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 tFNivERSAL, Historical, and-L iter ary 
 
 D I G T I Q N A R Y. 
 
 k • • 
 
 
 R. 
 
 * - y.* •' • * • . * * 
 
 AEELAIS (Ejiancj-s], a celebrated Frencii \tit, nic 
 
 leeroni 
 
 ■ - . , ■ ■ 
 Poiftou, tlie convent ot Fontengy .Ic .Coiitfeand‘rey 
 
 ceived into their order. . His (Irons: ♦inciriiatioii and. tafts • 
 
 . 1* r > • , - 1 • ■ r 1. > orhis works 
 
 for .literature and the iciences maad liiin trahiccna-.the^'l.j'* i\Xr. 
 bounds w^hich .reftrained the learned ..in his* times*;.’* 
 
 'that lie not only became a great'lingiriii;,* .but an ^deptuh 
 all branches of knowledge*. -His. unconlpioh capacity and ^ 
 
 merit foon exdted' the jealoufy' of his'bi'ethVen. Flence' •' * ^ 
 
 he was envied by' fome ; 6ther§, trough* ign'oi‘a!!c&, * • 
 thought him a conjuren; and all; hated and abufed hiin, • • . 
 
 'particularly becaufe he ftudied Grte^k ; ’the noVeltjy of that'*, 
 janguiige.making them efteem it notonlyha;'barQus, but.,: * ^"'4 
 'antichriftium I'his* we colled: from a-..Gre& epij.fle-oF.'. . ' 
 
 ‘Budeeus to-Rabelais, .in*which he.praifes, {^jimMngiily' fhf 
 
 X^cvviii^ -- ^ 
 
 obtained perinijhon of-pope Clement’-V11, .'ta-Icav.c the 
 fociety of St. Francis;*ah‘d ta enter into-that.of‘St/ B'enx.^ .• 
 net;* but, his mercurial-.tempet preyailihg/* hd^dld not . 
 
 . Vql. XL. ■ B ~ •^■‘Hind- 
 
 ~Bo 
 
 • • 
 . •• •. 
 
 
 > ,■«! j^ i K •* L 
 
 V? 
 
RABELAIS... 
 
 % . 
 
 ‘fina any more'fathfa '61 ion among the Benech£llnes, tha'ri 
 he had "found among the Franciicans, fo that after 4 ihort . 
 time he left them alfo. Changing' the rcgnlar habit t'ex 
 tiiat which i§ worn by fecuiar priefis, he rambled up and 
 down lor a while ; and then fixed at Montpelier, wdicrc he . 
 took the degrees in pliyfic, and pradlifed. with great re¬ 
 putation. ile was infinitely admired for his great wit 
 and gieat learning, and became a man of fuch weight and * 
 ellimatioji, that the univerfty of that plttce deputed him 
 to Faris upon a very ilnpbrtant errand. HiS reputation 
 and charafter were fpread through the kingdom ; fo that, y 
 when he arrived at Paris, the chancellor du Prat, moved 
 with tlic extraorclmary accbmj’liihmcnts of the man,-eaiiiy 
 granted all that he folicitedp He returned to Montpelier *, ^ 
 and the fervice.he did the univeElity upon this occafion is 
 given as a reafon, why all the candidates for degrees in 
 phyfc there are, upon their admiffon to them, formally 
 invelled with a robcj which Rabelais left: this ceremony 
 having been ihltituted in honour of him. 
 
 In 15^2, he pubiilhed at Lyons fbme pieces of Hippo¬ 
 crates and Galen, with a dedication to the bilhop of Mail- 
 lezais; 'in which he tells him, that he had read leHures 
 upon the aphorifms of Hlppbcrates^ and the ars medica of 
 Galen, before numerous audiences in the univerfty of 
 Montpelier. This was the lafl year of his' continuance 
 , in this pldcb for the year after he went to Lvons, where 
 he hecamb phyiician lb the hofpital, and jo'ined lectures 
 .with pradlice for lomc years following. John du Bellay, 
 ^'bilhbp of Paris., going to Ronre in 1534, upon the buf- 
 nefs of our- -Flenry ‘ VH i’§ divorce from Catherine of 
 bpain, and palfng through'Lyons, carried Rabelais with 
 him, in quality of his phyfcian ; who returned however 
 home in abdut fx months.. He had (juitted his religious 
 connexions, for the fake of leading a life more fuitabie to 
 his tallc’and humour : but lie afterwards renewed them, 
 and in a fecond journey* to Rome obtained in 1536, by 
 his intercibwith feme cardinals^ a brief from pope Paul III, 
 .to qualify-irlE^Tor holding eccfefaftical behefees. John 
 du Bellay, ’de a cardinal in 1333, had procured the 
 abbey of St. -Maiir near Paris to be fccularized ; and into 
 this was Rabelais, now a .Behedidiine monk, received as a 
 fecul'af cai'ibn. Here he is I’uppofed to have begun his 
 famous.rbiirance, intituled, “ The lives, heroic,deeds, and 
 fayings of Gargantua and Pantagruel.” He continued 
 in this retreat till 1545, w.hcn tJ'ic cardinal du Belley, his 
 ’• ... ftiend 
 
R A B E L A I 
 
 friend and patron^ nominated him to the cure of Meutlorl, 
 which he is laid to iiave filied with great zeal and appli- 
 catication to the end .of his life. Plis protonnd know¬ 
 ledge ahd ikid in phyiic made him doubly uleiul to the 
 Jiecple under his care ; and he was ready upon all occa-, 
 lions to relieve them' under bodily indifp'oriti'ons, as well 
 as to epnfuit and provide for the faiety of tlieir Ion Is. 
 
 ■ He' died in 1553. As he was a great wit, many witticifms 
 and facetious fayihgs . are laid to his charge, which he 
 knew nothino; of: and many ridiculous circumflances red 
 
 O' V . , 
 
 'latcd of his life and death, which it Is but iuilice to him' 
 to ofait as fabulous. 
 
 • ‘ •* 
 
 He piiblilned feyeral things, but his Chef d’Oeuvre is 
 
 “ The .Hillory of Gargantua and Pantagruela rough 
 fatire, in the form of a romance, upail monks, prieils, 
 popes, and fools and knaves'of all kinds ; where wit and 
 learning are feattered about with' great profuiion, but in a . . 
 manner Vdld and irregular, and with a ftrong mixture of 
 obfeenity, coarfe and puerile jull's, propliane alkilion?, and 
 low raillery. Hence it has come- to pals,' that, while 
 fome have fegarded it as a prime effort of dye Iniinan witj" . 
 and, like Plomer’s poems, as an inexhauftible fource 
 of learning, fcience, and kng’wdedge, oti’xdrs have aiTinned- 
 it to be nothing but an uninteHigibie rhapfody, a heap of 
 fooliHi conceits,' without meaning, y/ithout coherence; a 
 colledfioii of grofs impieties and obTeenities. Both paffjes 
 have feafon for, what they fay; thatis', the truth lies be¬ 
 tween them both. Rabelais certainly intended to fatir.Te 
 the manners of his age, as appears plainly enough from 
 ' the general turn and’ nature of his work ; But, from’ a cef- 
 fain v’^iidnefs an'd irregularity of manner, what he adludes 
 to ot means in fome particular palTages^ does not appear 
 io fdain. Tl'hey muft be, greatly prejudiced againfl hiVn, 
 who will not allow him to have wit, learning, and know¬ 
 ledge of various kinds ; and fo muO: they who cannot fee 
 that he is ofrentimes low, coarl'e, prophane, and obfeene. 
 
 I'he monks, \y ho are the chief obiedl of his fali'r-e, gave 
 fome oppofirion to it when it iTrfi began to be publirt'bd, 
 for it was publilbed by parts in 1533 . but'this oppohtipn 
 was iboji overruled by the powerlul patronage of Rabelais^ 
 
 • among the gre.rirw The bell.edition, of his works Is that 
 vvidi cuts, and,the notes of Le Duchat and Da ^vlonnoye, 
 
 . 1741, in 3 vols. 4to. blr. Motteaux publilbed an Eng- 
 liih tianlliboii ot it at London 1708, in 2 vols. 8vok 
 with a preface and notes, in which he endeavours to ihervf 
 
RABELAIS. 
 
 Bayle’s 
 Pift. in 
 voce.— 
 Bailiet’s 
 Jugcmcns 
 des Sjavans, 
 Tom. V. 
 
 Boilean, 
 Sat. IX. 
 Lettre a 
 Mr. Mau- 
 cr&Ix. 
 
 that Rabelais has painted the hillory of his own time, 
 under an ino-enious hetion and borrowed names. Ozell 
 
 O 
 
 pubiilhed afterwards a new tranilation, with Duchat’s 
 notes, 5 vois. 120. , 
 
 RACAN (Honorat de Eevil, Marquis of), a 
 French poet,^was born at Roche Racan inTouraine, I5§9. 
 At ilxteen, he was made one of the pages to Henry IV ; 
 and, as he began to amufe himfclf with writing verfes, 
 he got acquainted with Malherbe, from whom he learned 
 all the Ikill he had In French poetry. Malherbe re¬ 
 proached him with being too negligent and Incorre(h In 
 his verihication ; and Boilcau has palled the lame cenlure 
 on him, yet affirms him to have -had more genius than 
 his mafler ; and to have been as capable of writing in the 
 Epic way, as he was in the Lyric, in which he particularly 
 excelled. Menage has alfo fpoken highly of Racan, in his 
 additions and alterations to his “ Remarques fur les Poefies 
 “ de Malherbe.” V/hat is mod: extraordinary in this 
 poet is, that he acquired perfeHion in his art by mere 
 dint of genius ; for, as fome relate, he had never ftudied 
 at all, but even fnewn an incapacity for attaining the Latin 
 tongue. Upon quitting the ofEce of page, he entered into 
 the army ; but this, more to oblige his father, the marquis 
 of Racan, than out of any inclination of his own : and 
 thcrelore, alter two or three campaigns, he returned to 
 Paris, where lie married a wife, and devoted himfclf to 
 books and poetry. His works confill: of facred odes, 
 paftorals, letters, and memoirs of the life of Malherbe, 
 prefixed to many editions of the works of tliat poet. He 
 was chofen one of the members of the French academy, at 
 the time of its foundation. He died In 1670, aged 81. 
 He had lo lovr a voice, that he could fcarcely be heard. 
 
 Nlceron, 
 
 T.XVUI. 
 
 RACINE (John), an illudrious French poet, \vas 
 born at la Ferte-Milon in 1639, and educated at Port- 
 Royal; where he gaye the greateft proofs of uncommon 
 abilities and genius. During three years continuance 
 there, he made a moil rapid progrefs in the Cireek and 
 Latin tongues, and in all polite literature. His genius 
 lying towards poetry, made him particularly fond of So¬ 
 phocles and Euripides ; infoinuch that he is faid to have 
 learned thefc two great authors by heart. He happened 
 upon the Greek romance of Heliodorus, “ of the Loves 
 of i heagcncs and Chariclea,” and w'as reading it very 
 
 greedily ; 
 
 O 
 
RACINE. 
 
 5 
 
 greedily ; when his direclor furprifing him took the book, 
 and thi:ew it into the fire. Racine found means to get 
 another copy, which aifo underwent the fame fate ; and af * 
 ter tliat a third, which, having a prodigious memory, he 
 got by heart: and then, carrying it to his director, faid, 
 
 “ You may now burn this, as you have burned the twm 
 “ former.” < 
 
 Leaving Port-Royal, he went to Pans, and ftudied logic 
 fome time in the college of Harcourt. 'I'he French poetry 
 had taken his fancy, and he, had already compofed fome 
 little pieces in it ; but it was in 1660, when all the poets 
 were making their efforts upon the marriage of the king, 
 that he firll difeovered liimfelf to the public. His “ La 
 “ Nymphe de la Seine,” written upon that occahon, was 
 highly approved by Chapeiain ; and lo powerfully recojii- 
 mended by him to Colbert, that the minifler fent Racine 
 a hundred piftoles from the king, and fettled a peniion on 
 him, as a man of letters, of 600 livres, which was paid 
 him to the day of his death. I'he narrownefs of his cir- 
 cumilances had put him upon a defign of retiring to Uzes ; 
 where an uncle, wlro was canon regular and vicar general 
 of Uzes, offered to religii to ihm a priory of his order 
 wdiich he then polfefied, if he would become a regular; 
 and he ftili wore tlie ecclefiallical habit, when he wrote 
 the tragedy of ‘‘ I'heagencs,” which he prefented to Mo- 
 lie re ; and that of the “ Freres Enneinis” in 1664, the 
 fubjedl of which was given him by Moiicre. 
 
 In the mean time, the fuccefs of his ode upon the king’s 
 marriage fpurred him to attempt higher things, and carried 
 him at length entirely to the fervice of the theatre. In 
 1666, he pubiifhed his tragedy of “ Alexandra;” concerning 
 which Mr. de Valinconr relates a faft, which he had from 
 Racine himfelf. Reading this play to Corneille, he re¬ 
 ceived the highefl encomiums from that great writer ; but 
 at the fame time was advifed by liim to apply himfelf to nne r.ettrc 
 any other kinds of poetty, as more proper for his genius, 
 than dramatic. “ Corneille,” adds de Valincour, “ was 
 
 incapable of low jealouly : if he fpoke fo to Air. Racine, rriiao i-t'. 
 it is certain that he thought fo. But we know, that 
 he preferred Lucan to Virgil ; whence we mull con- 
 dude, that the art or writing excellent vcrie, and the d’otivet, 
 art of judging excellently of poets and poetry, do not 1-, ad- 
 “ always meet in the fame perfon.” tiu-ons dc 
 
 Racine s dramatic charader eml)roiled him at this tunc 
 with the gentlenien of Port-Royal. Mr. Nicole, in 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 6 i 
 
 a 
 
 MS 
 
 e 
 
 his 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 Adfionaircs 
 

 R A C I N E. 
 
 X^ifionaires, Imaginaires,” had throw^a ont occadonally. 
 home poignant ftrokcs againfc the writers of romance and 
 poets of tlie tiicatrc, whona be called tlic pnl>]ic poi~ 
 foners, net of bodies, but of fouls: des empoifoa- 
 
 ‘‘ ncurs publics, noir des corps, mais des ames.” llacinc, 
 tabing hinifclf to be incliuled in this cenfure, was lomc-’ 
 what provoked, .and addrcll.ed a very animated letter to 
 Nicole u i,ii which he djd not fo much concern hiir.iclf with 
 the iubiccl oi' their cliherence, as endeavour to turn into 
 ridicule the fplitaires and religious of the rcrt-ldoyah 
 h'i. du Bpis and ,Eail)ier Daucour haviijg cadi of thein 
 replied to this Iclkr, Racine opposed tiicm in a fecond as 
 fprightly as the fnll. '1 hefc letters, publilbed in 1666, 
 are to be found in. the edition of Racine’s works 1728, 
 and alfc in the lail editions of the woiks of Eoilcau. Iri 
 1668, he publiihed “ Les Plaidcurs,” a cppiedy ; and 
 Aadromached’ a tragepy ; wliich, tiro ugh it had great 
 fuccefs, wp.s a good degl criticilcd. "1 he diarader of Pyr“ 
 rbus was tlsoim;hnoveiilrallied aivd [op violent; and tlse cele¬ 
 brated ador hioritlieiivi had certainly realon to think that 
 pf Ordfes fo, jjnee the efforts lie made in repreienting it 
 coil him his life. Kc continued to cxliihit from time to 
 time feverai great and noble tragedies ; “ .Britannicus,” in 
 i57'o ; “ Ecrcnice,” in ibr'i ; 1^72 ; ‘‘ Mi- 
 
 thridate^E’ id ^^73 > ‘ Iphigenia,” in jbyg ; “ Plue- 
 dra,” in 1677. During which time, he mef with all 
 that oppoiition, which envy and cabal are ever ready to fet 
 \ip' againlb a fitperior genius; and one Pradon, a poet 
 Nvhofe napne is not worth remembering, was then em¬ 
 ployed by perfons of the liril diftindion to have a 
 “ riiTdra” ready for’ tlie theatre, againil the time that 
 Racine’s fnoiild appear. 
 
 After the publication of Phaedra,'’ he took a refolii- 
 rion to quit the gheatre lor ever : although he was frill in 
 full vigour, being not more than thirtv-eigbt ; and the 
 only perfph, wdio was capaOlc of co.rloiing Paris for the 
 old age of Corneille. But he had imbibed in his infancy 
 a deep fenfo of rehgjon: and this, though it had been 
 finothered for a while'by his couneddons with the theatre, 
 and particularly with the famous act refs Chaiiipmele, 
 whom he grcatlv loved, and bw whoni he had a fon, novv 
 at length broke out, and bore down all before it. In the 
 tiril place, he rclolved, not only to write no more plays, 
 to do a rigorous penance for thofe he had Vv^ritten ; 
 and aduallv formed a dehgn of becoming a Carthuiiarv 
 
 it ivi I. . 
 
turn, u. 
 
 RACINE. 
 
 friar. Had not Voltaire good rcafon to fay, tliat ‘‘ he was'by 
 far a greater poet, than philofopher ?’’ His religions di¬ 
 rector, however, not fo mad, but a good deal v/ifer than he, 
 advifed him to think more moderately, and to take meafures 
 liiore fuitablc'to his charaCler. He put him upon marry? 
 ing, and fettling in the world, with whlcli propofai this 
 humble and traCfable penitent complied ; and immediately 
 took to wife the daughter of a treafurcr of France for 
 Amiens, by whom he had feven children. His next; 
 concern was to reconcile himfelf, as he did very lincerely, 
 with the gentlemen of Port-Royal, whofe cenfures on 
 dramatic writers he acknowledged to be ir,oft juft. He 
 made peace at firft with Nicolcj who reccis^ed him with 
 open arms ; and Poileau introduced him to Arnaud^ who 
 allb embraced him tenderly^, and forgave all his Htire. 
 
 He had been admitted a meml>er of the French academy 
 in 1673, in the room of la Mothe Ic'A' ayer, deceafed ; 
 but fpoiied the fpeech he made upon that occalion, by 
 pronouncing it with too much tinndlty. In 1677, 
 was nominated with Eoileau, w;th whom he was ever ir^ 
 ftricl friendlhip, to write the hiftory of. Lewis XIV ; and 
 the public expeCled great things from two writers of their 
 diftinCFion, but were difappointed. “ Eoileau and'Ra? 
 
 ‘‘ cine,” fays de Vaiincour, ‘‘ after having for fome 
 “ time laboured at this vvork, perceived that it was en- 
 “ tirely oppoftte to their genius ; and they judged alfo, 
 with reafon, that the hiftory of fucli a prince neither 
 “ could nor onyht to be written in iefs than an hruidrcd 
 vears after Ills death, unlefs it were to be made uo of 
 extracts from Gazettes, and fuch like materials.” 
 
 I'hough Racine had made it a point ot religion, never 
 to meddle any more with poetry, yet he tvas again drawn, 
 in fpite of all the reiiftance he could make, to labour for 
 tb.e theatre. Fla-iam de Maintenon iiitreated him to, 
 coiupofe fome tragedv fit to he played by her young ladies 
 at the corjvcntof dt. Cyr, and to take the lubjeCl from the 
 Eible. Pvacine compofed Efther j” which, being firft re- 
 prefented at St, Cyr, was afterwards aCfcd at Vcrfallles 
 before the king in 1689. appears fo ino very re-lUij 
 
 markable,” fays Voltaire, “ that this tragedy had then 
 ‘‘ univerfai fuccefs ; and that two years after ‘ Athaliaft,’ 
 
 * J ^ 
 
 though performed by the fame perfons, had none. It 
 ** happened quite contrary, when thefe pieces were plaved 
 “ at Paris, long alter the death of the autlior; and when 
 prejudice and partiality had ceafed, Athallali,’ repre- 
 
 B 4 fented 
 
8 
 
 RACINE. 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 t i 
 
 i c 
 
 fented In 1717, Vv’as received, as it deferved to be, with 
 trailfport; and ‘ Ellher,’ in 1721, infpired nothing 
 but coldnci's, and never appeared again. But at that 
 time there were no courtiers who complaifantly ac¬ 
 knowledged ‘ Eflher’ in bladara dc Maintenon, and 
 with e(|uai maglignity law ‘ Vafhti’ in Madam de Mon- 
 telpan ; ‘ Haman’ 111 M. de Louvois ; and, above all, 
 the perfecution of the Hugonots by this minifter, in 
 the profcription of the Hebrews. The impartial public 
 faw' nothing in it, but an iininterefting and improbable 
 ftory : a llupid prince., who had lived lix months wdth 
 “ his w'ife whthout knowing what Ihe was ; who, wuth- 
 “ out the Icail pretence tor it, commanded a whole nation 
 “ to be murdcTed ; and with as little reafon afterwards 
 “ hanged his favorite. But, notwitliftanding the bad- 
 “ nefs of the fubjedL, thirty verfcs of ‘ Ellher’ are of more 
 “ value than many tragedies, which have had great fuccefs.” 
 
 Offended with the ill-reception of “ Athaliah,” he was 
 more dii'gulfed than ever witli poetry, and now renounced 
 it totallv. He ipent the latter years of his life in com- 
 pofing a hiflory of the houle of Port-Ifoval, the place of 
 ids education ; which, how^ever, though finely drawn up, 
 as many have alierted, lias not been pubiifhed. Too great 
 ienlibiiity, fay his iriends, but more properly an im-- 
 potence of fpirit, fhortened the clays of this poet. 
 Though, he had 'conveiled much .with the court, he had 
 not learned the wifdom, which is ulually learned there, 
 of ddgidling his real fentiments. Having drawn up a 
 weli-rcaloncd and w’eli-written memorial upon the miferies 
 of tlie people, and the means of relieving them, he one 
 (lav lent jt to Madam de Maintenon to read ; when the 
 king coming in, and demanding what and whofe it w’as, 
 commended the zeal of Racine, but dilapproved of his 
 meddling wdth things that did not concern him : and laid 
 with an angry tone, “ Eecaufe' he knows how^ to make 
 good vcrles, does be think he knows every thing ? 
 And would he be a min lifer of ftate, becaule he is a 
 great poet?” d’hefe words hurt Racine greatly; he 
 conceived dreadful ideas of the king’s difnlcailire ; and, 
 indulging ins chrigrin and fears, brought on a fever, vvliich 
 lurpalled the power of medicine : for he died of it, after 
 being icreiy afBidfed with pains, in 1699. king, who 
 
 was Icp.liblc or his great merit, and always loved him, 
 lent often to him in liis illnefs ; and finding, after his 
 death, tiiat he iuid ielt more g.tory than riches, fettled a 
 
 handfonve 
 
RACINE. 
 
 9 
 
 lianJfome penfion upon his family. He was interred at 
 Port-Royal, according to his will ; and, upon the deftruC'' 
 tion of the monaftery, his remains were carried to St. 
 Stephen du Mont at Paris. He was middle-lized, and of 
 an agreeable and open countenance : was a great jefter, 
 but was retrained by piety in the latter years of his life 
 from indulging this talent; and, when warmed in con- 
 verfation, had fo lively and perfuafive an eloquence, that 
 he himfeif ofien lamented his not having been an advo¬ 
 cate in parliament. His works are fupremely excellent, 
 and will he immortal in the judgement of ail. The par¬ 
 allel between him and Corneille has- been often made : 
 it may be feen in Baiilet’s “ jugemens de Savans.” We Tom. r. 
 lhall content ourfelvcs with laying, after Perrault, that, 
 
 “ if Corneille furpaffed Racine in heroic fentiments ajid Eloges, 
 “ the grand charadler or his perfonages, he was inferior 
 “ to him in moving the pafhons and in purity of lan- 
 
 “ guage.” 
 
 'I'here are feme pieces of Racine of a fmalier kind, 
 which have not been mentioned : as, “ Idylle fur la 
 “ Paix, “ Dilcourfe prononce a la reception dc 
 
 “ T. Corneille Sc Bergeret, a 1 ’Academic Franc^oife, en 
 “ 1685;'’ “ Cairtiqucs Sp'irituelles, 1689;” “ Epigram- 
 “ mes Hiverfes.” The works of Racine were printed at 
 Amllerdam 1722, in 2 vols. 121110; and the year after at 
 London, very pompoully, in 2 vols. qto. 
 
 PvADCLTFFE (Alexander), an officer of the armv, Nichols's 
 devoted to Parnafi'us, and of ifrong propenflty to 
 and pleafure. His poetical performances abound in low Popn,s, 
 humour. I'he principal of them were publifhed in 8vo. voi. i. p. 
 1682, under the title of “ The Ramble, an Anti-heroick 
 “ Poem, together with fome I'erreftrlal Hymns and 
 “ Carnal Ejaculations, by Alexander Radchlfe, ofCFray’s- 
 “ Inn, cfq.” inferibed to James Lord Annelley. Fie liad 
 pubiifhed in 1680 “ Ovid ‘i'raveiiie, a Burlcfque upon 
 “ Ovid’s Ffpiftleswith a fatirical introduffion occa- 
 honed by the “ Preface to a late Book, called, 'Phe Wits 
 “ paraphriHed.” Mr. Tonfon printed a third edition of 
 tliis I'raveiiie in 1696. The Dedication “ To Robert 
 “ F'airbeard, of Gray’s-Inn, elq.” is no bad fpecimen of 
 the author’s humour. “ Having committed thefe Fipiilles 
 to tlie prefs, I was horribly put to it for a patron. [ 
 
 “ thought of fome great Lord, or fome. angelic Lady; 
 but then again coiifidcred I fhould ‘never be abb 
 
 lO 
 
 i. 
 
 adorn 
 
R A D C \L I F F E. 
 
 im 
 
 adorn my Dedication with benign beains, cor, 
 nrl'cant rays, and the Devil and ail of intinencc. 
 
 At lall 1 heard my good friend Mr. Fail beard was 
 come to town—nay then—ail’s well enough. To 
 you therefore I offer this Englifn Ovid, to whom you 
 may not be unaptly compared in feveral parcels of your 
 life and converfation, only with this exception, that 
 you have nothing of his IVilFbus. It is vou who 
 
 a 
 
 hurlefque all the foppery and conceited gravity of tlie 
 age. 1 remember vou once told a grave and afFcfled 
 Advocate, ‘ that he burlefqned God’s image, for God 
 *■ had made him after his own likenefs, but be made bim- 
 felf look like an afs/ Upon the whole matter, 1 am 
 very well fatislied in my choice of you for a judge ; if 
 you fpeak well of the book, it is all I delire, and the 
 bookfeller will have reafon to rejoice : though by your 
 approbation you may draw upon yourlelf a grand in- 
 convenience; for perhaps you may too often have 
 fongs, fonnets, madrigals, and an innumerable army of 
 flanzas obtruded upon you by, Sir, 
 
 “ Your humble fervant, Alex. Radcliffe.’* 
 Amongfl his other poems, is one under the title of News 
 from Hell ano.'hcr, “ On the Moriument at Lon- 
 don a facetious one, “ On the Memory of Mr. John 
 4 ^ Sprat, late Steward of Gray’s-Inn another, “ On the 
 Death of Edward Story, elq. Mafler of the Pond, and 
 Principal of Eernard’s-Inn and, “ The Sword’s 
 
 €.i. 
 
 ti 
 
 
 (.C 
 
 Farewell upon the Approach of ivlicliaclmas-term.” 
 
 in 8 to 5 
 cooiy.iTfe? 
 
 
 jr-ublica- 
 
 S'-we we- RADCLIFFE (Dr. Joiil"), an Engliui phyfician of 
 n.oifsoi ihe auHcommon eminence, wasbornat Wakefield in Yorklhire, 
 where his father poffelfed a moderate eftate, in 165c. He 
 M. d.i7.i5,w^ 3S taught Greek and Latin at a Icliool in the fame town ; 
 
 and, at 15 years of age, fent to univeiiity collcge^in Ox¬ 
 ford. In 1669, he took his firil degree in arts ; but no 
 fcilowflilp becoming vacant there, he removed to Ihncoln 
 college, where he was defied into one. He applied hiin- 
 ielf to phyfic, and rgn through the neceilary courfes of 
 botany, chemifery, and anatomv; in all which, having 
 excellent parts, lie quic’Kly made a very great progrefs. Ho 
 look the deg;ree ot M. A. in 5672, and then enrolled him- 
 felf upon the phyiic line. It is remarkable, that he re¬ 
 commended himfelf more by ready wit and vivacity, than 
 by any extraordinary acquilirlons in learning : and in the 
 profecutioii pf pUyfic, he rarely looked farther than to the 
 
 pieces. 
 
 r 
 
II 
 
 R A D G L I F F E, 
 
 «i 
 
 pieces pF Dr. Willis, who vras then pradtifing in London 
 \yith a very dircingaifaed chara6ler. Ke had few books 
 of any kind ; fo few, that when Dr. Eathurfl, head of 
 L’rinitv college, aiked him once in a furprize, “ where his 
 Liidy was,?” Radclifie, pointing to a few ph’als, a ikele- 
 ton, and an herbal, replied, “ Sir. this is Radcliffe’s Li- 
 “ brary.” In 1675, he proceeded M, B, and iininediaVcdy 
 began to pradlife. He never paid anv regard to the rules 
 univcrfally followed, but ceufured them, as often as he 
 Jaw occaiion, whli great freedom and acrimony ; and this 
 drew all the old praHitioners upon-him, with whom he 
 wap'ed an everlallino- war. Neverthelefs, his renutatioia 
 increafed with his experience ; and before he had been two 
 years in the world, his bufincfs was very extenhvc, and 
 among tliofe of the higheil rank. About this time, JDr. 
 IMarfhal, redfor of I.incoln college, did him an unkind 
 oliice, by oppoling his application for a faculty-place in 
 the college ; to ferve as a dlfpenfation from taking holy 
 orders, w'liich the Ifatutes reepaired him to do, if he kept 
 Lis fellowlhin. This was owing to fome witticifms, 
 vrhich wRadcliffe^ according to his manner, had launched 
 •at the. dodloi : however, fuch a ilep being inconfillent witli 
 his prefent htuation aild views, he cliofe to rehgn his fel- 
 Jowlhip, which he did in 1677. Fie w'oiild have kept his 
 chambers, and refided tb.erc as a commoner ; but Dr. 
 IMarlhali not being at all difpoled to be civil to him, he 
 pjuitted the college, .and took lodgings elfewhere. In 
 1682, he went out M. D but continued two years longer 
 at Oxford, growing equally in wealth and fame. 
 
 In 168.4, he went to London, and fettled in Bow—flreet 
 CoventAjarden. Dr. Lower was there the reigning phy- 
 heian ; but his interell then beginning to decline on ac¬ 
 count of his whig-principles, as tlicy ‘wei-e called, Rad- 
 clifFe had almoil an open, held gaud, in lefs than a year, 
 got into prime bglinefs. His convcrldtion contributed as 
 much to make his wav, as ifis reputed fKiii in his profef" 
 hon ; for, having much plcafantry and rcadinefs of vrit, 
 he was a moft diverting companion. In 1686, the prin- 
 ceL Anne of Dei;,m-ark made liim her phyheian. In 
 ^607, wealtli flov'hn.g in upon iiim very plentifully, he 
 had a mind to tedifV his gratituhe to lljtivcihtv-coliegej 
 vlrere he had received the heft part of his education ; and, 
 with this intent, caufed tl.ie leaii; wdndow over the altar 
 V) he put up at his own cxpence. (t is erteezneJ a beau- 
 iifui pieccq rgurefenting natiyity yf our 8.aYiour painted 
 
 upon 
 
12 
 
 in-a-. of h 
 cwiT- uixie, 
 T il. J). 
 
 1-6, foL 
 
 RADCLIFFE. 
 
 upon giafs ; and appears to^ be his gift by the following 
 inicription under it : “ D. D. Joan. R adcliffe^ M. D. 
 
 < hu'ius Coliegii quondam Socius, A. D. m ncLxxxviid’ 
 He is called “ Socias,” not that he was really a fellow ; 
 but, being fenior ibholar, had the fame privileges, though 
 not an equal revenue, with the fellows. In 1688, when 
 prince George of Henmark joined the prince of Orange, 
 and the princefs his confort retired to Nottingham, the 
 doflor was prelfed by bifhop Compton to attend her in 
 ouality of his ofhee, Ihe beino; alfo big with cliild of tlie 
 duke of Giouceiler; hut, not chuling to declare himfelf 
 in that critical date of public affairs, nor favouring the 
 mcamres tlien in agitation, he excufed himfelf, on account 
 of the multiplicity of his patients. 
 
 After the Revolution, he was often fent for to kiiig 
 William, and the great perfons about Itis court ; which 
 mult have been owing to his vad reputation and credit, 
 for it does not appear that he ever inclined to be a courtier. 
 In 1602, he ventured 5000!. in an interloper, Vvdiich was 
 bound for the Eafl- Indies, with the profpecl of a large re- 
 furn ; but iod It, the Ihip being taken by the French. 
 When the news was brought him, he faid, that ‘‘‘ lie had 
 nothing to do, but go up fo manv pair of dairs to 
 make himfelf whole gain.” In 1693, he entered upon 
 a tr-eaty of marriage with the only daughter of a wealthy 
 citizen, and was near bringing the affair to a confum- 
 matlon ; when it was difeovered, that the young ladv had 
 already confammated with her father’s book-keeper. Hhis 
 difappointmcnt in his hvd amour would not fuffer him 
 ever after to think of the lex in that light : he even grew 
 a degree of infenfibility, if not averlion for them , and 
 nften declared, that he wilhed for an a6I of parliament, 
 whereby nuiies onlv lliouid be entitled to preferibe to 
 “ them.” In tbqq, Queen Mary caught the fmali-pox, 
 and died. “ 'I'he phyficians part,” fays bifhop Burnet, 
 “ was univerfaliy condemned; and her death was im- 
 “ puted to the negligence or unikilfulnefs of Dr. Rad- 
 “■ cliffe. He was called for; and it appeared, but too 
 “ evidentiv, that his opinion was chiefly confidered, and 
 “ moft depended on. Other phyficians were afterwards 
 called, but not till it was too late.” 
 
 Soon after he loll the favour of the princefs Anne, by 
 negle6Vmg to obev her call, from his too great attachment 
 to the botric ; and another pliyfcian was elcdled into his 
 place. About this timej happened his remarkable vifit to 
 
 madam 
 
RADCLIFFE. 
 
 I ^ 
 
 madam d’Urfley at Kenfingtoii ; when this lady was 
 pleafed to l^e very free, in putting fome queries to him 
 concerning the pleafures of Venus. The Doctor gave 
 her full fcope by a reply, which produced a Vv^ell-knowii 
 ■witty epigram, too licentious to be here traiifcribed. 
 
 Li 1699, king William returning Dom Holland, and^ 
 being much out of order, fent for Radcliffe ; and, Ihew- 
 ing him his fwoln ancles, while the reft of his body was 
 emaciated and Ikeleton-like, faid, “ What think you of 
 “ thefe r” “ Why truly,” replied the phyfician, “ I would 
 not have your majefty’s two legs for your tliree king- 
 “ domswhich freedom fo loft the kiTier’s favour, that 
 no intercelhons could ever recover it. Wlien queen Anne 
 came to the throne, the earl of Godoiphin ufed all his 
 endeavours to reinftate him in his former poll of chief 
 phyfician ; but fhe would not be prevailed upon, alledg¬ 
 ing, that Radcliffe would fend her word again, that h-er 
 ailments were nothing but the vapours.” Neverthelels, 
 he was coniuited in all cafes of ejnergenev and critical 
 coirjumfture ; and, though not admitted in quality of the ^ 
 queen’s domeftic phyfician, received large fums of fecret- 
 fervice-money for his preferiptions beliiiid the curtain. 
 
 In 1703, RadtliiTe was liimfclf taigen ill (on Wednefday Arterbtsry's 
 March 24) with fomething like a pleurify; negledlc'd 
 it; drank a bottle of wine at Sir Juftinian Ifhain’s 
 Thurfday, took to his bed on Friday; and on the HI, .p. 7 
 30th was fo ill that it vvas thought he could not live till 
 the next day. Dr. Stanhope Dean of Canterbury; and Mr. 
 
 Wi litlield (then queen’s chaplain and reftorof Sr. Martin, 
 
 Ludgate, afterwards vicar of St. Giles, Cripplegate), were 
 liis confeiibrs. He fent for them, and delired them to 
 aihft him. By a will, made the 28th, he diipofed of tire 
 greateftpart of his eftate to charity ; aiid feveral thouiaiid 
 pounds in particular for the relief of fick fcamen letabbore. 
 
 Mr. Bernard the ferjeant-furgeon took from him ico 
 ounces of blood ; and on the 31ft he took a lirange reio- 
 lution of being removed to Kenfington, notvvithftand- 
 ing his wcaknefs, from which the moft preliing entreaties 
 of his friends could not divert him. In the warmeft 
 time of dav he rofc, and was carried i)y four men in a 
 chair to Kenfington, whither he got with difhcultv. hav¬ 
 ing fainted away in his chair. “ Being put to bed,” ftiys ibid. p. 73. 
 Dr. Atterbury, on whofe authority we relate thefe par¬ 
 ticulars, he fell aflecp immediately, and it is concluded 
 “ now [Apiii i] that he may do wclk; fo that the tovvii 
 
 “ phylieians. 
 
 4 
 
14 
 
 R A D C L I F F E. 
 
 ti 
 
 C'rrilpon 
 rf*ncc, vol. 
 ill p. 8i. 
 
 «( 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 (( 
 
 6 i 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 * i 
 
 phyilcians, who expelled to fliare his pra6lice, begin 
 now to think tlieinlelves diiappoinred.” Ihvo days 
 F.pifiolary after, the fame writer adds,' ‘‘ Dr. Radciiffe is paft all dan¬ 
 ger ; his efcape is next to miraculous. It hath made 
 him not only very^ ferious, but very devout. The per- 
 fon who hath read prayers to him often (and pariiou- 
 laily this day) tells me^' he never faw a man more- in 
 earneft. 7 ’he Queen adted Mr. Bernard how he did ; 
 and when he told her, that he was ungovernable, and 
 would obferve no rules ; Ihe anfwered, that then no¬ 
 body had reafon to take any thing ill from him ; liiice 
 it was plain he ufed other people no’ worfc than lie ufed 
 “ himfelf.” 
 
 He continued, however, in full buhnefs, increafihg in 
 wealth and iirfolence,. to the end of his days ; waging all 
 along, as we hSve before obferved, a perpetual war with liis 
 brethren the phyficians, who never conijdered him in any 
 other light, than that of an active, ingemious, adventur¬ 
 ing empiric, whom conllant pradlice brotfght at length. 
 to fome fkill in his prodclnon. One bf the projedis of 
 Martin Scriblerus” was, bvaftamp upon bliftering-plafters 
 and melilot by the yard, to raife money for the govern¬ 
 ment, and give it to Ps^adcliffe and others to farm; In 
 Martin’s “ Man of Difeafes,’' which was “ thicker fet vcith 
 “ towns than any Flanders map,” Radcliffe was painted 
 at the corner, contending for the univerhii empire of this 
 world, and the reil of the phyficians oppofmg hrs ambitious 
 dehgns with a project of a treaty of partition to fettle peace. . 
 
 In 1713 he iyas eicfled into parliament for the totVii of 
 Buckingham. 
 
 In the laft illnefs of queen Anne, he was fent for to' 
 Carihalton about noon, by order of the council ;■ he faid, 
 “ he had taken phyfic, md could not come.” Mr. Ford, 
 from whofe letter tb Dr. Swift this anecdote is faken, 
 obferves, “ In all probability he had faved her life, for I 
 “ am told the late l.ord Gower bad been often in tlie 
 fame condition, with the gout in his head.” In tliF 
 account that is given of Dr. Radclitfe in the “ BiograpbVeJ 
 “ Britaniiica,” it is faid, that the c]ucen was ftruck with 
 death the twenty-eighth of July r that Dr. l-fadcliffc'’s 
 name was not once mentioned, either by the queen or 
 “ any lord of the council;” only that lady Malliam fent to' 
 him, without their knowledge, two hours before the 
 queen’s death. In this letter frofh Mr. Ford to Dean’ 
 Swift, which is dated the thirty-hril; of July, it is faid,' 
 that the queen’s difordcr bbgaii bctwceii ei^hf and nine* 
 ^ tixer 
 
 Sw’f:’5 
 Works, 
 vol. XiX 
 
 r- 45 ‘ 
 
 ibid. p. 
 
 9?. 
 
f 
 
 IIADCLIFFE. 
 
 llie morning before,^ which wa.s the thirtieth ; and that 
 about noon, the fame day, Radcliffe was fent for by ar^ 
 order of council. Thefe accounts being contradidfory, 
 the reader will probably want fome afTihance to deterniine 
 what were the fadts. As to the time when the queen 
 was taken ill, IMr; Ford’s account is niofi: likely to be true^ 
 as he was upon the fpot, and in a fituation which iniured 
 him the belt intelligence. As to the time when the dodfor 
 was lent for, the account in the “ Biographia” is rnani- 
 feftly fiilfe ; for if the dodlcr had been fent for only'two 
 hours before the queen’s death, which happened incoii- 
 teflably oii the firfl; of Aiigiif!:, Air, Ford could not have 
 me?itioned the fail on the thirty-firfr of July, when has 
 letter was dated. Whether Radcliffe was jfent for by ladv 
 Alafliam, or by order of council, is therefore the only 
 point to be determined. That he was generally reported to 
 have been fent for by order of council, is certain ; but a 
 letter is printed in the ‘‘ Biographia,” faid to have been 
 written by the dodlor to one of his friends, which, fop- 
 pjofing it to be genuine, will prove, that the dodtor main¬ 
 tained the contrary. Oil the fifth of Augufi, four days after 
 the queen’s death, a merriber t)f the houfe of commons, a 
 friend of the dodfor’s, who was aifo a itiember, and one 
 Vv^ho always voted on the fame fide, moved, that he might 
 be iuminoned to attend in his place, in order to be cen- 
 fured for not attending on her majefly. Upon this oc- 
 tafion the dodlor is faid to have written the following let- 
 ler to another of his friends ; 
 
 ^5 
 
 Dear Sir, Carflialto'n, Aug. 7, 1714. 
 
 I COULD not have thought, that fo old an acquaint- 
 
 arice, and fo good a friend, as Sir f-n always pro- 
 
 felled himfelf, would have made fuch a moiicn againft 
 “ me. God knows my will to do her majefty any fervice 
 “ has ever got the hart of my ability ; and I have no-, 
 “ thing that gives me greater anxiety and trouble thaii\ 
 the death of that great and glorious princefs. I mull: 
 do that juffice to. the phydeians that attended her in her 
 illnefs, from a fight of the method that was taken for 
 her prefervatlon by Dr. Mead, as to declare nothing 
 was omitted for her prefervation ; but the people aberat 
 her (die plagues of\ Egypt fall on’them 1 ) put it out of 
 tlie power of phyfic to be of’ any benefit to her. f 
 know the nature of attending crowned heads in their 
 iaff moments too well t© be foixd of waiting upon them, 
 
 withox'^t 
 
,6 R A D C L I F F E. 
 
 “ without bejng fcnt for by a proper anthority. You 
 have heard of pardons being figned for phyficlans, be- 
 fore a fovereigids deniife : however, ill as I was, I 
 “ would have went-to the queen in a hoiTe-litter, had 
 either- her majefty, or thofe in commiiTion next 
 “ tocher, cotnmanded me fo to do. You may tell Sir 
 
 “ J -n as much, and alfure him, from me, that his 
 
 “ zeal for her raajelly will not excufe his ill ufage of a 
 “ friend, who has drunk many a hundred bottles with 
 “ him, and cannot, even after this breach of a good under- 
 “ ftanding that ever was preferved between us, but have 
 “ a very good eileem for him. 1 mull alfo delire you to 
 “ thank Tom Chapman for his fpeech in my behalf, 
 “ fmce I hear it is the lirll he ever made,, which is taken 
 more kindly ; and to acquaint him, that 1 fhould be 
 “ glad to fee him at Carflialton, lince I fear (for fo the 
 “ gout tells me) that we lhall never more lit in the 
 “ houfe of commons together. I am, &c. 
 
 “ John Radcliffe.” 
 
 But, whatever credit may now be paid to this letter, or 
 however it may now be thought to jufiify the do£lor’s 
 refufal to attend her majefty, he became at that time fo 
 much the obie6l of popular refentment, that he was ap- 
 prehenlive of being alfalfinated ; as appears by the follow¬ 
 ing letter, directed to Dr. Mead, at Child’s colfee-houfe, 
 in St. Paul’s-church-yard : 
 
 “ Dear Sir, Carflialton, Aug. 3, 1714. 
 
 GIVE you, and your brother, many thanks, for the 
 favour you intend me to-morrow ; and if there is any 
 “ other friend that will be agreeable to you, he lhall meet 
 ‘‘ with a hearty welcome from me. Dinner fliall be on 
 “ the table by two, when you may be fure to find me ready 
 “ to wait upon you. Nor lhall I be at any other time 
 “ from home, becaufe 1 have received feveral letters, 
 “ which threaten me with being pulled to pieces, if 
 “ ever 1 come to London. After fuch menaces as thefc, 
 “ it is eafyto imagine, that the converfation of t\vo fuch 
 “ very good friends is not only extremely delirable, but 
 “ the enjoyment of it will be a great happinefs and fatif- 
 “ fadion to him, who is, See. John Radcliffe.”. 
 
 Radcliffe died on the firfl of November the fame year, 
 having furvived the queen juft three months ; and it is faid, 
 that the dread he had of the populace, and the want of 
 
 comp my 
 
R A D e L I F F E, 37 
 
 coinpany in the country village, which he did not dare 
 to leave, fhortened ^ his life, when jult lixty-four years 
 old. He was carried to Oxford, and buried in St. Mary’s 
 church in that city. 
 
 He had a great refpe^l for the clergy ; and Ihcwed much 
 judgement in bellowing his patronage. He gave the rec¬ 
 tory of Headbourne-worthy, Hants, to the learned and 
 pious Dr. Bingham; and it was through ins lolicitationvoi ill. 
 that the headlhip of St. Mary Hall, at Oxford, was con-p* ^78. 
 ferred on the celebrated Dr. Hudfon ; whom he fo much ibid. p.t33» 
 efleemed, that it has been generally fuppofed it was to the 
 perfualion of Dr. Hudfon that the univerfity was in¬ 
 debted for the noble benefactions of Dr. Radcliffe; for 
 the Library [a] and Infirmary which bear his name; 
 and for an annual income of 600 1. for two travelling 
 fellowfliips. To Univerfity college alfo he gave, befides 
 the window at the altar-piece already mentioned, the 
 money which built the mailer’s lodge there, making one 
 fide of the Eaflern quadrangle. 
 
 We do not find that he ever attempted to write any 
 thing, and probably he would not have fucceeded as an au¬ 
 thor. He was believed to have been very little converfant 
 in books ; which made Dr. Garth fay, humouroufly 
 
 [a] Dr. RadclifFe’s idea, In Decem¬ 
 ber 171a, was to have enlarged the 
 Bodleian Library. The intended 
 fcheme was,” as we learn from Dr. 
 Atterbury^s Eplftolary Correfpon- 
 dence,” vol. III. “ to build out from 
 “ the middle window of the Seldcn 
 ** part a room of ninety feet long, and 
 as high as the Selden part is, and un- 
 ** der it to build a library for Exeter 
 ** College, upon whofe ground it 
 << mull ftand, Exeter College has 
 ** confented, upon condition that not 
 “ only a library be bulk for them, 
 but fome lodgings alfo, which muft 
 ** be pulled down to make room for 
 ** this new defign, be rebuilt. The 
 Univerfity thinks of furnifhing 
 ** that part of the charge; and Dr. 
 “ Radcliffe has readily proffered to 
 furnilh the reft ? and withall, after 
 “ he has perfected the building, to 
 give 1001. for ever to furnifii it 
 “ with books.” This fcheme not 
 having been adopted, the Doftor left 
 40,000!. for building a new Li¬ 
 brary ; with 150 1. a year for the li¬ 
 brarian, and lool. a year to buv 
 
 VoL. XL 
 
 books. The foundation fione was 
 laid June i6, 1737, with rhe follow¬ 
 ing infeription on a plate of copper: 
 
 “ Quod felix fauftumque fit 
 Academlae Oxonitnfi, 
 
 Die XVI kalendarum Junii 
 Anno Moccxxxvri, 
 
 Carolo Comite de Arran Cancellario, 
 Stephano NibJet, S. T. P. 
 Vice-cancellario, 
 
 Thomas Paget &: Johanne Land A? ^T, 
 
 \ Procuratoribu 5 , 
 
 Plaudente unique rogata gente, 
 
 Plor.orabllis admoclum 
 
 piju? Carolus Noel Somerfet, 
 
 Honoranllis Johannes Verney, 
 
 Gualterus Wagltaff Bagot Baronettus, 
 
 Edwardus Harley 7 a 
 
 trj ] c • u F Armigen, 
 
 et Edwardus Smith 5 
 
 Radcllvii munificeiulfTIml TeftamentI, • 
 
 Curatorcs, P. P- 
 
 Jacobo Gibbs Architc £lo.” 
 
 The whole building was completed in' 
 
 J747 ; and on the 12th of -\pril 1749 ' 
 
 it was opened with great folcmnity ; 
 
 of which fee a particular defeription, 
 
 in Gent. Mag, vol. XIX. pp. j6^. 
 
 4c:9. and fecvul, LI. p, 75 * 
 
 C . enough, 
 
18 
 
 Pope’s 
 Works, 
 Vol. VII. 
 
 preface to 
 his ‘‘ Trea 
 
 Atterbury’s 
 Epiftolary 
 Correfpon- 
 dence, 
 vol. IIL 
 p, 204. 
 
 R A D C L I F F E. 
 
 enough, that “ for Radcliffe to leave a library, was as if 
 “ an Ennuch Ihould found a Seraglio.” A nioft curious 
 but ungracious portrait is given of him by Dr. Mandeviile, 
 in his “ EfTay on Charity-Schools,” fubjoined to his 
 “ Fable of the Bees it is too long to be inferted here. 
 What, however, the late Dr. Mead has recorded of him, 
 is no fmall teflimony in his favour; namely, that “ he 
 rife on the “ was dcfcrvedly at the head of his profeffion, on account 
 “ Small- ]-j-g great medical penetration and experience.” 
 
 ** Some remarkable traits in his charadtef may be dif- 
 
 Govered in the following detached remarks and extradls : 
 
 His caprice in his profeffion feems to have been un¬ 
 bounded. When the Lady of Sir John Trevor the Mailer 
 of the Rolls was dying, in the fummer of -1704, fhe was 
 given over by Radcliffe as incurable. The Mafter, think¬ 
 ing it a compliment to Radcliffe not to join any of the 
 London phyficians with him, fent to Oxford for Dr. 
 Breach, an old crony, to confult on that occafion ; which 
 Ibid.p.205. jxiade fuch a breach with Radcliffe, that he fet out in a 
 few days for Bath; where he is reprefented ‘‘ as deliglit- 
 Ibld.p. Z14* << jpjg fcarce in any other company but that of Papifls.” 
 
 The lady of Sir John Holt he attended, in a bad ill- 
 nefs, with unufual diligence, out of pique to the hufband, 
 who was fuppofed not to be over-fond of her.. 
 
 When Mr. Harley was flabbed by Guifeard, Swift com¬ 
 plains, that, by the caprice of Radcliffe, who would admit 
 none but his own furgeon, he had “ not been well looked 
 after ;” and adds, in another place, “ Mr. Harley has 
 had an ill furgeon, by the caprice of that puppy 
 Dr. Radcliffe ; which has kept him back lb long.” 
 May 26, 1704, he carried fome caufe againfl an apothe- 
 Corr^fpoT- cary, by the aid of the folicitor-general Harcourt; and 
 dence, vol. two days befoic,” Atterbury fays, a play was aded, 
 ill. p.i86. << ^^q^erein the Dodlor was extremely ridiculed upon that 
 * Qi, What u quarrel with the apothecary A great num- 
 
 “ Ber of perfons of quality were prefent; among the 
 reft, the Dutchefs of Marlborough and the maids of 
 honour* The paffages where the Doctor was affronted 
 were received with the utmolt applaufe.” 
 
 In 1709, he w^as ridiculed by Steele, in the ‘‘ Tatler,” 
 under the title of “ the Mourning ^fculapius, th.e Ian-. 
 “ guifhing hopelefs lover of the divine Hebe, emblem of 
 “ youth and beauty.” After curing the lady of a fevere 
 fever, he fdi violently in love wnth her ; but was rejeded. 
 The ftorj txius related in the ‘‘ Biographia Biitaniiica 
 
 ^ “ the 
 
 Swift’s 
 Works, 
 vol. XIX* 
 
 P* 
 
 Ibid. vol. 
 XXI. p. 
 269. 
 
 Ibid .p. 291 
 
 Atterbury’s 
 
 Epiftolary 
 
 (< 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 Ko 44- 
 
R A b C L I F F E. 
 
 The Lady, who made the Doftor at this advanced 
 ‘‘ age (land in heed of a phyfician himfelf, was, it is fald, 
 ot great beaiity, wealth, and quality; and too attradive 
 “ not to infpire the coldeft heart with the warmeft fen- 
 “ tinients. he had made a cure of her^ he could not 
 
 “ butinlagine, as naturally he nlight, that her ladyfhip 
 “ would entertain a favourable opinion of him. But 
 the lady, however grateful fhe might be for the care 
 lie had taken of her health, divulged the fecret, and 
 one of her confidents revealed it to Steele, who, on 
 account of party, was fo ill-natured as to write the 
 “ ridicule of it in the Tatler. The Doftor had a fort See 
 “ of antipathy to women; and, being unfortunate in his P* ^ 
 only attempt to marry, he grew to a degree of infen- 
 fibiiity for the lex; and often declared that he wifhed 
 for an at51: of parliament, whereby nurfes only Ihould be 
 “ entitled to prefer!be to them.” 
 
 This article fhall be clofed with an extradl from 
 the Richardfoniana: “ Dr. Radcliffe told Dr. Mead, 
 
 “ ‘ Mead, I love you, arid now I will tell you a fure 
 fecret^ to make your fortune; ufe all mankind ill. * 
 And it certainly was his own practice, ffe owned he 
 was avaricious, even to fpunging, whenever he any - 
 way could, at a tavern reckoning, a lixpence or fliilling, 
 among the reft of the company, under pretence of 
 ‘ hating (as he ever did) to change a guinea, becaufe 
 (laid he) it Hips away fo fall.* He could never be 
 brought to pay bills without much following and im¬ 
 portunity ; nor then if there appeared any chance of 
 wearying them out.—A paviour, after long and fruit- 
 lefs attempts, cailght him jull getting out of his chariot 
 “ at his own door, in Bloomfbury-^fquare, and fet upon ’ 
 him. ‘ Why, you rafcal,* faid the Doaor, ‘ do you 
 pretend to be paid for fuch a piece of work ? why you ' 
 have fpoiled my pavement, and then covered it over 
 “ with earth to hide your bad work.* ‘ DoiSlor,* faid 
 ‘‘ the paviour, ‘ mine is not the only bad work that the 
 “ earth hides ! You dog you,’ faid the Doaor, ‘ are 
 you a wit? you mull be poor, come in;* and paid 
 nim. Nobody, adds Mr. Richardlon, ‘‘ ever pra6tifed. 
 this rule, ‘ of uling all mankind ill,* lefs than Dr, 
 Mead (who told me himfelf the hory, and) who, as 
 I have been informed by great phyheians, got as much 
 again by his praaice as Dr. Ridcjiffe did ” 
 
 C a , RAINOLDS 
 
io 
 
 Prj nee’s 
 Worthies of 
 I)rvon(hlre. 
 
 —At hen. 
 Oxbn. 
 
 Ilpiftle 7* 
 
 Decad. I. 
 
 Pefenf- Ec 
 clef.Anglic 
 
 c. 69. 
 
 R A I N O L D S. 
 
 RAINOLDS (John), an eminent Englifh divmff, 
 was bom at Pinto in Devonlhire in 1549, and fent to 
 Merton-collcge, Oxford, in 1562. He removed to Cor¬ 
 pus ChriPi-college, of which he became firft fcholar, and 
 then fellow. He took both the degrees in arts and di¬ 
 vinity. In 1598, he was made dean of Lincoln ; but, 
 being unwilling to quit an academical life, he exchanged 
 his deanery the year following, for the prelidentlhip of 
 Corpus ChriPi-college. Queen Elizabeth offered him a 
 bilhopric ; but he modeply refufed it, and faid Nolo Epif- 
 copari in good earneft. He died in 1607, ^fter having 
 publiflied a great number of books. The learned have 
 beftowed moll uncommon praifes upon this divine. 
 Bifhop Hall, a very competent judge, obferves, that “ hjL 
 “ alone was a well-furnifhed library, full of all faculties, 
 “‘of all Pudies, of all learning. The memory, the read- 
 “ irtg of that man, were to a miracle.’^ Dr. Crakan- 
 - thorp fays, that “ for virtue, probity, integrity, and piety, 
 
 • “ he was fo eminent, that, as Nazianzen fpeaks of Atha- 
 “ nafius, to name him is to commend virtue itfelf.” 
 He had a hand in tranllating part of the Old Teftament, 
 by command of James I. He was inclined to Puritanifm, 
 but with fuch moderation, that he continued a confor- 
 mift to the church of England. He was thought to fhorten 
 Ills life by too fevere application to his ftudies ; but, when 
 his friends urged him to defift, he ufed to reply, that he 
 would “ not lofe the end of living for the fake of life j’’ 
 non propter vltam vlvendi pcrderc caujas, 
 
 RALPH (James), a writer in poetry, politicks, and 
 hillory, was born we know not where, nor of what fa¬ 
 mily. His defeent was mean ; but he raifed himfelf from 
 obfeurity by his merit. He was a fchoolmafter at Phila¬ 
 delphia in North America ; which remote lituation not 
 fuiting his aflive mind, he came to England about the 
 beginning of the reign of George IL and by his attendance 
 and abilities recommended himfelf to the patronage of 
 fome great men. He publiihed a poem, intituled “ Night,’* 
 
 of which Pope thus takes notice in the Dunciad : 
 
 \ * 
 
 Silence, ye wolves ! while Ralph to Cynthia howls, ’ 
 
 And makes night hideous—anfwer him, ye owls 1 • 
 
 He wrote fome pieces for the Page, of which an account 
 may be feen in the “ Biographia Dramatlca.” Though he 
 did not fucceed as a poet, he was a very ingenious profe 
 writer. His “ PliPory of England,” commencing with 
 
 the 
 
RALPH. 
 
 tlie reign of the Stuarts, is much efleemed, as were his pq* 
 litical pamphlets ; fome of which were looked upon as 
 mailer-pieces. He was concerned in writing elTays in 
 feveral periodical papers, particularly “ Old England ; or, 
 
 “ Jeffery Broadbottom’s Journal,” and The Reinein- 
 “ brancer.” His laft publication, intituled, “ TheCale of 
 “ Authors by Profelhon,” is efleemed an excellent and en¬ 
 tertaining performance. He loll all hopes of preferment by 
 the death of Frederic prince of Wales; and died at Ciiil- 
 vvick, after a long fuffering from the gout, Jan. 24, 1762. 
 
 RAMAZZINI (Bernardin), an Italian phylician, 
 was born of a good family at Carpi near Modena, in 
 1633. When he had laid a foundation in grammar and Niceron, 
 clalhcal literature in his own country, he went to Pafina 
 to fludy philofophy; and, afterwards applying himfelf to 
 phylic, took a doflor’s degree there in 1659. Then he 
 went to Rome, for the fake of penetrating flill further 
 into his art; and afterwards fettled in the duchy of Caf- 
 tro. After fome time, ill health obliged him to return to 
 Carpi for his native air, wdiere he married a wife, and 
 followed the bulinefs of his profellion ; but in 1671, at 
 the advice of fome friends, he removed to Modena. His 
 brethren of the faculty here conceived at firll but meanly 
 of his learning and abilities ; but, when he had undeceivt 
 ed them by publications, their contempt, as is natural, 
 was changed into jealoufy. In 1682, he was made pror- 
 felTor of phylic in the univetfitv of Modena, which was 
 juft founded by duke Francis II. ; and he filled this of-r 
 fice for eighteen years, attending in the mean time to 
 pra«Stice, and not negledling polite literature, of which he 
 was always fond. In 1700, he went to Padua upon in- 
 yitation, to be a profeffor there : but the infirmities of 
 age began now to come upon him. Pic loll his fight, an 4 
 was forced to read and write with other people’s eyes and 
 hands. Neverthelefs, the fenate of Venice made lum 
 tedtor of tlie college in 1708, and aifo railed him from 
 the fecond profelforiliip in phylic to the lirll. He would 
 have refufed thefe honourable pqfls; hut, being over¬ 
 ruled, performed ail the fundlions of them very diligently 
 to the time of his death. He died in 1714 upon his birth¬ 
 day, Nov. 5, aged 81. He compofed many works upon 
 medical and philofophical fubje£ls : his book “ lie morbis 
 artificum” will always be uleful. His works were col¬ 
 lected and publilhed at London, 1716, in 4to ; which is 
 
 C 2 ■ t ^ better 
 
 ^ * 
 
^2 'y 
 
 \ 
 
 RAMAZZINI. 
 
 a better edition than that of Geneva the year after, be« 
 caufe more corre£l. 
 
 RAMEAU (John Philip), an illuftrious mufician,' 
 llyled by the french the Newton of harmony, was born 
 Hawkins’s at Dijon, Sepf.' 25> 1683. After having learned the ru- 
 diments of mulic, he left his native country, and wan- 
 V. 384! dered about with the performers of a llrolling opera. At 
 eighteen, he compofed a mufical entertainment, which 
 was reprefented at Avignon : afterwards, travelling through 
 part of France and Italy, he corredled his ideas of mulic 
 by the pradlice of the harpficord ; and then went to 
 Paris, where he perfedled hinifelf under John Lewis Mar- 
 chandi a famous organiil. ‘ He became organill of the 
 cathedral church of Clermont in Auvergne, and in this 
 retirement iludied tlie theory of his art with the utmoft 
 affiduity. His application gave birth to his “ Traite de 
 ‘‘ r Harmonic, Paris, 1722 and to his Nouyeau Syf- 
 teme de Muhque Theorique, Paris, 1726.’! But the 
 work, for which he is moft celebrated, is his Demon- 
 ftration du Principe de T Harmonie, Paris, 1750in 
 which, as his countrymen fay, he has fhewn, that the 
 whole depends upon one lingle and clear principle, viz. 
 the fundamental bafs : and it is in this refpeft that he is 
 by them compared to Newton, who, by the fingle prin¬ 
 ciple of gravitation, explained the phaenoniena of tho 
 Phylical World. 
 
 With fuch extraordinary talents as thefe, and a fupreme 
 flyle in muhcal compofition, it had been a national re¬ 
 proach, had Pvameau been fuffered to remain organill of a 
 country cathedral. He was called to Paris, and appointed 
 to the management of the opera : his mulic was of an 
 original call, and the performers complained at firll that 
 it could not be excufed ; but he alTerted the contrary, and 
 evinced it by experiment. . By pradlicc he acquired a great 
 facility in compoling, fo that he was never at a lofs to 
 adapt founds to fentiments. 'It was a faying of Quinault, 
 that “ the Poet was the Mulician’s fervant;but Rameau 
 would fay, “ Give me but a Holland Gazette, and I will 
 let it to mulic V’’ and we are almofl ready to concur 
 with him, inafmuch as we have known the London Cries 
 of “ The lall dying Ipeech of the malefadlors wLo w'ere 
 executed this morning at 7 'yburn,” &c. to be fet'and 
 fung moil harmonioufly. The king, to reward his ex¬ 
 traordinary merit, conferred upon him the ribband of the 
 
 ordet 
 
order <5)f St. Michael; and, a little before his death, raifed 
 him to the rank of Noblefs." He was a man of good mo-- 
 rals, and lived happily with a wife whom he tenderly 
 loved. He died at Paris, Sept. 12, 1764; and his exe¬ 
 quies were celebrated with great muiicai folemnity. 
 
 As a theorift, the charader of Rameau hands very 
 high, and Handel always fpoke of him with great refped ; 
 but as a muhcal compofer, his rnerit (it feems) remains ^ 
 
 to be fettled. Befides the trads abovementioned, there Hawkins's 
 are extant of his, “ Generation Harmonique, Paris, i 737 i”Muric^ 
 and “.Nouvelies Reflexions fur la Demonhration,’^ 6cc. p. 386* 
 
 RAMSAY (Andrew Michael), frequently hyled 
 the chevalier Ramfay, a polite writer, was a Scotiinan of 
 an ancient family; and was born at Ayre in that king¬ 
 dom, June 9, 1686. He received the firh part of his Blograpiila 
 education at Ayre, and was then removed to Edinburgh ; 
 where, dihinguifliing himfelfby good parts and uncom¬ 
 mon proficiency, he was fent for to St. Andrew’s, in or¬ 
 der to attend a fon of the earl of Weems in that univer- 
 lity. After this, he travelled to Holland, and went to 
 J^eyden : where falling into the acquaintance of Poiret, 
 a celebrated myhic divine, he became tindured with his 
 dodrines ; and refolved for further fatisfadion to confult 
 Fenelon, the famed archbifhopof Cambray, who had long 
 imbibed the fundamental principles of that theology. 
 
 Before he left Scotland^ he had conceived a difgufl: to the 
 religion in which he was bred; and in that ill-humour, 
 cafiing his eye upon other Ghriflian churches, and feeing 
 none to his liking, he became difpleafed with all, and 
 gave into Deifm. During his abode in Holland, he grevy 
 more confirmed in that W'ay of thinking; yet without 
 coming to any fixed determination. In this unfettled 
 ftate of mind, he arrived at Cambray in 1710, and was ' 
 received with great kindnefs by the archbifaop, who took 
 him into his family, heard with patience and attention 
 the hillory of his religious principles, entered heartily with 
 him into a difculfion of them, and, to be Ihort, in fix 
 months time made him as good a Catholic as himfelf. 
 
 T'he fubfcquent courfe of his life received its direftion 
 from his fricndfhip and connedlions with this prelate,., 
 
 Fenelon had been preceptor to the duke of Burgundy, 
 heir-apparent, after the death of his father the dauphin, 
 to the crown of France ; yet neither of them came to the 
 polTeflioa of it, being furvived by Lewis XIV. who was 
 
 C 4 fucceeded 
 
t RAMSAY. 
 
 fucceeded by his great grandfon* fon to the duke of Bur¬ 
 gundy, and now Lewis XV. Ramfay, having been firft 
 governor to the duke de Cliateau-Thiery and the prince 
 de Turenne, was made knight of the order of St. Laza¬ 
 rus ; and afterwards fent for to Rome by the chevalier dc 
 St. George, flyled there James III. king of Great Britain, 
 to take the charge of educating his children. He went 
 accordingly to that ce'urt, in 1724; but the intrigues and 
 diirentions, which he found on his arrival there, gave 
 him fo much uneafinefs, that, with the pretender’s leave, 
 he prefcntly returned to Paris. Then he crofled the wa¬ 
 ter to his own country, and was kindly received by the 
 dnke of Argyle and Greenwich; in whofe family he re- 
 lided fome years, and employed his leifure there in wri¬ 
 ting feveral ingenious pieces. We are told, that in the 
 mean time he had the degree of doflor of law conferred on 
 him at Oxford ; that he was admitted for this purpofe of 
 St. Mary Hall in April 1730^ and that he was prefented 
 to his degree by Dr. King, the principal of that houfe, 
 After his return to France, he refided fome time at Pon- 
 toife, a feat of the prince de Turenne, duke de Bouillon ; 
 with whom he continued in the poll of intendant till his 
 death. This happened on the 6th of May 1743, at St. 
 Germain-en-Laie, where his body was interred ; but his 
 heart was depolited in the nunnery of St. Sacrament at 
 Paris. 
 
 His works are, i. ‘‘Difeours fur le Poeme Epique 
 prefixed to the later editions of Telemachus. 2. “ La 
 Vie de Mr. Fenelon.” 3. “ Efiai fur le Gouvernment 
 Civil.” 4. Le Pfyehometre, ou Reflexions fur les dif- 
 ferens characters de I’efprit, par un Milord Anglois.” 
 Thefe are remarks upon lord Shaftefbury’s CharaCteri- 
 Soc art. flics. 5. “ Les Voyages de Cyrus,” in French ; and, in 
 Hooks. Englifii, ‘‘I'he Travels of Cyrus.” This is his Chef. 
 d’Oeuvre, and hath gone through feveral editions in both 
 languages. 6. “ L’Hiftoire de M. de Turenne, in 
 “ French and Englilh.” 7. “ Several fmall pieces of poe- 
 try, in Englifii.” 8. “ Two Letters in French, to M. 
 Racine the fon, upon the true fentiments of Mr. Pope, 
 in his Eflay on Man.” T hefe were printed after his 
 deceafe, in “ Les Oeuvres de M. Racine le fils,” tom. 11 . 
 1747, In the former of thefe, he calls Locke goiie fuper* 
 ‘‘ a fupeificial genius ;” and has fhewn by this, that 
 whatever ingenuity and polite literature he might poflTefs 
 (and lie pcfiefied a very confidcvable portion of-both), he 
 ^ ’ 7 ^ " was 
 
RAMSAY. 
 
 was not qualified in any degree to judge of philofophers. 
 
 Two poilhumous works of his were alfo printed at Giaf- 
 gow. 9. “ A plan of education and, 10. “ Philofo- 
 
 phical Principles of natural and revealed Religion, ex- 
 “ plained and unfoulded in a geometrical Order. 1749.’* 
 in 2 vols. 4to, 
 
 RAMUS (Peter) a mofi: famous profefior of France, 
 was born in 1515, in a village of Vermandois in Picardy. 
 
 H is family was good, but had fufFered great hardfhips and 
 injuries from the wars.. His grandfather, having loft all BayJe’s 
 his pofteftions, was obliged to turn collier for a livelihood. 
 
 His father followed hufbandry; and himfelf was not hap¬ 
 pier than his father and grandfather, his life being, fays 
 Bayle, the fport of fortune, or one continued viciftitude 
 of good and ill fortune. He was fcarce out of the cra¬ 
 dle, when he was twice attacked with the plague. At 
 eight years of age, a thirft after learning prompted him to 
 go to Paris ; but poverty forced‘him to leave that city. 
 
 He returned to it as foon as he could ; but, being un¬ 
 able to fupport himfelf, he left it a fecond time : yet his 
 paftlon for ftudy was fo violent, -that, notwithftanding his 
 ill fortune in two journeys, he ventured upon a third. 
 
 He was maintained there fome months by one of his un- 
 - cles, after which he was obliged to be a fervant in the 
 college of Navarre. He fpent the day in waiting upon 
 his matters, and the greateft part of the night in ftudy. 
 What is related in the firft Scaligerana, of his living to 
 nineteen without learning to read, and of his being very 
 dull and ftupid, is not crediWe. 
 
 After having finiftied claflical learning and rhetoric, he 
 went through a courfe of philofophy, wdiich took him up 
 three years and a half in the fchools. The thefts, which 
 he made for his matter of arts degree, offended all the 
 world : for he maintained in it, that “ ail which Ariftotle 
 “ had advanced was falfe f’ and he anfwered extremely 
 well the objections of the profeftbrs. This fuccefs in¬ 
 clined him to examine the doftrine of Ariftotle more 
 clofely, and to combat it vigoroufly: but he confined him¬ 
 felf principally to his Logic. The two firft books he 
 publifhed, the one intituled, “ Inftitutiones Dialeflicaj,’^ 
 the other, “ Ariftotelicce Animadverliones,” occafiorjed 
 great difturbances in the univerftty of Paris. The pro- 
 fclibrs there, who were adorers of Ariftotle, ought to have 
 refuted Ramus’s books by writings and lectures ; but. 
 
RAMUS. 
 
 inftead of confining themfelves within the jufl; bounds of 
 academical v/ars, they profecuted this anti-peripatetic be¬ 
 fore the civil magiflrate, as a man who was going to fap 
 the foundations of religion. They raifed fuch clamours, 
 that the caufe was carried before the parliament of Paris : 
 but the moment they perceived it would-be examined 
 equitably, and according to the ufual forms, they by their 
 intrigues took it from that tribunal, and brought it be¬ 
 fore the king’s council ; and Francis I. was obliged to in¬ 
 terfere in it. The king ordered, that Ramus and Antony 
 Govea, who was his principal adverfary, fhould chufe 
 two judges each, to pronounce on the controverfy, after 
 they Ihould have ended their difputation ; while he him- 
 felf appointed a deputy. Ramus, in obedience to the 
 king’s orders, appeared before the five judges, though 
 three of them were his declared enemies. The difpute 
 laifed two days, and Govea had all the advantages he 
 could delire; Ramus’s books being prohibited in all parts 
 of the kingdom, and their author fentenced not to teach 
 philofophy any longer. His enemies difeovered a moft 
 furprifing joy on that account : they made a greater noife 
 in proportion, thari the proudefl; princes for the taking of 
 .a confiderable city, or the winning of a very important 
 vi£lory. The fentence of the three judges was publifhed 
 in Latin and French in all the ftreets of Paris, and in all 
 parts of Europe, whither it could be fent. Plays were 
 a£led with great pomp, in which Ramus was mocked and 
 abufed a thoufand ways, in the midfl of the applaufes and 
 acclamations of the Ariflotelians. This happened in 1543. 
 
 The year after, the plague made great havoc in Paris, 
 and forced mofl of the ffudents in the College of Prele to 
 quit it ; but Ramus, being prevailed upon to teach in it, 
 foon drew together a great number of auditors. The 
 Sorbonne attempted to drive him from that college, but 
 to no purpofe ; for he held the headfhip of that houfe 
 by arret of parliament. I'hrough the patronage and pro- 
 te6Lon of the cardinal of Lorrain, he obtained in 1547 
 from Henry 11 . the liberty of I’peaking and writing, and 
 llic royal profelforlhip of philofophy and eloqueiice in 
 'Fhe parliament of Paris had, before this, inain-^ 
 tained him in the liberty of joining philofophical leftures 
 tp thofe of eloquence ; and this arret or decree had put 
 .an end to feveral profecutions, which Pvainus and hjs pu- 
 'pils had fiufered : tor they iiad been profecuted feveral 
 
 -judges and the civil ma- 
 
 giftrates. 
 
 ways, both before tiie uni verb ty 
 
RAMUS. 
 
 giilrates. As foon as he was made regius profefibr, he 
 was fired with a new zeal for improving the Iciences ; and 
 was extremely laborious and aftive on this occalion, not- 
 withftanding the hatred of his enemies, who were never 
 at reft. He'bore at that time a part in a very fingular 
 affair, which deferves to be mentioned. About 1550, the 
 royal profeffors corredled, among other abufes, that which 
 had crept into the pronunciation of the Latin tongue. 
 Some of the clergy followed this regulation; hut the Sor- 
 bonnifts were much offended at it as an innovation, and 
 defended the old pronunciation with great zeal. Things 
 at length were carried fo far, that a minifter, who had a 
 good living, was very ill treated by them; and caufed to 
 be ejefled from his benefice for having pronounced ^«i/- 
 quis, ^/anquam^ according to the new way, inftead of 
 Kifkts^ Kankam^ according to the old. The minifter ap¬ 
 plied to the parliament; and the royal profeffors with 
 Ramus among them, fearing he would fall a vidtim to the 
 credit and authority of the faculty of divines, for pre¬ 
 fuming to pronounce the Latin tongue according to their 
 regulations, thought it incumbent on them to aliift him. 
 Accordingly, they went to the court of juftice ; and re- 
 prefented in ftch ftrong terms the indignity of the pro- 
 - fecution, that the perfon accufed was cleared, and every 
 body had the liberty of pronouncing as they pleafed. 
 
 Ramus w^as bred up in the Catholic religion, but after¬ 
 wards deferted it. He began to difcover his new prin¬ 
 ciples, by removing the images from the chapel of his 
 college of Prele. This was in 1552 ; when fucft a pro- 
 fecution was raifed againft him by the Religionifts, as 
 well as Ariftotelians, that he was not only driven out of 
 his profefforfhip, but obliged to conceal himfelf. For 
 that purpofe, he went with the king’s leave to Fontain- 
 bleau; where, by the help of books in the king’s library, 
 he purfued geometrical and aftronomical ftudies. As 
 foon as his enemies knew wdiere he was, he found him¬ 
 felf no where fafe : fo that he was forced to go and con¬ 
 ceal himfelf in feveral other places. During this inter¬ 
 val, his excellent and curious colledtion of books in the 
 college of Prele vvas plundered ; but, after a peace was 
 concluded in 1563, between Charles IX. and the Pro- 
 teftants, he again took poffeftion of his employment, 
 maintained himfelf in it with vigour, and was particularly 
 zealous in promoting the ftiidy of the mathematicks. 
 'i'his lafted till the fecond civil war iri 1567, when he 
 
 was 
 
 « 
 
zS 
 
 RAMUS. 
 
 was forced to leave Paris, and fhelter himfelf among the 
 Hugibonots, in whofe army lie was at the battle of St. 
 Denys. Peace having been concluded fome months after, 
 he was reflored to his profelTorlhip ; but, forefeeing that 
 the war would foon break out again, he did not care to 
 venture himfelf in a frefh horm, and therefore obtained 
 the king’s leave to vifit the univerlities of Germany. He 
 accordingly undertook this journey in 1568, and received 
 very great honours wherever he came. He returned to 
 France, after the third war in 1571 ; and loft his life 
 miferably, in the maftacre of St. Bartholomew’s day, 
 1572. it is faid, that he was concealed in a cellar du¬ 
 ring the tumult; but dragged thence at the inftigation of 
 fome peripatetic do^lors who hated him. He gave a 
 good quantity of money to the aftaftins, in order to pro¬ 
 cure his efcapc, but in vain : for, after wounding him in 
 many places, they threw him out of a window ; and, his 
 bowels gulhing out in the fall, fome Ariftotelian fcholars, 
 encouraged by their mafters, fpread them about the ftreets ; 
 then dragged his body in a moft ignonftnious manner, 
 and threw it into the Seine. 
 
 He was a great orator, a man of univerfal Icarnmg, and 
 endowed with very fine qualities. He was free from ava¬ 
 rice, fober, temperate, chafte. His temperance was very 
 exemplary. He contented himfelf with only boiled meat, 
 and eat but little at dinner : he drank no wine for twenty 
 years, and would never have drunk any, if the phylicians 
 had not prefcribed it. He lay upon ftraw; ufed to rife 
 very early, and to ftudy all day ; and led a ftngle life 
 with the utmoft purity. He was zealous for the Prote- 
 ftant religion, but at the fame time a little obllinate, and 
 given to contradi6lion. The Proteftant minifters did not 
 love him much, for he made himfelf a kind of head of a 
 party, to change the difcipline of the Proteftant churches ; 
 that is, he was for introducing a democratical govern¬ 
 ment in the church : but his defign was traverfed and 
 defeated in a national fynod. He publilhcd a great num¬ 
 ber of books ; but mathematics was chiefly obliged to 
 him. His writing was fcarce legible, and gave the printers 
 prodigious trouble. His fedf flouriflied pretty much for 
 fome time : it was not known in Spain and Italy, made 
 little progrefs in France, but fpread very much in Scotland 
 and England, and ftill more in Germany; as appears from 
 many books, which feverai German Ariftotelians pub- 
 • liihed againft the Ramifts. 
 
 RANDOLPH 
 
R A N D O L P n. 
 
 29 
 
 RANDOLPH (ThoMx\s}, an Englifh poet, was theAtiien. 
 fon of a fleward to Edward Jord Zouch ; and born in C>xon —- ^ 
 Northamptonthire, (Wood fays, at Newnliam near Dain- 
 try; Langbaine, at Houghton) in 1605. He was edn-the dram*- 
 cated at Weftminfler-fchool, and thence elefted in 1623, 
 as one of the king’s fcholars to Trinity-college in Cam¬ 
 bridge,; of which he became fellow, and took a inafter of 
 arts degree. He was accounted one of the moft pregnant 
 wits of his time, and greatly admired by all the poets and 
 men of parts. He was diftinguifhed early for an uncom¬ 
 mon force of genius ; having, when he was not more than 
 ten years old, written “ The Hiftory of the Incarnation of 
 “ our Saviour,” in verfe. Ben Jonfon was fo exceed¬ 
 ingly fond of him, that he adopted him one of his fons; 
 on which account Randolph wrote a gratulatory poem to 
 him, which is printed among his works. Like a true 
 poet, Randolph had a thorough contempt for wealth, and 
 as hearty a love of plealure ; and this drew him intoex- 
 cehes, which made his life very fhort. He died in 1634, 
 when he had not compleated his 30th year. His “ Mule’s 
 “ Looking-Glafs,” a comedy, is well known : he was the 
 author of other dramatic performances, which with his 
 poems were colledled, and publifhed in one volume, by 
 his brother Robert Randolph ; the fifth edition of which, 
 with feveral additions, corrcdlcd and amended, was print¬ 
 ed in 1664, 8vo. Robert was alfo a good poet, as ap-* 
 pears from feveral copies of his verfes printed in various 
 books. He was a fludent of Chrifl-Church in Oxford* 
 where he took a bachelor of arts degree in 1627 ; and af; 
 terwards became vicar of Donnington in LincoJnfliire,, 
 where he died in 1671, aged about 60. 
 
 Wood gives an account of anotherT h o m A s R a nd o l p tr, 
 a Kentifli gentleman, who was made fludent of Chrifl- 
 Church, when Henry VIII. turned it into a cathedrr.l,; 
 and principal of Broadgate-hall in 1549, being then a 
 do£lor of law* In the reign of queen Elizabeth, he was 
 employed in feveral embaflies to Scotland, Fiance, and 
 Ruffia ; and not only knighted, but preferred to fome con- 
 fiderable places. He died in 1590, aged 60. We have qf 
 his, “ An Account of his EmbafTagc to the Emperor of 
 “ Ruflia, anno 1568 ;” remitted into the firfl volume of 
 Hakluyt’s “ Voyages, Lond. 1598,” and, “ In{lru£lious 
 “ given to, and Notes to be obferved by, certain perfons, 
 
 “ for the fearching of the fea and border of -the coafl, 
 from the River Pechora to the Eaflwards, anno 1588.” 
 
 RAPHAEL, 
 
3 ® 
 
 RAPHAEL. 
 
 RAPHAEL, an illuflrlous painter of Ita;Iy, was bom 
 at Urbin, on Good Friday 1483. His father was an or- 
 dinary painter : his mailer, Pietro Perugino. Having a 
 penetrating underflanding, as well as a hne genius for 
 painting, he foon perceived that the pcrfedlion of his art 
 was not confined to Perugino’s capacity; and therefore 
 went to Siena, in order to advance himfelf. Here Pintur- 
 richio got him to be employed in making the cartoons for 
 the pi£t:ures of the library ; but he had fcarcely finiflied 
 one, before he was tempted to remove to Florence by the 
 great noife which Leonardo da Vinci’s and Michael 
 Angelo’s works made at that time. As foon as he had 
 confidered the manner of thofe illuftrious painters, he re-^ 
 folved to alter his own, which he had learned of Perugino. 
 His pains and care were incredible ; and he fucceeded ac¬ 
 cordingly. He formed his gufto after the ancient flatue^ 
 and bas reliefs, which he defigned a long time with ex¬ 
 treme application ; and, befidcs this, he hired people in 
 Greece and Italy, to defign for him all the antique pieces 
 that could be found. Thus, he raifed himfelf prefently to 
 the top of his profcllion. By the general confent of man¬ 
 kind, he is acknowledged to have been the prince of mo¬ 
 dern painters, and is oftentimes flyled “ the divine Raphael 
 as if, for the inimitable graces of h'is pencil, and for the 
 excellence of his genius, he had fomething more than hu- 
 Du Fref- mail in his compofition. “ He furpaffed,” fays a con- 
 tioy’sArt of i^oiffeur, “ all modern painters, becaufe he pofleffed more 
 Painting,p. ^ excellent parts of painting than any other ; and 
 
 i-jiS. ‘it is believed that he equalled the ancients, excepting 
 “ that he defigned not naked bodies with fo much learn- 
 ing as Michael Angelo: but his gufto of defign is 
 “ purer, and much better. He painted not with fo good, 
 “ fo full, and fo graceful a manner, as Corregio; nor 
 “ has he any thing of the contrail: of the lights and 
 “ fliadows, or fo ftrong and free a colouring, as Titian ; 
 “ but he had without comparifon a better difpofition in 
 “ his pieces, than either Titian, Corregio, Michael 
 “ Angelo, or all the reft of the fucceeding painters to our 
 “ days. His choice of attitudes, of heads, of orna- 
 “ inents, the fnitablenefs of his di'^ipery, his manner of 
 “ defigning, his varieties, his coritrafts, his expreliions, 
 “ were beautiful in pcrfe<ftion ; but, above all, he pof- 
 “ felled the graces in fo advantageous a manner, that he 
 “ has never lince been equalled by any other.” 
 
 Raphael 
 
3® 
 
 RAPHAEL. 
 
 Raphael was not only the bell painter in the world^ but 
 perhaps the befl architeft all'o : he was at lead; fo admira¬ 
 ble a one, that Leo X. charged him with the building of 
 St. Peter’s church at Rome. He was one of the hand- 
 fomefl; and beft-tempered men living: fo that, with 
 thefe natural and acquired accomplifliments, it cannot be 
 wondered, that he was not only beloved in the highefl 
 degree by the popes Julius IL and Leo X. at home, but 
 admired and courted by all the princes and flates of 
 Europe. He lived in the greateft flate and fplendor 
 imaginable, moil of the eminent mailers in his time being 
 ambitious of working under him ; and he never went 
 put without a crowd of artiHs and others, who attended 
 and followed Him purely through refpefl. Cardinal Bi- 
 biano offered him his niece in marriage, and Raphael en¬ 
 gaged himfeif; but, Leo X. having given him hopes of a 
 cardinal’s hat, he made no hafte to marry her.. His paf- 
 liou for the fair fex dellroyed him in the flower of his 
 age: for one day, after he had abandoned himfclf to ex- 
 eeflive venery, he was feized with a fever ; and, conceal¬ 
 ing the true caufe of his dillemper from his phylicians, 
 he was fuppofed to be improperly treated, and fo carried 
 , off. He died upon his birth-day in 1520. Cardinal 
 Bembo wrote his epitaph, which is to be feen upon his 
 tomb in tiie church of the Rotunda at Rome, where he 
 was buried. Here are two lines of it: 
 
 Hie hie ell Raphael, timuit quo fofpite vinci 
 Rcrum magna parens, et moriente mori. 
 
 Raphael had many fcholars ; but Julio Romano was his 
 favourite, becaufe he did him mofl: credit. Pouflin ufed 
 to fay of Raphael, that “ he was an angel compared with 
 “ thfc modern painters, but an afs in comparilon of the 
 “ ancients but ail Inch fayings are extravagant, and 
 
 ^ « O 
 
 unmeaning. 
 
 RAPIN (Rexatus), a French jefuit, famous for his 
 fl<ill in claflical learning, was born at Tours in 1621, and 
 entered into the fociety at eighteen. He taught polite 
 literature for nine years : he made it his particular Audy, 
 and Ihewed by Ibme Latin produflions, that he was ablcRAPiN. 
 to write on the flnefl; fubjefls with great art and elo¬ 
 quence. He excelled in Latin poetry, and publllhed vari¬ 
 ous pieces in it: the principal of which was, “ Hortorum. 
 
 “ libri quatuora work, which has been much airnired. 
 and applauded. It was flrfl printed at Paris 166^, and af- 
 
 afterv/arcs 
 
3 ?- R A P I N. . 
 
 terwards re-printed with alterations and corre£i:idns by the 
 author. An Englifh verhon of it was made and publifhed 
 at London in 1673, Evelyn, efq. and again, 
 
 in 1706, by Mr. James Gardiner of Jefus-college in 
 Cambridge. All hk Latin poems, conlifting of odes, 
 epitaphs, facred eclogues, and thefe four books upon 
 Gardens., were collefted and publifhed at Paris 1681, 
 in 2 vols. i2mo. He applied himfelf afterwards to write 
 in French, and fucceeded very well in that language. He 
 wrote in it feveral treatifes upon polite literature, and upon 
 pious fubjc£l:s, which met with a good reception from the 
 public. The treatifes on polite literature, having been 
 publifhed at various times, were collected and publifhed, 
 1684, in 2 vols. 4to, at Paris ; and at Amfterdam, in 2 
 vols. 8vo. They were tranflated into Englifli by Bafil 
 Kcnnet and others, and publifhed in 1705, in 2 vols, 
 8vo, under the title of “ The Critical Works of Monf, 
 
 Rapin.” The firfl volume contains a comparifon be¬ 
 tween Demoll;henes and Cicero for eloquence, Homer and 
 Virgil for poetry, Thucydides and Livy for hiflory, Plato 
 and Ariflotle for philofophy: the fecond, are reflexions 
 on eloquence, on Ariflotle’s poetry, on hiflory, on phi¬ 
 lofophy. Rapin’s general defign in this work was, as he 
 In the Pre- tells US himfelf, to reflore a good tafle among the ingeni- 
 **‘^*^* ous, wTich had been fomewhat corrupted by a fpirit of 
 profound erudition, that had reigned in the preceding age i 
 and indeed he was not altogether unqualified for the at¬ 
 tempt ; for he is a wniter, as Bayle obferves, who feems 
 to have had more good tafle and delicacy, than depth of 
 erudition. He was not, however, wanting in learning; 
 and, though many things are loofely faid by him, and fome 
 that may deferve critical animadverfion, yet his work 
 abounds with excellent materials, and upon the whole is 
 both ufcful and entertaining. 
 
 He died at Paris in 1687; eloglum, written 
 
 by father Bouhours, was publifhed foon after. He is 
 there reprefented, and there is reafon to think defervedly, 
 as pofTefled of the finefl qualities, that can adorn a man of 
 probity and a good Chriflian. We find there, among 
 other particulars, that zeal for the honour of his fociety 
 made him undertake, above twenty years before, an 
 Hiflory of Janfenifm. He was a dangerous adverfary 
 of that party, and attacked them on their weakeft fide 
 in a Latin work, publifhed in 1658, under the title of, 
 ** JDiflfertatio de nova doXrina, feu Evangelium Jan- 
 
 feniflarum.’^ 
 
23 
 
 R A P I N. 
 
 fenlflarum.’* He had a great quarrel with father Va- 
 vaffor, who wrote agaiiift his “ Refledlions on Ariftotie’s 
 Poetics yet pretended to be ignorant, as there-was no 
 name to them, that Rapin was the author. Rapin had 
 faid, in thofe Refieftions, that “ it is fo unufual a thing 
 “ for an author to write good epigrams, that any perfon 
 “ may be fatisficd with making a few in his whole life.’’ 
 
 Now, fays Menage, who relates this anecdote, “ as Va- 
 “ valTor had wrote tw'o large books of epigrams, he 
 “ not pleafed with Rapin for this faying; and this 
 “ prompted him to write againfi: that father; I had this,” 
 adds Menage, “ from himfelf.” 
 
 RAPIN DE TnoYRAs (Paul de), an eminent 
 hiftoriographer and Frenchman, was born at Caflres in lire ^rtfixea 
 Languedoc in i66i. His family was originally -from 
 Savoy, and is fuppofed to have removed into France, upon 
 embracing the Proteilant religion. Philibert de Rapin, Hiftory of 
 his great grandfather, fell a martyr to his zeal for Pro-Eughnd. 
 teilantifm; which expofed him fo much to the, Jndigna- 
 tion of the Roman catholics, and particularly to that of 
 the parliament of Tquloufe, that his head was flruck ofF 
 in 1568 by a fentence of theirs, at the very time that he 
 came by the king’s order to have the treaty of peace re- 
 giflered there. Father Daniel indeed palTes over this fact 
 in liience ; and his reafon is fuppofed to have been, that 
 he might make tlie more odious the diiturbances raifed 
 by the Huguonots afterwards in the country about Tou- 
 loufe : whereas what they did was in revenge of Phili¬ 
 bert’s death, as appeared from the foldiers writing with 
 coals, on the ruins of the houfes they had burned, Mezeray^ 
 
 Vengeance for Rapin’s death.” James de Rapin, lord&c* 
 of Thoyras, was our author’s father. He applied him- 
 felf to the ftudy of the law, and was an advocate in the 
 chamber of the edict of Nantes above fifty years. Thefe 
 chambers were courts of judicature eredted in feveral 
 towns of France, in behalf of the Huguonots ; the judges 
 whereof were half of the Reformed, and half of the 
 Roman catholic, religion. Jane de Peliffon, his wife, was 
 daughter to a counfellor of the chamber of Caftres, and 
 filler to George and Paul Pelifibn : which lady, after having 
 been confined a good while to a convent, was at laft fent 
 by the king’s order to Geneva, where fhe died in 1705. 
 
 Our Rapin was their youngefl fon. He was educated 
 at firfl under a tutor in his father’s houfe, afterwards fent 
 VoL. XL D to 
 
>34 k A P I ff. 
 
 to Pnvlanrf-ns, and thence to Sainmin In 1679, he re-^ 
 
 * turned to his father, with ^ dehgh to apply himfelf ciofely 
 to the law : but, before he had made anv great progrefs, 
 he was obliged, xvith other young gentlemen, to com¬ 
 mence advocate, upon report of an edift foon after piib- 
 Iiilied, ii\ which it was Ordered^ that no man Ihould have 
 a doftor’s degfee Witliout having ftudied five vears in lomc 
 univcrlity^ I'he lame year the chamber of the edidf wks 
 fiipprelTcd, which obliged Pvapin’s family to remove to 
 '['ouloufe : and the Hate of the Reformed growing evefy 
 day w6rie, with his father’s leave he quitted the pr6- 
 
 ' fchion of advocate for that of arms. He had before givdn 
 proots of a military dijpofition f far lie had fought a duel 
 or twm, in wdiich he had acquitted himfelf very gallanti\. 
 
 . . His father at firfl did not gfant his requell:, but gave him 
 
 ‘ ■ iucli an anfwer, as ferved to prolong the time. However, 
 
 " he pleaded , ofle caufe, and One o?ily ; and then applied 
 
 himfelf heartily to mathematics rind mulic, in both w hicli 
 he became a good proficient. 
 
 In-1685,'his father died ; and two morttlis after, the edifi 
 of h^antts being revoked, Rapiii with his mother and 
 brothers retiied fO a coUntry-honfe ; and, as the perfe- 
 
 •‘Cution in a' flioft time wms carried to the greateft height, 
 he and h'is youiVgcft brother, in 1686, departed for l^ng- 
 land.-'- He w as not long in London, before he w'as vilited 
 by a French abhe of dillinguifhed qltality; a* friend of 
 PeiilTon^ who introduced him to Barrillon the French 
 'ainbaiiador. ^Flrefe gentlemen perfuaded him to go to 
 
 • Oourt, ' atTurin'g him of a favourable reception from 
 the king ; but he declined this honour, not knowing 
 what the confequences rnight be in that very critical Hate 
 of affairs. His htuation indeed w^as not at all agreeable 
 
 • ^ ■ O 
 
 to him :■ for he was perpetually preffed, upon the fubjeft 
 of religion, by the French Catholics then in Londoiv; 
 and efpecially by the abbe, who, though he treated him 
 wntli the utmoll complaifance, alway^s turned the difeourfe 
 
 - to controverfv. Having no hopes of any fettlement in 
 Fmgland' at that time, Kis flay there was but fhort: he 
 W'ent over to Hollaitd, and liffecl himfelf in a company 
 of French volunteers, that was at Utrecht under the com- 
 
 - mand of Mr. R apm, his coufin-german. Pelifibn , the fame 
 year, pubiifllcd his . “ Refi'eiflions on the difference of Re- 
 
 . “ ligions,'” which hefent to his nephewRapin, with aftrifl 
 Oliarge to give him his opinion impartially of the wmrk-: 
 and this w\as accordingly done, although nothing of this 
 ' kind 
 
35 
 
 R A P I N; 
 
 kind was fpund among his papers. He did not quit Lis' 
 company, till he followed the prince of Orange into Eng- 
 land ; where, in 1689, he was made an enfign,- and went 
 to Ireland with that commTlfion. He diflinguiflied him- 
 felf fo at the liege of Carrick-fergns, that he was the fame 
 year promoted to a lieutenancy. ^He was .prefent at the^ 
 battle of the Bo'yhe ; and, at the liege of Limerick, was 
 Ihot through the Ihoulder with' a mufket-balL This 
 wound, which w^as cured very llowly,' proved very detri¬ 
 mental to his interell; for' it prevented him from attend¬ 
 ing general Douglas into Flaiiders,’ who was very dehrous. 
 of havino; him, and could have done him cohliderable 
 fervice : however, he had a company given him. . ,, , , , 
 
 He continued in Ireland till the end of 1693 ’ '^dicn he 
 was ordered for England wdthou't any realbn alligned : 
 but a letter informed him, that he was to'be governor to 
 the earl of Pertiand’s fon. Having never bad any thoughts, 
 of this nature, he could not imagine towhom he owed' 
 the recommendation, but at lafl; found it'to be lord Gal¬ 
 way. He immediately w'ent fo London, and entered 
 upon this charge; but quitted all hopes of tliofe prefer-, 
 men’ts in the army, which feveral of his feliow-ofliccrs 
 loon after attained. AH the favour Ihewm him W"^s> that 
 he had leave to relign his commiHion to his younger bro- 
 txher, wHio died in 1719, after iiaving been made lieu¬ 
 tenant-colonel in a regiment of EnglHlV dragoons. In'- 
 deed the king gave liim a penHoh' of 100 L, per annum,. 
 “ till fuch time as he fhould provide for him better,” 
 Which time never came : lo lie enjoyed this penilon dur¬ 
 ing the king’s life, after which it was talecn from him, 
 and a poll of fm'all value given' him’ in its Lead. , . 
 
 Wivilc the earl of Portland was amballador in Fiance, 
 P.apin w^'s obliged to be fcmetl'mes in that kingdom,, 
 foihetim/^s ih .England, and often in Plolland : 
 leneth be fettled at the Hague, wHierc the young lord Port-, 
 land was learning his cxercifes. While he rclidcd here in 
 1699, married: but this marriage neith'er abated his 
 Care of his pupil, not liindcred him from accompanying 
 him' ih his travels. They began wnfh a tour through 
 Germany, where they made fome Lay at Vien’na;. h^nce 
 Went into Italy by the wav of d'i.rol,_where the marel’chal 
 dc Villeroy. at that time prifoncr, gave .Rapia a .letter for. 
 rhe cardinal d’EtrccsV when at Venice. Their travelf 
 being lln'ilhed, which put an end to his employment, he re- 
 tarned to his famiUmt the Hague, where he continued fome 
 
 D 2 years; 
 
3^ 
 
 Pv API 
 
 years ; but, as he found it increafe, he refolve-d to remove to r 
 fome cheap country ; and accordingly retired in 1707 to 
 Wezei, in the duchy of Cleves in Germany, where he 
 employed the remaining years of his life in writing the 
 “ Hiftory of England.” Though his conftitution was 
 ftrong, yet feventeen years application (for fo long he was 
 in compofing this hiftory) entirely ruined it. About 
 three years before his death, he found himfelf exhaufted, 
 and often felt great pains in his ftomach: and at length 
 a fever, with an oppreflion in his breaft, carried him oiF, 
 after a week’s illnels, in 1725. He left one fon and ftx 
 daughters. He was naturally of a ferious temper, although 
 no enemy to mirth : he loved mufic, and was fkilled, as 
 we have faid, in mathematics, efpecially in the art of forti¬ 
 fication. He was mafter of the Italian, Spanilh, andEng- 
 lifti languages : and had alfo a very competent knowledge 
 of the Greek and Latin. He fpent all his leifure-hours 
 in reading, and converfing with fuch as led a regular life, 
 and loved to reafon and reftedl on things. 
 
 He lived to publifh the eighth volume of hiftory which, 
 ends with the death of Charles I. The two remain¬ 
 ing volumes, which bring the hiftory down to the pro-, 
 clamation of William and Mary, came out in 1724. 
 They were printed at the Hague in 4to. and have twice been 
 tranflated into Englifti; by the Rev. Nicholas Tindal, 
 M. A. firft in 8vo, then in folio ; and by John Kelly of 
 the Inner Temple, efq. in 2 vols. folio. Tindal has 
 given a Continuation of Rapin’s hiftory to 1760, and 
 added ufeful notes to tlie whole. Wlien P.apin firft fet 
 about this work, he did not think of writing a complete 
 hiftory of Ejigland : but curiofity ard much leifure led 
 him on from one ftep to another, till he came, to the reign 
 of Henry II ; and then, when he was upon the point of 
 flopping, an unexpecled ailiftance came forth, which not 
 only induced him to continue his hiftory, but to do it in 
 a more full and particular manner than at firft he in¬ 
 tended. This was Rymer’s “ Collection of Public Acts,*' 
 which began to be pubiilhed at the expence of the govern¬ 
 ment about 1706. In 1708, fix volumes in folio were 
 completed, which were afterwards increafed to feventeen, 
 and tlien to twenty. Lord Halifax, a great promoter of 
 this- noble work, fent the volumes, as they came out, to 
 John Le Cierc ; who generoufty lent them our author, as 
 long as he had occaiion for them. That he did actually' 
 ufe this coilec^^lion, appears from the pains he took to 
 abridge' tlie v-hole feventten volumes, cx'cept the firft, 
 
 which 
 
 I' 
 
37 
 
 R A P I N. 
 
 was done by Le Clerc : in which abridgement we 
 have all the important aas pointed out, a weli-conneaed 
 feries of events to which they relate, and the ufe to be 
 made of them in clearing up the hiftory of England. 
 
 Ellis Abflraa lies fcattered up and down in the feverai 
 volumes of Le Clerc’s ‘‘ Bibliotheque Choifee and has 
 thence been tranflated and publifhed in Englifh. Rapin 
 alfo, to let us fee what a thorough knowledge he had of 
 Our parties and faaions in England, publifhed in 1717 a 
 little treatife, intituled, “ A Differtation on the Whigs 
 “ and the Tories;” which is fubjoined to his Hiflory, 
 and has likewife been tranflated and publiflied in Englifh. 
 
 Voltaire has obferved, that “ England is indebted to 
 “ Rapin for the befl hiflory of itfelf wdilch has yet ap- 
 peared ; and the only impartial one of a nation, wherein 
 tew write without being actuated by the fpirit of party.” 
 
 It was eafy to exceed all the hillorians before him ; fince, Slede oV 
 betides the advantages in common with them, which he did Louis xiv. 
 not fail to make the flri£lefl ufe of, he was lupplied with a 
 .new and rich fund of materials from Rymer’s “ Fcedera.” 
 I^everthelefs, his fpirit of moderation has made him ob¬ 
 noxious to the intolerant party : and the men of wit and 
 vivacity are apt to complain of him, for being femetimes 
 rather tedious and dull. 
 
 RAWLEGH (Sir Walter), or, as he himfelf 
 fpelt his name, Ralegh, an illuflrious Englifhman, was 
 defeended from an ancient family in Levonlhire, and was 
 the fon of Walter Ralegh, efq. of Fardel, near Plymouth, Oldys’s Lift 
 by a third wife. Mr. Ralegh, upon his lafl marriage, had of SirWji, 
 retired to a farm called Hayes, in the parifh of Budley; 
 and there Sir Walter was born in 1552. After a proper Birch’s Life 
 education at fchool, he was fent to Oriel-college in Ox-®^ Sir w. 
 ford about 1568, where he loon dihinguilhed himfelf by 
 great force^ of natural parts, and an uncommon progrefsceiianeous 
 in academical learning; but, ambition prompting him 
 ■purfue the road to fame in an aflive life, he made a fbort^^°” 
 llay only at Oxford, Queen Elizabeth lending forces to ^vo. 
 alhll the perfecuted Protehants of France in 1569, Sir 
 Walter went among them a gentleman volunteer ; and 
 was engaged for fome years doubtlefs in military affairs, 
 of w'hich however we do not know the particulars. In 
 ^ 57 ^? find him in London, and exerciling his poetical 
 talents; for w^e have of his a commendatpry poem pre- 
 ‘fixed among others to a fatire, called “ The Steel Glafs,” 
 
 F) 3 publillisd 
 
 

 R A W L E G H. 
 
 publifhcd this year by George Gafcoigne, a poet of ithofe 
 '{imes. He refided in tlie Middle-Temple, but with no 
 View of ftiidying the law ; for he declared exprefsly at his 
 trial, thalt he had never fliidied it. On the contrary, his 
 mind hvas ftill bent on military glory ; and he had op¬ 
 portunities enough of indulging his ruling palhon. He 
 went'iri’1578 to the Netherlands with the forces which 
 Were fenf againll the Spaniards, In 1579, when Sir 
 Humphry Gilbert, who was his brother by his mother's 
 fide, had obtained a patent of the queen, to plant and in¬ 
 habit Ibme northern parts of America, he engaged in that 
 adventiire ; but returned foon after, tlie attempt proving 
 vmfuccefsful. In 1580, he was a captain in the wars of 
 Ireland ; and, the year after, one of tlie commillioners for 
 the governtnent of xMunfler in the abfence of the earl of 
 Qrinbnd. 
 
 At his return home, he was Introduced to court; and, 
 
 Fullfi’s 
 
 ^oi-thiesor,^g •upon the lollovving occalion. 
 
 JKnglancl, in - i ' . o 
 
 Her 
 
 gay and genteel nabit or tnoie times, immediately 
 call off and fpread his new pliifli cloak on the ground ; 
 ‘on which her majelly gently p'eading, was conducted 
 'over clean and dry. The ^truth is, Ralegh always made 
 a very elegant appearance, as well in the fplendor of attire, 
 as the politenefs of addtcfs ; having a good p’ efence* in 
 a handfome and well-compa£led perfen , a llrong natural 
 wit, and a better judgernent; with a bold and plaufible 
 tongue, whereby he could let out his parts to the bell ad¬ 
 vantage and tliefe being ail very engaging advocates foi: 
 royal favour, efpccially in a female fovereign, it is no 
 wonder that he advanced apace in it. Ip 15B3, he fet 
 but with Sir Humpliry Gilbert, in his expedition’to New¬ 
 foundland ; but within a few days' was obliged to return 
 to Plymouth’'bis Ihip’s conipany being feized with an in- 
 fecStiou^ dillemner : and (filbert was drowned in comimr 
 
 ^ I . ’ » r. ■ ^ 
 
 home, after he had taken poffelilon of that country. 
 Thefe expeditions, hovrever, being things that. Ralegh 
 Jiad a llrong paltion for, nothing dilcouraged liim ; and 
 in 1514, obtaining letters patents for difcovcnag un¬ 
 known countries, bo fet fail to America, and diicovered 
 the country oi Wigandacoa, whicli queen Elizabeth 
 chanj^cd into that of Virginia'. 
 
 tjpbn his return, he'was circled member of parliament 
 ‘■for Pevoiffhire, and lbon"aner'knighted. In 1585, he 
 , ' ' ' ■ i . ■ . • ^ ' appear;^ 
 
39 
 
 R A W L E G H. 
 
 appears feveral ways engaged in the laudable improve* 
 iiiears of navigation : for he was one of the colleagues of 
 the fellowfhip for the difcovery of the North-wefl; palTage. 
 
 I'he fame year, he lent his own fleet upon a fecond voyage 
 to Virginia, and then upon a third. We mufl: not forget, 
 that it was his colony in Virginia, who firll brought to¬ 
 bacco to England ; and that it was he himfelf, who fnfl 
 brought this herb in requeil; among us^ Queen Elizar 
 beth was not backward in promoting the advantages 
 which were promifed by the traihc of this herb ; but her 
 fuccelfor Janaes I, held it in fuch abomination, that he- 
 ufed his utmoil: endeavours to explode the ufe of it,. 
 
 About the fame time, our knight was made fenefchal of 
 Cornwall, and lord warden of the Stannaries. In effe^f, ^ 
 
 he was now- growm fuch a favourite with the queen, that« biart to 
 tliev who had at fjrll been his friends at court began to “ Tobac- 
 
 J ♦ ^ a *' • r\ 
 
 be alarmed ; and, to prevent their own fupplantation, re- ’ 
 
 folved to projedl his. This, however, was little regarded warrant itr 
 by him; ancf he conflantly attended his public, charge and tor 
 employments, whether in town or country, as occalions. 
 required. Accordingly, we fjnd him, 1586, in parlia-6s. 8d. per 
 ment ; where, among other weighty concerns, the fate of 
 h'lary queen ol Scots was determined, in which he pro- 
 babably concurred. But the llream of his affe^Iloii ran 
 towards Virginia; and, in 1587, he fent three fhips upon 
 a fourth voyage thither. In 1588, he fent another deet 
 upon a fifth voyage to A^irginia; and the fame year did 
 great fervice in deftroying the Spanifh Armada, fent to iiit 
 vade England. He thought proper now to make an aE 
 lignmcnt to divers gentlemen and merchants of .Loiidon, 
 for continuing the plantation of Virginia to Englifhmeii. 
 
 This aflignment is dated March 7, 1588-9. 
 
 April 1589, he accompanied Don Antonio, the expelled 
 king of Portugal, then in London, to his dominions^, 
 when an armament was fent to reftore him ; and, in his 
 return to England the fame year, touclied upon Ireland, 
 where he vifited Spenfer the poet, wdioin he brought to 
 England, introduced into the queen’s favour, and en¬ 
 couraged by his own patronage, himfelf being no incon- 
 fiderable poet. Spenier has clefcribed the circumftance^ 
 of Sir Vv^alter’s vifit to him in a palloral, w'hicli about two 
 years after he dedicated to him, and intituled “ Colin 
 “ Clout’s come home again.” In 1592, he was appointed 
 general of an expedition againll the S|;aniards at Panama. 
 
 V/c find him foou after this very adlivc in the houfe of 
 
 D 4 comincns, • 
 
4<5 
 
 R -A W L E G H. 
 
 commons, where he made a diflinguifhed figure, as appears 
 from feveral of his printed fpeeches. In the mean time, 
 he was no great favourite with the people ; and fomewhat 
 obnoxious to the clergy, not only on account of his prin¬ 
 ciples, which v/ere not thought very orthodox, but be- 
 caufe he pofTefTeci fome lands which had been taken from 
 the Church. His enemies, knowing this, ventured to at¬ 
 tack him ; and, in 1593, afperfed with Atheifm, in 
 
 a libel againft feveral minifters of flate, printed at Lyons 
 with this title, “ Elizabethae Reginae Anglije Edidium, 
 “ promulgatum Londini, Nov. 29, 1591 ; & Andr. Phi- 
 lopatris ad idem refponlio.” In this piece the Writer, 
 who was the jefuit Parfons, inveighs againft Sir Waiter 
 Ralegh’s “ School of Atheifminhnuating, that he 
 was not content with being a difciple, but had fet up 
 for a dodlor in his faculty, Ofborn accounts for this 
 MirceUany afperfion thus : “ Ralegh,” fays he, “ was the firft, as I 
 Effays^ia have heard, who ventured to tack about, and fail aloof 
 the preface. “ from the beaten track of the fchools; and who, upon 
 “ the difeovery of fo apparent an error as a torrid zone, 
 “ intended to proceed in an inquifition after more folid 
 “ truths: till the mediation of fome, whofe livelihood 
 “ lay in hammering flirines for this fuperannuated fludy, 
 “ pofTelled queen Elizabeth, that fuch a dodlrine was 
 againft God no lefs than her father’s honour ; whofe 
 “ faith, if he owned any, was grounded upon fchool 
 “ divinity. Whereupon fhe chid him, who was, by his 
 “ own confeliion, ever after branded with the title of 
 ‘‘ Atheift, though a known aflertor of God and provi- 
 dence.” That he was fuch an aftertor, has been uni- 
 veiTally allowed ; yet Wood not only comes into the un- 
 See HARI- fttvourablc opinion of his principles, but pretends to tell 
 or. us from whom he imbibed them. 
 
 About the fame time, 1593, Raleigh had an amour 
 with a beautiful young lady, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
 Nicholas Throgmorton, an able ftatcfman and ambaft'ador; 
 and won her heart, even to the laft favour. This offend¬ 
 ing the queen terribly, Ralegh was confined for feveral 
 months ; and, when fet at liberty, forbidden the court. 
 However, he afterwards made the moft honourable repa¬ 
 ration he could, by marrying the objeft of his affeiftion ; 
 and he always lived with her in the ftridleft conjugal 
 harmony. While he lay under this difgrace at court, he 
 projefted the difeovery and conqueft of the large, rich, 
 and beautiful empire of Guiana in South America; and, 
 
 lending 
 
0 
 
 ' . R A W L E G H. 
 
 ferxdlng firft an old experienced officer to take certain in¬ 
 formations concerning it, he went thither himfelf in 1595, 
 deftroyed the city of San Joleph, and took the Spaniih go¬ 
 vernor. Upon his return, he wrote a difcourfe of his 
 difcoveries in Guiana, which was printed in 1596, 4to, 
 and afterwards inferred in the third volume of Hakluyt’s 
 voyages. The fame year, he w^as appointed one of the 
 chief commanders in the expedition to Cadiz ; and w^as 
 afterwards rear-admiral in the ifland voyages. He had a 
 great ihare in defeating the treafonable defigns of the earl 
 of Effex, with whom he had long been at variance ; and 
 lived in full happinefs and honour during queen Eliza¬ 
 beth reign’s : but his fun fet at her death, which hap¬ 
 pened March 24, 1602-3. 
 
 Upon the accelfion of king James, he loll his intereft 
 at court; was ftripped of his preferments ; and even ac- 
 cufed, tried, and condemned for high treafon. Various 
 caufes have been affigned for this ftrange reverfe of for¬ 
 tune. In the fil'd: place, it has been obferved, that the earl 
 of Effex infufed prejudices againfl him into king James ; 
 and, after the earl’s death, there were circumftances im¬ 
 plying, that fccretary Cecil did the like. For though 
 Cecil and Ralegh joined againft Effex, yet, when he was 
 overthrown, they divided. Thus, when king James came 
 to England, Sir Walter prefented to him a memorial, 
 wherein he reflected upon Cecil in the affair of Effex; 
 and, vindicating himfelf, threw the whole blame upon the 
 other. He farther laid open, at the end of it, the con¬ 
 duct of Cecil concerning Mary queen of Scots, his ma- 
 jefly’s mother; and charged the death of that unfortunate 
 princefs on him ; whicli, however, had no effeft upon the 
 king, and only irritated Cecil the more againfl: Ralegh. 
 But what feems alone fufficient to have incenfed the king 
 againft Ralegh was, his joining with that party of Eng- 
 lilhmen, who, in regard 10 the inveterate feuds between 
 England and Scotland, defired the king might be obliged 
 to articles, in relation to his own countrymen. However, 
 we are told, that the king received him for fome weeks 
 with great kindnefs ; but it could only be for fome weeks ; 
 for, July 6, 1603, he was examined before the lords of 
 the council at Weftminfter, and returned thence a private 
 prifoner to his own houfe. He was indidted at Staines, 
 Sept. 21, and not long after committed to the Tower 
 of London ; whence he was carried to Winchefter, tried 
 there, Nov, 17, and condemned to die. That there 
 
 was 
 

 Preface to 
 Ilia iirfl 
 
 R A \V L E G‘ H. 
 
 was fometliing of a treafonable confpiracy againft tli<» 
 king, was generally believed ; yet it never was provecj 
 that he was engaged in it: and perhaps the bell means to 
 clear him may be the very trial upon which he was con¬ 
 demned ; wherein the barbarous partiality and foul lan¬ 
 guage of the attorney-general Coke broke out fo glaringly, 
 that he was expofed for it, even upon the public theatre. 
 After this, Ralegh was kept near a month at AVincheller, 
 in daily expeftation of death ; and that he expelled nothing 
 lefs, is plain ftoin a letter he wrote to his wife, which is 
 printed among his works. 
 
 Being reprieved, he was committed prifoner to the 
 Tower of London, where he lay many years; his lady 
 living with him, and bringing him another fon, named 
 Carew, within the year. His eflate was at firll rellored to 
 him, but taken again, and given to the king’s minion 
 Robert Car, afterwards earl of Somerlet. Ralegh found 
 a great friend in Henry, the king’s eldell fon, who la¬ 
 boured to procure him his eflate, and had nearly cfFe£led 
 It; but, that hopeful and difeerning prince dying 14 
 i6i2, all his views were at an end. The prince is re¬ 
 ported to have faid, that “ no king but his father would 
 “ keep fuch a bird in a cage.” During his conlinement, 
 he devoted the greatell part of his time to reading and 
 writing; and indeed the produflions of his pen at this 
 time are fo many and fo w'eighty, that one is apter to look 
 on him as a collegian, than a captive ; as a ftudent in a 
 library, than a priidner in the Tower. His writings have 
 been divided into poetical, epillolary, military, mai’itimal, 
 geographical, political, philofophical, and hiilorical. But 
 how elaborately foever many of thefe pieces are allowed 
 by others to be written, he looked on them only as little 
 cxcurfions or fallics from his grand work, “ The Hiflory 
 
 of the World the hill volume of which was piib- 
 hflicd in 1614, folio, and deduces things to the end of the 
 Macedonian empire. As to tlie dory of the fecond volume 
 of this hillory, which, it is laid, he burned bccaufc the 
 fn'il had fold fo flowly that it liad ruined his bookfelier, 
 it is fcarcely worth notice ; fince it does not appear true 
 that tlie firft part did led i’o llowly, there being a fecond 
 edition of it printed, by tiuit very bookfelier, within three 
 years after the iirfl. Befides, bir Waiter hlinleif has told 
 'ns, that, though he intended and had liewn out a fecond 
 and liiird volume, yet he was perfuaded to lay rlicm alide 
 by the death of prince Henry, to whom they were di- 
 
 * •*.*•1*. -i M 
 
R A W L E G H. 
 
 43 
 
 ;o. 
 
 Rafted : and, if vye 'flioiild allow his mind might change, 
 yet the courfe of his life afterwards left no room for 
 i.iiy fuch performance. I'hc merit of tins work is too 
 well known, to need any enlarging upon here : and 
 therefore let the jadgement of a polite writer upon it ferve 
 for, what it really is, the judgement of mankind in ge¬ 
 neral. Sir Walter Ralegh’s ‘ Hilfovy of the World’ is 
 “ a work of fo vail a compafs, fuch endlels varietv, that 
 “ no ^genins but one adventurous as his own durlf liave 
 ‘‘ undertaken that jjrcat dchgn. 1 do not apprehend, 
 
 r 1 // ‘‘i-iii 1 • Ch- I Dillcrtation 
 
 lays he, any great dirnciilty m collcctmg and commoii-pn theCiai- 
 placing an univerfal hiifory from the whole body ofiics p-ai6. 
 hiilorians ; that is notiiing but mechanic labour: but*^ 
 to digeft the feveral authors in his mind, to take in all 
 their majelfy, flrength and beauty, to'raile the fpirit of 
 meaner hiilorians, and to equal all the excellences of 
 the heft, is Sir Walter’s peculiar praife. His llyle is 
 the mofc perfeft, the happieh, and moll beautiful, of 
 the age he wrote in, majellic, dear, and manly; and 
 he appears every where lo fuperior, rather than un- 
 equal, tQ his fubjecl, that the fpirit of Rome and Athens 
 feems to be breathed into his work.—To conclude, his 
 admirable performance in fuch a prodigious under¬ 
 taking hieweth, that, had he attempted the hillory of 
 his own country or his own times, he w^ould have 
 equalled even Livy a[id "I'liucydides : and the annals of 
 queen Elizabeth by his pen had been the brighteil 
 glory of her reign, and would have tranfmitted liis 
 hillory as the Eandard of our language even to the 
 prefent age.’^ 
 
 vSome have fancied, that the merit of this work pro- 
 ,cured his releafement from the '^o^ver; but there feems 
 little foundation for that opinion, lince king fames is 
 known to have exprehed fome difiike to it. But what¬ 
 ever procured it, as no doubt it was his money that did, 
 the mine*adventure to Guiana was made ufe of to the 
 king; and we flird him afliially abroad March 25, 
 
 1616. In Augull, he received^ a cominiliio!i from the 
 king to go and explore the golden mines at (juiana; 
 but did not let off from Plymouth till July 1617. In tire 
 mean time his deiign, being betraved to the Spaniards, 
 was defeated ; and, his cldell fon Waiter being killed by 
 the Spaniards at St. Thome, the town was huriU bv cap- 
 fain Keymis, who, being reproaclied by Sir Walter for his 
 Jii conduct in tiiis ailair, killed himfelf.' Upon this, the 
 ’•" ’ . Spanidi 
 
 < ( 
 
 < t 
 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 a 
 
 i c 
 
 6 < 
 
 i i 
 
 t i 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
44 
 
 Hill', of his 
 o A/n timr, 
 
 r- ^724* 
 
 R A W L E G H. 
 
 SpaniHi ambanador Gundamor making heavy complaint? 
 to the king, a proclamation was’ publilhcd immediately 
 againil Ralegh and his proceedings, and threatening pu- 
 nilhment in an exemplary manner. Ralegh landed at Ply¬ 
 mouth in July 1618 ; and, though he heard the court was 
 exafperated by the Spanifh ambalTador, firmly refolvcd to 
 £o to London. He was arrefted on his journey thither ; 
 and iinding, as he ^proached, that no apology could fave 
 him, repented of not having made his efcape while he 
 had it in his power. He attempted it, after he was con¬ 
 fined in the Tower, but was feized in a boat upon the 
 Thames. It was found, however, that his life could not 
 be touched for any thing which had been done at Guiana : 
 tlierefore a privy feal was font to the judges, forthwith to 
 order execution, in confequence of his former attainder. 
 This manner of proceeding was thought extra-judicial at 
 iiril; but at length he was brought, Oft. 28, to the King’s 
 bench bar at Weftminflcr, and there afked, if he could 
 fay anv thing, why execution fliould not be awarded ! To 
 this he faid, that “ he hoped the judgement he received 
 to die fo fince, could not now be flraincd to take 
 away his life; iince, by his majefly’s com million for 
 his late voyage, it was implied to be rellorcd, in giving 
 him power as marlhal upon'the life and death of 
 others and of this he had been alTurcd by Sir Francis 
 Bacon, then lord keeper, when he exprclfed fome folici- 
 tude for a pardon in form, before he let fail for Guiana. 
 *rhis notwithllanding, fentence of death was palTed upon 
 him ; and he was beheaded the next day in Old Palace- 
 yard, when he fulTcred his fate with great magnanimity. 
 His body was interred in St. Margaret’s Weftminfter; 
 but bis head was preferved by his family many years. 
 The putting this great and uncommon man to death thus 
 iniurioihly, to pleafe the Spaniards, gave the highell of¬ 
 fence then; and has been mentioned with general indig¬ 
 nation ever lince. Burnet, fpeaking of certain errors in 
 Tames T’s reign, proceeds thus : “ Belides thefe public 
 
 aftings, king James fuffered much, in the opinion of all 
 people, by his hrange way of uling .one of the greatell. 
 men of that age, Sir Walter Ralegh; againft whom 
 the proceedings at lirfc were cenfured, but the laft part 
 of them was tliougbt both barbarous and illegal.” And 
 a iittie fartlier: “ the hrft condemnation of him was very 
 black; bat the executing him after lb many years, and 
 after an employment that had been given him, was 
 counted a'barbaroas facrilicing him to the Spaniards.” 
 
 Sir 
 
 a 
 
 
 *« 
 
 * i 
 
 i i 
 
 t ( 
 
 
 i i 
 
 t i 
 
 
45 
 
 R A W L E G H. 
 
 Sir Walter was tali, to the height of fix feet, well fhaped, 
 arid not too flender ; his hair of a dark colour, and full;, 
 and the features and form of his face fuch as they appear 
 before the laft edition of his hiflory in 1736, His taftc, 
 in drefs,- both civil and military, was magnificent. Of. 
 the latter fort, his armour was fo rare, that wc are told, 
 part of it was for its curiofity preferved in the Tower:, 
 and his civil wardrobe was richer, his cloaths being adorned, 
 with jewels of great value. The truth is, the richnefs, 
 of his apparel was made matter of reproach to him ; but, 
 though he was undoubtedly pleafed with the diflindlion, 
 he was far from making it the end of his ambition *. for, 
 how much he excelled in arms abroad, counfel at home, 
 and letters in general, hiflory and his own writings have 
 made fyfhciently notorious. 
 
 The beft edition of his “ Hiflory of the World” is that 
 pubiifhed by Oldys, in 2 vols. folio. A colledLion of his 
 fmaller pieces were collefted and printed together, in 2 vcls. 
 8 VO, in 1748. 
 
 RAWLEY (Dr. W^illiam), the learned chaplain • 
 of the celebrated Sir Francis Bacon, and editor of his 
 Works, was born at Norwich about the year i588fcoileaion& 
 He was of Benet-college in Cambridge; took a bachelor relating to 
 of arts degree in 1604, a mafler^s in 1608, a bachelor 
 divinity’s in 1615, and a dodlor’s in 1621. About Lady- fix^a 
 day 1609, he was chofen fellow of his college, took holy 
 orders in i6ii,'and was inflituted to the reftory of Land- 
 beach'near Cambridge in Jan. 1616. Landbeach is a living his Works, 
 in the gift of Benet-college ; neverthelefs, as my account 4folio, 
 fays, he was prefented to it “ per hon. virum Francifeum 
 Baconum Mil. Reg. Maj. Advocatum Generalem,,ai2/* 
 
 “ ejufdem Redlorije, pro hac unica vice, ratione concef- 
 ‘‘ lionis MagiUri et Sociorum Coll. C. C. (utj affereba- 
 tur) patroni.” He held this living till his death, which 
 happened June 18, 1667; nor does it appear that he 
 had any other preferment, which may Jeem fo me what 
 marvellous, when it is confidered, that he was not only 
 domeflic chaplain to Lord Verulam, who had the highefl 
 opinion of his abilities, as well as the moil affedlionatc. 
 regard for his perfon, but chaplain alfo to the kings. 
 
 Charles 1 . and IL 
 
 Qn a f at marble ne'ar the communion-table, in the. 
 church of'Landbeach, there is the following infeription 
 over him : “ Hie jacet Gulielmus Ravvicy, S. T. Dodlor, 
 
 ' “ v:r 
 
46 
 
 R*y’s Life 
 by bei ham; 
 prefixed to 
 Seleft re- 
 ‘‘ mains of 
 tlie learn- 
 ed Jolrn 
 ‘‘ Rav/' 
 1760, 8vo. 
 
 R A W L E Y. 
 
 -vir Gratiis et IVInfis ex a?qno charns, ferenifT. rcgibiis 
 ‘^ Car. I. h II. a facris, D. Fran. Veriilamio lacellanns 
 “ primus atque ultimus, cujus opera fumma cum fideedita 
 ** ei deFent literLe. Uxorcm liabuit Barbaram, ad Jatus 
 “ mariti poUtain, Jo. Wixted aidcrmanni nuper Cantabr. 
 
 “ Fliam : ex ca lilium fufcepit unicum Gulielmum, in cu'- 
 pis cineribus fails baud pntrum latet. Ecclefiam banc 
 per annos (julnquaginta prudens adminiftravit. Tandem 
 ‘‘ placide, lit vixit, in Domino obdormivit, A. D. 1667, 
 Jun. 18 ; xtat. 79.’* 
 
 Iv A\% or WRAY (John), an eminent Rnglifh na¬ 
 tural pbilofopber, was the fon of a blackfmitli at Black- 
 Notley, neai Bi .aintree, in Effex ; and was born there in 
 1628. He was bred a fcbolar at Braintree febooj; and 
 »fent thence, in 1644, to Catherine Flail in Cambridge. 
 Here lie continued about two years, and then removed," 
 for fome realon or other, to Trinity-college; wnth which," 
 
 • fays Derliam, he was afterwards much pleafed, becaufc in 
 Catherine Hall they chieily addidted thcmfelves to dif- 
 putations, wlii-Ie in Trinity the politer arts and fciences 
 were principally minded and cultivated. He took the' 
 degrees in arts, and was chofen fellow of his college ; 
 and the learned Duporr, famous for his fkill in Greek, 
 who had been his tutor, ufed to fav, that the chief of all 
 his pupils, and to wiiom he efteemed none of the reiV 
 comparable, were Mr. Ray and Dr. Barrow, who were 
 of the fame Handing, In 1651, he was chofen the Greek 
 ledlurer of tlie college; in 1653, the mathematical lec¬ 
 turer; in 1655, humanity reader : which three appoint¬ 
 ments Ihew the reputation he had acquired in that early 
 period of his lifcy for his Ikill in languages, polite litera¬ 
 ture, and the fcienccs. 
 
 During his continuance in the univeriity, he acquitted 
 liimfelf honourably as a tutor and preacher : for preaching 
 and common placing, both in the college and in the uni- 
 verlity-church, were then ufually performed by perfons 
 not ordained. He was not affedled w ith the fanaticil'm of 
 the times, b'ut diflinguiflied himfelf by preaching found 
 and fenfible divinity, while the generality Hlled their fer- 
 mons with enthuliafm and nonfenfe. His favourite Hudv, 
 and what indeed made the chief bulinefs of his life, was 
 the univerfal hiftory of nature, and-the w^orks of God: 
 and in this ’he acquired great and exadt fkill. He pub'- 
 lifned, in 1660, a “ Catalogue of the Cambridge Plants,?’ 
 
 3 
 
ii A Y. 
 
 in order to promote the {ludy of botany, which was then 
 ■iVinch neglected ; and the good reception this work met 
 with encouraged him to proceed further in thefe ftudies 
 aVid obfervations. He no longer contented himfelf with 
 what he met with about Cambridge, biit extended his 
 purluits throughout the greatell part of England and 
 Wales, and part of Scotland. Iii thefe joiirnies of hmp- 
 liiie;, though he fometimes W'Cnt alone, vet he had com- 
 nionly the company of other curious gentlemen,-particu¬ 
 larly Mr. Willoughby, his pupil Mr. afterwards Sir“Philip 
 Skipton, and Mr. Peter Courthope. At the reHorktion of 
 the king, he refolved upon entering into holy orders ; • 
 
 and waas ordained by Sanderfon, bilhop of Lincoln, Dec, 
 
 23, 1660. He continued fellow of Trinity^college, tiii 
 the beginning of the Bartholomew a£l; which, requiring 
 
 fiibfcription againfl the folemn league and covenant, 
 occafioned him to refign his fdiowlhip, he refufing t£> 
 
 •fign that declaration. 
 
 Having now left his fellowfliip, and vifited moll parts 
 of his own country, he w\as minded to fee what nature 
 afforded in foreign parts ; and accordingly, in April. 
 
 1663, himfelf, with Mr. Willoughby, Mr. Skippon. and 
 Mr. Nathanael Eacon, went over from Dover to Calais, 
 and thence through divers parts of Europe: which how- 
 ever it is fufficient jufl to mention, as Mr. Ray himfelf, 
 in 1673, publilhed the ‘‘ Obfervations” they made in 
 that tour. Towards the end of their journey, Mr. Wil 
 foughby and Mr. Ray parted company ; the .former palling 
 • through Spain, the latter from Montpelier through 
 France, into England, where he arrived in March, 1665-6. 
 
 He purfued his philofophical {Indies with his ufual at¬ 
 tention, and became fo dillinguiflied, that he w^as impor¬ 
 tuned to come into the Royal Society, and w^as admitted 
 fellow thereof in 1667. Being then folicited by dean, 
 -afterwards bilhop, Wilkins, to tranllate his “ Real Cha- 
 “ rafter” into Latin, he confented ; and the original ma- 
 nufeript of that work, ready for the prefs, is flill extant 
 in the library of the Royal Society. 
 
 In the fpring of 1669, Mr. Ray and Mr. Willoughby 
 entered upon thofe experiments about die tapping of trees, 
 and the afeent and defeent of their fap ; which are puh- 
 iilhed in the Philofophical Tranfafttons, and may be m’et 
 with together in Lowthorp’s “ Abridgement.” About this Vol. ir. p. 
 time, Mr. Ra'y began to draw up his Obfervations fdr^Sz. 
 public life ; and one of the firfl things he fet upon w^as, 
 
 }u^ 
 
ijS RAY. 
 
 his CoIIc£lion of Englifh Proverbs.’’ This book, 
 though fent to Cambridge to be printed in 1669, yet wa& 
 not publiflied till 1672. He alfo prepared his “ Cata- 
 “ logue of Eiiglifli Plants” for the prefs, which came 
 out in 1670: his humble thoughts of this and his other 
 book, for his nature was modetl and amiable in the higheft 
 M degree, may be feen in a Latin letter of his to Dr. Lifter, 
 
 •Mattersbe- Aug. 22, 1670. In the fame letter, he alfo takes notice 
 «tween of the altering his name, by leaving out the W in the 
 beginning of it; for, till 1670, he had always wrote his 
 learned name TVray : but this being, he fays, contrary to the way 
 «fHends,” of his forefathers, he therefore reaftumed the name of 
 1^0 Ray. In the fame letter, he mentions another thing re- 
 
 De/ham. lating to hiinfelf, which was an offer of 200 1 . per an¬ 
 num, to travel with three young noblemen into foreign 
 parts : but the acceptance of this propofal not being con- 
 fiftent with his inhrm ftate of body, he thought it pru^ 
 dent to decline it. 
 
 ' In. 1671, he was afflifled with a feverilh difprder, which 
 
 ended in the yellow jaundice : but he was foon cured pf 
 it, as he tells us himfelf, by an infufion of ftone-horfe 
 Philofophi- dung with faffron in ale. The year after, his beloved 
 cal Letters friend Mr. Willoughby died in his 37th year, at Middle- 
 toDr.Lifter, Hall, his feat in Yorkfiiire ; “ to the infinite and 
 167L" ^ unfpeakable lofs and grief, ” fays Mr. Ray, “ of myfelf, 
 “ his friends, and all good men.” There having been 
 the fincerelL friendfhip between Mr. .Willoughby and 
 Mr. Ray, wno were men of fimilar natures and taftes, 
 from the time of their being fellow collegians, Mr. Wil¬ 
 loughby not only confided in Mr. Ray in his life-time, 
 but alfo at his death ; for he made him one. of the exe¬ 
 cutors of his will, and charged him with the education of 
 his fons, Francis and Thomas, leaving him alfo for life 
 60 1. per annum. Hie eldeft of thefe young gentlemen 
 not being four years of age, Mr. Ray, as a faithful truftee, 
 betook himfelf to the inftruftion of them ; and for their 
 ule compofed his “ Nomenclator Claflicus,” which was 
 pubiilhed this very year 1672. Francis the eldeft dying 
 before he was of age, the younger became lord Middleton. 
 Kot many months after the death of Mr. Willoughby, 
 Mr. Ray loft another of his beft friends, bifhop Wilkins ; 
 whom he vifited in London, Nov. 18, 1672, and found 
 near expiring by a total fuppreflion of urine for eight days. 
 
 As it is. natural for the mind, when it is hurt on one 
 part, to feek relief from another , fo Mr. Ray, having loft 
 I ^ fome 
 
RAY. 
 
 m 
 
 fome of his bcfl friends, and being in a manner left def- 
 
 titute, conceived thoughts of marriage ; and accordingly,, 
 in June 1673, did a6lualiy marry a gentlewoman of about 
 twenty years of age^ the daughter of Mr. Oakeley of 
 Launton in Oxfordfhire; Towards the end of this year, 
 came forth his “ ObferVations Topographical, Moral; 
 
 “ &c.” made in foreign countries ; to which was added 
 liis ‘‘ Catalogus Stirpiunl in exteris regionibus obferva- 
 “ tarum and about the fame time, his ‘‘ Colledtion of 
 “ unufual or local Engilfh words,” which he had ga¬ 
 thered up in his travels through the counties of England. 
 On 1674, Mr. Oldenburgh, the fecretary of the Royal 
 Society, renewed his corrcfpondcnce with Mr. Ray, which 
 had been fome time intermitted, and fent him letters 
 almoll every month. Mr. Ray’s accounts in thefe let- 
 ' ters were publifhed by Oldenburgh in the Phiiofophical 
 Tranfadlions. Oldenburgh had a farther view in his 
 correfpondence with Mr. Ray : it was to engage him with 
 thofe leading members, who had agreed to entertain the 
 fociety wdth a phiiofophical difeourfe at their meetings, 
 fo that the burden might not lie among too few^ of the 
 members. Mr. P^ay complied, and accordingly fent him 
 “ A Difeourfe concerning Seeds, and the Specific Differ- 
 “ ences of Plants wdiich, Oldenburg telfs him, was fo 
 W'ell received by the prefident and fellow^s, that they re¬ 
 turned him their thanks, and delired him to let them 
 have more of the like favours from him. 
 
 This year 1674, and part of the next, he fpent in pre¬ 
 paring Mr. Willoughby’s “ Obfervations about Birds” i 
 for the prefs : which however was not publiflied till 1678. 
 Thefe two gentlemen, finding the hiflory of nature very 
 imperfed, had agreed between themfelves, before their 
 travels beyond fea, to reduce the feveral tribes of things 
 to a method, and to give accurate deferiptions of the le- 
 veral fpecies from a flridit fnrvey of them : and, fince Mr. 
 Willoughby’s genius lay chiefly to animals, therefore he 
 undertook the birds, beads, filhes, and infedts, as Mr. 
 Ray did the vegetables. How they difebarged each their 
 province, the world has feen in their works. Old lady 
 Willoughby dying, and Air* Willoughby’s fons being 
 removed from under Mr, Ray’s tuition, about 1676, he 
 thouglit it beft to leave Aliddieton-Hall, and retire with 
 his wd/e to. fome convenient place : and accordingly be 
 • removed to Sutton Cofield, about four miles from Mid- 
 
Kali, where he continued till June 1679 ; and then made 
 another remove to Elack-Notley, bis native place. Be- 
 ing fettled here, and now free from interruptions, he 
 began to refumc his wonted labours, particularly iit bo¬ 
 tany : and one of the firfl things he finllhed was his • 
 “ Methodus Blantarum Nova,” which was publifhed in 
 1682. This was preparatory to his “ Hifloria Planta- 
 “ rum Generalis tlic tirll volume of which w’as pub- 
 linicd in 1686, the fecond in 1687, and the third fome 
 years after. To tlic compiling of tliis hiilory, many 
 learned and ingenious men gave tlieir helping hands ; 
 particularly Sir Hans Sloane and Dr. Tancred Robinfon, 
 two great friends of Mr. Ray. Nor w^as Mr. Ray lefs 
 mindful of Mr. Willoughby’s colledlions, where there 
 were noble, though rude and indigefted, materials ; but 
 fpent much time and pains in reducing them to order, 
 and fitting them for the prefs. He had publiihed his 
 “ Obfervations upon Birds” in 1678; and, in 1685, he 
 publifhed his “ Hihory of Fifhes and though thefe 
 works w'ere then tlie completefl in their kinds, yet they 
 loll much of’their perfedlion by the mifearriage of Mr. 
 Willoughby’s and Mr. Ray’s papers in their travels. 
 T-diey had very accurately defcrlbcd all the birds, fifhes, 
 Nc. w’hich they law, as they paffed through High and 
 Low Germany, efpecially thofe in and upon the Danube 
 and the Rhine; but loft their accounts in their return 
 home. I'his lofs Mr. Ray laments in the philofophical 
 Tetters above cited. 
 
 Though Mr. Ray’s health began to be impaired by 
 years and ftudy, yet he continued from time to tim'e to 
 give his works to the public. He publilhed, in 1688, 
 
 Fafciculus Stirpium Britannicarumand, in 1690, 
 “ Synopfis Mcthodica Stirpium Britannicarum,” which 
 was republillied, with great amendments and additions, 
 in 1696, but the laft edition is that of 1724. Having 
 thus publifhed many books on fubjeefts which he took 
 to be fomewhat foreign to bis profellion, he at length re- 
 folved to entertain the w'orld like a divine, as well as na¬ 
 tural philolbpher ; and with this view let about his De- 
 monftration of the Beiiig and Attributes of God, which 
 be calls, The Wifdom of God manifefted in the Works 
 “ of the Creation.” 'Fhc rudiments of this work wxre 
 laid in forac college Icblures, read in the chapel, and call¬ 
 ed common places ; which, having much refined and 
 enlarged, he fitted up for a convenient volume, and pub- 
 I lilhcd 
 
R A Y, 
 
 lirtied in 1691, 8vo. This work meeting with hniverfal 
 applaufe encouraged him to publilh another of a like na¬ 
 ture, w-hole foundation was alfo laid at Cambridge, in 
 lonie fermons which he had preached before the uni- 
 verfity; and this was his “ I'hree Phvfico-Theoiogical 
 Uilcourfes concerning the Chaos, Deluge, and.Dilfo- 
 ^ lution of tne world, 1692,” 8vo. Both thefe works 
 nave been often reprinted with large additions. 
 
 Sooii after thefe theological pieces came our, his “ S’'- 
 nophs Mcthodica Anim.allum Ouadrupedum” was 
 ready for_tho prefs, and publilhed in fune 1693 ; and, 
 having chfpatched tliat, he let about and' finilhed a Syn- 
 
 S?/* l liis, getting into the book- 
 
 felleis hands, lay fupprefled for many years, and w'as 
 thought to have been deftroyed and lott ; but, after Mr. 
 
 Kays death, it was publilhed by Mr. Derliam in 1712. 
 
 He made a catalogue of Grecian, Syrian, Eigyptian, and 
 Cretan plants, which was printed with Rauwolff’s tra- 
 vels Ill 1693 ; and,^ tlie year after, publiflied his “ Syl- 
 loge Srirpium huropearum extra Britamiiam.” He 
 had afterwards fome little contefts with Rivinus and. ' 
 
 Journefort, concerning the method of plants, which oc- 
 
 calioned him to review and amend his own method; and 
 to draw It up in a completer form than he had ufed in 
 Ins Methodus Plaiitarum,” publilhed in 1682, or in 
 
 n j ^^“’^^‘■um.” He began now to be grie- 
 
 yoiiUy alHidled^ vvith a continual diarrhoea, and with very 
 painful ulcers m his legs, which eat deep into the flelh, 
 and kept him wasing whole nights ; by which means he 
 was fo difabied, t.hat, as he tells Dr. Tancred Robinfon, p,,:, . .■ 
 m a letter of Sept. 30, 1698, he could not fo much as cat 
 wak into the neighbouring fields. He lived however 
 lome years with thcle infirmities ; for his death did not 
 
 happen till Jan. 17, 1 704-5, at Black-Notlcy, in a houfe 
 Or ins own. 
 
 He was an honeft and good man, and had a zeal for 
 the promoting of Virtue and piety ; as appeared, not onlv 
 trom his lite and converfation, but alfo from a traa of 
 
 intituled, “ A Perfualive to an Holv 
 Jntc, which he publiflied in 1700. He was a man of 
 excellent parts, and had a fingular vivacity in his flvle 
 whether he wrote in Latin or Fhiglifh, which were equally 
 ply to him. This he retained, notvvithflancling age and 
 inhini’ties, to the day of his death ; of which he gave 
 good proof in fome of his letters, written manifeflly with 
 
 ^ ^ a dying 
 
R A Y. 
 
 3. dving hand. One of thefe is the following to Sir Hans 
 Sloane, hart. 
 
 ‘‘ Dear Sir, Black Notley, Jan. i, 1704. 
 
 “ The beft of friends : thefe are to take a final leave of 
 “ vou as to this world. I look upon myfelf as a dying 
 “ man. God requite your kindnefs cxprefled any ways 
 “ towards me an hundred fold : biefs you with a con- 
 “ fiuence of all good things in this world, and eternal life 
 “ and happinefs hereafter. Grant us an happy meeting in 
 heaven. I am, Sir, eternally yours, John Ray.” 
 
 “ P. S. When you happen to write to my fingular friend 
 ‘‘ Dr. Hotton, 1 pray tell him I received his moft obliging 
 “ and affeftionate letter, for which I return thanks ; and 
 acquaint him, that I was not able to anfwer it, or —” 
 The following account of Mr. Ray’s dying words and 
 behaviour is given from a MS. of the Rev. Mr. Pyke^ 
 prebendary of Norwich, and at that time reflor of Black 
 ■Notley : “I am a Prieft of the Church of England, or- 
 dained by Dr. Sanderfon, then bifhop of Lincoln. 
 
 ‘‘ 'I'hat I did not follow the peculiar duties of my func- 
 “ tion more, is now the greateft concern and trouble to 
 me. 1 do here profefs, that as I have lived, fo 1 de- 
 fire, and by the grace of God refolve, to die in the 
 communion of the Catholic church of Chrift, and a 
 true, though unworthy fon of the church by laW 
 “ ellablilhed in this kingdom. I do think, from the 
 “ bottom of my heart, that its docftrine is pure, its wor- 
 “ Blip decent, and agreeable to the church and word of 
 “ God, and jn the moft material point of both con- 
 “ formable to the faith and pradlice of the godly churches 
 “ of Chrift in the primitive and pure time. I am not 
 “ led to this perfuafion fo much from force of cuftom 
 “ and education, as upon the clear evidence of truth 
 “ and reafon ; and after a ferious and impartial exa- 
 “ mination of the grounds thereof, I am fully perfuaded, 
 “ that the fcruples men raife againft joining in commu- 
 “ nion with it, are umeafonable and groundlefs ; and 
 “ that tlie feparation which is made may very juftly be 
 “ charged upon the Dilientcrs themfelves as the blame- 
 “ worthy authors of it.”—“ Pie then delired me,” 
 Mr. Pyke adds, “ to read to him the prayers of the 
 ‘‘ church, wliich, in the Vifitation of the fick, are ap- 
 •“ pointed to be ul'ed by us ; and the abfolution in parti- 
 
 cular he requefted me to read, which I having pro- 
 
 “ nounced 
 
53 
 
 RAY. 
 
 nounced to fuch a true penitent, devout, and hum- 
 
 hie ibul, I could not but have thefe comfortable 
 “ .thoughts, that what was thus declared remitted upon 
 “ earth, would be remitted in heaven alfo. After this, I 
 “ gave him the Sacrament of the Lord’s-fupper, which 'as 
 “ it is men’s duty often to receive in the time of health, 
 
 “ fo at the hour of death, he faid, it was a neceilary via- 
 
 ticum, bethought, for the great journey he was now 
 “ a-going,” 
 
 RAY (Benjamin), a moll: ingenious and worthy Hift. of 
 man, poiTeffed of good learning, but ignorant of the world ; 
 indolent and thoughtiefs, and often very abfent. He was^je^Vat 
 a native,of Spalding, where he was educated under Dr. SpaiJing, 
 Neve, and afterwards admitted of St. John’s College, 
 Cambridge. He was perpetual curate of Surfleet, of 
 which he gave an account to the Spalding Society ; and 
 curate of Cowbitt, wdiich is a chapel to Spalding, in the 
 gift of trullees. His hermitage of oliers and willows there 
 was celebrated by William Jackfon of Bofton, in a MS. 
 
 Jieroic poem. He communicated to the Royal Society an 
 •account of a w^ater-fpout railed olF the land in Deeping 
 fen, printed in their “ Tranfa£lions,” vol. NLVII. p. 447, 
 and of an ancient coin to “ Gent. Mag. 1744.” There 
 are feveral dilTertations by him in that mifcellany. He 
 was Secretary to the Spalding Society 1735. Mr. Pegge, 
 about 1758, had a confultion with Dr. Taylor, relidentiary 
 of St. Paul’s, and a friend of Ray’s, to get him removed 
 to better lituations ; and the Doclor was inclined to do it; 
 but on better information, and mature conlideration, it 
 was thought then too late to tranfplant him. He died a 
 bachelor at Spalding in 1760. See his communications to 
 the Society, in the Reliquiae Galeanse, pp. 57, 58, 63. He 
 alfo communicated in MS. “ The truth of the Chrihian 
 “ religion demonflrated from tire-report that was propa- 
 “ gated throughout the Genfile world about the birth of 
 “ Chrill, that a Meffiah was expected, and from the 
 “ authority of heathen writers, and from the coins of 
 ‘‘ the Roman emperors to the beginning of the fecond 
 “ general perfecution under Domitian,” in ten fcctions, 
 never printed. Alfo a MS. catalogue of houfehold goods, 
 furniture, and ten pictures, removed out of the prcfencc 
 chamber, 26 Charles 11 . 14 Dec. 1668, from Mr. Brown, 
 and of others taken out of the cupboard in the chamber. 
 
 24 Dec. 1668, by Mr. Church. Tlicfc were in numbe. 
 
54 
 
 
 RAY. 
 
 69. (Percy Church, efq. was lome time page of honour 
 and equerry to the queen mother Henrietta Maria.) A 
 MS. catalogue of Italian princes, palaces, and paintings, 
 1735, now in the Society’s Mufeuin. 1740, a large 
 and well-written hiftory of the life and writings of 
 the great botanifl, his namefake, by Mr. Dale, which 
 was read, and approved. John P.ay’s account of Cuba, 
 where 'he was on hrore fome months. Mr. Johnfon 
 calls him hh klnfman, and fays in honour of him, he 
 finds an infcription on the lower ledge of an altar tomb, 
 on which lies a mutilated alahafter knif?;ht in armour and 
 mail in Golbeikirke, alias Goiberton chapel, now a fchool 
 at SurHect, to belong to Nicholas Rie, who was flieriff of 
 Lincolnlhire 5 and 6 Edw. 1 . 1278, and died 1279 or 80. 
 
 >riceron, 
 tom. II. 
 »nd clo^e a 
 
 REAL (Cesar Vichard de St.), a polite writer in 
 French, was the fon of a counfellor to the fenate of Cham- 
 berri in Savoy, where he was born ; but it is not men¬ 
 tioned in what year. Fie came very yonng to France, 
 
 ^ was fome time a difciple of IVl. dc Varillas; and after- 
 the head of wards diiliiiguilhed himfelf at Paris by fcveral ingenious 
 his works, producfioiis. In 1675, he returned to Chamberri, and 
 went thence to England with the duchefs of Mazarine ; 
 but foon after came back to Paris, where he lived a long 
 , lime, without title or dignity, intent upon literary pur- 
 fuits. He returned a fecond time to Chamberri in 1692, 
 and died there the fame year, pretty old, but not in the 
 beft circumftances. He was a man of great parts and pe¬ 
 netration, a lover of the fcicnces, and particularly fond of 
 hihery, which he wifhed to have flndied in a very dif¬ 
 ferent manner from what it ufually is, not as a bare re¬ 
 cital of faffs and fpeeches, but as a pidture of human 
 nature under its various modes of wifdom, folly, knavery, 
 and madnefs. He wrote a piece with this view, “ De 
 I’ufage de I’Hiftorie, Paris, 1672,” 121110 ; which is full 
 of fenfible and judicious refiedfions. In 1674, he pub- 
 liihed, “ Conjuration des Efpagnols contre le Republique 
 de Venice en 1618,” i2mo. “ We have had hiRorians,” 
 Slpcie <]e ^ Hys Voltaire, but not a Livy. "Ehe flyle of ‘ The Con- 
 Loms Xi.\. ft fpiracy of Venice’ is comparable to that of Salluil : it is 
 “ evident the abbe de St. Real had him in his eve, and 
 perhaps has furpalled him.” He loft as much reputa¬ 
 tion by his “ La Vie de jefus Chrift,” publillied four 
 after, as he had gained by his “ Confpiracy of 
 Venice.” He wTote many other things : fome to il- 
 
 ‘ luftrate 
 
 ch. 29. 
 
 years 
 
 
REAL. 5. 
 
 iuflrate the Roman hiftory, which he had made his parti¬ 
 cular ftudy ; fome upon fub^ljec^s of philofophy, politics, 
 and morals; and notes upon the two firfl. bpoks of 
 "^rully’s “ Letters to Atticus,’* of which hc^^nade a 
 h'rciich tranflaticn. 
 
 A neat edition of his works was publifhed at the Hague 
 1722, in 5 vols, 121110, without the letters to Atticus ; 
 which however were printed in the edition of Paris I745> 
 in 3 vols. 4to, and fix i2mo, 
 
 REAUMUR (Rene-Antoine Ferchault fieur 
 de), a French philofopher, was born of a good family in 
 1683 at Rochelle, where he was grounded in letters. 
 
 Then he was fent to Poitiers for philofophy; and, in 
 1699, went to Bourges to ftudy the law. in the mean 
 time, he had early difeovered a turn for mathematics and 
 phvfics ; and he now went to Paris, to cultivate tbefe 
 Iciences. So early as 1708, he was judged worthy to be 
 a member of the academy of fcieiices ; and he foon iufli- 
 iicd the choice that was then made of him by that focietv. 
 
 V J 
 
 He made innumerable obfervations, and wrote a great 
 number of pieces, upon the various branches of natural 
 philofophy. His “ Hiflory of Infefis,” in 6 vols. 4to, 
 at Paris, is his capital work. Another edition was printed 
 in Holland in 12 vols. i2mo. He died in 1757? not of 
 age, although he was old, but of the confequences of a 
 fall. He is an exaft and clear ivriter; and there is an 
 elegance in his ft vie and manner, which is not always to 
 
 O J ^ ^ 0 
 
 be found among thofe who have made only the fciences 
 their ftudy.. He is reprefented alio as a man of an amia¬ 
 ble compofition, and with qualities to make him beloved 
 as well as admired. He left a great variety of papers and 
 natural curioftties to the academy of fciences. 
 
 REDT (Francis), an Italian phyfician and very po¬ 
 lite fcholar, was defeended from a noble family, and born 
 at Arezzo in d'ufcany, 1626. His firft ftudies were made Nicero*, 
 at Florence, wlience lie removed to Pifa, and there was 
 admitted dodlor in philofophy and medicine. Fli-s inge¬ 
 nuity and Ikill in thefe and other fciences acquired him 
 great reputation ; arid Ferdinand II, duke of Tufeany, 
 chofe him his lirft phyfician. His conftant employ did 
 not hinder him from cultivating the belies lettres : he 
 devoted much of his time to. the ftudy of the Italian 
 tongue, and contributed not a little towards compiling 
 
 E 4 the 
 
V £fr. 
 
 Regiomon 
 tani vita . 
 GalTendo. 
 
 . R E D I. 
 
 the (!i£\ionary of La .Crufca. Menage, in his “ Orjgincg 
 “ de la Langue Italienne,” acknowledges himfelf obliged 
 to him for many particulars. Redi was a lover of learned 
 jnen, and ready to ferye thejii in any way he could. He 
 was a member of feveral academies in Italy ; of ia Crufca 
 at Florence, of the Gelati at B.ologna, and of the Arca- 
 ,diens at Rome. He was fubjedl to the falling ficknefs in 
 his latter years ; yet neither abandoned books, nor his 
 buhnefs. He wrote upon vipers, and upon the genera¬ 
 tion of infe6ls ; and he compofed a good deal of poetry, 
 feme of which he publiihed himfelf, and fome was pub- 
 lifhed after his deatji by order of the great duke, hi$ 
 mailer. All his writings are in Italian ; and his lan^ 
 guage is fo fine and pure, that the authors of the diction¬ 
 ary of la Crufca have often cited it as a flandard of per¬ 
 fection. He died in 1697. Molt of his works arc tranf- 
 lated into French and into Latin. , 
 
 REGIOMONTANUS, an illuftrious ailronomer, 
 whofe real name was Joannes Mullerus, was born at 
 Konigfberg in Franconia, 1436. He was taught his gram¬ 
 mar at home, and at twelve years of age fent to Leiphe ; 
 where he took a violent turn to altronomy, and wifely 
 applied himfelf to arithmetic and geometry, as necelfary 
 to comprehend it rightly. But there was then nobody at 
 Leipiic, ^yho could lead him into the depths of this fcience; 
 and therefore, at fifteen, he removed to Vienna, to iludy 
 under the famous Purbachius, who was the profeflbr 
 there, and read leChvres with the higheft reputation. 
 Greater frienclilaip and a/feCtion could not fubiifr, than 
 between Regiomontanus and Purbachius ; and tlicrefore 
 it is no Wonder, that the former fliould make all con¬ 
 ceivable progrefs under the latter. About that time car¬ 
 dinal EelTarion came.to Vienna, to negotiate fome affairs 
 for the pope ; who, being a lover of aitronomy, had begun 
 to make a Latin yerhon of Ptolemy’s “ Almageft’ but, 
 not having time to go on wiUi it, deiired Purbachius to 
 continue the work, and for that purpofe to fetprn with 
 him into Italy, in order to make himfelf mafter of the 
 Greek tongue, which at prefent he knew nothing of. 
 Purbachius confented to tlie cardinal’s propofals, provi¬ 
 ded Pvegiomontanus might accompany him, and lliare the 
 talk ; and all things were agreed on, when Purbachius 
 died in 1461. The fcholar of courfe fucceeded the maf- 
 ler to the deftined office, as well as in his prcfeirorfuip, 
 " ' ' and 
 
 t 
 
 \ I 
 
57 
 
 REGIOMONTANUS. 
 
 aad attended the cardinal the fame year to Ronie ; where 
 the firft thing he did was to learn the Greek language, 
 though in’the mean time he did not negleft to make aflro- 
 nomical obfervations, and to compofe various works in 
 that fcience. I'he cardinal going to Greece foon after, 
 Regiomontanus went to Fcrrera, where he continued the 
 ftudy of the Greek language under Theodore Gaza ; who 
 explained to him the text of Ptolemy, with the commen¬ 
 taries of Theon : till at length he became fo perfedf in it, 
 that he could compofe verfes, and read like a critic, in it. 
 In 1463, he went to Padua, where he became a member 
 of the univerlity ; and, at the requeil of the ftudents, ex¬ 
 plained Alfraganus, an Arabian phiiofopher. In 1464, 
 he removed, to Venice, to attend his patron Befiarion‘;; 
 and, the fame year, returned with him to Rome, where 
 he waged war with Georgius Trapezuntius, whom he 
 had terribly offended, by animadverting on fome paffages 
 in his tranflation of Theon’s Commentary. Not long^ 
 after, being weary of rambling about, and having pro¬ 
 cured a great number of manuferipts, which was one 
 main objeft of his travels, he returned to Vienna, and 
 performed for fome time the offices of his profefibrfhip. 
 Afterwards he went to Buda, at the invitation of Mat¬ 
 thias Corvinus the king of Hungary, who was a lover of 
 letters and fciences, and founded a rich and noble library 
 there; but, on account of the wars, came and fettled at 
 Nuremberg in 1471. He fpent his time here, in con- 
 Ifruffing inffruments, in making obfervations, and pub-. 
 |ilhing books, fome his own, fome other people’s : he pub- 
 lilhed here the five books of Manilius’s “ Aflronomicon.*’ 
 In 1474, pope Sixtus IV. conceived a defign of reform¬ 
 ing the calendar; and fent for Regiomontanus to Rome, 
 as the propereif and ableff perfon to accomplifli his pur- 
 pofe. Regiomontanus was very unwilling to interrupt 
 the ftudies he was engaged in at Nuremberg; but re¬ 
 ceiving great promifes from the pope, who alfo for the 
 prefent named him archbifnop of Ratilbon, he confented 
 at length to go. He arrived at Rome in 1475, ^i^d died 
 there the year after; not without a fufpicion of being 
 poifoned by the fons of Trapezuntius, who carried on 
 the enmity begun by their father: but Paul Jovius rc- 
 Jates, that he died of the plague. 
 
 He did great fervicc to allronomy, as well as his mailer 
 Purbachiils. The latter was born at Pcurbach, a town 
 upon the confines of Anflria and Bavaria, \i\ 1423; and 
 
 ^ ' educated 
 
yiceron, 
 tom. VI. 
 
 REGIOJIONTANUS. 
 
 fJocateJ at Vienna. Afterwards he vilited the moll ce¬ 
 lebrated univerlities in Germany, France, and Italy ; and 
 found a friend and patron* in cardinal Ciifa at Rome. 
 Returning to Vienna, he was made mathematical pre- 
 fellor ^ in which office he continued till his death, in_ 
 1461. He compofed a great number of pieces, upon ma¬ 
 thematical and aflronoinical fubjedls. His life is written 
 by Galfendus. 
 
 REGIS (Peter Sylvain) a French philofopher, 
 and great propagator of Cartelianii'm, was born in Age- 
 n'ois 1632. He cultivated the languages and philofophy 
 under the jefuits at Cahors, and afterwards divinity in the 
 tiniverliiy of that town, being dcligned for the church. 
 He made fo uncommon a progrefs, that at the end of 
 four years he was offered a dodlor’s degree without the 
 ufual charges ; but he did not think it became him to ac¬ 
 cept of it, till he had hudied alfo in the Sorbonne at 
 Paris He went thither, but was foon difguiled with 
 theology ; and, as the philofophy of Des Cartes began at 
 that time to make a noife through the ledlures of Ro- 
 irault, he conceived a talle for it, and gave himfelf up 
 entirely to it. He frequented thefe leflures ; and, be- ' 
 coming an adept, went to Touloufe in 1665, and read 
 ledtures in it himfelf. Having line parts, a clear and 
 Huent manner, and a happy way of making himfelf un- 
 derilood, he drew all forts of people ; the magiilrates, the 
 learned, the eccleliaftics, and the very women, who row 
 ail affedled to abjure the ancient philofophy. In 1680, 
 lie returned to Paris ; where the concourfe about him 
 y/as fucli, that the llicklers for Peripateticifm began to be 
 alarmed. "Fhey applied to the archbilhop of Paris, who 
 thought it expedient, in the name of the king, to put a 
 ilop to the ledlures ; which accordingly were difeontinued 
 for feveral months. I'he whole life of Regis was fpent 
 in propagating the new philofophy. In i6qo, he pub- 
 iilhed a formal fyftem of it, containing logic, metaphy- 
 fkis, piiylies, and morals, in 3 vols. 4to, and written in 
 f rench. It was reprinted the year after at Amilerdam, 
 with the addition of a difeourfe upon ancient and modem 
 philofophy. He wrote afterwards feveral pieces, in de- 
 p-nce of his fyllem ; in which he had difputes with M. 
 Huec, Du Kamel, Malebranche, and others. Flis works, 
 tliough abounding with ingenuity and learning, liave been 
 difreearded. in conicqueiice of the great difeoverics and 
 
 advance- 
 
REGIS. 
 
 advancement in pliilofophic knowledge that has been 
 iince made. He died in 1707. ■ He had been chofeu 
 member of the academy of fciences in 1699. 
 
 REGNARD (John Francis), one of the bell 
 French comic vvriters after Moliere, was born at Paris in 
 1647. He had fcarcely finilhed his fbudies, v/hen he was 
 feized with a paflion for travelling, and an ardent delire to Voltaire's 
 fee the different countries of Europe. He went to Italy Siede de 
 hrft, but was unfortunate in his return thence; for 
 Englifli veiTel bound for Marfeiiles, on which he embark¬ 
 ed at Genoa, was taken in the fea of Provence by the 
 Barbary Corfairs ; and he was carried a Have to Algiersr 
 Being always a lover of good eating, he knew how to 
 make ragouts; and, by this means procuring an office in 
 his mafler’s kitchen, his bondage fat the more ealily upon 
 him. His amiable manners and pleafant humour mad-e 
 liiin a favourite with all about him, and not a little fo 
 with the women ; for he had alfo the advantage of a good 
 perfon. An ainor&wis intrigue with one of thefe, in which 
 matters were carried as far as they could go, involved him 
 in a terrible difficulty; for his mailer, coming to the 
 knowledge of it, inliiled upon his fubmitting to the law 
 of the country, which obliged a Chrihian, convifled of 
 fuch a commerce, either to turn Mahometan, or to fulfer 
 death by lire. Regnard did not care to do either ; and 
 luckily he was freed from the dilemma by the French 
 conful, who, having juft received a large fum for his re¬ 
 demption, bought him off, and fent him home. 
 
 He had not been long at Paris, before he formed plans 
 for travelling again; and accordingly, in April 1681, he 
 fet out to vifit Flanders and Holland, whence he palfed to 
 Denmark, and afterwards to Sweden. Having done fome 
 fingular piece of fervice to the king of Sw'eden, this mo¬ 
 narch, who perceived that he was travelling out of pure 
 curiofity, told him, that Lapland contained many things 
 well worthy of obfervatioii ; and ordered his treafurer to 
 accommodate him with whatever he w'anted, if he chofe 
 to proceed thither. Regnard embarked for Stockholm, 
 with two other gentlemen that h.ad accompanied him 
 from France; and went as far as Tome, a city at the 
 bottom of the Bothnic Gulph. He went up the river 
 Tome, wliofe fource is not far from the Northern cape ; 
 and at length penetrated to the Icy fea. Here, not being 
 able to go farther, he and his companions engraved tliefe 
 four lines upon a rock; 
 
 Gallia 
 
R E G N A R D. 
 
 Gallia nos genuit, vidit nos Africa, Gangem 
 “ Haufimns, Europamque oculis luftravimns omiiem; 
 
 Cafibus & variis a£li terraque marique, 
 
 “ Hie tandem ftetimus, nobis ubi defuit orbis.” 
 
 While he was in Lapland, his ciiriofity led him to enquire 
 into the pretended magic of the country; and he was 
 ihewn fome of the learned in this black art, who, not fuc- 
 ceeding in their operations upon him, pronounced him a 
 greater magician than themfelves. After his return to 
 Stockholm, he went to Poland, thence to Vienna, and 
 from Vienna to Paris, after a ramble of almoft three years. 
 
 He now fettled in his own country, and wrote a great 
 many comedies. He was made a treafurcr of France, and 
 lieutenant of the waters and forefts : he lived like a phi-^ 
 lolbpher and a voluptuary. He was born with a genius, 
 lively, gay, and truly comic; and his comedy of “ The 
 “ Gamelfer” is compared with thofe of Moliere. He de¬ 
 dicated the comedy, called “ Menechmes”, to Boileau ; 
 and afterwards wrote againft that poet, becaufe he did 
 not do him juftice : but they were again thoroughly re¬ 
 conciled. This man, though of fo gay an humour, died 
 of chagrin in his 52d year ; and it is faid, that he even 
 contributed himfelf to fhorten his days. 
 
 His works, which confift of comedies and his travels, 
 were printed at Rouen 1731, in 5 vols. 121110 ; but there 
 are many dramatic performances and pieces of poetry of 
 his, belides what that colledlion contains, 
 
 REGNIER (Mathurin), a fatirical French poet, 
 was the fon of a citizen of Chartres, by a filler of the abbe 
 Biillet, jv- Defportes, a famous poet alfo ; and was born there in 
 gemen^, See. j He vvas brouglit up to the church, yet very unfit 
 
 Ni^eron Oil accouiit of ifis debauclieries ; which, it feems, 
 
 ton:. XI. were fo excefiive, that, as we learn from himfelf, he had 
 at thirty all the infirmities of old age. He was twice at 
 F.ome; in 1593, and 1601. In 1604, he obtained a 
 caiionry in the church of Chartres : he had other bene¬ 
 fices, and alfo a penfion of 2000 livres, which Henry IV. 
 fettled on him in 1606. He died ^t Roiicn in 1613. 
 
 He was the firft among the French who fucceeded in 
 fatire ; and, if Boileau has had the glory of raifiiig that 
 fpecies of compofition to perfedlion among them, it may 
 be faid of Regnier, that he laid the foundation, and was 
 y)eiliaps more an original writer than Boileau. He is 
 ipppofed to have taken Juvenal and Perfius for his model: 
 
 it 
 
6i 
 
 R E G N I E R. 
 
 it IS certain, that he has in fome places imitated Ovid, 
 and borrowed largely from the Italians. He is very inge¬ 
 nious, and has a fine manner of expofing vices. In the 
 mean time fome of that impurity, which ran through his 
 life, has crept alfo into his writings ; for he is frequently 
 Very obfcene. Seventeen of his fatires with other poems 
 were printed at Roiien in 1614. There is a neat Elzevir 
 edition of his works at Leyden, 1652, i2mo ; but the 
 mofl: magnificent is that of London 1729, 4to, with Ihort 
 notes by M. Broflette. 
 
 REGNIER de Marets, (Seraphin), a French 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1632 ; and, at fifteen, diftin- 
 guifhed himfelf by tranfiating the ‘‘ Batrachomyomachia” 
 into burlefque verfe. At thirty, he went to Rome as 
 fccretary to an embafiy. An Italian ode of his making 
 procured him a place in the academy de la Crufea in 
 1667 ; and, in 1670, he was elected a member of the 
 French academy. In 1684, he w^as made perpetual fe- 
 cretary, after the death of Mezeray ; and it was he who 
 drew up all thofe papers, in the name of the academy, 
 againfi; Furetiere. In 1668, the king gave him the priory 
 of Grammont, which determined him to the ecclefiafticai 
 funftion : and, in 1675, he had an abbey. His works 
 are, an Italian tranfiation of Anacreon’s odes, which he 
 dedicated to the academy de la Crufea in 1692 ; a French 
 grammar; and two volumes of poems, in French, Latin, 
 
 Italian, and Spanifh. He tranfiated into French, Tully 
 “ De Divinatione, & de Finibus and Rodrigue’s 
 “ Treatife of Chrifiian perfedlion,” from the Spanilh. 
 
 He died in 1713, aged 82. “ He has done great fervice siede oe 
 
 “ to language,” fays Voltaire, “ and is the author of fome Louis^xiV 
 “ poetry in French and Italian. He contrived to make^°"'’ 
 
 “ one of his Italian pieces pafs for Petrarch’s : but he 
 “ could not have made his French verfes pafs for thofe of 
 “ any great French poet.” 
 
 REINESIUS (Thomas), a learned and phllofo- 
 phic German, was born at Gotha, a city of Thuringia, 
 in 1587. He was a phyfician ; but applied himfelf to po- Bay’e’s 
 lite literature, in which he chiefly excelled. After prac- 
 tifing phylic in other places, he fettled at Altemburg ; 
 where he relided feveral years, and was made a burgo- 
 maller. At lall, having been raifed to be counfellor to 
 the eledlor of Saxony, he went and lived at Leipfic ; 
 
 where 
 
62 
 
 Xpift. ad 
 HotFman- 
 »am & Ru- 
 fettunj,p. 7. 
 
 !EpIft, p. 2. 
 
 R E I N E S I U S. 
 
 where he alfo died in 1667. One of his letters relates 
 xiany circumliances of his life, and lliews him to have 
 been a man of forrow ; though, as wiH'appcar afterwards,, 
 he was more thajn ordinarily upon his guard, jhat he might 
 not be involved in the troubles of the world. “ What 
 “ trials have I not undergone,” fays he, “ what difficub 
 “ tics have I not met with, during thefe ten years at 
 Altemburg? not to mention Hoff and Gera, where I 
 “ fuffered very much. After the melancholy accident of 
 “ having my houfc plundered, I loft in lefs than half a 
 “ year three delightful boys, with a molt engaging and 
 incomparable wife. The only thing now left me is a 
 “ mind, which, relying entirely upon God, cannot be 
 “ overcome; with a little reputation; and as much 
 wealth, as is fufficient for a frugal perfon. I chofe for 
 ** my motto, Plainly, but Freely. Thrice, hnee my being 
 “ phylician here, has this city been afflifled with the 
 “ plague. j\'ly fecond wife has involved me in more in- 
 “ conveniences than I could have expefled ; and en- 
 “ cumbered me with many petty domelnc cares, I always 
 wilh to be free from ; and, what is the moft grievous 
 “ circumftance of all, Ihe is barren ; than which nothing 
 more calamitous could have happened to a man, who 
 “ before had ioft all his children, and was become entirely 
 “ deftitute.” 
 
 He wTote a piece or two upon fubjcfls of his own pro- 
 feflion ; but the greatell part of his works relate to philo¬ 
 logy and criticifm, among which are “ Variarum Leflio- 
 “ iiLim libri tres,” in 4to. He was not one of thole phi- 
 lologers or critics, whofe only talent is memory, but of 
 thole Vvdio go beyond what they read, and know more 
 than their books teach them ; whofe penetration enables 
 them to draw many confequences, and fuggells conjec¬ 
 tures, which lead them to the difeovery of hidden trea- 
 fures ; who dart a light into the gloomy places of literature, 
 and extend the limits of ancient knowledge. He knew 
 the fecret of liviiig happily, that is, as happily as the 
 Gonditutioii and temperament of a man’s body will per¬ 
 mit him ; yet could not efcape a pretty good lhare of hu¬ 
 man mifery. ' He avoided difagreeable connexions as much 
 as poffibie ; and, as we karn from his lirfl letter to Hoff¬ 
 man, refilled profefforfhips, which ,had often been of¬ 
 fered him, for fear of meeting with infupportable col¬ 
 leagues. Thatprofeffor had informed him, “ that, during 
 “ thirty years, hehad been expofed to the noife and flanders 
 
 of 
 
R E I N E S I U S, 
 
 of thofe who envied him, and that he had been at- 
 “ tacked with great violence to whom Reinelius replied, 
 “ that he alfo was perfeciited by certain jealous wrong- 
 headed people ; that there was little true fricndlhip in the 
 “ world, and little jullice and order among the learned ; 
 
 and that, to avoid the ftorm, he had concealed himfelf 
 “ the greateft part of his life. Having been frequent!v 
 invited to accept of academical profefibrfhips,'’ adds he, 
 
 I refufsd them. 1 believed, that it would not be pof- 
 “ fibie for me to bear with the ill-humours of certain 
 perfons, with whom I fliould have been obliged to 
 ‘‘ afTociate ; and I chofe rather to live here at Aitein- 
 burgh, though I had not a very eafy life.” 
 
