ; but being pro- 
 voked by Aristobulus, he takes Jeru- 
 salem by storm, demolishes the walls, 
 enters the holy recesses of the tem- 
 ple, but meddles with nothing sa- 
 cred. He made Judea tributary to 
 the Roman people, and carried Aris- 
 tobulus with him to Rome, in the 
 year before Christ 63. 
 
 14. Whilst the Roman empire was 
 extending itself over all Asia, Rome 
 itself was well nigh ruined by an in- 
 testine war. L. Catiline, having 
 raised an army in Etruria, had enter- 
 
 Contra hie CI. Metellus et Cn. 
 Pompeius varius eventus pug- 
 no. Sertorius demum a suus 
 occisus, Hispania recipio, an- 
 nus urbs 675. 
 
 Servus ac pirata idem tem- 
 pestas turba commoveo. Spar- 
 tacus, cum amplius 70 gladia- 
 tor, Capua ludus elapsus, mag- 
 nus copiae contractus, Roma- 
 nus exercitus non semel fun- 
 do. Ad extremum a M. Cras- 
 sus opprimo. Pirata quoque, 
 qui a Mithridates solicitatus 
 mare infesto, Cn. Pompeius, 
 postea Pompeius Magnus dic- 
 tus, perdomo, annus urbs 682. 
 
 Mithridates novus copiae m- 
 structus, bellum in Asia reno- 
 vo. Is Lucullus, mult us prae- 
 liura fractus, in Pontus com- 
 pello. Idem tempus Metellus, 
 Creta insula in ditio populus 
 Romanus redactus, Creticus 
 appellatus sum. Cn. inde 
 Pompeius Mithridates regnum 
 spolio; Tigranes, bellum so- 
 cius, in deditio accipio; isque 
 Syria ac Phoenice adimo. 
 Pontus in provincia forma re- 
 digo, annus urbs 684. 
 
 Pompeius, Aristobulus et 
 Hyrcanus, Alexander, rex Ju- 
 daeus, filius, de regnum dissi- 
 dens, in Judaea ad is contro- 
 versia tollendus arbiter venio : 
 sed ab Aristobulus irritatus, 
 Hierosolyma vis capio, murus 
 diruo, in templum adytum in- 
 gressus, sacer nihil attingo. 
 Judaea stipendiarius populus 
 Romanus facio, Aristobulus 
 sui cum Roma duco, annus an- 
 te Christus 63. 
 
 Dum imperium Romanus 
 totus Asia propago, Roma ipse 
 intestinus bellum paene dele- 
 tus sum. L. Catilina, exerci- 
 tus in Etruria comparatus, cum 
 
244 
 
 ANCIENT HISTOItt 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 ed into a conspiracy with Lentulus, 
 the praetor, Cethegus, and other se- 
 nators, to massacre the consuls and 
 the senate, and set fire to the city. 
 This conspiracy was discovered and 
 crushed by M. Tullius Cicero, the 
 consul, and Catiline cut off with his 
 army by C. Antonius. in the year of 
 the city 686. Cicero three years af- 
 ter was forced into banishment by P. 
 Clodius, for having put to death the 
 conspirators. But within 16 months, 
 he was recalled with great glory. 
 The same man was highly illustri- 
 ous for his eloquence ; whilst M. 
 Varro the philologist, Sallust the his- 
 torian, Lucretius and Catullus, poets, 
 were much esteemed at Rome. Cae- 
 sar Augustus was likewise born this 
 year. 
 
 15. About the same timeC. Julius 
 Caesar attached Cn. Pompey to his 
 interest by marriage, having taken to 
 wife his daughter Julia. He won over 
 M. Crassus to himself and to Pompey. 
 A combination of three leading men 
 being thus formed, the province of 
 Gaul is decreed to Caesar, Spain to 
 Pompey, and the management of the 
 Parthian war committed to Cras- 
 sus. 
 
 16. Crassus marching into Asia, 
 plundered the temple of Jerusalem of 
 its sacred treasure, fought the Parthi- 
 ans to great disadvantage, and lost 
 bis army, together with his son. At 
 last he himself being trapanned un- 
 der pretence of an interview, is slain 
 by the enemy. 
 