 We lind by his printed letters, that he was confulted as 
 an oracle ; that he anfwered very learnedly, whatever quef- 
 tions were brought to him ; that he was extremely Ikilled 
 ill the families of ancient Rome, and in the Rudy of in- 
 feriptions. A very line elogium is given of his merit, as 
 well as of his learned and political works, by Grasvius, 
 in the dedication of the fecond edition of Calaubon's 
 epifllcs, dated Amfterdam, Auguft 31, 1655; 
 took of the liberality, which Lewis XIV Ihewed to the 
 nioR celebrated fcholars of Europe, an dreceived with the 
 prefent a very obliging letter from Colbert; which favour 
 lie returned, by dedicating to him his “ Obfervations on 
 the fragment of Petronius,” in 1666. The religion of 
 Reineflus was fufpedled to be of the philofophical kind. 
 
 RELAND (Hadrian), an eminent orientalill; and 
 very learned man, was born at Pvvp, a village in North- 
 Holland, July 17, 1676. His father was ininiRcr of 
 village, but afterwards removed to Alkmaar, and then 
 AmRerdam. In this hR city Rcland was educated with ne>, OrstKl 
 infinite care; and at eleven years of age, having paR'ed 
 through the ufual courfes at fchool, was placed in the 
 lege under burenhulius. During three years of Rudy un- jeft. 171^. 
 dcr this profelPor, he made a vaR progrefs in the Hebrew. 4^^- 
 Syriac, Chaldee, and Arabic languages ; and at his kifure 
 hours applied himfelf to poetry, in which he fucceeded 
 very well. At fourteen, he was fent to Utrecht; where 
 he Rudied under Grasvius and Leufden, peifefled himfelf 
 in the Latin and Oriental tongues, and applied himfelf 
 alfo to phiiofophy, in which he took the degree of doftor. 
 
 At feventeen, he entered upon divinity under the clfrcc- 
 tioii of Herman Vv itlius and others ; but did not abandon 
 
 the 
 
R E L A N D. 
 
 64 
 
 the Oriental languages^ which were always his favourite 
 ftudy. After he had refided hx years at Utrecht, his fa¬ 
 ther fent him to Leyden, to continue his theological fludies 
 under Frederic Spanheim and others ; where he foon re¬ 
 ceived the offer of a profefTorfhip at Linden, either in phi- 
 lofophy or the Oriental languages. He would have ac¬ 
 cepted it, though but jufl two and twenty ; but his fa¬ 
 ther’s ill flate of health would not allow him to remove 
 fo far from Amflerdam. In 1699, he was elected pro- 
 feffor of philofophy at Harderwick, but did not continue 
 there long ; for, king William having recommended him 
 to the magiftrates. of Utrecht, he was offered in 1701 the 
 profefTorfhip of oriental languages and ecclefiahical anti¬ 
 quities, which he readily accepted. In 1703, he took a 
 wife, by whom he had three children. In 1713, a fociety 
 for the advancement of Chriftian knowledge was efca- 
 blifhed in England, as was that for the propagation of the 
 gofpel in foreign parts the year after: of both which 
 Reland became a member. He died of the fmall-pox at 
 Utrecht, Feb. 5, 1718, in his 4.26. year. He was a man 
 of an excellent difpofition, and of great humanity and mo- 
 defly. He had a correfpondence with the moil eminent 
 fcholars of his time. 
 
 He wrote and publiOied a great number of works, in 
 order to promote and illuftrate facred and oriental learn-^ 
 ing ; the chief of which are thefe. “ De Religione Mo- 
 “ liammcdica libri duo, 1705,” i2mo* The fiifl book 
 contains a fhoit account of the faith of the Mahometans, 
 in an Arabic manufeript with a Latin tranllation ; the 
 fecond vindicates them from doftrines and imputations 
 falfely charged upon them. A fecond edition with great 
 additions was printed in 1717, i2mo. “ Dilfertationum 
 “ Mifcellanearum Partes Ties, 1706, 1707, 1708,” in 
 3 vols. i2ino. There are thirteen differtations upon the 
 following curious fubjedls : “ De fitu Paradifi Terreflris 
 Dc Mari Rubro “ De Monte Garizim ‘‘ De O- 
 phir;” “ De Diis Cabiris “ De Veteri Lingua In^ 
 dica;” “ De Samaritanis De Rcliquhs veteris lin¬ 
 gua: Pcrficae“ De Perficis vocabulis Talmudis 
 De jure Militari Mohammedaiiorum contra Chriliianos 
 helium gerentium “ De linguis Infularum quarun- 
 dam orientalium “ De linguis Americanis “ De 
 
 Gemmis Arabicis.” Flis next work was, “ Antiqui- 
 tates Sacfi-e Veterum Hebra^orum, 1708,” i2mo; but 
 the befl edition is that of 1717, i2mo, there being many 
 6 additions. 
 
 ii 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 i i 
 
 (( 
 
 (< 
 
 i < 
 
 (i 
 
65 
 
 R E L A N D. 
 
 additions. Then he publiflied, ‘‘ Dihertationes Quhique 
 ‘‘ de Nummis veterum Hebrxorum, qui ab infcriptaruin 
 literarum forma Samaritanl appellaiifiir. Accedit dif- 
 “ fertatlo de marmoribus Arabicis Puteolanis. 1709,’* 
 
 12mo. But his greateh: work was, “ Palaefrina ex rnonu- 
 “ mentis veteribas iiluftrata, A chartis Geographicis ac- 
 curatioribus adornata. Trajefl, lyiq,’"" 2 vols. qto. 
 
 This edition is fuperlor in all refpefts to that of Nurem¬ 
 berg, 1716, 4to. “ De Spoliis Templis Hierofbiyrnitani 
 in arcu Titiano Romse confpicuis liber, cum figuris, 
 
 1716,” i2mo. 
 
 Reland publilhed many fmaller things of his own; 
 among which were Latin poems and orations ; and was 
 alfo concerned as an editor of books written by others» 
 
 His works are all in Latin, and neatly printed. 
 
 REMBRANDT van Rein, a Flemifh palhter of 
 great eminence, was the fon of a miller, and born near 
 Leyden in 1606. He is one of thofc who owed all the 
 fkill in his profeffion to the flrength of his own genius ; 
 for the advantages of education were few or none to him. 
 
 His turn lay powerfully towards painting, infomiich that 
 he feems to have been incapable of learning any thing 
 elfe ; and it is faid, that he could fcarcely read. V/e muft 
 not therefore expedt to fiiia correftnefs of defign, or a 
 guilo of the antique, in the works of this painter. He had 
 bid pieces of armour, old inllruments, old head-drefles; 
 and abundance of old fluif of various forts, hanging up in ( 
 
 his work-ihop, which he faid were his antiques. His foie 
 aim_ was to imitate living nature, fuch as it appeared to 
 him ; and the living nature, which he had continually 
 before his eyes, being of the heavy kind, it is no wonder, 
 that he Ihould imbibe, as he did, the bad tafte of his 
 country. Ncverthelefs, he formed a manner entirely new 
 and peculiar to himfelf; and drew abundance of portraits 
 with wonderful ilrength, fweetnefs, and refemblance. 
 
 ' Even in his etching, which was dark, and as particular as 
 his llyle in painting, every individual flroke did its part, 
 and exprelTed the very flefll, as well as the fpirit, of the 
 perfons it reprefented. The union and harmony in all his 
 compofitions are fach, as are rarely to be found in other 
 mahers. He underllood the Claro Obfeuro in the 
 higheft degree : his local colours are a help to each other, 
 and appear bell by comparifon; and his carnations are as 
 true, as frefli, and as perfefl, as TitianL. 
 
 VoL. Xl. F' 
 
 There 
 
66 
 
 [REMBRANDT. 
 
 There was as great a Ungnlarity in the behaviour of this 
 painter, as in his talfe and manner of painting: and he 
 was an humourift of the firft order, though a man of 
 lenfe and a fine genius. He affe^fed an old-fafliioned 
 flovenly drefs, and loved mean and pitiful company, 
 though he had got fiibllance enough to keep the bell. 
 Graham’s Some of his friends telling him of it, he anfwcred, “ When 
 ^unt^of ^ have a mind to unbend and refrefh my mind, I feek 
 painters, “ Hot honoui' fo much as liberty and this humour he 
 fubjoinea tojj^julged, till, as it ufually happens, he reduced his for- 
 
 to a level with the poorefl of his companions. He 
 ing, p. 372. died in 1668; “ for nothing more to be admired,” fays 
 LunJ. 1716.2^ certain writer, “ than for his having heaped up a noble 
 “ treafure of Italian prints and drawings, and making no 
 “ better ufe of them.” 
 
 RENAUDOT (Eusebius), a French writer, very 
 learned in Oriental hiftory and languages, was born at 
 Paris in 1646 ; and, being taught claftical literature by the 
 Jefuits, and philofophy in the college of Harcourt, after¬ 
 wards entered into the congregation of the oratory, where 
 he did not continue long. His father being firft phyfician 
 . to the dauphin, he was early introduced to feenes, where 
 his parts, his learning, and his politenefs, made him ad¬ 
 mired. His reputation was afterwards advanced and eila- 
 blifhed by feveral learned works, which he publifhed. In 
 1700, he attended cardinal de Noailles to Rome; and re¬ 
 ceived great honours, together with the priory of Froffay 
 in Bretany, from pope Clement V. Returning by Flo¬ 
 rence, he was honoured in the lame manner by the great 
 duke ; and was alfo made a member of the academy de la 
 Crufea. On his return to France, he devoted himfelf 
 entirely to letters, and compofed a great number of learn¬ 
 ed dillertations, which are printed in the “ Memoirs of 
 “ the Academy of inferiptionsof which he was a mem¬ 
 ber, as well as of the F rench academy. He died in 1720, 
 with high fentiments of devotion. Voltaire fays, that 
 S’ick de “he may be reproached with having prevented Eayle’s 
 Di£fionary from being printed in France.” 
 
 He was the grandfon of Theophraftus Renaudot, a phy¬ 
 fician, and a man learned In many rcfpecis ; and who dif- 
 ilinguifned iiimfelf by being the firll author of Gazettes 
 in France in 1631, and by forne literary produ6fions. 
 Theophrailus was born at Loudun in 1583, and died at 
 Paris, whcrehc hadfpent the grcateil p.artoi his life, in 1653. 
 
 ret2 
 
^7 
 
 R E U C H L 1 N. 
 
 .RETZ (Cardinal de). SeeGONDI. 
 
 REUCHLIN (John), a learned German, who coii’* 
 trlbuted much to the refloration of letters in Europe, was 
 born at Pforzheim in 1450. His parents, perceiving in 
 him good parts and a turn to books, were ealily peifuaded MaiJ.Fran* 
 to give him a liberal education; at a time when learning cof. 165^7. 
 and the fciences, by being lb rarely met with, were fo 
 much eflcemed and honoured. He went to Paris, then 
 the feat of literature in thefe weilern parts, with the bi- 
 fliop of Utrecht; where he hudied grammar under Jo¬ 
 annes a Lapide, rhetoric under Gaguinus, Greek under 
 Tiphernas, ^ind Hebrew under WefTelus. Being return¬ 
 ed to his own country, he took the degree of dodfor in 
 philofophy at Bahl, where he lived four years ; then went 
 to Orleans to iludy the law, and was admitted dodlor in 
 1479. taught the Greek language at Orleans, as he 
 had done at Bafil; and compofed^and printed a grammar, 
 a lexicon, foine vocabularies, and other works of a like 
 nature, to facilitate the frudy of that language. He gain¬ 
 ed prodigious reputation by this ; for the knowledge of 
 the two languages was at that time fo rare an accomplifh- 
 ment, that it was adlually made a title of honour. This 
 appears from the following infeription of a letter : “ Andro- 
 “ nicus Contoblacas, natione Grrecus, utriufque lingure 
 “ peritus, Joanni Reuchlino,” Ac. that is, Andronicus 
 “ Contoblacas, a Greek, hdlled in both languages, to 
 “ John Reuchlin,” Ac. 
 
 After fome time, Eberhard count of Wirtemberg being 
 to make the tour of Italy, Reuchlin was pitched upon 
 among others to attend him ; chiefly becaufe, during his 
 relidence in France, he had corredled his own German 
 pronunciation of the Latin, which appeared fo rude and 
 lavage to the Italians. They were handfomely received 
 at Florence by Laurence de Aledicis, the father of Leo X, 
 and became acquainted with many learned men there, as 
 Chalcondylas, Ficinus, Politian, Picus earl of Mirandula, 
 
 Ac. They proceeded to Rome, where Hermolaus Bar- 
 barus prevailed with Reuchlin to change his name to 
 Capnio, which flgnifles the fame in Greek, as Reuchlin 
 does in German ; that is, frnoak. Count Eberhard en¬ 
 tertained fo great an efleem for Capnio, fo he was after¬ 
 wards called, that, upon his return to Germany, he made 
 him his ambalLdor to the emperor Frederic HI. ; at 
 whofc epurt he eaine to be fo much conlidered, that the 
 
 F a emperor 
 
68 
 
 R E It C H t I N, 
 
 emperor conferred many honours upon him, and mads 
 him many prefents. He gave him, in particular, an an¬ 
 cient Hebrew manufcriot bible, very neatly written, with 
 the text and paraphraie of Onkelos, and the notes of the 
 IMaibrets. Frederic died in 1493; and Capnio ■ returned 
 to count Eberhard, who died alfo about three month^^ 
 after the emperor : when, an ufurpation fucceeding. Cap- 
 nib was banhhed. He retired to Worims, and wrote 
 books : but the eje(!lor palatine, having' a caufe to defend 
 at Rome fome time after, feleCled him as the tittefl and 
 ableft man for his purpofe ; and accordingly, in 1498, 
 Capnio made an oration before the pope and cardinals^ 
 concerning the rights of the German princes, and the 
 privileges of the German churches. He flayed more than 
 a year at Rome ; and had fo much leifure, as to perfedf 
 himfelf iii the Hebrew tongue under Abekas a Jew, ancf 
 ^Ifo in the Greeks under Argyropylus. He was vexed 
 in his old age by an unhappy difference with the divines 
 of Cologne, occaiioned by a Jew named Pfefferkorn, 
 who, though an impoffor dete£led, contrived to be fup- 
 ported by tliefc noodles in a.difpute with Capnio, while 
 all the learned were of his fide. His enemies would have 
 embroiled him in Ln.ther’'s caufe; but he continued al¬ 
 ways a Catholic, and gave them no advantage. 
 
 He died in i <22, after having done as much as any 
 man of his age to promote literature, both by teaching the 
 Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, and by writing 
 books. He may be conbdered as the firft man who in¬ 
 troduced the ftudy of the Hebrew among modern Chriflians.' 
 He is fuppofed to have been the chief, if not foie,' author 
 of the celebrated work, intituled, Epiffola^ Obfeurorum 
 
 Virorum/^ 
 
 R H E N A Ai tJ S (Be a t u s j, a very learned Germanv 
 was born in 1485, at Sckeleflat ; whence he removed to 
 Paris, afterwards to Stralburg, and then to Eafil. At Bafil 
 he corrected Frobenius’s prefs, and at the fame time con- 
 trailed a very intimate friendflirp with Erafmus : there is 
 a Preface of his at die head of Erafiiius’s works, whofe 
 life he alfb wrotCi He died at Stralburg in 1547. He 
 was the iirll wlio prefciited tlie public with ‘‘ Paterculus 
 and lie wrote notes upon Tcrtullian, the elder Pliny, 
 Livy, and 7 'acitus. But his Hillorv of Germany, under 
 the title of Res Germanicai,” in 2 vols. folio, paffeS for 
 . his capital work* He Mfb wrote lllyrici Provinciarum 
 
 “ utriepje 
 
RHENAMUS. 
 
 69 
 
 lUrique impcrio cum Romano turn Conilantinopolit-ana 
 
 lervientis del'criptio a very learned work, as all his 
 were. He was a very excellent perlbn. 
 
 RHiODOMAN (Laurentius), a learned German, 
 was born in 1546 at SafTowerf, belonging to the counts 
 of Stolberg in Upper Saxony. The happy genius, which ^^ayie’s 
 lie had difcoverecl from his tender years, induced thofe 
 counts to maintain him in the college of lllield. He con¬ 
 tinued there fix years ; and made fo great a progrefs in 
 literature, that he w^as thought a proper man to teach in 
 the moll eminent fchools and mofl; flourilhing univerli- 
 ties. He was efpecially Ikiiled in the Greek tongue. He 
 compofed fome Greefc verfes, which have been admired 
 by the beft judges ; but Scaliger did not like his Latin 
 poetry. He was very fuccefsful in a Latin tranilation of 
 “ Diodorus Siculus,’^ which he publilhed with the orir 
 ginal: he tranflated alfo into Latin the Greek poem of 
 
 Cointus Smyrnaeus,” or “ Qiiintus Calaber,” concerning Spe QUIN- 
 the taking of Troy; and added fome corredlions to it. TU 5 . 
 
 At la-fi, he was appointed profeifor of hiflory in the uni- 
 verlity of Wittemberg, and died there in 1606. He wrote ' • 
 a great number of books, which it is not material to men¬ 
 tion here ; a catalogue of them may be feeii in Niceron’s 
 “ Hommes liluftres,” &:c. tom. LXIL 
 
 RICAUT, or RYCAUT (Sir Paul), an Englifh 
 writer, was the tenth fon of Sir Peter Ricaut, and the au¬ 
 thor of fome ufcfiii works. When and where he was Collier’-; 
 born is not mentioned ; nor yet where he was educated : 
 but his education was undoubtedly a genteel one. HeBntYn.^^* 
 travelled many years, not only in Europe, but alfo in Afia 
 and Africa; and performed fome public fervices. In 
 1661, when the earl of Winchelfea was fent ambafiador 
 extraordinary to the Ottoman Porte, he went as his 
 cretary ; and while he continued in that ftation, which 
 was eight years, he wrote “ The prefent State of the 
 “ Ottoman Empire, in three books; containing the ' 
 
 “ maxims of the Turkilh Politie, their Religion, and 
 “ Military Difeipline.” Illufirated with figures, and 
 printed at London, 1670, in folio. Ricaut alTerts, in 
 this work, that the Mahometan women have no hopes of 
 going to Heaven : but, as Eayle obferves, he is miilaken, nia. ha- 
 they expedling to be one day admitted there as well as the LIEEIgh 
 men. Afterwards, he was made conful for the Englilh 
 
 F 3 nation 
 
 
70 
 
 R I C A U T. 
 
 nation at Smyrna; and during his rehdence here, at the 
 command of Charles II. compofed “ The prefent State 
 “ of the Greek and Armenian churches, anno Chrilli 
 “ 1678.” Upon his return to England, he prefented it 
 with his own hands to his majefty; and it was publiflied 
 in 1679, 8vo. Having acquitted himfelf, for the fpace of 
 eleven years, to the entire fatisfaftion of the Turkey- 
 Company, he obtained leave to return to England ; where 
 he lived in honour and good efteem. The earl of Cla¬ 
 rendon, being appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland in 
 1685, made him his principal fecretary for the provinces 
 of Leinfler and Connaught : and James II. knighted 
 him, conflituted him one of the privy council for Ireland, 
 and judge of the high court of admiralty, which he en¬ 
 joyed till the Revolution in 1688. Soon after this, he 
 was employed by king William, as his refident with the 
 Haiife-towns in Lower Saxony, namely, Hamburg, Ln- 
 bcck, Bremen ; where he continued for ten years, and 
 gave the utmoft fatisfaction. At length, worn out with 
 age and infirmities, he had leave in 1700 to return to 
 England, where he died that year. He was fellow of the 
 Royal Society, for many years before his deceafe ; and a 
 paper of his, upon the “ Sable Mice,” or “ Mures Nor- 
 N® 251. “ wcgici,” is publiihed in the Philofophical Tranfadfions. 
 
 He underftood perfedfiy the Greek both ancient and mo¬ 
 dern, the Turkidi, Latin, Italian, and French languages. 
 
 He was the author of other produdlions, belides thofe 
 already mentioned. He wrote a continuation of Knolles’s 
 “ Hifiory of the Turks,” from 1623 to 1677, 1680, in folio : 
 and again from 1679 ^^99? ii'^ folio, making to¬ 
 
 gether with Knolles’s three volumes. He continued Pla- 
 tina’s “ Lives ot the Popes,” from 1471 to his own time. 
 He tranhated from the Spanilli of GarcilalTo de la Vega 
 into Englilh, “ The Royal Commentaries of Peru, in 
 “ two parts,” folio ; and there goes alfo under his name 
 “ The Spanilli Critic, 1681,” 8vo. 
 
 Weldicrl RICCIOLUS (Joannes Baptista), an Italian 
 Aftronomix aflronomer, mathematician, and philofopher, was born at 
 Ferrara in 1598; and, at fixteen, admitted into the fo- 
 * ciety of the jefuits. He had very uncommon parts joined 
 with as uncommon application ; fo that the progrefs he 
 made in every branch of literature and fcience w^as very 
 extraordinary. He was ordered to teach rhetoric, poetry, 
 philofophy, and fcholaflic divinity, in the Jefuits colleges 
 
 at 
 
71 
 
 R I C C I O L U S. 
 
 at Parma and Bononia; yet applied himfelf in the mean 
 time to making obfervations in geography, chronology, 
 and aftronomy. This was his natural bent; and at 
 length he obtained leave from his fuperiors to quit all 
 other employment, that he might devote himfelf entirely 
 to it. He projected a large work, which was to be di¬ 
 vided into three parts, and to contain as it were a com¬ 
 plete fyftem of philofophical, mathematical, and aftrono- 
 mical knowledge. The hrft of thefe parts, which regards 
 aftronomy, came out at Bologna 1651, 2 vols. folio, with 
 this title : “ J. B. Riccioli Almageftum Novum, Aftrono- 
 “ miam veterem novamque comple6lens, obfervationibus 
 “ aliorum et propriis, novifque theorematibus, proble- 
 “ matibus ac tabulis promotam.” Ricciolns imitated 
 Ptolemy in this work, by colleding and digefting into 
 proper order, with obfervations, every thing ancient and 
 modern, which related to his fubjeft ; fo that Gaftendus 
 very juftly called his work, “ Promptuarium et thefaurum in vita Co- 
 “ ingentem Aftronomise.’’ permcu 
 
 Ricciolus did not complete his plan, by publifhing his 
 fecond and third parts : he only publifhed fome fele6t por¬ 
 tions of thofe parts : as “ Geographia et Hydrographia 
 Reformata, 1661 “ Aftronomia Reformata, 1665 
 
 Chronologia Reformata, 1669 all printed at Bologna 
 in folio. He died in 1671, aged 73. 
 
 RICHARDSON (Samuel), inventor of a peculiar Anecdotrs 
 fpecies of moral romance, was born in 1689, the fon of 
 farmer in Derbylliire. He had no acquaintance with the 
 learned languages but what the grammar-fchool of Chrift’s 310. 
 Hofpital afforded; his mind, like that oI Shakfpcare, 
 being much more enriched by nature and obfervation. 
 
 He exercifed the profefiion of a printer, with the higheft 
 reputation, for a long feries of years in Salifbury Court, 
 Fleet-ftreet. DilTimilar as their gcniufes may feem, when 
 the witty and wicked duke of Wharton (a kind of Love¬ 
 lace) about the year 1723 fomented the fpirit of oppo¬ 
 sition in the city, and became a member of the Wax- 
 chandlers company ; Mr. Richardfon, thougli his political 
 principles were very different, was much conne£ted with, 
 and favoured by him, and for fome little time was the 
 printer of his “ True Briton,” publilhed twice a week. 
 
 He fo far exercifed his own judgement, however, in 
 peremptorily refuling to be concerned in fnch papers as 
 
 ‘ ■ F 4 
 
72 
 
 RICHARDSON. 
 
 he apprehended might endanger his own fafety, that he 
 fhopt at the end of the lixth number, which was poihbly 
 his o^x'n produdllon [ a ]. He printed fox forne time a 
 news-paper cailed The Daily Journaland afterwards 
 “ The Daily Gazetteer.” "J'hrough the intereft of his 
 friend Mr. Speaker Onflow, he printed the firil; edition of 
 the fournals of the Houfe of Commons.” Mr. Onflow 
 had a hidi cfleeni for him ; and not only might, but ac- 
 tually would have promoted him to fome honourable and 
 profitable flation at court ; but Mr. R.ichardfon, whofe 
 bufinefs was extenfive and profitable, neither defired nor 
 would accept of fuch a favour. 
 
 In 1754 he was maffex of the company of Stationers. 
 He purchafed a moiety of the patent of law-printer at 
 Midfummer 1760, and carried on that department of bufi¬ 
 nefs in partnerihip v/ith Pvlifs Catherine Lintot [ b ]. By his 
 •jfirft wife Martha Wilde, daughter of Mr. Allington Wilgle, 
 printer, inClerkenwell, he had five fons and a daughter, who 
 all died young. His fecond wife (who furvived him many 
 years) was Elizabeth fifler of the late Mr. Leake, book - 
 feller of Bath. By her he had a fon and five daughters. 
 ,The fon died young; but four of the daughters fur¬ 
 vived him ; viz. Mary, married in 1757 to Mr. Ditcher, 
 an eminent furgeon of Bath, fince dead; Martha, mar¬ 
 ried in 1757 to Edward Bridgen, efq. F. R. and A. SS. ; 
 Anne, unmarried; and Sarah, married to Mr. Crowther, 
 furgeon, of Eofweil Court, and fince dead. His country 
 retisement, firfl at North End near Flammerfmith, and 
 afterwards at Parfons Green, was generally filled with his 
 friends of both fcxes[c]. He.was regularly there from 
 
 Informations were lodged a- Dr, Delany, the right honourable Ar- 
 gainft Payne the pubUiher, for N«m- thur Onllow, Mr. George (now lord) 
 fers 3, 4, 5, and 6, as more than com- Onflow, Mifs Talbot, Mils Lintot, 
 mon fibels, “ as they not only infulted Mrs. Millar (now lady Grant), Mr. 
 ‘‘ every branch of the Legiflature, but D.yfon, Mr. Poyntz, Mr. Yeates, Mr. 
 
 manifellly tended to make the con- Barwell, Mr.- Hatfell, Mr. Straccy, 
 ‘‘ ftit/jition itfelf odious to the pec pie.” Mr. Harper, Mr. S. Harper, Mis.Cha- 
 Fayne was found guilcy; aucl Mr. pone, Mr. James Bailey, Mr. John 
 R Ichardfon efcaped, as his name did Rivington, Mr. William Tewfey (h;s 
 jiot appear to fhe paper. The danger faithful overfecr), and eleven others, 
 made him in future ftill more cau- In enumerating his friends, he appears 
 tious. to have been embarrafl'ed by the mul- 
 
 [bJ After Mr. Riebardfon’s death, tirude whicl\ occurred to him. “Had 
 his widow and Mifs Lintot (fince mar- “ I given rings,” he lays, “ to all the 
 yied to Sir H.-Flttcher, ban.) were for “ladies v;ho have honoured me with 
 lome ti/ne joint patentees. ' “their coi refjiondence, and whom I 
 
 [c] Many of thefe he has particu- fincerely venerate for their amiable 
 larly difHngulfhcd, in his lafi will, by “qualities, it would, even in this lalfc 
 th e bequeft of a ring ; namely, • lie “ folcmn aCl, ^^»j,')car like ostentation.” 
 kind Dr. Heberden,” Dr, Young, 
 
 S2.turday 
 
n 
 
 RICHARDSON. 
 
 Saturday to Monday, and frequently at other times, being 
 never fo happy as when he made others fo, being himfeif, 
 in his narrower fphere, the Grandifon he drew ; his heart 
 and hand ever open to diftrefs. 
 
 Mr. Richardfon was a plain man, who feldom exhibited 
 his talents in mixed company. He heard the fentiments 
 of others fometimes with attention, and feldom gave his 
 own; rather defirous of gaining your friendfliip by his 
 raodefly than his parts. Belides his being a great genius, 
 he was a truly good man in all refpedls ; in his family, in 
 commerce, in convcrfatioii, and in every inflance of con- 
 ducl:. He was pious, virtuous, exemplary, benevolent, 
 friendly, generous, and humane to an uncommon degree’, 
 glad of every opportunity of doing good offices to his 
 fellow-creatures in dihrefs, and relieving many without 
 their knowledge. His chief delight was doing good. He 
 was highly revered and beloved by his domeftics, becaufe 
 of his happy temper and difex-eet condudl. He had great 
 tendernefs towards his wdfe and children, and great con- 
 defcenlion towai'ds his fervants. He was always very fe- 
 clulous in bufinefs, and almoft always employed in it; 
 
 X and difpatched a great deal by the prudence of his manage^ 
 inent. His turn of temper led him to improve his fortune 
 with mechanical affiduity ; and having no violent paf- 
 iions, nor any ddire of being triflingly diftinguilhed from 
 others, he at laft became rich, and left his family in eafy 
 independence ; though his houfe and table, both in towui 
 and country, v/ere ever open to his numerous friends. 
 
 By many family misfortunes, and his own writings, 
 which in a manner realil’ed every feigned diftrefs, his 
 nerves naturally w^ak, or, as Pope expreffes it, “ trem- 
 “ blingly alive all o’er,” w^ere fo unhinged, that for many 
 years before his death his hand ffiook, he liad frequent 
 vertigoes, and would fometimes have fallen had he not 
 fuppoi'ted himfeif by his cane under his coat. His para¬ 
 lytic diforder afPedted his nerves to luch a degree for a 
 conliderable time before his death, that he could not lift a 
 glafs of wine to his mouth without affiilance. ffiis dif¬ 
 order at length terminating in an apoplexy, deprived the 
 world of this amiable man and truly original genius, on 
 July 4, 1761, at the age of 72. He w^as buried, by his 
 own diredtion, with his hrll wife, in the middle aiie, near 
 the pulpit of St. Bride’s church. The memorial on liis 
 tomb maybe feen in the “ Anecdotes of Bowyer,” p. 312. 
 His pidlure by Mr. Highmore, whence a mezzotinto has 
 ' ' been 
 
 
74 
 
 RICHARDSON. 
 
 I>ecn taken, is in the polTellion of his fon-in-kw Mr. 
 Eridgen. 
 
 The two hrfl volumes of his “ Pamela,” which were 
 written in three months [d], hrft introduced him to 
 the literary world ; and never was a book of the kind more 
 generally read and admired. It was even recommended 
 not unfrequently from the pulpit, particularly by Dr. 
 Slocock, late of Chrifl Church, Surrey, who had a very 
 hiffh efteem for it, as well as for its author. But it is 
 
 O ^ ^ ^ 
 
 much to be regretted that his improved edition, in which 
 much was altered, much omitted, and the whole new- 
 modeled, has never yet been given to the public, as the 
 only reafon which prevented it in his life-time, that there 
 was an edition unfold, mull long have ccafed [e]. 
 
 In a MS. of the late Mr. Whillon the bookfeller, was the 
 following paffage : “ Mr. Samuel Richardfon was a worthy 
 man altogether. Being very liable to paffion, he direfted 
 “■ all his men, it is faid, by letters : not trulling to reprove 
 “ by words, which threw him-into haftinefs, and hurt 
 “ him, who had always a tremor on his nerves.” We have 
 heard nearly the fame account from fome of his workmen. 
 But this, wc believe, was not the reafon ; though the fa 61 
 was certainly true, it was rather for convenience, to 
 avoid altercation, and going up into the printing-ofhee ; 
 and his principal alhllant Mr. Tevvley was remarkably 
 deaf. 
 
 Befides his three great wmrks, his Pamela, Cla- 
 J.I3SA, and Grandison, he publifhed, i. “ The Ne- 
 
 mafler of the heart, the Shakfpeare 
 of Romance.” 
 
 [eJ Propofals were fome years fince 
 circulated, for printing and publith- 
 “ ing a correct, uniform, and beautiiul 
 “edition of thofe celebrated and ad- 
 “ mired pieces, written by the late. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Richardfon, intituled, 
 “Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded ; The 
 Hiliory of Mifs Clarlifa Harlowe; 
 “and The Hiftory of Sir Charles 
 “ Grandifon. To which will be added 
 “anecdotes of the author, with his 
 “ head elegantly engraved, a critique 
 *‘on his genius and writings, and a 
 collection of letters written by him 
 “ on moral and entertaining fubjefts, 
 “ never befwrc publllh^^d. By William 
 “ Richardfon [his nephew].” The 
 whole was intended to be comprized in 
 twenty, volumes oCtavo, to be publilhcd 
 monthly, at four Ihillingsa volume. 
 
 “ gotiation 
 
 [r>] See Aaron Plill’s Letters, In 
 the lecond volume ot his W'orks, p. 
 ^1^8. It was tranllated inroFrench in 
 J74r, by the permiffion of Mr. Rich- 
 ardfon, who furniihed the tranflaior 
 with fiveral corrections. ClarifiTa was 
 iranllaied imo Dutch by the Rev. Mr. 
 Stiuftra, aurhorof “ A Paitoral Letter 
 “ agrtii-'h Fiiiaiicirm,” tranflated into 
 Rnglilh by Mr. Rimius. WTth this 
 learned foreigner Mr. R.'iChardfon af¬ 
 terwards carried on a correfpondence 
 (Mr. Stinltra writ’ng in Latin, which 
 was in'erprefed to Mr. Richardfon by 
 j'ome of his literary friends), and in¬ 
 vited him to England, which his at- 
 rerdance on an aged mother obliged 
 ATr. Stinltra to decline. See, in the 
 collection of Mr. Hughes’s Letters, 
 vol. II. p. 2, a letter from Mr. Dun 
 c'-mhe to Mr. Richardfon, who is very 
 jufily Ityled by the editor ‘‘ The great 
 
75 
 
 RICHARBSON. 
 
 ** gotlatlon of Sir Thomas Roe, in his EmbafTy to the 
 “ Ottoman Porte, from the year 1621 to 1628 incluiivc, 
 
 &c. 1740,” folio, infcribed to the King in a Ihort 
 dedication, which does honour to the ingenious writer. 
 
 2. An edition of “ ^fop’s Fables, with ReHeftions,’’ 
 and 3. A volume of “ Familiar Letters to and from 
 “ feveral Perfons upon Bulinefs, and other Subjects. 
 
 He had alfo a fhare in “ The Chrillian Magazine, by 
 “ Dr. James Mauclerc, 1748;’’ and in the additions to 
 the lixtii edition of De Foe’s “ Tour through Great Bri- 
 tain.” “ Six original letters upon Duelling” were 
 printed, after his death, in “ The Literary Repolitory, 
 
 1765,” p. 227. A letter of his to Mr. Duncombe is 
 in the “ Letters of eminent Perfons, 1773,” P* 
 
 71 ; and fome verfes, in the “ Anecdotes of Bowyer,” 
 p. 160. Mr. Richardfon alfo publifhed a large Fngic 
 Iheet, relative to the Married State, intituled, “ The 
 Duties of Wives to Hufbandsand was under the 
 dlfagree'able neceffity of publifhing “ The Cafe of Samuel 
 Richardfon [fJ of London, Printer, on the Invalioii 
 “ of his Property in the Hiftory of Sir Charles Gran- 
 difon, before publication, by certain Bookfellers in 
 ‘‘ Dublin,” which bears date Sept. 14, 1753. “ A Col- 
 
 “ ledlion of the moral Sentences in Pamela, Clarhfa, 
 
 “ and Grandifon,” was printed in 1735, 121110. 
 
 N° 97, vol. II. of the Ramblers,” it is well known, 
 was written by Mr. Richardfon ; in the preamble to 
 which Dr. Jolinfon flyies him “ an author from whom 
 “ the age has received greater favours, who has enlarged 
 “ the knowledge of human nature, and taught the paf- 
 “ fioiis to move at the command of Virtue.” 
 
 In the “ Anecdotes of Bowyer,” are collected a coiifider- 
 able number of valuable teilinionials to his literary 
 merit ; of which a few mull here fuflice. 
 
 Aaron Hill, in a letter to Mallet, who fuppofed there Hill’s 
 were fome traces of Hill’s hand in Pamela, fays, “ Upon 
 “ my faith, I had not any (the niinutellj lhare in that de-^"*^ ^ 
 
 “ lightful nurfcry of virtue. The foie and abfolute au- 
 thor is Mr. Richardfon ; and fuch an author too he is, 
 
 “ that hardly mortal ever matched him, for his eafe of 
 “ natural power. He feems to move like a calm fummer 
 “ fea, that fwelling upward, with unconfeious deepnefs, 
 lifts the hcaviefl weights into the flcics, and (hews no 
 fenfe of their incumbency. He would, perhaps, in 
 
 U] See this Cafe at large in the Anecdotes of Bowyer,” p 506. 
 
 “ every 
 
76 
 
 t6 
 
 VnL I. p. 
 
 R I C H A R D S O N. 
 
 
 every thing he fays or does be more in nature than all 
 men before him, but that he has one faulty to an un- 
 natural excefs^ and tliat is modesty.’' 
 
 In Dr, Warton’s “ phTay on Pope,” is the following elo- 
 gium : “ Of ail reprefentations of madnefs, that of Cle¬ 
 mentina in the Hiftory of Sir Charles Grandifon is the 
 moft deeply intereftiag. 1 know not whether even 
 the madnefs of Lear is wrought up, and expreifed by fo 
 many little ilri^tures of nature and genuine paihons.” 
 Mr.Sherlock, the celebrated Englilh Traveller, obferves, 
 the greateft effort of genius that perhaps was ever 
 made was, forming the plan of Clarilfa Harlowe.” .... 
 Richardfoii is not yet arrived at the fulnefs of his 
 glory.” .... “ Richardlon is admirable for every fpecies 
 of delicacy ; for delicacy of wit, fentiment, language, ac¬ 
 tion, every thing.” . . . “ His genius was immenfe. His 
 misfortune was, that he did not know the ancients. Had 
 he but been acquainted with one fingle principle, ‘ Omne 
 fupervacuum pleno de peSlore manat,’ (all fuperfluities 
 tire) ; he would not have fatiated his reader as he has 
 done. There might be made out of Clariha and Sir 
 Charles Grandifon TWO works, which would be 
 both the moft entertaining, and the moft ufeful, that 
 
 ever were written.His views were grand. His 
 
 foul was noble, and his heart was excellent. He formed 
 a plan that embraced all human nature. His objeff was 
 to benefit mankind. His knowledge of the world 
 flaewed him that happinefs was to be attained by man, 
 only in proportion as he praclifed virtue. His good 
 fenfe then flicwed him that no praffical fyftem of 
 morality exifted ; and the fame good fenfe told him 
 that nothing but a body of morality, put into ac¬ 
 tion, could work with efficacy on the minds o 
 youth.” 
 
 Dr. Johnfon, in his Preface to Rowe, obferves, “ The 
 charaffer of Lotliario leems to have been expanded by 
 Richardfon into Lovelace, but he has excelled his ori¬ 
 ginal in the moral effedt of the fiftion. Lothario, with 
 gaiety which cannot be hated, and bravery which can¬ 
 not be defpifed, retains too much of the fpedfator’s 
 kindnefs. It was in the power of Richardfon alone t© 
 teach us at once efteem and deteftation ; to m.ake virtu- 
 “ ous refentment overpower all the benevolence which 
 wit, and elegance, and courage, naturally excite ; and 
 to lofe at laft the hero in the villain.” 
 
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The Dutchefs of Somerfet fays, “ We are at pfefent very 
 ■ ‘ highly entertained with the Hiflory of Sir Charles Gran- 
 difon, which is fo vaftly above Pamela or ClarifTa, 
 “ that I fhall not be eafy till you have read it, and 
 “ fent me your fentiments upon it.” And Shen- 
 ftone adds, “ I am. like the reft of the world, perufing 
 “ Sir Charles CTrandifon. I donft know whether that 
 “ world joins me in preferring the author’s Clarifta.”' 
 
 Mr. Riebardfon’s reputation is far from being confined 
 to his own country. He has been read in many of the 
 languages, and known to moft of the nations, of Europe; 
 and has been greatly admired, notwithftanding every dif- 
 iimilitude of manners, or even difadvantage of tranfiation. 
 Several writers abroad, where no prepofteftion in his fa¬ 
 vour could polfibly take place, have ex'prefted the high 
 fenfe which they entertained of the merit of his Works. 
 M. Diderot, in his “ Eftay on Dramatic Poetry,” p. 96, 
 mentions Richardfon particularly as a perfeft mafter of 
 that art: “ How ftrong,” fays he, “ how fenfible, how 
 “ pathetic, are his deferiptions ! his perfonages, though 
 “ filent, are alive before me ; and of thofe who fpeak, the 
 aftions are ftill more afFe£ling than the words.” 
 
 Dr. Young was long and intimately acquainted with him, g 
 and had always the higheft efteem for him on account of N 
 the many excellences, natural and moral, which he dif- 
 cerned in him. Mr. Richardfon having not had the ad¬ 
 vantage of a complete education. Dr. Young, to whom 
 he was recounting the various difficulties he had pafTed 
 through, aficing him, ‘‘ How he came to be an author?” 
 he anfwered, “ When I was about twelve years of age, I 
 drew up a ftiort cliara(fter of a certain gentlewoman in 
 the parifti, who was reputed a great Saint, but I looked 
 upon her to be a great hypocrite. The character it 
 I'eems was fo exaftly drawn, tliat, when it came to be 
 privately handed about amongft fome feledl friends, every 
 one could difeern the features, and appropriate the pic- 
 ture to the true original, though no name was affixed to 
 it. This little fuccefs at firft fettiiig out did, you will 
 naturally fuppofe, tempt me at different times to employ 
 my pen yet farther in fome trivial amufements or other 
 for my own diveidion, till at length, though many years 
 after, T fat down to write in good earneft, going upon 
 fubieefts that took my fancy moft, and following the 
 bent of my natural inclination, &c.” Dr. Yourig 
 made this pertinent and juft obfervatlon, that this man^ 
 with the advantai!:es onlv or chidly of mere nature, im- 
 
 4 ( 
 
 { I 
 
 ii 
 
 ti 
 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 
 ti 
 
 ii 
 
 
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 ii 
 
 ii 
 
78 
 
 Gent. Ma 
 3 & before. 
 
 Ba'il’et, 
 
 II. 
 
 RICHARDSON. 
 
 proved by a very moderate progrefs in education, flruck 
 out at once, and of his own accord, into a new province 
 of writing, and fucceeded therein to admiration. Nay, 
 what is more remarkable, and feidom feen in any other 
 writers, he both began and finifhed the plan on which he 
 fet out, leaving no room for any one after him to make it 
 •more complete, or even to come near him : and it is cer¬ 
 tain, that not one of the various writers that foon after, 
 and ever fince, attempted to imitate him, have any way 
 equalled him, or even come within a thoufand paces of 
 him. That kind of Romance was and is peculiarly his 
 own, and feems likely to continue fo. I confider him,” 
 faid Dr. Young, “ as a truly great natural genius ; as great 
 
 and fuper-eniinent in his way, as was Shakfpeare and 
 “ Milton in theirs.” 
 
 . Mr. Shotbolt told Adr. Jones, that when Mr. Richafd- 
 fon came down to Welivvvn, with the late Speaker Onflow 
 and other friends, to vifit Dr. Young, he took up his 
 quarters with Mr. Shotbolt, there being not room enough 
 at the Doctor’s ; and that getting up early, about five of 
 the clock, he wrote two of the bed letters in Sir Charles 
 Grandifon in one or two mornings before breakfafl; 
 
 RICHELET (C-^:sAR Peter), a French writer, 
 famous for being the firfl who publifhed a Dictionary al- 
 moll entirely fatirical, w^as born at Cheminon in Cham¬ 
 pagne, in 1631. He was the friend of Patru andd’Abian- 
 court; and, like them, applied himfelf to the Itudy of the 
 French language wdth fuccefs. He compofed a Didtionary 
 full of new and ufeful remarks upon it, which would have 
 been more acceptable than it was, if it had not been alfo 
 full of fatirical refledtions and obfeenities. It was firfl 
 publifhed in one vol. 4to, at Geneva, 1680 ; but after the 
 death of the author, which happened in 1698, enlarged 
 with a great number of new articles to 2 vols. folio, as is 
 the edition of Lyons in 1721. Another edition, 3 vols. 
 folio, was publifhed at Lyons in 1727, and a very neat 
 one in 2 vols. 4to, at Amflerdam in 1732 ; and laflly, in 
 3 vols. folio, at Lyons 1755. 
 
 Richelet made a French tranflation of ‘‘ The Conquefl 
 “ of Florida, by GarcilafTo de la Vega ; and to this is 
 prefixed a preface concerning the life and writings of 
 Richelet. He compofed foine other pieces, in a gram¬ 
 matical and critical way, relating to the French tongue. 
 
 RICHELIEU 
 
RICHELIEU. 
 
 79 
 
 RICHELIEU (John Armand du Pl ESSIS DE), 
 
 •a great cardinal and minifter of flate in France, and alfo a 
 man of letters and an author, was born of a noble family 
 at the caftie of Richelieu, Sept. 5, 1585, Me went through P'*’* 
 his Rudies with great fuccefs ; and, having taken his de- 
 grees at the- Sorbonne, removed to Rome, where he ob- CinuXVlE 
 tained of Paul V. a difpenfation to be bifnop of Lucon at 
 two and tfwenty. At his return to France, he applied 
 hirafelf in a particular manner to the fundtion of preach¬ 
 ing ; and his reputation this way procured him the oiiicc 
 of almoner to the queen Mary de Medicis. Flis abilities 
 in the management of affairs advanced him to be fecretary 
 of Rate in 1616; and the king fooii gave him the pre¬ 
 ference to all his other fecretaries. The death of the 
 marquis d’Ancrc having produced a revolution in Rate- 
 affairs, Richelieu retired to Avignon ; where he employed 
 himfelf in compoling books of controverfy and piety. 
 
 One great object of his ambition being to reduce the 
 Hugonots to the Catholic profellion, he employed his pen 
 among other means to effe(R it; and publilhed at Paris in 
 1618 a treatife, intutled, “The principal points of the 
 “ Catholic faith defended, againR the writing addrefTed , 
 to the king by the miniRers of Charenton.” He pul>- 
 lilhed alfo, with the fame view, “ The moR eafy and ccr- 
 “ tain method of converting thofe who are feparated from 
 “ the church.’^ Thefe pieces are written with force and 
 vivacity. He wrote alfo “ A Catechifm,” in which he 
 lays down the doftrine of the church in a clear and coii- 
 cile mariner ; and a treatife of piety, called, “ The per- 
 “ fe<Rioii of a ChriRian.” I'liefe are his theological 
 works ; and they have been often printed. 
 
 The king having!; recalled him to court, he was made a 
 cardinal in 1622 ; and, two years after, firR miniRer of 
 Rate, and grand maRer of the navigation. The hillory of 
 his life would be the hiRory of France, and thereiore 
 muR not be expeiRed from us. Sufhee it to obferve, that, 
 being a man of prodigious capacitv, and of a reftiels and 
 infatiable ambition, he formed to himfelf vaR dehgns ; 
 
 •and this made his whole life nothing but a feries of agita¬ 
 tions and inquietudes. He projeffed the abolifhing of 
 Calvinifm in France, and would have done it by fair 
 ri>eans ; but, finding that impolhbie, he refolved to do it 
 by force. Other cafes in the mean time interpofed, and 
 prevented the execution of this delign. He found him- 
 
 ielf freqvientlv under the neceiTities of combating the 
 " / • _ 
 
2o 
 
 RICHELIEU. 
 
 grandees of the kingdom, the royal family, the wholi 
 houfe of Aullria, and often Lewis XI [I. himfelT. He did 
 not neglefi at the fame time to cultivate literature, and to *. 
 Ihew himfelf a patron of men of letters. Neverthelefs, 
 he was not free from thofc little pafhons, which are but 
 too apt to feize this order of men. It is feldom, that a 
 man of power patronifes good artiHs, when he happens 
 to be one himfelf: and this was precifely Richelieu’s 
 cafe. Being himfelf a poet, he envied Corneille the glory 
 of his “ Cid and, in 1637, obliged the French academy 
 to publifh a criticifm upon it to its difadvantage. Yet he 
 loved able men of all profefhons, and caufed the arts and 
 fciences to flourifla in the kingdom. He fhewed a parti¬ 
 cular regard to divines; and chofe thofe wdio w^ere moll 
 remarkable for their abilities and virtues, to fill the 
 bifhoprics with. He caufed the Sorbonne to be rebuilt, 
 and became the protedlor of it. He abounded rather wntli 
 great qualities, than good ones ; and therefore was much 
 admired, but not beloved. He died in 1642, amidllflorms 
 and perils, before he had completed any of his deligns ; 
 leaving behind him a name foniewdiat dazzling, but by no 
 means dear and venerable. He was buried in the magni¬ 
 ficent church of the Sorbonne, wdiich he had rebuilt; and 
 a noble monument was erefted over him, which was 
 eflecmed a msfler-picce of the celebrated fculptor and 
 arcliitedl Girardon. 
 
 Befides the writings abovementioned, there go under his 
 name, A Journal,” in 2 vols. i2mo; “ Letters,” in 
 121110; and “ Apolitical Teflament,” in 121110 : all treat¬ 
 ing of politics and Hate-affairs. Cardinal Mazarine car¬ 
 ried on Richelieu’s plan, and completed many of the* 
 fchernes. 
 
 Ridley's 
 Lite, by 
 Ridley. 
 
 RIDLEY (Dr. Nicholas), one of the principal 
 inflruments of the Reformation, and who fuffered martyr¬ 
 dom for it in the reign of queen Mary, w'as born of an 
 ancient 'family about 1500 in Tynedale, near the Scotcli 
 borders, in Northumberland. His fchool education he 
 received at Newxaftle upon Tyne ; whence he w^as re¬ 
 moved to Pembroke Hall in Cambridge, at the charges of 
 his uncle Dr. Robert Ridley, about 1518, when Luther 
 W'as preaching againft indulgences in Germany. Here he 
 acquired a good fkill in the Latin and Greek tongues, and 
 in the learning then more in fafhion, the philofophy and 
 theology of the fchools. Hi^^putation was fuch, as to 
 5 procure 
 
 
R I D L £ Y. 8i 
 
 procure him the efleem of the other univerlity, as well as 
 of his own ; for, in 1524, the mailer and fellows of UnU 
 verflty college in Oxford invited him to accept of an ex¬ 
 hibition, founded by Walter Skyrley, bifhop of Durham, 
 which he declined. The next year he took his mailer’s 
 degree, and was appointed by the college, their general agent 
 in feme caufes relating to it. His uncle was now willing 
 to add to his attainments the advantages of travel, and the ^ 
 improvement of foreign iiniverlities ; and, as his lludies 
 were dire<fled to div'inity, he fent him to fpend fome time 
 among the do6lors of the Sorbonne at Paris, and after- 
 wards among the profclTors of Louvain. Having Laid 
 three years abroad, he returned to Cambridge, and pur- 
 fiied his theological Ludies ; and, as his fafeL guide in 
 them, diligently applied himfelf to the reading of the ferip- 
 tures in the original: in a walk in the orchard at Pem- 
 broke-Hall, which is to this day called Ridley’s Walk, 
 ke got to repeat without book almoL all the epiLies in 
 Greek. 
 
 His behaviour here was very obliging, and very pious, 
 without hypocrif)^ or monkilh auLerity ; for very often he 
 'would Lioot with the bow, or play at tennis : and he was 
 eminent for the great charities he beLowed. He was 
 fenlor pro6lor of the univerLty, when the important point 
 of the pope’s fupremacy came before them to be examined 
 upon the authority of fcripture : and their refolution after 
 mature deliberation, “ That the bifliop of Rome had no 
 “ more authority or jurlfdidlion derived to him from 
 “ God, in this kingdom of England, than any other fo- 
 
 reign bilhop,” was iigned in the name of the univerlity 
 by Simon Heynes, vice-chancellor, Nicholas Ridley, 
 
 Richard Wilks, prodlors. He loL his unde in 1536; 
 but the education he had received, and the improvements 
 he had made, foon recommended him to another and 
 greater patron, Cranmer, abp. of Canterbury, who ap¬ 
 pointed him his domeftic chaplain, and collated him to'; 
 the vicarage of Herne in EaL-Kent. He bore his tefti- 
 inony in the pulpit here againll the A£l of the Six Arti¬ 
 cles ; and inllruded his charge in the pure dodrine^ of 
 the gofpel, as far as they were yet difeovered to him ; but 
 trailfubLantlation was at this time an article of his creed. 
 
 During his retirement at this place, he read a little treatife 
 written, 700 years before, by Ratramus or Bertram, a monk 
 of Cerbey. This LrL opened his eyes, and determined 
 him more accurately to fearch the feriptures in this ar- 
 VoL. XI. G tide. 
 
82 
 
 RIDLEY. 
 
 tide, and the dodrinc of the primitive fathers. His dlf- 
 coveries he communicated to his patron, and the event 
 was the convidion of them both, that this dodrine was 
 novel and erroneous. After he had flayed about two years 
 at Herne, he was chofen mailer of Pembroke Hall, and 
 appointed chaplain to the king ; and fuch was his courage, 
 and zeal for the Reformation, that, next to the archbi- 
 fliop, he was thought to be its greatefl fupport among the 
 clergy. In the reign of Edward VI. when a royal vifi- 
 tation was refolved on through the kingdom, he attended 
 the vifitors of the northern circuit as their preacher, to 
 inflrucl that part of the nation in the principles of re¬ 
 ligion. In 1547, he was appointed bilhop of Rochefler, 
 and confecrated in the ufuai form of popifh blihops, as 
 the new ordinal had not yet taken place. When Bonner 
 was deprived of the bifliopric of London, Ridley was 
 pitched upon as a proper perfon to fill that important fee ; 
 being efleemed, fays Burnet, both the mofl learned, and 
 mofl thoroughly zealous for the Reformation. In this 
 •high ftation, his behaviour was with great dignity; for it 
 was benevolent, ufeful, and exemplary. He was very 
 careful to do his predecefTor no injury in his goods, and 
 Ihewed the tenderneis of a fon to his mother, placing her 
 always at the upper end of his table. 
 
 His mode of life was, as foon as he rofe and had drcfled 
 himfelf, to continue in private prayer half an hour : then 
 he retired to his iludy, where he continued till ten o’clock, 
 at which hour he came to common prayer with his fa¬ 
 mily, and there daily read a ledlure to them.. After 
 prayers he went to dinner, where, his converlation was 
 always wife and difereet; and fometimes, if the cafe re¬ 
 quired, merry and chearful. This cdnYerfation he would 
 indwf^e for an hour after dinner, or elfe iit playing at 
 chefs. The hour for unbending being expired, he re¬ 
 turned to his fludy, where he continued till five, except 
 fuitors or biirmels abroad required otiierwife. Then he 
 went to conunon prayers in the evening, after which he 
 (duped ; then diverting himfelf for another hour as be- 
 fore, he went back to his iludy, and continued there till 
 eleven at nlgut, when he retired to private prayer, and 
 then went to bed. A little before the king died, he was 
 named to fucceed to Durham; but, great as the honours 
 were which he received or were intended him, the bighefl 
 were referved tor him under queen Ma.iy : which were, 
 la he a prlfoner for the gcipel, a couieflbr of Chriil in 
 
 . I bonds. 
 
•8 3 
 
 RIDLEY. 
 
 bonds, and a martyr for his truth. Some of his writings 
 arc now loft, fome may be feen in Fox, and fome are 
 exhibited in his Life written by Dr. Glofter Ridley, 4to t 
 to which we muft refer the reader, if he is defirous of a 
 fuller account of this excellent perfon’s life, learning:, and 
 fufterings, 
 
 RIDLEY (Dr. Gloster) . This worthy divine was 
 defcended collaterally from Dr. Nicholas Ridley, bifhop 
 of London, who was burnt in the reign of queen Mary. Poems, 
 He was born at fea, in 1702, on board the Gloucefter 
 Eaft Indianian, to which circumflance he was indebted^* 
 tor his Giiiiftian name. He received liis education at 
 Winchefter ichool, and thence was elecfed to a fellowftiip 
 at New-college, Oxford, where be proceeded B. C. L. 
 
 April 29, 1729. In thofe two feminaries he cultivated 
 an early acquaintance with the Mufes, and laid the foun¬ 
 dation of thofe elegant and folid acquirements for which 
 he was afterwards fo eminently diftinguiflied, as a poet, a 
 hiftorian, and a divine. During a vacancy in 1728, he 
 joined with four friends, viz. Mr. Thomas Fletcher 
 (afterwards, bifhop of Kildare), Mr, (afterwards Dr.) 
 
 Eyre, I\lr. Morrifon, and Mri Jennens, in writing a tra¬ 
 gedy, called “ The Fruitlefs Redrefs,” each undertaking 
 an aff, on a plan previoufly concerted. When they de¬ 
 livered in their feveral proportions, at their meeting in 
 the winter, few readers would have known that the whole 
 was not the produffion of a fingle hand. This tragedy, 
 which was oftered to Mr. Wilks, but never afted, is ftill 
 m MS. with another called “ Jugurtha.’* ' Dr. Ridley in 
 his youth was much addiffed to theatrical performances* 
 M.idhuift in Suftex was the place w'here they were ex- 
 I'iibited ; and the company of gentlemen actors to which 
 he belonged confifted chiefly of his coadjutors in the 
 tiagedy already mentioned. He is faid to have performed 
 tne charaflers of Marc Antony, Jafiier, Floratio, and Mo^ 
 nefes, with diftinguifhed applaule, a circumftance that will 
 be readily believed by thofe who are no ftrangers to his 
 judicious and graceful manner of fpeaking in the pulpit* 
 Young Cibber, being likewife a Wykehamift, called on 
 Dr. Ridley foon after he had been appointed chaplain to 
 the Eaft-Liidia Company at Poplar, and would have per- 
 luaded him to quit the church for the ftage, obfefving 
 that “ It ulually paid the larger falaries of the two.” For 
 great part of his life, lie had no other preferment than the 
 
 G 2, fmali 
 
RIDLEY. 
 
 fmall college living of Weflow in Norfolk^ and the do-* 
 native of Poplar in Middiefcx, where he refided. To thefe 
 his college added,.fome years after, the donative of Rom¬ 
 ford < in Eh'cx. “ Between thefe two places the curricle 
 “ of his life had,’^ as he exprelTed it, ‘‘ rolled for fome 
 “ time almoft perpetually upon poft-chaife wheels, and 
 “ left him not time for even the proper fludies of oeco- 
 nomy, or the necclPary ones of his profellion.” Yet 
 in this obfcure lituation he remained in pofleffion of, and 
 content with, domeftic happinels; and was honoured with 
 the intimate friendfhip of fome who were not lefs diftin- 
 guihied for learning than for worth : among thefe, it may 
 be fufficient to mention Dr. Lowth (now Bp. of London), 
 Mr. Chriftopher Pitt, Mr. Spence, and Dr. Berriman. 
 To the lad: of thefe he was curate and executor, and 
 preached his funeral Sermon. In 1740 and 1741 he 
 preached “ Eight Sermons at Lady Moyer’s le6lure,” 
 
 > which was ptiblilhed in 1742, 8vo. In 1756 he declined 
 an offer of going to Ireland as firfl; chaplain to the duke of 
 Bedford ; in return for which he was to have had the 
 choice of promotion, either at Chrill-Church, Canterbury, 
 Weflminller, or Windfor. His modefty inducing him 
 to leave the choice of thefe to his patron, the confequence 
 was that he obtained no one of them all. In 1763, he 
 publilhed the “ Life of biflaop Ridley,” in quarto, by 
 lubfcription, and cleared by it as much as bought him 
 800 1 . in the public funds. In the latter part of his life 
 he had the misfortune to lofe both his fons, each of them 
 a youth of abilities. The elder, James, was author of 
 “ The Tales ot the Genii,” and fome other literary per¬ 
 formances. Thomas, the younger, was fent by the Eall 
 India Company as a writer to Madrafs, where he was no 
 fooner fettled than he died of the fmali-pox. In 1765 
 Dr. Ridley publilhed his “ Review of Philips’s Life of 
 Cardinal Pole;” and in 1768, in reward for his la¬ 
 bours in this controverfy and in another which “ The 
 “ Confeflional” produced, he was prefented by archbifhop 
 Seeker to a golden prebend in the cathedral church of 
 Saliibury (an option), the only reward he received from 
 the great, during a long, ufeful, and laborious life, de¬ 
 voted to the duties of his fundlion. At length, worn out 
 with infirmities, he departed this life in 1774, leaving a 
 widow and four daughters, of whom the only married 
 one (M^s. Evans) has publilhed a novel in two volumes. 
 He was buried at Poplar ; and the following epitaph, writ¬ 
 ten 
 
85 
 
 RIDLEY. 
 
 tm by Dr. Lowth, bifliop of London, is iufcribed upon 
 liL monument-: 
 
 “ H. S. E. 
 
 Glosterus Ridley, 
 
 Vir optimus, integerrimus ; 
 
 Verbi Divini Minifler 
 Peritus, fidelis, indefelfus : 
 
 Ab Academia Oxonienfi 
 Pro meritis, et praeter ordinem, 
 
 In facra Theologia Dofloratu infigintus. 
 
 Poeta natus, 
 
 Oratoriae facultati impenlius fluduit. 
 
 Quain fuerat in concionando facundus, 
 
 Plurimorum animis diu inlidebit; ' 
 
 Quam varia eruditione inll:rn6lus, * 
 
 bcripta ipliiis Temper teftabimtur. 
 
 Obiit tertia die menfis Novembris, 
 
 A. D. 1774, ^tatis 72.” 
 
 Two poems by Dr. Ridley, one ftyled “ Jovi Elcutherio, 
 or an Offering to Liberty,” the other called “ Pfyche,” 
 are in the third volume of Dodfley’s Collcflion. I'he 
 fequei of the latter poem, intituled Melampus,” with 
 ‘‘ Pfyche” its natural introduction, was printed 1782, by 
 fubfcriptioii, for the benefit of his widow. Many others 
 are in the 8th volume of Nichols’s “ CoIleClion.” Be- 
 fides the Sermons abovementioned, nine others by him 
 arc enumerated in Gent. Mag. 1774. pp. 508, and 554. 
 His tranfcript of the Syriac Gofpels, on which he had 
 bellowed incredible pains, was put into the hands of Pro- 
 felfor White ; who has publihied them with a literal La¬ 
 tin Tranllation, in 2 vols. 410. Oxford, at the expence of 
 the Delegates of the prefs. The MSS. Codex Heraclenfis, 
 Codex Barfaliba*i, See. (of which a particular account 
 may be fecn in his Differtation ‘‘ De Syriacarum Novj 
 “ Foederis verfionum indole atque ufu, 1761,” were be¬ 
 queathed by Dr. Ridley to the library of New college, 
 Oxford. Of thefe ancient MSS. a fac-limile fpecimeii 
 w'as publifhed in his Dilfertation abovementioned. A 
 copv of “ The Confeflional, with MS. Notes by Dr. 
 “ Ridley,” was in the library of the late Dr. Winchefler, 
 
 RIENZI (Nicholas Gabrini de), who, from a Memoirs of 
 low and defpicabie fituation, raifed himfelf to foverelgn , 
 
 , . . *11 • P rjabnni lie 
 
 authority m Rome, m the 14th century; anuming theRie„zi, 
 title of Tribune, and propoling to reflore the ancient free the 
 
 G 3 republic, 
 
86 
 
 R I E N Z I. 
 
 B'-umoy Sc repnl^lic, was born at Rome, and was the fon of no 
 Cerceau, greater a perfonage than a mean vintner [a], named Law¬ 
 rence Gabrini, and Magdalen, a laundrefs. However, 
 Nicholas Rieiizi, by which appellation he was commonly 
 diftingiiilhed, did not form his fentiments from the mean- 
 nefs of his birth. To a good natural underflanding, he 
 joined an uncommon aihduity, and made a great profi¬ 
 ciency in ancient literature. “ Every thing he read, he 
 compared with fimilar pafTages, that occurred within 
 “ his own obfervation ; wLence he made refledtions, by 
 which he regulated his condu^f. To this he added a 
 great knowledge in the laws and cufloms of nations. 
 
 “ He had a Vaft memory ; he retained much of Cicero, 
 
 “ Valerius Maximus, Livy, the two Senecas, and CaTar’s 
 Commentaries eipecially, which he read continually, 
 and often quoted by application to the events of his 
 own times. This fund of learning proved the bafts 
 and foundation of his rife : the deftre, he had to diftin- 
 guifh himfelf dn the knowledge of monumental hiftory, 
 drew him to another fort of the fcience, which few 
 men at that time exerted t,hemfelves in. He pafted 
 “ whole days among the infcriptions which are to be 
 found at Rome, ai\d acquired foon the reputation of a 
 “ great antiquary in that way.” Having hence formed 
 \vithin himfelf the moft exalted notions of the juftice, li¬ 
 berty, and ancient grandeur of the old Romans, words he 
 w^as perpetually repeating to the people, he at length per- 
 fuaded not only; himfelf, but the giddy mob, his followers, 
 that he fhould one day become the reftorer of the Roman 
 republic. “ Elis advantageous ftature, his countenance, 
 ** and that air of importance which he well knew how to 
 affume, deeply imprinted all he faid in the minds of his 
 ** audience nor was it only by the populace that he was 
 admired; he alfo found means to inlnuate himfelf into 
 the favour of thofe who partook of the adminiftration. 
 Rienzi’s talents procured him to be nominated one of 
 the deputies, fent by the Romans to, pope Clement the 
 ^ixth, wftio rdided at Avignon, l^he intention of this 
 deputation was to make his hoiinefs fenftble, how pre¬ 
 judicial his abfence was, as well to himfelf, as to the in- 
 ' tereft of Rome. “ At his ftrft audience, our hero charm- 
 
 “ ed the court of Avignon by his eloquence, and the 
 ** fprightlinefs of his converfation. Encouraged by fuc- 
 
 f a] By Tome authors, particularly in the Hifloire des Papes,” Lawrence 
 Gabrini is faid to have been a miller, 
 
 “ cefs, 
 
8? 
 
 R I E N Z I. 
 
 cefs, he one day took the liberty to tell the pope, that 
 “ the grandees of Rome were avowed robbers, public 
 “ thieves, infamous adulterers, and illuflrious profligates ; 
 who by their example authorized the moft horrid 
 crimes. To them he attributed the defolation of 
 “ Rome, of which he drew fo lively a pidlure, that the 
 holy father was moved, and exceedingly incenfed againll 
 “ the Roman nobility.” Cardinal Colonna, in other re- 
 fpe£ts a lover of real merit, could not help conlidering 
 thefe reproaches as refle^fing upon fome of his family j 
 and therefore found means of difgracing Rienzi, fo that 
 he fell into extreme mifery, vexation, and licknefs, which, 
 joined with indigence, brought him to an hofpital. Never- 
 thelefs, ‘‘ the fame hand that threw him down, raifed 
 “ him up again. The cardinal, who was all compaffion, 
 “ caufed him to appear before the pope, in alTurance of 
 his being a good man, and a great partizan for juflice 
 “ and eq^uity. The pope approved of him more than 
 ever; and, to give him proofs of his efteem and con- 
 fidence, made him apoifolic notary, and fent him back 
 loaded with favours.” Notwithifanding which, his 
 fubfequent behaviour fliewed, that “ refentment had a 
 “ greater afcendency over him than gratitude.” Being 
 returned to Rome, he began to execute the fundlions of 
 his office; wherein, by affability, candour, alliduity, and 
 impartiality, in the adminiftration of juftice, he arrived at 
 a fuperior degree of popularity ; which he flill improved 
 by continued inveefives againfl the vices of the great, 
 whom he took care to render as odious as poihble ; till at 
 iail, for fome ill-timed freedoms of fpeech, he was not 
 only feverely reprimanded, but difplaccd. His difmiilion 
 did not make him delifi: from inveigliing againfl the de¬ 
 bauched, though he condudled himfelf with more pru¬ 
 
 dence. From this time it was his conftant endeavour to 
 infpire the people with a fondnefs for their ancient liber¬ 
 ties ; to which purpofe, he caufed to be hung up in the 
 moil public places emblematic plTures, exprcffive of the 
 former fplendoui and prefeiit decline of Rome. To thefe 
 he added frequent harangues and prediffions upon the 
 fame fubjcdl. In this manner he proceeded, till one party 
 looked on him only as a mad man, while others careffed 
 him as their proteffor. 'J'hus he infatuated the minds of 
 the people, and many of the nobility began, to come into 
 his views. The fenate in no wife miftrufled a man, 
 whom they judeed to liave neither intercfl nor ability. 
 
 G 4 At 
 
 t 
 
 / 
 
88 
 
 R I E N Z I. 
 
 At length he ventured to open himfelf to fuch as he be¬ 
 lieved mal- contents. At lirft be took them feparately; 
 afterwards, when he thought he had firmly attached a luf- 
 ficient number to his interefi:, he aflembied them together, 
 and reprefen:ed to them the deplorable ftate of the city, 
 over-run with debaucheries, and the incapacities of their 
 governors to corredt or amend them. “ As a necefl'ary 
 “ foundation for the cnterprize, he gave them an infight 
 ‘ ■ into the imraenfe revenues of the apoftolic chamber : 
 “ he 'demonfirated, that the pope could, only at the rate 
 “ of four-pence, raife a hundred thoufand florins by fir- 
 “ ing, as much by fait, and as much more by the cufioms 
 and other duties. As for the rcfl:,’^ laid he, “ I 
 “ would not have you imagine, tlrat it is without the 
 pope’s confent I lay hands on the revenues. Alas ! 
 how many others in this city plunder the eflhcls of the 
 church contrary to his will !” 
 
 By this artful lye, he fo animated his auditors, that they 
 declared they would make no fcruple of fecuring thefe 
 treafures for whatever end might be mofi convenient, and 
 that they were devoted to the will of him their chief. 
 Having obtained fo much to fecure his adherents from a 
 revolt, he tendered them a paper, fuperlcribed, “ an oath 
 to procure the good efiablifiimentand made them 
 fubfcribe and fwear to it, before he difmifled them. By 
 what means he prevailed on the pope’s vicar to give a tacit 
 fandtion to his projedf, is not certainly known; that he 
 did procure that fandtion, and that it was looked on as a 
 mafler-piece of policy, is generally admitted. “ The 20th 
 of May, being Whitfunday, he fixed upon to fandlify 
 in fome fort his enterprise ; and pretended, that all he 
 adled was by particular infpiration of the Holy Ghoft. 
 About nine he came out of the church bare-headed, 
 accompanied by the pope’s vicar, and fnrrounded by an 
 “ hundred armed men. A vafl; crowed followed him 
 “ with fhouts and acclamations.” I'he gentlemen con- 
 fpirators carried three ftandards before him, on which were 
 wrought devices infinuating, that his defign was to re- 
 eftabiifh liberty, julfice, and peace. In this manner he 
 proceeded diredlly to the capitol, where he mounted the 
 lofirum ; and, with more boldnefs and energy than ever, 
 expatiated on the miferies the Romans w'ere reduced to : 
 at the fame time telling them, without hefitation, “ that 
 “ the happy hour of their deliverence was at lengtii come, 
 “ and that he was to be theijr deliverer, regardlefs of the 
 
 “ dangers 
 
89 
 
 R I E N Z L 
 
 dangers he was expofed to for the fervice of the holy 
 ‘‘ father and the people’s fafety.” After which, he or¬ 
 dered the laws of what he called the good eftablifhrnent 
 to be read ; “ ahhred, that the Romans would refolve to 
 “ obferye thefe laws, he engaged in a fhort time to re- 
 eflablifh them in their ancient granueur.” I he laws 
 of the good eftablidiment promilcd plenty and fecurltv, 
 which were greatly wanted ; and the humiliation of the 
 nobility, who were deemed common opprellbrs. Such 
 laws could not fail of being agreeable to a people who 
 toimd in them thefe double advantages ; wherefore, “ en¬ 
 raptured with the pleaiing ideas of a liberty they were at 
 “ prefent ftrangers to, and the hope of gain, they came 
 
 “ moll zealoufly into the fanaticifm of Rienzd._They 
 
 “ refumed the pretended authority of the Romans ; they 
 “ declared him fovereign of Rome, and granted him the 
 “ power of life and death, of rewards and punifhments, 
 “ of enadfing and repealing the laws, of treating with 
 “ foreign powersin a word, they gave him the full and 
 fupreme authority over all the extenfive territories of 
 the Romans, Rienzi, arrived at the fummit of his 
 wifhes, kept at a great cliffance his artifice : he pre¬ 
 tended to be very unwilling to accept of their offers, 
 but upon two conditions ; the firfl, that they fhould 
 “ nominate the pope’s vicar [the bifhop of Orvieto] his 
 co-partner ; the fecond, that the pope’s confent fhould 
 “ be granted him, which (he told them) he flattered him- 
 felf he ihould obtain.”—Hereby, “ on the one hand, 
 he hazarded nothing in thus making his court to the 
 II holy father; and on the other, he well knew, that the 
 bifhop of Orviero would carry a title only, and no au¬ 
 thority. The people granted his requefl, but paid all 
 |‘ the honours to him ; he poflefied the authority without 
 rcdridtion ; the good bifliop appeared a mere flaadow 
 ‘I and veil to his enterprizes. Rienzi was feated in his 
 triumphal chariot, like an idol, to triumph with the 
 greater fplendor. He difniiffed the people replete with 
 joy and hope. He feized upon the palace, where he 
 continued after he had turned out the fenate j and, the 
 fame day, he began to didate his laws in the capitol.’" 
 This eleftion, though not very pleafmg to the pope, was 
 ratified by him ; neverthelefs Rienzi meditated the ob¬ 
 taining of a title, exclufivc of the papal prerogative. Well 
 verfed in the Roman hiftory, he was no flranger to the 
 extent of the tribunitial authority ; aijd, as he owed his 
 
 elevation 
 
50 R I E N Z I. 
 
 elevation to the people, he chofe to have the title of their 
 magillrate. He aiked it, and it was conferred on him and 
 his co-partner, with the‘addition of deliverers of their coun¬ 
 try. Our adventurer’s behaviour in his elevation was at 
 hril: fuch as commanded efleem and refpedt, not only from 
 the Romans, but from all the neighbouring flates. His 
 contemporary, the celebrated Petrarch, in a letter to 
 Charles king of the Romans, gives the follo^ving account 
 of him :—“ Not long hnce a moll remarkable man of the 
 “ plebeian race, a perfon whom neither titles nor virtues 
 “ had dihinguiflied, until he prefumed to fet himfelf up 
 “ for rehorer of the Roman liberty, has obtained the 
 “ higheft authority at Rome. So fudden, fo great is his 
 fuccefs, that this man has already won -Tufcany and 
 “ all Italy. Already Europe and the whole world are in 
 motion; to fpeak the whole in one word, I protell to 
 “ you, not as a reader, but as an eye-witnefs, that he has 
 “ rellored to us the jullice, peace, integrity, and every 
 “ other token of the golden age.” But it is difficult for 
 a perfon of mean birth, elevated at once, by the caprice 
 of fortune, to the' moH exalted dation, to move rightly 
 in a fphere wherein he mud breathe an air he has been 
 unaccudomed to. Rienzi afeended by degrees the fuin- 
 3 nit of his fortune. Riches foftened, power dazzled, the 
 pomp of his cavalcades animated, and formed in his mind 
 ideas adequate to thofe of princes born to empire. 
 Hence luxury invaded his table, and tyranny took pof- 
 ledion of his heart. The pope conceived his dedgns con- 
 rrary to the intereds of what is called the holy fee; and 
 the nobles, whofe power it had been his condant endea¬ 
 vour to deprefs, confpired againd him : they fucceeded, 
 and Rienzi was forced to quit an authority he had pof- 
 felled little more than lix months. It was to a preci¬ 
 pitate flight that he was indebted, at this jun£lure, for 
 his life; and to diderent difguifes for his fublequent 
 prefervation. Having made an inedcclual edort at Rome, 
 and “ not knowing where to find a new refource to carry 
 on his dedgns, he took a niod bold dep, conforipablo 
 to that radiiicfs, wliicii liad fq often added him in his 
 ‘‘ former exploits. He d>termined to go to Prague, to 
 Charles king of the Romans, whom the year before he 
 had fuinmoned to his tribunal,” and who he torefaw 
 would deliver him up to a pope, highly incenfed againll 
 him. He was accordingly fcon after fent to Avignon, 
 smd there thrown into a prifon, where he coiuinued three 
 
 years. 
 
9 » 
 
 R I E N Z I. 
 
 years. T. he divifions and difturbances in Italy, oc- 
 cafioiied by the number of petty tyrants that had efla< 
 bliHied themfelves in the ecclefiafticai territories, and even 
 at Rome, occalioned his enlargement. Innocent the fixth, 
 who fucceeded Clement in the papacy, fenfible that the 
 Romans hill entertained an affedlion for our hero, and 
 
 chahilement would teach him to a£f 
 with more moderation than he had formerly done, as well 
 as that ^ gratitude would oblige him, the remainder of 
 his life, to pieferve an inviolable attachment to the 
 ‘‘ holy fee (by whofe favour he fhould be re-ehablilhed)” 
 thought him a proper inhrument to affih his defio-n of 
 reducing thofe other tyrants ; and therefore not only 
 gave him his liberty, but alfo appointed him governor 
 and fenator of Rorne. He met with many obhacles to 
 the affumption of this newly granted authority, all which 
 by cunning and refolution, he at length overcame. But * 
 giving way to his pallions, which were immoderately 
 warm, and inclined him to cruelty, he excited fo general 
 a relentment againU him, that he vvas murdered 061 . 8 
 ^ 354 * Such was the end ot Nicholas Rienzi, one of 
 the moft renowned men of the age : who, after form-^ 
 nig a confpiracy full of extravagance, and executin-k 
 in the nght of almoll the whole world, with fuch fuc* 
 cefs that he became fovereign of Rome; after .caufmg 
 plenty, julljce, and liberty, to llourifh among the 
 Romans; after prote6lmg poteiatates, and terrifying 
 iovereign prmces_; after being arbiter of crowned heads 
 
 ancient majeky and power of 
 the Roman republic, and filling all Europe with his 
 tame, during the feven months of his firfl; reiern ; after 
 ha-ing compelled his makers themfelves to confirm 
 him m the authority he had ufurped againk their in- 
 
 .c end of his fecond, which 
 
 Jaked not four months, a facrikee to the nobilitv whofe 
 rum he had vowed, and to thofe vak projefts which 
 kis death prevented him from putting into execution.’* 
 
 RIGALflUS (NNcolas), a very ingenious and 
 learned man, was the fon of a phyfician, and born at Paris 
 in 1577. He was brought up among the [efuits, and af¬ 
 terwards aamitted advocate ; but, not being able to con-Du Pin, 
 quer the dilguk he had conceived to the profelfion of the^'^^- 
 law, he dev^ed himh-if enrirely to the {utrlhit of polite 
 literature. The public received the f.rft fruits of his laTNiceron, 
 
 hours 
 
 <c 
 
 4( 
 
 <( 
 
 a 
 
 cc 
 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
92 
 
 R I G A L T I U S. 
 
 See CY¬ 
 PRIAN, 
 and TER 
 TUL- 
 WAN. 
 
 tours in his “ Funus Paraliticum,” printed in 1596; the 
 ingenuity and learning of which fo charmed Thuanus, 
 that he immediately took him into friendlhip, and made 
 him the companion of his lludies. This excellent per- 
 foil conceived a particular efteem for him; as appeared, 
 when he died in 1617, from naming him in his will, to 
 fuperintend the education of his children. He was chofen, 
 with Ifaac Cafaubon, to put the king’s library into order ; 
 and in 1610, when that learned man went over to fpend 
 fome time in England with James I, fucceeded him in the 
 office of librarian to the king. His majefly conferred on 
 him other marks of diftindion ; made him procurer-ge¬ 
 neral of the fupreme court of Nancy, counfellor of the 
 parliament of Metz, and then intendant of that province. 
 He difed in 1654, after having given numerous proofs of 
 uncommon erudition. His labours upon Cyprian and 
 Tertuilian are what he is now chiefly remembered for. 
 His notes are learned and critical ; but the matter of 
 fome of them fhcw him to have been not an extraordinary 
 good Catholic. He takes occafion to obferve, from a paf- 
 fage in Tertullian’s “ Exhortation to Chaftity,” that lay¬ 
 men have a right and power to confecrate the eucharift, 
 when there is no opportunity of recurring to the regular 
 miniflers ; and this, with other heterodoxies of a limiiar 
 kind, not only gave offence to thofe of his own com¬ 
 munion, but even to fome of ours. “ Rigaltius,” fays 
 Mr. Dodwell, “ though an ingenious and learned critic, 
 s-^'erdotaii ** mcans exa6l upon the fubjefts he treats of: 
 
 pmited at * “ fof? though of the Romaii communion, he is often 
 London in “ found on the lide of the Calvinifts ; and, when he 
 3686, “ meets with any thing in the authors he publifhes that 
 
 Grotiusj ‘‘ appears contrary to the cufloms, not only of his own, 
 Coenae ad- bm; Qf the uiiiverfal church, he remarks it with great 
 care ; perhaps to render his notes more agreeable to 
 the reader, by prefenting him with fomething new and 
 unexpe£led.” It is probable, that many perfons may 
 Tp^oitd,^ not think the worfc of Rigaltius as an editor, for the cen- 
 jjvo. fure here paffed on him by Air. Dodwell. 
 
 lie Jiure 
 
 miniitra- 
 tionc ubi 
 Paftorcs non 
 funt, to 
 
 <( 
 
 <c 
 
 RUterfl-iufu RITTE R S H U S IUS (Conrapus), a learned civi- 
 Han of Germany, was the fon of Balthafar Ritterffiulius of 
 Gc^^io Brunfwick, and born there Sept. 25, 1560. He was taught 
 Niccron, Greek and Latin in his own country : and then, in 1580, 
 t. XXXXt. to Helmftad, where he applied himfelf to the civil 
 
 law ; but without neglefting the. belles lettres, which he 
 
 cultivated 
 
93 
 
 RITTERSHUSIUS. 
 
 cultivated all his life. He was attacked by the plague In 
 this town, but happily recovered from it. He went to 
 Altorfin 1584, to profit by the lectures of Gifanius, for 
 whom he conceived a particular efteem. He began to 
 travel in 1587, went through part of Germany, and came 
 to Bohemia. Being afterwards at Bafil in 1592, he then 
 took the degree of doctor of law. He returned to Altorf, 
 to take the profeflbr’s chair, which the curators of the 
 univerfity had given him fome time before. He had many 
 advantageous propofals from other imiverfities of Germany 
 and Holland, but his attachment to Altorf would not 
 fiilFer him to accept them. He died at Altorf in 1613, 
 after having married two wives, by whom he had nine 
 children. Two of his fons, George and Nicholas, dif- 
 tinguifhed themfelves in the republic of letters ; and 
 George wrote the life of his father. 
 
 He was a man of confummate learning, and exactly 
 Ikilled in the Greek and Latin tongues. He is faid to 
 have had Homer and Heliod fo perfe£l;ly by heart, as once, 
 in a converfatton with a learned young gentleman, to 
 have exprefied all he had occafion to fay in the veides of 
 Homer. He was an admirable critic, and wrote notes 
 upon many ancient Greek and Latin authors, wdiich have 
 been inferted in the bell editions of thole authors. Thus 
 Burraan,. in-his edition of “ Pheedrus, 1698,’^ 8vo, has 
 carefully inferted the entire notes of Ritterlhulius, whom 
 he calls in his preface “ Germaniae fua? quondam orna- 
 “ mentum, & non minoris Galliae decus.** He publilhed 
 a great number of works in various ways, in his own. 
 particularly as a civilian ; and an edition of “ Oppian,” 
 
 Greek and Latin, in 1597, 8vo. All the learned have 
 agreed in their encomiums on him. 
 
 RIZZTO (David), or Ricci, an Italian rnufician, 
 and lutcnill of Turin, but not fo dillinguilhed in his 
 profelfion, as on that account to merit a place in this work. 
 
 He was the fon of a rnufician at Turin, where he was born ; Hawkins’s 
 and, happening to attend the Predinontefe amball'ador Hift. of 
 into Scotland, he afterwards became famous there for 
 what he did, and what he fulFered. He is fuppofed to 
 have infufed into the Scotch mufic a very llrong timSiure 
 of the Italian: for, finding the mufic of that country 
 fufceptible of great improvement, he fet himfelf to polifii 
 and refine it; and adopting, fo far as the rules of his art 
 would allow, that defultory melody, which he found to be 
 
94 
 
 R I Z Z I O. 
 
 its charafterlflic, compofed moft of tliofe tunes, to wliich 
 the Scotch fongs have for two centuries pall been com* 
 monly fang» This has been ufually the general opinioiij 
 Hawkins’s which, howcver, fays my author, has nothing to fupport 
 W<ffic°IV vulgar tradition : it may be urged, adds he^ that 
 
 1. * Rizzio was not a compofer of any kind. The hiiloriailS^ 
 and others who fpeak of him, reprefent him as a lutenifb 
 and a finger ; and Sir James Melvil, who was perfonally 
 acquainted with him, vouchfafes him no higher character, 
 than that of a nierry fellow and a good mulician. “ The 
 ‘‘‘ queen,” fays he, “ had three valets of her chamber, 
 
 “ who fung three parts, and wanted a bafs to hng the 
 fourth part : therefore, telling her majefty of this man, 
 
 “ as one fit to make the fourth in concert, he was drawn 
 Melvll’s “ in fometimes to ling with the rell.” This was about 
 
 Memoirs* 1 564 . 
 
 He had art enough, however, to avail himfelf of his 
 fituation. His fervile condition had taught him fnpple- 
 nels of fpirit. and inlinuating manners. He quickly crept 
 into the queen’s favour ; and, her French fecretary hap- 
 pening at that time to return into his own country, he ’ 
 \vas preferred by her to that office. He began to make a 
 figure in court, and to appear as a nian of w’-cight and con- 
 Icqucnce. Nor was he careful to abate that enw, which 
 always attends fuch an extraordinary and rapid change 
 of fortune : on the contrary, he feems to have done 
 every thing to increafe it. Yet it was not his exorbitant 
 power alone, which exalperated ’the Scots : they conli- 
 clered him as a dangerous enemy to the Protellant reli¬ 
 gion, and fufpedfed that he held for this purpol’e a fecrct 
 correfpondence w^ith the court of Rome. His prevalence, 
 however, was very fhort-lived ; for, in 1566, certain nobles, 
 with the lord Darnly at their head, confpired againft 
 him, and difpatched him in the queen’s prefence wnth 
 lifty-lix wounds. 
 
 Can it be thought now, that the reformation or im¬ 
 provement of the Scotch mulic was his care ; or, indeed, 
 that the Ihort interval of two years at moll afforded him 
 leifure for any fuch undertaking ? 'For a folution to that 
 lingularity of flyle, w'hich diflinguilhes the.Scotllh me¬ 
 lodies, fee Haw'kins, as above, p. 3. 
 
 Written ROBERTSON (William), D. D. was born in 
 w hTrnS'* ^ 7 ^ 5 * father was a Scotchman^ who 
 
 Gent. Mag’. Carried on the linen manufadure there ; and his mother’s 
 P-745* name 
 
 •/ 
 
95 
 
 ROBERTSON. 
 
 name was Diana Allen, of a very reputable family in the 
 bifliopric of Durham, whom his father had married in 
 England, From his childhood he was of a very tender 
 and delicate conflitution, particularly he laboured under a 
 great weaknefs in his eyes till he was (2 years of age, and 
 he was ,^hen fent to jfchool. He had his grammar edu¬ 
 cation under the famous Dr. Francis Hutchefon, who then 
 taught in Dublin, but was afterwards profelTor of philofo- 
 phy in the Univerhty of Glafgow. He went from Dr. 
 Hutchefon to that Univerfity in 1722, where he remained 
 till the year 1725, and took the degree of M. A. He had 
 for his tutor Mr. John Lowdon, profedbr of philofophy ; 
 and attended the leftures of Mr. Rofs, profdibr of hu¬ 
 manity ; of Mr. Dunlop, profelTor of Greek ; of Mr. 
 Morthland, profefibr of the Oriental languages ; of ?vlr. 
 Simpfon, profefTor of mathematics; and of Dr. John 
 Simpfon, profelTor of divinity. In the lall-mentioned 
 year a difpnte was revived, which had been often agitated 
 before, between Mr. John Sterling the principal, and the 
 ftudents, about a right to chafe a redlor, whofe office and 
 power is fomewhat like that of the vice-chancellor of Ox¬ 
 ford or Cambridge. Mr. Robertfon took part with his 
 fellow-fludents, and was appointed by them, together witli 
 William Campbell, efq. Ton of Campbell of'^Marmore, 
 whofe family has fmee lucceeded to the edates and titles of 
 Ai’gyle, to wait upon the principal with a petition figned 
 by more than threefcore matriculated ftudents, praying 
 that he would, on the if!: day of March, according to the 
 (latutes, lummon an univerhty meeting for the eleflion 
 of a re^lor ; which petition he rejefted with contempt. 
 Whereupon the faid William Campbell, in his own 
 name and in the name of all the petitioners, protelled 
 againft the principal’s refufal, and took inhruments in the 
 hands of Cuthbert Steward, notary public : and all the 
 petitioners went to the houfe of Hugh Montgomerv, efq. 
 the unlawful redor, and there Mr. Robertfon read aloud 
 the protell againll him and his authority. Mr. Pvobertfon. 
 by^thefe proceedings, became the immediate objea of 
 indignation, and was the only one of all the fubicri'bers to 
 the_ petition that was proceeded againft. He was cited 
 before the faculty, i. e. the principal and the profeffiors of 
 the univerfity, of whom the principal was fure of a ma¬ 
 jority, and, after a trial which lafted feveral days, had the 
 ientence of expulhon pronounced againft him * ; of which 
 fentence he demanded a copy; by which it appears that 
 
 • ' Mr. 
 
 * See It In 
 Gent. Mag. 
 
96 
 
 ROBERTSON. 
 
 Mr. Robertfon was fo fully perfuaded of the juflice of his 
 caufe, and the propriety of his proceedings, that he mod: 
 openly and ■ftrenuoiifly acknowledged and adhered to 
 what he had done. Upon this, Mr. Lowdon, his tutor^ 
 and Mr. Dunlop, profelTor of Greek, wrote letters to Mi^ 
 Robertfon’s father, acquainting him of what had happen¬ 
 ed, and afluring him that his fon had been expelled, not 
 for any crime or immorality, but for appearing very zea¬ 
 lous in a difpute about a matter of right between the prin¬ 
 cipal and the Undents. Thefe letters Mr. Robertfon fent 
 inclofed in one from himfelf, relating his proceedings and 
 fulferings in the caufe of what he thought juftice and 
 right. Upon this his father defired him to take every 
 Ilep he might think proper to adert and maintain his own 
 and his fellow-ftudents claims. Hereupon Mr. Robertfon 
 went up to London, and prefented a memorial to John 
 duke of Argyle, containing the claims of the Undents of 
 the univerlity of Glafgow, their proceedings in the vin¬ 
 dication of them, and his own particular fufferings in the 
 caufe. The duke received him very gracioufly, but faid, 
 that “ he was little acquainted with things of this fort;” and 
 advifed him “ to apply to his brother Archibald earl of 
 “ Hay, who was better verfed in fuch matters than he.” Ac¬ 
 cordingly he waited on lord Hay, who, upon reading the 
 reprefentation of the cafe, faid “he wouldconfiderof it.” 
 And, upon conhderation of it, he was fo alfe£led, that he 
 applied to the king for a commilfion to vifit the univerlity 
 of Glafgow, with full power to examine into and redlify 
 all abufes therein. In the fummer of the year 1726, the 
 earl of Hay with the other vilitors repaired to Glafgow, 
 and, upon a full examination into the feveral injuries and 
 abufes complained of, they reftored to the lludents the 
 right of elefling their reftor ; called Mr. Sterling, the 
 principal, to a fevere account for the public money that 
 he had embezzled, which amounted to fo much as to ere£t 
 many {lately edifices for the ufe of the univerlity; re¬ 
 covered the right of the uiiiverfity to fend two gentlemen, 
 upon plentiful exhibitions, to Baliol college in Oxford; 
 took olf the expullion of Mr. Robertfon, and ordered that 
 particularly to be recorded in the proceedings of the com- 
 million; annulled the eleflion of the re£lor who had 
 been named by the principal; and alTembled the ftudents, 
 who immediately chofe the mailer of Rofs, fon of lord 
 Rofs, to be their re^lor, he. Thefe things fo affeiled 
 Mr. Sterling, that he died foon after ; but the univerlity 
 ' 5 revivedj 
 
97 
 
 ROBERTSON. 
 
 revived, and hath continued- in a mofl flourlfliing con¬ 
 dition ever lince. Mr. Robertfon was all this time in 
 London, where he received an account of thefe proceed¬ 
 ings in letters from Dr. William Wifhart, who was then 
 one ot the minillers of Glafgow, and one of the commif- 
 fioners, a gentleman well known in the learned world, and 
 afterwards principal of the imiverlity of Edinburgh. A 
 remarkable exprelhon in one of Dr. Wifhart’s letters to 
 Mr. Robertfon is, “ The commiflioners have made fe- 
 veral other regulations for the good order of the uhi^ 
 “ verfity, and preventing tyranny for the future.” 
 
 Lord Hay had introduced Mr. Robertfon to Bp. Hoadly, 
 who mentioned him to A bp. Wake, and he was enter¬ 
 tained with much civility by thofe great prelates. As he 
 was then too young to be admitted into orders, he em¬ 
 ployed his time in London in viliting the public libraries, 
 attending ledures, and improving himfelf as opportuni¬ 
 ties offered. He had the honour to be introduced to 
 lord chancellor King, by a very kind letter from Dr. 
 Hort, bifhop of Kiimore, and was often with his lordfliip. 
 In 1727, Dr. John Hoadly, brother to the bifhop of Salif- 
 bury, was nominated to the united bifhoprics of Ferns 
 and Leighlin in Ireland. Mr. Robertfon was introduced 
 to him by his brother, and, from a love of the natale 
 folum, was defirous to go thither with him. Mr. Robert¬ 
 fon then informed the archbifliop of Canterbury of his 
 dchgn ; and his Grace gave him a letter of recommendation 
 to Dr. Goodwin, archbifhop of Cafhel, who received him 
 in a moll friendly manner, but died foon after. The firft 
 perlon whom Dr. Hoadly ordained, after he was conle-* 
 crated bifhop of Ferns, was Mr. Robertfon, whofe letters 
 ot deacons orders bear date Jan. 14, 1727; and in Fe¬ 
 bruary the bilhop nominated* him to the cure of Tullow 
 III the county ot Carlow: and here he continued till he 
 was of age lulficient to be ordained a prieft, wliich was 
 done November 10, 1729 ; and the next day he "was pre- 
 fented by lord Carteret, then lord lieutenant ot Ireland, 
 to the retftory of Ravilly in the county of Carlow, and 
 to the reftory of Kilravelo in the county of W^icklow ; 
 and loon after was collated to the vicarages of the faid 
 pariflies by the bilhop ot Ferns, d'hele were the only 
 preferments he had till the year 1738, when Dn Svnge, 
 bilhop ot Ferns, collated him to the vicarages of Rath- 
 more and Straboe, and the perpetual cure of Rahil, all in 
 the county ot Carlow. Tiiefe together produced aii in- 
 \ o L. XI. 11 come 
 
98 
 
 ROBERTSON. ^ 
 
 come of about 200 1 . a year. But as almoft the whole- 
 lands of thefe parifhes were employed in pafture, the; 
 tithes would have amounted to more than twice that fum 
 if the herbage had been paid for black cattle, which was 
 certainly due by law.- Several of the clergy of Ireland 
 had, before him, fued for this herbage in the Court of 
 Exchequer, and obtained decrees in their favour. Mr. 
 Robertfon, encouraged by the exhortations and examples 
 of his brethren, commenced fome fuits in the Exchequer 
 for this herbage, and fucceeded in every one of them. But 
 when he had, by this means, doubled the value of his 
 benefices, the Houfe of Commons in Ireland pafled fe- 
 veral fevere refolutions againfl the clergy who had fued 
 or would fue for this “ new demand,” as they called-it^ 
 which encouraged the graziers' to oppofe it fo obflinately 
 as to put a period to that demand. This proceeding of 
 the Commons provoked Dean Swift to write “ The Le-* 
 
 “ gion Club.” Mr. Robertfon foon after piibliflied a 
 pamphlet, intituled, “ A Scheme for utterly abolhhing the 
 “ prefent heavy and vexatious Tax of Tithe the pur¬ 
 port of which was, to pay the clergy and impropriators a. 
 tax upon the land in lieu of all tithes. This went through 
 feveral editions ; but nothing further was done in it. 
 
 In 1739, Lord Cathcart (though Mr. Robertfon’s perfon 
 was quite unknown to him) fent him,, by Captain Pref- 
 cott, a very kind mefTage, with a proper qualihcation'under 
 his hand and feal, to be his chaplain. 
 
 Mr. Robertfon had, in 1728, itiarried Elizabeth daugh¬ 
 ter of Major William Baxter, who in his younger years 
 had been an officer in Ireland in the armies of king 
 Charles II. and James II. but was caffiiered by the earl of 
 Tyrconnel, James’s lord lieutenant of Ireland, as a perfon. 
 not to be depended upon in carrying on his and his^ 
 mailer’s defigns. Captain Baxter upon this repaired to. 
 London, and complained of it to the duke of Ormond. 
 H is father was at that time fleward to the duke’s eflate. 
 His Grace, who was then joined with other Engliffi no- 
 blernen in a correfpondence with the prince of Orange,^ 
 recommended him to that prince, wdio immediately gave 
 him a company in his own forpes. In this llation he re¬ 
 turned to England with the prince at the Revolution, and 
 afted his part vigoroufly in bringing about that great event. 
 While the Captain was in Holland, he wrote that remark¬ 
 able letter to Dr. Burnet, afterwards bifliop of Saliibury, 
 which is infeited in the Bifhop’s life at tlie end of the 
 
 “ Pliflory 
 
ROBERTSON. 
 
 ** Hiftory of his own Times.” By this lady, who was ex- p. 654, 
 trcmely beautiful in her perfon, but much more fo in her 
 mind, Mr. Robcrtfon had one and twenty children. There 
 is a little poem written by him eight years after their mar¬ 
 riage, and inferibed to her, upon her needle-work, in¬ 
 ferred in the Gent. Mag* 1736. In .1743, Mr. Robertfon 
 obtained the bifhop’s leave to nominate a curate at Ra- 
 villy, and to refide for fomc time in Dublin, for the edu¬ 
 cation of his children. Here he was immediately invited 
 to the cure of St. Luke’s parifh ; and in this he continued 
 five years, and then returned to Ravilly in 1748, the town 
 air not agreeing with him. While he was in the cure of* 
 
 St. Luke’s, hcj together with Mr. Kane Percival, then 
 curate of St. Michans, formed a fcheme to raife a fund 
 for the fupport of widows and children of clergymen of 
 the diocefe of Dublin, which hath fince produced very 
 happy effefts. In 1758, he loft his wife. In 1759, 
 
 Richard Robinfon was tranilated from the See of Killalla 
 to that of Ferns ; and in his vilitation that year, he took 
 Mr. Robertfon aftde, and told him, that the primate. Dr. 
 
 Stone (who had been bifhop of Ferns, and had kept up a 
 correfpondence with Mr. Robertfon), had recommended 
 him to his care and proteftion, and that he might there¬ 
 fore expedt every thing in his power. Accordingly, the 
 firft benefice that became vacant in his lordfhip’s prefenta- 
 tion was offered to him, and he thankfully accepted it. 
 
 But before he could be collated to it, he had the Free 
 and Candid Difquifitions” put into his hands, which 
 he had never feen before. This infpired him with fucli 
 doubts as made him defer his attendance on the good 
 bilhop. His lordfhip wrote to him again to come im¬ 
 mediately for inftitution. Upon this, Mr. Robertfon 
 wrote him the letter which is at the end of a little book 
 that he publifhed fome years after, intituled, “ An At- 
 tempt to explain the words Reafon, Subftance, Perfon, 
 
 “ Creeds, Orthodoxy, Catholic Church, Subfeription, 
 
 “ and Index Expurgatorius in which letter Mr. Ro¬ 
 bertfon returned his lordfhip the moft grateful thanks fo?* 
 his kindnefs, but informed him that he could not comply 
 with the terms required by law to qualify him for fucU 
 preferment. However, Mr. Robertfon continued at Ra- 
 viily performing his duty ; only, from thenpforward, he 
 omitted the Athanalian creed, &c. This gave fome peo¬ 
 ple offence; and therefore he thought it the honefteft 
 courfe to refiga all his benefices together, which ho did 
 
 Hz in 
 
,oa ROBERTSON. 
 
 in the year 1764; and in 1766 he publifhed his boak by 
 way of apology to his friends for what he had done ; and 
 foon after left Ireland, and returned to London. As this 
 book had been taken notice of in all the performances, 
 and feveral extracts from it inlerted in the public news¬ 
 papers, the author of it was enquired after, and feveral 
 gentlemen in that metropolis received him with great cor- 
 dialitv', and geiieroiifly contributed to his fupport. In 
 1767, Mr. Robeitfon prelented one of his books to his 
 old Ahna Afater the Univerhty of Glafgow, and received in 
 return a moll obliging letter, with the degree of D. D. 
 -Ill 1768, the maherfliip of the free-grammar-fehooi at 
 Wolverhampton in StafFordfhire becoming vacant, the 
 company of Merchant Taylors, the patrons, unanimoully 
 conferred it on him. In 1772, he was chofen one of the 
 committee to carry on the bulinefs of the Society of Clergy* 
 nien, &.c. in training and prefenting the famous petition 
 to the Houfe of Commons of Great Britain, praying to 
 be relieved from the obligation of fubferibing alfcnt and 
 confent to the thirty-nine articles, and all and every thing 
 contained in the book of common-prayer. After this he 
 lived feveral vears at Wolverhampton, performing the du¬ 
 ties of his ofhee, in the greateft harmony with all forts of 
 people there, and enjoying, with a deep fenfe of his in- 
 iirmities, fome fatisfa£lion from the retle^lion, that in his 
 humble llation he had done lomething for promoting and 
 fccuring thofe great blelTings of human life, liberty and 
 property, for his fellow creatures ; and died, of the gout 
 in his flomach, at Wolverhampton, May 20, 1783, in 
 the 79th year of his age; and was buried in the church¬ 
 yard of the new church there. 
 
 Mr. Lindfey has made deferved mention of Dr. Robert- 
 fon, and well obferved of him, that he “ retained and 
 “ kept up that ferenity and chearful truH in the divine 
 Providence, which can only belong to the virtuous and 
 innocent mind, that has always before it thofe profpects 
 which the Gofpel opens into a happy fiitiiritv, where 
 the holy and the good will meet again, never to part 
 “ more [a].’’ And as 1 (fays Dr. Dilney, who com¬ 
 municated this memoir to the “ Gentleman’s Maga- 
 “ zine”) enjoyed his friendlliip the lafl fifteen years 
 of his life, 1 wifh to add my teflimony to that of 
 our common and excellent friend, and to give this tri- 
 
 [a] Sec the Hiftorical lately publilhcd, P‘ 478 j and alfo his 
 
 bute 
 
lO'I 
 
 ROBERTS O N. ’ 
 
 Wufre fo juflly due to his memory. Dr. Robertfon, be- 
 hdes great learning and good judgement, pofTelled a fine 
 imagination, and a temper regulated by the mild and amia¬ 
 ble fpirit of Chrifl, And in his addrefs and manners he 
 was at all times eaiy and chearful. 
 
 Dr. Difney thinks that Dr. Robertfon was the author of 
 apoemv pnblilhed 1768, intituled, “ Eleutheria,” inferibed 
 to Mrs. Macaulay ; and that while he was rcfident in 
 Dondon, before his removal to thefchool of W^olverhamp- 
 ton, he wrote forne few articles in the Monthly Reviewv'' 
 Dr. Robertfon’s appointment to the mafferfhip of the 
 grammar-fehool of Wolverhampton, though highly ho¬ 
 nourable to his patrons, was not very lucrative to^imfelf. 
 His own account will bed explain the nature of his new 
 fituation. “ I am here” (writes he in a letter dated iti 
 Sept. 1769,) “ in a vxry draiige way. The falary is 70I. 
 a year : but tliere is a penlion of 40I. paid out of that 
 to an old gentleman who refigned the fchool upon that 
 condition, ten years ago, and is now in as good a date 
 “ of health as a man of eighty can be; fo that there re- 
 “ mains but 30]. for me, loaded with the wages of fchool- 
 fervants, fchool-dring, window-money, and other taxes, 
 which in all come to about 7!* a year, without any 
 emolument of any kind. So that my neceflary ex- 
 pences liave been five times as much as the falary,’'^ In 
 a fubfequent letter, dated May 1770, he feems to have 
 recovered, in foine degree, the difagreeable apprelienfions 
 he had formed, for therein he writes : Your concern 
 
 ‘‘ for me makes you imagine that I have abandoned and 
 lod a great deal in this w'orld. Indeed, according to 
 the common edimation of things, your conje^fiire is 
 light. But I aiTure you that I weighed the matter long 
 ^ ago ; and many things which are of great Ihew and 
 ^ confequence in the general opinion weighed very lighg 
 ^ in my Icale, wlien let againd others which were to 
 me of infinitely greater moment. For the lad three 
 “ months, I have been much affliaed with the gout; fo 
 that pain and buliiiefs have filled up all my time. How- 
 ever, I thank God, I go on pretty well, and find my 
 health imprpve as the weather grows warm, fo that 
 I am in hopes 1 lhall have a tolerable fummer, I 
 make no apology for troubling you with the re¬ 
 cital of my jittle affairs, as 1 think myfclf happy 
 
 m haMng a friend to whom I can lay any tiiiiio; as to 
 myfelf.’’ ’’ ^ 
 
 H 3 
 
 NotwLdi- 
 
lOg ROBERTSON. 
 
 Notwithftandingthis moderate eftablifliment, this worthy 
 man was contented ; and, in proof thereof, we give an ex- 
 tradt from a letter received the following year, dated Aug. 
 25, 1771, which needs neither note nor comment.—• 
 
 “ My own private affairs,” fays he, are cxaftly in fiatu 
 quo. The old incumbent is ftill alive and well, fo that 
 his 40 1 ; dedudled out of 70I. muft be felt [b]. But 
 “ as my defires are very moderate, I want for no necef- 
 faries,—and as for the fuperfluities of life, perhaps I 
 “ am better without them. The other day I was read- 
 ing Aufonius’s Epigram [c] upon Diogenes, which 
 “ really made me alhamed of having the leaff inclina- 
 tion for the luxuries and delicacies of life. Give me 
 leave to tranffribe it here, and a tranflation I was 
 tempted to make of it; 
 
 Pera,poknta, tribon, baculus, fcyphus, ardla fupellex, 
 “ Ifta fuit Cynici: fed putat hanc nimiam, 
 
 “ Namque cavis manibus cernens potare bubulcum, 
 
 Cur, fcyphe, te, dixit, gefto fupervacuum ? 
 
 A bag, meal, threadbare cloak, ftaff, wooden difh, 
 Were all the goods, Diogenes could wifh. 
 
 ‘‘ But thefe he found too much, when on the brink, 
 “He faw Tim’s hollow hand fcoop up his drink, 
 
 Thus you fee I comfort myfelf with tags of verfe, and 
 fayings of Philofophers. If 1 cannot enlarge my pof- 
 “ felfions, I can contract my defires.” 
 
 The third edition of Dr. Robertfon’s “ Attempt, &c.” 
 was publifiied fo early as 1767. Much notice had been 
 taken of this work in the puWic papers and periodical 
 publications of the time; and in 1769, there was pub- 
 lifhed in Ireland an anfwer, intituled, “ A Confutation 
 “ of an Attempt to explain, Ac. By the Rev. Smyth 
 Loftus, M. A. vicar of Coolqck,” 2 vols. Dr. Robert- 
 fon’s engagements and infirmities will fufficjently account 
 for his not executing the defign which he once entertained 
 of replying to Mr, Loftus’s book. However, it may he 
 right to obferve here, that Dr Robertfon was, in the latter 
 years of his life, entirely convinced of the trutli of the 
 doctrine of the divine qnity, and of the proper humanity of 
 Chrift, and that he was finally fettled therein by the writ- 
 ^ ings of Dr. Prjeftley and Mr. Lindfey. 
 
 Vi- In March 1779, Dr. Robertfon concludes a letter to 
 
 pr. Difney, with an affecting recital of feme of his more 
 
 ( r] The old incumbent died in Feb. 1773. 
 
 [c j Epigram LIII. “ JDe Dio^ene Cyaico PuUofopliQ.'* 
 
 fevere 
 
ferere trials, not forgetting, however, his wonted fub- 
 ^niliion, on all occahons, to the will of God.—“ I have 
 “ lived,” fays he, “ almoll 74 years, and enjoyed many, 
 many comforts in this life, fo that I may now thank- 
 “ fully rife from table as a guefl fully fatished with my en- 
 tertainment. Indeed, in the laft three years I have fuf- 
 “ fered what the generality of the world call great af- 
 ‘‘ hidtions, in my health and in my family. In the year 
 77, I loft my beloved daughter, whom you are pleafed 
 to lament. In the year 78, my eldeft fon, who was a 
 lieutenant, fell at Rhode Ifland. And, already, in 79, 
 
 ““ I have received an account of the death of my other 
 ““ daughter in Dublin. But I have been fo accuftomed 
 to the death of my children, that at laft I fee nothing 
 ftrange in it, I only wonder that I have ftayed fo 
 long behind them. I think my cafe is extraordinary, 
 that of twenty-one children, which my wife brought 
 me, I have out-lived them all but one. So that I have 
 often occalion to fay with Job,—the Lord gave, and the 
 Lord hath taken away, blefted be the name of the 
 Lord.”—It was, however, the will of God, that his 
 family aftliftions fhould not have their end even here, for 
 lie lived to bury that one and only furviving child out of 
 fo great a number. 
 
 But, while he was tried in the lofs of his children, the 
 Benevolence of others was exerted to affift him; and he 
 found filial piety in the hearts of ftrangers. In 1773, 
 
 Robertfon received, from an unknown hand, a moft ac¬ 
 ceptable and moft liberal prefent of 500 1 . The name of 
 the donor it would only be a prefuraptive conjeflure in us 
 10 mention. Nor were others wanting generoufly to aftift 
 him according to their ability. The munificence of an¬ 
 other eminently diftinguilhed charafter, who adminiftered 
 to his nccclfities to the laft hour of his life, muft alfo be 
 forborne to be mentioned at prefent, left offence ftiould 
 be given to that greatnefs and generofity of mind, which 
 only, like itfelf, barely fuffers the left hand to know what 
 the right hand doeth, 
 
 ROBINS (Benjamin), an Englifli mathematician to 
 of great genius and eminence, was born at Bath in Soiner" 
 fetlhire, 1707. His parents were of low condition, aadofihebte 
 Quakers ; and confequently neither able from their cir- iienjamin 
 cumftances, nor willing from their religious profellion, to 
 have him much inftruded in that kind of learning which the Royaj 
 
 H 4 they S':>clety ,ai5dl 
 
104 
 
 engineer ge- 
 iiera! \o the 
 honourable 
 the Eatl In¬ 
 dia com¬ 
 pany. 
 
 Pni:.! (hed 
 by James 
 Willon, 
 M.D. Lond 
 1761,2 volt, 
 
 VO, 
 
 {ROBINS. 
 
 they are taught to defpife. as human. Nevcrthelefs, he 
 made an early and furprihng progress in various branches 
 of fcience and literature, in the mathematics particularly *, 
 and his friends being delirous, that he might continue his 
 purfujts, and that his merit might not be buried in ob- 
 feurity, wilhed that he could be properly recommended to 
 teach this fcience in London. Accordingly, a fpecimen 
 of his abilities in this way was fent up thither, and fliewn 
 to Dr. Pemberton, the author of the “ View of Sir Ifaac 
 “ Newton’s Phiiofophy who, thence conceiving a good 
 opinion of the writer, for a farther trial of his proficiency 
 fent him fome problems, which Robins folved very much 
 to his fatisfa£lion. He then came to London, where he 
 confirmed the opinion which had been pre-conceived of 
 his abilities and knowledge. 
 
 But though Robins was polTefTed of much more fkill 
 than is ufually required in a common teacher; yet being 
 very young, it was thought proper that he fliould employ 
 fome time in perufing the heft writers upon the fublimer 
 parts of the mathematics, before he undertook publicly 
 the inffrudfion of others. In this interval, befides im¬ 
 proving himfelf in the modern languages, he had oppor¬ 
 tunities of reading in particular the works of Apollonius, 
 Archimedes, Fermat, Huygens, De Witt, Slufius, James 
 Gregory, Dr. Barrow, Sir Ifaac Newton, Dr. Taylor, and 
 Mr. Cotes. Thefe authors he readily underftood without 
 any afhflance, of which he gave frequent proofs to his 
 friends : one was, a demonffration of the lafi propolition 
 of Sir Ifaac Newton’s treatifeon quadratures, which was 
 thought not underferving a place in the “ Philofophical 
 Tranfadlions,” N° 397, for 1727. Not long after, an 
 opportunity olfered him of exhibiting to the public a fpe¬ 
 cimen alfo of his knowledge in natural phiiofophy. The 
 royal academy of fciences at Paris had propofed, among 
 their prize queftions in 1724 and 1726, to demonflrate the 
 laws of motion in bodies impinging on one another. John 
 Bernoulli here condefeended to be a candidate ; and, 
 though his diflertation loll tiie reward, he appealed to tli* 
 learned world hv printing it in 1727; he therein endea¬ 
 vouring to ellablifh Leibnitz’s opinion of the force of 
 bodies in motion from the effefts of their flriking 
 againft fpringing materials; as Jignor Poleni had before 
 attempted to evince the famfe thing from experiments of 
 bodies falling on foft and yielding fuhftances. But as the 
 infufFiciencY of Poleni’s arguments had been demonllrated 
 
105 
 
 ROBINS. 
 
 in the Phllofophical Tranfa£lions/’ N®37i, for 1722 ; 
 fo Kobins publilhed in the “ Prefent State of the Republic 
 “ of Letters,” for May 1728, a confutation of Bernoulli’s 
 performance, which was allowed to be unanfwerable. 
 
 Robins now began to take fcholars, and about this time 
 quitted the garb and profeffion of a Quaker ; for, having 
 neither enthufiafm nor fuperftition in his nature, as be- 
 oame a mathematician, he foon got over the prejudices of 
 education. But, though he profelTed to teach the mathe¬ 
 matics only, he would frequently affift particukr friends 
 in other matters; for he was a man of univerfal know¬ 
 ledge : and, the confinement of this way of life not fuit- 
 ing his difpofition, which was adlive, he gradually declined 
 it, and went into other courfes, that required more exer- 
 cife. Hence he tried many laborious experiments in 
 gunnery ; believing, that the reliftance of the air had a 
 much greater influence on fwift projectiles, than was ge¬ 
 nerally fuppofed.^ Hence he was led to confider thofe 
 mechanic arts, that depended on mathematical principles^ 
 in which he might employ his invention; as, the con- 
 llruCling of mills, the building ot bridges, draining of 
 fens, rendering of rivers navigable, and making of har¬ 
 bours. Among other arts of this kind, fortification very 
 much engaged his attention ; wherein he met with op¬ 
 portunities of perfecting himfelf, by a view of the prin¬ 
 cipal flrong places of Flanders, in fome journeys he made 
 abroad with perfons of diflinCtiom 
 
 On his return home from one of thefe excurhons, he 
 found the learned here amufed with Dr. Berkeley’s trea- 
 tlfe, printed in 1734, intituled, “ 'i'he Analyft in 
 which an examination was made into the grounds of the 
 fluxionary method, and occafion taken thence to explode 
 that method. Robins therefore was advifed to clear up 
 th is affair, by giving a full and diffinCt account of Sir 
 Xiaac Newton’s doCtrines in fuch a manner, as to obviate 
 all the objcCXions, without naming them, which had been 
 advanced by the author of “ The Analyff;” and accordingly 
 he publilhed, in 1735, “ A Difeourfe concerning the na- 
 “ ture and certainty of Sir Ifaac Newton’s method of 
 “ Fluxions, and ot prime and ultimate ratios.” Some 
 even of thofe, who had written againft “ The Analyff,” tak¬ 
 ing exception at Robins’s manner of defending Sir Ifaac 
 Newton’s doClrine, he afterwards wrote two or three ad¬ 
 ditional dilcourlcs. In 173^’ he defended Sir Ifaac New- 
 loii againll an objection, contained in a note at the end of 
 
 a Latin 
 
io6 ROBINS. 
 
 a Latin piece, called “ Matho, live Cofmotheorla puerilis,’* 
 written by Baxter, author of the “ Inquiry into the Na- 
 ture of the human Souland, the year after, printed 
 “ Remarks” on Euler’s “ Treatife of Motion,” on Smithes 
 “ Syflem of Optics,” and on furin’s “ Difcourfe of dif- 
 *■' tindl^ and indiilin£l: Vilion,” annexed to Dr. Smith’s 
 work. In the mean time Robins’s performances were not 
 confined to mathematical fubjefts : for, in 1739, there 
 came out three pamphlets upon political affairs, which did 
 him great honour. The firft was intituled, “ Obferva- 
 tions on the prefent Convention with Spain:” the fc- 
 cond, “ A Narrative of What palled in the Common Hall 
 “ of the citizens of London, aflembled for the election of 
 a lord mayor the third, “ An Addrefs to the Elec- 
 tors and other free fubje£ts of Great Britain, occafion- 
 “ ed by the late fuccellion ; in which is contained a par- 
 “ ticular account of all our negotiations with Spain, and 
 their treatment of us for above ten years paft.” Thefe 
 were all publiflied without his name; and the firfl and 
 lafl were fo univerfally efleemed, that they were generally 
 reputed to have been the produdlion of the great man 
 himfelf, who was at the head of the oppolition to Sir 
 Robert Walpole. They proved of fuch confequence to 
 Mr. Robins, as to occafion his being employed in a very 
 honourable poR; for, the patriots at length gaining ground 
 againfl Sir Robert, and a committee of the houfe of com¬ 
 mons being appointed to examine into his paft condufl, 
 Robins was chofen their fecretary. But after a commit¬ 
 tee had prefented two reports of their proceedings, a fud- 
 den flop was put to their farther progrefs, by a compro- 
 mife between the contending parties. 
 
 In 1742, being again at leifure, he publifhed a fmall 
 treatife, intituled, “ New Principles of Gunnery;” con¬ 
 taining the refult of many experiments he had made, by 
 which are difeovered the force of gun-powder, and the 
 difference in the refifling power of the air to fwift and 
 flow motion. This treatife was preceded by an account 
 of the progrefs which modern fortification liad made from 
 its firfl rife ; as alfo of the invention of gun-powder, and 
 of what had already been performed in the theory of gun¬ 
 nery. Upon a difcourfe containing certain experiments 
 being publilhed in the “ Philofophical Tranfa£lions,” in 
 order to invalidate fome opinions of Robins, he thought 
 proper, in an account he gave of his book in the fame 
 >50 469* Tranfa( 5 lions, to take notice of thofe experiments : and in 
 
 confequenee 
 
R O fi I N S. 
 
 confequence of this, feveral dilTertatlons of his on the 
 refiftaucc of the air were read, and the experiments ex¬ 
 hibited before the Royal Society, in 1746 and 1747 ; for 
 which he was prefented with a gold medal by that ibciety. 
 In 1748, came out lord Anfon’s “ Voyage round the 
 World;” which, though it carries Walter’s name in 
 the title-page, was in reality written by Robins. Of this 
 voyage the public had for fome time been in expe£lation 
 of feeing an account, compofed under his lordlhip’s own 
 infpe£tion : for which purpofe the Rev. Richard Walter 
 was employed, as having been chaplain a-board the Cen¬ 
 turion the greateft part of the expedition. Walter had 
 accordingly almoft finifhed his talk, having brought it 
 down to his own departure from Macao for England; 
 when he propofed to print his work by fubfcription. If 
 was thought proper, however, that an able judge hiould 
 hrll review and correct it, and Robins was appointed ; 
 when, upon examination, it was refolved, that the whole 
 Ihould be written entirely by Robins, and that what Wai¬ 
 ter had done, being almoft all taken verbatim from the 
 journals, ftiould ferve as materials only. Hence the in- 
 trodu<ftion entire, and many diftertations in the body of 
 the book, were compofed l3y Robins, without receiving 
 the leaft hint from Walter’s •&manufcript; and what he 
 had thence tranfcribed regarded chiefly the wind and the 
 weather, the currents, courfes, bearings, diftances, of¬ 
 fings, foundings, moorings, the qualities of the ground 
 they anchored on, and fuch particulars as generally fill 
 up a failor's account. No produftion of this kind ever 
 met With a more favourable reception, four large impref- 
 fions being fold off within a twelvemonth : it has been 
 tranflated into moft of the European languages ; and it 
 ftill fupports its reputation, having been repeatedly re¬ 
 printed in various fizes. The fiftli edition at London in 
 1749 was revifed and corrected by Robins himfelf. 
 
 Thus becoming famous for his ability in writing, he 
 was requerfted to compofe an apology for the unfortunate 
 affair at Prefton Pans in Scotland. This was prefixed as 
 a preface to “ 'Phe Report of the Proceedings and Opi- 
 nion of the Board of General Officers on their exami- 
 “ nation into the condu(ft of Lieutenant General Sir John 
 “ Cope, &c.” printed at London in 1749 ; and this pre¬ 
 face was efteemed a mafter-piece in its kind. Afterwards 
 Robins had,' by the favour of lord Anfon, opportunities 
 of making farther experiments in guniiery ; which have 
 4 been 
 
loS ROBINS. 
 
 been pnbllfhed fince his death. He alfo not a little con¬ 
 tributed to the improvements made in the royal obfer- 
 vatory at Greenwich, by procuring for it, through the 
 intereft of the fame noble perfon, a fecond mural qua¬ 
 drant and other inllruments, by w’hich it is become per^ 
 haps the compleateft of any obfervatory in the world. 
 His reputation being now arrived at its full height, h^ 
 was offered the choice of two very conliderable employ¬ 
 ments. The hrff was to go to Paris, as one of the com- 
 milTaries for adjufling the limits in Acadia ; the other, to 
 be engineer general to the Eaft India company, whofe 
 forts, being in a moft ruinous condition, wanked a ca¬ 
 pable perfon to put them into a pofture of defence. This 
 latter he accepted,, as it was fuitable to his genius, and as 
 the company’s terms were both advantageous and honour¬ 
 able. He defgned, if he had remained in England, to 
 have written a fecond part of the “ Voyage round the 
 “ World as appears by a letter from lord Anfon to him, 
 dated “ Bath, 0 £t. 22, 1749,’' here printed by his lord- 
 ihip’s permiHion : 
 
 “ Dear Sir, When I laft faw you in town, I forgot to aik 
 
 you, whether you intended to publifli the fecond volume 
 “ of my ‘ Voyage’ before you leave us ; which, I Confefs, I 
 “ am very forry for.. If ,you ffould have laid afide all 
 “ thoughts of favouring the world with more of your works, 
 “ it will be much difappointed, and no one in it more 
 “ tha!i your very much obliged humble fervant, Anson,” 
 
 Robins was alfo preparing an enlarged edition of his 
 “ New Principles of Gunnery but, having^ provided 
 himfeif with a compleat fet of aftronomical and other iii- 
 llruments, for making obfervations and experiments in the 
 Ind ies, he departed hence at Chriflmas in 1749 ; and af¬ 
 ter a voyage, in which the fliip was near being caff away, 
 arrived at the Indies July 13, 1750. There he imme¬ 
 diately fet about his proper bulinefs with unwearied dili¬ 
 gence, and formed compleat plans for Fort St. David and 
 Fladrafs : but he lived not to put them into execution. 
 For the great difference of the climate being beyond his 
 conllitution to fupport, he was attacked by a fever in 
 September; and, though he recovered out of this, yet 
 about eight months after he fell into a languiffing con¬ 
 dition,. in which he continued till his death, vvhich hap¬ 
 pened July 29, 1751. By his laft will, he left the publifhing 
 of his mathematical works to his honoured and intima'e, 
 friend Martin Folkes,, efq; prelident of the Royal Society, 
 and to James Willon, M. D. do^lojr of phyfic j but the 
 
 former 
 
ROBINS. 1G9 
 
 former of thefe gentlemen being incapacitated by a para- 
 Wtic difordeT, for fome time before his deaths they were 
 afterward?' publifhed by the latter, in 2 vols. 8vo, 1761. 
 
 Dr. Wilfon has prefixed an account of Mr. Robins, from 
 which this memoir is extracted. 
 
 ROCHE FOUCAULT (Francis, duke of}, great 
 genius amons; the French, was born in 1613, and died 
 in 1680. He is inferred here on account of a fmall col- 
 leftion of “ Maximes, ou Sentences of whicli Voltaire 
 has not fcruoled to fav, that it contributed more than any 
 
 I 0 * 
 
 performance, to form the talle of the French nation, and 
 
 give it a true relifh of propriety and correctnefs. “ Though Slsclc Je* 
 
 “ there is,” continues he, “ but one truth running through 
 ** this whole piece, namely, that ‘ felf-love is the fpring c. 29. 
 
 of all our aftions and determinations yet this thought 
 “ prefents itfelf under fuch a variety of forms, as never 
 “ fail to ftrike with new furprife. It is not fo properly 
 “ a book itfelf, as a fet of materials to embellifh a book. 
 
 “ This little collection was much read and admired : it 
 “ accuflomed our authors to think, and to comprife their 
 “ thoughts in a lively, correth;, and delicate turn of phrafe; 
 
 which was a merit utterly unknown to any European 
 “ writer before him, fince the revival of Letters.” A good 
 edition of them, with valuable notes, has been given to 
 the Englilh reader by Mr. Lockyer Davis. We have alfo 
 of this noble author “ Memoires de la Regence de la 
 “ Reine Anne d’Autriche,” written with great fenfe and 
 a deep penetration into things. “ His Memoirs,” fays 
 Voltaire, “ are ftill read i and his Maxims are known 
 “ by heart.” 
 
 ROCHESTER (John Wit.mot, earl of), a great 
 wit in the reign of Charles II. was the Ion of Henry earl of 
 Rocheifer ; who bore a great part in the civil wars, and was Some p^fTa- 
 the chief manager of the king’s prefervatlori, after tlie bat- 
 tie of Worcefter. He was born in April, 1648 ; andAVas 
 educated in grammar and clalhcal literature in the free-John earl of 
 ichool at Burford. Here he acquired the Latin to fuch 
 perfection, that to his dying day he retained a quick relilh B^net, 
 of the finenefs and beauty of that tongue ; and afterwards 170^: 
 became exactly verfed in the autliors of the Augullaii age, 
 frluch he often read. In 1659, he was admitted a noble- ox-u. 
 man of Wadham-college in Oxford, under the infpeCtion 
 of Dr. Blandford, afterwards bilhop of Oxford and Wor- 
 cclkr ; andj in i66i, was with other noble perfons created 
 
 mailer 
 

 no 
 
 heffield 
 uke of 
 Bucking¬ 
 ham’s 
 Works, 
 to!, il. 
 
 ROCHESTER. 
 
 mafler of arts in convocation : at which time, Wood fays, 
 he and none dfe was admitted very afFediiionately into the 
 fraternity by a kifs from the chancellor of the univerhty, 
 Clarendon, who then fate in the fupreme chair. After¬ 
 wards he travelled into France and Italy ; and at his re¬ 
 turn frequented the court, which, the fame Wood obferves, 
 and there is reafon to believe very truly, not only de¬ 
 bauched his manners, but made him a perfe£l Hobbift in 
 principle. In the mean time, he became one of the gen¬ 
 tlemen of the bed-chamber to the king, and comptroler of 
 Woodftock park. In 1665, he went to fea with the earl of 
 Sandwich, whowasfent to lie in wait for the Dutch Eaft Indi^^ 
 fleet; and was in the Revenge, commanded by Sir Thomas 
 Tiddiman, when the attack was made on the port of 
 Bergen in Norway, the Dutch fliips having got into that 
 port. It was a defperate attempt; and during the whole 
 a£tion, the earl of Rochefter fhewed the greatefl refolution, 
 and gained a high reputation for courage. He fupported 
 this reputation in a fecond expedition, but afterwards loft 
 it in an adventure with lord Mulgrave; of which that 
 noble authot, in the memoirs of himfelf, gives a parti¬ 
 cular account. It exhibits fome traits of the earl of 
 Rochefter’s charafter; and therefore, thou^ fomewhat 
 tedious and wordy, we will tranferibe it into this memoir. 
 “ I was informed.’’ fays lord Mulgrave, “ that the earl of 
 “ Rochefter had faid fomething of me, which according 
 “ to his cuftom was very malicious : 1 therefore fent co- 
 “ lonei Afton, a very mettled friend of mine, to call him 
 “ to account for it. He denied the words, and indeed I 
 “ was feen convinced he had never faid them; but the 
 “ mere report, though I found it to be falfe, obliged me, 
 “ as I then foolifhly thought, to go on with the quarrel; 
 “ and the next day was appointed for us to fight on horfe- 
 “ back, a way in England a little unufual, but it was his 
 part to chufe. Accordingly, I and my fecond lay the 
 night before at Knightibridge privately, to avoid the 
 “ being fecured at London upon any fufpicion; and in 
 “ the morning we met the lord Rochefter at the place ap- 
 pointed, who, inftead of James Porter, whom he aftured 
 “ Afton he would ,make his fecond, brought an errant 
 life-guard man, whom nobody knew. To this Mr. 
 “ Afton took exception, upon the account of his being 
 “ no fuitable adverfary; efpecially confidering how ex- 
 “ trernely well he was mounted, whereas we had only a 
 couple of pads : upon which, we ail agreed to fight on 
 
 “ foot. 
 
Ill 
 
 ROCHESTER. 
 
 ** foot. But, as my lord Rocheftcr and I were riding 
 into the next field in order to it, he told me, that he 
 “ had at firfl chofen to fight on horfeback, becaufe he 
 was fo weak with a certain dillemper, that he found 
 “ himfelf unfit at all any way, much lefs on foot. I was 
 extremely furprifed, becaufe at that time no man had a 
 better reputation for courage ; and I took the liberty of 
 “ reprefenting what a ridiculous flory it would make, if 
 we returned without fighting, and therefore advifed 
 “ him for both our fakes, cfpeciaily for his own, to con- 
 fider better of it, fince I muft be obliged in my own 
 “ defence to lay the fault on him, by telling the trurti of 
 ** the matter. His anfwer was, that he fubmitted to it; 
 “ and hoped, that I would not defire the advantange of 
 having to do with any man in fo weak a condition, i 
 replied, that by fuch an argument he had fuffici- 
 ently tied my hands, upon condition that I might 
 ‘‘ call our feconds to be witneffes of the whole bufinefs; 
 which he confented to, and fo we parted. When we 
 returned to London, we found it full of this quarrel, 
 upon our being abfent fo long; and therefore Mr. 
 ‘‘ Afton thought himfelf obliged to write down every 
 “ word and circumftaiice of this whole matter, in order 
 to fpread every where the true reafoii of our returning 
 “ without having fought. This, being never in the leail 
 “ contradifted or refented by the lord Rocheller, entirely 
 “ ruined his reputation as to courage, of which I was 
 ‘‘ really forry to be the occafion, though nobody had {liil 
 a greater as to wit: which fnpported him pretty well in 
 “ the world, notwithftanding fome more accidents of the 
 “ fame kind, that never fail to fucceed one anothery 
 when once people know a man’s weaknefs.” 
 
 The earl of Rocheftcr, before he travelled abroad, had 
 given fomewhat into that diforderly and intemperate way 
 of living, which the joy of the whole nation, upon the re- 
 fioring of Charles II, had introduced ; yet had fo far got 
 the better of this at his return, that he hated nothing 
 more. But falling into court-company, where thefe ex- 
 cefies were continually pradlifed, he was brought back to 
 it again: and the natural heat of his fancy, being in¬ 
 flamed with wine, made him fo extravagantly pleafant, 
 that many, to he more diverted by that humour, flrove to 
 engage him deeper and deeper in intemperance. This at 
 length fo entirely fubdued him, that, as he told Dr. 
 Burnet, he was fox five years together continually drunk: 
 
 not 
 
II2 
 
 R O C H K S T E R. 
 
 not all the while under the vifible efFeft of liquor, hut fo 
 inflamed in his blood, that he was never cool enough to 
 be mailer of himfelf. There were two principles in the 
 natural temper of this lively and witty earl, which carried 
 him to great exceffes ; a violent love of pleafurc, and a 
 difpolition to extravagant mirth. The one involved him 
 in great fenfuality, the other led him to many odd adven¬ 
 tures and frolicks. Once he difguifed himfelf fo, that 
 his nearell friends could not have known him, and fet up * 
 in Tower-ilreet for an Italian mountebank, where he 
 pradlifed phylic for foine weeks. He difguifed himfelf 
 often as a porter, or as a beggar ; fometinies to follow 
 fome mean amours, w^hich, for the variety of them, he 
 affedled. At other times, merely for diverlion, he would 
 go about in odd lhapes; in which he adled his part fo na¬ 
 turally, that even thofe who were in the fecret, and faw 
 him in thefe fhapes, could perceive nothing by which he 
 might be difeovered. He is faid to have been a generous 
 and good-natured man in cold blood, yet would go far in 
 his heats after any thing, that might turn to a jell or mat¬ 
 ter of diverlion ; and he laid out himfelf very freely in 
 libels and fatires, in wdiich he had fo peculiar a talent of 
 mixing wit with malice, that all his compolitions were 
 eafily known. Andrew Marvell, who was himfelf a great 
 wit, ufed to fay, that Rocheller “ was the only man in 
 “ England who had the true vein of fatire.” 
 
 “ Thus,” fays Dr. Johnfon, “ in a courfe of drunken 
 “ gaiety, and grofs fenfualty, with intervals of lludy per- 
 “ haps yet more criminal, with an avowed contempt 
 “ of all decency and order, a total difregard to every 
 “ moral, and a refolutc denial of every religious obliga- 
 “ tion, he lived worthlefs and ufelels, and blazed out his 
 “ youth and his health in lavifh voluptuoufnefs ; till, at 
 ‘‘ the age of one and thirty, he had exhaulled the fund 
 “ of life, and reduced himfelf to a Hate of weakiiefs and 
 “ decay.” 
 
 0£l. 1679, wdien he was flowdy recovering from a great 
 difeafe, he was viiited by Dr. Burnet, upon an intima¬ 
 tion that fuch a viht would be very agreeable to him. 
 He grew into great freedom with that divine, fo as to open 
 to him all his thoughts both of religion and morality, and 
 to give him a full view of his pad life: upon which the 
 doctor waited on him often, till he went from London in 
 April following, and once or twice after. They can- 
 valTed at various times the principles of morality, natural 
 5 and 
 
ROCHESTER. 
 
 ^nd revealed religion, and Chriflianity in particular; the 
 refult of all which, as it is faithfully related by Dr. 
 Burnet in the book above referred to (a book, which, Dr. 
 Johnfon obferves, “ the critic ought to read for its ele- 
 “ gance, the philofopher for its arguments, and the faint 
 for its piety, was, that this noble earl, though he 
 had lived the life of an atheift and a libertine, yet died 
 the death of a good chrillian and moif llncere penitent. 
 The philofophers of the prefent age will naturally fuppofe’ 
 that his contrition and conviftion were purely the elfedls 
 of weaknefs^ and low fpirits, which fcarcely fulFer a man 
 to continue in his fenfes, and certainly not to be mailer 
 of himfelf; but Dr. Burnet affirms him to have been 
 under no fuch decay as either darkened or weakened 
 his underllanding, nor troubled with the fpleen or va-P, 
 pours, or under the power of melancholy.” The rea¬ 
 der may judge for himfelf from the followmg, which is 
 part of a letter from the earl to Dr. Burnet, dated “ Wood- 
 flock-park, June 25, 1680, Oxfordffiire.” There is 
 
 nothing left out, but lome perfonal compliments to the 
 do£lor. 
 
 ‘‘ Aiy moll honoured Dr. Burnet, 
 
 ‘‘Spirits and body decay fo equally together, that I 
 lhall write you a letter as weak, as I am in perfon. I 
 begin to value churchmen above all men in the world, 
 
 ‘I &c. If God be yet pleafed to fpare me longer in this* 
 world, I hope in your converfation to be exalted tq- 
 that degree of piety, that the world may fee how much 
 I abhor what 1 fo long loved, and how much 1 glory in 
 repentance, and in God’s lervice. Bellow your prayers 
 upon me, that God would fpare me, if it be. his good 
 will, to ffiew a true repentance and amendment of life 
 for the time to come ; or elfe, if the Dord pleafeth to 
 ‘‘ put an end to my worldly being now, that he would 
 mercifully accept of my death-bed repentance, and per- 
 <c ^^^tn that promife he hath been plealed to make, that 
 ‘ at what time foever a fmner doth repent, he would, 
 receive him.’ Put up thefe prayers, moll dear do£lor, 
 to Almighty God, for your mod obedient and lan- 
 guilhing fervant, Rochestep..” 
 
 He died July 26 following, without any convulfion, 
 or fo much as a groan : for, though he had not com¬ 
 pleted his 33d year, .yet he was worn fo entirely down, 
 that nature was unable to make the lead effort. He left 
 behind him a fon named Charles, who died Nov. 12, 
 ^OL.XI. I ,68, , 
 
114 
 
 ROCHESTER. 
 
 1681 ; and three daughters. The male line cealitr:^* 
 Charles 11 . conferred the title of Rocheller on Laurence 
 vifcount Killingworth, a younger fon of Edward earl of 
 Clarendon. ' 
 
 The earl of Rocheller was a graceful and well-fhaped 
 perfon, tall, and well-made, if not a little too {lender, as 
 Burnet obferves. He was exadlly well-bred ; had a 
 Rrange vivacity of thought, and vigour of expreffion ; and 
 his wit was fiibtie as well as lublime. For his lludies, 
 they were divided between the comical writings of the 
 ancients and moderns, the Roman authors, and books of 
 pliyhc ; for the ill hate of health, which his irregular and 
 dilfoiate life brought upon him, made this laft kind of 
 leading neceffaiy to him. His hyle was clear and ftrong : 
 and, when he ufed figures, they were very lively, yet far 
 enough out of the common road. Boileau among the 
 French, and Cowley among the Englifh wits, were thofe 
 he admired moll. He loved to talk and write of fpecula- 
 tive matters, and did it with fo fine a thread, that even 
 thofe who hated the fubjedls his fancy ran upon, yet could 
 not but be charmed with his way of treating them. Upon 
 the whole, nature had fitted him for great things ; and his 
 abilities and knowledge, if he had applied them rightly, 
 qualified him to have been one of the mofl extraordinary 
 men of his age and nation. 
 
 His poems have been printed often, feparately and to¬ 
 gether. It is not eafy to fay, what are his : for, after he 
 had once obtained the charadler of a lewd and obfeene 
 writer, every thing in that flrain was fathered upon him ; 
 and many pieces, not his, crept into the later editions of 
 his works. We know not which can be called the befl 
 edition : an handfome one, in 8vo, was printed for Jacob 
 Tonfon in 1705, confifting of poems, his fpeech under 
 thecharafter of a mountebank, and a tragedy called “ Va- 
 “ lentinian;” but many of his obfeenepieeesarenotin- 
 Catal. p.43. ferted in it. Mr. Walpole calls him “ a man, whom the 
 vol. II. Mufes were fond to infpire, and afhamed to avow ; and 
 “ who praciifed without the leaf! referve that fecret, 
 which can make verfes more read for their defeats, than 
 “ for their merits. The art,’^ continues he, “ is nei¬ 
 ther commendable nor difficult. Moralifls proclaim 
 loudly, that there is no wit in indecency: it is very 
 true : indecency is far from conferring wit; but it does 
 not defliQy it neither. Lord Rocefter’s poems have 
 mucli more obfeenity than wit, more wit than poetry, 
 more poetry than politenefs,’* 
 
 Dr. 
 
 edit. 
 
 <c 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
ROCHESTER, 
 
 • *■> 
 
 Dr. Johnfon cliarafterizes him thus : ‘‘ (Lord Ro- 
 cbefter was eminent for the vigour of his colloquial 
 wit, and remarkable for many v>^ild pranks, and fallies 
 of extravagance. The glare of hh general charafter 
 ‘‘ difFufed itidf upon his writings ; compolitions of a 
 ‘ man whofe name was heard lb often were certain of 
 ‘ attention, and from many readers certain of applaufe. 
 
 ^ This blaze of reputation is not yet .quite extinguiihed, 
 
 ‘ and his poetry flill retains fome fplendcur beyond that 
 ‘ which genius has behowed. Wood and Earnet give 
 ‘ us reaibn to believe, that much was imiputcd to him 
 ‘ which he did not write. I know not by whom the 
 ‘ original colleflion was made, or by what authority its 
 ‘ genuinenefs was afcertained. The firfl: edition was 
 ‘ publilhed in the year of his death, with an air of con- 
 ‘ ceannent, profefiing in thd title-page to be printed at 
 ‘ Antwerp. Of fome of the pieces, however, there is no 
 ‘ doubt. The Imitation of Horace’s Satire, tire VeiTes 
 ‘ to Lord Mulgrave, the Satire againfl Man, the Verfes 
 ‘ upon Nothing, and perhaps fome others, are I be- 
 ‘ lieve genuine, and perhaps moil of thofe which this 
 ‘ colleflion [aJ exibits. As he cannot be fuppofed to 
 ‘ have found leifure for any couri'e of continued ffudy, 
 
 ‘ his pieces are commonly ihort, fach as one fit of refo- 
 ‘ lution would produce. His fongs have no particular 
 ‘ charafler: they tell, like other fongs, in fmooth and eafy 
 ‘ language, of fcorn and kindnefs, difmillioii and defertion, 
 
 ‘ abfence and inconftancy, with the common-places of 
 ‘ artificial courtfliip. They are commonly fmooth and 
 ‘ eafy ; but have little nature, and little fentiment. His 
 ‘ imitation of Horace on Lucilius is not inelegant or 
 ‘ unhappy. In the, reign of Charles II. began that 
 ‘ adaptation, which has fince been very frequent, of an- 
 ‘ cient poetry to prefent tiines, and perhaps few will be 
 ‘ found where the parallelifm is better preferved than in 
 ‘ this. The verfification is indeed fometimes carelefs, 
 
 ‘ but it is fometimes vigorous and weighty. The 
 ‘ flrongefl effort of his Mufe is his poem upon ‘ 
 
 ‘ thing.’ In all his works there is fpi'ightiinefs and vi- 
 ‘ gour, and every where may be found tokens of a mind' 
 ‘ which ftudy might have carried to excellence ; and 
 ‘ what more can be expefled from a life Ipent in ofleij^ 
 
 ‘ tatious contempt of regularity, and ended before the 
 ‘ abilities of many other men began to be difplayed ?” 
 
 TaI The body of Engltih poetry, in 6o Volumes. 
 
 I 2 ROE 
 
R O E. 
 
 ROE (Sif Titomas), an able flatefman and ambaf- 
 factor, was born at Low-Lcyton in Ellex about 1580; and 
 admitted into Magdalen-college Oxford, in 1593. He 
 was taken from the univerlity in a year or two ; and^ 
 after fpending fome time in one of the inns of court, and 
 in France, was made efquire of the body to queen Eliza¬ 
 beth. In 1604, he was knighted by king James; and 
 fooh after fent by Henry prince of Wales, to make dif- 
 eoveries in America. In 1614, he was fent ambaifador to 
 the Great Mogul, at whofe cour the continued till 1618. 
 During his refidence there, he employed himfelf zealoufly 
 in the fervice of the Eaft India merchants. In 1620, he 
 was elefted a burgefs for Cirencefter in Glouoefterfhire'; 
 and, the year following, fent ambaflador to the Grand Seig¬ 
 nior ; in which flatrort he continued under the fultans 
 Ofman, Muftapha, and Amurath IV. In his palFage to 
 Conflarttinople, he wrote a letter to Villiers duke of Buck¬ 
 ingham, then lord high admiral, complaining of the great 
 increafe of pirates in the Mediterranean fea; and, during 
 ^ bis embaffy, fent “ A true and faithful relation to his 
 1663, o 10. ^ajefly and the prince of What hath lately happened in 
 “ Conllantinople, concerning the death of fultan Ofman, 
 and the fetting up of Muftapha his uncle,’^ which was 
 printed at London in 1622, 4to. He kept a very curious 
 account of his negotiations at the Porte, which remained 
 See art. in manufcript till 1740, when it was publilhed, by the fo- 
 Richard- ciety for promoting learning, under this title : “ The 
 Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe, in his Efnbafly to 
 “ the Ottoman Porte, from the year 1621 to 1628 in- 
 “ citilive ; containing a great Variety of curious and im- 
 “ portant matters, relating not only to the affairs of the 
 “ Turkifh empire, but alfo to thofe of the other Hates of 
 “ Europe in that period: his correfpondences with the 
 “ mofl illuftrious perfons, for dignity or charafter, as, 
 with the queen of Bohemia, Bethlem Gabor prince of 
 Tranfyltania, and other potentates of different nations, 
 he. and many ufeful and in{lru£tive particulars, as well 
 “ in relation to trade and commerce, as to fubje6Is of li-* 
 terature; as, ancient manuferipts, coins, inferiptions, 
 “ and other antiquities,” folio. 
 
 During his refidence in the EaH, he made a large col¬ 
 lection of valuable manuferipts in the Greek and Oriental 
 languages ; which, in i6a8, he prefented to the Bodleian 
 library. He alfo brought over tlie fine Alexandrian ma- 
 Bufeript of the Greek Bible,, fent as a prefent to Charles L 
 
 116 
 
 At’ en. 
 
 Ox on. 
 
 Cabala, 
 
E. O E» 
 
 by Gyrii Patriarch of Conilantinople; which hath flnco 
 been tranfcribed and publifhed by Dr. Grabe. In 1629, 
 he was lent ambaflador to mediate a peace between the 
 kings of Poland and Sweden. He fucceeded in his ne¬ 
 gotiation ; and gained fo ranch credit with the great Guf- 
 tavus Adolphus of Sweden, that he infpired that king with 
 a defign, which he executed in 1630, of making a defeent 
 hito Germany to rellore the freedom of the empire. 
 Adolphus, upon gaining th-e victory of Leipfic, fent Sir ' 
 •Thomas a prefent of 20001. and in his letter calls him his 
 hrenuura confaltorem,” he being thehrfl who had advifed 
 him to the vyar. He was afterwards employed in qther Familiar 
 negotiations. In 1640, he was chofen member of par-Letters, 
 liament for the univerlity of Oxford ; and (hewed himfelf 
 .a perfon of great eloquence, learning, and experience, as 
 appears from his p.i;-inted fpeeclies. The ye^r after, he 
 was fent arabaffador to the diet of Ratifbon, in order to Collect, 
 mediate the reftoration of the late king of Bohemia's fon voi. iiL 
 to the Palatinate : and, upon his return, made chancellct 
 of the garter, and one of the privy council. The calami- 
 ties of the nation, in which he could not avoid having:: a 
 Blare, not only embittered his life, but might contribute 
 to Ihorten it; for he died in Nov, 1644, An epitaph was 
 compofed forhirnby Dr. Gerard Langbaine, but never fet 
 up : it may be fee;i in Wood’s “ A then. Oxon/’ 
 
 He had all the accompliihments of the fehoiar, the gen- 
 riemaii, and the courtierj. He left a great number of ma- 
 nuferipts behind him ; and, in 1730, propofals were pub- 
 iidied for printing by fubfcrlptioii, in 5 vols. folio, “ The 
 Negotiations and Embaflies of Sir Thomas Roe, from 
 ‘‘ 1620 to 1644 but, the undertakers not meeting with 
 fufficient encouragement, the delign was dropped, and 
 only the volume mentioned above was publilhed in 1749 : 
 
 by Mr. Richardfon. • ' 
 
 ROEMER (Ot,Aus), a Danjfh aBronomcr and ma¬ 
 thematician, was born at Arhufen in Jutland, 1644; and, 
 et eighteen, fent to the univerfity of Copenhagen. He 
 applied himfelf keenly to the (ludy of mathematics and 
 ailronomy, and became fuch an adept in thefe fciences, 
 that when Picard was fent by Lewis XIV. in 1671 to 
 make obfervations in the North, he was to the laft degree 
 iurpnied and plealed wnth him. He engaged him to re- cap. xv. 
 turn with him to France, and had him prefented to tuefed. 135. 
 king, wIk) ordered him to teach the dauphin mathema^ 
 
 ‘ I 3 “ ' ■' 
 
ti8 R O E M E R. 
 
 tics, and fettled a penlion on him. He was joined with 
 Picard and Caiiini, in making agronomical obfervations ; 
 and, in 1672, was admitted a member of the academy of 
 fciences. During the ten years he relided at Paris, he 
 ^ gained a prodigious reputation by his difcoveries ; yet is 
 
 laid to have complained afterwards, that his coadjutors, 
 ran away with the honour of many things which belong-- 
 ed to him. In 1681, Chriflian V. king of Denmark 
 called him back to his owni country, and made him pro- 
 feffor of aftronomy at Copenhagen. He employed him 
 alfo in reforming the coin and the architedlure, in regu¬ 
 lating the weights and meafures, and in meafuring the 
 high roads, throughout the kingdom. .Frederic IV. the 
 fucceffor of Chriflian, Ihewed the fame favour to Roe- 
 mer, and conferred new dignities on him. This man of 
 fcience died in 1710, and, vYhat is very extraordinary, 
 without leaving any thing either written or printed. Some 
 of his obfervations, with his manner of. making thofe ob¬ 
 fervations, were publifhed in 1735, under the title of 
 “ Palis Alliro'nomiae,” by his fcholar Peter Horrebow, 
 then profelTor of aftronomy at Copenhagen. Neverthe- 
 lefs, the name of Roemer can never link into oblivion, 
 becaufe it is recorded in thofe writings which will always 
 be read. The immortal Newton, after laying down this 
 propolition, “ Light is propagated from luminous bodies 
 ‘‘ in time, and fpends about feveii or eight minutes of an 
 hour in palling from the fun to the earth,” proceeds to 
 Optics, look fay^ that this was firft obferved by Roemer, and then by 
 
 ” o ^^xV* others, by means of the fatellltes of Jupiter. For thefe 
 ^ eclipfes, when the earth is between the Sun and Ju- 
 
 piter, happen about feven or eight minutes fooner, than 
 they ought to do by the tables ; and, when the Earth 
 is beyond the Sun, they happen about feven or eight 
 minutes later than they ought to do: the reafon be- 
 ing, that the light of the fate Hites has farther to go in 
 “ the latter cafe, than in the former, by the diameter of 
 “ the Earth’s orbit.” See alfo New^toni Principia Ma- 
 them. Nat. Philof. p. 207. Cant. 1713. ‘ 
 
 ROGERS (Dr. John), an Englifh divine, was born 
 in 1679, at Enlham in Oxfordihire, where his father was 
 Burton’s vicar. He was bred at New-college fchool in Oxford ; 
 Life of Ro- and, in 1693, cledled fcholar of Corpus Chrilli college, 
 gtrs took the degrees in arts, and entered into orders:' He 
 
 teen fer- Waited a ioiigti me for a feliowlhip, by reafon of the flow 
 
 fuccellion 
 
ii 
 
 ii 
 
 ROGERS. 
 
 fucceffion in the college; but at length fucceeded Mr, 
 Edniuiid Chifltulh in iyo6. In 1710, he took a bachelor 
 ot divinity’s degree; and, two years after, went to Lon¬ 
 don, to be lefturer of St. Clement’s Danes. He after¬ 
 wards became leftiirer of the united parilhes of Chrift 
 Church, and St. Leonard’s Fofter-Lane. In 1716 he 
 was prefented to the reaory of Wrington in Somerfet- 
 fnire ; and, the fame year, refignlng his fellovvlhip, was 
 married to the hon. .Mrs. Lydia Hare, lifter to the lord 
 Colerane, who was his pupil in the univerlity. Some 
 time after, he was elefted canon relidentiary of the church 
 of Wells; in which he alfo bore the office of fub-dean. 
 In 1719, he engaged in the Bangorian controvcrfv, and 
 publifhed upon that occafion, “ A Difcoiirfe of tlie via¬ 
 ble and invifible Church of Chrifl: in which it is 
 fhewn, that the powers, claimed by the ofhcers of the 
 viiibJe church, are not inconiiflent with the fupremacy 
 of Chnft as head, or with the rights and liberties of 
 chriftians, as members of the invifible church,” 8vo. 
 The^Rev. Dr. Sykes having publifhed an “'Anfwer to 
 this Difcourfe,” our author replied to him in, “ A Re- 
 
 ‘‘ view of the Difcourfe of the vifible and invifible ChurcU 
 “ of Chrifl.” 
 
 He gained much credit by thefe performances, even 
 thole who were againfl his argument allowing him to have 
 ^od parts and an excellent pen ; and the univerlity of 
 Oxford made^a public acknowledgement of their opinion 
 of his merit, by conferring on him, in 1721, without his 
 knowledge, the degree of doftor in divinity. In 1726, he 
 was made chaplain to the late king, then prince of Wales - 
 and about the fame time appeared in defence of Chrilli- 
 anity, againfl the attacks of Collins in his “ Scheme of 
 Literal 1 rophecy. Rogers did not at firfl profelledly 
 write againfl the “ Scheme but, pnblifbingin 1727 a vo* 
 lume of fermons, intituled, The NeccHitv'of l)ivine 
 " Revelation, and the truth of the Chritlian Religion, ' 
 aherted,” he prefixed to them “ A Preface witirRe- 
 marks on the Scheme of Literal Prophecy.” T.his pre¬ 
 face, however, in the opinion of his friends, feeined'iia- 
 ble to fome exception, or at leall to demand a more full 
 and diHindl explication : and he received a letter upon it 
 the fame year from his friend Dr. Nath. I^/Iarflialh He 
 endeavoured to give fatisfadlion to all ; and theiefore, 
 Collins having written “ A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Rogers, 
 on occalion of his eight Sermons concerniilf^ the Ne- 
 
 
 < < 
 
 it 
 
 I 4 
 
 it 4 
 
 cellitv 
 
 I19 
 
 tnons on 
 ^''‘ver.il oc- 
 cafions, 
 publiihed in 
 1730, Svo.’* 
 
120 
 
 ROGERS. 
 
 ceffity of Divine Revelation, and the Preface prefixed 
 “ to them,” our dodtor publiihed, “ A Vindication of 
 “ the civil Eftablifhment of Religion, wherein fome po- 
 “ fitions of Mj. Chandler, the author of the ‘ Literal 
 “ Scheme,’ &c. and an anonymovs Letter on that Sub- 
 “ jedt, are occafionally confidered. With an Appendix, 
 containing a Letter from the Rev. Dr. Marfhall, and 
 “ an Anfwer to the fame, 1728,” 8vo. 
 
 The fame year, 1726, having refigned his ledlure of St. 
 Clement’s Danes, he retired from London, with an in¬ 
 tention to fpend the remainder of his life in the country, 
 chiefly at Wrington: but he had not been there long, 
 when he received an offer from the dean and chapter of 
 St. Paul’s of the vicarage of St. Giles’s Cripplegate in 
 London. He was inflituted to it, Odt. 1728,’but with 
 the greatefl anxiety and reludtance ; for he had fet his 
 heart upon the country, and was then, as he had always 
 been from his youth, remarkably fond of rural exercifes 
 and diverfions. He did not enjoy his new preferment 
 above fix months i for he died May the ill, 1729, in his 
 50th year. He was buried in the parifh church of En- 
 lham, where a handlome monument is erected tg his me¬ 
 mory : his funeral fernion was preached by Dr. Marfhall. 
 After his deceafe, fome volumes of his fermons were pub- 
 lifhed ; and two trails, viz. “ Reafons againft Converfioit 
 “ to the Church of Ronie,” and “ A Perfuafive to Con- 
 formity addrefied to Difienters,” never before printed. 
 He was a man of good abilities, and an excellent wri¬ 
 ter, though no profound fcholar, nor ambitious of being 
 thought one. He neither colleded nor read many books; 
 being perfuaded, and indeed juftly, that a few well chofen, 
 and read to good purpofe, ferve infinitely more to edifica¬ 
 tion, if not fo much to oflentation and parade. ‘ W^e are 
 told, that the judicious Hooker and the ingenious Mr. 
 Norris were his favourites; and that he was particularly 
 converfant in their writings. 
 
 ROHAN (Henry duke of), a very diftinguifhed 
 peer of France, and prince of Leon, was born at the 
 cafile of Blein in Britanny, 1579. Henry IV, underwhofe 
 eyes he gave great proofs of bravery at the fiege of Amiens 
 in 1595, loved him tenderly. ‘ After the death of Henry 
 in 1610, he became the chief of the Huguenots in France ; 
 and, haying maintained three wars againfi; Lewis XIII, 
 procured a peace upon adyantageous terms. Thefe terms, 
 
 however. 
 
R O H A Na 111 - 
 
 however, were difpleafing to his party, and procured hirri 
 much ungrateful treatment; upon which he retired to 
 Venice, and was made by that Republic generaliffimo of 
 the army againft the Imperialifts. Lewis XIII. recalled 
 him, and fent hirn upon an embalTy; and he was after¬ 
 wards engaged in military affairs at home ; but, not 
 being well with cardinal Richelieu, he retired to Geneva, 
 
 Thence he went to join the duke of Saxe-Weimar, his 
 friend, in whofe army he engaged againfl the Imperialifts. 
 
 Here he was wounded Feb. 28, 1638, and died of his 
 wounds April 13 following. There are very good me¬ 
 moirs, by him, of what pafted in France from 1610 to 
 1629; and other pieces of a political kind. It feems to 
 have been agreed, that he was one of the greateft inen in. 
 his time. 
 
 i 
 
 ROHAULT (James), a French philofopher, was 
 the fon of a rich merchant at Amiens, and born there in 
 1620. He cultivated the languages and belles lettres in 
 his own country, and then was fent to Paris to ftudy phi- 
 lofophy. He feems to have been a lover of truth, and to 
 have fought it with much impartiality. He read the an- 
 ' cient and modern philofophers ; but Des Cartes was the 
 perfon who ftruck him moft. He became a zealous fol¬ 
 lower of this great man, and drew up an abridgement and 
 explanation of his philofophy with great clearnefs and 
 method. In the preface to his “ Phyfics,” for fo his work is 
 intituled, he makes no fcruple to fay, that “ the abilities 
 “ and accomplifhments of this philofopher muft oblige 
 the whole world to confefs, that France is at leaft as 
 capable of producing and railing men verfed in all arts 
 and branches of knowledge, an ancient Greece.” Cler- 
 fclier, well known for his tranflation of many pieces of 
 Des Cartes, conceived fuch an affeiftion for Rohault, on 
 account of his attachment to this philofopher, that he gave 
 him his daughter in marriage againft all the remonftrances 
 of his family. 
 
 Rohault’s phylics were written in French, but have been 
 tranllated into Latin by Dr. Samuel Clarke, with notes, in 
 which the Cartelian errors are corredled upon the New- 
 tbnian fyftem. The fourth and beft edition of “ Rohauiti s^e 
 “ Phylica,” by Clarke, is that of 1718, 8vo. He wrote 
 alfo “ Elemens de Mathematiques,” a ‘‘ Traite de Me- 
 “ chanique,” and “ Entretiens fur la Philofophie but 
 thefe dialogues are founded and carried on upon the prin¬ 
 ciples 
 
R O H A U -L T. 
 
 I 
 
 ciples of the Cartefian philofophy, which has now no other 
 merit, than that of having correfted the errors of the an¬ 
 cients, Rohault died in 1675, and left behind him the 
 chara£ler of an amiable, as well as a learned and philofo- 
 phic, man, 
 
 ROLLIN (Charles), a Frenchman, famous for 
 eloquence and Ihill in the belles lettres, was the fecond foil 
 of a mafter-cutler at Paris ; and born there Jan. 30, 1661. 
 He was intended, as well as his elder brother, for his fa¬ 
 ther’s profeffion ; when a Benedictine, perceiving in him 
 ioai.XLiii. a peculiar turn for letters, communicated this to his mo¬ 
 ther, and prelTed her to give him a liberal education. 
 The woman was a wido\y, and had nothing to depend 
 upon but the continuation of her late hufband’s bulinefs, 
 fo that, though her will was good, yet the thing was ab- 
 folutely impracticable : however, a penfion in the college 
 of Eighteen being at length obtained, and the cxpence of 
 his bringing up thus taken out of her hands, Roliin was 
 fufFered to purfue the natural bent of his inclination. He 
 diftinguifhed himfelf immediately by parts and application, 
 and ealily obtained the firfl: rank among his fellow-hudents. 
 Many flories are told to his advantage in this refpeCl, and 
 how he became known and efteemed by the miniller Pel¬ 
 letier, whofe two eldeil Tons were of Rollin’s clafs. He 
 ftudied rhetoric in the college of Pleffis under Mr. Herfan : 
 this mailer had a Way of creating emulation among his 
 fcholars, by bellowing on them epithets, each according to 
 his merit ; and is faid to have declared in public, that he 
 knew not fufficiently to dillinguilh the young Robin 
 otherwife, than by giving him the title of ‘‘ Divine and 
 when Herfan was alked for any piece in verfe or profe, he 
 ufed to refer them to Roliin, “ who,” he faid, “ would do 
 “ it better than he could.” 
 
 Herfan intended Roliin for his fuccelTor, therefore lirll 
 took him in as an alhllant in 1683, and afterwards, in 
 1687, gave up the chair to him. The year after, Herfan, 
 with the king’s leave and approbation, declined the pro- 
 feiTorbiip of eloquence in the royal college in favour of 
 his beloved difciple Roliin, who was admitted into it. 
 No man ever exercifed the funClions of it with greater eclat: 
 he often made Latin orations, to celebrate the memorable 
 events of the times; and frequently accompanied them, 
 with poems, which were read and eileerned by every body. 
 In 1694, he was cliofen reClor of the univerfity, and con¬ 
 tinued 
 
 IZZ 
 
 Nfeerorr, 
 Homrnes 
 IIhi fires. 
 
123 
 
 R 6 L L I N, 
 
 tinned in that office two Years, which was then a preat 
 mark of diflin6\ion. By virtue of his office, he fpoke the 
 annual panegyric upon Lewis XIV. He made many ufe- 
 fill regulations in the nniverfity, and particularly re¬ 
 animated the ftudy of the Greek language, which was then 
 growing into negledl. He was a man of indefatigable at¬ 
 tention, and trained innumerable perfons, wdio did honour 
 to the church, the" flate, and the army. The firfl pre- 
 fldeiit Portail was pleafed one day to reproach Rollin in a 
 jocular flrain, as if he exceeded even himfelf in doing bu- 
 linefs : to whom Rollin replied, with that plainiiefs and 
 lincerity which was natural to him, “ It becomes you 
 “ well, Sir, to reproach me with this : it is this habit of 
 “ labour in me, ivhich has diftinguilhed you in the place 
 “ of advocate general, which has raifed you to that of 
 “ firfl prefident: you owe the greatnefs of your fortune 
 “ to me,’’ 
 
 Upon the expiration of the redlorfhip, cardinal Noailles 
 engaged him to fuperintend the fludies of his nephews, 
 who were in the college of Laon; and in this office he 
 was agreeably employed, when, in 1699, y/itli 
 
 great reludlance made coadjutor to the principal of the 
 college of Beauvais. Tliis college was then a kind of a 
 defart, inhabited by very few Undents, and witiiout any 
 manner of difcipline: but Rollin’^ great reputation and 
 induflry foon re-peopled it, and made it that florifhing 
 fociety it has ever fince continued. In this fituation he 
 continued till 1712; when, the war between the Jefuits 
 and the Janfenifls drawing towards a crifis, he fell a fa- 
 crifice to the prevalence of the former. F. Le Tellier, 
 the king’s conf ffor, and furious agent of the Jefuits, in- 
 fufed into his mailer prejudices againll Rollin, whofe con¬ 
 nexions with cardinal de Noailles would alone have luf- 
 ficed to have made him a Janfenifl; and on this account 
 he lofl his fhare in the principality of Beauvais. No man, 
 however, could have loll Ids in this than Rollin, wdio had 
 every thing left him that was necefTary to m?.ke him hap¬ 
 py ; retirement, books, and quite enough to live on. He 
 now began to employ himfelf upon Qpintilian ; an au¬ 
 thor he jullly valued, and faw negleflcd not without un- 
 ealinefs. He retrenched in him whatever he thought 
 rather curious than ufeful for the inllrudion of youth ; 
 he placed fummaries or contents at the he d of each 
 chapter; and he accompanied the text with Ihort felefh 
 notes. Flis edition appeared in i7^5> ^ vols. lamo, 
 
 _ ' ■ With 
 
U4 R O L I, I N, 
 
 with an elegant preface, fetting forth his method and 
 yiews. 
 
 In 1720, the nniycriity of Paris willing to have a head 
 fuitable to the importance of their inte tells in the then critir 
 .cal conjundlure of affairs, chofe Rollin again reiSor : but 
 he was difpiaced in about two months by a ktlre de cachet. 
 The imiverlity had prefented to the parliament a petition, 
 in which it protehed againil taking any part in the ad- 
 jullment of the late difputes ; and their being congratu¬ 
 lated in a public oration by Rollin on this Hep occahoned 
 the letter, which ordered them to chufe a reftor of more 
 moderation. Whatever the univerlity might fuffer by the 
 removal of Rollin, ' the public was probably a gainer : for 
 he now applied hirnfelf to compofe his excellent treatife, 
 “ Upon the manner of hudying and teaching the belles 
 lettres f De la maniere d’etudier et d’enfeigner les 
 belles lettres.’* This work was publifhed in 2 vols. 1726, 
 and two more in 1728, 8vo; and a copy^ of it was pre¬ 
 fented to bilhop Atterbury, then in banifliment, who there^ 
 Auerbvsry's upon wrote to Rollin a Latin letter, of great beauty and 
 Epiftoiary elegance, which gives a jufl idea of our author and his 
 S’nie,vori. writings. 
 
 p. xbj. Encouraged by the great fuccefs of this work, and the 
 happy reception it met whth, he undertook another of 
 equal ufe and entertaiment; his “ Hilloire Ancienne, 
 &c.” or Ancient Hillory of the Egyptians, Car- 
 thaginians, Babylonians, Medes and Perfians, Mace- 
 - donians and Greeks,” which he linifhed in 1370!$, 
 
 |8vo, and publifhed between 1730 and 1738. Voltaire, 
 after having obferyed, that Rollin was the firfl member 
 ‘‘ of the univerhty of Paris who wrote French with dig- 
 “ nity arjd correftnefs,” fays of this work, that “ though 
 LcnnsXiv. <6 tjie jafl yolurnes, which were written in too great a 
 tom. . hurry,'are not equal to the hrft, it is neverthelefs the 
 ‘‘ befl compilation that has yet appeared in any language ; 
 “ becaufe it is feldom that compilers are eloquent, and 
 “ Rollin was remarkably fb.’^ While thp lafl volumes of 
 his “ Ancient Hiftory” were printing, he publifhed the 
 fiift of his “ Roman Hiftory Which he lived to carry 
 on, through the eighth and into part of the ninth, to the 
 war againil the Cimbri, about 70 years before the battle of 
 Aftium. Crevier, the worthy difciple of Rollin, conti¬ 
 nued the hillory to the battle of Adlium, which doles the 
 tenth volume ; and has lince completed the original plan 
 of Rollin, in x6 vols. i2mo, which was to bring it down 
 
 from 
 
R O L L I N. 
 
 from the foundation of the city, to the reign of Conftan- 
 
 tine the Great. All thefe works of Rollin have met with 
 
 univerfal approbation, and been tranllated into feveral 
 languages. 
 
 This excellent perfon died Sept. 14, 1741. He had 
 been named by the king a member of the academy of 
 infcnptions and belles lettres, in 1701: but, as he had 
 not then brought the college of Beauvais into repute, and 
 found he had more bulinefs upon his hands than was 
 confiltent with a decent attendance upon the funaions of 
 an academician, he begged the privileges of a veteran, 
 which were honourably granted him. Neverthelefs, he 
 maintained his connexions with the academy, attended 
 their alTemblies as often as he could, laid the plan of his 
 “ Hiftory” before them, and demanded an acade¬ 
 
 mician for his cenfor. He was a man of an admirable 
 compofition : very ingenious, confummate in polite learn- 
 * 4 ?’ • morals, and great piety. He was rather too 
 
 religious, his religion carrying him into the territories of 
 
 wanted notliing but a mixture of the 
 philolophic in his nature, to make him a very complete per¬ 
 fon. When he was difeharged from the reaorlhip in 
 1720, the words of the lettre de cachet were, as we have 
 feen, that the univerlity fliould chufe 3 reftor of more mo¬ 
 deration : but that was hardly poliible ; for nothing could 
 be more benign, more pacific, more fweet, more moderate, 
 than Rollin s temper. He Ihewed, it muft be owned, fome 
 zeal for the caufe of Janfenifm ; he had a very great vene¬ 
 ration lor the memory of Abbe Paris, and has been feen 
 with others to vifit his tomb, in the church-yard of St. 
 Medard at Paris, and to pay his devotions to him as a 
 taint; he revifed and retouched the life of this Abbe 
 which was printed in 1730 : he tranllated into Latin, at 
 the requeft of father Quefnel, the proreftation of this faint; 
 and was affifting in other works, defigned to fupport lauT 
 fenifrn: and on thefe accounts, he became obnoxious to 
 the Jefuits and the court. It is related, that, when he was 
 one day introduced to cardinal Fleury, in order to prefent 
 him with a volume of his “ Roman H'iftory,” the mitiiller 
 very uncivilly, faid to a head officer of the guards, “ Sir' 
 “ you fhould endeavour to convert this man to’ whom 
 Rollin very well, and yet not difrefipeftfully, replied, 
 
 (Jh, my lord, the gentleman would lofe his time ; I am 
 “ an unconvertible man.” If we will excufe this little 
 zeal in favour of fuperflition, Rollin was in all refpeas a 
 
 ^ moft 
 
l-iC R O L L I N. 
 
 mo-O: rerpe£l:abre perfon. We iind in his works ^c^enerous 
 S-iici exalted fentiments, a zeal for the good of ibciety, a 
 love of virtue, a veneration for Providence, and in Ihort 
 every thing, though on profane fubje6ts, fan£lified with a 
 fpirit truly religious; fo that it is impoffible to read him 
 witliout feeling ourfelves more virtuous. How noble his 
 reflexions i Right reafon, religion, honour, probity, in- 
 Ipired them ; and we can never enough admire the art 
 which has made them appear fo natural. This is Vol¬ 
 taire's cloge on Roliin : to which we may add the telfi- 
 mony of the poet RoulTeau, who conceived fuch a venera¬ 
 tion for him, that he came out of banilhmcnt incognito 
 to Paris, on purpofe to viht and pay his refpcOls to him. 
 Pie looked ’mon his hiflories, not only as the bell mo- 
 ( dels of the hiftoric kind, but as a complete fyhem of poli¬ 
 
 tics and morals, and a moil inllruftive fchooi for princes 
 as well as fubjefts to learn all their duties in. 
 
 The hiftorical part of this memoir has been extracted 
 chiefly from a paper, read in a public allembly of the aca¬ 
 demy of infcriptions and belles lettres, Nov. 14, 1741, by 
 tlieir fecretary Mr. de Boze, and printed in the 43d 
 volume of Niceron’s “ Memoires, &c.” Five editions of 
 Rollin’s works are printed at Paris in 4to ; the “ Belles 
 “ LettreSj” in 2 vols. the “ Hilloire Ancienne,’^ in 6 vols. 
 and the “ Hilloire Romaines,” in 8 vols. 
 
 BTogiapKla ROLT (Richard), was remotely allied to the fa- 
 Dramatica, mily of Ambrofe Philips, but had no learned education, 
 fo that the hrll poll in which we find him was that of 
 hackney writer to an attorney. He afterwards became a 
 drudge to bookfellers as often as they would trull him with 
 employment. As a fpecimen of his integrity, he once 
 went over to Ireland, where he publillied Dr. Akenlide’s 
 Pleafures of Imagination” as his own work, and un¬ 
 der his own name. As a mark of his prudence, he en¬ 
 gaged, in concert with Chrillopher Smart, in 1756, to 
 write a periodical pamphlet, called “ The Univerfal Vili- 
 tor,” on the following verv extraordinary conditions. 
 Our author and his coadjutor were to divide a third of the 
 profits ariling from its fale, they on their part ligning an 
 agreement to the following purpofe : “ That they would 
 “ engage in no intermediate undertaking vi^hatever, 
 “ and that this contra6l Ihould remain in force for the 
 “ term of ninety-nine years.” Never furely did rapaci- 
 cus avarice didlate a more unreafonable bargain, or fub- 
 J milTivc 
 
O L T. 
 
 feilffive poverty place itfelf in a more humiliating fltua- 
 tion, Mr. Rolt was like wife employed with Smart ia 
 Ibme theatrical enterprize, at the little theatre in the Hay- 
 Alarken He was afterwards faid to have joined ^ith 
 Shuter in a fcherne of the like nature. This circumftancc 
 indeed is lycorded by Clmrchill, in one of the later edi¬ 
 tions of his Rofciad • 
 
 Secret as night, with Rolt’s experienc’d aid. 
 
 The plan of future operations laid.” 
 
 Thus is Rolt in poliellion of fuch immortality as tire pieces 
 of Churchill can confer; yet as their fubjefts were of a 
 temporal y kind, they have already loll their confc(|uence, 
 for the fuperllru6lure will not furvive the foundation [a]. 
 Rolt expired about the year 1773, as he had lived, in mi- 
 fery, leaving one daughter behind him. He was the au¬ 
 thor of feme ballad operas. 
 
 f aJ Except In the Rofciad, ’ the a general theme, he was not to he 
 heroes of which our fatirift had made diftingnifhed from the enmmon tribe / 
 his peculiar ftudy, he rather owed his of verifiers. Even though he had 
 fuccefs to party prejudice than power engaged Vice on his fide, it was loi>g 
 of thought, or force of expreffion. before this poem reached a fecond 
 When in his « Night” he undertook edition. 
 
 tzj 
 
 ROMANO (Julio), an Italian painter, born in 
 1492^ was the greatefl artifl, and moll uiiiverfal painter, of 
 ail the difciples of Raphael ; was beloved by him, as if he 
 had been his Ion, for the wonderful Iweetnels of his tem¬ 
 per ; and made one of his heirs, upon condition that he 
 fliould allill in fimfhing wiiat he had left imperfe 6 l. Ra¬ 
 phael died in 1320, and Romano continued in Rome 
 fome years after; but the death of Leo X, which hap¬ 
 pened in 1522, would have been a terrible blow to him, 
 if Leo s fuccehbr Hadrian V 1 . had reigned above a year ; 
 for Hadrian had no notion of the line arts, and all the artills See If A- 
 mull have llarved under his cold afped. Clement Vll, 
 however, who fucceeded Hadrian, was a different kind of 
 man: he encouraged painters and painting; and, as foon 
 as he was diofen pope, fet Romano to work in the hall of 
 ConHantine, and afterwards in other public places. But 
 his principal performances were at Mantua, w^kere he was 
 fent for by the marquis Frederico Gonzaga; and indeed 
 his good fortune direded him thither at a critical time r 
 for, having made the defigns of twenty lewd prints, which 
 Marc Antonio engraved, and for which Aretine made in- 
 fcnptions in verle, he would have been feverely punifhed^ 
 sf he had Hayed in Rome, This appeared from the fate 
 
 of 
 
ia8 
 
 R 5 M A N d 
 
 Art oF 
 Paint’mg, 
 p. 226, 
 
 I 
 
 of Antonio, who was thrown into gaol, fufFered hard 
 nfage, and would have loft his life, if the cardinal di Me- 
 dicis had not interpofed. In the mean time Romano fol¬ 
 lowed his buftnefs at Mantua, where he left lafting proofs 
 of his great abilities, as well in architefture, as in paint¬ 
 ing : for he made his name illuftrious by a noble and 
 ftateiy palace, built after his model, and beautified with 
 variety of paintings after his defigns. And indeed in 
 architeffure he was fo eminently fkilful, that he was in¬ 
 vited back to Rome, with an offer of being the chief 
 architeft of St. Peter’s church ; but while he was debating 
 with himfelf upon the propofal, death carried him off, as 
 it had done Raphael, who was nominated by Leo X. to 
 the fame noble office. He died in 1546. 
 
 This painter had conceptions more extraordinary, more 
 profound, more elevated, than even his mafter, but not 
 ib natural. He was a great imitator of the ancients, and 
 was defirous to reftore their form and fabricks: and he 
 had the good fortune to find great perfons who committed 
 to him the care of edifices, veftibules, and porticos, all 
 tetraftyles xiftes, theatres, and fuch other places, as are 
 not now in ufe. He was wonderful in the choice of atti¬ 
 tudes ; but did not exactly underftarld the lights and 
 fliades. He is frequently harfh and ungraceful: the folds 
 of his draperies are neither beautiful, nor great, nor eafy, 
 nor natural, but all extravagant, and too like the habits of 
 fantaftical comedians. This is the judgement of Du 
 Frefnoy : we add, that this painter had an advantage over 
 the generality of his order by his great fuperiority in letters. 
 He was profoundly learned in antiquity ; and, by con- 
 verfing with the works of the moft excellent poets, par¬ 
 ticularly Homer, had made himfelf an abfolute mafter of 
 the qualifications neceflarily required in a grand defigner. 
 
 Baylc^s RONSARD (Peter de), a French poet, of a no- 
 1 '^ ble family, was born in Vendomois, the fame year that 
 Baiiiet, Francis I. was taken prifoner before Pavia ; that is, in 
 
 Jugemers 1^24. This circumftaiice is what he himfelf affixes to 
 the time of his birth ; though from other paffages in him 
 it might be concluded that he was not born till 1526. 
 He was brought up at Paris, in the college of Navarre ; 
 but, taking fome difguft to his ftudies, became a page of the 
 duke of Orleans. This duke refigned him to the king of 
 Scotland, but took him again, and employed him in feveral 
 negotiations. Ronfard accompanied Lazarus de Baif to 
 
 the 
 
129 
 
 R O N S A k D. 
 
 the diet of Spire; and, in his converfations with that 
 learned man, conceived a paffion for letters. He learned 
 Greek under Dorat with Antony de Baif, the fon of La¬ 
 zarus ; and afterwards devoted himfelf entirely to poetry, 
 in which he became illuftrious. The kings Henry II, 
 
 Francis H, Charles IX, and Henry IIL had a particular 
 efteeni for him, and loaded him with kindnelles* In 1562, 
 he put himfelf at the head of fome foldiers irt Vendomois, 
 and made all the {laughter of the Protefliants in his power. 
 
 'I'his circumftance gave occafion to the publifhing of fome 
 very fatirical pieces againft him at Orleans, in which 
 he was reprefented as a prieft ; but he defended himfelf in 
 verfe, and denied his being an ecclefiaftic. The truth is, 
 he had fome benefices in commendam ; and, among others j 
 the priory of St. Cofmas near Tours, where he died in 
 1585. Du Perron, afterwards cardinal, made his funeral 
 oration; and a noble monument was erected there to his 
 memory four and twenty years after. He was afili£led in 
 a dreadful manner with the gout, which, it is faid, was 
 owing to his debauched way of life-. He wrote much in 
 the fmaller way of ode, hymn, elegy, fonnet, epigram, 
 he. ; and there are a great number of amorous poems in 
 his works, in Which he does not always abflain from ob- 
 feene exprellions. 
 
 He is allowed to have had an elevated genius, and great 
 talents for poetry ; but. Wanting judgement, art, inllead of 
 perfe£ling nature, ferved only to corrupt it in him. He 
 is harih and obfeure to the lad; degree ; which harlhnefs 
 and obfeurity would be more excufable, had he been the 
 firll who improved the French poetry; but he might, if 
 he had pleafed, have feen it in ail its charms and natural 
 beauties, and very near perfedlion, in Marot’s writings. 
 
 “ Marot’s turn and dyle of his compofitiohs are fuch,” Charaft. m 
 fays Bruyere, “ that he feems to have written after Ronfard : 
 
 “ there is hardly any difference, except in a few words, 
 
 “ between Marot and us. Ronfard, and the authors his 
 “ contemporaries, did more differvice than good to ftyle : 
 
 they checked its courfe in the advances it was making 
 “ towards perfection, and had like to have prevented its 
 ever attaining it. It is furpriling, that Marot, whofe 
 works are fo natural and eafy, did not make Roniard, 
 
 “ who was fired with the flrong enthufiafm of poetry, a 
 “ greater poet than either Rortfard or Marot.” But what 
 could be expected from a man who had fo little tafle, that 
 he called Marot’s works, but with infinitely lefs pro- 
 Vo l. XL K priety . 
 
13*6 
 
 R O N S A R D, 
 
 n 
 
 <( 
 
 priety than Virgil did Ennius’s, “ a dunghill, from which 
 rich grains of gold by indullrious working might be 
 Pioct, V'lc drawn ?” The author of his life, who relates this, obferves 
 it that, though a greater poet, he was a very bad critic, 
 
 with regard to his own works ; for that, in corredling 
 them, he erafed the bell; things. Ronfard had farther an 
 intolerable affedlation of appearing learned in his poems ; 
 and, by allulions, examples, and words, drawn from Greek 
 and Latin, made them almoft unintelligible, and very ri¬ 
 diculous. I may truly affirm,” fays Muretus, who 
 wrote a commentary upon the firfl book of his amorous 
 poems ; “ I may truly affirm, that there are fome of his 
 “ fonnets, which could never have been underllood, if he 
 himfelf had not explained them, either to me, or fome 
 other friend.” Boileau cites this verfe of Ronfard, as 
 a fpecimen of the above affedlation : fpeaking to his mif- 
 trefs, he fays, “ Eftes-vous pas ma feule entelechie,” 
 “ are not you my only entelechia ?” ISiow entelechia is a 
 word peculiar to the peripatetic philofophy, the fenfe of 
 which does not appear to have ever been fixed. Hermalaus- 
 Barbarus is faid to have had recourfe to the devil, in order 
 TO know the meaning of this new term, ufed by Arillotle; 
 who, however, did not gain the information he wanted, the 
 devil, probably to conceal his ignorance, fpeaking in a faint 
 Bayle’3 whifpering fort of voice. What could Ronfard’s mif- 
 
 Dift. in voce trefs therefore, or even Ronfard himfelf, know of it ? 
 
 what can excufc in a man of real genius the littlenefs 
 of thinking a rvord fine and fublime, and the low affedla- 
 tioil of ufing a learned term, becaufe in truth nobody could 
 undetfiand it? The following paflage of Boileau will 
 properly conclude our account of this poet: “ It is the 
 approbation of pofierity alone, which mull eflablifir 
 the true merit of works. Whatever eclat a writer may 
 make during his life, whatever eloges he may receive, 
 we cannot conclude infallibly from this, that his works 
 are excellent. Falfe beauties, novelty of fiyle, and a 
 particular tafte or manner of judging, which happens 
 to prevail at that time, may raife a writer into high 
 credit and efieem ; and in the next age, when the eyes of 
 men are opened, that which was the objedl of admiration 
 fhall be the objedl of contempt. We have a fine ex¬ 
 ample of this in Ronfard, and his imitators; Du Bellay, 
 Du Bartas, Defportes, who in the laft age were ad¬ 
 mired by all the world, in this are read by nobody,” 
 An edition of Ronfard’s works was publiihed at Paris, 
 1609, folio ; they have fince been re-printed in lamo. 
 
 ROOKfi 
 
 Keflexion 
 vii. fur ch. “ 
 12. de Lon- i c 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 t( 
 
 «( 
 
 «( 
 
R O O K E. 
 
 ROOKE (Sir George), who, as a naval officer, did 
 his country the mod fignal fervices, was born in Kent, 
 
 1650, of an ancient and honourable family. His father 
 qualified him by a proper education for a liberal pro- 
 feffion; but was at laft obliged to give way to his inclina¬ 
 tion to the navy. His firfl ftation was that of a reformade, 
 from which his merit railed him by regular Heps to be 
 vice-admiral, and one of the council to prince George of 
 -Denmark, lord high admiral. He had the command of 
 feveral expeditions in the reigns of William and Anne, in 
 which his condudl and courage were eminently difplayed. ' 
 
 The former appeared in his behaviour on the Irifh flation, 
 when he was fent as commodore with a fquadron to affifl 
 in the reduftion of that kingdom ; in his wife and prudent 
 management, when he prelerved fo great a part of the 
 Smyrna fleet, which fortune had put into the hands of 
 the French, who fuffered themfelves to be deprived of an 
 immenfe booty by the fuperior fkill of this admiral; but 
 more particularly in the taking of Gibraltar, which was a 
 proje^f conceived and executed in lefs than a week, though 
 it has fince endured fieges of many months continuance, 
 and more than once baffled the united forces of France and 
 Spain. Of his courage he gave abundant teflimonies, but 
 efpecially in burning the French Ihips at La Hogue, and 
 in the battle of Malaga, where he behaved with ail the re- Br. Camp- 
 folution of a Britifh admiral; and, as he was firfl in com- 
 mand, was firfl alfo in danger. And all times muil pre- 
 ferve the memory of his glorious a£lion at Vigo. 
 
 He was chofen in feveral parliaments the reprefentative 
 for Portfmouth ; but, in that houfe, his free independent 
 fpirit did not recommend him much to miniflerial favour. 
 
 An attempt was made to ruin him in king William’s 
 efleem, and to get him removed from the admiralty-board : 
 but that prince anfwered plainly, “ I will not; Sir George 
 
 Rooke ferved me faithfully at fea, and I will never dil- 
 
 place him for a6ling, as he thinks moll for the fervice 
 “ of his ^country, in the houfe of commons:” an an- Ib. p. 307. 
 fwer truly worthy of a Britifh king, as it tends to preferve 
 the freedom of our conflitution, and the liberty of parlia¬ 
 ments. In 1701, he voted for Mr. Harley to be fpeaker 
 of the houfe of commons, in oppofition to the court; 
 which brought on him many fevere refieflions from tne 
 Whig party, and obfeured all the great actions that he did. 
 
 From this period Burnet never mentions him without the 
 utmofl prejudice and partiality. In his relation of the 
 Vigo enterprize, he fays, he very un^juillmgiy fccered his 
 
 K 2 courle 
 
 
132 
 
 R O O K E. 
 
 Times, 
 
 f, 2%^^ 
 
 cotirfc that way; and, without ailowing the admiral any 
 fhare of the honour of the action, only fays, “ the Ihips 
 “ broke the boom, and forced the port,” as if they had 
 done it of their own heads, and Rooke had no concern in 
 the matter. The taking of Gibraltar, an adlion in which 
 the greateft bravery and military Ikill was fhewn, he will 
 Hlflory of have to be the effeft of pure chance. Such was the pre- 
 his own valence of party fpirit, that it obliged this brave commander 
 to quit the fervice of his country, and to fpend the latter 
 part of his life in retirement. He was thrice married; 
 and by his fecond lady (Mrs. Luttrell) left one fon. 
 
 He died, Jan. 24, 1700-9, in his 58th year, and was 
 buried in Canterbury cathedral, where a monument is 
 erected to his memory. In his private life, he was a good 
 hufband, and a kind mailer, lived hofpitably towards his 
 neighbours, and left behind him a moderate fortune ; fo 
 Dr Camp- moderate, that when he came to make his will, it fur- 
 iv'’ P* thofe who were prefent: but Sir George alligncd 
 • P‘3‘^9 reafon in a few words, “ I do not leave much,” fald 
 he, “ but what I leave was honeftly gotten j it never coil 
 “ a failor a tear, or the nation a farthing.’ 
 
 rr 
 
 Biographia ROOME (Edward), thc fon of an undertaker 
 
 Dramatica. Eleet-llieet, was brought up to the law. 
 
 B.3.1. i52*In the notes to the “ Dunciad,” where he is introduced, 
 he is faid to have been a virulent party-v/riter, and to have 
 offended Pope by fome papers, called, “ Pafquin,” w^herein 
 that gentleman was reprefented as guilty of malevolent 
 pra£llces with a great man (bliliop Atterbury), then un¬ 
 der the profecution of parliament. Ey the following 
 epigram, he appears to have been more fortunate in con- 
 verfation than in writing : 
 
 “ You alk why Roome diverts you with his jokes, 
 
 “ Yet. if he writes, is dull as other folks* 
 
 “ You wonder at it—This,.Sir, is the cafe, 
 
 “ I'he jell is loll unlcfs he prints his face.” 
 
 Mr. Pvoome, Odl. 18, 1728, fucceeded his friend Hor-* 
 neck as folicitor to the treafury, and died Dec. 10, 1729. 
 After his death “ The Jovial CreWj” in which he re¬ 
 ceived fome alhftance from the celebrated Sir William 
 Yonge, was brought on the llage, 1731. This per¬ 
 formance, with further alterations, was revived and afted 
 within a few years at Covent-Garden with amazing fuccels. 
 
 Fenton's 
 .Obferva- 
 tjons on 
 
 ROSCOMMON (Wentworth Dillon earl of), 
 an Englilh poet, was born in Ireland about 1633, while 
 
 the 
 
ROSCOMMON. 
 
 the governmentof that kingdom was under the hrll carl of Waller's 
 Strafford. He was nephew to that earl; his father, 
 
 James, Dillon, the third carl of Rofcommon, havingrai 
 married Elizabeth the youngeft daughter of Sir William 
 Wentworth, of W entworth-^Woodhoufe, in the county 
 of York, lifter to the earl of Strafford. Hence lord Rof- 
 common was chriftened Wentworth [a], Ele was educated 
 in the Proteftant religion, his father (who died at Lime¬ 
 rick in 1619) l^^^ving been converted by abp. Uflier 
 from the communion of the church of Rome ; and palfed 
 the years of his infancy in Ireland. He was brought over 
 to England by his uncle, on his return from the govern¬ 
 ment of lreland[A], and placed at that nobleman’s feat 
 in Yorklhire, under the tuition of Dr. Hall, afterwards 
 bifhop of Norwich. By him he was inftrufted in Latin ; 
 and, without learning the common rules of grammar, 
 which he could never remember, attained to write in that 
 language wtth claftical elegance and propriety. W^hen tlie 
 cloud began to gather over England, and the earl of Straf¬ 
 ford was lingled out for an impeachment, he was, by the 
 advice of Ufher, fent to finifli Ids education at Caen in 
 Normandy, under the diredlion of the learned Bochart. 
 
 After fome years he travelled to Rome, where he grew fa¬ 
 miliar with the moil: valuable remains of antiquity, apply¬ 
 ing himfelf particularly to the knowledge of medals, which 
 he gained to perfeftion; and he fpoke Italian with lb 
 much grace and iiueiicy, that he was frequently miftakea 
 there for a native. l 
 
 Soon after the Refloratlon, he returned to England., 
 where he was gracioufly received by Charles 11, and made 
 captain of the band of penfoners. In the gaieties of that 
 age, he was tempted to indulge a violent paftion for gam- 
 ing; by which he frequently hazarded his life in duels. 
 
 [^a] Thefe cjrcumrtances were fitft 
 pointed out by M'-. Niehels, in a note 
 on bis “ Select Coll on of Poems,” 
 vol. VI. p. 54. It had been generally 
 faid by preceding Riografikeis, that the 
 carl fent for him “ after the break- 
 “ ing out of the civil wars.” Bur, if 
 liis lordlhip fent for him at all, it 
 tnuft have been at fome earlier period ; 
 for he himfelf was beheaded before 
 the civil war can properly be faid to 
 have begun. No print of Lord Rof- 
 common is known to exift; though 
 Dr Cnetwode, in a MS. Life of him, 
 iays, that the print prefixed to his 
 
 K 
 
 Poems (fome edition probably about 
 the end of the laft century) was very 
 like him ; and that he very ftrongly 
 refembled his noble uncle. It is not 
 generally known that all the parti¬ 
 culars ot lord Rofcommon, related by 
 Fenton, are taken from this Life by 
 Chetwode, with which he was pro¬ 
 bably furniHied by Mr. T. Baker, 
 who. left them with many other MSS, 
 to the Library of St. Juhn’e college, 
 Cambridge. The Life of Lord Rof¬ 
 common is very ill written, full of 
 high-church cant, and common place 
 obfervation. 
 
 and 
 
134 
 
 Letters of 
 Oiinda to 
 Poliarchus, 
 p. 79. edit. 
 1705. 
 
 ROSCOMMON. 
 
 and exceeded the bounds of a moderate fortune. A dif* 
 pute with the lord privy feal, about part of his eftate, 
 obliging him to reviht his native country, he refigned his 
 pofi: in the Englifh court; and, foon after his arrival at 
 Dublin, the duke of Ormond appointed him to be captain 
 of the guards. Mrs. Catherine Phillips, in a letter to Sir 
 CharlesCotterel,Dublin, 0 £f. ig, 1662, ilyleshim “avery 
 “ ingenious perfon, of excellent natural parts, and cer- 
 “ tainly the mofl hopeful young nobleman in Ireland.” 
 However, he flill retained the fame fatal affection for 
 gaming; and, this engaging him in adventures, he was 
 near being alTaffinated one night by three ruffians, who at¬ 
 tacked him in the dark. But he defended himfelf with fo 
 much refolution, that he difpatched one of them, while 
 a gentleman coming up difarmed another; and the third 
 fecured himfelf by flight. This generous affiftant was a 
 difbanded officer, of a good family and fair reputation ; 
 but whofe circumflances were fuch, that he wanted even 
 cloaths to appear decently at the caftle. But his lordffiip, 
 on this occafion, prefenting him to the duke of Onjiond, 
 obtained his grace’s leave to rehgn to him his poft of cap¬ 
 tain of the guards : which for about three years the gentle¬ 
 man enjoyed, and upon his death the duke returned the 
 commiffion to his generous benefaftor. 
 
 The pleafure of the Englifh court, and the fricndfhips 
 he had there contradled, were powerful motives for his 
 return to London. Soon after he came, he was made mafler 
 of the horfe to the duchefs of York ; and married the 
 lady Frances, eldeft daughter of the earl of Burlington, 
 who had before been the wife of colonel Courtney. He 
 began now to diflinguiffi himfelf by his poetry ; and about 
 this time proje6fed a defign, in conjunftion with his 
 friend Dryden, for refining and fixing the flandard of our 
 language. But this was entirely defeated by the religious 
 commotions, that were then increafing daily; at which 
 time the earl took a refolution to pafs the remainder of his 
 life at Rome, telling his friends, “ it would be beft to fit 
 next to the chimney, when the chamber fmoaked.” 
 Amidfl thefe refle6lions being feized with the gout; 
 he was fo impatient either of hindrance or of pain, 
 that he fubmitted himfelf to a French empirick, who 
 is faid to have repelled the difeafe into his bowels. 
 At the moment in which he expired, he uttered, with 
 an energy of voice that expreffied the moft fervent de¬ 
 votion, two lines of his own verfien of “ Dies Ira? 
 
 “ My 
 
*35 
 
 ROSCOMMON. 
 
 My God, my Father, and my Friend, 
 
 “ Do not forfake me m my end.” 
 
 He died Jan. 17, 1684 ; and was bnricd with great pomp 
 in Weflminller-abbey. 
 
 His poems, which are not numerous, are in the body 
 of Englifh poetry collcded by Dr. Johnibn. His “ Eihiy 
 on Tranflated Verfe,” and his tranflation of “ Horace’s 
 “ Art of Poetry,” have great merit. Waller addrelfed a 
 poem to his lordlhip upon the latter, when he was 75 years 
 of age. “ In the writings of this nobleman we view,” fays 
 Fenton, “ the image of a mind naturally ferious and folid ; 
 
 “ richly furnifhed and adorned Vvith all the ornaments of 
 art and fcience ; and thofe ornaments unaftedfedly dif- 
 “ pofed in the moil regular and elegant order. His iraa* 
 
 “ gination might probably have been more fruitful an<i 
 fprigbtly, if his judgement had been lefs levere; but 
 “ that feverity (delivered in a mafeuline, clear, fuccindl 
 flyle) contributed to make him fo eminent in the 
 “ didadlical manner, that no man, with juiiice, can af- 
 “ firm he was ever equalled by any of our nation, with- 
 out confelllng at the fame time that he is inferior to 
 none. In fome other kinds of writing his genius 
 “ feems to have wanted fire to attain the point of per- 
 feftion ; but who can attain it ? He was a man of 
 “ an.amiable compofition, as w^ell as a good poet; as 
 “ Pope, in his ‘ Effay on Criticifm,’ hath tehified in theVer. 727. 
 following lines : 
 
 -Rofeommon not more learn’d than good, 
 
 “ With manners generous as his noble blood ; 
 
 “ To him the wit of Greece and Rome was known, 
 
 And every author’s merit but his own.” 
 
 We mull allow of Rofeommon, what Fenton has not r>r. john- 
 mentioned fo diftin6lly as he ought, and, what is yet very 
 much to his honour, that he is perhaps the only correft 
 writer in verfe before Addifon ; and that, if there are not? 
 fo many or fo great beauties in his compoiitions as in thofe 
 of fome contemporaries, there are at leaft fewer faults. 
 
 Nor is this his highell praife ; for Pope has celebrated 
 him as the only moral writer of king Charles’s reign : 
 
 “ Unhappy Dryden ! in all Charles’s days, 
 
 ‘‘ Rofeommon only boafls unfpotted lays.” 
 
 Of Rofeommon’s works, the judgement of the public ibid, 
 feems to be right. He is elegant, but not great; he never 
 labours after exquifite beauties, and he feldom falls into 
 
 K 4 grofs 
 
136 ROSCOMMON. 
 
 grofs faults. His verfification is fmooth, but rarely vi-: 
 gorous, and his rhymes are remarkably exadl. He im¬ 
 proved tafte, if he did not enlarge knowledge, and may be 
 pumbered among the bencfa(^l;ors to, Englilh literature. 
 
 ROSINUS (John), a German, learned in antiqui- 
 IJiceron, ties, was born at Eifenac in Thuringia about 1550. He 
 tom. xxxm. ^^iijyei-hty of Jena ; in 1579, became 
 
 fub-re£lor of a fchool at Ratifbon ; and afterwards was 
 chofen minifter of a Lutheran church at Wickerhadt, in 
 the duchy of Weimar. In 1592, he was called to Naum- 
 burg in Saxony, to be preacher at the cathedral church ; 
 and there continued till 1626, when the plague, feizing 
 the town, carried him off. He was a very learned man, 
 and the author of feme works ; the principal of which is, 
 Antiquitatum Romanarum libri decern,” printed firll at 
 Bahl in 1583, folio. It is a very ufeful work, and has 
 gone through feveral editions ; the later of wdiich have 
 large additions by Dempfter. That of Amiterdam, 1685, 
 in 4to, is printed with an Elzevir letter, upon a good pa¬ 
 per, and has the following title : “ Joannis Rohni Anti- 
 “ quitatum Romaiiaruni corpus abfolutifTimum. Cura 
 ‘‘ notis do£IilIimis ac locupletiirimis Thomae Dempfteri 
 “ J. G. Huic poilrema? edition! accuratilFimai accefTerunt 
 Pauli Manutii libri II. de Legibus & de Senatu, cum 
 Andreae Schotti Eledis, i. De Prifeis Romanis Gen- 
 tibus ac Familiis. 2. De Tribubus Rom. xxxv, Ruf- 
 ticis atque Urbanis. 3. De ludis fellifque Romanis 
 ** ex Kalendario Vetere. Cum Indice locupletillimo, &c 
 aeneis figuris accuratifiimis.’^ 
 
 ROUSSEAU (JohnBaptist), an illuilriousFrench 
 poet, was born at Paris in 1669 : he was the fon of a 
 ihoe-maker, but by his fine talents and his w^orks, acquired 
 a quality fuperior to that which he had by birth. His 
 father, however, being a man of fubhance, gave him as 
 good an education as he could ; and Roufleau foon fhewed 
 himfelf worthy of it. He djfcovered early a turn for 
 poetry ; and, at twenty, was diflinguifhed for fome little 
 produflions in this way, full of elegance, tafte, and fpirit. 
 In 1688, he attended IVI. de Bonrepos as page iii his em- 
 balTy to the court of Denmark ; and paffed thence to Eng¬ 
 land with marlhal Tallard, in quality of fecretarv. Ne- 
 Ycnhelefs, he had lo little of avarice and ambition in his 
 nature, that he had no notion at all of ipaking a fortune 
 
 5 an 4 
 
^37 
 
 ROUSSEAU. 
 
 and he a£lually refufed fome places which his friends had 
 procured for him. In 1701, he was admitted into the 
 academy of infcriptions and belles lettres. He had now 
 pbtained the reputation of a poet of the hrft rank, expelled 
 a place in the French academy, and was in hopes of ob¬ 
 taining Boileau’s penlion, which w^as going to be vacant; 
 when an affair broke out, which obliged him to quit his 
 country, and embittercd his whole life afterwards with mif- 
 fortunes. It is impollible for us in England to clear this 
 affair up : it never was cleared up even at Paris ; nor are 
 the French agreed about it to this day. All that appeared 
 is this. Some verfes full of reiie6lions, and of a very 
 exceptionable nature, were produced as Roulfeau’s : Rouf- 
 feau denied that they were his, but maintained them to be 
 forgeries, contrived for his ruin by thofe who envied and 
 hated him. He was tried in form ; and, by an arreil of 
 parliament in 1712, banifhed the kingdon for ever. Vol¬ 
 taire, who certainly has not fhewn himfelf well affected to 
 this poet, yet expreffes himfelf thus upon the affair of his 
 banifhment: “Thofe couplets, which were the caufe 
 “ his banifhment, and are like feveral which he ownedj n, 
 muft either be imputed to him ; or the two tribunals, 
 which pronounced fentence upon him, muft be dif- 
 “ honoured. Not that two tribunals, and even more 
 numerous bodies, may not unanimoully commit very 
 “ great afts of injuflice, when a fpirit of party prevails. 
 
 There was a violent party againfl Rouffeau/’ 
 
 He withdrew to Switzerland, where he found a prote£Ior 
 m the count de Luc, the French ambaflador to the Helve¬ 
 tic body ; who carried him to Baden, and introduced him 
 to prince Eugene, who was there. He continued with 
 the prince till the conclufion of the peace at Baden ; and 
 then, accornpanying him to Vienna; was introduced by 
 him to the emperor’s court. He continued here three 
 .years, at the end of which he.might have returned to his 
 owni country, fome powerful friends offering to procure 
 letters of grace for recalling him : but he anivvered, “ that 
 “ it did not become a man, unjullly onpreffed, to feal an ig- 
 “ nominious fentence by accepting luch terms ; and that 
 “ letters of grace might do vveil enough for thofe that 
 “ wanted them, but certainly not for him who only de- 
 “ fired juflice.” He was afterwards at BrulRls, and in 
 r72i went over to London ; where he printed a collection 
 of his poems, in 2 vols. qto. The profits ariliiig hence 
 put bis fiiiauces into good condition : but, placing his 
 
 nionev 
 
ROUSSEAU. 
 
 money with the emperor’s company at Oftend, which 
 failed foon after, he was reduced to the neceflity of rely¬ 
 ing upon private benefadions. The duke of Aremberg 
 gave him the privilege of his table at Bruffels ; and, when 
 this nobleman was obliged to go to the army in Germany 
 in 1733, he fettled on him a handfome penfion, and af- 
 ligned him an apartment in his caftle of Euguien near 
 Bruflels. Rouffeau, loiing afterwards the good graces of 
 the duke of Aremberg, as he had before loft thofe of 
 prince Eugene, for he does not feem to have been happily- 
 formed for dependence, iiftened at length to propofais of 
 returning to France, and for that purpofe went incognito 
 to Paris in 1739. He ftayed there fome little time ; but, 
 Ending his affairs in no promifing train, fet out for Bruf¬ 
 fels. He continued fome time at the Hague, where he 
 was feized with an apoplexy ; but recovered fo far, as to 
 be removed to Bruftels, where he finifhed his unfortunate 
 life March 17, 1741. He declared upon his death-bed, 
 as he had declared to Rollin at Paris a little before, that 
 he was not the author of the verfes which occaftoned his 
 banifhment; and, as lie had always a ftiong fenfe of reli¬ 
 gion, one knows not how to difbelieve him. 
 
 His executor, conformably to his intentions, gave a 
 complete and beautiful edition of his works at Paris, 1743, 
 in 3 vols. 4to, and alfo in 4 vols. lamo. They contain 
 odes, epiftles, epigrams, and comedies, in verfe ; and a 
 colledlion of letters, in profe. Voltaire, who is not fup- 
 pofed to have done juft ice to Roufleau, owns, however, 
 tliat “ his odes are beautiful, diverfified, and abound with 
 “ images ; that, in his hymns, he equals the harmony 
 siecie, 8cc. ‘‘ and devotion obfervable in the fpiritual fongs of Ra¬ 
 ck. 29. a his epigrams are finifhed with greater 
 
 “ care than thofe of Marot. He was not,” continues the 
 critic,* “ fo fuccefsful in operas, which require fenftbility ; 
 ‘‘ nor in comedies, which cannot fucceed without gaiety. 
 “ In both thefe qualities he \vas deficient; and therefore 
 “ failed in operas and comedies, as being foreign to his 
 “ genius.” 
 
 Gent. Mag. ROUSSEAU (JoiiN James), ail excentric genius 
 775?* times, has enabled us to give an account of 
 
 him by a publication which liimfelf left behind him, un¬ 
 der the title of “ Les Confeftions de J. J. Rouffeau, fui- 
 “ vres des Reveries du Promeneur Solitaire, 2 Tomes. 
 ‘‘ Geneve, 1783,” 8vo. Of this moft extraordinary work 
 
 7 ' OUT 
 
ROUSSEAU. 
 
 our readers, we doubt not, will be pleafed with a Iboit 
 analyfis. It begins thus : 
 
 “ The work that 1 have undertaken never had an ex- 
 “ ample, and will never be imitated. I am going to exn 
 ‘‘ hibit to my fellow-creatures a man in all the truth of 
 “ nature ; and this man fhall be myfelf. 
 
 “ Myfelf alone. I know my own heart, and I know 
 mankind. I am not made like any that I have feen : 
 
 I dare believe that 1 am not made like any that exiil. 
 
 “ If I am not better, at leafl I am different. VvT.ether. 
 “ Nature did well or ill, in breaking the mould in which 
 ‘‘ fhe call me, cannot be determined till I have been read. 
 
 “ Let the trumpet of the laft judgement found when it 
 “ will, I will come with this book in my hand, and pre- 
 fent rnyfelf before the Supreme Judge. I will fay 
 aloud, ‘ See what I have done, what I have thought, 
 “ what I w^as. I have related the good and the bad with 
 “ equal franknefs. 1 have concealed nothing bad ; J have 
 “ added nothing good; and if I have ever happened to era- 
 “ ploy any indifferent ornament, it has only been to fup- 
 “ ply a vacancy owing to my want of memory. I may 
 “ have fuppofed to be true that which I knew might have 
 “ been fo, but never that which I knew to be falfe. I 
 “ have exhibited myfelf fuch as I was : defpicable and 
 “ vile, when I was fo ; good, generous, fublime, when I 
 was fo. I have unveiled my inmofl thoughts, fuch as 
 thou thyfelf hall: feen them. Eternal Being, colleT 
 “ around me the innumerable multitude of my fellow- 
 “ men : let them hear my confeffions ; let them grieve at 
 “ my opprellions ; let them blulh at my miferies. Let 
 every one of them, in his turn, open his heart at the 
 “ feet of thy throne with the fame lincerity, and then let 
 any one of them fay to thee, if he dares, ‘ i was better 
 than that man.” 
 
 This is a prefuraptuous, and rather a blafphemous, 
 appeal; and the fequel will Ihew how little it is warranted. 
 In w’hat follows we fhall rather detail fadls than fentiinents. 
 M. Roulfcau proceeds to relate that he was born at Geneva 
 in 1712. His parents were, Ifaac Rouffeau, an ingenious 
 watch-maker ; and Sufanna Bernard, the daughter of a 
 clergyman, w^ho was more rich than her huiband (he 
 having fifteen brothers and fifters). She had alfo wifdom 
 and beauty, fo that Ihe was no eafy prize. But a love, 
 which commenced in their childhood, at length, after 
 many difficulties, produced a happy marriage. And at 
 
43 R O U S S E A U. 
 
 the fame time his mother’s brother, Gabriel, an.;engineer, 
 married one of his father’s hlfers. After the birth of one 
 fon, his father went to Conftantinople, and was watch- 
 maker to the feraglio ; and ten months after his return 
 our author was born, infirm and lickly, and colt his mo- ' 
 ther her life. The fenlibility, which was all that his 
 parents left him, conflituted (he fays) their happinefs, 
 but occalioned all his misfortunes. He was “ born al- 
 moll dying,” but was preferved and reared by the ten- 
 dernefs of an aunt (his father’s filler) Hill living, at the 
 age of 8o. He remembers not how he learned to read, 
 but only recolle£ls that his firft fludies were fome Romances 
 left by his mother, which engaged his father, as well as 
 himfelf, whole nights, and gave him a very early know¬ 
 ledge of the paflions, and alfo wild and romantic notions 
 of human life. The romances ended with the fummer of 
 1719. Better books fucceeded, furnifhed by the library 
 of his mother’s father, viz, Le Sueur’s Hblory of the 
 Church and the Empire;” BolTuet’s Difcourles on 
 “ Univerfal Hiflory“ Plutarch’s Lives;” Nani’s 
 “ Hiflory of Venice;” Ovid’s Metamorphofes ‘‘ La 
 Bruyere ;” “ Fontenelje’s Worlds and Dialogues of the 
 “ Dead and fome volumes of Moliere,” Of thefe 
 Plutarch” was his favourite [a], and he foon preferred 
 Agefilaus, Brutus, and Arillides, to Oroondates, Arta^ 
 menes, and Juba ; and to thefe lives, and the converfations 
 that they occalioned with his father, he imputes that free 
 and republican fpirit, that fierce and intractable character, 
 which ever after was his torment. His brother, wdio was 
 feven years older, and followed his father’s bulinefs, being 
 negleCled in his education, behaved fo ill, and was fo in¬ 
 corrigible, that he fled into Germany, and was never heard 
 of afterwards. On the contrary, the utmofl attention was 
 bellowed on John James, and he was almoft idoHfed by 
 all. Yet he liad (he owns) all the faults of his age; he 
 was a prater, a glutton, and fometinies a liar; he Hole 
 fruit, fvveetmeats, and viCluals; but he never delighted in 
 being mifehievous or walleful, in acculing others, or in 
 tormenting poor animals. He relates, however, a nally 
 trick he played one Madame Clot while fhe was at prayers, 
 which flill diverts him, hec^nfe “ Ihe was the moil fretful 
 
 [a] Le Bon Plurarque'’ is an ©r made for that ufe,” outweighs the 
 raele v^ith him : and the argument of poiitive command of God in Scripture 
 this philofopher againlf our eating to cat animal food, 
 animal food, “ that our teeth are not 
 
 “ old 
 
ROUSSEAU. 
 
 “ old woman he ever knew.” His tafle, or rather 
 “ pallion, for muhc” he owed to his aunt Snfan, who 
 fang moil fweetly; and he paints her in moil plealing co¬ 
 lours. A difpute, which his father had with a French 
 captain, obliging him to quit Geneva, our author was left 
 under the care of his uncle Bernard, then employed on the 
 fortifications, who having a fon of the fame age, thefe 
 coufins were boarded together at Boffey, at M. Lam- 
 bercier’s, a clergyman, to learn Latin, and ail the trifles 
 comprifed under the name of education. In this village 
 he paffed two happy years, and formed an affedionate 
 friendfhip with his coufin Bernard. A flight offence, the 
 breaking the teeth of a comb, with which he was charged, 
 but denied it, and of which now, fifty years after, he avows 
 his innocence, but for which he was feverely puniflied, 
 and a like chaflifement, which, for a like offence, was alfo 
 unjuflly inflicted on his coufin, gave them at lafl a dif- 
 tafle for this paradife, and great pleafure in being removed 
 from it. This incident made a deep and lafling impreflion 
 upon him, as did another about planting a willow and a 
 walnut-tree, for which we muff refer to the work. At his 
 return to Geneva he continued two or three years with hi§ 
 uncle, loling his time, it not being determined whether 
 he fhould be a watch-maker, an attorney, or a minifler. 
 To the lafl he was mofl inclined, but that the fmall re¬ 
 mains of his mother’s fortune would not admit. In the 
 mean time he learned to draw, for which he had a tafle, and 
 read “ Euclid’s Elements” with his coufin. Thus they 
 led an idle but not a vicious life, making cages, flutes, 
 fhuttle-cocks, drums, houfes, crofs-bows, and puppets, 
 imitating Punch, adling plays, and at lafl making fermons. 
 He often vifited his father, who was then fettled at Nion, 
 a fmall town in the country of Vaud, and there he re¬ 
 counts two amours (as he calls them) that he had, at the 
 age of eleven, with two grown miffes, whom he archly de- 
 feribes. At lafl he was placed with M. Maffiron, regifler 
 of the city, to learn his bufinefs ; but being by him loon 
 difmiffed for his flupidity, he was bound apprentice, not, 
 however, to a watch-maker, but to an engraver, a brutal 
 wretch, who not only treated him mofl inhumanly, but 
 taught him to lie, to be idle, and to ileal. Of the latter 
 he gives fome infianccs. In his i6tb year, having twice 
 on a Sunday been locked out of the city-gates, and being 
 feverely threatened by his mailer if he flayed out a third 
 imte, by an unlucky circumfiance this- evcju ll■q^pening, 
 
 he 
 
 141 
 
ROUSSEAU. 
 
 he fwore never to return again, fending word privately to 
 his coulin Bernard of what he propofed, and where he 
 might once more fee him ; which, however, he did, not 
 to diiTuade him, but to make fome prefents. They then 
 parted with tears, but never met; nor coirefponded more, 
 which was a pity, as they were made to love each 
 ‘‘ other.” Rouffeau here flops to refle6l on what would 
 have been his fate if he had fallen into the hands of a bet¬ 
 ter mailer. He then proceeds. At Confignon, in Savoy, 
 two leagues from Geneva, he had a curiofity to fee the 
 reTor, M. de Pontverre, a name famous in their hiflory, 
 and accordingly went to vifit him, and was well received 
 and regaled with fuch a good dinner as prevented his re¬ 
 plying to his hoil’s arguments in favour of holy mother 
 Church, and againfb the herefy of Geneva. Inilead of 
 lending him back to his family, this devout prieft endea¬ 
 voured only to convert him, and recommended him to 
 Mad. de Warens, a good charitable lady, lately converted, 
 at Annecy, who had quitted her hufband, her family, her 
 country, and her religion, for a peniion of 1500 Pied- 
 inontefe livres, allowed her by the king of Sardinia. He 
 arrives at Annecy on Palm Sunday, 1728 ; he fees Madam 
 de Warens. This epocha of his life determined his cha¬ 
 mber. He was then in the middle of his i6th year; 
 though not handfome, he was well made, had black hair, 
 and fmall fparkling eyes, &:c. charms, of which, unluckily, 
 he was not confeious. The lady too, who was then 28, 
 being born within the century, he deferibes as being high¬ 
 ly . agreeably and engaging, and having many perfonai 
 charms, although her lize was fmall, and her flature fhort. 
 jBeing told llic was juft gone to the Cordeliers church, he 
 overtook her at the door, was ftruck with her appearance, 
 fo different from that of the old crabbed devotee which he 
 had imagined, and was inftantly profelyted to her religion. 
 He gave her a letter from M. de Pontverre, to which he 
 added one of his own. She glanced at the former, but 
 read the latter, and would have read it again, if her fervant 
 had not reminded her of its being church-time. She then 
 bade John James go to her houfe, alk for fome breakfaft^ 
 and wait her return from mafs. Her accomplilhments he 
 paints in brilliant colours ; conlidcrs her as a good Ca- 
 tholk; and, in ihort, at ftrft fight, v/as infpired by her 
 with the ftrongeft attachment, and the utmoft confidence. 
 She kept him to dinner, and then, enquiring his circuin- 
 ftances, urged him to go to Turin, where, in a feminary 
 
 for 
 
141 
 
 ROUSSEAU. 
 
 for the inil;ru£lion of catechumens, he might be* main¬ 
 tained till his converlion was accomplilhed, and engaged 
 alfo to prevail on M. de Bernet, the titular bifhop of Ge¬ 
 neva, to contribute largely to the expence of his journey. 
 This promife fhe performed. He gave his confent, being 
 defirous of feeing the capital, and of climbing the Alps. She 
 alfo reinforced his purfe, gave him privately ample inflruc- 
 tions ; and, entrufling him to the care of a couiitrym^an 
 and his wife, they parted on Alh Wednefday. T'he day 
 after, his father came-in quell of him, accompanied by his 
 friend M. Rival, a watch-maker, like himfelf, and a good 
 poet. They viiited Madam de \\kareiis, but only lamented 
 with her, inllead of purfuing and overtaking him, which 
 they might, they being on horleback, and be on foot. 
 His brother had been loll by a like negligence. Having 
 fome independent fortune Irom their mother, it feemed as 
 if their father connived at their fight in order to fecure 
 to himfelf, an idea which gave our author great unealinefs. 
 After a pleafant journey with liis two companions, he ar¬ 
 rived at Turin, but without money, cloaths, or iineii. 
 His letters of recommendation admitted him into the femi- 
 nary, a courfe of life, and a mode of inllrudtion, with 
 which he was foon difgulled. In two months, however, 
 he made his abjuration, v/as baptiied at the cathedral, ab- 
 folved of herefy by the inqulitor, and then difmilled, with 
 about 20 iivres in his pocket; thus, at once, made an 
 apoilate and a dupe, with all his hopes in an iiiftant an¬ 
 nulled. After traverling the ilreets, and viewing tlie 
 buildings, he took at night a mean lodging, where he con¬ 
 tinued forae days. To the king’s chapel, in particular, he 
 was frequently allured by his tahe for mulic, which then 
 began to difcover itfelf. His purfe, at iall, being almoft 
 exhaulled, he looked out for employment, and at iaft 
 found it, as an engraver of plate, bv means of a young 
 woman, Madam Balile, whofc huiband, a goldfrnidi, 
 was abroad, and had left her under the care of a clerk, or 
 an .^gihhus, as Rouffeau llylcs him. Nothing, he de¬ 
 clares, but what w^as innocent, paffed between him and this 
 iady, though her charms made great impreffion on him ; 
 and foon after, her hulband returning, and finding him at 
 dinner with her, her confelTor, the clerk, &:c. immediately 
 dimilTed him the houfe. His landlady, a foldier’s wife, 
 after this procured him the place of footman to the 
 Countefs Dowager of Vercullis, whofe livery he wore, 
 but his chief buhnefs was to write the letters which fue 
 
 diflatcd, 
 
144 
 
 ROUSSEAU. 
 
 dictated, a cancer in her bread preventing her writing 
 them herfelf j letters (he fays) equal to thofe of Madam 
 de Sevigne. This fervice terminated, in three months, 
 with his lady’s death, who left him nothing, though fhe 
 had great curiolity to know his hiftory, and to read his 
 letters to Madam de Warens. He faw her expire with 
 many tears—her life having been that of a woman of wit" 
 and fenfe, her death being that of a fage. Her heir^ and 
 nephew, the Count de la Roque, gave him 30 livres and 
 his new cloaths ; but, on leaving this fervice, he commit¬ 
 ted, he owns, a diabolical a^lion, by falfely acculing Ma¬ 
 rion, the cook, of giving him a rofe-coloured filver ribbon 
 belonging to one of the chamber-maids, which was found 
 upon him, and which he himfelf had ftolen* This crime 
 which was an infupportable load on his confcience (lie 
 fays) all his life after, and, which lie never avowed be¬ 
 fore, not even to Madam de Warens, was one principal in¬ 
 ducement to his writing his “ Confefhons,” and he hopes, 
 “ has been expiated by his fubfequent misfortunes, and 
 “ by forty years of re^litude and honour in the moft 
 difhcult lituations.” On leaving this fervice, he re¬ 
 turned to his lodgings, and, among other acquaintances 
 that he had made, often viiited M. Gaime, a Savoyard 
 abbe, the original of the Savoyard Vicar,” to whofe vir¬ 
 tuous and religious inftru^lions he profelTes the highell 
 obligations. The Count de la Roque, though he neg- 
 le£led to call upon him, procured him, however, a place 
 with the Count de Gouvon, an equerry to the Queen, 
 where he lived much at his eafe, and out of livery. 
 Though happy in this family, being favoured by all, fre¬ 
 quently waiting on the Count’s beautiful grand-daughter, 
 honoured with ielTons by the Abbe, his younger fon, and 
 having reafon to expert an eflablilhment in the train of 
 his eldeft fon, ambalfador to Venice, he abfurdly relin- 
 quifhed all this by obliging the Count to difmifs him 
 for his attachment to one of his countrymen, named Bade, 
 who inveigled him to accompany him in his way back to 
 Geneva; and an artificial fountain, which the Abbe de 
 Gouvon had given him, helped, as their purfe was light, 
 to maintain them till it broke. At Annecy he parted 
 with his companion, and hallened to Madam de Warens, 
 who, inftead of reproaching, lodged him in her bell 
 chamber, and “ Little One” (Petit) was his name, and 
 “ Mama” hers. There he lived moft happily and in¬ 
 nocently, he declares, till a relation of “ Mama,” a M. 
 
 d’Aubonne, 
 
ROUSSEAU. 
 
 ^’Auboftrie, fiiggefted that John-James was fit for ilothlhg 
 but the priefthood, but firfl advifed his completing his 
 education by learning Latin. To this the bifhop not only 
 confented, but gave him a pehfion. Reluctantly he obey-*- 
 ed, carrying to the ferhinary of St. Lazarus no book but 
 Clerambault’s cantatas, learning nothing there but one 
 of his airs, and therefore being foon difnaifled for his in- 
 fuihciency. Yet Madam d'e Warens did not abandon 
 him. His tafte for mufic then made them think of his 
 being a muhciail, and boarding for that purpofe with M* 
 He Maitre, the organifl of the cathedral, who lived near 
 “ Mama,’’ and prefided at her weekly concerts. There 
 he continued for a year, but his paflion for her prevented 
 his learning even rnufic. Le Maitre, difgufted with the 
 Chapter^ and determined to leaVe them, was accompanied 
 in his flight, as far as Lyons, by John James; but being 
 fubjeCl to fits, and attacked by one of them in the 
 itreets, he was deferted in dillrefs by this faithlefs friend^ 
 who turned the corner, and left him. This is his third 
 painful “ Confefiion.” He inflantly returned to Annecy 
 and “ Mama but the, alas ! was gone to Paris. After 
 this, he informs us of the many girls that were enamoured 
 of him ; of his journey with one of them, on foot, to 
 Fribourg ; of his vifiting his father in his wJly; at Nioil ; 
 and of his great diflrefs at Laufanne, which reduced him 
 to the expedient of teaching mufle, which he knew not, 
 faying he was of Paris, where he had never beeiij and 
 changing his name to Vanflbre, the anagram of RoulTcau. 
 But here his ignorance and his impudence expofed him to 
 public fhame, by his attempting what he could not exe¬ 
 cute. Beihg thus difeomflted and unable to fubfifl: at 
 Laufanne, he removed to Neufchatel, where he pafled the 
 winter. There he fucCeeded better, and at length, by 
 teaching mufle, infenflbly learn it. 
 
 At Boudry, accidentally meeting a Greek bifliop, Ar¬ 
 chimandrite ot Jerufaiem, who was making a colleClion 
 in Europe to repair the holy fepulchre, our adventurer 
 was prevailed on to accompany him as his fecretary and 
 interpreter; and, in confequence, rravelleclj alms-gather¬ 
 ing, through Switzerland ; harangued the lenate of Berne, 
 Ax. ; but, at Solcurre, tlie B'rench amballador, the Marquis 
 de Bonac, having made him difeover who he was, detained 
 him in his fervice, without allowing him even to take 
 leave of his poor Archimandrite,” and fent him (as he 
 deflred) to Paris, to travel with the nephew.of M. Godard, 
 VoL. XL L a Swifs 
 
R O ij S S E A IJ. 
 
 a Svvlfs colonel in the French fervicc. This fortnight’^ , 
 journey was the happleft time of his life. In his ideas oi 
 the magnificence of Paris, Verfailles, 6cc. he was greatly 
 miflaken. He was alfo much flattered and little ferved. , 
 Colonel Godard’s propofals being very inadequate to his 
 expeflations, he was advifed to decline accepting them. 
 Hearing that his*dear “ Mama” had been gone two months 
 to Savoy, Turin, or Switzerland, he determined to follow^ 
 her ; and, on the road, fent by the poll a paper of fatirica! 
 verfes, to the old avaricious colonel, the only fatire that 
 he ever wrote. At Lyons he vifited Mademoifelle dti 
 Chatelet, a friend of Madam de Warens ; but whether 
 that lady was gone to Savoy or Piedmont, flic could not 
 inform him. She urged him, however, to flay at Lyons 
 till fhe wrote and had an anfw'cr, an offer which he ac¬ 
 cepted, although his purfe was almofl exhaufled, and 
 he was often reduced to lie in the flreets, yet without con¬ 
 cern or apprehenfion, choofing rather to pay for bread 
 than a lodging. At length M. Rolichon, an Antonian, 
 accidentally hearing him fing in the flreet a cantata of 
 Batiflin, employed him fome days in copying mufic, fed 
 him well, and gave him a crown, which, he owns, he lit¬ 
 tle deferved, his tranfcripts we^'e fo incorredl and faulty. 
 And fcon after, he heard news of “ Mama,” who was at 
 Chambery, and received money to enable him to join her. 
 He found her conflant and affedlionate, and fhe immedi¬ 
 ately introduced him to the Intendant, wdio had provided 
 Iiim the place of a fecretary to the commiffioners appointed 
 by the king to make a general furvey of the country, a 
 place which, though not very lucrative, afforded him an 
 honourable maintenance for the fir ft time in his life. 
 This happened in 1732, he being then near 21. He 
 lodged with “ Mama,” in whofe affedlion, however, he 
 had a formidable rival in her fteward, Cloude Anet, yet 
 they all lived together on the beft terms, d'he fucceed- 
 ing eight or nine years, viz. till 1741, when he fet out for 
 Paris, had few or no events. His tafte for mufic made 
 him refign his employment for that of teaching that 
 fcience; and feveral of his young female fcholars (all 
 charming) hedefcribes and introduces to his readers. To 
 alienate him from other feducers, at length his “ Mama” 
 (he fays) propofed to him being his miftrefs, and became 
 fo ; yet fadnefs and forrow embittered his delights, and 
 from the maternal light in which he had been accuftomed 
 to view this philofophical lady, who finned, he addsy 
 
 more 
 
147 
 
 ROUSSEAU. 
 
 more through error than from paffion, he deemed himfelf 
 inceftuons. And let it be remembered that fhe had a huf- 
 band, and had had many other gallants. Such is his 
 “ good-hearted” heroine, the Afpalia of this Socrates, as 
 he calls her, and fuch was he. This is another of his 
 ‘‘ Confefiions.” Thus Madam de Warens, RoulTeau, 
 and Anet, lived together in the moft perfect union, till a 
 pleurify deprived them of the latter. In confequence of. 
 the lofs of this good manager, all her affairs were foon 
 in the utmoft diforder, though John-James fucceeded to 
 the ftewardfhip, and though he pawned his own credit 
 to fupport hers. Determining now to compofe, and for 
 that purpofe nrfl to learn, mufic, he applied, for that pur- 
 pofe, to the Abbe Blanchard, organift of the cathedral of 
 Befan^on. But, juft as they were going to begin, he 
 heard that his portmanteau, with all his cloaths, was 
 feized at RoulTes, a French cuftom-houfe on the borders 
 of Switzerland, becaufe he had accidentally, in a new 
 waiftcoat-pocket, a Janfenift parody of the ftrft fcene of 
 Racine’s “ Mithridates,” of which he had not read ten 
 lines. This lofs made him return to Chambery, totally 
 difappointed, and refolved, in future, to attach himlelf 
 folely to “ Mama,” wdio, by degrees, reinftated his ward¬ 
 robe. And ftill continuing to ftudy Rameau, he fucceeded, 
 at laft, in fome compofitions, which were much approved 
 by good judges, and thus did not lofe his fcholars. From 
 this sera he dates his connexion with his old friend Gauf- 
 fecourt, an amiable man, fince dead, and M. de Conzie, 
 a Savoyard gentleman, then living. The extravagance 
 of his miftrefs, in fpite of all his remonftrances, made 
 him abfent himfelf from her, which increafed their cx- 
 pences, but at the fame time procured him many refpefl- 
 able friends, whom he names. Ills uncle Bernard was 
 now dead in Carolina, whither he w^'ent in order to build 
 Charles-Town, as was his coufm, in the fervice of the 
 king of Pruftia. Flis health at this time vifibly, but un¬ 
 accountably, declined. “ The fword cut the fcabbard.’^ 
 Befides his diforderly paftions, his illnefs was partly oc- 
 cafioned by the fury with which he ftudied chefs, fliut- 
 ting himfelf up, for that purpofe, whole days and nights, 
 till he looked like a corpfe, and partly by his concern and 
 anxiety for Madam de Warens, who, by her maternal 
 care and attention, faved his life. Being ordered by her 
 to drink milk in the country, he prevailed on her to ac¬ 
 company him, and, about the end of the fummer of 1736, 
 
 L z they 
 
 A 
 
14 ^ 
 
 ROUSSEAU. 
 
 they fettled at Charmettes, near the gate of Chambery^ 
 but folitary and retired, in a houfe whofe fituation he de* 
 fcribes with rapture. “ Moments dear and regretted.” 
 However, not being able to bear milk, having recourfe to 
 water, which almofl killed him, and leaving off wine, he 
 loft his appetite, and had a violent nervous affection, 
 which, at the end of fome weeks, left him with a beating 
 of his arteries, and tingling in his ears, which have lafted 
 from that time to the prefent, 30 years after; and, from 
 being a good lleeper, he became fleeplefs, and conftantly 
 fhort-breathed. “ This accident, which might have de- 
 “ ftroyed his body, only deftroyed his palfions, and pro- 
 duced a happy effedl on his foul.” Mama too, he 
 fays, was religious ; yet, though Ihe believed in purga¬ 
 tory, fhe did not believe in hell. The fummer palfed 
 amidft their garden, their pigeons, their cows. See,; the 
 autumn in their vintage and their fruit-gathering ; and in 
 the winter they returned, as from exile, to town. Not 
 thinking that he fhould live till fpring, he did not ftir 
 out, nor fee any one but Madam de Warens and M. 
 Salomon, both their phyflcian, an honeft man, and a great 
 Cartefian, whofe converfation was better than all his pre- 
 feriptions. In fhort, John-James ftudied hard, recover¬ 
 ed, went abroad, faw all his acquaintance again, and, to 
 his great furprife and joy, beheld the buds of the fpring, 
 and went with his miftrefs again to Charmettes. I'here, 
 being foon fatigued with digging in the garden, he di¬ 
 vided his time between the pigeon houfe (fo taming thofe 
 timid birds as to induce them to perch on his arms and 
 head), bee-hives, and books of feience, beginning with 
 philofophy, and proceeding to elementary geometry, La¬ 
 tin (to him, who had no memory, the moft difficult), 
 hiftory, geography, and aftronomy. One night, as he 
 was obferving the liars in his garden, with a planifphere, 
 a candle fecured in a pail, a telefcope. See. drefted in a 
 flapped hat, and a wadded pct-en^lair of “ Mama’s,” he 
 was taken by fome peafants for a conjurer. In future, he 
 obferved without a light, and confulted his planifphere at 
 •home. The writings of Port-Royal and of the Oratory 
 •had now made him half a Janfenift. But his confelTor 
 and another [efuit fet his mind at eafe, and he had re¬ 
 courfe to feveral ridiculous expedients to know whether 
 he was in a ftate of falvation. In the mean time, their 
 rural felicity continued, and, contrary to his advice, A'hi- 
 dam de Warens became by degrees a great farmer, of 
 which, he forefaw, ruin muft be the coafequcnce. 
 
ROUSSEAU. 
 
 In the enfuing winter he received fome mufic from 
 Italy, and, being now of age, it was agreed that he Hiould 
 go in the fpring to Geneva, to demand the remains of 
 his mother’s fortune. He went accordingly, and his fa¬ 
 ther came aifo to Geneva, undillurbed, his affair being 
 now buried in oblivion. No difficulty was occafioned by 
 our author’s change of religion ; his brother’s death not 
 being legally proved, he could not claim his ffiare, and 
 therefore readily left it to contribute towards the mainte¬ 
 nance of his father, who enjoyed it as long as he lived. 
 At length he received his money, turned part of it into 
 livres, and flew with the reft to “ Mama,” who received 
 it without affectation, and employed raoft of it for his 
 ufe. His health, how'ever, decayed viflbly, and he was 
 again horribly opprelTed with the vapours. At length his 
 refearches into anatomy made him fufpeCi: that his dif- 
 order was a polypus in the heart. Salomon feemed ftruck 
 with the fame idea. And having heard that M- Fizes, of 
 Montpellier, had cured fuch a polypus, he w^ent imme¬ 
 diately to confult him, affifted by the fupply from Geneva. 
 But two ladies, whom he met at Moirans, efpecially the 
 elder, Mad. N. at once banifhed his fever, his vapours, 
 his polypus, and all his palpitations, except thofe which 
 flie^ herfelf had excited, and would not cure. Without 
 knowing a word of Englifh, he here thought proper to 
 pafs foi[ an Englifhman and a Jacobite, and called him- 
 felf ME Dudding. Leaving the other lady at Romans, 
 with JXjadam N. and an old lick marquis, he travelled 
 flovyl^ and agreeably to Saint Marcellin, Valence, Monte- 
 lirair (before which the marquis left them), and at length, 
 after having agreed to pafs the winter together, thefe lo- 
 Vers (for Inch they became) parted with mutual regret. 
 Filled with the ideas of Madam N. and her daughter, 
 whom fhe idolifed, he mufed from Pont St. Efprit to 
 Remoulln. He vifited Pont-du-Gard, the firft work of 
 the Romans that he had feen, and the Arena of Nimes, a 
 work ftill more magnificent ; in all tliefe journey^s forget¬ 
 ting that he was ill till he arrived at Montpellier. From 
 abundant precaution he boarded with an Irllh phyheian, 
 named Fitz-Moris, and confulted M. Fizes, as Madam 
 N. had advifed him. Finding that the doCfors knew no¬ 
 thing of his diforder, and only endeavoured to amide him 
 and make him fwallow his own money,” he left Mont¬ 
 pellier at the end of November, after iix wc^^ks or two 
 mouths ftay, leaving twelve louis there for no purpofe, 
 
 L 3 fave 
 
 
ROUSSEAU. 
 
 favc for a courfe of anatomy, juft begun under M. Fitz 
 Moris, but which the horrible ftench of dille^led bodies 
 rendered infupportable. Whether he ftiould return to 
 Mama, or go (as he had promifed) to Madam N. was 
 now the quefticn. Reafon, however, here turned the 
 fcale. At Pont St. Efprit he burnt his diredtion, and 
 took the road to Chambery, “ for the firft time in his life 
 indebted to his ftudies, preferring his duty to pleafure, 
 and deferving his own efteem.’^ At his return to Ma¬ 
 dam de Warens, he found his place fupplied by a young 
 man of the Pays-de-Vaud, named Vintzenried, a jour¬ 
 ney-man barber, whom he paints in the moft difgufting 
 colours. This name not being noble enough, he chang¬ 
 ed it for that of M. de Courtilles, by which he was after¬ 
 wards known at Chambery, and in Maurienne, where he 
 married. He being every thing in the houfe, and Rouf- 
 feau nothing, all his pleafures vanifhed like a dream, and 
 at length he determined to quit this abode, once fo dear, 
 to which his “ Mama” readily confented. And being in¬ 
 vited to educate the children of M. de Malby, Grand 
 Provoft of Lvons, he fet out for that citv, without re- 
 gretting a reparation of which the foie idea would for¬ 
 merly have been painful as death to them both. Unqua¬ 
 lified for a preceptor, both by temper and manners, and 
 much difgLifted with his treatment by the Provoft, he 
 quitted his family in about a year ; and fighing for Ma¬ 
 dam de Warens, flew once more to throw himfelf at her 
 feet. She received him with good-nature, but he could 
 not recover the paft. His former happinefs, he found, 
 was dead for ever. He continued there, however, ftill 
 forefeeing her approaching ruin, and the feizure of her 
 penfion, and, to retrieve her affairs, forming caftles in 
 the air, and having made an improvement (as he thought) 
 in mufical notes, from which he had great expectations, 
 he fold his books, and fet out for Paris, to communicate 
 his fcheme to the Academy. 
 
 “ Such (lie concludes) have been the errors and the 
 faults of ray youth. I have given a hiftory of them 
 “ with a fidelity with which my heart is fatisfred. If, in 
 “ the fequel, I have honoured my mature age with fome 
 “ virtues, I fhould have told them as frankly, and fuch 
 ‘‘ was my defign—But I muft ftop here. Time may 
 “ undraw the curtain. If my memoir reaches pofterity, 
 “ one day or other it will perhaps learn what 1 had to 
 fay. Then it will know why 1 am filent.” 
 
 An 
 
ROUSSEAU. 151 
 
 An account of the laft moments of this celebrated man 
 may be an acceptable addition to his life. He rofe in per- 
 fe£l health, to all appearance, on Thurfday morning at 
 five o’clock (his ufual hour in fummer), and walked with 
 a young pupil, fon to the marquis de Girardin,lord of Ernie- 
 nonviile in France. About feven he returned to his houfc 
 alone, and allied his wife if breakfafl was ready. Finding 
 it was not, he told her he would go for fome moments 
 into the wood, and delired her to call him when breakfafl 
 was on the table. He was accordingly called, returned 
 home, drank a dilh of coffee, went out again, and came 
 back a few minutes after. About eight, his wife went 
 down flairs to pay the account of a fmith; but fcarcely 
 had file been a moment below, when fhe heard him com¬ 
 plain. She returned immediately, and found him fitting 
 on a chair, with a ghaflly countenance, his head reclining 
 on his hand, and his elbow fuflained by a defk. ‘‘ What 
 ‘‘ is the matter, my dear friend,” faid fhe, “ are you in- 
 ■ ^ eji^pofed ?” “ I feel,” anfwered he, a painful anxiety, 
 and the keen pains of a colic.” Upon this Mrs. 
 
 RoufTeau left the room, as if file intended to look for 
 fomething, and fent to the callle an account of her huf- 
 band’s illnefs. The Marchionefs, on this alarming news, 
 ran with the utniofl expedition to the cottage of the phi- 
 lofopher; and, that Ihe might not alarm him, file faid 
 fhe came to enquire whether the mufic that had been 
 performed during the night in the open air before the 
 caflle, had not difturb.ed him and Mrs. RoulTeau.—The 
 philofopher replied, with the utniofl tranquillity of tone 
 and afped, Madam, I know very well that it is not any 
 thing relative to mufic that brings you here :—-I am very 
 “ feiilible of your goodnefs —but 1 am much out of or- 
 der, and I beg it as a favour that you will leave me 
 “ alone with my wife, to whom I have a great many 
 things to fay at this inflaiit.” Madam de Girardin 
 immediately withdrew. Upon this, RoufTeau defired 
 his wife to fhut the door, to lock it on the infide, and to 
 come and fit by him. “ 1 fliall do fo, my dear friend,” 
 laid file ; “ J am now fitting befide you—how do you find 
 “ yourfelf.?” 
 
 RoufTeau. “ I grow worfe-—I feel a chilly cold—a fhi- 
 “ vering over my whole body—give me your hands, and 
 “ fee if you can warm me—Ah !—that gentle warmth is 
 “ pleafing—but the pains of the colic return—they are 
 ‘‘ very keen.” 
 
 L 4 hiri. 
 
ROUSSEAU, 
 
 Mrs. RoufTeau. ‘‘ Do not you think, my clear friepc!, 
 
 ‘ that it would be proper to take fome remedy to remove 
 ‘ thefe pains ?” 
 
 RouiTeau. “ My dear—-be fo good as to open the wiurr 
 ‘ dows, that 1 may have the pleafure of feeing once 
 ‘ more the verdure of that field—how beautiful it is I 
 ‘ how pure the air ! how ferene the fky !—What gran- 
 ^ deur and magnificence in the afpeft of nature 1” 
 
 Mrs. Roffeau. “ But, my good friend, why do thefe 
 ‘ obje£ls affe£l you fo particularly at prefent 
 Rouffeau. “ My dear—It was always tny earned; defire 
 ‘ that it would pleafe God to take me out of the world 
 
 * before you-—my prayer has been heard—and rny wifh 
 ‘ will foon have its accomplifhrnent.— Look at that 
 ‘ fun, whofe fmiling afpe£t feems to call me hence !— 
 ‘ There is my God—God himfelf—who opens to me 
 ‘ the bofom of his paternal goodnefs, and invites me to 
 ‘ trdle and enjoy, at lad, that eternal and unalterable 
 ‘ tranquillity, which I have fo long and fo ardently pant- 
 ‘ ed after.—My dear fpoufe—do not weep—you have 
 ‘ always clefired to fee me happy. I am now going to b,e 
 ‘ truly fp !—Do not leave me : I will have none but you 
 ‘ to remain with me—you, alone, fhall clofe my pyes.^’ 
 
 Mrs. Rouffeau. “ My dear—my good friend—banifh 
 ‘ thofe apprehenfions—and let me give you fomething— 
 ‘ 1 Impe that this indifpofition will not be of a long con- 
 ‘ tinuance !’* 
 
 Rouffeau. “ I feel in my bread fomething like fharp. 
 ‘ pins, which occafion violent pains—My dear—if I have 
 
 * ever given you any uneafinefs and trouble, or expofed 
 ‘ you, by our conjugal union, to misfortunes, which 
 ‘ you would otherwife have avoided, I hope you will 
 ‘ forgive me.’’ 
 
 Mrs. Rondeau. “ Alas ! my dear friend, it is rather 
 ‘ my duty to afk your pardon for any uncafy moments you 
 ‘ may have fufferecl on my account, or through my means,’’ 
 Rouffeau. “ Ah ! my dear, how happy a thing is it to 
 ‘ die, when one has no reafon for remorfe or felf-re- 
 ‘ preach ! — Eternal Being ! the foul that I am now go- 
 ‘ ing to give thee back, is as pure, at this moment, as 
 ‘ it was when it proceeded from thee :—render it par- 
 ‘ taker of thy felicity !—My dear —1 have found in the 
 ‘ Marquis of Girardin and his lady tlie marks of even 
 " parental tendernefs and affe6lion :—tell them that I 
 revere their virtues, and that I thank them, with my 
 
 “ dying 
 
t 
 
 *53 
 
 ROUSSEAU. 
 
 dying breath, for all the proofs I have received of their 
 “ goodnefs and fiiendihip ;—I delire that you may have 
 my body opened immediately after my death, and that 
 you will order an exadl account to be drawn up of the 
 “ flate of its various parts :—tell Monlieur and Madame 
 “ de Girardin, that 1 hope they will allow me to be bu-* 
 “ ried in their gardens, in a^iy part of them that they 
 “ may think proper.” 
 
 Mrs. Roulleau. “ How you afHi£l me—my dear friend ! 
 “ I intreat you, by the tender attachment you have al~ 
 “ ways profehed for me, to take fo me thing.” 
 
 Roulleau. “ I fhall—lince you defire it—Ah ! I feel in. 
 my head a ftrange motion !—a blow which—I am tor- 
 “ mented with pains—Being of Beings ! God ! (here he 
 “ remained for a conliderable time with his eves raifed 
 ‘‘ to heaven)—my dear fpoufe 1 let me embrace you !— 
 “ help me to walk a little.” 
 
 Here his extreme WQaknefs prevented his walking with-^ 
 out help ; and Mrs. Rouffeau being unable to fupport him, 
 he fell gently on the floor, where, after having remained 
 for fome time motionlefs, he lent forth a deep ligh, and 
 expired. Four and twenty hours after his deceafe, his 
 body was opened, in prefence of a competent number of 
 witjiefRs ; and an inqueft being held by the proper offi¬ 
 cers, the furgeons declared upon oath, that ail the parts 
 of the body were found, and that a ferous apoplexy, of 
 which palpable marks appeared in the brain, was the caufe 
 of his death. The Marquis dc Girardin ordered the body 
 to be embalmed ; after which it was laid in a coffin of 
 oak, lined with lead, and was buried in the Ifle of Pop¬ 
 lars, which is now called Elyfium. T'he fpot is charm¬ 
 ing, and looks like an enchanted region : it is of an ovai 
 form, fifty feet in length, and thirty-five in breadth. The 
 water which furrounds it flows in a ffient Bream, and the 
 wind feems unwilling to ruffle its furface, or to augment 
 its motion, which is almoft imperceptible. The fmall 
 lake, that is formed by this gentle current, is furrounded 
 by'hillocks, which feparate it from the other parts of na¬ 
 ture, and fhed on this retreat a myflerious kind of filence, 
 that diffufes through the mind of the fpeffator a melan¬ 
 choly propeniity of the humane kind. Thefe hillocks 
 are covered with trees, and are terminated at the mar2:iii 
 of the lake by folitary paths, which are now and will be 
 long frequented by fentimental vifitors, calling a penlivc 
 look towards Elylium. 
 
 We 
 
*54 
 
 ROUS S -E A U. 
 
 Vv'e fhall difmifs this extraordinary chara£ler by ob- 
 fevviiig, that in his Confeffions” all the difguifes with 
 which pride, hypocrify, felf-love, and lliame, had wound 
 round the human heart, are removed, and all its fecret 
 recedes are laid open to the eye. What a ilrange mixture 
 was this John-James of good and evil, of fublimity and 
 littlenefs, of penetration and limpiicity ! Hov/ happily did 
 his days pafs when he was a {trangcr to fame and honour ! 
 But when his works had drawn thofe ideal bleflings to¬ 
 wards him, into what a depth of mifery do we behold him 
 plunged ! The mod: eager and unfuccefsful candidate for 
 literary reputation would not exchange his defeat for fucl> 
 a dangerous and painful triumph. 
 
 I'he greater part of his works have been trandated.into 
 Fmglifli ; amongft thefe the mod: important are hii» 
 
 Eloife,” and his “ Emilius.” 
 
 Wellwocd’s 
 Preface to 
 Rowe’s 
 Tranflation 
 of Lucan, 
 1728, in 
 folio.-— 
 Sewell’s 
 Memoirs of 
 the Life of 
 Rowe, pre¬ 
 fixed to 
 Lowe’s 
 Mifceilane- 
 c>us Works. 
 
 ROWE (Nicholas), a good Englifli poet, was the 
 fpn of John Rowe, efq; ferjeant at law, and born at 
 Little Berkford in Bedfordfhire 1673. His education wa^ 
 begun at a grammar-fehool in Highgate ; whence he was 
 foon removed to Weftmiafter, where he acquired great 
 perfection in claftical literature, under Dr. Bufby. To 
 his Ikill in Greek and Latin he is faid to have added fomc 
 knowledge of the Hebrew ; but poetry was his early bent 
 and darling ftudy. His father, deligning him for his own 
 profeflioii, took him from that fchool, when he was about; 
 iixteen ; and entered him a ftudent in the Middle Temple. 
 Being capable of attaining any branch of knowledge, he 
 made a great progrefs in the law ; and v/ouid doubtiefs 
 have ngiired in that, profeftion, if the love of the belles 
 iettres, and of poetry in particular, had not ftopped him. 
 When he was five and twenty, he wrote his ftril tragedy, 
 called “ The Ambitious Step-Mother apd this, meeting 
 with univerfal applaufe, made him lay aftde all thoughts of 
 riling by the law. Afterwards he wrote thefe following tra¬ 
 gedies; “ Tamerlane,” “ The Fair Penitent,’’ Ulyftes,” 
 
 The Royal Convert,” “ Jane Shore,” Lady Jane 
 “ Grey ;” and a comedy called 7 he Biter.” He wrote 
 alto leveral poems upon different fubjeefs, which have, been 
 puibliihed under the title of ‘‘ Mifcellaiieous Works,” in 
 one volume : as his dramatic works have been in two. 
 
 Rowe is chiefly to be confldered (Dr. Johnfon obferves) 
 in the light of a tragic writer and a tranfiator. In his at¬ 
 tempt at comedy he failed fo ignominioufly, that his 
 “ Biter” is not inferled in his works; and his occafional 
 
 poems 
 
ROWE. 155 
 
 poems and fhort compofitlons are rarely worthy of either 
 praife or cenfure; for they feem the cafual fports of a 
 mind feeking rather to amnfe its leifure than to exercife its 
 powers. In the conflru£Iion of his dramas there is not 
 much art; he is not a nice obferver of the unities. He 
 extends time, and varies place, as his convenience requires. 
 
 To vary the place is not (in the opinion of the learned 
 critic from whom thefe obfervations are borrowed) any 
 violation of nature, if the change be made between the 
 a6Is ; for it is no lefs eafy for the fpeftator to fuppofe him- 
 feif at Athens in the fecond a6I, than at Thebes in the 
 firft ; but to change the fcene as is done by Rowe in the 
 middle of an aft, is to add more a£ls to the play, fince an 
 a£I is fo much of the bufinefs as is tranfafted without in¬ 
 terruption. Rowe, by this licence, eafily extricates him- 
 felf from difficulties ; as in lady Jane Gray, when we 
 have been terrified with all the dreadful pomp of public 
 execution, and are wondering how the heroine or the 
 poet will proceed, no fooner has Jane pronounced fome 
 prophetic rhimes, than—pafs and be gone—the fcene 
 clofes, and Pembroke and Gardiner are turned out upon 
 the flage. I know not (fays Dr. Johnfon) that there 
 can be found in his plays any deep fearch into nature, 
 any accurate difcriminations of kindred qualities, or nice 
 difplay of paffion in its progrefs ; all is general and un¬ 
 defined. ■ Nor does he much interefl or affedl the audi¬ 
 tor, except in “ Jane Shore,” who is always feen and 
 heard with pity. Alicia is a charai^er of empty noife, 
 with no refemblance to real forrow or to natural madnefs. 
 
 Whence then has Rowe his reputation ? From the rea- 
 fonablenefs and propriety of fome of his fcenes, from 
 the elegance of his diiflion, and the fuavity of his verfe. 
 
 He feldom moves either pity or terror, but he often ele¬ 
 vates the fentiments ; he feldom pierces the breaft, but he 
 always delights the ear, and often improves the underftand- 
 ing. Being a great admirer of Shakfpeare, he gave the pub¬ 
 lic an edition of his plays ; to which he prefixed an ac¬ 
 count of that great man’s life. But the mofl confidera- 
 ble of Mr, Rowe’s performances, was a tranflation of 
 
 Lucan’s Pharfalia,” which he juft lived to finifh, but 
 not to publilh; for it did not appear in print till 1728, 
 ten years after his death. 
 
 Meanwhile, the love of poetry and books did not make 
 him unfit for bufinefs : for nobody applied clofer to it, 
 v/hen occafion required. The duke of Queenfbury, when 
 
 fecretary 
 
15^ ROW E. 
 
 fccretary of {late, made him fecretary for public affars. 
 After the duke’s death, all avenues were flopped to his pre¬ 
 ferment ; and, during the reft of queen Anne’s reign, he 
 pafted his time with the Mufes and his books. A ftory 
 indeed is toid of him, which fhews that he had foine ac- 
 I^ifeof Ccr-quaintance with her minifters. It is faid, that he went 
 wnuen by court to the lord treafurer Oxford, 
 
 Don Gre- who aik-cd him, “ if he underftood Spanifh well?” He 
 gorio May-«< :” but, thinking that his lordfhip might 
 
 intend to fend him into Spain on fome honourable corn- 
 king cf million, he prefentiy added, that he did not doubt but 
 Spain’s h- << pg could Ihortly be able both to underftand and to 
 &ranan. fpeak it.” I'he earl approving what he faid, Rowe 
 took his leave; and, retiring a few weeks to learn the 
 language, waited again on the earl to acquaint him with 
 it. His lordfhip afking him, “ if he was fure he under- 
 “ flood it throughlyand Rowe affirming that he did, 
 “ How happy are you, Mr. Rowe,” faid the earl, “ that 
 “ you can have the pleafure of reading and underftanding 
 the hiftory of Don Quixote in the original !” On 
 the accelfion of George 1 , he was made poet laureat, and 
 one of the land fiirveyors of the cuftoms in the port of 
 London. The prince of Wales conferred on him the 
 clerklhip of his council; and the lord chancellor Parker 
 made him his fecretary for the prefentations. He did not 
 enjoy thefe promotions long; for he died Dec. 6, 1718, 
 in his 45th year. 
 
 Mr. Rowe was tv^fice married, had a fon by his firft 
 wife, and a daughter by his fecond. He was a hand fome, 
 genteel man; and his mind was as anaiable as his perfon. 
 He lived beloved, and at his death had the honour to be 
 lamented by Mr. Pope, in an epitaph which is printed in 
 Pope’s works, although it w’as not affixed on Mr. Rowe’s 
 monument, in Weftminfter-abbey, where he was interred 
 in the poet’s corner, oppofite to Chaucer. 
 
 Mr. Evans, bookfeller, is preparing a complete and 
 elegant edition of this author’s works. 
 
 Mrs-Rcwe’s ROWE {El^zABET ii), an Englifh lady, famous for 
 Mifceiia- parts and writings in verfe and profe, w^as the 
 
 Wo 7 ks, daughter of Mr. Walter Singer, a diftenting minifter ; and 
 y/kh her born at Ilchcfter in Somerfetfhire, Sept, ii, 1674. Her 
 hte pvehx-^ father was poffeiTed of a competent eftate near Frome in 
 I’vo. that county, and lived thereabouts; but, being impri- 
 foned at Ikhefter for nonconformity, married a wife, and 
 
 fettled 
 
157 
 
 ROWE. 
 
 fettled in that town. The daughter gave early fymptoms 
 of fine parts ; and, as her flrongcfl bent was to poetry, 
 fhe began to write verfes at twelve years of age. She was 
 alfo fond of the filler-arts, miilic and painting ; and her 
 father was at the expence of a mailer, to inllru£l her in 
 the latter. She was a warm devotee, fo as to border on 
 what fome might call enthuliafm ; and this habit, which 
 grew naturally from conllitution in her, was alfo power¬ 
 fully confirmed by education and example. She was early 
 acquainted with the pious bifhop Ken ; and, at his re- 
 quefl, wrote her paraphrafe on the 38th chapter of Job. 
 
 In 1696, the 22d of her age, a colleflion of her poems 
 was publilhed : they were intituled, “ Poems on feverai 
 “ Occalions, by Philomela.” 
 
 She underllood the French and Italian tongues well: 
 for which, however, fhe had no other tutor than the 
 hon. Mr. Thynne, fon to lord Weymoth, who kindly 
 took upon him the talk of teaching her. Her fhining 
 merit, and the charms of her perfon and converfation, pro¬ 
 cured her many admirers ; and among others, it is laid 
 that Prior the poet made his addreffcs to her. There was 
 certainly much of friendlhip, if not of love, between 
 them ; and Prior’s anfwer to Mrs. Rowe’s, then Mrs. 
 
 Singer’s, pafloral on thofe fubjed:s, gives room to fufpe6l 
 that there was fomething more than friendlhip on his 
 fide. In the mean time, Mr. Thomas Rowe, a gentleman See Mrs. 
 of uncommon parts and learning, and alfo of fome talents 
 for poetry, was the perfon whom Heaven had deligned forL^vr^d^ 
 her; for this gentleman, being at Bath in 1709, became Fricnd- 
 
 fhip. printed 
 in Pr.'or’s 
 Poems, wkl> 
 
 It mull needs be imagined, that this was a inofl happy his aufwcr. 
 counle ; for, fome conliderable time after his marriage, he 
 wrote to her under the name of IDelia a very tender ode, 
 full of the warmeft fentiments of connubial friendlhip and 
 affedlioa. But as whatever is exquilite cannot by the 
 provifion of nature be lafliiig, fo it happened here ; for 
 this worthy gentleman died of a confumption in May 
 1^13, aged 28 years, after having fcarccly enjoved himi'elf 
 five with his amiable confort. The elegy Mrs. Rowe 
 compofed upon his death, is defervediy reckoned among 
 the bell of her poems. 
 
 It was only out of a regard to Mr. Rowe, that Ihe had 
 hitherto borne London in the winter fcafon, her prevail¬ 
 ing paliion leading her to Iblitude; upon his deceafe, 
 
 tlierefoic. 
 
 acquainted with Mrs. Singer, who lived in retirement near 
 it, and commencing an amour married her the year after. 
 
358 ROW E. 
 
 therefore, flie retired to Frome, where her fubflance chiefly 
 lay, and from which file flirred afterwards as feldom as 
 Ihe could. In this recefs, fhe wrote the greateft part of 
 her works. Her “ Friendfhip in Death, in twenty let- 
 “ ters from the dead to the living,” was publifhed in 
 1728 ; and her ‘‘ Letters Moral and Entertaining” were 
 printed, the firfl; part in 1729, the fecond in 1731, and 
 the third in 1733, 8vo. The deflgn of thefe, as well 
 as of “ Friendlhip in Death,” is, by fictitious examples 
 of the molt generous benevolence and heroic virtue, to in¬ 
 flame the reader to the praCtice of every thing, which can 
 ennoble human nature, and benefit the world. In 1736, 
 jhe publifhed, “ The Hiftory of Jofeph :” a poem, which 
 file had written in her younger years. She did not long 
 furvive this publication; for fhe died of an apoplexy, as 
 was fuppofed, Feb. 20, 1736-7. In her cabinet were 
 found letters to feveral of her friends, which fhe had or¬ 
 dered to be delivered immediately after her deceafe. The 
 Rev. Dr. Ifaac Watts, agreeably to her requeft, revifed 
 and publiflied her devotions in 1737, under the title of, 
 “ Devout Exercifes of the heart in Meditation and Soli- 
 “ loquy, Praife and Prayer ;” and, in 1739, Mifcel- 
 
 laneous Works in profe and verfe” were publifhed in 
 2 vols. 8vo, with an account of her life and writings 
 prefixed. 
 
 As to her perfon, fhe was not a regular beauty, yet pof- 
 fefled a large lhare of the charms of her fex. She was of 
 a moderate flature, her hair of a fine colour, her eyes of a 
 darkifh grey inclining to blue, and full of fire. Her com¬ 
 pletion w^as very fair, and a natural blufli glowed in her 
 cheeks. She fpoke gracsfully, her voice was exceedingly 
 fweet and harmonious ; and fhe had a foftnefs in her 
 afpet, which infpired love, yet not without fome mixture 
 of that awe and veneration, which diflinguifhed fenfe and 
 virtue, apparent in the countenance, are wont to create. 
 
 HlHovy of ROWNING (John), M. a. fellow of Magdalen 
 ^ Cambridge, and afterwards retor of Anderby in 
 
 ac Lincolnfhire, in the gift of that fociety, was an ingenious 
 Spalding, mechanic, mathematician, and philofopher. In 1738, he 
 p. x)txiu. printed at Cambridge, in otavo, “ A Compendious Syllem 
 “ of Natural Fhilofophy.” This was afterwards re¬ 
 printed with additions in 1745. He was a conftant at¬ 
 tendant at the meetings of the Spalding fociety. His only 
 daughter and executrix married I'homas Brown of Spald¬ 
 ing, 
 
R O W N I N G. 
 
 ing, efq. He died at his lodgings in Carey-flreet near 
 Lincoln’s-Inn Fields, at the end of November 1771, aged 
 72. In the “ Cambridge Chronicle of January 11, 1772,” 
 was an epitaph by J. M. [Jofeph Mills] dated from Cow- 
 bite, where he fucceeded his uncle Mr. Ray, faid to be in 
 the manner of Ben Jonfon. Of that let others judge : 
 
 “ Underneath this ftone is laid 
 Rowning’s philofophic head, 
 
 Who, when alive, did ever pleafe, 
 
 By friendly mirth and focial eafe.” 
 
 Mr. Rowniiig was an ingenious but not well-looking man, 
 tall, hooping in the hioulders, and of a fallow down- 
 looking countenance. He had a brother, a great mechanic- 
 a-nd famous watch-maker, at Newmarket. 
 
 RUBENS (Sir Peter Paul), the prince of the 
 Flemifn painters, was born in 1577 at Cologne ; wdiither 
 his father John Ruibens, counfeiior in the fenate of Ant¬ 
 werp, had been driven by the civil wars. The finenefs 
 of his parts, and the care that was taken in his education, 
 made every tiling eafy to him : but he had not refolved 
 upon any profeliion when his father died ; and, the trou¬ 
 bles in the Netherlands abating, his family returned to 
 Antwerp. He continued his ftudies there in the belles 
 lettres, and at his leifure hours diverted himfelf with de-, 
 ligning. His mother, perceiving in him an inclination to 
 this art, permitted him to place himfelf under Adam van 
 Moort hiil, and Otho Venius after; both which mailers 
 he prefently equalled. Ke only wanted to improve his 
 talent by travelling, • and for this purpofe went to Venice ; 
 where, in the fchool of Titian, he perfedled his know¬ 
 ledge of the principles of colouring. Afterwards he went 
 to Mantua, and iludied the works of Julio Romano; 
 and thence to P^ome, where with the fame care he applied 
 himfelf to the contemplation of the antique, the paint¬ 
 ings of Raphael, and every thing that might contribute 
 to iiniih him in his art. V/hat was agreeable to his goute, 
 he made his own, either by copying, or making reiledlions 
 upon it; and he generally accompanied thole refledlioiis 
 with defigns, drawn with a light Broke of his pen. 
 
 He had been feven years in Italy, wdien, receiving ad¬ 
 vice that his mother was ill, he took poll, and returned to 
 Antwerp : but (he died before his arrival.. Soon after he 
 married ; but, lofiilg his wife at tlie end of four years, he 
 left Antwerp for fome time, and endeavoured to divert his 
 6 forrow 
 
 159 
 
i6o RUBEN S. 
 
 forrow by a journey to Holland ; where lie Vilited Hiirtort 
 at Utrecht, for whom he had a great value. He married 
 a fecond wife, who was a prodigious beauty, and helped 
 him very much in the figures of his wom^ii. His reputa¬ 
 tion being now fpread all over Europe, queen Mary of 
 Medicis, wife of Heiiry IV. of France, invited him to 
 Paris; whither he went, and painted the Luxemburg 
 galleries. Here the duke of Buckingham became ac¬ 
 quainted with him, and was fo taken with his foiid and 
 penetrating parts, as well as Ikill in his prdfellion, that he 
 is faid to have recommended him to the infanta Ifabclla; 
 who fent him her ambadador into England, to negotiate a 
 peace with Charles I. in 1630. He concluded the treaty, 
 and painted the banquetting houfe; for which laft affair 
 the king paid him a large fum of money, and, as he was 
 a man of merit, knighted him. He was an intimate 
 friend of the duke of Buckingham ; and he fold the duke 
 as many piftures, flatues, medals, and antiques, as came 
 to 10,000 1 . He returned to Spain, where he was magni¬ 
 ficently rewarded by Philip IV. for the lervices he had done 
 him. Going foon after to Flanders, he had the pod; of 
 fecretarv of date conferred on him ; but did not leave off 
 his profedion. He died in 1640, leaving vad: riches be¬ 
 hind him to his children ; of whom Albert, the clded^ 
 fucceeded him in the office of fecretary of date in Flanders. 
 
 The genius of this painter was lively, free, noble, and 
 univerfal. His gudo of defign favors fomewhat more of 
 the Fleming, than of the beauty of the Antique, becaufc 
 he dayed not long in Rome ; and, though connoideurs 
 obferve in all his paintings fomewhat of great and noble, 
 yet it is confeded, that, generally fpeaking, he dedgned 
 not corredlly. For all the other parts of painting, he was 
 as abfolute a mailer of them, and podelfed them all aS 
 thoroughly, as any of his predccedbrs in that noble art. 
 In fhort, he may be confidered as a rare accomplifhed 
 genius, lent from heaven to Inftrufl mankind in the art of 
 Frefnoy’s painting. I'his is the judgement of Du Frefnoy upon 
 
 A 
 P 
 p- 
 
 r 
 
 ju _ 
 
 iloa, he was a perfon podeded of all the ornaments and 
 advantages that can rciidcr a man valuable ; was uni"* 
 verfally leariv^d, fpoke feverai languages perfeftly, was well 
 read in liidory, and withal an excellent dateflnan. Flis 
 uiuai abode was at Antwerp; where he built a fpacious 
 3 apartment, 
 
 him. But befides his talent in painting, and his admi¬ 
 rable fkii! in architedlure, which difplays itfelf in the fe- 
 
 .1*1 of 
 
 aintin2, 
 
 1^6. 
 
 oiici. 1 ;i6, veral churches and palaces built after his defigns at Ge- 
 
RUBENS. ^ Ut 
 
 V 
 
 apartment, in imitation of the Rotunda at Rome, for a 
 noble colle£lion of pictures, which he had purchafed in 
 Italy ; and fome of which, as we have obferved, he fold 
 to the duke of Buckingham. He lived in the higheft 
 efleem, reputation, and grandeur imaginable ; was as great 
 a patron, as mailer, of his art; and fo much admired all 
 over Europe for his many lingular endowments, that no 
 ftranger of any quality could pafs through the Low-Coun¬ 
 tries, without feeing a man of whom they had heard fo 
 much. 
 
 His fchool was full of admirable dlfciples, among whom 
 Van Dyck was he, who bell comprehended all the rules and 
 general maxims of his mailer; and who has even excelled 
 him in the delicacy of his colouring, and in his cabinet- 
 pieces : but his gullo in the deligning part was nothing 
 better than that of Rubens. 
 
 RUE (Charles de la), a French orator and poet, 
 was born at Paris in 1643, and bred among the Jefuits. 
 
 He dillinguilhed hiuifelf early by line parts and Ikill in 
 polite literature ; and a Latin poem, which he compofed in 
 1667 upon the conquells of Lewis XIV, was thought fo 
 excellent, that Peter Corneille tranflated it into French, 
 and prefented it to the king ; apologizing, at the fame time, 
 for not being able to convey to his majelly the beauties 
 of the original. Thus de la Rue was introduced to the 
 knowledge of the public with great eclat; and the king 
 fhewed him fingular refpe£l ever after. He was one of 
 thofe who had the care of the editions of the clalTics for 
 the ufe of the dauphin ; and Virgil was allotted to him, 
 which he publiflied with good notes, and an exadl life of 
 the author,pn 1675, 4^^* publilhed panegyrics, funeral 
 
 orations, and fermons, which lliew him to have been a 
 very great orator: his mailer-piece is a funeral oration for 
 the prince of Luxembourg. There are alfo tragedies of 
 his writing in Latin and French, which had the appro¬ 
 bation of Corneille ; and therefore muft have made him 
 pafs for no ordinary poet. He died in 1725, aged 82. 
 
 Befides this Jefidt, there was another Charles de la Rue, 
 a Benedidline monk, born in 1685 ; and who became fo 
 deeply learned in the Greek and Hebrew languages, and 
 in divinity, tliat Montfaucon took him into his friendlhip, 
 and made him an alTociate with him in his lludies. Mont¬ 
 faucon had publilhed, in 1713, the remains of “ Origen’s 
 “ Hexapla and was very delirous, that an exafl and 
 
 \ql. XI. M complete 
 
1 u E. 
 
 cornpictc edition fliould be given of the whole w6rks of 
 this illuflrions father. His own engagements not permit- 
 ing him, he pievailed wdth de la Rue, whofe abilities and 
 ^learning he knew to be fufficient for the work, to under¬ 
 take it: and accordingly two volumes were publilhcd by 
 him, in 1733? folio, with proper prefaces and ufeful notes. 
 A third volume was ready for the prefs, when de la Rue 
 died in 1739 ; and though it was publilhed afterwards, yet 
 the edition of Origen was not quite completed, fome re¬ 
 maining pieces, together with the Origeniana’^ of Hue- 
 fins, being intended for a fourth volume. 
 
 RUIN ART (Thierry), a French theologian, was^ 
 born at Rheims in 1657, and became a Benedi£lme monk 
 in 1674. He fludied the fcriptures, the fathers and ec- 
 clefiallic writers,* in fo mailerly a way, that Mabillon 
 chofe him for a companion in his literary labours. He 
 Ihcwed himfelf not unworthy of the good opinion Mabil-f 
 Ion had conceived of hirn, when he publifhed, in 1689, 
 “ Adla Prirnorum Martyrum Sincera,” &c. 4to. meaning 
 the martyrs of the four firft centuries. In a preface to 
 this work, he endeavours to refute a notion, which our 
 Dodwell had advanced in a piece “ De paucitate Marty- 
 
 rum,” inferted among his “ Differtationes Cyprianicae.*^ 
 A new edition of this work, with alterations and addi-* 
 tions, was printed in 1713, foliq. Ruinart publifhed 
 other learned works, and affilted Mabillon, whom he fur- 
 vived, and whofe life he wrote, in the publication of the 
 a6ls of the faints, and annals of their order. He gave 
 alfo an edition of the works of “ Gregory of Tours,” at 
 Paris, 1699, in folio. When Mabillon died in 1707, he 
 was appointed to continue the work, lie had jointly la¬ 
 boured with him ; upon which he travc Ikd to Cham¬ 
 pagne, ill quell; of new memoirs, but died, while he was- 
 out, ill 1709. 
 
 RUSH W O R T H (Joiix), an Englifli gentleman, 
 and autiior of ufeful “ Hiflorical Colledticns,” \vas of an 
 ancient family, and born in Northumberland about 1607. 
 He was a fludent in the univerlity of Oxford; but left it 
 foon, and entered himfelf of Lincoin’s-Inn, wdierc he 
 becniue a barrifter. Put, his humour leading him more 
 to liatc-ullairs than the common law, he began early to 
 take, in charadlers or fbort-hand, fpeeches and paffages at 
 conferences' in piiliameiit, and from the king’s own 
 2 mouitk 
 
163 
 
 k U S H w O R T Ho 
 
 inouth what he fpake to both houfes; and vvas upon the 
 llage continually an eye and ear witiiefs of the greateft 
 tranfa6tions. He did alfo perfonally attend and obferve 
 all occurrences of moment, during eleven years interval 
 of parliament from 1630 to 1640, in the ftar chamber, 
 court of honour, and exchequer chamber, when all the 
 judges of England met there upon extraordinary cafes ; 
 and at the council table, when great caufes were tried be¬ 
 fore the king and council. And, when matters were agi¬ 
 tated at a great dillance, he was there alfo ; and went on 
 purpofe out of curiofity to fee and obferve what was 
 doing at the camp at Berwick, at the fight at Newborn, at 
 the treaty at Rippori, and at the great council at York. 
 
 In 1640, he wus chofen an affiftant to Henry Elfynge, 
 efq. clerk of the hbufe of commons ; by which means he 
 became acquairited with the debates in the houfe, and 
 privy to their proceedings. The houfe repofed fuch con¬ 
 fidence in hiiii, that they eiitrufted him witla their weightielb 
 affairs; particularl3q in cbnveying meffages and addreffes 
 to the king while at York : between which place and 
 London, though 150 computed miles, he is faid to have 
 rode frequently in twenty-four hours. 101643, he took 
 the covenant; and wdien Sir Thomas Fa!irfax, who was 
 liis near relation, was appointed general of the parliament 
 forces, he was made his fecretary ; in which office he did 
 great fcrvices to his mailer. In 1649, attending lord Fair¬ 
 fax to Oxford, he was created mailer of arts, as a mem¬ 
 ber of Queen’s college ; and at the fame time was made 
 one of the delegates, to take into conlideration the affairs 
 depending between the citizens of Oxford and the mem¬ 
 bers of that univerfity. Upon lord Fairfax’s laying down 
 his commiffiori of general, Rufhwortli went and refided 
 for fome time in Lincoln’s-lnn ; and, being in much 
 cflecm wnth the prevailing pow'ers, was appointed one of 
 the committee, in Jan. 1651-2, to confult about the re¬ 
 formation of the common law. In 1658, he was chofen 
 one of the burgehes for Berwick upon Tweed, to ferve in 
 the protedlor Richard’s parliament: and was again chc- 
 fen for the fame place in the healing parliament, wniich 
 met April 25, 1660. 
 
 After the Refloration, lie prefented to the king fevcral 
 •fthe privy council’s books, which he had preferved from 
 tuin during the late diflraflions ; Init docs not appear to 
 have received any other reward than thanks, wdltch was 
 given him by the clerk of the council in his majehy’s 
 
 M 2 name. 
 
164 
 
 Wkke- 
 loak.*5 Me- 
 moxiah^ p<. 
 666 ^ 
 
 RUSHWORTH* 
 
 name. Sir Orlando Bridgman, lord keeper of the great 
 feal, appointed him his fecretary in 1677, continued 
 him in that ofRce as long as he kept the feals. In 1678, 
 he was a third time ele£ted burgefs for Berwick, as he was 
 in the fucceeding parliament in 1679, and afterwards for 
 the Oxford parliament. Upon the diffolution of this, he 
 lived in the utmoft retirement and obfeurity in Weft* 
 minfter. He had had many opportunities of enriching 
 himfelf, at leaft of obtaining a comfortable fubftftence ; 
 but, either through carelefsnefs or extravagance, he never 
 became mafter of any confiderable pofleftions. At length, 
 being arrefted for debt, he was committed to the King's 
 Bench prifon in Southwark, where he dragged on the laft 
 fix years of his life in a miferable condition ; having great¬ 
 ly loft the ufe of his underftanding and memory, partly 
 by age, and partly by drinking ftrong liquors to keep up 
 his fphits. Death releafed him May 12, 1690. He had 
 feveral daughters, one of whom was married to Sir Francis 
 Vane. 
 
 His Hiftorical Colleflions of private Paftages in State, 
 weighty Matters, in Law, remarkable Proceedings in 
 Pariiament," were publilhed at different times, in folio. 
 The hrft part, from the year 1618 to 1629, was publifti- 
 ed in 1659. The copy had been prefented to Oliver 
 Cromwell, when he was protestor ; but he, having no 
 leifure to perufe it, recommended it to Whitelock, who 
 running it over made fame alterations and additions. 
 The fecond part appeared in 1680; the third in 1692 ; 
 and the fourth and iaft, which extends to the year 1648, 
 in 1701. Ail the feven volumes were reprinted together 
 in ^721, and tlie trial of the earl of Strafford, which makes 
 the whole eight volumes. This work has been highly 
 extolled by fome, and as much condemned by others. 
 AIL, who have bec-ii averfe to Charles I. and his meafurcs, 
 have highly extolled it; ail, who have been favourers of 
 that king and his caufe, have reprefented it as extremely 
 partial, and diferedited it as much as poffibie. But the 
 perfon, who profeffedly fet himfelf to oppofe it, and to 
 ruin its credit, was Dr. John Naifon of Cambridge; who 
 publiftred, by the fpecial command of Ciiarles II, “ An 
 impartial CoUc£tion of the great Affairs of State, from 
 “ the beginning of the Scotch rebellion in the year 1639, to 
 the murder of king Charles 1. wherein the tirft occa- 
 ftone, and whole feries of the late troubles in England, 
 Scotland, and Ireland, are faithfully reprefented. I'akcn 
 
 “ from 
 
R U S H W O R T H. 165 
 
 ** from authentic records, and methodically digefted.’* 
 
 The title promifes to bring the hiftory down to the mur¬ 
 der of Charles L, but Nalfon lived only to put out two 
 vols. in folio, 1682, and 1683, which brings it no lower 
 than Jan. 1641-2. He profefles, in the introduflion to 
 this work, to make it appear, that “ Mr. Ruihworth 
 “ hath concealed truth, endeavoured to vindicate the 
 prevailing detraftions of the late times, as well as their 
 barbarous adtions, and, with a kind of a rebound, to 
 “ libel the government at fecond-hand and fo far it is 
 certain, that his aim and defign was to decry the condudt 
 of the court, and to favour the caufe of the parliament; 
 for which reafon it is eafy to conceive, that he would be 
 more forward to admit into his colledlions what made 
 for, than againft, that purpofe. But it does not appear, 
 nor is it pretended, that Ruihworth has wilfully omitted, 
 or mifreprefented, fadls or fpeeches ; or, that he has fet 
 forth any thing but the truth, though he may not fome- 
 times have fet forth the whole truth, as is the duty of an 
 impartial hiftorian: fo that his colledlions cannot be 
 without great ufe, if it be only to prefent us with one lidc 
 of the quellion. 
 
 He publilhed alfo, in 1680, “ The Trial of Thomas 
 “ Earl of Strafford, &c. to which is added a Ihort account 
 “ of fome other matters of fa£l, tranfadfed in both houfes 
 “ of parliament, precedent, concomitant, and fubfequent 
 “ to the faid trial, with fome fpecial arguments in law 
 relating to a Bill of Attainder,” folio. 
 
 RUTHERFORTH (Thomas), D. D. (fon ofHlflory of 
 the Rev. Thomas Rutherforth, redfor of Pap worth Eve- 
 rard in the county of Cambridge, who had made large clcty at 
 colledlions for an hiflory of that county) was born Odto~ SpaWing, 
 ber 13, 1712 ; became fellow of St. John’s college Cam- 
 bridge, regius profclTor of divinity in that univerlity; 
 redtor of Shenfield in Eficx, and of Barley in Hertford- 
 fliire, and archdeacon of Ellex. He communicated to 
 the Gentleman’s Society at Spalding a curious corredlion 
 of Plutarch’s defeription of the inflrumcnt nfed to renew 
 the Vcflal fire, as relating to the triangle with which the 
 inflrument was formed. It was nothing but a concave 
 fpeculum [a], whofe principal focus which collcdled the 
 rays is not in the centre of concavity, but at the diHancc 
 
 [a] Sec the Diagram, in Memoirs of the Gentleman’s Society at Spalding, 
 
 jp. XXXV. 
 
i66 R U T H E R F O R T H. 
 
 of half a diameter from its furface : but fome of the an-' 
 cients thought otherwife, as appears from Prop. 31. of 
 Euclid’s “ Catoptrics and though this piece has l;,eeri 
 thought fpurious, and this error a proof thereof, the So- 
 phifl and Plutarch might each know as little of mathe¬ 
 matics. He publifhed “ An EiTay on the nature and 
 “ obligations of Virtue, 1744,’’ 8vo„ which Mr. Maurice 
 Keilcin'ix Johiifoii, of Spalding, in a letter to Dr. Birch, calls “ an 
 tc Q{eful, iiigenious, and learned piece, whereiti the noble 
 ?• ti author of the Cha'rafrerifticks, and all other authors 
 
 “ ancient and modern, are, as to their notions and 
 “ mcjUi,' duly, candidly, and in a gentleman-like manner, 
 
 “ conlidered, and fully, to my fatisfaftion, as bell anfwer- 
 “ cd as becomes a Chriftian divine. If you have not 
 ‘‘ yet read that amiable work, I muft (notwithilanding as 
 “ we have been told fome, whom he anfwers in his yith 
 “ and laft chapters, do not fo much approve it) not for- 
 “ bear recommending it to your perufal.” “ Two Ser- 
 “ mons preached at Cambridge, 1747,” 8vo. “ A Syftem 
 of Natural Philofophy, Cambridge, 1748,” 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 “ A letter to Dr. Middleton in defence of bifliop Sher- 
 “ lock on Prophecy, 1750,” 8vo. “ A Difcourfe on Mi- 
 ** racks, 1751,” Bvo. “ Infritutes of Natural Law, 1754,” 
 
 2 vols. 8vo. “ A Charge to the Clergy of ElTex, 1753/* 
 4to. re-printed with three others in 1763, 8vo. I'wo 
 Letters to Dr. Kennicott, 1761 and 1762.” A Vin- 
 dication of the Right of Protellant Churches to requiro 
 “ the Clergy to fubfcribe to an ellabliihed ConfclTion of 
 “ Faith and Doftrines, in a Charge delivered at a Vilita- 
 tion, July 1766. Cambridge, 1766,” 8vo. A fecond, the 
 fame year. “ A Letter to Archdeacon Blackburn, 1767,” 
 8vo. on the fame fubjeft. He died Od. 5, 1771, aged 
 39, having married a lifter of the late Sir Anthony 
 1 homas Abdy, bart, of Albins in EiTex, by wEom he had 
 two fons, Thomas, who died an infant, and Thomas 
 Abdy, now i i orders, redor in his own right"of Theydon 
 Gcrnon in the fame county, who fucceeded to the eflate 
 and title of his maternal uncle, and married Jan. 13, 1778, 
 a daughter of James Hayes, efq. of Helliport, and bencher 
 of the Middle-Temple, by whom he has ilTue. 
 
 The followdng mural epitaph is ereded to the memory 
 9! the dpdor in his church at Barley ; ' ' * ' ' 
 
 “ Sacred 
 
 to the memory of the Rev^* 
 
 Tho' Ruthefforth, S. T. 
 
 ' ‘ formerly 
 
RUTHERFORTH. 167 
 
 formerly fellow of, and one of the public 
 pjLtovs in S* John’s college, Cambridge; and, 
 at the time of his death, King’s profellbr of 
 Divinity in that univerfity ; Archdeacon of Eflex, 
 
 Reftor of Shenfield in the fame county, and alfo 
 of this parifh. He married Charlotte Elizabeth, I 
 
 one of the daughters of Sir William Abdy, Baronet, 
 of Cobham, in the county of Soirry, by whom he left 
 one f6n, Thomas Abdy Rutherforth. He was 
 feorn on the 13th of October, 1712, and died on the 5th 
 
 .of that month, 1771, in the 59th year of his age. . 
 
 He was eminent no lefs for his piety and integrity 
 than his exteniive learning ; and filled every ■ 
 
 public ftation in which he was placed with ! 
 
 general approbation. In private life, his behaviour 
 was truly amiable. He was elleemed, beloved, , 
 and honoured by his family and friends ; i 
 
 and his death was lincerely lamented 
 by ail who had ever heard of his 
 well deferved charader.’^ 
 
 RUYSCH (Frederic), one of the greateft anato- Klc^rmn, 
 niifts, that ever appeared in Holland, was the fon of Henry 
 Ruyfch, commiilary of the States General; and was born 
 at the Hague in 1638. After he was fulhciently grounded in 
 proper learning at home, he went to Leyden, where he 
 applied himfelf to anatomy and botany. From Leyden, 
 he palTed to Franeker; where, having finifred his fludies, 
 he took the degree of doftor in phylic. Then he re¬ 
 turned to the Hague ; and, marrying a wife in 1661, fet¬ 
 tled fo heartily to the praflice of his profefhon, as even to 
 neglefl: every other purfuit and lludy, which had notfomc 
 connexion with, or relation to it. A piece, which he 
 publified in 1665, vafs lymphaticis et iafleis,” did 
 
 him fo much honour, that he was invited the year after to 
 be profeffor of anatomy at Amilerdam. This invitation 
 he gladly accepted ; Amfterdain being a very proper place 
 to gratify his paffion for perfecting, himfelf in natural 
 iiiflory and anatomy, f or this, he fpared neither pains 
 nor expence; was continually employed in diffcClions ; 
 and examined every part of the human body with the moft 
 fcrupulous exaCtnefs. He contrived new means to faci¬ 
 litate anatomical inquiries ; and found out a particular fe- 
 cret to prepare dead bodies, and to prelerve them many 
 years from putrefaction. His collection in this way was 
 
 M 4 ' really 
 
 
l68 R U Y S C H. 
 
 really marvellous. He had foetufes in a regular gradation, 
 from the length of the little finger to the fize of an infant 
 upon the point of being born ; he had grown-up perfons 
 of all ages ; and he had innumerable animals of all forts 
 and countries. In fhort, his cabinets were full of thefe 
 and other natural curiofities. The czar Peter of Ruflia 
 made him a vifit in 1717, and was fo flruck with his col¬ 
 lection, that he purchafed it of him for thirty thoufand 
 florins, and fent it to St. Peterfburg. 
 
 In 1685, he was made profeffor of phyfic; which poll 
 he filled with honour till 1728, when he unhappily broke 
 his thigh by a fall in his chamber. The year before, he 
 had the misfortune to lofe his fon Henry Ruyfch, doCtor 
 of phyfic; who, like his father, was an able praClitioner, 
 ikilled in botany and anatomy, and was fuppofed to be 
 very aiding to his father in his publications, experiments, 
 and inventions. This Henry Ruyfch publilhed at Am- 
 flerdam, 1718, in 2 vols. folio, a work with this title: 
 Theatrum Univerfale omnium animalium, maxima cura 
 a J. Jonflonio colleClum, ac plufquam trecentis pifcibus 
 “ nuperrime ex Indiis Orientalibus allatis, ac nunquam 
 “ antea his terris vifis, locupletatum,” This fon died 
 when his father wanted him mofl;; who had now nobody 
 uear him but his youngefl: daughter, who was flill un¬ 
 married. This lady underflood anatomy perfeClly, having 
 been initiated in all the myfleries of the art; and therefore 
 ■was qualified to aflifl her father in completing that fecond 
 colieClion of rarities in anatomy and natural hiilory, which 
 he began to make as foon as he had fold the firfl. His 
 anatomical works are printed in 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 Ruyfch died Feb. 22, 1731, in his 93d year. He had 
 fpent his whole life inthefludy of anatomy, had publifhed 
 many books, and doubtlefs made manydifcoveries in it; yet 
 not fo many as he himfelf imagined. His great fault was, 
 not reading enough : altogether intent upon his own re- 
 fearches, he was ignorant of what others had difcovered ; 
 and fo often gave, for new, what had been defcribed by 
 other anatomifls. T.'his, and his differing from the learned 
 in his profeflion, involved him in almofl continual dif- 
 putes. He was a member of the royal fociety at Lon¬ 
 don, and of the academy of fciences at Paris ; in which 
 laft place he fucceeded Sir Ifaac Newton, 1727. 
 
 RUYSDAAL (Jacob), a celebrated landfcape- 
 painter o^f Holland, was born at Haerlem in 1636 : and, 
 I though 
 
R U Y S D A A L. 
 
 though it is not known by what artift he was inflru£led^ 
 yet it is affirmed, that fome of his produ6tions, when he 
 was only twelve years of age, furprifed the beft painters. 
 Hov/ever, nature was his principal inflruftor, as well as 
 his guide; for he ftudied her inceflantly. The trees. 
 
 Ikies, waters, and grounds, of which his fubje^ls were 
 compofed, were all taken from nature ; and ffietched upon 
 the fpot, juft as they allured his eye, or delighted his 
 imagination. His general fubje(fts were, views of the 
 banks of rivers; hilly ground, with natural cafeades ; a 
 country, interfperfed with cottages and huts; folemii 
 feenes of woods and groves, with roads through them; 
 windmills and watermills ; but he rarely painted any fub- 
 je£l: without a river, brook, or pool of water, which he ex- 
 prefled with all poffible truth and tranfparency. He like- 
 wife particularly excelled in reprefenting torrents, and im¬ 
 petuous falls of water ; in which fubjeifts the foam on one 
 part, and the pellucid appearance of the water in another, 
 were deferibed with wonderful force and grandeur. Moft 
 of the colle£lions in England are adorned with fome of the 
 works of this mafter. He died in i68i, aged 45. 
 
 RYAN (Lacy). This gentleman, though generally Biography* 
 efteemed a native of Ireland, was born in the parifh of St. 
 Margaret, Weftminfter, about 1694. He was the fon of 
 Mr. Daniel Ryan a taylor, and had his education at St. 
 
 Paul’s fchool, after which it was intended to bring him up 
 to the law, for which purpofe he was a fliort time with 
 Mr. Lacy, an attorney, his godfather. He had once fome 
 thoughts of going to the Eaft-Indies with his brother (who 
 died there 1719) ; but a ftronger propenfity to the ftage 
 prevailing, by the friendfhip of Sir Richard Steele he was 
 introduced into the Hay-Market company 1710, and was 
 taken conftderable notice of in the part of Marcus in 
 “ Cato” during the firft run of that play in 1712, though 
 then but eighteen years of age. He from that time in- 
 creafed in favour, arofe to a very confpicuous rank in his 
 profeffion, and conftantly maintained a very ufeful and 
 even important call of parts, both in tragedy and comedy. 
 
 In his perfon he was genteel and well made ; his judge¬ 
 ment was critical and correT ; his underftanding of an 
 author’s fenfe moft accurately juft, and his emphafis, or 
 manner of pointing out that fenfe to the audience, ever 
 conftantly true, even to a mufical exadlnefs. His feelings 
 were ftrong, and nothing could give more honourable evi¬ 
 dence of his powers as an a£lor, than tlie fyinpathy to 
 
 ihofc 
 
170 
 
 R Y A N. 
 
 thofe fcnfations, which was ever apparent in the audience 
 when he thought proper to make them feel with' him. 
 Yet, fo many are the requifites that Ihoiild go to the form¬ 
 ing a capital ador, fomewhat fo very near abfolute per- 
 feftion is expefted in thofe who are to convey to us the 
 idea, at times, of even more than mortality, that, with all 
 the above mentioned great qualities, this gentleman was 
 liill excluded from the lift of firll-rate performers, by a 
 dehciency in only one article, viz, that of voice. It is 
 probable that Mr. Ryan’s voice might not naturally have 
 been a very good one, as the cadence of it feemed always 
 inclinable to' a fhar^ Hiriil treble; but an unlucky fray 
 with feme watermen, at the very earliefl part of his thea¬ 
 trical life, in which he received a blow on the nofe, which 
 turned that feature a little out of its place, though not fo 
 much as to occalion any deformity, made an alteration in 
 his voice alfo, bv no means to its advantage; yet hill it 
 continued not difgufdng, till, feveral years afterwards, 
 being attacked in the ftreet by fome ruffians, who, as it 
 appeared afterwards, miflook him for fome other perfoii, he 
 received a brace of piftol-bullets in his mouth, which 
 broke fome part of his jaw, and prevented his being able 
 to perform at all for a long time afterwards ; and though 
 he did at length recover from the hurt, yet his voice ever 
 retained a tremulum, or quaver, when drawn out to any 
 length, which rendered his manner very particular, and, 
 by being extremely eafy to imitate, laid him much more 
 open to the powers of mimickry and ridicule, than he 
 would othervvife have been. Notwithflanding this, how¬ 
 ever, by being always extremely perfedl in the wmrds of 
 his author, and juft in the fpcaking of theni, added to the 
 fcnftbility I before mentioned, an exaft propriety of drefs, 
 and an eafe and gentility of deportment on the ftage, he 
 remained even to the laft a very deferved favourite with 
 many ; to which, moreover, his amiable charadler in private 
 life did not a little contribute. And a very ftriking in- 
 ftance of the perfonal efteem he was held in by the pub¬ 
 lic (hewed itfelf on occalion of the accident related above, 
 at which time his late royal highnefs, Frederick prince of 
 Wales, contributed a very handfome prefent to make him. 
 fome amends for the injury he muft receive from being 
 out of employment; and feveral of the nobility and gentry 
 followed tiie iaudabie example fet them by his highnefs [a]. 
 
 The 
 
 Th“ f.jllo’A'in;; anccftote will a£tor is not always without ferlous 
 fei've CO (bow that the protcfiloii of au inconvenience, and perhans will dil- 
 
 phy. 
 
RYAN. 
 
 The friendfhip fubiifting between Ryan and his great 
 theatrical contemporary Mr. Quin is well known to have 
 been inviolable, and refledls honour to them both. That 
 valuable and juftly-admired veteran of the Englilh hage, 
 even when he had quitted it as to general performance, 
 did, for fome years afterwards, make an annual appearance 
 in his favourite character of Sir John FalilafF, for the 
 benefit of his friend Mr, Ryan ; and when, at laft, he 
 prudently declined hazarding any longer that reputation 
 which he had in fo many hardy campaigns nobly pur- 
 chafed, by adventuring into the held under the difad- 
 vantages of age and inhrmity, yet, even then, in the 
 fervice of that friend, he continued to exert himfelf; and, 
 when his perfon could no longer avail him, he, to fpeak 
 in Falilaff’s language, us’d his credit; yea, and fo us’d 
 “ it’—^that he has been known, by his intereft with the 
 nobility and gentry, to have difpofed, in the rooms of 
 Bath, among perfons who could very few of them be pre- 
 fent at the play, as many tickets for Mr. Ryan’s benefit as 
 have amounted to lOO guineas. 
 
 Indeed, all Mr. Ryan’s connexions were fuch as ferved 
 to fhew how far he preferred the fociety of worthy men to 
 that of more fafhionable charaflers. He is known to have 
 been a great wail^er; and when he meditated a fally of un- 
 ufual length, as often as he could he would prevail on the 
 late Mr. Gibfon of Covent-Garden theatre to be his 
 companion. But much exercife not exadlly fuiting the 
 difpofitioa and rotundity of this gentleman (who chofe a 
 book and his eafe before a flock of health purchafed at tlie 
 rate of fuch unmerciful agitation), he was rarely to be 
 tempted further than the ou^'fkirts of London. Were it 
 our talk to deferibe Mr. Gibfon as an a6lor, juflice would 
 compel us to allow that his mode of utterance (an habi¬ 
 tual defedl) threw every line he pronounced, as Tlinon 
 fays, “ into flrong fhudders and immortal agues.” Yet 
 we fliould likewife add, that he was never abfurd or ridi¬ 
 culous in his deportmept, qnlefs when driven by the taflc- 
 
 play the charafter of a manager in no be gained for our author's return to 
 very amiable point of view. Between the theatre. Unluckily, however, the 
 the years 1740 and 1730 a favourite undertakers were fo dilatory, that the 
 nephew of poor Ryan died, and was mourner could only attend the remains 
 to be Interred at Poplar near London, of the deceafed as far as thcchapel- 
 The furvlvor petitioned Rich to be ex- door, where he dropped a filent tear 
 cufed from playing on that night; over them, that will long be rcine n- 
 but the tyrant was inexorable. The bered by the fpeiffators of this 
 funeral therefore was appointed at an trefqul occvjrenc*.' 
 
 *arly hour, that fuificicnt time might 
 
 kfs 
 
RYAN. 
 
 lefs oblllnacy of Mr. Rich into parts from which no man, 
 liowever ikilful, conld efcape with reputation. On this 
 account, his performance of Aper, in the tragedy of 
 
 Dioclefian,” would have forced a laugh from the tor¬ 
 tured regicide expiring on a wheel. But, 
 
 -cur inficiatus honora 
 
 Arcuerim fama 
 
 In a few chara£lers of age and fimplicity, he was at once 
 natural and aiFe£ling. We mull likewife add, that his 
 iinderllanding was found, his reading extenlive; and what 
 Ihoiild outweigh all other elogiums, his temper was bene¬ 
 volent, and his integrity without a blemilh. He died in 
 the year 1771, during one of his annual excurlions to 
 Liverpool, where he had been long the decent manager 
 of a fummer threatre, lirll raifed into confequence by 
 himfelf, and licenced at his own perfonal folicitation. 
 After the death of an intimate friend, he bequeathed his 
 entire fortune, amounting to upwards of 8000 pounds, 
 w hich his prudence had accumulated, to the poor of the 
 town already mentioned. His tomb in one of the churches 
 there is marked by a few of Mr. Garrick’s lines; but the 
 worth of the deceafed might have entitled him even to 
 the lafiing honour which an epitaph by Dr. Johnfon 
 would certainly have conferred. Perhaps, on future en¬ 
 quiry', fays the admirable writer of this article in the 
 “■ Biographia Dramatica,” Mr. Gibfon will take his 
 place in this work as the author, at leall as the alterer of 
 lb me dramatic performance. Yet there may be readers 
 lingular enough to think that his good qualities alone were 
 fuiiicicnt to authorize our notice of him in thefe con¬ 
 tracted annals of the llage, and under the article' ap¬ 
 propriated to his friend Mr. Ryan, who at length, in the 
 68th year of a life, fifty years of wdiich he had fpent in the 
 fervice and entertainment of the public, paid the great 
 debt to nature at Bath, to which place he had retired for 
 his health, the 15th of Augult, 1760. What entitled him to 
 a nich in this work is, his having given to the fiage a little 
 drajnatic piece of one aCl, intituled, “ ThcCobler’s Opera, 
 “ 1729,” 8vo. 
 
 RYEF. (Peter bu), a French writer, was born at 
 Paris of a very good family, in 1605 ; and, being liberally 
 educated, made a good progrefs in literature, which after¬ 
 wards flood him in greater Head than he could have wifhed. 
 
 He 
 
/ 
 
 R Y E R. 173 
 
 He was made fecretary to the king in 1626 ; but, marry¬ 
 ing a woman of no fortune, was obliged to fell his place 
 in 1633. He had'not what was fufhcient to maintain his 
 family; and tlierefore became fecretary to the duke of 
 Vendome. His writings gained him a place in the French 
 academy in 1646; and he was afterwards made hillorio- 
 grapher of France with a penlion ; yet continued fo very 
 poor, that he was obliged to write for the bookfellers. 
 
 He is the author of nineteen dramatic pieces and thir¬ 
 teen tranflations, which, fays Voltaire, “ were all wellSlBcle^ 
 
 received in his time yet neceflity, as may eafiiy be 
 imagined, would not permit him to give that perfedion 
 to his works, as was requilite to make their merit iafling. 
 
 He died in 1658. 
 
 RYMER (Thomas), was born In the North c»f 
 England [a], and educated at the grammar-fehool of 
 Northallerton, whence he was admitted a fcholar at Cam¬ 
 bridge. On quitting the univerfity, he became a member 
 of Gray’s-Inn; and in 1692 fucceeded Mr. Shadweli 
 as hiftoriographer to king William III. His valuable col- 
 iedion of the ** Foedera,” continued from his death 
 by Mr. SandeiTon, extends to 20 volumes ; was re¬ 
 printed at the Hague, in 1739, in 10 volumes ; was 
 abridged by M. Rapin in French in Le Clcrc’s “ Biblio- 
 “ theque f ’ and a tranflation of it, by Stephen Whatley, 
 printed in 4 vols. 8vo, 1731. Mr. Rymer were altb 
 the author of “ A View of the Tragedies of thelaft Age,’^ 
 which occafioned thofe admirable remarks preferved in 
 the preface to Mr. Colman’s%edition of “ Beaumont and 
 “ Fletcher,andfincebyDr. Johnfonin his “ Life of Dry- 
 “ den.” Fie was a man of great learning and a lover of poe- 
 try; but, when he fets up for a critic, feems to prove that 
 he has very few of the requihtes for that charafter ; and W3S 
 indeed almoft totally difqualified for it, by his want of 
 candour. The feverities which he has exerted, in his 
 “ View of the Tragedies of the laft Age,” againff the ini* 
 mitable Shakfpeare, are fcarcely to be forgiven, and inuil 
 furely be confidered as a kind of facrilege committed on the 
 San^um Sanfiorum of the Mufes. And that his own 
 talents for dramatic poetry were extremely inferior to thofe 
 of the perfons whofe writings he has with fo much rigour 
 attacked, wnll be apparent to any one who ‘ will take the 
 
 [a] An uncle of his was executed at York for high treafon, 
 
 ti;ouble 
 
*74 
 
 Y M E R. 
 
 • t 
 
 trouble of perufing one play, which he has given to the 
 world, intituled, “ Edgar, a Tragedy, 1678,” 4to. But, 
 ^ilthough we cannot uibfcribe either to his fame or his 
 judgement as a poet dr critic, it cannot be denied that 
 he was a very excellent antiquary and hi'O’orian. Some of 
 his pieces relating to bur conftitution are remarkably 
 good, and his well-known, valuable, and moftufeful work, 
 the “ Foedera,’’ will hand an everlafting monument of his 
 worth, his indefatigable affiduity, and cleariiefs of judge- 
 ment as an hiftorical compiler* fie <^ied Dec. 14, 1713, 
 and was buried in the parifH-church of St. Clement’s 
 Danes. Some fpecimens of his poetry are preferved in 
 the firft volume of Mr. Nichols’s “ Select Colieflion of 
 Mifcellany Poems, 1780.” 
 
 S. 
 
 lilfe ofCer- 
 Yantes, by 
 PofS Grego¬ 
 rio Mayans 
 &. Sifcar, 
 prefixed to 
 the edition 
 of Don 
 CJjjixore, 
 Lond. I 
 xn 
 
 S AAVEDRA (Michael DE Cervantes), a ce«=> 
 lebrated Spanilh writer, and the inimitable author 
 of “ Don Quixote,” was born at Madrid in 1549. From 
 his infancy he was fond of books ; but he applied himfelf 
 \tholly to books of entertainment, fuch as novels and 
 poetry of all kinds, efpecially Spanilh and Italian authors. 
 From Spain he went to Italy, either to ferve cardinal 
 Aquaviva, to whom he was chamberlain at Rorhe; or elfe 
 to tollow the profcllioii of a foldicr, as he did fome years 
 Under the vidlorious banners of Marc Antonio Colonna. 
 fie was preleiit at the battle of Lepanto, fought in 1571 ; 
 ui which he either lofl his left hand by the fhot of an 
 harquebus, or had it fo maimed, that he loft the ufe of it. 
 A1 rer this, he was taken by the Moors, and carried to 
 Algiers, where lie continued a captive five years an'd a half. 
 'i lien he_ returned to Spain, and applied himfelf to the 
 ■Vri lting of comedies and tragedies ; and he conipofed fe- 
 veral, all of which were w’‘ell received, and aifted with great 
 5 irj)laule. Iri 1584, he publilhcd his “Galatea,” a novel 
 in lix books ; which he prefented to Afeanio Colonna, 
 a man of liigh rank in the church, as the firft fruits of 
 h’s wit. Blit the work whicli has done him the greateft 
 honour, and will immortalizrC his name, is the hillory of 
 
 “ Don 
 
SAAVEDRA. 
 
 Don Quixote the “ firft part’^ of which was printed 
 at Madrid in 1605. This is a fatire upon books of knight- 
 errantry ; and the principal, if not the foie, end of it was 
 to deftroy the reputation of thefe books, wdiich had fo in¬ 
 fatuated the greater part of mankind, efp'eeiaJly thofe of 
 the Spanifh nation. This work was univerfklly read ; 
 and the moft eminent painters, tapeilry-workers, engravers,' 
 and fculptors, have -been employed in reprefenting the 
 hiftory of “ Don Quixote.” Cervantes, even in his life¬ 
 time, obtained the glory of having his v/ork receive a royal, 
 approbation. As Philip III. v/as fianding in a balcony of 
 his palace at Madrid, and viewing the country,^ he ob- 
 fcrved a iludent on the banks of the river Maiizanare^ 
 reading in a book, and from time to time breaking off, 
 and beating his forehead with extraordinary tokens of 
 pleafure and delight; upon which the king faid to thofe 
 about him, That fcholar is either mad, or reading Don 
 “ Quixote:” the latter of which proved to be the cafe.' 
 But “ virtus laudatur et alget:” notwithftanding the vafl 
 applaufe his book every where met with, he had not in- 
 tereft enough to procure a fmali penfion, but Imd much 
 ado to keep himfelf from ftarving. In 1615, he pub-^‘“ 
 lifhed a “ fecond partto which he was partly moved by 
 the prefumption of fome fcribbler, who had publifhed a 
 continuation o-f this work the year before. Fie wrote alio 
 feveral novels, and, among the fell, ‘‘ The Troubles of 
 “ Perfiles and Sigifmunda.” He had employed many 
 years in writing this novel, and finifired it but juft before 
 his death; for he did not live to fee it publiftied. His 
 ficknefs was of fuch a nature, that he himfelf was able 
 to be, and actually was, his own hiftorian. At the end of 
 the preface to “ The Troubles of Perfiles and Sigifmunda.” 
 he reprefents himfelf on horfeback upon the read, and a 
 ftudent overtaking him, who entered into converfatiori 
 with him : “ and, happening to talk of my illriefs,” fays 
 he, “ the ftudent foon let me know my doom, by faying 
 “ it was a dropfy I had got, the thirft attending which all 
 “ the water of the ocean, though it were not fait, would 
 “ not fufftce to quench. Thersfore, Seiior Cer.vajites,” 
 fays liQ, “ you muft drink nothing at all, but do not for- 
 “ get to eat; for this alone will recover you without any 
 “ other phyfic.” “ 1 have been told the fame by others, 
 
 “ anfwered I; but I can no more forbear tippling, than 
 “ if 1 were born to do nothing eife. My life is drawir.r 
 to an end; and> front the daily iournai of mv pulfe, 
 
 - I lhall 
 
176 SAAVEDRA. 
 
 I fliall have finifhed my courfe by next Sunday at the 
 fartheft.—But adieu, ray merry friends all, for I am 
 “ going to die ; and I hope to fee you ere long in the 
 “ other world, as happy as heart can wifli.” His dropfy 
 increafed, and at laft proved fatal to him ; yet he conti- 
 nued to fay and to write bons mots. He received the laft 
 facrament the 18th of April, 1616, yet the day after wrote 
 a dedication of “ The Troubles of Perliles and Sigif- 
 “ munda,” to the Conde de Lemos. It is fo great a 
 curiolity, and illuftrates the true fpirit and charafter of the 
 man fo well, that we cannot do better than infert it here. 
 
 “ There is an old ballad, which in its day was much in 
 “ vogue, and it began thus : ‘ And now with one foot in 
 the ftirrup, &:c.’ I could wifh this did not fall fo pat to 
 “ my epiftle, for I can almoft fay in the fame words, 
 
 And now writh one foot in the ftirrup' 
 
 “ Setting out for the regions of death, 
 
 “To write this epiftle I chear up, 
 
 “ And falute my lord with my laft breath.” 
 
 ' ‘‘ Yefterday they gave me the extreme undlion, and to-day 
 
 “ I write this. Time is fhort, pains increafe, hopes di- 
 “ minilh ; and yet for all this I would live a little longer, 
 “ methinks, not for the fake of living, but that I might 
 “ kifs your excellency’s feet: and it is not impoflible but 
 “ the pleafure of feeing your excellency fafe and well in 
 “ Spain might make me well too. But, if I am decreed 
 “ to die, heaven’s will be done: your excellency will at 
 “ leaft give me leave to inform you of this my defire; and 
 “ likewife that you had in me fo zealous and well-affe<fted 
 “ a fervant, as was willing to go even beyond death to 
 “ ferve you, if it had been poflible for his abilities to 
 “ equal his fincerity. However, I prophetically rejoice 
 “ at your excellency’s arrival again in Spain: my heart 
 “ leaps within me to fancy you Ihewn to one another by 
 “ the people, ‘ There goes the Conde de Lemos !’ and 
 “ it revives my fpirits to fee the accompliftiment of thofe 
 “ hopes which I have fo long conceived of your excel- 
 “ lency’s perfections. There are ftill remaining in my 
 “ foul certain glimmerings of ‘ The weeks of the Gar- 
 “ den,’ and of the famous Bernardo. If by good luck, 
 “ or rather by a miracle, heaven fpares my life, your ex- 
 “ cellency Ihall fee them both, and with them the ‘ fe- 
 “ cond part’ of ‘ Galatea,’ which I know your excellency 
 would not be ill pleafed to fee. And fo J conclude with 
 
 “ mv 
 
 i 
 
177 
 
 SAAVEDRA. 
 
 “ my ardent wifhes, that the Almighty will preferve 
 ‘‘ your excellency. Your excellency’s fervant, 
 
 Madrid, Apr. 19, 1616. “ MiCHAEL DE CeRVANTES.’^ 
 
 According to this epiftle dedicatory, it is highly proba¬ 
 ble he died foon after. The particular day is not known, 
 nor even the month. It is certain, that 'he did not live 
 long enough to fee “ The Troubles of Perfiles and Sigif- 
 munda printed : for Sept. 24? ibi6, at San Lorenzo 
 el real, a licence was granted to Donna Catalina de Sa¬ 
 lazar’s widow to print that book. In the preface to his 
 “ Novels,” he has given us this defcription of his per-^ 
 foil. “ Hp whom thou feed here with a fliarp aquiline 
 “ vifage, brown chefnut-coloured hair, his forehead 
 fmooth and free from wrinkles ; his eyes brifk and 
 “ chearful; his nofe fomewhat hookifh, but well pro- 
 ‘‘ portioned; his beard filver-coloured, which twenty 
 ‘‘ years ago was gold ; his muflachios large; his mouth 
 little ; his teeth neither fmall nor big, in number onlv 
 ‘‘ fix, in bad condition and worfe ranged, for they have 
 no correfpondence with each other; his body rniddle- 
 ‘‘ fized; his complexion lively, rather fair than fwarthy ; 
 “ fomewhat thick in the Ihoulders ; and not very light of 
 “ foot: this, I fay, is the effigies of the author of ‘ Ga- 
 “ latea, and of ‘ Don Quixote de la Alancha.’ He 
 ‘‘ made likewife the ‘ Voyage to ParnafTus,’ in imita¬ 
 tion of Casfar Caporal the Perugian ; and other works, 
 
 “ which wander about the world here and there and every 
 “ where, and perhaps too without the maker’s name.” 
 
 SABINLFS. There are three perfons of this name 
 recorded in the republic of letters, whom it may be right 
 juft to mention. There was Sabinus, an elegant poet, 
 in the time of Auguftus ; who publiflied, according to 
 Ovid, the following epiftlcs, viz. “ Ulyfles to Penelope,” 
 Hippolytus to Phaedra,” “ Demophoon to Phyllis,” 
 
 “ Jafon to Hypfipile,” and “ Sappho to Phaon,” none of 
 which are preferved ; thofe among Qvid’s with thefe titles 
 being efteemed unworthy of either of them. But the ge¬ 
 neral opinion is, that fome, if not all, of the fix follovvmg 
 are Sabinus’s, though among Ovid’s ; namely, Paris to 
 “ Helen,” “ Helen to Paris.” “ Leanderto Hero,” “ Hero 
 to Leander.” “ Aconitus to Cydippe,” and “ Cydippe 
 “ to Aconitus.” Ovid obferves, that Sabinus was the au- i 
 thor of fome other works, which he did not live to i 
 publifh : 
 
 VoL. XI. N ** Quique 
 
 c Pont!*, 
 iv. cl. I Q, 
 
178 S A B I N U S. 
 
 “ Quique fuam Tr«zen, imperfe£\:umqiie dierum 
 Deferiiit celeri morte Sabinus opus.’’ 
 
 There was Franciscus Floridus Sabinus, alearn- 
 ed man, who flourifhed foon after the reftoration of let- 
 HiiL Lat. ters in the Weft, and died in 1547. Voftius fays, that 
 L. II. c. xi. he was a very polite and delicate writer; and others 
 have reprefentcd him as a critic of good tafte, great dif- 
 cernment, and more than ordinary learning. His prin¬ 
 cipal works are, “ In calumniatores Plauti et aliorum 
 “ linguae Latinae fcriptorum Apologia, Baftl. 1540 and 
 “ Leffionum Succiftvarum libri tres, Frank. 1602,” 8vo. 
 
 Laftly, there was George Sabinus, a man of ftne 
 parts, and one of the beft Latin poets of his time. He 
 was born in the eleftorate of Brandenburg, in 1508 ; 
 and, at fifteen^ lent to Wittemberg, where he was pri-. 
 vately inftnufted by Melaiuftlion, in whofe houfe he lived. 
 He had a vaft ambition to excel!: infomuch that Came- 
 Invk. Me-rarius tells us, he has feen him cry at the recital of a 
 landh. good poem ; bccaufe, as he would fay, he not only was 
 unable to write one liimfelf, but was even ignorant of the 
 means to attain perfedion In this way. However, he did 
 not defpair. It is plain ; for, at twenty-two, he publiflied 
 a poem, intituled, “ Res Geftae Caefarum Germanorum,” 
 which fpread his reputation ail over Germany, and made 
 all the princes, who had any regard for polite literature, 
 his friends and patrons. Afterwards he travelled into 
 Italy, where he contraded an acquaintance with Bembus 
 and other learned men ; and in his return paid his re- 
 fpeds to Erafmus at Friburg, when that great man was in 
 the hft ftage of life. In 1536, he married Melandhon’s 
 eldeft daughter at Wittemberg, to whom he was engaged 
 before his journey into Italy. She was but fourteen, but 
 very handfome, and underftood Latin well; and Sabinus 
 always lived happily with her : but he had feveral alter¬ 
 cations with Meiandhon, becaufe, being very ambitious, 
 lie wanted to ralfe himfeif to civil employments ; and did 
 not like the humility of Meiandhon, who confined him¬ 
 feif to literary puriuits, and would be at no trouble to 
 advance his children. This mifunderftanding occafioned 
 Sabinus to remove into Prulfia in 1543, and-to carry his 
 wife with him, who afterwards died at Konigfberg in 
 1547. He fetllcd at Franckfort upon the Oder, and per¬ 
 formed the office of a profeftbr there, under the patronage 
 of the ciedor of Brandenburg. He married a fccond 
 wife, and became very famous for his wifdom and elo¬ 
 quence^ 
 
*]lience, as well as for his parts and learning; whicli 
 brought him to the knowledge of Charles V, and occa- 
 honed him to be >fent on fome embalhes. He was fent 
 particularly by the elector of Brandenburg into Italy, 
 where he feems to have contrafled an illnefs, of which he 
 died that year; that is, in 1560, the very fame year in 
 which Melanclhon died. His Latin poems, of various 
 kinds, have been often printed, and are well known. 
 
 I 
 
 SABLIERE (Anthony de Rambouillet de la), 
 a French poet, who died at Paris in 1680. He wrote ma¬ 
 drigals, which were publilhed after his death by his fon. 
 
 Thefe little poems have done him great honour, on ac¬ 
 count of a hnenefs of fentiment and delicate fimplicity of 
 Ilyle ; and may be confidered as models in their kind. 
 Voltaire fays, tliat “ they are written with delicacy, with-^ 
 
 out excluding what is natural.” His wife HeiTelin de S eek 
 la Sablicre was acquainted with all the wits of her time. 
 Fontaine has immortalized her in his poems, by way of 
 gratitude for a peaceable and happy refuge, which he found 
 in her houfe almoil twenty years. 
 
 SACCHI (Andrea), an illuftrious Italian painter, 
 the fon of a painter, was born at Rome in 1601 ; and un¬ 
 der the conduct of Giofeppino made fuch advances in the 
 art, that, under tvvelve years of age, he carried the prize, 
 in the*academy of St. Luke, from ail his much older 
 competitors. With this badge of honour, they gave him 
 the nickname of Andreuccio, to denote the diminutive 
 figure he then made, being a boy : and though he grew 
 i<p to be a tall, graceful, well-proportioned man, yet he 
 hill retained the name of “ Little Andrew,” almoil to the ’ 
 day of his death. His application to the Chiaro-Scuros 
 of Polydorc, to the painting of Raphael, and to the an¬ 
 tique marbles, together with his iludies under Albani, 
 and his copying after Correggio, and others the bell Lorn-- 
 bard mailers, were the feveral fteps by which he laifed 
 himfclf to mighty perfedlion in hillorical compolitions. 
 
 'Fhe three firll gave him his corrcdlnefs and elegance of 
 delign ; and the kill made him the bell colour!ft of all tlig 
 Roman fchool. His works arc not very numerous, by 
 reafon of the infirmities which attended his latter years ; 
 and more efpecially the gout, vvhich often confined him to 
 his bed for months together. And, Ixftdes, he was at ail 
 tunes very flow in his performances; becauL “ hf never 
 
 N" 2 “ didv 
 
I So 
 
 S A C C H I. 
 
 did any tiling,” he faid, but what he propofed (hould 
 be feen by Raphael and Haiinibaiwhich laid a re- 
 flraint upon his hand, and made him proceed with the 
 ntmoil precaution. His hrft patrons were the cardinals 
 Antonio Barberini and del Morte, the protestor of the 
 academy of painting. He became afterwards a great fa¬ 
 vourite of Urban VI 11 , and drew a pi<^ure of him; 
 which, with other things painted after the life, ma}'’ ftand 
 in competition with wdiatever has been done by the re¬ 
 nowned for portraits. He was a perfon of a noble ap¬ 
 pearance, grave, prudent, and in converfation very enter¬ 
 taining. He was moreover an excellent architefl, and had 
 many other rare qualities : notwithdanding which, it is 
 faid that he had but few friends. The manner in which 
 he criticifed the men of abilities, and the little commerce 
 he affe^Ied to liave witfi his fellow^-artids, drew on him 
 their hatred particularly. He was contemporary with 
 Pietro di Cortona and Bernini, and very jealous of their 
 glory: with the latter of thefe he had the following ad¬ 
 venture. > Bernini, deiiring to have him fee the choir of 
 St. Peter before he expoled it to public view, called on 
 him to take him in his coach; but could by no means 
 perfuade iiim to drefs hiinfelf, Sacchi going out with 
 him in his cap and dippers. This air of contempt did 
 not end licre ; but dcppifig near the window, at the en¬ 
 trance into St. Peter’s, he laid to Bernini, This is the 
 point ol view, trom which I will judge of your work 
 and, whatever Bernini could fay to him, he would not llir 
 a flep nearer. Sacchi, conlidering it attentively fome 
 time, cried out as ioud as he could, Thole figures ought 
 to have been larger by a palm and went out of the 
 church, without laying anotiier word. Bernini was fenii- 
 ble of the jufliieis of his criticifni, yet did not think fit to 
 do hk work over again. Sacchi died in i66i. 
 
 SACHEVER^LL (Henry), D. D. was a man 
 whole hiftory affords a very flriking example of the folly 
 and inadncfs of party, which could exalt an obfeure indi- 
 vidual, poifefiixi of but moderate talents, to an height of 
 popularity tiiat the prelent times behold with wonder and 
 altonifhment. He was the fon of Jofhua Sacheverell [a] 
 of 3 .Iaribor< 5 ugi!, clerk, (who died reflor of St. Peter’s 
 
 a] Sec a panfic«!ar accatia£ of his zrxntl-fatkci: ansi his family in Gent* 
 hU£, p. 290* 
 
 church 
 
S A C H E V E R E L L. 282 
 
 church in Marlborough, leaving a numerous family in 
 very low circumftances). By a letter to him from his 
 uncle, in 1711, it .appears that he had a brother named 
 Thomas, and a lifter Sufannali. Henry was put to fchool 
 at Marlborough, at the charge of Mr. Edward Hearft, an 
 apothecary, who, being his godfather, adopted him as his 
 fon. Hearft’s widow put him afterwards to Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, where he became demy in 2687, at the 
 ^ge of 15. Young Sachevereli foon dminguifticd liimfclf 
 by a regular obfervation of the duties of the houfc, bv his 
 compolitjons, good manners, and genteel behaviour; 
 qualilications which recommended him to that focicty, of 
 which he was fellow, and, as public tutor, had the careof the 
 education of‘moft of the young gentlcme]i of quality and 
 fortune that were admitted of the college. In this llation 
 he bred a great many perfons eminent for their learning 
 and abilities ; and amongft others was tutor to Mr. Holdf- 
 worth, whofe “ Mufcipula” and “ Diiiertation on Virgil” 
 have been fo defervcdly efteemed. He was contemporary 
 and chamber-fellow with Mr. Addifon, and one of his 
 chief intimates till the time of his famous trial. IXIr. 
 Addifon^s “ Account of the greateft Engliih ^ Poets,” 
 dated April 4, 1694, in a Farewell-poem to the Muie,s on 
 his intending to enter into holy orders, was inferibed ‘‘ to 
 Mr. Henry Sachevereli,” his then deareft friend and col¬ 
 league. Much has been faid by Saclievereli’s enemies of 
 his ingratitude to his relations, and of his turbulent be¬ 
 haviour at Oxford ; but thefe appear to have been ground- 
 lefs calumnies, circulated only by tlie fpirit of party. In 
 his younger years he wrote fome excellent Latin poems: 
 beftcles feveral in the fecond and third volumes of the 
 “ IVIufae Anglicana;,” aferibed to his pupils, there is a 
 good one of fome length in the fecond volume, under his 
 own name (tranferibed from the Oxford collection, on 
 queen Mary’s death, 1695). He took the degree of M. A. 
 
 May 16, 1696 ; B. D. Feb. 4, 1707 ; D. D. July i, 1708. 
 
 His firft preferment was Cannock, or Cank, in the county 
 of Stafford. He was appointed preacher of St. Saviour’s, 
 Southwark, in 1705; and while in this ftation preached 
 his famous fermons (at Derby, Aug. 14, 1709 ; and at St. 
 
 Paul’s, Nov. 9, in the fame year) ; and in one of them 
 was fuppofed to point at lord Godolphin, under the name 
 of Volpone. It has been fuggefted, that to this circum- 
 ftance, as much as to the doCIrines contained in his 
 fermons, he was indebted for his profccution, and cven- 
 
 N 3 tually 
 
/ 
 
 SACHEVERELL. 
 
 tually for liis preferment. Being impeached by the Iionf®, 
 of commons, his trial began Feb. 27, 1709-10 ; and con¬ 
 tinued until the a-^^d of March : when he was fentenced 
 to a fafpenfion fiom preaching for three years, and his 
 two feimons ordered to be burnt. I'his ridiculous pro- 
 fcc.ution overthrew the minilfly, and laid the foundation 
 of his fortune. "Fo Sir Simon Harcourt, who was counfel 
 for him, he prefented a lilver baion gilt, with an elegant 
 infcription, written probably by his friend Dr. Atter- 
 bury [e]. Dr. Sacheverell, during his fufpenlion, made 
 a kind of triumphal progrefs through divers parts of 
 the kingdom ; during which period he was collated to a 
 living near ShrewiFury; and, in the fame month that his 
 fufpcnfion ended, had the valuable rectory of St. Andrew’s, 
 Hoibourn given him by the queen, April 13, 1713. At 
 that time his reputation was lo high, that he was enabled, 
 to fell the lirfi: fermon preached after his fentence ex¬ 
 pired (on Palm Sunday) for the fura of Tool.; and up¬ 
 wards of 40,000 copies, it is faid, were foon fold. We 
 find by Swift’s Journal to Stella, Jan. 22, 1711-12, 
 that he had alfo interefl: enough with the rainillry to pro¬ 
 vide very amply for one of his brothers ; yet, as the Dean 
 had faid. before, Aug. 24, 1711, ‘Mhey hated, and af- 
 fe£«;ed to defpife him.” A confderable ellate at Callow 
 in Derbylhire was foon after left to him by his kinfman 
 (ieorge Sacheverell, efq. 1111716, he prefixed a dedica¬ 
 tion to “ Fifteen Difeoufes, occafonaily delivered before 
 “ the univerfty of Oxford, by W. Adams, M. A. late 
 Undent of Chrifl-Church, and re£lor of Staunton 
 “ upon Wye, in Oxfordfhire.” After this publication, 
 we hear little of him, except by quarrels with his pariilii- 
 oners. Pie died June 5, 1724; and, by his will, be¬ 
 queathed to bp. Atterbury, then in exile, who was fup- 
 pofed to have penned for him the defence he made before 
 
 VJRO Honoratifrimo, 
 Univerfi furis Orr.cv.lo, 
 Eccltfiae 5c Regni Prseficiio 5c 
 Oi nrrrento, 
 
 ^iMONi IIakcov'RT Equ’ti Aurato, 
 Magnx Er.tnnniae Sigilli Magni 
 
 Cuitodi, 
 
 El SerenllTimit: Reginse e Secretloribus 
 cojililiis; 
 
 Ob caufam mtam, coram Supremo 
 Seoatu, 
 
 Ji’ Aula Wt li rsionanerlenfi, 
 ^civoji cum facundla 
 
 & fuba<?la Legum feientia, 
 Bcnigne Sc conllanter deRnfam ; 
 
 Ob pr'fcam Ecclefi.e c]o<J\rlnam, 
 Iiiviolandam Legum vim, 
 
 Piam Subditoiutn heiem, 
 
 Hr facioranfta Ltgum jura, 
 Contra nefarios Perdueliium impetus 
 Ft’iiclfcr vindicata ; 
 
 Votivum hoc Munufculum 
 Graiitodinif, ergo 
 
 D. D. II. 
 
 E N RIrs Sacheverell, S. T. P. 
 Anf.c Salutb MIjCCa.'*’ 
 
 tlie 
 
SACHEVERELL. 
 
 tlie houte of peers [g], the fum of 500 1 . The dutchefs 
 of Marlborough defer ibes Sacheverell as “an ignorant Account, 
 
 “ impudent incendiary; a man who was the fcorn even^^* P-^ 47 * 
 “ of thofe who made life of him as a tool.’’ And bp. 
 
 Eurnet fays, “ He was a‘bold infolent man, .with a very 
 “ fmali meafure of religion, virtue, learning, or good Hlft. vol. 
 
 “ fenfe ; but he refolved to force himfelf into popularity P‘^ 77 ' 
 “ and preferment, by the mod petulant railings at Dif- 
 “ fenters and Low-church men, in feveral fermons and 
 “ libels, wrote without either chaftenefs of dyle, or live- 
 ‘‘ linefs of expreffion.” 
 
 [cj This fpeech, when originally 
 puhliThed, was thus addrelTed “ to the 
 Lords Spiritual and Temporal in 
 “ Parliament aflTembled : 
 
 “ May it pleafe your Lordfhips, 
 
 ** It hath been my hard fortune to 
 ** be mifunderftood, at a time when I 
 ** endeavoured to exprtfs myfelf with 
 the utmoft plainnefs j even the de- 
 fence I made at your Lordlhips’ 
 ** bar, in hopes of clearing the in- 
 nocence of my heaft, hath been 
 grievoully mifreprefented. For 
 ** which reafon I have humbly pre- 
 
 * fumed to offer it in this manner 
 ‘ to your Lordfhips’ perufal. My 
 ‘ Lords, thefe are the very words I 
 
 * fpoke to your Lordlhips. I hope 
 ^ they are fo plain, and exprefs, as 
 ‘ nor to be capable of any mifeon- 
 ‘ tlruilion : and may I fo find mercy 
 ‘ at the hands of God, as they are in 
 
 * every refpeft entirely agreeable to 
 ‘ my thoughts and principles ! I am, 
 ‘ my Lords, your Lordlhips’ moft 
 ‘‘ obedient and moll dutiful fervant, 
 
 “ Henry Sacheverell.” 
 
 Printed in 
 Atteibury’s 
 EpiUolary 
 Conefpon- 
 dence, vol. 
 HI. p. 455. 
 
 S ACKVILLE (Thomas), the firft lord Buckhurft, 
 and earl of Dorfet, was born in 1536 at Buckhurfl in 
 SulTex, the feat of that ancient family. He was fent to 
 Oxford in king Edward’s reign ; and, after fome hay there, 
 removed to Cambridge, where he took the degree of mailer Athen, 
 of arts. Then he was removed to the Inner-Temple 
 London, and proceeded fo far in the hudy of the law, as • • . 
 to be called to the bar ; but without any delign to pradtife, 
 and only to qualify him more elfetSIually for ferving his 
 country in parliament, where we hnd him in the reign of 
 Philip and Mary. He had, early at the univerfities, ac¬ 
 quired the name of a good poet; and, in 1557, wrote his 
 poetical piece, intituled, “ The Indudllon,” or intro- 
 duftion to the Myrror of Magiftrates. This “ Myrror 
 “ of Magiflrates” is a ferics of poems, formed upon a 
 dramatic plan; and conlifts of examples of eminent bad 
 men, who had come to miferable ends. It was very mueJi 
 applauded in its time. In 1561, was a£led his tragedy of 
 “ Gorboduc;” the hrfl, that ever appeared in verfe, and 
 greatly admired by die wits of that age. “ Gorboduc,” SHin^^y’-s a. 
 fays Sir Philip Sidney, “ is full of {lately fpeeches andp'/.J'^ 
 well-founding phrafes, climbing to the height of Seneca’s 
 
 N 4 “ ilyie ; 
 
 I 5 y Y 4 ‘ 
 
xS4 
 
 <( 
 
 Preface to 
 Gorboduc. 
 
 Ol^rerva- 
 tions on 
 the Fairy- 
 Queen, p 
 
 ^ 35 * 
 
 S A C K V I L L Ea 
 
 llyle; and as full of notable morality, which it doth 
 moll delightfully teach, and thereby obtains the very 
 ‘‘ end of poetry.’’ This tragedy was publilhed at firll 
 furreptitiouhy by the bookfellers; which moved lord 
 Buckhurfl to give a corre£l edition of it himfelf in 1570.. 
 
 It afterwards went through other editions ; notwithftand- 
 ing which, for many years it had been fo Hrangely loll, 
 that Dryden and Oldham, in the reign of Charles II, do 
 not appear to have feen it, though they pretended to cri- 
 ticife it; and even Wood knew jull as little of it, as is 
 plain from his telling us, that it was written in old Eng- 
 lilh rhyme. Pope took a fancy to retrieve this play 
 from oblivion, and to give it a run: in which delign 
 Spence was employed to fet it off with all poflible advantage ; 
 and it was printed pdmpoully in 1736, 8vo,''with a preface 
 by the editor. Spence, fpeaking of his lordlliip as a poet, 
 declares, that “ the dawn of our Engiilh poetry was in 
 “ Chaucer’s time, but that it Ihone out in him too bright 
 “ all at once to lall long. The fuccceding" age was dark 
 “ and overcall. There was indeed fome glimmerings of 
 “ genius again iri Henry VlII’s time; but our poetry 
 had never what could be called a fair fettled day¬ 
 light, till towards the end of queen Elizabeth’s reign. 
 It was between thefe two periods, that lord Buckhurll 
 “ wrote ; after the earl of Surrey, and before Spenfer.” 
 The Indudction is written fo much in Spenfer’s man- 
 mer, abounds fo much in the fame fort of defeription, and 
 is fo much in the llyle of Spenfer, that, if Sackville did 
 not furpafs this poet, it was becaufe he had the difad- 
 vantage of writing firll. Warton makes no fcruple to af 
 firm, that the Induction “ approaches nearer to the 
 ‘‘ ‘ Fairy Queen’ in allegorical reprefentations, than any 
 other previous or fucceeding poem.” 
 
 Having by thefe productions ehablifhed the reputation 
 of being the beft poet in his time, he laid down his pen, 
 and, quitting that, alfumed the charaCler of the llatefman, 
 in which he alfo became fuperlatively eminent. He found 
 leifure, however, to make the tour of France and Italy; 
 and was on fome account or other in prifon at Rome, 
 when the news arrived of his father Sir Richard Sack- 
 ville’s death in 1566. Upon this, he obtained his releafe, 
 returned home, entered into the polTclIion of a vail in¬ 
 heritance, and foon after was taken into the peerage by the 
 title of lord JBuckhurll. He enjoyed this accellion of ho¬ 
 nour and fortune too liberally for a while j but is faid to 
 
 
 Ci 
 
 it 
 
S A C K V I L L E. 185 
 
 have been reclaimed at length by the queen, who received 
 him into her particular favour, and employed him in many- 
 very important affairs. He was indeed allied to her ma- 
 jefty : his grandfather having married a fllfer to Sir 
 Thomas Boieyn, afterwards earl of Wiltfhire, who was 
 father to Anne Boieyn, mother of queen Elizabeth. In 
 1587, he was fent ambaflMor to the United Provinces, 
 upon their complaints againft the earl of Leicefler ; and, 
 though he difeharged that nice and hazardous trnft witli 
 great integrity, yet the favourite prevailed with ins mill refs 
 to call him home, and confine liim to his houfe for nine or 
 ten months : which command lord Buckhurll is faid to 
 have fubmitted to fo obfequioufly, that in all the time he 
 never would endure, openly or fecretly, by dav or by 
 night, to fee either wife or child. His enemy, however, 
 dying, her majelfy’s favour returned to him with ftrongcr 
 rays than before. He was made knight of the garter in 
 1590; and chancellor of Oxford in 1591, by the queen’s 
 fpecial interpofition. In 1589, he was joined wnth tiie 
 treafurer Burleigh, in negotiating a peace with Spain ; 
 and, upon the death of Burleigh the fame vear, fucceeded 
 him in his office : by virtue of which he became in a 
 manner prime miniiler, and as fuch exerted himfeif vigor- 
 oufly for the public good and her majefly’s fafety. 
 
 Upon the death of Elizabeth, the adminiftration of tlie 
 kingdom devolving on him with other counfellors, they 
 unanimoufly proclaimed king Jame^ ; and that king re^ 
 newed his patent of lord high treafurer for life, before 
 his arrival in England, and even before his lordlhip waited 
 pn his majefty. March 1604, he was created earl of 
 Dorfet. He was one of thofe whom his maiefty con- 
 fulted and conlided in upon all occafi^Jis; and he lived in 
 the higheft efleem and reputation, without any extraor¬ 
 dinary decay of health, till 1607. Then he was feized at 
 iiis houfe at Horfley in Surrey with - a diforder, which 
 reduced him fo, that his life was defpaircd of: upon 
 ■vvhich the king fent him a gold ring enamelled black, fet 
 with twenty diamonds ; and this meflage, that “ his ma- 
 “ iefly wiffied him a fpeedy and perfect recovery, with all 
 “ happy and good fuccefs, and that he might live as long 
 “ as the diamonds of that ring did endure, and in token 
 ‘‘ thereof required him to w^ear it, and keep it for his 
 ** fake.” He recovered this blow to all appearance ; but 
 foon after, as he was attending at the council table, he 
 dropped dawn, and immediately gave up his lall breath. 
 
 This 
 
i86 
 
 Kaunton’s 
 
 Fragments 
 
 Regalia, 
 
 P* 70. 
 
 Catnlogr.e 
 of Royal 
 ai>d Noble 
 Auihor^ or 
 Englanil, 
 ■'■'oU I. p. 
 
 i6i. 
 
 SACKVILLE. 
 
 This fudden death, which happened in April 1608, was 
 occahoned by a particular kind of dropfy on the brain. 
 He was interred with great foiemnity in Weflminftcr- 
 abbey ; his funeral fermon being preached by his chaplain 
 Dr. Abbot, afterwards abp^ of Canterbury. Sir Robert 
 Naunton writes of him in the following terms : They 
 much commend his elocution, but more the excellency 
 “ of his pen. He was a fcholar, and a perfon of quick 
 difpatch; faculties that yet run in the blood : and they 
 “ fry of him, that his fecretaries did little for him by way 
 “ of inditement, wherein they could feldom pleafe him, 
 he was fo facete and choice in his phrafe and ftyle.—> 
 “ I find not that he was any ways inured in the fadlions 
 of the court, which were all his time ftrong, and in 
 “ every man’s note; the Howards and the Cecils on the 
 “ one part, my lord of Eifex, &c. on the other part: for 
 “ he held theilaff of the treafury fall; in his hand, which 
 “ once in a year made them all beholden to him. And 
 “ the truth is, as he was a wife man and a flout, he had 
 no rcafon to be a partaker ; for he flood fure in blood and 
 “ grace, and was wholly intentive to the queen’s fervices : 
 and fuch were his abilities, that Ihe received alTiduous 
 proofs of his fufheiency ; and it has been thought, that 
 Ihe might have more cunning inllruments, but none of 
 “ a more flrong judgement and confidence in his ways, 
 wliich are fymptoms of magnanimity and fidelity.’* 
 'Eo this charafler of Naunton, we will fubjoiii the ob- 
 fervation of an author, that “ few firfl miniilers have left 
 “ fo fair a cliaradler, and that his family difdained the 
 “ office of an. apology for it, againfl fome little cavils, 
 “ which—fpreta exoleicunt; fi irafeare, agnita videntur.” 
 
 Several of his letters are printed in the cabala; befides 
 vrhich there is a Latin letter of his to Dr. Bartholomew 
 Clcrke, prefixed to that author’s Latin tranflation from the 
 Italian of Cafliglione’s “ Courtier,” intituled, De Cut- 
 “ riali five Aulico,” firfl printed at London about 1571. 
 His lordfhip was fucceeded in honour and eflate by his 
 foa Robert, and afterwards fucceflively by his two grand- 
 fous, Richard and Edward. 
 
 SACKVILLE (CiiARLEs), earl of Dorfet and 
 hliddlefex, a celebrated wit and poet, was defceiided in a 
 direft line from Thomas lord Buckhurfl, and born in 
 1637. He had his education under a private tutor ; after 
 which, making the tour of Italy, he returned to Eng¬ 
 land 
 
i87 
 
 S A C K V I L L E. 
 
 iaiid a little before '‘the Reiloration. He flione in the 
 houfe of commons, and was carelfed by Charles II; but, 
 having as yet no turn to bulinefs, declined all public em¬ 
 ploy, He was in truth, like Villicrs, Rocheller, Sedley, 
 Jcc. one of the wits or libertines of Charles’s court ; and 
 thought of nothing fo much as feats of gallantry, which 
 fometimes carried him to inexcufablc excefles. He went 
 a volunteer in the firil: Dutch war in 1655 ; and, the 
 night before the engagement, compofed a fong, which 
 is generally elleemed the happiell of his produ6Iions. ' 
 Soon after he was made a gentleman of the bed-chamber ; 
 and, on account of his diilinguilhed politenefs, lent by the 
 king upon feveral fliort embaflies of compliment into 
 France. Upon the death of his uncle Jajnes Cranlicld, • 
 carl of IMiddlefex, in 1674, that eftate devolved on him; 
 and he fucceeded likewife to the title by creation in 1675.- 
 His father dying t^vo years after, he fucceeded him in his 
 eilate and honours. He utterly dilliked, and openly dil- 
 countenanced, the violent mealures of [ames ll’s reign; 
 and early engaged for the prince’of Orange, by Vvhom he 
 was made lord chamberlain of the lioulhold, and taken 
 into the privy council. In 1692, he attended king William 
 to the coiigrefs at the Hague, and was near loling his life 
 in the paffage. They went on board Jan. 10, in a 
 very fevere feafon ; and, when they were a few leagues 
 off Goree, having by bad weather been four days at fea, 
 the king was fo impatient to go on Ihorc, that he took a 
 boat: when, a thick fog ariling fooii after, they were lo 
 clofcly furrounded with ice, as not to be able either to 
 make the Ihore, or get back to the fliip. In this con¬ 
 dition they remained twenty-two hours, almofl defpairi ng 
 of life ; and the cold was fo bitter,' that they could hardly 
 Ipeak or hand at their landing ; and lord Dorfet contra£Icd 
 a lamcncfs, which held lilni fome time. In 1698, his 
 health infenlibly declining, lie retired from public affairs ; 
 only now and then appearing at the council board. He 
 died at Bath Jan. 19, 1705-6, after having married two 
 wives : by the latter of whom, he had a daughter, and an 
 only fon, Lionel Cranfield Sackville, who was created a 
 duke in 1720, and died 061 . 9, 1765. 
 
 Lord Dorfet \vrote feveral little poems, which, howv 
 ever, arc not numerous enough to make a volume of 
 themfelves, but may be found, fome of them at leaft, 
 in the late excellent collection of the “ Englifh Poets.” 
 lie was a great patron of poets and men of wit, who 
 
 have 
 
SACKVILLE. 
 
 Bave not failed in their turn to tranfmit liis with 
 juftre to pofterity. Prior, Drydcn, Congreve, Addifon, 
 and many more, have all exerted themfeivcs in their feverai 
 panegyrics upon this patron; Prior more p3rticular]y,j 
 whole exquihtely wrought chara£^er of him, in the dedi^ 
 cation of his poems to his fon> the hrfl duke of Dorfet, 
 is to this day admired as a mailer-piece. Take the fol¬ 
 lowing palTage as a fpecimen : “ The brightnefs of his 
 parts, the folidity of his judgement, and the candour 
 “ and generoiity of his temper, diilinguilhed him in ar% 
 age of great politenefs, and at a court abounding with 
 “ men of the fined fenfe and learning. The mod emi- 
 nent mailers in their feveral ways appealed to his de- 
 termination : Waller thought it an honour to confult 
 him in the foftnefs and harmony of his verfe; and Dr. 
 Sprat in the delicacy and turn of his profe : Diy^deri 
 ** determines by him, under the cliara£ler of Eugenius, 
 ** as to the laws of dramatic poetry : Butler owed it to 
 ‘‘ him, that the court taded his ‘ Hudibras WichcrJey,, 
 that the town liked his ‘ Plain Dealer \ and the late 
 duke of Buckingham deferred to publifh his ‘ Reheai-fal/ 
 “ till he was fure, as he exprefied it, that my lord Dorfet 
 would not rehearfe upon him again. If we wanted 
 “ foreign tedimony. La Fontaine and St. Evremond 
 have acknowledged, that he was a perfe£l mader of the 
 beauty and dnenefs of their language, and of all they 
 call ‘ les belles lettres.’ Nor was this nicety of his 
 “ judgement confined only to books and literature: he 
 was the fame in datuary, painting, and other parts of 
 art. Bernini would have taken his opinion upon the 
 beauty and attitude of a figure; and king Charles did 
 not agree with Lely, that my lady Cleveland’s pi£lure 
 “ was dnifhed, till it had the approbation of my lord 
 Buckhurd.” 
 
 Gent. Mag. SADLEIR (Sir Ralph), was defeended of an an- 
 ^782, p. cient family, feated at Hackney, in Middlefex, where he 
 was born about 1507, to a fair inheritance; he was edu¬ 
 cated under Thomas Cromwell, earl of ElTex, vicegerent 
 to the king in all ecclefiadical matters, he, he, and mar¬ 
 ried Margaret Michell, a laundrefs to the earl’s family, in 
 the life-time, though j^bfence, of her hufband Matthew 
 Barre, a tradefman in London, prefumed to be dead at that, 
 time, and he procured an aft of parliament 37 Hen.VllL 
 for the legitimation of the children by her. Being fecretary 
 
 to 
 
s A D L E I k. 
 
 to the earl of Eflex, he wrote many things treating of 
 ilate-affairs, and by tiiat means became known to king- 
 Henry VIII. who took him from his mailer in the 26tli 
 year of his reign, and appointed him mailer of the great 
 wardrobe; this was a happy circumftaiice for him, as it 
 removed him from the danger of falling with his noble 
 patron. the ^oth year of his reign? Mr. Sadleir was 
 I worn of his niajelly’s privy council, and appointed one of 
 his principal fecretaries of {late. The king fent him divers 
 times into Scotland both in war and peace, appointed him 
 by his will one of the privy council, who were to affiH the 
 lixteen perfons that he appointed regents of the kingdom 
 during the minority of his fon and fucceffor Edward VL 
 ^at which time it appears he was a knight), and bcciueathed 
 to him 200L as a legacy. _ hi 1540 and 1543, he was 
 aiaibanador in the two following negotiations : the former, 
 to James V. in order to difpofe him towards a Reformation; 
 the lattei, to the governor and Hates of Scotland, concerning 
 a marriage betwixt Mary their young queen and Edw'ard 
 VL then prince of Wales, i Edw. VI. Sir Ralph was ap¬ 
 pointed trealurer Ibr the army (a more proper name for 
 the office than that of paymaller general, efpecially as it 
 has been managed in modem times). He was prefeiit at 
 the battle of MaCeiburgii in Scotland, Sept. 10, 1547, un¬ 
 der Edward duke of Somerfet, lord prote£lor, and gained 
 fuch hciiour in that viflory, that he was there, with two 
 more. Sir Francis Bryan and Sir Ralph Vane, made a 
 knight banneret. The king of Scots^ Ilandard, which 
 he took in that battle, Hood within theie fifty or Iixty years 
 {and poffibly Hill Hands) by his monument in the church 
 of Standon, Herts, one of the principal manors that w^s 
 given him by Henry \ HI; the pole only was left, about 
 twenty f(^t high, of Hr, encircled with a thin plate of iron 
 from the bottom, above the reach of a horfeman’s fword. In 
 the reign of Mary he religned, and lived privately at Stan¬ 
 don, where he built a new manor-houfe upon the fite of 
 the old one. He was a privy counfeilor to Elizabeth in 
 the firH year of her reign, and chancellor of the duchw of 
 LancaHer the loth, which place he held till his death. 
 
 He was employed in other important negotiations, 
 relating to Scottilh affairs; and particularly, in 1586, 
 was one of the coinmiffioners appointed by queen 
 Elizabeth for the trial of queen Mary, being a mem¬ 
 ber of all the committees of parliament" upon that affair, 
 ottch^uan fpeaks of him as “ Eques notx virtutis, qui ^"* 
 
 ^ \ I'nb- 
 
 (^ 559 ^ 46' 
 
S A D L E I R. 
 
 f 
 
 “ (1559) Bervicl publicis muniis pr3efe(fi;us erat.” C^tm- 
 deii gives him the chara£ler of being a very prudent man, 
 and remarkable for many and great negotiations ; and . 
 he was alfo diftinguifhed in a military as well as civil ca¬ 
 pacity : for, in 1547, he was employed as treafurer of 
 the army under the duke of Somerfet; and, at the battle 
 of Pinky, behaved himfelf fo gallantly, as for his va¬ 
 lour to be made a knight banneret. The following 
 coat of arms v/as granted to him by Chrillopher Barker, 
 (barter, by his letters patent dated May 14, 34 Hen. 
 Vlll. Party per fels A/mre and Or, gutty, and a lion 
 rampant, counterchanged, in a caiiton of the lalf a buck’s 
 head cabolhed of the firll;; crell, on a wreath, a demi lion 
 rampant Azure, gutty d’Or. But this (to ufe the language 
 of the lafh century) “ being deemed to much confufed and 
 “ intricate in the confufed mixture of too many things in 
 “ one Ihicld, another was ratified and affigned to him / 
 “ Feb. 4, 1575, by Robert Cook, Clarencieux, and William 
 “ Flower, Norroy,” viz. Or, a lion rampant party per fefs 
 Azure and Gules, armed and langued Argent; crefi:, on a 
 wreath, a demi lion rampant Azure, crowned with a ducal 
 coronet, Or; motto, “ Servire Deo fapere.” He was of the 
 privy council above forty years, and during the greateft 
 part of that time one of the knights of the Ihire for the 
 county of Flertford, particularly in the parliaments 6 Edw.. 
 YI. I, 3, 13, 14, 27, 28 Eliz. and probably in feveral 
 temp. Hen. VHl. as all the writs and returns thoughout 
 England from 17 Edw. IV. to i Edw. VI. are loll, except 
 one imperfedl bundle, 33 Hen. VIH. in which his name 
 appears as “ SirRalph Sadieir, knt.” Pie was always faithful 
 to his prince and country, and a great promoter of the 
 Reformation of the church of England. He died at his ' 
 iordfliip of Standon, March 30, 1587, in the 80th year of 
 his age, leaving behind him twenty-two manors, leveral 
 parfonages, and other great pieces of land, in the feveral 
 counties of Hertford, Gioucefter, Warwick, Buckingham, 
 and Worcefler. He left ilTue three fons, and four daugh¬ 
 ters ; Anne, married to Sir George Horfey of Digf- 
 well, knt. Mary, to T homas Bollys, all ter Bowles, of 
 Wallington, efq. Jane, to Edward Baefli, of Stanllead, efq. 
 (which three gentlemen appear to have been fheriffs of tho 
 county of Flertford, 14, lo, and 13 Eliz.) ; and Dorothy^, 
 to Edward Elryngton of BeiPall, in the county of Bucks, 
 efq. The fons were, 'Phomas, Edward, and Henry. 
 