 17. But Caesar constrained the 
 Helvetii to return to their country; 
 overthrew Ariovistus, king of the 
 Germans, the disturber of Gaul ; 
 subdued the Aquitani, Gauls, and 
 Belgae; and conquered Germany 
 and Britain. Meanwhile his wife 
 Julia dying, Caesar's power appear- 
 ed to Pompey and the senate exor- 
 bitant, and dangerous to the state ; 
 wherefore he is ordered to disband 
 his army. From those beginnings 
 broke out the civil war, about 699 
 years after the building of the city. 
 
 18. Caesar marches with an hos- 
 
 Lentulus, praetor, Cethegus, 
 aliusque senator, de caedes con- 
 sul ac senatus, deque inflam- 
 mandus urbs, conjuro. Is con- 
 juratio a M. Tullius Cicero, 
 consul, patefactus et oppressus 
 sum, Catilina a C. Antonius 
 cum exercitus caesus, annus 
 urbs 686. Cicero triennium 
 post a P. Clodius, ob supplici- 
 um conjuratus, ejicio in exili- 
 um. Sed mensis 16 summus 
 cum gloria reduce Idem elo- 
 quentia gloria floreo; cum M. 
 Varro, philologus, Sallusiius, 
 historicus, Lucretius et Catul- 
 lus, poeta, Roma in honor 
 sum. Hie quoque annus Cae- 
 sar Augustus natus sum. 
 
 Sub idem tempus C. Julius 
 Caesar, Cn. Pompeius, Julia 
 filia in matrimonium accep- 
 tus, aflinitas sui devincio. M. 
 Crassus, et Pompeius, et sui 
 concilio. Tres princeps con- 
 spi ratio sic factus, Caesar 
 Gallia, Pompeius Hispania 
 decerno, Crassus bellum Par- 
 thicus mando. 
 
 Crassus in Asia profectus, 
 tempium Hierosolymitanus sa- 
 cer pecunia spolio, adversus 
 Parthus male pugno, exercitus 
 cum filius amitto. Demum ipse, 
 per species colloquium, ab 
 hostis circumventus, occido. 
 
 Caesar autem Helvctius in 
 patria suus compello ; Ariovis- 
 tus, German us rex, vexator 
 Gallia, profligo; Aquitanus, 
 Gallus, et Belga subigo; Ger- 
 mania quoque et Britannia do- 
 mo. Uxor Julia interim mor- 
 tuus, Caesar potentia nimius et 
 periculosus respublica, Pompe- 
 ius et senatus visus sum ; itaque 
 exercitus demitto jubeo. Ex 
 hicce initium coortus sum be)" 
 lum civilis, annus post urbs 
 conditus circiter 699. 
 
 Caesar infest us Roma sg- 
 
CHAP. X* 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 245 
 
 tile army to Rome, enters the city 
 that had been abandoned by the no- 
 oility, causes himself to be declared 
 dictator, and pillages ihe treasury. 
 After this having forced Pompey out 
 of Italy, he drove his lieutenants 
 Afranius and Petreius out of Spain, 
 and returned again to Rome. He 
 passed over immediately into Greece, 
 still prosecuting the war against 
 Pompey. The seat of the war being 
 carried to Pharsalia, Pompey re- 
 solves to reduce Caesar rather by 
 famine, intercepting his provisions, 
 than by fighting him. But constrain- 
 ed by the pressing instances of the 
 nobility, he engaged the enemy, and 
 being defeated, makes his escape 
 with the loss of his army. Pompey 
 going into Egypt is slain by the or- 
 der of king Ptolemy, to whom he 
 fled for protection, in the 58th year 
 of his age. 
 
 19. Caesar arrived at Alexandria 
 in pursuit of Pompey ; and as he was 
 endeavouring to settle the differences 
 betwixt Ptolemy and his sister Cleo- 
 patra, had like to have been cut 
 off by that king ; but he set fire to 
 his fleet, to prevent its falling into 
 the hands of his enemies. By which 
 flames, that famous library of Alex- 
 andria, collected by Ptolemy Phila- 
 delphus, was burnt down. But at 
 length, after the conquest and death 
 of Ptolemy, he delivers up the king- 
 dom to Cleopatra. 
 