 Thomas Sadlcir, efq. fuccccded at Standon, was IherifP 
 of the county 29 and 37 PHiz. and knighted, and enter¬ 
 tained 
 
 V 
 
S A D L E I R. 
 
 .tained’king James there two nights in his way from Scot¬ 
 land. He married, ift, a daughter of Sir Henry Sherrington ; 
 adly, Gertrude, daughter of Robert Markham of Gotham, 
 in the county of Nottingham, efq. by whom he had iffue 
 Ralph, and Gertrude, married to Walter, the firil Lord 
 Afton of the kingdom of Scotland. He died Jan. 5, 1606, 
 and was fucceeded at Standon by his fon Ralph Sadleir, 
 efq. Iheriff of the county, 7 Jac. I. He married Anne, el- 
 deft daughter of the famous Sir Edward Coke, chief jufiice 
 (fucceftively) of the courts of common pleas and king’s 
 bench, with whom he lived in good correfpondence fifty- 
 “ nine years in the fame houfe, yet, according to the tra- 
 dition of the neighbourhood, never bedded her;” and, 
 dying without iftlie, was fticceeded in hjs iordlhip of Stan¬ 
 don, and other eftates in the county of Hertford, by Wal¬ 
 ter, the fecond Lord Afton, eldeft furviving fon of his 
 lifter Gertrude Lady Afton beforementioned. 
 
 In the chancel of the church of Standon is the burying- 
 place of the family; againft the fouth-wail is a monument 
 for Sir Ralph Sadleir, with the. effigies of himfeif in 
 armour, of his three fons and four daughters, and three in- 
 fcriptions, in Latin verfe, in Engliffi verfe, and in Eng- 
 Ilfh profe: againft the north-wall is another for Sir 
 Thomas, with the effigies of himfeif in armour, his lady, 
 fon, and daughter, and an epitaph in Engliffi profe. 
 There are feveral infcriptions for various perfons of the 
 Afton family, but no notice is taken of Ralph Sadleir, 
 efq. and from thence, and from fome very obfervable pe¬ 
 culiarities in the following epitaph, which is infcribed on 
 a marble ftone in the veftry fixed againft the wall, one 
 might be led to infer that his wife acknowledged and felt 
 tlie truth of the tradition beforementioned. 
 
 “ Here lyeth the body of Ann Coke, eldeft daughter of* 
 Sir Edward Coke, knt. lord chief juftice of the common 
 pleas, by his firft and heft wife, Bridget Pafton, daiigiiter 
 and heir of John Pafton, of Norfolk, efq. At the age of 
 fifteen ffie was married, in 1601, to Ralph Sadleir of Stan¬ 
 don in Hertfordffiire. She lived his wife fifty-nine years 
 and odd months. She furvived him, and here lies in af- 
 fured hope of a joyful refurre<ftioa.” 
 
 The tranfaiftions of the two memorable embafties, fpcci- 
 fied above, are recorded and preferved in “ Letters and. 
 
 Negotiations of Sir Ralph Sadleir, &:c.” printed at 
 Edinburgh, 1720, in 8vo. In a preface, which fvirnilhes 
 part of this account, the editor has the following paf- 
 
 3 
 
 191 
 
 iage 
 
 p 
 
S A D L E I 
 
 fageThe copy, whence the follbwing ^ Negotiations^' 
 
 “ and ‘ Letters’ are publifhed, is in the library of the 
 “ honourable faculty of advocates at Edinburgh, writ 
 ‘‘ in the hand and according to the fpelling bf that time* 
 
 “ It was thought convenient, that the fyllabicatibh fhould 
 “ be made fomewhat modern, to render the readiiig more 
 eafy; but no alteration or change is made in the words.’* 
 Upon Edward Sadleir, efq. fecond fon of Sir Ralph 
 Sadleir, was fettled the manor of Denefleai, now Temple 
 DInfley, in the parifh of Hitchin, Herts. This Edward 
 married Anne, daughter, and at length foie heirefs, of Sir 
 Richard Lee, or A‘Leigh, of Sop well, in the parilli of St* 
 Peter at St. Alban’s, knt. which Sir Richard, on account 
 of the good fervices performed by him at the liege of 
 Boulogne, had the following coat of arms granted to him 
 by patent, bearing date 0£l. 4, 1544, thofe which he had 
 before borne being erafed : “ Party per cheveron Golde and 
 “ Gouls, in the chefs ii lyons fallyant encountrant Sables, 
 “ armed and langued Gouls.” 
 
 SADLER (John), an Englifli writer, defeended of 
 * an ancient family in Shropfhire, was born in 1615, and 
 educated at Emanuel college in Cambridge; where he 
 became eminent for his knowledge in the Hebrew and 
 Oriental languages. After having taken his degrees in 
 the regular way, and beenfome years fellow of his college^ 
 he removed to Lincoln’s-Inn; where he made a con** 
 fiderable progrefs in the fludy of the law, and became in 
 1644 'a mailer in chancery. In 1649, he was chofen town 
 clerk ot London, and publifhed in the fame year a book 
 with this title, “ Rights of the Kingdom: or, Cuftoms 
 of our Anceltors, touching the duty, power, election, 
 “ or fucceffion of our kings and parliaments, our true 
 “ liberty, due allegiance, three ellates, tlieir legiflative 
 power, original, judicial and executive, with the mi- 
 “ litia; freely difculled through the Britilh, Saxon, Nor- 
 man laws and hillories.” It was re-pri^ed in 1-682, 
 and has always been valued by lawyers and others. He 
 was greatly elteemed by Oliver Cromwell; who, by a let¬ 
 ter from Cork, of Dec. i, 1649, offered him the place of 
 chief juftice of Munfter in Ireland, with a falary of 1000 1 . 
 per annum ; which he excufed himfelf from accepting. 
 Augufl 1650, he was made mafter of Magdalen college 
 in Cambridge, upon the removal of Dr. Rainbowe, who 
 again fucceeded Sadler after the Refloration. In 1635, 
 7 lie 
 
SADLER. 193 
 
 he was chofen member of parliament for Cambridge. 
 
 In 1655, warrant of Cromwell, purfuant to an or¬ 
 dinance for better regulating and limiting the jurifdiftion. 
 of the high court of chancery, he was continued a mailer 
 in chancery, when their number was reduced to fix only. 
 
 It was by his interefl, that the Jews obtained the privilege 
 of building for themfelves a fynagogue in London. In 
 1658, he was chofen member of parliament for Yar¬ 
 mouth ; and, the year following, appointed firfl com- 
 miffioner, under the great feal, wuth Taylor, Whitelock, 
 and others, for the probate of wills. In 1660, he pub- 
 lilhed ‘‘ Olbia: The New Ifiand lately difeovered. 
 
 With its religion, rites of worfhip, laws, cufloms. go- 
 ‘‘ vernment, charadlers, and language ; with education of 
 **■ their children in their fciences, arts, and manufadlures ; 
 with other things remarkable ; by a Chriilian pilgrim 
 driven by tempeil from Civita Vecchia, or fome other 
 parts about Rome, through the flraits into the Atlantic 
 ocean. The firft part.” 
 
 Soon after the Relloration, he loll all his ernployments, 
 by virtue of an a6l of parliament 13 Carol! II. for the 
 well-governing and regulating of corporations his 
 confcience not permitting him to take or fubferibe the 
 6ath and declaration therein required, in which it was de¬ 
 clared, that it was not lawful, upon any pretence wdiat- 
 rcver, to take arms againfl the king;” an obedience fo 
 abfolute, that he thought it not due to any earthly power, 
 though he had never engaged, or in any manner a£led 
 againfi; the king. In the fire of London 1666, he loft 
 feveral houfes of value; and foon after his manfion-houfc 
 in Shropfhire had the fame fate. Thefc misfortunes and 
 feveral orhers coming upon him, he retired to his manor 
 and feat of Warm well in Dorfetlhire, which he had ob¬ 
 tained with his wife; where he lived in a private,manner, 
 and died in April 1674, aged 59. See more of him 
 among Dr. Birch’s MSS. in the Britifh Mufeum, N® . 
 
 341 * 
 
 SADOLET (James), a polite and learned Italian, 
 was born at Modena in 1477 ; and was the fon of an. 
 eminent civilian, who, afterwards becoming a profeffor at 
 Ferrara, took him along with him, and educated him with 
 great care. He acquired a mafterly knowledge in the Latin Nlceron, 
 and Greek eap'ly, and then applied himfelf to philofophy 
 and eloquence ; taking Ariftotle and Cicero for his guides, 
 
 VoL. XI. O whom 
 
194 
 
 S A D O L E T. 
 
 whom he confidered as the firfi; mailers in tliefe two ways- 
 He alio cultivated Latin poetry, in which he fucceeded as 
 well as moll of the moderns. Going to Rome under the 
 pontificate of Alexander VI, when he was about twenty- 
 two, he was taken into the family of cardinal CarafFe, who 
 loved men of letters : and, upon the death of this cardinal 
 in 1511, palled into that of Frederic Fregofa, archbifhop 
 of Salerno, where he found Peter Bembus,. and contra6led 
 an intimacy with him. When Leo X. afcended the papal 
 throne in 1513, he chofe Bembus and Sadolet for his 
 fecretaries ; men extremely qualified for the office, as both 
 of them wrote with great elegance and facility : and foon 
 after made Sadolet biffiop of Carpentras near Avignon. 
 Upon the death of Leo in 1521, he went to his diocefe, and 
 relided there during the pontificate of Hadrian VI; but Cle¬ 
 ment VII. was no fooner feated in the chair in 1523, than 
 he recalled him to Pvome. Sadolet fubmitted to his holi- 
 nefs, but on condition that he ffiould return to his diocefe 
 at the end of three years, which he did very punctually.: 
 and it is well he did fo ; for, about a fortnight after his 
 departure from B,ome, in 1527, the city was taken and 
 pillaged by the army of Charles V. Paul III, who fuc¬ 
 ceeded ClementVII, in 1534, called him to Rome again; 
 made him a cardinal in 1536, and employed him in many 
 important embaffies and negotiations. Sadolet, at length, 
 grown too old to perform the duties of his bifhopric, went 
 no more from Rome ; but fpent the remainder of his days 
 there in repofe and ftudy. He died in 1547, not without 
 poifon, as fome have imagined; becaufe he correfponded 
 too familiarly with the Proteflants, and teflified much 
 regard for fome of their doctors. It is true, he had writ¬ 
 ten in 1539 a. Latin letter to the fenate and people of 
 Geneva, with a view of reducing them to an obedience to 
 ‘ the pope ; and had addrefled himfelf to the Calvinifls, 
 with the affedlionate appellation of “ Chariffimi in Chriflo 
 “ Fratres but this proceeded entirely from the fweet- 
 nefs, moderation, peaceablenefs of his nature, and not 
 from any inclination to Proteflantifm, or any want of 
 zeal for the church of Rome, of which he was never 
 lufpecled: fo that all lurmifes about poifon may well be 
 looked upon, as indeed they generally were, as vain and 
 groundlefs. 
 
 Sadolet in his younger days was fomewhat gay ; and, 
 although his exterior deportment had gravity enough in 
 
 i-t, 
 
S A D O L E T. 
 
 it, yet there is no doubt that he indulged in the delights 
 of Rome, under the voluptuous pontificates of Alexan- 
 Julius II, and Eeo !X.. However, he reformed 
 his manners very flriaiy afterwards, and became a man of 
 great virtue and goodnefs. He was, like other fcholars of 
 his time, a clofe imitator of Cicero ; and therefore it is 
 i^ot furprifing, that he is difFufe, wordy, and more remark- 
 able for a fine turn of period, than for hrength and folidity 
 of matter . not but tnere are many noble and excellent 
 lentiments in his writings. His works, which are all in 
 Latin, conli.fl of epiflies, diflertations, orations, poems, 
 and commentaries upon fome parts of holy writ. They 
 have been printed oftentimes feparately : but they were 
 colleaed and publiflied together, in a large 8vo volume, > 
 at Mentz in 1607. All his contemporaries have fpoken 
 of him in the highefl terms ; Erafmus particularly, who 
 calls him “ eximium astatis fure decus.’^ Though he was, 
 as all the Ciceronians were, very nice and exaa’about his 
 Latin, yet he did not, like Bembus, carrv this Humour to * 
 fo ridiculous a length, as to difdain the ufe of any yvords 
 that were not to be found in ancient authors ; but adopted 
 fuch terms as later inffitutions and cufloins had put men 
 upon inventing, as “ Ecclefia, Epifcopi, he. &c.” The 
 jeiuit Rapin, fpeaking of his poetry, obferves, that he 
 had imitated the language and phrafeology of the an¬ 
 cients, without any of their fpirit and genius: but, fup- 
 pofing this tiue, it is, I fear, no more than what may be 
 
 faid in fome meafure of thofe who have beft fucceeded in 
 modern Latin poetry. 
 
 SAGE (Alain Rene le), an ingenious French au- 
 thoi, was born at Ruys in Bretany in 1667 > tindmay per-" 
 haps be reckoned among thofe who hav’^e written the lan¬ 
 guage of their country the ncarefl to perfection. He had 
 wit, tafte, and rhe ait of fetting forth his ideas in the molt 
 caly and natural manner. His firft work was a para- 
 phraflicaltranllation of “ Ariflaenctus’sLetters.” He after- 
 W'ards fludied the Spanifh tongue, and made a journey into 
 Spain to acquaint himfelf with the Spanifli cufloms.' Le 
 Sage ^eiieraiiy took the plans of his romances from the 
 Spanlia writers; the manners of which nation he has 
 very well imitated. His ‘‘ Le Liable Boiteux,” in 2 
 vols. lamo, was drawn from the ‘‘ Diabolo'Cojuelo” of 
 Guevara . and his ‘‘ Gil Bias,” fo w'^eii known in every 
 country of Europe, from “ Don Gufman d’Alfarache.” 
 
 ^ ^ There 
 
 ^95 
 
19 ^ S A G E. 
 
 There are alfo his “ L6 Bachelier de Salamanque,” his 
 “ New Don Quichotte,” and fome comedies, which were 
 well received at the French theatre. He died in a little 
 houfe near Paris, v/liere he fupported liiinfelf by writing, 
 Si^c de jji ^ 747 - “ His romance of Gil Bias,” fays Voltaire, 
 
 im.'ll. ' ** continues to be rcad, becaufe he has imitated nature 
 “ in it.” 
 
 There was alfo David le Sage, born at Montpellier, 
 and afterwards diilinguifhed by his immoralities and want 
 of ceconomv, as well as by Ids poetry. There is a col- 
 ItClion of his, intituled, “ Lcs folies du Sage,” conlifting 
 of foniiets, elegies, fatires, and epigrams. He died 
 about 1650. 
 
 SAINTE-ALDEGONDE (Philip deMARNix' 
 lord du Mont), was one of the moil illuflrious perfons 
 ■of the 16th century. He was a man of great wit and 
 ieaniiiig ; underftood Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and feveral 
 living languages ; and was deeply verfed in civil law, poli¬ 
 tics, and divinity. He was born at Bruflels in 1538 ; and 
 afterwards, when the Low-countries were perfecuted and 
 oppreffed by the Spaniards, retired into Germany, and was 
 promoted at Heidelberg to the place of counfcllor in the 
 Adam m eccicfiaflical council. He fuffered great hardfhips before 
 withdrew. “ I was forced,” fays he, “to endure 
 proferiptions, banifliments, lofs of eftate, and the hatred 
 and, reproaches of all my friends and relations ; and at 
 “ iaft was iinprifoncd for a year under the duke of Alva 
 and the commander Requezens, during \vhich time I 
 recommended myfelf to God for at leaft three months 
 every night, as if that would be my laft, knowing 
 “ that the duke of Alva had twice ordered me to be 
 “ put to death in prlfon. ‘ Tantum religio potuit fuadcrc 
 “ maloruni.” In 1572, he returned to his own country, 
 in order to employ his talents in the fupport of liberty, 
 add to the advantage of the Reformed religion. He was 
 highly eileemed by the prince of Orange, and did him 
 great fervices, not by arms, but by words : for he knew 
 how to wTite and to fpeak well. In 1575, he was one of 
 the deputies fent by the flates of England, to delire the 
 A- protedlion of queen Elizabeth. Three years after, he was 
 dim, lie. aiciiduke Matthias to the Diet of Worms, 
 
 where he made an excellent fpeech to the eledlors and 
 princes of the empire then prefent; in which, as Thuanus 
 M-1.14 stL tells us, “ having deplored the miferabk flate of the Low- 
 
 countries, 
 
<i 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 ii 
 <( 
 
 (( 
 
 <4 T 
 
 < ( 
 
 S A IN TE-ALDEGGNDE. 
 
 / 
 
 countries, and fliarply declaimed againll the tyranny of 
 the duke of Alva and Don John of Auftfia, he dehred 
 the affihance of the empire, fince the empire was ex- 
 pofed to the fame danger with the Low-countries : and 
 he foretold, that tlie fame of the war, if it were not 
 hopped, would fpread itfeif farther, and feizc Cologne, 
 Munfter, Emhden, and other neighbouring cities, 
 .vhich the Spaniards, by the advice of the duke of Alva, 
 
 determined to fubdue/^ He was one of 
 
 97 
 
 had 1( 
 
 long ago 
 
 the plenipotentiaries fentby the States into France in i gSo, 
 to offer the fovercigiity of their provinces to the duke of 
 Alenr^on ; and, in 1581, attended that pu’ince to England, 
 whence he vvrote to the States the iaife news of his mar¬ 
 riage with queen Elizabeth. This inftance Wicquefort de 
 fets before the eyes of ambafiadors, to make them cautious 
 
 r 1 m ■ o • r ^ tiv. 2. 
 
 or tac news they write. “ Sometimes, lays he, “ one 
 cannot believe even what one fees: ‘vidit, aut vidiife 
 putat.’ The fieur de Sainte-Aidegonde, who managed 
 the affairs of the States of the Low-countries at the 
 court of London in 1581, being one evening in the 
 queen’s chamber, faw her in converfation witli the duke 
 “ of Alencon. The lords and ladies were at fuch a dif- 
 “ tance, that they could have no (hare in it; but every 
 body was witnefs of an adtion, from which a great con- 
 fequence might be drawn. ^ The queen, taking off a 
 ring from, her fiiiger, put it upon that of the duke; 
 who immediately went away with an air of joy and fa^ 
 tisfaclion, as carrying with him the pledge and ahurances 
 of his marriage. Sainte-Aidegonde, thinking this ac¬ 
 tion of the utmofl importance to his mafters, gave them 
 advice of it by an exprefs, which he dilpatehed the 
 fame night. The ringing of bells and firing of cannon, 
 and other figns of rejoicing, through alLthe Low-coun¬ 
 tries, proclaimed the fatisfadlion they received from 
 this advice : but the queen reproached Sainte-Aldegonde 
 for having precipitately given an advice, tlie fallity of 
 which he might have known in a few hours.” He was 
 
 4^ O 
 
 conful of Antwerp in 1584, when that city was befieged 
 by the duke of Parma; in 1593, condu(^ed into 
 the Palatinate the princefs Louifa Juliana, daughter of 
 William I, prince of Orange, who had been betrothed to 
 the eledlor Frederick IV ; and, in 1598, he died at Ley- Melrli. A- 
 den in his 60th year. ' 
 
 He was one of the greatefl and moil difeerning poli¬ 
 ticians of his own, or perhaps any other age. This would 
 
 O 3 app^ ar, 
 
 ti 
 
 fi 
 
 ti 
 
 ct 
 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 
 i i 
 
 ii 
 
 i i 
 
 ii 
 ii 
 ii 
 (4 
 ii 
 ii 
 
19S 
 
 Melch. A- 
 See, 
 
 Jr, B1o?iis 
 aliquotThe 
 olo^'^rcm, 
 p. 145. ■ 
 
 * # ■ e 
 
 SAINTE-ALDEGONDE. 
 
 appear, if from nothing elfe, at leafl from a lingle tra£t: of 
 his, wherein he treats of the “ Dehgns of the Spaniards,” 
 and their unwearied endeavours after univerfal monarchy ; 
 and where, like a true prophet, he foretold many political 
 events, which aftually happened in Great Britain, Po¬ 
 land, and France. Amidll: all his employments he wrote 
 or meditated fomethinjr, which misht be ufeful to the 
 church or the Fate ; and the books which he publilhed 
 have not been thought the ieaft fervice he performed. His 
 view in many of his pieces was to refute the controverfal 
 writers of the church of Rome, and to raife enemies to 
 the king of Spain. He did not always treat thefe matters 
 in a ferious way : many humorous produdlions came from 
 his hands. In 1571, he publilhed in Dutch the Romilh 
 H ive, “ Alvearium Romanum and dedicated it to 
 Francis Sonnius, billiop of Boifleduc, one of the principal 
 inquilitors of the Low-countries. This, being Tull of 
 comicalFories, was received by the people with incredible 
 applaufe .; and, like Erafmus’s “ Colloquies,” did more in¬ 
 jury to the church of Rome, than a ferious and learned 
 book would have done. He wrote in French a book of 
 the fame kind, which was printed foon after his death ; and 
 is intituled, Tfableau des differens de la Religion.” In 
 tliis performance he is very facetious, and introduces jokes, 
 mixed at the fame time with sood reafons. The fuccefs 
 
 o 
 
 of this work was no lefs than that of the “ Alvearium.” 
 Numbers of people diverted themfelves wnth examining 
 this pidfure, and by that means confirmed themfelves in 
 their belief more flrongly than by reading the beF book 
 of Calvin. I'huanus, however, did not approve his me¬ 
 thod of treating controverfy : “1 faw,” fays he, “ Philip 
 “ de Marnix at the Fcge of Paris, and lodged three 
 months in the fanre houfe with him. He was a polite 
 “ man, but this is no great matt;er. He has treated of 
 ‘‘ religion in the fame Fyle with Rabelais, which was very 
 “ wrong in him.” He is faid to have been the author of 
 a famous fong, written in praife of prinee William of 
 NaF’au, aird addreffed to the people of the Low-countries 
 under the cpprciTion of tire duke of Alva : and this long 
 was fuppofed to be of great fcrvice, when they were form¬ 
 ing a defign of credling a new republic, which might fup- 
 port itfelf againF fo powerful a monarch as the king of 
 Spain. “ In this point,’’.fays Yerheiden,” Saintc-Alde- 
 gonde Ihewcd hirafclf as it were another Tyrta?us, fo 
 “ Citen applauded by Plato; for, as tliis fong contains' 
 • 4 ' “ an 
 
 / 
 
199 
 
 SAINTE-ALDEGONDE. 
 
 an encomium of that brave prince, excitements to vir- 
 “ tue, confolation for their lolTes, and ufefui advices, it 
 “ infpired the people with a ftrong refolution of defend- 
 ‘‘ ing the prince and the liberty of their country.” Fie 
 was engaged in a Dutch verhon of the Floly Scriptures, 
 when he died. He had tranflated from the Hebrew into 
 Dutch verfe the “ Pfahns of David but this verfion was 
 not admitted into the church, though better than that 
 which was commonly ufed. “ I'hat work,’' fays Mel¬ 
 chior Adam, “ has been feveral times printed, but never 
 “ received by the common confent of the preachers ; 
 
 whereas the other verhon is learnt by fome thoufands : 
 
 ‘‘ for the fate of books is according to the capacity of a 
 “ reader : ‘ Pro captu ledforis habent fua fata libelli.” 
 
 But if this maxim be true, the number of editions will be 
 no proof of the goodnefs of a book; becaufc the more 
 foolifh and empty any age is, and the more vitiated and 
 depraved its tafte, the more will ill books be'fought after, 
 and good ones ncgledled. 
 
 SATNT-ANDRE (NaTHANAF.l), a well-known Anecdotes 
 anatomift of the prefent century, whofe celebrity arofe 
 
 . , r r 1 • 1 1 by r^icnols. 
 
 Cither rrom traud or ignorance, or perhaps rrom a due edit, 
 mixture of both ; but of whom no biographical notices pp. 20, 
 were colledled till, on his having been ftyied in a recent 3^3> 
 publication [a] “the notorious St. Andre,” a fpright- 
 ly writer ftarted forth, one who (to ufe his own 
 words) “ knew him intimately (but was never under 
 “ the fmalleft obligation to him) for the laft twenty years 
 “ of his life, and has learned the tradition of his earlier 
 “ condudt feemingly better than the editor of the article in 
 “ queflion.” From the memorials thus furnilhed as it 
 were by chance, our article is compiled. 
 
 St. Andre came over, or rather was brought over, See here- 
 very early from Switzerland, his native country, in the P- 
 train of a Mendez, or Salvadore, or fome Jewifli family. 
 
 Next to his countryman Fleidegger, he became the moll 
 confiderable perfon that has been imported from thence. 
 
 He probably arrived in England in no better than a meinal 
 flation. Polhbly his family was not originally obfcure, 
 for he has been heard to declare, that “ he had a rightful Secp. 205. 
 “ claim to a title, but it was not wortli while to take it up fo 
 “ late in life.” He had undoubtedly all the qualifications of 
 a Swifs. He talked French in all its provincial dialects, 
 
 [a] In the firll edition of the Biographical Anecdotes of Hoganh." 
 
 O 4 and 
 
 r 
 
20 & 
 
 SAINT-ANDRE. 
 
 and fupcrintended the prefs, if the information is to be 
 depended upon, and perhaps taught it, as his filler did at a 
 boarding-fchool in Chellca. He was early initiated in mulic, 
 for he placed upon fome mulical inllrument as foon as 
 he was old enough to handle one, to entertain his be- 
 nefa£lors. He had tne good fortune to be placed bv 
 them with a furgeon of eminence, and became Ikilful in 
 his profelfion. His duty and gratitude to his father, 
 whom he maintained when he was no longer able to 
 maintain himfeh, was exemplary, and deferving of hio^h 
 commendation. Let this charity cover a multitude of his 
 fins . His great thirfl for anatomical knowledge, and an 
 unweari^ application, foon made him fo complete an 
 anatomilt, that he undertook to read public lectures 
 which gave general fatisfaftion. He continued his 
 of anatomy to the Jail, and left noble preparations behind 
 him, which he was continually improving. 
 
 Whiill St. Andre was baling in the fun-lhine of public 
 favour in Northumberland-Court, near Charing-Crofs, un¬ 
 der pretence of being w^anted in his profelfion at fome houfe 
 in the neighbourhood, he was hurried through fo many 
 pafiages, and up and down fo many flair-cafes, that he did 
 not know where he was, nor what the untoward feene 
 was to end in, till the horrid conclufon prefented itfelf, 
 m which he publifhed an extraordinary account in the 
 Gazette of Feb. 23, i 724 - 5 » no lefs than that of his being 
 poiloned, and of his more extraordinary recovery. His 
 conflitution was fo good, that he got the better of the 
 mtcrnal potion. The truth and circumfances of the 
 Itory could only be known to himfelf, who authenticated 
 at upon oath. His narrative partakes of the marvellous; 
 and the reader of the prefent hour is left in total igno¬ 
 rance of the a^or, and the provocation to fuch a bar¬ 
 barous termination [b]. His cafe was reported, and he 
 was attended, by the ablell of the facultv : and the privy 
 council ifTued a reward of two hundred pounds towards a 
 
 [bJ The whole narrative was con- 
 (idered by his contemporaries as an 
 oflentatlous falfehood, invented only 
 to render him an object of attention 
 and comrniferation. Jt Ihould be re¬ 
 membered that hi 5 depofitions were 
 all delivered on oath; and yet, being 
 replete with faas totally imprebable 
 (for his apiilogift allows they par- 
 “ take of the marvellous”), obtained 
 Jtto credit from the world: a fufhcienl 
 
 proof of the eftimation In which hi* 
 moral character was held by the pco*- 
 pie who were heft acquainted with it, 
 though at that period (for the rabbit 
 affair had not yet decided on his re¬ 
 putation) he polfelTed fufficient Intereft 
 as court-furgeon to engage the privy- 
 conncil in his caufe. They readily 
 enohgh confented to offer a fum which 
 they might have hcen fure would ne¬ 
 ver be demanded. 
 
 difeovery. 
 
201 
 
 S A I N T - A N D R E. 
 
 tlifcovery. The time of his introdu£lioi;i into Mr. Moly- 
 neux’s family is not known to the wiiter of this account. 
 
 Whether anatomy, furgery, knowledge, or muiic, or his 
 performance on the vial de gamho on v/hich he was the 
 greatefl mailer, got him the intimacy with Molynenx, 
 is not eafy to determine. Certain it js, that he attended hcre- 
 his friend in his lall illnefs, who died of a dangerous dif- 
 order (but not under his hands), which 'Mr. Molyneox is 
 faid to have pronounced, from the firll, would be iiita,!. 
 
 Scandal, and Mr. 'Pope’s fatlrlcal ha],hline, talked after¬ 
 wards of ‘ the Polfoning Wife.’ -She, perhaps, was in 
 too great.a hurry, as the report ran, in marrying when 
 file did, according to the pradlifed dclica.cy of her fex, See p. 205, 
 and her very high quality. The unlucky buhnefs in 
 which one Howard, a furgeon at .Guildford, involved 
 him, who was the projector, or accelTary Y)f the impudent 
 impofture of Mary Tofts, the Rabbit-woman -of Go- 
 dalmin, occalioned him to become the talk and ridicule 
 of the whole kingdom. I'he report made by St. Andre 
 and others, induced many inconliderately to take it for a 
 reality. The public horror w^as fo great, that the rent of 
 rabbit-warrens funk to nothing; and nobody, till the de- 
 lufion was over, prefumed to eat a rabbit. The part St. 
 
 Andre adled in this affair ruined his intcrefl; at court, 
 where he had before been fo great a favourite Avith king 
 George [. that he prefented him with a fword that he 
 wore himfelf; Now, on his return out of the country, 
 he met with a perfonal afflont, and never went to court 
 again. But he continued anatomill to the royal houihold 
 to his dying day, though he never tbok the falary. He 
 probably was irnpofed upon in this matter [c]. He took 
 up the pen on the occahon (and it was not the firfl time, 
 for he wrote forae years before a bantering pamphlet onS<ep. icS- 
 Dr. Mead), which could at beft but demonflrate his 
 fincerlty, though it expofed the weaknefs of his judgement, 
 on that cafe. It had been infinuated, he adopted this fclieme, 
 to ruin fome perfons of his own profefilon. If he had a 
 mind to make an experiment upon the national belief, 
 and to tamper with their willingnefs to fvvallow any ab- 
 furdity, he was defervedly punilhed with contempt. 
 
 Swift (according to Whiflon), and perhaps Arbmth- 
 not, exercifed their pens upon him. The cheat was 
 
 fc] A note in the fecond fnpple- pofed vipon rcrpeifllng the woman of 
 plemental volume of Swift informed Godalmln, and that he apologifed 
 the writer of this fketch, that St. An- handfomely to the public in an adveir- 
 dre was convinced he had been lair tifement, dated Dec. 8, 17i6. 
 
 foon 
 
202 
 
 See here 
 after, p. 
 *05. 
 
 See p. 206. 
 
 S A I N T-A N D R E. 
 
 fooii difcovcrcd, and rabbits began to make their ap¬ 
 pearance again at table as iifiial: but they were not at his 
 own table, nor made a difh, in any form of cookery, at 
 that of his frends. It is told, that, on his alldng for 
 fome parily of a market-woman of Southampton, and de¬ 
 manding why fhe had not more to fell, fhe, in a banter, 
 alTured him, “ That his rabbits had eat it up.” 
 
 The fortune he acquired by marrying into a noble family 
 (though it fet all the lady’s relations againil him, and occa- 
 honed her being difmillcd from her attendance on queen 
 Caroline) was a fufficient compenfation for the laughter or 
 cenfure of the public. His high fpirit and confidence in 
 himfelf made him fuperior to ail clamour. So that people 
 did but talk about him, he feldom feemed to care what 
 they talked againfi; him. And yet he had the fortitude to 
 bring an aclion for defamation in Weilminller-hail againft 
 a certain do£lor in divinity, and got the better of his ad- 
 verfaiy. He was not fuppofed, in the judgement of the 
 wifer and more candid part of mankind, to have contri¬ 
 buted, by any chirurgical adminiflration, to the death of 
 his friend Mr. Molyneux, nor to have fet up the im- 
 pofture at Godalmin. Though he was difgraced at court, 
 he was not abandoned by ail his noble friends. In the * 
 autumn, before the heat of the town-talk on this affair 
 was over, he was fent for to attend Mr. Pope, who, on 
 his return home from Dawley in Lord Bolingbroke’s 
 coach and fix, was overturned in a river, and loft the ufe 
 of two fingers of his left-hand (happy for the lovers of 
 poetry they were not the fervants of the right one !) and 
 gave him alTnranee, that none of the broken glafs was 
 likely to be fatal to him. It is highly improbable, that 
 Pope and Bolingbroke would have fufiered St. Andre to 
 have come near them, if he had been branded as a cheat 
 and an impofior [d]. The great lord Peterborough, 
 who was his patron and patient long before he went to 
 Idfbon, entertained a very high opinion of him to the iaft. 
 His capacity in all kinds, the reception he gave to his table 
 and his garden, with his liberality to the infirm and dil- 
 trefied, made him vifited by perfons of the highell 
 
 [oj St. Andre was called in, be- uTe nf bis wounded fingers. But this 
 caut’e l^e.vha^pelted to be the fur^eon calamiry is not firictly chargeabk on 
 neaivfi: at hand. No man choofes to St. Andre’s want ol fKill j for it has 
 be ftrupulous in the moment of dan- beeri afleried, that though he (topped 
 ger. It might be urged, that our hero the eftolion of blood, the compltjticn 
 had little to boaft on the occafion, of rhe cure was eiitrufied folelv to 
 betaul'e his patient never recovered the auoiher artiil, 
 
 quality. 
 
 / 
 
203 
 
 SAINT-ANDRE. 
 
 quality, and by all ftrangers and foreigners. He did not 
 continue to enjoy the great fortune his marriage is fup- 
 pofed to have brought him to the end of his life, for a 
 great part went from him on the death of lady Betty. 
 
 He died in March, 1776, having furvived all his con¬ 
 temporary enemies, and, which is the confequence of 
 living long, moft of his ancient friends. He by no means 
 left fo much property behind him as to have it faid, he died See here- 
 rich. His profeffion as a furgeon, in a reafonable term of 
 years, would probably have put more money into his"^ 
 pocket than fell in the golden Ihower fo inaufpicioufly 
 into his lap, and have given him plenty, without envy or 
 blame. He v/as turned of ninety-lix when he died ; and 
 though fubje£l to the gout, of which he ufcd to get the 
 better by bliilers upon his knees, and by rigid abftiiience, 
 yet, when he took to his bed (where he laid he fhould 
 not lie long), and permitted a phylician to be called in to 
 him, he cannot be faid to have died of any difeafe. In 
 one fum of generclity, he gave the celebrated Geminiani 
 three hundred pounds, to help him to difcharge his in¬ 
 cumbrances, and to end his days in comfort. The 
 ilrength and agility of his body were great, and are well 
 known. He was famous for his ikill in fencing, in riding 
 the great horfe, and for running and jumping, in his 
 younger days. He, at one time, was able to play the 
 game at chefs with the befl mailers. After a flight in- 
 ftrudlion at Slaughter’s-colfee-houfe, he did not reft-till, 
 in the courfe of two nights, fitting up, he was able to 
 vanquifn his inftrudlor. He was fo earnell in acquiring 
 knowledge, that he whimlicallv, as he told the llory, cut 
 off h is eye-lahies, that he might not Heep till he arrived at 
 what he wanted. His face was mufcular and fierce. One 
 of his eyes, to external appearance, feemed to be a mafs of 
 obfcurity (as he expreffed it of Handel’s, when he became 
 ffark-blind), at leall it had not the uncommon vivacity of 
 the other. His language vjd.s full of energy, but loaded with 
 n idioms. His converfation was feafoncd fufficientlv 
 with fatire and irony, wdiich he was not afraid to difplay, 
 though he ought never to have forgot that he was oiice a 
 proper fubjeft for it. He built; he planted ; he had al- 
 moil “ from the cedar ot Lebanon to the hyffop that 
 groweth upon the wall,” in his hot-houfe, green-houfe, 
 and garden. If he was not deep in every ait and fciencc 
 (for even his long.life was not fulhcicnt for univerfal at¬ 
 tainment), 
 
204 
 
 See here¬ 
 after, p. 
 ao*^. 
 
 See p. 107. 
 
 S A I N T - A N D R E. 
 
 talnment), he cannot be reckoned to have been ignorant 
 of any thing. He was admired for his knowledge in archi-< 
 teflure, in gardening, and in botany, by thole who fhould 
 have been above flattery. But praife, from whatever 
 quarter it comes, is of an intoxicating nature. Thole 
 who found out that he loved praife, took care he fhould 
 have enough of it. He kept a .lift of the wretched and 
 the indigent, whom he conflantly maintained. The poor 
 of Southampton know they have loft their beft friend. 
 He was all his.life too much addi<fted to amours, and 
 fometimes with the lower pa^t of the fex. His converfa- 
 tion, which he was alv/avs able to make entertainins: and in- 
 ftruftive, was too often timftured with “ double entendr-e” 
 (a vice that increafes with age),, but hardly ever wdth pro- 
 phanenefs. He may be thought to have copied Her- 
 mippus, and to have confidered women as the prolongers 
 of life. How far he was made a dupe by any of them at 
 laft, is not neceftary for relation. He died, as he lived, 
 without fear ; for to his ftanders-by he gave no ftgn of 
 a ruffled mind, or a difturbed confcience, in his laft mo¬ 
 ments. 
 
 It is not the buftnefs of thii work to enter into con- 
 troverfy of any kind ; but it would be uncandid if, after 
 having given St. Andre credit for the virtues aferibed to 
 him by his apologift, we did not at leaft give a few quota¬ 
 tions (for we have not room for the whole) from the very 
 animated and entertaining reply which it produced. 
 
 Anecdotes Xhat St. Andre arrived here in a menial ftation, is not 
 id eduirn)^ improbable. The fervility of his youth afforded a na- 
 p* 375* tural introduffion to the infolence of his riper years. He 
 was indeed (if I am not milinformed) of the fame family 
 with the fencing and dancing-mafter whom Drydcn has 
 immortalized in Mac-Flecknoe; 
 
 St. Andre’s feet ne’er kept more equal time 
 and was intended for the fame profeffion ; a circumftanco 
 often hinted at by his opponents during the Rabbit 
 controverfy. Having been thus early inftru6led in the 
 management of the foil and kitt, no marvel that he fo 
 often prated about the art of defence, or that his grati- 
 “ tude to his benefaftors” broke out in the language of 
 a minuet or a rigadoon* 
 
 Though the dreadful crime which \vas indiftinflly men¬ 
 tioned in the firft edition of the “ Memoirs of Hogarth,” 
 has been alluded to with lefs referve by the apologift of St. 
 
 Andre, 
 
S A I N T-A N D R E. 
 
 Andre, it ihall be explained no further on the prcfent 
 occalion. Many are the common avenues to death, and 
 why diould we point out with miniitenefs fuch as we hope 
 will never be explored again ? Till I perufed the defence 
 fo often referred to, I had not even fufpedled that the 
 
 Poifoning Wife” [e] bore the leaft allulion to any par-' 
 ticular circumftance on the records of criminal gallantry ; 
 nor, without ftronger proofs than are furnifhed by this ex- 
 preflion (perhaps a random one), hiall I be wdliing to al¬ 
 lot the fmalieft fhare of blame to the Lady, fuch alone 
 excepted as mult unavoidably arife from her over-hafty 
 marriage, which was folemnized at Heffon near Hounllow 
 in Middlefex, on the 27th of May, 1730. I'his adt, how¬ 
 ever, as well as her derogation from rank, being mere of¬ 
 fences agaiiift human cuftoms, arc cognizable only upon 
 earth. The memoir on which thefe remarks are found¬ 
 ed, proves at lead that what had been hinted concerning 
 the death of Mr. Molyneux was of no recent invention. 
 So far from it indeed, that 5t. Andre was openly taxed 
 with having been the foie caufe of it, in a public news¬ 
 paper, by the Rev. Dr. Madden, the celebrated Irifli pa¬ 
 triot, who fubfcribed his name to his advertifement. 
 
 All that is faid on the fubjedf of family honours to 
 which St. Andre was entitled, his gratitude to his father, 
 what he gave to the celebrated Geminiani “ in one ftim 
 “ of generolity,” mud be admitted with caution, for 
 truth was by no means the charadleridic of our hero’s 
 narrations. Thefe circumdanccs, therefore, may be re¬ 
 garded as gafeonades of his own. The author of the 
 defence pretends not to have received any part of his in¬ 
 formation from St. Andre’s countrymen or contempo¬ 
 raries ; but, on the contrary, confeffes that both his early 
 friends and enemies had long been dead. 
 
 The afiair of the Rabbit-breeder has no need of further 
 illudration. . Several ballads, pamphlets, prints, &:c. on 
 the fubjeft, bear abundant tedimony to St. Andre’s merits 
 throughout that bulinefs, as well as to the dual opinion 
 entertained of him by his contemporaries, after Chefel- 
 den, by order of queen Caroline, had abided in difeover- 
 •ing the deceit. Her majedy was urged to this dep by 
 finding the plaudbility of our hero had impofed on the 
 king, and that fome of the pregnant ladies about Ler own 
 perfon began to exprefs their fears of bringing into the 
 
 The.wo-rds of Pope are the poifoning damt'’ 
 Satires, Diai, II, ver. 22. 
 
 See Epilogue tor his 
 
 world 
 
 
zq 6 sain T-A N D R E. 
 
 world an .'annatural progeny. His credulity indeed was 
 not confined to this lingle tranfadfion. The following 
 is a well-attefled frory—Two gentlemen at Southamp¬ 
 ton, who felt an inclination to banter him, broke a 
 nut-lliell afunder, filled the cavity with a large fwan- 
 Ihot, and clofed up the whole with glue fo nicely that 
 no marks of feparation could be detected. This cu- 
 riofity, as they were walking with St. Andre, one of 
 them pretended to pick up, admiring it as a nut un¬ 
 commonly heavy as well as beautiful. Our hero fwal- 
 lowed the bait, diiTedfed ;the fubjedf, difeovered the lead, 
 bat not the impolition, and then proceeded to account 
 philofophically forfo flrange a phsenomenon. The merry 
 w’ags could fcarce reflrain their laughter, and foon quit¬ 
 ted his company to enjoy the fuccefs of a ftratagem they 
 had fo adroitly pradfifed on his ignorance and cullibility. 
 
 . That he wrote any thing, unlefs by proxy, or with much 
 affiflance, may reafonably be doubted ; for the pamphlets 
 that pafs under his name are diveiled of thole foreign 
 idioms that marked his converfation. The infolence of 
 his attempt to banter Mead, we may Imagine, was treated 
 v/ith contempt, as the work deferibed has not been handed 
 down to us ; and few tiadls are permitted to be fcarce for 
 * any other reafon than bccaufe they are worthlefs. 
 
 How lord Peterborough happened to become his pa¬ 
 tron, Ac. may be accounted for without any great degree 
 of credit to either party. His lordiliip (as Lord Orrery 
 obferves) “ in his private life and condudl differed from 
 “ mod men and, having often capricious difputcs with 
 the court, was fare to favour thofe who, like St. Andre, 
 
 ' had been difmilTed from its fervice. Our hero’s mulical 
 talents indeed, iftiiey were fuch as they have been repre- 
 lented, might procure him accefs to his lordlhip and many 
 other noble adepts in the fublimc and ufefnl fcience of 
 harmony. The lovers of a tune urge no fevere enquiries 
 concerning the heart of a hdler. If he be a mercenary, 
 while he teaches female pupils, he is watched ; and if 
 he performs in concerts, he is paid. If above pecuniary 
 gratiheations, he is rewarded with hyperbolical compli¬ 
 ments. Articulate for inarticulate founds are ample re- 
 - tribution. . . , 
 
 I’hat he died poor (for fuch ryas really the cafe), fhould 
 excite no afionilhment. His fortune, like his good qua¬ 
 lities, was chiefly in fappohtion. Pvduch of his wealth he 
 had expended on buildings, which he never long inha- 
 5 bited, 
 
207 
 
 SAINT.ANDRE. 
 
 bited, and afterwards fold to difadvantage. His iirll 
 effays in architecture were made at Chepftow on the Se¬ 
 vern, an eflate purchafed by lady Betty Molyiieux imme¬ 
 diately after the death of her hufband. In Ihort, our hero 
 was a fugitive inhabitant of feveral counties, and never 
 fettled till he reached Southampton ; for in no other 
 place did he meet with that proportion of flattery which 
 was needful to his happinefs, if not to his exiftence. 
 About a mile from lienee he ereded the whimfical baby- 
 houfe dignifled by him with the title of Belle-Vue, a re* 
 ceptacle every way inconvenient for the purpofes of a fa¬ 
 mily. Being once afked if this was not a very Angular 
 manAon,—“ Singular !” replied he, “ by G— I hope it 
 “ is, or I would pull it down immediately. I would have 
 ‘‘ you to know, Sir, that it is conflruCled on the true prin- 
 “ ciples of anatomy.’’ The attempt to apply anatomical 
 principles to the arrangement of paflages, doors, and 
 windows, is too glaring an abfurdity to need animadver- 
 Aon, or to render it neceflary for me to deny in form, 
 that he could ever be admired for his knowledge in ar- 
 
 chiteClure,” except by fuch as knew not wherein its 
 excellences conAfted. He had, however, another dwel¬ 
 ling within the walls of the town already mentioned. 
 Here he pretended that his upper apartments were crowd¬ 
 ed with rarities, which he only wanted fpace to exhibit. 
 But, alas 1 after his deceafe, Mr. Chriflie’s auclion-room 
 bore abundant witnefs to the frivolity of his collections. 
 
 That St. Andre expired without Agns of terror, is but 
 a doubtful proof of his innocence. Being, at beft, a free¬ 
 thinker, he might regard death as annihilation, might 
 have been infenAble to its immediate approaches, or have 
 encountered it with a conftitutional Armnefs that was ra¬ 
 ther the gift of nature than the refult of confcicnce un- 
 difturbed. He wdio is become indifferent to the value of 
 reputation, will not eaAly be inclined to fuppofe that a 
 want of the virtues on wdiich it is founded will be pu- 
 nifhed in a future flatc. 
 
 SAINT-AULAIRE (Francis, Marquis de), a- 
 French poet, was born at LimoAn, and fpent the younger 
 part of his life in the army. He had a natural, eafy, and 
 delicate vein ; loved polite letters, which he knew how to 
 make ufe of; and cultivated poetry. He wTote but few 
 verfes, till he was upwards of Axty ; and it is remarkable, 
 that his befl Were wrote at ninety. The duchefs of 
 
 Maine 
 
£035* SAINT-AULAIRE. 
 
 Maine was charmed with his converfation, and drew him 
 to court, wliete he fpeiit many years of his life. When 
 he Vv^as' upwards of ninety, he once fupped with that great 
 Ihdy, who called iiim Apollo, and delired him to tell her 
 a certain fecrct: to which he replied, 
 
 ‘‘ La divinite qui s’ainufc 
 “ A me demander mon fecret, 
 
 “ Si i’etais Apollon ne feroit point ma mufe : 
 
 Elle feroit Thetis, et le jour finiroit.’^ 
 
 Were I Apoilo, Odivinclf fair, 
 
 Who deign to adc the fecret of a friend. 
 
 You Ihoiild not he my Mufe ; but T declare 
 You Ihould be Thetis, and the day fhouid end. 
 
 si^cic de ‘‘ Anacreon liimfelf,” fays Voltaire, “ wrote much worfe 
 Louis, when he was a great deal younger.^’ He was 
 
 torn. ii. received into the French academy in 1706, for a piece 
 which the fevere Boileau alledged as a reafon, why this 
 favour ihould not be granted him: he thought the piece 
 iinraoral. When fome of the academy expoftulated with 
 Boileau concerning his rigour, adding, that “ the marquis 
 ‘‘ wa.s a man of quality, and that fome regard lliould be had 
 ** to thatI contefl: not his title to quality, but his title 
 ‘‘ to poetry,” faid Boileau ; “ and I affirm, that he is not 
 only a bad poet, but a poet of bad morals.” It was 
 replied, that the marquis of Aulaire did not pretend to 
 be a poet by profeffion, but only, like Anacreon, wrote 
 little poems for his amufement: “ Anacreon 1 ” replied 
 Boileau ; “ have you read Anacreon, of whom you fpeak 
 “ thus ? Do you know,' Sir, that Horace, all Horace as he 
 was, thought himfelf honoured by being joined with 
 “ Anacreon ? Sir, while you can efleem fuch verfes a* 
 “ your marquis’s, you will oblige me extremely in dc- 
 “ fpiling mine.” St. Aulaire died iif 1742, aged near 100. 
 
 SATNT-CYR AM (John du Verger de Hou- 
 RANNE, Abbot of), was defeended from a noble family, 
 and born at Bayonne in 1581. He was inftrudled in the 
 belles lettres in France, and afterwards went to itudy di¬ 
 vinity at Lovain; where he acquired the friendffiip of 
 Liplius, who has given a public teftimony of his high 
 Liof. Cent, ellcem for him. I'he bifhop of Poitiers was his ,patron, 
 ^ religned to him in 1620 the abbey of Saint-Cyraii. 
 
 41. * ^ learned man, and wrote a great many books. 
 
 He is particularly memorable for two extraordinary para¬ 
 doxes, he is laid to have maintained: tlie of which 
 7 ih 
 
209 
 
 SAINT.CYRA N, 
 
 is, that “ a man tinder certain circumflances may kill 
 himfelfthe fecond, that “ Bifhops may take up arms.” 
 
 It appears, however, from an authentic memoir eommuni- 
 cated to Bayle, that he did not in reality hold the lawful- 
 nefs of fuicide. The book, wherein this queftion is dif- 
 culTed, was printed at Paris in 1609, and intituled, “ Quef- 
 “ tion Roiale,” &c. that is, “ The Royal Qtieilion; Ihew. 
 
 “ ing in what extremity, efpecially in the time of peace, 
 
 “ a fubje£t may be obliged to preferve the life of a prince 
 “ at the expence of his own.” The occafion of writing i 
 
 this book is curious enough to deferve to be mentioned : 
 and it is as follows. When Henry IV. of France alked 
 fome lords what he fhould have done, if at the battle of 
 Arques, inftead of conquering, he had been obliged to fly, 
 and, embarking on the fea which was near without any 
 provifions, a ftorm had call him upon fome defart ifle at 
 a diftance ; one of them anfwered, that “ hejvould fooner 
 have given himfelf for food, by depriving himfelf of 
 “♦ his own life, which he mull have loft foon after, than 
 have fuffered the king to perifh with hunger.” Upon 
 this, the king ftarted a queftion. Whether this might law¬ 
 fully be done ? and the count de Cramail, who 'was pre- 
 fent at this difeourfe, going fome time after t© viflt Du 
 Verger, whofe particular friend he was, propofed to him 
 this queftion, and engaged him to anfwer it in writing. 
 
 Du Verger, who was then in the heat of youth, and 
 might be touched with the generofity of the refolution, 
 exercifed himfelf upon this queftion, purely metaphyfleal, 
 as he would have done upon the clemency of Phalaris ; 
 and, having given his folution of it two ways to the 
 count de Cramail, this lord fupprelTed the beft folution, 
 and publillied the other without the author’s name, or 
 even knowledge, under the title of “ Queftion Royale 
 becaufe the king had propofed it, and becaufe it regarded 
 only the Angle cafe relating to the life and perfon of tlie 
 king. From which it appears, as Du Verger afterwards 
 declared to his friends, that this little piece did not fet 
 forth his true opinion, but was only a paradox, which 
 that lord had engaged him to maintain in his youth, as 
 llocrates wrote a panegyric on Buliris. 
 
 His other paradox, however, wc do not find that he 
 ever difowned. The bifliop of Poitiers, his patron, not 
 only took arms, and put himfelf at the head of a body of 
 men, in order to force fcveral noblemen he diftrufted to 
 leave Poitiers ; but likewife publilhed at Apology,” in 
 VoL. XL P 1615, 
 
210 
 
 S A I N T-C Y H A N* 
 
 i6f 5, agariifl thole who nilerted, that ‘‘ it was not iawfiil 
 “ foi' cccleliaHics in a cafe of iiecciiity to have recoarfe to 
 ‘‘ arnis.’^ l/liis apology is allowed to have had Du Ver- 
 gec for its author ; and it was pfeafantly called by a learn¬ 
 ed man of that time, The Koran of the Bifhop of Poi- 
 ‘‘ ticrsd* D« Verger was one of tiiofe who did not 
 approve of the Council of Trent: he coniidered it as a 
 political aOembly, ami by 00 means a true conricii. la 
 1637, he was ccnuiiiaed to prifosi; as his friends h.y^ 
 becaiife cardinal Richelieu wanted to be revenged on him, 
 for refuliug to vote in favour of the ouijity of the mar¬ 
 riage of the duke of Orleans with the princefs of Lorrai!^. 
 Other reafons however were publiciy given out, and at¬ 
 tempts were made to ruin him as a teacher of faJfe doc¬ 
 trines. It is faid, the cardinal thought him fo well qua¬ 
 lified to ani'wer the iiiiniflers w^ho iiad wnltteii againll 
 cardinal Perrori concerniog the primacy of the pope and 
 the real prelence, that he exliorted him to undertake tliat 
 work in prifon, and offered iiim all the books and ahif- 
 ances nccellary; but the abbot of Saitit-Cyran replied, 
 that it was not for the honour of the church, that the 
 “ head and principal myilcry of it fhouLd be defended by a 
 “ pnibner.” He died of aiiapoplex yat Paris, in 1643 • 
 however in confinement at Bois de Vincennes, as fome 
 have fiilfely alletted, but after he w^as fet at liberty. 
 
 Memoirs of 
 the Life and 
 
 Condt^/i of 
 the late 
 Lord Vif- 
 
 COURt Rt>- 
 
 iiojrhrote- 
 p. ic- Lott- 
 *ion, 1752, 
 Sfa. 
 
 SAINT - J O H N ( HIl If R Y), lord vlfcousit Boll og- 
 brok-Cj a great pl 3 ilalopher and politician, and famous for 
 the part he afled under both thefe cliaratiers, was defeend- 
 ed from an. ancient and noble family, and borji about 
 1672. fhs father was Sir Henry St. John, fon of Sir 
 %Viiter St John, w'ho died at Batterfea, his family-feat, 
 July 3, 5708, in his 87th year: his mother was lady 
 Mary, fecond daughter and coheirefs of Robert Rich, carl 
 of Warwick. He w^as bred up with great care, under the 
 infp€6Vioaof l).is grandfather, as well as his father ; %vho 
 ncgicficd no means to improve and acconiplhh iiirn in Ijjs 
 tcndcrcR years. Same ha^/e inhauated, tliat he was edu¬ 
 cated in Diirenting principles; and a certain writer fiys, 
 that he “ was well leAurcd by his grandmother and her 
 confefibr, Mr. Daniel Burgefs, in the Frefbyteriaii 
 WdiyJ’ He has dropped a hint in his letter to Poi>e, 
 printed at the end of his fetter to Sir W. Windham, 
 xvhich feems to countenance a notion of this kind ; and 
 that is, where liefpeaks of being ‘‘ condemned, when he 
 
 was 
 
 6 i 
 
2IX 
 
 S A t M T - J O H N. 
 
 was a boy, to read Manton, the Puritanical parfoii, as 
 ‘‘ he calls him, who made 119 fermons upon the iioth 
 ‘‘ Pfalm.” But whatever occafional informations or in- 
 flriuStions he might receive from his grandmother or her 
 friends, it is very certain, that he had a regular and liberal 
 education ; and, having palTed through Eaton fchool, was 
 removed to Chrift-churcli in Oxford, where it may fairly 
 be inferred, from the company he kept and the frieildfhips 
 he made, many of which fublifted in their full ftrength 
 ever after, that he foon rubbed olF the ruft of Puritanifm, 
 if indeed he ever contrafled it. 
 
 By the time he left the univerlity, he was confidcred as 
 a perfon of very uncommon qualifications, and one who 
 was fure to make a fiiining figure in the world ; nbt in¬ 
 deed without rcafon. He was in his perfon perfedly 
 agreeable ; had a dignity mixed with fweetnefs in his 
 looks, and a manner extremely taking. He had much 
 acuteneis, great judgement, and a prodigious memory. 
 Whatever he read, he retained ; and that in fo lingular a 
 manner, as to make it entirely his own. In the earlier 
 part of his life he did not read much, or at lead: many 
 books ; for which he ufed to give the fame reafon, that 
 Menage gave for not reading Moreri’s Di 61 :ionary ; name¬ 
 ly, that he was unwilling to fill his head with what 
 “ did not deferve a place there ; fiiice, when it was once 
 “ in, he knew not how to get it out again.” But it is 
 probable, that in his youth he was not much given to 
 reading and reflection. VV^ith great parts he had, as it 
 ufually happens, great paffions ; and thefe hurried him 
 into many of thbfe indiferetions and follies, which are 
 common to young meiik The truth is, he was a very 
 great libertine in his younger days ; was much addiCted 
 to women, and apt to indulge himfeif in late hours, with 
 all thofe cxcclfes that ufually attend them. This, how¬ 
 ever, did not wholly cxtlnguifli in him the love of iludy 
 and tlie defire of knowledge ; ‘‘ There has been fomething 
 “ always,” fays he, “ ready to whifper in my ear, while I 
 “ ran the courfe of picafure and of bufinefs, ‘ Solve fenc- 
 feentem mature fanus equum d ‘ and while his well, 
 “ releafe thy aged horfe.’ But my genius, unlike the 
 “ demon of Socrates, whifpered fo foftiy, that very often 
 I heard liini not, in the hurry of thofe paflions with 
 “ which I was tranfpoited. Some calmer hours there 
 “ were ; in them 1 hearkened to him. Reflection had 
 “ often its turn , and the love of fludy and the defire of 
 
 P 2. ’ ^ “ know* 
 
212 
 
 On the trv 
 Ufe of Rt 
 
 tirernent 
 and Study. 
 
 Memoirs, 
 
 &c. p. 35. 
 
 SAINT-JOHN, 
 
 “ knowledge have never quite abandoned me. I am not 
 “ therefore entirely unprepared for the life I will lead ; 
 
 and it is not without reafon, that I promife myfelf 
 ■ “ more fatisfa^lion in the latter part of it, than I ever 
 “ knew in the former.” 
 
 Whatever diferedit thefe youthful extravagances might 
 bring upon him, they did great honour to his parents ; 
 who, as his hiftorian tells us, though they had it always 
 in their power, yet would not produce him on the .ftage^ 
 of public life, till fufficient time had been allowed, and 
 every method tried, to wear them, in fomc meafure at 
 leaf!;, away. Then they married him to the daughter and 
 coheirefs of Sir Henry Winchecomb of Bucklebury, in 
 the county of Berks, bart. ; and upon this marriage a 
 large fettlement was made, which proved very ferviceable 
 to hin>, in his old age, though a great part of what his 
 lady brought him was taken from him, in coiifeqiicnce of 
 his attainder. 'J'he very fame year, he was defied for 
 the borough of Wotton-Balfet, and fat in the fifth par¬ 
 liament of king William, which met Feb. 10, 1700 
 and in which Robert Harley, efq; afterwards earl of Ox¬ 
 ford, was cliofen for the firft time fpeaker. This par¬ 
 liament was but of iliort continuance ; for it ended June 
 .24, 1701. The bulinefs of it was the impeachment of 
 the king’s miniflers, who were concerned in the conclu- 
 iion of the two partition-treaties ; and Mr. St. John going 
 .with the majority, who were then confidered as Tories,. 
 ' ouglit to be looked upon as coming into the world under 
 that denomination. We obferve this in his favour againft 
 thofc who have charged him with changing fides in the 
 earlier part of his life. He was in the next parliament, 
 that met Dec. following ; which was the laft in the reign- 
 of William, and the rirfl in that of Anne. He was 
 ; charged, fo early as 1710, with having voted this year 
 .ag^ainfl ahe fucceflion in the Houfe of Hanover: but his 
 liillorian fays, that, in a Little piece of his publifhed in 
 1731, when it v/as urged as a thing notorious and unde¬ 
 niable, he calls it “ a falfe and impudent aflcrtion that he 
 • farther affirms the bill for fettling the Pioteflant fuccef- 
 ffion to.have palled in 1701, and notin 1702; and likc- 
 ,wife obferves, that in the fame year a bill was brought 
 into parliament, by Sir Charles Hedges and himfeif, in¬ 
 tituled, ‘‘ A Bill for the further fecurity of his majefly's 
 ‘‘ perfon, and the fucceffion of the crown in the Pro- 
 teilaiit line, iiad extinguifhing the liopes of the pre- 
 
 tended 
 
S A I N T - J O H N. 
 
 213 
 
 tended prince of Wales, and all other pretenders, and 
 their open and fecret abettors.” What the little piece 
 here referred to is, we know not; nor are we able to learn 
 for certain, whether this noble perfon w^as or was not 
 concerned in fuch a vote. All we can pretend to fay is, 
 that no anfwer, which he ever gave to the charge, has yet 
 been allowed to be fatisfa6lory and decifive. July 1702, 
 upon the diiTointion of the fecond parliament, the queen 
 making a tour from Windfor to Bath, by way of Oxford, 
 
 Mr. St. John attended her ; and at Oxford, with feveral 
 perfons of the higheft diftindlion, had the degree of dodior 
 of law's conferred upon him. 
 
 Perfevering lleadily in the fame tory-conneflions, which 
 he had manifeilly embraced againft the inclinations of his ' 
 
 family, his father and grandfather being both whigs, he 
 gained fuch an influence and authority in the houfe, that 
 it was thought proper to dilUnguilh his merit; and, April 
 10, 1704, he was appointed fecretary of war, and of the 
 marines. As this poh created a conftant correfpondence Memoirs, 
 with the duke of Marlborough, we may reafonably pre-^'*^* P* 
 fume it to have been the principal foundation of the ru¬ 
 mours raifed many years after, that he was in a particular 
 manner attached to that noble perfon. It is certain, that 
 he knew the worth of that great general, and was a fin- 
 cere admirer of him ; but yet he was in no fenfe his 
 creature, as fome have afi'erted. d'his hedifavowed, w’hcn 
 the duke was in the zenith of his power; nor was he 
 then charged, or ever afterwards, by the duke or ducheh, 
 w^ith ingratitude or breach of engagements to them. Yet, 
 as wc fay, he had the highelL opinion of the duke, which 
 he retained to the iail moment of his life ; and he has 
 told us fo himfeif in fo inimitable a manner, that it would 
 be wrong, not to tranferibe the pafiage. ‘‘ By the death On the Ufe 
 of king William,” fays he, “ the duke of Marlborough Study 
 “ w^as raifed to the head of the army, and indeed of the 
 confederacy : wdierc he, a newg a private man, a fub- 
 “ je£l, acquired by merit and management a more de- 
 “ ciding influence, than high birth, confirmed authority, 
 and even the crown of Great Britain, liad given to king 
 William. Not only all the parts of that vafl machine, 
 the grand alliance, were kept more compaft and en¬ 
 tire ; but a more rapid and vigorous motion was givcji 
 to the whole : and, inftead of languifhing or difahrous 
 campaigns,'we faw every feene of die war full of a<!i\krn. 
 
 All thofe wherein he appeared, and manv of tludo 
 
 r 3 
 
 
 
 (( 
 
 a 
 
 
 n 
 
 wiicrein 
 
214 
 
 Part iot 
 kin", ra^, 
 £j 8. gvp. 
 
 Ou li'*- 
 
 3',id lively ( 
 Lin.t. Itu,' 
 
 (( 
 
 ii 
 
 «( 
 
 S A I N T - J O H N. 
 
 'wherein he was-not then an after, but abettor however 
 of their aftion, were crowned with the mod tiiuin- 
 “ phant lucceis. 1 take wilh picafure this opportunity of 
 doing juftice to that great man, whofe faults 1 knew, 
 whofe virtues I admired, and wdiofe memory, as the 
 greatefi: general and as the greatefl minider that our 
 country or perhaps any other has produced, I honour.’* 
 But whatever might be his regard for the duke of Marl- 
 borough at the time we are fpeakiug of, it is certain that it 
 mud have been entirely perfonal; lince nothing could be 
 more clofcly united in all political meafures, than he w^as 
 Vvhth Mr. Karlev : and therefore, when this minider was 
 removed fiom tire leals. in 1707, Mr. St. John chofe to 
 follow his fortune, and the next day religned his employ¬ 
 ment in the adminidration. He was not returned in the 
 parliament v/hicli was clefted in 1708; but, upon the 
 diUolution of it in 1710, Harley being made chancellor 
 and undcrrtreaiurer of the Exchequer, the pod of fecre- 
 tary of dlate was given to St. John. About the fame time 
 lie wrote the famous “ i.etter to the Examiner,"’ to be 
 found among the drd of thofe papers : it was unlverfally 
 aferibed to him, and is indeed an exquidte proof of his 
 keen abilities, as a wnater ; for iii this lingle Ihort paper 
 jiie comprehended the outlines of that delign, on which 
 Swift employed himfelf for near a twelvemonth. 
 
 Upon the calling of a new parliament in November, lie 
 was chofen knight of tlie ihire for the county of Berks, 
 and alfo burgcl's for M’otton-Baffet; and made his elec¬ 
 tion for the former. He appeared now upon a feene of 
 aftion, which called forth all his abilities. Ele fudaiiied 
 almod the wdioie weight of the bulinefs of the peace of 
 Utrecht, which however he was not fuppofed to negotiate 
 to the advantage of his country ; and therefore he has 
 fudained much ill-will and ceni'ure on that account ever 
 iince. 'I'he real date of the cafe is, that “ the two par- 
 lies,” ns he himfelf owns-, “ were become faftions in the 
 drift. I'cnfe of’the word.” He was of that which pre- 
 led for peace, againd thofe who delighted in war; tor 
 was t}ie language of tue times : and lo, a peace bc^ 
 
 all adveiir 
 id' 
 
 (i 
 
 miniders 
 
 A L 
 
 ;is advantagi 
 
 i <■ 
 
 
 ing refolved on by the I'inglllh 
 lures, it is no wonder if it was made witi) 
 to the nation. He h.as owned tins again, although lie 
 lias judiiicd the peace in general : “ though it was a 
 duty,” favs lie, '' tliat we owed to our country, to de¬ 
 liver her froua l)ie iicccrhtv of 
 
 aring any longer lo 
 imequal 
 
 \ 
 
215 
 
 S A I N T-J O H N. 
 
 imequal a part m fo tinneceilary a war, yet was there 
 “ fome degree of merit in performing it. 1 think fo 
 ‘f firongly in this manner, i am fo incorrigibie, that if I 
 conid be placed in the fame circninftances again, I 
 woitld take the fame lefolntion, and aO: the fame part. 
 ** Age and experience might enable me to a6f with more 
 ability and greater fkih ; bnt all I have foffeTed imcc 
 ‘‘ the death of the qneen, thoiild not hinder me from 
 *■* adling, Notwithilanding tlds, 1 fhall not be fnrprifed, 
 if you think that the pcace'of Utrecht was Jiot arifwer- 
 able to the fiiccefs of the war, nor to the efforts made 
 sn it» I think fo myfelf; and have always owned, 
 “ even when it was making and made, that I thought fo. 
 “ Since we had committed a fuccefsfiil folly, rve ought to 
 “ hare reaped more advantage from it than we did.” 
 
 I Illy 1732, he had been created Baron St. John of Le- 
 diard-Tregoze in Wiltlhire, and vifeount Bohngbroke; 
 and was alfo the fame year appointed lord lieutenant of 
 the count}’' of Efiex. Eot, thefe honours not anfwering 
 his expectations, for his ambition was undoubtedly great, 
 he formed a dehgii of taking the lead in public affairs 
 from his old friend Harley, then ear] of Oxford ; which 
 proved in the ilTue unfortunate to them both. It rnuft be 
 obferved, that Paulet St. John, the laft earl of Boling- 
 broke, died the 5th of October, preceding his creation ; 
 and that the earldom became exrinft by his deceafe. I'lie 
 honour, however, was promifed to him : but, his prefence 
 in the houfc of commons being fo neceiiary at that rime, 
 Harley prevailed upon him to remain there during that: 
 feffion ; upon an alTurance, that his rank fhouk! be pre- 
 ferved for him. But, when he expe< 5 led the old title 
 Ihouid have been renewed in his favour, lie was put. oil' 
 with th'at of vifeount ; which he refented as an affront, 
 and looked on it as fo intended by the treafurer, who had 
 
 ter r» 
 ndhaofj. 
 
 ed the peace; and which, by the fpirit fhewn tlirough 
 “ the whole courfe of it, and by the relblutioiis taken in 
 “ it, rendered the conclufion of the treaties practicable. 
 
 After this, I was dragged into the houfe of lords in 
 fuch a manner, as to make my promotion a punilh- 
 “ ment, not a reward ; and was tlicrc left to defond the 
 “ treaties alone. It would not have been hard,” con¬ 
 tinues he, to have forced the eail of Oxford to life me 
 
 P 4 belter. 
 
 got an earldom for himfelf. See how lord Bolingbroke 
 fpeaks of this :• “ I continued,” fays he, “ in the houfe of 
 commons during that important fellioii whicli preced- 
 
i6 SAINT-JOHN, 
 
 better. His good intentions began to be very much 
 “ doubted of; the truth is, no opinion of his iincerity 
 had ever taken root in the party; and, v^diich was worfe 
 ‘‘ perhaps for a man in his ftation, the opinion of his 
 “ capacity began to fall apace.—I began in iny heart to 
 “ renounce the friendfliip which, till that time, I had 
 “ preferved inviolable for Oxford. I was not aware of 
 all his treachery, nor of the bafe and little means which 
 he employed then, and continued to employ after- 
 “ wards, to ruin me in the opinion of the Queen, and 
 “ every where elfe. I faw, however, ^ that he had no 
 friendflrip for any body; and that with refpedl to me,' 
 inftead of having the ability to render that merit, which 
 “ 1 endeavoured to acquire, an addition of hrength to 
 himfelf, it became the objeft of his jealoufy, and a 
 reafon for undermining me.” There was alfo another 
 tranfa£lion, which palTed not long after lord Bolingbroke’s 
 being raifed to the peerage, and which helped to increafe 
 his animolity to that minillcr. In a few weeks after his 
 return from France, her Majefty bellowed the vacant rib¬ 
 bons of the order of the garter upon the dukes Hamil¬ 
 ton, Beaufort, and Kent, and the earls Pawlet, Oxford, 
 and Strafford. Bolingbroke thought himfelf here again 
 ill ufed, having an ambition, as the minifler well knew, 
 to receive fuch an inflance as this was of his miflrefs’s 
 grace and hivour. Upon the whole, therefore, it is no 
 wonder that, when the treafurer’s flaff was taken from 
 this old friend, he expreffed his joy, by entertaining that 
 very day, July 7, 1714, at dinner the generals Stanhope, 
 Cadogan, and Palmer, with Sir William Wyndham, Mr. 
 Craggs, and other gentlemen. Oxford faid upon his 
 going out, that “ fome of them would fmart for itand 
 Bolingbroke was far from being infenfible of the danger, 
 to which he flood expofed ; yet he was not without hopes 
 hill of fecuring himfelf, by making his court to the 
 whigs ; and it is- certain, that a little before this he had 
 propofed to bring in a bill to the houfe of Lords, to make 
 it treafon to inlifl Ipidiers for the Pretender, which was 
 paffed into an aft. 
 
 Neverthelefs, foop after the acceflion of king George to 
 the throne in 1714, the feals were taken from him, and all 
 the papers in his office fecured : yet, during the fliort 
 feffion of parliament at this jimftuie, he applied himfelf 
 with his ufual induflry and vigour to keep up the fpirits 
 of the friends to the late adminiflratipn, without omit¬ 
 ting 
 
217 
 
 S A I N T . J O H N. 
 
 ting any proper occalion of teftifying his refpeft and duty 
 to his majelly ; in which fpirit he allifted in fettling the 
 civil lift, and other neceflary points. But, foon after the - 
 meeting of the new parliament, finding himfelf in immi- 
 ,nent clanger, he withdrew, and crofted the water pri¬ 
 vately to France, in March 1715. The Continuator of 
 Rapin’s hiftory reprefents him, as having fled in a kind 
 of panic: “ Lord Bolingbroke’s heart began to fail him,” 
 fays that hiftorian, “ as foon as he heard that Prior was' 
 “ landed at Dover, and had promifed to reveal all he' 
 knew. Accordingly that evening his lordfhip, who 
 “ had the night before appeared at the play-houfe in 
 “ Drury-lane, and befpoke another play for the next 
 “ night, and fubfcribed to a new opera that was to be 
 “ adled fome time after, went off to Dover in difguife, as a 
 ‘‘ fervant to Le Vigne, one of the French king's meft 
 “ fengers but his lordftiip ever affirmed the ftep to have 
 been taken upon certain and repeated informations, that a 
 refolution was taken by the men in power, not only to 
 profecute, but to purfue him to the fcaffold. 
 
 Upon his arrival at Paris, he received an invitation from 
 the Pretender, then at Barr, to engarge in his fervice : 
 which he abfolutely refufed, and made the beft application, 
 that his prefent circumftances would admit, to prevent the 
 extremity of his profecution in England. After a ftiort 
 ftay at Paris, he retired into Dauphine, where he continued 
 till the beginning of July ; when, upon receiving a meffage 
 from fome of his party in England, he complied with a 
 fecond invitation from the Pretender; and, taking the 
 feals of the fecretary’s office at Com mercy, he" fet out with 
 them for Paris, and arrived thither the latter end-of the 
 fame month, in order to procure from that court the necel- 
 fary fuccours for his new mafter’s intended invafion of Eng¬ 
 land. The vote for impeaching him of high treafon had 
 palled in the houfe of commons tlie fiine preceding and 
 iix articles were brought into the houfe, and read by 
 Walpole, Aug. 4, 1715, which were in fubftance as fol¬ 
 lows : I. “ d'hat, whereas he had aiTured the minifters of 
 “ the States General, by order from her majefty in 1711, 
 “ that file would make no peace but in concert with 
 “ them; yet he fent Mr. Prior to France tiiat fame year, 
 “ with propofals for a treaty of peace with that monarch, 
 “ without the confent of the allies.” 2. “ That he ad- 
 “ vifed and promoted the making of a feparate treaty or con- 
 “ vention with France, which was ligned in September.” 
 
 3. “ That 
 

 I N T - j O H N, 
 
 i L 
 
 
 4 (. 
 
 a 
 
 i i. 
 
 
 4 4 
 
 
 That he difclofed fa M. Mcfhager, the French ftti-- 
 niiler at Londony this coiwentioTi, which was the preli- 
 raiirary inllruftioiis to her majefly V pknipotenticiries at 
 Utrecht,, in October.” 4, ‘‘ That her majeftyT hnai 
 iiiftraclions to her faid plenipotentiaries were dlfdofedby 
 him to the Abbot Gua.ltjer, an emillsry of Franced’’ 5, 
 Tliat he difclofed to the h'zeiich the maiiTier how 
 M'ournay in Flanders might be gained by them/’' (y^ 
 That he advifed and pxromoted the yielding up of Spain 
 and Weft-Indies to the di:ke of Anjo-Uy then an erfeiny 
 to her majefty d'—"I'hefe articles w'ere fent up to the Lords 
 in Augnft ; in can'feqiience of whichy he ftood attainted of 
 high tceadorb, September the lOth of the fame year, 
 
 Irs the mean time, his new engagements with the Fre- 
 tender had tlie fame iiTue: for the year 1715 was fcarcely 
 expired, v/heii the feals and papers of bis new fecretary’s 
 olhce were deniaiided, and given up; and this was foori 
 followed by zn accuiation, branched into feven articles, in 
 which he was impx^ached of treachery^ kicapacity, and neg- 
 left, d'hns difearded, he lefoived to make his peace, if it 
 were poftible, at home. He fet liimfelf immediately in 
 eaincft to this w''ork ^ and in a Ihort time, by tliat aftivity 
 which was the charafteriftic of his nature, and with which 
 he cc'iiilantly prclecntcd all his deftgns, he procured, 
 tlirough the mediation of the earl of Stair, then the Britilh 
 ainbaliador at the French conrt, a prornlfe of pardon upon 
 certain conditions from king, who, in July 1716,. 
 created his father Baron of Batterfea. and Yifeoimt St. 
 John. Siidi an extraordinary variety of diftrefsfitl events had 
 thrown him into a ftate of rededrion and this produced, 
 by way of relief, a Confolatio Philofophica,” which he 
 wrote the fame year, irndcr the title of B.efieftions upon 
 exile.” In this piece, he has drawn the pifture of his 
 own exile : '.vhich, being reprefented as a violence, pro-^ 
 ceeding folely from, the malice of his perfecutors, to one 
 who had ferved his country with ability and integrity, is 
 by the magic of bis pen converted not only into a tolera¬ 
 ble, but what appears to be an honourable ftation. He 
 had alfo this vear written fevcral letters, in anfv;er to the 
 cha.rge laid upon him by the Pretender and his adherents, 
 which were printed at .London in 1735, 8vo, together with 
 anfwers to them Ify Air. James Murray, afterwards made 
 lU.rl of Dunbar by the Pretender : but, being then im¬ 
 mediately fuppreffed, are reprinted in “ TindaPs Continua- 
 ti,op of Kapin’s. liiftory of England,” The foilow'ing 
 
 vear 
 
SAINT-JOHN. 
 
 ^ear he drew np a vindication of his whole condu^f with 
 refpedt to the tories, in the form of a letter to Sir William 
 Wyndhain, which was printed in 1753, writ¬ 
 
 ten with the ntmoil elegance and addrels, and abounds with 
 interelding and entertaining anecdotes. 
 
 His firll lady being dead, he efpoufed about this time, 
 1716, a fecond, of great merit and accomplilhments, who 
 was niece to madam de Maintenon, and widow of the 
 marquis de Villette ; with whom he had a very large for¬ 
 tune, encumbered, however, with a long and troublefome 
 Hw-fuit. In the company and converfation of this lady, 
 he palled his time iji France, fometimes in the country, 
 and fometies the capital, till 1723 : in which year, after 
 the breaking up of the parliament, the king was pleafed 
 to grant him a full and free pardon. Upon the hrft notice 
 of this favour, the e>Jpe£lation of which had been the go¬ 
 verning principle of his political conduct for feveral years, 
 he returned to his native country. It is obfervable, that 
 biihop Atterbury was banifhed at this very juncture ; and 
 happening, on his being let alhore at Calais, to hear that 
 lord Bolingbrokc was there, he faid, “ Then I am ex- 
 ‘‘ changed!’^ His lordlhip having obtained, about two 
 years after his return, an aft of parliament to reitpre him 
 to his family-inheritauce, and to enable him to poliefs any 
 purchafe he fliould make, pitched upon a feat of lord 
 'I'ankervillc, at Dawiey near Uxbridge in Middlefex ; 
 where he fettled with Ms lady, and gratified the politenefs 
 of his talte, by improving it into a molt elegant villa. Here 
 he amufed himfelf with rural employments, and with cor- 
 refponding and converling with Pope, Swift, and other 
 friends ; but was by no means fatisfied within : for he 
 was yet no more than a mere titular Lord, and flood ex¬ 
 cluded from a feat in the houfe of peers. Inflamed wflth 
 this taint that yet remained in his blood, he entered again, 
 in 1726, upon the public llage ; and, difavowing all obliga¬ 
 tions^ to the miniller Walpole, to wdiofe fecrct enmity he 
 imputed his not having received the full eflefls of royal 
 mercy intended, lie embarked ifi the oppofition ; and dif- 
 tinguhhed himfelf by a multitude of pieces, written during 
 the fliort remainder of that reign, and for fome years under 
 the following, with great boldnefs againfl; the meafures that 
 were then piirfued. Eefldes his papers in the “ Craftfman,’' 
 he publilhed feveral pamphlets ; which were aftewards re¬ 
 printed in the fecond edition of his “ Political Tracis,’' 
 and in the collcdion of his works. 
 
 Having 
 
2.2a 
 
 SAINT-JOHN. 
 
 Having carried on his part of the fiege againfl the mi- 
 nifter with inimitable fpirit for ten years, he laid down his 
 pen, upon a difagreement with his principal coadjutors ; 
 and, in I735> retired to France, with a full refolution 
 never to engage more in public bulinefs. Swift, who 
 knew that this retreat was the effedt of difdain, vexation, 
 and difappointment, that his lordfhip’s paffions ran high, 
 and that his attainder unreverfed ftill tingled in his veins, 
 concluded him certainly gone once more to the pretender, 
 as his enemies gave out: but he was rebuked for this by 
 Pope, who alTured him, that it was abfolutely untrue in 
 every circumftance, that he had fixed in a very agreeable 
 retirement near Fontainbleau, and made it his whole bu- 
 finefs vacare Uteris. He had now palTed the both year of 
 his age ; and through as great a variety of feenes, both of 
 pleafure and bufinefs, as any of his contemporaries. He 
 had gone as far towards reinftating himfelf in the full pof- 
 felhon of his former honours, as great parts and great ap¬ 
 plication could go ; and was at length convinced, that the 
 door was finally fhut againfi: him. He had not been long 
 in his retreat, when he began a courfe of “ Letters on the 
 ‘‘ fludy and ufe of hiflory,’’ for the ufe of lord Cornbury, 
 to whom they are addreffed. They were publifhed in 1752 ; 
 and though they are drawn up, as all his things are, in a 
 mofi: elegant and maflerly ftyle, and abourid with the jufl- 
 efl and deepeft refieblions, yet, on account of fome free¬ 
 doms taken with ecclefiafiical hiftory, they expofed him to 
 much cenfure. Subjoined to thefe letters are, his piece 
 “ upon exile,’’ and a letter to lord Bathuidl, on the true 
 “ ufe of ftudy and retirement f ’ both full of the fineft re- 
 fiebtions, as finely expreffed. 
 
 Upon the death of his father, who lived to be extremely 
 old, he fettled at Batterfea, the ancient feat of the family, 
 where he pafied the remainder of his life in the higheft 
 dignity. His age, his great genius, perfedfed by long ex¬ 
 perience and much refieftion, gave him naturally the af- 
 cendant over all men : and he was, in truth, a kind oF 
 oracle to all men. He was now as great a philofopher, as 
 he had been before a ftatefman : he read, he reflefted, he 
 wrote, abundantly. Pope and Swift, one the greatefi: poet, 
 the other the greatefi: wit of his time, perfeblly adored 
 him : and it is well knowni, that the former received from 
 him the materials for his incomparable poem, “ T.'he ElTay 
 “ on Man.” Read the follow ino- words of a noble lord, 
 who knew experimentally the fweets of Qtiiim cum dig^ 
 
 nitate : 
 
221 
 
 
 <6 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 (C 
 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 S A I N T-J O H N. 
 
 nhate: ‘‘Lord Bolingbroke,” fays he, ‘‘had early made Orrery’s le- 
 himfelf mailer of books and men ; but in his hrft career "^arks on 
 of life, being immerfed at once in bulinefs and pleafure, 
 he ran through a variety or Icenes m a lurprilmg and Swift. Lett, 
 eccentric manner. When his paffions fublided by years 
 and difappointments, when he improved his rational 
 faculties by more grave lludies and refledtion, he Ihone 
 out in his retirement with a luftre peculiar to himfelf, 
 through not feen by vulgar eyes. The gay llatefman 
 was changed into a philofopher, equal to any of the 
 faglss of antiquity. The wifdom of Socrates, the dig¬ 
 nity and eafe of Pliny, and the wit of Horace, appeared 
 in aU his writings and converfation.’^ 
 
 Yet, even in this retirement, it is plain that he did not 
 neglect the conlideration of public affairs : for after the 
 conclufion of the laft war in 1747, upon meafures being 
 taken, which did not agree with his notions of political 
 prudence, he began, “ Some Relieftions on the prefentftate 
 of the nation, principally with regard to her taxes and 
 debts, and on the caufes and confequences of them 
 but he did not finilh them. In 1749, came out his “ Let¬ 
 ters on the fpirit of patriotifm, on the idea of a pa¬ 
 triot king, and on the flate of parties at the acccflion of 
 king George I with a preface, wherein Pope’s con¬ 
 duct, with regard to that piece, is reprefented as an inex- 
 cufable a£I of treachery to him. Pope, it fecms, had caufed 
 fome copies of thefe letters, which had been lent him for 
 his perufal, to be clandeftinely printed off; wdiich, how¬ 
 ever, if it was without the knov/ledge of his noble friend, 
 was fo far from being treacheroufly meant to him, that it 
 proceeded from an excefs of love and admiration of him. 
 
 The noble lord knew this well enough, and could not pof- 
 fibly fee it in any other light: but being angry with Pope, 
 for having taken Mr. Warburton into his friendfliip, whom 
 Bolingbroke thought extreamly ill of, and for havingadopted ^ 
 
 at the infligation of Warburton a fyflem different from w'hat 
 had been laid down in the original “ Eflliy on Man,” he could 
 not forbear giving a little vent to his refentmcnt : and his 
 lordfliip was the more to blame, as he himfelf has in effe6t 
 excufed Pope, by faying, that he was in a very infirm Hate, See A let- 
 and even in his laft illnefs, wlien he fuffered this change 
 or principles to be made in him. 
 
 His lordfliip had often wilhed to fetch his laft breath at ai-ve.” 
 Batterfea ; and this he did Nov. 15, 1751, on the verge 
 of 80. His corpfe w^as interred with tiiofe of his anccftors ^ 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
saint-johm. 
 
 Ill that church, where there is a marble monument ere£lcfcf 
 to his memory, with the following iiifcription ; 
 
 “ Here lies 
 
 Henry St. J o tt n : 
 
 In the reign of Queen Anne 
 Secretary of war, fecretary of hate, 
 
 And Yifcount Bolingbtoke. 
 
 In the days of King George I, 
 
 And King George H. 
 
 Something more and better. 
 
 His attachment to Queen Anno 
 Expofed him to a long and fevere perfecution; 
 
 He bore it with firmnefs of mind ; 
 
 The enemy of no national party. 
 
 The friend of no fa£lion. 
 
 Dlftinguiflied under the cloud of a profcription, 
 Which had not been intirely taken off. 
 
 By zeal to maintain the liberty, 
 
 And to reffore the ancient profperity 
 Of Great Britain.” 
 
 His lordfhip’s eflate and honours defcended to his ne-* 
 phew, the late lord Bolingbroke : the care and benefit 
 of his nianufcripts he left to Mallet, who publilhed them, 
 together with his works already printed, in 1754,-5 vols. 
 4to. They may well enough be divided into political and 
 philofophical works : the former of wh>ch have been 
 touched upon already, and confift of “ Letters upon Hiffo- 
 ry,” “ Letter to Wyndham,” “ Letters on Patriotilin,” 
 and papers in the ‘‘ Craftfman,” which had been fcparately 
 printed in 3 vols. 8vo, under the title of “ Diflertation 
 “ upon Parties,” “ Remarks on the Hilfory of England,” 
 and “ Political Tra6ts.” His philofophical works confift 
 of, “ I’hefubftance of fomc letters written originally in 
 “ French about 1720 to Mr. de Pouilly ; letter occafioned 
 by one of abp. Tillotfon’s fermons ; and letters or 
 eflays addrcffed to Alexander Pope, efq :” in which all 
 fubjeifts relating to philofophy and religion are treated in 
 a moft agrecaWe and elegant manner. As Mallet had 
 publifhed an 8vo edition of the “ Letters on Hiftory,” and 
 the “ Letter to Wyndham,” before the 4to edition of the 
 works came out, fo he afterwards publifhed feparately the 
 philofophical writings, 5 vols. 8vo. Tliefe effays, addrefied 
 to Pope, on philofophy and religion, contain many things 
 which clafli with the great truths of revelation ; and, on 
 this account, not only expofed the deceafed author to the 
 
 animadr 
 
123 
 
 S A I N T - J O N* 
 
 iisilmadverfioas of fc^^eral writers, but occafson/ed alfo a 
 prefeiitiiieiit of his works by tlie grand jury of Weftmiiifl'er* 
 His iordibip, it is to ibe feared, was a very indifferent 
 Chriiiiaii, ^ince there are iiumberk-fs aficrtioiis in liis 
 works, plainly ancotiliffent with any belief of revelation * 
 but then there are numberkfs truths, let forth in the 
 fineO: manner, with ail due powers of elegance and fanc}"; 
 and which will amply reward the attention of a reader, 
 wjio knows iiow to dilliiuguilh them froin the 'errors 
 they are imcced w^itlu. Swift has faki, in.a 'letter* to Pope, 
 that if ever lord Bolinebrokc trilies, it muH be wlieii 
 he turns divinebut tiien lie allows, that when iic 
 writes of any thing m this world, he is iiot only above 
 (tiiding, but even more than mortal.” In iltort, what¬ 
 ever irapeiffeiSions may be difeovered in him vfitii re¬ 
 gard to certaiin principics and opimons, he was conii'Jered 
 as a man of great parts and tinivorfai knowkidge, tiie mod 
 lextiaordinary perlon of die age he lived in ; and as a wri¬ 
 ter, one of the finefl that any age has produced. 
 
 . Pope effeemed hinis almod to si degree of adoration» 
 and lias blazoned his character in the brigliteft coiours 
 that wk coaid inverit, or fondnefs bedow, in the con- 
 clulioii of his Eday on Man,” in particiilar, the bai d 
 lias hnnioixalizcci bodi himfclf and his noble friend, by 
 tvhofe perffixiicn dds didafiic poem was begun and finilhed. 
 
 It may be proper to •o.bferve, that a great many letters, 
 foine little pieces of poetry, for rvdiicii he iiad a natu2”ii 
 andeafy turm {a], are oot to be found in the edition of his 
 works:: as are iiot feme pieces, publiflied in the 8vo colleff ion 
 of his Political dVafts,” and the dedication to lord Or- 
 tbrd prefixed to his Remarks on the Hillory of England.” 
 
 Scje Nichols 5 Colle&ion,” yoL IV. pp. 321. 333^ 334. v<?J. VIL 
 
 p. 6S. 
 
 S AINTE-MARTHE, in I.atin Sammarthanus ; 
 die name of a family in France, wliich for more than an 
 iiundred years has been fruitful in men of letters. The fii ft 
 Gaucher de Sainte-Marthe had a fon named 
 Charles, born in 1512, \vlio became pliyhcian to Francis II, ° 
 and was remarkable for his eloquence, Queen Maro-artt 
 of Navarre and the duchefs of Vendome honoured him 
 with their particular eileein, and conferred favours upon 
 liiiii; and therefore, when tliofe ladies died in 1550, he 
 tehified .iik grief by a funeral oration upon each, which 
 he cauled to be piibiifiicd the fame year. Tiiat upon the 
 cjucea was iu Larin, the other ia French. There is alfo 
 
 foiac 
 
224 
 
 S AINTE-MARTH E. 
 
 fome Latin and French poetry of his in being. He died 
 ii'A 1555* 
 
 ScEVOLE, the nephew of Charles, was born at Loudun 
 in 1536, and became very diflingnifhed both in learning 
 and bulinefs. He loved letters from his infancy, and 
 made a very great progrefs in them. He learned the Latin, 
 Greek, and Hebrew tongues; and became an orator, a 
 lawyer, a poet, and an hiflorian. The qualities of his 
 heart are laid to have anfwered thofe of his head : for he 
 is reprefented as having been a good friend, zealous for 
 his country, and of inviolable fidelity to his prince. He 
 had in the reigns of Henry III, and Henry IV, feveral 
 confiderable employments, which he fuftained with great 
 reputation. In 1579, he was governor of Poitiers, and 
 afterwards treafurer of France for this diflri£I. 1111593 
 and 1594, he exercifed the office of intendant of the 
 finances, in the army of Bretagne, commanded by the 
 duke de Montpenher : and, in the latter of thefe years, he 
 reduced Poitiers to the fubjedtion of Henry I V, for which 
 lingular fervice that prince was greatly obliged to him. 
 Some time after, he conceived thoughts of retiring to his 
 own country, and fpendin^ the remainder of his life in 
 contemplation and tranquillity : but he was again made 
 governor of Poitiers, and this dignity was conferred on 
 him with fuch lingular circumllances of favour and efleem, 
 that he could not decline it. Upon the expiration of this 
 office, he went to Paris, and thence to London, where he 
 lived the reif of his days “ in otio cum dignitate.’^ This 
 town had been often protected from ruin in the civil 
 wars, merely by his credit; and therefore could not but 
 regard him as its proteflor and faviour. The inhabitants 
 called him the father of his country. He died there in 
 1623, regretted by all the world ; and his funeral oration 
 was made by the famous Urban Grandier. He was the 
 author ot “ La loiiange de la ville dc Poitiers, 1573;’* 
 “ Opera Poetica,” confifting of odes, elegies, epigrams, 
 and facred poems, in French and Latin, 1575 ; “ Gal- 
 “ lorum cloilrina illuflrium eiogia, 1598:” but his chief 
 work, and that which keeps his name Ifill alive in the re¬ 
 public of letters, is his v;ork called “ Pasdotrophia, feu 
 de puerorum-eJucatione,” printed in'1584, and dedi¬ 
 cated to Henry III. This poem went through ten edi¬ 
 tions in the authoFs life-time, and hath gone through as 
 many fince. It was neatly printed at London 1708, in 
 h2mo, together with the ‘‘ Callipoedia” of Quillet, who 
 4 declares 
 
225 
 
 S AINTE-MARTHK 
 
 declares in that poem, how infinitely he admired it. Here 
 follows part of a Latin letter of the poet Ronfard to j. 
 Anth. de Baif, to Ihew how it Was received at its 
 firft publication :—“ l^ii boni ! quern mihi librum mililli 
 “ a noftro Sammarthano confcriptum ? Non liber eft, funt 
 ipfte Mufe : totum noftrum Heiicona teftem appello. 
 
 “ Quin et ft do eo judicium mihi concefTum fit, velim 
 “ equidem ilium omnibus hujus feculi Poetis antcponcre : 
 
 vel ft Bembus, Naugerius, divinufque Fracaftorius segre 
 V laturi funt. Dum enim perpendo, quam apte fuavita- 
 tern carminis pur:u terfa?que diftioni, fabulam hiftoriae, 
 “ philofophiam arti medicae, conjunxei it, libet exclamare, 
 
 “-Deus, Deus, illc Menalca. 
 
 “ fe'culumque iftud felix dicere, quod nobis talem tantuin- 
 ‘‘ que virum protulerit.’* 
 
 Scevole left feVeral foils; of whom Abel, the eldeft, 
 born at Loudun in 1570, applied himfelf, like his father^ 
 to literature. He cultivated h rench and Latin poetry, and 
 fucceeded in it. His Latin poems were printed with thofe 
 of his father in 1632, 4to, but are inferior to them. 
 Lewis XIII. fettled on him a penfton, for the fervices he 
 had done him ; and made him a coimfellor of ftate. In 
 1627, he was made librarian to the king at Fontainebleau; 
 and had after that other commiftions of importance. He 
 died at Poitiers in 1652: his “ Opufcula Varia’’ were 
 printed there in r645, 8vo. This Abel had a fon of his 
 owui name, born in 1630, and afterwards diftinguifhed by 
 his learning. He fucceeded his father as librarian at Fon¬ 
 tainebleau, and in that quality prefented to Lewis XIV, in 
 1668, “ Un Difeours pour ie retabliftement de cette Bibli- 
 “ otheque.’’ He died in 1706. 
 
 Scevole’s fecond and third fons, Scevole and Lewis, were 
 born in 1571. They were twin brothers, of the fame 
 temper, genius, and ftudies ; with this difference only, that 
 Scevole continued a layman, and married, while Lewis 
 embraced the eccleftaftical ftate. They fpent their lives 
 together in perfedl union, and were occupied in the fame 
 labours. They were both counfellors to the king, and 
 hiftoriographers of France. They were both interred at 
 St. Severin in Paris, in the fame grave : though Scevole 
 died in 1650, and Lewis did not die till 1656. ^ hey 
 
 diftinguifhed themfelves by their knowledge, and in con- 
 nuuftion compofed the “ Gallia Chriftiana.^’ 
 
 Beftdes thefe,there was I^enis, Peter Scevole, Abel 
 Lewis, Claude de Sainte-Marthe ; all men of 
 VoL. XL learning. 
 
226 
 
 8.A1NTE.MARTHE.- 
 
 Ica^iyng, and who diftinguilhed themfeives by various pub- 
 f^cntioiis : but their works are not oFa nature to make a par- 
 ticul'ii- enumer ation of them neceliary here. They relate 
 to .things peculiar to the ecciehafticai and civil Hate of 
 f ranee, and things of no importance at ail to a foreigner. ■ 
 
 SALE (George), a learned EngUfliman, who died 
 at London in 173^? after having done ufeful fervice to the 
 republic of letters. He had a principal hand in the 
 “ Univerfal Hiflory,” and executed all the Oriental part 
 of it. He was alfo engaged in other things : but his ca¬ 
 pital work is, “ The Koran, commonly called the Al¬ 
 coran of Mohammed, tranflated into Englifh imme¬ 
 diately from the original Arabic ; with explanatory notes 
 “ taken from the mofl approved commentators,. To 
 which IS prefixed, a Preliminary Oifcourfe, 17^4,’*^ 
 4to. The Preliminary DiFcourfe confifls of 186 pages, 
 and is divided into eight fedions, which treat of the fol¬ 
 lowing particulars: Sc^. i. “ Of the Arabs before Mo¬ 
 hammed, or, as they exprefs it, in the ‘ time of igno¬ 
 rance their hiflory, religion, learning, and cufloms.’*' 
 Sect. 2. Of the Hate of Chriflianity, particularly of th$ 
 Eaflcrn Omrehes, and of Judaifm, at the time of Mo- 
 ** hammed s appearance ; aiid of the methods taken by 
 him for effabliflying his religion, and the circumflaces^ 
 which concurred thereto.’^ Sed. 3. ‘‘ Of the Koran 
 iticlf, the peculiarities^, of that book, the manner of its 
 being writteh and publjflied, and the general defign of 
 ^ it. • ‘5ed.^4. “ Of the dodrines and pofitive precepts 
 ‘ ftfthe Koran, which relate to Faith an^l,religious Du¬ 
 fies. Sed. 3* Of certain negative precepts in thsk 
 “ K oran.’* Sed. 6. Of the inftitutions of the Koran 
 in civil affai rs. Sed. 7. “ Of the months commanded 
 
 by the Koran to be kept lacred, and of the fetting apart 
 of Friday for the efpeciai fervice of God.” Sed. 8. 
 principal fed^ aiiiong the Mohammedans ; and oF 
 * ^ thole, who have pretended to prophefy among the Arabs, 
 “ in or fmee the time of Mohammed.” I’his Prelimi- 
 nary'Difeourfe, as fhould feem, might deferve to be publilh- 
 ed feparately from the Koran. 
 
 For fomething more about Sale, fee Amhurst. 
 
 SALLENGRE. (Albert Henry de), an inge¬ 
 nious and laborious writer, was born at the Hague in 
 2694 ; his father being receiver general of Walloon Flan.- 
 7 ders* 
 
SALLENGRE. 
 
 ders, and of an ancient and confiderable family. He was JJIccron, 
 educated with great care, and fent at a proper age to Ley- 
 den ; where he fludied hiflory under Perizonius, philo- 
 fophy under Bernard, and law under Voetius and Noodt. 
 Having hnifhed his academical iludies with honour, he 
 returned to his parents at the Hague, and was admitted 
 an advocate in the court of Holland. After the peace of 
 Utrecht in 1713, he went to France ; and fpent fome time 
 at Paris in viliting libraries, and in cultivating friendfhips 
 with learned men. In 1716, he was made counfellor to 
 the princefs of Naffau ; and, the year after, commilfary of* 
 the finances of the States General. He went again to 
 France in 1717 ; and two years after to England, where he 
 was eledled fellow of the Royal Society. He had made 
 feveral 'publications, which fhewed parts, learning, and 
 induflry ; and without doubt would, if he had lived, have 
 been of great ufe and ornament to the republic of letters : 
 but catching the fmall-pox, he died of it, 1723, in his 
 30th year. 
 
 227 
 
 He had a hand in the ‘‘ Literary Journal,” which began at 
 the Hague in 1713. In 1714, he publilhed “ L’Eloge de 
 “ PYvrefle,” a piece of much fpirit and gaiety ; in 1715, 
 ‘‘ Hiftoire de Pierre de Montmaur,” a colledlipn of all the 
 pieces written againft this famous parafite, with a prefatory 
 difeourfe giving an account of them ; in 1716, “ Com- 
 ‘‘ mentaires fur les Epitres d’Ovide par M. de Meziriac,” 
 with a difeourfe upon the life and works of Meziriac : 
 the fame year, “ Poefies de M. de la Monnoye,” in 
 1716, 1718, 1719; “ Novus Thefaurus Antiquitatum 
 ‘‘ Rornanarum,” a Supplement to Grsevius’s coJlc£lion, 
 in 3 vols. folio; in 1718, “ Huetii de rebus ad eum per- 
 “ tinentibus Commentarius,” with a preface written by 
 himfelf. 
 
 So far he was, we fee, chiefly an editor of other people’s 
 works ; but at the dme of his death, he was very bufy 
 upon a coiifiderable one of his own ; and that was, “A 
 Hiflory of the United Provinces from 1609, con- ' 
 clufion of the peace of Munfler in 1648.” It was 
 publifhed at the Hague in 1728, with this title; “ Effai 
 “ d’une Hiftoire des Provinces Unies pour Pannee 1621, 
 ou la Treve finit, et la Guerre recommence avec 
 “ I’Efpagne,” 410. 
 
 S A L L O ( De n i s d e ), a Ftench writer, famous for in - 
 venting literary journals, was defended from an ancient 
 
 Q, ^ and 
 
223 
 
 S A L L 6, 
 
 s.n<i noble femUy, and bom at Paris id 1626, He was far 
 from being one of des ceUbres enfans^ of thofe children 
 w1k> aftonilh us by their forwardnefs : on the contrary, he 
 was very dull and. heavy, and gave little hopes of any pro- 
 grefs ill letters or feknee. His genius broke out all at 
 once afterwards ; and he not only acquired the Greek and 
 Latin tongues in a maflerly way, but maintained public 
 tliefcs in philofophy with prodigious applaufe. He then 
 fludied. the law, and was admitted a counfeiior in the par- 
 iianieiit of Paiis in 1652. He did not fuffer himfelf, 
 however, to>be fo immerfed in bulinefs, as to negled the 
 ptnfuk of letters : he read all kinds of booksj made curi¬ 
 ous rciearches, and kept a perfon always near him to 
 take down his redeflions, and to make abftrafls. In 1664, 
 lie formed the ptojeft of a Journal des S^avans and, 
 the year following, began to give it to the public under 
 the name ol Sieur de Herouviiie, which was that of his 
 valet de ebambre. But he pla^^ed the critic too feverely, 
 and gave great offence to tiiofc who knew how to make 
 returns.^ Mensge's Amoenitates Juris Civiiis’’ was one 
 of die iirft of thofe works which fell under Sallo’s cog¬ 
 nizance, and was cenfured pretty fmaitiv : which cenfurc 
 provoked Menage to treat our critic with great feverity, in 
 Ilk preface to the works of Mailierbe, printed in 1666, 
 Charles Patin’s Introdu^ioii a la connoiflance des me* 
 “ dailies” another work our journaiift took liberties 
 with; and tliis excited his father Guy Patin to abufc 
 both him and his journal with as little ceremony and re— 
 <;e*. FA- fei-ve, as he dealt with all who dilpleafed and provoked him. 
 
 die newnefs and diangcnefs of the thing, and' 
 natural diflike that people have to be criticifed, railed 
 fuch a ilortii againft Saiio, as he was not able to weather 
 out: and tiiercfbre, after having publifhed his third 
 jounis.}^ be dropped tlie work, or rather turned it Over to 
 the Abbe Galiois, who, re-affuming it the next year, 
 contented himleif, inftead of criticizing and .cenruring, 
 with giving dries and making extraas. Ail the nations 
 of Europe followed this plan of Saiio ; and different lite¬ 
 rary journals fprurig up every where under different titles. 
 Voltaire, mentioning Saiio as the inventor of this 
 
 kix^ of writing, fays, tliaf. it vv^2.s brought to pcrfc6lion 
 by Bayle, but afterwards difhonoured by other journals, 
 which were publifhed at the dehre of avaricious book- 
 fellers, and written by obfeure men, who filled thent 
 with envnequ^ extrads, follies, and lies. Things,” 
 
 fays 
 
S A L L 0» 229 
 
 fays lie, ‘‘ are come to that pafs, that praiie and cenfnre are 
 “ all made a public traffic, efpecially in periodical papers ; Site!? ie 
 “ and letters have fallen into difgrace by the management • 
 
 “ and condu£i: of thefe infamous fcribblers.” 
 
 Sailo died in 1669 ; and, although he publifhed a piece 
 or two of his own, yet he is now to be commemorated 
 only for fetting on foot a fcheme, which might have been, 
 of infinite ufe to letters, and by abufe is likely to become 
 their deflraflion ; nothing contributing more to propa¬ 
 gate bad tafie, to confound truth with falfehood, and to 
 level men of parts and learning with thofe who have neither, 
 than literary journals, when (as unfoitunately too often 
 happens) tliey are conducted by illiberal mercenaries. 
 
 SALLUSTIUS (Caius Crispus), an ancient Ro¬ 
 man hiflorian, was born at Amiternum, a city of Italy, a 
 year after the poet Catullus was born at Verona; that is, 
 in the year of Rome 669, and before Chriil 85. His fa¬ 
 mily w'as Plebeian, and not Patrician, as appears from his 
 being afterwards tribune of the people ; and it is ob- 
 fervable, that he is on all occafions fevere upon the no¬ 
 bles, particularly in his “ Hiftory of the Jugurthine War.’* 
 
 His education was liberal, and he made the bell ufe of it; 
 of which we need no other proof, than thofe valuable 
 hiflorical monuments of his, that are happily tranfmitted 
 to us among the few remains of antiquity. Suetonius 
 has told us the name of his mafter, in his book “ De il- 
 “ luflribus Grammaticis.” No man has itiVeighed more 
 fliarply againft the vices of his age than this hiftorian; 
 yet no man had lefs pretenfions to virtue than he. ’ His 
 youth was fpent in a raoft lewd and profligate manner; and 
 his patrimony almoft fquandered avA^ay, when he had 
 fcarcely taken polTelfion of It. M. Varro, a writer of 
 undoubted credit, relates, in a fragment preferved by Aulus Noa. Attic. 
 Gellius, that Sallull was adlualiy caught in bed with 
 Faufla, the daughter of Sylla, by Milo her hufband ; who ^ 
 fcourged him very feverely, and did not fuffer him to de¬ 
 part till he had redeemed his liberty with a confiderablc 
 fum. 
 
 A. U. C. 694, he was made queftor, and in 702 tri¬ 
 bune of the people ; in neither of which places is he al¬ 
 lowed to have acquitted himfelf at all to his honour. By 
 virtue of his queftorfhip, he obtained an admiffion into 
 the fenate ; but v/as expelled thence by the cenfors in 704, 
 
 ©Ji account of his immoral and debauched way of lite. 
 
 0.3 
 
23® 
 
 Cicer. ui 
 SdlluA* 
 
 In Chron. 
 
 'Vita PF3B' 
 Tnilfa Cel t. 
 
 WafTc. 
 
 SALLUSTIUS. 
 
 The author of the inveftive againft him, which rs falfely 
 attributed to Cicero, fays, that after his expulfion from 
 the fenate, he was no longer feen in Rome ; and fufpedls, 
 that he fled to Caef^, who was then in Gaul. It is cer¬ 
 tain, that in 705 Caefar reftored him tO'the dignity of a 
 feiiator; and, to introduce him into the houfe with a bet* 
 ter grace, made him queflor a fecond time. In the ad- 
 miniflration of this office, he behaved himfelf very fcan- 
 dalouflv ; expofed every thing to fale, that he could find a 
 purchaler for ; and, if we may believe the author of the 
 inventive, thought nothing wrong, which he had a mind 
 to do : “ Nihil non venale habuerit, cujus aliquis emptor 
 “ fuit; nihil non sequum et verum duxit, quod ipfi facerc 
 “ collibuiffet.” in 707, when the African war was at an 
 end, he was made prartor for his fervices to Ca;far, and 
 fent to Numidia, where he a£led the lame part as Verres 
 had done in Sicily; outrageoufly plundered the province, 
 and returned with fuch immenfe riches to Rome, that he 
 purchafed a mofl magnificent building upon mount 
 Quirinal, with thofe gardens which to this day retain the 
 name of ‘‘ Salluflian Gardens,” befides his country 
 houfe at Tivoli. Kow he fpent the remainder of his life, 
 ' we have no account; but probably in adorning his houfes, 
 in building villa’s, and in procuring all thole elegances 
 and delights which were proper to gratify an indolent 
 and luxurious humour. Eufebius tells us, that he mar¬ 
 ried Terentia, the divorced wife of Cicero ; and that he 
 died at fifty, in 719, which was about four years before the 
 battle of Aftium. 
 
 The early Chriflians, who were more remarkable for the 
 {lri£lnefs of their lives, than the elegance of their writings, 
 ufed to fay of themfelves, “ non magna loquimur, fed 
 “ vivimus.” Our hiftorian muff have reverfed this, and 
 faid, “ non magna vivimus, fed loquimur hnee no man 
 wrote better, and at the fame time lived worfe. The an^ 
 cients themfelves allowed him the firfl place among their 
 jhiflorians, as appears from thefe lines of Martial; 
 
 Hie erit, ut perhibent doftorum corda virorum, 
 
 “ Crifpus Romana Primus in Hifloria.” 
 and they have been followed in this by many of the mo¬ 
 derns. Le Clerc, who has written the life of Sallufl, b 
 very angry at him for thus crying up virtue, while he con¬ 
 tinued to praftife vice; multo magis,” fays he, “ iram 
 “ noflram movent improborum honefli fermones bc- 
 caufc he thinks it injurious to the caufe of virtue, to 
 
 be 
 
n ^ 
 
 SALLUSTIUS. 
 
 be patronized by fiich advocates. Now we think jull the 
 contrary. Virtue, as it fhould feem, cannot derive a 
 greater fan£tion than from the praifes bellowed on it by 
 vicious men; whofe reafon forces them to approve what 
 their paflions will not faffer them to praflife. Nor is 
 there that Angularity in fuch a charafter which is gene¬ 
 rally imagined.* There is not perhaps a man breathing, 
 wdio may not fay with Ovid, “Video meliora proboque, 
 
 deteriora fequor.” ‘'Onr Sir Richard Steele felt this in 
 a high degree ; which made him wifli, that there was foine 
 word in our language to exprcls a lover of virtue^ as pink)- 
 fophy among the Greeks expreffed a lover of wifdoni. 
 When therefore we And Salluft lamenting, as Ire does in 
 the beginning of the “ Hillory of Catiline’s Confpiracy,” 
 his having been fo deeply engaged in the vices of his age, 
 and reiolving for the future not to Ipend his precious 
 time in idlenefs and luxury, “ locordia atque dcAclia 
 “ bonnm otiiim conterere,” there is no reafon at ail to 
 doubt of his Ancerity (for fuch reflexions are very na¬ 
 tural under any Aroke of adverAty, or feafon, of difgrace, 
 which he was probably in when he made them), but rather 
 to pity the unhappinefs of his conftitution and nature, 
 which would ’ not fuffer him to keep his refolution, wheit 
 he afterwards became more prolperous and flouriflniiig. 
 
 Of manv things which he wrote we have nothing re- 
 maining, but his “ Hiftories of the Catilinarian and fugur- 
 
 thine wars together with fome orations, or fpeeches, 
 printed with his fragments. He w'as allowed to liave every 
 perfeXion as an hiftorian ; but cenfured by his contein- 
 'poraries as a writer, for afleXing obfoletc expreiAons, and 
 reviving old words from “ Cato’s Origlnes.” The mo¬ 
 derns cannot be fuppofed to lee the full force, or to judge 
 exaXly of this cenfure : we mav jull obi'erve, liowevcr,. 
 upon this occaAon, that there are nuniberlcfs words in our 
 oldeft EngliAi wuflters, now grown obfolete, that arc 
 ftronger and more expreAive than thofe which have fup- 
 plied their places ; and that, perhaps, among the vai ious 
 methods propofed for the perfeXing of our language, i 
 would be none of the leaft conAderable to revive fuel 
 words. 
 
 The editions of SalluA are innumerable. Waffe, a 
 learned critic of our own country, gave a eprreX edition 
 of him at Cambridge, 1710, cum notis integris variorum 
 “ et fuis,” in 4to ; and he has been Ance publiihed by 
 Havercamo at AmAerdam, 1742, in 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 0-4 
 
 SALMA. 
 
 
232 
 
 Vita Salma- 
 Fpillolis 
 cjufclcm 
 praetixa, 
 L.Bar. 1656. 
 * in 410, 
 
 SALMAS I US. 
 
 S ALMASIUS (Claudius), orCuAUDius de Sal- 
 MAsiA, a man of moll uncommon abilities and i.mmenfe 
 erudition, was defeended from an ancient and noble family, 
 and born at or near Semur in France. His biirh has been 
 ufually placed in 1588 ; but the writer of his life declared 
 this to have been done without any authority at all, and 
 affirms it to have happened in 1596. His father Benignus 
 de Salmaha was a king’s counfellor, eminent in the law, 
 and a member of the parliament of Burgundy. He was 
 alfo a man of great learning ; and therefore undertook and 
 continued the bufinefs of his fon’s education, till he had 
 grounded him well in the Latin and Greek tongues. I'he 
 Ion made as hopeful a progrefs as the fondell father could 
 wiih ; for we are told, that he could conftrue Pindar very 
 exactly, and make verfes both in Latin and Greek, when 
 not more than ten years of age. At eleven, his father was 
 about lending him to fludy philofophy under the Jefuits 
 at Dijon ; but the fon cxprefled a dilinclination to this, 
 and obtained leave tb go to Paris. His mother, it feems, 
 was a Proteftant, and had been infuling new notions into 
 him upon the fubjeft of religion ; fo that he had already 
 conceived prejudices againft Popery, and therefore was 
 for avoiding all conne^licns with its profellbrs. To Paris 
 he went, where he made acquaintance vrith the learned ; 
 who were all aftonilhed to find fuch forwaidnefs of parts, 
 and even erudition in a boy. He flayed here between 
 two and three years ; converfed much with thedo£lors of 
 the Reformed church; and, in fhort, confirmed himfelf 
 in the Reformed religion, wdiich being now^ refolved to 
 embrace openly, he affied his father leave to go into Ger¬ 
 many,. and particularly to Heidelberg, where he fliould 
 breathe a freer, air. His father knowing his inclinations, 
 and fearing left he fliould, by renouncing the Catholic re¬ 
 ligion, difepalify himfelf for the honours which he him¬ 
 felf then pofi'efied, and propofed to tranfmit to him at his 
 death, demurred upon this affair, and endeavoured to put 
 him off from time to time; but the fon at length ob¬ 
 taining leave, though it was granted with much relu£lance, 
 fet off from Paris, wnth fome merchants who were going 
 to Frankfort fair, and ai rived at Heidelberg, when he was 
 in his. 14th year. 
 
 He brought recommendatory letters to all the learned 
 there from Ilaac Cafaubon, with whom he had been par¬ 
 ticularly intimate at Paris ; lb that he was at once upon 
 the moft familiar terms with Dionyfius Gothofredus, 
 
 Janus 
 
-35 
 
 S A L M A S I U S. 
 
 Janus Gruterus, and others. He immediately put him- 
 ielf under Gothofredus, to iludy the civil law ; and ap¬ 
 plied .to it with that intenfenefs with which he applied to 
 every thing. He obliged his father greatly by this ; and, 
 by his growing reputation and authority in learned mat¬ 
 ters, gained at length fo much upon the old gentleman, as 
 to draw him over after him to the Reformed religion. 
 By the friendfhip of Gruterus, he had the free ufe of the 
 Palatine library, which was a very rich and noble one; 
 and there employed himfelf in turning over books of all 
 kinds, comparing them with manuferipts, and even in 
 tranferibing manuferipts which were not printed. He did 
 this almoft without ceafing; and he always fat up every 
 third night. By this means, though a youth, he obtained 
 a great and extenlive reputation in the republic of letters ; 
 infomuch that he was now known every where to be, 
 what Ifaac Cafaubon had fome years before pronounced 
 him, “ ad miraculum do^lus f ’ but at the fame time hurt 
 his conllitution, and brought; on an illnefs, which lafted him 
 above a year, and from which he with difficulty recovered. 
 
 When he had fpent three years at Heidelberg, he re¬ 
 turned to his parents in Burgundy; whence he made fre¬ 
 quent cxcuiiions to Paris, and kept up a correfpondence 
 with Thuanus, Rigaltius, and the learned of thofe times* 
 He had begun his publications at Heidelberg, and he con¬ 
 tinued them to the end of his life. They gained him as 
 much glory, as vaft erudition can gain a man. His name 
 was founded throughout Europe ; and he liad the greateR 
 offers from foreign princes and univerfities. The Vene¬ 
 tians thought his relidence among them would be fuch an 
 honour, that they offered him a prodigious ftipend ; and 
 with this condition, that he fhould not be obliged to read 
 le^lures above three times a year. We are told, that our 
 univerfity of Oxford made fome attempts to get him over 
 into England; and it is certain, that the pope made 
 many, though Salmalius had not only deferted his religion, 
 and renounced his authority, but had aftually written 
 againft the papacy itfelf. He withftood all thefe felicita¬ 
 tions for reafons which were to him good ones ; but, in 
 2632, complied with an invitation from Holland, and 
 went with his wife, whom he had married in 1621 at Leyr 
 den. Pie did not go there to be profeiTor, or honorary 
 profeffor; but, as Vorflius in his “ Funeral Oration^* ex* 
 preffes it, “ to honour the univerfity by his name, his 
 “ writings, his prefence.** 
 
 Upon 
 
* 3 * 
 
 S A L M A S I U S. 
 
 Lettres, 
 
 ^m. 1. II. 
 
 Upon, jthe death of his father in 1640, he returned for 
 a certain time into France ; and,,on going to Paris, was 
 greatly carelled by cardinal Richelieu, who ufed ail poF 
 nble moans with him to detain, him, even to the bidding 
 him to make his own terms ; but could not prevail. The 
 obligation he had to the States of Holland, the love of 
 freedom and independency, and the neceffity of a pri¬ 
 vileged place, in order to publiili fuch things as he was 
 then meditating, 'v.vere the principles which enabled him 
 to withftand the cardinal; though Madam Saimalius, or 
 Madame de, Saumaife, his wife, was, as Guy Patin relates, 
 charmed with the propofal, and no doubt teazed her 
 hufband heartily to accept it. Saimalius could lefs have 
 accepted th^ great pcnlion, which the cardinal then of¬ 
 fered him, to write his hiftory in Latin ; becaufe in fuch 
 a work he mull: either have offended, or have advanced 
 many things contrary to his own principles, and to truth. 
 He went into Burgundy to fetjtle family-affairs, during 
 which the cardinal died ; but was fucceeded by Mazarine, 
 who, upon our author’s return to Paris, troubled him with 
 folicitations, as his predecefibr had done. Saimalius, 
 therefore, after about three years abfence, returned to Hol¬ 
 land : whence, though attempts were afterwards made to 
 draw him back to France, it does not appe?ir that he ever 
 entertained the leall thought of removing. In the fummer 
 of 1650, he went to Sweden, to pay queen Chriflina a 
 yilit, with whom he continued till the fummer following. 
 The reception ^nd treatment he met with from this 
 princefs, as it is deferibed by the writer of his life, is 
 really curious and wonderful, ‘‘ She performed for him 
 all offices,” fays he, which could have been expelled 
 even from an equal. She ordered him to chufe apart- 
 ments in her palace, for the fake of having him with 
 her, ^ ut lateri adhasieret,’ w'hencver fhe would. But 
 ‘‘ Salmafiqs was almofl always- ill while he flayed iip 
 “ Sweden, the climate being more than his conflitution 
 could bear : at which feafons the queen would come to 
 the fide of his bed, hold long difeourfes with him upon 
 fubjedts of the higheft concern, and, without any foni 
 prefent, but with the doors all fhut, would mend his 
 “ fire, and do other neceffary offices for him; as help 
 “ him to his breeches, and lift him to his clofe-flool 
 for though his hiflorian does not fpecify thefe particulars, 
 yet who can fay what a mofl learned princefs, who had 
 lb great a veneration for learning and learned men, might 
 
 not 
 
S A L M A S I U S. 
 
 »ot do ? and, in fhcrt, they are adnally implied, as tlie 
 reader himfelf may ice Ul verborum compendium fa- 
 “ ciam, oinevia ilii regina prseilitit, qua* vel ab ieqnali po- 
 terant cxq»eflan. In anla fua deligere enm fedem vo*^ 
 luit, ut temper cum veilet lateri adhaereret, Vernm, 
 quia impar merit scri ferendo deros nofler, fjre femper 
 “ decubuit. Ilia tamen ad ledlulum ejus accedere, varios 
 et prolixos fermones cum eo de graviiiimis rebus con-^ 
 “ ferere, idqne tine arbitris ; adeo ut, foribus omnibus 
 “ occlubs, ipfa etiam focum ilmeret, et quce alia decum^ 
 benti ofiicia etient necelTaria prseflaret.” 
 
 Hitherto things had gone glorioufly with Salmaiius. He 
 had publifhed many great and learned works, which had 
 fpread his name all over the world ; and nothing but ap- 
 plaule and panegyric had founded in his ears. Happy 
 therefore had this hero in letters been, if the good queen 
 of Sweden had clofed all her kind offices to him with 
 doting his eyes ; but, like Itis royal mailer Lewis XIV, 
 who was a hero without letters, he was unhappily deilined 
 to furvive his glory, at leatl in fome rneafure, as will ap¬ 
 pear from the fequel. Upon the murder of Charles 1. of 
 England, he was prevailed upon, by the royal family then 
 in exile, to write a book in defence of that king ; which 
 he publifhed the year after, with this title, ‘‘ Defentio 
 ‘‘ Regia pro Carolo I. ad Serenlffimum Magnae Britannis 
 Regem Carolum II. filium natu majorem, haeredem et 
 “ fucceffiorem legitimum. Sumptibus Regiis, anno 1649.’’ 
 Our famous poet Milton vvas employed by the powers 
 then prevailing here, to anfwer this book of Salmatius, 
 and to obviate the prejudices, which the reputation of his 
 great abilities and learning might raife againft their caufe ; 
 and he accordingly publifhed, in 1651, a Latin work, in¬ 
 tituled, “ Defentio pro Populo Anglicano contra Claudii 
 Salmafii Defcntionem Regiam.’^ If Milton had not fo 
 much learning as Salmatius, though he was in reality 
 very learned, he had yet learning enough for the caufe he 
 was to defend ; and he defended it in fuch a manner, that 
 his book was read all over Europe, and conveyed fuch an 
 image of its writer, that thofe who hated his principles 
 could not but think moil highly of his abilities. Sal- 
 mafius in the mean time was not fuppofed to have acquitted 
 himfelf fo v/ell upon this occation, and therefore rather 
 funk in his charadler. Add to this, that Milton infinitely 
 furpaffed him in wit, and fancy, and ffiarpnefs of pen ; 
 which he exerted very popularly againft him, and with 
 
 which 
 
 
236 S A L M A S I U S. 
 
 wbich lie was fuppofed to annoy and gall Inm fbrefy r 
 might eafily be fuppofed, coniidering what a diiferent kind 
 of homage he had always been accnftomed to receive, and 
 particularly how tenderly and aiFe<h:ionately he had juft 
 before iTcen treated by the good queen of Sweden. Ne- 
 verthelefs, under all thefe difeouragements, he began an 
 arifvvcr to Milton, and went a great way in it; but died, 
 before he had finifhed it. What he had done was pub- 
 Jithed by his fon Claudius Salmafius in 1660, and dedi¬ 
 cated to Charles IL 
 
 Salmafius died Sq>t, 3, 1653. party/who wifhed 
 
 It true, faid Milton killed him : another party, who wiftied 
 it true alfo, faid that he was poifoned : but a third were of 
 opinion, that his death was haftened by drinking the Spa 
 waters improperly in a time of ficknefs ; and, as thefe ap¬ 
 pear to have been the moft unprejudiced, it is very proba¬ 
 ble tliey were the neareft of the tnith. He was a man, 
 as we have had frequent occalion to take notice, of the 
 vafteft ei udition joined to very uncommon powers of un- 
 derftanding. He was knowing in every thing, in divinity, 
 in law, in philofophy, in criticifm ; and fo confumraate a 
 linguift, that there was hardly a language lie had not at¬ 
 tained fome maftery in. He was perfect in Greek and La^ 
 tin : he underftood the Hebrew, Arabic, Perfic, Egyptian, 
 Chinefe, he. and he was well acquainted with alt the 
 European languages. He was the greateft fcholar of his 
 own, or perhaps of any time : but then bis great learning 
 was tarnifhed with fome deteftable qualities ; as, an im¬ 
 moderate love and admiration of himfelf, a contempt of 
 otliers, and a perfect hatred of all who did not think ex¬ 
 actly with him. 
 
 His works are very numerous and various. The greateft 
 monuments of his learning are his “ Notx in HiitoriiU' 
 “ Augultae Scriptores,'^ and his “ Exercitationes Pii- 
 nian® in Solinum.” There is a very good print of 
 him, inferted in his fecond edition of “ Tertulliaiius de 
 “ Pallio, L. Bat. 1656/’ 8vo. 
 
 SALMON (Nathaniel), fon of the Rev. Thomas 
 ?l'NicioiX Salmon, M. A. reftor of Mepfall (a living of conlidcra- 
 ^ ()-i, ble value in BedfordlhirCj and now in the patronage of be. 
 
 John’s College in Cambridge), w^as admitted of Bene’t 
 College, June ii, 1690, under the tuition of Mr. Beck, 
 and took the degree of LL. B. in 1695. Soon after which 
 
 he 
 
SALMON. 
 
 he went into orders, and was for fomc time enrate of 
 Wcftmiii in Hertfordfhire; but, altiiough he had' taken 
 the oaths to king Wiiilam, he would not do it to his fuc- 
 cedbr queen Anne ; and when he could officiate no longer 
 as a priefl, he applied himfclf to the ftody of phyfic, which 
 he pra£iifcdfirft- at St, Ives in Huntingdonfhire, and after-., 
 wards at Biihop’s Stoitford in the county of Hertford. He 
 did not, however, take this turn out of ncceffity, but by 
 clKilce, flnce he had the ofior of a living of 140!. per an¬ 
 num from a friend in SutTolk, if his confcience would 
 have permitted him to qualify himfeif for it by taking the' 
 legal oatlis. He w^as the elder brother of Mr. Thomas 
 Salmon the hifloriographer; who, dying fuddenly in Lon- 
 doa in April .1743, was buried in St. Dunflan’s Church. 
 A third brother was a clergyman in Devonfhirc ; and 
 they iiad a filler, who, in May 1731 (when their mother 
 died at Hitchin, Herts), lived in the family of abp. Wake, 
 Nathaniel (who leftrhree daughters) w^as the author of, 
 I. A.Survey of the Roman Antiquities in the Midland 
 
 Counties of England, 1726,” 8vo.—2. “ A Survey of 
 the Roman Stations in Britain, according to the p.oinaii 
 n Itinerary, 1728^”' 8vo.—3. The Hiftory of Hert- 
 fordlhire, deferibing the county and its ancient monu- 
 ments, particularlw the Roman, with the charafters of 
 thplA that have been the chief pollellbrs of the lands, ^ 
 'and an account ot the moll memorable occurrences^ 
 
 17 28, folio. This was deligned as a coiitinuatloa of 
 Sk; Henry Chaunccy’s Hiftory, and dedicated to the earf 
 of Hertford.—4. The Lives of the Englllh^^BiRiops. 
 
 from: the Reftoration to the Reyolutibn,, fit to bp- 
 poled to the Afperfions of fome late Writers^^ of Secret 
 Hiftory’, I733.’’'—A Survey of the Roman Sta- 
 dons in England, 1731,” (an improved edition pro¬ 
 bably of N^t. and 2.) 2 vols, 8vo.—6: ‘‘The Anti-, 
 quities of Surrey, collected from the moll Ancient 
 “ Records, az3.d dedicated to Sir John Evelyn, hart, with 
 fome Account of tlie Prelent State and Natural Hiftory 
 “ of the-County, 1736,’* 8vo.—7. “The Hiftory and 
 “ Antiquities of Eflex, from the Collefdons of Mr; 
 “ Slrangeman,” m folio, with fome Notes and Addition^ 
 of his own; but death put a Hop to this work, when he 
 had gone through about two-thirds of the county, fo that, 
 die hundreds of Chelmsford, Hinkford, Lcxdea, Tendring, 
 ITurllable, are left unfiailhed. 
 
 SALTER 
 
238 S A L T E R; 
 
 Anecdotes SALTER (Samuel) D. D. was the eldefl fon of 
 
 b^* Nidu)Ts’ Samuel Salter [a], prebendary of Norwich archdeacon 
 of Norfolk, by Anne-Penelope, the daughter of Dr. John’ 
 Jeffery, archdeacon of Norwich. He was educated for 
 ibme time in the free-fchool of that city, whence he re* • 
 moved to that of the Charter-houfe.. After having laid 
 a good foundation in the learned languages, he was ad¬ 
 mitted of Bene’t College, Cambridge, June 30, 1730, un¬ 
 der the tuition of Mr. Charles Skottowe, and foon after 
 liis taking the degree of B. A. was cliofen into a fellow- 
 ihip. His natural and acquired abilities recommended 
 him to Sir Philip Yorke, then lord chief jullice of the 
 King’s Bench, and afterwards earl of Hardwicke, for the 
 inllru 61 ;ion of his eldeft fon the prefent Earl, who, 1737— 
 1740, with three of his brothers, in compliment to abp. 
 Herring, were educated at that college. As foon as that 
 eminent lawyer was made lord chancellor,, he appointed 
 Mr. Saltier his domeflic chaplain, and gave him a prebend 
 in the church of Gloucefter, which he afterwards ex¬ 
 changed for one in that of Norwich, To this he added 
 the redory of Burton Coggles, in the county of Lincoln^ 
 in 1740, where he went to relide foon after, and marry¬ 
 ing Mifs Seeker, a relation of the then bifhop of Oxford, 
 continued there till 1750, wdren he was nominated mifiifter 
 of Great Yarmouth by the dean and chapter of Norwich ; 
 where he performed the duties of that large parifh with 
 great diligence, till his promotion to the preacherlKip at 
 the Charter-houfe in January, 1754; fome time before 
 which (in July, 1751) abp. Herring had honoured him 
 with the degree of D. D. at Lambeth. In 1756, he was 
 prefented by the lord chancellor to the re6lory of St. Bar¬ 
 tholomew near the Royal Exchange, which was the laft 
 eccleliaftical preferment he obtained. But in Nov. 1761, 
 he fucceeded Dr. Bearcroft as mailer of the Charter-houfe, 
 whom he had before fucceeded in the preacherlhip. 
 While he was a member of Bene’t College, he printed 
 Greek Pindaric Odes on the nuptials of the Princes of 
 Orange and Wales, and a copy of Latin Verfes on the 
 Death of Queen Caroline. It was his cullom to preach 
 extempore. Belides a Sermon preached on occalion of a 
 Mulic-meeting at Glouceller, another before the Lord 
 Mayor, Sept. 2, 1740, on the anniverfary of the fire of 
 London, a third before the Sons of the Clergy, 1755, 
 
 f a] Of whom there is a good portalt out any engraver’s name, and marked 
 ^ Yivarcz, uot very coinweo, only wid) the letters S% S. !>• !>•" 
 
 which 
 
S A L T E E.< • 
 
 which was much noticed at the time, and underwent 
 fcveral alterations i before it was printed, and one before 
 ^e Houle of Coi^ons, Jan. 30, 1762; he publilhed 
 A complete;Collcaion ot Sermons and Traps’’ of his 
 grandfaAer Dr Jeffery, in 2 vols. 8vo, ,751, with his 
 Life prefixed.[E] ; and a new edition of “ Moral and R^c- 
 hgious Aphorifms,” by Dr. Whichcote [c], with large 
 ^ditions of lome Letters that paffed between him and Dr 
 I uckney, “ concernmg the Ufe of Rcafon, in Relil 
 
 ' gion, cec. and a biographical preface, 8vo, lyci. "i'a 
 
 thefe may' be added, “ Some Queries relative to the Tews ” 
 occalioned by a late Sermon, with fome other papers oc- 
 cafioned by the Queries, publilhed the fame year In 
 1773 and 1774, he revifed through the prefs Sev 4 n of the 
 celebrated “ letters [d] of Ben Mordecaiin 1776 he 
 printed, for private ufe, “ Thehi-ft'io6 Lines of the Firll 
 Book of the Iliad [eJ; neatly as written ip Homer’s 
 Time and Countryand printed alfo in that year, 
 Extract from the Statutes of the Houfe, and Orders of 
 the Governors; refpeaing the Penfion.crs or poor Bre- 
 
 ■ [i!]‘‘hvAug»ft, i705, ana<ivertifc-, « what he had faid, and procure re- 
 « meot waa .ofcr.ed m the publ.c pa- fpedl for his charaaer, tLt he had 
 pers,^y.ug nonce, that a Complete •* had the honour and h^ppinefs to be 
 
 « ^e sfrmona'anTV r - ’c°'' ChancelWa fon, and 
 
 T T 1? and Trafts Witten by chaplain to himfelf." Dr. Salter’s 
 
 ^hn Jeffery, D. D. archdeacon of affiffance was accepted ; and the co’- 
 
 u ^ to two volumes. An 
 
 would be fp^eaiiy publilhed ; aud intimacy alfo was formed, which led 
 
 dants of Dfd Jeffery having been lool. from his father the archdeacoa 
 
 - made without l^uccefs, of this Col. of Norfolk, and rod. fi^m Dr^ 
 
 theEditor "^ M^r Pl^^mpt^ej t|ic re-payment of which 
 
 hookfeller In (having been demanded fomc- 
 
 POW Accorntfnr abruptly) occalioned the public*. 
 
 Cafe Duhlifh^/T' ^ c ^ the abovementioned very extra- 
 
 S;u^n‘’ct'^;te’ :iveVu^ ■■ ^r' 
 
 Pavne received Sent , ^ T ^ r briber was printed, with i/a/r^s for 
 
 fh/StJ 1 """ ""y pvfflily give 
 
 «No™" ’■'r “I'*-' 
 
 U f U , * ' prefent note is taken from a copy 
 
 « The ^ tbe poffeflipn of Mr. Reed, in which 
 
 < r r “J 'he »ll the bknks are filled up in MS ' 
 
 « foie i-^fleflor of h,s MSS. and the fc] This volume was like “fe uu- 
 
 « r ^ P’*’ ‘lertakcu by, Mr. I. Payne, in con- 
 
 or refufe leave to print the Collec- junaion with Dr. Salter.^ 
 
 « hTha“■‘''""‘■'‘I! 'he' [p] By the Rev. Henry Taylor, of 
 
 « th!s^ Crawley, Hams; authJ of ftveral 
 
 ‘‘ fc°h?m 4 "’raT;s ■"be^'fi,-®* ”“h^ rLfe (with^Dr. SaherkVenti- 
 
 « wl! benefiting the ments on th^ Digamma') have 
 
 memorv'^'? ^ince copied'in an Lprovetl edition of 
 
 £randfichrr* ^and efteemed « Dawes’s Mifcellanea Critica, Ox- 
 
 . g andfacher, and to give weight t« « ford, i7Si,'* 8vo, p. 434—439. 
 
 thren’* 
 
 4< 
 
 << 
 
 a 
 
 et 
 
 
14 
 
 S A L E R. 
 
 24a 
 
 thren” [of the Charter-Houfe,] a large lingle fheet m 
 folio; in 1777, he corre£led the proof-lheets of Bentley’s 
 Differtation on Phaiaris [f] ; and not l®ng before his death 
 which happened May 2, 1778, he printed alfo an in- 
 feription to the memory of his parents, which.may be 
 feen in the “ Anecdotes of Bowyer.” Dr. Salter was 
 buried, by his own exprefs diredion, in the moft private' 
 manner, in the common burial-ground belonging to the 
 Brethren of the Charter-houfe. 
 
 Lond. Mag. In the difeuffion of philological fubjefis the fehtiments 
 * 7 ^ 3 * of Dr. Salter deferve attention. He was a very accurate 
 Greek fcholar; his .reading was univerfal, and extended 
 through the whole circle of antient literature ; he was ac¬ 
 quainted with the poets, hillorians, orators, philofophcrs, 
 and crhics, of Greece and Rome ; his memory was natu¬ 
 rally tenacious, and it had acquired great artihcial p6wers> 
 if- fuch an exprellion be allowable, by uiing no notes when 
 he delivered his fermons. To this mode of preaching for 
 a long courfe. of years he had accuftomed himfelf. So rc^ 
 tentive indeed were his faculties, that, till a few years be» 
 fore his death, he could quote long pailages from almoft 
 every author whofe works he had perufed, even with a cri¬ 
 tical exaftnefs. Nor were his fludies conhned to the wtI- 
 ters of antiquity : he was equally con\^erfant wnth Englilh 
 literature, and with the languages and prod.udlions of the- 
 learned and ingenious in various parts of Europe. In his- 
 oarlier life he had been acquainted with Bentley, and die- 
 rilhed liis memory, with profound refped. He preferved 
 many anecdotes of this great critic, which were piiblifhed 
 from his papers by our learned Englifh printer Bowyer. 
 
 [r] Of this edition, ami of the' countIn the ** AnecdotesofBowycr,’* 
 and defcdls, fee a particular ae- p. 477. 
 
 SALVATOR (Rosa), an Italian painter, was born 
 at Naples in 1615. It is faid, he led a very dilTipated 
 youth ; and that he even alTociated with banditti, which 
 courfe of life naturally led him, by way of retreat, into 
 thofe wild feenes of nature which he afterwards fo nobly 
 deferibed upon canvas. His paintings are in great repute 
 for the beauty and happy variety of their tints, their 
 llrength and glow of colouring. They confift chiefly of 
 landfcape and fmall hiflory. His human figures are in¬ 
 comparably fine, and generally moft happily introduced. 
 Few of his larger works have found their way into Eng¬ 
 land. But, his paintings being in few bands, he is more 
 1 gene rally 
 
241 
 
 SALVATOR* 
 
 generally known by his prints, of which he etched a great 
 number. They conllft chiefly of fmall Angle Agures, and 
 of hiftorical pieces. There is great delicacy in them, 
 both in the drawing and etching ; but very little flrength 
 or general effedt. He died at Rome in 1673. 
 
 SALVIAN, or Salvianus, a clear, elegant, and 
 beautiful writer, was one of thofe who are ufually called 
 fathers of the church, and began to be diftinguiflied about 
 440. The time and place of his birth cannot be fettled Du Pin, 
 with any exadtnefs. Some have fuppofed him to have Tiiiemanr, 
 been an African, but without any reafonable foundation ; 
 while others have concluded, with better reafon, that he 
 was a Gaul, from his calling Gallia his “ folum patrium 
 though perhaps this may prove no more, than that his 
 family came from thence. His editor Baluzius colledls 
 with great appearance of probability, from his Arft epiftle, 
 that he was born at Cologne in Germany ; and it is 
 known, that lie lived a long time at Triers. It was here 
 that he married a wife who was an heathen, but whom 
 he eaAly brought over to the faith. He removed from 
 Triers into the province of Vienne, and afterwards be¬ 
 came a pricA of Marfeilles. Some have faid, that he was a 
 bifliop ; but this is a miftake, which arofe, as Baluzius very 
 well conjedtures, from this corrupt palTage in Gennadius, 
 
 “ Homilias feripAt Epifeopus multas whereas it fhould 
 be read “ Epifeopis’^ inftead of “ Epifeopus,” it being 
 known that he did adlually compofc many homilies or 
 fermons for the ufe of fome bifhops. He died very old 
 towards the end of the Afth century, after writing and 
 publifhing a great many works ; of which, however, no¬ 
 thing remains, but eight books “ De Providentia Dei 
 four books, “ Adverfus avaritiam, praefertlra Ciericorum et 
 “ Sacerdotumand nine epiftles. The bell edition of 
 thefe pieces is that of Paris 1663, with the notes 
 
 of Baluzius; re-printed elegantly in 1669, 8vo The 
 “ Commonitorium” of Vincentius LirinenAs is publiflied 
 with it, with notes alfo by Baluzius. 
 
 SALVIATI (Francesco), a Florentine painter, 
 born in 1510, w^as at Arfl a difciple of Andrea del Sarto/ 
 in whofe houfe he became acquainted with Vafari. I'hey 
 both left Andrea to place themfeives with Baccio Bandi- 
 nelii, where they learned more in two months, than they 
 had done before in two years. Fraucefcb being grown a 
 VoL. XI. R malter, 
 
2.^1 
 
 S A L V I A T I. 
 
 ( 
 
 mafter, cardinal Salvlati took him into his fervice ; and if 
 is on that account, that he had the name of Salviati giveii 
 liiiii. He was very well efleemed in Italy and France.' 
 His manner of deiigning came very near Raphael’s ; and 
 hi: performed well in frelco, dillemper, aiid oil. He was 
 quick at invention, and as ready in the execution ; graceful 
 in his naked figures, and as genteel in his draperies ; yet 
 his talent did not lie ifi grand compofitions. He went to 
 Paris in 1554, and did feveral things for the cardinal of 
 Lorrain, who was not, it feems, over well pleafed with 
 them. This difgu'fled Salviati as much as the fiivour 
 and reputatiofi which Roffo had met wdtli.; for he was 
 naturally fo coheeited and fond of his own works, that he 
 could hardly allow any body elfc a good word. And it is 
 faid, that the je'aloufy he had of fome young men, then 
 I growing tip into reputation, made him fo uneafy, that the 
 very apprelienfions of their proving better arfifts than 
 hinlfelf threw' him into a diflemper, which occalioned his 
 death. Such is the misfoitune of being eminent in any 
 art, when this eminence is joined, as' is too often is, wdth 
 a refllefs, fplenetic, flifpicious humour. He returned af¬ 
 terwards t'o Italy, where he finifl"ied feveral pi£lures at 
 Rome, Florence, and Venice j and died, 1563, in his 
 53d year. 
 
 There was Gioseppe Salviati, a Venetian painter, 
 born in 1535, who exchanged the name of Porta, wdiich was 
 that of his family, for that of his mailer the above Sal¬ 
 viati, with wiiom he w'as placed very young at Rome, 
 He fpent the greateii part of his life at Venice, where he 
 applied hlmfelf generally to frefco, and was often em¬ 
 ployed in concurrence with Tintorct and Paul Veronefe. 
 Pie W'as well efleemed for his great fkill both in defign 
 and colouring. He W'as likewife well verfed in other 
 arts ; and fo good a mathematician, that he wrote fomc 
 good treatifes in that fcience. He died in 1585. 
 
 SAMMARTPIANUS. See Sainte-Marthe. 
 
 SAN AD ON (Noel-Stephen), a learned Jefuit of 
 France, w'as boi'n at Rouen in 1676. He taught polite 
 literature with dillinguiflied reputation at Caen, wiiere he 
 contra'iicd an intimate fricndlhip with Hiiet, bifhop of 
 Auvranche. A tafle for poetry is faid to have been the 
 principal bond of their union. He afterwards profelTed 
 rbetoiic at Paris ; and Wa^ for fome time charged with the 
 
 educatioa 
 
S A N A b O N. 
 
 education of the prince of Conti. He vvas librarian to the 
 king when he_ died. Sept. 21, 1733. ''hhere are orations 
 and poems ofhis, which are very delicate and beautiful, and 
 fhew a truly claffical genius well cultivated and improved. He 
 alfo gave a traiilla.tion of the works of Horace with notes ; 
 a work which has been very well received. The tranf- 
 lation fnews ingenuity, tafle, and accuracy; and the notes 
 are full of erudition. The fatires and cpiflles are very 
 well tranflated ; the odes not fo. He had not force and 
 I fublimity of genius enough to do the odes well; and has 
 therefore rather, w'eakened them by a languid paraphrafe, 
 than given a verfion anfwerable to the great original. The 
 I bell edition of this w-ork is that of Amflerdam, 1735, in 
 I 8 vols. i2mo ; in which arc alio inferted the verfloh and 
 j notes of M. Dacier. 
 
 .SANCHEZ (Thomas), an llluflriousjefuit of Spain, 
 
 was born at Corduba in 1551, and entered into the fociety Bayle, 
 , of the Jefuits in 1567. I'he aufterities ofhis life, his fo- 
 : bnety, his voluntary mortifications, his application to 
 , Ibudy, his chaflity, are prodigies; if any credit is due to 
 !the writers of his own fociety. He died at Granada, 
 
 ! May tp, 1610, and was interred there in a moft rrlagni- 
 i ficent maiiiiei. His learning was unciuellionably great: 
 he gave public proofs of it in the large Volume printed at 
 Genoa in i 59 -> 4 vols. folio, printed after his 
 
 death. In the volume printed at Genoa, he treats amply 
 of what relates to matrimony ; and, it is faid, pope Clement 
 Vlll. declared, that no writer had ever examined with 
 more diligence, or explained with more accuracy, the con- 
 troverfies relating to that facralneUt. It wete to be wifhed, 
 hbWever, that Sanchez in that work had given as f^reat 
 proof of his judgement, as of his wit and learning ; fo^ his 
 mdilcretion in explaining an incredible number of obfeene 
 and hoirible quefliens has been bitterly complained of, 
 and is indeed not to be conceived by any who have not 
 read him. Weyvill tranferibe what a certain author has 
 Written concerning Sanchez’s wmrk, and leave it to the 
 reader’s own refleaions ; after having advertifed him, that 
 the cenfure paffed in the following terms is, notwith- 
 ftanding its feverity, allowed to be juilly grounded : “ He 
 ‘‘ that would know the maiterfhip and dodlorfhip of 
 whoredom, and how far that fm is carried, let him read 
 Sanchez’s treatife De mairimomo ; who has endeavoured 
 not fo much to comment upon as to furpafs, not fo 
 
 ^ ^ “ much 
 
244 SANCHEZ. 
 
 « 
 
 much to reprove as reprefent, the lafclvious follies of 
 “ Aretin ; although the latter was a man of the greatell 
 “ experience in that way, and as it were the dean of the 
 “ wits in that faculty. But he had not gone fuch great 
 “ lengths, nor entered upon fo many dialogues, in order 
 “ to exhibit the monftrous things faid in confeffion, as 
 Sanchez had done, who in this point exceeds all others. 
 “ Sanchez inftrufls his reader in all the poilures proper 
 “ for ftallions in the flews, which is blocking to think 
 “ of. The ladies often abandon the amours of Roufard 
 ‘‘ and Amadis, and take up the Sum of Benediai the 
 “ Francifcan ; and in truth we fee the exceffes of lull 
 “ better reprefented in fuch writers, than in Rabelais or 
 ‘‘ anywhere eife. How odd it feems, that thefe men, 
 “ who would have us think them mines of chaility, and 
 “ inexhauftible fprings of modefty, fhould notwithftand- 
 “ ing vomit up luch ill humours, fuch an iiiad of impu- 
 “ rities ! But, in good truth, is it the bufinefs of priefts 
 to thrufl then nofes within the curtains of marriage, 
 “ or to turn fecretaries to the affairs of a brothel.? They 
 ‘‘ turn their thoughts upon thefe fubjeas with fo un- 
 “ bridled a frenzy, that the utmoft power of the moil in- 
 “ flamed lafcivioufnels cannot go fo far. You fee there 
 ‘‘ fuch inventions of obfcenity, as all the pillars of the 
 flews could never have difcovered : thofe wdio have any 
 inclination to fet up a fhop with them, will And enough 
 “ to gain a livelihood, and ruin their fouls. The writ¬ 
 ings of the Pagans never profecuted this abominable 
 fubjea fo licentioufly, as thefe fine architeas and ma¬ 
 nagers of lufl;: they have extended its limits after an 
 extravagant manner, and gained many pupils who 
 {tudied under them. They have rendered the praaicc 
 of it agreeable,^ chalked out new poflures, and enriched 
 the fubjea with piaures lewdly invented, and moft 
 fharnetully publifhed. Yenus never received greater 
 “ honour from any than from their fcience. The trea- 
 tile of Sanchez is a true library of Yeiius i fuch writ” 
 “ ings have made, or will make, more fcholars of lewd- 
 “ nefs, than all the penitentiary of Rome has made or 
 “ will make of chaility. They are much fitter to teach, 
 than to diiTuade from vice; though all the other books 
 upon whoredom were deflroyed, there would be more 
 than fuflicient to revive it. In them are contained the 
 forms, foimaiities, materialities, categories, tranfeen- 
 dencies, entirely new. Carnality and unnatural lufl: 
 
 “ arc 
 
it 
 
 <i 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 It 
 
 it 
 
 SANCHEZ. 
 
 H 5 
 
 are defcribed there in their proper dimeniions. If 
 
 Horace or Martial were to come again into the world, Franc Ar- 
 
 they would write fine odes and epigrams upon thofe^^^^ 
 
 operators, who have been defirous of caftrating their 
 
 books. In five hundred M[artials or Horaces there is Abus & 
 
 not fo much room for caftration, as in one paire of 
 Sanchez'.” ^ ^ de lafaufie: 
 
 A I • j r ^ • . written by 
 
 An abridgement of this treatife of Sanchez by Emanuel Antony 
 Eaurent Soares, a priefl at Lifbon, was printed in 
 i2mo. ^ ■' 
 
 1019, §VO. 
 
 SANCHO (Ignatius), an extraordinary Negro, Life prefix, 
 was born in 1729, on board a fhip in the Slave-trade, 
 few days after it had quitted the coafl of Guinea for the^aT^^^‘* 
 Spanifh Wefl-Indies ; and, at Carthagena, he received, 
 from the hand of the Bidiop, Baptifm, and the name of 
 Ignatius. A difeafe of the new climate put an early period 
 to his mother’s exiflence ; and his father defeated the 
 miferies of flavery by an aft of filicide. At little more 
 than two years old, his mailer brought him to England, 
 and gave him to three maiden fillers, refident at Green¬ 
 wich ; whofe prejudices had unhappily taught them, that 
 African ignorance was the only fecurity for his obedience, 
 and that to enlaige the mind of their Have would go near 
 to emancipate his perfon. The petulance of their difpo- 
 fition furnamed him Sancho, from a fancied reiemblance 
 to the Squire of Don Quixote. But a patron was at 
 hand, whom Ignatius Sancho had merit enough to con¬ 
 ciliate at a very early age. The late duke of Montagu 
 lived on Blackheath : he accidentally law the little Negro ; 
 admired in him a native franknefs of manner, as yet 
 unbroken by fervitude, and unrefined by education ; 
 brought him frequently home to the duchefs ; indulged 
 his turn for reading with prefents of books, and flroiigiy 
 recommeirded to kis miftrefTes the duty of cultivating a 
 genius of fuch apparent fertility. His miitrefles, how¬ 
 ever, were inflexible, and even threatened on angry oc- 
 cafions to return Ignatius Sancho to his African flavery. 
 
 The love of freedom had increafed with years, and began 
 to beat high in his bofom. Indignation, and the dread of 
 conllant reproach arifing from the detedlion of an amour, 
 
 ^ 3^ al in the eyes of three Maiden Ladies, 
 
 finally determined him to abandon the family. His noble 
 patron was recently dead. Ignatius hew to the duchefs 
 for protedion, who difmihed Ihni with reproof. He re- 
 
 . 3 tired 
 
245 
 
 S A N C H O, 
 
 tired from her, prefence in a {late of defpondency and 
 Ihipefadlion. Enamoured Hill of that liberty, the fcope 
 of whofe enjoyment was now limited to his lafl five 
 fhiliings, and refolnte to maintain it with life, he procured 
 an old piflol for purpofes which his father’s example had 
 fuggeiled as familiar, and hgd fandlified gs hereditary. In 
 this frame of mind the futility of remonftrance was ob¬ 
 vious. The duchefs fecretly admired his charadler ; and 
 at length confented to admit him jnto her houfhold, 
 where he remained as butler till her death, when he found 
 himfelf, by her Grace’s bequeft and his own oeconomy, 
 poiTeffed of feventy pounds in money, and an annuity of 
 fhirty. Freedom, riches, and leifure, naturally led a dif- 
 portion of African texture into indulgences ; and that 
 which diffipated the mind of Ignatius completely drained 
 the purfe. In his attachment to women, he difplayed a 
 profufenefs which not unufualiy characlcrizcs the excefs of 
 the pafiion. Cards had formerly feduced him 5 but an un- 
 fuccefsful conteil at cribbage with a Jew, who won his 
 cloaths, had determined him to abjure the propenhty 
 which appears to be innate among his countrymen [a]. 
 Ignatius loved the theatre to fuch a point of enthufafm, 
 that his lall fliilling went to Drury-lane, on Mr. Garrick’s 
 reprefentation of Richard. He had been even induce 4 
 to coniider the flage as a refource in the hour of adveriity, 
 and his complexion fuggeiled an offer to the manager of 
 attempting Othello and Oroonoko ; but a defedlive 
 and incorrigible articulation rendered it abortive. He 
 turned his mind once more to fervice, and was retained a 
 few months by the chaplain at Montagu-houfe. That 
 roof had been ever aufpicious to him ; and the prefent 
 duke foon placed him about bis perfon, where habitual 
 regularity of life led him to think of a matrimonial con¬ 
 nexion, and he formed one accordingly with a very dc- 
 ferving young woman of Well-lndian origin. I'owards 
 the clofe of 1773, repeated attacks of the gout and a conf i- 
 tutional corpulence rendered him incapable of farther at¬ 
 tendance in the duke’s family. At this crifis, the muni¬ 
 ficence which liad protedled him through various vicif- 
 fitudcs did pot fail to exert itfelf; with the refult of hijj 
 own frugality, it enabled him and his wife to fettle them« 
 felves in a Ihop of grocery, where mutual and rigid in 
 
 [a] a French writer relates, that his fortune, bis children, and his 
 in the kingdoms of Avdrah, Whydah, jiber<y. 
 and Benin, a Negro will llalce at play 
 
 ' ' ' ' duflry 
 
S A N C H O. 
 
 diiftry decently maintained a numerous family of children, 
 and where a life of domeftic virtue engaged private pa^ 
 tronage, and merited public imitation. On the 15th of Dec. 
 1780, a feries of complicated diforders dellroyed liim. 
 
 It may be amuhng to give fome fketch of the very 
 lingular man, wliofe letters, witli all their imperfeffions on 
 their head, have given fuch general fatisfa^lion to the 
 public [b]. The difplay thofe writings exhibit of epifto- 
 lary talent, of rapid and juft conception, of wild patriotifm, 
 and of univerfal philanthropy, may well apologize for the 
 proteftion of the great, and the friendfhip of the literary. 
 The late * ducheftes of Queenfberry and Northumberland 
 prefled forward to ferve the author of them. The former 
 jntrufted to his reformation a very unworthy favourite of 
 his own complexion. Garrick and Sterne were well ac- 
 cjuainted with Ignatius Sancho. A commerce with the 
 Mufes was fuppofted amid the trivial and momentary in¬ 
 terruptions of a fhop ; the Poets were ftudied, and even 
 imitated with fome fuccefs ; two pieces were conftruflcd 
 for the ftage; the Theory of Mufic was dlfcuiTed, pub- 
 lifhed, aud dedicated to the princefs royal; and painting 
 was fo much wnthin the circle of Ignatius Sancho’s judge¬ 
 ment and cnticifm, that feveral artifts paid great deference 
 to his opinion. 
 
 Such was the man whofe fpecles philofophers and 
 anatomifts have endeavoured to degrade as a detcriora^ 
 tion of the human ; and fuch v/as the man whom Fuller, 
 with a benevolence and quaintFiefs of phrafe peculiarly his 
 own, accounted ‘‘ God’s image, though cut in ebony.’* 
 To the harlh definition of the naturalift, opprefflons poli¬ 
 tical and legiflative have been added ; and fuch are hourly 
 
 [k] The* firft edition was patronized 
 by a I'ubrcrlption not known fiwce the 
 days of the Spectator. The work was 
 publifbeJ, for the bentfit of the au¬ 
 thor's familv, by ISIifs Grewe, an a- 
 mlable young lady, to whom maiiy of 
 the letters are addrelfed, and who is 
 fince mariied to John Philipps, Efq. 
 furgeon of the houihold lo the Prince 
 of Wales. From the profits of the 
 firft edition, and a fum paid by the 
 bookfellers for liberty to print a fc- 
 con 1 edition, Mrs. Sancho, we are 
 well afl'ured, received more than 5C0I. 
 The editor did not venture to give 
 them to the public till (lie had ob¬ 
 viated an ohjecllon, which had been 
 J"iiggc(fcd, that they wue originally 
 
 written with a view to publication. 
 She dec’ared, therefore, “ that no 
 “ fuch idea was ever exprelfed by Mr. 
 “ Sancho; and that not a lingle letter 
 “ was printed from any duplicate pre- 
 ferved by hlmfelf, but all were col- 
 leiSted from the various friends to 
 “ whom they were addretTed,” Her 
 reafons for publilhing them were, 
 U the defire t>f fi^ewing that an auru- 
 “ tored African rftay polfefs abilities 
 equal to an European ; and the flill 
 “ fuperior motive of wilhing to ferve 
 his worthy family/ And fhe was 
 “ happy," Ihe declared, in publicly 
 acknowledging ihe had not found 
 ‘‘ the world inattentive to the voice 
 “ of obfeore merit.” 
 
 li 4 aggravated 
 
 247 
 
 
248 
 
 S A N C H O. 
 
 aggravated towards this unhappy race of men by vulgar 
 prejudice and popular infult. To combat thefe on com¬ 
 mercial principles, has been the labour of Labat, Ferman, 
 and Bennezet—fuch an effort here would be an impertinent 
 digreffion. Of thc)fe who have fpeculatively vifited and de- 
 fcribed the flave-coaft, there are not wanting fome who ex¬ 
 tol the mental abilities of the natives. D’Elbee, Moore, and 
 Bofman, fpeak highly of their mechanical powers and in¬ 
 defatigable induflry. Defmarchais does not fcruple to 
 affirm, that their ingenuity rivals the Chinefe. He who 
 could penetrate the interior of Africa, might not impro¬ 
 bably difcover Negro arts and polity, which could bear 
 little analogy to the ignorance and groffiiefs of flaves in 
 the fugar-iflands, expatriated in infancy, and brutalized 
 under the whip and the talk-mafter. And he who furveys 
 the extent of intelleft to w'hich Ignatius Sancho had at¬ 
 tained by felf-education, will perhaps conclude, that the 
 perfection of the reafoning faculties does not depend on 
 a peculiar conformation of the fcull or the colour of a 
 common integument, in defiance of that wild opinion, 
 which,fays a learned writer of thefe times, “ reftrains 
 the operations of the mind to particular regions, and 
 fuppofes that a lucklefs mortal may be born in a degree 
 of latitude too high or too low for wifdom or for wit.’* 
 
 BANCROFT (Dr. Willi an), an eminent Engliffi 
 jeueirto^^ prelate, w'as boru at Frefingfieldan Suffolk, in 1616 ; and 
 Mr. ^<onh. educated in grammar learning at St. Edmund’s Bury. He 
 was fent, at eighteen, to Emanuel-college in Cambridge, 
 where he became very accompliilied in all branches of li¬ 
 terature. Having taken the degrees in arts at the regular 
 times, he was, in 1642, choferi fellow of,his college. 
 It is fuppofed, that he never took the covenant^ becaufe he 
 continued ' vmmolefled in his fellowfhip till 1649; at 
 which time, refufing the engagement^ he was ejeCled from 
 it. * Upon this, he went beyond Tea, where he became ac¬ 
 quainted with the moil conhderable of the loyal Engliffi 
 exiles ; and; it is faid, he w^as at Rome when Charles 11 , 
 was reflored. He irnmediatclv returned to Enjrland, and 
 was made chaplain rb'Cofin, bifhopof Durham. In 1661, 
 he affifled in reviewing’'the liturgy, particularly in recti¬ 
 fying the Kalendar and Rubric, In 1662, he was created 
 a mandamus doCtor ffif'divinity at Cambridge, and the 
 fame year elected mailer of 'Emanuel-college. In 1664, 
 he was’promoted to the deanery of York ; but, upon the 
 4 death 
 
249 
 
 SANCROFt. 
 
 death of Dr. John Barwick, was removed the fame year to 
 the deanery of St. PauFs : foon after which he refigned 
 the mafterfhip of Emanuel-college, and the reftory of 
 Houghton, which, with a prebend of Durham, he had re¬ 
 ceived from Dr. Cohn, the bifhop, in i66i. At his 
 coming to St. Paul’s, he fet himfelf moil diligently to re¬ 
 pair that cathedral, which had fufFered greatly from the 
 frantic zeal of the Puritans in the civil wars ; till the 
 dreadful fire in 1666 employed his thoughts on the more 
 noble undertaking of rebuilding it. Towards this he gave 
 14001. befides what he procured by his interell and feli¬ 
 citations. He alfo rebuilt the deanery, and improved the 
 revenues of it. 0£l. 1668, he was admitted archdeacon 
 of Canterbury, which dignity he refigned in 1670. He 
 was alfo prolocutor of the lower houfe of convocation: 
 and in that flation he was, when Charles II, in 1677, 
 vanced him, not expecting any fuch thing, to the archie- 
 pifeopai fee of Canterbury. He attended that king upon his 
 death-bed, and made a very weighty exhortation to him, 
 in which he is faid to have ufed a good deal of freedom. 
 In 1686, he was named the firfl in James II’s commilTion 
 for ecclefiaftical affairs : but he refufed to aft in it. About 
 that time, he fufpended Wood, bifhop of Lichfield and 
 Coventry, for refiding out of and neglefting his diocefe. 
 As one of the governors of the Charter-houfe, he refufed 
 to admit penfioner in that hofpital Andrew Popham, a 
 papift; although he came with a nomination from the 
 court. June 1688, he joined with fix of his brethren the 
 bifhops, in a petition to king James ; wherein they fet 
 forth their reafons, why they could not caufe his declara¬ 
 tion for liberty of confcience to be read in churches. For 
 this petition, which the court called a libel, they were com¬ 
 mitted to the Tower; and, being tried for a mifdemeanor 
 on the 29th, were acquitted, to the great joy of the nation. 
 This year, the archbifhop projefted a comprehenfion with 
 the Proteflant-diffenters ; fome account of which may 
 be feen in a fpeech of Dr. Wake, at Sacheverel’s trial. 
 Oft. 3, accompanied witli eight of his brethren the 
 bifhops, he waited upon the king, who had dcfired the 
 afhflaiice of their counfels ; and aclvifed him, among other 
 things, to annul the ecclefiaftical commiliion, to defift 
 from the exercife of a difpenfing power, and to call a free 
 and regular parliament. A few days after, though carneft- 
 ly prefled by his majefty, he refufed to ftgn a declara¬ 
 tion of abhorrence of the prince of Orange’s invafion. 
 
 Dec. 
 
250 
 
 Hlft. of 
 own Til 
 vol. II. 
 f. 560. 
 
 S A N C R O F T. 
 
 Dec. II, on king James’s withdrawing himfelf, he lign- 
 ed, and concurred with the lords fpiritnal and temporal 
 In, a declaration to the prince of Orange, for a free par¬ 
 liament, fecurity of our laws, liberties, properties, and of 
 the church of England in pa'-ticular, with a due indulgence 
 to Protehant-difTenters: but, when that prince came to 
 St. James’s, the archbifhop neither went to wait on him, 
 though he had once agreed to it, nor did he even fend any 
 melfage. He abfented himfelf likewife from the conven¬ 
 tion, for which he is feverely cenfured by Burnet; who 
 calls him “ a poor-fpirited and fearful man, that a(Sled a 
 “ very mean part in all this great tranfa6tion. He re- 
 his “ folved,” fays he, “ neither to afl for, nor againfl the 
 les, king’s intereh ; which, confidering his high poll, was 
 thought very unbecoming. For if he thought, as by 
 his behaviour afterwards it feems he did, that the nation 
 was running into treafon, rebellion, and perjury, it was 
 a hrange thing to fee one, who was at the head of the 
 “ church, to lit lilent all the while that this was in de- 
 bate; and not once fo much as declare his opinion, by 
 fpeaking, voting, or protefling, not to mention the 
 “ other ecclehahical methods that certainly became his 
 “ charafler.” 
 
 After William and Mary were fettled on the throne, 
 he and feven other bifhops refufed to own the eftablilhed 
 government, from a confcientious regard to the allegiance 
 they had fworn to king James. Refuiing likewife to take 
 the oaths appointed by aft of parliament, he and they 
 were fufpended Aug. i, 1689, and deprived the ill of Feb, 
 following. On the nomination of Dr. Tillotfon to tliis 
 fee, April 23, 1691, our archbilhop received an order from 
 the then queen Marv, May 20, to leave Lambcth-houfe 
 within ten davs. But he, rcfolving not to Hir till ejefted 
 by law, was cited to appear before the barons of the Exche¬ 
 quer, on the lirfl day of Trinity Term, June 12, 1691, to 
 anfwer a writ of intrufion ; when he appeared by his atr- 
 torney ; but avoiding to put in any plea, as the cafe Hood, 
 judgement palTed againll him, in the form of law, June 23, 
 and the fame evening he took boat in Lainbeth-bridge, 
 and went to a private houfc in Paulfgrave-head-court, 
 ne^r the Temple. P rom thence, on Aug. 5, 1691, he re¬ 
 tired to Frelingfield (the place of his birth, and the ellate 
 [50!. a year] and relidence of his ancellors above three 
 hundred years) ; where he lived in a very private manner, 
 rill, being feized with an intermitting fever, Aug. 26,1693, 
 
 he 
 
S A N CROFT.- 
 
 251 
 
 he died on Friday morning, Nov. 24, and was buried 
 very privately, as he himfelf had ordered, in Frefingfield 
 church-yard. Soon after, a tomb was eredted over his 
 grave, with an infeription compofed by himfclf; on the 
 right hde of which there is an account of his age and dy¬ 
 ing day in Latin ; on the left, the following Englifli: 
 
 “ William Sancroft, born in this parilh, afterwards by 
 “ the providence of God archbilhop of Canterbury, at 
 “ laft deprived of all, which he could not keep with a 
 good Gonfcience, returned hither to end his life, and 
 “ profelFeth here at the foot of his tomb, that as naked he 
 “ came forth, fo naked he mull return : the Lord gave, 
 
 “ and the Lord liath taken awav (as the Lord pleafes, fo 
 “ things come to pafs), blelled be the name of the Lord.’* 
 The charadler Burnet has given of him is not an amiable 
 one, although he allows him, upon the whole, to have ^ 
 been a good man. He bellowed great fums of money in 
 charity and endowments, and was particularly bountiful 
 to Emanuel-college in Cambridge : and he certainly gave / 
 the llrongell inltance polTible of flncerity, in facrilicing the 
 higheft dignity to what he thought truth and honelly. 
 
 Though of confiderable abilities and uncommon learn¬ 
 ing, he publilhcd but very little. I'he firll thing was a 
 Latin dialogue, compofed jointly by himfelf and fome of 
 his friends, between a preacher and a thief condemned to 
 the gallows ; and is intituled, i, “ Fur Proedeflinatus ; 
 
 “ live, dialogifmus inter quendam Ordinis prsedicantiuin 
 Calvinifla.m et Furem ad laqueum damnatum habitus, 
 
 &:c. 1651,” i2mo. It was levelled at the theii pre* 
 yailing dodlrine of predellination. 2. “ Modern Poli- 
 “ tics, taken from IVTachiavel, Borgia, and other modern 
 “ authors, by an eye-witnefs, 1652,” i2mo. 3. “ Three 
 “ Sermons,'’ afterwards re-printed together in 1694, 8yo. 
 
 4. He publilbed bifliop Andrews’s “ Defence of the vul- 
 gar Tranflation of the Bible,” with a Preface of his 
 owm. 5. He drew up fome offices for [an. 30, and 
 May 29. 6. “ Nineteen Familiar Letters of his to Mr. 
 
 “ (afterwards Sir Henry) North of Mildenhall, hart, both 
 “ before, but principally after, his Deprivation, for refufing 
 “ to take the Oaths to King William ill. and his Retire- 
 “ ment to the place ot his Nativity in Suffolk, found 
 “ among the Papers of the faid Sir Henry North, never 
 “ before publiffied,” were printed in 1757, 8vo. In this 
 fmall colledlion of the Archbilhop’s “ Familiar Letters,” 
 jione of which were prpbably ever dehgned to be made pub¬ 
 lic, 
 
SANCROFT. 
 
 lie, his talents for epiflolary writing appears to great ad¬ 
 vantage. He left behind him a multitude of papers and 
 collections in MS. which upon his deceafe came into his 
 nephew’s hands ; after whofe death they were purchafed 
 by bilhop Tanner for eighty guineas, who gave them, 
 with the reft of his manuferipts, to the Bodleian library. 
 
 SANCTORIUS, or Santorius, a moft ingeni¬ 
 ous phyftcian, who flourifhed in the beginning of the 
 17th century, and was profeftbr in the univerfity of Padua, 
 Being convinced, after a long and exa£t ftudy of nature, 
 that health and iicknefs depend in a great meafure upon 
 the ftate and manner of infenftble perfpiration through 
 the pores of the body, he began a courfe of experiments 
 upon it. For this purpofe he contrived a kind of ftatical 
 chair; by means of which, after efti mating the aliments 
 he t€K)k in, and the fenfible fecretions and difeharges, he 
 was enable to determine, with wonderful exaftnefs the 
 weight or quantity of infenlible perfpiration, as well as 
 what kind of eatables and drinkables increafed and dimi^ 
 nilhed it. On thefe experiments he ereffed a fine and 
 curious fyftem, which has been prodigioufty admired and 
 applauded by all the profeftbrs of the art. It came out 
 firft at Venice in 1614, under the title of “ Arsde Statica 
 Medicina,” comprehended in feven feflions of apho- 
 rums : and was often re-printed at different places with 
 corrections and additions by the author. It was tranftated 
 into French, and publifhed at Paris in 1722 : and we had 
 next an Englilh verfton of it, with large explanations, 
 by Dr. Quincy; to the third edition of which in 1723, 
 and perhaps to the former, is added, “ Dr. Janies Keil’s 
 “ Medicina Statica Britannica, with comparative remarks 
 ‘‘ and explanations: as alfo phyfico-medical effays on 
 “ agues, fevers, an elaftic fibre, the gout, the leprofy, 
 “ kings-evi:, venereal difeafes, by Dr. Quincy.” 
 
 Samtorius pubiilhed other works : as, “ Methodi vi- 
 tandorum errorum omnium, qui in Arte Medica con- 
 “ tingunt, libri quincteenn, 1602 “ Commentaria in 
 
 “ primam fectionem Aphorifmorum Hippocratis, 1609 
 “ Commentaria in Artcm Mcdicinalem Galeni, 1612 
 “ Commentaria in primam Fen prinii libri Canonis 
 “ Aviceiinae, 1625 Lithotomia, feu Calculi vefic« 
 
 feeftione, Confuitatio, 1638;” all which works Ibew 
 the great abilities and learning of their author, and railed 
 liis chaiader to the higheft among thofe of his own pro- 
 
 feftion : 
 
253 
 
 SANCTORIUS. 
 
 ifeilionand, as they had been feparately printed at Venice, 
 fo- they were, in 1660, colle£ted and printed there to¬ 
 gether ill 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 We are not able to afcertain the dates of San£lorius’s 
 birth or death. Vanderlinden, who has farniflied us with 
 a catalogue of his works, fays nothing of either, nor has 
 recorded any particulars of his life. 
 
 SANDERSON (Dr. Robert), an eminent EngllHi 
 bifhop, was defcended from an ancient family, and born at 
 Rotlierham in Yorkfhire, Sept. 19,1587, He was educated pr'sander- 
 in the grammar-fchool there, and made fo uncommon a fon, late Bp. 
 progrefs in tlie languages, that, at thirteen, he was fent to of Lincoln, 
 Lincoln college in Oxford. He was eledted fellow 
 1606, and in i6a8 chofen logic reader in his college : 1678,8vo. 
 his le£lures were publilhed in 1615, and prefently ran 
 through feveral editions. He went into orders in 1611, 
 and took the degree of bachelor of divinity in 1617, hav- Works* 
 ing taken the degrees in arts at a regular time. In 1618, 
 he was prefented by his coulin Sir Nicholas Sanderfon, 
 lord vifeount Callieton, to the reftory of Wibberton near 
 Bofton in Lincoinihire, but refigned it the year following- 
 on account of the unhealthinefs of its htuation ; and 
 about the fame time was collated to the re£l:ory of Boothby 
 Pannei in the fame county, which he enjoyed above 
 forty years. Having now quitted his fellowlliip, he mar¬ 
 ried ; and foon after was made a prebendary of South- 
 well, as he was alfo of Lincoln in 1629. 
 
 In Charles Ilf’s reign, he was chofen one of the clerks 
 in convocation for the diocefe of Lincoln; and Laud, 
 then bifhop of London, having recommended him to 
 that king as a man excellently {killed in cafuiftical learn¬ 
 ing, he was appointed chaplain to his majefty in 1631, 
 
 When he became known to the king, his majefty put 
 many cafes of confcience to him, and received from him 
 fuch folutions, as gave him vafl fatisfaflion * fo that, at 
 the end of his month’s attendance, which was in Novem¬ 
 ber, the king told him, that “ he fhould long for next 
 November; for he refolved to have a more inward ac^ 
 
 “ quaintance with him, when the month and he return- 
 ‘‘ ed.” And indeed the king was never abfent from his 
 fermons, and was alfo wont to fay, that “ he carried his 
 “ ears to hear other preachers, but his confcience to hear 
 “ Mr. Sanderfon.” Aug. 1636, when the court was en¬ 
 tertained at Oxford, he was, among others, created do£Vor 
 
 in 
 
254 
 
 N 
 
 SANDERSON. 
 
 in divinity. In 1642, he was propofed by both hotifes 
 of parliament to king Charles, who was then at Oxford, 
 fo be one of their trullees for the fettling of church-af¬ 
 fairs, and approved by the king : but that treaty came to 
 nothing. The fame year, his majefty appointed him 
 regius profeffor of divinity at Oxford, with the canonry 
 of Chrill-church annexed : but the national Calamities 
 hindered him from entering on it till 1646, and then 
 from holding it little more than a year. In 1642, lic 
 was nominated by the parliament one of the alTembly of 
 divines, but never fat among them : neither did he take 
 the covenant or engagement^ fo that his living was fequef- 
 tred. He had the chief hand in drawing up “ The Rea- 
 “ fons of the univerlity of Oxford againft the folemn 
 League and Covenant, the Negative Oath, and the 
 “ Ordinances concerning Difeipline and Worlhip and 
 when the parliament had fent propofals to the king for a 
 peace in church and ftate, his majefty deftred, that Dr. 
 Sanderfon, with the doctors Hammond, Sheldon, and 
 Morlcy, Ihould attend him, and advife him how far he 
 might with a good confcience comply with thofe propo¬ 
 fals. This requeft was then rejedted ; but it being com¬ 
 plied with, when his majefty was at Hampton Court, and 
 in the Ifle of Wight, in 1647 and 1648,, thofe divines 
 attended him there. Sanderfon often preached before 
 him, and had many public and private conferences with 
 him, to his majefty’s great fatisfadion. The king alfo 
 delired him, at Hampton Court, ftnee the parliament had 
 propofed the aboliftiing of epifcopal government, as incon- 
 liftent with monarchy, that he would conftder of it, and 
 declare his judgement. He did fo ; and what he wrote 
 upon that fubje6l was afterwards printed in 1661, 8vo, 
 under this title, “ Epifcopacy, as eftabliftied by law in 
 “ England, not prejudicial to Regal power.’^ At San- 
 derfon’s taking leave of his majefty, in this his laft at¬ 
 tendance on Mm, the king requefted him to apply himfelf 
 to the writing of “ Cafes of Confcience to which his 
 aiifwcr was, that “ he was now grown old, and unfit to 
 “ write Cafes of Confcience.” But the king told him 
 plainly, “ it was the fimpleft thing he ever heard from 
 “ him ; for no young man was fit to be a judge, or write 
 “ Cafes of Confcience.”—Upon this occafion, Walton 
 relates the following anecdote : that in one of thefe con¬ 
 ferences the king told Sanderfon, or one of them that then 
 waited with him, that “ the remembrance of tw^o error? 
 
 c “ did 
 
S A N ,D E R S O N. 
 
 ** did much afflidl him, whicl/were, his aflent to the earl 
 “ of Strafford’s death, and the abolilhing of epifcopacy in 
 ** Scotland j and that, if God ever reilorcd him to the 
 “ peaceable polTellion of his crown, he would demonflrate 
 “ his repentance by a ptiblic confeffion and a voluntary 
 “ penance, by walking barefoot from the Tower of Lon- 
 “ don, or Whitehall, to St. Paul’s Church, and would 
 “ delire the people to intercede with God for his pardon,” 
 
 In 1648, he was ejected from his profelforlliip and 
 cailonry in Oxford by the parliament vilitors, and upon 
 this retired to his living of Eoothby Pannel. Soon aftei\ 
 he was taken prifoner and carried to Lincoln, on purpofe 
 to be exchanged for one Clarke, a Puritan divine, who had 
 been made prifoner by the king’s party : and he was in¬ 
 deed foon releafed upon articles, one of which was, that 
 the fequeftration of his living fliould be recalled ; by 
 which means he enjoyed a mean fubliftence for hiinfelf, 
 wife, and children, till the Redoration. But though the 
 articles imported alfo, that he Ihould live undifturbed, yet 
 he was far from being either quiet or fafe, being once 
 wmunded, and feveral times plundered : and the outrage of 
 the foldiers was fuch, that they not only came into his 
 church, and diilurbed him when he was reading prayers, 
 but even forced the common prayer book from him, and 
 tore it to pieces. During this retirement, he received a 
 vilit from Dr. Hammond, who wanted to difeourfe with 
 him upon fome points difputcd between the Calvinifts and 
 Armlnians ; and he was often applied to for refolution in 
 cafes of confeienee, feveral letters upon which have been 
 tince printed. In 1658, the hon. Robert Boyle, cfq. fent 
 him a prefent of 50I. ; his circumflances, as mod of the 
 Royaiifts at that time, being very low. Boyle had read his 
 leflures “ De iuramenti obligatione” with great latif- 
 faftion ; and afked Barlow, afterwards biihop of Lin¬ 
 coln, if he thought Sanderfon could be induced to write 
 Cafes of Confeienee, if lie might have an honorary penfion 
 allowed, to fupply him with books and an amanucnlis R 
 But Sanderfon told Barlow, “ that, if any future tract of his 
 “ could bring any benefit to mankind, he would readily 
 “ fet about it without a penlioii.’' Upon this, Boyle fent 
 the above prefent by the hands of Barlow ; and Sander¬ 
 fon prefently revifed, iinilhed, and publifhed his book 
 “ De confeientia.” 
 
 Aug. i66o, upon the redoration of tlie king, he was 
 redored to Ids profelDrllup and canonry , and foon after, 
 
 at 
 
 ^55 
 
2^6 SANDERSON. 
 
 at the recommendation of Sheldon, raifed to the bilhopric 
 of Lincoln. He enjoyed his new dignity but about two 
 years and a quarter : during which time he did all the 
 good in his power, by repairing the palace at Bugden, 
 augmenting poor vicarages, 8 cc. notwithftanding he was 
 old, and had a family : to which, when his friends fug- 
 , gelled it to him, he replied, that he left them to God, yet 
 hoped he Ihould be able at his death to give thetn a com¬ 
 petency. He died, Jan. 29, 1662-3, 
 
 was buried in the chancel at Bugden, with as little noife, 
 pomp, and charge as could be, according to his own di- 
 redions. He was a man of gteat learning and wit, but 
 not of fuch univerfal reading as might be fuppofed. Be¬ 
 ing alked by a friend, what books he lludied moll, when 
 he laid the foundation of his great and clear learning, 
 he anfwered, that “ he declined to read many books, but 
 what he did read were well chofen, and read often ; 
 ‘‘ and added, that they were chiefly three, Arihotie’s 
 “ ‘ Rhetoric,’ Aquinas’s ‘ Secunda Secundae,’ and Tul- 
 “ ly, but efpecially his ‘ Offices,’ which he had not read 
 “ over lefs than twenty times, and could even in his old 
 “ age recite without book.” He told him alfo, the learn¬ 
 ed Civilian Dr. Zouch had written “ Elementa Jurifpru- 
 “ dentiae,” which he thought he could alfo fay without 
 book, and tiiat no wife man could read it too often. Be- 
 lides ills great knowledge in the fathers, fchoolmen, and 
 cafuillical and controverlial divinity, he was cxadlly ver- 
 fed in the hillories of our nation, whether ancient or 
 modern ; was a moll curious antiquary, and indefatigable 
 fearcher into records, and alfo, which one would not have 
 imagined, a complete herald and genealogill. The wor- 
 thiell and moll learned of his contemporaries fpeak of 
 V him in the moll refpe6lful terms : “ that llaid and well 
 “ weighed man Dr. Sanderfon,” fays Hammond, “ con- 
 “ ceives all things deliberately, dwells upon them dif- 
 “ cretely, difeerns things that differ exadlly, paffeth his 
 “ judgement rationally, and expreffes it aptly, clearly, 
 “ and"' honeilly.” 
 
 We lhall now give fopie account of his writings, which 
 for good fenfe, clear reafoning, and manly llvle, have al¬ 
 ways been much ellecmed. In 1615, he publifhed, “ i. 
 
 LogicaeWVrtis Compendium as we have already men¬ 
 tioned... 2. “ Sermons,” preached and printed at diffe¬ 
 rent times, amounting to the number of thirty-lix, 1681, 
 folio, with the author’s life by Walton prelixed. 3. 
 
 “ Niue 
 
I 
 
 SAMDERSON. 
 
 Nine Cafes of Conrclence Refolved publifhed at 
 different times, but Hr ft collefted in i6)8, 8vo. 4. “ De 
 “ Juramenti Obligatione, 1647,” ; reprinted feve-* 
 
 ral times Hnce with, 5. “ De Obligatione Confcientise/* 
 This laft was Hrft printed, as we have faid, at the requeft 
 bf Mr. Boyle, and dedicated to him: the former, viz. 
 “ De Juramenti Obligatione,” was tranilated into Eng- 
 liih by Charles T, during his confinement in the IHe of 
 Wight, aj\d printed at London in 1^655, 8vo. 6. “ Cen- 
 “ 'fOre of Mr. Antony Afcharn his book of tlie ConfuHons 
 and Revolutions of Government, 1649,” 7. 
 
 Epifcopacy, as eftablifhed by Law in England, not pre- 
 judicial to the Re'gal Power, 1661,” mentioned before. 
 8. “ Pax Ecclefi^: about Predeftination, or the Five 
 “ Points printed at the eiid of his Life by Walton, 
 
 8. V0. Our bilhop feems at Hrft to have been a ftri£l Cal- 
 yinift in Ihofe points : for in 1632, when twelve of his 
 fermons were printed together, the reader may obferve in 
 the margin fome accufation of Armihius for falfe doc¬ 
 trine. But Dr. Hammond, having paid him a vilit at 
 Boothby Pannel in 1649, convinced him of the abfurdity 
 and impiety of thofe do£trines in the rigid feiife : as he 
 did more fully afterwards in fome letters that paffed be¬ 
 tween them, and which are printed in Hammond’s works. 
 
 9. “ Difeburfe concerning the Church in thefe- particu- 
 “ lars : Hrft, concerning the vifibility of the true Church ; 
 “ fecondly, concerning the Church of Rome, &c. 1688;” 
 pnblifhed by Dr. William Afheton from a MS. copy, 
 which he had from, Mr. Pullen, the bilhop’s domeftic chap¬ 
 lain. TO. A large preface to a book of Ufher’s, written at 
 the fpecial command of Charles 1 . and intituled, “ The 
 “ Power communicated by God to the Prince, and the 
 “ Obedience required of the Subjedl, &c. 1661,” 410. 
 II. A prefatory Difeourfe, in defence of Ufher and his 
 writings, prefixed to a colledlion of learned treatifes, in¬ 
 tituled, “ Clavi Trabales : or, nails faftened by fome 
 “ great mafters of aftemblies, confirming the king’s fu- 
 “ premacy, the fubjefts’ duty, and church-government by 
 “ bifhops, 1661,” 4to. 12. Peck, in the 2d volume of 
 his Defidefata Curiofa,” has publifhed the “ Hiftoryand 
 
 Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of the Blefted Vir- 
 “ gin St. Mary at Lincoln : containing an exaft copy of 
 all the ancient monumental inferiptions there, in num- 
 “ her 163, as they ftood in 1641, moft of which were 
 “ foon after torn up, or otherways defaced. Collefted by 
 VoL. XL ^ “ Robert 
 
 257 
 
SANDERSON. 
 
 “ Robert Sanderfon, S. T. P. afterwards lord blfhop of 
 “ that church, and compared with and corrected by Sir 
 “ William Dugdale’s MS. furvey.’^ 
 
 Anefcdotcs SANDERSON (Robert, efq.) F. A. S. ufher of 
 Nichols tbe court of chancery, and clerk of the chapel of the Rolls, a 
 ° laborious and learned antiquary, alTifled Mr. Rymer in pub* 
 liflring his valuable “ Foedera,” which he continued after 
 Mr. Rymer’s death, beginning with the i6th volume (the 
 title-page of which exprelles “ Ex fchedis Thomas Rymer 
 “ potillimum edidit Robertus Sanderfon, 1715”) andendr 
 ing with the 20th, dated Aug. 21, 1735. He died Dec. 25, 
 1741. Mr. Rymer’s firft warrant (figne'd‘‘Marie R.” 
 the king being then in Flanders), empowering him to 
 fearch the public offices for. this undertaking, is dated 
 Aug. 26, 1693 ; was renewed by king William, April 12, 
 1694; and again by queen Anne, May 3, 1707, when. 
 Mr. Sanderfon was joined to him in the undertaking. A 
 finiilar warrant was ilTued Feb. 15, 1717, with the name 
 of “ Robert Sanderfon, efq.” only in it, who publifhed 
 the 17th volume in 1717. The firft impreffion of thefe 
 17 volumes being all difpofed of (probably to fubferibers 
 and public libaries), a new edition of them was publifhed 
 in 1727, exprefled in the title to be “ Editio fecunda, ad 
 “ originales chartas in Turri Londinenfi denuo fumma 
 “ fide collata & emendata, ftudio Georgii Holmes and 
 there is alfo, fronting the title, the King’s licence to Ton- 
 fon. for reprinting Rymer, “ which book is now printed 
 “ in 17 volumes folio, and publifhed by Thomas 
 “ Rymer and Robert Sanderfon.” In a dedication of 
 the 18th volume, 1726, to king George I. Mr. Sanderfon 
 acknowledges “ his felicity, in having had the honour 
 
 of.ferving under three crowned heads for more than 
 “ thirty years, in an employment declared by the three 
 “ greateft Potentates in the world as a work highly con- 
 “ ducing to their fervice and the honour of their crown. 
 This volume was republilhed, with caftrations [a], in 
 1731. I'he 19th, publifhed in 1732, is inferibed to King 
 George II; and Mr. Sanderfon calls it “ a collection con- 
 ‘‘ taiifing fo vaft and rich a fund of ufeful and inftruCtive 
 “ learning, in all tranfaCtions, whether foreign or dome- 
 “-ftic, as, I will adventure to fay, no other nation ever 
 
 [a] Fifty-fix fhcets and a half, of might eafily b<r feen, by comparing 
 ©ther matters, were printed to fupply the two «diti©HS. 
 thefe callratioQS, What tkcle were, 
 
 did 
 
SANDERSON. 
 
 did, nor is able to produce the like. The colleaion is 
 drawn from the pure and unadulterate fountain of your 
 “ Majefty’s Sacra Scrinia, which gives the hrmcft faac- 
 “ tion to the veracity, and the fureft proof to the au¬ 
 thority.’^ The 20th volume is dated 1735. There is 
 another edition of the whole, printed at the Hague, 1720, 
 m which the twenty volumes are brought into ten. 
 
 a German painter, born 
 at hranckfort m 1606, was fent by his Ihther to a gram-^ 
 mar-fehool; but, feeling his inclination leading to grav¬ 
 ing and^defigning, was fiiffered to take his own courfe. 
 He was fo eager to learn, that he went on foot to Prao-ue • 
 and put himfelf under Giles Sadler, the famous graver' 
 who perluaded him not to mind graving, but to apply his 
 genius to painting. He accordingly went to Utrecht, and 
 was lometime under Gerard Huntorft, who took him into 
 England with hiin ; where he hayed till 1627, the year in 
 wmch the duke of Buckingham, who was the patron of 
 painting and painters, was aflaffinated by Felton at Portf- 
 mouth. He went afterwards to Venice, where he copied 
 the hneh pidfurcs of Titian and Paul Veronefe j and from 
 Venice to Rome, where he hayed fome years, and'became 
 one 'of the moh conhderable painters of his time. The 
 king of Spain fending to Rome for twelve pictures of 
 the moh Ikilful hands then in that city, twelve painters 
 were fet to work ; and Sandrart was one of them. After 
 a long hay in Rome, he went to Naples, thence to Sicily 
 ^id Malta, and at length returned through Lombardy to 
 rrankfoit, where he married. A great famine happen¬ 
 ing about that time, he removed to yVmherdam ; but re¬ 
 turned to Frankfort, upon the ceiTation of that orievance. 
 Not long after, he took polFefiion of the manor of Sto- 
 kau, in the duchy of Ncuburg, which was fallen to liim - 
 and, finding it much out of repair, fold all his pidfuresL 
 dehgns, and other curiofities, in order to raife money for 
 putting It into order. He had fcarcely done this, when, 
 the war breaking out between the Germans and the French', 
 It was burned by the latter to the ground. He rebuilt it’ 
 and made it better than ever ; but fearing a fecond in- 
 vafion lie fold it, and fettled at Augibargh, wliEra he cxe^ 
 
 T n pieces. His wife dying, he'left 
 
 Augfburg, and went to Nuremberg, where lie let up an 
 academy ot painting. Here he pubiiflied feveral volumes 
 on uibjcas relating to his profellion : but the moft con- 
 
 ^ 2 iiderable 
 
z6o 
 
 CoUIrs’s 
 
 Fcerage% 
 
 SANDRART. 
 
 fiderable of his works is “ The Lives of the Painters, with 
 “ their Efhgies being an abridgement of Vafari and 
 Ridolfi for what concerns the Italian painters, and of 
 Charles Van Manderfor the Flemings, of the laft century. 
 Sandrart worked himfelf till he was feventy : but the time 
 of his death is not recorded. 
 
 SANDY S (Edwin"), an eminent Englifh prelate, and 
 zealous reformer, was defeended from a gentleman’s fa¬ 
 mily, and born in 1519 ; it is not certainly known where, 
 but probably at his father’s feat Hawkfliead, in Lanca- 
 Ihire. He was educated at St. John’s college in Cam¬ 
 bridge, where he took both degrees in arts and divinity ; 
 altliough he was never fellow of the college. About 1547* 
 he Was elefted mailer of Catherine hall; and in 1553, at 
 king Edward’s deceafe, was vice-chancellor of the uni- 
 verlity. Having early embraced the Protellant religion, 
 he joined heartily with thofe who were for fetting the 
 lady T^ne Gray o-n the throne ; and was required by John 
 Dudley, duke of Northumberland, who came to Cam¬ 
 bridge in his march againft queen Mary, to fet forth the 
 lady^ Jane’s title in a fermon the next day before the uni- 
 veifity. He obeyed, and preached in a moll pathetic man¬ 
 ner ; and, moreover, gave a copy of his fermon to be 
 printed. Two days after, the fame duke fent to him to 
 proclaim queen Mary ; which refilling, he was deprived of 
 his vice-chancellorlhip, and other preferments which he ' 
 had, and fent prifoncr to the Tower of London, where he ' 
 lay above feven months, and then was removed to the 
 Marlhalfea. He was afterwards fet at liberty by the me¬ 
 diation of feme friends ; but, certain whifperers fuggelling 
 to bp* Gardiner, that he was the greatell heretic in Eng¬ 
 land, and one, who of all others had moll corrupted the 
 univerlity of Cambridge, llrifl fearch was ordered to be 
 made after him. Upon this, he made his efcape out of 
 England, and in May 1554 arrived at Antwerp ; whence 
 he was obliged to halle away fooii to Auglburg ; and, after 
 flaying there a few days, went to Strafburg, where he fixed 
 his abode. His wife came there to him, but he had the 
 misfortune to iofe her and one child. In 1558, he took 
 a journey to Zurich, and lodged five weeks in the houfe 
 of Peter Martyr; with whom he ever after maintained an 
 intimate correfponciencc. ^ 
 
 Receiving there the agreeable news of queen Mary«‘ 
 
 deatli, he returned to Stralburg 5 and tlience to England 
 
 wher 
 
s A N D Y S. 
 
 where he arrived in Jan. 19, ,558-9. In March, he was. 
 ^ppomted by quem Elizabeth and her council one of thc^ 
 nine Proteftant divines, who were to hold a difputation* 
 
 Hull* Romifli perfuafion, before both 
 
 IliTrn at Weftminfler. He was alfo one of 
 
 P^'^Pafing a form of prayer, or li, 
 gy, and for deliberating on other matters for the re¬ 
 formation of the church. When the Popilh prelates were 
 deprived, he was nominated to the fee of Carliile, which 
 
 w if*at of Worcefter. Being a man 
 one original languages, he was, about ,565, 
 
 tf R-lIf appointed to make a new tranflation of 
 
 the portions which fell to his fhare were 
 the books of Kings and Chronicles. He fucceeded Grin- 
 
 ordfed y®ar after, was 
 
 ordered by the queen to affift the archbilhop of Canter- 
 
 bury in the ecelehaftical commilTion both a|,i„lt PapTfts 
 
 h;{hn f ^576. he was tranflated to the arch- 
 
 bilhopric of York. The feverity of his temper, anfef- 
 
 pecially the zeal with which he afted againft the Papifts 
 ^pofed him to their cenfures ; and occafioned him to be 
 much afperfed in their libels. The fame feverity alfo in- 
 vq ved him m many difputes and quarrels with thofe of 
 Ins own communion; fo that his life was, upon the whole 
 
 to^rtof r many attempts being continually made 
 
 t rum his reputation and intereft. One of thefe was of 
 
 beine^rihtirn f® we cannot avoid 
 
 g a little particuxar m our account of it. May i cSa 
 
 SrfnW f contrivance of Sir Robert 
 
 keeoei’rwYenemies, the inn- 
 keepei s wife was put to bed to him at midnight, when 
 
 imfke Upon which, according to agrefment, the 
 
 with Ins noife, and offered a drawn dagger to his breaft, 
 pretending to avenge the injury. Immediately Sir Robert 
 Stapleton came in, as if called from his chainber by tlie 
 
 nLdTf ff f appearance of a friend, as 
 
 h 1 ^ ^ -r^ formerly been, and as the abp. then thought 
 him, advifed Ins grace to make the maner up, layfng 
 
 Left® L” fhis nami and thf 
 credit ot religion that might enlhe, if, beino- one ao-alnlr 
 
 fo many he Ihould offer to ftir in liich a cTufeTand per- 
 
 the irotwithftandmg his innocency, which 
 
 Ihe abp. earnellly protefted, and Stapleton tliet/acknow- 
 
 S 3 Jedged, 
 
i62 
 
 S A N D Y S. 
 
 ledged, it were better to ftop the mouths of needy peribns^j 
 than to bring his name into doubtful queilionl With' 
 this advice, the abp. unwarily complied ; but, afterwards 
 difcovering Sir Robert’s malice and treacherous dillimu- 
 lation, he ventured, in confidence of his own innbcency, 
 to be the means himfelf of bringing the whole caufe to 
 examination before the council in the flar-chamber. The 
 refult of this was, that the abp. was found and declared 
 intirMy innocent of the wicked flanders and imputations 
 railed againfi; him ; and that Sir Robert Stapleton and his 
 accomplices were firfi: jmprifoned,. and then fined in a mofc 
 7^-ief Viewfevere manner. This afiair is related at large by Sir John 
 Harrington, a contemporary writer; and by Le Neve, 
 Church of who gives a fuller account of it, from an exemplification 
 England, of the decree, made in the fiar-chamber, 8 May, 25 Eliz. 
 1^53.P- 172 -in the Harleian library. 
 
 Keve’s After a life of troubles and contention, owfing princi- 
 
 Eivcs of the pally to the iniquitv of the times, our learned prelate died, 
 July 10, 1588, in his bqtli year ; and was buried in the 
 part u. p, collegiate church of Southwell, where a monument is ereT- 
 r, 1720, ■' ed to his memory. He w’as twice married : firfi, to a 
 daughter of Mr. Sandes of Efiex, who died at Stralburg of 
 a confumption ; fecondly, to Cicely, fifter to Sir Thomas 
 Wilford, of Hartridge in Kent, by whom he had feven 
 fons and two daughters. From Sir Samuel the eldefl 
 fon, is defeendd the prefent lord. Sandys : twyo other of 
 liis fons fhall be the fubjefts of the next articles. As to 
 • his writings, they cannot be fuppofed voluminous ; his 
 life having been too much employed in aflion. Several 
 of his letters,‘and other papers, are inferted in Strype’s 
 “ Annals in his “ Life of abp. Parker;” in his “ Life 
 of abp. Whitgift;” ifi Burnet’s “ Hifeory of the Refor- 
 “ mationand in other places. In 1616, two and 
 twenty of his fermons were coliedVed together, and print¬ 
 ed in a fmall quarto. He W'as a very emiirent preacher ; 
 and his fiiyle is much fuperior to the generality of WTiters 
 jn thofe times, 
 
 a 
 
 Si VO 
 
 SANDYS (Sir Edw'in), fecond fon of Dr. Edwin 
 Sandys, abp. of York, was born in Worcefterfhire about 
 1561 ; and admitted of Corpus Chrifii college in Oxford 
 at lixtee/i, under Mr. Richard Hooker, author of the 
 Ecclcfiafiical Polity.” He took the degrees in' arts, 
 was made ‘ probationer-fellow% and w^as collated in 1^81 
 to a })rebend in the church of York. Fie ai'tcrwards tia- 
 
 • yelled 
 
S A N D Y S. . 263 
 
 veiled Into foreign countries, and at his return grew fa¬ 
 mous for his learning, virtue, and prudence. While he 
 was at Paris, he drew up a tradl, publifhed under the title 
 of “ Europae Speculum,’’ which he hnilhed in 1599 ; 
 an imperfe£l copy of which hole into the world, without 
 the author’s name or confent, in 1605, and was foon 
 followed by another imprelhon. But the author, after he 
 had ufed all means to fupprefs thefe erroneous copies, * 
 
 and to punhh the printers of them, at length caufed a 
 true copy to be publifhed, a little before his death, in 
 1629, 4to. under this title; “ Europae Speculum; or a 
 view or furvey of the hate of religion in the wefterne 
 “ parts of the world. Wherein the Romane religion, 
 
 ** and the pregnant policies of the church of Rome to 
 ‘‘ fupport the fame, ai*e notably difplayed : with fomc 
 other memorable difeoveries and memorations. Never 
 before till now publifhed according to the author’s'ori- 
 “ ginal copie. Multum diuque defideratum. Hagae Co- 
 mitis, 1629.” To this edition was a preface, which 
 has been omitted in the later editions; thougli^ fome pah 
 fages of it were printed in that of 1637, 4to, ‘ 
 
 To return. May 1602, he refgned his prebend, and 
 received the honour of knighthood from James I ; who 
 afterwards employed him in feveral affairs of great trufl 
 and importance. Fuller tells us, that he was dextrous in F»llei’s ^ 
 the management of fuch things, conftant in parliament as WorceSr” 
 the fpeaker himfelf, and efleemed by all as an excellent ihire. 
 patriot. Oppofing the court with vigour in the parlia- 
 'mentof 1621, he was committed with Mr. Selden to the 
 'cuftody of the fherifF of London in June that year, and 
 detained above a month ; which was highly refented by 
 the houfe of commons, as a breach of their privileges ; 
 but Sir George Calvert, fecretary of hate, declaring, that 
 neither Sandys nor Selden had been imprifoned for any 
 ■parliamentary matter, a flop was put to the difpute. Sir 
 Edwnn was treafurer to the undertakers of the wefteiii 
 plantations. He died in 1629, and was interred at North- 
 bourne in Kent; where he had a feat and eftate, granted 
 him by James I. for fome fervices done at that king’s 
 acceflion to the throne. He bequeathed 1500!. to the 
 univerfity of Oxford, for the endowment of a metaphy- 
 fical lecture. He left five fons, all of whom, except ode, 
 adhered to the parliament during the civil wars. 
 
 There was one Sir Edwin Sandys, wIiq turned into 
 Englifh verfe “ Sacred Hymns, confilling of fifty fele£t 
 
 S 4 ' PfahiiS 
 

 Grtit. Mag. 
 
 p- 
 
 368. 
 
 A^Hcn, 
 
 Oxon. 
 
 S A N, D Y S. 
 
 ‘‘ of David,” fet; to be fuiig in five parts by Robert 
 
 Taylor, and printed at London 16.15, in 410.: but whg* 
 ther this verfion was d<?ne hj our author, or by another 
 of both his names of La,timers in ^j^^uckinghamlhire, 
 uncertain, 
 
 SANDY S (George), brother of the preceding, was 
 the fcventh and youngeft fon of Edwhx abp., of York. 
 This accomphlhed ge.ntlernan was born at the archie- 
 pifcopal palace of Biihopthorp in 1577. I-i) 158.8, he 
 was fent; to Oxford, and matriculated of St. Mary-Hall^. 
 Wood is of opinion, that he afterwards removed to Corpus 
 Chriili college. How long he refidecj in. the univerfity, 
 or whether he took a degree, dogs not appear. In Auguft 
 1610, remarkable for the murder of king ^enry ly. of 
 France, Mr. Sandys fet out on his travels, and, in the 
 CQUr.fe of two years, rnade an e^tenfix^e tour, having tra..^ 
 yelled through feyerai parts of Europe, and yifited many 
 cities and countries of the Eaft, as Confiantinople, Greece, 
 Egypt, and the Holy Land ; after which, takirig a view of 
 the remote parts of Itajy, hp. wqnt to Ronap and Venice, 
 and being bv this time greatly iinproved-, and becomp, not 
 only a perfeit fcholar, but a coijQplete gentleman, returned 
 to his native country, where? after properly digelling tljie 
 obfervations he had made, he publillied, in 16x5, an ac¬ 
 count of his travels in folio, the title of the 7th editipn 
 of which, in 1673, runs thus: “ Sajidys’ Travels, con- 
 ** taining an Ififtory pf the original,: and prefent {late pf 
 “ the Turki111 empire; thpir laws, go.vernment, pphey, 
 “ military force, courts^ of juilice, and commexcp. 
 ** The Mahometan religion and cerempnies. A de- 
 “ feription of Conilantinople, the grand figniox’s. fera- 
 “ glio, and his manrxer of living: alfo of Gr.eece, wftii 
 the religion and cuftoms of the Grecians. Of 
 “ Egypt; the antiquity, hieroglyphics, rites, cufioms, 
 “ difeipline, and religion of the Egyptians. A voyage 
 “ on the river Nihis. Of Armenia, Grand Cairo, 
 “ Rhodes, the Pyraipides, ColoITus : the former flourifh- 
 ing and prefer\t flate pf Alexandria. A defeription 
 “ of the Holy Land, of the Jews, and feveral fefts of 
 Chrillians living there ; of Jerufalem,* Sepulchre of 
 “ Clnifi, Temple pf Solomon^ and what elfp, either of 
 “ anheuity, or WQr,th obfervation. Laftly, Italy de- 
 “ feribed, and tjxe iflands adjoining ; as Cyprus, Crete, 
 “ Malta, Sicilia^ the Eolian iflands ; of Rome, Venice, 
 
 “ Naples,! 
 
S A N D Y S, 265 
 
 Naples, Syracnfa, Mefena, ^tna, Scylla, an.d Cha- 
 rybdis and other places of note, llluftrated with fifty 
 maps and figures.’’ Mofl of the figures, cfpecially thole 
 relating to Jerufalem and the Holy Land, are copied from 
 the “ Devotiflimo Viaggio di Zuallardo, Roma, 1587,” 4to- 
 Sandys diftinguiflied himfelf alfo as a poet; and his pro- 
 duftions in that way were greatly admired in the times 
 they were written. In 1632, he publifhed “ Ovid’s Me- 
 tarnorphofes, englifhed, mythologized, and reprefented 
 ** in figures, Oxford,” in folio. Francis CJeyn was the 
 inventor of the figures, and Solomon Savary the engraver. 
 
 Fie had before publifhed part of this, tranflation ; and, in. 
 the preface to this fecond edition, he tells us, that he has 
 attempted to colleft out of fundry authoirs the philofe- 
 phical fenfe of the fables of Ovid, To this work, which 
 is dedicated to Charles I, is fubjoined “ An Effay to the 
 “ tranflation of the ./Eneis.” In 1636, he publifhed, in 
 8vo, “ A Paraphrafe on the Pfalms of David, and upon 
 ‘‘ the Hymns difperfed throughout the Old and New 
 ‘‘ Teflamentre-printed in. 1638, folio, with a title 
 fomewhat varied. In 1640, he publifhed, in i2mo, a 
 facred drama, written originally by Grotius, under the 
 title of “ Chriflus Patiens,” and which Mr. Sandys, in 
 his tranflation, has called “ Chrifl’s Paflion,” on which, 
 and “ Adamus Exul,” and Mafenius, is founded Lauder’s 
 iiijpudent charge of plagiarilm againft Milton. This 
 tranflation was re-printed, with cuts, in 1688, 8vo. 
 
 The fubje^I of it was handled before in Greek by Apol- 
 linarius bifhop of Hierapolis, and after him by Gregory 
 Nazianzen; but, according to Sandys, Grotius excelled 
 all others upon this fubje£l:. Langbaine tells us, with re-Account of 
 gard. to Sandys’s tranflation, that “ he will be allowed 
 “ excellent artifl in it by learned judges ; and as he haspoets, Oxf, 
 “ followed Horace’s advice of avoiding a fervile tranf-1691. 
 
 “ lation,—‘ ncc yerbum verbo curabis reddere fidus in- 
 “ terpres’—fo he comes fo near the fenfe of his author, 
 
 “ that nothing is loft ; no fpirits evaporate in the decant- 
 ‘‘ ing of it into Englifh ; and, if there be any fediment, it 
 “ is left behind.” There are but few incidents known 
 concerning our author. All who mention him agree in 
 bellowing ^n him the charafler not only of a man of 
 genius, but of lingular worth and piety. For the moft 
 part of his latter days he lived with Sir Francis Wenman, 
 of Cafwell, near Witney in Oxfordflilre, to whom his 
 lifter \ya3 married; probably chufing that lituation in fome 
 
 meafurc 
 
Alher. 
 Oxon. 
 vol. II, 
 p. 46. 
 
 z66 S A N D Y S. 
 
 meafure on account of its proximity to Burford, the re¬ 
 tirement of his intimate acquaintance and valuable friend 
 Lucius lord vifcount Falkland, who addrefled fome ele¬ 
 gant poems to him, preferved in Nichols’s “ Select Col- 
 leftion,” with feveral by Mr. Sandys, who died at the 
 houfe of his nephew, Sir Francis Wyat, at Bexley in 
 Kent, in 1643; and was interred in the chancel of that 
 parifh church, without any infcription; but in the parifli 
 regiher is this entry : Georgius Sandys, poetarum An- 
 “ glorum fui fseculi facile princeps, fepultus fuit Martii 7, 
 “ Stilo Anglian, an. Dom. 1643.” memory has alfo 
 been handed down by various writers in the following in¬ 
 fcription, as one that was due to his merit: “ Georgius 
 “ Sandys, poetarum Anglorum fui faecuii princeps.” And 
 the high commendations given of him by the above inge¬ 
 nious nobleman are a moil honourable tribute to, and an 
 immortal record of, our author’s great worth and abilities. 
 Mr. Dryden pronounced him the bell veriifier of die age^ 
 and Mr. Pope declared, in his notes to the Iliad, that Eng- 
 liih poetry owed much of its prefent beauty to his tranf- 
 lations. His account of Turkey, Egypt, and the Holy 
 Land, has iince been amply confirmed. 
 
 Baliiet, SANNAZARIUS (James), an excellent Latin and 
 jugemere, Jtalian poet, was defcended from an ancient and noble fa- 
 Niccron, Hiily, and born at Naples July 28, 1458. His father 
 t. VIII. dying while he was an infant, his mother retired into a 
 village; but was prevailed with to return for the fake of 
 her fon, who was fure to want thofe advantages of edu¬ 
 cation there, which he would have at Naples. Sanna- 
 zarius acquired a great knowledge of the Greek and Latin 
 tongues early,' and was a young man of moft promiling 
 hopes. There was a kind of private academy at Naples, 
 which was managed by John Pontanus: there Sannazarius 
 was admitted, and called himfelf A£lius Sincerus, accord¬ 
 ing to the cuftom of the place, which was to afiume fi6li- 
 tious names. Poets have ufually imaginary miftrefles to 
 inflame their imaginations, and exercife their vein with : 
 Sannazarius had a real one, a young lady of a noble family. 
 But file was very unkind ; fo that his poems abound with 
 complaints of her cruelty and hardnefs of heart. In order 
 to forget her, he went to France : but his palfion foon 
 brought him back to Naples, where, by good luck, he 
 found the objefl of it departed ; and then his heart vented 
 itfelf in flrains of lamentation. His extraordinary talent 
 
 iu 
 
SANNAZARIUS. 267 
 
 in this way introduced him at the court of Ferdinand, 
 king of Naples; and endeared him to his fon Frederic, 
 who was a lover of poetry. Frederic had him in the 
 palace, and made him his confident: fo that Sannazarius 
 could not help promifing himfelf great things, when 
 Frederic Ihould mount the throne. He was, as it ufually 
 happens, difappointed; for Frederic contented himfelf 
 with , fettling On him a penfion, and giving him a houfe 
 called Metgolino, moll agreeably fituated, and with a 
 charming profpe^l; and was not this providing better for 
 a poet, than making him a minifter of flate, and fitter for 
 him too ? Sannazarius was very difcontented at firfl; but, 
 reconciling himfelf by degrees to his new habitation, he 
 determined to fpend his life there in contemplation and 
 tranquillity. Juft when he was putting this fcheme in 
 execution, Frederic was deprived of his kingdom of Na¬ 
 ples ; and chofe France for his retreat, where Lewis XIT. 
 gave him the duchy of Anjou. Sannazarius thought him¬ 
 felf obliged to accompany his prince and patron ; and, not 
 content with this, fold certain eftates which he had, for a 
 fupply of money. After the death of Frederic in 1004, 
 he returned to Naples ; and devoted himfelf wholly to 
 poetry and his pleafures, in which laft he was always 
 pretty indulgent to himfelf. He died at Naples in 1530. 
 
 He was never married, yet had a fon, whofe death is de¬ 
 plored in his elegies. 
 
 All his Latin poems were firft printed at Venice in 
 1531, i2mo. They had been often re-printed; but 
 the beft edition is that of Amfterdam 1727, in 8vo, with 
 the notes' of the learned Janus Broukliufius and others. 
 
 The principal work in this colle6lion, which confifts of 
 eclogues, elegies, and epigrams, is the “ De partu Vir- 
 “ ginis libri tres.” His reputation is chiefly built upon 
 this poem, which has been allowed by Julius Scaliger, 
 
 Erafmus, and others, to have in it all thofe qualities that 
 go to the forming of a finifhed piece ; all that invention, 
 iudgement, elegance, and fine turn of fentiment, which is 
 fo much admired in the great mafters of antiquity, d'he 
 ftrange mixture, however, of Paganifm with Chriftianity, 
 that runs through the whole, has given univerfal offence ; 
 and indeed one can hardly help thinking at firft light, that 
 he efteemed the two religions at an equal rate, and meant 
 to let them on a level. He meant nothing lefs : he was 
 certainly a good Chriftian, if making verfes perpetually on 
 file Virgin Mary, and founding a convent, as he did, can 
 
 ‘ make 
 
US S A N N A Z A R I U S. 
 
 make a good Chriftian: he was only influenced by the- 
 fame fpirit which influenced Bembus and others his con¬ 
 temporaries, who adored the remains of the ancient Hei- 
 thens^ fo extravagantly, that they were borrowing tlieir 
 language and mythology upon all occafions, and applying 
 them mofl improperly to things merely modern. Sanna- 
 zarius is faid to have fpent twenty years, more or lefs, in 
 perfe£ting this poem. 
 
 There are two Italian pieces of his, Arcadia’' and 
 
 Rime the former, a compofition in profe and verfe ; 
 tlie latter, a poem. They have been ofteii printed. 
 
 SANSON (Nicholas), a celebrated French geo¬ 
 grapher, was born at Abbeville in Picardy, Dec. 12, 1600. 
 jiiccron, After he had finifhed his juvenile lludies, be betook him- 
 
 merchandize ; but, fu%ining confiderable Ioffes, 
 quitted that calling, and applied himfelf to. geography, for 
 which he had naturally a, turn. At nineteen, he had drawn 
 a map of Ancient Gaul ; but did not publifli it till 1627, 
 left, as we are told, it fhoulcl not, op account of his youth, 
 be thought his, own : for his father was a, geographer, and 
 had pubiifhed feveral maps. The exce.llent turn and 
 genius for geographical difquifttions, which this map. of 
 Gaul difeovered, procured it a very favourable reception 
 from the public; and encouraged the author to proceed 
 in this kind of work. He did fo ; and was fo indefatiga¬ 
 ble in his labours, that he naade a]moft three hundred largo 
 maps of places, ancient and modern, and caufed an hun¬ 
 dred methodical tables to be graven concerning the divi- 
 lions of the dominions of Chriftian princes. He alfo 
 wrote feveral things to explain and illuftrate his maps : as, 
 ‘‘ Remarks upon the Ancient Gauls “ Treatifes of the 
 “ four parts of the WorldTwo Tables of the Cities 
 “ and Places, which occur in the Maps of the Rhine and 
 “ Italy ‘‘ A Defeription of the Roman Empire, qf 
 “ France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and the Britifh Ifles, 
 “ together with the ancient Itineraries all which arc 
 very commodious for underftandiiig the maps, which they 
 are intended to accompany. He wrote an account of the 
 “ Antiquity of Abbeville,” which engaged him, in a con- 
 teft with feveral learned men ; with father L^^bbe the Jefuit 
 in particular. He made alfo a “ Sacred Geography,”' di¬ 
 vided into two tables; and a “ Geographical Index of the 
 “ Holy Land.” He was preparing other works, and had 
 colicded a great deal of matter, with a view of making an 
 I Atlas 
 
S A N S O N. 269 
 
 Atlas of his own maps ; but his watching and great pains 
 brought upon him an illnefs, of which, after languifhing 
 for near t>Xro years, he died at Paris in 1667. He had re¬ 
 ceived pkr^cular marks hf efieern and kindnefs from the 
 cardinals Richelieu and Mazarine; and was geographer 
 and engineer to the king. He left two fons, who inhe¬ 
 rited his geographical merit. Voltaire calls him “ the siede 
 Father of geography before William de Plfle.” His xiv. 
 Atlas was ptrblifhed in 2 vols. folio, at Paris, in 1693. 
 
 SAPPHO, a famous poetefs of antiquity, who for her 
 excellence in her art has been called “ The Tenth Mule,’* 
 was born at Mitylene in the ille of Lelbos, about anno 
 ante C. 610. She was contemporary with Stefichorus 
 and Alcaeus, which lall was her countryman, and as fome 
 think her fuitor. They, who fuppofe this, depend chiefly 
 upon the authority of Ariflotle, who, in his “ Rhetoric’* 
 cites a declaration of Alcaeus, and an anfwer of Sappho: 
 the import of both which is this. Alcaeus declares, “ he 
 has fomething to fay, but that modefty forbids him 
 Sappho replies, that “ if his requcll was honourable, fhame 
 would not have appeared in his face, nor could he be at 
 “ a lofs to make a reafonable propolition.” It has been 
 thought too, that Anacreon was one of her lovers, and 
 his editor Barnes has taken fome pains to prove it: but 
 chronology will not admit this ; lince, upon enquiry, it 
 will be found, that Sappho was probably dead before 
 Anacreon was born. All this lady’s verfes ran upon 
 love, which made Plutarch, in his treatife on that fubjeft, 
 compare her to Cacus the foil of Vulcan ; of whom it is 
 written, that “ he call out of his mouth lire and flame.” 
 
 Of the numerous poems fhe wrote, there is nothing re¬ 
 maining but fome fmall fragments, which the ancient 
 fcholiafts have cited ; a hymn to Venus, preferved by 
 Dionyfius of HalicarnaflTus, as an example of a per¬ 
 fection he had a mind to charaCterife ; and an ode to one ^eStruaur* 
 of her miftrefles ; which lafl: piece confirms a tradition 
 delivered down from antiquity, that her amorous paflion fond. 1702. 
 extended even to perfons of her own fex, and that Ihe 
 was willing to have her miftrefles as well as her gallants. 
 
 Mrs. Le Fevre, aftewards Madam Dacier,hndeed has en¬ 
 deavoured, for the honour of Sappho, to render the faCl 
 uncertain ; and would reprefent this ode, as written in the° 
 ftyle of one friend to another. But it favours entirely of 
 love, and not die leaft of friendlhip i otherwfife, fo great 
 
 a judge 
 
27® 
 
 SAPPHO. 
 
 Ilf pi 
 Ct 10 . 
 
 ■Epi’ft* 
 -Sflinph. ad 
 ^haou. 
 
 a judge as Longinus, for it is to him we owe the pre- 
 fejvation of it, would never have faid, that Sappho, “ hav- 
 ‘‘ ing obferved the anxieties and tortures infeparable to 
 “ jealous love, has colle£lcd and difplayed them in the 
 “ fineft manner imaginable.” Befides, Strabo and Athe- 
 nseus tell us, that the name of the fair one, to whom it 
 is addreffed, was Dorica ; and that flie was loved by Cha- 
 raxus, who was Sappho^s brother. Let us then fuppofc 
 that this Dorica, Sappho’s infamous paramour, received 
 the addrelles of Charaxus, and admits him into her com¬ 
 pany as a lover. This very moment Sappho unexpeft- 
 edly enters ; and, flruck with what Ihe fees, defcribes her 
 
 emotions in the following llrains. 
 
 ^ - 
 
 1 . 
 
 ‘V Bleft as th’ immortal Gods is he, 
 
 “ The youth who fondly fits by thee, 
 
 ‘‘ And hears, and fees thee all the while 
 “ Softly fpeak, and fweetly fmile. 
 
 II. 
 
 / “ ’Twas this depriv’d my foul Of refi:, 
 
 “ And rais’d fuch tumults in my breafi;: 
 
 “ For, while I gaz’d in tranfport toft, 
 
 “ My breath was gone, my voice was loft. 
 
 III. 
 
 My bofom glowM ; the fubtle flame 
 “ Ran quick through all my vital frame : 
 
 ‘‘ O’er my dim eyes a darknefs hung : 
 
 ‘‘ My ears with hollow murmurs rung. 
 
 IV. 
 
 “ In dewy damps my limbs were chill’d : 
 
 My blood with gentle horrors thrill’d : 
 
 “ My feeble pulfe forgot to play : 
 
 “ I fainted, funk, and dy’d away.” Phillips. 
 
 People were fo perfuaded anciently of Sappho’s having 
 loved women as men do, that Ovid introduces her, with- 
 prat any diflaculty, making a facrifice to Phaon of her fe¬ 
 male paramours : from wdiich we learn, that Sappho’s 
 love for her own fex did not keep her from loving ours. 
 She fell defperately in love with Phaon, and did all flic 
 could to win him ; but in vain : upon which flie threw 
 herfclf headlong from a rock, and died. It is faid, that 
 fhe could not forbear following Phaon into Sicily, whi- 
 .th®r he retired that he might not fee her j and that, dur¬ 
 ing 
 
Sappho. 
 
 £71 
 
 ing ^her llay in that IHand, Ihe probably compofed* the 
 “ Hymn to Venus,” Hill extant, in which fhe begs fo ar¬ 
 dently the afliftance of that goddefs'. Her prayers, how¬ 
 ever, proved ineffeiSlual: Phaon was cruel to the laft de¬ 
 gree. The unfortunate Sappho was forced to take the 
 dreadful leap ; fhe went to the promontory Leucas, and 
 threw herfelf into the fea. The cruelty of Phaon will 
 not furprize us fo much, if w'e refledl that fhe was a wi¬ 
 dow (for fhe had been married to a rich man in the iflc 
 of Andros, by whom fhe had a daughter named Cleis) 
 that fhe had never been handfome ; that fhe had obferved 
 no meafure in her paflion to both fexes ; and that Phaon 
 had long known all her charms. For confider what fhe 
 herfelf writes to him by the pen of Ovid: 
 
 “ In all I pleas’d, but mofl in what was befi, 
 
 “ And the lafl joy was dearer than the reft. 
 
 Then with each word, each glance, each motion fir’d, 
 
 “ You ftill enjoy’d, and yet you ftill defir’d : 
 
 Till all diffolving in the trance we lay, 
 
 And in tumultuous raptures died away.” Pope. 
 
 The fame Ovid makes her confefs herfelf not handfome : 
 
 To me what nature has in charms deny’d, 
 
 “ Is well by wit’s more lafling charms fupply’d. 
 
 ** Though fh’ort by ftature,. yet my name extends 
 “ To Heaven itfelf, and earth’s remotefl ends. 
 
 “ Brown as I am, an Ethiopian dame 
 
 ** Infpir’dyoungPerfeus wdth a generous flame.” Pope. 
 
 She w^as indeed a very great wit, and for that alone de- 
 ferves to be remembered. The Mitylenians had her 
 worth in fuch high elteem, and W'Cre fo fenfible of the 
 ■glory they received from her being born among theniy 
 that they paid her fovereign honours after her death, and 
 {lamped their money with her image. The Romans af¬ 
 terwards erefted a noble flatue of porphyry to her; and, 
 in fliort, ancients as well as moderns have done honour 
 to her memory. VofTius fays, that none of the Greek 
 poets excelled Sappho for fweetnefs of verfe ; and that fltc 
 made Archilochus the model of her ftyle, but at the fame 
 time took care to foften the feverity of his exprellion. It 
 raufl be granted, fays Rapin, from what is left us of 
 Sappho, that Longinus had great reafon to extol the ad¬ 
 mirable genius of this woman ; for there is in what re¬ 
 mains of her fomething dedicate, harmonious, and im^ 
 
 ■ pallioncd 
 
 f 
 
ilt SAPPHO. 
 
 paflioned to the lafl degree. Catullus chdekvourej ta 
 imitate Sappho, but fell infinitely fiaort of her; and fo 
 have all others, who have written upon love. 
 
 The two above-mentioned poems, with her fragments, 
 have been printed “ inter no vein foeminarum Graecarum 
 “ carmina. Graece, ctira Fulvii Urfini. apud Plan- 
 “ tin. 1598, 8vo. and Gr. h Lat. Notis Var. & Chr. 
 
 Wolfii. Hamburg, 1732,” in 4to. 
 
 I 
 
 SARASIN (John Francis), a French author, 
 x\v Voltaire, “ has written agreeably in verfe and 
 
 ^m! II, * profe, was born at Hermanville, in the neighbourhood of 
 ’ Caen, about 1604. It is faid, in the “ Segraifiana,’^ but we 
 know not on what foundation, that Mr. Fauconnier of 
 Caen, a treafurer of Fra^ice, having an amour with a be¬ 
 loved damfel, who was not of rank fufficient for his wife, 
 upon finding her with child, married her ; and that Sara- 
 fin was the produft of this ante-nuptial congrefs*. Be 
 this as it will, he began his fiudies at Caen, and after¬ 
 wards went to Paris ; where he became eminent for wit 
 and polite literature, though he was very defective in 
 every thing that could be called learning. In the next 
 place, he made the tour of Germany ; and, upon his re¬ 
 turn to France, was appointed a kind of fecretary to the 
 4)rince of Conti. He was a man of a lively imagination 
 and mofl ready wit; which he was conflantly giving proof 
 of, upon fome occalion or other. Perrault relates a very 
 pleafant thing, which happened when he was attending 
 the prince of Conti, who delighted in progrelTes, and was 
 then harangued in form at every place he palled through. 
 Once, when the magiftracy of a certain town came forth 
 to addrefs him, the orator unfortunately forgot his lelTon, 
 and made a full fiop at the end of the fecond period. 
 Sarafin jumped out at the other fide of the coach; and, 
 getting inftantly round it clofe by the orator, went on 
 with the fpecch in the Ityle it had been begun, filled it 
 with ridiculous panegyric, yet delivered it with fuch fo- 
 lemnity, that the prince could not refrain from laughter. 
 But the belt of it was, that the magiftracy not only thank¬ 
 ed Sarafin for helping them out at fuch a defperate plunge, 
 but made him the fame prefent as was made to the prince. 
 Sarafin married a rich woman, but old, ugly, and ill- 
 natured ; fo that the little happinefs he found in this 
 ftate made him often alk, “ Whether the blefted fecret 
 “ would never be found out, of propagating the human 
 
 “ fpecies 
 
 s 
 
I 
 
 SARAS IN. 
 
 273 
 
 fpecies without a womanSarafin drew in the prince of 
 Conti, as is faid, to marry the niece of ?vhazarine, and for 
 the good ofhce received a great fum. The cardinal how¬ 
 ever, after the confummatiqn of the marriage, made a 
 jeft of Sarafin : and,; the bargain coining to the ears of ' 
 the prince, who was fufhciently difgufted with his confort, 
 
 Sarafin was turned out of doors, with all the marks of 
 ignominy, as a villain who had fold himfelf to the car¬ 
 dinal. This treatment is fuppofed to have occafioned his - 
 death, which happened in 1654. Peliflbn, palling through 
 the town where Saralin died, went to the grave of his 
 old acquaintance, fned fome tears, had a mafs faid over 
 him, and founded an anniverfary, though he himfelf was 
 at that time a Protellant. 
 
 He publiflied a very few works in his life-time : no- 
 thing, except “ Difcours de la Tragedie “ L’Hifloire 
 “ du Siege de Dunkerque,” in -1649 ; and “ La Pompc 
 “ funebre de Voiture, “ in the ‘‘ Milcellanea” of Menage, 
 to whom it is addrelled, in I652^; At his death, he or¬ 
 dered all his writings into the hands of Menage, to be 
 difpofed of according as that gentleman fhould think pro¬ 
 per ; and Menage publifhed a qto volume of them at 
 Paris ill 1656, with a portrait of the author engraven by 
 Nanteuil, and a difcourfe of Pelidbn upon his merits, 
 prefixed. T. hey confill of poetry and profe: they are 
 full of wit, politenefs, eafe, elegance, invention, and every 
 thing that can make an author agreeable ; and, accord- 
 ingly, all kinds of readers have found much entertainment 
 in them. 
 
 Befides this colleflion in 4to, two more volumes in 
 i2mo were publifhed at Paris in 1675, ^^der the title of 
 “ Nouvelles Oeuvres de M. Sarafin : of which Mr. de la 
 Monnoye has given the following hiflory. Menage, hav- 
 ing caufed to be printed fuch works of Sarafin, as he {-c? 
 thought would do honour to their author, fuppreffed the p. 266. not. 
 reft, either as unfinifhed pieces, or as the produdlions of 
 his juvenile years. But Menage’s amanuenfis havirg 
 taken a copy of them, without the knowledge of ins 
 mailer, let a bookfeller have them for a very fmall fum ; 
 who, confulting Defpreaux about them, and finding them 
 not unworthy of Sarafin, digefted and printed them. Mon- 
 noyc calls them fragments inflead of works, becaufe they 
 are unfiniflied ; and pieces of poems, rather than poems. 
 
 The firfl volume begins wnth an “ Apologie de la Morale 
 “ d’Epicurc,” a compofitioii in profe, of 178 pages, “ in 
 VoL. XL T “ which,- 
 
1 
 
 274 
 
 d’Angk- 
 
 t«rt>?7p.53 c. 
 
 t. 11. 1724. 
 4to,—Du 
 P'li, Aut. 
 Eccfet', 
 cent. Kit.— 
 Bftyl. Via. 
 io voce. 
 
 S A R A S I N. 
 
 “ whlch/^ f?2ys Monnoye^ “ there are many fine paflages; 
 “ and he obferves it to have been no bad compliment to 
 “ this piece, that it was attributed, though falfely, to St. 
 “ Evrsmond.” The remaining part of the firft and ali 
 tlie fecond volume conlift of little poems and fragments 
 of poems. 
 
 SARI SB UR Y (John of), in Latin Sarlfbnrienfis, an 
 Englilhinan, very famous in his day, was born at Ro- 
 cheifer about iiio; and went into France at the age of 
 iixteen. He had afterwards a commilTion from the kinsf 
 his mailer, to relide at the court of pope Eugenius, iii 
 order to manage the affairs of Englanff III offices were 
 attempted to be done him with that pope : he was charged 
 with .kveral falhties ; but at laft the truth was difeovered, 
 and he was retained by Eugenius with all the favours he 
 had deferved. He was, ft ill more efteemed by the fuc- 
 ceffor of tiiat pope ; and, being recalled to England, re¬ 
 ceived high marks of favour from Thomas Becket, then 
 high chancellor of the kingdom. The chancellor at that 
 lime governed his mailer Henry II; and, as he wanted 
 affillancc in fo weighty a charge, he ufed the advice of 
 John of Salifbury, efpccially in the~ education of the king’s 
 eideft fon, and of feveral Englifh noblemen, whom he had 
 undertaken to inftruft in good-manners and learning, 
 ikeket defired him alfo to take care of his houfe, while 
 lie went v.nth the king to Guienne. Upon his return from 
 that voyage, he was made archbifhop of Canterbury ; and 
 left the court, to perform the duties of his fee. John of 
 Salilburv attended him, and was afterwards his faithful 
 companion, when, that turbulent prelate was obliged to 
 retire to France, and when at the end of feven years he 
 was recalled to England. When Becket was killed in his 
 own catliedral, John of Salifbury was with him, and en¬ 
 deavoured to ward off the blow wffiich one of the af- 
 faffms aimed at his mafter’s head. He received it upon 
 his arm ; and the wound was fo great, that the chirur- 
 geoas at the end of a year defpaired of a cure ; and fome 
 pretend, that it was cured at laft by a miracle of Thomas 
 Becket. He retired into France ; and afterwards, in 1179? 
 was made bilhop of Chartres ; which promotion he did 
 not furvive above a year or two. 
 
 He was one of the Ihining lights of the dark age he 
 lived in, and indeed a moft ingenious, polite, and learned 
 man. This appears from a Latin treatife, intituled, “ Po- 
 7 “ licraticon, 
 
275 
 
 SARISBURY. 
 
 licraticon, five de nugis Curialium, & veftigiis Philo- 
 “ fophorum which, Du Pin fays, “ is compofed in a 
 ** plain concife ftyle, and is an excellent treatife upon the 
 “ employments, occupations, duties, virtues and vices of 
 “ great men, efpecially princes and great lords ; and con- 
 “ tains an infinite number of moral reflections, fentences, 
 
 fine paflages from authors, examples, apologues, pieces 
 “ of hiftory, and coiunion-places.” Dipflus obferves alfo, 
 that ^ it IS a cento, in which we meet with many pieces 
 “ of purple, and fragments of a better age.’^ It came out 
 at Paris in 1513, and at Leyden in 1595, 8vo; and ajfbtr* 
 French tranflation of it, intituled “ Les Vanitez de la * 
 
 “ Cour,” was printed at Paris, 1640, in 4to, with a life 
 of the author prefixed. 
 
 “ Letters”, alfo a Life of Thomas Pecket,” and a 
 “ Treatife upon logic and philofophy,” all written by John 
 of Salifbury, have been printed. It appears from his Letters, 
 fays Du Pin, that he fometimes cenfures the conduCl of 
 Becket, though he was addicted to his interefl:; and that, 
 while he was devoting his fervices to the court of Rome, 
 he often difapproves what was done there, and even con¬ 
 demns on certain occafibns the vices of the cardinals. 
 
 This fhews him to have had candour and virtue, as well 
 as wit, politenefs, and learning; and there is great reafon 
 to think, that he was upon the whole a very extraordinary 
 and valuable man. 
 
 SARTO (Andrea del), a famous Italian painter, 
 was the Ton of a taylor, whence he had the name of Sarto; 
 and was born at Florence in 1478. He \vas put appren¬ 
 tice to a goldfmith, with whom he lived fome time ; but 
 minded deflgning, more than his own trade. From the 
 goldfmith he was removed to John Baflle, an ordinary 
 painter, who taught him in form the rudiments of his art; 
 and afterwards to Peter Cofimo, who was exceedingly 
 taken with his genius. While he was with Cofimo, he 
 fpent all the hours, which others gave to their amufe- 
 ments, in deflgning in the great hall, called La Sala del 
 Papa, where were the cartoons of Michael Angelo and' 
 Leonardo da Vinci ; and by thefe means arrived at a maf- 
 tery in his art. He thought his own mailer too flow in 
 the execution of his works, as indeed he was. grown very 
 old ; for which reafon he left him, and joined himfelf to 
 Francis Bigio. They lived together, and painted a great 
 nymber of things, at Florence and about it, for the mo- 
 
 T 2 naileries. 
 
 
276 
 
 S A R T O. 
 
 nafiieiles. Sarto drew madonnas in abundance; and, in 
 lliort, the profit arifing from his labours would have fup- 
 ported him very plentifully, had he not fallen foolifiily in 
 love with a young woman ; who yet was then married ta 
 another man, but who, upon the death of her hulband, 
 became Sarto’s wife. From that time forward he was 
 very uneafy both in his fortune and temper; for, befides 
 the incumbrance of a married life., he was often dillurbed 
 with jealoufy, and his wife’s ill humours. 
 
 In the mean time, his fame and his works were not 
 confined to his own country : they both were fpread into 
 different parts of Europe ; and, fome of his pieces falling 
 under the notice of Francis I. that monarch was fo pleafed 
 with them, that he invited Sarto into France. Sarto went; 
 and no fooner arrived at court, but he experienced that 
 prince’s liberality, before he began to work. He did 
 many things -there for the king and the nobility; but, 
 when he was working one day upon a St. Jerome for the, 
 queen-mother, he received letters from his wife at Flo¬ 
 rence, which made him refolve to return thither. He pre¬ 
 tended domefiic affairs, yet promifed the king not only 
 to return, but alfo to bring with him a good collection of 
 pictures and fculptures. In this, however, he was over¬ 
 ruled by his wife and relations ; and, never returning, 
 gave Francis, who had trufled him with a confiderable lum 
 -of money, fo ill an opinion of Florentine painters, that he 
 would not look favourably on them for fome years after. 
 
 By this fad Itep, Sarto fell from a very flouriflting to a 
 very mean condition. He gave himfelf up wholly to 
 p.ieafure, fpent the king’s money and his own, and became 
 at lengtii very poor. "1 he truth is, he was naturally mild, 
 timorous, poor-fpirited, and therefore fet but very little 
 value upon his own performances ; yet the Florentines 
 had fo great an efteem tor his works, that, during the fury 
 of the popular faClions among them, they preferved his 
 pieces from the flames, when they fpared neither churches 
 nor any thing elfe. He was certainly an excellent artifi, 
 in whom nature and art concurred to iliew what painting 
 can do, either in defign, colouring, or invention : but his 
 piaures generally wanted boldnefs, firength, and life, as 
 wejl as their painter. Sarto died of the plague in 1520, 
 when, only 42. Vafari, in his “ Lives of tlic painters,” 
 relates a ilory of him, which fhews what an excellent 
 hand he had at copying. Frederic II, diike of Mantua, 
 feeing at Florence a piiAure of Leo- X, done by Raphael, 
 
 . - • begged 
 
begged it of Clement VII, who ordered 0 £lavian of Me- 
 dicis to deliver it to the duke. 0£lavian, being a lover 
 of the fine arts, and troubled to lofe from Florence fuch a 
 curiolity, made ufe of the following artifice. He got 
 Sarto to copy it, and fent the copy to the duke, who was 
 highly pleafed with it; and fo far from difcovering the 
 cheat, that even Julio Romano, who had been RaphaeFs 
 fcholar, and had drawn the drapery of that piece under 
 him, took the copy for the original. “ What,” faid he 
 to Vafari fome years after, “ don’t I fee the firokes, that 
 “ I firuck with my own hand?” But Vafari alTured him, 
 that he faw Sarto copy it; and, to convince him further, 
 lliewed him his private mark. Sarto had many difciples 
 who became eminent in their profeflion, as Salviati, 
 Vafari, &:c. 
 
 SAVAGE (Richard), an eminent infiance of the 
 ufeleffnefs and infignificancy of knowledge, wit, and ge¬ 
 nius, without prudence and a proper regard to the com¬ 
 mon maxims of life, was born in 1698. He was the fon 
 of Anne countefs of Macclesfield, by the earl of Rivers. 
 He might have been confidered' as the lawful ifiue of the 
 earl of Macclesfield ; but his mother, in order to procure 
 a feparation from her hufband, made a public confefiion 
 of adultery in this inftance. As foon as this fpurious 
 offspring was brought to light,* the countefs treated him 
 with every kind of unnatural cruelty'. She committed him 
 to the care of a poor woman, to educate as her own. She 
 prevented the earl of Rivers from making him a bequell 
 in his will of 6000 1 . by declaring him dead. She en¬ 
 deavoured to fend him fecretly to the American planta¬ 
 tions ; and at lafi, to bury him in poverty and obfcurity 
 for ever, fhe placed him as an apprentice to a fiioemeker 
 in Holborn. About this time his nurfe died ; and in 
 fearching her effe(fis, which he imagined to be his right, 
 he found fome letters, which informed him of his birth, 
 and the reafons for which it was concealed. He now left 
 his low occupation, and tried every method to awaken the 
 terdernefs, and attradl the regard of his mother : but all 
 his alfiduity was without effedi; for he could neither fof- 
 ten her heart, nor open her hand, and he was reduced to 
 the miferies of want. By the care of the lady Mafon, 
 mother to the countefs, he had bedn placed at the gram¬ 
 mar fchool at St. Albans, where he had acquired all the 
 
 T 3 learning 
 
278 SAVAGE. 
 
 learning which his fituation allowed ; and nccelTity now 
 obliged him to become an author. 
 
 The firft effort of his uncultivated genius was a poem 
 againll Hoadley, bifhop of Bangor; of which the author was 
 afterwards afhamed. Fie then attempted to write for the 
 flagc, but with little fuccefs : yet this attempt was atteiid- 
 , ed with fome advantage, as it introduced him to the ac¬ 
 
 quaintance of Sir Richard Steele and Mr. Wilks. Whilft 
 he was in dependence on thefe gentlemen, he was an af- 
 iiduous frequenter of the theatres, and never abfent from 
 a play in feveral years. In 1723, he brought a tragedy on 
 the ftage, in which himfelf performed a part, the fubjeft of 
 which was “ Sir Thomas Overbury.” If we confider the 
 circumftances under which it w^as written, it will afford at 
 once an uncommon proof of flrcngth of genius, and an 
 cvennefs of mind not to be ruffled. Whilfl he was em¬ 
 ployed upon this work, he was without lodging, and often 
 without food; nor had he any other conveniences for 
 fludy, than the fields or the llreet; and, when he had 
 formed a fpeech, he would ftep into a fhop, and beg the 
 ufe of pen, ink, and paper. The profits of this play 
 amounted to about 2001. ; and it procured him the notice 
 and elleem of many perfons of difIin£Iion, fome rays of 
 genius glimmering through all the clouds of poverty and 
 oppreflion. But, when the world was beginning to be¬ 
 hold him with a more favourable eye, a misfortune befell 
 him, by which not only his reputation, but his life, was 
 in danger. In a night-ramble he fell into a coffee-houfe 
 of ill fame, near Charing-Crofs ; when a quarrel happen¬ 
 ed, and one Mr. Sinclair was killed in the fray. Savage, 
 with his companion, was taken into cuftody, tried for 
 murder, and capitally convicted of the offence. His mo¬ 
 ther was fo inhuman, at this critical jun6lure, as to ufe 
 all means to prejudice the queen againft him, and to in¬ 
 tercept all the hopes he had of life from the royal mercy : 
 but at lafl the countefs of Hertford, out of compaffion, 
 laid a true account of the extraordinary flory and fuffer- 
 ings of poor Savage before her majefly ; and obtained his 
 
 recovered his liberty, but had no means of 
 fubfiftence; and a lucky thought firuck him, that he 
 might compel his mother to do fomething for him, and 
 extort that from her by fatire, which fhe had denied to 
 natural affeflion. The expedient proved fuccefsful ; and 
 lord Tyrconnel, on his promife to lay afide his defign, 
 
 received 
 
 pardon 
 
 He 1 
 
SAVAGE. 
 
 Tcceived him into his family, treated him as bis equal, and 
 engaged to allow him a penlion of 2001. a year. Jn this 
 gay period of life, when he was furrounded. by the af~ 
 riuence of pleafure, he pnblifhed “ The Wanderer, a mo- 
 “ ral Poem, 172Q,” which was approved by Popes 
 which the author himfelf conlidered as his mafler-piece. 
 It was addrelTed to the carl of Tyrconnel, with the higheft 
 flrains of panegyric. Thefe praifes, however, in a fhort 
 time he found himfelf inclined to retra^l, being difearded 
 by that nobleman on account of his imprudent and licen¬ 
 tious behaviour. He now thought himfelf again at libertv 
 to expofe the cruelty of his mother, and accordingly pub- 
 iifhed, The Ballard, a Poem.” This had an extraor¬ 
 dinary fale : and, its appearance happening at a time when 
 the coimtefs was at Bath, many perfons there in her hear¬ 
 ing took frequent opportunities of repeating paffages from 
 it; and fliame obliged her to quit the place. 
 
 Some time after this, Savage formed a refoiution of ap¬ 
 plying to the queen : Hie had given him his life, and he 
 hoped her goodnefs might enable him to fupport it. He 
 publilhed a poem on her birth-day, which he intituled, 
 “ The Volunteer Laureat.” She gracioufy fent him 
 fifty pounds, with an intimation that he might annually 
 expe6l the fame bounty. His condu6l with regard to tliis 
 penlion was very particular : as foon as he had received it, 
 he immediately difappeared, and lay for feme time out of 
 the reach of his moll intimate friends. /It length he 
 would be feen again, pennylefs as before, but never in¬ 
 formed any perfon where he had been, nor was his re¬ 
 treat ever difeovered. His perpetual indigence, politenefs, 
 and wit, flill raifed him new friends, as fall as his riiif- 
 behaviour loll him his old ones ; and Sir Robert Walpole, 
 the prime miniller, was warmly folicited in his favour. 
 Promifes were given, but ended in a difappointmeht; 
 upon which he publilhed a poem in tlie “ Gentleman’s 
 “ Magazine,” intituled, “ The Poet’s Dependence oh a 
 “ Statefman.” 
 
 His poverty Hill encreafing, he only dined by accident, 
 when he was invited to the tables of his acquaintance, 
 from which the meannefs of his drefs often excluded him. 
 Having no lodgings, he palfed the night often in mean 
 houfes, which are fet open for any calual wanderers ; 
 fometimes in cellars, amongll the riot and, filth of the 
 meaiiell and moll profligate of the rabble ; and fometimes, 
 when he was totally without money, walked about the 
 
 T 4 ilrects 
 
 
4 
 
 aS® SAVAGE. 
 
 r 
 
 ftreets till he was weary, and lay down in the fummer 
 upon a bulk, and, in the winter, with his alTociates in po* 
 verty, among the allies of a glafs-houfe.' His diflrelTes, 
 however affliflive, never dejefted him. In his loweft 
 fphere, his pride kept up his fpirits, and fet him on a level 
 with thofe of the highefl- rank. He never admitted any 
 grofs familiarity, or fubmitted to be treated'otherwile than 
 an equal. This wretched life was rendered more un¬ 
 happy in 1738, by the death of the queen, and the iofs 
 of his penlion. His diilrefs was now publicly known, 
 and his friends therefore thought proper to concert fome 
 meafures for procuring him a permanent relief. It was 
 propofed that he ihould retire into Wales, with an al¬ 
 lowance of 501, per annum, to be raifed by fubfeription, on 
 which he was to live privately in a cheap place, and lay 
 ahde all his afpiring thoughts. 
 
 This offer he feemed to accept with great joy, and fet 
 out on his journey with fifteen guineas in his purfe. His 
 friends and benefa£l:ors, the principal of whom was Mr. 
 Pope, expected now to hear of his arrival in Wales ; but, 
 on the 14th day after his departure, they were furprifed 
 with a letter from him, acquainting them that he was yet 
 upon the road, and without money, and could not pro¬ 
 ceed without a remittance. The money was fent, by 
 which he was enabled to reach Briflol; whence he was to 
 go to Swanfea by water. He could not immediately obtain 
 a paffage, and therefore was obliged to flay fome time at 
 Brifiol ; where, with his ufual facility, he made an ac¬ 
 quaintance with the principal people, and was treated with 
 all kinds of civility. At laft he reached the place propofed 
 for his relidence ; where he flayed a year, and completed a 
 tragedy, which he had begun in London. He was now 
 delirous of coming to town to bring it on the flage : but 
 his friends, and particularly Mr. Pope, who was his chief 
 beaefa6lor, oppofed the defign very hrongly; and advifed 
 him to put it into the hands of Thomfon and Mallet 
 to fit it for the flage, and to allow his friends to receive 
 the profits, out of which an annual penfion ihould be paid 
 him. The propofal he reieded, quitted Swanfea, and fet 
 ofiTor Ivondon : but, at Briflol, a repetition of the kind- 
 . nefs he had formerly found invited him to flay. He flayed 
 fa long, that by his imprudence and mifcondu6l he 
 wearied out all his friends. Pi is wit had loll its novelty ; 
 and his irregular behaviour, and late hours, grew very 
 rroubieiome to men of bufinefs. His money was fpent, 
 * his 
 
 
SAVAGE. 
 
 hts cloaths worn out, and his fl^abby appearance made it 
 difficult for him to obtain a dinner. Here, however, he 
 Hayed, in the midfl; of poverty, hunger, and contempt, till 
 the miflrefs of a coffee-houfe, to whom he owed about 
 81 . arrefted him for the debt. He could, find no bail, 
 and was therefore lodged in prifon. During his con¬ 
 finement, he began, and almofl finilhed, a fatire, intituled, 
 
 ‘‘ London and Briftol delineated in order to be re¬ 
 venged on thofe who had no more generofity than to fuffer 
 a man, for whom they profelTed a regard, to languifh in a 
 gaol for fo fmall a fum. 
 
 When he had been fix months in prifon, he received a 
 letter from Mr. Pope, on whom his chief dependance now 
 refled, containing a charge of very atrocious ingratitude. 
 Savage returned a very folemn proteflation of his inno¬ 
 cence ; and he appeared much diflurbed at the accufation. 
 In a few days after he was feized with a diforder, which 
 at firfi: was not fufpefled to be dangerous ; but, growing 
 daily more languid and dejefled, at laid a fever feizing him, 
 he expired, Aug. i, 1743, in his 46th year; and was 
 buried in the church-yard of St. Peter, at the expence of the 
 gaoler. Thus lived, and thus died, Richard Savage, 
 leaving behind him a charafter flrangely chequered with 
 vices and good qualities. He was, however,, undoubtedly 
 a man of excellent parts ; and, had he received the full be¬ 
 nefits of a liberal education, and had his natural talents 
 .been cultivated to the befl advantage, he might have made 
 a refpe£lable figure in life. He was happy in an agree¬ 
 able temper, and a lively flow of wit, which made his com¬ 
 pany much coveted; nor was his judgement, both of 
 writings and.of men, inferior to his wit; ,but he w^as too 
 much a have to his paffions, and his paffions were too 
 eafily excited. He was warm in his friendfhips, but im¬ 
 placable in his enmity ; and his greatefl fault, wdiich is 
 indeed the greateft of all faults, was ingratitude. He 
 feemed to think every thing due to his merit, and that he 
 was little obliged to any one for thofe favours which he 
 thought it their duty to confer on him : it is therefore the 
 lefs to be wondered at, that he never rightly eflimated the 
 I^indnefs of his many friends and benefaflors, or preferved 
 a grateful and due fenfe of their generofity towards him. 
 
 The works of this original wniter, after.having long lain 
 difperfed in magazines and fugitive publications, vvere col- 
 lefled and pubiifhed by T. Evans, bookfeller, in the 
 Strand, in an elegant edition in 2 vols. 8yo, to which are 
 I prefixed 
 
 
2^2 
 
 Gent. Mag. 
 57S3» P- 
 Sj4. 
 
 Anecdotes 
 of Bowyer, 
 by Nichols 
 
 p. 644. 
 
 KIceron, 
 tom. I.X.. 
 
 SAVAGE. 
 
 prefixed the admirable Memoirs of Savage, written by 
 Dr. Samuel Johnfoii. 
 
 SAVAGE (John), D. D. the benevolent prefident 
 of the famous club at Royfloii, was re£lor, tirft, of Bygrave, 
 then of Clothall, Herts ; and iefturer of St. George, 
 Hanover-fejuare, London. In his younger days he had 
 travelled with James 5th earl of Salifl^ury, who gave him 
 the great living of Clothall, where Dr. Savage rebuilt 
 the re6tory-houfe. In his more advanced years he was 
 fo lively, pleafant, and facetious, that he was called the 
 “ Ariflippus’^ of the age. One day, at the levee, George I. 
 alked him, “ How long he had flayed at Rome with lord 
 “ Salifbury r” Upon his anfwering how long, “ Why,’^ 
 faid the king, “ you flayed long enough, why did you not 
 . “ convert the Pope?” ‘ Becaufe, Sir,’ replied he, ‘ I had 
 ‘ nothing better to offer him.’ Having been bred at 
 , Weflminfler, he had always a great fondnefs for the 
 fchool, attended at all their plays and eleftions, aflilled in 
 all their public exercifes, grew young again, and, among 
 boys, was a great boy liimfelf. He ufed to attend the 
 fchools, to furnifh the lads with extempore, epigrams at the 
 eledlions. He died March 24, 1747 ; and the king’s 
 fcholars had fo great a regard for him, that, after his de- 
 cefe, they made a colle£lion among themfelves, and, at 
 their own charge, erefted a fmall tablet of white marble 
 to his memory, in the Eail cioifler, thus inferibed : 
 
 “ JoHANNi Savage, S. T. P. 
 
 Alumni Scholae Weflmonaflerienfis pofuerunt, 
 
 M D c c L. 
 
 Tu noflrae memor ufque Scholoe, dum vita manebat; 
 Mufa nec immemores nos fin it effe Tui. 
 
 Ipfe loci Genius te mceret Amicus Amicum, 
 
 Et luftu Pietas nos propiore ferit. 
 
 Nobifeum affueras dofto puerafeere lufu, 
 
 Fudit & ingenitos cruda feneiEla fales. 
 
 Chare Senex, Puer hoc te faltem carmine donat; 
 liigratum Pueri nec tibi carmen erit.” 
 
 He printed two Sermons ; .1. “ On the Eie£lion of the 
 “ Lord Mayor, 1707 2. “ Before the Sons of the 
 
 Clergy, 1715.” 
 
 SAVAR Y ( James), an eminent French writer upon 
 the fubje£l of trade, was born at Doue in Anjou 1622. 
 He was fent to Paris, and put apprentice to a merchant; 
 
 and 
 
I 
 
 S A V A R Y. 
 
 atid carried on trade till 1658, when he left off the 
 pradtice, to apply with more attention to the theory. 
 
 It is faid, indeed, that he had acquired a very competent 
 fortune : but, as things afterwards happened, it does not 
 feem to have been fufficient for his demands. He was 
 married in 1650; and in 1667, when the king declared a 
 purpofe of afligning privileges and penfions to fuch of his 
 fubjefts as had twelve children alive, Savary was not too 
 Hch to put in his plea. He was afterwards admitted 
 of the council for the reformation of commerce ; and the 
 •orders, which paffed in 1670, were drawn up from his 
 inftru£lions and advices. He was preffed by the com- 
 miffioners to digeft his principles into a volume, and to 
 give it the public; which he afterwards did at Paris, in 
 1675, 4to, under the title of, “ Le Parfait Negociant, ou, 
 “ Inftrudtion generale pour ce qui regarde le Commerce 
 “ des Merchandifes de France et des Pays Etrangers.” 
 The 7th edition of this work, which was every time im¬ 
 proved and augmented by the author, was printed at Paris 
 1713, 4to; and an eighth, with further corrections and 
 additions by his fon Philemon Lewis Savary, was pub- 
 lifhed in 1721. It has been tranflated into almoft all 
 European languages. In 1688, he publilhed “ Avis et 
 Counfeils fur les plus importantes matieres du Com- 
 mcrce,” in 4to; which has been conhdered as a fecend 
 volume to the former work, and often re-printed. He 
 died in 1690 ; and, out of feventeen children which he 
 had by one wife, left eleven. 
 
 Two of the Tons, James and Philemon, became after¬ 
 wards famous in their father’s way. James Savary not 
 only laboured to augment and perfect his father’s works, 
 but alfo undertook a very great one of his own. He was 
 , put upon this by his iituation and employment; for, 
 being chofen in 1686 infpe£tor general of the manufactures 
 at the cuftom-houfe of Paris, he had a mind to take an 
 account of ail the feveral forts of merchandize that paffed 
 through it; and, to do this the more ealiiy, ranged in 
 alphabetical order all the words relating to manufactures 
 and commerce, as faff as he underitood them. Then he 
 gave fome definitions and explications, and called his col¬ 
 lection Manuel Mercantile;” yet without any thoughts 
 of publifliing it, but only for his own private ufe. In 
 this ftate his work was, when the magiflrates, whom the 
 king had chofen to prelide over the council of commerce, 
 came to hear of it; they commended the plan, and earn- 
 
 cilly 
 
 28} 
 
284 
 
 Atlicn. 
 
 S A V A R Y. 
 
 eftly exhorted him to enlarge and perfeA it. He com¬ 
 plied ; but, not having leifure enough to do it of himfelf, 
 by reafon of his employ, he took his brother Philemon, 
 although a canon of the royal church of St. Maur, into 
 partnerfhip with him ; and they laboured jointly at the ' 
 work. James, after tv/o or three years illnefs, died in 
 1716, leaving it unfinilhed : but Philemon brought it to 
 a conclulion, and publifhed it at Paris in 1723, under this 
 title, “ Di£lioniiaire Univerfel du Commerce,” in 2 vols. 
 folio. 
 
 The fame Philemon, animated by the favourable re¬ 
 ception given to this work, fpent three other years in 
 making it more complete and perfect; and finiflied a third 
 volume, by vyay of fupplement to the two former, which 
 appeared in 1729, This was after his death, whch hap¬ 
 pened in 1727. This “ Dictionary of Commerce” has 
 been univerfally fpoken of as a very excellent work. A 
 line edition of it was printed in Paris, 3 vols. folio, in 
 1748. 
 
 S A VILE (Sir Henry), a moil learned Englifhman, 
 was defeended from a gentleman’s family, and born at 
 Bradley, near Halifax in Yorklhire, Nov. 30,1549. He was 
 entered of Merton-college, Oxford, in 1561, where he 
 took the degrees in arts, and was chofen fellow. When 
 he proceeded mailer of arts in 1570, he read for that degree 
 on the Almageft of Ptolemy, which procured him the 
 reputation of a man wonderfully fkillcd in mathematics 
 and the Greek language; in the former of which, he vo¬ 
 luntarily read a public leClure in the univerfity for fome 
 time. In 1578, he travelled into France and other coun¬ 
 tries ; where, diligently improving himfelf in all ufeful 
 learning, in languages, and the knowledge of the world, 
 he became a molt accompliflied gentleman. At his re¬ 
 turn, he v»as made tutor in the Greek tongue to queen 
 Elizabeth, who had a great efteem and liking for him. 
 In 1585, he was made warden of Merton-college, which 
 he governed lix and thirty years with great honour, and 
 improved by all the means he could with riches and good 
 letters. In 1596, he was chofen provofl of Eton-coilege ; 
 which fociety he made it his bulinefs to fill with the moll 
 learned men, among whom was the ever memorable John 
 Hales. James I, upon his accelfion to the crown of Eng¬ 
 land, exprefied a particular regard for him, and would have 
 preferred him either in church or Hate ; but Sir Henry 
 
 declined 
 
S A V I L E. 285 
 
 declined It, and only accepted the honour of knighthood 
 from his majefiy at Windfor in 1604, His only fpn dying 
 about that time, he devoted his fortune thenceforth to the 
 promoting of learning. In 1619, he founded two ledlures, 
 or profefforfhips, one in geometry, the other in aftronomy, 
 in the univerhty of Oxford; which he endowed with a 
 falary of 160I. a year each, befides a legacy of 6001. for 
 purchafing more lands for the fame ufe. He alfo fur- 
 nifhed a library with mathematical books near the mathe¬ 
 matical fchool, for the ufe of his profelfors ; and gave 
 look to the mathematical cheft of his own appointing; 
 adding afterwards a legacy of 401. a year to the fame 
 cheft, to the univerftty, and to his profeftbrs jointly. He 
 iikewife gave 120I. towards^ the new-building of the 
 fchools ; feveral rare mantifcripts and printed books to the 
 Bodleian library; and a good quantity of Greek types to 
 the printing-prefs at Oxford. He died at Eton-college 
 Feb. 19, 1621-2, and was buried in the chapel there. The 
 univerlity of Oxford paid him the greatcft honours, by 
 having a public fpeech and verfes made in his praifc, 
 which were publifhed foon after in 4to, under the title of 
 ‘‘ Ultima Linea Savilii.” As to his character, the high- 
 cft encomiums are beftowed on him by all the learned of 
 his time: by Ifaac Cafaubon, Mercerus, Meibomius, 
 
 Jofeph Scaliger, and efpecially the learned billiop Mon¬ 
 tagu; who, in his Diatribse” upon Selden’s “ Hiftory 
 of Tythes,’’ ftyles him “ that magazine of learning, 
 
 “ whofe memory fhall be honourable amongft not only 
 ‘‘ the learned, but the righteous for ever.” 
 
 We have already mentioned feveral noble inftances of 
 his munificence to the republic of letters : in the account 
 of his publications many more, and even greater, will ap¬ 
 pear. In 1581, he obliged the ^world v/ith an Englilh 
 verfion of, i. “ Four Books of the Hiftories of Cornelius 
 Tacitus, and the Life of Agricola; with notes upon 
 them,” folio : dedicated to queen Elizabeth. The notes 
 upon this work were tranflated into Latin by Ifaac Gruter, 
 and publilhed at Amfterdam, 1649, in i2mo, to which 
 Gruter jubjoined a treatife of our author, publilhed in 
 • 1598 under this title, 2. “ A View of certain Military 
 “ Matters, or Commentaries concerning Roman War- 
 “ fare which treatife, foon after its firft appearance, had 
 been tranflated into Latin by MarqUardus Freherus, and 
 printed at Heidelberg in 1601. 1111596, he publifhed a 
 
 colledion of the beft ancient writers of our Engllfli 
 
 Hiftorv, 
 
i86 
 
 Art. 
 
 CHRY¬ 
 
 SOSTOM. 
 
 S A V I L E. 
 
 Hlflory, intituled, 3. Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores 
 “ poft Bedam praecipui, ex vetuftiffimis Codicibus nunc 
 “ primum in lucem editi to which he added chrono¬ 
 logical tables at the end, from Julius Caefar to the coming 
 in of William the Conqueror. 4. He undertook and 
 finiflied a line edition of “ St. Chryfoftom’s Works’^ in 
 Greek, printed 1613, in 8 vols. folio. In the preface, he 
 fays, “ that, having himfelf vilited, about twelve years 
 “ before, all the public and private libraries in Britain, 
 
 “ and copied out thence whatever he thought ufeful to 
 his delign, he then fent fome learned men into France, 
 
 “ Germany, Italy, and the Eah; to tranfcribe fuch parts 
 “ as he had not already, and to collate the others with 
 “ the bell manufcripts.” At the fame time, he makes 
 his acknowledgments to feveral great men for their af- 
 lillance ; as Thuanus, Velferus, Schottus, Ifaac Cafaubon, 
 Fronto Duca^us, Janus Gruterus, Hoefchehus, See. In 
 the 8th volume are inferted Sir. Henry Savile’s own notes, 
 with thofe of other learned men. The whole charge of 
 this edition, including the feveral fums paid to learned 
 men, at home and abroad, employed in finding out, tran- 
 feribing, and collating the bell manufcripts, is faid to have 
 amounted to no Icfs than 80001. [a] ; but, as foon as it 
 was linilhed, the bifliops and clergy of France employed 
 Fronto Ducaeus, wdio was a learned Jefuit, to reprint it at 
 Paris v/ith a Latin traiillation. This edition appeared in 
 1621, and the following years, in 10 vols. folio; and a 
 finer edition hath been fince put out by Father Montr 
 faucon and the Benedidins, at Paris 1686, in 13 vols. 
 folio. In 1718, he publiflied a Latin work, written by 
 Thomas Bradwardin, abp. of Canterbury, againft Pelagius, 
 intituled, 5. “ De caufa Dei contra Pelagium, et de vlr- 
 “ tute caufarumto which he prefixed the Life of 
 Bradwardin. In 1621, he publilhed a colledion of his own 
 mathematicalledures. 6. “ Praelediones Tredecim in prin- 
 cipia Elementorum Euclidis Oxoniae habitae,*^ 4to. 7. 
 Oratio coram Elizabetha Regina Oxoniae habita, anno 
 1592, Oxon. 1658,” 4t3; publilhed by Dr. Barlow 
 from the original in the Bodleian library. 8. He tranllated 
 into Latin king James’s “ Apology for the Oath of Alle- 
 “ giance.” He left feveral manufcripts behind him, 
 written at the command of king James ; all which are in 
 the Bodleian library. He wrote notes likewife upon the 
 
 [a] Yet complete copies of it, when culation at fales, are often fold foc 
 they ever happen to come into cir- lefs than 30 fliillings I 
 
 margin 
 
28 ? 
 
 S A V I L E. 
 
 margin of many books in his library, particularly of Eu- 
 febius^s “ Ecelefiafticai Hiftorywhich were aftewards 
 ufed, and thankfully acknowledged, by Valefius, in his 
 edition of that work in 1659. There are four of his 
 letters to Camden, publifhcd by Smith among “ Camden's 
 
 Letters, 1691,” 4to. 
 
 He had a younger brother, Thom As Savile, who 
 was admitted probationer fellow of Merton-college, Ox¬ 
 ford, in 1580 ; afterwards travelled abroad into feveral 
 countries ; upon his return, was chofen fellow of Eton- 
 coilege; and died at London in 1592-3. This gentle^ 
 man was a man of great learning, and an intimate friend 
 of Camden ; among whofe letters, juft mentioned, there 
 aj*e fifteen of Mr. Saviie’s to him. 
 
 SAVILE (Sir George), marquis of Halifax, as great ^Uch's 
 a ftatefman as any of his time, was defeended from an 
 ancient family in Yorklhire, and probably born about 
 1630, as is conjedlured from the time of returning from 
 his travels. He contributed all he could to bring about 
 the Reftoration ; and, foon diftinguifhing himfelf after that 
 aera by his great abilities, was created a peer, in conftdera- 
 tion of his own and his father’s merits to the crown. In 
 1668, he was appointed of that remarkable committee, 
 which fat at Brook-Hall for the examination of the ac¬ 
 counts of the money which had been given during the 
 Dutch war, of which no member of the houfe of com¬ 
 mons was admitted. April 1672, lie was called to a feat 
 in the privy council; and, June following, went over to 
 Holland with the duke of Bucks and the earl of Arlington, 
 as ambaflador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, to treat 
 about a peace with France, when he met with great op- 
 pofition from his colleagues. 
 
 In 1675, he oppofed with vigour the non-rehfting teft 
 bill; and was removed from the council board the year 
 follow’ing by the intereft of the earl of Danby, tlie trea- 
 furer. He had provoked this lord by a ihaft of his wit, 
 in the examination before the councils concerning the re« 
 venue of Ireland; in which, lord Widrington having con- 
 felled, that he had made an offer of a confiderable fiirn to 
 the lord treafurer, and that his lordfhip had rejedled the 
 offer fo as not to difeourage a fecond attempt, lord Ha¬ 
 lifax obferved upon this, that it would be fomewhat ftrangc 
 if a man fhould afk the ufe of another man’s wife, and 
 tliQ other indeed fliould refufe it^ but with great civility. 
 
 Hi» 
 
285 . S A V I L E. 
 
 His removal was very agreeable to the duke of York, who 
 at that time had a more violent averlion to him, than 
 even to Shaftfbiiry himfelf; becaufe he had Ipoken with 
 ^ great hrmnefs and fpirit in the hoiife of lords againfl the 
 declaration for a toleration. However, upon a change of 
 the minillry in 1679, lordfliip was made a member of 
 the new council. The fame year, in the confultations 
 about the .bill of exclulion, he feemed averfe to it ; but 
 propofed fuch limitations of the duke’s authority, as fhould 
 difable him from doing any harm, either in church or 
 ilate ; fuch as the taking out of his hands all power in 
 ecclef allical matters, the difpofal of the public money, and 
 the power of making peace or war, and lodging thefe in 
 ^ the two houfes of parliament; and that the parliament in 
 being at the king’s death ihould continue without a new 
 fummons, and alTume the admiiiiflration ; but his lord- 
 Ihip’s arguing fo much againif the danger of fuming the 
 monarchy, by the bill of exclulion, into an elective go- 
 verjiment, was thought the more extraordinary, becaufe 
 he made an hereditary king the fubjedl: of Iiis mirth. 
 
 When the excluhon-bili w^as brought into the houfe of 
 lords, Halifax appeared with great refolution at the head 
 of the debates againll; it. This fo highly exafperated the , 
 houfe of commons, that they addrelled the king to re- 
 move him from his councils and prefence for ever: but 
 he prevailed with his majefly foon after to dillblve that 
 parliament, and w^as created an earl. However, upon his 
 majefty’s deferring to call a new parliament, according to 
 his promife to his lordlhip, he fell lick through vexation 
 of mind; and expollulated feverely with thofe who were 
 lent to him on that affair, refuling the poll both of fe- 
 cretary of Itate and lord lieutenant of Ireland. A parlia- 
 ’ merit being called in 1680, he ffiil oppofed the exclulion- 
 
 bill, and gained great reputation by his management of the 
 debates, though it occalioned a new addrefs from the houfe 
 of commons to remove him. However, after rejefling 
 that bill in the houfe of lords, his lordlhip prclfed them, 
 though without fuicelis, to proceed to limitations ; and 
 began with moving, that the duke might be obliged to 
 live live hundred miles out of England during the king^s 
 life. Augull 1682, he was created.-a marquis, and foon 
 after made privy feal; and, upon king James’s accellion, 
 prelidcnt of the council. But on refufing his confent to 
 the repeal of the tells, he w’as told by. that monarch, that 
 though he could never forget his pall fervices, yet, lines 
 
 he 
 
s A V I L E. 
 
 he wonid not comply in that point, he was refoh ed to 
 have all ot a piece ; and fo his lordfhip was difmilled from 
 all public employments. He was afterwards confulted by 
 Mr. Sidney, whether he would advife the prince of 
 Orange’s coming over ; but the matter being opened to 
 him at a great diftance, he did not encourage a further 
 freedom, looking upon the attempt as impra£licable, lince 
 it depended on fo many accidents. Upon the arrival of 
 that prince, he was lent by the king, with the earls of 
 Rochefter and Godolphin, to treat with him. 
 
 In that aflembly of the lords which met after king 
 James’s withdrawing himfelf the firft time from White"- 
 liall, the marquis w'as chofen their prefident : and, upon 
 the king’s return from Feverfham, he was fent, together 
 with the earl of Slirewlbury and lord Delamere, from the 
 prince of Orange, ordering his majelly to quit his palace 
 at Whitehall, and retire to Hull. In the convention par¬ 
 liament, he was chofen fpeaker of the houfe of lords ; 
 and frrenuoudy fupported the motion for the vacancy ofr 
 the throne, and the conj undive fovereignty of the prince 
 and princefs, upon wdiofe accellion he was again made 
 privy feal. But in the felTion of 1689, upon the enquiry 
 into the authors of the profecutions againll: lord Rulfel, 
 Algernon Sidney, See. the marquis, having concurred in 
 thefe councils in 1683, now quitted the court, and be¬ 
 came a zealous oppofer of the meafures of the government, 
 till his death, which happened in April 1695, being oc- 
 calioued by a gangrene in a rupture he had long negled- 
 ed. When he faw death inevitably approaching, he Ihew- 
 cd a philofophical firmnefs of mind, and profelfcd himfelf 
 a hneere Chriftian ; lamenting the former part of his 
 life, with folemn refolutions ot becoming a new man, if 
 God w^ould raife him up. Bp. Burnet charafterizes him 
 as fpIlow''S : “ He w^us a man of great and ready wnt, full 
 “ of life and very pleafant, much turned to fatire ; he let 
 ‘‘ his wit turn upon matters of religion ; fo that he paf- 
 ‘‘ fed for a bold and determined Atheift, though he often 
 “ protclled to me, that he was not one, and faid, he be- 
 “ lieved there w\as not one in the w^orld. He confelTed 
 “ he could not fwallow down all that divines impofed on 
 “ the world; he was a Chriftian in fubmiftion ; he be- 
 “ lieved as much as he could ; and hoped, that God W'ould 
 not lay it to his charge, if he could not digeft iron as 
 an oftrich did, nor take into his belief things that mult 
 burft him. If he had any fcruples, tiuy were not 
 ^OL, Xr, U lought 
 
apQ, 
 
 S A V I L E. 
 
 fongbt for nor clierifhed by him ; for lie never read a«r 
 atheiilical book in his life. In ficknefs, I knew him 
 very much alFe<Sled with a fenfe of religion : I was then 
 often with him, he feemed full of good purpofes, but 
 tliey went off witli his ficknefs :. he was continually; 
 talking of morality and friendfhip. He was pun6lual 
 in his payments, and juft in all private dealings ; but, 
 with relation to the public, he went backward and for¬ 
 ward, and changed fides fo often, that in the conclu- 
 ‘‘ fton no fide trufted him ; he feemed full of common¬ 
 wealth notions, yet he went into the worft part of king 
 Charles’s reign. The livelinefs of his imagination wa^ 
 always too hard for his judgement. His fevere jeft 
 was preferred by him to all arguments whatever, an4 
 he was endlefs in council; for, when after much dif- 
 courfe a point was fettled, if he could find a new jeft, 
 whereby he could make that which was digefted by 
 himfelf feem ridiculous, he could not hold, but would 
 Itudy to raife the credit of his v/it, though it nmdc 
 others call his judgement in queftion. When he talked 
 to me, as a phiiofopher, of the contempt of the world, 
 
 I aiked him what he meant by getting fo many new 
 titles, wdiich I called the hanging himfelf about with 
 bells and tinfel; he had no other excufe for it but this^ 
 that, if the world w’^ere fuch fools as to value thofe mat¬ 
 ters, a man muft be a fool for company : he confider- 
 ed them but as rattles, yet rattles pleafe children ; fo 
 thefe might be of ufe to his family.” 
 
 His heart was much fet on railing his family; but, 
 though he made a vaft eftate for them, he buried two of 
 Ills fons, and aimoft all his grand children. The fon that 
 furvived him was an honeft man, but far inferior to him : 
 and this fon dying without iftiie male, in 1700, the dig¬ 
 nity became extindl.in this family, and the title of earL 
 of Halifax was revived in the perfon of Charles Montague, 
 the fame year. 
 
 Belides “ The Charaftcr of a Trimmer,” he wrote,. 
 Advice to a Daughter The Anatomy of an Equi¬ 
 valent“ A Letter to a Diftenter, upon his Majefty’s 
 late Glorious Declaration of Indulgencies “ A rough 
 Draught of a new Model at Sea, in 1694-,” Maxims 
 of State.” All which were printed together after hii 
 death ; and the third edition came out in 1717, 8vo. Sinc®^ 
 tliefe, there was alfo publilhed under hjs name, “ The 
 Chara<fter of king Charles the Second ; to which is fub- 
 
 joiiied 
 
 
 n 
 
 it 
 
 i t 
 
 i ( 
 
 < i 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 i t 
 
 i t 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 i t 
 
 it 
 
 i t 
 
 i t 
 
 f't 
 
 ii 
 
 < t 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 ii 
 
 it 
 
S A V I L E. 291 
 
 “ joined, Maxims of State, &c. 1750.” 8vo. “ Ch Srn,C~ Har\Catal« 
 “ ter of Bifliop Burnet,” printed at the end of his “ Hif-'''’*' 
 
 “ tory of his own Times;” “ Hiftorical Obfervations 
 “ upon the Reigns of Edward I, II, III, and Richard II. 
 
 “ with Remarks upon their faithful Counfellors and falfe 
 ‘‘ Favourites, 1689.” All his pieces are written with 
 fpirit and elegance. 
 
 SAUNDERSON (Dr. Nicjiolas), an illuflrious 
 profelfor of the mathematics in the nniverlity of Cam¬ 
 bridge, and fellow of the Royal Society, was born in 
 1682, at Thurlfton in Yorklhire ; where his father, be- 
 lides a fmall eftate, enjoyed a place in the Excife. When 
 he was twelve months old, he was deprived by the hnall- oV 
 pox, not on]y of his fight, but of his eyes alfo ; for they profekr 
 came away in abfceffes ; fo that he retained no more idea Saunderfon, 
 of light and colours, than if he had been born blind. He hif.f ei 7 - 
 was fent early to a free-fchool at Penniflon, and there rr'Ls of" 
 laid the foundation of that knowledge of the Greek and 
 Roman languages, which he afterwards improved fo Hr CalXld^e, 
 by his own application to the clafTic authors, as to hear 1740, In a’ 
 the works of Euclid, Archimedes, ' and Diophantus, read 
 in their original Greek. As foon as he had gone through 
 the bpfinefs of the grammar-fchool, his father, whofe oc¬ 
 cupation led him to be converfant in numbers, began to 
 inftru£l him in the common rules of arithmetic. H^re it 
 was that his genius firfl appeared : he foon became able 
 to work the common queflions, to make long, calcula¬ 
 tions by the ftrength of his memory, and to form’ new 
 rules to himfelf for the more ready folving of fuch' pro¬ 
 blems as are often propofed to learners, more with a de- 
 fign to perplex than to inflrua. At eighteen, he was in¬ 
 troduced to the acquaintance of Richard Well of Undor- 
 bank, efq. a gentleman of fortune and a lover’of the ma^ 
 thematics : who, obferving his. uncomrnon capacity' took 
 the pains to inflrua; him in the principles of algebra and 
 geometry, and gave him every encouragement in his power 
 to the profecution of thefe fludies. Soon after, he grew 
 acquainted with Dr. Nettieton, who took'the fame pains 
 with him ; and it was to thefe gentlemen, that he owed 
 his firfl inflitution in the mathematical fciences. They 
 furniflied him with books, and often read and expounded 
 themito him; but he foon furpaffed his maflers, and be¬ 
 came fitter to teach, than learn any thing from them. 
 
 U 2 ‘ His 
 
SAUNDEP. SON. 
 
 His pafTion for learning growing up w^ith him, his fa* 
 ther encouraged it; and lent him to a private academy at 
 Attercliff near Sheffield. Logic and metaphyfics, it feems, 
 made up the principal learning of this fchool: the former 
 being chieliy the art of difputing in mood and figure, a 
 dry fiudy, converfant only in words, the latter, dealing in 
 fuch abllrafl ideas as have not the objects of fenfe for 
 their foundation, wxre neither of them agreeable to the 
 genius- of our author ; and therefore he made but a Ihort 
 ftay here. He remained fome time after in the country, 
 profecuting his {Indies in his own way, without either 
 guide or aifillant : indeed, he needed no other than a good 
 author, and fome perfon that could read it to him; being 
 able by the ftrength of his own abilities to I'urmount all 
 difficulties that might occur. His education had hitherto 
 been carried on at the expence of his father, who, having 
 a numerous family, grew uneafy under the burden : his 
 friends therefore began to think of fixing him in fome 
 way of bulinefs, by which he might fupport himfelf. His 
 owm inclination led him ftrongly to Cambridge ; but the 
 cxpence of an education there was a difficulty not to be 
 got over. At laft, it w^as refolved he ffiould try his for¬ 
 tune there, but in a way very uncommon ; not as a feho- 
 lar, but a mafier ; for his friends, obferving in him a pe¬ 
 culiar felicity in conveying his ideas to others, hoped 
 that he might teach the mathematics with credit and ad¬ 
 vantage, even in the univerfity ; or, if this defign fhould 
 inifeany, they promifed themfelves fuccefs in opening a 
 fchool for him in London. ^ 
 
 Accordingly in 1707, being now twenty-five, he was 
 brought to Cambridge by Mr. Jolhua Dunn, then a fel- 
 low-comjnoiier of Chrilt’s-college ; wdierc he refided with 
 . his friend, but was not admitted a member of the college. 
 "I'he fociety were much pleafed with lo extraordinary a 
 guclf, allotted him a chamber, the ul'e of their library, and 
 indulged him in every privilege that could be of advan¬ 
 tage to him. But many difficulties obftruefed his defign : 
 he was placed here without friends, without fortune, a 
 young man, untaught himlelf, to be a teacher of philofo- 
 phy in an univerfity, where it then reigned in tlie greatell; 
 pcrfe< 5 fion. Whiifon was at this time in the mathematical 
 profellbr’s chair, and read leiturt^s in the manner propo- 
 fed by Saunderfon; fo that an attempt of tliis kind looked 
 like an encroachment on the privilege* of his office : but, 
 as a good-iuturcd man and an encourages of learning, he 
 
 readily 
 
193 
 
 SAUNDERSON. 
 
 readily confented to the application of friends, made n 
 behalf of fo uncommon a perfon. Mr. Dunn had been 
 very afliduous in making known his charaflcr ; his fame 
 in a fhort time liad filled the univerlity ; men of learning 
 and curigfity grew ambitious and fond of his acquaintance; 
 fo that his ledturc, as foon as opened, was frequented by 
 ipany, and in a diort time very much crowded. “ The 
 
 Principia Mathematica, Optics, and Arithmetica Uni- 
 “ veffalis of Sir Ifaac Newton’^ were the foundation of 
 his lecture ; ^nd they afforded a poble field to dilplay hi$ 
 genius in. It will be matter of furprife to tnany, that he 
 Should read lectures in optics, difeourfe on the nature of 
 light and colours, explain the theory of vifion, the clfeff 
 of glaffes, the pheenomena of the rainbow, ai)d other ob¬ 
 jects of fight: but, if we confider that this fcience is alto¬ 
 gether to be explained by lines, and is fufyjefl to the rules 
 of geometry, it will be eafy to conceive, that he might be 
 a mailer of thefe fubje<fts. 
 
 As he was inllru^ting the academical youth in the prin¬ 
 ciples of the Newtonian philofophy, it was not long be¬ 
 fore he became acquainted wdth tlie jncompanble q^uthor, 
 although he had left the univerlity fevcral vears ; and en¬ 
 joyed his frequent converfatioq concerning the lupre dif¬ 
 ficult parts of his works. He lived in fri.endfliip alfo with 
 the moil eminent mathematicians of the age ; with Hal- 
 Icy, Cotes, i)e Moivre, &:c. Upon the removal of Whifr 
 ton from his profefTorfliip, Saunderfon’s matheinatical me-_ 
 rit was univerfally allowed fo much fuperior to that of 
 any competitor, that an extraordinary flep vyas ta^cii in 
 his favour, to qualify him with a degree, which the fla- 
 tutes require. Upon appUcatipp made by the heads of 
 colleges to the duke of Somerfet their chancellor, a man¬ 
 date was readily granted by the queen, for conferring bn 
 him the degree of mailer of arts : upon which he was 
 chofen Lucafian profeflbr of the mathematics, Nov, 17 n* 
 Sir Ifaac Newton all the while interelling himlelf yery 
 much in the affair. His firll performance, after \\c was 
 feated in the chair, was an inauguration fpeech rqade ip 
 very elegant Latin, and a flyle truly Ciceronian ; for he 
 was w^ell verfed in the writings of Tully, who was his 
 favourite in prole, as Virgil and Horace were in verfe. 
 From this time he applied himfelf clofely to the reading 
 of lectures, and gave up his whole time to his pupils. 
 He continued among the gentlemen of Chriil’s college 
 till 1723 ; when he took a houfc in Cambridge, and fooh 
 ‘ U 3' aftcf 
 
294 
 
 S A U N D E R S O N. 
 
 after married a daughter of the rev. Mr. Dickons, re^lor 
 of Boxwoith in Cambridgefliire, hj whom he had a fon 
 and a daughter. In 1728, v/hen George II. vilited the 
 ■univerfity, he was pleafed to fignify his defire of feeing 
 fo remarkable a perfon*; and accordingly the profeflTor 
 waited upon his rnajefly in the fenatc-houfe, and was there 
 created doiSIor of laws by royal favour. 
 
 Saunderfon was naturally of a llrong healthy conftitu- 
 tion; but being too fedentary, and conflantly confining 
 himfelf to the houfe, he became at length a valetudinarian 
 of a very Scorbutic • habit. For fome years he frequently 
 complained of,a rig^bnefs in his limbs, which, in the 
 fpring 
 when, 
 dicines 
 
 'of 1739, ended in a mortification of his foot; 
 his bipod being in a very ill ftate, no art or me- 
 were ;able to flop its progrefs. He died the igtli 
 of Apnl, in his 57th year ; and lies buried, according to 
 fiis requefl, in-the . chancel at Boxworth. He was a man 
 rather.to be admired than loved. -He had much wit and 
 vivapjtjr in converfation, fo that none could be a better 
 companion. He had alfo a great regard to truth, and was 
 one, of ,thofe fincere men who think' it their duty to fpeak 
 it at all times : and therefore his fentiments on men and 
 opinion^, his praifes or cenfures, his friendlliip or difre- 
 gar^,d*, were expreffed without partiality or referve ; which, 
 as mufl eafily be imagined, would raife him up many ene¬ 
 mies,-and exppfq him to many animofities. He received 
 the- notice of his approaching death with great calmnefs 
 and; ferenity ; and after a fhort filencc, refuming life and 
 fpirit, talked with as. much compofure as ufual. He was 
 not fuppofed to entertain any great notion of revealed re¬ 
 ligion, yet, we are told, appointed to receive the facra- 
 ment the evening before his death ; which a delirium that 
 never .went off prevented liim from doing. 
 
 A blind man moving in the fphere of a mathematician, 
 feems a phsenomenon difficult to be accounted for, and 
 has 'excited the admiration 6f every age in which it has 
 appeared. Tully mentions it as a thing fcarcc credible in 
 his own mailer in philofopliy Diodotns, that “ he exer- 
 “ cifed himfelf therein with more affiduity, after he be- 
 came blind; and, what he thought next to impoffiblc 
 to be done without fight, that he profeffed geometry, 
 ‘‘ deferibing his diagrams fo exprefsly to his fcholars, 
 “ that they could draw every line in its proper dire6tiom? 
 Hleron. de Jeroiii relates a more remarkable inflance in Didymus of 
 viiisiiiufln- Alexandria, whoi though blind from his infancy, and 
 
 “thdefoie 
 
 Tufculan. 
 
 Difpuiat. 
 
 V. 39. 
 
SAUNDERSO N. 
 
 ^ therefore ignorant of the very letters, appeared fo 
 “ a miracle to flie world, as not only to learn logic, bitt 
 
 geometry alfo to perfedion, which feems the moll of 
 “ any thing to require the help of light.’’ But, if w'c 
 conlider that the ideas of extended quantitv, which are the 
 chief objefls of mathematics, may ,as well be acquired 
 from the fenfe of feeling, as that of light’; that a fixed and 
 Heady attention is the principal qualification for this fiudy 
 ^nd that the blind are by necellity more abflradled tlian 
 ^ others, for which reafon Democritus is laid to have put 
 out .his eyes, that he might think more intenfely; we 
 fliall perhaps find reafon to fuppofe, that there is no other 
 branch of fcience more adapted to tlieir circumliances. 
 
 It w^as by the fenfe of feeling, that Saundcrlbn acquired 
 mofb of his ideas at firll ; and this he enjoyed in great 
 acutenefs and perfeflion, as It commonly happens to t}\c 
 blind, whether by the gift of nature, or, as is more pro¬ 
 bable, by the necellity of application. Yet he'could not; 
 as fonie have imagined, and as Adr. Bovle wats made to 
 believe of a blind man at Maellricht, diilinguilh’cctlours 
 by that fenfe ; and, having made repeated trials, he ufed 
 to fay, it was pretending to impollibilities. But he could 
 with great nicety and exadlnefs difeern the leall difference 
 of rough and fmooth in a furface, or the leall defecl of 
 polifh. Thus he diHinguifhed in a let of Roman medals 
 the genuine from the falfe, though they had been couiij 
 terfeited 'with fuch exaftnefs, as to deceive a connoilleur, 
 who had judged by the eye. His fenfe of feeling was 
 very accurate alfo in dillinguiUiing the leall variation in 
 the atmofphere ; and he has been feen in a garden, wdicii 
 bbfervations have been making on the lun, to take notice 
 of every cloud, that interrupted the oblervation, almofl as 
 jullly as,they who could fee it. He could tell when any 
 thing W'as held near his face, or when he palled by a tree * 
 at no great dillance, provided there was a calm air, and 
 little or no w'ind : thefe he did by the different pulfe of 
 the air upon his face. 
 
 An exa£l and refined ear is what fuch are commonly 
 blelfed with, who are deprived of their eyes : our profelfor 
 was perhaps inferior to none in the excellence of his. He 
 could readily difliiiguifli to the fifth part of a note ; and 
 by his performance on the flute, which he.had learned as 
 an amufement in his younger years, diicovered fuch a 
 genius for mulic, as, if he had cultivated the art, w^ould 
 have probably appeared as wonderful as liis ikill in th^ 
 
 U 4 malhema- 
 
2^6 
 
 SAUNDERSON. 
 
 mathematics. By his quicknefs in this fenfc he not only 
 diflinguifhed perfoiis with whom he had ever once 
 converled fo long as to fix in his memory the found of 
 their voice, but in fame meafure places alfo. He could 
 judge of the llze of a room, into which he was intro¬ 
 duced, of the diflance he was from the wall; and if ever 
 he had walked over a pavement in courts, piazzas, ^c. 
 which refle6led a found, and was afterwards condufled, 
 thither again, he could exaftly tell whereabouts in the 
 walk he was placed, merely by the note it founded. 
 
 There was fcarcely any part of the mathematics, on which 
 he had notwriten fomething for the ufe of his pupils : but 
 he difeovered no intention of publilhing any of his works 
 till 1733. Then his friends, alarmed by a violent fever 
 that had threatened his life, and unwilling that his labours 
 fhould be loft to the world, importuned him to fpare fame 
 time from his lectures, and to,employ it in finifhing fame 
 of his works ; which he might leave behind him, as a 
 valuable legacy both to his family and the public. 
 yielded fo far to thefc intreaties, its to compofe in a fliort 
 time his “ Elements of Algebra d’ which he left perfefl:, 
 and tranferibed fair for the prefs. It w^as publilhed by 
 fubfeription at Cambridge, 1740, in 2 vols. 4to ; with a 
 good mezzotinto print of the author, and an account of 
 his life and character, prefixed. ' ' ’ ' ' 
 
 It would be wrong to conclude this acepunt of Saun- 
 derfon, without mentioning the profound veneration he 
 had for Sir Ifaac Newton. If he ever differed in fenti- 
 ment from any thing in Sir Ifaac’s mathematical and phi- 
 lofophlcal writings, upon more mature confideration, he 
 faid, he alwavs found the miftake to be his own. The 
 more he read his works, and obferved upon nature, the 
 more reafon he found to admire the juftnefs and care, as 
 well as happinefs of exprellion, of that incomparable phi- 
 iofopher. He has left fame valuable comments on his 
 “ Principia,” w'hich not only explain the more difficult 
 parts, but often improve upon the doctrines ; and, though 
 far fhort in their prefent ftate of w’hat he wmuld himfelf 
 have publilhed on the fubjefl, yet they' might be no un¬ 
 acceptable prefetu to the public. 
 
 SAVON A R O L A (Jer o m ), a famous Italian monk, 
 w'as defeended from a family at Padua, and born at Fer¬ 
 rara in 1452. He became a Dominican friar at Bologna, 
 without the knowledge of his parents, in 1474 ; and loop. 
 
 grew 
 
S A V O N'A-R OLA. 
 
 grew famous for piety and learning, His liiperiors em¬ 
 ployed him in teaching phyfics and mctaphyiics ; but, 
 having difeharged that employment Ibrae years, he grew 
 weary of thofe vain lubtilties, and applied hiinfclf entirely 
 to the';-i^ading of pious books, and efpecially the holy 
 feriptures. He was employed in preaching and con- 
 feflions, which he did with great airiduity. He was fent 
 for to Florence in 1492, to prepare Laurence de Tvlcdicis 
 for death. He diflinguilhed himfelf here in an extraor¬ 
 dinary manner, by the aufterity of his life, and by the fer¬ 
 vency of his preaching : by which he gained fo prodigious 
 a reputation and afcendency in the city of Florence, that 
 he governed it fome years, as if he had been its fovereign. 
 He pretended to divine revelations, and many thence con¬ 
 cluded him to be an impoflor and wicked d'artufie : but 
 this is no proof, many a madman befides Savonarola hav¬ 
 ing really and lincerely believed himfelf to have been in- 
 I'pired from above. It is certain, that he did not abound 
 in the wifdom of this world, if this wifdom conhifs in a 
 regard for our own well-being; for he did what not man 
 could do and be fafe. In Ihort, he preached with great 
 zeal and eloquence, even in Italy, againll; the corruptions 
 of the court of Rome, and particularly againfl: the flagi¬ 
 tious life aiid practices of pope Alexander VI ; who, not 
 being able to fllence him, condmened him to be hanged 
 and burned in 1498, which punifhment he fuffered with 
 the greateft conftancy and devotion. 
 
 He wrote a prodigious number of books, to promote 
 morality and piety. He is a proper example to prove tlie 
 great power of religious appearance over the multitude : 
 for the effect would have been juft the fame upon the peo¬ 
 ple of Florence, if Savonarola had been a Tartuffe or 
 impoftor; which however, notwilhftanding the dirpute*^ 
 about it, there is no fuflicient reafon to fuppofe. John 
 Francis Ficus, earl of Mirandula, has written his life. 
 
 S AURI N (James), the fon of an eminent Proteftatit 
 lawver, was boiai at Nlimes in 1677. His father retired, 
 after the repeal of the edift of NLintz, to Cleneva, at which 
 place he died. Saurln made no fmall progrels in his ftu- 
 dies, but abandoned them for fome time, that he might 
 follow arms. In 1694, he made a cajupaign as a cadet in 
 lord CLalloway’s companv, and foon afterwards procured 
 a pair of colours. But as foon as the duke of Savov had 
 ronciuded a peace with France, Saurin quitted a profcflioti 
 
 2^7 
 
298 
 
 S A U R I N. 
 
 for which h.c never was dehgned; and, on his return t# 
 Geneva again, applied himfelf to philofophy and divinity, 
 tinder Turretin and other profeffors. In 1700 he vihtcd 
 both Holland and England. In this laft country he made 
 a long Hay; and, in 1703 marrying, returned’ to the 
 Hague in 1705. He was pohefled of great talents, to 
 which w’’ere added a fine addrefs, an harmonious voice, 
 and a moft eloquent unafFedted fiyie. Five volumes of 
 his fermons have made their appearance at different times; 
 the firft in 1708, the fecond in 1712, the third fome years 
 after, the fourth in 1722, and the fifth in 1725. Since 
 his death, which happened at the Hague in 1730, the 
 fermons relating to the pallion of Jefus Chrilf, and other 
 fubjefis, w^ere publiflied in two volumes. He alfo drew up, 
 by the advice of a friei$d, who was preceptor to the chil¬ 
 dren of George II. when prince of Wales, a “ Treatife on 
 Education,’’ to which he prefixed a dedication to the 
 young prmces. This, though never printed, was followed 
 ty a handforae prefent from the princefs of Wales. He 
 obtained alfo a penfion from the king, to whom he had 
 inferibed the third volume of his fermons. In 1727 he 
 publiflied “ The State of Chriilianity in France.” 
 
 But his moft confiderable work was, “ Difeourfes 
 hiftorical, critical, and moral, on the moft*memorable 
 ‘‘‘ Events of the Old and New Tcftament.” His firft 
 intention was to have publifhed a fet of prints, with titles 
 and explanations ; but, as that had been before executed 
 by Fontaine amongft the Roman-catholics, and by Bafnage 
 amongft the Proteftants, it became neceffary to adopt a 
 newer plan. This gave rife to the work abovementioned, 
 which the author left imperfeft. Two volumes made 
 their appearance in folio, and was afterwards reprinted in 
 four in 8 vo. Six other difeourfes form a part of a 
 fifth volume in 8 vo, publifhed by Mr. Roques, who un¬ 
 dertook a continuation of the work. It is replete with 
 learning. The Chriftian and the heathen authors, philo- 
 fophers, poets, hiftorians, and critics, are cited with the 
 utmoft profufion. It is a compilation of all their lenti- 
 ments on every fnbjedt difeuffed throughout the work. 
 The author fliews himfelf to be a warm advocate for 
 toleration ; and, though the Catholics are more frequently 
 cenfured than commended, yet his principles are very 
 moderate. “ A Differtation on the Expediency of fome- 
 “ times difguifing the Truth,” raifed a clamour againft 
 the author, the fury of which he had not power to ap- 
 peafe. As an hiftorian, he believed that he was permitted 
 7 to 
 
S A U R I N. 
 
 to produce the chief arguments of thofe that maintain, 
 that in certain cafes truth may be difguifed ; and the rea- 
 fons which they gave who have affe'rted the contrary.’ 
 He does not decide the qiieftion, but it is eafy to perceive 
 that he is a favourer of the former. His principal anta- 
 gonift was Arniand de la Chapelle, to whom Francis 
 Michael- Ganicon replied wnth great fpirit, in a work, 
 intituled, “ Lettres ferieufes & jocofes.” The three firll 
 of the letters, in the fecond volume, are in favour of 
 Saurin. He w'as aihwered by La Chapelle with great 
 violence. Saurin imagined, that he fhouid be able to- ter¬ 
 minate this difpute by reprinting the dilTertation fepa- 
 rateJy, with a preface in defence of his aflertions : but he 
 was deceived, for. La Chapelle publiflied a very long and 
 fcurrilous reply. It w’as Saurin’^ intention entirely to 
 have neglefted this produefion, but he found a new 
 champion in Francis Bruys. This difpute was at length 
 brought before the fynod of Campmen ; who, in Ma}', 
 1730, ordered the churches of Utrecht, Leyden, and 
 Amlferdam, to make their examinations, and report the 
 rcfult of them to the fynod of the Hague, which w^as to fit 
 in the September following. CommilTaries were ap¬ 
 pointed for this purpofe. I'lie fynod of Campen gave 
 its opinion, and that of Lie Hague confirmed it: but, 
 having made no mention of the inilrudlions fent to the 
 Walloon church at’ Utrecht,, that airembly complained, 
 and ordered Mr. Bonvoufl:, one of its miniflers, to juftify 
 his proceedings and his dodlrine. This he did in a large 
 oftavo volume, printed at Utrecht in 1731, after the death 
 of Saurin, intituled, "^‘-The Triumph of Truth and 
 “ Peace; or, Refledrions on the moll important Events 
 “ attending the lafl Synod' affembled to determine in the * 
 “ Cafe of Mellieurs Saurin and Maty.” Saurin had con¬ 
 tributed to this peace, by giving fucli a declaration of his 
 fentiments as fatisfied the Proteflant churches ; and he 
 repeated that declaration, when he forefaw that the new 
 lights, which Mr. Bruys had' thrown upon this fubjedl, 
 was going to raile-a ftorm that might perhaps have been fe- 
 verer than the lafl : however, death delivered him from all, 
 Dec. 30, 1730. 
 
 / 
 
 
 SAUVEUR (Joseph), an eminent' French ma-Niceron, 
 thematician, was born at La Fleche in 1653. He was 
 folutely dumb till he was feven years of age ; and then 
 the organs of fpeech-did not difengage thcmfelves fb ef- 
 fedually, but that he was ever after obliged to fpeak very 
 
 flowdy 
 
300 
 
 S A U V E U R, 
 
 flowlv and deliberately. From liis infancy, he difcovered 
 a turn for mechanics ; and was always inventing and con- 
 ftru^ling fomc little thing or other jn that way. He was 
 feiU to the college of the Jefuits to learn polite literature, 
 but made very little progrefs in ppetry and eloquence. 
 Virgil and Cicero had no charms for l^im; but he read 
 with greedinefs books of arithiijetic. FJe went tq Paris in 
 1670 ; and, being intended for the church, applie4 to phi- 
 iofophy and theology, but fucceeded no better. In fhqrt, 
 mathematics was the only ftudy he had any paflipn pr re- 
 lilh for, and this he cultivated with extraordinary fuccefs; 
 for, during his courfe of philofophy, he learned the fix 
 firfl books of Euclid, in the compafs of one month, 
 without a mailer. As he had an impediment in his voice, 
 he was prevailed on by BolFuet, at that time bilhop of 
 Condom, to apply himfelf to phyhe ; but this was utterly 
 againft the inclination of an uncle, from whoni he drew all 
 his rcfources, who was ftrongly fet upon his being a di¬ 
 vine. At length, purfuing his favourite fcience, he re- 
 folved to teach it for his fupport; and fo foon becanie the 
 mathematician in fafliion, that at twenty he had prince 
 Eugene for his fcholar. He had not yet read the geometry 
 of Defcartes ; but a foreigner of the hrft quality deiiring 
 to be taught it, he made himfelf mailer of it in an incon¬ 
 ceivably fmall fpace of time. Ballet being a falhionablc 
 game at that time, the marquis of Dangeau alked hirn 
 for foine calculations relating to it, which gave fuch fatif- 
 factions that Sauveur had the honour to explain them to 
 the king and queen. This was in 1678: in 1681, he 
 went fo Chantilli with Mariotte, to make forae experi¬ 
 ments upon the waters there, lyi 1686^ he Wi^s made 
 mathematical profellbr of the royj^l college ; jind, in 1696, 
 admitted a member of the academy of fciences. He was 
 known and eileemed by the prince of Conde. Ho conr 
 Geived a delign of writing a treatife upon fprtihcation ; 
 and, in order to join . praflice with theory, went to the 
 liege of IMons in 1691, where }ie continued all the while 
 in the trenches : he made the tour alfo of Flanders with 
 this view. At the latter part of his life, he had a penfion. 
 He died in 1616. He was twice married. The hrft time 
 he took a very lingular precaution ; for lie would not fee 
 the woman till he had been with a notarv to have the con- 
 ditions, he intended to inlill on, reduced into a written 
 form; for fear the light of her Ihould not leave him 
 enough mailer of himfelf. This was a< 5 ling yery wnfely, 
 
 and 
 
301 
 
 S A U V E U R. 
 
 and like a true mathematician ; ^Yho always proceeds by 
 rule and line, and makes his calculations, when his head 
 is cool. He had children by both his wives ; and by 
 the latter a fon, who, like himfelf, was dumb for the feven 
 hrll years of his life. 
 
 His writings, which confift of pieces' rather than f*et 
 works, are all inferred in the memoirs of the academy of 
 fciences : the principal of #thein is, “ Principes d’Acouf- 
 “ tique & de Muliqiie, ou Syfteme general des intervalles 
 “ des foils, ton application a tous les fyllemes & inflru- 
 “ ments de Mulique, 1701.” For although Sauveur 
 laid to have neither voice nor ear, yet this was his favourte 
 fcience ; which undoubtedly was owing to its affording 
 him matter for line and deep refearches in his own way. 
 
 SAXE (Maurice Compte de), marfhal-gcneral 
 the French armies, and duke-cleft of Courland and ^ ^ 
 
 Semigallia, was born at Drcfden in 1696. Fie was natural rics; or, 
 foil of Frederic AuguflusII, eleftor of Saxony, king of 
 Jfolaiid, and grand duke of Lithuania, by Aurora couiitefs^hc^^rrof 
 Konigfmarc, voungcfl fiber of Philip count Konigfmarc, War,** 
 who was defceiided of an illuftrious family in Sweden, 
 and who fell a facrilice for an alledged intrigue with the 
 
 princefs of Zell. Saxe difeovered an early genius for 
 Nvarlike excrcifes, neglefting every ftudy but that of war. 
 He cultivated no foreign language but French, as if he 
 had forefeen that FVance would one day become his 
 country, in wdiich he would rife to the higheb military 
 honours. He accompanied the king his father in all his 
 Polifh campaigns, and began to ferve in the allied army 
 in the Netherlands in 1708, when, young as he was, he gave 
 pregnant proof of an enterpriling genius. He afterwards 
 ferved in the war agaiiift the Swedes in Pomerania, and 
 was made colonel of a regiment of horfe. He entered 
 into the imperial fervice in 1717, and made fevcral cam-^ 
 paigns in Hungary againfi; the I'urks ; in which he be¬ 
 haved with the greateft bravery, and thereby attrafted the 
 regard of prince Eugene of Savoy, lii 1720, he vihted 
 the court of France, where he obtained a brevet of camp- 
 niarlTial from the duke of Orleans, then regent of that 
 kingdom. 'l\vo years after, he purchafed the colonelcy of 
 the regiment of Spar; and gradually rofe iii military ho¬ 
 nours, from the rank of colonel to that of in a ifhal-general. 
 
 While Saxe was reliding in I 'rance, the States of Cour¬ 
 land, forefe^ing that their dncliv would one day be with- 
 
 6 
 
 out 
 
s A ;x: E. 
 
 out a-liead, duke Ferdiiiand, the lail male of the family of 
 Ketler, being valetudinary, an^ likely ..to. die without iffue, 
 were prevailed on,^by foreign induence, to chufe him for 
 their foverei^n. The minute of eleftion was figned by 
 the States or Mittaw, the capital of Conrland, July 5, 
 1726 : but, this eledion having been vigoroufly oppofed 
 by the court of Rulfia, and alfo by the republic of Po¬ 
 land, upon both of which the ^duchy was dependent, he 
 could never make good -his pretenlions ; fo that, upon 
 the death of duke Ferdinand in 1736, count Biron, a gen-- 
 tleman of Danilh cxtradlion, in the fervice of RulTia, was 
 preferred to him. When a war broke out in Germany, 
 upon the death of the late king of Poland, our count’s 
 father, he attended the duke of Berwick, commander in 
 chief of the French army fent into that country, and be¬ 
 haved with unparalleled bravery. When troubles broke 
 out in the fame quarter, upon the death of the emperor 
 Charles VI, heryas employed in the French army fent into 
 the empire, to fupport the pretenfions of the eledlor of 
 Bavaria, and had no iiiconfiderable hand in forming 
 Prague : by means of which he acquired the confidence 
 and efleem of that unfortunate prince. When an in-* 
 vafion of Great Britain was projedled by the court of 
 France, in 1744, in favour of Charles-Edward, the pre¬ 
 tender’s eldeft foil, he was appointed to command the 
 French troops to.be employed on that occalion* Both 
 the young pretender and the count had come to Dunkirk, 
 in order to proceed upon the intended expedition; but 
 the defign was fruflrated by a furious florm, and the 
 vigilance of the Britifh fleet. France having, foon after 
 that event, declared war againfl Great Britain, he was ap¬ 
 pointed commander in chief of the French army in the 
 Netherlands, and promoted to the rank of a marfhal of 
 France. ^ In this high flation he had full room to difplay 
 his abilities. Succefs crowned all his enterprizes ; and 
 every town he invefted was obliged to fubmit to his vi£to- 
 rious arms. During the courfe of the war, he beat the 
 allies ii^ feveral battles, and made liimfelf mafler* of the 
 whole Aufirian Netherlands, with a good part of Dutch 
 Brabant. Such eminent fervices procured him an ad of 
 naturalization by the king of France in April 1746; 
 January following, he was raifed to the rank of marfhal- 
 geneial, an office which had been vacant for many years ; 
 and, Jan. i 74 ^» ke was conflituted governor-general of 
 the Netherlands, with a large revenue annexed. 
 
 After 
 
SAXE. 
 
 After tke treaty of peace at Aix-Ia-Cliapclle in 174S, 
 IParfhal Saxe, covered with glory, and loaded with th«j 
 king’s bounties, retired to Chambord in France, where he 
 ipent his time in various employments and amufements: 
 but, being feized \vith a fever, he died Nov. 30, 1750. 
 His cprpfe was interred, with great funeral pomp, in the 
 church of St. Thomas at Straiburg. All France lamented 
 his death. The king was at the charge of his funeral, 
 and exprefled the greateil concern for the lofs of a man, 
 who had raifed the glory of his arms to the highell pitch. 
 Ey his will, which is dated at Paris, March i, 1748, he 
 directed that ‘‘ his body fhould be buried in lime, if that 
 “ could be done ; that, in a hiort time, nothing more of 
 him might remain in the world, but his memory among 
 hi? friends.” This dii’e^lion, however, was not com¬ 
 plied with ; for his corple was imbalmed,- and-put into a 
 leaden coffin, which was inclofed in another of copper, 
 and this covered with one of wood, bound about with 
 iron. His, heart was put into a iiiver-gik box, and his 
 entrails into another coffin. He was bred a Proteftant, of 
 the Lutheran perfualion, under the eye of the countefs hi? 
 mother: and no worldly coniideration coujd ever induce 
 him to change his religion. He had unhappily, like his 
 royal father, early engaged in a feries of amorous adven¬ 
 tures ; and feveral natural children were the fruits of his 
 rambling amours. Though he had been prevailed on by 
 his mother to marry Vi£loria countefs of Lobin, a lad^^ 
 of diftinguifhed birth and beauty, by whom he had a cliild 
 or two, who died in their infancy ; yet, a coidnefs having 
 arifeii between them, the marriage was dilTolved, on ac¬ 
 count of adultery committed by the count, with a defign 
 to procure a divorce ; and he never afterwards married- 
 The marfhal was a man of a middling ftature, but of a ro- 
 buft conftitution and extraordinary llrength. I'o an al~ 
 pedl noble, fweet, and martial, he joined the interior qua¬ 
 lities of a mok excellent heart. Affable, and affefted with 
 the misfortunes of others, he was great and generous, 
 even more than his fortune w'ould permit. On his death¬ 
 bed he was very penitent for his lewd pra6lices, and re¬ 
 viewed the errors of his life with extreme remorfe. 
 
 His “Reveries, or Memoirs concerning the Art pf 
 “ War,” together with other fmall pieces, were traiikated 
 into Engliffi, and publiffied at London in 1757, 4to ; and 
 jrepubliffied at Edinburgh in I759> 8vo. 
 
 SAT 
 
30,4 ■ 
 
 Gent. Mac. 
 ^781, 
 p. 568, 
 
 See Dr, 
 
 CiUmy’s 
 
 Noncon- 
 
 f*rniirts 
 
 Memoda!. 
 
 say. 
 
 SAY (Samuel), born in 1675, was the fecond fan 
 of the Rev. Giles Say, who had been eje^led from the 
 vicarage of St. Michael’s in Southampton by the Bartho¬ 
 lomew afl in 1662, and, after king James the fecond’s li¬ 
 berty ofconfcience, was chofen pallor of a DilTenting con¬ 
 gregation at Gueflwick in Norfolk, where he continued 
 till his death, April 7, 1692. Some years after, his fon 
 (abovementioned) being at Southwark, where he had been 
 at fchool, and converling with fome of the Dillentcrs of 
 that place, met with a woman of great reputation for 
 piety, who told him with great joy, that a fermon on Pi. 
 cxix. 130. preached by his father thirty years before, was 
 the means of her converlion. Being ftrongly inclined to 
 the minillry, Mr. Say entered as a pupil in the academy 
 of the Rev. Mr. 'I'homas Rowe at London about 1692, 
 where he had for his fellow-iludents, Mr. (afterwards Dr.) 
 Ifaac Watts, Mr. John Hughes, and Mr. Joliah Hort, 
 afterwards archbilliop of Tuam. When he had finilhed hk 
 .lludies, he became chaplain to Thomas Scott, efq. of 
 Lyminge in Kent, in whole family he continued three 
 years. From thence he removed to Andover in Hainp- 
 ihire, then to Yarmouth in Norfolk, and foon after to 
 Lowelloff in Suffolk, where he continued labouring in 
 word and doftriiie eighteen years. He was afterwards co¬ 
 pallor with the Rev. Mr. Samuel Baxter at Ipfwich nine 
 years, and lallly was called, in 1734, to fucceed Dr. 
 Edmund Calamy in Wk'llminller, where he died at his 
 houfe in James Street, April 12, 1743, of a mortification 
 in his bowels, jn the lixty-cighth year of liis age. 
 
 In his funeral fermon, preached by Dr. Obadiah Hughes, 
 and afterwards printed, a due clogium is paid to his mi- 
 nilleiial abilities ; and foon after his death a thin q\iarta 
 volume of his poems, with two elTays in profe, “ On the 
 “ Harmony, Variety, and Power of Numbers,” written 
 at the requdl of Mr. Richardfon the painter, were pub- 
 lilhed for the benefit of his daughter, now married to the 
 Rev. Mr. Toms, of Madleigh in Suffolk. Thefe elfaysr 
 have been much adipired by perfons of talle and judge¬ 
 ment. And the Gentlcinau’s Magazine, for 178c, p. 568, 
 has refeued from oblivion lomc remarks, by the fame ju¬ 
 dicious hand, from the margin ofacopv of Air. Auditor 
 Benfon’s “ Prefatory Difeourfe to his Edition of John- 
 ‘‘ lion’s Pfalms, and the Conclufioii of that Difeourfe, 
 “ 1741.” 
 
 In the preface to his Works, we are told that Mr. Say 
 “ vas a tender huli^i-d, an iiidiilgjnt father^ and ot a 
 
 “ niolf 
 
/ 
 
 S A Y* 
 
 ** inofl benevolent, communicative clifpofition, ever rea^y 
 “ to do good, and^to diftribute. He was well verfed iii 
 agronomy and natural philofophy ; had a tafre for mu* 
 fic and poetry, was a good critic, and a maifer of the 
 “ daffies. Yet fo great was his modeftv, that he war. 
 “ known only to a few feled friends, and never publiihed 
 ‘‘ above two or three fermons, which were in a manner 
 “ extorted from him.” Among the modern Latin poets 
 Eroukhufius was his favourite; among the Engliffi Mil- 
 ton, whofe head, etched by Mr. Richardfon, is prefixed 
 to his fecond effiay. A letter from Mr. Say to Mr. 
 Hughes, and two from Mr. Say to Mr. Duncombe, with 
 a Latin tranflation of the beginning of ‘‘ Paradife Loff,” 
 are printed among the “ Letters of Eminent Perfons de- 
 “ ceafed,” vol. 1 . and vol. 11 . His charaaer of Mrs. 
 Bridget Bendyfli, grand-daughter of Oliver Cromwell, in 
 the appendix to vol. II. hrll appeared (without a name) 
 in Gent. Mag. 1765, p. 357. In the fame volume, p. 
 423, ‘‘ The Refurredion illuflrated by the Changes of 
 the Silk-worm,” is by the fame hand. A.nd fome of 
 his poetical pieces are in Nichols’s “ Selefb Collection,” 
 vol. VI. 
 
 Mr. Say had collected all the forms of prayer on public 
 occafions from the time of archbifhop Laud, which after 
 his death were offered to the then archbifhop of York (Dr. 
 Herring), but were declined by him as ‘‘ never likely to Herring’s 
 “ be employed in compofitions of tliat fort for the public, Letters^ 
 
 “ that work being in the province of Canterbury.” Yet, 
 unlikely, as it feemed, this event foon happened. 
 
 SCALA (Bartiielemi), an Italian, eminent as a 
 ftatefman and man of letters, when letters were jufl reviv¬ 
 ing in Europe, was born about 1424, fome fay 1430. He N^ceroa, 
 was only the fon of a miller ; but, going early to Flo-Tom. 
 rence, he fell under the notice of Cofrno de^Medicis; who, 
 obferving uncommon parts in him and a turn for letters, 
 took him under his protedlion, and gave him an educa¬ 
 tion. He ftudied the law; and, taking a doctor’s degree 
 in that faculty, frequented the bar. After the death of 
 Colmo in 1464, Peter de Medicis fhewed the fame regard 
 for him ; and Scala, through his means, was trufted^ by 
 the republic in the nicelf and mofl important negotiations. 
 
 In 1471, the freedom of the city was conferred on him 
 and his defendants ; and the year after he obtained Let- 
 ires de nohlcjfe ; he was then fecretary or chancellor of the 
 VoE. XI. X republic. 
 
so6 
 
 Sfe MA- 
 RULLU? 
 la iiio^us 
 
 a 
 
 (C 
 
 (( 
 
 S C A L A* 
 
 republic. In 14S4, the Florentines feiit a folemn cm"*- 
 baffy to Innocent VIII, to congratulate him on his being, 
 railed to the pontificate ; when Scala, being one of the fix 
 deputed to go, delivered a fpeech fo very plealing to the 
 pope, that he was made by him a knight of the golden, 
 fpur, and fenator of Rome. In i486, he was made holy- 
 llandard-bearer to the republic. He died at Florence iii' 
 1497; and left among other children-a daughter, named 
 Alexandria, who afterwards became famous for her learn¬ 
 ing and Ikill in the Greek and Latin tongues. 
 
 While he lived, were publilhed the abovementioned 
 fpeech to pope Innocent ; another fpeech which he made 
 as chancellor of Florence, “ Pro Imperatoriis miiitaribus 
 “ fignis dandis Conftantio Sfortiaj Imperatori, 1481 
 and “ Apologia contra vituperatores civitatis Florentia?, 
 1496,” in folio. His poflhumous works are four books^ 
 De Hiftoria Florentina,” and “ Vita di Vitaliani Bor- 
 romeo both printed at Rome in 1677, 4to. This 
 hiftory of the Florentine republic was written in twenty 
 books, and depofited in the Medicean library but as only 
 four of thefe books and part of a fifth were digeiled and 
 linifhed, no more were thought fit to fee the light. Some 
 few of his letters have been-publiflled ; and theire are eight 
 in the colieftion of Politian, with- whom Scala, as ap¬ 
 pears from the correfpondence, had the misfortune to be 
 at variance. .Politian treated him politely at hrll, but af¬ 
 terwards loft his temper a little. He probably defpifed 
 him the more, for being his fuperior in every thing but 
 letters. Erafmus alfo has not paffed a very favourable 
 judgement On him : he reprefents him as a Ciceronian in 
 his ftyle. 
 
 His dauphter Alexandria became the wife of Marullus ;• 
 whofe reafen for marrying her, according to Paul Jovius, 
 was, that he was defirous to perfect himfelf in the know-^ 
 ledge-of the Latin tongue ; but, if we believe her hufband, 
 Ihe w'as a woman of great beauty and virtue, as well as- 
 wit and learning; for fuch he-deferibes her in his poems. 
 She died in 1506. 
 
 SCALIGER (Julius C^isARjwas defeended from 
 the princes of Verona, if we may believe what his fon 
 Jofeph afferts, in his epiftle to Janus Doufa, “ de vetuftatc 
 “ gentisScaligeranai;” though this is generally not believed, 
 but fuppofed to have been a puff of the Gens Scaligerana, 
 meaning Julius and Jofeph, who were as remarkable for 
 
 great 
 
S C A L I G E R. 
 
 3®7 
 
 5^reat vanity, as they were for great parts and fiill greater 
 learning. Be this as it will, Julius was the fon of Bene- 
 di6t Scalige.r, who commanded for feventeen years the 
 troops of Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary ; and was 
 born at Ripa, a caflle in the territory of Verona, in 1484. 
 
 He learned the firfl: elements of the Latin in his own 
 country, having for his preceptor John Jocundus of Ve-lUuftres, 
 rona ; and, at twelve, was prefented to the emperor Maxi-tom. 
 milian, who made him one of his pages. He ferved that^^^^^’ 
 emperor feventeen years, and gave proofs of his valour 
 and dexterity in feveral expeditions, in which he attend¬ 
 ed his nlafter. He was at the battle of Ravenna in 1512, 
 in which he loft his father and brother Titus ; he con¬ 
 veyed their bodies to h errara, where his mother relided,. 
 who fome time after died with grief. 
 
 His father dying in narrow circumftances, he found 
 himfelf foon in great neceftity ; upon which he refolved 
 to enter into the Francifean order. For this purpofe he 
 went to Bologne, vVhere he applied himfelf vigoroufly to 
 ftudy, efpecially to logic and Scotus’s divinity ; but, 
 changing his mind with regard to becomifig a monk, he 
 took ^arms again, and ferved fome time in Piedmont. A 
 phyfician, whom he knew at Turin, perfuaded him to 
 ftudy phylic ; and accordingly he profecuted it at his lei- 
 fure hours, while he was in the army : he likewife learn¬ 
 ed the Greek language, of \vhich he had been entirely 
 ignorant till then. At laft the pains of the gout deter¬ 
 mined him, at forty years of age, to abandoii a military 
 life, and to devote himfelf entirely to the profellion of 
 phylic. He had indeed already acquired uncommon Ikili 
 in it; fo that the bifliop of Agen, being indifpofed, and 
 apprehending fome need of a phylician in his journey to 
 his diocefe, befought Scaliger to attend him. Scaliger 
 cpnfented, upon condition that he fliould not ftay at 
 Agen above eight days : however, this mighty man, now 
 forty-two, fell in love with a girl of thirteen ; and, be • 
 caufe her parents would not confent to his having her, on 
 account of her youth, ftayed at Agen in order to marry 
 her. He married her, three years after, in 1529 ; lived 
 with her twenty-nine years; and had fifteen children by 
 her, feven of whom furvived him. She u'as a lady of 
 good family. 
 
 It was after his fettlement at Agen, that he began to 
 apply himfelf ferioully to his ftudies. He learned the 
 French tongue at his iirft coming, which he fpoke per- 
 
 X 2 fedllv 
 
3o8 
 
 S C A L I G E R. 
 
 feftly well in three months ; and then made hlmfelf maf- 
 ter of the Gafcon, Italian, Spanifh, German, Hungarian, 
 and Sclavonian. The chief objeft of his purfuits was 
 learning : the pradlice of phyfic was what he fupported. 
 himfelf by. It is probable, that he had taken a do£tor’s 
 degree in this faculty at Padua; for the letters of natura¬ 
 lization, which were granted him by Francis I, in 1528, 
 give him this title ; though they fay nothing, as fomc 
 have obferved, of his defcent from the princes of Verona, 
 which it is probable they would have done, had that de¬ 
 fcent been clear. He did not begin to publifh any of his 
 works till he was forty-feven ; but he foon repaired th« 
 time he had loll, and fhortly gained a great name in the 
 republic of letters. Study and the compofition of books 
 employed him till his death ; which was occahoned by a 
 retention of urine, and happened in 1558. His epitaph 
 was, “ Julii Csefaris Scaligeri quod fuit.’^ 
 
 Genti^Sca- Jofeph has defcribed him as a man with many 
 
 ligeran*. excellent qualities both of body and mind; tall, well- 
 made, of a noble and venerable air, and very ftrong and 
 active even to old age ; of amazing fagacity, infomuch that 
 he could divine the natures and manners of men from 
 their looks ; of a prodigious memory ; lingularly averfe 
 to lying, and of fuch charity, that his houfe was a kind 
 of hofpital to the indigent and diftreifed. Thefe good 
 qualities, however, which his fon attributes to him, were 
 greatly tarnifhed by fome that were not fo good, and yet 
 notorious to all the world : we mean, an infupportable 
 pride and vanity, w-ith a criticizing and petulant humour, 
 which made him throw out the moll outrageous and in¬ 
 jurious language againft ail who did not think as he 
 thought, nor adored his produ£Iions as he adored them. 
 Flis treatment of Erafmus was inexcufable. This great 
 man, in a piece intituled, “ Ciceronianus, live de optimo 
 dicendi genere,” had ridiculed, with irreliftible force of 
 wit and reafon, certain' of the learned in Italy, who would 
 allow no exprellions to be pure Latinity, but what w^ere to 
 be found in Cicero ; and had even gone fo far as to cri- 
 ticife the ftyle of the Roman orator, for whom never- 
 thelefs lie had the profoundell veneration. This provoked 
 Scaligcr, whole zeal for Cicero put him upon publifhing 
 two orations in his defence ; in which he loaded Erafmus 
 with ail the contumely and reproachful language, that ill- 
 mannered fpleen and pallion could fuggcll. He made 
 fomc atonement, by repenting of what he had done; for, 
 
 upon 
 
upon the death of Erafmus, which happened while the 
 fecond oration was printing, that is, in 1536, Scaliger 
 wrote a poem, wherein he exprelTed great grief at his dy¬ 
 ing before they were reconciled, and fhewed a willingnefs 
 to acknowledge his great virtues and merit. 
 
 In the mean time Scaliger, with all his faults, was cer¬ 
 tainly a moft uncommon man ; and if in his literary pro- 
 duftions great numbers of errors have expofed him to 
 criticifm and corre6lion, it muft be remembered, that he 
 did not apply himfelf in good earneft to letters till he was 
 more than forty. His principal works are, “ Exercita- 
 “ tionescontra Cardanum de Subtilitate “ De caufis lin- 
 
 gujE Latinse “ Poetices libri feptem “Poemata;” 
 
 “ Epillolae and “ Commentaries upon feveral ancient 
 
 authors, Theophraflus, Ariflotle, and Hippocrates,” or 
 rather upon fome works of thefe authors. 
 
 SCALIGER (Joseph Justus), fon of Julius Cse-Nfccron,' 
 far Scaliger, was born at Agen in 1540; and, at ^^^ven 
 years of age, was fent with two of his brothers to the ^ationes 
 college of Bourdeaux. He learned the elements of the in obitum 
 Latin tongue, and continued there for three years ; aliped 
 
 the plague, coming to the place, obliged him to return ^ 
 home to his father, who himfelf took care of his ftudies. 
 
 He required of him every day a fliort declamation upon 
 fome hillorical fubje£t, and made him tranfcribe fome 
 poems, which he himfelf had compofed. This laf; em¬ 
 ploy is fuppofed to have infpired him with a talle and in¬ 
 clination for poetry ; which he cultivated fo heartily, that 
 he wrote a tragedy upon the ftory of Oedipus, before he 
 was feventeen. His father dying in 1558, he went tq 
 Paris the year following, with a defgn to apply himfelf to 
 the Greek language; and for this purpofe attended the 
 Icdlures of Turnebus for two months. But finding, that 
 in the ufual courfe he fliould be a long while in gaining 
 his point, he Unit himfelf up in his clofet, refolving to 
 make ufe of no mailer but himfelf; and, having hahily 
 run over the Greek conjugations, began to read Homer 
 with a tranflation, and underilood him perfectly in a fliqrt 
 time. From this reading he formed to himfelf a gram¬ 
 mar ; then proceeding to the other Greek poets, and next 
 to the hiilorians and orators, he gained in the fpace of 
 two years a perfedt knowledge of the language. He after¬ 
 wards turned his thoughts to the Hebrew, which he learn¬ 
 ed by himfelf with great facility ;■ he had a particular ta- 
 
 X 3 lent 
 
310 
 
 S C A L I G E R, 
 
 lent for learning languages, and is fald to have been.well 
 llciiied in no lei's than thirteen. He made the fame pro- 
 grefs in the fciences, and in every branch of literature, fo 
 that he at length obtained the reputation of being the 
 moll learned man of his age; and perhaps he was the 
 n^oll learned man that any age has produced. His life 
 was a life of fevere application to letters, fo that there is 
 very little for a biographer to fay of it. In 1503, he was 
 invited to the univfrfity of Leyden, to be honorary pro- 
 felTor of the Belles Lettres there : upon which occalion, 
 if we may believe what we read in the “ Menagiana,’' 
 Tom. 1\. of France treated him with great coldnefs and 
 
 negleft. Scaliger had determined to accept the offer; 
 and, waiting upon the king to acquaint him with his jour¬ 
 ney, and the occahon of it, Well, Mr. Scaliger,” faid 
 his majefty, “ the Dutch want to have you with them, 
 
 “ and to allow you a good hipend : 1 am glad of it 
 and then fuddenly turning the difcourfe, afked him, “ Is 
 “ it true, that you travelled from Pajis to Dijon, without 
 going to llool ?” The llanders-by were furprifed; for 
 they expefted to have feen the greatell fcholar in the world, 
 and confequently great ornament of his country, treated 
 with more ceremony and refpedl. But Henry IV. had no 
 notion at all of learning or learned men : and, if he had 
 had, might polfibly irot have been convinced, that great 
 learning can dtone for greater pride, infolence, and va¬ 
 nity ; and fo might behave in that manner, purpofely to 
 humble and mortiD Scaliger, who pofTefTed them all 
 abundantly. He went to Leyden, where he fpent the re¬ 
 mainder of his life ; and died there of a dropfy, Jan. 21, 
 1609, without haviitg ever been married. He was a man 
 of perfedl fobriety of manners, and whole wdiolc time 
 was fpent in iludy. ' He had as great parts as his father, 
 and infinitely greater learning, having been trained to it 
 from bis infancy, which his father had not: but then he 
 liad the fime vain-glorious and malevolent fpirit, which 
 difpofed him to contemn, and upon every occafion to 
 abufe, all mankind. And though Ovid has faid, that the 
 culture of polite literature, and the liberal arts, has a ten¬ 
 dency to civilize and foften liuman nature, 
 
 “ -Ingenuas didiciffe fidelitcr artes, 
 
 “ Emoilit mores ; nec finit effe feros—” 
 yet, were wc to judge by the clfedls it had on tliefe two 
 j&eroes in letters, for fucli they certainly were, w'c flioulcl 
 conclude it more likely to make us greater favages in our 
 
 civilized. 
 
S C A L I G E R. 
 
 civilized, than we Ihould have been in our natural ftate. 
 
 It is proper to obferve, that Scaliger the father lived and 
 died in the church of Pvome : but the fon embraced 
 principles of Luther, and relates, that his father alfo had scali? 
 
 igera- 
 
 nx. 
 
 intentions of doing fo. 
 
 The works of Jofeph Scaliger are very numerous and 
 various : but his “ Opus de Emendatione Temporum,” 
 printed at Paris 1583 in folio, is his greatell performance. 
 
 It contains a vaft extent of learning ; and three things are 
 obferved in it, peculiar to Scaliger. The firll is, that 
 having great Ikill in the Oriental, as well as in the Greek 
 and Latin tongues, and a prodigious knowledge in all ' • 
 kinds of writers, he collefled every thing which might 
 ferve to eitablilh fure principles of chronology, and to lix 
 the time of divers remarkable events. The fecond, that 
 he was the hrft who undertook to form a compleat fylLni 
 of chronology ; or to lay down certain principles, on 
 which hiltory might be digefted into exaft order. The 
 third, that he invented the Julian period ; which is fo ex¬ 
 ceedingly neceflaiy to chronologers, that without it all 
 their labours would be, if not ufelefs, at lead: very knotty 
 and difficult. Scaliger, v/ho had always the higheft opi¬ 
 nion of his own produftions, imagined, that he had in 
 this work carried chronology to entire perfection, and that 
 his determinations would be irreverlible : but the faiences 
 do not attain perfeflion at once; and the errors, which 
 Petavius and others have difcovered in this work, Ihew in 
 this inftance that they do not. Neverthelefs, he has been 
 ft vied the father of chronology; and perhaps his ‘‘ The- 
 “ faurus Temporum, compleflens Eufebii Pamphili Chro- 
 “ nicon, cum Ifagogicis Chronologia? Canonibus/^ in 
 which he has corre^ed and reformed many things in his 
 ‘‘ Opus de Emendatione Temporum,'' may give him a 
 fufficieiit claim to the title. I'he bcft edition of “ Do 
 “ Emendatione Tempbrum" is that of Geneva, 1609, 
 folio ; of the “ Thefaurus Temporum" that of Amfter- 
 dam, 1658, in 2 vols. folio. 
 
 He wrote notes and animadverftons upon ahaoft all the 
 Greek and Latin authors : thofe upon Varro ‘‘ de Lingua 
 “ Latina" were written byhim attwentylyears of age. Gc'- 
 rard Voffius obferves, that his conjedures are too bold . 
 and mentions, how Peter Vi^ftorius faid, that Scaliger was 
 born to corrupt the ancients, rather than to cori'edt them. Xoaveiies 
 
 I know not," fays Bayle, whether we may not fay, dei^Re^-ub- 
 “ that Scaliger had too much wit and learning, to write 
 
 ^ 4 J'juc u'i4. 
 
S C A L I G E R. 
 
 3U 
 
 < ( 
 < ( 
 t i 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 (i 
 
 c:oocl cominentarv : for, bv bavins; too much wit, ho 
 “ difcovered in tlie authors he commented on more fine 
 fentimciit and genius than they really had ; aiid his 
 profound learning was the occafion of his feeing a 
 thoufand connexions between the fentiments of a writer 
 and fomc rare point of antiquity. Upon which founda¬ 
 tion, imagining his author intended to allude to it, he 
 corredled the palTage : unlefs we clioofe to believe, that 
 his delire to explain an obfeure point of learning, un¬ 
 known to other critics, induced him to lappofe that it 
 was to be found in fuch or fuch a palftge. However 
 that be, his commentaries are full of bold, ingenious, 
 and very learned conjedlures ; but it is not at all pro- 
 bable that the ancients ever thought of what he makes 
 “ them fay. A perfon who has genius departs as much 
 from their fenfc, As one who has none ; and we ought 
 not to fuppofe, that the verfes of Horace and Catullus 
 contain all the erudition which the commentators have 
 thought proper to hipply them with.’^ 
 
 He wrote fonie dilfertations upon fubjecls of antiquity ; 
 and gave fpecimens of his Ikill in all branches of literature. 
 He made a Latin tranllation of two centuries of Arabian 
 proverbs, which were. piiblilhed at Leyden, 1623, with 
 the notes of Erpenius: he did this at the requeft of Ifaac 
 Eplil. 194. Cafaubon, who tells us, that he employed lefs time in 
 tranllating it, than others who uncierftood Arabic would 
 have done in reading it. He was aho obliged to write 
 fome controveilial pieces : his controverfy with Scioppius, 
 w'ho had convicled him of vanity and Iving in his De 
 “ vetullate A I'plendore gentis Scaligeraiut,” is a heap of 
 foul language upon a very futile fubjeit. His “ Poemata’* 
 were pubiilhed at Leyden, 1615, 8vo ; his “ Epiflolae,” 
 wliich are full of good learniirg, and not the leaft eligi¬ 
 ble of his w^orks, by Daniel Heinlius, at the . fame place, 
 8vo. 
 
 There are two “ Scaligerana f' one printed at the 
 Hague in 1666; the other at Groningen 1669, 
 fome curious realon or other called “ Scaligerana Prima.’* 
 ''1 hey do the fame honour to Scaliger, as the Ana’s ge¬ 
 nerally do to their relpective authors ; that is, none at all : 
 
 1637, 
 
 Pel 
 
 vet Dcfmaizcaux has thought it worth while to give a neat 
 edition of them, together with the “ d'huana,” “ 
 
 “ roniana,” “ Pithceana,” ajid “ Colcmefana,” at 
 /tmllcrdam, 1740, in 2 vols. lamo. 
 
 SCARRON 
 
S C A R R O N. 
 
 3^3 
 
 SCARRON (Paul), an eminent comic or rather 
 burlefqiie French writer, was the fon of Paul Scarron, a 
 counfcllor in parliament, and born at Paris in i6iO. He 
 was deformed, and of very irregular manners ; yet his fa¬ 
 ther deligned liim for an eccleliaftic. He went to Italy 
 when he was four and twenty ; but returned jull as licen¬ 
 tious as he went, and fo continued, till by a terrible 
 Itrokc he was deprived of all power to indulge vitious ap¬ 
 petites. He was at Alans, vvhere he was a canon ; but 
 retiring thence, at a carnival- fealon, into a damp and 
 fenny lituation, a torpor fuddenly fell upon him, and he 
 loll the ufe of his limbs. I'he phyhcians attempted in 
 vain to reftore them ; no applications were of the lead: 
 avail : and thus poor Scarron, at twenty-feven, had no 
 movements left him,* but thofe of his hands and tong-ue. 
 Alelancholy as his condition was, his comical and bur- 
 lefque humour never forfook him ; he was continually 
 talking and writing in this llrain ; and his houfe became 
 the rendezvous of ail the men of wit. Afterwards, a frefh 
 misfortune overtook him : his father, who had hitherto 
 lupplied his wants, incurred the dil'pleafure of cardinal 
 Richelieu, and was banifhed. Scarron, deprived of his 
 refources, prefented an humble requeft to Richelieu, wdiich 
 was fo humoroufly drawn, that the miniiler could not 
 forbear laughing. What the efredl would have been, can¬ 
 not be faid, lince both Richelieu and his father died foon 
 after: however, it is reckoned among his beft pieces. 
 
 'I'his extraordinary perfon at length conceived thoughts 
 of marriage; and, in 1651, was adlually manied to 
 Alademoifellc d’Aubigne, afterwards the mofl: celebrated 
 Pvladam de Alaintenon, who lodged near him, and was 
 about lixteen years of age. How different mufi: the con¬ 
 dition of that lady have been then, from what it was after¬ 
 wards ; when, as A^oltaire relates, “ it w-as confidered as Siede oV 
 ** a great acquilition for her, to gain for a hufband a man Louis^xiV, 
 “ wdio w'as disfigured by nature, impotent, and very little 
 “ enriched by fortune r” I'his lady, however, wdiofe 
 paflion for Scarron, if fhe had any, mufl have been quite 
 fentimental, had wit and beauty, and ferved to increafe 
 the good company which frequented his houfe : fhe alfo 
 reflrained him in his buffooneries, making him more re- 
 ferved and decent. Scarron died in 1660, and his jelling 
 humour did not die before him. Within a few mi¬ 
 nutes of his death, when his acquaintance were about 
 him all in tears, “ Ah ! my good friends,” faid he, 
 
 
 you 
 
3^4 
 
 S C A R R O N. 
 
 “ yop will never cry for me fo much as I have made 
 “ you laugh.” 
 
 He had an infinite fund of wit and pleafantry, but could 
 never prevent it from running into buffoonery. There 
 are in his writings many things fine, ingenious, and de¬ 
 licate; but they are fo mixed with what is flat, trifling, 
 low, and obfcenc, that a reader upon the whole will be 
 rather dilgufted, than amufed. His “ Virgil Traveftie^^ is 
 only excufable in a buffoon ; yet there are pleafantries in 
 it, which would have difconcerted the gravity of even 
 Virgil himfeJf. His comedies and his tragi-comedy 
 Boileau calls les vilaines pieces de Scarron they are in¬ 
 deed nothing but mere buriefque. His other works, 
 which confifl of fongs, epiflles, flanzas, odes, epigrams, 
 he, all fhew the buffooning humour of their author. 
 His Comical Romance” is almofl the only work which 
 continued to be liked by perfons of tafte; and this was 
 foretold by Boileau. His works were printed at Paris, in 
 1685 ^737> lovols. i2mo. 
 
 SCH A A F (Charles), a learned German, was born at 
 Nuys, ill the eleflorate of Cologne, 1646 ; his father was 
 a major in the army of the landgrave of Heffe Calfel. He 
 Nlceron, t.was bred to Divinity at Diiifbourg ; and, having made the 
 . Qi;jental tongues his particular fludy, became profeflbr of 
 them in that iiniverfity in 1677. removed to 
 
 Leyden, to fill the fame poll for a better Ifipend; and 
 there continued till 1729, when he died of an apoplexy. 
 He publilhed fome ufeful books in the Oriental way; as, 
 I. “ Opus Aram^um, compledtens Graminaticam Chal- 
 “ daicam & Syriacam, 1686,” 8vo. 2. “ Novum Tefta- 
 “ mentum Syriacum, cum verfione Latina, 1708,” 4to. 
 The Latin verfion is of Tremellius, retouched. Leufden 
 laboured jointly wflth him in this work till death, which 
 happened when' they were got to Luke xv. 20; and 
 Schaaf did the remainder by himfelf. At the end of it is 
 fubjolned, “ Lexiepn Syriacum Concordantiale.” 3. 
 “ Epitome Grammatic?e Hebraicae, 1716,” 8v. 4. “ A 
 
 “ l^etter in S'/riac ot the bilhop Mar 'Fhomas, written 
 “ from Malabar to the patriarch of Antioch, and a Latin 
 “ verfion by himfelf, 1714,” 4to. 5. “ Sermo Academicus 
 “ de Linguarum Orieiitalium feientia an Inauguration- 
 Speech. In 1711, he drew up, at the requcfl of the ciw 
 raters of tlie acadeiny at Leyden, a catalogue of all the 
 Hebrew, Cliaidee, Syriac, and Samaritan books and ma- 
 
 nuferipts. 
 
3*5 
 
 S C H A A F. 
 
 nufcrlpts, Ill the' library there ; which was joined to the 
 catalogue of that library, publifhed in 1711. 
 
 SCHEFFER (John), a learned German, was born 
 at Stralburg in 1621 ; and, as far as we know, educated 
 there. He applied himfelf principally to the Itudy of 
 Greek and Latin antiquities, and of hillory ; and made NIceron, t. 
 himfelf a tolerable verbal critic upon Latin and Greek au- 
 thors. He was driven out of his own country by the 
 w'ars ; and, as Chrihina of Sweden was fhew^ng favour at 
 that time to all men of letters, he withdrew into her king¬ 
 dom in 1648, He was made, the fame year, profelTor of 
 eloquence and politics at Upfal; afterwards, honorary 
 profeifor royal of the law of nature and nations, and af- 
 felTor of the royal college of antiques ; and, at length, li¬ 
 brarian of the univerfity of Upfal. He died in 1,679, 
 having publiflied a great number of works. Many of 
 his pieces relate to Greek and Roman antiquities, and are 
 to be found in the colle£tion of Grasvius and Grono- 
 vius. He wrote notes upon many ancient authors ; upon 
 ^lian, Phaedrus, ‘‘ Arriani Ta£lica,” of which laft he 
 made alfo a Latin verlion, Petronius, Hyginus, Ju¬ 
 lius Obfequens, Juftin, &c. He was one of thofe 
 who ftoutly defended the genuinenefs of that fragment 
 of Petronius, pretended to have been found at U'rau ; 
 which, however, is generally judged to be a forgery, and 
 accordingly rejedted by Burman and other critics. 
 
 S C H E T N E R (Christopher), an eminent ma- Weldlerl 
 thematician and aflronomer, and memorable for having Hiil. Af- 
 hrll difeovered the fpots upon the fon, was born near 
 Meckelberg in Germany, 1575. He entered into the 
 fociety of the Jefuits when he was twenty ; and after¬ 
 wards taught the Hebrew tongue and the mathematics at 
 Ingohladt, Friburg, Brifac, and Rome. At length, he 
 became rector of the college of the Jefuits at NeilPe in 
 Silelia, and confeiror to the archduke Charles. He died 
 at Nchle in 1650. 
 
 While he was at Ingohladt in 16ii, teaching mathe¬ 
 matics in that city, he one day difeovered through his 
 telefcope certain fpots in the fun ; and communicated his 
 difeovery to feme of his brethren, to Gretfer in particular. 
 
 The provincial of his order, frighted as it fhould leem 
 with the newnefs of the phaenomenon, reftrained him 
 from publilhing it at the prefent: upon v/hich, Scheiner 
 
 commu- 
 
3i6 
 
 S C H E I N E R. 
 
 communicated his obfervations in three letters to Vel- 
 lerus ; who, without the knowledge of the author, pub- 
 lilhed thofe obfervations, with figures to illuftrate them, 
 in 1612, under the title of“ Apelles poft tabulam,’’ When 
 Galikeo heard of this, he charged him with plagiarifm, as 
 if he had robbed him of the honour of the difcovery : but 
 Scheiner, in the preface to his “ Rofa Urfina,” very ac¬ 
 curately'makes good his claim ; and Ricciolus is of opi¬ 
 nion, that Velferus’s letters through Germany and Italy 
 upon this diicovery gave Galileo the firft hint of it, fince 
 none of Galileo's obfervations were earlier than 1612. 
 Scheiner, afterwards at Rome, made obfervations on thefe 
 folar ph'aenomena for many years and at length, re¬ 
 ducing them into order, he publilhed them in one volume, 
 folio, 1630, under the title of, “ Rofa Urfina: five, Sol 
 “ CK admirando facularum & macularum fuarum pha2- 
 nomeno varius ; nec non circa centrum fuum & axem 
 “ fixum, ab ortu in occafum, converfione quafi menftrua, 
 “ fnpra polos proprios, libris iv. mobilis oftenfus.’^ 
 Almoil: every page is adorned with an image of the fun 
 ph'riofoph. with fpots ; and Des Cartes has given it as his opinion, 
 Princsp. nothing can be more accurate and perfe^f in its kind,' 
 
 iit* .1 4.x ' 1 'rev. * 
 
 than this work or Schemer. 
 
 He wrote fome fmaller things, relating to mathematics 
 and philofophy ; among the reft, “ Oculus, five Funda- 
 “ mentum Opticum, in quo radius vifualis eruitur, fua 
 “ vifioni in oculo fedes decernitur, & anguli viforii inge- 
 
 Ilium reperitur;” re-printed at London, 1652, 4to. 
 
 S C HIA V O N E (ND R E A), fo called from the 
 country where he was born in 1522, was an eminent 
 Venetian painter. He was ft) very meanly defeended, that 
 his parents, after they had brouglit him to Venice, were 
 not able to allow him a mafter. His firft-employment 
 was to ferve thofe painters who kept {hops ; where his 
 mind opened, and inclination a.nd genius ferved him for a 
 mafter. Fie ftudied hard, and took infinite pains ; and 
 this, with luch helps as he received from the prints of 
 Parmegiano, and the paintings of Giorgione and Titian, 
 railed him to a degree of excellence very furprifing. It is 
 true, indeed, that, being obliged to work for his daily 
 bread, he could not fpare time fufticient for making him- 
 felf thoroughly perfect in delign ; but that defeT was ft 
 well covered with the fingular beauty and fweetnefs of his 
 colours, that Tiatoret ufed often to fay, no painter ought 
 
 to 
 
S C H 1 A 'V O N E. 
 
 to be without one piece of his hand at leaft. His prin¬ 
 cipal works were compofed at Venice, fome of them in 
 concurrence with Tintoret himfelf, and others by the 
 diredlions of Titian, in the library of St. Mark. But fo 
 malicious was fortune to poor Scliiavone, that his pidtures 
 were but little valued in his life-time ; and he never was 
 paid any otherwife for them than as an ordinary painter 
 though after his deceafe, which happened in 1582, his 
 works turned to much better account, and were efleemed 
 but little inferior to thofe of his moft famous contempo^ 
 raries. This painter, though now reckoned one of the 
 greateft colourifts of the Venetian fchool, was all his life 
 long but poorly fed and meanly clad : what, therefore, was 
 his future reputation worth to him h . ' 
 
 SCHMIDT, the name of fome learned Germans. 
 Erasmus Schmidt, born at Delitzch in Mifnia 156^0, 
 was eminent for his Ikill in the Greek tongue and in the 
 mathematics ; both which, although they are accomplifii- 
 ments feldom found in the fame perfon, he profelfed with 
 great reputation for many years at Wittemberg, where he 
 died in 1637. He publilhed an edition of “ Pindar’’ in 
 1616, 4to, with a Latin verhon and learned notes. He 
 wrote notes alfo upon Lycophron, Dionylius Periegetes, 
 and Heiiod ; which lafl was publilhed at Geneva in 1693. 
 '—There was Sebastian Schmidt, profelTorof Oriental 
 languages at Strafburg, who publilhed many works; 
 and John Andrew Schmidt, a learned Lutheran 
 divine, born at Worms in 1652. John Andrew had a 
 terrible accident, when he was twenty-feven, which had 
 like to have coll him his life : he fell out of a chamber- 
 window of the fecond flory into the llreet, and was taken 
 up for dead. He hurt his right arm witli the fall fo much, 
 that he could never recover the ufe of it: he learned to 
 write, however, tolerably well with the left ; fo well at 
 leaft, as to be able to make near a hundred publications, 
 without the help of an amanuenhs. He was learned, but 
 feems to have been ftrongly infcfled with the cacoethes 
 fcribcndi ; for he wrote upon all fubjefls. One of his 
 pieces is intituled, “ Arcana dominationis in rebus gclfis 
 Oliverii Cromwelli another is aeainil a book, fuu- 
 pofed to be Le Clerc’s, with this title, “ Liberii de fanfto See 
 amorc Epiftohu Theologicce.” He tianHated Pardie’s 
 Elements of geometry” out of French into Latin. Pie 
 died in 1726^ and iiis funeral oration was made by John 
 
 Laurence 
 
3i8 
 
 SCHMIDT. 
 
 Laurence Mofheim, who fays the highell things Imagina¬ 
 ble of him. 
 