 20. After this he vanquished Phar- 
 naces the son of Mithridates, who 
 had broke in upon the territories of 
 the Soman people, at one push ; so 
 that he seemed to have conquered 
 the enemy almost before he saw 
 them. Then he subdued Juba, king 
 of Mauritania, who, at the persua- 
 sion of Scipio and Cato, was renew- 
 ing the civil war in Africa. Cato, 
 that he might not fall into the hands 
 of Caesar, despatches himself at Uti- 
 ca, whence he has been called Uti- 
 censis. 
 
 21. In the mean time war was le- 
 vied in Spain, by Cneius and Sextus, 
 the sons of Pompey the Great. Cae- 
 sar goes thither with his army, comes 
 
 men contendo, in urbs nobili- 
 tas vacuus ingressus, sui dicta- 
 tor dicendus euro, aerarium 
 compilo. Inde Pompeius Ita- 
 lia pulsus, Afranius et Petre- 
 ius is legatus expello Hispa- 
 -nia, ac Roma denuo revertor. 
 Mox Pompeius bellum peree- 
 quens, transmitto in Graecia. 
 Bellum ad Pharsalia delatus, 
 Pompeius, interclusus comme- 
 atus Caesar, fames potius 
 quam ferrum, vinco statuo. 
 Sed nobilitas vox coactus, cum 
 hostis confligo, amissusque ex- 
 ercitus victus aufugio. Pom- 
 peius in Aegyptus profectus, 
 Ptolemaeus rex, ad qui confu- 
 gio, jussu neco, annus aetas 
 quinquagesimus octavus. 
 
 Caesar Pompeius seeutus, 
 Alexandria appello; et cum 
 Ptolemaeus atque Cleopatra 
 is soror controversia compo- 
 no conor, ab idem rex paene 
 oppressus sum. Sed classis 
 suus, ne venio in hostis potes- 
 tas, incendo. Glui incendium, 
 nobilissimus ille Alexandria 
 bibliotheca, a Ptolemaeus Phi- 
 ladelphus instructus, contlagro. 
 At victus tandem extinctusque 
 Ptolemaeus, regnum Cleopa- 
 tra trado. 
 
 Pharnaces inde Mithridates 
 filius, qui in populus Romanus 
 finis irrumpo, primus impetus 
 debello; prope ut ante vinco 
 hostis, quam video, videor. 
 Juba deinde, Mauritania rex, 
 Scipio et Cato auctor, civilis 
 beilum in Africa instaurans, 
 devinco. Cato ne in potes- 
 tas Caesar venio, Utica mors 
 sui ipse concisco, ex qui Uti- 
 censis sum appellatus. 
 
 Interea in Hispania, a Cnei- 
 us et Sextus, Pompeius Mag- 
 nus filius, bellum apparo. Eo 
 Caesar cum exercitus conten- 
 
 Y 
 
24G 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 to a genera! action, overthrows the 
 Fompeys at Munda, a city of Spain. 
 Cneius was slain in a tower to which 
 he had fled. 
 
 22. The republican government 
 being thus subverted, Caesar was 
 declared perpetual dictator by the 
 senate. He reformed the year by 
 intercalary days, according to the 
 judgment of astronomers, and call- 
 ed the month duiniilis, from his 
 own name, July. After this, being 
 elated with pride, he began to slight 
 the senate, and aspire to sovereign 
 power. Wherefore, in the fifth year 
 of his dictatorship, he was slain in 
 the senate-house by Brutus, Cassius, 
 and the other conspirators, being 
 despatched by three and twenty 
 wounds, in the year of the city 706, 
 and before Christ 42. 
 
 23. M. Anthony the consul, stir- 
 ring up the people, at Caesar's fune- 
 ral, against the deliverers of their 
 country, threw all into confusion ; 
 he overawed the senate by an armed 
 force, and seized upon Cisalpine 
 Gaul: whereupon war is resolved 
 on against him by the senate, at the 
 persuasion of Cicero. The consuls 
 Hirtius and Pansa, as likewise Oc- 
 tavius, Julius Caesar's heir, and his 
 sister's grandson, advanced to Muti- 
 na, at the head of three armies, and 
 coming to an engagement with An- 
 thony, obtained the victory. 
 
 24. That victory cost the Roman 
 people dear. The consuls being 
 slain, the three armies subjected 
 themselves to the command of Octa- 
 vius alone ; who marching his forces 
 to Rome, procured himself the con- 
 sulate from the senate by main force, 
 being a youth about 20 years of age. 
 Anthony mean time had fled into 
 Transalpine Gaul, to M. Lepidus, 
 master of the horse, and clapped up 
 a treaty with him. Octavius, created 
 commander-in-chief by the senate in 
 the war against Anthony and Lepi- 
 dus, betrays his trust, and enters into 
 an association with both. 
 