 Gent.Mag, SCHOEPFLIN (John Daniel),’’ was born Sept. i 
 
 loizl 1694, at Sulzbourg, a town in the margraviate of Baden 
 
 Dourlach ; his father, holding an honourable office in the 
 Margrave’s court, died foori after in Alface, leaving his 
 foil to the care of his mother. After ten years ftudying 
 at Dourlach and Balil, he kept a public exercife on forne 
 contefted points of ancient hiftory with applaufe, and 
 hnifhed his fludies in eight years more at Strafbourg. In 
 1717 he there fpoke a Latin panegyric on Germanicus, 
 that favourite hero of Germany, which was printed by 
 order of the city. In return for this favour, he fpoke a 
 funeral oration on M. Barth, under whom he had Ilu- 
 died, and another on Kuhn, the profellbr of eloquence 
 and hiftory there, whom he was foon after elected to fuc- 
 ceed in 1720, at the age of 26. The refort of ftudents to 
 him from the Northern nations was very great: the 
 princes of Germany fent their fons to Iludy law under 
 him. The profefforlhip of hiftory at Franefort on tlie 
 Oder was offered to him ; the Czarina invited him to 
 another at St. Peterfburg, with the title of Hiftoriogra- 
 pher Royal; Sweden offered him the fame profelTbrlhip at 
 Upfal, formerly held by Scheffer and Boeder, his coun¬ 
 trymen ; and the univerfity of Leyden named him fuccef- 
 for to the learned Vitriarius. He preferred Strafbourg to 
 all., Amidft the fucceffion of ledures public and private, 
 he found time to publifli an innumerable quantity of hif- 
 torical and critical differtations, too many to be here par- 
 ticularifed. In 1725 he pronounced a congratulatory ora¬ 
 tion before king Staniflaus, in the name of the univerfity, 
 on the marriage of his daughter to the kihg- of France j 
 and in 1726, another on the birth of the Dauphin, be- 
 lides an anniverfary one on the king of France’s birth¬ 
 day, and others on his vidories. In 1726 he quitted his 
 profeflbrfhip, and began his travels at the public ex¬ 
 pence. From Paris he went to Italy, flayed at Rome fix 
 months, received from the king of the Two Sicilies a 
 copy of the “ Antiquities of Herculaneum,” and from the 
 duke of Parma the “ Mufeum Florentinum.” He came to 
 England at the beginning of the late king’s reign, and left 
 it the day that Pere Courayer, driven out of Paris by 
 theological difputes, arrived in London. He was now 
 honoured with a canonry of St. Thomas, one of the moft 
 
 diftinguiffied 
 
S C H O E P F L I N. 
 
 dlftingtilfhed Lutheran chapters, and vifited Paris a third 
 time in 1728. Several dillertations by him are inferted in 
 the Memoirs of the Academy of inferiptions and Belles 
 Lettres ; one aferibing the invention of moveable types 
 to Guttenberg of Strafbourg, -1440, againft Meerman. 
 
 In 1733 he narrowly efcaped from a dangerous illnefs.* 
 He had long meditated one of thofe works, which alone 
 by their importance, extent, and difficulty, might im- 
 mortalife a fociety, a Hiftory of Alface. I'o collcdl ma¬ 
 terials for this, he travelled into the Low Countries and 
 Germany 1738, and into Switzerland 1744. At Prague 
 he found, that tiie fragment of St. Mark’s Gofpel, fo care¬ 
 fully kept there, is a continuation of that at-Venice. The 
 chancellor D’Aguefleau fent for him to Paris, 1746, with 
 the fame view. His plan was to write the Hiilory of 
 Alface, and to illuftrate its geography and policy before 
 and under the Romans, under the Franks, Germans, and 
 its prefent governors ; and in 1751 he prefented it to the 
 king of France, who had before honoured him with the 
 title of “ Hiiloriographer Royal and Counfellor,” and then 
 gave him an appointment of 2000 livres, and a copy of 
 the catalogue of the royal library. He availed himfelf of 
 this opportunity to plead the privileges of the Proteftant 
 univerlity of Strafbourg, and obtained a confirmation of 
 them. His 2d “volume appeared in 1761 ; and he had 
 prepared, as four fupplements, a collection of charters and 
 records, an ecclefiaflical hiflory, a literary hiftory, and 
 a lift of authors who have treated of Alface: the publi¬ 
 cation of thefe he recommended to Mr. Ko'ch, his affiftant 
 and fucceftbr in his chair. Between thefe two volumes he 
 publiffied his “ Vindiciae Celticae,” in which he examines 
 the origin, revolution, and language of the Celts. The 
 “ Hiftory of Baden” was his laft confiderable work, a duty 
 which he thought he owed his country. He completed 
 this hiftory in feven volumes in four years ; the firft ap¬ 
 peared in 1763, the laft in 1766. Having by this hiftory 
 illuftrated his country, he prevailed upon the marquis of 
 Baden to build a room, in which all its ancient monu¬ 
 ments were depohted in 1763. He engag^ed with the 
 EleClor Palatine to found the academy of Mahhcim. He 
 pronounced the inaugural difeourfe, and furnifhed the 
 eleCloral treafury with antiques. He opened the public 
 meetings of this academy, which are held twice a year, by 
 a difeourfe as honorary prefident. He proved in two of 
 thefe difeourfes, that no electoral houfe, no court in Gcr- 
 4 many,. 
 
 CO 
 
320 
 
 S C H O E P F L I N. 
 
 many, had pr^^duced a greater number of learned princes 
 than the electoral houfe. In 1766 he prefented to the 
 Elector the firft volume of the Memoirs of a Riling Aca¬ 
 demy, and promifed one every t'wo years. 
 
 A friend to humanity, and not in the leall jealous of 
 his literary property, he made his library public. It was 
 the moll complete in the article of hillory that ever be¬ 
 longed to a private perfon, rich in MSS. medals, infcrip- 
 tions, figures, vafes, and ancient inllruments of every 
 kind, collefted by him with great judgement in his tra¬ 
 vels. Ail thefe, in his old age, he made a prefent of to 
 the city of Strafbourg, without any other condition ex¬ 
 cept that his library Ihould be open both to foreigners 
 and his own countrymen. I'he city however rewarded 
 this dilinterelled liberality by a penfion of 100 louis. He 
 was admitted to the debates in the fenate upon this oc- 
 cafion, and there complimented the fenate and the city on 
 the favour they had Ihewn to literature ever lince its re¬ 
 vival in Europe. Nov. 22, 1770, clofed the fiftieth year 
 of the profelTorlhip of Mr. S. ; this was celebrated by a 
 public fellival : the univerfity aiTembled, and Mr. Lob- 
 flein, their orator, pronounced before them a difcourfe in 
 praife of this extraordinary man, and the whole folemnity 
 concluded with a grand entertainment. Mr. S. feemed 
 born to outlive himfelf. Mr. Ring, one of his pupils, 
 printed his life in 1769. In 1771 he was attacked by a 
 flow fever, occafioned by an obilruclion in his bowels, 
 and an ulcer in his lungs, after an illnefs of .many months. 
 He died Augufl 7, the firft day of the eleventh month 
 of his 77th year, fenfible to the lall. He was^ buried 
 in the collegiate church of St. d'homas, the city in his 
 favour difpenfing with the law which ’ forbids interment 
 within the city. 
 
 SCHOREL (John), a Flemilli painter, was born in 
 1495, at a village called Schorel, near Alkmaer in Hol¬ 
 land ; and worked fome time with Albert Durer. While 
 he was travelling up and down Germany, he met with a 
 friar, who was a lover of painting, and then going to 
 Jerufalem : and thefe two circumllances induced him to 
 accompany him. He dejigncd in Jerufalem, on the banks 
 of the river Jordan, and in feveral other places fandtified 
 by the prefence of our Saviour, In his way home, he 
 Hopped at Venice, and worked a while there ; and, liaving 
 a delire to fee Raphael’s painting, went to Rome, where 
 
 2 \l3 
 
32 
 
 S /C H b R E -L. 
 
 lie defigned his and Michael Angelo’s works after tlie an¬ 
 tique fculptures, and the ruins of the ancient buildings* 
 Adrian VI, being about that time advan'ced to the papal 
 chair, gave Schorei the charge of fuperiiitendant of the 
 buildings at Behideie ; but, after the. death of this pontiff, 
 who reigned little more than a year, he returned to the 
 Lowrcountries. He ftayed a while at Utrecht, and drew 
 feveral rare pieces there. He paffed through France, as 
 he returned home ; and refufed the offers made hiin by- 
 Francis F out of his love to eafe and a quiet life. He 
 was endowed with various accomplifhments, being a mu- 
 iician,r poet, oratoi, and knowing in four languao'cs, 
 Latin, French, Italian, and German. He died in 
 much lamented by his friends and acquaintance, who 
 efteemed and loved :him for his good humour and good 
 qualities. ' ' - 
 
 SCHOMBERG (Frederick duke of), a dif^in- J^iicU’s 
 guifhed general, was defeended of a noble family in Ger- 
 many, and fon of count Schomberg, by his firfe wife, 
 
 Engiidi lady, daughter of the lord Dudley ; which^count 
 was killed at the battle of Prague in Bohemia in 1620, tb- 
 gether vAth feveral of his Ions. The duke was born in 
 1608. . He ferved firTt in the army of the United Pro¬ 
 vinces, and afterwards became the particular confident of 
 William II, prince ot Orange; in whofe laft violent ac¬ 
 tions he had fo great a fhare, and particularly in the at¬ 
 tempt upon Amfberdam, that, on the prince’s deatlr in 
 1650, he retired into France. Flere he gained fo high a 
 leputation, that, next to prince ot Conde and Furenne, 
 he was elleemed the bed general in that kingdom t though, 
 on account of his firm adherence to the Proteilant reli ¬ 
 gion, he was not for a confiderable time naifed to the dig¬ 
 nity ofamarfhah Nov. 1659,110 offered his fcrvicc to 
 Charles II. tor his redoration to the throne of England : 
 and, the year following, the court of F^ranee being greatly 
 lolicitous tor the intered of Portugal againd the Spa¬ 
 niards, he was lent to Llfbon; and in his way thither 
 patled through England, in order to coiicert meafurcs with 
 king Charles for the fupport of Portugal. Anions: other 
 difeourfe which he had with that prince, he advhicd his 
 Imajedy to let up for the head of the Protedant religion ; 
 which would give him a vad afeendant among the princes 
 of Germany, make him umpire of all tlieir"affairs, pro¬ 
 cure him great credit with the Idugonots ot France, and 
 ^ ^ keep 
 
SCHOMBERG. 
 
 keep that crown in perpetual fear of him. He urged hirti 
 likewife not to part with Dunkirk, the falc of which wa^. 
 then in agitation; fince, conlidering the naval power of 
 England, it could not be taken, and the pollefiion of it 
 would keep both France and Spain in a dapendance upon 
 his majefty. 
 
 In Portugal he did fuch eminent fervkes to that king¬ 
 dom, that he was created a grandee of it, and count Mer- 
 fola, with a penfion of 5000!. to himfelf and his heir?. 
 In 1673, he came over again into England, to command 
 the army ; but, the French intereft being then very odious 
 to the Englifh, though he would at any other time of his 
 life have been very acceptable to them, he was at that 
 crifis looked on as one fent o^^er from France to bring, 
 our army under a French difcipline : he grew obnoxious 
 to the nation, and at the fame time not loved by the court, 
 as being found not fit for the defigns of the latter ; for 
 which reafon he foon returned to France^ June 1676, 
 he was left by the king of France, upon his return tO 
 Paris, with the command of his army in Flanders ; and 
 foon after obliged the prince of Orange to raife the fiegc 
 of Maeftricht, and was made a marfha 4 of France. But, 
 when the perfecution againft thofe of the Reformed reli¬ 
 gion was begun in that kingdom, he deiired leave to re¬ 
 turn into his own country ; which was denied him, and 
 all the favour he could obtain was to go to Portugal. And 
 though he had preferved that nation from falling under 
 the yoke of Caftile, yet now when he came thither for 
 refuge, the inquifition reprefented that matter of giving 
 harbour to an heretic fo odioufly to the king, that he was 
 forced to fend the marflial away. He went thence to 
 England; and, paffing through Holland, entered into a 
 particular confidence with the prince of Orange; and, 
 being invited by the eleftor of Brandenburgh to Berlin,, 
 was made governor of Pruffia, and fet at the head of all 
 the elector’s armies. He was treated likewife by the 
 young ele£lor with the fame regard that his father had 
 Ihewn him ; and, in 1688, was fent by him to Cleves, to 
 comihand the troops which were raifed by the empire for 
 the defence of Cologne. 
 
 o ^ 
 
 When the prince of Orange was almofl: ready for his 
 expedition into England, marfhal Schomberg obtained 
 leave of the elector of Erandenbourg to accompany his 
 highnefs in that attempt; and, after their arrival at Lon¬ 
 don, he is fuppofed to Lave been the author of that re¬ 
 markable 
 
SCHOMfiERa 
 
 iilarkable ftratagem for trying the affe^ions of the people, 
 by raifing an univerfai apprehenlion over the kingdom of 
 the apprdacli of the Irifh with fire and fword. Upon the 
 prince’s advancement to the throne of England, he was 
 appointed mailer of the ordnance, and general of his ma-* 
 jelly s forces ; April 1689, knight of the garter, and the 
 fame month naturalized by a6l of parliament; and, in 
 May, was created a baron, earl, marquis, and duke of 
 this kingdom, by the name and title of baron Teys, earl 
 of Brentford, marquis of Harwich, and duke of Schom- 
 berg. The houfe of commons likewife voted to him 
 100,000h for thefervices which he had done; but he 
 received only a fmall part of that fum, the king after his 
 death paying his fon ^0001. a year for the remainder, 
 Aug. 1689, he failed for Ireland, with an army for the re-» 
 duflion ot that kingdom; and, having mullered all his 
 forces there, and finding them to be not above 14000 
 men, among whom there were but 2000 horfe, he march¬ 
 ed to Dundalk, where he polled himfelf: king James 
 being come to Ardee, within five or fix miles of him, 
 with above thrice his number. Schomberg, therefore, be¬ 
 ing difappqinted of the fupplies from England, which had 
 been promifed him, and his army being fo greatly inferior 
 to the Irifh, refolved to keep himfelf on the defenfive. He 
 lay there fix weeks in a rainy feafon; and his men, for 
 want of due management, contraded fuch difeafes, that 
 almoll one half of them perifhed. 
 
 He was cenfured by^ fome for not making a bold at¬ 
 tempt ; and fuch complaints were fent of this to king 
 William, that his majelly wrote twice to him, prelfing him 
 to put fomewhat to the venture. But the duke faw that 
 the enemy was well polled and well provided, and ha^ 
 feveral good officers among them ; and knew, that if he 
 had pulhed the affair, and had met with a misfortune, his 
 whole army, and confequently all Ireland, had been lofl, 
 fince he could not have made a regular retreat. The 
 furefl method was to preferve his army; and that would 
 Hve Ulller, and keep matters entire for another year. His 
 conduct indeed expofed him to the reproaches of fome 
 perfons ; but better judges thought, that the managing this 
 campaign, as he did, was one of the greatefl actions of his 
 life. At the battle of tlie Boyne, July i, 1690, he palled 
 the river in his flation, and immediately rallied and en¬ 
 couraged the French Proteflants, who had been left ex¬ 
 pofed by the death of their commanded?, with this fhort 
 
 Y 2 harangue 
 
 3^3 
 
 
Rover’s 
 Uiih of 
 king, p. 
 
 i8g. 
 
 S C H O M B E R G. 
 
 harangue; ‘‘Aliens, meflieurs, voila vos perfecutenrs,” 
 pointing to the French Papifts in the enemy’s army. But 
 thefe words were fcarcely uttered, when a few of king 
 James’s guards, who returned full fpeed to their main 
 body, after the daughter of their companions, and whom 
 the French refugees fuffered to pafs, tlxinking them to be 
 of their owm party, fell furioufly upon the duke, and 
 gave him two w^ounds over the head, which however were 
 not mortal. Upon this, the French regiment acknow¬ 
 ledged their error by committing a greater ; for, firing 
 rafhly on the enemy, they fhot him through the neck, of 
 which wound he inflantly died. He was buried in St. 
 Patrick’s cathedral, wdiere the dean and chapter erected a 
 fmall monument to his honour, at their own expence, 
 with an elegant infeription by Dr. Swdft, which is printed 
 in the Dean’s works. 
 
 Burnet tells us, that he -was “ a calm man, of great ap- 
 “ plication and condu£l:, and thought much better than 
 “ he fpoke ; of true judgement, of exa6t probity, and of 
 “ an humble and obliging temper.” And another wri¬ 
 ter obferves, that he had a thorough experience of the 
 world ; knew ipen and things better than any man of his 
 profeflion ever did ; and was as great in council as at the 
 liead of an army. He appeared courteous and affable to 
 every perfon^ and yet had an air of grandeur th^t com¬ 
 manded refpe£l from all. 
 
 In king William’s cabinet are the difpatches of the duke 
 of Schomberg in Ireland to king William, which Sir John 
 Dairymple has printed in the fecond volume of his Me-» 
 moirs ; “ becaufe,’' he remarks, “ they paint in lively co- 
 “ lours the Pate of the army in that country; clear 
 
 Schomberg of inaflivity, which has been unjuftly 
 “ thrown upon him ; and do honour to the talents of a 
 
 man, who wrote with the elegant fimplicity of Caefar, 
 “ and to whofe reputation and condiuP, next to thofe of 
 “ king Whlljam, the Englhli nation owes the Revolution.” 
 
 SenOTTUS (Andreas), a very learned German, 
 to whom the republic of letters has been confiderably in¬ 
 debted, was born at Antwerp in 15^2 ; and educated at 
 Louvain. Upon the taking and facking of Antwerp in 
 1577, he retired to Douay ; and, after fome Pay there, 
 went. to Paris, where iBuftequius received him into Ids 
 boufe, and made iiim partner of his Pndies. Two years 
 after, he Nvent into Spain, and was at PrP at Madrid ; then 
 
 he 
 
SCHOTTUS. 
 
 he removed to Alcala, and then in 1580 to Toledo, where 
 his great reputation procured him a Greek profelTorlhip. 
 The cardinal Gafpar Quiroga, abp. of Toledo, conceived 
 at the fame time fuch an elleem for him, that he lodged 
 him in his palace, and entertained him as long as he 
 Itayed in that place. In 1584, he was invited to Sara- 
 golTa, to teach rhetoric and the Greek language ; and, 
 two years after, entered into the fociety of Jefuits, and 
 was called by the general of the order into Italy, to teach 
 rhetoric at Rome. He continued three years there, and 
 then returned to his own country; where he fpent the 
 remainder of a long life in reading and writing books. 
 He was not only well fkilled in Latin and Greek learning, 
 but had alfo in him a candour and generolity, feldom to 
 be found among the men of his order. He had an ear- 
 neft dehre to oblige all mankind, of what religion or 
 t:ountry foever ; and would freely communicate even with 
 heretics, if the caufe of letters could be ferved thereby : fo 
 it is not to be wondered, that the Proteftants every where 
 fliould have fpoken well of him. He died at Antwerp Jan. 
 23, 1629, after having publifhed a great number of books. 
 Befides works more immediately connefled with, and re¬ 
 lating to his own profeffion, he gave editions of, and wrote 
 notes upon, feveral of the daffies ; among which Were 
 Aurelius Vidtor, Pomponius Mela, Seneca Rhetor, Cor¬ 
 nelius Nepos, Valerius Flaccus, Ac. He alfo laboured 
 upon many of the Greek fathers, publiffied an edition of 
 Bahl, and made a Latin verfion of Photius ; which ver- 
 lion, however, has been thought to be fo much below the 
 abilities and learning of Schottus, that fome have quef- 
 tioned his having been the author of it. 
 
 SCHREVELIUS (Cornelius), a laborious critic 
 of Holland, who, though his name is often feen in the 
 title-pages of illuhrious authors, had no great genius or 
 acumen. He gave editions of feveral claffic authors, un¬ 
 der the title of “ A^ariorum and his edition of Homer’s 
 poems, in 2 vols. 4to, is very beautiful to look on, but 
 full of faults. The beil; of all his works is fuppofed tq 
 be a Lexicon, Greek and Latin, which is very commo¬ 
 dious to young beginners. He died in 1667. 
 
 SCHULTENS (Albert), a German divine, born 
 at Groningen, and greatly difiiinguiffied by a taife and ikill 
 in Arabic learning. He became a minifler of AValTen’ar, 
 
 y 3 and 
 
 
SCHULTpNS, 
 
 and profeffor of the Oriental tongues atFraneker. At length, 
 he was invited to Leyden, Where he taught Hebrew and 
 the Oriental languages with reputation till his death, 
 which happened in 1741. There are rnany wprks of 
 Schultens, which fhew profourtd learning and cri- 
 ticifm ; as, “ Commentaries upon Job and the Proverbs 
 a book, intituled, “ Vetus et regia via Hebraizandi 
 “ A Trcatife of Hebrew Roots i” Ac. 
 
 SHURMAN (Anna Marja a), a moll extra¬ 
 ordinary German lady, was the daughter of parents, who 
 were both fprung from, noble Proteilant families; and was 
 ^•'crron, t. born at Cologne in 1607. She difcovered from her in- 
 XXXlil, fancy an uncomtnon dexterity of hand ; for, at fix years 
 of age, file cut with her fcifiars upon paper all forts of 
 figures, without any model. At eight, Ifie learned in a 
 few days to defign flowers in a very agreeable manner; 
 and, two years ^fter, fhe was but three hours in learning 
 to embroider. Afterwards, fire was taught mulic vocal 
 and inftrumental, painting, fculpture, and engraving ; and 
 fucceeded equally in all thefe arts. Mr. Evelyn, in his 
 p.79,Lond. “ Hiftory of Chalcography,” has obferved, that “ the very 
 “ knowing Anna Maria a Schurman is Ikilled in this art 
 ‘‘ with innumerable others, even to a prodigy of her fex.” 
 Her hand-writing in all languages was inimitable ; and 
 fome curious perfons have preferved fpecimens of it in 
 their cabinets. M. Joby, in his journey to Munfier, 
 Voyage de relates, that he was an eye-witnefs of the beauty of her 
 Munfier,' writing, in French, Greek, Hebrew, Syriap, and Arabic; 
 
 and of her Ikill in drawing in miniature, and making 
 portraits ppoh glafs with the point of a diamond. She 
 painted her own pidlure by means of a looking-glafs ; and 
 made artificial pearls fo like natural ones, that they could 
 not be diltinguifhed but by pricliing them with a needle. 
 
 The powers of her underftanding were not inferior tq 
 thofe of her hand ; for at eleven, when her brothers were 
 examined about their Latin, fire often whifpered to them 
 y/hat they were to anfwer, though Ihe had only heard 
 them fay their leflbns en pojfani. Her fathef, collecting 
 from this that fhe was formed for literature, applied him- 
 felf to cultivate her talents that way, and helped her to 
 gain that knowledge,' which made her fo juftly celebrated. 
 The Latin, Greek, aqd Hebrew languages became fo fa¬ 
 miliar to her, that fhe not only wrote, but fpoke them, in 
 i manner which furprifed the mofl; learned rneiv She 
 
 made 
 
 / 
 
S H U R M A N. 
 
 327 
 
 made a great progrefs alfo in the .Oriental, which have a * 
 relation to the Hebrew, as the Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic, 
 and Ethiopia; and, for the living languages, Ihe under.' 
 flood perfedly, and fpohe readily, the French, Englifh, 
 and Italian. She was competently verfed in geography, 
 aflronomy, philofophy, and the faiences, fo as to be able 
 to judge of them with exa£lnefs; but, as her nature was 
 formed for religion, thcfe vain amufements did not fatisfy 
 her 5 and therefore Ihe applied herfelf at length to divi¬ 
 nity, and the jftudy of the fcriptures^ 
 
 Her father, who had fettled at Utrecht while fhe was 
 an infant, and afterwards removed to Franeker for the 
 more co^y^nient education of his children, died there in 
 1623. His widow then returned to Utrecht, where Anna 
 Maria continued her fludies very intenfely ; and this un¬ 
 doubtedly reftrained her from marrying, as ihe might have 
 done advantageoufly with Mr. Cats, penlionary of Hol¬ 
 land, and a celebrated poet, who wrote verfes in her 
 praife when Ihe was but fourteen. Her modelly, which 
 was as great as her knowledge, would have kept her merit 
 and learning unknown, if Rivetus, Spanheini, and Vof- 
 lius, had produced her, contrary to her own inclina¬ 
 tion, upon the flage of the world. To thefe three divines 
 we may add Salmalius, Beverovicius, and Huygens, who 
 maintained a literary correfpondence with her; and, by 
 Ihewing her letters, fprcad her fame into foreign countries. 
 
 This procured her letters fr@m Balzac, Galfendi, Mer- 
 fennus, Bochart, Conrart, and other eminent men. At 
 laft, her name beeanie fo famous, that perfons of the lirll 
 rank, and even princelfes, paid her vilits ; cardinal Richerr 
 lieu likewife Ihewed her marks of his efteem. About 
 1650, Ihc made a great alteration in her religious fyllem. 
 
 She performed her devotions in private, without frequentr 
 ing any church, upon which it was reported that file was 
 inclined to Popery ; but Ihe attached Iterlelf to the famous 
 Labadie, and, ernbracing his principles and practices, acr 
 companied him wherever he went. "She lived fome time 
 with him at Altena in Holllein, and attended 'him at his 
 death there m 1674. She afterwards retired to Wiewart 
 in Frifeland, where Wililarn Penn, the Quaker, vilited her Penn^Tra. 
 in 1677; died at this place in 1678. She took 
 her device thefe words of St. Igna;:ius, “ Amor mens Germany, 
 
 “ crucifixus eft.’- It is faid, that Ihe was extremely fond 
 of eating fpiders. 
 
 y 4 She 
 
328 
 
 \ 
 
 S H U R M A N. 
 
 She wrote, ‘‘De vitas Inimanae tcrmino. Ultraj. 1639 
 DifTertatio de ingenii muliebris ad dodlrinam et meliores 
 “ literas aptitudihe. L. Bat. 1641.” Tiiefe two pieces, 
 with letters in French, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, to her 
 learned correfpondents, were printed, 1648, under the 
 tide of “ A. M. a Schurman Opufcula Hebraea, Graeca, 
 “ Latina, Gallica ; profaica & metrica enlarged in a 2d 
 edition at Levden, 1650, 121110. She wrote afterwards, 
 “ Euidcria, feu inelioris partis eleSlio.’" This ,is a 
 defence of her attachment to Labadie, and was printed 
 at Altena in 1673, was aflually with him-. 
 
 J'ugemprs 
 tlca Savanr, 
 tom. II. 
 
 p. 45 P 
 
 Tn pvolufio- 
 lie, cui ritu 
 lus, “Qno 
 prL'tio vu'i 
 prioclpes 
 literas ac . 
 lireratos ha 
 bucriat.” 
 
 he “ 
 
 Cotrrrcnt. 
 ju Carr 
 mea xxv. 
 
 Qral'iger 
 
 riy poholi" 
 
 inxus, p, 
 
 250. 
 
 SCIOPPILiS (Gas par), a moft learned German 
 w riter of the 17th century, is reprefented as ont of the 
 gieateft favages tJicfe latter ages have produced. All the 
 great men of his time, as Baillct fells us, whether ca¬ 
 tholics, heretics, and even infidels, have unanimoufiy 
 voted for his proicription ; becaule he had attacked with 
 tile utinoiL brutality and.fury every, mai/of reputation, and 
 liad the impudence to boall of fparing neither quality nor 
 merit. I bis extraordinary perfon was born about 1576 
 and iludicd firil at Ambcrg, then at Heidelberg, afterwards 
 at Altdorf, at the charges of the eleclor palatine. Hav¬ 
 ing made a confiderable Lay at Ingolfiad, he, returned , to 
 Altdorf, where lie began to publilli books. Ottavia Fer¬ 
 rari, a Milanefe, and famous profefibr at Padua, fays, that 
 publiihed Looks, wdien he w^as but fixteeii, which 
 deferved to be admired by old men.” It is faid, that 
 one of his carlv produefions was a commentary upon the 
 ‘‘ Priapeia the epifile dedicatory of which is dated from 
 Ingolfiad in 1595. For this he was afterwards very fe^ 
 vercly handled : not fo much becaufe he had commented 
 upon obfccne Aperies, as becaufe he had fluffed his com¬ 
 mentary with many obfeenities ; and had complained in 
 particular, that n ature had not provided lb well for men 
 as for fparrows. Cum Ingollladii agereni, vidi e re- 
 gione mufei mei pafferem coitum vicies repetentem, et 
 iiide adeo ad languorem datum, ut avolaturus in terrain 
 decideret. Ln lortem iniquam. Hoc pafferibus datum, 
 negatum homibCs !” Some have faid, that Scioppius 
 was not the author of the commentary abovementioned ; 
 but the generality' believe otherwfife, and the following 
 curious extradl from one of his pieces. v\fih plainly fiiew, 
 
 - 
 
 i i 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 that lie was very coaverfant in his youth with luch fort of 
 
 pAithors, 
 
 a 
 
 Wiicii very early in my youth 1 had an in- 
 
 “ clinatioia 
 
329 
 
 S C I O P P I u s. 
 
 clination to read the antient writers, efpecially the 
 “ poets, and yet heard learned men fay, that thefe in- 
 ‘‘ ftruments of wantonnefs, meaning their obfcene vcrfes 
 “ ought carefully to be avoided on account of their dan- 
 M gerous confequences at that time of life, I conlidered 
 “ with rayfelf how to read them with fafety, and I deter- 
 “ mined in this manner. I voluntarily laid myfelf un- 
 “ der vows of the ftri^left temperance : for, as Terence 
 “ fays, ‘fine Cerere ct Eaccho friget Venus f and, as 
 ‘‘ Euripides, ‘ Love thrives with plenty, but with hunger 
 ‘‘ dies.’ So Tertulliaii, ‘ Monllrum haberetur libido 
 “ hue gula.’ The babblings of lull are the efFe<Es of a 
 “ vigorous body; but this vigour is railed and kept up 
 ‘‘ by very liigh living. Wherefore I changed my wine 
 “ for water, becaufe 1 was unwilling, as Plato fays, ‘ to 
 add fire to fire.’ I likewife banifhed all flefli-meat 
 “ from my table, not only for its heavinefs, but that it 
 “ might not beget in me, to ufe the words of Clemens, 
 
 ‘‘ ‘ too great an itching to love-affairs for, as is moil 
 “ truly affirmed by St. Jerom, ‘ efiis carnis efl femina- 
 “ rium libidinis.’ Nay, 1 went farther; I banifhed even 
 “ eggs and fiffi, having too often found by experience, 
 
 “ that t,hefe were not without their flimulating quali- 
 ‘‘ ties, &c,” In the mean time, notwithflanding the rail- 
 lleries his commentary expofed him to, it has never been 
 inlifted on that he was a debauched man. He was very 
 jullly accounted a bad man, as we ffiall prefently fee ; but 
 his faults, like thofe of fome other proud, fatirical, paf- 
 fionate learned men, were not, as Bayle fays, irregularities 
 of the body, but vices of the mind. OPPIUS. 
 
 He made a journey into Italy, and, after he had been fome 
 time at Verona, returned into Germany ; whence he went 
 again into Italy, and publifhed at Ferrara a panegyric 
 upon the king of Spain, and pope Clement VIII. He 
 turned Roman-catholic in 1599, and, whatever was the 
 reafon of it, was very angry with the Jefuits ; “ againfl 
 whom,” Baillet tells us, “ he wrote above thirty trea- 
 tifes under fi£tifious names, the very titles whereof are 
 enough to flrike one with horror.” On the other fide, J^^emens 
 he inveighed with the utmofl fury againfl the Proteflants, 
 and folicited the princes to extirpate them by the mofl p. 454. 
 bloody means. Only read die title of a book, he publiffied 
 at Pavia in 1619 “ Gafp. Scioppii Confiliarii Regii Claf- 
 
 licum belli facri, five, Heldus Redivivus : hoc eff, ad 
 Carolurn V, Impcratorem Auguflum Suaforiade Chrif- 
 
 tiani 
 
S C I O P P I u s. 
 
 tiani Casfaris erga Principes Ecclefise Rebellcs offlcia, 
 “ deque yeris compefceridorum Haereticoruni Ecclefeque 
 “ in pace collocand^ rationibus/^ Rei^d the title of an* 
 other, which has been printed at Ment^ in 1612, agajnft 
 Philip Mornay du PfelHs ; and which, as he tells us in the 
 title-page, he fent to James I, of England, by way of new* 
 years-gift: Alexipharmacum Regium felli draconum et 
 
 veneno afpidum fub Philippi Morn^i dc Pleffis nuper 
 “ Papatus hiftoria abdito appohtum, et fereniff, Jacobp 
 Magnae Britannia Regi ftrenae Januari« loco muneri 
 milfum.” The very titles of his books, as Baillet 
 fays, are enough to frighten a man of but moderate 
 courage. He had before attacked the king of England 
 without the leaft regard to his quality, and in a very abulivo 
 way. Thus, in 161?, he printed two books againfl him 
 "with thefe titles : “ Eccleliafticus auftoritati SerenilT. Df 
 Jacobi, &c. oppofitus,*’ and “ Collyrium Regium Bri- 
 “ tanniae Regi gravitcr ex oculis laboranti muneri mifr 
 “ fumthat is, “ An Eye-falve for the ufe of his Bri- 
 ** tannic majefty.’^ In the firft of thefe pieces, he ventured 
 to abufe Henry IV. of France in a moil outrageous man¬ 
 ner ; which occafioned his book to be burnt at Paris. He 
 gloried in this difgrace ; and added, that himfelf was, 
 hanged in effigy in a farct, which w^as a6Ied before the 
 king of England. His behaviour, however, procured 
 him home corre£lion ; for, in 1614, the fervants of the 
 Englllh ambaffador fet upon him at Madrid, and mauled 
 him molt heartily. Pie boalled of the wounds he re¬ 
 ceived in this conflict; for he was mighty apt to boaft of 
 what he ought to be afliamed of, as he did, when he boaflr 
 cd of having been the principal contriver of the Catholic 
 league, wfliich proved fo ruinous to the Proteflants in 
 Germany. Going through Venice in 1607, he had a 
 conference with father Paul, whom he epdeavomed by 
 promifes and threats to bring over to the pope’s party ; 
 which perhaps, with other circumftances, occafioned his 
 being imprifoned there three or four days. After he had 
 fpent many years in cenfuring, biting, and defaming eveiyr 
 body, he applied himfelf to the prophecies of Holy 
 Script’:!re. He looked for the key of them ; and flattered 
 himfelf, as he w^'as apt to do upon all ocaflons, that he had 
 found that very key which St. Peter left, and which no¬ 
 body had found before him. Take his own words, in hi? 
 ktter to Voflius : “ Ea ipfa clave ad aperienda ejus myl- 
 “ teria ufum, quara S. Petrus nobis reliquit, vix tamen a 
 2 , “ quoquam 
 
331 
 
 S C I O P P I u s. 
 
 quoqtiam adhuc intelleflam.” He fent feme of his 
 apocalyptical chimeras to cadinal Mazarine, asNaude his Dialogue de 
 librarian informs us j but the fame hJaude relates, that 
 the cardinal had fomething elfe to do than to examine 
 them. It has been fai 4 by more writers than one, that 
 he had thoughts at laft pf going ;back to the communion 
 of Proteftants ; but this, refling originally upon ihe fingle 
 teflimony of Hornjus, has not been generally believed. Hiii.Eccief, 
 He died in 1649. _ ' _ _ 
 
 Guy Fatin relates his death as happening this year, and * ^ 
 
 adds withal the following anecdotes of the man. “ He 
 was a Lutheran,” fays he, “in his )muth ; he turned 
 Roman-catholic by reading Baronius’s Annals, as he 
 “ faid. Afterwards he went to Rome; where he was a 
 domeflic of cardinal Madrucio. He had a mind then 
 to turn Jefuit; but the fociety were of opinion, that 
 it was better for him to remain a layman, and that he 
 could do them greater fervices, which he adlually did 
 by writing againfl Scaliger. He made fome journeys 
 for them to Germany and Venice. Afterwards he had 
 a penfion from the emperor ; but at laft he declared 
 himfelf an enemy to the emperor and tlie Jefuits, and 
 went to Padua for the fafety of his perfon ; where he 
 lived fecure from all his enemies, having obtained a 
 pardon for his paft life from the republic of Venice. 
 
 He is fufpe£led to be the moll confiderable author of 
 many fmall pieces publifhed againft the Jefuits thefe 
 fifteen years, and, among others, of the ‘ Anatomia 
 Societatis, et de Stratagematis Jefuitarum.’ He for¬ 
 merly told one of his friends, who is alfo very much 
 mine, that cardinal Baronius had folicited him by let- 
 “ ters, when he was in Germany, to turn Catholic j and 
 “ promifed in that cafe to procure him a cardinal’s hat; 
 and that Baronius himfelf hoped to be made pope aitejfr 
 PaulV.” 
 
 He was indifputably a very learned man ; and, had his 
 moderation and probity been equal to his learning, might 
 juftly h?^ been accounted an hero in the' republic of 
 letters : his application to ftudv, his memory, the multi¬ 
 tude of his books, and his quicknefs of parts, are fur- 
 priling things. Ferrarius tells us, that he ftudied day and I’l prolu-^ 
 night; that, during the fourteen laft years of his life, 
 kept himfelf fliut up in a little room, and that his con- nus Liter 
 verfation with thofe who went to vllit him ran only torum." 
 upon learning; that, like another Ezra, he might have 
 ‘ ' ' ^ reftcred 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 <( 
 
 (C 
 
 <( 
 
 
 <( 
 
 c« 
 
 C( 
 
 
 i( 
 
 it 
 
 i( 
 
 n 
 
 CUl tl- 
 
 Fu. 
 
S C I O P P I u s. 
 
 reftored the Holy Scripture, if it had been lofl, for that he 
 could repeat it alraoft by heart; and that the number of 
 his books exceeded the number of his years. He left be¬ 
 hind him alfo feveral manufcripts, which, as MorliofF tells 
 us, remained in the hands of Picrucciiis, profeffor at 
 “ Padua, and are not yet publiHied, to the no fmall indig- 
 Poiyhifi.^ nation of the learned world.’* All this notwithfland- 
 . c.vii. ^ ^ heart, of a malign fpirit; of a 
 
 handerous tongue; and one, who, on account of his 
 fpiteful and injurious way of calumniating all that were 
 eminent for their learning, was juilly called the “ Gram- 
 raatical Cur.” He did not fpare the beft writers of 
 antient Rome, not even Cicero himfelf; “ The ac- 
 “ cti.fer of Cicero,” fays Balzac, in a letter to Chapelain, 
 ‘‘ about whom you defire to be informed, is the dreadful 
 “ Scioppius. He has publifhed a book at Milan, in 
 “ which he accufes Cicero of improprieties and bar- 
 barifins. There is but one copy of it in France, and 
 “ meffieurs du Puy lent it me when I was at Paris. This 
 “ injuflice done to Cicero would prove a confolation to 
 “ Scaliger, if he were to return again into the world. But 
 I expedl that the fame Scioppius will fliortly put out 
 “ another book, wherein he will undertake to prove, that 
 “ Cato was a wicked man, and Julius Casfar a bad fol- 
 “ dier.” However, as Bayle obferves, his boldnefs in cri- 
 ticifijig the flyle or exprcffions of Cicero will be lefs fur- 
 prifing, if it be confidered, that this father of eloquence 
 has been cenfurcd by fuch men at ail times. 
 
 SCOT (Reynolde), a learned Englifh gentleman, 
 was a younger fon of Sir John Scot, of Scot’s-Hall, near 
 Smeeth in Kent, where he was probably born ; and, at 
 about feventeen, fent to Hart-Hall in Oxford. He retired 
 to his native country without taking a degree, and fettled 
 at Smeeth ; and, marrying foon after, gave himfelf up 
 folely to reading, to the perufing of obfcure authors, which 
 had by the generality of fcholars been negledled, and at 
 times of leifure to hufbandrv and gardening. In 1576, 
 he publifhed a gd edition, for we know nothing of the 
 firft, of “ A Perfefl Platform of a Hop-Garden,” ^c. in 
 4to : and, in 1584, another work, which Ihewed the great 
 depth of his reiearches, and the uncommon extent of his 
 learning, intituled, “ The Difcoverie of Witchcraft,” See. 
 reprinted in 1651, qto, with this title: “ Scot’s Difeovery 
 “ of VVitchcratt; proving the common opinion of witches 
 
 “ contrajSling 
 
 Atben, 
 
 Oxon. 
 
 \ 
 
SCO : T.; 
 
 333 
 
 (( 
 
 
 C( 
 
 
 iC 
 
 <( 
 
 (( 
 
 «( 
 
 «( 
 
 
 cc 
 
 
 <( 
 
 (( 
 
 <( 
 
 contracting with devils, fpirlts, familiars, and their ■ 
 power to kill, torment, and confume the bodies of 
 men, women, and children, or other creatures, by dif* 
 eafes or otherwife, their flying in the air, kc. to be but 
 imaginary erroneous conceptions and novelties. Where¬ 
 in alfo the practices of witchmongers, conjurers, inchan¬ 
 ters, foothfayers ; alfo the delulions of aftrology, al¬ 
 chemy, legerdemain, and many other things, are open¬ 
 ed, that have long lain liidden, though very necelTary 
 “ to be known for the undeceiving of judges, jufliices, and ^ 
 
 “ juries, and for the prefervation of poor people, &c. 
 
 “ With a treatife upon the nature of fpirits and devds,’^ 
 
 See. In the preface to the reader, he declares, that his ' 
 defign in this undertaking was, “ hrll, that the glory of 
 God be not fo abridged and abafed, as to be thrull into 
 the hand or, lip of a lewd old woman ; whereby the 
 work of the Creator fhould be attributed to the power 
 of a creature : fecondly, that the religion of the gofpel 
 may be feeii to hand without fuch peevifh trumpery: 
 thirdly, that favour and Chriftian companion be rather 
 “ ufed tQwards thefe poor fouls, than rigour and ex- 
 tremity,’’ See. , 
 
 A doClrine of this nature, advanced in an age whenlhe 
 reality of witches was fo univerfally believed, that even 
 the great bifliop Jewel, touching upon the fnbjeCt in a 
 fermon before queen Elizabeth, could “ pray God they Strype’s 
 might never praClife farther than upon the fubjeft,” 
 
 ^muft needs expofe the author to animadverfion and cen-mation, 
 fure ; and accordingly a foreign divine informs ns, thoughp- 
 Wood fays nothing of it, that his book was aCfually burnt, voertus 
 We know, however, that it was oppofed, and, as it fliould Pifpur. 
 feeni, by great authority too : for Janies I, in the preface Theoiog. 
 to his “ Dcmonologie,” printed litil at Edinburgh 1597, 
 and afterwards at London 1603, obferves, that.he “ wrote 
 “ that book chiefly againfh the damnable opinions of 
 “ Wierus and Scot; the latter of whom is not afliamed,” 
 the king fays, “ in public print to deny, that there can 
 “ be fuch a tiling as witchcraft, and fo maintains the old 
 “ error of the Sadducees in the denying of fpirits.” . Dr. 
 
 John Ray Holds, in his “ PneleCliones upon the Apocry- 
 ‘‘ pha,” animadverts on feveral paflages in Scot’s Dif- 
 “ covery Dr. Meric Cafauboii treats him, as an illi-.i/y ai^d in 
 terate perfon ; and Mr. Jofeph Glanvil, whom for his ex- credulity, 
 cellent fenfe in other refpe£ls we are forry to be able to 
 quote on this occalion, affirms, that Mr. Scot doih little 
 2 “ but 
 
S C O Ti 
 
 ConGdera- but tell odd talcs and filly legends, which he cdhfutcs 
 Witchcraft ** laughs at, and pretends this to be a confutation of 
 p. ^5. * ** the being of witches and apparitions j in all which his 
 
 “ reafonings are trifling and childifh, and. When he ven- 
 “ tures at philofophy, he is little better than abfurd.’* 
 This fenlible, learned, upright, and pious man (for we 
 know that he poflefTed the two firfl: of thefe qualities, and 
 he is univerfally allowed to have had alfo the two laft) 
 died in 1599, and was buried among his anceltors in the 
 church at Smeeth. 
 
 SCOTT (Dr. John), a learned Englilh divine, was 
 fon of Mr. Thomas Scott, a fubftantial grazier; and was 
 born in the parilh of Chepingham in Wiltlhire, about 
 Athen. 1638. He ferved as an apprentice in London, much 
 
 againft his will, for about three years ; bat, his humour 
 inclining him llrongly to learning, he quitted his trade, 
 and went to Oxford. He was admitted of New Inn a 
 commoner in 1657, and made a great progrefs in logic and 
 philofophy; but left the univerfity without taking a de¬ 
 gree, and, getting into orders, at lafl became minifter of 
 St. Thomas’s in Southwark. In 167.7, he was made re£lor 
 of St. Peter’s Poor in London; and was collated to a 
 prebend in St. Paul’s cathedral in 1684. In 1685, he ac¬ 
 cumulated the degrees of bachelor and doctor in divinity, 
 having before taken no degree in arts or any other faculty. 
 Fafti, V. II. In 1691, he fucceeded Sharp, afterwards abp. of York, in 
 the re£tory of St. Giles’s in the fields; and the fame 
 year was made canon of Windfor. Wood fays, that ‘‘he 
 “ might foon after have been a bifiiop, had not fome 
 “ fcruples hindered him and Hickes has told us, what 
 Preface to thofe fcruples were : “ He refufed,” fays he, “ the bifhop- 
 fome << of Chefter, becaufe lie could not take the oath of 
 B°un^et and homage ; and afterwards another bifhopric, the deanery 
 Tjiltttfon. “ of Worcefter, and a prebend of the church of Wind- 
 “ for, becaufe they all were places of deprived men.” 
 He died in 1694, and was buried in St. Giles’s church ; 
 his funeral fermon was preached by Dr. Ifham, and after¬ 
 ward printed in 1695. In this fermon we are told, that 
 he had many virtues in him of no ordinary growth : piety 
 towards Gqd ; kindnefs, friendfliip, affability, fincerity 
 towards mtn ; zeal and conftancy in the difeharge of the 
 pailoral office; and, in a word, all thofe graces and vir- 
 ^ tucs which make the good Chriftian and the good man. 
 
 ' When Popery was encroaching under Charles II. and 
 
 James 
 
335 
 
 S C O t f. 
 
 James II. he was one of thofe champions who oppofcd 
 it with great warmth and courage : in the dedication of a 
 fermon, preached at Guildhall chapel, Nov. 5, 1673, 
 
 Sir William Hooker, lord-mayor of London, he declares, 
 that “ Domitian and Dioclefian were but puny perfecutorS 
 and bunglers in cruelty, compared with the infallible 
 ‘‘ cut-throats of the apollolical chair/* 
 
 This divine wrote an excellent work, called “ Th# 
 Chriftian Life which has been often printed, and 
 ^uch read. The firft part was publiflied, 1681, in 8vo» 
 with this title : “ The Chriftian Life, from its beginning 
 to its confummation in glory, togetlier with the feveral 
 “ means and inftruments of Chriftianity conducing there- 
 “ unto, witli directions for private devotion and forms 
 of prayer, fitted to the feveral ftates of Chriftians 
 in 1685, another part, “ wherein the fundamental prin- 
 ciples of Chriftian duty are aftigned, explained, and 
 proved in 1686, another part, “ wherein the doc- 
 “ trine of our Saviour’s mediation is explained and 
 proved.” To thefe volumes of the “ Chriftian Life” 
 the pious author intended a continuation and per¬ 
 fection, had not long infirmity, and afterwards death, 
 prevented him. 
 
 He publifhed two pieces againft the Papifts : i. “ Exa- 
 “ mination of Bellarmine’s eighth note concerning fanc- 
 “ tity of doCtrine.” 2. “ The texts examined, which 
 “ Papifts cite out of the Bible concerning prayer in an 
 “ unknown tongue.” Both thefe pieces were printed 
 together OCt. 1688, king James ftill fitting upon the 
 throne.—He wrote alfo “ Certain Cafes of Confcicnce 
 “ refolved, concerning the lawfiilnefs of joining with 
 “ forms of prayer in public worlliip, 1683,” in two 
 parts : which were both reprinted, and inferted in the 
 2d vol. of a work, intituled, “ A Collection of Cafes and 
 “ other Difeourfes lately written to recover Difienters to 
 “ the Communion of the Church of England, 1685,” 4ta. 
 
 He publiftied, laftly, at different times, twelve ‘‘ Scr- - 
 “ mons,” preached upon public and particular occafions 
 wdiich we fuppofe may have been colleCled and printed 
 together. 
 
 SCUDERY (George de), a French writcF'ofemL 
 nence in his dav, was defeended from an ancient and no- 
 ble family of Apt in Provence, and born at Havre de 
 Grace in 1603. He fpent part of his youth at-'Apt, andNicerrn, 
 afterwards came and fettled at Paris, where he had little 
 
33^ 
 
 S C U D E R Y. 
 
 to fubfift on, but what he acquired by a prodigious faci¬ 
 lity in writing. Poetry was what he exercifed himfelf in 
 at firft; and he would have fncceeded in it better, if he 
 'had not fcribbled fo much of it. In 1637, he publiflied 
 obfervations upon the “ Cid” of Corneille, with a view of 
 making his court to cardinal Richelieu : for this great 
 man could not be content with being the greateft ftatef- 
 nian in the world ; he would be a poet, a wit, a bel-efprit, 
 and fo became obnoxious to the paffions of envy and 
 jealoufy, which ufually torment that little tribe. I'hefe 
 urged him to oppofe the vaft reputation and fuccefs of the 
 “ Cid he not only made the French academy write againll 
 it, but diredled the manner they ihould do it in. He 
 applauded the obfervations of Scudery, and by his favour 
 Sleek de and countenance enabled him “ to balance,” as Voltaire 
 Louis, t. II. “ for fome time the reputation of Corneille.” Seu- 
 dery was received a member of the academy in 1650. He 
 had before been made governor of the caftle of Notre-* 
 Dame de la Garde near Marfeilles. In the mean time, 
 the greatell part of his life was fpent in writing ; in wrhich, 
 one would think, his chief view was, not to write well, 
 but much. His works coniill of dramatic pieces, poems 
 of ail kinds, and profe; but are little read. Voltaire fays, 
 “ his name is better known than his works ;” and this 
 will always be the cafe, lince nothing excellent and finifh- 
 ed can be expected from voluminous fcribblers. Their 
 names are often feen in Mercurys and Gazettes, and the 
 vulgar talk of them : but nobody reads their books. Scu¬ 
 dery died at Paris in 1667. The great fecundity of his 
 pen is treated very feverely by Boileau, in his fecond 
 fatire : 
 
 “ Bieiiheureux Scuderi, dont la fertile plume 
 Peut tous les mois peine enfanter uii volume !” 
 
 >Iiceron, 
 
 tom. 11. 
 
 SCUDERY (Magdeleine de), lifter of George de 
 Scudery, was born at Havre de Grace in 160^, and be¬ 
 came very eminent for her wit and her writings. She 
 went early to Paris, and made herfelf amends for the want 
 of that proper education, which the poornefs of her fa¬ 
 ther’s* clrcumftances had not permitted. Her fine parts 
 gained her admiftioii into all aftemblies of the wits, and 
 even the learned carefled and encouraged her. Neceflity 
 put her firft upon writing ; and, as the tafte of that age 
 was for • romances, fo file turned her pen that way, and 
 fucceeded wonderfully in hitting the public humour. Her 
 
 books 
 
337 
 
 S C U D E R Y. 
 
 boaks were greedily read, and fpread her reputation far 
 and near* The celebrated academy of the Ricovrati at 
 Padua complimented her with a place in their focicty; 
 and Ihe fucceeded the learned Helena Cornaro. Several 
 great perfonages gave her many marks of their regard by 
 prefents, and otlicr honours which they did her. The 
 prince of Paderborn, bifhop ofMunller, fent her his works 
 and a medal. Chrillina of Sweden often wrote to her, 
 fettled on her a penlion, and fent her her pidlure. Car¬ 
 dinal Mazarine left her an annuity by his will: and Lewis 
 XIV, in 1683, at the folicitation of M. de Maintenon, 
 fettled alfo a good penfion upon her, which was punftu- 
 ally paid. This was not all : that pompous and Lately 
 monarch honoured her in a very particular manner : he 
 appointed her a fpecial audience to receive her acknow¬ 
 ledgments, and made her a great number of very line com¬ 
 pliments. This lady held a correfpondence with all the 
 learned, as well as with all the wits ; and her houfe at 
 Paris was a kind of little court, where numbers of both 
 kinds ufed conflantly to ademble. She died in 1701, 
 aged 94; and two churches contended fiercely for the 
 honour of pollelling her remains, which, it feems, was 
 thought a point of fo much confequence, as nothing lefs 
 than the authority of the Cardinal de Noaiiles, to whom 
 the affair was referved, was fuflicient to decide. She was 
 a very voluminous writer, as well as her brother, but of 
 more merit; and it is remarkable of this ladv, that Lie 
 obtained the firfl prize of eloquence, founded by the aca¬ 
 demy. There is a good deal of common-place panegyric 
 upon her, in the “ Menagiana,” which feems to have 
 flowed from the perfonal regard Menage had for her: 
 but her merits are better fettled by Boileau, in the “ Dil- 
 
 cours,^’prefixed to his dialogue, intituled “ Les Heros 
 “ de Roman.” Voltaire fays, that “ Lie is now better Sl^cls dc 
 
 known by fome agreeable verfes which Lie left, than 
 “ by the enormous Romances of Clelia and of Cyrus.” 
 
 SEARCH (See Tucker). 
 
 SEBASTIANO, called del Piombo from an oL 
 fice given him by pope Clement VII. in the lead-mines, 
 was an eminent painter at Venice, where he was born in 
 1485. He was dcLgncd by his father for the profeLion 
 of muLc, which he pradlifed for fome time with repu¬ 
 tation ; till, following at laL the more powerful didtates 
 \^L. XL ^ Z of 
 
33* 
 
 S E B A S T I A N O. 
 
 of nature, he betook himfelf to painting. He became a 
 difciple of old Giovanni Bellino; continued his ftudies 
 under Giorgione ; and, having attained an excellent man¬ 
 ner of colouring, went to Rome. Here he infinuated 
 himfelf fo far into the favour of Michael Angelo, by 
 Tiding with him and his party againll Raphael, that, 
 pleafed with the fweetnefs and beauty of his pencil, 
 Michael immediately furniflied him with fome of his 
 own defigns ; and, letting them pafs under Sebaflian’s 
 name^ cried him up for the beft painter in Rome. And 
 indeed fo univerfal was the applaufe, which he gained by 
 iris piece of “ Lazarus raifed from the dead” (thedeiign of 
 which had likevvife been given him by Michael Angelo), 
 that nothing but the famous ‘‘ Transfiguration” of Ra¬ 
 phael could eclipfe him. He has the Aame of being the 
 full wLo invented , the art of preparing plaiher-wall for 
 oil-painting, with a compofition of pitch, maftic, and 
 quick-lime ; but w^as generally fo flow and lazy in his 
 performances, that other hands were often employed in 
 finifliing what he had begun. He died in 1547. 
 
 SECKENDORF (Gui-Louis de), a very learned 
 German, was defcended from ancient and noble families ; 
 and born at Aurach, a town of Franconia, in 1626. He 
 made good ufe of a liberal education, and was not only a 
 mailer of the French, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew lan- 
 .guages, but had alio fome fkill in mathematics and the 
 fciences. The great progrefs he made in his youth com¬ 
 ing to the ears of Erneflus the Pious, duke of Saxe-Gotha, 
 this prince fent for him from Cobourg, wdierc he then 
 was to be educated wdth his children. He flayed tw^o years 
 at Gotha, and then went in 1642 to Strafburg ; but re¬ 
 turned to Gotha in 1646, and w’as made honorary librarian 
 To the duke. Afterwards, in 1651, he was made aulic 
 and ecclefiaillcal counfeilor ; and, in i66q, a counfellor of 
 fare, llrft mlniller, and fovereign director of the con- 
 fiilorv. Tire year after, lie went into the fervicc of 
 IVIaurlcc, duke ot Saxe-Zeifl, as counfellor of flate and 
 chancellor; and w'as no leis regarded by this new’" mailer, 
 than he had been by the duke of Sa^ie-Gotha. He con¬ 
 tinued with him till his death, which happened in 1681; 
 and then retired from all bufmeis into a ftate of repofe and 
 tranquillity, where he compofed a great many works. 
 
 . Neverthelefs, in 1691, Frederic ill, eleflor of Branden¬ 
 burg, drew^ him again cut of his retreat, and made him a 
 
 counfellor 
 
SECKENDORF*. 
 
 counfellor of flate and chancellor of the-nniverfity of Hall. 
 
 He could not avoid accepting thefe dignities ; but he did not 
 enjoy them long, for he died at Hall Dec. i8, 1692, aged 
 alinoft 66. He was twice married, but had only one fon^ 
 who furvived him. He was a good linguifl; learned in 
 law, hiflory, divinity ; and is alfo faid to have been a 
 tolerable painter and engraver. He wrote a great many 
 books ; one in particular of moil lingular ufe, v/hich was 
 publifhed at Frankfort, 1692, 2 vols. folio, but is ufiially 
 bound up in one, with this title : “ Commentarius Hif- 
 “ toricus & Apologeticus de Lutheranifmo, live de Re- 
 ‘‘ formatiorae Religionis du£lu D. Martini Lutheri in 
 “ magna Germanise, aliifque regionibus, 6c fpeciatim in 
 ‘‘ Saxonia recepta 6c flabilita, 6cc.’* This work is very 
 valuable on many accounts, and particularly curious for 
 feveral lingular pieces and extracts that are to be found 
 in it. “ He, who would be thoroughly acquainted with 
 “ the hillory of this great man,” fays Bayle, meaning Bayle’s 
 Luther, “ need only read Mr. de SeckendorPs Lrge vo- 
 “ lume : it is, in its kind, one of the bell books that hath 
 “ appeared for a long time.” 
 
 SECKER (Thomas), a prelate of very conliderable Gent. 
 eminence, was born at a fmall village called Sibthorpe, P* 
 near Newark, Nottinghamfhire, in 1693. His father was^^^* 
 a Protellant-di(Tenter, and, having a fmall patrimony of 
 his own, followed no profeffion. Fie was lent to fchool 
 firll at Chellerheld [a] in Derbyfhire, which he left about 
 the year 1708, and went to a dilTenting academy in York- 
 Ihire [b], from which, in about a year’s time, he removed 
 to another in Gicucellerlhire [c]. . Here he flayed about 
 three years, and contrafted an acquaintance with Mr. 
 
 Butler, afterwards bifnoD of Durham. Belides making 
 a coiiiiderable progrefs in claflical learning, he applied 
 himfelf very early to critical and theological fubjecls, par- 
 
 I^a] acquitted hirrifelf fo well 
 In h'S chlUcal exercifcs there, that 
 his marter IMr. Etovvn had been heard 
 to fay (claf'plog his hand upon the 
 head of his pupil) “ Seeker, if thou 
 ** wouldlt but come over to the church, 
 “ I am fuiclhou wouidli be a b'.lhop.’’ 
 Which expr.lliun (vvh'ther prophe¬ 
 tical or not) was ccnfir.oed by the 
 < vent.—His grace ihc-wed in his 
 lift-time a erateful rennembrance of 
 hi, old mallei; by a benefact.oa to his 
 
 Ton the Rev. Mr. Brown, a w'orthy 
 clergyman at Laughton le Morthicu 
 In Ycrklhire; who had long llrug- 
 gled under the incoavenicrices of a nu¬ 
 merous family and a narrow income. 
 
 [sj At Att«?rclifle near Shcifield, 
 where the late profeffor Saunderlon 
 had alfo part of his educattou. 
 
 fcj At Tevvklburv, under the tui¬ 
 tion of the father of the laic Dr. Fer-* 
 dinando \V’’arncr. Dr. Chandler Vvas 
 here h;s fcll.v.'-l:uder;t. 
 
 ticularly 
 
 ■4 
 
34° 
 
 S E C K E R. 
 
 tkularly to the controverfy betwixt the church of Eng¬ 
 land and the Diffenters. About the year 1716, he ap¬ 
 plied himfeif to die lludy of phyiic. This he piirfiied in 
 London till 1719, when he went to Paris, and there at¬ 
 tended leftnres on all the various branches of the medical 
 art, yet never wdiolly difcontinued his application to di¬ 
 vinity. Here he firft. became acquainted with Mr. Martin 
 Benfon, afterwards bifhop of Gloncefter. Forefeeing at 
 this time many obflacles in his way to the praftice of phy- 
 fic, and having an upex'pe^ted offer made to him by Mr. 
 Tdward Talbot (through Mr. Butler) of being provided 
 for by his father, the bilhop of Durham, if he chofe to 
 take orders in the church of England; he took fome 
 months to confider of it. After mature deliberation, he 
 refolved to embrace the propofal; and carhe over to Eng¬ 
 land in 1720, when he was introduced by Mr. Butler to 
 Mr. Edward Talbot, to v/hom he was before unknown. 
 To facilitate his obtaining a degree at Oxford, he went in 
 Jan. 1721 to Leyden, where he took the degree of M. D. 
 and publifhed his exercife, a DiiTertation “ de Medicina 
 Statica.” He left Leyden after about three months re- 
 hdence, and entered himfeif a gentleman commoner in 
 Exeter-coilege, Oxford, and wa^ foon after admitted to 
 the degree of B. A. He was ordained deacon in St» 
 James’s church, Weftminher, by bifhcp Talbot, Dec. 23, 
 1721, and prielf in the fame church by the fame bifhop, 
 March Ic, 1722 ; and immediately became his lordfhip’s- 
 domehic chaplain. On Feb. 12, 1723-4, he was ihfli- 
 tuted to the redlory of Houghton-Ie-Spring in the county 
 of Durham, and in the fame year was admitted to tlic 
 degree of M. A. In 0 £t. 1725, he married the lifter of 
 Ids friend Dr. Martin Benfon; and, on account of her 
 health principally, he exchanged Houghton for the third 
 prebend in the church of Durham, and the living of Ryton 
 near Newcaftle, to both which he was inftituted June 3, 
 1727. His degrees of B. and D. LL. he took at the re¬ 
 gular times. In July 1732, he was made chaplain to the 
 king ; in May 1733, he reftgned the living of Ryton for 
 that of St. James’s Weftminfter, and on the fifth of Jnly 
 in the fame year he preached his celebrated fermon before 
 the univerfity of Oxford at the public aft. His eminent 
 abilities as a preacher and a divine, and his exemplary dif- 
 charge of all his parochial duties, quickly recommended 
 him to a more elevated ftation. He was confecrated bifhop 
 of Briftol, Jan. 19, 1734-5, and tranftated to Oxford 
 
 May 
 
341 
 
 S E C K E R. 
 
 May 14, 1737. HisincefTant labouring In the care of his 
 parifh growing rather too great for his health and ftreng.th, 
 he accepted, in Dec. 1750, the deanery of St, Paul’s, for 
 which he rehgned his prebend of Durham, and the re^lory 
 of St. James’s. On the death of abp. Hutton in 1758, 
 the great talents he had difplaycd, and the high reputation 
 for piety and beneficence which he had acquired in the 
 feveral flatlons through which he had pafled, plainly point¬ 
 ed him out as a perfon every way worthy to be raifed to 
 the fupreme dignity of the church. He was accordingly 
 without his knowledge recommended to the king by the 
 duke of Newcafllc for the fee of Canterbury, and was 
 confirmed archbifhop at Bow-church in April 1758. 
 
 His Grace was for many years much afflicted with the 
 gout; but it increafed greatly upon him towards the latter 
 part of his life. In the winter of 1767 he felt very trou- 
 blefome and fometimes violent pains in his fhoulder, 
 which were thought to be rheumatic. About the begin¬ 
 ning of 1768, they moved from his fhoulder to his thigh, 
 and there continued with extreme and almoft unremitting 
 feverity to his lafl illnefs. On Saturday the 30th of July he 
 was feized with a ficknefs at his flomach as he fate at din¬ 
 ner. In the evening of the next day, as he was turning 
 himfclf on the couch, he broke his thigh bone. It was 
 immediately fet, but it foon appeared that there were no 
 hopes of his recovery ; he fell into a flight kind of delirium, 
 in which he lay without any pain till about five o’clock 
 on Wednefday afternoon, when he expired with great 
 tranquillity, in the 75th year of his age. After his death, 
 it was found that the thigh bone was quite carious, and 
 that the excruciating pains he long felt, and which he 
 bore with wonderful patience and fortitude, were owing 
 to the gradual corrofion of this bone by fame acrimonias 
 humour. 
 
 He was buried, purfuant to his own directions, in the 
 pafTage from the garden-door of his palace to the north- 
 door of the parihi church at Lambeth, and forbade any 
 monument or epitaph to be placed for him any where. 
 
 By his will, he appointed Dr. Daniel Burton, and Mrs. 
 Catharine Talbot (daughter of the Rev, Mr. Edward 
 Talbotj, his executors ; and left thirteen thoufand pounds 
 in the three per cent, annuities to Dr.. Porteus and Dr. 
 Stinton his chaplains, in truft, to pay the intereft thereof 
 to Mrs. Talbot and her daughter during their joint lives, 
 or the life of the furvivor, and after the deccafe of both 
 
 Z 3 thofe 
 
342 
 
 lOOO o o 
 
 500 o o 
 500 o o 
 500 o o 
 
 200 
 
 500 
 
 O Q 
 
 o o 
 
 1500 o o 
 
 S E C K E R. 
 
 thofc ladies (the furvivor of whom died whllfl this fhcet was 
 printing, in Feb. 1784), eleven thoufand to be transferred 
 to the following charitable purpofes : 
 
 - jC* 
 
 To the fociety for propagation of the gofpel in 1 
 foreign parts for ihegeneralufcs ofthe fociety J 
 To the fame fociety towards the eftabiifhnient > 
 
 of a bilhop or bilhops in the king’s domi- > 1000 o o 
 nions in America J 
 
 To the fociety for promoting Chriftian know -1 
 ledge J 
 
 To the Irifh proteftant working fchools 
 To the corporation of the widows and chil-] 
 dren of the poor clergy j 
 
 To the fociety of the ftewards of the faid charity 
 To Bromley college in Kent 
 To the hofpitals of the archbifhop of Canter-> 
 bnry, at Croydon, St. John at Canterbury, I 
 and St. Nicholas Harbledown, 500I. each J 
 To St. George’s and London hofpitals, and I 
 
 the lying-in hofpital in Brownlow-Hreet, !* 1500 o o 
 5001. each J 
 
 To the Afylum in the parifh of Lambeth 
 To the Magdalen-hofpital, the Lock-hofpital, 'v 
 the Small-pox and Inoculation-hofpital, to [ 
 each of which his Grace was a fubfcriber, [ 
 
 3001. each J 
 
 To the incurables at St. Luke’s hofpital 
 Towards the repairing or rebuilding of houfesy 
 
 belonging to poor livings in the diocefe of I 20CO o Q 
 Canterbury J 
 
 11000 o o 
 
 Befides thcfe donations, he left icool. to be diflributed 
 •amongft his fervants ; 2001. to iuch poor perfons as he 
 ahi fled in his life-time; 5000 1. to the two daughters of 
 his nephew Mr. Froil ; 300 1 . to Mrs. Seeker, and 200 1 . 
 to. Dr. Daniel Burton. After the payment of thofe and 
 ibme other ffnallcr legacies, he left his real and the refidue 
 of his perfonal eflate to Mr. Thomas Froil of Nottingham. 
 'Fhe greateil part of his very noble colle6lion of books he 
 bequeathed to the Archiepifcopal library at Lambeth, the 
 I ell betwixt his two chaplains and two other friends. 
 To the manufeript library in the fame palace, he left 
 a large number of very learned and valuable MSS, written 
 ' ^ ' by 
 
 4CO Q Q 
 
 900 
 
 500 
 
 O O 
 
 o o 
 
S E C K E R. 
 
 343 
 
 fey hlmfelf on a great variety of fubje£ls, critical and theo¬ 
 logical. His vv^ell-known catechetical lectures, and his 
 MS. fermons he left to be revifed by his two chaplains, 
 
 Dr. Stinton and Dr, Porteus, by whom they were pub- 
 bliflied in 1770. His options he gave to the archbifhop of 
 Canterbury, the bilhop of London, and the bilhop of Win- 
 chefter for the time being, in triift, to be difpofed of by 
 them (as they become vacant) to fuch perfons as they 
 fhould in their confciences think it would have been moll 
 reafoiiable for him to have given them, had he been' 
 living. His grace’s perfon was tall and graceful; his 
 countenance open and benevolent; his converfation, 
 chearfuU entertaining, and inflriuSlive j his temper even 
 and humane. He was kind and heady to his friends, 
 liberal to his dependants, a generous prote6lor of virtue 
 and learning. He performed all the facred fundlions of 
 his calling with a dignity and devotion that affedlcd all 
 who heard him. He was a moll laborous and ufeful 
 parifh priell, a vigilant and adlive bilhop, and prelided 
 over the church in a manner that did equal honour to his 
 abilities and his heart. Pie was particularly eminent as a 
 plain, pathetic, pradlical preacher; and, well knowing the 
 great ability of fo excellent a talent, he was not fpar- 
 ing in the exercife of it, but continued preaching and 
 catechiling, whenever his health w’ould permit him, to the 
 latell period of his life. The laft fermon he preached 
 w'as at Stockw^li chapel in the parifh of Lambeth, to 
 which he had been a very great benefadlor, having begun 
 a fubfeription towards building it with the fum of 500 1. 
 belides a prefent of the communion plate, and furniture 
 for the pulpit, reading defk, and communion table. 
 
 Thus far our account is taken from fome memoirs of the 
 Archbifhop printed earlier than the life by his cha]}lains, • 
 with which they on the whole agree. What follows is from 
 a paper of detached obfervations by the late Mr. Jones : 
 
 “ When he \vas promoted to the fee of Oxford, feveral Gent. Mag. 
 of the leading men among the Dilfenters began to entertain * 7 ^ 3 ? 
 conliderabic hopes of him, that he w'ould be favourable 
 to their intereft, and to the caufe of a farther reformation 
 in the eilablilhed church ; but found themfelves miftaken 
 in him. Dr. Doddridge, not long after the Bilhop’s ad¬ 
 vancement, took an opportunity to congatulate him upon 
 the occalion, and alfo to exprefs his hopes that, being 
 now in fo high a haLion, he would ufe his endeavours to 
 bring matters to a greater degree of reconciliation be - 
 
 Z 4 tween 
 
344 
 
 S E C K E R. 
 
 tween churchmen and diflenters, to remove obUacIcs ly¬ 
 ing in the way towards it, kc. I'lie Bifliop coolly an- 
 fwered, “ Dokor, my fentiincnts concerning thofe'mat- 
 “ ters are different from yours.So the Doftor faw 
 there were no farther hopes, and dropped the application. 
 It was faid he was always, after his advancement to his 
 high dignity, more ihy towards the Diffenteis than he had 
 been formerly. When he was exalted to Canterbury, he 
 formed feveral defigns for the fervice of the eflabliflied 
 church, and the fecurity or reftoration of its rules and or¬ 
 ders, taking all opportunities to convince the world that 
 h? was firm and heady to her intereifs, and a haunch 
 convert from the principles of his education. He in¬ 
 tended to infih on a hri6l obfervation of the clerical habit 
 (which was generally too much neglefted), but found 
 by degrees that the attempt was become in a manner im- 
 prafticable, after fuch long difufe and difregard of order. 
 Sonie, who refpedVed him, thought he went rather too 
 far in difeovering his dilhke to his old friends, and his 
 oppohtion to that non-conformity in which he had been 
 hrh nurtured. But the cafe is often fo in fuch tranfitions 
 from one perfuafion to another. He was highly refpedted 
 on many accounts in his diocefe of Canterbury, where he 
 was a ready and generous contributor towards feveral 
 pious and charitable deligns, as is well known and re¬ 
 membered in thofe parts ; and few comparatively there 
 Icein to be apprifed of any difrefpedf paid to his memory 
 in other places. He was generally conhdered there as a 
 great and good man, and a true friend to the intereff of 
 church and ftate : very careful of the concerns of his 
 church, and the good behaviour of his clergy ; and in 
 fome inflances paiticularly inquilitive into their coiidudt 
 and morals. It was commonly faid he had two paper- 
 books, one called the l?Iack, the other the tuhite book ; in 
 which he entered down fuch notices as he received con¬ 
 cerning the different charadlers of each, as they hap¬ 
 pened to luit the defign of either book. Thofe whofe 
 chaiadler he found to be bad, he refolved never to pro¬ 
 mote, nor did, paying no regard to any foheitations made 
 in their behalf: and one or more, being men of ill 
 report, and highly unworthy of their office, he had in¬ 
 tended to have profecuted, and to have put them under 
 church-cenfuies; which, it feems, they had long and 
 gieatiy aefeived, being indeed a fcandal to their pro- 
 feffion. He encouraged young clergymen of good cha¬ 
 racter 
 
345 
 
 S E C K E R. 
 
 raster for fidelity in their calling. When a near relation 
 of his, a clergyman in Northamptonfhire, who had col- 
 iedled a good library, died, leaving it to the Archbiihop’s 
 difpofal, he appointed Archdeacon Head, with one or two 
 more, men of judgement and probity, to divide that li¬ 
 brary into three parts, and beflow them upon three iludi- 
 ous and regular young clergymen, for their encourage¬ 
 ment and farther proficiency in ufeful knowledge and 
 literature ; the books were very ufeful ones, and of con • 
 fiderable value. He required all clergymen, who were pof* 
 fefTed of a benefice of the value of lool. per ann. clear, 
 to perform divine offices in their refpedlive churches twice 
 every Sunday (viz. morning and afternoon), not allowing 
 any fuch to ferve alfo a curacy; and fuch as had a living 
 of 150I. a year, or above, he required to preach once in 
 their church, and read prayers twice, every Sunday : he 
 expedled alfo the regular obfervation of holidays hap¬ 
 pening on a week-day. He was averfe to perfecution, 
 and declared fo in particular with regard to the Methodifls : 
 fome of whom thought he favoured their principles and 
 tenets. Accordingly, when his “ Catechetical Ledlures’* 
 were publifhed after his death, they greedily bought them 
 up, but were difappointed more than they expected, though 
 in fome things they approved of him. 
 
 SECUNDUS (John), a celebrated modern Latin 
 poet of Holland, was born at the Hague in 151 1 , and died 
 at Utrecht in 1536. Though he lived only five and twenty 
 years, he left abundance of Latin poems ; three books 
 of “ Elegies one of “ Epigrams two of “ Epifiles 
 one of “ Odes one of “ Sylvae,” or mifcellaneous 
 pieces ; one of “ Funeral Infcriptions befides fome very 
 gay, but very elegant, poems, called “ Bafia.’’ In all 
 thefe various produdions, there is great fertility of inven¬ 
 tion, great eafe, delicacy, and wit. Secundus alfo culti¬ 
 vated painting and engraving, but did not live to figure 
 in thefe. 
 
 SEDLEY (Sir Charles), an Englifhpoet and great Athen. 
 wit, was the fon of Sir John Sedley, of Aylesford 
 •Kent, by a daughter of Sir Henry Savile; and was born 
 about 1639. Atfeventeen, he became a fellow-commoner 
 of Wadham-collcge in Oxford ; but, taking no degree, 
 retired to his own country, without either travelling or 
 going to the inns of court. As foon as the Reftoration 
 
 was 
 
Cj» 
 
 
 S E D L E Y. 
 
 was efrc^'cH, he came to London, in order to join the ge¬ 
 neral jubilee; and then commenced wit, courtier, poet, 
 and gallant. He was fo much admired and applauded, 
 that he began to be a kind of oracle among the poets ; 
 and no performance was approved or condemned, till Sir 
 Charles-Sediey had given judgement. This made king 
 Charles jch;iiigiy fay to him, that Nature had given him 
 a patent to be Apollo’s viceroy; and lord Rochefter bears 
 teitimony to the fame, when he puts him foremoil among 
 the judges of poetry : 
 
 I loath the rabble, ’tis enough for me, 
 
 “ If Sedley, Shadweil, Shepherd, Wicherley, 
 
 “ Godolphin, Butler, Buckhurfl:, Buckingham, 
 iVnd fome few more, whom I omit to name, 
 
 “ Approve my fenfe : I count their cenfure fame. 
 
 While he thus grew in reputation for wit, and in fa¬ 
 vour with the k’mg, he grew poor and debauched : his 
 eflate was impaired, and his morals much corrupted ; as 
 may be colledled from the following ilory related by 
 Wood. June 1663, Charles ScJley, I^ord Buckhurft, 
 Sir I'homas Ogle, and others, were at a cook’s houfe 
 in Bow-ilreet, Covent-Garden ; where, inflaming them- 
 felves with liquor, tlrey went out into a balcony, and 
 excrementized in the ftreet, as Wood expreflTes it. When 
 this v/as done, Sedley flripped himfelf naked, and preach¬ 
 ed to the people in a very profane and fcandalous manner. 
 Upon this a riot was railed, and the mob grew very 
 c lamorous they infilled upon having the door opened, 
 but were oppofed ; yet were not quieted, till they had 
 driven the preacher and his company from the balcony, 
 and broke all the windows of the houfe. This frolic 
 ])cing foon fpread abroad, efpecially by the fanatical 
 party, and juftly giving offence to all parties, they were 
 lummoned to appear in Weflmnnflcr-liall; where being 
 indicted for a riot before Sir Pvcbert Hyde, they were all 
 feverely fined : Sir Chavies 500!. He obferved, that he 
 was the firfl: man who ever paid for fliiting : upon which 
 Sir Robert alked him, whedier he had read the book 
 called, “ I'he complete Gentleman?” and Sir Charles 
 anfwercd, that ‘‘ he had read more books than his lord- 
 “ fltip.” Mdre clay for payment being appointed, Sir 
 Charles ddn ed Mr. Hcuiry Killigrew and anotlier gentle¬ 
 man, to apply to the king to ge^ it off; which they under¬ 
 took to do, but. inflead of gettino; it off, begged it for them- 
 Iclves, and had it paid to a farthing. 
 
 After 
 
t 
 
 S.E D L E Y. 34 
 
 After this affair, his mind took a more ferious turn ; 
 and he began to apply himfelf to politics. He had been 
 chofen, fays Wood, to ferve for Romney in Kent, in 
 that lon^ parliament, which began May 8, 1661 ; and 
 continued to lit for feveral parliaments after. He was 
 extremely aftive for the Revolution, which was thought 
 the more extraordinary, as he had received favours from 
 James II. That prince had an amour with a daughter of 
 Sir Charles, who was not very handlbmc, James being 
 remarkable for not fixing upon beauties ; and had created 
 •her countefs of Dorcheller. This honour, lar from 
 plealing, Ihocked Sir Charles ; for, as great a libertine as ' 
 he had been himfelf, he could not bear his daughter’s dif- 
 honour, which he conlidercd as made more coni'picuous 
 by this exaltation. He therefore conceived an hatred to 
 James; and being afked one day,'why he appeared fo 
 warm for the Revolution, he is faid to have anfwercd, 
 
 “ From a principle of gratitude; for, fince his majefly 
 “ has made my daughter a countefs, it is fit I Ihonid do 
 “ all I can to make his daughter a queen.” He lived to 
 the beginning of queen Anne’s reign. 
 
 His works were printed in 2 vols. 8vo, 1719 ; and con- . 
 fift of plays, tranflations, fongs, prologues, epilogues, and 
 little Qccalional pieces. However ainoroufly -tender and 
 delicate his poems, yet they have not much ftrength ; nor 
 do they afford great marks of genius. The foftnefs of his 
 verfes is charaflerifed by the duke of Buckingham, who 
 calls them “ Sedley’s Witchraft;” and tlie art of infi- 
 nuating loofe principles in clean and decent language h 
 thus aferibed to him by the earl of Rochefter : 
 
 ‘‘ Sedley has that prevailing, gentle art, 
 
 That can witli a refifllefs charm iirpart 
 “ The loofefl wifhes to the chafteft heart ; 
 
 “ Raife fuch a conflict, kindle fuch a hre, 
 
 . ‘‘ Betwixt declining virtue and dclire ; 
 
 ’Till the poor vanquifli’d maid diffolvcs away 
 “ In dreams all night, in fighs and tears all day. 
 
 S'EGP. AIS ( John Renaud oe), a French poet, was 
 born at Caen in 1624, and made his firft itndies in the 
 lege of the Jefuits there. As he grew up, heapjjlied him-iom. T. 
 felf to the French poetrv, and continued to cuifitate it to 
 the end of his life. It was far from proving iinh uitful to 
 him ; for it enabled him to refeue himfelf, four brothers, 
 and two fillers, from the unhappy circumftanccs jjt which 
 |:be extravagance of a father had left them. lie was not 
 
 more 
 
34* 
 
 S. E G R A I S. 
 
 more than twenty, when the count de Frifquc, being’re-r 
 moved from court, retired to Caen ; and there was fo 
 charmed with Segrais, who had already given public 
 fpecimens of a fine genius, tha£ upon his recall he carried 
 him back with him, and introduced him to Mad. de 
 Montpenfier, who took him under protedlion as her gen¬ 
 tleman in ordinary. He continued with this princefs a 
 great many years, and then was obliged to quit her fervice, 
 for oppofing her marriage with Count de Lauzun, He 
 immediately found a new patronefs in Mad. de la Fayette, 
 who admitted him into her houfe, and afligned him apart¬ 
 ments. He lived feven years with this generous lady, 
 and then retired to his own country, with a refolution to 
 fpend the' reft of his days in folitude ; and there married 
 a rich heirefs, about 1679. There is a paflage in the 
 ‘‘ Segraifiana,^^ from which we learn, that Mad. de Main- 
 tenon would have had him to court, and have put him 
 in feme place about the duke of Maine : but, as we are 
 there told, he refledted within himfelf, tliat his life was 
 too far advanced to encourage new hopes, and that he had 
 what was very fufficient to maintain him tn otlo cum dig^ 
 nitate ; and thefe refle<ftions, together with that fqjlidium 
 which wife men foon conceive of a public and efpecially 
 a court life, determined him to reject, all offers, and to 
 continue where he was. He was admitted of the f rench 
 academy in 1662 ; and he now gave a ftable form to that 
 of Caen. Fie died at this place of a dropfy in 1701. He 
 was very deaf in the laft years of his life. He was much 
 fought after for the fake of his converfation, which was 
 always witty, folid, and learned : his converfe with the 
 court and the polite world had furnillied him with a mul¬ 
 titude of curious anecdotes, which he had a very agree¬ 
 able way of relating. A great number of thefe are to be 
 found in the “ Segraifiana,” which was publifhed many years 
 after his death, with a preface by Mr. de la Monnoye; 
 the beft edition of it is that of Amfterdam, 1723, i2mo. 
 
 The profe-writings of Segrais, though for the moft part 
 frivolous enough, yet have great merit as to tlieir ftyle, 
 which may be conlidered as a ftandard. Of this kind arc 
 his “ Nouvelles Fran^oifes,” and the romances called 
 “ La Princefle de Cleves & ZaydeMad. de la Fayette 
 is fuppofed to have been a partner with him in the 
 romances, the latter of which has been often printed, with 
 Mr. Huet’s “ Origine des Romans’^ prefixed. This 
 piece was written on purpofe for it, and is, fays Vol¬ 
 taire, 
 
S E G R A I S. 349 
 
 taire, a work of great ufe. But it is principally for his S?ede 
 poems, that Segrais was fo diftinguifhed in his day ; and^ 7 'jP^* 
 thefe conlift of “ Diverfes Poefies,” printed at Paris in 1658, ' 
 
 4t0 ; “ Athis,'' a paftoral j and a tranflation of Virgirs 
 Georgies and AEneid.” His ‘ Eclogues’ and his 
 ‘Tranflation of Virgil’ were efteemed,” fays Voltaire; 
 but now they are not read. It is remarkable, that Brc- 
 “ boeuPs ‘ Pharfalia’ is flill read, while Segrais’s ‘ AEneid^ 
 
 “ is entirely neglected ; neverthelefs, Boileau praifes 
 “ Segrais, and depreciates Breboeuf.—Mademoifelle calls 
 “ Segrais ‘ a fort of a witbut he was indeed a very great 
 “ wit, and a man of real learning.” 
 
 SELDEN (John), an Englifh gentleman of moll: 
 extenlive knowle^e and prodigious learning, was defeend- 
 ed from a good family, and born at Salvinton in Suffex, Ath«nje 
 in 1584. He was educated at the free-fehool in Chi-^77 
 chefler; and, at fixteeen, fent to Hart-Hall in Oxford, vkaSeideni 
 where he continued about three years. Then he entered a David* 
 himfelf of Clifford’s-Inn, London, in order to fludy the 
 law ; and about two years after removed to the Inner- sJiden^ 
 Temple, where he foon acquired a great reputation by his Works, 
 learning. His firfl friendlhips were with Sir Robert 
 Cotton, Sir Henry Spelman, Camden, and Ulher, all of*foL- 12 ;eac. 
 them learned in antiquities ; which was alfo Selden’s fa- Dia. 
 vourite obje£l:. In 1610, he began to diflinguifh himfelf 
 by publications in this way, and put out two pieces that 
 year ; “ Jani Anglorum facies altera and “Duello,” or 
 “ The Original of fingle Combat.” In 1612, he publifhed 
 notes and illuftrations on the firfl: eighteen foiigs in Dray¬ 
 ton’s “ “ Poly-Olbioiiand the year after wrote verfes 
 in Greek, Latin, and Englifli, upon Browne’s “ Britannia’s 
 “ Paftorals which, with divers poems'* prefixed to the 
 works of other authors, occafioned Sir John Suckling to 
 give him a place in his “ Seffion of the Poets.” In 1614, 
 came out his “ Lltles of Honour,” a work much efleem- 
 ed at home and abroad; and which, “as to what con- 
 “ cenis our nobility and gentry,” fays a certain writer, 
 all will allow ought firfl: to be perufed, for the gain- ' 
 ing a general notion of the diflindlion from an emperor N/colfon 
 “ down to a conntry-gentleman.” In 1616, he pubv ^ngUih 
 lifhed “ Notes on Fortefeue de legibus Anglian and, in Library 
 X617, “ De Diis Syris Syntagmata Duo,” which was re¬ 
 printed at Leyden 1629, Ludovicus de Dieu, af¬ 
 
 ter it had been revifed and enlarged by Selden himfelf. 
 
 Selden 
 

 S E L D E N. . 
 
 Seiden was not above three and thirty ; yet had fliewii 
 himfelf a great philologift, antiquary, herald, and iinguift ; 
 and his name was fo wonderfully advanced, not only at 
 home, but in foreign countries, that he was aftually then 
 become, what he was afterwards ufually ftyled, the great 
 didlator of learning to the Englifli nation. In i6i8, his 
 “ Hiftory of Tithes” was printed in 4to ; in the preface 
 to which, he reproaches the clergy with ignorance and 
 lazinefs, with having nothii>g to keep up their credit, but 
 beard, title, and habit, their ftudies not reaching farther 
 than the Breviary, the Poflils, and Polyanthea ; in the 
 work itfelf he endeavours to fhew, that tithes are not due 
 under Chriftianity by divine right, though he allows the 
 clergy’s title to them by the laws of the land. This book 
 gave great offence to the clergy, and W’as animadverted on 
 by feverai writers ; by Montague, afterwards bilhop of 
 Norwich, in particular. The author was alfo called, 
 not indeed before the high commilhon court, as hath 
 been reprefented, but before fome lords of the high com- 
 rnifiion and alfo of-the privy council, and obliged to make 
 a fubraiilion ; which he did moft willingly, for publilhing 
 a book, which againft his intention had given offence, yet 
 without recanting any thing contained in it, which he 
 never did. 
 
 In 1621, king James being dlfpleafed with the parlia¬ 
 ment, and having irnprifoned feverai members, whom he 
 iufpefled of oppoling his meafures, ordered Seiden like- 
 wife to be committed to the cuflody of the fheriff of Lon¬ 
 don : for, though he was not then a member of the houfc 
 of commons, yet he had been fent for and confulted by 
 tl'icrn, and had given his opinion very ftrongly in favour 
 of their privileges, in oppohtion to the court. However, 
 by the intereil of Andrews, bilhop of Wincheller, he with 
 the other gentlemen was fet at liberty in five weeks. Hq 
 then returned to his fludics, and wrote and publlfhed 
 learned work-;, as ufual. In 1623, chofen a 
 
 burgefs for Lnncafler; but, amidft ail the divilions with 
 which the nation was then agitated, kept himl'elf perfectly 
 neuter. In 1625, he was chofen again for Great Bedwin 
 m Wiirlhire : in this iirft parliament of king Charles, 
 ' Ivc dcclaicd hirnfelf warmly agaiiift the duke of Bucking¬ 
 ham ; and, when that iiobieinan was impeached in 1626, 
 
 Vvas one of the manap;crs of the articles againft him. ' 
 
 cppoled the ccurt-party the tlirce foilowdng ;;eu's With 
 £icat vigour in many fpecclics. 1 he king, liaving dif- 
 
 lolvcd 
 
S E L D E N. 
 
 351 
 
 foivcd the parliament in 1629, ordered feveral members 
 of the houfe of commons to be brought before the King’s- 
 Bench bar, and to be committed to the Tower. Seldcn, 
 being one of this number, inhfted upon the benefit of the 
 laws, and rcfufed to make any fubmiifion to the court; 
 upon which he was^fcnt to the King’s-Eench prifon. He 
 was releafed the latter end of the year, though it does not 
 appear how; only, that the parliament in 1646 ordered 
 him 5000!. for the lofles he had fuflained on that occa- 
 fion. In 1630, he was again committed to ciiflody, with 
 the earls of Bedford and Clare, Sir Robert Cotton, and 
 hir. St. John, being accufed of having difperfed a libel, 
 intituled, ‘‘ A Propofition for his Majeily’s fervice to 
 “ bridle the impcrtinency of Parliamentsbut it was 
 proved, that Sir Robert Dudley, then living in the duke See DUD- 
 ofTufeany’s dominions, was the author. All thefe va- 
 rious imprifonments and tumults gave no interruption to 
 his fludies ; but he proceeded, in liis old way, to write 
 and publifh books. 
 
 King James had ordered liim to make colledlions, pro¬ 
 per to fhew the right of the crown of England to the do¬ 
 minion of the fea, and he had engaged in the work; but, 
 upon the affront he had received by his impifonmeiit, lie 
 laid it afide. However, in 1634, a dlfpute arifing between 
 the Englifh and the Dutch concerning the herrlng-firnery 
 upon the Britifli coall, and Grotius having before pub- 
 liilied in 1609 his “ Mare Liberum” in favour of the 
 latter, Selden was prevailed upon by abp. Laud, who, 
 though he did not love his principles in church and ftatc- 
 affairs, vet could not help revering him for his learning 
 and manners, to draw up bis “ Mare Ciaufum and it 
 vras accordingly publilhed in 1636. This book recom¬ 
 mended him highly to the favour of the court, and he 
 might have had anything he would ; but his attachment 
 to his books, together with Ins great love of eaie, made 
 him indifferent, if not averfe, to polls and preferment. 
 
 In 1640, he puhihhcd “ De Juie Naturali A Gentium 
 “ ju>:ta difciplinam Plebreeoi um,” folio. Pufcndo’ff ap¬ 
 plauds this work highly: but his »tvanllatvor Earhcyrac In his Pre- 
 obferves, with regard to it, that “ bcfidcs tb. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 t i 
 
 a 
 
 e extreme 
 
 difordcr and obfeurity, which are jiiitly to be cenfuied 
 in his manner of writing, he docs not derive his nrin- 
 ciples of the law of nature from the pure'light of rea- 
 fon, but merely fiom the feven precepts given to 
 jS’eah;—and frequently contents himfelf with citing 
 2 ‘ ‘ tiie 
 
35» 
 
 S E L D E N. 
 
 <( 
 
 Blbl. Choi- 
 
 n 
 
 <i 
 
 <( 
 
 <( 
 
 it 
 
 «( 
 
 «( 
 
 (( 
 
 Hiftory of 
 the Rebel¬ 
 lion. 
 
 Memorials 
 of Engliili 
 Affairs, p. 
 ^1, Lond. 
 174x0 
 
 the decifions of the Rabbins, without giving himfelf the 
 trouble to examine whether they be juft or not.^* Lc 
 Clerc fays, that in this book Selden “ has only copied 
 the Rabbins, and fcarcely ever reafons at all. His rab¬ 
 binical principles are founded upon an uncertain Jewifh 
 tradition, namely, that God gave to Noah feven pre¬ 
 cepts, to be obferved by all mankind; which, if it 
 Ihould be denied, the Jews would find a difficulty to 
 prove. Befides, his ideas are very imperfedl and em- 
 barrafled.’^ There is certainly fome foundation for 
 this; and what is here faid of this particular work may 
 be more or lefs applied to all he wrote. He had a vaft 
 memory and prodigious learning; and thefe had often^ 
 times the fame effeift on him, as they have always on men 
 of lower abilities, fuch as Dodwell for inftance ; that is, 
 they checked and impeded the ufe of his reafoning faculty, 
 perplexed and erabarraffed his ideas, and crowded his 
 writings with citations and authorities, to fupply the place 
 of fenfe and argument. 
 
 The fame year, 1640, he was chofen member of par¬ 
 liament for the univeriity of Oxford ; and, though he was 
 againft the court, yet in 164a the king had thoughts of 
 taking the feal frona the lord keeper Littleton, and giving 
 it to him. Clarendon tell,us, that the lord Falkland 
 and himfelf, to whom his majefty referred the conlidera- 
 tion of that affair, “ did not doubt of Mr. Selden’s af- 
 fedlion to the king ; but withal they knew him fo well, 
 that they concluded he would abfolutely refufe the 
 place, if it were offered to him. He was in years, and 
 of a tender conftitution : he had for many years en¬ 
 joyed his eafe, which he loved ; was rich, and would 
 ;iot have made a journey to York, or have lain out of 
 his own bed, for any preferment, which he had never 
 affedted.” In 1643, he was appointed one of the lay- 
 inembers, to fit in the affembly of divines at Weft- 
 niinfter, in which he frequently perplexed thofe divines 
 with his vaft learning; and, as Whitelocke relates, “ fome- 
 times when they had cited a text of feripture to prove 
 their affertion, he would tell them, ‘ perhaps in your 
 little pocket-bibles with gilt leaves,’ w'hich they would 
 often pull out and read, ‘ the tranflation may be thus ; 
 but the Greek or the Hebrew fignify thus and thus ;* 
 and fo would totally filence them.” 
 
 About this time, he took the covenant; and the fame 
 year, 1643, parliament appointed keeper of 
 
 1 the 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 
 (( 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 (i 
 
 
S E L D E N. 
 
 the lecords in the Tower. In 1644, vvas ele£led one 
 of the twelve commiffioners of the admiralty^, and the 
 fame year was nominated to the mafrerfhip of Trinity 
 college in Cambridge, which he did' not think proper to 
 accept. About^ this time he did great fervices to the 
 univerlity of Oxford, as appears from fcverai letters 
 written to him by that nniverfity, which are printed: 
 and indeed he never meant to differve or do nhfchief to 
 aay perlon or party, his only view in continuing with 
 the pailiarnent being to keep himfelf out of harm’s way, 
 and to enjo^ as much eafe as he could in very uneafy 
 and tioublefome times. He never concurred in any 
 vioient meaiures, but often oppofed, and alwavs dii- 
 countenanced them. Upon the publication of the 
 Hx'TiXixvj Cromwell employed all his mtercfl to en^raf^'s 
 him to write an anfwer to'that book; but he ablbliUeTy' 
 refuled. In 1654, his health began to decline ; and he 
 died Hov. that year. He died in V'/hite-Friers, at 
 the houfe of Elizabeth countefs of Kent, with wliom he 
 had lived fome years in fach intimacy,/that they were 
 reported to be as man and wife ; and Dr. Wilkins fup- in 
 pofes, that the wealth, which he left at his death, was 
 chiefly owing to the generofitv of that countefs : but 
 there is no good reafon for either of the furmiles. He 
 was buried in the Temple-church, where a moniiment 
 was erc6led to him ; and abp. Ufliei' preached his funeral 
 fermon. He left a mofl valuable and curious library to 
 his executors, Mattliew Hale, folia Vaughan, and Rowland 
 Jews, efqrs. which they generoufiy would have beftovv;ed 
 on the lociety of the Inner-Temple, if a proper place 
 fhould be provided to receive it ; but, this being negieaed, 
 they gave it to the univerfity of Oxford. 
 
 Selden w'as immenlely learned, and fkilled in the Hebrew 
 and Oriental languages^beyond any man ; Grotius flyles 
 him “ the glory of the jingiidi nation.” He was know¬ 
 ing in ail laws, human and divine, yet did net 2;reatly 
 trouble liimlelf with the oraflice of law .* he feldoin or 
 never appeared at the bar, but fometimes gave council in 
 his chamber. “ His mind alfo,” fays Whitelockc, “ was M 
 as .great as his learning ; he was a* hoipitable and gc- 
 nerous as any man, and as good company to thofe he 
 liked.” Wilkins relates, that he was a' man of un-' ^ 
 common gravity and greatnefs of foul, averfe to flatte. 
 liberal to fcholars, charitable to the poor ; and tl n- 
 though he had a great latitude in his principles withrec^a 
 VoL. XL A a 
 
 35 
 
 his Life. 
 
 f mo ■ 
 p. , 
 
354 
 
 S E L D E N. 
 
 Additional 
 notes on the 
 life of Sir 
 Matthew 
 Kale, edit. 
 1682. 
 
 (4 
 
 (e 
 
 (i 
 
 
 to ecclefiaflical power, yet he had a lincere regard for the 
 church of England. Mr. Richard Baxter remarks, that 
 he was a refolved fcrious Chriflian, a great adverfary, 
 particulary to Hobbes’s errors; and that Sir Matthew 
 Hale affirmed, how he had feen Selden openly oppofc 
 Hobbes fo earncfllv, as either to depart from him, or 
 drive him out of the room which Ihews, that, as 
 Selden had great knowledge, fo he had alfo fome portion 
 of zeal. But the noblell telfimony in his favour is that 
 of his intimate friend the earl of Clarendon, who thus 
 deferibes him in ail parts of his character : “ Mr. Selden 
 “ was aperfon,” fays he, “ wliom no charadfer can flatter, 
 or tranfmit in any expreffions equal to his merit and 
 virtue. He was of fo 'flupendous learning in all kinds 
 and in all languages, as may appear from his excellent 
 and tranfeendent writings, that a man would have 
 thought he had been entirely converfant among books, 
 and had never fpent an hour but in reading and writ- 
 ina'; yet his humanity, courtefy, and affability, was fuch, 
 
 to have been bred 
 
 Life 
 ward 
 Clarendon, 
 p. 16. Oxf. 
 1759. fol. 
 
 44 
 
 4 4 
 
 44 
 
 <4 
 
 4 4 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 that he would have been thought 
 
 “ in the bell courts, but that his good-nature, charity, 
 “ and delight in doing good, and in communicating all 
 “ he knew, exceeded that breeding. His ffyle in all his 
 “ writings feems harfh, and fometimes obfeure; which 
 “ is not wholly to be imputed to the abllrufe fubjedfs of 
 “ which he commonly treated, out of the paths trod by 
 other men, but to a little undervaluing the beauty of a 
 ftyle, and too much propenlity to the language of anti- 
 “ quity : but in his converfation he was the moll clear 
 “ difeourfer, and had the bell faculty in making hard 
 “ things eafy, and prefenting to the underlfanding, of 
 “ any man that hath been known. Mr. Hyde was wont 
 “ to lay, that he valued himfelf upon nothing more 
 “ than upon having had Mr. Seldcn’s acquaintance, 
 “ from the time he was very young; and held it with 
 “ great delight as long as they were fuffered to continue 
 “ together in T.ondon : and he was very much troubled 
 “ always when he heard him blamed, cenfured, and re- 
 “ proached for Haying in London, and in the parliament, 
 “ after they were in rebellion, and in the worH times, 
 “ which his age obliged him to do ; and how wicked 
 “ foever the adtions were, which were every day done, he 
 “ was confident he bad not given his confent to them, 
 “ but would have hindered them if he could with his 
 “ own falety, to which he was always enough indulgent. 
 
 44 if 
 
355 
 
 S E L D E N. 
 
 If he had feme infirmities with other men, they were 
 “ weighed down with wonderful and prodigious abilities 
 “ and excellences in the other fcale.” 
 
 His workswere colledied by Dr. David Wilkins, and 
 printed at London in 3 vols. folio, but generally bound 
 in fix, 1726. The two firft contain his Latin works, and 
 the third his Englifii. The editor has prefixed a long 
 life of the author, and added feveral pieces never before 
 publifhed ; particularly letters, poems, he. 
 
 SEED ( J E R E MI xV Ti ), an Englifii d 1 vine^ was born at 
 Clifton, near Penrith in Cumberland, of which place his 
 father was reTor. He had his fchool-education at Low- 
 ther, and his academical at Qj-ieen’s-collegc in Oxfords 
 Of this focicty he was chofen fellow in 1732. The great- 
 cfl: part of his life was fpent at Twickenliam, where he 
 was aiTifiant or qurate to Dr. Waterland. In 1741, he 
 was prefented by his college to the living of Enham in 
 Hampfliire, at which place he died in 1747, v/ithout ever 
 having obtained any higher preferment, which he amply 
 deferved. He was exemplary in his morals, orthodox in 
 his opinions, had an able head,, and a moil amiable hearti 
 A late romantic writer againll: the Atlianafian doflrines, 
 whofe tellimony we chiife to give, as it is truth extorted 
 from an adverfary? fpeaks of him in the following terms : 
 “ Notwithilanding this gentleman’s being a contender 
 “ for the Trinity, yet he was a benevolent man, an up- 
 “ riTi-t Chriftian, and a beautiful writer; exclufive of 
 “ liis zeal for tlie 'Erinitv, be was in every thing clfe 
 “ an excellent clergymar*, and an admirable fcholar. 1 
 “ knew him well, and on account of his amiable quali-* 
 tics verv highly honour his memory ; though no two 
 ‘‘ ever differed more in religious feiitimeats.” He pub¬ 
 lifhed in his life-time, “ Difeourfes on feveral important 
 “ Subjedls,” 2 vols. 8vo : and his ‘‘ Pofihumous Works, 
 ‘‘ confifiing of Sermons, Letters, Elfays, 6cc.” in 2 vols. 
 8vo, were ])ublifhcd from his original manufcrlpt, by 
 Jof. Hall, M. A. fellow of Queen’s-coilegc, Oxford, 
 1750. d'hev are all very ingenious, and ,full of good 
 matter, but abound too much in antithefis and point. 
 
 SENECA (Lucius Annweus), a Stoic philofopher, 
 Was born at Cord aha in Spain, -about the beginning of 
 the- Clirifiian ana, of an Equeftrian family, which had 
 probably been tiaafplanted tliither in a colony from 
 
 A a 2 Pvome, 
 
CO 
 
 56 SENECA. 
 
 Rome. He v/as the fecond fon of Marcus Annaeus Seneca, 
 cbmmonly called the rhetorician, whofe remains are 
 printed under the title ofSuaforia; & Controverliae, cum 
 “ Declamationum Excerptis and his youngefl brother 
 Annjeus Mela, for there were three of them, was me¬ 
 morable for being the father of the poet Lucan. He was 
 removed to Rome, together with his father and the reft of 
 his family, while he was yet in his infancy ; and fo very 
 fmall, that, as he himfelf tells us, he was carried thither in 
 Confoi. ati. the arms of his aunt: “ matertera^ manibus in urbem 
 
 Heiv. c. << periatus fum.” There he was educated in the moft 
 liberal manner, and under the beft mafters. He learned 
 his eloquence from his father ; but his genius rather lead¬ 
 ing him to philofophy, he put himfelf under the Stoics 
 ‘ A^ttalus, Sotion, and Papirius Fabianus : men famous in 
 their way, and of whom he has made honourable mention 
 in his writings. It is probable too, that he travelled 
 when he was young, ftnee we find him in feveral parts of 
 his works, particularly in his “ Quaeftiones FJaturales,’* 
 making very exa6f and curious obfervations upon Egypt 
 and the Nile. Eut this, though entirely agreeable to his 
 own humour, did not at all correfpond wdth that fcheme 
 or plan of life which his father had drawn o,ut for him ; 
 vdio therefore forced him to the bar, and put him upon 
 foliciting for public employments ; fo that he afterwards 
 Vit.Senec. became queftor, praetor, and, as Lipfius will have it, even- 
 confnl. 
 
 In the ftrft year of Claudius, when Julia the daughter 
 of Germanicus was accufed of adultery by Meftalina, and 
 baniihed, Seneca was banifhed too, being charged as one 
 of the adulterers. Corfica was the feat of his exile, where 
 he lived eight years; happy, as he tells us, in the 
 midft of thole things which ufually make other people 
 miferabie ; “ inter eas res beatus, quse folent miferos fa- 
 cere and where he wrote his books Of Confolation,’* 
 addreiTed to his mother Helvia, and to his friend Poly- 
 V bius, and perhaps fome of thofe tragedies which go under 
 his name ; for he fays, “ modo fe levioribus ftudiis ibi 
 “ oblectaire.” When Agrippina was married to Claii- 
 - dins, as Ibe vras upon the death of Meftalina, flic pre¬ 
 vailed with the emperor to recall Seneca from banifhment; 
 and afterwards procured him to be tutor to her fon Nero, 
 Vvliom llie deligned for the empire. By the bounty and 
 generolity of his royal pupil, lie acquired that prodigious 
 •wealth which rendered hini in a manner equal to kir*gs. 
 
 His 
 
 Cnnf. acl 
 Hclv. c. 
 XVlii 
 
SENECA. 
 
 His houfes and walks were the mofl magnificent in Rome. 
 His villas were innumerable : and he had immenfe films 
 of money placed out at intereft in almofl every part of the 
 world. The hiflorian Dio reports him to have had 
 2^0,000 1 . at intereft in Britain alone, and reckons his 
 calling it in ail at a fum as one of the caufes of a war with 
 that nation. 
 
 All this wealth, however, together with the luxury and 
 effeminacy of a court, does not appear to have had any ill 
 effed upon the temper and difpofition of Seneca. He 
 continued abflemious, exaft in his manners, and, above 
 all, free from the vices fo commonly prevalent in fucli 
 places, flattery and ambition. “ 1 had rather,” faid he to 
 Nero, “ offend you by fpeaking the truth, than pieafe you 
 
 by lying ana flattery maiuerim veris offendere, quam Be Clem, 
 placere adulando.” How well he acquitted hinifelf in 2. 
 
 quality of preceptor to his prince, may be known from 
 the five flrft years of Nero’s reign, which have always 
 beeri confidered as a perfe6f pattern of good government;' 
 and, if that emperor had but been as obfe'rvant, of his 
 mafter through the whole courfe of it, as he was at tbe*. 
 beginning, he would have been the delight, and not, as 
 he afterwards proved, the curfe and deteflaticn of man¬ 
 
 kind. But, when Poppsea and Tigellinus had got the 
 command of his humour, and hurried him into the mofl 
 extravagant and abominable vices, he foon grew wearv of 
 his mailer, whofe life mufl indeed have been a conflant 
 rebuke to him. Seneca perceiving, that his favour de¬ 
 clined at court, and tnat he had many accufers about the 
 prince, who were perpetually whifpering in his cars his 
 great riches, his magnificent houfes, and fine gardens, aiid 
 what a favourite through their means he was grown with 
 people, made an offer of them all to Nero. Nero refilled 
 to accept them, which, how^ever, did not hinder Seneca 
 from changing his way of life ; for, ks Tacitus relates, he 
 kept no more levees, declined the ufual civilities which 
 had been paid to him, and, under a pretence of iiidif- 
 pofition or engagement, avoided as nrach as poflihle to 
 appear in public.” 
 
 Nero in the mean time, who, as it is fuppofed, had dif- 
 patched Burrhus by poifon, could not be eafv till he had 
 rid himfelf of Seneca alfo : for Burrhus and Seneca were 
 to Nero, what Agrippa and Mcecenas had been to Au- 
 giiflus ; the one the manager of his military concerns, the 
 other of his civil. Accordingly he attempted, by means 
 
 A a 3 ^ of 
 
 
 <( 
 
 (( 
 
 n 
 
 Ann,-!!, 
 lil). xiv. 
 
SENECA. 
 
 of CleonlcEis, a frcedmaii of Seneca, to take him ofT by 
 poifon ; bnt, this not luccceding, he ordered him to be 
 put to death, upon an information, tliat he was confeious 
 to Fife’s confpiracy againil his peifon ; not that he had 
 rtny real proofs of Seneca’s l>eing at all concerned in this 
 plot, bnt only that he was giad to lay hold of any pretence 
 for deftroving him. He left Seneca, however, at-liberty 
 to chufe his manner of dying, who caufed his veins to be 
 opened immediately ; his triends handing round him, 
 whofe tears he endeavoured to hop, fometimes by gently 
 admonilhing, lometinies by fharply rebuking tlicni. His 
 Vvdfc Paulina, who. was very young in comparilon of him- 
 felf, had yet the refolution and affeStion to bear him com¬ 
 pany, and thereupon ordered her veins to be opened at 
 the fame time ; but, as Nero had no particular fpite'againh 
 her, and was not willing to make his cruelty more odious 
 and infupportable than there teemed ocrafon for, he gave 
 orders to have her death prevented : upon rvhich her 
 wounds were bound up, and the blood hepped, in jiih 
 time .enough to fave lier; though, as Tacitus hiys, Ihe 
 .looked fo miferably pale and wan all her life after, that it 
 was eafy to read the iols of her blood and fpirits in her 
 countenance. In the mean time Seneca, iinding his death 
 flow and lingering,, delired Statius Aniuuus his phvhciaii 
 to give him a dole of poifon, which had been prepared 
 fome time before, in cafe it fhould be wanted ; but, this 
 not having its ufual effedf, he was carried to a hot bath, 
 where he was at length hihed with the heams. He died, 
 as Liphus coiijcclures, in his 63d or 64th year, and intlie 
 lOth or I ith of Nero. I'hcre was a rumour, tliat Subrius 
 Flavius, in a private converfation with the centurions, 
 had refolved, and not without Seneca’s- knowledge of it, 
 that, when Nero fhould have been llain by Pifo, Pile 
 himfelf ihould be killed too, and the empire delivered up 
 10 Sciieca : but what foundation there was for it, is not laid. 
 
 The works of Seneca are fo well knorvn by the feveral 
 editions whicli have been publifhed, that we need not be 
 particular in an account of tliem. Some have imagined, 
 that he was a Chriftian, and that lie held a correlpondcnce 
 witii St. Paul by letters. He muff have heard of Clirilf 
 and his clodlrine, and his cuilofity might lead him to 
 make fome enquiry about tliem ; hut, as for tlic letters 
 publiflied under tlie names of the Philofophcr and Y^poflle, 
 they have long been declared Ipurious by the critics, and 
 perfectly umvorty of either of them. To know whether 
 
 Sciieca 
 
359 
 
 SENECA. 
 
 Seneca was a Chriftian or no, we need only obferve a cir- 
 cumflance, which Tacitus relates of him, at the time of 
 his death ; viz. “ that, when he entered the bath, he 
 “ took of the water and fprinkled thofe about him, fay- 
 ing, that he offered thofe libations to Jupiter his de- 
 liverer—libare fe liquorem ilium Jovi Liberatori.” Tacir. An- 
 
 It was to the labours of Juftus Lipfius, that the public "iv*. xv^* 
 were indebted for the hrfl; good edition of the works ofvit. Senec. 
 Seneca the philofopher ; which were twice handfomely ^ 
 printed in folio, and afterwards, with the works of Seneca 
 the rhetorician, and notes by John Frederic Gronovius, 
 at Amfterdam, 1672,111 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 SENNERTUS (Daniel), an eminent phyhclan 
 of Germany, , was born at Brefiaw, where his father was a 
 Ihoe-maker, in 1572. He was fent to the univerfity 
 Wittemberg in 1593, and there made a great progrefs in 
 philofophy and phyfick. He vifited the nniverfities of1668.— 
 Leipfic, Jena, and Franckfort upon the Cd^r; and 
 tei wards went to Berlin in 1601, to learn the pradlice juk* 
 
 phyiic. He did not ftay long there, but returned to Wit¬ 
 temberg the fame year ; where alfo he*was promoted to 
 the degree of dodtor in phyfic, and foon after to a profeffor- 
 fliip in the fame faculty. He was the firfl who intro¬ 
 duced the fludy of chemiftry into that univerlity. He 
 gained a great reputation by his writings and by his prac¬ 
 tice : patients came to him from all parts, among whom 
 were princes, dukes, counts, and gentlemen ; and he re- 
 fufed his affiflance to nobody. He took what was offered 
 him for his pains, but demanded nothing: and even re- 
 flored to the poor what they gave him. The plague was 
 above feven times at Wittemberg, while he was profeffor 
 there ; but he never /retired, nor refufed to aliifl the lick : 
 and the eleclor of Saxony, whom he had cured of a dan¬ 
 gerous illnefs in 1628, though he had appointed him , 
 one of his phyliclans in ordinarv, yet gave him leave to 
 continue at Wittemberg. He married three times : had 
 feven children by his firft wife, but none by his two laft. 
 
 He died of the plague at Wittemberg July 21, 1637. 
 
 The liberty he took in contradi(^ing the ancients raifed 
 him, as was natural, many adverfaries ; but nothing was 
 worfe received than the notion which he advanced con¬ 
 cerning the origin of fouls. He was not fatisfied with the 
 opinion of thofe, who faid, that there is a celeftial intel- 
 iigeiice appointed to prelidc over tlie formation of fouls, 
 
 A a 4 which 
 
3^0 S E N N E R T U S. ■ 
 
 V 7 hich makes ufe of feed only as an inflrument; nor of 
 thofe who afcribe a plaflic virtue to it: he thought, and 
 he advanced, that the foul is in the feed before the orga¬ 
 nization ; and that this is what forms the wonderful 
 mach]i '\, which call a living body. He was accufed 
 of blafphemy and impiety, on pretence of having taught, 
 that the fouls beafts are not material; for this was af- 
 hrmed co be the fame thing with teaching that they are 
 as immortal as the foul of man. He rejeaed this con- 
 fequcnce, and feems to have drawn himfelf out of the 
 fciape, he was got into, as well as he could ; refledting pro¬ 
 bably, that his adyerfaries fometimes had recourfe to other 
 w^'eapcns than thofe of found realon and argument. 
 
 His works are very numerous, and have often been 
 printed in France and Italy. The lall; edition is that of 
 Tyons 1676, in 6 vols. folio ; to which his life is prefixed. 
 
 SE NNERTUS (Andp.ew), a German, eminent for 
 his Ikili m the Oriental langages, was born at Wittem- 
 Bfiylc, See. berg* 111^1535. He learned the Arabic tongue at Leyden 
 under Goliuf, and found out a very good method of 
 teaching it; as Dr. Pocock, who was an admirable judge 
 in this point, has teftified in his favour. He was made 
 profeiTor of the Oriental languages in the univerfity of 
 Wittemberg in 1568, and held it to the day of his death, 
 that is, fifty-one years. He difeharged the duties of his 
 profefibrfhip learnedly and worthily, and publiflied a very 
 great numbp of books. He is alfo commended in his 
 funeral oration for the purity of his morals, and parti¬ 
 cularly for his temperance ; which enabled him to fupport 
 the labour of ftudy and all the fundfions of a profefibr, 
 and carriea him to an extreme old age, with great vigour 
 of body and mind. He died in 1619, aged 84. 
 
 Niceron, SERRANUS (JoANNEs), Or JoHN de Serres, a 
 tom.i\. leauicd Frenchman, was born in the i6th century; and 
 was of the Rerormed religion. His parents fent him to 
 Laufanne, where he matle a good progrefs in the Latin 
 and Greek languages, and attached himfelf much to the 
 philofophy of l^lato and Arifiotie; and, on his return to 
 h ranee, he fludied divinity, in order to qualify himfelf for 
 the minifiry. He began to diftinguifh himfelf by his 
 writings in 1570 ; and, in 1573, obliged to fly a re¬ 
 fugee to Laufanne, after the dreadful mallacre on St. 
 iiartholoniew s day. Returning loon to France, he pub- 
 
 liflied 
 
S E R R A N U S. 36 
 
 lifhed a piece in French, called A Remonflrance to the 
 ‘‘ king upon fome pernicious principles in Bodin’s book 
 “ de Republicain which he was thought to treat 
 Bodin fo injurioully, that Henry III. ordered him to pri- 
 fon for it. Obtaining his liberty, he became a minifter at 
 Nifmes in 1582, but never was looked upon as very ftanch 
 to Protellantifm ; and fome have gone fo far as to fay, 
 but without fufficient foundation, that he adlually abjured 
 it. He is, however, fuppofed to have been one of thofe 
 four minifters, who declared to Henry IV, that a man 
 might be faved in the Popifh as well as the Protehant reli¬ 
 gion ; and that was certainly more than enough to bring 
 him iitto^ fufpicion with his brethren the Hugonots. 
 
 This fufpicion was afterwards increafed by a book, which 
 he publilhed, in I597> with a view to reconcile the two 
 religions, intituled, “ De Fide Catholica, five de prin- 
 cipiis religionis Chrifiianae, communi omnium con- 
 “ fenfu femper & ubique ratis a work, little reiifned 
 by the Catholics, but received with fuch indignation by 
 the Calvinifts of Geneva, whither he was retired, that 
 they were fufpefted to have given the author poifon, and 
 to have occafioned an immature kind of death to him; 
 for he died fuddenly in 1598, when he was not more than 
 filty. His wife, we are told, was buried in the fame grave 
 with^ him; fo that it is probable they made clean work, 
 by difpatching, when they were doing, the whole family 
 at once. 
 
 He was the author of a great many things ; fome tlieo- 
 logical, fome hiilorical. He pubiifiied feveral works, in 
 Latin and in French, relating to the hifiory of France ; 
 among the reft, the following in trench ; “ Memoires de 
 la troifieme Guerre Civile & derniers troubles de France 
 “ lous Charles IX, &c ‘‘ Inventaire general de I’Hiftoire 
 “ de F ranee, illuftre par la conference de l Eglife & de 
 “ rEmpire,&c;” “ Recueildes chofesmemorablesavenues 
 “ en France fous Hemi II, Francois II, Charies IX, & 
 
 “ Henri III, &c” Thele have been many times re¬ 
 printed with continuations and Improvements ; yet it is 
 allowed, that there is in them a ftrong timfture of palfion 
 and animofit3,\ It cannot indeed be otherwife ; Hiftories, 
 written efpecially iri trouolefome times, will always favour 
 of the paflions which produce them ; and it is againft 
 fuch that father Daniel has put us upon our guard. “ We Pref. au 
 have,” fays he, “ examples of a great number of 
 ‘‘ hiftories, from the reign of Francis II. to that 
 
 ^ • *< Lewis 
 
36 z 
 
 S E R- R A N U S. 
 
 “ Lewis XIII. written by both Catholics and Hugonots, 
 “ where partiality and refentment prevailed abundantly ; 
 “ and this is the common effect ot civil wars, cfpecially 
 “ when they are lighted up by the motive or pretence of 
 ‘‘ religon.” 
 
 But the work, for which Scrranus is moft known, at 
 leaff out of France, is his “ Latin verlion of Plato,” which 
 was printed with Henry Stephens’s fine Greek text of that 
 author’s works, in 1578, folio. Yet he is fuppofed not 
 to have thoroughly conlidered valcrent humeri^ what 
 he was equal to, when he undertook that important taflc. 
 His verlion is allowed to have much fimplicity and ele¬ 
 gance in it, but then the ftyle of Plato is pompous and 
 majeflic : and it is not enough, that a tranflator gives his 
 author’s fenfe, as Serranus; he fliould endeavour, like 
 Ficinus, to do it in his manner. Hence, though Ser- 
 ranus’s Latin is more elegant, Ficinus is yet allowed to 
 he the more faithful tranflator. In the mean time Henry 
 Stephens, as Calaubon relates, excepted to feveral pal- 
 fages of Serranus, and recommended them to his cor¬ 
 rection, which however Serranus, on fome account or 
 other, Tefufed. Upon the whole, it is lucky for Ser¬ 
 ranus, that his verlion is fo iiifeparably conneCted with 
 Stephens’s types and text: for this will fecure it fome 
 degree of refpeCt, fo long as that edition of Plato lhall lafl. 
 
 ,SERVETUS (MichaIel), a moff ingenious and 
 learned Spaniard, famous for his oppofition to the received 
 doCIrine of the Trinity, and for the martyrdom he under¬ 
 went on that account, was born in 1509 at Villaneuva in 
 Arragon. His father, who was a notary, lent him to the 
 univerlity of Touloufe, to fludy the civil law : and there 
 he began to read the feriptures for the firll time, probably 
 becaufe the Reformation made then a great noife in France, 
 He was prefently convinced, that the church wanted re¬ 
 forming ; and it may be he went fo far as to fancy, that 
 the Trinity was one of the doCIrines to be rejeCfed. Be 
 that as it will, he grew very fond of Antitrinitarian no¬ 
 tions ; and, after he had been two or three years at Tou- 
 ioufe, rcfolved to retire into Germany, and fet up for a 
 reformer. He went to Bafil, by way of Lyons and 
 Geneva ; and, having had fome conferences at Bafil with 
 Oecolampadius, let out for Strafburg, being extremely de- 
 lirous to difeourfe with Bucer and Capito, two celebrated 
 reformers of that city. At his departure from Bafil, he 
 
SERVETUS. 
 
 left a manufcrlpt, intituled, “ De Trinitatis Erroribus,” 
 in the hands of a bookleller, who fent it afterwards to 
 Hagiicnau, whither Servetus went, and got it printed in 
 J531. The next year, he printed likewife at Haguenau 
 another book, with this title, “ Dialogorum de Trinitate 
 libri duo in an advertifment to which, he retradls 
 wliat he had written in his former book againft the 
 Trinity, not as if it was falfe, but becaufe it was written 
 imperfectly, confufedly, unpobtely, and as it were by a 
 child for the ufe of children. Thus he publifhed two 
 books againft the Trinity in lefs than two years, and 
 without fcrupiing to put his name to them. He was very 
 young, extremely zealous for his new opinions, and per¬ 
 haps unacquainted with the principles of the Reformers. 
 
 It is likely, that, being lately come from France into a 
 Proteftant country, he thought he might write as freely 
 againft the doclrine of the Trinity, as the Reformers 
 did againh: tranfiildlantiation, 8 cc. ; and, what is ftrange, 
 he does not feem ever after to have corredled this error, 
 or to have thought of any means to retrieve the dangerous 
 fteps it had occalioned him to take. 
 
 Having publillied thefe two books, he refolved to return 
 to France, becaufe he was poor, and did not underftand 
 the German language ; as he alledged upon his trial to 
 tlie judges, when they adeed him, why he left Germany. 
 
 He went to Eafil, and thence to Lyons, where he lived 
 two or three years. Then he went to Paris, and ftudied 
 pliyiic under Sylvius, Fernelius, and other profelTors : he 
 took his degree of mafter of arts, and was admitted doftor 
 of phyfic in the uiiiverfity there. Having finilhed his me¬ 
 dical itudies at Paris, he left that city, to go and pra6Iifc 
 in Ibme other place: he fettled two or three years in a 
 tovvn near Lyons, and then at Vienne in Dauphiny, for 
 the fj)ace of ten or twelve. His books againft the Tri¬ 
 nity had raifed a great tumult among the German di¬ 
 vines, and fpread his name throughout all Europe. In 
 ‘ 1533, before he had left Lyons, Melamfthon wrote a 
 letter to Camerarius, where he told him what he thought 
 of Servetus and his books: “Servetus,” fays he, “ isMeLmaSon 
 “ evidently an acute and crafty difputant, but confufed iii>- 
 
 “ and inciigefted in his thoughts, and certainly wanting 
 
 “ in point of gravity.” He adds, “ he has always been 
 “ afraid, that difputes about the Trinity would fometime 
 or other break out: ‘ Bone Deus ! quales tragoedias 
 excitabit haec qUitfiio apud poftcros ! 5 v'c.’ Good God !” 
 
 3 * ^ 
 
3^4 
 
 S E R V E T U S. 
 
 Lib. I. 
 
 epift. 3. 
 
 
 <( 
 
 ti 
 
 (C 
 
 fays he, ‘‘ what tragedies will this queflion, ^ whether the- 
 “ word and fpirit be fubitaiices or perfons,’ raife among 
 “ poflerity!” While Servetus w^as at Paris, his books 
 v>rere difperfed in Italy, and very much approved by many 
 who had thoughts of forfaking the church of Rome : 
 upon which, in 1539, Melanfthon wrote a letter to the 
 fenate of Venice, importing, that “ a book of Servetus, 
 who had re.vived the error of Paulus Samofatenus, w^s 
 handed about in their country, and befeeching them to 
 take care, that the impious error of that man may be 
 avoided, rejected, and abhorred.” Servetus was at Lyons 
 in 1542, before he fettled in Vienne; and corredled the 
 proofs of a Latin Bible that w^as printing there, to which 
 he added a preface and feme marginal notes, under the 
 name of Villanovanus; for he was called in France Vil- 
 leneuve, from Villanueva, the town where he was born. 
 
 All this while, the reformer Calvin, w^ho was the head 
 of the church at Geneva, kept a conilant correfpondence 
 with Servetus by letters : he tells us, that he endeavoured, 
 Fideiis Ex- for the fpace of fixteen years, to reclaim that phyheian 
 
 errors. Beza informs us, that Calvin knew 
 n ramong" Servetus at Paris, and oppofed his dodlrine ; and adds, 
 Calvin’s that Servetus, having engaged to difpute with Calvin, 
 works. durft not appear at the time and place appointed. Servetus 
 Hift. of the wrote feveral letters to Calvin at Geneva from Lyons and 
 Reformed Dauphine, and confulted him about feveral points : he 
 alfo fent him a manufeript, to have his judgement upon 
 vol.l. p. 14. it. Calvin made an ungenerous and even bafe ufe of 
 this confidence ; for he not only wrote fharp and angry 
 letters to him again for the prefent, but afterwards pro¬ 
 duced his private letters and manufeript againll him at 
 his trial. Varillas affirms, tliat there is at Paris an ori- 
 iTlfcoire de ginal letter of Calvin to Farel, written in 1546, wherein 
 I'Hertfie ad following paflagc : “ Servetus has fent me a large 
 
 a«“*' 553 ' ti book, fluffed with idle fancies, and full of arrogance. 
 
 “ He fays, I lhall find admirable things in it, and fuch 
 “ as have not hitherto been heard of. He offers to come 
 hither, if 1 like it: but I will not engage my word ; 
 for if he comes, and if any regard be had to my au¬ 
 thority, I llrall not fuffer him to efcape with Ins life.” 
 Sorberiana. Sorbiere mentions the fame letter; and fays, that Gro- 
 tins lavV it at Pans, with words in it to this efie£l:. 
 
 Servetus continued to be fo fond of his Antitrinitariaii 
 notions, that he refolvcd to publilh a third w^ork in fa- 
 
 This came cut in 1553 at Vienne, with 
 
 til is 
 
 i i 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 your of til era. 
 
SERVETUS. 
 
 tlm title, “ Clmftianifmi Reftitutio, &c.” and Is proba- 
 bly the bbok he had fent to Calvin. Servetus did not 
 put his name to^ this work ; but Calvin, informed the 
 Roman-catholics in France, that he v/as the real author 
 ofit.^ Upon this information, Servetus was imprifoned 
 at Vienne, and would certainly have been burnt alive, if 
 he had not made his efcape ; however, fentence was pailed 
 on ^ him, and his effigies was carried to the place of exe¬ 
 cution, faftencd to a gibbet, and afterwards burned, with 
 hve Dales ot Ins books. Servetus in the mean time was 
 retiring to Naples, where he hoped to pradife phyfic with 
 tne lame high repute as he had pradlifed at Vienne - yet 
 was fo imprudent as to take his way through Geneva, 
 ffiough he knew that Calvin was his mortal enemy. 
 Calvin, being informed of his arrival, acquainted the ma- 
 giltrates with it; upon which he was feized and call into 
 priloi^ and a profecution was prefently commenced 
 againit him foi Jrerefy and blalphemy. Calvin purfued 
 him with a malevolence and fury, which was manifeftly 
 perfonal: though no doubt that reformer ealily perfuaded 
 himfelf, that it was all pure zeal for the caufe of God 
 and the good of his church. The articles of his accufa- 
 tion were numerous, and not confined to his book, called 
 Cnrillianifmi Reftitutio but were fought out of all 
 his othei writings, wnich were ranfacked for every thing 
 that could be ftrained to a bad fenfe. One of them was 
 Ota very extraordinary nature. Servetus had publiftied 
 ‘^t Fyons, in an edition ot Ptoiemv^s Geography, ’ 
 with a preface a’nd tome notes. Now he was urged with 
 faUng, in this pieface, that Jud.ea has been falfely cried 
 up for beauty, richnefs, and fertility, ftiice thofe, who 
 “ have travelled in it, have found it poor, barren, and 
 utterly devoid of pieafantnefs and they made him 
 reflect upon Mofes, as if he had been vanus pr^eco yud^s^^ 
 had written like a panegyrift, rather than an hiftorian to 
 be relied on, in his account of that holy land. Wc 
 cannot deciae upon the juftnefs of the charge, not know¬ 
 ing where to get a fight of his edition of Ptolemy : yet 
 can fcarcely believe, that Servetus meant to refieft upon 
 Ivlofes, mice he was neither an Atheift nor a F)eift • but 
 on the contrary, fully perfuaded of the divine infpiration. 
 Oi me fcriptures. Another article was, that “ he had 
 coiiupted tile Latin Bible, lie was hired to correal at 
 Lpns,^ partly with impertinent and trilling, and partly 
 with whunfcal and impious, notes-of his own through- 
 
 “ out 
 
 
366 
 
 Hift. of, 
 Council I 
 Trent, 
 Book. V. 
 
 S E R V E T U S. 
 
 ‘‘ out every page but the main article of all, and which 
 was certainly the ruin of him, was, that, “ in the perfon 
 “ of Mr. Calvin, minifter of the word of God in the 
 “ church of Geneva, he had defamed the do£lrine that is 
 preached, uttering all imaginable injurious and blafphe- 
 “ mous words againfl; it.” 
 
 The magiftrates of Geneva being fenfiblc, in the mean 
 time, that the trial of Servetus was a thing of the highefl: 
 confequence, did not think ht to give fentence, without 
 confulting the magiflrates of the Proteftant cantons of 
 Switzerland; to whom therefore they fent ServetLTs’s 
 book, printed at Vienne, and alfo the writings of Calvin, 
 with Servetus’s anfwers; and at the fame time defired to 
 have the opinion of their divines about that affair. They 
 all gave vote againil him, as Beza himfelf relates ; in con¬ 
 fequence of which, he was condemned and burnt alive 
 oa. 27, 1553. H is death left a ftain upon the charaffer 
 of Calvin, wdiich nothing can wipe out, becaufe evei'y 
 body has believed that he a£led in this affair from motives 
 merely perfonal : the crattinefs of addrefs and manage¬ 
 ment in caufing Servetus to be apprehended and brought 
 to a trial, his brutal and furious treatment of him at the 
 time of his trial, and his diffimulation and malevolence 
 towards him after his condemnation, will not fuffer it to 
 be doubted. It reflefted alfo upon the Reformers in ge¬ 
 neral, who feemed to be no fooner out of the church of 
 Rome, than they began to cherifh the fame intolerating 
 fpirit, and to ufe the fame perfecuting arts, for which they 
 pretended a juft ground of feparation from that church. 
 “ It was wondered,” fa vs father Paul, that thofe of 
 “ the new reformation fhould meddle wuth blood for the 
 “ caufe of religion : for Michael Servetus of Arragon, 
 “ renewing the old opinion of Paulus Samofatenus, was 
 “ put to death for it at Geneva, by counfel of the mi- 
 nifters of Zurich, Berne, and Schiaftufa ; and Johri 
 “ Calvin, who was blamed for it bv manv, wrote a book 
 “ to prove, that the magiftrates may punifh heretics with 
 “ lofs of life : which dotftrine being drawn to divers fenfes, 
 as it is underftood more ftridlly or more largely, or as 
 the name of heretic is taken diverfly, may fometime 
 “ do hurt to him, whom at another time it hath helped.” 
 
 Servetus was a man of great acutenefs and prodigious 
 learning. He was not only deeply verfed in what we 
 ufually call facred and prophanc literature, but alfo an 
 adept ill the arts and fciences. He obferved upon bis 
 
 trial, 
 
I 
 
 3^7 
 
 SERVETUS. 
 
 trial, that he had profefled mathematics at Paris; althouo-h 
 we do not find when, nor under what circumfiances. He 
 was lo admirably fkilled in his own profefTion, that he 
 appears to have had fome knowledge of the circulation of 
 the blood ; although it was very imperfefl, intricate, and 
 confideiably flioit of the clear and full dilcovery made by 
 Harvey. Read what our learned W^otton has written 
 upon this point: “ Sincc^the ancients,” fays he, ‘‘ have no ^^fleaions 
 right to fo noble a difeovery, it may be worth while to cieTt^;)d‘ 
 enquire, to whom of the moderns the glory of it is due; Modem 
 for this is alio exceedingly contefled. The firfl Ilep 
 that was made towards it was, the finding that 
 whole nials of the blood paffes through the lungs by 
 the pulmonary artery and vein. The firfl that I could 
 ever find, who had a diflinft idea of this matter, was 
 Michael Servetus, a Spanifh phyfician, who was burnt 
 ‘‘ forArianifm at Geneva, near 140 years ago. Well had ' 
 
 ‘‘ It been for the church of Chrill, if he had wholly con¬ 
 fined himfelf to his owm profeflion ! His fagacity in 
 this particular, before fo much in the dark, gives us ' 
 
 “ great reafon to believe, that the world might then have 
 “ had juft caufe to have blefted his memory. In a book 
 of his, intituled ‘ Chriftianifmi Reftitutio,’ printed in 
 “ 1553 ’ be clearly alTerts, that the blood paftes through 
 ‘‘ the lungs, from the left to the right ventricle of the 
 ‘‘ heart; and not through the partition which divides 
 the two ventricles, as was at that time commonly be¬ 
 lieved. How he introduces it, or in which of the fix 
 difeourfes, into which Servetus divides his book, it is 
 to be found, I know not; having never feen the book 
 myfelf. IVIr. Charles Bernard, a very learned and emi¬ 
 nent furgeon of Rondon, who did me the favour to 
 communicate this pallage to me, let dowm at length in 
 “ the margin, which wvas tranferibed out of Servetus, 
 could inform me no further, only that he had it from 
 a learned friend of his, who had himleJf copied it from 
 -Servetus. 
 
 W hat fome writers have delivered concerning his goin^r 
 into Africa, with a view of acquiring a more pcrfedl know¬ 
 ledge of the Alcoran, ought to he exploded as a fable. 
 1 hey, who defire a more particular account of his doc¬ 
 trines, may confult “ An Impartial Account of Michael 
 Servetus,” See. printed in 8vo at London 1724: to 
 winch we have been greatly obliged for the hiftorical part 
 of this article. ^ ^ ^ F 
 
 SERVIUS 
 
368 
 
 / 
 
 S E R V I U S. 
 
 SERVIUS (Maurus Honoratus), a celebrated 
 grammarian and critic of antiquity, who flourifhed about 
 the times of Arcadius and Honorius. He is known^ now 
 chietiy by his commentaries upon Virgil, which Barthius 
 and others have fuppofed to be nothing more, than a col- 
 ledhion of ancient criticifms and remarks upon that poet, 
 made by Servius. Whatever they are, they are looked 
 upon by many as a valuable remnant of antiquity : Sciop- 
 pius calls them a magazine, well furnifhed with good 
 things. They were hrfl: publilhed at Paris, by Robert Ste¬ 
 phens, in folio, and by Fulvius Urfinus, in 1569, 8vo. 
 Afterwards, a corredler and better edition was given by 
 Peter Daniel at Paris, in 1600 ; but the beft is that print¬ 
 ed with the edition of Virgil, by Mafvicius, in 1717, 4to : 
 notwithftanding which, they are yet fufpedled to be mu¬ 
 tilated, and not free from interpolations. There is alfo 
 extant, and printed in feveral editions of the ancient gram¬ 
 marians, a piece of Servius upon the feet of verfes and 
 the quantity of fyllables, called “ Centimetrum.” Ma- 
 crobius has fpoken highly of Servius, and makes him one 
 of the fpeakers in his “ Saturnalig.’’ See the “ Bibliotheca 
 “ Latina” of Fabricius, and Baillet’s “ Jugemens des 
 ‘‘ Savans,” 6 cc. 
 
 I 
 
 loft. Orat. 
 JL. X. c. I. 
 
 SEVER US (Cornelius), an ancient Latin poet of 
 the Auguftan age, whofe “ 7 £tna,” together with a frag¬ 
 ment “ De morte Ciceronis,” was publifhed with notes 
 and a profe interpretation by Le Clerc, at Amfterdam 
 1703, in i2mo. They were before inferred among the 
 “ Cataledla Virgilii,” publilhed by Scaliger; whofe notes, 
 as well as thofe of Lindenbrogius and Nicolas Heinlius, 
 Le Clerc 'has mixed with his own. Quintilian calls Se- 
 verus “ a verlificator, rather than a poetyet adds, that 
 “ if he had finiflied the Sicilian war,” probably between 
 Auguftus and Sextus Pompeius, “ in the manner he had 
 “ written the hrft hook, he might have claimed a much 
 “ higher rank. But though an immature death,” conti¬ 
 nues he, “ prevented him from doing this, yet his ju- 
 “ vcnilc works flicw the greateft genius.” Ovid add relies 
 him not only as his friend, but as a court favourite and a 
 great poet.-—“ O Vates magnorum maxime regum 
 and a little lower he adds, 
 
 “ Fertile pcdlus babes, interque Helicona colentes 
 ‘‘ Uberius nulli provenit iha feges.” 
 
 De Ponto, Lib. IV. El. 2. 
 
 SEVIGNE 
 
369 
 
 S E V I G N E. 
 
 SEVIGNE (Marie dc R A BUT IN, MarquiiTe de), a 
 French lady, celebrated for her wit and her wifdom, was 
 born in 1626 ; and was not above a year old, when her 
 lather ^as killed, at the defeent of the Engliih upon the 
 ille of Rhee. In 1644, fhe married the marquifs of Se- 
 vigne, who was killed in a duel in 1651 ; and had a fon 
 and a daughter by him, to the care of whole education Ihe 
 afterwards religiouHy devoted herlclf: they became ac¬ 
 cordingly mofl; accomplilhed perfons, as it was reafonable 
 •to expe£l. This illuhrious lady was acquainted with all 
 the wits and learned of her time : it is laid, Ihe decided 
 the famous difpute between Pei rault and Boileau, concern¬ 
 ing the preference of the ancients to the moderns, thus ; 
 
 “ the ancients are the finell, and we are the prettieft.” 
 
 She died in 1696, and lelt us a moll valuable colledlion of 
 letters; the bell edition of which is that of Paris 1754, in 
 8 vols. 121110. “ Thefe letters,” fays Voltaire, “ filled Specie de ^ 
 
 “ with anecdotes, written with freedom, and in a natural 
 
 and animated ityle, are an excellent cnticilm upon-llu- 
 “ died letters of wit; and ftill more upon thofe lidlitious 
 “ letters, wdiich aim to imitate the epillolary Hyle, by a 
 “ recital of falfe fentiments and feigned adventures to 
 “ imaginary correfpondents.” 
 
 A “ Sevigniana” was piiblilhed at Paris in 1756, which 
 is nothing more than a coiledlioii of literary and hiflorical 
 anecdotes, fine fentiments, and moral apophthegms, fcat- 
 tered throughout thefe letters. 
 
 SEWELL (WiLLiA m), one of the people called 
 Quakers, and worthy to be recorded, as w^eil for fome 
 valuable works of his own, as, for traiiflatiiiGC fome books 
 or good account into his native language. He w'as born 
 in Holland about 1654, and foil of Jacob Sewell, wdio 
 had defeended from an Engliih family, but was a free 
 citizen and chirurgeon of Amflerdam : his parents \vcrc 
 botli Quakers. He had a confiderable knowledge in 
 fevcral of tlie European tongues, as well as of the Latin. 
 J he t.vo principal works of his own are, “ An Hiflory 
 of the Rife and Progreis of the people called Quakers 
 written in Low Dutch, and publiflied at Amflerdam in 
 1717. It was loon after tranflated into Englifh, and 
 printed at London in one volume, folio ; and Is- fuprofed by 
 tiie Quakers them (elves to contain the bell account of 
 this people that lias been publvfhed. His other princi¬ 
 pal perforjnancc k", A Difllonary of the Engliih and 
 VoL. XL B b “ Low 
 
CO 
 
 70 
 
 ^ £ W E L L. 
 
 ** Low Dutch tongues,” in 4to ; which is in good repute, 
 and has pahecl feveral editions. He wrote alfo a “ Gram- 
 “ mar of the Lovv Dutch,” and an “ Englilh and Dutch 
 “ Grammar;” both in i2mo. Some of the works he 
 tranllatcd in the Low Dutch are, Jofephus’s Hiftory of 
 “ the Jews ;” “ Kenneths Antiquities of Rome ;” and 
 “ Penn’s No crofs no crown.” Pie died in 1720 at 
 Amfterdam, where he feems to have fpent the greatell part 
 of his life. It appears from a manufcript colle£tion of 
 Ills Letters written in Latin, which the pcifon (a mem¬ 
 ber of the fraternity), who has obligingly communicated 
 ihcfe memoirs of him to us, has in his polIelTion, that 
 he correfponded with feveral perfons of note in England, 
 and particularly with William Penn, with whom he was 
 intimate- 
 
 Kic^ols*s 
 Seled Col- 
 letflion" of 
 Poems, 
 vol. VII, 
 
 P- i33- 
 
 SEWELL (George)^ an Engliih poet and phyh- 
 cian, univerfally efleemed for his amiable difpolition, is 
 better known as an elegant writer than in his own profcflion# 
 He was born at Windfor, where his father was treafurer 
 and chapter clei^k of the college ; received his educa¬ 
 tion at Eton-fehool, and Peter'houfe, Cambridge ; where 
 having taken the degree of B. M. he went to Leyden, to 
 fludy under Boerhaavc, and on his return pra£lifed phyhe 
 in the metropolis with reputation. In tlie latter part of 
 life he retired to Hampftead, where he purfned bis pro- 
 felfion with fome degree of fuccefs till three other phyfi- 
 cians came to fettle at the fame place, when his pra£lice 
 fo far declined §3 to yield him very little advantage. He 
 kept no houfe, but was a boarder. He was much efteem- 
 Cd, and fo frequently invited to the tables of gentlemen 
 
 in the neighbourhood, that he had feldom occafion tc 
 
 dine at home. He died Feb. 8, 1726; and was fuppofec 
 to be very indigent at the time of his death, as he was in¬ 
 terred on the 12th of the lame month in the meanef 
 ^ manner, his coffin being little better than thole allotted b] 
 the parilh to the poor who are buried from the work- 
 houfe; neither did a fingle friend or relation attend hin 
 to the grave. No memorial was placed over his remains 
 but they he juft under a hollow tree which formed a par: 
 of a hedge-row that was once the boundary of the churcl: 
 yard. He was greatly efteerned for his amiable difpofi' 
 tion ; and is reprefented, by fome writers as a Tory in h-’fi 
 political principles ; but of this there is no other proof 
 given, than his writing fome pamphlets againft biffia> 
 5 Burne*: 
 
37f 
 
 SEWELL. 
 
 Burnet. It is certain, that a true fpirit of liberty breathes 
 in many of his works ; and he exprelTes, on many occa- 
 fions, a warm attachment to the Hanover fucceffion. Be- 
 tides feven controverfial pamphlets, he wrote, i. “The 
 “ Life of John Philips 2. “ A Vindication of the 
 Englilh Stage, exemplified in the Cato of Mr. Addifon, 
 “ 1716;” 3. “ Sir Walter Raleigh, a Tragedy, aded at 
 ‘‘ Lincoln’s-Inn Fields, 1719 and part of another play 
 intended to be called Richard the F irfl,” the fragments 
 of which were publifhed in 1718, with “ Two moral Ef- 
 “ fays on the Government of the Thoughts, and on 
 “ Death,” and a colledion of “ Several Poems publifhed 
 “ in his life-time.” Dr. Sewell was an occalional afTift- 
 ant to Harrifon in the fifth volume of “ The Tatler 
 was a principal writer in the ninth volume of “ The 
 “ Spectator;” and publifhed a tranflation of “ Ovid^s 
 “ Metainorphofes,” in oppofition to the edition of Garth. 
 Jacob and Cibber have enumerated a confiderable number 
 ofhisfmglepoems ; and in the “ Colledion” wetranlcribe 
 from are fome valuable ones, unnoticed by thefe WTitcrs. 
 
 SEXTUS EMPIRICUS, an ancient Greek au¬ 
 thor, and mofl acute defender of the Pyrrhonian or fcep- 
 ticai philofophy, was a phyfician, and feems to have flou- 
 tifhed under the reign of Commodus, or perhaps a little 
 later. He was, againft what has ufually been imagined, a Fabric* 
 different perfon from Sextus, a Stoic phllofopher of Cha^- 
 ronea, and nephew of Plutarch: and this is all we are 
 able to fay of him ; for no particular circumftances of his 
 life are recorded. Of a great many, that have perifhed, 
 two works of his are Rill extant: three books of “ Pyr- 
 “ rhonian inflitutions ;” and ten books againfl the “ Ma- 
 thematici,” by whom he means all kind of dogmatifis* 
 Henry Stephens firfi made, and then printed in 1592, 8vo, 
 a Latin verfion from the Greek of the former of thefe 
 works ; and a verfion of the latter, by Hervetus, had been 
 printed by Plantin in 1569. Both thefe verfions were 
 printed again with the Greek; which firfi appeared at Ge¬ 
 neva in 1621, folio. He is a writer of great parts and 
 learning; and very well qualified for the notable paradox 
 he had undertaken to maintain ; namely, that P there is 
 no fuch thing as truth for, although he will never 
 Convince men by folid argument, yet he may polTibly 
 filence fome by his fubtilty. The bell edition of this au¬ 
 thor is that of John Albert Fabricius, in Greek and La¬ 
 tin, printed at Leipfic in 1718^ folio, 
 
 B b 2 
 
 SHADWELL 
 
3?2 
 
 S H’A D W E L L. 
 
 Works, 
 printed in 
 1720. 
 
 borne AC SHAD WELL (Thomas), an Englift poet, was 
 defeended of a good family in the county of Stafford ; but 
 born at Stanton-Hall in Norfolk, a feat of his father s, 
 fxed to his about 1640. He was educated at Caius college m Cam- 
 ' bridge, and afterwards placed in the Middle-Temple ; 
 where he ftudied the law fome time, and then went abroad. 
 Upon his return from his travels, he applied himlelt to 
 the dramatic kind of writing; and was lo fuccefstul there¬ 
 in, that he became known to fevcral perfons of great wit 
 and great quality, and was highly efteemed and valued by 
 them. He wrote feventeen plays, which we will not give 
 a particular account of here, becaufe they are colleaed 
 together in his works, and the reader can fo ealily inform 
 himfelf about them. At the Revolution he was, by his 
 intereft with the'earl of Dorfet, made hiftoriographer and 
 poet laureat: and when fome perfons urged, that there 
 were authors who had better pretenfions to the laurel, his 
 lordlliip is faid to have replied, that “ he did not pretend 
 “ to determine how great a poet Shadwell might be, but 
 
 “ was hire that he was- an honeft ilgti-” 
 it was really made, refieas great holbur upon Shadwell; 
 1 *.1 r:!_winQ nnt at ail tO tllC 
 
 but, with fubmiffioii to the peer, was not at ail to tne 
 purpofe. He fucceeded Dryden as poet-laureat; tor Hry- 
 - den had fo warmly efpoufed the oppofite intereft, tha^^ 
 the Revolution he was difpoffeffed of his place. 1 his, 
 
 - ■ however, was a great mortiftcation to Dijden, who.re- 
 
 fented the indignity very warmly, and immediately con¬ 
 ceived an antipathy to Shadwell; of which he has gi>'-n 
 " no fmall proof in his Mac-Fleckno, where he fays, 
 
 Others to fome faint meaning make pretence, 
 
 But Shadwell never deviates into fenfe.” 
 
 But all we iearn hence is, that a fatyrift never pays the 
 teaft regard tO truth, when it interferes with the gratitica- 
 tion of reftntment or fpleen : for notiiing can he taller 
 than the idea thefe lines are intended to convey. Shad- 
 hvell was not indeed fo great a poet as Dryden; but Sha(^ 
 ‘well did not write nonfenfe.. Many of his comedies air 
 •verv oood, have fine ftrokes of humour in them, and 
 abound in original charaaers, ftrongly marked and well 
 Account offyftained. Thus Langbaine tells us, that “ there is nc 
 .p. V..1HL ^dll deny this play, viz. ‘ The Virtuofo,’ its du< 
 
 applaufe : at leaft I know, ‘ fays he, tliat the univci i ) 
 of Oxford, who may be allowed competent judges o; 
 comcdVi eipecially ot fuclr cliaraacrs as Su Nicioa 
 
 Oiincrack and Sir f ormal 1 ride. up‘jih»udvd it. ^ 
 
 ** a: 
 
 <hc Englllli 
 
 <iran)3tic 
 
 Poets, p. 
 
 
 
 4-5 ^ 
 
 
 '<J. 
 
 ♦ k 
 
S H A D W E L L: " 1575 
 
 “ as no man ever undertook to difcover the frailties of 
 “ fiich pretenders to this kind of knowledge before Mr. 
 
 “ Shadwell; fo none fince Mr. Jonfon’s time ever drew 
 “ fo many different charafters of humours, and with fuch 
 fuccefs.” Shadwell had an uncommon quicknefs in 
 writing ; for in the preface to his “ Pfyche” he tells us, 
 that that tragedy was written by him in five weeks. Thus 
 the earl of Rochefler fays, 
 
 “ None feem to touch upon true comedy, 
 
 “ But hafty Shadwell and flow Wycherly.” 
 
 Where by the wayiie not only allows him to be excellent 
 in comedy, but feems even to give him the preference to 
 Wycherly. And yet there is a faying of lord Rocheftef 
 ftill extant, which fhews, that whatever opinion he had of 
 his writings, he had a flill better of his converfatioh : fof 
 he faid, that “ if he had burnt all he wrote, and pfinted 
 ■ ‘ all he fpoke, he would have had more wnt and humour 
 than any other poet.’* Shadwell, as appears from 
 Rochefter’s Sellion of the poets,” was a great favourite 
 with Otway, and lived in intimacy with him, which might 
 perhaps be the occafion of Dryden’s exprefling To much 
 contempt for Otway; that being certainly'more ill- 
 grounded, than his contempt for Shadwell. Shadwell 
 died Dec. 9, 1692 ; and his death was occafioned, as' fome 
 fay, by too large a dofe of opium, given him by miftake. 
 
 A white marble monument with his buflo is erefted in 
 Weftminller-Abbey by his fon Sir John Shadwell, phy- 
 fician to king George 1 . and his funeral fermon was 
 preached by Dr. Nicholas Brady, the tranflator of the 24.. 
 Pfalms, who tells us, among other things, that “ he was a 
 “ man of great honefly and integrity, and had a real love 
 “ of truth and fincerity, an inviolable fidelity and flrlfl;- 
 “ nefs to his word, an unalterable friendihin whereloever 
 ■“ he profeffed it, and (however the world may-be mil- 
 taken in him) a much deeper fenfe of religion, than 
 “ many others have, who pretend to it more openly.” 
 
 We may- jufl qbferve, that, befides his dramatic wri¬ 
 tings, he was the author of feveral pieces of poetry : tire 
 -chief of which are his congratulatory poem bn the prince 
 of Orange’s coming to England; another on queen Mary; 
 a tranllation of the tenth fatire of Juvsnal, A'c. 
 
 SHAKSPEARE (William), thS great poet of 
 nature, and the glory of the Britilh nafiohj^^was defeended 
 of a reputable family at Stratford upon Avon. -His fa- 
 
 B b 3 ‘ ' ;h.er 
 
374 
 
 SHAKSPEARE. 
 
 ther was in the wool-trade, and dealt conliderably that 
 way. He had ten children, of whom our immortal poet 
 was the eldeft, and was born April i6, 1564. At a proper 
 age he was put to the free-fchooi in Stratford, where he 
 acquired the rudiments'of grammar-learning. Whether 
 he difcovered at this time any extraordinary genius or in¬ 
 clination for literature, is uncertain. His father had no 
 defign to make a fcholar of him ; on the contrary, he 
 took him early from fchool, and employed him in his 
 own bulinefs ; but he did not continue long in it, at leaft 
 under the controul, for at feventeen years of age he mar¬ 
 ried, commenced mailer of a family^ and became a parent 
 before he was out,of his minority. He is now fuppofed 
 to have fettled in bulinefs for himfelf, and to have had no 
 other thoughts than of purfuing the wool-trade ; when, 
 happening to fall into acquaintance with fome perfons 
 who followed the praflice of deer-llealing, he was pre¬ 
 vailed upon to engage with them in robbing Sir Thomas 
 Lucy*s Park, near Stratford. The injury being repeated 
 -more that once, that gentleman was provoked to enter a 
 profecution againft the delinquents ; and Shakfpeare, in 
 revenge, made him the fubjedt of a ballad, which, tradi¬ 
 tion fays, -was pointed with fo much bitternefs, that it 
 became .unfafe for the author to ftay any longer in the 
 country. To efcape the law, he fled to London, where, 
 as might be expeded from a man of wit and humour in 
 his circumllances, he threw himfelf among the players. 
 Thus was this grand luminary driven, by a very untoward 
 accident, into his genuine and proper fphere. 
 
 Hjs firll admillion into the play-houfe was fuitable to 
 his appearance ; a llranger, and ignorant of the art, he was 
 glad to be taken into the company in a very mean rank \ 
 nor did his performance recommend him to any diHin- 
 guifhed notice. The part of an under-ador neither en¬ 
 gaged nor deferved his attention. It was far from filling, 
 pr being adequate to, the powers of his mind : and there¬ 
 fore he turned the advantage, which that fituation afforded 
 him, to a higher and nobler ufe. Having, by pradice 
 and obfervation, acquainted himfelf with the mechanical 
 (^economy of the theatre, hjs native genius fupplied the 
 reft : but the whole view of his firft attempts in ftage- 
 poetry being to procure a fubfiftence, he direded his en¬ 
 deavours folely to hit the tafteand humour that then .pre¬ 
 vailed amongft the meaner fort of people, of whom his 
 aydiepce was generally compofed; and therefore his images 
 
375 
 
 8HAKSPEARE. 
 
 of life were drawn from tliofe of an inferior rank. Thus 
 did Shakfpeare fet out, with little advantage of education, 
 no advice or affiftance of the learned, no patronage of 
 the better fort, of any acquaintance among them. But 
 when his performances had merited the proteftion of his 
 prince, and the encouragement of the court had fuc- 
 ceeded to that of the town, the works of his riper years 
 were manifeflly raifed above the level of his former pro- 
 dudtioiis. 
 
 In this way of writing he was an abfolute original, and 
 of fuch a peculiar calf, as hath perpetually railed and con¬ 
 founded the emulation of his fucceiTors ; a compound of 
 fuch very lingular blemllhes, as well as beauties, that 
 thefe latter have not more mocked the toil of every afuir- 
 ing undertaker to emulate them, than the former, as daws 
 intimately united to diamonds, have baffled every attempt 
 of the ableft artifls to take them out without fpoiling the 
 whole. It is faid, that queen Elizabeth was fo much 
 pleafed with the delightful charg(iler of Sir John FalflalF, 
 in the two parts of “ Henry the Fourth,” that ffle com¬ 
 manded the author to continue it for one play more, and 
 to fhew the Knight in love ; which he executed inimita¬ 
 bly, in “ The Merry Wives of Windfor.” 
 
 The names of his patrons are now nnknowu, except 
 that of the earl of Southampton, who is particularly ho¬ 
 noured by him, in the dedication of two poems, “ Venus 
 “ and 44 o 4 is,” and the ‘‘ Rape of Lucrecein the 
 latter efpecially he exprelTes himfelf in luch terms, as 
 gives cpuntenace to what is related ot that patron’s dil- 
 tingujflied generofity to him. In the beginning of king 
 James I’s reign (if not fooner),he was one of the princi¬ 
 pal managers of the play-houle, and continued in it le- 
 veral years afterwards ; till, having fuch a fortune as fa- 
 tisfied his moderate wifhes and views in life, he quitted 
 the flagc and all other bufinefs, and paffled the remainder 
 of his time jn an honourable eafe, at his native town ol 
 Stratford, where he lived in a handfome houfe of his 
 own purcliafing, to which he gave the name of Ncw~P!ace ; 
 and he had the c;ood fortune to lave it from, the flaines, 
 in the dreadful fire that confumed the greatelt part of the 
 town, in 1614. 
 
 In the beginning of 1616, he made his'will, where¬ 
 in he teflilied hh rcfpecl to Ihs quondam partners 
 in the theatre. He appointed his youngcfl daughter, 
 jointly with her hulhand, executors, and bequeathed to 
 
 B b 4 them 
 
576 
 
 S -H A K S P E A R E. 
 
 them the befl part of his ellate, which they came into the 
 poflTeltion of not long after. He died on the 23d of April 
 following, being the lifty-third year of his age, and was in¬ 
 terred among his ancehors, on the North lide of the 
 chancel, in the great church of Stratford, where there is a 
 handfome monument eredled for him, infcribed with the 
 following elegiac diftich in Latin : 
 
 “ judicio Pylium, Genio Socratem, Arte Maronem, , 
 
 “ Terra tegit, Populus mceret, Olympus habet.” 
 
 In 1740, another very noble one was raifed to his me¬ 
 mory, at the public cxpence, in Wcflminfler-Abbey, an 
 ample contribution for this purpofe being made, upon 
 exhibiting his tragedy of “ Julius CaTar,” at the theatre 
 royal in Drury-Laey, April 28, 1738. Seven years after 
 his death, his plays were collcded and publifhed in 1623, 
 in folio, by tv/o of his principal friends in the com}>any 
 of comedians, Heminge and Condell ; who perhaps like- 
 wife corredled a fecond edition in folio, 1632. Though 
 both thefe were extremely fauUv, yet they are much lefs 
 fo than the editions in folio of 1664 and 1685, rior was 
 any better attempted till 1714, when a hfth w^as publiflied 
 in 8vo, by Mr. Nicholas Rowe, bet with few if any cor¬ 
 rections ; only he prefixed fome accoinij^ of the 'author’s 
 life and writings. But the plays being alniofl in the fame 
 mangled condition as a; firfl, Mr. Pope was prevailed upon 
 to undertake the taflc of clearing awa,y the rubbilh, and, 
 reducing them, to a better order; and accordingly he 
 printed a new edition of them in 1721, in 4to. Here¬ 
 upon Mr. Lewis Theobald, after many years fpent in the 
 fame talk, pubiillicd a piece, called Shakfpeare reftored,’^ 
 4to. 1726, which was followed by a new edition of 
 Shakfpeare’s works, in 1733, fame author, re* 
 
 pubiilhed in 1740, 1111744, Sir Thomas Hanmer pub- 
 
 lilhed at Oxford a pompous edition; with emendations, in 
 lix volumes, 4to. Dr. Warburton (afterwards bifliop of 
 Gloucefler) added another iiew edition, with a great num¬ 
 ber of corredlions, in 1747. This was fucceeded by other 
 editions, viz. that of Dr. Johnfon, in 8 vols. 8vo, 1765. 
 Twenty of the old cjuai tos by Mr. Steevens, 4 vols. 8vo, 
 1766. Of all the plays by Mr. Capell, 10 vols. crown 8vo, 
 j 768. Hanmer’s quarto rcpubliflied at Oxford 1771 ; a new 
 edition in 10 vols. 8vo, 1773, by Johnfon and Steevens; 
 a fecond iraprelfion of the fame work, with corredlions 
 and additions. 1778 ; a third edition, likewife wifli con- 
 hderabie inn)rovcments, is now (1784) in the prefs. 
 
SHAKSPEARE. 
 
 Left it fhould be thought fingular, that the plays of 
 Shakfpeare remain unindebted for the leaft corredlion, or 
 explanation, to our heroes of the ftage who have been 
 fo often ftyled his heji conimentaiors^ it is time to remark 
 that this fentiment, though long and confidently re¬ 
 peated, has little pretenfion to the degree of credit which 
 it fliquld feem to have obtained. How far the rules of 
 grammar have been obferved or violated, cannot b^ 
 known from attitude or grimace ; nor can obfeure or 
 corrupted paftages be illuftrated or reftored by gefture or 
 vociferation. The utmoft a player can do is to deliver 
 lines which he underftands with propriety, energy, and 
 grace. Here his power commences, and here it ends, 
 it is ncceffary therefore'that the loud and indiftin£l ap> 
 plaufe, which has hitherto been lavilhed on the idea of 
 hiftrionic commentatorfhip, fliould be confined within its 
 proper bounds, and th^t a line of feparatibn fhould be 
 drawn between the offices and requifites of the fcholar 
 and the mimic, between the undertaking that demands 
 fome degree of capacity and learning, and that whicli 
 may be fatisfaftorily executed by the mere aid of imita¬ 
 tion and fenfibility. ' A late afirefs of unrivalled excel¬ 
 lence in both tragedy and comedy, together with a young 
 aftor of the higheft promife, were known to have pof- 
 fefted underftandings of no greater extent than the plat¬ 
 form on which they trod. I'hey were happy in a ftrong 
 theatrical conception, and from that fingle circumftance 
 their fuccefs was derived.—New monuments, however, 
 are continually rifing to honour Shakfpeare’s genius in the 
 learned world; and we muft not conclude, without ad¬ 
 ding another teftimony of the veneration paid to his 
 manes by the public in general, which is, that a mulbcrry- 
 ’ tree, planted upon his eftate by the hands of this revered 
 bard, was cut down not many years ago, and the wood, 
 being converted to feveral domeftip ufes, was all eagerly 
 bought at a high price, and each fingle piece treafured up 
 by its purchafer, as a precious memorial of the planter, 
 after the feller of it had been driven out of the town. 
 In the “ Biographia Dramatica’’ is a lift of our author’s 
 plays, fpecitying the years in which they are feverally 
 fuppofed I to have been written. The arrang 'inent of 
 them is adopted from that of Mr. Malone,- the accuracy 
 of which, not having been difputed, we prelume has re¬ 
 ceived the faiidfion of the le:irned. 
 
 SHARP 
 

 78 
 
 Life of Dr. 
 James 
 ^harp, arch- 
 b Ihop of St. 
 Andrews, 
 1723, 8vo. 
 
 For an ac¬ 
 count of 
 thefe two 
 parties, fee 
 Burnet’s 
 hift. of his 
 own times, 
 vol. I.p, 83 
 88 . 
 
 SHARP. 
 
 SHARP (James), archbifhop of St. Andrews, and 
 the tragical vi£lim of religious fury and enthufiaflic zeal, 
 was born of a good family in Banfflhire in 1618. The 
 early difcoveries he made of a mafterly genius determined 
 his father to dedicate him to the church, and to fend hiiu 
 to the univerlity of Aberdeen. The learned men of this 
 feminary, appearing very zealous againfl the Scottilh co¬ 
 venant, made in 1638, fuffered many infults and indigni¬ 
 ties. Among thefe was Sharp, on which account he re¬ 
 tired into England, and was in a fair way of obtaining 
 promotion from the acquaintance he happily contraTed 
 with doctors Sanderfon, Hammond, Taylor, and others 
 of our moll eminent divines. But he returned to his na¬ 
 tive country, on account of the civil wars, and a bad flatc 
 of health. Happening by the way to fall into company 
 with lord Oxenford, that nobleman was pleafed with his 
 converfation, and carried him to his own houfe in the 
 country. Here he became known to feveral of the no¬ 
 bility, particularly to John Lefley, earl of Rothes, who 
 patronized him on account of his merit, and procured 
 him a profelTorlhip in St. Andrews. After fome llay here 
 with growing reputation, through the friendfhip of the 
 earl of Crauford, he was appointed minifler of Carail. In 
 this town he acquitted himfelf of his miniflry in an ex¬ 
 emplary and acceptable manner ; only fome of the more 
 rigid fort would fometimes intimate their fears that he 
 was not found. And according to their notions he cert: 
 tainly was not; for he did every thing in his power to 
 revive the fainting fpirjt of loyalty, and kept up a corre- 
 fpondence with his exiled prince, 
 
 About this time the covenanting Prefbyterians in Scot¬ 
 land fplit into two parties. The fpirit raged wnth great 
 violence; and the privy council ehabliflied in that country 
 could not rellrain it, and therefore referred them to Crom¬ 
 well himfelf, then lord proteflor. Thefe parties were 
 called public refolutioners, and proteflors or remonlba- 
 tors. They fent deputies up to London ; the former, Mr. 
 Sharp, knowing his aflivity, addrefs, and penetration ; 
 the latter, IMr. Guthry, a famous zealot. A day being 
 appointed for hearing the two agents, Guthry fpoke fu ll;; 
 and his harangue was fo tedious, that, when he ended, 
 the proteftor told Sharp, he would hear him another time, 
 tor his hour for other buiinefs was approaching. But 
 Sharp begged to be heard, promifing to be fhort; and, 
 being permitted to fpeak, he in a few words urged his 
 
 caufe 
 
3)9 
 
 SHARP. 
 
 I 
 
 caufe fo well, as to incline Oliver to his party. Having 
 fucceeded iii tliis important affair, he returned to the ex- 
 ercife of his fun£lion; and always kept a good under- 
 flanding with the chief of the oppofite party that were 
 inolf eminent for worth and learning. When general 
 Monk advanced to London, the chief of the kirk fent 
 Sharp to attend him, to acquaint him with the hate of 
 things, and to put him in mind of what was neceffary ; 
 jnhrufting him to ufe his utmoft endeavours to fecure the 
 freedom and privileges of their eilablifhed judicatures ; and 
 to reprefent the finfulnefs and offenfivenefs of the late 
 ellabiilhed toleration, by wdiich a door Was opened to many 
 grois errors and looie practices m their church. church of 
 
 The earl of Lauderdale and lie had a meeting with ten Scotland, 
 of the chief Prefbyterian miniflers in London ; who all 
 agreed upon the necellity of bringing in the king upon Co¬ 
 venant terms. At the carneft defire of Monk and the P* 
 leading Prefbyterians of Scotland, Sharp was fent over to 
 king Charles to Breda, to foiicit him to own the godly 
 fober party. He returned to London, and acquainted 
 his frieuds, “ that he found the king very affeftionate to^ .p. 25* 
 Scotland, and refolved not to wrong the fettled govern- 
 ment of their church : but he apprehended they were 
 miftaken, who went about to fettle the prelhyterian go- 
 vernment.” His endeavours were not wanting to pro¬ 
 mote the prefbyterian interell according to the covenant; 
 blit, finding that caufe wholly given up and loft, and the 
 gale blowing ftrongly for the prelatic party, with many 
 other fober men, he refolved to yield to a liturgy and 
 moderate epifcopacy; and foon after became a zealous 
 member of the church of England, and accepted of the 
 archbifhopric of St. Andrews. Hence thofe rigid mem¬ 
 bers of the kirk, who had maintained him as their agent, 
 and were refolved never to conform, imagined, that he 
 had been unfaithful to his truft, and all along undermined 
 and betrayed their caufe. This notion, ftrengthened by 
 the rigorous proceedings againft the covenanters after¬ 
 wards, of which tile blame was chiefy laid upon him, 
 filled that fullen and cnthuiiaftic fet of men with fuch bit¬ 
 ter hatred and prejudice againft him, as nothing but his 
 blood could fatisfy and appeafe. 
 
 In 1668, an unfu.cccfsful attempt on his life was made 
 by lames Mitchel, a conventicle-preacher, for w’hich he 
 was executed fome years afterwards. But, in 1679, 
 was attacked by iriue rufiiaus on Magafk Moor, about 
 
 three 
 
 f 
 
o> 
 
 Sf a H A R P. 
 
 three miles from St. Andrews, and murdered in a cruel 
 and barbarous manner. I'hey flopped his coach; one 
 wounded him wjth the fhot of a piflol, another with a 
 liiiall fword, and then they ordered him to come out. He 
 compofedly opened the door, and came forth; and, to¬ 
 gether with the prayers and tears of his daughter, who 
 accompanied him, befought them to fpare his life, and 
 fave themfelves from the guilt of fliedding innocent blood, 
 But, Vv^hen they were inexorable, he next begged that they 
 Y/ould fuffer him to die patiently, and allow him lome 
 fmall time to recommend his foul to God. But while he 
 lifted up his hands, they immediately difpatched him, and 
 mangled his head and body with twenty-two wounds. 
 
 SHARP (Dr. John)^ an Englilh prelate, was the fon 
 of an eminent tradefman of Bradford in Yorkfliire ; and 
 General born there in 1644, He was admitted into Chrill college 
 Dictionary. (Cambridge 1660, and took the degrees in arts ; yet, not- 
 withflanding his great merit, could not obtain a feliow- 
 Ihip, becaufe his county was full. In 1667, he went into 
 orders; and the fame year, through the recommendation of 
 Dr. Henry More, became domeflic chaplain to Sir Heneage 
 Pinch, then attorney general. In 1672, he was made 
 archdeacon of Berklhire ; prebendary of Norwich, in 
 3675 ; and redlor, lirfl of Bartholomew near the Royal 
 Exchange, London, and then of St. Giles in the Fields, 
 the fame year. The year after, he married Elizabeth, a 
 younger daughter of William Ftilmcr of Winthorp in the 
 county of Liiicoln, cfq;. In 1679, he accepted the lec¬ 
 ture of St. Laurence Jewry London, at the earnell; delirc 
 / of Dr. Wlhchcot, then redloy of the laid parilh ; and held 
 it as long as the doiSlor lived, which was till 1683, and 
 no longer. He took a doclor of divinity’s degree the 
 fame year, 1679. 1681, he was made dean of Nor¬ 
 
 wich, by the intcrclf of his patron Sir Heneage Finch, 
 then lord chancellor of England. In 1686, he was fui- 
 pended for taking occafion, in fome of his fernions, to 
 vindicate the doflrinc of the church of England, in oppo- 
 fition to ]h)pery. In 1688, he was fworn chaplain to 
 ^(ames 11, being then probably reiloied after liis luipen- 
 lioii ; for it is certain, that he was chaplain to Charles II, 
 and attended as court chaplaii^ at the coronation of king 
 though we cio not find when he. was iiril: made fo. 
 
 ' O 1 
 
 he was 
 
 Jam 
 
 In 1059. 
 dcprlvalioii 
 
 of 
 
 made dean of Canterburv. Uoon the 
 th; billions, t'oi' ixfufing thc^ oaths to 
 
 
S H A R P. 
 
 William and Mary, he had an offer made him to faceted ' 
 ill fome of thofe vacancies ; but could not by any means 
 be perfuaded to accept it. Upon this, in 1691, his inti¬ 
 mate friend Dr. Tillotlon came to him, and told him, 
 that, fince he had fo abfolutely refafed to accept any bi- 
 fliopric vacant by the deprivation, he knew but one ex¬ 
 pedient for him to avoid the king’s dilpieafure; which 
 was, to put his refufal upon the defire of flaying till the 
 death of Dr. Lamplugh, that he might be preferred in his. 
 own country. To which he replied, that he w’ould do 
 any thing to avoid his inajefly’s clifpleafure ; and accord- 
 ingly promifed to accept the archbifhopric when vacant, 
 which happened in May 1692. In 1702, he preached the 
 fermon at the coronation of queen Anne ; vyas fworn'of 
 the privy council ; and made lord almoner to her majefty.. 
 
 He died at Bath in 1713, and was interred in the cathedral 
 of York; where a monument is erefled to his memorv, 
 with an infeription written by bilnop Smalridge. 
 
 His fermons were colle£led after his death, and have 
 been feverai times printed, in 7 vols. 8vo. It was bv 
 preaching boldly in difficult times, that, this divine raifed 
 himfelf to fo high a flation in the church ; not but he 
 was a man of real abilities .and exemplary life, as his fer¬ 
 mons have been admired and mnch re.ad for their good 
 fenfeand forcible manner, 
 
 ^^o jqs), D. D. fqn of Mr. Gabriel Shaw, Aiurdotf^ 
 was born at ICendal in XVf'flmoreland about 1692. He Bowycr, 
 received his eelucation at the grammar-fchool of that 
 place; was admitted batchelof at Qiieen’s, college. Ox- 
 ford, Ocl. 5, 1711, where he took tii^ degree of B. A. 
 