 25. Accordingly, the triumvirate 
 being formed, 130 senators were pro- 
 
 do, acies decerno, Pompeius 
 ad Munda, Hispania urbs, vin- 
 co. Cneius in turris, quo con- 
 fugio, occido. 
 
 Respublica sic oppressus, 
 Caesar dictator perpetuus a 
 senatus decretus sum. Annus 
 de mathemalicus sententia, 
 intercalatus dies, corrigo, et 
 Gluintilis mensis suus nomen 
 Julius appello. Proinde inso- 
 lentia elatus, senatus contem- 
 no, ac regnum atfecto, coepi. 
 Ergo quintus dictatura annus, 
 a Brutus, Cassius, caeterque 
 ccnjuratus, in curia 23 vulnus 
 confectus, intereo, annus urbs 
 TOG, et ante Christus 42. 
 
 M. Antonius consul, in fu- 
 nus Caesar, plebs in patria li- 
 berator concitatus, turbo om- 
 nis; arma senatus opprimo 
 Gallia Cisalpinus invado. Ita- 
 que bellum contra is a senatus 
 Cicero auctor, decerno. Hir- 
 tius et Pansa consul, itemqu* 
 Octavius, Julius Caesar soroi 
 nepos, ac heres, cum tres ex- 
 ercitus ad Mutina proficiscor 
 et signum cum Antonius coU 
 latus, victoria refero. 
 
 Magnum is victoria popul us 
 Romanus sto. Consul occi- 
 sus, exercitus tres unus Octa- 
 vius pareo; qui, copiae Roma 
 adductus, consulatus a sena- 
 tus, adolescens annus 20 natus, 
 extorqueo. Antonius interim, 
 in Gallia Transalpinus, ad M 
 Lepidus, magister eques, con- 
 fugio, et cum is societas ineo 
 Octavius, bellum contra An to 
 nius et Lepidus a senatus prae. 
 positus, fides piudo, amicitia 
 que cum uterque jungo. 
 
 Triumviratus igitur institu- 
 tus, 130 senator a triumviri 
 
CHAP. X. 
 
 EPITOMIZED. 
 
 247 
 
 scribed by *he triumviri ; in the num- 
 ber of whom was Cicero. By these 
 three men too. the globe of the earth 
 was divided, as if it had been their 
 patrimonial estate. The East and 
 Greece fell to Anthony, Africa to 
 Lepidus, Italy and the West to Oc- 
 tavius. Sicily was allotted to Sex- 
 tus Pompey, who was master of a 
 very powerful fleet ; then flourished 
 Diodorus Siculus the historian. 
 
 26. Octavius having been adopted 
 into the family of Caesar, was call- 
 ed Caesar Octavianus. Octavianus 
 and Anthony now publicly declaring 
 themselves the avengers of Caesar 
 thedictator, began to levy war against 
 M. Brutus and C. Cassius. A battle 
 was fought at Philippi, a city of Thes- 
 saly. Brutus and Cassius being de- 
 feated, laid violent hands on them- 
 selves. Sextus Pompey, warring 
 against Octavianus, was vanquished 
 in a sea-fight by his admiral M. Agrip- 
 pa, and fled into Asia, where he died 
 soon after, in the reign of Herod, 
 king of Judea. 
 
 27. Anthony having divorced Oe- 
 tavia,the sister of Caesar Octavianus, 
 had married Cleopatra, queen of 
 Egypt; and, in order to make her 
 mistress of the world, made war up- 
 on Octavianus: a naval engagement 
 ensuing at Actium, Octavianus gain- 
 ed the victory, and pursuing the ei.e- 
 my, laid siege to Alexandria. An- 
 thony, thinking his affairs desperate, 
 despatches himself; Cleopatra, imi- 
 tating him, died by the poison of an 
 asp, in the year of the city 719. 
 