 Jnly 5, 1716; M. A. Jati. 16, 1719-; went into orders, 
 and was appointed chaplain to the Rtiglilh factory af) 
 
 Algiers. In this flation he continued' feverai years, ,and 
 from thence took opportunities of travelling into feverai 
 parts. During his abfence, he was choicn fellow of his 
 college, March 16, ,1727 ; and at his return in . 1733 
 took the degree of doflor in divinitv, July 5, 1734, and 
 in the fame year Was eleaed '-p. R. S. He publhhed the 
 fii'il edition of his 7 'ravels”. .at Oxford in 173S; be- 
 flovvcd on the uiilverfiiy Ibme natural curiofities, and 
 ibme ancient coins-aiui bulls [a],' which h? had colleaed 
 in his travels.. On the death-.or Dr/Pdtoii, 1740, be 
 was nominated, by his college principal of St. Edmund 
 
 {aJ Three of thefe arc cegravcC •• Ivlarfnora Oxonlcnf-a, 
 
 'J.. 
 
 A -'I - I 
 

 SHAW. 
 
 Hall, which he ralfed from a rniiioiis condition by his 
 munificence; and was prefented at the fame time to the 
 vicarage of Bramley in Hants. He was alfo regius pro- 
 feflbr of Greek at Oxford till his death, which happened 
 Aug. 15, 1751* For a more particular account of his 
 chara£ter, we fhall fubjoin the epitaph on his monument 
 in Bramley church, written by his friend Dr. Browne, 
 provoftofQpeeii’s-college, Oxford [b]. His “Travels’' 
 were tranflated into French, and printed in 4to, I 743 , 
 with feveral notes and emendations communicated by 
 the author. Dr. Pococke, aftervvards bilhop of Ofibry, 
 having attacked thole “ Travels” in his “ Defeription of 
 “ the Eafl,” our author publiHied a fupplement by way of 
 vindication in 1746. In the preface to the “ Supple- 
 “ ment,” he fays, the intent and defign of it is partly to 
 vindicate the Book of Travels from fome objections 
 that have been raifed againfl it by the author of “ The 
 “ Defeription of the Eaft, &:c.” He publifhed “ A fur- 
 “ ther Vindication of the Book of Travels, and the Sup* 
 “ plement to it, in a Letter to the Right Reverend Robert 
 “ Clayton, D. D. Lord Bilhop of Clogher.” This let¬ 
 ter confifts of fix folio pages, and bears date in 1747. Af¬ 
 ter the Doctor’s death, an improved edition of his book 
 came out in 1757, under the title of “ Travels or 
 “ Obfervations relating to feveral Parts of Barbary and. 
 “ The Levant. Illuftrated with Cuts. The fecond edi- 
 “ tion, v/ith great improvements. By Thomas Shaw, 
 “ D. D. F. R. S. Regius ProfefTor of Greek, and Priii- 
 
 [b] “ Peregrlnationlbus variis 
 I’er Europare, Africam, Afiamque 
 Felicitei” abfolutis, 
 
 Et exuviis mortalibus hie loci 
 Tandem depofitis, 
 
 Cceleftem in Patriam remigravit 
 Thomas Shaw, S. T. P. et R. S. S. 
 Gabrielis Fil. Kendallenfis: 
 
 Qui 
 
 Confulibus Anglicis apud Algerenfcs 
 Primum erat a Saciis; 
 
 Mox Coll. Retinae inter Socios 
 aferiptus j 
 
 ‘Av^x deiii SantRi Edmund! Principalis, 
 Ac ciufdem munificus Inilaurator; 
 Lingusdemum Graecae apud,OxonIenfes 
 Profeffor Regius, 
 
 De Uteris quantum meruit au£lor 
 celebratus, 
 
 Edita ufque tellabuntur opera, 
 Pyramidiljus iplis, quas peuiiius 
 - infpexerar, 
 
 Perenniora forfan exdtura. 
 
 Hie, ftudiis etfi feverioribus indies 
 occupatus, 
 
 Horis tamen fubfecivis emicuit 
 Erudltus Idem et facctus conviva* 
 Optima quanquam mentis indole 
 Et multiplici I'cicntia inftruilus, 
 Literatorum omnium, domi forifque, 
 SufFragiis comprobatus ; 
 Magnatum, proccrumque popularlum, 
 Familiari inlignitus notitia; 
 
 Nec fummis in eccleda dignitatibbs 
 impai ; 
 
 Fato tamen miquo evenit, 
 
 Ut Bramleyrtifis obiret paroecisc 
 Vicarius pen^ fexagenarius 
 18 cal. Sept. A. D. 1751. 
 
 Uxor Joanna, Ed. Holden arm, 
 confulis 
 
 Algcrenfis olim conjux, bis vidua, 
 M. P.” 
 
 “ cipal 
 
 
SHAW. 383 
 
 clpal of St4 Edmund Hall, in the Univerfity of Ox- 
 “ ford.” The contents of the Supplement are interwoven 
 in this edition ; and the improvements were made, and 
 the edition prepared for the prefs, by the author himfelf, 
 who exprefsly prefented the work, with thefe additions, 
 alterations, and improvements, to the public, as an elTay 
 towards reftoring the ancient geography, and placing in 
 a proper light the natural and Ibmetimes civil hiftory of 
 thofe countries where he travelled. 
 
 SHEFFIELD (John), duke of Buckinghamlliire, 
 and a writer of fome name both in verfe and profe, was 
 born about 1650, if wx* may believe himfelf; for he tells 
 us, that he \Vas feventeen, when prince Rupert and the 
 duke of Albemarle jointly commanded the fleet againfl 
 the Dutch, which was in 1666 : fo that the author of the 
 “ Peerage of England” muft be miflaken, who places his 
 birth in 1646. He loll his father, at nine years of age ; ’ 
 
 and, his mother marrying lord OlTuliton, the care of his among hii. 
 education was left entirely to a governor, who travelled 
 with him into France, but did not greatly improve him 
 in his lludies. Having however fine parts and a turn to ' 
 letters, he made up the defe£Is of his education, and ac¬ 
 quired a very competent fhare of learning. He went a • 
 volunteer in the fecond Dutch war; and afterwards, be¬ 
 tween 1673 and 1675, made a campaign in the f rench 
 fcrvice. As Tangier was in danger of being taken by the 
 Moors, he offered to head the forces which were fent to 
 defend it, and accordingly was appointed commander of 
 them. He was then earl of Mulgrave, and one of the 
 lords of the bed-chamber to Charles 11 . May 1674, he 
 was inflalled knight of the garter ; and now began to make 
 a figure at court. An affedfion to the princefs Anne, and 
 an attempt to be more clofely connefted with her, in¬ 
 volved him about this time in fome fmail difgrace with 
 Charles JI ; whofe favour however he foon recovered, and 
 enjoyed ever after, fie docs not, by this prefumption as 
 it was called, feem to have offended the princefs in the 
 leafl: “ Queen Anne,” fays a certain writer, ‘‘ who nn-Catalogue©f 
 doubtedly had no turn to gallantry, yet fo far refembled^^JJ^^^^'^'^ 
 her predeceflbr Elizabeth, as not to dillike a little ho -th^^^s^ol 
 mage to her perfon. This duke was immediately re-ii. p. ng. 
 warded on her accelTion, for having made love to 
 before her marriage.” He continued in feveral great 
 polls, during the diort reign of James II; he had been 
 
 appointed 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 i I 
 
 ti 
 
3^4 
 
 Hi ft. of his 
 own Times, 
 Vol. II. 
 
 f, 683. 
 
 SHEFFIELD. 
 
 appointed lord chamberlain of his majefty’s houfhold in 
 1685, and was alfo one of his privy council. He under¬ 
 flood a court perfeftly well; and w^as apt,” as Burnet 
 fays, “ to comply with every thing that he thought might 
 “ be acceptable. He went with the king to mafs, and 
 “ kneeled at it : and, being looked on as indifferent to 
 “ all religions, the priefls made an attack on him. He 
 “ heard them gravely arguing for tranfubflantiation : he 
 “ told them, he was willing to receive inflrudlion : he 
 “ had taken much pains to bring himfelf to believe in 
 “ God, who made the world and all men in it: but it 
 “ mull not be an ordinary force of argument, that could 
 “ make him believe, that man was quits with God, and 
 “ made God again.” 
 
 He greatly difapproved feveral Imprudent and unjufli- 
 fiable meafures taken by king James, yet was not a friend 
 to the Revolution ; and, though he paid his refpedls to 
 king William before he was advanced to the throne, yet 
 \vas not in any poft of the government till fome years 
 after. Neverthelefs, when it was debated in parliament, 
 whether the prince of Orange fhould be proclaimed king, 
 or the princefs reign folely in her own right, he voted and 
 fpoke for the former. He was created marquis of Nor- 
 manby by king William, enjoyed fome conhderable polls 
 under that prince, and was generally pretty well in his 
 favour and conlidence. April 1702, after the acceflion of 
 queen Anne, he w^as fwmrn lord privy feal; appointed the 
 fame year one of the commillioners, to treat of an union 
 between England and Scotland ; and, Marcli following, 
 created duke of Normanby firll, and then duke of Buck- 
 inghamlhire. He was always attached to Tory principles; 
 aad was inllrumental in the change of the miniflry in 
 
 1710. Before this time, he had been out of place, and 
 did riot fo much as pay his compliments at court; but, in 
 
 1711, lic was made lle'ward of her majeily’s houfehold, 
 and prelident of the council, and fo continued to the end 
 of her reign. Upon her dcceafc, Aug. i, 1714, he was 
 ©ne of the lords jullices of Great Britain, till George I. 
 arrived from Hanover; after which, he feems to have 
 been laid alidc,^ as of principles and a, complexion differ¬ 
 ent from the lucceedins: minillrv, and therefore of no far- 
 •Ther ufe. He fpent tb.e remainder of his life in an indo¬ 
 lent retirement (a), aad died, Feb. 24, 1720-1, aged 75* 
 
 (a) In a reprinted Jettpr, dated royfclf are the ^reateft. eaters of 
 
 • Kov. 10, 1719, he tells a frienu), oy tiers in ail Knglan.d, aad pi'ay do 
 
 The duuhefs of liuckingham and “ what you can for us.” 
 
 Ho 
 
SHEFFIELD. 33| 
 
 He was buried ia Wefiminfter-Abbey, after lying fome days 
 in ftate at Buckingham-Houfe; and a monument was 
 erefted over him, with this infeription, as directed in his 
 will, viz. in one place. 
 
 Pro Rege fa^pe, pro Republica Temper.’* 
 
 In another place, 
 
 “ Dubius, fed non improbus vixi. 
 
 “ Incertus morior, fed inturbatus. ' 
 
 “ Humanum eft nefeire & errare. 
 
 “ Chriftum adveneror, Deo conlido 
 “ Omnipotenti, benevolentillimo. 
 
 “ Ens Entium, miferere mei.” 
 
 The fecond line of the epitaph hands as follows on the 
 duke’s monument, “ Incertus morior, non perturbatus 
 and the words “ Chriftum adveneror” are omitted, at the 
 clelire, as is faid, of the pious bifhop Atterbury, who 
 thought the verb adveneror not full enough, as applied to 
 ChriH;. Great clamours, it feems, were raifed againft this 
 epitaph, many afferting that it proved the duke a fceptic : 
 and, as great a trifle as it may feem, his grace’s ortho¬ 
 doxy became the lubieft of a controverfy : it was however 
 defended in form by Dr. Fiddes, in “ A letter to a Free- 
 “ thinker, 1721,” 8vo. The duke had three wives, the 
 lafb of which was Catherine, natural daughter to James II, 
 by Catherine Sedley, countefs of Dorcheller. He had only 
 one fon by this lady, who, dying at Rome 1735, juft 
 when he had entered his 20th year, left the family-eftate 
 to be inherited by natural children, of which the duke had 
 feveral. 
 
 His writings were fplendidly printed in 1723, in 2 vols. 
 
 4to, and have lince been reprinted, 1729, in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 The firfl contains his poems upon various fubjefts : the 
 fecond, his profe-works, which ^ conflft of hiftorical me¬ 
 moirs, fpeeches in parliament, charadlers, dialogues, cri¬ 
 tical obfervations, eflays, and letters. It may be proper 
 to obferve, that the edition of 1729 is caftrated, lome par- 
 ticulais relating to the Revolution in thatot 1723 having 
 given offence. Great elogiums have been beftowed upon 
 our author and his works. 
 
 Dryden has given many teftimonics of his critical and 
 poetic merit. He dedicated his tranflation of Virgil’s 
 ./Eneid to him, and gave this reafon for it in the clofe of 
 his dedication : “ Had I not addrefled to a poet, and a 
 
 critic of the firfl: magnitude, I had myfelf been taxed 
 “ for want of judgement, and fhamed my patron for want 
 “ of underftanding.” 
 
 VoL. XL • Cc “Happy 
 
 V 
 
3*6 
 
 <( 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 (i 
 
 t( 
 
 (( 
 
 
 a 
 
 Spectator, 
 Ho. 253. 
 
 
 Pref. to Sir a 
 T. More’s 
 tTiopIa, 
 
 tc 
 
 SHEFFIELD. 
 
 Happy the poet ! blefl the lays ! 
 
 Which Buckingham has deign’d to pralfe.” 
 
 Prior’s Alma, 
 
 Nor Tyber’s Pream no courtly Gallus fee,- 
 But fmiling Thanies enjoys his Normanby.” 
 
 Garth’s DifpenfarY* 
 Yet fome there were among the founder few 
 Of thofe, who lefs prefum’d and better knew^ 
 
 Who durft alTert the jufter ancient caufe,' 
 
 “ And here reftor’d wit’s fundamental laws. 
 
 Such was the Mufe, whofe rules and praflice tell^ 
 Nature’s chief mafter-piece is v.n'iring well.” 
 
 Pope’s Elfay on Criticifnl. 
 
 This lap line is taken from the duke’s “ Effay on Poetry.” 
 
 We have three poems in our tongue,” fays Addifon, 
 “ which are of the fame nature, and each of them a maP 
 tcr-piece in its kind : the ‘ EPay on TrahPated Verfe,’ 
 the ‘ Eifay on Poetry,’ and the ‘ EPay oh Cfiticifm.”— 
 Our language,” fays Burnet, “ is now certainly proper, 
 and more natural than it was, formerly, chiefly flnCe 
 the correction that was given by the ‘ Rehearfal and 
 it to be hoped, that the ‘ Elfay oh Poetry,’ which 
 may well be matched with the beP pieces of its kind 
 that even AuguPus’s age produced, will have a more 
 powerful operation, if clear fenfe, joined with home 
 but gentle reproofs, can work more on our Writers, 
 that that unmerciful expofing of them has done.” 
 
 If ever “ laudari a laudatis viris” could Pamp credit and 
 laPing reputation, it muP have done it here ; for it is not 
 cafy to produce a character better fupported with tePi* 
 monies of its read worth and merit. We have been at the 
 pains of tranferibing thefe tePifnqnies, chiefly to Ihew, 
 what a precarious ajid uncertain thing literary reputation 
 is, and how miferably many an author may flatter and 
 delude himfelf wph dreams and vifions of immortal fame: 
 for hear what tv^o of the prefent times haWe faid of this 
 KlTay dtithtfo-much-admifed duke of Buckinghamfh'ire. ‘‘ The cold- 
 writings (( j^nd negleCI,” fays one of them, “ with wdiich this 
 ©f Pope, p! “ writer, formed only on the French critics, fpeaks of 
 tgS. 1736. “ Milton, muP be C^onlldered as proofs of his \Vant of 
 critical difeernment, or of critical courage. I can re- 
 coIleCl no performance of Buckingham, that Pamps 
 him a true genius : his reputation was owing to his 
 rank. In reading his poems, one is apt to exclaim \xitll 
 our author, 
 
 Wliaf 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 < i 
 
 
 6 i 
 
 
^ ' 
 
 Ci 
 
 SHEFFIELD, 
 
 387 
 
 (( 
 
 
 (( 
 
 What woful hufF this Madrigal would be',. 
 
 In fome flarv’d hackney fohneteer/ or me 1 
 But let a lord once own the happy lines, 
 
 How thd wit brightens, how the ftyle refines ! 
 
 It IS certain',” fays the other, “ that his grace’s compo-Catalogit«o£ 
 “ ftions in profe have nothing extraordinary in ^bem : 
 his poetry is moll indifferent ; and the greateil pafrt ofthors. 
 both is already fallen iritD total neglefl.” 
 
 We mean not to reft the duke’s Ifterary merit upon the 
 authority of thefe two writers,' but only to fhew the fenfe 
 the prefeiTt age hds of it, as here repiefented by tifem’. 
 
 SHELDON (Gilbert), archbifhop of Canterbury, Brif. , 
 was born in 159B*, entered of Trihity-college, Oxford 
 1613 ; and, in 1622, was elefted fellow of All-Souls in 
 the fame univerfity. About this time, taking orders, he 
 became chaplain to Thomas lord' Coventry, keeper of the 
 greet feal, who found him very expert, and of great ufe, 
 iiot only in matters relating to the church, but in many 
 Other bulincffes of importance; on which account he 
 highly eftcemed him', gave him a prebend of Glohcefter,. 
 and recommended him to' Charles I. He was prefented 
 by the king to the vicarage of Hackne-y in Middlefex ; 
 hid was alfo reflor of Ickford in Buckingham(liire, and 
 6f Newington in Qxfordlhire. In'1635, he was chofeii 
 warden' ot All-Souls college*; and, being efteemed a 
 learned man, and equal to any preferment the church* 
 could yield, was deligned to be made m’after of the SaToy- 
 hofpital, and dean of Weftminfter: but his fettlement in 
 theni was prevented by the civil vvars. Duri'hg thefe he 
 firmly adhered to the king, and was one of the chaplains 
 whom his majefty fent for to attend his commilhoners at 
 the treatv of Uxbridge. Here he argued fo warmly in 
 favour of the church of England, that he drew upon him- ' 
 felf the envy and refentmeiit of the parliamentarians, 
 which they made him afterwards fufficiently feel : for 
 their vifitors ejefled Ifim from'his wardenfliip, took pof- 
 felTion of his Ibdgings by force, and imprifoned him and Wood's 
 Dr. Hammond for fix months, that their eminence and 
 
 .1 < . _ , , 1 il. fv 1 
 
 rnnuence in the univerfity might not obltruct their pro-o,^oa. i.l. 
 ccedings. But the reforming committee fet him at li¬ 
 berty, 0(ft. 24, 1648, on condition that he fhould never 
 come within five miles of Oxford ; that he fliould not go 
 to the king in the Ifle of Wight; and that lib fliouid' give 
 fecurity to appear before them, at fourteen days warning, 
 whenever cited. 
 
 C c 2 He 
 
388 ' SHELDON. 
 
 ib» p. 413* He now retired to Shelfton in Derbyfliire, and fpent 
 his time in a ftudions retirement, till a fair profped of a 
 happy refloration. On this event, he became repolTefled of 
 his wardenfl^ip, was made mafter of the Savoy, and dean of 
 the chapel royal; and, on Juxon’s tranflation to Canterbury, 
 Was promoted to London. The famous conference in 
 1661, between the Epifcopal and Prefbyterian divines, 
 was held at his lodgings in the Savoy, and thence dif- 
 tinguifhed by the name of the Savoy conference; in 
 Cabroy’s wIhcIi the Prefbyterians accufe him of being too rigid, and 
 Abriiig- blame him for afterwards promoting the execution of the 
 Baxiefuniformity and conventicle adts. In 1663, he fucceeded to 
 Life. the archbilbopric of Canterbury : and, during the time ol 
 the plague, 1665, continued at his palace at Lambeth, 
 In 1667, he was chofen chancellor of the univerfity oi 
 Oxford, in the room of lord Clarendon. The fame year, 
 he loft the king’s confidence, by advifing him to put awaj 
 his miftrefs Barbara Villiers, which he never afterward 
 could recover. Two years after, he retired from publi( 
 bufinefs, and fpent his remaining days chiefly at hi 
 palace at Croydon. He died Nov. 9, 1677, aged almoft 80 
 He never publiflied any thing but a fermon preachec 
 before the king at Whitehall, upon June 28, 1660, beinj '^ 
 the day of foiemn thankfgiving for the happy return 0 
 his majefty, on Pfalm xviii. 49. But his many ads o‘ 
 munificence and charity, and particularly the fumptuoii ■ 
 and magnificent theatre at Oxford, will preferve his me ^ 
 n|ory to the lateft pofterity, 
 
 * 
 
 From Dr. SHENSTONE (William), eldeft fon of a plain 
 johnfon’s uneducated country gentleman, of Hales-Owen, Shrop^ 
 nom Shen- wlio farmcd^his own eftate, was born Nov. I7M- 
 
 flone’s He learned to read of an old dame, whom his poem cj 
 Works. “ School-miftrefs” has delivered to pofterity; an' 
 
 foon received fuch delight from books, that he was a* 
 ways calling for new entertainment, and expedled tha > 
 when any of the family went to market, a new boo - 
 fhould be brought him, which, when it came, was ii 
 fondnefs carried to bed and laid by him. It is faid, th;t 
 when his requeft had been neglefted, his mother wrappe 1 
 up a piece of wood of the fame form, and pacified him fi ^ 
 the night. As he grew older, he went for a while to tl s 
 grammar-fehool in Hales-Owen, and was placed aftc - 
 wards with Mr. Crumpton, an eminent fchool-mafter t 
 Solihul, where he diftinguifhed himfclf by the quickne s 
 
SHENSTONE. 
 
 I 
 
 jof his progrefs, When he was young (June 1724) he 
 
 !was deprived of his father ; and foon after (Augull 1726) 
 
 of his grandfather ; and was, with his brother, who 'died 
 
 afterwards unmarried, left to the care of his grandmother, 
 
 who managed the eftate. From fchool he was fent in 
 
 1732 to Pembroke-college in Oxford, a fociety which for 
 
 half a century has been eminent for Englifh poetry and 
 
 [elegant literature. Here it appears that he found delight 
 
 'and advantage; for he continued his name tliere ten 
 
 I years, though he took no degreec. After the hi fl: four 
 
 [years he put on the Civilian’s gown, but without Ihewing 
 
 I any intention to engage in the profeihon. About the time 
 
 when he went to Oxford, the death of his grandmother 
 
 i devolved his affairs to the care of the reverend Mr. Dol- 
 
 I man of Brome in StafFordfhire, whofe attention he always 
 ' • . - . . 
 
 ! mentioned with gratitude. At Oxford he em[)loycd him- 
 
 I felf upon Englifh poetry ; and in 1737 pubJilhed a fmall 
 Mifcellany, without his name. He then for a time 
 I wandered about, to acquaint himfelf with life ; and was 
 I fometimes at London, fometimes at Bath, or any place of 
 i public refort; but he did not forget his poetry. He pub- 
 lifhed in 1740 his “ Judgernent of Hercules,” addreffed 
 i'to Mr. Lyttelton, whofe interefl he fupported with great 
 warmth at an eleftion : this was two years afterwards fol¬ 
 lowed by the “ School-miftrefs.” Mr. Dolman, to whofe 
 care he was indebted for his cafe andleifure, died in 1745, 
 
 I and the care of his own fortune now fell upon him. fie 
 tried to efcape it a while, and lived at his houfc with his 
 tenants, who were diflantly related ; but, finding that im- / 
 perfeft poflefhon inconvenient, he took the whole eftatc 
 into his own hands, more to the improvement of its 
 beauty than the increafe of its produce. Now began his 
 delight in rural pleafures, and his ambition of rural ele¬ 
 gance : but in time his cxpences brought clamours about 
 him, that overpowered the lamb’s bleat and the linnet’s 
 fong ; and his groves were haunted by beings very dif¬ 
 ferent from fawns and fairies. Fie fpent his cflate in 
 adorning it, and his death was probably haftened by his 
 anxieties. He was a lamp that fpent its oil in blazing. 
 
 It is faid, that if he had lived a little longer he would have 
 been affifled by a penfion : fuch bounty could not have 
 been ever more properly bellowed; but that it was ever 
 afked is not certain ; it is too certain that it never was 
 enjoyed. He died at the Leafowes, of a putrid fever, 
 about five on Friday morning, Feb, ii, 1763; and was 
 
 C c 3 buried 
 
 CO 
 
SHENSTONE. 
 
 f 
 
 burled by the hde of his brother in the church-yard of 
 Hales-Owen. He was never married, though he might 
 have obtained the lady, whoever fhe was, to whom his 
 “ Paftoral Ballad” was addrehed. He is reprefented by 
 his friend Dodfley as a man of great tendernefs and ge- 
 herohty, kind to all that were within his influence ; but, 
 if once oifended, not eaflly appeafed ; hiattentwc to oeco- 
 ^omy, and carelefs of his cxpences ; in his perfon larger 
 than the middle lize, with fomething clumfy in his form; 
 very negligent of his cloaths, and rema^-kable for wearing 
 his grey hair in a particular manner ; for he held that the 
 fafhion was no rule of drefs, and that every man was to 
 fuit his appearance to his natural form. His mind was 
 not very comprehenfive, nor his curiolity aftive ; he had 
 no value for thofe parts of knowledge which he had not 
 himfelf cultivated. His life was unftained by any crime ; 
 the Elegy on “ Jefly/’ which has been fuppofed to relate 
 an unfortunate and criminal amour of his own, was 
 known by his friends to have been fuggefled by the 
 flory of Mifs Godfrey in Richardfon’s “ Pamela.” 
 
 His Works”-were coiiecled by Mr. Dodfley, in three 
 volumes, 8vo. I'he'firit coniifls of elegies (of which 
 xliere are twenty-flx), odes, longs, and ballads, levities, 
 or pieces of humour, and moral pieces; in many of which 
 there is an amiable elegance and limplicity. I'he fecon^ 
 contains his profe works, and confifls of fevefal detached 
 cbfervations on men, manners, and things, thrown toge¬ 
 ther in fmali chapters, witliout any order or connedtion. 
 His fentiments and refle^lions are for the rnoft part na¬ 
 tural and jutl, many of them new, lively, and entertain¬ 
 ing, a few of them rather paradoxical, and fome that arc 
 falfe and ill fupported, though, upon the whole, they 
 feem to have been the gciiuinc fruits of a good under- 
 Ifanding, and an excellent heart. The third volume confifls 
 of “ Letter's to his friends.” “ Had I a fortune” (fays this 
 humane and benevoRnt writer) “ of 8 or lo.oool. a year, 
 I would metbinks make myfelf a neighbourhood. I 
 ‘‘ would flrll: build a village with a church, and people i't 
 with inhabitants of fome branch of trade that was 
 “ fuitable to the country round. 1 would then at pro- 
 per diftances eredl a number of genteel boxes of about 
 “ loool. apiece, and amufe rayfelf with giving them all 
 the advantages they could receive from tafle. 'Fhcfe 
 would 1 people with a felecl number of well-chofen 
 friends, afligning to each annually the fuinofaool. 
 
 ■ . . " • ♦‘Tor 
 
 i 
 
“ for life. The falary fliould be irrevocable, ia order to. 
 
 “ g^iye them independency : the houfe of a more preca- 
 “ rious tenure, that, in cafes of ingratitude, I mjght in- 
 ^Mroduce another inhabitant.” 
 
 / 
 
 SHERBURNE (Sir Edward), an Englifh gentle;? 
 man, fon of Edward Sherburne, efq; a native of Ox- 
 fold, was born in the parifli of St. Oiles’s Cripplegate in 
 London,^j6i8, and trained up in grammar-learning un¬ 
 der Mr. i ho mas Farnaby. In 1640, he was fent by his Wood's 
 father to travel abroad; and, after Faying fome time ia raftiOxon. 
 France, was about to go to Italy, but was recalled on ac¬ 
 count of his father’s ficknefs, who died foon a.fter his re¬ 
 turn, about ChriFmas 1641* Uj^on his father’s deceafe, 
 
 Sir Edward fpcceeded him in the clerkfhip of his majeFy’s 
 ordnance but, about May, was ejcdled from his place by 
 warrant ot the houfe of lords, and committed prifoner to 
 the Black Rod, for adhering to the king’s intcreFs. In 
 Odlober, he was releafed, and went immediately to the 
 king, who made him commiFary general of his artillerv; 
 in which place he ferved at the battle of Edge-Hill, and fome • 
 time after. Meanwhile, he was de|:^i-ived of a conhder- 
 able cFate, had his houfe plundered, and a very Fne li¬ 
 brary taken away. After the battle of Edge-Hill, he re¬ 
 tired with his majeFy to Oxford, where he \vas createji 
 maFerofarts ; and, after the furrender of Oxford to the 
 parliament, lived for fome time in the Middle-Temple'at 
 London, where he publifhed feveral pieces, as, i. “ Me- 
 ‘‘ dea,” a tragedy, tranFated from Seneca. l/ond. 1648. 
 
 2. “ Seneca’s Anfwer to Lueilius’s Quaere, why good 
 “ Men fuffer Misfortunes, feeing there is a Divine Pro- 
 videncer Lond. 1648.” dedicated to king Charles, 
 during his captivity in the IFe of Wight. 3. A Col- 
 “ leefion of Poems and TranFations, 1651;” on which 
 the learned Thomas Stanley, efq; author of the “ Lives 
 “ of the Philofophers,” wrote a copy of verfes begin¬ 
 ning thus: . 
 
 “ Dear friend, I qyeFion, nor cap yet decide, 
 
 “ Whether thou more art my delight and piiJe.’’ 
 
 Upon the retuni of Sir George Sqvile,.* afterwards 
 marquis of Halifax, from his travels in 1652, he was in¬ 
 vited to take upon him the cluirge of his affairs ; and, 
 fome time after, recommended by lady Savile to under¬ 
 take the tuition of her nephew Sir John Coventry, in his 
 travels abroad. He fet out with him from England in 
 
 C c 4 March, 
 
392 
 
 SHERBURNE. 
 
 March, 1654; and, having travelled through Fiance, 
 Italy, part of Hungary, Germany, Holland, and Flanders, 
 -returned in Oftober, 1659. After the Refloration, he , 
 recovered his place of clerk of the ordnance, “ which had 
 “ been given,’’ fays Wood, “ to another perfon by that 
 bufy man Sir Antony Afhley Cowper, afterwards Earl 
 “ of Shaftefbury though the belt perquifites of his office 
 were foon after retrenched to the value of 5001. per an¬ 
 num, on which account his majefty fettled on him an an¬ 
 nual penfion of 1001. In 1682, his majefty alfo conferred 
 upon him the honour of knighthood ; by way of recom- 
 pence, as Wood tells us, for fome troubles he met with 
 at the time of the Popifh plot, on a fufpicion of his being 
 a Roman-catholic : which fufpicion, together with a firm 
 adherence to his old principles, was probably the reafon 
 why he loft his clerkfhip of the ordnance upon the ab¬ 
 dication of James II. He betook himfelf ever after to a 
 retired and ftudious life ; and died Nov. 4, 1702, in his 85th 
 year. He was a gentleman extremely accomplifhed in 
 the belles lettres ; underftood the Greek, Latin, French, 
 Italian, and Spanifh languages ; and was very converfant 
 with their writers, efpecially their poets. 
 
 Beftdes the works already mentioned, he publifhed fome 
 others : as, 4. “ The Sphere of Manilius,” made Eng- 
 lilh; dedicated to Charles II, and printed in 1675. It 
 contains only the firft book of Manilius. 5. “ Troades,” 
 or “ The Royal Captives,” a tragedy tranflated from 
 Seneca, and printed in 1679. 7. He had likewife in 
 
 manufeript a tranflation of Seneca’s tragedy of “ Hyp- 
 politus i” and the tranflation of Theocritus’s i6th 
 Idyllium,” printed in Tate’s “ Mifcellanies,” is 
 aferibed to him. 
 
 Coxe'sTta. SHEREBATOF (Prince), a learned Ruffian noble- 
 jeJs jnan, is editor of the following works: i. “ A Journal 
 p.*'i93.* ' “ of Peter the Great,” in 2 vols. 4to, which he foniic 
 in the archives, and publiflied by order of the emprefs 
 It confifts of eight books, five of which were corredfed b} 
 Peter himfelf. The firft volume begins with the infur 
 re6lion of the Strelitz in 1698, and finifhes with the yea: 
 1714 : and the fcond concludes with the peace of Nyftad 
 in 1721. The learned editor has added feveral remarks 
 and fome important pieces from the Ruffian archives 
 2. “ The Ruffian Hiftory, by an Antient Annalift, fron- 
 “ the beginning of the reign of Volodimir Monomoka i]^ 
 
 n 
 
 III 
 
SHEREBATOF. 
 
 “ i ii4» to 1472,” in which the author particularly dwells 
 upon the civil feuds in the city of Novogorod, and its 
 fubjedtion to Ivan Vaffilievitch 1 . 3. “ The Life of 
 
 “ Peter the^ Great,” in the Rullian language, firft pub- 
 liflied at Venice; which the prince reprinted in 1774, ' 
 and, according to his ufual cuftom, enriched with many 
 hiftorical obfervations. His own works are, “ An Ac- 
 “ count of the Ruffian Impollors amongft thefe is the 
 Life of Demetrius, which is chiefly drawn from the 
 fame fources as tliofe which Mr. Muller confulted in his 
 relation of the fame period. But this'noble author’s great, 
 work now comes under coniideration, his “ Hiftory of 
 “ Ruffia, from the earliefh Times.” He has already 
 publiffied 3 vols. 4to, which finifh with the reign of 
 Demetrius Doniki, who died in 1389. The lourth 
 volume was in the prefs in the year 1778; but we aie 
 not certain whether it has yet made its appearance. Mr. 
 Coxe fays, he read with great pleafure the Qerman tranlla- 
 tion of this performance, which appears to have been a moil 
 valuable addition to the hiflory of the North. The au¬ 
 thor has had accefs to the imperial archives ; he draws 
 his information from the moll anticnt and unquellion- 
 able fources; is particularly exadl in quoting his. autho¬ 
 rities ; and ranges the events in chronological feries with 
 great pcrfpicuity. 
 
 SHERIDAN (Thomas), D. D. the intimate friend 
 of Dean Swift, is faid by Shield, in Cibber’s “ Lives 
 “ of the Poets,” to have been born about 1684, in the 
 county of Cavan, where, accorffing to the fame authoi itv, 
 his parents lived in no very elevated flate. They are de* 
 fcribed as being unable to afford their fon the advantages 
 of a liberal education ; but he, being obferved to give early 
 indications of genius, attradled the notice of a friend to 
 his family, who fent him to the college of Dublin, and 
 contributed towards his fiipport while he remained there. 
 He afterwards entered into orders, and fet up a fchool in 
 Dublin, which long maintained a very high degree of re¬ 
 putation, as well for the attention bellowed on the mo¬ 
 rals of the fcholars, as for their proficiency in literature. 
 So great was the eftimation in which this feminary was 
 held, that it is aflerted to have produced in fome years the 
 fum of one thoufand pounds. It does not appear that he 
 had any conflderable preferment ; but his intimacy with 
 Swift, in 1725, procured Tor him a living in the South of 
 
 Ireland, 
 
 

 SHERIDAN, 
 
 I 9 
 
 Ireland, worth about 150]. a year, \vliich he went to take 
 poffeffion of, and, by an a6l ot inadvertence, deflroyed alf 
 his future expe£tations of riling jn the church ; for being 
 at Corke on the Hrft of Augull, the anniverfary of king 
 ■George’s birth-day, he preached a fermon, which had for 
 its text, “ Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof.” On 
 this being known, he was flruck out of the lift of chap- 
 ]ains to the lord lieutenant, and forbidden the caftle. 
 
 This living Dr. Sheridan afterwards changed for that 
 of Dunboyne, which, by the knavery of the farmers and 
 power of the gentlemen in the neighbourhood, fell as 
 low as Sob per annum. He gave it up for the free-fchool 
 of Cavan, where he might have lived well in fo cheap a 
 .country on 801. a year falary, befides his fcholars ; but 
 the air being as he faid too moift and unwholefome, and 
 being difgufted wifti fome perfons who lived there, he fold 
 the ichool for about 4001. and having foon fpent the 
 money, he grew into difeafes, and died Sept. 10, 1738, in 
 his 55th year. 
 
 Lord Corke has given the following charafter of him : 
 “ Dr. Sheridan was a fchool-mafter, and in many in- 
 “ ftances perfedlly well adapted for that ftation. 'He was 
 ‘‘ deeply verfed in the Greek and Roman languages, and 
 “ in their cuftoms and antiquities. He had that kind of 
 ‘‘ good-nature, which abfence of mind, indolence of 
 body, and carelelTnefs of fortune, produce ; and ah 
 though not over-ftri<ft in his own condudl, ygt Jie took 
 ‘‘ care of the morality of hi’s fcholars, whom he fent to 
 the univerftty remarkably well founded in all kinds of 
 claffical learning, and not ill inftrufted in the focial du- 
 ‘‘ ties of life. He was ftovenly, indigent, and chearful. 
 “ He knew books much better than men ; and he knew 
 “ the value of money leaft of all. In this fttuation,'and 
 with this difpofttion, Swift faftened upon him as upon 
 “ a prey with which he intended to regale'himfelf when- 
 “ ever his appetite Ihould prompt him.” His lordlhip 
 then mentions the event of the unlucky fermon, and adds, 
 this ill-ftarred, good -natured, improvident man return- 
 “ ed to Dublin,^ unhinged from all ^favour at court, and 
 even banilhed from the caftle. But ftill he remained 
 “ a punfter, a quibbler, a fidler, and a wit. Not a day 
 pefted without a rebus, an anagram, or a madrigal. His- 
 pen and his ftddleftick were in continual motion, and 
 yet to little or no purpofc, if we may give credit to 
 
 the 
 
S9S 
 
 S H E Pv I D A 
 
 “ the following vcrfes, which fliall ferve as the conclu- 
 fion of his poetical charadler : 
 
 With niuhc and poetry equally blefs’d, 
 
 “ A bard thus Apollo mod humbly addrefs’d i 
 “ Great Author of poetry, inulic, and light, 
 
 “ Indrmded by thee, I both fiddle and write ; 
 
 Yet unheeded I ferape, or I fcribble all day, 
 
 ‘‘ My tunes are negleAed, my verfe flung away. 
 
 Yliy fubllitute here, Vice-Apollo difdains 
 “ 7'o vouch for my numbers, or lift to my drains. 
 
 “ Thy manual fign he refufes to put 
 
 To the airs I produce from the pen or the gut: 
 
 Be thou then propitious, great Phoebus, and grant 
 “ Relief, or reward, to my merit or want. 
 
 “ T'ho’ the Dean and Delany tranfcendently (bine, 
 
 “ O ! brighten one folo, or fonnet of mine : 
 
 Make one work immortal, ’tis all I requeft. 
 
 Apollo look’d pleas’d, and refolving to jeft, 
 
 “ Replied —Honed friend. I’ve Gonfider’d your cafe, 
 
 ‘‘"Nor diilike your unmeaning and innocent face. 
 
 “ Your petition I grant, the boon is not great, 
 
 “ Your works fhall continue, and here’s the receipt; 
 
 On Rondeaus hereafter your fiddle-ftrings fpend, 
 
 “ \V>ite verfes in circles, they never fliall end.” 
 
 One of the volumes of Swift’s Mifcellanies confids al- 
 mod entirely of letters between him and the dean. He 
 pubiifhed a profe tranflation of Perfius; to which he ad¬ 
 ded tiie bed notes of former editors, together with many 
 judicious ones of his own. This work was printed at Lon¬ 
 don, 1739, in i2mo, 
 
 SHERIDAN (Frances), wife to Thomas Sheri-Anredot^^s 
 dan, M. A. was born in Ireland about the year 1724, 
 defeended from a good Englifli family which had removed p; ’ 
 thither. Her maiden name was Chambcrlaine, and Ihe 
 was grand-daughter of Sir Oliver Chamberlaine. The 
 firft literary performance by which fhe diftinguifhed her- 
 felf was a little pamphlet at the time of a violent party dif- 
 putc relative to the theatre, in which Mr. Sheridan had 
 newly embarked his fortune. So well-timed a work 
 exciting the attention of Mr. Sheridan, he by an accident 
 difeovered his fair patronefs, to whom he was foon after¬ 
 wards married. She was a perfon of the' mod amiable 
 charafler in every relation of life, with the mod engaging 
 manners. After lingering fome years in a very weak 
 ’ - dat« 
 
 
596 SHERIDAN. 
 
 ilate of health, flie died at Blois, in the South of France, 
 in the year 1767. Her “ Sydney Biddulph’* may be 
 ranked with the hrfl produftions of that clafs in ours, or 
 in any other language. She alfo wrote a little romance in 
 one volume, called, Nourjahad,” in which there is a 
 great deal of imagination productive of an admirable moral. 
 And fhe was the authorefs of two comedies ; “ The Dif- 
 “ covery” and “ The Dupe.’' 
 
 General 
 
 D.a. 
 
 SHERLOCK (Dr. William), an Englifh divine, 
 was born in Southwark about 1641, and educated at 
 Eaton fchool, where he diflinguifhed himfelf by the vigour 
 of his genius and application to his ftudies. Thence he 
 removed to Peter Houfe in Cambridge, where he took a 
 bachelor of arts degree in 1660, and a mailer’s in 1665 ; 
 and, four years after, became reClor of St. George’s, 
 Botolph Lane in London. In 1680, he took a doClor of 
 divinity’s degree ; and, the following year, was collated to 
 a prebend of St, Paul’s. Soon after this, he was chofen 
 mailer of the Temple, and had the reClory of Therfield in 
 Hertfordlhire. After the Revolution, he was fufpended 
 from his preferments, for refuling the oaths to William 
 and Mary; but at laft took them, and in 1691 was made 
 dean of St. Paul’s. He was the author of near fifty books 
 and pamphlets, the greater part of which were of the con- 
 troverlial kind. He wrote feveral pieees againfl the Pa- 
 pills, in the reign of James II: he had a terrible con- 
 troverfy with South upon the doClrine of the Trinity: 
 he wrote againll the Socinians, and againll the DilTenters : 
 and he was obliged to defend himfelf againll the clamours 
 and attacks of the Nonjurors, after he had confented to 
 take the oaths. This he did in a piece, intituled, “ The 
 Cafe of the Allegiance due to the Sovereign Princes 
 hated and refolved, according to Scripture, and Reafon, 
 and the Principles of the Church of England, with a 
 more particular refpeCl to the Oath lately enjoined of 
 Allegiance to their prefent Majehies King William and ' 
 Queen Mary, 1690,” 4to. He was the author alfo of 
 feveral works, not controverflal; and his PraClical 
 “ Treatife on Death,” in particular, has been highly ‘ 
 valued and very much read. He died at Hamphead June 
 . 19,1707, in his 67th year ; and was interred in the cathedal 
 of St. Paul. He left two fons and two daughters : the 
 Hift. of his eldeh of his fons was Dr. Thomas Sherlock, the late 
 bilhop of London. Burnet lays, that‘Mie w'as a clear, 
 
 polite, 
 
 See art. 
 SOUTH. 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
( 
 
 K 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 SHERLOCK. 
 
 / 
 
 polite, and a ftrong writer ; but apt to affume too much 
 to hiinfelf, and to treat his adverfaries with contempt. 
 This created him many enemies, and made him pafs 
 for an infolent haughty man.’* ' ' 
 
 397 
 
 SHERLOCK (Dr. Thomas), late bifliop of Lon- a Sermon 
 don, was the fon of Dr. William Sherlock, and born in preached at 
 1678. He vras fent, after a proper preparation, to Catherine 
 Hall in Cambridge, where he took his degrees ; and of Nov. 15, 
 which he became mailer. Fie difeovered early not only 
 great parts, with deep and extenlive learning, but alfo great 
 wifdom, policy, and talents for governing : and it was in Dr.Thymxs 
 allulion to this part of his charadler, that Dr. Bentley, Sherlock, 
 during his fquabbles at Cambridge, gave him the nick- ^ficholir ' 
 name of Cardinal Alberoni. This we learn from a piece ll. d. 
 written agairill Bentley, in 1720, by Dr. Middleton; 
 who, in oppolition to the laid doctor and his adherents, ,^62,^410. 
 calls Sherlock “ the principal champion and ornament of 
 ‘‘ both church and univerfity,” 
 
 He was made mailer of the Tcnple very young, upon in. p. 175^ 
 the relignation of his father ; and, what is very remark- 333 * 
 able, this mallerlhip was held fuccellively by father and 
 fon for more than feventy years. His firlt appearance as 
 an author, as far as we are able to difeover, was iii the way 
 of controverfv; and that too carried on with uncommon 
 warmth and fpirit. He was at the head of the oppolition 
 againll Hoadly, then bifliop of Bangor : during which 
 contell he publilhed a great number of pieces. One of 
 the principal is intituled, “ A Vindication of the Corpora- 
 “ ^ion and Tell A6ls : in Anfwer to the Bifnop of Ban- 
 gor’s Reafons for the Repeal of them. To which is 
 “ added a fecoad Part, concerning the Religion of Oaths^ 
 
 “ 1718,” 8vo. He was dean of Chicheller, as well as 
 mafter of the Temple, when he wrote this. The billiop 
 of Bangor anfwered him in a piece, intituled, “ The com- 
 “ mon Rights of Subjects, defended ; and the Nature of 
 the facramental Teh, conlidered, 1719,” 8vo : yet, 
 while he oppofed llrenuouHy the principles of his anta- 
 gbnill, he gave the llrongell teflimony that could be of 
 his abilities ; for, in the beginning of his preface, he calls 
 his own book “ An Anfwer to the moil plaufible and 
 “ ingenious Defence, that, he thinks, has ever yet been 
 “ publidied, of excluding men from their acknowledged 
 “ civil Rights, upon the account of their differences in 
 Religion, or in the circumllaiices of Religion.” ^ Sher¬ 
 lock 
 
Grounds, 
 p. 25. edit. 
 
 J737- 
 
 SHERLOCK. 
 
 lock replied to the bifliop, in a final! pamphlet, wherciir 
 he fets forth “ The true Meaning and intention of the 
 Corporation and Ted: A£ls aflerted, he. 1719,” 8vo. 
 About three years after, Mr. Collins publilhed his fa-' 
 mous book, intituled, “ A Difeourfe of the Grounds and 
 “ Reafons of the Chriftian Religon where he endea¬ 
 vours ‘to fix the evidences of it chiefly, if not folely, upon - 
 the prophecies of the Old Teftament; and then explains 
 thefe prophecies in fuch a manner, as that they may feenV 
 to have no better foundation, than the Divination among 
 the heathens; ‘‘ who learnt,’’ fays he, “ that art in 
 “ fchools, or under difeipline, as the Jews did prophefy- 
 “ ing in the fchools and colleges of the prophets.” This 
 work occalioned many pieces to be written upon the 
 fubjeft of prophecy; and, though Sherlock did not enter 
 directly into the controverfy, yet he took an opportunity 
 of communicating his fentiments, in lix difeourfes deli¬ 
 vered at the Temple-Church, in April and May, 1724, 
 Thefe Difeourfes he publiflied the year after, with this 
 title, The Ufe and Intent of Propliecy, in the feveral 
 “ ages of the world,” Svo : where we have a regular feries 
 of prophecies, deduced through the feveral ages from the 
 beginning, and prefented to us in a connefted view ; to¬ 
 gether with the various degrees of-light diftindtly marked 
 out, which were lucceflive.Iy communicated in fuch a 
 manner, as to anfwer the great end of religion and the de- 
 ligns of providence, till the great events to which they . 
 pointed fliould receive their accomplifhent. Thefe dif¬ 
 eourfes have been exceedingly admired, and gone through 
 feveral editions. The fourth.correffed and enlarged, was 
 publilhed in 1744, 8vo ; to which are added, “ FourDif- 
 “ fertations : i. ‘ The Authority of the fecond Epillle of 
 St. Peter.* 2. ‘The Senfe of the Ancients betorc 
 Chriil:, upon the Circumftances and Confcquences of 
 “ the Fall.* 3. ‘ The Blefling of Judah,* Gen. xlix^. 
 “ 4. ‘ Chrill’s Entry into Jerufalem.” Three of thefe 
 diflertations, if we mihake not, accompanied the difeourfes 
 from theif firlt publication; the fourth was added after¬ 
 wards. In 1749, Sherlock, then bifhop of London,- 
 publilhed “ An Appendix to the fecond Diflertation,' 
 “ being a farther enquiry into the Mefaic account of the 
 Fail.” Svo. An advertifement is prefl.xed, fetting 
 forth, that the diflertation was drawn up fome years flnee, 
 and intended as an examination of the objedlions made to_ 
 the Pliftory of the Fail by the author of the “ Literal 
 
 “ Scheme' 
 
 \ 
 

 SHERLOCK. 
 
 Scheme of Prophecy but, thsit author being dea^cJ, 
 was now publhhed, not in anfwer to him, but to all who 
 call in queftion, or are offended with, the Hiftofy of 
 the Fall, as it (lands recorded by Mofes. Whether 
 Dr. Middleton, whd had ridiculed the “ Literal Hiflory of Letter to 
 the Fall,” took himfelf to be particularly aimed at here, 
 or whether he a6led from othef private motives of refent- Defoices. 
 frient, we know not; but he publifhed the year after, 
 
 1750, a fha 
 “ courfes u 
 this Diffe 
 
 and affirm thefe four points : i. “ That the ufe of Pro- 
 phecy, as it was taught and praClifed by Chrifl, his? 
 
 “ Apollles, and Evangelifls, was drawn entirely from 
 lingle and feparate predidlions, gathered by them from 
 “ the books of the Law and the Prophets, and applied, , 
 
 “ independently on each other, to the feveral adls and 
 “ circumflances of the life of Jefus, as fo many proofs of 
 “ his Divine Million ; and, confequently, that his Lord- 
 fhip^s pretended chain of Antediluvian Prophecies is 
 “ nothing elfe but a fanciful conceit, which has no con- 
 nedlion at all with the evidencs of the Gofpel.” 2. 
 
 That the Biffiop’s expofition of his Text is forced, un- 
 “ natural, and inconfiflent with the fenfe of St. Peter, 
 from whofe epillle it is taken.” 3. “ That the hiffo- 
 “ rical Interpretation, which he gives to the Account 
 “ of the Fall, is abfurd arid contradi^Lory to reafon ; and 
 “ that the faid account cannot be confidered under any 
 other charadler, than that of Allegory, Apologue, or 
 “ Moral Fable.” 4. “ That the Oracles of the Heathen 
 World, which his Lordlhip dedlares to hav'e been giveii 
 out by the Devil, in the form' of a Serpent, were all 
 “ impoflures, wholly managed by human craft, wltliout 
 any fupcrnatural aid, or interpohtion whatever.” 
 
 In 1728, he was preferred to the bilhopric of Bangor; 
 and tranflated thence to, Saiifbury, in 1734. In i747f 
 upon the death of Potter, he had an offer made him of 
 the archbifliopric of Canterbury, but declined it on ac¬ 
 count of the very ill fla'te of health lie was then in : yet, 
 fecoVering ih a' good degree, he ventured to fucceed Gib- 
 fon in the fee of London the year after. But bodily in¬ 
 firmities began to affedl him Very much ; and j though for 
 three or four years he applied himfelf to bufinefs, and 
 made one general vifitation of his diocefe in perfon, yet 
 he was then vihted with a very terrible illnefs, which de- 
 5 prived 
 
 rp and fatitical Examination of the' Dif- ^rt. MiD- 
 pon Prophecy, with Aninladverfions upon^^^^^^* 
 rtation in which he undertakes to explain 
 
40c> 
 
 Sermon-, 
 p. 27. 
 
 SHERLOCK. 
 
 prived him almoft firft of the ufe of his limbs, and then 
 of his fpeech, infomuch that he could not be underftood 
 but by thole who were conftantly about him. Still the 
 powers of his underftandingcontinued in their full vigour ; 
 and under this weak Hate of body, in which he lay many 
 years, he revifed, corrected, and publilhed 4 vols. of 
 Sermons in 8vo ; which, belides the excellences they have 
 in common with the bell produdlions in this way, are 
 particularly to be admired for their ingenuity and elegance. 
 He died July 18, 1761, in his 84th year; having for forae 
 years ceafed to enjoy himfelf with comfort, or to interfere 
 at all with the alFars of the worlds 
 
 “ His learning,” fays Dr. Nicholls, “ was very exten- 
 “ live : God had given him a great and an underfianding 
 “ mind^ a quick comprehenlion, and a folid judgement. 
 “ Thefe advantages of nature he improved by much in- 
 dullry and application ; and in the early part of his 
 “ life had read and digelfed well the antient authors both 
 Greek and Latin, the philofophers, poets, and orators: 
 “ from whence he acquired that correft and elegant ftyle, 
 “ which appears in all his compolitions. His knowledge 
 in divinity was obtained from the lludy of the moft ra- 
 “ tional writers of the church, both antient and modern : 
 “ and he was particularly fond of comparing feripture 
 “ with feripture, and efpecially of illullrating the epillles 
 and writings of the apoftles, which he thought wanted to 
 “ be more lludied, and of which we have fome fpecimens 
 “ in his own difeourfes. His Ikill in the civil and canon 
 “ law was very conliderable ; to which he had added fuch 
 “ a knowledge of the common law of England, as few 
 “ clergymen attain to. This it was, that gave him that 
 influence in all caufes where the church was con- 
 “ cerned; as knowing precifely what it had to claini 
 ‘‘ from its conllitutions and canons, and what from the 
 “ common law of the land.” Nicholls then mentions 
 his conftant and exemplary piety, his warm and ferveni 
 zeal in preaching the duties and maintaining the do6lrines 
 of Chriflianity, and his large and difPufive munificenc( 
 and charity. “ The inftances of his public charities,’ 
 fays he, “ both in his life-time and at his death, are grea 
 “ and like himfelf. He has given large fums of money 
 “ to the corporation of clergymen’s fons, to feveral o 
 “ the hofpitals, and to the fociety for progagating th' 
 “ gofpel in foreign parts : and at the inflance of the fair 
 “ fociety, he confented to print at his own charge an im 
 7 - “ preflioJt 
 
401 
 
 SHERLOCK. 
 
 prefTion of two tboufaiid fets of his valuable difcoiirfes 
 at a very coniiderable expence. And they have been 
 adlually fent to all the iflands and colonies "in America; 
 and, by the care of the governors and clergy, it is hoped 
 that by this time they are all properly diftributed 
 among the people of thofe refpe^live colonies, to their 
 great improvement in the knowledge of rational and ' 
 practical Chrillianity. And, to mention one inilance 
 more of his great charity ^nd care for the education of 
 youth, he has given to Catherine-Hall in Cambridge, 
 the place of his education, his valuable library of books, 
 
 “ and donations for the founding a librarian’s place, and 
 “ a fcholarflhp.” ^ ’ 
 
 SHIRLEY (James), an Englilh dramatic writer and 
 poet, was of an ancient family, and born about 1594, in 
 the parifli of St. Mary V^ool-Church, London. He was Langbalne’s 
 educated at Merchant-TTaylors fcliool, and thence removed 
 
 to St. John s college in Oxford ; where Laud, then pre-tic^poets._ 
 
 fident of that college, conceived a great aifedlion for him, Atheu. 
 on account of his excellent parts ; yet would often teli^'^®*'* 
 him, as Wood relates, that “ he was an unfit perfon to 
 “ take the facred funflion upon him, and Ihould never 
 have his confent; becaufe Shirley had then a large 
 mole upon his left cheek, which fome efteemed a defor¬ 
 mity. Afterwards, leaving Oxford without a degree, he 
 went to Cambridge, where it is prefumed he took the de¬ 
 grees in arts ; for he foon after entered into orders, and 
 took a cure at or near St. Albans in Hertfordfliire. Mean 
 wlfile, growing unfettled in his principles, he changed his 
 religion for that of Rome, left his living, and taught a 
 grammar fchool in the town of St. Albans ; but, this em¬ 
 ployment being uneafy to him, he retired to I.ondon, lived 
 in Gray’s-Inn, and fet himfelf heartily to write plays.' 
 
 By this he gained, not only a comfortable livelihood, but 
 alfo very great refpeft and encouragement from perfons of 
 quality ; elpecial.ly from Henrietta Maria, Charles Ill’s 
 queen, who made him her fervant. When the rebeiiiori 
 broke out, he was obliged to leave London and his fa- 
 ^ ^ y li d a wife and children ; and, being in¬ 
 
 vited by his patron Whlliam Earl of Newcafile, to take 
 his fortune with him in the w^ars, he attended his lordlhip. 
 
 Upon the decline of the king’s caufe, he retired to Lon¬ 
 don ; where, among other of his friends, he found I'homas 
 Stanley, efq. author of the Lives of the Philofophers,” 
 
 VoL. XL D d who 
 
 M 
 
402 
 
 SHIRLEY. 
 
 who fupported him for the prefent. The a£llng of plays 
 being prohibited, he then returned to his old occupatioa 
 of teaching fchool, which he did in White-Friars ; and 
 educated many youths, who afterwards proved eminent 
 men. At the Reftoration, feveral of his plays were 
 brought upon the Theatre again ; and it is probable he 
 fubiifted very well, though it does not appear how. In 
 1666, he was forced with his fecond wife Frances, by the 
 great hre in September, from his houfe near Fleet-ftreet, 
 into the Parifh of St. Giles’s in the Fields, where, being 
 extremely affedted with the lofs and terror that fire occa- 
 fioned, they both died within the fpace of twenty-four 
 hours, and were interred in the fame grave, 0£l. the 29th. 
 
 Befides thirty-feven plays, tragedies and comedies, print¬ 
 ed at different times, he publilhed a volume of poems in 
 1646, 8vo, with his pidfure before them ; and three trails 
 relating to grammar. He aflilled his patron the earl, af¬ 
 terwards duke, of Newcaftle, in compofing feveral plays, 
 which the duke publifhed ; as likewifc Mr. John Ogilby, 
 in his tranflation of Flomer and Virgil, with writing 
 notes on them. Wood tells us, that “ he was the moil 
 “ noted dramatic poet of his time and Langbaine calls 
 him “ one of fuch incomparable parts, that he was tire 
 “ chief of the fecond-rate poets, and by fome thought 
 ‘‘ even equal to Fletcher himfelf.”. 
 
 There was one Mr. Henry Shirley, a contemporary 
 of our author, who wrote a tragedy, called The Martyred 
 “ Soldier;” which was often adled with generalapplaufe. 
 It v/as printed in 1631, and dedicated by the publifher 
 J. K. to Sir Keiielm Digby; the author being then dead. 
 
 Campbell’s SHOVEL (Sir Cloudesley), bom about 163a, 
 Admirah' '* of paieiits in middling circumfiances, and put apprentice to 
 vol. IV. ^ fome mean trade, to which he applied himfelf for fome 
 Euvebet’s years; but finding no appearance of railing his fortune in 
 i^.avai Hub. way, he betook himlelf to fca, under the proteclion of 
 Sir Clirihopher Mynns, W'ith whom, and it is to his 
 honour to relate it, he went as a cabin-boy, but, apply¬ 
 ing himfelf very alliduoufly to the lludy of navigation, 
 foon became an able feaman, and quickly arrived at pre¬ 
 ferment. Ill 1674, our merchants in the Mediterranean 
 being very much dilireffed by the piratical Hate of Tripoly, a 
 llrong fquadron was feat into thofe parts under the coi, maud 
 of Sir John Narborough, who arrived before Tripo ; 
 the fpring of the year, and found ail things in good oi^-ei 
 
 loi 
 
SHOVEL. 
 
 for his reception. Being, according to the nature of his 
 inftrudions, defirous to try negociation rather than force, 
 he thought proper to fend Shovel to demand fatisfaclion 
 for what was paft, and fecurity for the time to come. 
 Shovel went on fhore, and delivered his meffage with great 
 fpirit; but the Dey, defpifing his youth, treated him with 
 much difrepeft, and fent him back with an indefinite an- 
 fwer. Shovel, on his return to the admiral, acquainted 
 him with fome things he had obferved on fhore. Sir 
 John fent him back with another mellage, and v/ell fur- 
 nifhed him with proper rules for condudfing his enquiries 
 and obfervations. The Dey’s behaviour was worfe the 
 fecond time. When Shovel returned, he affured the ad¬ 
 miral it was very practicable to burn the Blips in the har¬ 
 bour, notwithBanding their lines and forts ; accordingly, 
 in the night on the 4th of March, Shovel, with all the boats 
 in the fleet, filled with combuftible matter, went boldly 
 into the habour, and met with more fuccefs, in deflroying 
 the enemies Blips, than could have beeh expeCted, Of this 
 Sir John Narborough gave fo honourable an account in ail 
 his letters, that the next year Shovel had the command 
 given him of the Sapphire, a fifth rate ; whence he was not 
 long after removed into the James Gaily, a fourth rate, in 
 which he continued till the death of Charles II. There 
 were fonie reafons, which engaged king James to employ 
 captain Shovel, though he was a man far from being in 
 his favour : accordingly'he was preferred to the Dover, in 
 which fituation he was when the Pvevolutioii took place. 
 
 He was in the firft battle, that of Eantry-bay, in the 
 Edgar, a third rate ; and fo difiinguiBied himfelf by courage 
 and conduCl, that, when kijig William came down to 
 Bortfmouth, he conferred on him the honour of knight-^ 
 hood. In i6qo, he was employed in conveying king 
 William and his army into Ireland, Vv^ho was fo highly 
 pleafed with his diligence and dexterity, that he did liini 
 the honour to deliver him a commiBion of rear admii al 
 of the blue with his own liaiid. Jufl before the king let 
 out for Holland, in 1692, -be made him rear admiral of 
 the red, at the fame time appointing him commander of the 
 fcjuadron that was to convoy him rliithcr. On his return, 
 Shovel joined admiral Ruliei with the grand Beet, and had 
 a Blare in the glory of the viClory a<- La Hogue, in 1700, 
 he was fent to bring the fpoils of the Spanilh and French 
 Beets from Vigo. In 1703, he commanded the g.and 
 Beet up the Streights: where he proteded our trade^ and 
 
 D d 2 did 
 
404 
 
 SHOVEL. 
 
 did all that was poflible to be done for the relief of the 
 Proteflaiits then in arms in the Cevennes ; ^ and coun¬ 
 tenanced fuch of the Italian powers as were inclinded to 
 favour the allies. In 1704, he was fent with a powerful 
 fquadron to join Sir George Rooke, who comnlanded a 
 grand fleet in the Mediterranean, and had his fltare in the 
 aftion off Malaga. Upon his return he was prefented to the 
 queen, by prince George, as lord high admiral, and met 
 with a very gracious reception; and was next year em¬ 
 ployed as commander in chief. In 1705, when it vyas 
 thought necelTary to fend both a fleet and army to Spin, 
 Sir Cloudefiey accepted the command of the fleet jointly 
 with the earls of Peterborough and Monmouth, which 
 failed to Liibon, thence to Catalonia, and arrived before 
 Barcelona on the 12th of AuguH ; and it was chiefly through 
 his activity, in furnifhing guns for the batteries and men 
 to play them, and affifling with his advice, that the place 
 was taken. 
 
 After the unfuccefsful attempt upon Toulon, in which 
 Sir Cloudefiey performed all in his power, he bore awa) 
 for the Streights ; and foon after refolved to return home 
 He left Sir Thomas Dilkes at Gibraltar, with nine fhip: 
 of the line, for the fecurity of the coafts of Italy ; and thcr 
 proceeded with the remainder of the feet, coniifling 0 
 ten fhips of the line, four fire-lhips, a floop, and a yacht 
 for England. 06f. 22, he came into the foundings, aiK. 
 had ninety fathom water. About noon he lay-by ; but a.' 
 fix in the evening he made fail again, anddfood away un¬ 
 der his courfes, believing, as it is fuppofed, that he fa\' 
 the light on Scilly. Soon after which, feveial ihips of hi? 
 fleet made the fignal of diflrels, as he himfelf did ; an I 
 feverai perifhed, befides the admiral’s; there were o i 
 board the Affociatiou with him, his fons-in-lavv, ani 
 many young gentlemen of quality. His body was throw i 
 alhoie the next day upon the ifland of Scilly, where foiis 
 ihheimeu took him up; and, having llolen a vaJuab ^ 
 emerald ring from his finger, flripped and buried hin • 
 This coming to the ears of Mr. Paxton, who was purf t 
 of the Arundel, he found out the fellows, declared tl & 
 ring to be Sir Cloudefiey Shovel’s, and obliged them 0 
 dilcover where they had buried the body ; which he to(k 
 up and carried on board his own fhip to Portfmouth. 
 was thence conveyed to London ; and buried in Wci> 
 
 minfter-abbey with great folcmnity, where a monumc 
 was afterwards crefled to his memory by the queen’s c 
 rc£Iion. 
 
 r 
 
 i" 
 
 n 
 
Sir Cloudefley Shovel was at the time of his death rear-, 
 admiral of England, admiral of the white, commander in 
 chief of her majefty’s fleet, and one of the coimcii to 
 prince George of Denmark, as lord high admiral of Eng¬ 
 land. He married the widow of his patron Sir [ohii 
 Narborough, by whom he left two danghters coheireiles. 
 
 SIDNEY (Sir Philip), an Engiifh gentleman of 
 great wit, learnings politenefs, and courage, was the fon 
 of Sir Henry Sidney, by Mary, eldefl daughter of John 
 Dudley, duke of Northumberland; and born, as is fup- 
 pofed, at Penfhurfl: in Kent, 1554. His Chriflian name 
 is faid to have been given him by his father from king 
 Philip of Spain, then lately married to queen Mary of 
 England. While he ■was very young, he was fent to 
 Chrifl-Church in Oxford ; where he continued till he 
 was about feventeen, and then was fent to traveL He 
 was at Paris the 24th of Auguft 1572, when the dreadful 
 maflacre of the Huguenots w^as made; and fled with other 
 Enghlhmen to the houfe of Walflngham,* the ambaflador 
 there from England. Thence he w^ent foon after through 
 Lorrain, and by StrarDurg and Heidelburg, to Frankfort. 
 In Germany, he became acquainted with Huberts Lau- 
 guet; whole letters to him in Latin were printed at 
 Amflerdam in 1646. Sir Philip lived with him at Vienna 
 for fome months ; and. Sept. 5573, went into Hungary, 
 and thence into Italy, where he continued all the winter, 
 and moll of tlie fummer of 2574. He returned then to 
 Germany, and about May 1575 to England. In 1576, 
 he was fent by the queen to Randolph emperor of Ger¬ 
 many, to condole the death of Maximiliapi, and alfo to 
 other princes of Germany : at which time, fays Wood, he 
 caufed this infeription to be written under his arn^s, which 
 he tlien hung up in all places where lie lodged, viz. li- 
 ‘‘ luftriflimi & generofilhmi viri Philippi Sidnad Angli, 
 “ Proregis Hibernia fllii, Comitum Warwici & Leiceftriie 
 “ nepotis, ferenilfimc^ Rcginae Angliaead OxTarem legati.'* 
 The year following, in his return, he vifited Don John 
 of Aulliia, vice-roy in the Low-Countries for the king 
 of Spain, and William prince of Orange; the former of 
 whom, though at flrft receiving him careiefsly on account 
 of his youth, yet upon .a clofer converfe and better know¬ 
 ledge of him, Ihevved him higher marks of refpefl, than 
 he did to the ambailadors of great princes* In' 1579 * 
 though neither magiftrate nor counfeiior, he oppoled the 
 
 D d 3 queen’s 
 
SIDNEY. 
 
 queen’s intended marriage with the duke of Anjou, and 
 save his reafons in a letrer humbly addrefTed to her nia- 
 telly, which is printed in the ‘‘Cabala:” he prefented 
 this^addrefs at the defire of fome great perfon, his uncle 
 Robert earl of Leiccfter, as Wood fuppofes. About the 
 fame time, there happened a high quarrel between him 
 and Edward Vere earl of Oxford : it was at a tennis- 
 court, and about nothing; yet was brought before the 
 queen, and probably occalioned him to withdraw from 
 court ’in 1580. It was during this retirement, that he is 
 fuppofed to have written his celebrated romance, called 
 “Arcadia.” In 1582, he was knighted by her majelly. 
 In 1585, he deligncd an expedition with Sir Francis 
 Drake into America ; h^t w^as rellrained by the queen, 
 and was made governor of Fiufliing, and general of the 
 horfe. Flulhin<^''was about that time delivered to her 
 maieFy, as onp of the cautionary towns. He dillinguiih- 
 ed iiinilFif in both thefe polls by his valour and prudence. 
 Tuly 1586, he furprifed Axil; and preferved the lives and 
 honour of the Englilh army, at the enterprize of Gra- 
 yehn. In liiort, his reputation and fame tvas fo uni- 
 yerfai, that, Sir Robert Naunton tells us, he was m 
 eledion for the kmgdom of Poland; and that the 
 “■ queen refufed to further his jpreferment, not out oi 
 “ emulation, but out of fear to loie the jewel of his time.” 
 But the glory of this Marceiius of the Englilh nation, as 
 it Ihone exceedingly fplendid for the time, fo it was but 
 Ihort-iived ; for, Sept. 22, 1586, he was wounded at the 
 battle of Zutphen, and carried to Arnheim, where he 
 lanc^uilhed about three weeks, and died the i6th of Ofto- 
 bert Flis body w^as brought to England, and buried with 
 great funeral pomp in St. Paul s C^^thedral: but he had 
 iio monument or infeription over him. James, king oi 
 Scots, afterwards of England, honoured him with an epi- 
 tanh ’of his own compofition : the univerfity of Oxford 
 publiilacd verfes to his memory, in 1587 ; and man} 
 members of Canibridge, as wd\ as others, wrote poeim 
 on his death. He married the daughter and foie heiref 
 of Sir Francis Wallingham, fecretary of Hate; by whoir 
 he had one daughter,' born in 1585, who was_ married t( 
 Roo-er Manners earl of Rutland, but died without ilfue 
 Sir^Philip’s widow afterwards became the wife of Rober 
 Devereux, earl of Eifex. 
 
 Though Sir Philip Sidney had as great a portion o 
 
 fame for wit and learning, as he had for fine breeding an( 
 F. . ■ • ‘ cQurage 
 
407 
 
 SIDNEY, 
 
 courage, during his life ; yet it does not appear, that any 
 of his writings were publilhed to the world till fome time 
 after his death. His ‘‘ Arcadia,” which is his chief work, 
 was wTitten for the ufe of his noble, rirtuous, and learned 
 iifler Mary, the wife of Henry earl of Pembroke, but not 
 publiflied; for, fays Wood, he was not fo fond, as 
 Heliodorus was, of his amorous work, but delired upon his 
 death'bed to have it fupprefled. It was neverthelefs pub¬ 
 lilhed, and fo univerfaliy read and admired, as to come to 
 an eighth edition in 1633. Some fmaller produ^ions of 
 his pen, as well in verfe as profe, were likewife commu¬ 
 nicated to the public ; as, in 1595, “ An Apology for 
 poetry,” in profe, which fome have efteemed his beft 
 performance. No man had ever higher honours paid to 
 him, or greater encomiums lavilhed on him, than Sir Philip 
 Sidney. “ This Ihort-lived ornament of his noble fa- 
 mily, and the Marcellus of the Engiilh nation,” fays 
 Wood, “ hath deferved, and without difpute or erivy en- 
 joyed, the moll exalting praifes of ISs own and of fuc- 
 ceeding ages, The poets of his time, efpecially Spenfer, 
 “ reverenced him, not only as a patron, but a malfer; 
 “ and he was almoft the only perfon in any age, 1 will 
 not except Maecenas, that could teach the bell rules of' 
 poetry, and moll freely reward the performances of 
 ‘‘ poets. He was a man of a fweet nature, of excellent 
 behaviour, of much, and w'ithai of well-digefled, iearn- 
 “ ihg : fo that rarely wit, courage, and breeding, and other 
 “ additional accomplilliments of converfation, have met in 
 “ fo high a degree in any lingle perfon.^—He was a fiatef- 
 man, foldier, and fcholar, a complete mailer of matter 
 and language, as his immortal pen fnews. Kis pen 
 “ and his fword have rendered him famous enough : 
 
 he died by the one, and by the other he will eve? 
 “ live.” 
 
 The language lier^ ufed by Wood may ferve as a 
 fpecimen of that fort of panegyric, wdiich has alv/ays been 
 given to Sir Philip Sidney, as moll juftly his right; and 
 it has been a kind of falhion for all writers, vvhen they 
 have had occalion to fpeak of this undoubtedly very 
 worthy and t^ccomplilhed young gentleman, to fpeak of 
 him in this or the like flrain. For the fingularity of the 
 thing, therefore, we will tranferibe a palTage from a writer 
 of the prefent age, wherein a very different eftimate is 
 made of his merit: after premiling, that, if per^i^ e tture 
 this writer hath valued it at too little, the world hath cer- 
 
 D d 4 tainly 
 
40 8 
 
 SIDNEY. 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 a 
 
 talnly been accuflomed to value it at too much. Speak¬ 
 ing of Sir Fulke Grevile, Lord Brooke, who piqued him- 
 felf mod on being, as he dyled himfelf on his tomb. 
 Catalogue The Friend OF SiR Philip Sidney, and wlio has 
 of Royal j £ ^ reprefents Sir Philip as “ a man 
 
 Auihors, p.“ or much note in ins time, but one or thole admired wits, 
 i82,2dtdit. << who have lod much of their reputation in the eyes of 
 poderity. A thouland accidents of birth, court fa¬ 
 vour, or popularity, concur fometimcs to gild a Bender 
 proportion of merit. After-ages, who look ^wdien 
 thofe beams are withdrawn, wonder what attracted the 
 eyes of the multitude. No man feems to me fo ado- 
 nilhing an cbjeSl of temporary admiration, as the ce¬ 
 lebrated friend of the lord Biooke, the famious Sir 
 Philip Sidney. Tbe learned ot Europe dedicated their 
 yvorks to him : the republic of Poland thought him at 
 lead worthy to he in the nomination for their crown » 
 all the Mufes of England wept his death. When we at 
 this didance of time enquire what prodigious merits 
 excited fucli admiration, what do we find r Great va- 
 
 ii 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 a 
 
 <( 
 
 ( c 
 
 t ( 
 
 “ lour. But it was an age of heroes. In full of all other 
 
 
 < t 
 
 (« 
 
 
 Stc?ney T*a- 
 pCfS, vol. !• 
 p. X56. 
 
 talents, we have a tedious, lamentable, pedantic, padoral 
 romance, which the patience of a young virgin in love 
 cannot now wad,e through ; and fome abfurd attempts 
 to fetter Engliflt verfe in Roman clialns; a proof, that 
 this applauded author underdood little of the genius 
 of his own languffge. The few' of his letters extant 
 are poor matters ; one to a deward of his father, an 
 “ indance of unwanantable violence. By far the bed 
 “ prefumption of his abilities, to us who can judge only 
 by what we fee, is a pamphlet publifhed among the 
 Sidney-papers, being an anfwer to the famous libel, 
 called ‘ Leiceder's Comnaomvealth.’ It defends his 
 uncle with great fpirit. What had been faid in dero¬ 
 gation to their l)lo®d, feems to have touched Sir Philip 
 mod. He died with the radmefs of a volunteer, after 
 “ having lived to wuite with the iangfroid pf Mademoi- 
 felle Scuderi.” To judify the charge of rafl:mefs upon 
 
 << 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 £ i 
 
 Sir Philip, this note is placed at the bottom of the page : 
 Queen Elizabeth faid of lord Edex, We diail have 
 
 “ him knocked on the head, like thatrafh fellow Sidney. 
 
 
 SIDNEY (Algernon), an Englidi gentleman, who 
 fet up Marcus Brutus for his pattern, and died like him 
 in the caufe of liberty, w'as fecund fon of Robert carl of 
 
 Lciccder 
 
SIDNEY. 
 
 409 
 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 Leicefter by Dorothy, eldefl daughter of Henry Percy, Bm-netls 
 earl of Northumberland ; and was born about 1617. Of 
 his education, and how he fpent the younger part of his 
 lifc,^ we know nothing. During the civil wars, he ad- Dia. 
 hered to the intereft of the parliament, in whofe army he 
 was a colonel; and was nominated one of the king’s 
 judges, though he did not lit among them.. He was a Echard's 
 zealous republican, and on that account a violent enemy 
 to Cromwell, after he had made himfelf protedor. June ad annum 
 1659, he was appointed, by the council of ftate, to go with * 
 
 Sir Robert Honeywood and Bulflrode Whitelocke, efq. 
 commilhoners to the Sound, to mediate a peace between j/ 
 
 the kings of Sweden and Denmark: but Whitelocke ob- 
 ferves, that himfelf was unwilling to undertake that fer- 
 vice, “ efpecially,” fays he, “to be joined with thofe. Memorials 
 “ that would expe£l precedency of me, who had been for- 
 “ merly ambalTador extraordinary to Sweden alone ; and ’ 
 
 I knew v/ell the overruling temper and height of co- Lond. 173*. 
 lonel Sidney. I therefore endeavoured to excufe my- 
 felf, by reafon of my old age and infirmities ; but the 
 council prelled it upon me however, he was at laft 
 excufed from going. While Sidney was at the court of 
 Denmark, M. Terlon, the French ambaffador there, had 
 the confidence to tear out of a book of mottos in the king’s, 
 library this verfe ; which the colonel, according to the 
 liberty allowed to all noble ilrangers, had written in it; 
 
 -Manus haec ininhea tyrannis 
 
 Eafe petit placidam fub libertate quietem.” 
 
 Lord Molefworth, who relates this in the preface to his 
 fpirited account of Denmark, obferves, that, “ though M. 
 
 Terlon underflood not a word of Latin, he was told 
 by others the meaning of the fentence ; which he con- 
 fidered as a libel upon the French government, and 
 upon fuch as was then fetting up in ]i)enmark by 
 b'rench affiflance or example.” 
 
 At the Reftoration, Sidney would not perfonally accept 
 of the oblivion and indemnity, generally granted to the 
 whole nation ; but continued abroad till 1677* Then he 
 returned to England, and obtained from the king a parti¬ 
 cular pardon, upon repeated promifes of coniiant and quiet 
 obedience for the future. Burnet obferves, that he came 
 back w’hen the parliament was prefling the king into the 
 war, the court of f'rance having obtained leave for him to 
 return ; and that, upon his doing all he could to divert 
 the people from that war, foine took him for a penfioner 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 (i 
 
 
 
SIDNEY. 
 
 of France : while he in the mean time declared, to thofc 
 to whom he durft fpeak freely, that he knew it was all a 
 jnggle ; that our court was in an entire confidence with 
 France; and had no other defign in this hew of a war 
 but to raife an army, and keep it beyond fea till it was 
 trained and modelled. In 1683, accufed of being 
 
 concerned in the Rye-Houfe plot; and, after lord RulTel 
 had been examined, was next brought before the king and 
 council. He faid, that he would make the beft defence 
 he could, if they had any proof againfl him, but would 
 not fortify their evidence by any thing he fhould fay ; fo 
 that the examination was very ihort. He was arraigned 
 for high treafon before the chief juflice Jeffreys, Nov. 
 1683 ; and found guilty. After his convidtion, he fent to 
 the marquis of Halifax, who was his nephew by marriage, 
 a paper to be laid before the king, containing the main 
 points of his defence ; upon which he appealed to the 
 king, and deflred he would review the whole matter: but 
 this had no other cffe£l, except only to refpite his exe¬ 
 cution for three weeks. When the warrant for his exe¬ 
 cution was brought, he told the flieriff, that he would not 
 expoftulate any thing upon his own account; for the 
 world \\ as nothing to him : but he delired it might be con- 
 iidered, how guihy they were of his blood, who had not 
 returned a fair jury, but one packed^ and as directed by 
 the king’s folicitor. He was beheaded on Tower-hill, 
 where he delivered a written paper to the fheriff, Dec. 7, 
 1683: but his attender was reverfed, if that could make 
 him any amends, in the firft year of William and Mary. 
 Burnet, who knew him perfonally, gives the following 
 characler of him: “ he was,” fays he, a mrfn of moft 
 “ extraordinary courage ; a heady man, even to obfti- 
 “ nacy ; fincere, but of a rough and boiflerous temper, 
 “ that could not bear contradidlion. He feemed to be a 
 “ Chriftian, but in a particular form of his own : he 
 ‘‘ thought, it was to be like a divine philofophy in the 
 “ mind ; but he was againfl all public worfliip, and every 
 “ thing that looked like a church. He was llifF to all re- 
 publican principles; and fuch an enemy to every thing 
 “ that looked like monarchy, that he fet himfelf in a high 
 “ oppofition againft Cromwell, when he was made pro- 
 ‘‘ teflor. He had fludied the hiftory of government in 
 “ all its branches, beyond any man I ever knew.” 
 
 He left behind him “ Difeourfes upon Government;’* 
 the firfl edition of which was in 1698, the fecond in 1704, 
 
 fo•Ii6^. 
 
foIiQ. To the fecond is added the paper he delivered to 
 the fherifFs immediatelybefore his death ; with' an alphabe¬ 
 tical table. Some have efteeraed thefe difcourfes of Sidney 
 upon government fo much, as to efteem them an ample 
 compenfation^for the lofs of Cicero’s lix books “ De Re- 
 “ publica it is certain, that they abound with ftrong 
 fenfe and good learning, and hiew their author to have 
 been very confummate in the fcience of human nature 
 and civil polity. 
 
 SIDONIUS (C. SoLLius Apollinaris), a very 
 ingenious and learned ecclehailic of the fifth century, was 
 defcended of an illuftrious family, his father and grand¬ 
 father having been prsefe^li-pra^torio in Gaul, and was 
 born at Lyons about 430. He was educated with care, 
 performed his fiudies under the befi: mafters of that time, 
 and became very Ikilful in all parts of literature, efpecially xiilemoiir 
 in poetry. He married Papianilla, the daughter 
 Avitus, who, from prsefe^lus-pr^etorio in Gaul, was raifed 
 to the imperial throne, after the death of Maximus. But 
 Majorianus, whom Leo had taken into a partnerfhip of 
 the empire, forced Avitus to lay down his crown ; and 
 came to befiege the city Lyons, where Sidonius had Ihut 
 hirnfelf up. The city being taken, he fell into the hands 
 of the enemy; but the reputation of his great learning 
 procured him all the favour he could defire : and, as a 
 grateful acknowledgment of it, he made a panegyric in 
 honour of Majorianus, which \was fo well taken, that the 
 latter erefted Sidonius’s ftatue in the city of Rome. The 
 emperor Anthemius did more honourably requite the 
 panegyric, which Sidonius made in his honour, by mak¬ 
 ing him governor of the city of Rome, and afterwards 
 railing him to the dignity of a patrician; but he fooii 
 quitted his fecular‘employment, and turned hirnfelf to the 
 government of the church. The fee of Clermont being 
 vacant in 472, Sidonius, though yet no more than a lay¬ 
 man, was chofen into it without competition ; and apply¬ 
 ing hirnfelf to fuch fiudies as were proper for his voca¬ 
 tion, performed all the offices of a wife and good bifiiop. 
 Clermont being befieged by the Goths, he encouraged the 
 people to {land upon their defence, and would never con- 
 fent to the furrender of the city; fo that, when it was de¬ 
 livered up, he was forced to fiy, but was foon reftored. 
 
 Some time after, he was croffed by two fa£lious priefls, 
 who deprived him of the government of his church ; but 
 
f 
 
 S I D O N I U S. 
 
 he was again fettled with honour at the end of a year. ’ 
 He died in peace in 487, after he had been biihop fifteen 
 years. 
 
 He was a man learned above the age he lived in, /killed 
 in all parts of literature and fcience, of a fubtlc and pene¬ 
 trating wit, and an elegant writer both in verfe and profe. 
 He wrote feveral things, none of wdiich are extant, except 
 nine books of Epiftles, with about four and twenty 
 poems interfperfed. There are few things in his letters 
 w’hich relate to religion or the church: but they contain a 
 great variety of matters, which relate to learning and pro- 
 phane hiftory. They were publilhed with notes by father 
 Sirmond, at Paris 1614, in 8vo ; and, after his death, re¬ 
 printed in 1652 with fome additions in 4to. 
 
 SIGNORELLI (Luca, a Florentine painter, was 
 born at Cortona in 1439. He was fo excellent at delign- 
 ing naked bodies, that from a piece, which he painted in 
 a chapel of the great church at Orvieto, the famed Mi¬ 
 chael Angelo transferred feveral entire figures into his 
 “ Lafl Judgement.” The following flory of him fhews 
 what an ablolute command he had over his pallions. He 
 had a fon extremely handfome, and a youth of great 
 hopes, who was unfortunately killed at Cortona. This 
 fon, infinitely beloved by him, was brought home : upon 
 which he ordered his corpfe to be carried into his painting- 
 room ; and, having firipped him, immediately drew his 
 piflure, wiihout ihedding a tear. He painted a great deal 
 for pope Sixtus IV, and died very rich in 1521. 
 
 SIGONIUS/ (Carolus), a mofl learned Italian, 
 was of an ancient family of Modena, and born there in 
 1425. His father defigned him for a phylician, and fent 
 him to Bologna with that view ; but he foon abandoned 
 this purfuit, and gave himfelf up to the Greek and Latin 
 learning, which was more agreeable to his tafte and hu¬ 
 mour, He taught Cyreek, firil at Venice, then at Padua, 
 and laftly at Bologna. He had fome literary difputes with 
 Roborteiius and Gruchius upon Pvoman antiquities, in 
 which he was exceedingly well verged. He wrote a vail 
 number of books : the inoR elleemed of his works are, 
 “ De Republica Hebraiorum “ De Republica Athenien- 
 hum “ Hilloria de Occidentali Imperio and “ De 
 regno Italia:.” Lipfius, Cafaubon, Turnebus, and all 
 the learned, Ipeak of him in terms of the profoundefl re- 
 
S I G O N I U S. 
 
 fpe£l; and very defervedly, for he was unqneftionably a 
 man of great judgement as well as learning, very exa£l 
 and deep in refearches, and of mofl unwearied diligence. 
 He died in 1584, aged 60. His works were all collected 
 and printed at Milan in 1733 and 1734: they make iix 
 volumes in folio. 
 
 SILIUS ITALICUS (Ca lus), an ancient Roman 
 poet, and author of an epic poem in feventeen books, 
 which contains an account of the fecond Punic war, fo 
 famous in hiftory for having decided the empire of the 
 world in favour of the Romans. He was born in the reign 
 of Tiberius, and is fuppofed to have derived the name of 
 Italicus from the place of his birth ; but whether he was 
 born at Italica in Spain, or at Corfinium in Italy, which 
 according to Strabo had the name of Italica given it dur¬ 
 ing the focial war, is a point which cannot be known : 
 though, if his birth had happened at either of thefe places, 
 the grammarians will tell us, that he fhould have been, 
 called Italicenlis, and not Italicus. When he came to 
 Rome, he applied himfelf to the bar ; and by a dole imita¬ 
 tion of Cicero fucceeded fo w^ell, that he became a cele¬ 
 brated advocate and mod: accomplifhed orator. His merit 
 and charafler recommended him to the hi^heit offices in- 
 
 O 
 
 the republic, even to the confuhhip, of which he was pof- 
 feifed when Nero died. He is faid to have been aiding 
 and affifting in acculing perfcns of high rank and foriune, 
 whom that wicked emperor liad devoted to deflrudion : 
 but he retrieved his character afterwards by a long and 
 uniform courfe of virtuous behaviour. He held a princi¬ 
 pal place under the emperor Viteliius, which he executed 
 fo well, that he preferved his credit with the public. 
 Vefpalian fent him as proconful into Alia, where lie be¬ 
 haved with clean hands and unblemiffied reputatioti. 
 After having thus fpent the beft part of his life in the 
 fcrviceofhis country, he bid adieu to public affairs, re- 
 folving to confecrate the remainder to a polite retirement 
 and the Mules. He had feveraifine villas in the country : 
 one at Tufculum, celebrated for having been Cicero’s ; 
 and a farm near Naples, faid to have been Virgil’s, and at 
 which was his tomb, which Silius often vilited. Thus 
 Martial compliments him on both thefe accounts ; 
 
 ‘‘ Silius haec magni celebrat rnonumenta Maronis, 
 Jugera facundi qui Ciceronis habet. 
 
 H.£redcm Dominumque fui tumulique Jarifque 
 
 “ Non alium mallet nee Maro ncc Cicero.” 
 
 HpJgr. 49, 
 1,6. XI. 
 
 4 
 
 
V 
 
 414 
 
 SILIUS iTALtCUS. 
 
 Of Tully’s feat my Silius is polTefsM, 
 
 “ And his the tomb where Virgil’s afhes reft. 
 
 “ Could thofe great fhades return to choofe their heir, 
 
 “ The prefent owner they would both prefer.” 
 
 In thefe retirements he applied himfelf to poetry, led not 
 fo much by any great force of genius, which would cer¬ 
 tainly not have fuffered him to ftay till life was in the 
 wane, and his imagination growing cold, as by his ex¬ 
 ceeding great love of Virgil, to whofe memory he paid 
 the higheft veneration, and whofe birth-day he is faid to 
 have celebrated annually with more folemnity than his 
 own. He has imitated him in his poem ; and, though he 
 falls entirely fhort of him, yet he polfelfes many excellent 
 qualities, and has difeovered a great and univerfal genius, 
 which would enable him to fucceed in fome degree in 
 whatever he undertook. He fpent many years in this 
 manner ; till at laft he was feized with an incurable ulcer, 
 which afflicted him with infupportable pains, and drove 
 him to put an end to his life by refraining from fuftenance. 
 This was a common praftice among the Romans, and, 
 according to the principles of the Stoics, an of 
 bravery : though it is remarkable, that Atticus, who was 
 an epicurean, died in the fame manner. 
 
 Since we know little of Silius Italicus but what we 
 learn from an epiftle of the younger Pliny, we cannot do 
 look III. better than fubjoin that epiftle, or part of it at leaft, as we 
 find it tranflated by Mr. Melmoth ; fince it will not only 
 confirm all that has been faid, but let the reader into fome 
 fartlier particulars concerning him. 
 
 “Pliny to Caninius. 
 
 “ 1 am juft now informed, that Silius Italicus has 
 “ ftarved himfelf to death, at his villa near Naples. Hav- 
 “ ing been afilifted with an impofthume, which was 
 “ deemed incurable, he grew weary of life under fuch un- 
 eafy circumftances, and therefore put an end to it with 
 “ the moft determined courage. He had been extremely 
 “ fortunate through the whole courfe of his days, except- 
 “ ing only the lofs^ of his younger fon; however, that 
 “ was made up to him in the fatisfaftion of feeing his 
 “ eldeft, who is of a more amiable character, attain the 
 “ confular dignity, and of leaving him in a very flourilh- 
 “ ing fituation. He fufiered a little in his reputation in 
 “ the time of Nero, having been fufpe<fted of forwardly 
 
 “joining 
 
4 I 5 
 
 SILIUS ITALICUS. 
 
 joining in fome of the informations which were car- 
 “ ried on in the reign of that prince ; but he made mfe of 
 his intereft in Vitellius, with great difcretion and hu- 
 manity. He acquired much honour by his adminillra- 
 tion of the government of Alia ; and, by his approved 
 “ behaviour after his retirement from bulinefs, cleared his 
 ** charafter from that ftain which his former intrigues 
 “ had thrown upon it. He lived among the nobility of 
 Rome without power, and confequently without envy. 
 ‘‘ Though he frequently was confined to his bed, and al- 
 “ ways to his chamber, yet he was highly refpe£led and 
 much vilited ; not with a view to his wealth, but mere- 
 “ ly on account of his merit. He employed his tirne 
 betw^een converling with men of letters, and compoling 
 “ of verfes ; which he fometimes recited, in order to try 
 “ the fentiments of the public ; but he difeovered in them 
 “ more induftry than genius. In the decline of his years 
 he entirely quitted Rome, and lived altogether in Cam- 
 pania, whence even the acceffion of the new emperor 
 (Trajan) could not draw him ; a circumftance which 
 I mention, as well to the honour of the prince, who 
 was not difpleafed with that liberty, as of Italicus, who 
 was not afraid to make ufe of it. He was reproached 
 with being fond of all the elegances of the fine arts to 
 ‘‘ a degree of excefs. He had feveral villas in the fame 
 province ; and the laft purchafe v/as always the chief 
 “ favourite, to the neglect of the reft. They were all 
 “ furnifhed with large colleftions of books, ftatues, and 
 pictures, which he more than enjoyed, he even adored ; 
 ‘‘ particularly that of Virgil, of whom he was fo paflionatc 
 “ an admirer, that he celebrated the anniverfary of that 
 “ poet’s birth-day with more folemnity than his own ; 
 “ efpecially at Naples, where he ufed to approaeh his 
 “ tomb with as much reverence as if it had been a tern- 
 “ pie. In this tranquillity he lived to the 75th year of 
 “ his aa:e, with a delicate, rather than a ficklvconftitution. 
 “ It is remarkable, that as he was the laft perfon upon 
 “ whom Nero conferred the confular oftice (that prince 
 “ being killed during his confulfhip), fo he was the laft 
 “ alfo that furvived of ail thofc who had been raifed by 
 “ h'ui to that dignity. When I conlider this, I cannot 
 ‘ r .h'^ar lamenting the tranfttory condition of mankind, 
 
 ' there any tiling in nature fo fhort and limited as hu- 
 life, even in its moft extended period.? Does it not 
 ivcui CO you, my friend, but yefterday, that Nero was 
 
 “ upon 
 
4i6 
 
 SILIUS ITALICUS. - 
 
 “ upon the throne ? and yet not one of all thofe, who 
 “ were confuls in his reign, now remain !” 
 
 There have been many editions of Silius Italicus. A 
 neat and correfl one was publifhed at Leiplic 1696, in 8vo, 
 with fliort and iifeful notes by Cellarius : but the bell is 
 that, cum notis integris Variorum & Arnold! Draken- 
 “ borch. Trajed. ad Rhen. 1717,” 4to. 
 
 SIMON (Richard), a French critic and divine of 
 great fenfe and learning, was born at Dieppe in 1638 ; and 
 Kiceron, commenced his {Indies among the priefls of the oratory in 
 tom. I. fame town. He quitted them forfome time, and went 
 
 to Paris, where he applied himfelf to divinity, and made a 
 vaflprogrefs in the knowledge of the Oriental tongues, for 
 which he had always a particular turn : but he returned to 
 ' the oratory, and became a priefl: of it, about 1660. In 
 1670, he began to prefent the . public with things of a 
 fmaller kind : as, in this year, “ Faflum pour les Juifs 
 de Metz, accufes d’avoir tue un petit enfant Chretien f * 
 in 1674, a French tranhation from the Italian of “ Leo 
 Modena’s Hiftory of the prefent Jews,” with a fupple- 
 ment concerning the feels of the Carraites and Samari¬ 
 tans, by himfelf; in 1675, another tranflation 
 Italian of a “ Voyage to mount Libanus,” by ferome 
 Dandini. But the hril work of importance, and indeed 
 the moil important work he ever publilhed, was his 
 Hihoire Critique du Vieux Tehament,” or “ Critical 
 Hiilory of the Old Teftament.’’ It appeared in 1678, 
 but was immediately fupprelTed by the intrigues and ma¬ 
 nagement of Meifieurs du Port Royal; who pretended, 
 that it contained things faife and dangerous to religion 
 and the church. It was reprinted the year after, and was 
 fo much admired for the excellent learning and admirable 
 criticifm it is full of, that it became an obje£l of attention 
 to foreigners; and thus was publilhed in Latin at Amfter- 
 dam 1681, in Englifh at London 1682. In the mean 
 time, on account of fome lingularities, it laid a foundation 
 for the difputes which he afterwards had with Le Clerc, 
 Ifaac Voihus, Juricu, and other learned men. 
 
 In 1684, he publilhed “ Hiftoirede Porigiiie & du pro- 
 gres des revenus Ecclclialliques,” or, “■ The Hiftory of 
 the Rife and Progrefs of Eccleliaftical Revenues,” under 
 the name of Jerome a Colla ; for it was very common with 
 him to aifume hdlitious names. This w'ork and the cri¬ 
 tical 
 
SIMON. 41; 
 
 tical HiHory of the Old Teflament “ are read,’^ fays *’'f‘l** 
 Voltaire, who calls Simon an excellent critic, “ by all men 
 “ of learning.” A fecoiid edition of it, with great addi¬ 
 tions, was printed at Francfort, as was the fiiif, 1709, in 
 2 vols. lamo. In 1684, he publiflied, at London, “ Dif- 
 “ quilitiones Criticie de variis per diveyfa loca & tempora 
 “ Eibliorum Editionibus, Ac:” and in the fame year, at 
 the fame place, came out an Englifli tfandation of it, 
 with this title, “ Critical Enquiries into the various edi- 
 “ tions of the Bible, printed in divers places and at feveral 
 times, together with animadverfions upon a fmall trea- 
 “ tife of Dr. Ilacc Voffius concerning the Oracles of the 
 “ Sibyls.” There is great order, exafinefs, and learning 
 in this piece ; and it may be conlidered as a very good a- 
 bridgement of his “ Critical Hiflory of the Old Teif ament.” 
 
 In 1686, he publiflicd an anfwer to Le Clerc, who had Art. 
 printed a criticifm upon this work, the year before ; and, 
 upon Le Clerc’s replying in 1686, another in 1687. 
 did not put his own name to thefe pieces, but called him- 
 ieif the Prior of Bolleville ; at which place he then relided. 
 
 In 1688, he publhlied at Francfort, under the name of 
 John Reuchlin, “ Differtation Critique fur la Nouvelle 
 “ Bibiiotheque des Auteurs Ecclelialliques par Du Pin, 
 
 “ Ac ;” in which he fupports with great fpirit fome prin¬ 
 ciples in his “ Critical Hiflory of the Old Tellament,” 
 which had been contradicted by Du Pin. In 1689, came 
 out his ‘‘ Hifloire Critique du Texte du Nouveau Teila- 
 ‘‘ ment,” an Englifli verfion of which was publifhed the 
 fame year at London ; in 1690, “ Hifloire Critique des 
 verhons du Nouveau Teflament ;” in 1693, “ HiLoIie 
 “ Critique des principaux Cominentateurs du Nouveau 
 Teflament :” in all which, as indeed in every thing 
 elfe he wrote, there appears great acutenefs, great judge¬ 
 ment, and great learning. In 1702, he publifhed a French 
 tranflation of the New’ Teflament, with critical remarks, 
 in 2 vols. 8vo : it was cenfured by cardinal de Noailles, 
 and EolTuet, bifliop of Meaux. In 1714, was publifited 
 at Amflerdam, in 2 vols. i2ino, “ Nouvelle Bibiiotheque 
 “ Choifee, ou Ton fait connoitre les bons livres en divers 
 “ genres de littcraturc, A I’ufage qu’on en doit fairc 
 or, “ A new feleCl library, vrhich points out the good 
 ” books in various kinds of literature, and the ufe to be 
 made of them:” but this mull be reckoned a pofl- 
 luiinous work ; for Simon died at Dieppe, in April 1712, 
 in his 74th year. 
 
4i8 
 
 SIMON. 
 
 He was the author and editor of other things, but they 
 were of a fmaller nature and lefs confiderable ; it is fufft- 
 eient to have mentioned his principal works. 
 
 SIM O NID E S, an ancient Greek poet and philofo- 
 pher, was born at Ceos, an iflc in the ^Egean fea, about 
 the 56th olympiad ; and kept a fchool in his firft years at 
 Carthca in that illand, teaching the art of linging and 
 dancing in the chorus. I'hen he left his country, and 
 removed into Sicily ; where, by his wifdom and his verfe, 
 he gained the efleem and favour of the three greateft men 
 perhaps then in the world ; Paiifanias general of Sparta, 
 Themillocles the Athenian, and Idiero of Sicily the wnfeft 
 and moll moderate of the ancient tyrants. He compofed 
 poems in almofl every way, but efpecially in the Elegiac.; 
 and got as much honour as he gave to the four celebrated 
 fights at Marathon, Thermopyle, Salamis, and Plataea. 
 By his elegy on the firfi: of thefe battles, he won the prize 
 from iEfehylus the tragedian. When he is reprefented 
 by Quintilian and others as a moft moving and pallionatc 
 writer, they allude particularly to his ©pvioi or Lamenta¬ 
 tions, mentioned by Saidas, Avhich were fo powerful in 
 drawing tears from the readers, that Catullus ufes as a 
 proverb—“ Moeftius lacrymis Simonideis.” And for the 
 lame reafon Horace, alter he has been bewailing the mife- 
 ries of the Roman wars, and at lafl is willing to turn from 
 that melancholy lubject, cautions his Mule not to take up 
 the lamentations of the Ciuan Mufe, inftead of her own 
 fportive way ; 
 
 “ Sed lie reliftis mufa proeax ]ocis 
 
 “ Cece retrattes munera naiiiije.” 
 
 His wit was above the cenfure of the critics ; but the 
 common fault laid to his morals w’as extreme covetoufnefs. 
 When he w^as taxed with this vice in his old age, his anfwer 
 v/as, that he had rather leave riches to his enemies when he 
 died, than be forced by poverty while he lived to feek the 
 allilfance of his friends. This does not fhew a very graci¬ 
 ous turn of mind ; and yet, excepting this imputation of 
 covetoufnefs, he is reprefented as a man of extraordinary 
 piety, 'i'uily has given us one infiance, and recorded the 
 reward of heaven upon it. “ Happening,” lays he, “ to 
 ‘‘ hnd a dead corpfe expofed on the fhorc, and taking care 
 ‘‘ to give it a decent burial, he had a vilion of the dead man 
 ‘‘ for whom he performed the pious office, admoniffiing 
 ‘‘ him not to fail the next day, as hedeligiied.” Simonides 
 
 obeyed; 
 
4tp ■ 
 
 SIMONIDES. 
 
 ■bcyed; and his companions, putting to fea, were all 
 hipwrecked and drowned. But the noblell teilimony ofTuliy de 
 lis wife way of thinking in religious matters, is that 
 lous anfwer of his to Hiero, who aiked him, “ what 
 ■’ God was ?” At firft Simonides delired a day’s time to 
 onfider : upon the expiration of that, he begged two days 
 lore ; and when, upon a frequent redoubling of the time, TuIIjt de 
 Hero demanded the reafon of the delay ; “ beeaufe,” fays Nat. Deor, 
 imonides, “ the more 1 think on that fubjedl, the more 
 obfcurc it fcems to be.” He is recorded by Cicero and t«ii. de O- 
 J^iatilian, as the inventor of artificial memory : and thev L.ii. 
 oth give a remarkable inlfance of his excellence in that^'”^;^"^ 
 ^ay, to which we refer the reader. 
 
 It is evidence enough of the efreem the ancients had for 
 im, that we find Xenophon doing him the honour to 
 lake him a fpeaker with Hiero, in his Dialogue of 
 Tyranny and Pl-ato, in his “ Protagoras,” introducing 
 le great Socrates expounding his verfes ; and, in another 
 'ace, allowing him the glorious epithet of‘‘ Divine.” It 
 plain they were all of Tuliy’s opinion, and refpefted his 
 ufdorn and learning in other matters, as much as his fweet 
 nn of Poefy. He is generally fuppofed to have been a 
 ^ry long liver. Plutarch has an infcription, which Hiews 
 im to have won the poetic prize after he was eighty, 
 iidas allows him 89 years ; and Lucian gives him above 
 If we believe the old Greek epigrams made on his 
 Tfon and works, he died in Sicily; and probably in the 
 )urt of king Hiero. The little pieces that remain of him 
 e fet together in Urfinus’s colledlion, printed at Ant- 
 erp, by Plantin, in 1568 ; and in other colledlions of the 
 Hnor Poets. 
 
 SIMPLICIUS, an ancient philofopher, by country Fabric. 
 Cilician, was a difciple of Ammonius, and like him a 
 'in adherer to Paganifm. He was one of thofe, who, ’ 
 ftrulfing the fecurity of their fituation under the emperor 
 ifiinian, went with Areobindus to Cofroes king of the 
 srfians ; but, this removal not anfwering their expefla- 
 3 ns, they returned to Athens, after it had been fiipulated 
 a truce between the Perfians and the Romans, A. D. 
 
 I-9, that they fhould live quietly and fecurely upon their 
 vn, and not be compelled by the Chriflians to depart 
 om the religion of their anceflors. Simplicius was a 
 ofelTor of the Peripatetic philofophy ; not, however, as 
 1 oppofer of other fccts, but delirous to reconcile them 
 
 £ e 2 all: 
 
420 
 
 SIMPLICIUS. 
 
 all : and hence he is called by a modern (Petrus PctituM 
 “ omnium veterum philofophorum coagulum.” Hcwrolj 
 commentaries upon feveral parts of Arillotle’s works, 
 which are valuable, not only for the judgement and goo I 
 fenfe of Simplicius, which is every where difplaved, hit 
 alfo for feme curious fragments of ancient philolopheis 
 therein preferved. But, of all his produ6fions, lome (f 
 Avhich are loft, at leaft unpublilhed, none excee'd his Coir - 
 “ mentary upon Epidletus concerning wdiich babnciis 
 declares hiinleh perluaded, that there is nothing in Pagai 
 antiquity better calculated to form the manners, or 1) 
 give jufter ideas of a Divine Providence. It has bee i 
 feveral times printed in Greek and Latin; at Lcydci, 
 1639, in 4to ; at London, 1670, in 8vo. Monf. Daciu’ 
 publiihed a Lrench tranllation of it at Paris, 1715,'^^! 
 121110; as Dr. George Stanhope had an Englifti one:t 
 London, 1704, in 8vo. 
 
 rent- Mag. s IM P S O N (T hom a s), late profeftbr of mathemati s 
 * 7 ^ 3 * in the king’s academy at Woolwich, fcllov/ of the roy 1 
 fociety, and member of the royal academy at Stockholn, 
 was born at Market-Bofworth, in Leicefterfhire, Aug. 20, 
 1710. His father was a ft-ufF-vreaver in that towni ; an 1 , 
 though in tolerable circumftances, yet, intending to biiig 
 up his foil to his own bulinels, he took fo little care '1 
 his education, as only to have him taught Englil r 
 May 1724, there happened a great eclipfe of the In i- 
 which was total in feveral parts of England ; which plu * 
 nomenon ftruck the mind of young Simpfon with a 
 ftrong curloftty to enter into the rcalon of it, and lo t 
 able to predidt the like furprifing events. It vras, howevt'; 
 five or fix years before he could obtain his dcfire, which 
 length was gratified by the following accident. Being 
 the houfe of a relation, where he had refided fome time,-2 
 pedlar came that way, and took a lodging at the far*! 
 houfe. This man, to his profeftion of an itinerant luc * 
 chant, had joined the more profitable one of a fortun'• 
 teller, which he performed bv judicial aftrology. Pvc J 
 one knows with what regard perfons of fuch a call ‘i ^ 
 treated by the inhabitants of country villages: itcann>' 
 be furprifing, therefore, that an untutored lad of ninetoH 
 fhould look upon this man as a prodigy ; and, regarcln ^ 
 him hi this light, flioiild endeavour to ingratiate hinu' 
 into his favour. He fucceeded : and the pedlar, inten ' 
 ing a journey to Briftol Fair, left in liis hands an c c 
 
421 
 
 SIMPSON. 
 
 lition of Cocker’s Arithmetic ; to which was fubjoined 
 fhort appendix on algebra ; and a book of Partridge 
 le almanack-maker on genitures. Tliefe he had per- 
 fed to fo good purpofe, during the abfence of liis friend, 
 
 ; to excite his amazement upon his return : in confe- 
 aence of whicli he fet liimfelf about eredling a gene- 
 iliacal type, in order to a prefage of Thomas’s future 
 '»rtune. The pohtion of the heavens the wizard having 
 pry maturely coniidered, “ fecundum artem,” did, 
 iith much confidence, pronounce, that “ within two 
 ! years time Simpfon would turn out a greater man than 
 : himfelf!” 
 
 It was not long after tliis, that Simpfon, being pretty' 
 'ell qualified to ere£l: a figure himfelf (for he had taught 
 imfelf to write), did, by the advice of his friend, make 
 h open profelfion of cafling nativities ; whence he dc- 
 ;ved a pretty pittance, fo tliat he quite negiedled weaving, 
 ad foon became the oracle of Pofworth and its environs. 
 [Carce a courtflaip advanced to a match, or a bargain to a 
 de, witliout previoully confulting the infallible Simpfon 
 bout the confecjuences. Helping folks to ilolen goods, 
 le alwavs declared above his match ; and that, as to life 
 |nd death, he had no power. 'Together with his aifro- 
 ,)gy, he had furnifhed himfelf with enough arithmetic, 
 ;lgcbra, and geometrv, to qualify him for looking into the 
 Ladies ]i)iary (of which he had afterwards the direc- 
 lon), whereby he came to underhand, that there was 
 dll a higher branch of mathematical knowledge than 
 Iny he had been yet acquainted with ; and this was the 
 liethod of fluxions. Neverthelefs our young analyll 
 ,as altogetlier at a lofs to diicover any Englifh author 
 dio had written on the fubjedf, except Mr. Hayes ; and 
 ! is work being a folio, and then pretty fcarce, exceeded 
 [is ability of purchafing. However, an acquaintance lent 
 fun Stone’s Fluxions, wliich is a tranflation of De TFIof- 
 [litars “ Analyfe des infinitemens Petits and by this 
 j'lie book, and his own penetrating talents, he was, as \ve 
 hall prefently fee, enabled in a very few years to compofe 
 much more accurate treatife on that fubjedf, than any 
 hat had before appeared in our language. 
 
 After lie had bid adieu to altrology and its emoluments, 
 lie was driven to hardlhips for the fubllftence of his fa- 
 jUily ; having married a widow with two children, who 
 foon brought him two more. He eame up to London ; 
 
 : ad /or fome time wrought at his bufinefs in Spitalfields, 
 
 E e 3 and 
 
422 
 
 SIMPSON, 
 
 and taught mathematics when he had any fpare time. 
 His induhry turned to fo good account, that he went 
 home, and brought up his wife and children to fettle in 
 London. The number of his fcliolars increafing, and 
 his abilities becoming in fome meafure known to the 
 public, he put forth propofals for publifhing by fubfcrip- 
 tion, “ A new Treatife of Fluxions, wherein the Direct 
 “ and Inverfe Method are clemonftrated after a new, clear, 
 “ and concife Manner ; with their Application to Phylios 
 “ and Aftronomy. Alfo the Doctrine of infinite Series 
 and reverting Series univerfaliy and amply explained; 
 ‘Vfluxionary and exponential Equations folved, &c.” 
 When he firft propofed his intentions of publiflaing fuch 
 a wmrk, he did not know of any Englifli book, founded on 
 the true principles of fluxions, that contained any thine 
 material, cfpecially the pra£tical part; and though there 
 had been fome very curious things done by feveral learnec 
 and ingenious gentlemen, the principles were never- 
 thelefs left obfcure and defe£live, and all that had beer 
 done by any of them in “ infinite Series” very inconfidcr- 
 able. The book w^as not publifhed till 1737 ; the-autho 
 having been frequently interrupted from furnifliing tin 
 prefs fo fall as he could have wiflted, through his uii' 
 avoidable attention to his pupils for his immediate fup 
 port. In 1740, he publilhed “ A Treatife on the Natur 
 and l.aw^s of Chance,” in 4to, to which are annexed 
 full and clear Inveftigations of two important Pro 
 “ blems added in the fecond Edition of Mr. De Moivre’ 
 Book on Chances, and two new Methods for fumminj 
 ‘‘ of Series.” His next performance v/as, EfTays 01 
 feveral curious and ufeful Subjefts in fpeculative aiv 
 mixed Mathematics. Dedicated to Francis Blake, Efq 
 fince Fellow of the Royal Society, and his very gooi 
 “ Friend and Patron. Printed in the fame Year 1740, 
 4to. In 1742, 8 VO, “The Dodlrine of Annuities an i 
 “ Reverfions deduced from general and evident Priiici’ 
 “ pies : with ufeful Tables (hewing the Values of fingb 
 “ and joint Lives, he. at different Rates of Iiiterell, he. 
 This in 1743 w*as followed by “ An Appendix, contair- 
 F ing fome Remarks on a late Book on the fame Subje^^ 
 “ (by Mr. Abr. De Moivre, F. R. S.) with Anfw^ers 
 “ fome perfonal and malignant Reprefentations in tli^ 
 “ Preface thereof.” De Moivre never thought lit to r(* 
 ply to it. In 1743, he publidied alfo “Mathematic! 
 F DhTertations on a Variety of Phylical and Analytic 1 
 
 ' •• - “Subjeas/ 
 
423 
 
 SIMPSON. 
 
 “ Subjeas,” 4to. This work he dedicated to Marthi 
 Folkes, efq. prefidcnt of the royal fociety. His next 
 book was, “ A Treatife of Algebra, wherein the fiinda- 
 “ mental Principles are fully and clearly demonffrated, 
 ‘‘ and applied to the folution of a variety of Problems.’’ 
 T. o which he added, “ The conflruaion of a great Num- 
 “ ber of Geometrical Problems, with the Method of re- 
 “ folving them numerically.” This work was defigncd 
 for the ufe of young beginners ; infcribed to William 
 Jones, elq. F. R. S. and printed in 1745, 8vo. A new 
 edition appeared in 1755, with additions and improve¬ 
 ments. This is dedicated to James earl of Morton, 
 F. R. S. Mr. Jones being dead. “ Elements of Geome- 
 “ try, with their Application to Menfuration of Super- 
 “ ficies and Solids, to the Determination of Maxima and 
 “ Minima, and to the Conftrudtion of a great Variety of 
 “ Geometrical Problems.” Firft publilhed in 1747, 8vo. 
 A fecond edition came out in 1760, with large alterations 
 and additions, defigned for young beginners ; particularly 
 for the gentlemen at the king’s academy at Woolwich, 
 and dedicated to Charles Frederick, elq. Purveyor general 
 of the ordnance. In 1748, came out his “ Trigonometry, 
 “ Plane and Spherical, with the Conllru^ion and Appli- 
 “ cation of Logarithms,” 8vo. This little book con¬ 
 tains feveral things new and ufeful. Sele6l: E'^tercifes 
 “ for young Proficients in the Mathematics,” 8vo.' 1752. 
 The dedication is to John Bacon, efq. F. R. S. In 1750, 
 2 vols. 8 VO. “ I he Do£frine and Application of Fluxions, 
 “ containing, belides what is common on the SubjeiSl, a 
 “ Number of new Improvements in the Theory, and the 
 “ Solution of a Variety of new and very interefting Pro- 
 “ blems in different Branches of the Mathematics.” In 
 the preface the author offers this to the world as a new 
 book, rather than a 2d edition of that publilhed in 1737 ; 
 in which he acknowledges, that, befides prefs-errors, 
 there are feveral obfeurities and defedfs, for want of experi¬ 
 ence,^ and many the difadvantages he then laboured under, 
 ill his firft fally. This work is dedicated to George earl 
 of Macclesfield. Plis “ Mifcellaneous Tracis,” printed in 
 1757, 4to, was his lafi legacy to the public : a mofi va¬ 
 luable bequeft, whether we confider the dignity and im¬ 
 portance of the fubje6ts, or his fublime and accurate man¬ 
 ner of treating them. Thefc arc infcribed to the earl of 
 Macclesfield. Several papers of Mr. Simpfon’s were read at 
 meetings of the Royal Society, and printed in their 'franf- 
 
 L e 4 an6Iions * 
 
SIMPSON. 
 
 n£lions : but as moft, if not all of them, were afterwards 
 inferred, with alterations or additions, in his printed vo¬ 
 lumes, it would be needlefs to take any notice of them here. 
 
 From his writings, let us now return to himfelf. 
 Through the intereit and folicitations of William foncs, 
 efq. he was, in 1743, appointed profelTor of mathematics, 
 then vacant by the death of Mr. Derham, in the king’s 
 academy at Woolwich ; his warrant bearing date Auguft 
 2.5. Not long after, he was chofen a member of the 
 Royal Society. The prefident and council, in confideration 
 of his very moderate circumftances, were pleafed to excufe 
 his adinilhon fees, and likewife his giving bond for the 
 fettled future payments. At the academy he exerted his 
 faculties to the utmoft, in inftru 61 ing the pupils who were 
 the immediate objedls of his duty, as well as others, whom 
 the fuperior offices of the ordnance permitted to be boarded 
 and lodged in his houfe. In his manner of teaching he 
 had a peculiar and happy addrefs, a certain dignity and 
 perfpicuity tempered with fuch a degree of mildnefs, as 
 engaged both the attention, eideem, and friendlhip of hi: 
 fcholars. He had the misfortune to find his health de 
 dine, through his dole manner of living, and the want o' 
 converling with his friends. His weak conllitittion 0’ 
 body was ill-adapted to the vigour of his mind, havini 
 been ffiamed with originally weak nerves. Exercife am 
 a proper regimen were preferibed him, but to little pur 
 pole : for he funk gradually into fuch a lownefs of fpirits 
 as often in a manner deprived him of his mental faculties , 
 and at laid rendered him incapable of performing his dutv, 
 or even of reading the letters of his friends : and fo trifiin ; 
 an accident as the dropping of a tca-cup would flurry hii i 
 as much, as if a houfe had tumbled down. 'I'he phyliciar J 
 advifed his native air for his recovery ; and, fYT. 1761, 
 let out, with much reludfance (believing he Ihould nev( r 
 return) for Bofworth, along with fome relations. Tli^ 
 journey fatigued him to fuch a degree, that, upon his ai* 
 rival, he betook himfelf to his chamber; where he gre'^ 
 continually worfe and worfe to the day of his dead, 
 IMav 14, in his 51(1 vear. 
 
 He left a fon and a daughter; the former an officer i 1 
 the royal regiment of artillery, d'he king, at the inflam^^ 
 of lord Ligonier, in coniideration of Mr. Simplon’s gre 
 merits, was pleafed to grant a pcnfion to his wudow, tog<' 
 tlier with handfome apartments adjoining to the acadeiu) '» 
 a favour never conferred on any before. 
 
 SIRMON 3 
 
S LR M O N D. 
 
 425 
 
 SIR.MON D (James), a French Jefuit, whofe name 
 has been famous among the men of letters, was the fon of 
 a magiftrate, and born at Riom in 1^59. At ten years 
 of age, he was lent to the college of Biilom, the firll: which 
 the Jefuits had in France. He entered into the fociety in Ceac. kvh. 
 1576, and two years after made his vows. His fuperiors, 
 finding out his uncommon talents and great genius, fent 
 him to Paris; where he taught clairicai literature two 
 years, and rhetoric three. During this time, he acquired 
 a perfeft knowledge of the Greek and I^atin tongues ; and 
 formed his ftyle, which has been fo much elleemed by the 
 learned. It is laid, that he took Muretus for his model, 
 and never palfed a day without reading lome pages in him. 
 
 In 1586, he began his courfe of divinity, which lalled four 
 years. He undertook at that time to tranllate into Latin 
 the works of the Greek HthCiS, and began to write notes, 
 upon Sidonius Apollinaris. In 1590, he was fent for to 
 Rome by his general Aquaviva, to take upon him the 
 office of his fecretary ; which he difeharged lixteen years 
 with fuccefs. He took the thoughts of his genera] per- 
 fc6tly well, and exprefled them much better than Aquaviva 
 himfelf cordd have done. "Idle lludy of antiquity was at 
 that time Jiis principal objeft : he vifited libraries, and 
 confulted manuferipts : he contemplated antiques, medals, 
 and inferiptions : and the 'Italians, though jealous of the 
 honour of their nation, acknowledged, that he knew thefe 
 curiofities better than they did ; and frequently confulted 
 him upon difficult queflions. He made a friendihip with 
 the moll: eminently learned of Rome ; particulariv, with 
 fjellarmine a.nd Tolet, who were of his own fociety, and 
 with the cardinal Baronius, D’Olfat, and Du Perron. 
 Baronius was greatly alfifled by him in his ‘‘ Lcclefiaflical 
 “ Annals,” efpecially in affairs relating to the Greek 
 Fliftory ; upon which he furniflted him with a great num¬ 
 ber of pieces, tranflated from Greek into Latin. 
 
 Sirmond returned to Paris in 1606 ; and from that time 
 did not ceafe to enrich the public with a great number of 
 works. Many years after, pope Urban VIII, wdio had 
 long known his merit, had a delire to draw him again to 
 Rome ; and caufed a letter for that purpofe to be fent to 
 him by Father Vittellefchi, who was at that time general 
 of their order: but Lewis XI 11 . would not fulfer a per- 
 fon who did fo much honour to his kingdom, and could 
 do him great fervices, to be ravilhed frQiixJiim^ In 1637^, , 
 he was chofen the king’s confdlbr, in the room of fatheL 
 
 Caulfm, 
 
426 S I R M O N D. 
 
 Cauifiii, who had the misfortune to difpleafe cardinal dc 
 Richelieu : which delicate office he accepted with great 
 rehidlance, yet condudied it with the utmoll caution and 
 prudence. After the death of Lewis XIII, in 1643, 
 left the court; and refumed his ordinary occupations with 
 the fame tranquillity as if he had never quitted his retire¬ 
 ment. In 1645, he went to Rome, notwithllanding his 
 great age, for the fake of affifling at tlie eledlion of a ge¬ 
 neral upon the death of Vittellefchi, as he had done thirty 
 years before upon the death of Aquaviva; and, after his 
 return to France, prepared himfelf, as iifual, to publifli 
 more books. But having heated himfelf a little, in the 
 college of the Jefuits, with endeavouring to fupport his 
 opinion, he was attacked with the jaundice; which, being 
 accompanied with a large effulion of bile over his whole 
 body, carried him off in a few days. He died Odl. 7,1651, 
 aged 92. 
 
 He fpent a confiderabie part of his life in feeking out 
 the authors of the Middle Age, in copying and cauling 
 them to be printed, and enriching them with notes, which 
 fhew great jullnefs of underhanding, as well as extent of 
 learning. He was the author and editor of as many works 
 as amounted to 15 vols. in folio ; five of which, contain¬ 
 ing his own, were printed at the royal printing-houfe at 
 Paris in 1696, under this title : “ Jacobi Sirmondi Opera 
 ^ Varia, nunc primum colieda, ex iplius ichedis emen- 
 “ datiora, Notis Pofthumis, Epiftolis, & Opufeulis ali-. 
 “ quibus aucliora.” 'Fhe following characlcr of him is 
 given in Du Pin’s “ Bibliotheque Father Sirmond 
 “ knew how to join a great delicacy of underllanding 
 “ and the jullell dilcernment to a profound and extenfivc 
 “ erudition. He iinderflood Greek and Latin in per- 
 “ fe£lion, all the profane authors, hihory, and whatever 
 “ goes under the name of belles lettres. He had a very 
 “ extenfive knowledge in ccclefiahical antiquity, and had 
 fludied with care all the authors of the middle age. His 
 “ hyle is pure, concife, and nervous : yet he affe£ls too 
 much certain expreffions of the comic poets. He ine- 
 “ ditated very much upon what he wrote, and had a par- 
 “ ticular art of reducing into a note what comprehended 
 “ a great many things in a very few words. He is cxa£t, 
 “ judicious, fimple ; yet never omits any thing that is ne- 
 ceffary. His dilfcrtations have palled for a model; by 
 which it were to be willicd that every one who unites 
 “ would form himlelf. Wlien he treated of one fubjc£l, 
 
 “ he 
 
S I R M O N D. 
 
 427 
 
 he never fald immediately all that he knew of it; but 
 “ referved fome new arguments always for a reply, like 
 “ auxiliary troops, to come up and aflifl, in cafe of need^ 
 
 “ the grand body of the battle. He was dilinterefted, 
 
 “ equitable, hncere, moderate, modeft, laborious ; and by 
 “ thefe qualities drew to himfelf the efteem, nt)1: only of 
 “ the learned, but of all mankind. He has left behind 
 “ him a reputation, which will laft for many ages.” 
 
 SIXTUS V. (Pope), was born in 1521, in the fig- Life of pope 
 niory of Montalto : his father Francis Peretti, for 
 faithful fervice to a country gentleman, with whom he Italian of 
 lived as a gardener, was rewarded with his mailer’s fa- Gregorio 
 vourite fervant-maid for a wnfe. Thefe were the parents byEI- 
 of that pontiff, who, from the inflant of his accefiion to worth, 
 the papacy, even to the hour of his death, made himfelf M. A.1754, 
 obeyed and feared, not only by his own fubjedts, but by 
 all who had any concern with him. Our pope was their 
 eldefl child, and named Felix., Though he very early 
 difcovered a fitnefs and inclination for learning, the po¬ 
 verty of his parents prevented their indulging it; where"- 
 fore, at about nine years of age, his father hired him to an 
 inhabitant of the town, to look after his fliecp : but his 
 mafler, being on fome occafion difobliged, removed him 
 to a lefs honourable employ, and gave him the care of his 
 hogs. He was foon releafed, however, from this de¬ 
 grading occupation : for, in 1531, falling accidentally un¬ 
 der the cognizance of father Michael Angelo Seller!, a 
 Francifcan friar, who was going to preach during the 
 Lent fcafon at Afcoli, the Friar was fo exceedingly flruck 
 with his converfation and behaviour, as to recommend 
 him to the fraternity whither he was going. Accord¬ 
 ingly, with the unanimous approbation of the community, 
 he was received among them, iiavelled with the habit of 
 a lay-brother, and placed under “ the facriflan, to allifl 
 “ in fweeping the church, lighting the candles and fuch 
 ‘‘ little offices ; who, in return for his fcrvices, was to 
 “ teach him the refponfes, and rudiments of grammar.” 
 
 Such was Felix’s introduflion to greatnefs. By a quick 
 comprehenfion, ftrong memory, and unwearied applica¬ 
 tion, he made fuch a furpriling progrefs in learning, that, 
 in 1534, he was thought fit to receive the cowl, and en¬ 
 ter upon his noviciate ; and, in 1535, was admitted to 
 make his profellion, being no more than fourteen. He 
 purfqed his iludics with fo much affiduity, that, in 1539, 
 
428 
 
 SIXTUS. 
 
 he was accounted equal to the beft clifputants, and was 
 loon admitted to deacon’s orders. In 1545, he was or¬ 
 dained prieft, and afluined the name of Father MontaJto ; 
 the fame year, he took, his batchelor’s degree, and two 
 years after his doi^Ibr’s ; and was pitched upon to keep 
 a divinity a£l before the whole chapter of the order, at 
 which time he fo effedfually recommended himfelf to 
 cardinal Di Carpi, and cultivated fo clofe an intimacy 
 with Eollius liis fecretary, that they were both of them 
 ever after his fteady friends. Frequent were the occa- 
 fions he had for their interpohtion on his behalf; for 
 the impetuofity of his temper, and his impatience of con- 
 tradidlion, had already fubjedlcd him to feveral incon- 
 veniencies, and in the fubfequent part of his life involved 
 him in many difficulties. While all Italy was delighted 
 with his eloquence, he was perpetually embroiled in quar¬ 
 rels with his monaflic brethren : however, he had tlie 
 good fortune to form two new fiiendlhips at Rome, 
 
 > which were afterwards of fignal fervice to him : one with 
 the Colonna family, who thereby became his proteclors ; 
 the other with father Cjhiffiieri, by w'hofe recommendatioii 
 lie was appointed inquihtor-general at Venice, by Paul 
 1 loon after his accelhon to the papacy in 1555. But 
 the feverity, with which he executed his office, was lo 
 offenfive to a people jealous of their liberties, as the A^e- 
 netians were, tliat he was obliged to owe his prefervatioii 
 to a precipitate flight fiom that city. 
 
 After his retreat from A^enicc, we find him ailing in 
 many public affairs at F^ome, and as often engaged in dif- 
 putes with the conventuals of his order ; till he was ap- 
 })ointed to attend, as chaplain and confultor of the in- 
 quifition, cardinal Boon Compagnon, afterwards Gregory 
 XI 11 . who was then legate de latere to Spain. Here 
 Montalto had great honours paid him ; he was offered to 
 be made one of the royal chaplains, with a table and an 
 apartment m the palace, alio a very large ftipend, if he 
 would flay there ; but, having centered his views at 
 Rome, he declined accepting thefe favours, and only alk- 
 cd the honour of bearing tlie title of his majefty’s chap¬ 
 lain wherever he went. While things were thus circum- 
 ilanced at'Madrid, news was brought of the death of Pius 
 IV. and the elevation of cardinal Alexandrino to the holy 
 lee, with the title of Pius V. Montalto was greatly 
 tranfported at this news, the new pontiff having ever 
 been his llcady friend and patron ; for this new Pontiff 
 
 was 
 

 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 < i 
 
 < ( 
 
 (( 
 
 SIXTUS. 
 
 was father Ghlfilieri, who had been promoted to the pur¬ 
 ple by Paul IV. 'Montalto’s joy at the promotion of his 
 friend was not ill founded, nor were his expectations dif- 
 appointcd ; for Pius V. even in the firll week of his pon¬ 
 tificate, appointed him general of his order, an office that 
 he executed with his accuftomed feverity. In 1568, he 
 was made biffiop of St. Agatha; and, in 1570, was hon¬ 
 oured with a red hat and a penfion. During this reign 
 he had likewife the chief direction of the papal councils, 
 and particularly was employed to draw up the bull of ex¬ 
 communication againft our queen Elizabeth, 
 
 Being now in poffeffion of the purple, he began to afpire 
 to the papacy. With this view “ he became humble, pa- 
 “ tient, and affable ; fo artfully concealing the natural im- 
 “ petuolitv of his temper, that one would have fworn this 
 “ gentlenefs and moderation was born with him. I'here 
 was fuch a change in his drefs, his air, his words, and 
 all his actions, that his neareft friends and acquaint¬ 
 ance faid, he was not the fame man. A greater alter¬ 
 ation, or a more abfolute victory over his paffions, was 
 never feen in any one ; nor is there an inltance, per¬ 
 haps, in all hiltory, of a perfon fupporting a fictitious 
 “ character in fo uniform and confillent a manner, or fo 
 ‘‘ artfully difguifing liis foibles and imperfections for fuch 
 “ a number of years.” To which may be added, that, 
 while he endeavoured to court the friendfhip of the ain- 
 baffadors of every foreign power, he .verv carefully avoid¬ 
 ed attaching himlelf to the interelf of any one ; nor 
 would he accept favours, that miglit be prefumed to lay 
 liim under peculiar obligations. He was not lefs lingular 
 in his conduct to his relations, to whom he had hereto¬ 
 fore expreffed himfelf with the utmolf tendernefs ; hut 
 now he behaved very differently, “ knowing that difii- 
 terelfednefs in that point was one of the keys to the 
 papacy. So that, when his brother Antony came to 
 fee him at Rome, he lodged him in an inn, and lent 
 him back again the next day, with only a prefent of 
 fixty crowns ; ftriCtly charging him to return Immc- 
 dlatelv to his family, and tell them, “ 'That his fpiritunl 
 cares encreafed upon him, and he was now dead to liis 
 “ Tclarions and the world ; but as lie found old age and 
 intirmitics began to approach, he might perhaps, in a 
 while, fend for one ot his nephews to wai? on him.!’ . 
 Upon the death of Pius V. whicli happened in i -D - * 
 lie entered the conclave with the 'relf of the cardinals ; 
 
 ■ but, 
 
 429 
 
 i i 
 
 
 (( 
 
 
 i i 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 7* 
 
43 ° 
 
 SIXTUS. 
 
 but, appearing to give himfelf no trouble about the elcc« 
 tion, kept altogether in his apartment, without ever flir- 
 ring from it, except to his devotions. He alfedted a total 
 ignorance of the intrigues of the feveral fadtions ; and, 
 if he was aiked to engage in any party, would reply with 
 leeming indifference, ‘‘ that for his part he was of no 
 “ manner of confequence ; that, as he had never been in 
 “ the conclave before, he was afraid of making fome falfc 
 hep, and fhould leave the affair to be condudled wholly 
 by people of greater knowledge and experience.” The 
 eledfion being determined in favour of cardinal Buoii 
 Compagnon, who affumed the name of Gregory XIII, 
 Montalto did not negleft affiiring him, “ that he had 
 “ never wifhed for any thing fo much in his life, and that 
 “ he fhould always remember his goodnefs, and the fa- 
 “ vours he received from him in Spain.” However, the 
 new pope not only fhewed very little regard to his com¬ 
 pliment, but during his pontificate treated him with the 
 utmoh contempt, and deprived him of the penfion which 
 had been granted to him by Pius V. Nor was he held 
 in greater efteem by the generality of the cardinals, v;ho 
 confidered him as a poor, old, doating fellow, incapable 
 of doing either good or harm ; and who, by way of ridi¬ 
 cule, they were ufed frequently to flyle, “ the afs of La 
 “ Marca.” He feldom interfered in, or was prefent at, 
 any public tranfaffions ; the chief part of his time was 
 employed in works of piety and devotion; and his bene¬ 
 volence to the indigent was fo remarkable, that, when a 
 terrible famine prevailed at Rome, the poor faid openly 
 of him, “ that cardinal Montalto, who lived upon charity 
 “ himfelf, gave with one hand what he received with the 
 “ other ; whilfl the reft of the cardinals, who wallowed 
 in abundance, contented themfelves with fhewing them 
 “ the way to the hofpital.” 
 
 However, notwithftanding this aftedled indifference to 
 what paffed in the world, he was never without able fpies, 
 who informed him from time to time of every the moft 
 minute particular. He had aftumed great appearance of 
 imbecillity and all the infirmities of old age, for fome years 
 before the death of Gregory XIIT, in 1585; when it was 
 not without much feeming reluftance, that Montalto ac¬ 
 companied the reft of the cardinals into the conclave, 
 where he maintained the fame uniformity of behaviour, 
 in which he h^d fo long perfifted. “ He kept himfelf 
 “ clofe Ihut up in his chamber, and was no more thought 
 A “ or 
 
431 
 
 SIXTUS. 
 
 or rpoken of, than if he had not been there» He very 
 “ feldom ftirred out, and when he went to mafs, or any 
 of the fcrutinies, appeared fo little concerned, that one 
 “ would have thought he had no manner of intereft in 
 ♦‘ any thing that happened within thofe walls and, 
 without proniifing any thing, he flattered every body. 
 This method of proceeding was judicioufly calculated to 
 ferve his ambition. He was early apprifed, that there 
 would be great contefts or divifions in the conclave; and 
 he knew it was no uncommon cafe, that when the chiefs 
 of the refpeflive parties met with oppolition to the perfon. 
 they were ddirous of eleding, they would all willingly 
 concur in the choice of fome very old and infirm car¬ 
 dinal, whofe life would lafl only long enougli to prepare 
 themfelves with more ftrength againfl another vacancy. 
 Thefe views direded his conduft, nor was he miftakeii 
 in his expedations of fuccefs. Three cardinals, who 
 were the heads of potent fadions, finding themfelves un¬ 
 able to chufe the perfons they refpedlvely favoured, all 
 concurred to chufe Montalto. As it was not yet neceffary 
 for hini to difcover himfelf, when they came to acquaint 
 him with their intention, “ he fell into fuch a violent fit 
 “ of coughing, that they thought he would have expired 
 “ upon the fpot.” _ When he recovered himfelf, he told 
 them, “ that his reign would be but for a few days ; that, 
 “ befides the continual difficulty of breathing, he had 
 “ not ftrength enough to fupport fuch a weight; and that 
 “ his fmall experience in affairs made him altogether un- 
 “ fit for a charge of fo important a nature.” Nor would 
 he be prevailed on to accept it on any other terms, tlian 
 that “ they Ihould all three promife not to abandon him, 
 “ but take the greateftpart of the weight off his fhoulders, 
 “ as he was neither able, nor could in confcience pretend, 
 “ to take the whole upon himfelf.” The cardinals giving 
 a ready affent to his propofal, he added, “ If you are re- 
 folved to make me pope, it will only be placing your- 
 felves on the throne; we muft fliare the pontificate. 
 “ for my part, I fhall be content with the bare title ; let 
 them call me pope, and you are heartily welcome to the 
 power and authority.” The bait was fwallovyed ; and, 
 in wnfidence of engroffmg the adminiftration, they exerted 
 their joint interefts fo effeftually, that Montalto was 
 defied. He now immediately pulled off the mafk he had 
 worn for fourteen years with an amazing fteadinefs and 
 uniformity. As foon as ever he found a fufficient num¬ 
 ber 
 
ber of votes to fecure his eleftion, he threw the ifafF with 
 which he uled to fupport himfelf into the middle of the 
 chapel; and appeared taller by almofl a foot than he had 
 done for feveral years. Being aiked according to cuftom, 
 
 “ Whether he would pleafe to accept of the papacy,” he 
 replied fomewhat fharply, “ It is trilling and impertinent 
 “ to alk whether I will accept what I have already ac- 
 “ cepted : however, to fatisfy any fcruple that may arife, 
 
 “ I tell you, that I accept it with great pleafure ; and 
 “ would accept another, if I could get it; for I find my- 
 felf llrong enough, by the divine aliillance, to manage 
 “ two papacies.” Nor was the change in his manners 
 lefs remarkable than in his perfon : he immediately di* 
 veiled himfelf of the humility he had fo long profeired ; 
 and, laying alide his accuilomed civility and complaifance, 
 treated every body with referve and haughtinefs. 
 
 The lenity of Grcgorv’s government had introduced a 
 general licentioufnefs among ail ranks of people; which, 
 though fomewhat rellraincd \vhile he lived, broke out into 
 open violence the very day after his death. Riots, rapes, 
 robberies, and murders, were, during the vacancy of the 
 fee, daily committed in every part of the ecclefiallical 
 Hate ; fo that the reformation of abufes, in the church 
 as well as the Hate, was the flrll and principal care of 
 Sixtus V : for fach was the title Montalto affumed. The 
 firlf days of his pontificate were employed in receiving the 
 congratulatioiis of the Roman nobility, and "in giving 
 audience to foreign minillers ; and though he received 
 them with feeming chearfulnefs and complaifance, yet he 
 foon dilmilied them, defiring to be exenfed, “ for he had 
 “ fometliing elfe Vo do than to attend to compliments.” 
 It having been cutlomary with preceding popes to releafe 
 prifoners on the day of their coronation, delinquents 
 were wont to furrender themlelves after the pope was 
 chofen ; and feveral offenders, judging of Montalto’s dil- 
 pofition by his behaviour while a cardinal, came volun¬ 
 tarily to tire prifons, not making the icaft doubt of a par¬ 
 don : but they were fatally dilappointed ; for when the 
 governor of Rome and the keeper of St. Angelo’s callle 
 waited on his holinefs to know his intention upon this 
 matter, Sixtus replied, “ You certainly either do not know 
 “ your proper diflance, or are very impertinent. What 
 “ have you to do with pardons and a6fs of grace, and re- 
 “ leahng of prifoners? Don’t you think it fufhciei^it, that 
 our predecelfor has fuffered the judges to lie idle and 
 
 “ unemployedr 
 
 n 
 
«( 
 
 C( 
 
 
 a 
 
 << 
 
 a 
 
 
 (( 
 
 
 (( 
 
 6i 
 
 
 C( 
 
 ic 
 
 SIXTUS. 
 
 iinernployed thefe thirteen years ? \Voiild you have us 
 likewife ilain our pontificate with the fame negle£l of 
 juftice ? We have too long feeh, with inexpreflible con* 
 cern, the prodigious degree of wickednefs that reigns in 
 the ecclefiaftical fiate, to think of granting any pardon. 
 God forbid we fiiould entertain fuch a defign ! So far 
 from releafing any prifoners, it is our exprefs command, 
 that they be more clolely confined. Let them be 
 brought to a fpeedy trial, and punifhed as they deferve, 
 that the prifons may be emptied^ and room made for 
 others ; and that the world may fee, that Divine Provi¬ 
 dence has called us to the chair of St. Peter to reward 
 the good, and to chaHize the wiokcd ; that vre bear 
 not the fvvord in vain, but are the minifter of God, and 
 a revenger to execute'wrath upon them that do evil.” 
 In the place of fuch judges as were inclined to lenity, he 
 fubfiituted others of a more aufiert difpofition, and ap¬ 
 pointed comniifiaries to examine not only their conduct, 
 out alfo that of other governors and judges for many years 
 paft; piomiiing rewards to tnofe who could coiividt theni 
 of corruption, or of having denied jullice to any one at 
 the infiance or requefi; of men in power. All the nobility 
 and perfons of the highefi: quality were firiaiy forbid, on 
 pain of difpieafure, to ailc the judges any thing in behalf 
 of their neareft friends or dependants ; at the fame time 
 the judges were to be fined in cafe they lifiened to any 
 folicitation. He further cemmanded every body, “ on 
 pain of death, not to terrify witneffes by threats, or 
 tempt them by hopes or promifes. He ordered the 
 fyndics and mayors of every town and figniory, as well 
 thofe that were actually in office, as thofe who had 
 been for the lafi: ten years, to fend him a lift of all the 
 vagrants, common debauchees, ioofe and diforderly peo¬ 
 ple in their diftricis, threatening them with the ftrapado 
 and .imprifonment, if they omitted or concealed any 
 one.’' In confequenbe of whicti ordinance, the iyndic 
 of Aloano, leaving his nephew, who was an incorrigi¬ 
 ble libertine, out of the lift, underwent the ftrapado in 
 the public market-place, though the Spanifh anibalfador 
 interceded ftrongiy for him. He particularly diredled 
 the legates and governors of tlie ecclefiaftical ftate to be 
 expeditious in carrying on. all criminal proceffes ; declar¬ 
 ing, he had rather have the gibbets and gallics full, than 
 the priloiis.” He alfo intended to have Ihortened all 
 other proceedings in law. It had been ufual, and was 
 VoL. XI, F f pleafin 
 
 
 <( 
 
 <( 
 
 
 <( 
 
 
 cc 
 
 <c 
 
 cr 
 
SIXTUS. 
 
 plealing to the people, as often as his holinefs paiTed by, to 
 cry out, “ Long live the pope but Sixtus, having a mind 
 to go often unexpeftedly to the tribunals of juflice, con¬ 
 vents, and other public places, forbade this cullom in re¬ 
 gard to himfelf • and puniflied two perfons, who were ig¬ 
 norant of this ediift, with imprifonment, for crying out, 
 ‘‘ Long live pope Sixtus.” Adultery he punifhed with 
 death : nor was he lefs fevere to thole who voluntarily 
 permitted a proflitiition of their wives ; a cullom at that 
 time very common in Rome. I'lie female fex, efpecially 
 the younger part, attrafted, in a very particular manner, 
 the attention of Sixtus: not only the debauching of any 
 of them, whether by force or artifice, but even the at¬ 
 tempting of it, or offering the ieall offence againfi ino- 
 delly, was very feverely punifhed. For the more effeftuai 
 prevention, as well of private affalfinations, as public 
 quarrels, he forbade all perfons, on pain of death, to draw 
 a Iword, or to carry arms fpecified in the edi6l; nor would . 
 he be prevailed on to fpare any who tranfgreffed this 
 order: even to threaten another with an intended injury,- 
 was fufficient to entitle the menacer to a whipping and- 
 the gallies ; efpecially if the nature of their profeffion fur- 
 .nifhed the means of carr3hng their threats into execution.^ 
 'I'he banditti, who were numerous when Sixtus was ad¬ 
 vanced to the papacy, were rendered flill more fo by the 
 junftion of many loofe and diibrderly people ; who, con- 
 feious of their demerits, and terrified at the feverities they 
 daily faw praflifed, had fied from juflice. Their info- 
 lence increafed with their numbers; infomuch, that no 
 one could live in the ecclefiailicai flate with fafety to his 
 perfon or fortune, nor could ftrangers travel without im¬ 
 minent danger of being robbed or murdered. 71 ie pub¬ 
 lic fecurity more efpecially required the extirpation of tliefe 
 plunderers, which, by the prudence, vigilance, and refo- 
 lution of our pope, was cffedlually performed in lefs than 
 fix months. Fie obliged the nobility of Rome, .and the 
 country round it, to an exa£l payment of their debts. 
 He aboiifhed ail proteclious and other immunities, in 
 the houfes of ambaifadors, cardinals, nobles, or pre¬ 
 lates. 7'o this pLirpofe, he fent for all the ambafiadors, 
 and ordered them to acquaint their refpedlive mailers, 
 “ that he was determined nobody fhould reign in Rome 
 but himfelf; that there flioiild be no privilege or im- 
 “ munity of any kiiid three, but what belonged to the 
 ' “ pope ; nor any faufluary or afylum, but the churches, 
 
 “ and 
 
Sixtus* 
 
 and that only at fuch times, and upon fach occafions 
 as he lliould think proper.” * 
 
 ^ dims far we have beheld Sixtus aaing in his civil capa- 
 city ;■ and if we take a view of his condua as a-politician, 
 in his tranlaaions with foreign powers, we find him main- 
 taming the lame degree of firmnefs as in his treatment of 
 ; his own fubjeas. Before he had been pope two months, 
 i“ he quarrelled with Philip II. of Spain, Henry III. of 
 France, and Henry king of Navarre.” His intrHues 
 |m lome mealure may be faid to have influenced, in his 
 jday, ail the councils of Europe. Sixtus had caufed the 
 I Vulgate Latin edition of the Bible to be publifned, which 
 becahoned a good deal of clamour ; but nothiiur like what 
 jthere was upon his printing an Italian vefflon it. This 
 |fet all the Roman Catholic part of Chriftendorn in an up¬ 
 roar. Count Olivares, and fome of the cardinals, ven¬ 
 tured to expoftulate with him pretty freely upon it; and 
 naid. It was a fcandalous as well as a dangerous thinp" 
 r and bordered very nearly upon llei-efy.” But he treat¬ 
 ed them with contempt; and only faid, “ We do it for 
 the benefit of you that do not underlland Latin.” 
 
 1 hough this pope s behaviour, in lome particulars,, may 
 not command an univerfal applaufe, yet it is certain the 
 loly fee was under very great obligations to him. His 
 '.mpartial, though rigorous, adminiftration of juffice, had 
 i very happy efFeSl : he ftrenuoufly defended the rights of 
 he poor, the widow, and the orphan; he refufed au- 
 liencc to nobody, ordering his mailers of the Ceremonies 
 o introduce the poorell to him firll; but vvas more par- 
 1 icularly ready to hear any acculatioil againil the mam- 
 ttates . the fame conduft he obferved between the clergy 
 lid their fuperiors, always applying quick and eifeflual, 
 
 I hough moflly fevere, remedies. In Ihoit, he had 
 I wrought fuch a reforniation, that the Governor told him 
 one day, the place of a judge was now become a perfecl 
 luiecure. At liis acceflion to the papacy, he found the 
 jpollolic chamber, or treafury, not only exhaufted, but in 
 ;lebt: he left it not only clear, but enriched it with flve 
 inlhons of gold ; he alfo augmented the revenue to doubk 
 ts former amount. I o him the city of Rome was oblig- 
 c for fe\’’eral of .its greatefl cmbellilhments, particularly 
 lie yaticaii library ; and to him its citizens were indebt- 
 d tor the iiitroduaion of trade into the eccleiiaftical 
 late. Thougli he vvas naturally an enemy to profufion, 
 
 •e was never iparing in expsiice/ to relieve fucli as were 
 
 I' I' 2 really 
 
SIXTUS. 
 
 really neceffitous; and, among many other noble chari¬ 
 ties, his appropriation of three thoufand crowns a year for 
 the redemption of Chriftian flaves out of the hands of the 
 infidels will hardly be reckoned the leaft meritorious. 
 
 In refpea to his private charafter, it appears, from fe- 
 veral inftances, that he was, as well iri his habit as diet, 
 generally temperate and frugal; that he remembered, and 
 gratefully rewarded, every fervice that was conferred upon 
 him when he was in an inferior ftation. Nor did his 
 elevation make him unmindful of his formier poverty 
 his filler once intimating, that it was unbecoming hi: 
 dignity to wear patched linen, he faid to her> ‘‘ Though 
 '‘ we are exalted through the Divine Providence to thi: 
 
 “ high llation, vve ought not to forgety that Ihreds an( 
 
 ‘‘ patches arc the only coat of arms our family has any 
 ‘6 title to.’* The behaviour of Sixtus to his relations, 
 previous to his exaltation^ has been already noted :■ fooi; 
 after his acceflion to the pontificate, he feftt for hk fa' 
 miiy to Rome, with exprefs orders, that they fhould ap- 
 pear in a decent and modeft manner. Accordingly hi f 
 filler .Camilla, accompanied by her daughter and tw> 
 grandfons, and a niece, came thither. The pope’s recep¬ 
 tion of them was as £ngular as any other part of his con * 
 duft ; for fome of the cardinals, to ingratiate themfelvei 
 with his holinefs, went out to meet her, drelled her in t 
 very fuperb manner, and introduced her with great cere¬ 
 mony to the Vatican. When Sixtus faw her, he prt* 
 tended not to know her, and afked two or three tim<s 
 wdio file was f upcii which one of the cardinals, wh i 
 handed her in, faid, “ It is yqur fifter, holy father.” “ M ^ 
 “ fifter !” (replied, Sixtus with a frown) “ I have but oi e 
 “ fifter, and file is a poor woman at L? Grotte r if Jd 
 “ have bitroduced her m this difgiiife, 1 declare I do n( t 
 “ know her; and yet Tthink I fiiould know her again, 
 
 “ 1 was to fee her in fucii deaths as file uled to wear 
 Their conductors then thought it expedient to fend the n 
 to a common inn, where they were difrobed of their finer ^ 
 When this was (ione, Sixtus lent two of his ordina ) 
 coaches for them ; and, being introduced a fecond tiiu ^ 
 the pope embraced them tenderly, and faid to Camill: ; 
 “ Now we fee it is our fifter indeed : nobody fiiall nia 
 “ a priiicefs of you but ourfelves.” The terms Sixt is 
 ftipulated with his fifter, as the conditions of her advaiic'’ 
 meat, were, “ not to aflt any favour in matters of g 
 “ vernment, or make die leaft intercelfion for criminaS: 
 
SIXTUS. 
 
 437 
 
 or otherwife interfere in the adminiftration of jnflicc;’* 
 a(Ilir?ng her that every fuit of that kind would meet with 
 a refufal not Icfs mortifying to her than painful to him- 
 leif. This being fettled, he made, indeed, a princely pro- 
 ivifion, not only for his filler, who took care punctually to 
 obey his orders, but alfo for all the family. 
 
 , Our pope’s feverity could not exempt him from feveral 
 poignant: (atires, though we have only one inllance where- - 
 in he thought them worth his refentment; and that ref¬ 
 lated to hiS filter. Pafquin was drelled one morning jn a 
 Very naftv ilnrt; and being alked by Marforio, Why he 
 jwore fnch dirty linenanfwered, He could get no 
 other, for tlie pope had made his wafherwoman a prin- 
 cefs meaning Camilla, who had formerly been a 
 iauiidrefs. The pope ordered '^fiiriCl fearch to be made for 
 the author, and proiijifed to give him a thoufand pifloles, 
 and his life, provided he wmuld' difeover hlmfelf; but 
 threatened to hang him, if he'was found out by any body 
 elfe. The author, though he Tad trufted no perfon with 
 the fecret, was fo tempted with the offer, that he was fim- 
 ple enough to make a full confefjion of it to the pope; 
 demanding the money, and to have his life fpared. Six¬ 
 tus was fo aftonilhed at his folly and impudence, that he 
 could not fpeak fpr fome time ; and at lafl faid, “ It is 
 “ true, we did make fuch a promife, and we lhall not be ^ 
 “ worfe than our word ; we give you your life, and you 
 “ fliall have the money immediately; but w^e referved to 
 ourfelves the power of cutting off your hands, and bo- 
 ‘‘ ring your tongue through, to prevent your being fo 
 ‘‘ witty for the future which was direClly executed, 
 Sixtus declaring, that he did not deferve the punilhrnent 
 fo much for the pafquinade, as fpr being fo audacious to 
 avow it. 
 
 This great nqan, who was an encourager of arts as well 
 as arms, died, uot without a fufpicion of being poifoned 
 by the Spaniards, Aug. 27, 1590, having enjoyed the pa^ 
 pacy little more thap five years. 
 
 SKINNER (Stephen), an Englifii antiquary,was 
 born either in London, or in the county of Aliddlcfcx, 
 about 1622. He v/as admitted on the royal foundation at 
 Chrill-Church in Oxford, 1638 ; but, the civil wars break- 
 ing out before he could take any degree, he travelled be¬ 
 yond the feas, and fludied in feveral univerfities abroad. 
 About 1646, he returned home ; and going to Oxford, 
 
 E f 3 which, 
 

 433 
 
 SKINNER. 
 
 [rlrh :or 
 tlani, de 
 yr.. Ge rm, 
 i’hiiol'. 
 
 i . 
 
 which at this time ceafed to be a garrifon, he took both 
 the degrees in arts the fame year. Then he travelled again 
 into France, Italy, Germany, the Spanilh Netherlands, 
 and other countries ; vifited the courts of divers princes ; 
 frequented feveral univcinties; and cFabliflied an ac¬ 
 quaintance with the learned in different parts of Europe. 
 He took a dodlor of phyfic’s degree at Heidelberg ; and, 
 returning to England, was incorporated into the fame at 
 Oxford in 1654. About this time he fettled at Lincoln ; 
 where, alter praftifing phvhc with fuccefs, he died of a 
 malignant fever in 1667. Wood fays, “ He was a perfon 
 well verfed in. moft parts of learning, underflood all. 
 books Vvhether old or new, was moil Ikilful in the 
 Oriental tongues, an excellent Grecian, and, in Ihort, 
 
 i ( 
 
 a 
 
 (,i 
 
 n 
 
 a living library 
 
 ■>) 
 
 i i 
 
 < ( 
 
 He wrote “ Prolegomena Etvmologica d’ “ Etvmologi- 
 cqn linguffi Anglicanae“ Etymologicon Botanicum 
 EtymologicaExpolitio vocum forenfium;” “ Etymologir 
 “ con vocqni omnium Anglicarum “ Etymologicon O- 
 nomafcicon.” After his death thefe works, which he 
 had left unlinilhcd, came into the hands of h'hornas Hen- 
 fhaw, elq. of Kenlington, near London ; who correcled, 
 digeiled, and added to them, his additions being marked 
 with the letter FI ; and after this, prefixing an epiflile to 
 tlie reader, publiihed them with this title, “ Etymologicon 
 Lingute Anglicaiiae, &c. 1671,” folio. 
 
 
 SLEIDAN (John), an excellent Gernian liiilorian, 
 was born in 1506, at Sleiden, a fmall town upon the con¬ 
 fines of tlie duchy of Juliets, whence he derived his name. 
 He went t-hrougli his firll lludies in his own country, 
 togetlier with the learned John Sturmius, who was born 
 in the Line town with himfelf; and afterwards re¬ 
 moved iirh to Paris, and then to Orleans, where lie liu- 
 died the law for three years. FJe took the degree of li- 
 c.enti?g5p in this iacultv j but, havhrg always an averiion to 
 idle bar, he continued his purfuits cliiciiy in polite lite¬ 
 rature. Upon his return to Paris, he was recommended 
 by his friend Sturmius, iii 1535, to ]ohn du Bellav, arch- 
 brihop and cardinal ; wlio conceived fuch an afFedlion for 
 ]iim, tliat lie fettled on him a peiihon, and communicated 
 to him affaiis of the greatcll iinpcrtance ; for Slcidan had 
 a genius ior bufinels, as well as for letters. Fie accom¬ 
 panied the ambaffador of I yince to tlic diet of Hagucnau, 
 but returned to Paris, and flayed there till it was not? 
 
 lafs 
 
439 
 
 S L E I D A N. 
 
 fafe for him to ftay any longer, for he v/as llrongly in¬ 
 fected with Lnthef’s opinions. He retired to Strafburg 
 in 1542, where he acquired the eilecm and friendfhip of 
 the moil confiderable perfons, and efpecially of James Arr.STUR- 
 Sturmius ; by whofe counfel he undertook, and by whofe 
 affiflance he was enabled to write, the hiilory of his own 
 time. He was employed in fome negotiations both to 
 France and England ; and, in one of thefe journies, he 
 happened on a lady, whom he married in 1546. In 
 1551, he went, on the part of the republic, to the coun¬ 
 cil of Trent; but, the troops of Maurice, elector of Sax¬ 
 ony, obliging that council to break up, he returned to 
 Strafburg without doing any thing. He was bufied in 
 other affairs of ftate, when the death of his wife, in 1555, 
 plunged him into fo deep a melancholy, that he became 
 abfolutely ill, and lofl; his memory fo entirely, as not to 
 know his own children. Some imputed this to poifon ; 
 but it is more natural to fuppofe it the effeCt of a fore in 
 his foot, which had been always open, but by fome acci¬ 
 dent was at that time flopped. He died of an epidemical 
 iiineis at Strafburg, in 1556'. 
 
 He was a learned man, and an excellent writer. In 
 1555, came out in folio, his “ De Statu Religionis Cc 
 “ Rcipublicae, Carolo Quinto Ccefare, Commentarii f ’ in 
 twenty-five books: from 1517, when Lather began to 
 preach, to 1555. ff'his hillory was prefently tranflated 
 into almofl all the languages of Europe, and has been ge¬ 
 nerally believed to be well and faithfully written, not- 
 withflanding the attempts that Varillas and Inch fort of 
 authors have made to diferedit it. It did not Hand folely 
 upon Sleidan’s own authority, which, however, muff 
 needs be of great weight, confidering that he wrote of 
 times in which he lived, and of tranlaClions in which he 
 had fome concern ; but it was extraCled from public aCls 
 and original records, which were in the archives of the 
 town of Strafburg, and with which he was furniflied by 
 James Sturmius. Belides this hiftory, which is his main 
 work, he vrrote De quatuor fummis Imperiis libri tres 
 giving a pretty compendious chronological account of 
 thefe monarchies, This little book, on account of its 
 great ufe, has been often printed. He epitomifed and 
 tranflated into Latin the “ Hiftories of Froiffard and Phi¬ 
 lip de Comines and he was the author of fome other 
 things, relating to hiftory and politics. All the learned 
 Ipeak well of him. 
 
 F f 4 
 
 SLOANE 
 
440 S L O A N E. 
 
 Biog. Brit. S L O A N E (Sir Hans), baronet, ai% erninent phyfi- 
 cian and naturalifl, was bprn at Killileagh in the Nonh 
 of Ireland, in i66c, of Scotilli extraction. The very 
 hrlt bent of his genius difcovered itfelf towards the know¬ 
 ledge of nature, and this was encouraged by a proper 
 education. He chofe phyfic for his profel^on ; and, in 
 ordei to attain a perfeCt knowledge of the feveral branches 
 of it, repaired to London. Here he attended all the pub¬ 
 lic leaures of anatomy, botany, apd chemiftry. His turn 
 to natuial hihory introduced hpii to the acquaintance of 
 Boyle and Ray; which he carefully cultivated, by com-^ 
 municating to them every curious or ufefui obfervation 
 which he made, Having fpent four years in London, he 
 went to Palis ; and here attended the hofpitals, heard the 
 leCIures of 1 ournefort the botanill, of Du Verney the 
 anatoniift, and other eminent mailers. Having obtained 
 letters of recommendation from Tournefort, he went to 
 Montpelier; and was introduced by Mr. Chirac, then 
 chancellor and profelTor of that univerfity, to all the learn¬ 
 ed men of the province, but particularly to Mr. Magnol, 
 who intioduced him to an acquaintance with the fpon^* 
 taneous pioduClions of nature in that happy climate, and 
 taught him to clafs them in their proper order. He fpent 
 a whole year in colIeCling plants in this place, and tra¬ 
 velled through Languedoc with the faine view. In 1684, 
 he returned to London, with an intent to fettle, and follow 
 his profelTicn. - 
 
 Pie iniiTiediately tranfmitted to IVIr. Ray a great variety 
 of plants and feeds, which Ray hath defcribcd with pro¬ 
 per acknowledgements in his HiftoriaPlantarum.’’ About 
 this time, he became acquainted with Sydenham, who 
 took him into his houfe, and recommended him in the 
 warmefl manner to pra^^lice ; and fhortly he was chofen a 
 fellow pf the Royal Society, and of the College of Phyfi- 
 cians. .But a profpedl of inaking new difeoveries in na¬ 
 tural produdlions induced him to take a voyage to |a- 
 rnrnca, in quality of phyfician to Chriliopher duke of 
 Albemarle, then governor of that hlapd. Hi> whole flay 
 at Jamaica w^as fcarce fifteen months ; yet he brought to¬ 
 gether fuch a variety of plants as greatly fnrprifed Mr. 
 Ray, not thinking there had been fo many to be fpund in 
 both the Indies, He now applied himfelf clofely to his 
 profefiion, and pecame fo eminent, that he wus cbofen 
 phylician to Chrifl’s hofpital on the firfl vacanpyd What 
 
 hnguHi, he applied, the i^noney he received frorni his ap¬ 
 pointment 
 
 / 
 
^4* 
 
 S L O A N E, 
 
 nouitment to the relief of poor objeas ii^ the hpfpital, 
 being not willing to enrich himfelf by the gains he made 
 there. He was chofen fecretary ‘ to the Royal Society in 
 1693, and imm^iately revived the publication of the 
 
 Philofophical 1 ranfaaions,” which had been omitted 
 for fome time : he conbnued to be editor of them, till 
 1712 ; and the volpmps, which were publiflied in this pe¬ 
 riod, contain many pieces Avritten by himfelf. As he had 
 from his earlieft days a ftrong appetite for natural know¬ 
 ledge, he had made a great colleaion of rarities, and en- 
 liched his cabinet with every thing that was curious in 
 art or nature. But this received a great augmentation by 
 a bequeft of William Cqurten, efq, a gentleman who had 
 pnployed all hjs time, and the greateft part of his fortune, 
 m colleaing puriofities. The fenfe, which the public 
 entertained of his merit, is evidently fliewn by the fol¬ 
 lowing honours conferred upon him. He was created a 
 baronet by George L chofen a foreign member of the 
 Royal Academy at Paris, prefident of the College of Phyfi- 
 cians, and prefident of the Royal Society on the death of 
 Sir Ifaac Newton. Having faithfully difeharged the re- 
 fpedl;ive dhties of the places he enjoyed, and anfwered the 
 high opinion which the public had conceived of him, he 
 retired, at the age of 80, to Chellea, to enjoy in a peaceful 
 tranquillity the remains of a welbfpent life... Here he 
 continued to receive the vifits of people of diftinftion, 
 and of all learned foreigners ; and admittance Avas never 
 refufed to the poor, Avho came to confult him concerning 
 their health. At fixteen, he had been feized with a fpit- 
 ting of blood, which confined him to his chamber for 
 three years, and he was always more or lefs fubjefl to it; 
 yet, by his fobriety, mode^-ation, and an occafional ufe of 
 the bark, he protrafled life far beyond the common mea- 
 
 lure of humanity, without e,yen feeling the infirmities of 
 pld age. 
 
 After a fhort illnefs of three days, he died the i ith of 
 Jan. 1752, in his qifl year. In his perlbn he was tali 
 and well proportioned ; in his manners, eafy and engag¬ 
 ing ; and in his converfatidn, fprightly and agreeable. He 
 >yas every Avay a liberal benefaaor to the poor. He was a 
 governor of almoll every hofpital about London ; to each 
 he gave an hundred pounds in his life-time, and at his 
 death a fum more confiderable. He laid the plan of a dif- 
 penfatory, Avhere the poor might be furnhhed with proper 
 pedicines at prime-coil; which, with the affiftance of the 
 
 College 
 
 C O' 
 
 2 
 
442- 
 
 At^en. 
 
 OxoiK 
 
 General 
 
 Pia. 
 
 S L O A N E. 
 
 College of Phyficians, was afterwards carried into execu¬ 
 tion. He gave the company of the apothecaries the en¬ 
 tire freehold of their botanical garden at Chelfea ; in the 
 center of which a marble ftatue of him is erefled, admi¬ 
 rably executed by Ryfbrack, and the likenefs Hriking. 
 He did all he could to forward the eftablihiment of the 
 colony in Georgia in 1732, of the Foundling hofpitai in 
 1739, and formed the plan for the bringing up the chil¬ 
 dren. He was the iirft in England, who introduced into 
 general praflice the ufe of the bark, not only in fevers, 
 but in a variety of other diilempers ; particularly in ner¬ 
 vous diforders, in mortifications, and in violent hiemor- 
 ihages. FI is cabinet of curiofities, which he had taken fo 
 much pains to collefl:, he bequeathed to the public ; on 
 condition, that the furn of 20,0001. fhould be paid to his 
 family : which fum, though large, was not near half the 
 original coll, and fcarce more than the intrinfic value of 
 the gold and filver medals, the ores and precious ifones, 
 that were found in it. Beiides thefe, there was his library, 
 confining of more than 50,000 volumes ; 347 of which 
 were illuftrated with cuts, finely engraven and coloured 
 from nature ; 3566 manuferipts ; and an infinite number 
 ot rare and curious books. 
 
 He publilhed B'lie Natural Fliflory of Jamaica,” in 
 2'vols. folio ; the hril; in 1707, the fecond in 1725. This 
 elaborate work, fays Dr. Freind in his “ Hiflory of 
 o -Phyiic,” greatly tends to the honour of our country, 
 and the enriching of the “ Materia Medica.^-’ 
 
 SMALRIDGE (Dr. George), an Engl ifli prelate 
 and verv elegant writer, was born of a good family at 
 Lichfield in StafFordfbire, about 1666; and educated at 
 Weilrninfler Ichool, where he diflinguiflied himfeit by 
 excellent parts and a good turn for clailical literature. It 
 was there he wrote a copy of verfes in Latin, and ano- 
 tlier in Englifli, upon tlie death of William Lilly, the 
 aftroioger ; which he did at the defire of Elias Alhmole, 
 efq. who was a great patron of Smalridge while he was 
 young.* May 1682, he was defied from Weflminfter- 
 ichool to Chrift-Church in Oxford ; where in duo time 
 he took both the degrees in arts and divinity. He gave 
 an early fpecimen of his abilities and learning, by pub- 
 liflring in 1687, “ 7\nimadverlions on a piece upon 
 “ Church-Government,” Ac. printed that year at Ox¬ 
 ford; and, In 1689, a Latin poem, intituled, “ Auftio 
 3 “ Daviliana 
 
443 
 
 S M A L R I D G E. 
 
 Daviliana Oxonii habita per Gul. Cooper h Ecnv, 
 
 “ Millington Bibliopolas Londinenfes.” He afterwards 
 went into orders, and rofe, through ievcral preferments, 
 to the bilhopric of Briftoh In 1693, he was made pre¬ 
 bendary of Idtchfield ; alter which, he became ledlurer of 
 -St. Dunhan’s in the Weft, in the city of London, and 
 minifter of the New Chapel in I'othill-Fields Weftmin- 
 fter. Soon after, he was made canon of Chrift-Church, 
 
 Oxford, and then dean of Carliile. In 1713, he was 
 made dean of Chrift-Church„ and the year after bilhop of 
 Bidftol. Upon the acceftion of Gyorge T. he was appoint ¬ 
 ed lord almoner to the king; but removed from that 
 poft, for refusing with bp. Atterbury to fign the declara¬ 
 tion of the abp. of Canterbury, and the bilhops in and 
 near London, againft the rebellion in 1715. He died 
 Sept. 27, 1719, and was interred at Clirift-Church. 
 
 He held a correfpondence with Vv hiftoi:i, and became 
 fo fufpedled of Arianifm, that he wnote a letter to Tre- 
 lawny, bilhop of Winchefter, which is dated but three 
 da vs before his death, to vindicate himfelf from the 
 charge. From Whifton’s “ Hiftorical Memoirs” it ap¬ 
 pears, that he was a great admirer of the Apoftolic Con- 
 ftitutions, and thought it no eafy matter to prove them 
 fpurious ; but he was neither a deep divine, nor a very 
 acute critic, claftical literature being what he excelled in. 
 
 Twelve of his Sermons were publilhed in 1717,” Svo i 
 inlcribed to the gentlemen of the veftry, and others w'ho 
 frequent the New Church in Tothill-Fields, Weftminlter ; 
 and after his death “ Sixty Sermons” were publilhed by 
 his wndow, who dedicated them to theprincefs of Wales, 
 
 1726, folio; reprinted in 1727; they Ihew the polite 
 ficholar, and the man of fenfe. His Latin fpeech, on pre- 
 fentiiig Dr. Atterbury as’prolocutor of the Lower Houfc 
 of Convocation, may be feen in the Lpiftolary Cor- Voi. I. p. 
 
 “ refpondence” of Atterbury, 
 
 SMITH (Sir Thomas), a learned EngliHi writer, Camaen, 
 and fecretary of ftate in the reign of Edward VI. andft""^^'^ 
 Elizabeth, was of a gentleman’s faniily, and born at Wal- 
 den in Eftex. He was born in 1512, and notin 1314, Scrype's life 
 according to Camden, who writes that he died 1577, in^ 1 '°' 
 his grand climafteric ; for he tells us himfelf, in his book 
 of the “ Commonw'calth of England,” that March 28, Didionary. 
 1565, he was in his 54th year. He was fent to Queen’s 
 college in Cambridge at fourteen, where he diftinguilhed 
 
 himfelf 
 
himfelf to fuch advantage, that, together with John 
 Chekcj he was appointed Henry Vllltli’s fcholar. In 
 1531, he was chofen fellow of his college; and, about 
 two years after, appointed to read the public Greek lec¬ 
 tures. At this time, he confulted with Cheke a.bout the 
 founds of the Greek letters, and introduced a new way of 
 pronouncing that language; of which we (hall fay more 
 by and by. In 1536, he was made uniyerhty-orator. In 
 1539, he travelled into foreign countries, and ftudied 
 feme time in the universities of France and Italy: he 
 took the degree of doctor of civil law at Padua. After 
 his return, he took the fame degree at Cambridge in 
 1542 ; an4 was made regius profelTor of civil law in that 
 univerlity. He became likewife chancellor of the church 
 of Eiv. During his relidence at Cambridge, he wrote a 
 tra£t concerning the correal writing and true pronuncia - 
 tion of the Englifli tongue ; and as he was thus ufeful to 
 learning in the univerfity, fo he promoted likewiie th” 
 reformation of religion. 
 
 Upon the acceffion of Edward VI, he removed ironi 
 Cambridge into the duke of Somerfet’s family ; where he 
 was employed in matters of Pate by that great perfon, who 
 was uncle and governor of the king, and prote( 5 Ior of his 
 realms. He was appointed mafter of requePs to the duke, 
 Peward of the Panneries, provop of Eaton, and dean of 
 CarliPe. He married vrhiie he was in the protedloFs 
 family. In 1548, he was advanced to be fecretary of 
 Pate, and knighted by his majePy ; and, the fame year, 
 fent ambaffador to Bruifels, to the emperor’s council there. 
 He W4S concerned about this time in the reformation of 
 religion, and the redrefs of bale coin; upon which lap 
 point he wrote a letter to the duke of Somerfet. In 1549> 
 this nobleman being brought into trouble, Sir "Ehomas 
 Smith, who adhered faithfully to him, feems to have 
 been involved in it, and was deprived of his place of fe¬ 
 cretary of Pate for a time, but foon after rePored ; and, in 
 1551, Pill under that name, was appointed one of the am- 
 baPadors to Fraqce. 
 
 After Mary came to the crown, he loP all his places, 
 and was charged not to depart the kingdoni; yet enjoyed 
 uncommon privileges, which fhews hina either to have 
 had very good luck, or to have played hjs cards well. He 
 was allowed a penPon of icol. per annum ; he was high¬ 
 ly favoured by Gardiner and Bonner ; and he enjoyed a 
 particular indulgence from the pope. His indulgence 
 
 from 
 
445 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 from the pope proceeded hence. In 1555, William 
 S^nythwick of the cliocefe of Bath, efq. obtained an in¬ 
 dulgence from Pius IV. by which he and any five of his 
 friends, whom he fhould nominate, were to enjoy extra¬ 
 ordinary difpenfations. The indulgence exempted them 
 from all ecclefiaftical cenfures upon whatever occaiioii or 
 caufe infli£led; and from all and lingular their fins where¬ 
 of they are contrite and confefTed, although they were 
 fiich for which the apoflolic fee were to be confulted. 
 Smythwick chofe Smith, for one of his five friends fpe- 
 cified in the bull, to be partaker of thole privileges ; and 
 this undoubtedly w^as a great fecurity to him in thofe pe¬ 
 rilous times. 
 
 Upon the acceffion of Eli2:abeth, he was employed in 
 the fettlement of religion, and in feveral important affairs 
 of flate ; and wrote a dialogue concerning the marriage 
 of the queen, which Strype has fubjoined in the appen¬ 
 dix to his life. In 1562, he was fent ambaffador to 
 France, and continued there till 1566 : he wrote, while 
 he was in France, his work intituled, The Common- 
 
 wealth of England,” in Latin as well as Englilh; 
 which, though many copies of it were taken, does not ap¬ 
 pear to have been publifhed before 1621. He was fent to 
 France twice afterw'ards in quality of ambaffidor ; and 
 continued to be employed in flate-affairs till the time of 
 his death; which happened in 1577. He was of a fair 
 fanguine complexion, and had a calm ingenuous coun¬ 
 tenance ; as appears from a pi6Iure of him, faid to have 
 been done by Plolbein. He was a man of very uncom¬ 
 mon qualities and attainments ; an excellent philofopher, 
 phyfician, chemifl, mathematician, aflronomer, hnguifl, 
 hiflorian, orator, and architeft ; and, what is better than 
 them ail, a man of virtue, and a good Proteftant. 
 
 We have faid above, that Cheke and he confulted toge-* 
 ther about the Greek tongue, and introduced a new w^ay 
 of pronouncing it: and, as the fubjet^.1 is curious,’^^we wid 
 here enter a little into the particulars of that affair. 
 