 28. Caesar Octavianus, in the 12th 
 year after the triumvirate was set on 
 foot, being now lord of the world, 
 had the title of Augustus bestowed 
 on him by the senate. He gave his 
 name to the month of August, which 
 before was called Sextilis. Having 
 procured peace by sea and land, he 
 shut the temple of Janus for the 
 third time. He had an affectionate 
 regard for the poets Virgil and Ho- 
 race ; shewed a great esteem for the 
 historians T. Livy and Strabo. He 
 banished Ovid into Pontus. Their 
 
 proscriptus; ex qui numerus 
 Cicero sum. Orbis terra, qua- 
 si patrimonium, a triumviri 
 quoque divisus. Oriens et 
 Graecia Anton i us, Africa Le- 
 pidus, Italia et Occidens Octa- 
 vius, obvenio. Sextus Pom- 
 peius, qui classis plurimum va- 
 leo, Sicilia assignatus sum; 
 Diodorus Siculus historicus 
 turn vigens. 
 
 Octavius in familia Caesar 
 adoptatus, Caesar Octavianus 
 dictus sum. Octavianus et An- 
 tonius sui Caesar dictator ul- 
 tor nunc profitens, M. Brutus 
 et C. Cassius bellum persequor 
 coepi. Ad Philippi, Thessalia 
 urbs, pugnatur. Brutus et Cas- 
 sius victus, manus sui affero. 
 Sextus Pompeius cum Octa- 
 vianus contendens, a M. A- 
 grippa, is dux, navalis praelium 
 superatus, in Asia profugio, 
 ubi paulo post mors obeo, He- 
 rodes rex Judaea. 
 
 Antonius, Octavia Caesar 
 Octavianus soror repudiatus, 
 Cleopatra, Aegyptus regina, 
 in matrimonium duco; qui, ut 
 orbis terra domina constituo, 
 Octavianus bellum infero: 
 commissus apud Actium prae- 
 vium navalis, Octavianus vic- 
 toria pario, et, hostis insecu- 
 tus, Alexandria obsideo. An- 
 tonius, res desperatus, sui ma- 
 nus afTero ; is imitatus Cleopa- 
 tra, aspis venenum intereo, an- 
 nus urbs 719. 
 
 Caesar Octavianus, annus 
 post triumviratus institutus 12, 
 res potitus, Augustus a senatus 
 appellatussum. Augustus men- 
 sis, qui antea Sextilis dico, no- 
 men do. Pax terra mareque 
 partus, Janus tertio claudo. 
 Virgiiius et Horatius, poeta, 
 complexus sum ; T. Livius et 
 Strabo, historicus, in honor 
 habeo. Ovidius in Pontus re- 
 lego. Hie aequalis Gt. Curtius, 
 historicus, Tibullus ac Proper- 
 tins, poeta, sum. Caesar Au- 
 
243 ANCIENT HISTORY EPITOMIZED. chap. x. 
 
 contemporaries were Gtnintus Cur- 
 tius the historian, Tibailus and Pro- 
 pertius poets. Caesar Augustus 
 reigned 12 years in conjunction with 
 the triumviri, and 44 alone. He died 
 at Nola, in the 76th year of his age, 
 and of the city 762; leaving Rome, 
 as he himself boasted, reared of mar- 
 ble instead of bricks. 
 
 29. In the year of the world 4004, 
 in the year of Rome 748, in the 194th 
 Olympiad, and 14 years before the 
 deathof Augustus,JESUSCHRIST, 
 the eternal Son of God, was born 
 of the Virgin Mary, sent from hea- 
 ven to expiate the divine wrath ; 
 who, at 33 years of age, being cru- 
 cified by the Jews, made an atone- 
 ment for the sins of men with his 
 own blood, in the 19th year of the 
 reign of Tiberius Caesar. 
 
 gustus- annus regno cum trium- 
 viri 12, solus 44. Mors obeo 
 Nola, annus aetas 76, et urbs 
 762; Roma, ut ipse glorior, e 
 lateritius marmoreus relin- 
 quens. 
 
 Annus mundus 4004, annus 
 Roma 748, Olympias 194, et 
 annus ante excessus Augustus 
 14, JESUS CHRISTUS, ae- 
 ternus Deus Filius, e Maria 
 Virgo editus sum, e coelum 
 missus piaculum coelestis ira ; 
 qui, 33 annus natus, a Judaeus 
 in crux actus, suus sanguis sce- 
 lus humanus luo, annus impe- 
 rium Tiberius Caesar 19. 
 
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