 Cuftom had eilablifhed a very faulty manner ot founding 
 feveral of the vowels and diphthongs ; for i, u, a, ot, yi, 
 were all pronounced as nihil fere aliud,” fays our 
 
 author, “ haberet ad loquendum, nili lugubres fonos & De rf£!a^& 
 “ illud fiebile Pie conferred therefore with Cheke 
 
 upon this point, and they perceived, that the vulgar me- Oric.r pro- 
 thoci of pronouncing Greek was fallc ; lince it was abfurd, n«nciacione» 
 that fo many different letters and diphthongs fliould all 
 
 have 
 
446 
 
 S M 1 T I-i. 
 
 have but one and the- fame found. They pfoe'eeded to 
 fearch authors for the determination of this point; but 
 the modern writers little availed them : they had not feen; 
 Erafmus’s book, in which he excepted againft the common 
 way of reading Greek. But though both of tloem faw 
 thefe palpable errors, they could not agree among them- 
 felves, efpecially concerning the letters Ira and vxl^aov. 
 Soon after, having procured Erafmns’s book and Teren- 
 tianus “ de literis &: fyllabis,” they began to reform 
 their pronunciation of the Greek privately, and only com¬ 
 municated it to their moft intimate friends. When they 
 had fufficiently habituated themfelves to this new method 
 of pronunciation, with which they were highly pleafed on 
 account of the fullncis and fweetnefs of it, they refolved 
 to make trial of it publiclv ; and it was agreed that Smith 
 fliould begin. He read ledures at that time upon Arilfotle 
 “ de Republica” in Greek, as he had done fome years 
 before : and, that the novelty of his pronunciation might 
 give the lefs offence, he ufed this artifice, that in reading 
 he would let fall a word only now and then, uttered in 
 the new correct found. At firft no notice was taken of 
 this ; but, when he did it oftener, his auditors began to 
 obferve and lilfeii more attentive : and, when he had of¬ 
 ten pronounced v and oi as e and o», they,who thtee years 
 before had heard him found them after the old way, could 
 not think it a flip of the tongue, but fufpefted fomething 
 elfe, and laughed at the unufual founds. He again, as 
 though his tongue had hipped, would fometimes correct 
 himfelf, and repeat the word after the old manner. But, 
 when he did this daily, fome of his friends came to him, 
 and told him what they had remarked in his lectures : 
 upon which he owned, that he had been thinking of fome¬ 
 thing privately, but that it was not yet fuiliciently digelfed 
 and prepared for the public. They, on the other hand, 
 prayed him not to conceal it from them, but to acquaint 
 them with it frankly ; and accordingly he promifed them 
 Biat he would. Upon this rumour many reforted to him, 
 whom he defired only to hear his reafons, and to have 
 patience with him three or four days at moft ; until the 
 founds by ufe were made more familiar to their ears, and 
 the prejudice of their novelty worn off. At this time he 
 read letftures upon Homer’s “ Odyffey” in his own college ; 
 and there began more openly to fhew and determine the 
 difference of the founds : Cheke likewil'e did the fame in 
 his college. Then many came to them, in order to learn 
 
447 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 of them, how to pronounce after the new method ; and it 
 is not to be exprefled with wdiat greedinefs and affedion 
 this was received among the youth. The following win¬ 
 ter there was afled in St. John’s college Ariflophancs’s 
 
 Plutus” in Greek, and one or two more of his comedies, 
 without the ieaft diflike or oppohtion from any who were 
 eileemed learned men and mailers of the Greek language. 
 Ponet, a pupil of Smith, and afterwards billiop of Win- 
 chciler, read Greek leSlures publicly in the new pronuncia¬ 
 tion ; as likewife didRoger Afchain, who read ifocrates,”- 
 and at iiril was averfe to this pronunciation, though he 
 foon became a zealous advocate for it. Thus, in a few 
 years, this new way of reading Greek, introduced by 
 Smith, prevailed every where in the univeriity; and was 
 followed even by Redman, the profeiTor of divinity. 
 
 However,, it afterwards met with great oppohtioii; for, 
 about 1539, when Smith was going to travel, Cheke, 
 being appointed the king’s leSlurer of the Greek language, 
 began with explaining and enforcing the new" ponuncia- 
 tion, but was oppofed by. one Ratecliff, a fcholar of the 
 univeriity ; who, being exploded for his attempt, brought 
 the difpute before billiop Gardiner, the chancellor. Upon 
 ,this, the bilhop interpofed his authority; who, being 
 averfe to all innovations as well as thofe in religion, and 
 obferving this new pronunciation to come from perfoiis 
 fufpedled of, no good intentions to the old religion, made 
 a iblemn 'decree againil it. Cheke was very earned: with 
 the chancellor to fuperfede, or at lead; to connive at the 
 neglect of, this decree ; but the chancellor continued in- 
 .dexible. Smith in the mean time, having waited upon 
 him at Harnpton-Court, and difeourfed with him upon 
 the point, declared his readinels to. comply with the de¬ 
 cree but, upon his return, recolieded his difeourfe with 
 the blfhop, and, in a long and eloquent Latin epiftle, pri¬ 
 vately lent to him, argued wnth much Acedom the ^points 
 in. controverfy bet'vveen them. The epidle. confided of 
 three parts. In the firft, he Ihewed what was to be called 
 true and right in the whole method of pronunciation ; 
 retrieved it from the modern and prefc'nt nfe out of the 
 hands of both the is^noraiit and learned ; and reilored it 
 to the ancients, whom he propounded as the bed and only 
 pattern to be imitated. In the fecond, he compared the 
 old and new pronunciation with that pattern, that the 
 bfdiop might fee, which of tlic tw'o came nearer to it. In 
 the third, he gave an account of liis whole condufl in this 
 
 affair. 
 
448 SMITH. 
 
 affair. This epiflle was dated from Cambridge, Aug. 12^ 
 1542. Afterwardsj while he was ambaffador at Paris, he 
 caufed it to be printed there by Robert Stephens, under 
 the title of^ “ De reda & emendata linguae Graecae pro- 
 “ nunciatione, 1568,” 4to; together with another traft 
 of his, “ Concerning the corred writing and right pro- 
 “ nunciation of the Englifh tongue,” which has been 
 mentioned above. 
 
 nfftoricai SMITH (John), a learned Englifli divine, was born 
 Regiitcr. — in 1618 at Achurch near Oundle in Northamptonfhire ; 
 Patrick’s where his father poflefled a fmall farm. April 1636, he 
 pre^hed at admitted of Emanuel-college in Cambridge ; where 
 his^funeral. he had the happinefs of having Dr. Whichcote, then fel¬ 
 low of that college, afterwards provoft of King’s, for his 
 tutor. He took a bachelor of arts degree in 1640, and a 
 mailer’s 1111644; ^nd, the fame year, was chofen a fel¬ 
 low of Queen’s college, the fellowfhips appropriated to his 
 county in his own being none of them vacant. He died 
 Aug. 7, 1652, and was interred in the chapel of the fame 
 college ; at which time a fermon was preached by Simon 
 Patrick, then fellow of Queen’s, and afterwards bifhop of 
 Ely, giving a fhort account of his life and death. In this 
 he is reprefented as a man of great abilities, vaft learning, 
 and profeffing alfo every grace and virtue, which can im¬ 
 prove and adorn the human nature. His moral and 
 fpiritual perfedlions could be only known to his contem¬ 
 poraries ; but his uncommon abilities and erudition ap¬ 
 pear manifeltly in thofe treatifes of his, which were pub^ 
 lifhed by Dr. John Worthington at Cambridge 1660, 
 4to, under the title of “ Sele6l Difeourfes.” There are 
 ten of them; i. “ Of the true way or method of attain- 
 “ ing to divine knowledge.” 2. “ Of fuperftition.” 3. 
 Of Atheiim.” 4. “ Of the immortality of the foul.” 
 “ Of the exillence and nature of God.” 6. “ Of 
 ptophefy.” 7. “Of the difference between the legal 
 and the evangelical righteoufnefs, the old and new 
 covenant, &c.” 8. “ Of the hiortnefs and vanity of a 
 
 pharifaical righteoufnefs.” 9. “ Of the excellency 
 andnoblenefs of true religion.” 10. “ Of a Chrihian’s 
 conliift with, and conquefts over, Satan.” 
 
 1 hefe are not fermons, but treatifes ; and fhew an un¬ 
 common reach of undcrflanding and penetration, as well 
 as an immenfe treafure of learning, in their author. A 
 lecond edition of them, corre<Sled, with the funeral fermon 
 
 by 
 
 it 
 
 5 ' 
 
 it 
 
 i( 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
449 
 
 S M I T H. 
 
 by P'krick annexed, was publiflied at Cambridge 1673, 
 
 4to. The dhcourle “ upon Prophely” was tranflated into 
 Latin by Le Clerc, and prefixed to his “ Commentary on 
 “ the Prophets,” publiflied in 
 
 SMIT FI (Dr. Thomas), a learned Engllfli writer 
 and divine, was born in the parifh of Allhallows Barking 
 in London, in 1638 ; and admitted of Queen’s college in 
 Oxford a: nineteen, where he took the degrees in arts. 
 
 In 1663, he was made mailer of the free-fehooi joining to Ge^. Did# 
 Alagdalen college; and, in 1666, eledted fellow of that 
 college, being then famous for his fkill in the Oriental 
 languages. June 1668, he went as chaplain to Sir Daniel 
 Harvey, ambafTador to Conflantinople; and returned 
 thence in 1671. In 1676, he travelled into France ; and, 
 returning after a fliort ilay, became chaplain to Sir Jofeph 
 Williamfon, fecretary of ilate. In 1679, he was defigned 
 to collate and publifli the Alexandrian manufeript in St. 
 
 James’s library, and to have for his reward (as Charles 11 . 
 promifed) a canonry of Windfor or Weflrainiler ; but that 
 defign was not executed [a]. He publiflied a great many 
 works, and had an eilabliflied reputation among the learn¬ 
 ed. So high an opinion was conceived of him, that he 
 was folicited by the bifliops. Pearfon, Fell, and Lloyd, to 
 return into the Fall, in order to colledl antient MIT. of 
 the Greek fathers. It was defigned he fliould viflt the 
 monafleries of Mount Athos, where there is faid to be Fill 
 extant a great number of MiP. repofited there before the 
 decline of the Greek empire. He was then to proceed to 
 Smyrna, Nice, Nicomedia, Ancyra, and at laft to Egypt; 
 and to employ two or three years in this voyage. But he 
 could not prevail on liimfelf to undertake it, as well by 
 reafon of the dangers inevitably to be encountered, as 
 of the juft expedlations he had from his patron William ¬ 
 fon of preferment in the church. Thefe expedlatioiis 
 however were difappointed ; for Wood fays, that, after 
 living feveral years with him, and performing a great deal 
 of drudgery for him, he was at length difmilfed without 
 any reward. In 1683, he took a do6lor of divinity’s de¬ 
 gree ; and, the year after, was nominated by his college 
 to the reflory of Stanlake in the diocefe of Oxford, but 
 upon foine diflike refigiied it in a month. In 1687, he 
 was collated to a prebend in the church of Heyghbury in 
 Wilts. Auguft 1688, he was deprived of his fellowfhip 
 by Dr. GifFard, the Popifli prefident of Magdalen college?, 
 
 [a] It was referved for the indullry and abilities of Mr. Woide in 17S4. 
 
 VoL. XL G g becaufe 
 
450 
 
 S M I T H. 
 
 becaufe he refufed to live among the new Popifh fellows 
 of that college. He was reflored in October following ; 
 but, afterwards refufing to take the oaths to William and 
 Mary, his fellowfliip was pronounced void July 25, 1692. 
 He died at London, May 11, 17 lOi 
 
 He pubiilhed four letters in Latin, at two different 
 times, which he afterwards tranflated into Englifh, and 
 thus intituled : Remarks upon the manners, religion^ 
 “ and government of the Turks ; together with a furvey 
 “ of the feven churches of Alia, as tiiey now lie in their 
 ruins; and a brief defcription of Conflantinople, 
 1678,” 8vo. He wrote “ De Graecae Eccleliae kodierno 
 “ flatii Epiftola which, with additions, he tranflated 
 into Englifh, and publiflied with this title: ‘‘ An Account 
 of tile Greek church, as to its dodfrines and rites of 
 “ worfhip, with feveral hiftorical remarks interfperfed, 
 relating thereto. To which is added, an account of 
 ** the flate of the Greek church under Cyrillus Lucaris, 
 patriarch of Conflantinople, with a relation of his fuf- 
 ferings and death, 1680,’^ 8vo. He publifhed a La¬ 
 tin life of Camden, which was prefixed to his edition of 
 Camden’s “ Epillolae,” in 1691, 4to ; and, afterwards, 
 ** Vit'E quorundam eruditiflimorum Sc illulfrium viro- 
 ** rum, 1707,” 4to. In this colledlion are the lives of 
 abp. Udier, bp. Coiins, Mr. Henry Briggs, Mr. John 
 Bainbridge, Mr. John Greaves, Sir Patric Young pre¬ 
 ceptor to James L Patric Young library-keeper to the 
 fame, and Dr. John Dee. He wrote feveral other learn¬ 
 ed things. Three of his pieces are inferred in the “ Phi- 
 “ lofophical Tranfaftions i. “ Hiflorical obfervations 
 “ relating to Conflantinople, ]S 1 ° 152, for 061 . 20, 
 ‘‘ 1683.” 2. An account of the city of Prufia in By- 
 
 “ thinia, N"" 155, for Jan. 1683.” 3. “ A conjedlure 
 
 “ about an under-current at the Streights-mouth, N* 
 “ 158, for April 1684.” 
 
 SMITH (John), an Englifli divine of good abilities 
 and learning, was born at Lowther in Weftmorland, 1659, 
 From me- of which parifh his father was re6tor. He was trained 
 cnoicscom- ui^^^er hi s lather for fome time; after which he was fent, 
 
 unlucky advice of fome friends, to Bradford in 
 General • Yorkfliire, and placed under Mr. Cliriilophcr Neffe, a 
 Piainiiary. leading man among the DilTenters. Here he continued 
 two years, and loll under this Prefbyterian almofl all that 
 he had learned from his father; but recovered it again, as 
 
 we 
 
45* 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 W'C are Informed, under one Mr. Thomas Lawfon, a Qili- 
 ker, who, not like the reh of his fe£l, was a favourer of 
 leariiing^ an excellent fchool mailer, and who grounded 
 Smith well in the learned languages. An early founda¬ 
 tion in clalhcal learning being thus laid, his father con¬ 
 ceived thoughts of fending him to an univerlity ; but 
 could not for feme time determiire to which. The near- 
 I iiels of the place and the company of a young lludent 
 who was going thither, recommended Glafgow in Scot- 
 I land, and the day was fixed for the journey ; but it proved 
 j fo rainy aiid tenlpefluous a fealbn, that his father wmtild 
 [not venture him from home: and the family, it is laid, 
 always looked upon this as a providential efcape from the 
 Scottifh religion, to which his intended companion was 
 made a profelyte. The delign of a Scotch education being 
 laid afidCj Oxford was now thought of, and many friends 
 promoted his going to Queen’s college in that uiliverfity ; 
 but neither did this fcheme take effedl : for^ a neighbour 
 telling his father that he was fending two foils to St. 
 John’s college in Cambridge, he was at iafl prevailed on 
 to yield to the great defre of his fon to go with them. Ac¬ 
 cordingly, he was admitted of St. John’s college in 1674^ 
 where he took the degrees in atts, and afterwards went 
 into orders. In 1686, he went abroad as chaplain to lord 
 Lanfdown, when his lordlhip was made ambaffador ex¬ 
 traordinary to the court of Spain; and after his return 
 home, which was foon after the Revolution, was mads 
 domeftic chaplain to Crew, biiliop of Durham, who had 
 a particular value for him. In 1695, his lordlhip collated 
 him to the redtory and hofpital of Gatelhead, and to a 
 prebend in the church of Durham : upon which promo¬ 
 tions he took a dodlor of divinity’s degree in 1696. He 
 was afterwards prefented by the bifliop'to the redloiy of 
 his own parifli, Eilhops-Wearmouth ; where he not only 
 I repaired the church, but built a very good parfonage en- 
 j tirely at his own expence. He was a man of parts and 
 I learning, and was particularly verfed in feptentrional llte- 
 ! rature and in antiquities. He died in 1715^ at Cam- 
 j bridge, wdiere he had been for fome time, in order to linifh 
 I an edition of the hiflorical works of venerable Bede ; and 
 ! was buried in St. John’s college chapel, where a monu¬ 
 ment was eredled for him, with a Latin Infcriptlon by his 
 learned friend Mr. Thomas Baker, then fellow of that 
 college. His edition of Bede was publilhed in 1722, ac¬ 
 cording to his own direflions, by his fon George Smithy 
 
 G g 2 elq. 
 
45^ SMITH. 
 
 cfq. fometime of the Inner-Temple ; to whom he left a 
 large fortune, which he had obtained by his wife. He 
 T7 progrefs in writing the antiquities of 
 
 nloncal which undertaking, Nicolfon obferves, he 
 
 Library, was the molt proper perfon. He furniflied Gibfon with 
 the additions to the bifhopric of Durham, which are in- 
 ferted m the 2d edition of Camden’s “ Britannia” by that 
 
 prelate. Four fermons were publifhed by him at different 
 times. 
 
 of Pdr.1 J (Edmund), one of thofe lucky writers who 
 
 Smith by ^ Without much labour attained high reputation, and 
 Mr. oidif- who are mentioned with reverence rather for the pof- 
 
 fixefto hTs'uncommon abilities, was the 
 Works; an eminent merchant, one Mr. Neal, by a 
 
 anci eniarg. daughter of the faiDous baroii Lechmere; and born in 
 JohnL.'* -ome misfortunes of his father, which were foon 
 
 atter tollo wed by his death, occafioned the fon’s being left very 
 young hi the hands of Mr. Smith, who had married his fa¬ 
 ther s filter. This gentleman treated him with as much 
 tendernefs as if he had been his own child ; and placed him 
 at Weftmmfter-fchool under the care of Dr. Bulby. After 
 the death of his generous guardian, young Neal in grati¬ 
 tude thought proper to alfume the name of Smith fAl. 
 He was removed to Chrilt-Church in Oxford; and was 
 there by his annt handfomely maintained till her death: 
 afrer which, he continued a member of that fociety, till 
 within kye years of his own. Some time before his 
 leaving Chnll-Church, he was fent for by his mother to 
 Worceller, and acknowledged by her as a legitimate foil; 
 
 • vvhich his friend Oldifworth mentions, he fays, to wipe 
 
 f H ^^ad ignorantly caft on his 
 
 irth. He papd through the exercifes of the college and 
 univerfity with unufual applaufe; and acquired a great 
 
 [a] It is known to have been the 
 praftice of Dr. Bulby to detain thole 
 youths long at fchool, of whom he 
 had formed the higheft expeftations. 
 Smith took his degree of M. A. July 
 8, 1696 : he therefore was probably 
 admitted into the univerfity in 1689, 
 when we may fuppofe him twenty 
 years old. 
 
 His reputation for literature In his 
 college was fuch as has been told ; but 
 the indecency and licentioufnefs of his 
 behaviour drew upon him, Dec. 24, 
 1694, while he was only Batchelor, a 
 
 public admonition, entered upon re¬ 
 cord, in order to his expulfion. Of 
 this reproof the effeft is not known. 
 He was probably lefs notorious. At 
 Oxford, as we all know, much will be 
 forgiven to literary merit; and of that 
 he had given fufficient evidence by his 
 excellent ode on the death of the great 
 Orientalift, Dr. Pocock, who died in 
 ■1691, and whofe praife mull have 
 been written by Smith when he had 
 been yet but two years in the uni¬ 
 verfity, Dr. JoH.NSoK. 
 
 reputation 
 
SMITH. 
 
 reputation in the fchools both for his knowledge and fkill 
 I in difptitation. He had a Jong and perfect intimacy with 
 all the Greek and Latin daffies ; with whom he had care¬ 
 fully compared whatever was worth perufing in the French, 
 Spaiiilli, and Italian, to which languages he was no flranger, 
 and in all the celebrated writers of his own country. He 
 jCoiffidered the ancients and moderns, not as parties or 
 'rivals for fame, but as architeds upon one and the fame 
 plan, the art of poetry. 
 
 I His works are not many, and thofe fcattered up and 
 down in mifcellaneous colleftions. Flis celebrated tra¬ 
 gedy, called “ Phaedra and Hippolitus,” was a£ted at the 
 theatre-royal in 1707. This play was introduced upon 
 the Itage at a time when the Italian opera fo .much en^ 
 grolled the polite world, that fenfe was altogether facriliced 
 to found : and this occalioned Addifon, who did our poet 
 the honour to write the prologue, to rally therein the viti¬ 
 ated tafte of the public, in preferring the unideal enter¬ 
 tainment of an opera to the genuine fenfe of a Britifli 
 poet. The chief excellence of this play confifts in tiic 
 beauty and harmony of the verfification. It is not defti- 
 tute of the pathetic; though much more regard is paid to 
 the purity and elegance of the language, than a poet more 
 acquainted with the workings of the heart would have 
 done. Upon the wdiole, notwithflanding the high eheem 
 it has always been held in, it may perhaps better be con- 
 fidered as a fine poem, than as a fine play. This tragedy, 
 with “ A Poem to the memory of Mr. John Phillips,” 
 his mofl intimate friend, three or four odes, and a Latin 
 oration fpoken publicly at Oxford‘‘in laudem Thomas 
 “ Bodleii,” were publifhed inji 719, under the name of his 
 “ Works,” by his friend Oldifworth ; who prefixed a cha- 
 rafter of Smith, whence this account is cliieflv taken. 
 
 He died in 1710, in his 42d year, at the feat of George 
 Ducket, efq. called Gartham, in Wiltfhire; and was 
 buried in the pariffi church there. Some time before his 
 death, he engaged in confiderable undertakings ; in which 
 he raifed expeftations in the world, which he did not 
 live to gratify. Qldifworth obferves, that he had feen of 
 liis about ten fheets^ of Pindar tranflated into Englilh; 
 which, he fays, exceeded any thing in that kind he could 
 ever hope for in our language. He had drawn out a plan 
 for a tragedy of lady [anc Grey, and had written feveral 
 feenes of it; a fubje6l afterwards nobly executed by Mr. 
 Rowe. But his greateft undertaking was a traiiflation ot 
 
 G g 3 Longinus, 
 
 C.SJ ■ 
 
■154 
 
 yr.- of 
 itmlih. 
 
 S M l T H. 
 
 I.onginus, which he ]:acl hniflied inva very maflcrly man¬ 
 ner. Ke propofecl a large additioii^to this work of notes 
 and obfervations of his own, with an entire fyileni of the 
 art of poetry in three books, under tlie titles of “ thoughts, 
 “ didirion, and hgure.” He intended to make remarks upon 
 all the ancients and moderns, the Greek, Latin, French, 
 Spanhh, Italian, and Engliih poets ; and to animadvert 
 upon their fcveral beauties and defedls. 
 
 Oldifworth has reprefented him as a man abounding 
 with qualities as good as great; and we have no reafon to 
 impute this panegyric to the partiality of frlendhiip. He 
 had, neveithclefs, fome defedls in his conduct : one was 
 an extreme careleffnel's in the particular of drefs; wLich 
 hngularityprocured him the name of “ L'aptain Rag.” His 
 perfon was yet fo well formed, that no negleCt of this kind 
 could render it diiagreeable ; infomiich that the fair-fex, 
 who obferved and admired him, ufed at once to commend 
 and reprove him by the name of “ the handfome floven.” 
 It is acknowledged alfo, that he was much inclined to in¬ 
 temperance ; which perhaps may be in fome meafure ac¬ 
 counted for in a man under poverty, calamities, and dif- 
 appointments, as Oldifworth reprefents him to have been. 
 It iunk him, however, into that floth and indolence, which 
 has been the bane of many a bright genius. Upon the 
 v/hole, he was a good-natured man, a finilhed fcholar, a 
 great poet, and a difceriiing ctitic ; for, according to an 
 oblervation of lord Shaftcflniry, “ he kept the poet in awe 
 “ by regular criricihn, and as it were married the two arts 
 “ for their mutual fupport and improvement.” 
 
 'i bus far our charadler of Smith has been principally 
 taken from Oldifv/orth. Dr. Johnlon flrall now^ be heard ; 
 wlio, fpeaking of Smith whilll; at the univerflty, fays, 
 As his years advanced, he advanced in reputation ; for 
 he continued to cultivate his mind ; but he did not 
 amend Ids irregularities, by which he gave fo much 
 offence, that, April 24, 1700, the Dean and Chapter 
 declared ‘ the place of Mr. Smith void, he having been 
 convidTcd of riotous mifhehaviour in the houfc of Mr, 
 Cole an apothecary ; but it was referred to the Dean 
 when and upon what occaden the fentence Ihould be 
 put in execution.’ Thus tenderly \vas he treated : the 
 governors of Ids college could hardly keep him, and 
 yet wilhed that he would not force them to drive him 
 away. Some time aitei wards lie alTumed an appearance 
 pf decency ; in his own plirafe, iie hav- 
 
 ing 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 «i 
 
 «i 
 
 i i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 i t 
 
 
 
455 
 
 S M I T H. 
 
 ing a delire to obtain the cenforfhip, an ofRce of honour 
 “ and fome profit in the college ; but when the ele&ion 
 “ came, the preference was given to Mr. Foulkes, his 
 “ junior; the fame, I fuppofe, that joined with Freind 
 “ in an edition of part of‘ Demofthenes it not being 
 thought proper to trull the fuperintendance of others 
 “ to a man wdio took fo little care of himfelf. From this 
 time Smith employed his malice and his wit againllthe 
 Dean, Dr. Aldrich, whom he conlidered as the op- 
 “ pcnent of his claim. Of his lampoon upon him, I 
 “ once heard a lingle line too grofs to be repeated. But 
 “ he was llill a genius and a fcholar, and Oxford was un- 
 willing to lofe him : he was endured, with all his 
 pranks and his vices, two years longer; but on Dec. 
 20, 1705, at the inllance of all the canons, the fentence 
 ‘‘ declared five years before was put in execution. The 
 execution was, I believe, filent and tender; for one of 
 his friends, from whom I learned much of his life, ap- 
 peared not to know it. He was now driven to Lon- 
 don, where he afibciated himfelf with the Whigs, whe- 
 ther becaufe they were in power, or becaufe the Tories 
 had expelled him, or becaufe he was a Whig by princi- 
 pie, may perhaps be doubted. He was, however, ca- 
 refled by men of great abilities, whatever were their 
 party, and was fupported by the liberality of thofe who 
 delighted in his converfation. There was once a de- 
 ‘‘ fign hinted at by Oldifworth to have made him ufeful. 
 
 One evening, as he was fitting with a friend at a tavern, 
 “ he was called down by the waiter; and, having frayed 
 “ fome time below, came up thoughtful. After a paufe, 
 faid he to his friend, ‘ He tliat wanted me below was 
 “ Addifon, whofe bufinefs was to tell me that a Hiftory 
 “ of the Revolution was intended, and to propofe that I 
 fhould undertake it. I faid, ‘ What (hall 1 do with the 
 ‘‘ charadler of lord Sunderland?’ And Addifon immedi • 
 “ ately returned, ‘ When, Rag, were you drunk iaft ?’ and 
 “ went away. Captain Rag was a name wdijch he got at 
 “ Oxford by his negligence of drefs, This llory I heard 
 “ from the late Mr. Clark of Lincoln’s Inn, to whom it 
 “ was told by the friend of Smith. Such fcruples might 
 “ debar him from fome profitable employments ; but as 
 “ they could not deprive iiim of any real.efieem, they 
 “ left him many friends ; and nq man was ever better in- 
 “ troduced to the theatre than he, who, in that violent 
 conflidl of parties, had a prologue and epilogue from 
 
 G g 4 “ the 
 
SMITH. 
 
 the firft wits on either fide. But Jearning and nature 
 “ will now and then take different courfes. His play 
 pleafed the critics, and the critics only. It was, as Ad- 
 “ dilon has recorded, hardly heard the third night. Smith 
 had indeed truffed entirely to his merit j had enTured 
 “ no band of applauders, nor nfed any artifice to fojce 
 fuccefs, and found that naked excellence was not fut- 
 ficient jor its own fupport. J he play, however, was 
 bought by Lintot, who advanced the price from fifty 
 “ guineas, the current rate, to fixty ; and Halifax, the ge¬ 
 neral patron, accepted the dedication. Smith’s indo- 
 << kept him from writing the dedication, till Lintot, 
 
 “ after fruitlefs importunity, gave notice that he would 
 ‘‘ pubhfli the play without it. Now, therefore, it was 
 written , and Halifax expefeed the author with his 
 ‘‘ book, and had prepared to reward him with a place of 
 “ three hundred pounds a year. Smith, by pride, or 
 ‘‘ caprice, or indolence, or bafhfulnefs, negteaed to at-. 
 
 tend him, though doubtlefs warned and prelled by his 
 ^ friends, and at lafl milled his reward by not going to 
 ‘‘ folicit it. In 1709, a year after the exhibition of ‘ Pha;- 
 W Philips, the friend and fcIlow-collegian 
 
 pf Smith, who, on that occafion, wrote a poem, which 
 juilice muff, place among the beft elegies which our 
 language can firew, an elegant mixture of tondnefs and 
 << dignity and foftnefs. There are fome 
 
 pauages too ludicrous; but every human performance 
 ft-ults. This elegy it was the mode among his 
 friends to purchafe for a guinea ; and, as his acquaint¬ 
 ance was numerous, it was a very profitable poem. Of 
 his Pindar, mentioned by Oldihvorth, I have never 
 other wife heaid. His ‘ Longinus’ he intended to ac- 
 company with fome illufirations, and had feleded his 
 ^ inflances of the falfe Sublime’ from the works of 
 Blackmorc. He refolved to try again the fortune of 
 the flage, with the fiery of ‘ Lady Jane Grey.’ It is 
 not uruikely that his experience of the inefficacy and in¬ 
 credibility of a mythological tale might determine him 
 tp choofe ail a6lion from Englifli Hifiory, at no great 
 difiance fiom our own times, which was to end 111 a 
 real event, produced by the operation of known cha- 
 ^ racers. Having formed his plan, and collecled ma¬ 
 terials, he declared that a few months would complete 
 his defign ; and, that he might purine his work with 
 fewer avocations, he was, in June 1710, invited by 
 
 “ Mr. 
 
457 
 
 S M I T H. 
 
 Mr. George Ducket to his houfe at Gartham in Wilt- 
 “ (hire. Here he found fuch opportunities of indul- 
 “ gence as did not much forward his ftudies, and p^uti- 
 ‘‘ cularly fome ftrong ale, too delicious to be reiified. He 
 eat and drank till he found himfelf plethoric : and 
 “ then, refolving to eafe himfelf by evacuation, he wrote 
 to an apothecary in the neighbourhood a prefcription 
 of a purge fo forcible, that the apothecary thought it 
 ‘‘ his duty to delay it till he had given notice of its danger. 
 
 ‘‘ Smith, not pleafed with the contradiftion of a iliopman, 
 and boaflful of his own knowledge, treated the notice 
 with rude contempt, and fwallowed his own m^edicine, 
 w^hich, in July 1710, brought him to the grave. He 
 “ was buried at Gartham. Many years afterwards, 
 
 “ Ducket communicated to Oldmixon the hiftorian an 
 account, pretended to have been received from Smith, 
 
 “ that Clarendon’s Hiftory was, in its publication, cor- 
 “ rupted by Aldrich, Smalridge, and Atterbury; and 
 that Smith was employed to forge and ihfert the altera- 
 tions. This llory was publiflied triumphantly by Old- 
 mixon, and may be fuppofed to have been eagerly re- 
 ‘‘ ceived : but its progrefs was foon checked ; for finding 
 “ its way into the Journal of Trevoux, it fell under the 
 eye of Atterbury, then an exile in France, who imme- 
 “ diately denied the charge, with this remarkable parti- 
 “ cular, that he never in his whole life had once fpoken 
 to Smith; his company being, as mull be inferred, not 
 “ accepted by thofe who attended to their chara£lers. 
 
 “ The charge was afterwards very diligently refuted by 
 ‘‘ Dr. Burton of Eaton ; a man eminent for literature, 
 
 “ and, though not of the fame party with Aldrich and 
 “ Atterbury, too ftudious of truth to leave them burthened 
 “ with a falfe charge. The teftimonies which he has 
 “ colledled have convinced mankind that either Smith or 
 “ Ducket were guilty of wnlfui and malicious falfehood. 
 
 “ This controverfy brought into view thofe parts of 
 “ Smith’s life which with more honour to his name 
 “ might have been concealed.—Of Smith I can yet fay a 
 “ little more. He was a man of fuch ellimation among 
 “ his companions, that the cafual cenfures orpraifes which 
 “ he dropped in converfation were confidered, like thofe 
 “ of Scaliger, as worthy of prefervation. He had great 
 “ readinefs and exaj^nefs of criticifm, and by a curfory 
 “ glance over a new compofition would exadlly tell all its 
 “ faults and beauties. Fie was remarkable for the power 
 
 “ of 
 
 V 
 
4i8 
 
 Days arc! 
 Poe ins, by 
 SmolK tf, 
 with Me- 
 nnoirs oi thi 
 au.hor, 
 i777,iacio 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 of reading with great rapidity, and of retaining with great 
 “ iidellty what he fo eafiiy coliefted. He therefore always 
 knew what the prefent qncflion required ; and,'/.dieii his 
 “ friends exprelied their wonder at his acquifitions, made 
 ‘‘ in a ftate of apparent negligence and drunkennefs, he ■ 
 ‘‘ never difcovered iiis hours of reading or method of ; 
 “ hudy, but involved himfelf in afTefied lilence, and fed 
 his own vanity with their admiration and conjeflures. ■ 
 One praflice he had, which was eaiily obferved : if any f 
 “ thought or image was prefented to his mind, that he 
 could ufe or improve, he did not fuffer it to be loft; ; 
 “ but, amidft the jollity of a tavern, or in the warmth of j ; 
 ‘‘ converfation, very diligently committed it to paper. 
 
 “ Thus it was that he had gathered two quires of hints ,i 
 for his new tragedy ; of which Rowe, when they were 
 put into his hands, could make, as he fays, very little 
 “ ufe, but which the colleftor confidered as a valuable 
 “ ftock of materials. When he came to London, his 1 
 “ way of life connetfted him with the licentious and dif- 
 ‘‘ folute ; and he afFefted the airs and gaiety of a man of t 
 “ pieafure ; but his drefs was always deficient: icholaftic f 
 “ cloudinefs ftiil hung about him, and his merriment was 
 “ fure to produce the fcorn of his companions. With 
 all his careieffnefs, and all his vices, he was one of the ■ 
 “ murmurers at Fortune ; and wondered whv he was 
 “ fulfered to be poor, when Addifon was carefted and 
 “ preferred : nor would a very little have contented him; 
 
 “ 'for he eftimated his wants at fix hundred pounds a year. 
 
 “ In his courfe of reading it was particular, that he had 
 “ diligently nerufed, and accurately remembered, the old 
 “ romances of knight errantry. He had a high opinion 
 “ of his own merit, and fomething contemptuous in his 
 treatment of thofe wliom he coniidered as not qualified 
 “ to oppofe or contradift: him. He had many frailties; 
 
 “ vet it cannot but be fuppofed that he had great merit, 
 who could obtain To the lame play a prologue from., 
 
 ‘‘‘ Addifon, and an epilogue from Prior ; and who could 
 “ liave at once the patronage of Halifax, and the praife 
 of Oldifworth.” 
 
 SMOLLETT (Dr. Tobias), a phyfician, but me¬ 
 morable only as an author, was born near Cameron, on 
 the banks of the river Leven, in Scotland, 1720. He ap- 
 -pears to have received a clalftcal education, and was bred 
 ^to phylic and furgery. He was at the fiege of Carthagena 
 
 as 
 
459 
 
 SMOLLETT. 
 
 as furgeon, or furgeoii’s mate ; and, in his novel of Ro- 
 derick Random, V has given an account of this expedi¬ 
 tion. In 1756, he is fuppofed to have been the editor of 
 “ A Compendium ot Authentic Voyages, digefled in a 
 Chronological Series,” 7 vols. lamo; among which is 
 inferted a Ihort narrative of the expedition to Carthagena, 
 in 17-^1 : which, however, like molf of his produftions, 
 is written with too much acrimony. 
 
 His connection with the lea feems not to have lafted 
 long, and he probably wrote feveral things before he be* 
 came known by his capital produblions. In 1746 and ■ 
 
 1747, he publilhed “ a Satire in two parts,” which is re¬ 
 printed among his “ Plays and I'oems.” At eighteen, he 
 had written a tragedy, called “ The Regicide,” founded 
 on the ilory of the alTaffination of James I. of Scotland: 
 this he publiflred by lubfcription in 1749, with a preface ; 
 in which he bi' terly inveightT againft falfe patrons, and 
 the duplicity of tlieatrical managers. In 1757, his co¬ 
 medy of I'he Reprifals,” an after-piece of two abls, was , - 
 performed at Drury-lane theatre ; whicli, with his tragedy, 
 is printed in the above colleflion. He had before prepared 
 for Mr.Rich an opera, intituled, ‘‘ Alcefle,” which has never 
 been performed or printed : the mufic to it was compofed by 
 Mr. Handel, who, finding that no ufe was to be made Memoirs, 
 of it, afterwrds adapted it to Lryden’s lelTer Ode for St. 
 
 ‘I*?! O lTl*l 1 .* 1 ^ a W k. IO S S 
 
 Cecilia s day. So much tor hrs dramatic works : we now of 
 return, and proceed to what intitles him chieliy to notice. Muiic, I. 
 
 In 1748, he publifhed in two vols. lamo, his novel of^^' ^•3^4* 
 “ Roderick Random,” by vvliich he acquired fo inucli 
 reputation, as almofl to infure fuccefs to every future pro- 
 du£tion, In 1751, “Peregrine Pickle” appeared in 4 
 vols. i2mo ; a work of much ingenuity and contrivance. 
 
 This novel, befides its general merit, is diflinguiflaed by 
 two Ilriking epilbdes : one, relating the adventures of a 
 Lady of Qiiaiity, whole name is well known ; the other, 
 deferibing the entertainment given a Republican Doblor, 
 after the manner of the ancients. Under this perfonage 
 the late Dr. Akenlide is fuppofed to be typified ; and it 
 would be difficult to determine, fays his biographer, whe-P. lx. 
 ther profound learning or genuine humour predominate 
 mofl: in this epifodc. Let us obferve, en pajfant, that 
 Smollett has mixed an uncommon portion of erudition in 
 feveral of his works. In 1754, were publifhed “ Fer- 
 “ dinand Count b'athon) ;” in 1762, “ Sir Launcelot 
 “ Greaves,” in 2 vols. i2mo ; and in 1771, Humphrv 
 
 “ Ciinkci-;” 
 
 1 
 
4^0 
 
 SMOLLETT. 
 
 ‘‘ Cliiiker,” in 3 vols. i2mo ; all of them works of great 
 merit, but inferior to the former. In the two firft of thefe 
 produftions, the charafters are thought to be foniewhat 
 extravagant, and the fitnations often unnatural : but in 
 the laft, which conlifls of a feries of letters, an admirable > 
 knowledge of life and manners is difplayed, and ufeful 
 IclTbns every where intermixed. 
 
 Before he took a houfe at Chelfca, he attempted to fettle 
 as pradlitioner of phylic at Batli, and with that view pub- 
 liflied, in 1752, a treatife upon the waters there; but, 
 not fucceeding, he abandoned phylic altogether as a pro- 
 fehion, and turned his tlioughts to writing, as to what he 
 muh depend on for fupport. He tranflated ‘‘Gil Blas’^ 
 and “ Don Quixote the latter was publifhed, 1755, in 
 I 2 vols. 4to : and, fince his death, a tranhation of “ 7 'ele- 
 “ machus” has alfo appeared. His name likewife appears 
 To a tranllation of Voltaire’s Profe works, in which, 
 however, he is fuppofed to have had little concern. Tn 
 1757, he publiihed an “ Hiftory of England,” in 4 vol?. 
 4to; and was employed, during the laft years of liis life, 
 in preparing a new edition of “ The Ancient and Modern 
 “ Univerfal Hiftory.” He had originally written fome 
 part of this himfelf, particularly the hiflories of France, 
 Italy, and Germany. 
 
 In 1755, he had fet on foot the “ Critical Review,’ 
 and continued the principal manager of it till he 
 went abroad for the lirft time in 1763. This publica¬ 
 tion involved him in fome controverlies, of which the 
 moll material to him was that, occalioned by his re¬ 
 marks on a pamphlet of Admiral Knowles, in defence 
 of his condudl on the expedition to Rochfort. The 
 Admiral commenced a profecution; which ended in 
 Smollett’s being linded 100 1 . and condemned to three 
 months impifonment in the King’s-Bench. From the 
 commencement of the “ Review,” he was always con- 
 lidered as the author of it; and thus became frequently 
 ceiifured on account of articles in which he had no con¬ 
 cern. The truth is, thefe fort of works, and this above 
 all the reft, have lain almoh open to any owe, who, from 
 motives of either love or hatred, have had a mind to en¬ 
 gage in them ; whence, by proper application to the ma¬ 
 nagers, authors may liavc puffed thcmfelves, and abufed 
 their adverfarics, while alfefling the candid office of im¬ 
 partial Reviewers. This has often been pra£lilcd ; and 
 it would be no .difficult matter to point out inhances of it- 
 
 111 
 
I 
 
 SMOLLETT. 46* 
 
 In 1762, when lord Bute was fiippofed to have the 
 reins of governments in his hands, writers were fought 
 to be aiding and aihftiiig to him ; and among others ] 3 r. 
 
 Smollett was pitched upon, who, on the 29th of May in 
 that year, publifhed the hrft number of “ The Briton.” 
 
 This was immediately followed by the publication of 
 
 The North Briton,” which at length diffolved a friend- 
 fhip, that had long fublifted between the authors of tbefe 
 performances, “ The Briton” continued to be publijhed 
 until Feb. 12, 1763, when it was laid down: yet Dr. 
 
 Smollett is fiippofed to have wnitten other pieces, in fup' 
 port of the fame caufe; and the “ Adveircures ofan Atom,” 
 in twofmall volumes, are known to be his produdlions. 
 
 We have already obferved, that he went abroad in 1 763 : 
 
 Iiis health required this, and he continued two years in 
 France and Italy. He publifhed an account of thelb 
 travels, 1766, in 2 vols. 8vo : he vras in his nature fo me- 
 what impatient, acrimonious; but, during his travels, 
 he appears to have laboured under a conflaiitfit of chagrin. 
 
 His relation of them is aftually cynical; and Sterne, in 
 
 his “ Sentimental Journey,” has animadverted upon him Voi.j, p. 
 
 for this under the character of Smelfungus ; nay, he even®^* 
 
 «fes his own words, to illuflrate his fplenetic humour, 
 
 “ it is nothing but a huge cockpit,” fpeaking of the 
 Pantheon at Rome. But his health continued to decline, Travels, 
 after his return to England; and this, with other dif- 3 ^^ 
 agreeable things, fent him back to Italy, whercr he died 
 Oft. 21, 1771. A monument hath been erefted to his 
 memory near Leghorn, with an epitaph written by his 
 friend Dr. Armftrong, author of‘‘ The Art of Preferving 
 “ Health, &c;” as alfo a pillar, with an infeription, on 
 the banks of the Leven, by James Smollet of Boiihill, 
 
 Ills coufin. 
 
 Smollett was one of thofe ingenious and learned per,- 
 foils, whom Pierius Valerianus would have iiifertcd in his 
 book “ De infelicitate literatorum.” He had certainly 
 very uncommon powers and attainments, yet never had 
 higher patrons than bookfellers. His biographer attri¬ 
 butes this to a certain “ loftinefs and elevation of fenti- 
 meiit and charafter which he pofTefied which, as he 
 rightly adds, are but poor qualifications for “ currying 
 favour with thofe who are able to confer favours.” P- 
 He met too with many mortifications and difappoint- 
 ments : “ I am old enough,” fays he, in a letter to bis 
 friend Garrick, “ to have feen and obferved, that we arc 
 *7 ‘ ‘ aft 
 
462 
 
 SMOLLETT. 
 
 all plav-things of fortune ; and that it depends upon 
 “ fomething as infignihccint and precarious as the tolling 
 ‘‘ up of an halfpenny, whether a man rifes to aliiuence 
 “ and honours, or continues to his dying day ftruggiing 
 “ with the difticnhics and difgraces of life.’^ 
 
 Thefe dhhcultics and difgraces he had to flruggle with, 
 and he had not the happieil: temperament for fuch fort 
 of conilidls : he was too jenjlhle^ as the French exprefs if. 
 See, how he writes to his friend, in the firll letter of his 
 Travels “ In gratifying your curiolity, I Ihall find 
 “ fome amufement to beguile the tedious hours , which, 
 ‘‘ without fome fuch employment, would be rendered in- 
 fupportable by dihemper and difquiet. You knew and 
 “ pitied my lituatioii ; traduced by malice, perfecuted by 
 “ fadlion, abandoned by lalie patrons, and overwhelmed 
 “ by the fenfe of a domellic calamity, which it was not 
 “ in the power of fortune to repair.’’ This domeftic 
 calamity was the death of a daughter, an only child ; and 
 thofe falfe patrons lord Bute and Co., who is faid, upon 
 his abdication, “ to have entirely neglected all the per- 
 “ fons whom he had employed to wyiiq for him.” 
 
 Upon the whole, this unfortunate man, for fuch he 
 was certainly, was yet a man ot virtue as well as abilities ; 
 polTcffed of good as well as great qualities ; under many 
 lights amiable, as well as ref};c£lable; and who fhould 
 i'eem to have deferved a better lot than he met with. 
 
 SMYTH (James). See Moore. 
 
 Hlftoryof SMYTFI (Robert), educated at St. John’s-college, 
 
 Cambridge, under the tuition of the late Dr. Newcome, 
 men s *30- P i 1 r* • ^ 
 
 cicry at " mailer of that college, and dean of Rocheiler, was an in- 
 Spalding, defatigable antiquary, and had made large colleftions for a 
 Hhlorv of the Sheriffs throughout England, to which 
 Mr. Johnfon prefixed an introdiYtion on the dignity, ufe, 
 and authority of thefe great civil officers from Henry IL 
 where the lift commenced, to Alfred, and fupplied it to 
 Egga earl of Lincoln, A. D. 716. Mr. Smith had col* 
 levied Sheriffs, Abbots, Priors, and Heads of religious 
 houfes, from Sir John Cotton’s 38 MS. rolls, copied from 
 thofe at Wellminfter, t. E. L He greatly affifted Mr. 
 Carter, a fchoolmafter at Cambridge, in his “ Hiftory of 
 “ that Town and Univeriity,” and whatever is valuable 
 ia thpfe works muft be attributed to him. He wrote a 
 jnoft lingular hand, and crowded his lines fo clofe toge* 
 
 ther, 
 
I 
 
 I S M Y T H. 
 
 tlier, that they entangled in one another fo that it was dif¬ 
 ficult to read his letters. Mr. Cole held a coirefpond- 
 ence with him for fome time He died 1761, and was 
 buried at Woodfon, where he has the following epitaph ; 
 
 In memory of the Rev. Robert Smyth, 
 i ' thirty-three years re£Ior of this parilh, 
 
 a fincere honefl man and a good Chriftian. 
 
 His utmolt endeavours were 
 to benefit mankind, and relieve the poor : 
 
 He was a laborious and correct Antiquarian, 
 
 Died the 15th of September, 1761, aged 62 years. 
 
 After the flridefl enquiry for his “ Hiftory of Sheriffs,” 
 , we had the mortification to learn that it is fuppofed to 
 1 have been deflroyed, with tlie reft of his papers, by an 
 I illiterate brother. 
 
 SNYDERS (Francis), a Flemifh painter, was born 
 at Antwerp in 1587, and bred up under his countryman 
 Henry Van Baien. His genius firft difplayed itfelf only 
 in painting fruit. He afterwards attempted animals, hunt¬ 
 ings, filh, &c. in which kind of ftudy hefucceeded fo well, 
 as to furpafs all that went before him. Snyder’s incli¬ 
 nation led him to vilit Italy, where he ftayed fome time, 
 and improved himfelf confiderably. Upon his return to 
 Flanders, he fixed his ordinary abode at Brufl'els : he was 
 made painter to Ferdinand and Ifabella, arch-duke and 
 duchefs, and became attached to the houfe of the cardinal 
 Infant of Spain. The grand compofitions of battles and 
 huntings, which he executed for the king af Spain, and 
 the arch-duke Leopold William, deferve the higheft com¬ 
 mendation : and befides hunting-pieces, he painted kit¬ 
 chens, &c. and gave dignity to fubjefis that feemed in¬ 
 capable of it. He died in 1657, aged 70. Rubens ufed 
 to co-operate with this painter, and took a pleafure in 
 aftifting him, when his pictures required large figures. 
 Snyders has engraved a book of animals of fixteen leaves, 
 great and fmalL 
 
 SOCINUS (Marianus), an eminent civilian, was 
 fprung from an ancient and honourable family, which liad 
 for fome generations diftinguifhed itfelf in the profeftion 
 of the civil law. He w^as born at Siene in Tufcany in BayJp's 
 1482, and took his degree of do<ftor of the civil law 
 twenty-one. He taught that fcience at Siena for feveral 
 years. Afterwards he went to Padua, to be the profeftbr 
 
 there ; 
 
464 
 
 S O C I N U S. 
 
 there; and then to Bologna, to fill the chair that was va¬ 
 cant by the return of Alciatiis to Pavia in 1543. The 
 penlions and privileges conferred upon him at Bologna 
 would never fuffer him to leave this place, though he had 
 preffing invitations from other univerfities. He died in 
 1556 of a diftemper which he had contraTed Trom an ir¬ 
 regular commerce with the female fex : for it feems, in 
 the laft years of his life, after he had buried his wife, with 
 whom he had lived forty-hx years, he gave himfelf up en¬ 
 tirely to incontinence. 
 
 SOCINUS (L.^lius), a man of great learning and 
 abilities, was the third Ion of Marianus Socinus, and, pro¬ 
 perly fpeaking, the founder of the Socinian feci:. For, 
 though the zeal of the times in which he lived, and the 
 danger of a perfecution to vdiich he hood expofed, re- 
 ftrained him from declaring himfelf openly ; yet he was 
 in reality the author of all thofe principles and opinions, 
 which Fauftus Socinus afterwards enlarged upon and pro¬ 
 pagated. He was born at Siena in 1525, and defigned by 
 his father for the ftudy of the civil law. Hence he began 
 early to apply himfelf to the reading of the feriptures ; for 
 he imagined, that the foundations of the civil law muft 
 neceffiarily be laid in the word of God, and therefore 
 would be deduced in the beft manner from it: and to 
 qualify himfelf the better for this enquiry, he ftudied the 
 Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic tongues. In the mean time 
 he foon difeovered, that the church of Rome taught many 
 things plainly contrary to feripture : upon which account, 
 whether through fear of any inconveniencies wffiich the 
 freedom of his enquiries might bring upon him at home, 
 or for the fake of communicating his opinions with more 
 eafe and fafety abroad, he quickly left Italy, and went 
 into a Proteftant country. 
 
 He began to travel in 1547, and fpent four years in 
 going through France, England, the Netherlands, Ger¬ 
 many, and Poland ; and then he fettled at Zurich. He 
 contrafted a familiarity, and even an intimacy, with all the 
 learned wdierever he came ; and Calvin, Melandlhon, Bul- 
 linger, Beza, and others of the fame clafs, were amongft 
 tlie number of his friends. But Socinus foon difeovered, 
 by the doubts he propofed to them, that he was not quite 
 orthodox upon the article of the Trinity ; and, as na 
 bonds of friendffiip are Ifrong enough to hold men toge¬ 
 ther, who differ in their opinions upon fo important a. 
 
 point. 
 
4^5 
 
 S O C I N U S. 
 
 {^onit, fo many of them began to be a little dilguiled at 
 him. Calvin efpecially, as we learn from an extra£l of a 
 letter of his to Socinus, fcems not only to have been dif- 
 gufted, but upon the very point of breaking with him. 
 Don’t expe£l,” fays he, “ that I lliould ahfwer all your 
 monflrous qiieftioils. If you chufe to foar amidft fuch 
 “ lofty fpeculations, fuffer me, an humble difciple of 
 Jefus Chrift, to meditate upon fuch things as conduce 
 “ to my edification ; as indeed I fliall endeavour by my 
 “ fiience to prevent your being troublefonie to me here- 
 “ after. In the mean time, I cannot but lament, that you 
 ‘‘ fhoiild continue to employ thofe fine parts with which 
 “ God has blelled you, not only to no purpofe, but to a 
 “ very bad one. Let me beg of you, ferioufly^ as I have 
 ‘‘ often done, to correct in yourfelf this itch of enquiry, 
 “ for fear it fliould bring you into very grievous troubles.’* 
 There was good reafon for Socinus to follow this ad¬ 
 vice of Calvin, confidering that it was not above a year 
 and an half from that time when Servetus was burnt at 
 Geneva by Calvin’s own dire£fion : and Socinus did fol¬ 
 low it fo well, that he lived among the inveterate enemies 
 of his opinions, without being in the leafl: hurt or injured 
 by them. He found means, however, to communicate his 
 opinions to luch as were able to receive them. He read 
 lectures to Italians, who wandered up and down in Ger¬ 
 many and Poland. He fent writings to his relations, who 
 lived at Siena. He took a journey into Poland about 
 1558 ; and obtained from the king fortle letters of recom¬ 
 mendation to the doge of Venice and the duke of Flo¬ 
 rence, that he might be fafe at Venice, while his affairs 
 required him to flay there. He returned to Swifferlandj, 
 and died at Zilrich in 1562, in his 37th year. He mufl 
 have been a man of prodigious abilities, to travel over fo 
 many countries, to converfe and to correfpond with fo 
 many learned men ; yet in the mean^time to attain a maf- 
 tery over many languages, and a deep knowledge in the 
 mofl myflerious fciences, within the period of fo fhort 
 a life. 
 
 SOCINL^S (Faustus), nephew of Lxlius Socinus, 
 and head of the fe£t which goes by his name, was bora 
 at Siena in 1539. He is fuppofed to have ftudied but lit¬ 
 tle in his youth, and to have acquired a tindlure only of 
 claflical learning and the civil law. He was a little more 
 than twenty, when his uncle died at Zurich : and the 
 VoL. XL H h news 
 
S O C I N U S, 
 
 news of his death no fooner reached Lyons, where Fau- 
 ilus then was, than he immediately fet out to take pof- 
 feilioii of all his papers : for La^lius had conceived vaft 
 hopes of his nephew, whom he had taken care to infe£t 
 very flrongly wdth his opinions ; and ufed to fay to his , 
 friends, that what he had inculcated but faintly and ob- 
 fcurely, as it were, w’ould be fet off to the world in a 
 more llrong and perfpicuous manner by Fauftus. Fau- 
 fhus, however, did not begin to propagate his uncle’s prin¬ 
 ciples immediately upon his return to Italy from Zurich ; 
 but fuffered himfelf to be feduced, by large promifes of 
 favour and honourable employments already bellowed 
 upon him, to the court of Francis de Medicis, great duke 
 of Tufcany. Here he fpent the twelve next years of his 
 life, and had-almoft forgot the great and important charge, 
 .which was depofited in his hands. This gave his enc“ 
 mies afterwards a handle to infult him, wdiich they did by 
 faying, that “ he was indeed a very fine perfon to ere£l 
 “ himfelf into a reformer, and to fet up for the author ot 
 “ new opinions ; he ! wdio by his own confefhon had 
 “ fcarcely attained a fmattering of philofophy and logic in 
 “ his youth, and knew nothing at all of fcholaflic theo- ' 
 logy, and wdro had fpent the befl and molt vigorous 
 ‘‘ part of his manhood amldfl the luxury and dilTipations 
 of a court.” His friends and followers, however, drew 
 different confequences from all thefe circumftances, and 
 endeavoured to turn them to the advantage of Socinus : 
 alledging, that “ upon all thefe accounts he was the better 
 qualified for the talk he had undertaken ; that, by be- 
 ing ignorant of fcholaflic theology, his mind w^as not 
 ‘‘ biailcd by prejudices and prepoirellions ; that, by living 
 fo many years upon the public flage of life, his judge- 
 “ merit of things was formed upon the certainty of ex- 
 perience ; and that therefore being, upon the whole, 
 “ uninfe£led witii the falfe and airy do6lrines of the 
 fchools, which generally miflead in fome meafure the 
 ' “ greatefl geniiifes, he came a more impartial examiner 
 ' into the true meaning of the feriptures, and on that 
 account fucceeded fo well in attaining it,” There is 
 certainly gieat plaufibility and fome truth in this ; we do 
 not think, however, tliat any thing can be drawn from 
 hence in favour of Socinus. 
 
 In 1574, he left the court of Florence, and went into 
 Germany ; w*hencc he could never be prevailed with to 
 return, tliough frequently importuned by letters and nicf* 
 
 fengers 
 
S O C I N U S. 
 
 467 
 
 fcngers from the great duke Iiimfelf. He fludi'ed divinity 
 at Bafil for three years ; and began now to propagate his 
 uncle’s principles, with great improvements and enlarge^ 
 ments of his own. About that time there happened great 
 didurbances in the churches of Tranfvlvania, which were 
 occahoned by the dodlrine of Francis David, about the 
 honours and the power of the foil of God. Blandrata, a 
 man of great authority in thofe churches and at court, lent 
 for Socinus from Balil, as taking him to be a man very 
 well qualified to pacify thofe troubles. Fie was lodged in 
 the fame houfe with Francis David, that he might have 
 better opportunities of drawing him from his errors. 
 Francis David would not be convinced, but remained ob- 
 ilinate and determined to propagate his errors ; upon 
 which he v/as caft into prifon by order of the prince, 
 where he died foon after. This left an imputation upon 
 Socinus, as if he had been the contriver of his imprifon- 
 ment, and the occahon of his death ; which, fays ; Le 
 Clerc, if it be true (though it has conflantly been denied), 
 Ihould moderate the indignation of his followers againit 
 Calvin for cauling Servetus to be burnt, when nothing 
 can be laid againil that reformer, which will not bear as 
 hard upon their own patriarch. 
 
 In 1579, Socinus retired into Poland, and dehred to be 
 admitted into the communion of the Unitarians ; but was 
 refufed, on account of fome differences between him and 
 them. Afterwards, he wrote a book againft James Palieo- 
 lo gus ; from wdiich his enemies took a pretence of accu- 
 fing him to Stephen, then king of Poland. They laid, 
 that it was unworthy of his majefty, to fuffer the impu¬ 
 dence of a little itinerant Italian, who had endeavoured to 
 llir up fedition amongll his fubje«d:s, to go unpuniHied. 
 Yet there was nothins; feditious in this book, unlefs it be 
 feditious to condemn thofe fubjeiffs who take up arms 
 againit their prince ; for this the Socinians have always 
 held to be unlawful ; and the reafon Bayle gives for it is, 
 that they have never had occahon to jullify their feT 
 upon that head. “ It has fill],” fays he, “ its virginity in 
 “ that refpedt; and is not like many others, wliich might 
 “ fay as the curtezan in Petronius, ‘ nunquam memini 
 “ me virginem fuilfe,’ Ac.” Mean wdiile, Socinus thought 
 it prudent to leave cracow, after he had been tliere four 
 years ; and to take fandfuary in the houfe of a Polifh 
 lord, with whom he lived fome years, and married his 
 daughter bv his own confent. In this retreat he wrote 
 
 FI h many 
 
468 
 
 r 
 
 S O C I N U S. 
 
 in any books, which raifed innumerable enemies againfl 
 him. He loll his wife in 1587, at which he was incon- 
 folable for many months ; and, to compleat his miferies, 
 he was about that time deprived, by the death of the duke 
 of Tufcany, of a noble penlion, which had been fettled on 
 him by the generolity of that prince. In 1598, he re¬ 
 ceived great infults and perfecutions, on account of his 
 dodlrines. The fcholars of Cracow, to which he was 
 again returned, having llirred up the dregs of the people, 
 they entered SoCinus’s lloufe; dragged him half naked out 
 of his chamber, though he was lick ; carried him along 
 the Ilreets ; cried out, that he Ihould be hanged ; beat 
 him ; and it was with extreme difficulty, that a profelTor 
 got him out of the hands of this rabble. His houfe was 
 plundered ; he loll his goods ; bi>t he particularly lament¬ 
 ed the lofs of fome manufcripts, which he would have 
 redeemed at the price of his blood. To avoid thefe dan¬ 
 gers for the future, he retired to the houfe of a Polilh gen¬ 
 tleman, at a village about nine miles dillant from Cracow; 
 where he fpent the remainder of his life, and died ill 
 1604, aged 65. 
 
 His fe6l, however, w^’as fo far from dying with him, that 
 it very much increafed ; and would in all probability have 
 increafed more, if it had not in every countVy been re- 
 flrained by the authority of the magillrate. In the pre- 
 fent day, however, it feems again to thrive. The pro- 
 felTed tenets of this fe£l are, “ that Jefus Chrill was no- 
 thing but a mere man, who had no exillence before 
 “ the Virgin Mary; that the Holy Spirit was no di-llin(ft 
 ‘‘ perfon; but that the Father alone was truly and pro- 
 “ perly God. They own, that the name of God is given 
 in Holy Scripture to Jefus Chrill; buf contend, that 
 “ it is only a deputed title, which invells him, however, 
 “ with an abfolute fovereignty over all created beings, 
 “ and renders him an objeS of worfhip to men and an- 
 “ gels. They dellroy the fatisfaflion of Jefus Chrill, by 
 ‘‘ explaining aw^ay the do 61 rine of the redemption ; aiid, 
 ‘‘ by refolving it into nothing more than this, that he 
 “ preached the truth to mankind, fet before them in him- 
 “ fell an example of heroic virtue, and fealed his doc- 
 “ trines by his blood. Original fin, grace, abfolute prc- 
 defHnation, pafs with them for fcholallic chimeras’s; 
 “ and the facraments for nothing more than fimple cere- 
 “ monies, unaccompanied with any inward operations. 
 “ They majhtaiii likevvife the lleep of the foul j that tire 
 6 ‘‘ foul 
 
S O C I N U S. 
 
 foul dies with the body, and is raifed again with the 
 body; but with this difference between good and bad 
 men, viz. that the former are effablifhed in the poffef- 
 feffon of eternal felicity ; while the latter are conligned 
 to a fire, which will not torment them eternally, but 
 confume both their fouls and bodies, after a certain du¬ 
 ration proportioned to their demerits.” 
 
 465 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 SOCRATES, the greateff of the ancient philofo- 
 phers, “the very founder of philofophy itfelf,” as ^h^charaae- 
 earl of Shaftefbury calls him, was born at Alopece, a fmall ,hiics,"voi. 
 village of Attica, in the 4th year of the 77th Olympiad, or Hi- p. 244- 
 about 467 years before Chrift. His parents were '’^^7 TTves of^fhe 
 mean ; Sophronifcus his father being a ftatuary or carver i 4 llofo- 
 of images in ffone, and Phoenareta his mother a midwife ; pikers, 
 who yet is fo reprefented by Plato, as fliews that fhe was xhcxti- 
 a woman of a bold, generous, and quick fpirit. However, co. 
 he is obferved to have been fo far from being afhamcd of 
 thefe parents, that he often took occafion to mention 
 them. Plutarch fays, that, as foon as he was born, So- Genio 
 phronifcus his father, confulting the oracle, was advifed 
 to fuffer his fon to do what he pleafed, never compelling 
 him to what he difliked, or diverting him from what he 
 was inclined to ; in fliort, to be no way folicitous about 
 him, fince he lud oire guide of his life within him, mean^ 
 ing his genius, who was better than five hundred maf- 
 ters. But Sophronifcus, regardlefs of the oracle, put him 
 to his own trade of carving flatues ; which, though con¬ 
 trary to the inclination of Socrates, yet afterwards flood 
 him in goocl Head : for his father dying, and his mo^ey 
 and effedls loll by being placed in bad hands, he was upon 
 that necellitated to continue his trade for ordinary fub- 
 fiflence. But, being naturally averfe to this profeflion,^ 
 he only followed it, while neceffty compelled him; and, 
 upon getting a little before-hand, would for a w^hile lay ijt; 
 entirely afide. Thefe intermiffions of his trade were be¬ 
 llowed upon philofophy, to which he was naturally ad- 
 di£led ; and this being obferved by Crito, a rich philofo- 
 pher of Athens, Socrates was at length taken from hjs 
 Ihop, and put into a condition of philofopkifing at his 
 leifure. 
 
 His hrfl mafler was Anaxagoras, and then Archelaus : 
 by which lafl he was much beloved, and travelled with him 
 to Samos, to Pytho, and to the Iflhmus. He was fcholaf 
 likewife of Damon, whom Plato calls a mofl pleafing tea- 
 
 H h 3 chcr 
 
^70 
 
 SOCRATES.’ 
 
 riafo’sPhx- 
 
 clier of nmfic, and of all other things that he' hl^iilelf 
 would teach to vonng men. He heard alfo Prodicus the 
 loplhil; to wliich mull be added Diotyma and Afpafia, ^ 
 women excellently learned. Diotyma was fuppofed to ' 
 liavc been iiirpired with a fpirit of prophefy ; and by her 
 he.adirmed, that he was inllrufled in the myhery of love, 
 and how Irom corporeal beauty to lind out that of the* 
 foul, of the angelical mind, of God : and Afpalia taught 
 , , . “him rhetoric. Of Euenus he learned poetry, of Icho* 
 
 l>uiiun). maclius huiPandiy, or 1 heociorus geometry. Ariitagc^ ^ 
 ras, a Melian, is named likewile as his mailer. Lall in . 
 the catalogue is Connus, “ nobilillimus lidicen,” as Cicero 
 terms him ; which art Socrates learned in his old age, , 
 and occaiioned the boys to laugh at Connus, calling him 
 trie old man’s mailer. 
 
 d’hat Socrates had himfelf a proper fchool, which fome- 
 liave denied, may be proved froin Arillophanes ; who de- 
 ArUiuph.iu ^toes fome particulars in it, and calls it his phroiitille- ’ 
 Kub. v‘ rium.’’ Plato mentions tlie academy Lycaiura, and a 
 pleaiaiit mt'adow without the citv on the lide of the river, 
 llilius, as places frequented bv liim and his auditors. 
 InMemora- afiirms, that he was continually abroad ; that 
 ‘ ’ in the morning he viiited the places of public walking and 
 
 exercife ; vrben it was full, the Forum ; and that the reiV 
 ol the day he fought out the moil populous meetings, 
 where he difputed openly for every one to hear that 
 1 .0,Us piece, would : ajicl Plutarcii relates, tliat he did not only teach, 
 when the benches were prepared, and himfelf.in the chair,' 
 Kcipubiiea. O’" liours of reading and difeouri'e, or at appoint¬ 
 
 ments in walkin.o; with his friends ; but even when he 
 played, or eat, or,drank, or was in tile camp or market,’ 
 or tinally when he was in prifon ; thus making every 
 place a fchool of virtue. His manner of teaching was 
 agreeable to the opinion he held of the foul’s exiilence, 
 previous to her conjundilion with the body. He fuppoied 
 the foul, in her lirll feparate condition, to be endued 
 with perfcdl knowledge ; but by immerlion into matter 
 that file became Pupified and in a manner loP, until awa¬ 
 kened by difcoiirfe from fenPble objCiPs, by which Ihe 
 gradually recovers this innate knowledge. His method of 
 rouling the foul, and enabling her to recolledl her own 
 original ideas, was two-fold ; by Irony and Inclusion. He 
 is laid to have exceeded all men living in Irony. His way 
 v.as, to Idfen and detrafl from himfelf in dilpntation, 
 aiid to attribute fomewhat more to thofc he meant to con¬ 
 fute , 
 
SOCRATES. 
 
 471 
 
 I fLite ; fo that he always clifTembled with miiGh gravity his 
 i own opinions, till he had led others, by a I'eries of qnef- 
 I tions, called Indti^ion^ to the point he aimed at : and, 
 
 I from his talent in this pleafant way of inhrndling others, 
 
 I he obtained univerfally the name of E^pcov, or the Attic ’ 
 
 I Droll. Not that he would ever own himfelf to know, Qilintll. in- 
 I much lefs pretend to teach any thing to others : ho ; he 
 ( ufed to fay that his ikill refembled that of his mother, c" L * * 
 
 I “ he being nothing more than a kind of 'midwife, who 
 I “ affiled others in bringing forth what they had whtliiii 
 I “ themfelves.” 
 
 ' However, as ignorant as he afFefled to reprefent him¬ 
 felf, he was, as Xenophon reprefents him, excellent in all 
 kinds of learning. Xenophon inflances only in arith¬ 
 metic, geometry, and allrology ; Plato mentions natural 
 philofophy; Idomeneus, rhetoric; Laertius, medicine.’* ^ 
 Cicero affirms, that by the tellimony of all the learned, be Orat. 
 and the judgement of all Greece, he was, as well in wif-^‘^* 
 dom, acutenefs, politenefs, and lubtilty, in eloquence, 
 variety, and richnefs, in whatever he applied himi'elf to, 
 without exception, the prince of all: and the noble author' 
 among the moderns, quoted above, who admired him in 
 his reprefentative Plato, as much as Cicero himfelf, calls 
 him “ the Philofophic Patriarch, and the divineil: man, 
 
 “ who had ever appeared in the heathen world.’* As to siiaPrcilju- 
 his philofophy, it may be neccffiry to obferve, that, hav-ry'sCharac- 
 
 ine'fearched into all kinds of fciencc, he noted thefe 
 
 ^ . , .' ^ o • '• n 1 - yol- 
 
 conveniences and impertections : nrit, that it was wrong 
 
 to nealefl thofe thintrs which concern human life, for 
 
 the fake of enquiring into thole things which do not ; 
 
 fecondly, that the things, men have ufually made the ob- 
 
 iefls of their enquiries, are above the reach of human ^ 
 
 underflaiiding, and the fource of ail the difputes, errors, 
 
 and fuperllitions, which have prevailed in the world ; and, 
 
 thirdly, that fuch divine myileries cannot be made fub- 
 
 fervient to the ufes of human life. 'I'hus elleeming fpe- 
 
 culative knowledge fo far only as it conduces to praclice, 
 
 he cut off in all the fciences what he conceived to be ufe- 
 
 lefs. In fhort, remarking how little advantage fpeculation 
 
 brought to mankind, lie reduced her to aflion : and thus, 
 
 favs Cicero, “ firll called philofophy away from things, Ac 
 
 involved by nature in impenetrable fecrefy, which yet^'^‘^ 
 
 “ had employed all the philoibphers till his time, and 
 
 “ ’^'ought her to common life, to enquire after virtue 
 
 ‘‘ and vice, good and evil.” 
 
 H h 4 Ainu, 
 
 / 
 
SOCRATES, 
 
 Man, therefore, who was the folc fubjea of his philo- 
 fophy, having a two-fold relation to things divine and hu¬ 
 man, his doarines were with regard to the former meta- 
 phyfical, to the latter moral. The morality of Socrates 
 we fhall pafs over, as refembling in its general branches 
 ^hat others taught in common with him, yet more pure, 
 ipore exaa, more refined : but his metaphyfics are fo fub-, 
 lime, and fo much fuperior to what any* other philofo- 
 pher ever drew from the light of nature, that we hold it 
 neceljary to be a little explicit about them. Idis metaphy- 
 fical opinions are thus coikaed and abridged out of Plato, 
 Xenophon, Plutaich, and others, “ Philofophy is the 
 way to true happinefs ; the offices whereof are two, to 
 contemplate God, and to abflraa the foul from cor- ' 
 poreal fenfe,—There are three principles of all things, 
 
 ^ God, matter, and ideas : God is the univerfal intellea; 
 matt\>^i the fubjea of generation and corruption ; idea, 
 an incorporeal fubflance, the intellea of God; God, 
 the inteiledf of the world.—God is one, perfea in him- 
 the being and well-being of every creature : 
 “ what he is, 1 know not; what he is not, I know.— 
 “ 7 hat God, not chance, made the world and all crea- 
 “ tures, is demonftrable from the reafonablc difpofition 
 of their parts, as well for ufe as defence ; from their 
 “ care to preferve themfelves, and continue their fpecies. 
 “ —That he particularly regards man in his body, ap- 
 pears from the noble upright form thereof, and froii^ 
 the gift of fpeech ; in his foul, from the excellency 
 “ thereof above others.—That God takes care of all 
 creatuies, is demonlliable from the benefit he gives 
 “ them of light, water, fire, and fruits of the earth in due 
 “ feafon^ that he hath a particular regard of man, from 
 “ the deftination of all plants and creatures for his fer- 
 “ vice ; from their fubjeaion to man, though they ex- 
 “ ceeded him ever fo much in ftrength ; from the va¬ 
 riety of man s fcnfe, accommodated to the variety of 
 objeas, for neceffity, ufe, and pleafure ; from reafon, 
 whereby he dilcourfeth through reminilcence from fen- 
 fible objeas ; from fpeech, whereby he communicates 
 “ all he knows, gives laws, and governs hates ; finally, 
 that God, though invihble himfelf, is fuch and fo 
 great, that he at once fees all, hears all, is every where, 
 “ and orders all.” As to the other great objea of me* 
 taphyfical refearch, the foul, Socrates taught, that “ j.t is 
 pre-exiilent to the body, endued with knowledge of 
 
 “ cterhal 
 
473 
 
 SOCRATES. 
 
 eternal ideas, which in her union to the body fhe lo- 
 “ feth, as ftupified', until awakened by difcourfe from 
 feniible objects ; on which account all her learning is 
 “ only reminifcence, a recovery of her firll knowledge; 
 
 that the body being compounded is diffolved by death; 
 
 “ but that the foul being iimple palTeth into another life, 
 
 “ incapable of corruption ; that the fouls of men are di- 
 “ vine ; that the fouls of the good after death are in a 
 happy eflate, united to God in a blelTed inaccellible > 
 
 “ place ; that the bad in convenient places fuffer condign 
 punifliment; but that to define what thofe places are, 
 
 “ is the attempt of a man who hath no underftanding : 
 
 whence, being once allied what things were in the 
 “ other world, he anfwered, ‘ neither was 1 ever there, 
 
 “ nor ever did I fpeak with any that came from thence!’* 
 
 That Socrates had an attendant fpirit, genius, or das- 
 pion, which diverted from dangers, is tellified by Plato, 
 Xenophon, and Antiflhenes, who were his contempora^ 
 lies, and confirmed by innumerable authors of antiquity ; 
 but what this attendant fpirit, genius, or daemon was, or 
 what we are to underftand by it, neither ancient nor mo¬ 
 dern writers have been able to determine. There is fome 
 difagreement concerning the name, and more concerning 
 the nature of it: only, it is agreed, that the advice it gave 
 him was always difluafive ; “ never impelling,” fays Ci- 
 cero, “ but often reftraining him.” It is commonly named 
 his Daemon, by which title he himfelf owned it. Plato 
 fometimes calls it his guardian, and Apuleius his God ; De Civk. 
 becaufe the name of dtemon, as St. Auflin tells us, at lall; 
 grew odious. As for the fign or manner, in which this 
 daemon or genius foretold, and by foretelling guarded him 
 againfl, evils to come, nothing certain can be collected 
 about it. Some affirm, that it was by fneezing, either 
 in himfelf or others : but Plutarch rejects this opinion, and De Genio 
 conje£tured, firll, that it might be fome apparition ; but atSocraus, 
 laft concludes, that it was his obfervation of fome inarti¬ 
 culate unaccuflomed found or voice, conveyed to him by 
 fome extraordinary way, as we lee in dreams. Others 
 confine this foreknowledge of evils within the foul of 
 Socrates himfelf; and when he laid that “ his genius 
 “ advifed him,” interpret him as if he had laid, that “ his 
 “ mind foreboded and fo inclined him.” But this is 
 inconfillent with the defciiption wliich Socrates himfelf 
 gives of a voice and ligns from without. Lallly, fome 
 conceive it to be one of thofe fpirits, that have a particular 
 
 . care 
 
-♦74 
 
 SOCRATES, 
 
 14. 
 
 (i 
 
 a 
 
 care of men ; which Maximus Tyrius and Apuleius de- 
 Ibrihe in fiich a manner, that they want only the name of 
 I>e Origme^ gQod aiigcl: and this La£lantius has fupplied, when 
 norii, ^'i^^ving proved, that God fends angels to guard mankind, 
 he adds; “ and Socrates affirmed, that there was a dasmon 
 conftantly near him, which had kept him company from 
 a child, and by whole beck and inftruStion he guided his 
 ‘‘ life,” 
 
 It is obferved by many, that Socrates little affeSled 
 travel ; his life being wholly fpent at home, excepting when 
 he went out upon military fervices. In the Peloponnefian 
 war, he w'as thrice perfonally engaged : firfl, at the flegc 
 of Potidaia ; fecondly, at Delium, a town in Baeotia, which 
 the Athenians took ; and, thirdly, at Amphipolis, when 
 it was taken by Bralidas, the Lacedemonian general. We' 
 arre told in Plutarch’s ‘‘ Sympolium,” and in theperfon of 
 Alcibiades, that “ he outwent all the foldiers in hardi- 
 nefs : and if at any time, faith Alcibiades, as it often 
 happens in war, the provifions failed, there were none' 
 who could bear the want of meat and drink like So¬ 
 crates ; yet on the other hand, in times of fealling, he 
 alone feemed to enjoy them : and, though of himfelf 
 he would not drink, yet being invited he far out-drank 
 every body, and (which is moft flrange) was never feeii 
 drunk.” He forbore to accept any office in the com¬ 
 monwealth, except in his latter years that of fenator : 
 either, as Aiilian faith, bccaufe he faw the Athenian go¬ 
 vernment approaching to a tyranny ; or, as himfelf pro- 
 Vir. Hi 0 . feifeth, bccaufe he was diffuaded by his daemon from med- 
 17- dling in public affairs. He was indeed of too honefl a 
 nature to comply with the injurious and oppreffive pro¬ 
 ceedings of the Commonwealth ; and to oppofe them was 
 dangerous, as he afterwards found. 
 
 In the days of our philofopher, the Sophifts w^ere the 
 great and leading men ; the mailers of languages, as Cicero 
 calls them ; who arrogantly pretended to teach every 
 thing, and perfuaded the youth to forfake all others, and 
 to refort only to them. With thefe Socrates w^as in a 
 flatc of perpetual warfare : he attacked them conftantly 
 with his ufuai interrogatories ; and, by his fkill and fub- 
 tilty in difputation, expofed their fophiflry, and refuted 
 tircir principles. He took all opportunities of proving, 
 that they had gained a much greater portion of efteem 
 rlian they had a right to ; that they were only vain afr 
 ftvltcrs of words j tiiat they had no knowledge of the 
 
 . thinyr, 
 
 a 
 
 ii- 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 i-i 
 
 ti, 
 
 Platon. 
 
 In- Bruto. 
 
475 
 
 SOCRATES. 
 
 things they profeffed to teach ; and that, inflead of taking 
 money of others for teaching, they fhould themfelves give 
 money to be taught. The Athenians were pleafed to fee 
 Sophifts thus rebuked ; were brought at length to deride 
 them; and, at the inlligatio'ii of Socrates, withdrew their 
 children from them, and excited them to the fludv of 
 
 ^ ' ml 
 
 folid virtue under better maflers. 
 
 The altercations, that Socrates had with the Sophifls, 
 were not attended with any ill, but rather with good ef- 
 tedls, to him ; for they gained him refpeft, and made him 
 popular with the Athenians : but he had a private quarrel 
 with one Anytus, which after many years continuance 
 was the occalion of his death. Anytus was an orator by 
 profeflion, who was privately maintained and enriched by 
 jeather-fellers. He had placed two of his fons under 
 Socrates, to be taught ; but, becaufe they had not acquired 
 fuch knowledge from him as to enable them to get their 
 living by pleading, he took them away, and put them to 
 the trade of leather-felling. Socrates, difpleafed with this 
 illiberal treatment of the young men, whofe ruin he pre- 
 laged at the fame time, reproached and indeed expofed 
 Anytus in his difcourfes to his fcholars. Anytus was 
 grievoully vexed and hurt by this, and hudied all occahons 
 and ways of revenge : but feared the Athenians, who 
 highly reverenced Socrates, as well on account of his great 
 wifdom and virtue, as for the particular oppofition which 
 he had made to thofe vain babblers the Sophifts. He ad- 
 vifed with Melitus, a young orator; from whofe counfel 
 he began, by making trial in fmaller things, to found how 
 the Athenians would entertain a charge againft his life. 
 He fuborned the comic poet Ariftophanes, to ridicule and 
 mifreprefent him and his dodtrines upon the ftage ; which 
 he accordingl'v did in his comedv, called “ The Clouds,’’ 
 Socrates, who feldoin went to the theatre, except when. 
 Euripides, whom he admired, contefted with any new 
 tragedian, yet was prefentatthe afling of ‘‘ The Clouds 
 and ftood up all the while in the moil confpicuous part of 
 the theatre. One that was prefent ailced him, if he was 
 not vexed ht feeing himfelf brought upon the ftage ? “ Not 
 “ at all,” anfwered he : “ methiiiks, i am at a feaft, where'* 
 “ every one enjoys me.” 
 
 Many years palled from the firft falling out between 
 Socrates and Anytus, during which one continued openly 
 reproving, the otlier fecretly undermining ; till at length 
 Anytus, obferving a lit conjunclure, procured Melitus to 
 
 prefer 
 
47^ 
 
 SOCRATES. 
 
 prefer a bili againO: him to the fenate in thefe terms. 
 
 “ Melitus foil of Melitus, a Pythean, accufeth Socrates 
 “ fon of Sophronifcus, an Alopecian. Socrates violates 
 “ the law, not believing the deities which this city be- 
 “ lieveth, but introducing other new gods. He violates 
 “ the law likewife in corrupting youth ; the punifhment 
 “ death.’* This bill being preferred upon oath, Crito 
 became bound to the judges for his appearance at the day 
 of trial; till which, Socrates employed himfelf in his ufual 
 philofophical exercifes, taking no care to-^provide any de¬ 
 fence. The day being come, Anytus, Lyco, and Melitus, 
 accufed him: Socrates made his own defence, without 
 procuring an advocate, as the cuflom was, to plead for 
 him. He did not defend himfelf with the tone and 
 language of a fuppliant or guilty perfon, but, as if he were 
 mailer of the judges themfelves, with freedom, firmnefs, 
 and fome degree of contumacy. Many of his friends 
 fpoke alfo in his behalf; and, lallly, Plato went up into 
 the chair, and began a fpeech in thefe words, “ Though 
 “ I, Athenians, am the youngeil of thofe that come up 
 “ into this place”—but they flopped him, crying out, “ Of 
 “ thofe that go down,” which he was thereupon con- 
 flrained to do : and, then proceeding to vote, they calt 
 Socrates by two hundred and eighty-one voices. It was 
 the cuflom of Athens, as Cicero informs us, when any 
 one was cafl, if the fault were not capital, to impofe a 
 pecuniary mul6l; when the guilty perfon was afked the 
 liighefl rate, at which he eflimated his offence. This was 
 propofed to Socrates, who told the judges, that to pay a 
 penalty was to own an offence ; and that, inflead of being 
 condemned for what he flood accufed, he deferved to be 
 maintained at the public charge out of the Prytanaeum. 
 This was the greatefl honour the Grecians could confer : 
 and the anfwer fo exafperated the judges, that they con¬ 
 demned him to d«ith by eighty votes more. 
 
 'Pile fentence being paffed, he was fent to prifon ; which, 
 Confolat. fays Scneca, he entered with the fame refolution and firm- 
 adHelviam, he had oppofed the thirty tyrants; and 
 took away all ignominy from the place, which, adds 
 Seneca, could not be a prifon while he was there. He 
 lay iiere in fetters thirty days ; and was conflantly vifited 
 by Crito, Plato, and other friends, with whom he paffed 
 the time in dilputc after his ufual manner. He was often 
 folicited by them to an efcape, which he not only refufed, 
 but derided ; alking, ‘‘ If they knevr any place out of At- 
 
 tica, 
 
477 
 
 SOCRATES. 
 
 tica, whither death would not come*?’^ The manner of 
 his death is related by Plato, who was an eye-witnefs of 
 it; and, as there is not perhaps a more affecting pifture 
 to be found in antiquity, we will exhibit it here in his 
 own words. Socrates, the day he was to die, had been 
 difcourfing to his friends upon the immortality of the 
 foul: and, “ when he had made an end of (peaking, 
 
 “ Cirito a(ked him, if he had any directions to give con- phacdo. 
 cerninghis fons or other things, in which they could ferve Voi. i. p. 
 him ? ‘ I defire no more of you/ faith Socrates, ‘ than 
 “ what I have always told you : if you take care of your- phan. 157S 
 “ felves, whatfoever you do will be acceptable to me and 
 mine, though you promife nothing; if you negleCt 
 “ yourfelves and virtue, you can do nothing acceptable to 
 us, though you prornife ever fo much.’ * That,’ an- 
 fwered Crito, ‘ we will obferve, but how will you be 
 “ buried ‘ As you think good,’ fays he, ‘ if you can 
 
 “ catch me, and 1 do not give you the Hip.’ Then, with 
 “ a finile applying himfelf to us, ‘ I cannot perfuade 
 “ Crito,’ fays he, ‘ that I am that Socrates who was 
 haranguing iufi now, or any thing more than the car- 
 “ cafs you will prefently behold ; and therefore he is tak- 
 “ ing ail this care of my interment. It feems, that what I 
 “ jufl now explained in a long difcourfe has made no im- 
 “ prefiion at all upon him ; namely, that, as foon as I 
 “ (hall have drunk the poifon, I (hall not remain longer 
 “ with you, but depart immediately to the feats of the 
 blcfied. Thefc things, with which I have been en- 
 “ deavouring to comfort you and myfelf, have been faid 
 “ to no purpofe. As, therefore, Crito was bound to the 
 judges for my appearance, fo you mull now be bound 
 “ to Crito for my departure; and when he fees my body 
 burnt or buried, let him not fay, that Socrates fuffers any 
 ** thing, or is any way concerned : for know, dear Crito, 
 
 “ fuch a miftake were a wrong to my foul. 1 tell you, 
 
 “ that my body is only buried ; and let that be done as 
 “ you (hall think fit, or as (hall be moll agreeable to the 
 “ laws and cufloms of the country.’ This faid, he arofe 
 and retired to an inner room ; taking Crito with him, 
 
 “ and leaving us, who like orphans were to be de- 
 “ prived of fo dear a father, to difcourfe^ upon our own 
 “ mifery. After his bathing, came his wife, and the 
 other v/omen of his family, with his fons, two of them 
 “ children, one' of them a youth ; and, when he had 
 ‘‘ given proper dire<ftions about his domeflic affairs, he 
 
 “ difiniffed 
 
473 
 
 SOCRATES. 
 
 difmlffed them, and came out to us. It was now near 
 fun-fet, for he had Hayed long within; when coming out 
 “ he fat down, and did not fpeak much after. Then en- 
 tered an officer, and approaching him faid, ‘ Socrates, I 
 am perfuaded, that I lhaiihave no reafon to blame you, 
 “ for what 1 have been accufliomed to blame in others, 
 
 “ who have been angry at me, and loaded me with curfes, 
 “ for only doing what the magiftrate commands, when I 
 “ have prefented the poifon to them. But T know you to 
 “ be the moil generous, the moil; mild, the befl: of all 
 “ men, that ever entered this place ; and am certain, 
 “ that, if you entertain any refentment upon this occalion, 
 “ it w'ill not be at me, but at the real authors of your 
 misfoitune. You know the raelTage I bring : farewell; 
 “ and endeavour to bear with patience what mult be 
 “ borne.’ ‘ And,’ faid Socrates to the officer, who went 
 out weeping, ‘ fare thee well : I will. How civil is 
 this man ! I have found him the fame, all the time of 
 “ my imprifonment: he would often vilit me, fometimes 
 “ difcourfe with me, always ufed me kindly ; and now 
 “ fee, how generoufly he weeps for me. But come, 
 Crito ; let us do as he bids us : if the poifon he ready, 
 “ let it be brought in ; if not, let fomebody prepare it.’ 
 “ ‘ I'he fun is yet among the mountains, and not fet,’ fays 
 “ Crito : ‘ I myfelf have fcen others drink it later, who 
 “ have even eat and drunk freely with their friends after 
 “ the lign has been given : be not in halle, there is time 
 “ enough.’ ‘ Why yes,’ lays Socrates, ‘ they who do 
 “ fo think they gain lomething ; but what ffiall I gain by 
 “ drinking it late • Nothing, but to be laughed at, for 
 “ appearing too defirous ol life : pray, let it be as I fay.’ 
 “ Then Crito lent one of the attendants, who immedi- 
 “ ately returned, and with him the man, who was to admi- 
 “ niller the poifon, bringing a cup in his hand: to whom 
 Socrates faid, ‘ Pr’ythee, my good friend, for thou art 
 “ verfed in thefe things, what mull 1 do ?’ ‘ Nothing,’ faid 
 “ the man, ‘but walk about as foon as you ffiall have 
 “ drunk, till you perceive your legs to fail; and then fit 
 down.’ Then he prefented the cup, which Socrates 
 “ took without the leall change of countenance, or any 
 “ emotion whatever, but looking with his ufual intrepi- 
 “ dity upon the man. He then demanded, ‘ Whethef he 
 “ might fpill any of it in libation ?’ The man anfwered, 
 “ ‘ he had only prepared jull what was fufficient.’ ‘ Yes,’ 
 fays Socrates, ‘ 1 may pray to the gods, and will, that 
 3 my 
 
479 
 
 SOCRATES. 
 
 ) 
 
 my pafTage hence may be happy, which I do befeech 
 them to grantand that inflant fwallowed the draft 
 with the greatefl eafe. Many of us, who till then had 
 “ refrained from tears, when we faw him put the cup to 
 his mouth, and drink off the poifon, were not able to 
 “ refrain longer, but gave vent to our grief: which So- 
 “ crates obferving, ‘ Friends,’ faith he, ‘ what mean you ? 
 
 1 feat awav the women for no other reafon, but that 
 they might not difturb us with this : for I have heard, 
 
 “ that we fliould die w ith gratulation and applaufe: be 
 quie': then, and behave yourfelves like men.’ Thefe 
 “ w^ords made us with ihame fupprefs our tears. When 
 he had walked a while, and perceived his legs to fail, he 
 “ lay down on his back, as the executioner direfted: 
 who, in a little tirnc looking upon his feet, and pinch- 
 iug them pretty hard, aiked him, ^ If he perceived it ?’ 
 
 “ Socrates faid, ‘ No.’ Then he did the fame by his legs ; 
 
 and fhewing us, how every part fucceffively grew cold 
 “ and ffiff, obferved, that, when that chillnefs reached his 
 “ heart, he w^ould die. Not long after, Socrates, remov- 
 ing the garment with which he w^as covered, faid, ‘T 
 ow’'e a cock to jTfculapius; pay it, negie£t it not.’ ‘ It 
 “ (liall be done,’ fays Crito ; ‘would you have any 
 “ thing elfe He made no anfwer, but, after lying a 
 “ while, flrctched himfeif forth : when the executioner 
 “ uncovering him found his eyes £xed, which v/cre clofed. 
 
 “ by Crito, This,” fays Plato, “ was the end of thebeff, 
 
 “ the wifeff, and the jufteft of menand this account 
 -of it by Plato, Tully profeffes, tliat he could never read 
 without tears. 
 
 Pie diedv according to Plato, when he was more than 
 feventy. He was buried wnth many tears and much 
 folemnity by his friends, among whom the exceffive grief 
 of Plato is obferved by Plutarch; yet, as foon as they l>c vhi^ 
 had performed that laid fervice, fearing the cruelty of the 
 thirty tyrants, they ffolc out of the city, the greater part 
 to APegara to Euclid, who received them kindly, the reff 
 to other places. Soon after, however, the Athenians were 
 awakened to a fenfe of the injuldice they had committed 
 againft Socrates ; and became fo exafperated, that nothing 
 w^ould ferve them, but the authors of it fhould be put to 
 death : as APelitus was, while Anytus was baniflred. la 
 father teilimony of their penitence, they called home his 
 friends to their fomer liberty of meeting; they forbade 
 public fpcdaclcs of games and wrefllings for a time ; they 
 
 caufed 
 
480 
 
 Academ. 
 lib. I. 
 
 DIogen. 
 Laerc. II. 
 37 * 
 
 Ibid. vlii. 
 37 - 
 
 SOCRATES. 
 
 t 
 
 caufecl his flatiie, made in brafs by Lylippus, to be fet up 
 in the Pompeium ; and a plague enfuing, which they im¬ 
 puted to this imjuft aft, they made an order, that no man 
 fhoiild mention Socrates publicly and on the theatre, in 
 order to forget the fooner what they had done. 
 
 As to his perfon, he was very homely ; was bald, had a 
 dark complexion, a flat nofe, eyes flicking out, and a 
 fevere down-cafl look. In fhort, his countenance pro- 
 mifed fo ill, that Zopyrtis, a phyliognomifl, pronounced 
 him incident to various pallions, and given to many vices : 
 which when Alcibiades and others that were prefent 
 laughed at, knowing him to be free from every thing of 
 that kind, Socrates juflified the fkill of Zopyrus by own¬ 
 ing, that “ he was by nature prone to thofe vices, but 
 *• fuppreffed his inclination by reafon.’^ The defefts of 
 his perfon were amply compenfated by the virtues and ac- 
 complifliments of his mind. The oracle at Delphi de¬ 
 clared him the wifefl of all men, for profefling only to 
 know that he knew nothing: Apollo, as Tully fays, 
 conceiving the only wifdom of mankind to confift in not 
 thinking themfelves to know thofe things of vvhich they 
 are ignorant. He was a man of all virtues, and fo re¬ 
 markably frugal, that, how little foever he had, it was al¬ 
 ways enough : and, when he was amidft a great variety of 
 rich and expenfive objefts, he would often fay to himfelf* 
 “ How many things are there, which I do not want!” 
 
 He had two wives, one of which was the noted Xaii- 
 tippe ; whom Aulus Gellius deferibes as an accurfed fro- 
 ward woman, chiding and fcolding always by day and by 
 night. Several inflances are recorded of her impatience 
 and his long-fuffering. One day^ before fome of his 
 friends, fhe fell into the ufual extravagances of her paf- 
 lion; when he, without anfwering a word, went abroad 
 with them : but was no fooner out of the door, than fhe* 
 running up into the chamber, threw water down upon his 
 head : upon which, turning to his friends, “ Did not 1 tell 
 “ you,” fays he, “ that after fo much thunder we fhould 
 “ have rain ?” Another time, fhe pulled his cloak front 
 his fhoulders in the open forum ; and, fome of his friends 
 advifing him to beat her, “ Yes,” fays he, “ that, while 
 “ we two fight, you may all fland by, and cry, ‘ Well 
 “ done Socrates, to him Xailtippe.” He chofe this wife^ 
 we are told, for the fame reafon, that they, who woitld be 
 excellent in horfemanfhip, chufe the rongheft and mofl 
 fpirited horfes j fuppofing, that if they are able to manage 
 
 them, 
 
48 
 
 SOCRATES. 
 
 I tli£rn, they may be abie to manage any. He has proba¬ 
 bly been imitated by few : and imitation in this cafe would 
 certainly be dangerous ; for every man is not a Socrates ; 
 and for one who would be able to keep his feat, and learn 
 to ride thele horfes, a tliouland would be thrown ofF, and 
 have their necks broke. 
 
 Socrates, think, was far happier in his fcholars and 
 hearers, than with all his philofophy he could be with his 
 wives ; for he had a great number that did him the higheft 
 honour, the chief of whom were Plato and Xenophon. 
 1 hey who affirm that Socrates wrote nothing, as Cicero, 
 Plutarch, and others, mean only in refpedl to his philo¬ 
 fophy ; for it is attefted and allowed, that he affiilted Euri¬ 
 pides m compofing tragedies, and was the author of fomc 
 pieces of poetry. Dialogues alfo and Epiflles are afcribed 
 to him. His Philofophical Difputations were committed 
 to writing by his fcholars ; by Plato and Xenophon chiefly. 
 Xenophon fet the example to the refl, in doing it flrft, 
 and alio with the greatefl punctuality ; as Plato did it with 
 the liberty, who intermixed fo much of his own, 
 
 that it is not eafy, if poflible, to diftinguifh the mailer 
 from the^fcholar. Hence Socrates, hearing him recite his 
 Lyfls,’’cried out, “ Plow many things doth this young 
 man feign of me I” And Xenophon, denying that 
 Socrates ever difputed of heaven, or of natural caufes, or 
 the other branches of knowledge, which the Greeks calP 
 ^d^rii^aroc, fays, that “ they who afcribe fuch diflertations 
 to him, lie grofsly wherein, as Aulus Gcllius in¬ 
 forms us, he aims at Plato, who maketh Socrates difcourle 
 I of natural philofophy, mulic, and geometry. 
 
 SOCRATES, an eccleflaflical hiflorian of the fifth FabrlcH 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 century, was born at Conflantinople, in the reign of Theo- 
 dolius. He lludied grammar under Helladius and Am- 
 nionius, who had withdrawn themfelves from Alexandria moot, D«- 
 to Conftantinople ; and, after he had finilhed his lludies, pin, Cave, 
 for fome time profeffed the law, and pleaded at the bar, 
 whence he obtained the name of Scholafticus. Then he 
 undertook to write ecclellallical hiflory ; and, beginning 
 from 309, where Eufcbius ends, continued it down to 
 
 440* Phis hillory is written, as Valelius his editor ob- 
 ferves, with a great deal of judgement and exaClnefs. His 
 exaClnels may be prefumed from his induPry in confulting 
 the original records, aCls of council, bifhops letters, and 
 the writings of his contemporaries, ofVhich he often gives 
 VoL, XL 1 i extracts. 
 
4B2 
 
 SOCRATES. 
 
 extracts. He is alfo careful in fettiiig down the fucceflion 
 of bifhops, and the years in which every thing was tranf- 
 a£l:ed; and defcribes them by confuls and olympiads. 
 His judgement appears in his reflexions and obferva- 
 tions, which are reafonable and impartial. In the 22d 
 chapter of the 5th book, we may fee an example of his 
 exaX and diligent inquiry, as well as his judgement and 
 moderation. He there treats of the difpute, on what 
 day the feaft of Eafler fhould be celebrated, which had 
 canfed fo much trouble in the church ; and remarks very 
 wifely, that there was no juft reafon to difpute with fo 
 much heat about a thing of fo little confequence ; that it 
 was not nccclfary herein to follow the cuftom of the Jews; 
 that the apoftles made no general rules for the keeping of 
 feftivals, but that they were brought into the church by 
 life only ; that they left no law concerning the time when 
 Eafter fhould be celebrated, and that it was related only 
 Jor the fake of the hiftory, how Jefus Chrift was crucified 
 at the feaft of unleavened bread ; and that the apoftles did 
 not trouble themfelves to make orders about holidavs, 
 but were only foiicitous to teach faith and virtue. Ail this 
 is wife and judicious, and favours nothing of that zeal with¬ 
 out knowledge, which is fo often to be met with in the 
 primitive ages of the church. 
 
 This writer has beenaccufed of being a Novatian ; and 
 it cannot be denied, that he fpeaks very well of that feX; 
 nevertheiefs, as Vakfius has proved, he was not one of 
 them, but adhered to the church, while he reprefeiits them 
 as feparated from it. His ftyk is plain and eafy; and 
 hath nothing in it of oratory, wliich he treats with con¬ 
 tempt. His hiftory has been tranflated into Latin, and 
 publilhed Graice & Latlne by Valefius, together with 
 Eufebius and the other ecclefiaftical hiftorians ; and re- 
 See TIUSE- publiflied, with additional notes by Reading, at London, 
 mus, S720, 3 Yols. folio. 
 
 SOLIMENE (Francis), an illuftrious Italian pain¬ 
 ter, was defcciided of a good family, and born at Nocera 
 de Pagani near Naples in 1657. His father Angelo, who 
 was a good painter, and alfo a man of learning, difeerned 
 an uncommon genius in his fon ; who is laid to have fpeiit 
 whole nights in the ftudies of poetry and philofopliy. 
 tieiigned alfo fo judicioufly in chiaro oblcuro, that his 
 performances fhrprized all who faw them. Angelo in¬ 
 tended him for Uie law, and did not alter his purpofe, 
 
 tliougU 
 
I 
 
 •S O L I M' E N E. 
 
 thouglr he was informed of his other rare talents, till ear- 
 
 afterwards 
 
 BeiKdift XIII, had the goodnefs, at a vifit, to examine the 
 youth m philofophy; whofe fprightly anfwers nleafino- 
 him greatly, Angelo obferved, that his fon would do bet^ 
 ter, if he did not watte fo much of his time in drawino-. 
 7 he prelate defircd to fee his defigns ; and was fo furprifel, 
 :that he told the father, how unjiift he would be both to his 
 Ion and to painting, if he attempted to check tliat force of 
 gemus, which was fo maniftflly pointed oiif. On this, 
 Sohmene had full liberty given him to follow his inclina¬ 
 tion. 1 wo years paffed on, while he ftudied under his 
 father; when the defire ofperfefting himfelf determimfl 
 him, in 16741 to vifit Naples. Here he put himfelf under 
 the oireaion ot Francifeo Maria, who was reckoned an 
 excellent defigner ; but received fiich difcouragement from 
 him, that he left him in a few days. He guided himfelf 
 by the works ot Lanfranc and Calabrafe, in ftudyino 
 compofition and chiaro obfcuro . thofe of Pietro Cortoii^ 
 and Luca Jordano were his ftandards for colouring; and 
 he conlulted, laftly, Guido and Carlo M.aratti for their 
 beautiful manner of drapery. By an accurate and well- 
 managed ftudy of thefe mafters, he formed to himfelf a 
 ure gout; and foon difLingiufhed hirnfeif as a oalnter. 
 Hearing the Jefuits intended to have the chapel of St 
 Anne painted in the church Jefu Nuovo, he fent them a 
 • r u' painter ; not daring to carry it 
 
 V j I • ^ prejudice againft his youth might ex¬ 
 
 nude him. ^ His dehgn was neverthelefs accepted; and, 
 A'hile he painted this chapel, the belt painters of Naples vi- 
 ited him, allonhlied to iind thcmfelves lurpafled bv a mefe 
 )oy. This was his firft Ihining out; and his reputation 
 >rew 10 fait, that great works were otFeied him from every 
 piarter. His fame was as great in other countries as at 
 Maples ; mfomuch that the kings of France and Spain- 
 nade him very advantageous propofals, to engage him in 
 heir lervice, which, however, he declined. Philip V, ar- 
 ivmg at Naples, commanded him to paint his portrait 
 Ills monarcli diftinguiflied him highly by hh favour, and 
 ‘yen caufed him to fit in his prefence. The emperor 
 -harles \ I. knighted him, on account of a.piilure he 
 eut him.. 1111701, he came and Hayed at Rome during; 
 le lioly yeai , the pope and cardinals took great notice of 
 J his painter is alfo known bv liis ibnnets, which 
 iaye been printed Hveral times in chllcaion.s of pcetrv : 
 
 ^ ^ 2 and 
 
 CO- 
 
 Oj 
 
s O L I M E N E. 
 
 ^84 
 
 an^jt is remarkable, that, at eighty years of age, his nie- 
 mory fupplied him with the moft beautiful pafTages ot the 
 poets, in the application of which he was very happy. 
 "J'hefe qualifications engaged the beft company of Naples to 
 frequent his houfe ; for he always lived in a diflinguifhed 
 manner. His cuflom of drefling himfelf like an abbe gave 
 him the name of Abbe Solimene. He died in 1747, al- 
 moft 90. He painted all after nature ; being fearful, as 
 he faid, that too fervile an attachment to the antique 
 Ihould damp the fire of his imagination. He was a man 
 of a fine temper, wdio neither criticifed the works of 
 others out of envy, nor was blind to his own defeats. He 
 told the Italian author of his life, that he had advanced 
 many falfities in extolling the charafter of his works; 
 which, it is true, had got him a great deal of money, but 
 yet were very fiir fhort of perfeftion. The great duke ol 
 Tufeany with difficulty prevailed on Solimene’s model!} 
 to fend him his pidfure, which he wanted to place in hi; 
 gallery among other painters. 
 
 SO LINUS (Caius Julius), an ancient Lath, 
 grammarian, and (as it feemeth) a Roman, whom foin ■ 
 have foolilhly. imagined to have lived in Auguflus’s time 
 though in his ^VPolyhiflor” he.has made large extradl; 
 from the elder Pliny. It is probable that he lived abou: 
 the middle of the third century. We have of his th J 
 "abovementioned work, which Salmafius has publiffiel 
 in 2 vols. folio: illuffrated with a commentary of hi? 
 own, if to overwhelm and bury under learning can h' 
 called illullrating. The “ Polyhiftor” is an ill-digellel 
 compilation .of hiflorical and geographical remarks upoi 
 various countries ; and the extra(^s in it from Pliny ai" 
 fo large, and bis manner withal fo imitated, that he lit 
 been called The Ape of Pliny.’* 
 
 ITicoIal 
 
 Antonio 
 
 Bibl. Hlf- 
 pana. 
 
 SOLIS (Antonio de), an ingenious Spaniffi write, 
 was of an ancient and illuflrious family, and born at Ph- 
 cenza in Old Caftiie, 16 to. He was fent to SalamaiKa 
 to fludy the law ; but, like the greater part of thofe wl::^ 
 have before tailed the fweets of the belles lettres, did m l 
 purfue it long. He had a natural turn for poetry, aini 
 cultivated it with a fuccefs which did him great honou'. 
 He was but feventcen, when he wrote an ingenious coined ^ 
 called ‘‘ Amor y Obiigaclonand he afterwards compol<c 
 others, which were received with the highel! appIauL 
 ■ I Nieoh' 
 
 « 
 
 
SOLIS. ' 485 
 
 Nicolas Antonio aflirms him to have been the befl: cofPiic 
 poet Spain has ever feen. At fix and twenty, he applied 
 himfelf to ethics and politics. His 'great merit pro¬ 
 cured him a patron in the count d’Oropefa, viceroy then 
 of Navarre, and afterwards of the kingdom of Valence, 
 who took him for his fecretary. In 1642, he wTote his 
 comedy of “ Orpheus and Eurydice,” to be reprefented 
 at Pampeluna, upon the birth of the count’s fon. Then 
 Philip IV of Spain made him one of his fecretaries ; 
 and, after his death, the queen regent made him firft hifiio- 
 riographer of the Indies, which was a place of great profit 
 as well as honour. His “ Hiflory of the Conqueft of 
 “ Mexico” fhews, that fhe could not have named a fitter 
 perfon ; for it is written very well, and in a mod: interefl- 
 ing manner. Intent upon raifing the glory of perdinand 
 Cortez his hero, he has imputed to him many llrokes of 
 policy, many reflections, and many aCtions of which he 
 was not capable; and he has clofed his account with the 
 conqueft of Mexico, that he might not tarnifh it wflth the 
 cruelties afterwards committed ; nevertheiefs, the hiflory 
 is reckoned upon the vyhoie very good, and has been 
 tranflated into feveral languages. He is perhaps better 
 known for this hUIory, at leaft abroad, than for his poetry 
 and dramatic writings, although he was excellent in that way. 
 
 He had always lived in the world, and enjoyed himfelf 
 like other people; but at length the religious paffion 
 feized, and entirely fubdued him. He was now refolved 
 to dedicate himfelf to the fervice of God, by embracing 
 the ecclefiaftical ftate; and accordingly was ordained a 
 prieft at fifty-feven. He renounced now all prophane 
 compofitions, and wrote nothing afterwards but fome 
 dramatic pieces upon fubjefts of devotion, which are re¬ 
 prefented in Spain on certain feftivals. He died in 1686. 
 
 His comedies were printed at Madrid in 1681, 4to: his 
 facred and profane poems at the fame place in 1716, 4to : 
 his “ Hiflory of Mexico” often, but particularly at Eruf- 
 fels in 1704, folio; with his life prefixed by D. Juan de 
 Goyeneche. 
 
 SOLOMON (ben Job Jalla), ben Abraham Hlftory of 
 ben Abdulla by his firft wife Tanomata, vyas born at 
 Bonda, a town founded by his father Ibrahim, in the at 
 kindom of Futa or Sanaga, which lies on both lides the Spacing, 
 river Senegal or Sanaga, and extends as far as the Gam- P* 
 bra. Being fent by liis father, Feb. 1730-1, to fell fome 
 
 i i 3 flaves 
 
ad SOLOMON. 
 
 jflaves to Capt. Pyke, commander of a trading veffei be- 
 longing to Air. Hunt, and not agreeing about their price, 
 he let out with another black merchant on an expedition 
 acrofs the Gambra; but they were taken prifoner's by the 
 Alandingos, a nation at enmity with his own, and fold for 
 flaves to Capt. Pyke aforefaid, who immediately lent pro- 
 polals to his father for their redemption. The fliip fail¬ 
 ing before the return of an anfwer, Job was carried to 
 Annapolis, and delivered to Air. Denton, fadtor to Mr. 
 Hunt. He fold liim to Mr. Tolfey of Maryland, from 
 whom, though kindly treated, lie efcaped, and, being 
 committed to prifon as a fugitive Have, difeovered him- 
 fell to be a Mahometan. Being at length conveyed to 
 England, a letter addrelfed to him by his father fell into 
 tlie liands of General Oglethorpe, who immediately gave 
 bond to Mr. Hunt for payment of a certain fum on his 
 delivery in England. Accordingly he arrived in England 
 I ^33 ; hut Mr. Oglethorpe w^as gone to Georgia. Mr, 
 Hunt provided him a lodging at Limehoufe ; and Mr. 
 Bluet, who iiiil found him out in Maryland, took him 
 down to his houfe at Ciieihunt. The African Company 
 undertook for his redemption, which was foon elfedlcd by 
 Nathaniel BralTcy, efq. member for Hertford, for 40 1 . 
 and 201. bond and charges, by a fubfeription amounting 
 to 60 1 . Being now^ free, he tranllat»d feverai Arabic MfT. 
 for Sir Hans Sioane, who got him introduced at court, 
 and after fourteen months Hay in London he returned 
 home loaded with prefents to the amount of 500 1 . He 
 found his father dead, and his native country depopulated 
 by war. He was of a comely perfon, near lix feet high, 
 pjeafant but grave countenance, acute natural parts, great 
 jx:rfonai courage, and of fo retentive a memory that he 
 could repeat the Koran bv heart at fifteen, and wrote it 
 over three rimes in England by memory. See Mr. Bluet s 
 “ Memoirs” of him in an 8vo, pamphlet of 63 pages, 1 734 - 
 Moore’s “ Travels,” and AHley’s “ Voyages,” 11 . 234—" 
 240. 
 
 SOLON, one of the feven fages of Greece, w^as born 
 at Athens about the 35th Olympiad. He dillinguilhed 
 himfelt early by the greatnefs of his courage, and the 
 brightnefs of his parts, which advantages raifed him to 
 the governipeiit of his country. Draco, who had been 
 icgifator before him, had made fome law^s extremely fevere ; 
 fheie ht rept'ded, gad enadlcd others inorc mild in tiicii 
 
 room 
 
SOLON. ^37 
 
 room. He retrained luxury, abolifhed a great many 
 fupcrftitious ceremonies, and permitted thole Athenians 
 who had no children to leave their fortunes to whom 
 they pleafed. He made no laws againll parricides, becaufe 
 he could not think human nature capable of the crime. 
 
 When Pififtratus became tyrant of Athens, Solon oppofed 
 him as much as he could ; but, when he found it was to 
 no purpofe, he retired abroad. It is faid that he travelled 
 into Esrvut and Lvdia, where he met with Croefus. 
 
 Croefus, Ihewing himfelf to Solon in all his fplendor and 
 magnificence, afkedhim, “ if he ever law any thing finer r” 
 
 “ Yes,’’ fays he, “ cocks, pheafants, and peacocks ; for their 
 “ finery is their own, but yours is borrow'ed.” He would 
 not fufFer any man to be pronounced happy before his 
 death, confidering the viciifitudes of human life. He 
 faid, that laws were like cobwebs, which catched only 
 liies ; for they puniflied only little people, the great could 
 cafily break through them. When he was afked, “ why 
 “ he gave the Athenians not more perfect laws?” he re¬ 
 plied, “ that he gave them as good as their manners 
 “ would bear.” 
 
 He died at 80. It is faid, that he wrote a treatife of 
 laws, of eloquence, of elegies, of lambic verfe; and 
 that he either infiituted or improved the Areopagus at 
 Athens. 
 
 SOMERS (John Lord), chancellor of England, was 
 the fon of an attorney at Worceiler, where he was born 
 1652. He was educated at a private fchool in Stafford- G vieni 
 Ihire; and thence admitted a gentleman-commoner of 
 Trinitv-college in Oxford. Afterwards he entered him- Athc:i. 
 felf of the Middle-Temple, London, where he profecuted 
 the ftudy of the law with great vigour; intermixing all 
 the while with it that of polite literature, of which, as ap¬ 
 pears from fome fmall publications, he was a great mafter. 
 
 He foon difiinguifiied himfeif to great advantage at tlie 
 bar; and, in 1681, had a confiderable fiiare in a piece, 
 intituled “ A juft and modeft vindication of the proceed- 
 “ ings of the two laft parliaments,” in anfwer to Charles 
 the Second’s “ Declaration to all liis loving fubjeifts touch- 
 “ ing the caufes and reaTons, that moved him to diftblve 
 “ the two laft parliaments.” Burnet fays, that this piece 
 is “ writ great fpirit and true judgement; that it was at 
 
 firft penned by Sidney, but a new draught was made by 
 “ Somers, who^ as he afterwards obferves, writ tlie beft ofh'i 
 
 I i 4 papers 
 
488 
 
 SOMERS. 
 
 “ papers that came out at that time,’’ though the titles 
 of them are not now known. June 1683, he was one of 
 the counfel for Thomas- Pilkington, Samuel Shute, and 
 Henry Cornilh, efqs. Ford Lord Gray, Sir Thomas 
 Player, and others, who were then tried for a riot in the 
 city, at the chiding of the Iheriffs in 1682 ; and, in 1688, 
 lie was of counfel for the feven bilhops at their trial. In 
 the Convention, which met by the prince of Orange’s 
 fummons in Jan. 1688-9, reprcfented his native city of 
 Woiceflcr ; and was one of the managers for the houle of 
 commons, at a conference with the houfe of lords, upon 
 the word “ i\bdicated.” Soon after the acceffion of 
 Wiiham and JVlary, he was appointed fohcjtor-general, 
 and received the honour of knighthood ; and, in the 
 debate upon the bill for recognizing their majeflies and 
 the a< 5 t of the convention, he Ipoke with much zeal, and 
 luch an afccndant authority, that it palled without any 
 more oppofition. April 1692, he was made attorney- 
 general; and, March following, advanced to the poll of 
 lord keeper. In 1697, he was created lord Somers, baron 
 of Evefham, and made chancellor of England ; and, for 
 the fupport of thole honours and dignities, his majefly 
 made him a grant of the manors of Reygate and Howlegh 
 in Surrey, and another grant of 21001. per annum out of 
 the fee-farm rents. In 1700, he was removed from his 
 poft of lord high chancellor; and, the year following, im¬ 
 peached of high crimes and mifdemean'ours by the houfe 
 of commons, but acquitted upon trial by the houfe of 
 lords. He then retired to a fludious courfe of life; and 
 was chofen prefident of the Royal Society, of which he 
 had been long a member. Neverthelefs, though removed 
 from the adminiftration, his labours were ftill dedicatee 
 to the fervice of the government and of his country. In 
 1706, therefore, he made a motion in the houfe of lords, 
 to correfi feme pioceedings in the common law and ir 
 chancely, that were both dilatory and chargeable ; and 
 by thus endcavouiing to amend the vocation which hi 
 had adoined, fhewed himlelf greatly fuperior to littli 
 piejudices. 1 he union between England and Scotlanc 
 was alfo projeaed by him the fame year. In 1708, h' 
 made loid piefident ol the council ; from which pof 
 he was lemovcd in 17 10, upon the change of the minillry 
 He aftetwaids grew very infirm in his health ; wdiich iu 
 dilpofition is Inppofed to be the reafon that he had ru 
 other poll than a Icat at the council-table, after the ac 
 
 cehioj i 
 
SOMERS. 
 
 ' 489 
 
 ccllion of George I. He died of an apopleflic fit, April 
 26, 1716 ; after having for fome time furvived the powers 
 of his underftanding. His lordfhip was never married. 
 
 Endlefs are the encomiums which have been bellowed 
 upon this noble and illullrious perfon. Burnet tells us, 
 that “ he was very learned in his own profeffion, with a Hiit.voi.iB 
 “ great deal more learning in other profeilions ; in di- p* 107. 
 
 “ vinity, philofophy, and hillory. He had a great ca- 
 “ paclty for bulinefs, with an extraordinary temper ; for 
 “ he was fair and gentle, perhaps to a fault, confidering 
 “ his poll: lb that he had all the patience and foftnefs, as 
 “ well as the jullice and equity, becoming a great ma- 
 “ giilrate.” An honourable writer of our own tinges calls Catalogiie 
 him “ one of thofe divine men, who, like a chapel in a 
 “ palace, remain unprofaned, while all the rell is tyranny, 4*^1,oj^s! 
 
 “ corruption, and folly. All the traditional accounts ofvoi. 11. id 
 “ him, the hillorians of the lall age, and its bell au- 
 “ thors, reprefent him as the moll incorrupt lawyer, and 
 
 the honellell hatefman, as a maher-oratoiv a genius of 
 ‘‘ the finell talle, and as a patriot of the noblell and moll 
 “ extenlive views ; as a man who difpenlcd blellings by 
 “ his life, and planned them for pollerity.” He was a 
 very great patron of men of parts and learning, and par¬ 
 ticularly of Mr. Addilon, who has drawn Ins charadler at 
 large in one of his “ Freeholders,” in that of May 4,1716, 
 where he has chofen his lordlhip’s motto for that of his 
 paper, “ ProdelTe quam confpici.” It was lord Somers, 
 who hrll redeemed Milton’s “ Paradile Loll” from that 
 obfeurity, in which party-prejudice and hatred had fuf- 
 fered it long to lie neglefted; and who pointed out the 
 merits of that noble poem. 
 
 But he was not only the patron of learning and learned 
 men : he was alfo himfelf an author, as vve have already 
 obferved. He wrote fcveral pieces on the fubjeft of poli¬ 
 tics : he tranllated into Englilh Plutarch’s “ Life of Aid- 
 “ biades,” as it hands among “ Plutarch’s Livestranhated 
 by feveral hands : he tranhated likewife into Englilh the E- 
 pihle of Dido to .^neas, printed in the tranhation of Ovid’s 
 Epihles by various hands. “ Dryden’s Satire to his Mule” 
 has been laid to him : but they feem to have reafojt on’ 
 their lide, who fuppofe, that the grofs ribaldry of that poem 
 could not flow from fo humane and polilhed a temper as 
 that of lord Somers. He was thought too, but it does 
 not appear on what foundation, to write “ The Preface” 
 to Tindal’s “ Rights of the Chrillian Church.” Therd 
 ars fome letters and fpeeehes of his in print. 
 
 SOMER- 
 
490 S O M E R V I L E. 
 
 SOMRRVILE (William). This gentleman was 
 ^“‘^‘■‘^"‘^^‘defceiidcd from a very ancient family in the county of 
 Warwick. His anceftors had large polleffions at Kingilon, 
 in Worceherfhire, fo early as the reign of Edward 1 . He 
 was the fon of Robert Somervile of Edfton, in Warwick- 
 Ihire, and, as he fays himfelf, was born near Avon’s banks. 
 He was born at Edilon in Warwickdiire in 1692, bred at 
 Wincheller-fchool, an<i chofen from thence fellow of 
 New-college, Oxford, as was his brother Dr. Somervile, 
 reclor of Adderbury in Oxfordfhire. Dr. Johiifon fay;?, 
 I',c never heard of liim but as of a poet, a country gen- 
 tieman, and a ulefiii juilice of the peace.” 
 
 The following account, copied from the letters of his 
 friend Shenifene, will be read witii pain by thofe whom 
 his poems have delighted. “ Our old friend Somervile 
 “ is dead 1 I did not imagine 1 could have been fo forry 
 as I find myfelf on this occalion, ‘ Sublatum quaerimus.’ 
 
 I can now excufe all his foibles ; impute them to age 
 and to diilrefs of circumflances : the laft of thefe con- 
 fiderations wrings my very foul to think on. For a 
 man of high fpirit, confeious of having (at leafl: in one 
 “ produtSlion) generally pleafed the world, to be plagued 
 and threatened by wretches that are low in every fenfe, 
 “ to be forced to drink himfelf into pains of the body, in 
 “ order to get rid of the pains of the mind, is a mifery.” 
 Ele died July 14, 1743. 
 
 From lady Lnxborough’s letters, p. 211. we find Mr. 
 Somervile tranllated from Voltaire the play of “ Alzira,” 
 which was then in MS. in her hands. 
 
 SOMMON A-CODO M, or, as fome write it, Som- 
 monokhodom, the God of the Siamefe. Their Tala- 
 poins, or priefts, fuppofe, that this Sommonokhodom was 
 born a God, after many tranfmigrations of his foul; that, 
 from tiie time of this his divine birth, he had a perfeff 
 knowledge of all the myfleries and fecrets both in heaven 
 •and earth ; that he retained an entire remembrance of 
 wliatfoever he had done in the feveral lives he had led ; 
 and that, after he had taught tlie people the great concerns 
 r>i their happinefs, he committed his doffrines to a hook, 
 for the benefit of poflenty. In this book he relates ot 
 himfelf, that, being defirous to manifeft his divinity to 
 men by fome extraordinary miracles, lie found himfelf ear¬ 
 ned up into the air, in a throne all fhining wdth gold and 
 precious iloncs; and that the angels came down from 
 
 , heaven 
 
SOMMON A-CODOM. 
 
 heaven to tender him their adorations: but that his bro¬ 
 ther Thevathat and his followers, envying this his glory, 
 conl'pired his deflrudlion. It is farther written in this 
 book, that from the time that he endeavoured to become a 
 god by the holinefs of his life, he had entered the hage of 
 this world in different bodies five hundred and fifty times ; 
 that at evei-y new birth he had always been the firft, and as 
 it were the prince of thofe animals, under whole figure he 
 was born ; that, when he was a monkey, he delivered a 
 certain city from an horrid monher, which had almofl ren¬ 
 dered it defoiate ; that he had been a moftpowerful king; 
 that, feven days before he had obtained the dominion of 
 the univerfe, he retired after the example of a certain an¬ 
 chorite into a fecret folitude, and became dead unto the 
 world and his own pafiions ; and that, as foon as he was 
 become a god, he travelled over the whole world, teaching 
 mankind to know good and evil, and acquainting them 
 with the true religion, which he himfelf wrote down to 
 leave to pofterity. After he had lived eightv-two years, 
 and foretold his death to his difciples, he was feized with 
 a violent fit of the colic, of which he died ; and his foul 
 mounted, as they fay, to the eighth heaven, where it enjoys 
 an eternal refl and happinefs, and lhall never be born again 
 into tiiis world. His body was burnt, and his bones arc 
 hill kept; fome of them in the kingdom of Pegu, and 
 fome in that of Siam. They aferibe a miraculous power 
 to thefe bones; and affert that they Ihine with a moll divine 
 brightnefs. They fay, he left the mark of one of his feet, 
 iniprelfed in three different places ; in the kingdom of 
 Siam, that of Pegu, and in the ifle of Ceylon : to which 
 places tiie people flock in pilgrimage, and honour the faid 
 footllcDS with an extraordinary devotion. This is the 
 God which is worfhiped at Siam. 
 
 As to Thevarhat, he was always born again with his 
 brother Sommonokhodom, in the fame kind of animals 
 with him ; but was always inferior to him in dignity. 
 Yet Thevathat afpired to be a god ; and, unable to bear 
 a fuperior, would never fubmit to, but coiifpired agalnfl 
 his brother ;■ and comy)alied his purpofe in fome meafure, 
 for he killed him when they were both monkeys. Tlie 
 Siamefc feriptures, which relate this and more of the fame 
 fort, tell us whar. kind of pimilhmcnt Thev;ithat was made 
 to fuffer. He was nailed on a crofs with large nails, 
 wliich, being driven through his liands and feet, caufed 
 .him the moil terrible pain ; had a crown of thorns on his 
 
 head i 
 
 491 
 
4^2 
 
 SOMMON A-CODOM. 
 
 head ; had his body covered over with wounds ; and, to 
 complete his mifery, an eternal fire burning under him 
 without confuming him. 
 
 Such accounts are brought us from vSiam by father Ta- 
 chard the Jefuit and others. It can hardly be fuppofed, 
 Tacliard, but that the Siamefe and the Chriflian religions have had 
 Voyage de fome Communication with each other ; fince many parti- 
 Siam. culars indicate it, efpecially thofe of the punilhineiit of 
 Thevathat. 
 
 SOMNER (William), an eminent Englifli anti¬ 
 quary, was born at Canterbury March 30, 1606, accord¬ 
 ing to the account given by his wife and fon ; but, ac¬ 
 cording to the regifler of the parifh of St. Margaret’s, 
 much earlier, for it reprefents him to have been baptifed 
 Kennq’s Ts[ov. 5, 159^* It was a proper birth-place for an anti- 
 ie! prefijT*'being one of the moft ancient cities in England ; 
 ed ’to his and Somner was fo well pleafed with it, that, like the good 
 « Trcatiie citizen of Verona, within the walls or in the light of 
 Ports^Tnd them he grew up, lived, and died. He was of a reputable 
 Fnns ill family; and his father was regiftrar of the court of Can- 
 Kent," p. terbury under Sir Nathaniel Brent, commhTary. At a 
 proper age, he was committed to the free-fehool of that 
 Svo. city, where he feems to have acquired a competent know¬ 
 ledge of the Latin tongue at leaft. Thence he was re¬ 
 moved, and placed as clerk to his father in the eccleliaflical 
 courts of that diocefe ; and was afterwards preferred to a 
 creditable office in thofe courts by abp. Laud. His natural 
 bent in the mean time lay to the fludy of antiquities; and 
 he took all opportunities of indulging it. He was led 
 early, in his walks through the luburbs and the fields of 
 that city, to furvey the Britifli bricks, the Roman ways, 
 the Danifh hills and works, the Saxon monalleries, and 
 the Norman churches. This was his amufement abroad ; 
 at home he delighted in old manuferipts, leiger-books, 
 roils, and records : all which made him fo quickly known, 
 that, upon queftions concerfiing defeent of families, tenure 
 of efiates, dedication of churches, right of tithes, and all 
 the hiftory of ufe and cuflom^ he was confulted as a Druid 
 or a Bard. 
 
 In 1640, he publifhed “ The Antiquities of Canter- 
 “ bury,” 4to ; an accurate performance, and very feafon- 
 ably executed, as it preferved from oblivion many monu¬ 
 ments of antiquity, which were foon after buried by civil 
 difeord in ruin. This work obtained a high character; 
 
 and 
 
S O M N E R. 
 
 493 
 
 and Dr. Meric Cafaubon, prebendary of Canterbury, and 
 a great encourager of our author in his iludies, repre- 
 fcnts it as “ exceedingly ufeful, not only to thofe who de- Cafaub. 
 
 “ lire to know the flate of that once llourifhing city, but 
 “ to all that are curious in the ancient Englifli Hilfory.” 141/ 
 Thus far Somner had fearched only into the Latin writers, 
 and fuch national records as had been penned lince the 
 Norman conquell : but his thirll after antiquities urged 
 him to proceed, and to attain the Britifli and Saxon 
 tongues. I'o acquire the Britifh, there were rules of 
 grammar, explication of words, and other fufficient me¬ 
 moirs, belides the living dialeft, to guide a man of induflry 
 and refolution ; but the Saxon was extindt, and the monu¬ 
 ments of it fo few and fo latent, that it required inhnite 
 courage as well as patience. Encouraged, however, by his Llog. 
 friend Cafaubon, and being withal of an aftive fpirit, he 
 did not defpair ; but, falling to work, he fucceeded fo 
 wonderfully, as to be compared with the moft knowing in 
 that way : and he has always been ranked by the bell 
 judges among the few complete critics in the Saxon Ian- 
 guage. His fkill in this obliged him to enquire into mod 
 of the ancient European languages; and made him. run 
 through the old Gallic, Irifii, Scotch, and Danifh dialedls, 
 efpecially the Gothic, Sclavonian, and German. Of his 
 perfedlion in the latter, he gave the world a public fpeci- 
 men on this occalion. While his friend Cafaubon was 
 employed in an elTay on the Saxon tongue, he happened 
 upon an epiftle of Liplius to Schottus, which contained 
 a large catalogue of old German words, in ufe with 
 that nation eight or nine hundred years before. Cafau¬ 
 bon thought many of them had a great affinity to the 
 Saxon ; and, therefore, being then in London, fent down 
 the catalogue to Somner at Canterbury ; wdio in a few 
 days returned his animadverfions upon them, and Ihewed 
 the relation of the German wkh the Saxon tongue. I'hcy 
 were publilhed as an appendix to Cafaubon’s effiay in 
 1650, 8vo ; at which time the fame Cafaubon informs its, 
 
 ** that Somner would have printed all his ufeful labours, De Ling. 
 “ and have written much more, if that fatal cataftrophe P •' 4 f‘ 
 “ had not interpofed, which brought no lels defolation 
 “ upon letters, than upon the land.” 
 
 Somner’s reputation was now fo well eflablifhed, tliat 
 no monuments of antiquity could be further publilhed 
 without his ad\ice and helping hand. In 1652, when 
 ’a colledlion of hiHorians came forth under this title, 
 
 “ Hiiloriae 
 
494 
 
 prjef. 
 
 Gram. Sax-( 
 
 Somnerl 
 Eplft. Ded. 
 
 ad Dift, 
 Saxon. 
 
 S O M N E R. 
 
 Hiiloriae Anglicanse Scriptores X. ex Vet. MSS. nunc 
 “ primiim in lucem editi,” the Appendix or Gloflarium 
 was the labour of Mr. Somner : whom Sir Roger Twif- 
 den, who, with the affiflance of abp. Ufher and Mr. Selden 
 publiibcd thefe biftorians, reprefents in the preface as 
 “ a man of primitive probity and candor, a moil fagacious 
 
 fearcher into the antiquities of liis country, and mofl 
 “ expert in the Saxon tongue.” Hickes afterwards calls 
 this gloifary of Somner “ incomparable, a truly golden 
 “ work; without which the ten hiilorians had been im- 
 “ perfe£l and little ufeful.” Somner’s friends had ilill 
 more work for him ; they obferved it impolTibie to culti¬ 
 vate any languaiie, or recommend it to learners, without 
 the help of a dictionary; and this was yet wanting to the 
 Saxon. On him therefore they laid the mighty talk of 
 compiling one : but, as this work required much time 
 and great expence, lo they were to contrive feme com¬ 
 petent reward and fupport, as well as barely to afford him 
 their countcnai^ce and alhftance. Now Sir Henry Spel- 
 man had founded at Cambridge a leClure for “ promoting 
 “ the Saxon tongue, either by reading it publicly, or by, 
 “ the edition of Saxon manuferip^s, and other books 
 and, this ledlure being vacant in 1657, Uflier recom¬ 
 mended Somner to the patron Roger Spelman, efq. grand- 
 fon of the founder, that “ he would confer on him the 
 “ pecuniary Ripend, to enable him to ^profecute a Saxon 
 ‘f di( 5 lionary, which would more improve that tongue, 
 “ than bare academic leClurcs.” Accordingly, Somner 
 had the faiary, and now purfued the work, in which he 
 had already made confiderable progrefs : for it was pub- 
 lilhed at Oxford in April 1659, with an infeription to all 
 fludeiits in the Saxon tongue, a dedication to his patron 
 Roger Spelman, efq. and a preface. 
 
 Juft before the Reftoration, he was imprifoned in the 
 caftle of Deal, for endeavouring to procure hands to peti¬ 
 tion for a free parliament. In 1660, he was made mafter 
 of St. John’s hofpital, in the fuburbs of Canterbury ; and 
 about the fame time auditor of Chrift-church in tl)'at 
 city. The fame year he publifhed, in qto, “ A treattfc 
 “ of gavel kind, both name and thing, ihewing the true 
 “ etymology and derivation of the one, the nature, an- 
 “ tiquity, and Original of the other; with fundry emer- 
 “ gent obfervations, both pleafant and profitable to be 
 “ known of Kentiflimen and others, cfpecially fuch as 
 “ are ftudious either of the ancient cuftom, or the com- 
 
 “ mo a 
 
S O M N E R. 
 
 moil law of this kingdom.” In this work he fliewcd 
 hirnfeif an abfolute civilian, and a complete common- 
 lawyer, as well as a profound antiquarian. This was his 
 laft publication : he left behind him many obfervations in 
 manufcript, and forae treatifes, one of which, “ of the 
 Roman ports and forts in Kent,” was publifhed at 
 Oxford 1693, 8vo, by James Brome, M. A. re^Ior of 
 Cheriton, and chaplain to the Cinque-Ports ; and “ Julii 
 “ Ccelaris Portus iccius illuftiatus a Somnero, Du Frefne, 
 & Gibfon,” was printed at the fame place 1624, 8vo. 
 To the former is preiixed his life by White Kennet, after¬ 
 wards bifhop of Peterborough. Thefe works were parts 
 of an intended hillory of the antiquities of KenL 
 
 He died March 30, 1669, after having been twice mar¬ 
 ried. Dr. Kennct tells us, that “ he was courteous, with- 
 “ out defign ; wife, without a trick; faithful, without a 
 “ reward; humble and compahionate; moderate and 
 equal; never fretted by his afiliftions, nor elated by the 
 “ favours of heaven and good men.” His many w^^ell- 
 felefted books and choice manuferipts were purchafed by 
 the dean and chapter of Canterbury for the library of that 
 church, where they now remain. A catalogue of his ma¬ 
 nuferipts is fubjoined to the life abovementioned. He 
 was a man “ antiquis moribus,” of great integrity and 
 limplicity of manners. He adhered to king Charles, in 
 the time of his troubles ; and, when he faw him h^'ought 
 to the block, his zeal could no longer contain itfelf, bui 
 broke out into a paflionate elegy, intituled, ‘‘ The in- 
 “ fecurity of princes, coniidered in an cecafional medita- 
 tion upon the king’s late fulFerings and death, 1648” 
 4to. And foon after he. publiihed another affeclionate 
 poem, to whkli is prefixed the pourtraiftiirc of Charles I 
 before his Eikxv ^acr*A4x»j, and this title, The frontifpiece 
 “ of the king’s book opened, with a poem annexed, ‘ The 
 “ Infecurity of Princes, A'c.” 4to, 
 
 Among his friends and correfpondents were the abps. 
 Laud and Ulher, Sir Robert Cotton, Sir William Dug- 
 dale, Sir Simonds D’Ewes, the antiquary Mr. William 
 Burton, Sir John Marfham, Elias Alhinole, efq. and 
 others of the fame flamp and character. A print of him 
 is placed over-againh the title-page of his treatife, Of 
 “ the Roman ports and forts in Kent.” • 
 
 SOPHOCLES, an ancient Greek tragedian, was 
 bora at Athens tiie 2d year of the 7 ill Olympiad, that is, 
 7 near 
 
49 6 
 
 Fabric. 
 Bibl. Giac. 
 vol. I. 
 
 Atbenxus, 
 
 lib. !• 
 
 Pint, in 
 Numa. 
 Divin. 1.1 
 
 Phlloftrar. 
 in vit. 
 Apollon. 
 
 SOPHOCLES. 
 
 near 500 years before Clirift; fo that he was thirty-one 
 years younger thanv^fchylus, and fifteen older than Eu¬ 
 ripides. His father Sophilus, of whofe condition nothing 
 certain can be collefted, educated him in all the politer 
 accomplhhments : he learned mufic and dancing of Lam- 
 prus, as Atheiiieus fays, and had .^fchylus for his inafler 
 in poetry, He was about lixteen, at the time of Xerxes’s 
 expeditions into Greece : and being at Salamis, where the 
 Grecians were employed in fixing the monuments of the 
 victory, after the flight of that prince, and the entire rout 
 of all his generals, he is reported to have appeared at the 
 head of a choir of noble boys (for he was very handfome) 
 all naked and wafhed over with oil and eflence; and, 
 while they fung a paean, to have guided the meafures with 
 his harp. 
 
 He was five and twenty, when he conquered his mafler 
 ALfchyius in tragedy. Cimon, the Athenian general, 
 having found Thefeus’s bones, and bringing the noble 
 reliques with folemn pomp into the city, a contention of 
 tragedians was appointed ; as was ufual on extraordinary 
 occaflons. .^^fchylus and Sophocles were the two great 
 rivals ; and the prize was adjudged to Sophocles, although 
 it was the flrfl: play he ever prefented in public. I'he 
 efteem and wonder, that all Greece exprefled at his wif- 
 dom, made him conceived to be the pecular favourite, or 
 rather intimate friend, of the gods. Thus they tell us, 
 ♦that iEfculapius did him the honour to viflt him at his 
 houfe V and, from a ftory of Tully, it Ihould feem that 
 Hercules had no lefs refpeft for him. Apollonius Tya- 
 nenfis, in his oration before Domitian, tells the emperor, 
 that Sophocles the Athenian was able to check and re- 
 llrain the furious winds, when they were viliting his 
 country it an unieafonable time. 
 
 TL'his opinion of his extraordjnary worth opened him a 
 free paflage to the highefl offices in the Hate. We And 
 him, in Strabo, going in joint cominiffion with Pericles, 
 to reduce the rebellious Samians : and it was during his 
 continuance in this honour, that he received the fevere re¬ 
 primand from his colleague, which is recorded by Cicero. 
 They were Handing and conferring about their common 
 affairs, when there happened to run by a very beautiful boy. 
 Sophocles could not but take notice of his perfon, and 
 began to exprefs his admiration to Pericles : to which the 
 grave general rriade this memorable reply : “A praetor, 
 Sophocles, Ihould be continent with his eyes, as well 
 
 “ as 
 
I 
 
 SOPHOCLES. 
 
 497 
 
 ** as with his hands.But whatever inclinations theruil. dc 
 poet might then have, as indeed his chaftity is but tooOific. 1.1, 
 reafonably fufpe£led, he rejoiced at laft, as we are told, Phii. in vlt, 
 that by the benefit of old age he was delivered from the Apoii. 1 . 1 . 
 fevere tyranny of love. c. lo. ^ 
 
 Tully, in his book De Scne£lute” brings in Sopho¬ 
 cles as an example to fhew, that the weaknefs of the 
 memory and parts is not a necefiary attendant of old age. 
 
 He obferves, that this great man continued the profeflion 
 of his art, even to his lateft years ; but, it feems, his foils 
 refented this fevere application to writing, as a manifefi: 
 neglect of his family and efiate. On this account, they 
 at lall brought the buliiiefs into court before the judges ; 
 and petitioned the guardianlliip of their father, as one that 
 was grown delirious, and therefore incapable of managing 
 his concerns. The old gentleman, being acquainted 
 with the motion, inorder to his defence, came prefently into 
 court, and recited his “ Oedipus of Colonos,” a tragedy 
 he had jull before finilhed ; and then delired to know, 
 whether that piece looked like the work of a madman ? 
 
 There needed no other plea in his favour ; for the judges, 
 admiring and applauding his wit, not only acquitted him 
 of the charge, but, as Lucian adds, voted his fons mad¬ 
 men for accufing him. I'hc general fiory of his death 
 goes, that, having exhibited his lalf play, and getting the 
 prize, he fell into fuch a tranfport of joy, as carried him 
 ofi'; though Lucian differs from the common report, and 
 affirms him to have been choaked by a grape-ftone, like 
 Anacreon. He died at Athens in his 90th year, as fome n\ 
 
 fay ; in his 95th, according to others. Macrob. 
 
 If AEfehylus be ftyled, as he ufually has been, the father, 
 Sophocles will certainly demand the title of the mafter, of 
 tragedy ; fince, what the former brought into the world, 
 the other adorned with true fiiapes and features, and all 
 the accomplifhments and perfe^lions its nature was capa¬ 
 ble of. Diog. Laertius, when he would give us the highell: 
 idea of the advances Plato made in pliilofophy, compares 
 them to the improvements of Sophocles in tragedy. 
 
 The chief reafon of Ariftotle’s giving Ihm the preference 
 to Euripides was, his allowing the chorus an interefl in 
 the main a£lion, fo as to make the play all of a piece, and 
 every thing to conduce regularly to the main defign ; 
 whereas w^e often meet in Euripides with a rambling long 
 of the chorus, entirely independent of the main bufinefs, 
 and as proper to be read on any other fubjeft or occafion. 
 
 VoL. XL K k Ariltotie 
 
498 
 
 SOPHOCLES. 
 
 Ariilotlc Indeed has given Euripides the cptihet of 
 Tpa7t>ta.’Talo?, but it IS cafy to difeover, that he can tnean 
 only the moft pathetic ; whereas, take him all together, and 
 he feems to give Sophocles the precedency ; at lead in the 
 moft noble perleftions of manners, oeconomy, and ftyle. 
 Dionyfius Halicarnaflenfts, in his “ Art of Rhetoric,” 
 commends Sophocles for preferving the dignity of his 
 perfons and chara(fters ; whereas Euripides, fays he, 
 did not fo much confult the truth of his manners, and 
 their conformity to common life. He gives the pre¬ 
 ference to Sophocles on two other accounts : firft, becaufe 
 Sophocles chofe the nobleft and moft generous affedions 
 and manners to reprefent; while Euripides employed him- 
 feif in exprefting the more difhoneft, abjedt, and effemi¬ 
 nate paffions ; and, fecondly, becaufe the former never 
 fays any thing but what is exa£lly neceflary, whereas the 
 latter frequently amufes the reader with oratorical de- 
 De DIvmat. du(ftions. Tully had the higheft opinion of Sophocles, as 
 appears from his calling him the divine poet; and Virgil, 
 Etlog. vlii. by his “ Sophocleo cothurno,” has left a mark of diftinc»* 
 tion, which feems to denote a preference of Sophocles to 
 all other writers of tragedy. 
 
 Out of above an hundred tragedies, which Sophocles 
 wrote, only feven remain. They have been frequently 
 publifiled, feparately and together; with the Greek Scholia 
 and Latin verfions, and without. Two editions of the 
 whole colledion may be mentioned ; one by P. Stephens, 
 with the Greek Scholia, and the notes of Joachim Ca- 
 jnerarius, and his father Henry Stephens, in 1586, 4to j 
 another with a Latin verfion, and all the Greek Scholia, 
 by Johnfon, at Cambridge, in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 S OR AN US, an ancient phyfician ofEphefus, where 
 he does not feem to have continued long. He was of 
 the fe£l called “ Methodifts,” and a great follower of 
 Theffalus, Trallian, &c. He pradlifed phyfic, firft at 
 Alexandria, then at Rome, in the reigns of Trajan and 
 Adrian. Some little pieces of his are extant, and have 
 been publifhed : “ De utero et muliebri pudendo, Graece, 
 “ Paris, 1554; “ In artem medendi ifagoge falubcrrima, 
 “ Bafil. 1528;” and others, befides a life of Hippocrates, 
 which has been inferted, in Greek and Latin, in almoft; 
 all the editions of Hippocrates.—There was another 
 So RAN us of Ephefus, and a phyfician too, later than 
 the above, and who wrote alfo about the difeafes of wo- 
 7 men; 
 
499 
 
 S O R A N U S. 
 
 men; unlefs, which is very likely, the one be taken for 
 the other. 
 
 SORBTERE (Samuel), a French writer, was born 'N’iceron^ 
 of Proteflant parents ini6io, or 1615 ; for it is not abfo-'®"^* 
 intely certain which. His father was a tradefman ; his 
 mother Louifa was the filfer of the learned Samuel Petit, 
 minifter of Nifmes. Thefe dying when he was young, 
 his uncle Petit took the care of him, and educated him as 
 his own child. Having laid a proper foundation in lan¬ 
 guages and polite literature, he went to Paris, where he 
 lludied divinity ; but, being prefently difgufted with this, 
 he applied himfelf to phylic, and foon made fuch a pro- 
 grefs, as to form an abridged fyftem for his own ufe, which 
 was afterwards printed on one Iheet of paper. He went 
 into Holland in 1642, back to France in 1,645, then 
 again to Holland in 1646, in which year he married. 
 
 He now intended to lit down to the pradlice of his pro- 
 felhon, and with that view went to Leyden; but, being 
 too volatile and inconllant to flay long at once place, he 
 w^as fcarcely fettled at Leyden, when he returned to France, 
 and was made principal of the college of Orange in 1650. 
 
 In 1653, he abjured the Proteftant religion, and em¬ 
 braced the Popilh ; and, going to Paris in 1654, publiflied, 
 according to cullom, a difcourfe upon the motives of his 
 converlion, which he dedicated to cardinal Mazarine. 
 
 He went afterwards to Rome, where he made himfelf 
 known to Alexander VII, by a Latin letter addrelTed ta 
 that pope ; in which he inveighed againft the envious Pro- 
 teftants, as he called them. Upon his return from Rome, 
 he came over to England ; and afterwards publilhed, in 
 1664, a relation of his voyage hither, which brought upon 
 him much trouble and difgrace ; for, having taken great 
 and unwarrantable liberties with, and fhewn much fpleen 
 and fatirical humour againft, a nation with whom France 
 at that time thought it good policy to be well with, he 
 was ftripped of his title of “ Hiftoriographer of Franci,” 
 which had been given him by the king, and fent lor fome 
 time into banilhment. His book alfo was difcountcnanced 
 and diferedited by a piece, publilhed againft it in the very 
 city of Paris ; while Sprat, afterwards bilhop of Rochefter, Ar. 
 expofed it with much eloquence and wit here at home, 
 Voltaire has alfo been very fevere upon this work : “I 
 “ would not,” fays he, “ imitate the late Mr. Sorbiere, 
 
 “ who, having ftayed three months in England, without 
 
 X k 2 knowing 
 
500 
 
 I'reface to 
 ** Efl'ay up' 
 on the civi 
 wars of 
 France, 
 Jcc.” pub- 
 lifhed at 
 London in 
 2727, 
 
 S O R B I E R E. 
 
 “ knowing any thing either of its manners or of its Ian- 
 “ guage, thought lit to print a relation, wliich proved 
 “ but a dull fcurrilous fatire upon a nation he knew no- 
 “ thing of.’^ 
 
 Cardinal Rofpiglioh being likely to fucceed Alexander 
 VIL in the papal chair, Sorbiere made a fecond journey 
 [to Rome. He was known to the cardinal when he was 
 at Rome before, and had lince publilhed a collection of 
 poems in his praife; and fo promifed himfelf great things 
 upon his exaltation to the popedom. Rofpigliofi was 
 made pope, and took the name of Clement IX ; but Sor¬ 
 biere was difappointed : for, though the pope received 
 him kindly, and gave him good words, yet he gave him 
 nothing more, except a fmall fum to defray the charges of 
 his journey. He was one of thofe men who could not 
 be content, and was therefore never happy. He was al¬ 
 ways complaining of the injuftice and cruelty of fortune ; 
 and yet his finances were always decent, and he lived in 
 tolerable plenty. Lewis XIV, cardinal Mazarine, and 
 pope Alexander VII, had been benefaClors to him ; and 
 many were of opinion, that he had as much as he dc- 
 ferved. He could not help bemoaning himfelf even to 
 Clement IX, who contenting himfelf, as wc have obferv- 
 ed, with doing him fome little honours, without paying 
 any regard to his fortune,, is laid tp have received this - 
 complaint from him, “ Moll holy Hther, you give ruffles 
 “ to a man who is without a fflirt^”^ 
 
 In the mean time, it is fuppofed that Sorbiere’s con¬ 
 nexions would have advanced him higher in the church, 
 if he had been rightly turned for it. But he was not of a 
 true ecclefiaflical make, but more of a philofopher than a 
 divine. He revered the memory of fuch writers as Rabe¬ 
 lais, whom he made his conilant fludy : Montaigne and 
 Chari'on were heroes with him, nor would he fuffer them 
 to be ill fpoken of in his prefence : and he had a known 
 attachment to the principles and perfon of Gaflendus, 
 whofe life, prefixed to liis works, was written by Sorbiere. 
 Thefe connexions and attachments made him fufpe<5ted 
 to be not very found in the faith, but rather fceptical at 
 the bottom ; and this fufpicion was probably fome check 
 upon his riling : for otherwife, although a man of levity 
 and vanity, he was not deflitute of good cjualities and 
 accomplifhments. He was very well fkilled in languages 
 and all polite literature, and had fome knowledge in many 
 Iciences ; and he is laid to have had no remarkable ble- 
 3 milh 
 
S O R B I E R E. 
 
 mlfli upon his chara^ler, although a little acidified to 
 plcalures. He died of a dropfy, the 9th of April, 1670. 
 
 'I'hough his name is fo well known in the literary 
 world, yet it is not owing to any productions of his own, 
 but rather to the connexions he fought, and the corre- 
 fpondences he held with men of learning. He was not 
 the author of any confiderable work, although there are 
 more than twenty publications of his of the fmall kind. 
 Some have been mentioned in the courfc of this memoir, 
 and there are others : as, “ i^ettres ^ difeours fur diverfes 
 “ matieres curieufes, Paris, 1660,4to “ Difeours fur la 
 “ Comete,” written upon Gaifendi’s principles againlt 
 comets being portents, 1665 ; “ Difeours fur la tranf- 
 ** fulion de fang dhm animal dans le corps d’une homme,” 
 written at Rome; “ Difeours feeptique fur le padage dvi 
 chyle Sc fur le mouvement du coeur.” Guy Patin fays, 
 in one of his letters, that tips lall work is full of fliults, 
 and that the author knew nothing of the fubjeCt he treat-.- 
 cd of; which may be in fome meafure true, for l*ie does 
 not appear to have troubled himfelf long about phylic. 
 He publidied in 1669 at Paris, “ Epiftolre illuflrium Cv 
 eruditorum virorum among which are fome of Cle* 
 ment iXth’s letters to him, while that pope was yet car¬ 
 dinal. This publication was thought improper, and im¬ 
 puted to vanity. He tranflated fome of our Englilh 
 authors into French: as More’s Utopia;” fome of 
 Hobbes’s works, and part of Camden’s ‘‘ Britannia.” He 
 correfponded with Hobbes ; and there goes a dory of his 
 management in this correfpondence, which, fuppoling it 
 true, Ihews, that, although he might be no great man him- 
 felf, yet he was not deditute of thofe arts which have 
 made little men fometimes pafs a while for great. Hobbes 
 ufed to write to Sorluere on pliilolophical lubjeCls ; and 
 thofe letters, being fejit by him to Gaffendi, feemed lo 
 worthy of notice to that great man, that he let himfelf to 
 write proper anfwcrs to them. Galfendi’s anfwers were 
 fent by borbiere as his own to Hobbes, who tliought 
 himfelf happy in the correfpondence of fo profound a phi- 
 lofoplicr: but, at length the artiiice being dilcovered, 
 Sorbiere did not come olf with the honour he had pro- 
 pofed to himielf. 
 
 I omit mentioning other minute performances of Sor¬ 
 biere, as being of no confcquencc at all. 'riierc is a “ bor- 
 “ beriana,” which is as good as many other of tpo Ana 
 that is, good for nothing. 
 
 Kk3 SOUTH 
 
 501 
 
SOUTH. 
 
 SOUTH (Dr. Robert), an Englifii divine of great 
 Athen. p^rts and learning, was the foil of a merchant in London, 
 Oxon. and born at Hackney in Middlefex, 1633. He was edu- 
 
 Vol. ir. cated in Wcftminfler-fchool under Dr. Buihy, where he 
 
 works ofacquired an uncommon fhare of grammatical and philo- 
 Dr. Robert logical learning, but “more,” fays Wood, “ of impu- 
 So-’tb, with u Jence and faucinefs and, being a king’s fcholar, was 
 his'ufe”^ in 1651 eledied thence fludent of Chrifl-Church in Ox- 
 3717, 8vo. ford. He took a bachelor of arts degree in 1654; and 
 the fame year wrote a copy of Latin verfes, to congratu¬ 
 late the protedlor Cromwell upon the peace concluded 
 with the Dutch. They were publifhed in a colledlion of 
 poems by the univerfity. The year after, he publifhed ' 
 another Latin poem, intituled, “ Mufica Incantans : five, ' 
 “ Poema exprimens Muficse vires juvenem in infaniain 
 adigentis, & Alufici inde periculum.” In 1657, he 
 took a mailer of arts degree ; and became by virtue ot his 
 abilities and attainments an illuflrious member of his fo- 
 ciety. He preached frequently, and (as Wood thinks) 
 without any orders ; he appeared at St. Apiary’s the great 
 champion for Calvinifm againft Socinianifm and Armi- 
 nianifm; and his behaviour was fuch, and his parts 
 efleemed fo exceedingly ufeful and ferviceable, that the 
 heads of that party were confidering how to give proper 
 encouragement and proportionable preferment to fo hope¬ 
 ful a convert. In the mean time the protedlor Crom¬ 
 well died ; and then, the Prefbyterians prevailing over 
 the Independents, South fided with them. He began to 
 contemn, and in a manner to defy, the dean of his col¬ 
 lege Dr. Owen, who was reckoned the head of the Inde¬ 
 pendent party; upon which the do£lor plainly told him, 
 that he was one who “ fate in the feat of the fcornhil.” 
 The author of the memoirs of South’s life tells us, that 
 he was admitted into holy orders, according to the rites 
 and ceremonies of the church of England, in 1638. July 
 1659, preached the afiize-fermon at Oxford, in which 
 he inveighed vehemently againfi: the Independents ; and 
 by this greatly pleafed the Prefbyterians, who thereupon 
 made him their acknov/ledgments. The fame year, when 
 it was vifible that the king would be refiored, he was 
 fomewhat at a Hand, yet was flill reckoned a member of 
 “ the Fanatic Ordinary,” as Wood exprefles it; but, when 
 his majcfly’s refloration could not be withflood, then he 
 began to exercife his pulpit-talents, which were very great, 
 as njuch againft the Prefbyterians, as he had done before 
 • . - againft 
 
SOUTH. 
 
 agalnll the Independents. Such was the conduft and be¬ 
 haviour of this celebrated divine in the earlier part of his 
 life, as it is defcribed by his contemporary in the uni- 
 verlity Mr. Anthony Wood; and if AVood was not un- 
 reafonably prejudiced againft him, he was doubtlefs no 
 Imail time-ferver, who knew no better ufe of the great 
 abilities God had given him, than to make himfelf well 
 with thofe who could reward him bell. 
 
 He feems to have proceeded as he had begun : that is, 
 he puflied himfelf on by an extraordinary zeal for the 
 powers that were ; and he did not fucceed amifs. Aug. 
 lO, i66o, he was chofen public orator of the univerfity; 
 and at the fame time ‘‘ tugged hard,” fays Wood, “ fuch 
 was the high conceit of his worth, to be canon of 
 ‘‘ Chrift-Church, as belonging to that office; but was 
 ‘‘ kept back by the endeavours of the dean. This was a 
 ‘‘ great difcontent to him ; and, not being able to con- 
 ceal it, he clamoured at it, and fhewed much palhon in 
 ‘‘ his fermons till he could get preferment, which made 
 them therefore frequented by the generality, though 
 ‘‘ fliunned by fome. This perfon, though he was a ju- 
 “ nior niafter, and had never fuffered for the royal caufe, 
 ‘‘ yet fo great was his conceit, or fo biinded he was with 
 “ ambition, that he thought he could never be enough 
 “ loaded with preferment; while others, who had fuf- 
 “ fered much, and had been reduced to a bit^f bread for 
 ‘‘ his majefty’s caufe, could get nothing.” South’s ta¬ 
 lents however might be of ufe, and were not to be neg- 
 lefled ; and thefe, together with his faming zeal, which 
 he was ever ready to exert on all occafions, recommended 
 him effefluaiiy to notice and preferment. In i66i, he; 
 became domellic chaplain to lord Clarendon, chancellor 
 of- Endand, and of the univcrfitv of Oxford ; and, in 
 March 1663, was inflalled prebendary of Vv^ellmmiter. 
 061 . the ill following, he was admitted to the degree of 
 doclor in divinity but this, as Wood relates, not with¬ 
 out fome commotion in the univerlity. Letters were 
 fent by lord Clarendon, in behalf of his chaplain South, 
 who was therein recommended to the dodloratc: but 
 fome were fo offended, on account of certain prejudices 
 againft South, whom they looked upon as a mere time- 
 ferver, that they flifly denied the paffmg of thefe letters 
 in convocation. A tumult arofe, and they proceeded to a 
 ferutiny ; after which the fenior pro6lor Nathaniel Crew, 
 fellow of Lincoln-collcge, and afterwards bilhop of Dur- 
 
 K k 4 ham. 
 
 503 
 
504 
 
 SOUTH. 
 
 liam, did according to his nfnal perfidy, which, fays 
 “ Wood, he frcTjuently exercifed in his office; for he 
 “ was hoin and bred a Prcfbyteriaii”) pronounce liini 
 paffed by the major part of tlie horde : in confequcnce of 
 vyhich, by the double prefentation of Dr. John W'allis, 
 Savilian profefTor of geometry, he was lirfl admitted ba¬ 
 chelor, then dodor of divinity. 
 
 Afterwards he had a finccure in Wales, beftowed upon 
 hiin by his patron the earl of Clarendon , and, at that 
 carl s retirement into France in 1667, became chaplain to 
 fames drikc of York. In 1670, he was made canon of 
 C hrill-Church in Oxford. In 1676, he attended as chap¬ 
 lain Laurence Hyde, elq; ambaflador extraordinary to the 
 king of Poland ; of which journey he gave an account, in 
 a letter to Dr. Ldward Pocock, dated from Dantzick the 
 16th of Dec. 1677 ; which letter is printed in the “ Mc- 
 “ moirs of his Life.” In 1678, he was nominated by 
 the dean and cliapter of Welhninfter to tire rc-aorv oV 
 Ihip in Oxfordlhirc ; and, in 1680, rebuilt the chancel of 
 tliat churcli, as he did afterwards the reefory-houfe. 
 \Food has oblcrved, in April ibqq, that, notwithlLind- 
 ing his various preferments, he lived upon none of them; 
 but upon his temporal ellate at Caverfham near Reading, 
 and, as tiic people of Oxford imagined, in a difcontentcd 
 and clamorous condition for want of more, ddicy were 
 miltaken, however, if the author of the “ MemoiiVof his 
 Ldfc” is to be depended pn, veho tells ns, tliat he re¬ 
 filled feveiaf offers of bilhopricSj as likewiie that of an 
 aichbifhopi 1C in Ireland, which, was made him in james, 
 lids reign by Ins patron the earl of Rochcll.er, tlien lord 
 lieutenant of that kingdom. But this was only rumour ; 
 and theie is little lealon to fujipofe tliat it had any found¬ 
 ation. South s nature and tenqier was violent, domi- 
 ncciing, and intia6fable to the lall degree ; and it is more 
 than probable, that his patrons might not think it ex¬ 
 pedient to laife him higher, and by that means inycll 
 him with more power than he was likely to nie \yitli dif- 
 cretion. j here is a particular recorded, which Ihews, 
 that they weie no ilrangers to his iiatLirc. d'lic carl of 
 Rocheffer, being folicited by James jl. to cliangc his re¬ 
 ligion, agreed to be prelcnt at a difpute between two di¬ 
 vines of the church of Isiigland, and two of the cliiirch 
 of Rome ; and to abide by the rclult of it. 'Flic king 
 nominated two for the ]Y])ilh fide, the earl two for the 
 Protcflant, one or whom was South ; to wliom the kii^g 
 
 objeSfed, 
 
505 
 
 SOUTH. 
 
 obje^lecl, faying, that he could not agree to the choice of 
 South, who inilead'of arguments would bring railing ac- 
 ciifations, and had not temper to go through a difpute, 
 that required the greateft attention and calmnefs : upon 
 wliich Dr. Patrick, then dean of Peterborough, and mi- 
 nihcr of St. Paul’s Covent-Garden, was chofcn in his 
 head. 
 
 After the Revolution, he took the oath of allegiance to 
 their majeflies ; though he is faid to have excufed himfelf 
 from accepting a great dignity in the church, vacated by a 
 refufal of thofe oaths, In 1693, he publifhed “ Anlmad- 
 “ verfions on Dr. Sherlock’s book, intituled, ‘ A vindi- 
 “ cation of the Holy and ever PlelTed Trinity,’ See. to- 
 gether with a more necehary vindication of that facred 
 “ and prime article of the Chrihian Faith from his new 
 notions and falfe explications of it : humbly offered to 
 his admirers, and to himfelf the chief of them, 1693,” 
 4to. Sherlock having publilhed in 1694 a Defence of 
 liimfelf againfl; thefe Animadverfions, South replied, in 
 a book intituled, “ I'ritheifm charged upon Dr. Sher- 
 “ lock’s new notion of the Trinity, and the charge made 
 good in an anfvver to the defence, &c.” This was a 
 moll terrible war, and great men efpoufed the caufe of 
 each ; though the caul'e of each, as is curious to obferve, 
 was not the caule of orthodoxy, which lay betw^een them 
 both : for if Sherlock ran into I'ritheifm, and made three 
 fubllances as w ell as three perfons of the Godhead, South 
 on the other hand leaned to the herefy of Sabcllius, which, 
 dellroving the triple perfonage, fuppofed only one fub- 
 flance wdth three modes as it were. Neverthclefs, the 
 viftory was adjudged to South in an extraordinary man¬ 
 ner at Oxford : for Mr. Bingham of Univerfity-college, 
 having fallen in with Sherlock’s notions, and aflerted in a 
 fermon before tlie univerlity, that “ there Were three in- 
 “ finite dilliiuSl minds and fubllances in the Trinity, and 
 allb that the three perfons in the Trinity are three 
 “ diltinft minds or fpirits, and three individual fubflan- 
 ces,” was cenfured by a folemn decree there in convo¬ 
 cation : wdierein tliey judge, declare, and determine the 
 aforefaid words, lately delivered in the. laid fermon, to be 
 “ fidfe, impious, heretical, and contrary to the do6lrinc 
 of the church of England.” But this decree rather 
 irritated, than compoEd the diffei'ences : whereupon the 
 king interpofed his authority, by diredions to the arch- 
 bilhops and bilhops, that no preacher whatfoever in his 
 
 fermon 
 
50(5- S O U T II. 
 
 fermon or le^lure fhoiild prefumc to preach any other 
 dodlrinc concerning the blelTed Trinity, than what was 
 contained in the Holy Scriptures, and was agreeable to 
 the three Creeds and thirty-nine Articles of Religion. 
 This put an end to the controverfy ; though not till after 
 both the difputants, together with Dr. Thomas Burnet, 
 mafter of the Charter-Houfc, had been ridiculed in a well- 
 known ballad, called “ The Battle Royal.” Burnet about 
 the fame time had ridiculed, in his “ Archaeologiae Philolo- 
 ‘‘ phicce,” the literal account of the Creation and Fall of 
 Man, as it flands in the beginning of Genefis ; and this, 
 though fmart and witty, being then thought heterodox 
 and prophane, expofed him to the lafh upon the prefent 
 occafion. 
 
 During the greatefl part of queen Anne’s reign, South 
 was in a ftate of inactivity ; and, the infirmities of old 
 age growing fall upon him, he performed very little of 
 the duty of his miniflerial funClion, otherwife than by at¬ 
 tending divine fervice at Weftminfler-Abbey. Never- 
 thelefs, when there was any alarm about the church’s 
 danger, as in thofe days alarms of that fort were frequent, 
 none fhewed greater aCtivity ; nor had Sacheverell in 171a 
 a more flrenuous advocate. He had from time to time 
 given his fernions to the public; and, in 1715, hepub- 
 liflied a 4th volume, which he dedicated to the right Iron. 
 William Bromley, efq; “ fometime fpeaker of the hon. 
 
 houfe of commons, and after that principal fecretary of 
 
 ftate to her majefty queen Anne, of eyerhleffed memory f 
 He died, aged 83, July 8, 1716; and was interred in 
 Weftminfler-Abbey, where a monument is ereCled to 
 him, with an infeription upon it. He was a man of very 
 uncommon abilities and attainments ; of judgement, wit, 
 and learning equally great. There is as much wit in his 
 fermons, as there is good fenfe and learning, well combin¬ 
 ed and ftrongly fet forth : and there is yet more ill-hu¬ 
 mour, fpleen, and fatire. However admirable, there was 
 certainly nothing amiable in his nature : for it is doing 
 him no injuftice to fay, that he was four, morofe, peevifh, 
 quarrelfome, intolerant, and unforgiving ; and, had not 
 his zeal for religion covered a multitude of moral imper¬ 
 fections, all his parts and learning could not have fereen- 
 cd him from the imputation of being but an indifferent 
 kind of man. 
 
 His Sermons have been often printed in 6 vols. 8vo- 
 In I 7 i 7 > his Opera Pofthiima Latina,” confuting of 
 
 Orations 
 
507 
 
 SOUTH. 
 
 Orations and Poems ; and his “ Pofthumons Works” In 
 Engliih^ containing three Sermons, an account of his 
 Travels into Poland, Memoirs of his Life, and a 
 Copy of his Will; were publilhed in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 SOUTHERN (Thomas), an Engllfh dramatic 
 writer, was the fon of George Southern of Stratford upon 
 Avon in Warwicklhire, and born about 1662. He became 
 a member of Pembroke-college, Oxford, in 1680 ; and, 
 after having taken one degree in arts in 1683, went to 
 London, where he fet up for a poet, and wrote a tragedy, 
 called “ The Loyal Brother, or the Perfian Prince,” afled 
 and publillied in 1682. This is Wood’s account, but 
 certainly erroneous : for here he is made to publifh a play 
 after his fettlement in London, though, by the very date 
 of its publication, it mull; have been written fome time 
 before he left Oxford. 
 
 Another writer, who, though of no great authority, yet 
 was probably better acquainted with his hillory, gives this Clhber’s 
 account of him. Southern, fays he, was born at Uub- 
 lin in the year of the Relloration; and was early v, ’ 
 educated at the univerfity there. In his i8th year, he 
 quitted Ireland, and probably went to Oxford, though 
 this writer makes no mention of it; whence he removed 
 to the Middle-Temple, London, where he devoted him- 
 felf to play-writing and poetry, inflead of law. His Per- 
 “ lian Prince, or Loyal Brother,” in 1682, was intro¬ 
 duced at .a time when the Tory interefl was triumphant in 
 England ; and the charafler of the Loyal Brother was no 
 doubt intended to compliment James duke of York, 
 who afterwards rewarded him for his fervice : for, after 
 his accefhon to the throne, Southern went into the army, 
 and ferved in the commillion of captain under the king 
 himfelf, when about to oppofe the prince of Orange’s 
 coming into England. This affair being over, he retired 
 To his fludies ; and wrote feveral plays, from which he is 
 fuppofed to have drawn a very handfome fubfiftence. In 
 the preface to his tragedy, called “ The Spartan Dame,” 
 he acknowledges, that he received from the bookfellers as 
 a price for this play 150 1. which was thought in 1721, 
 the time of its being publilhed, very extraordinry. He 
 was the firfl who raifed the advantage of play-writing to 
 a fecond and third night; which Pope mentions in the 
 following manner : 
 
 Southern born to raife 
 d'hc price of prologues and of plays. 
 
 The 
 
SOUTHERN. 
 
 The reputation, which Dryden gained by the many 
 prologues he wrote, made the players always Iblicitous to 
 have one of his, as being fure to be well received by the 
 public. Dryden’s price for a prologue had ufually been 
 five guineas, with which fum Southern once prefented 
 him ; when Dryden returning the money, faid, “ Young 
 “ man, this is too little, 1 mull have ten guineas.” 
 Southern anfwered, that five had been his ufual price : 
 
 “ Yes,” fays Dryden, “ it has been fo, but the players 
 “ have hitherto had my labours too cheap ; for the future 
 “ I muff have ten guineas.” Southern alfo was induflri- 
 ous to draw all imaginable profits from his poetical la¬ 
 bours. Dryden once took occalion to afk him, how 
 much he got by one of his plays ? to whom Southern 
 replied, after owning himfelf aflaamed to tell him, 700 1. 
 which aflonifhed Dryden, as it was more by 6001. than 
 he himfelf had ever got by his moil fuccefsful plays. 
 But the fecret, we are told, is, that Southern was not 
 beneath the drudgery of folicitation, and often fold his 
 tickets at a very high price, by making applications to 
 perfons of quality and diflinflion ; a degree of fervility, 
 
 . which perhaps Dryden might think below the dignity of 
 a poet, and more in the charadler of an under-player. 
 Dryden entertained a high opinion of Southern’s abili¬ 
 ties ; and prefixed a copy of verfes to a comedy of his, 
 called “ The Wife’s Excufe,” acted in 1692. The night 
 that Southern’s “ Innocent Adultery” was firfl adled, 
 which is perhaps the moft moving play in any language, 
 a gentleman took occafion to afk ]i)ryden5 “ what was his 
 “ opinion of Southern’s genius ?” who replied, that 
 he thought him fuch another poet as Otway.” The 
 molt finiflied of all his, plays is “ Oroonoko, or the Royal 
 “ Slave which drama is built upon a true llory, re¬ 
 lated by Mrs. Echn in a novel. Befides the tender and 
 delicate flrokes of palhon in this play, there are many 
 ihining and manly fentiments ; and fome have been of 
 opinion, that the moll celebrated of even Shakfpeare’s 
 plays cannot furnilh out fo many flriking thoughts, and 
 fuch a glow of animated poetry. Southern died May 26,, 
 FMot,raphia 1746, aged 85. He lived the laid ten years of his life in 
 Dramatica. Wellminfler, and attended the abbey fervice very con- 
 Handy ; being, as is laid, particularly fond of church mulic. 
 OJdys, in his MS. additions to (Aldon’s continuation of 
 Langbaine, fays, that he remembered Mr. Southern “ a 
 “ erave and venerable old ccntleman. He lived near 
 
 Co vent- 
 
SOUTHERN. 
 
 509 
 
 H 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 < ( 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ii 
 
 a 
 
 (( 
 
 Covent-Garden, and ufed often to frequent the evening 
 prayers there, always neat and decently drefled, com¬ 
 monly in black, with his lilver fword and iilver locks ; 
 
 “ but latterly it feems he refided at Weilminfter.” The 
 
 j 
 
 late excellent poet Mr. Gray, in a letter to Mr. Walpole, 
 dated from Burnham, in Buckinghamlliire, Sept. 1737, 
 has alfo the following obfervation concerning our author: 
 
 We have old Mr. Southern at a gentleman’s houfe a 
 little way off, who often comes to fee us ; he is now 
 feventy-feven years old, and has almoft wholly loft his 
 “ memory; but is as agreeable an old man as can be, at 
 lead: I perfuade myfelf fo when I look at him, and think 
 of Ifabella and Oroonoko.” Mr. Mafon adds in a note (yiiarto edit, 
 on this pallage, that “ Mr. Gray always thought highlvP-^ 5 - 
 of his pathetic powers, at the fame time that he blamed 
 his ill tafte for mixing them fo injudiciouily with farce, 
 in order to produce that monllrous fpecies of coinpo- 
 fition, called Tragi-comedy.” Mr. Southern, however, 
 in the latter part of his life, was fenlible of the impropriety 
 of blending tragedy and comedy, and ufed to declare to 
 lord Corke his regret at complying with the licentious 
 tafte of the time. His dramatic writinscs were for the firft 
 time completely publifhed by T. Evans, in 3 vols. lamo. 
 
 SOZOMENUS (Her Mias), an ecclefiaftical hifto- 
 rian of the fifth century, was of a good family ; and born 
 at Bethelia, a town of Paleftine. After being liberally Faivocri 
 educated, he ftudied the law at Berytus in Phoenicia ; and 
 then, going to Conftantinople, became a pleader at the 
 bar. Afterwards he applied himfelf to the writing of moiu, Da 
 Eccleftaftical Hiftory ; and firft drew up a compendium 
 of it in two books, from the afeenfton of Chrlft to the 
 year 323 ; but this is loft. Then he continued his hiftory 
 in a more circumftantial and clofer manner to the year 
 440 ; and this is extant. He hath many particulars re¬ 
 lating to him in common with the ecclefiaftical hiftorian 
 Socrates : he lived at the fame time, was of the fame pro- 
 fefTion, undertook a work of the fame nature, and com- 
 prlfed it within the ftune period : for his hiftory ends, as 
 it nearly begins, at the fame point with that of Socrates. 
 
 His ftyle is more ftorid and elegant than Socrates’s ; but Jyruu- 
 he is by no means fo judicious an author'. Being of a 
 family which had exceftively admired the monks, andm. 
 himfelf educated at the feet of thefe Ciamaliels, he con- 
 tra£f:ed a fupeiftitious and trirling turn of mind, and an 
 
 Re- 
 fii?.rk5, voi. 
 
 amazing 
 
510 
 
 S O Z O M E N U S. 
 
 Hift.lib. II. amazing credulity for monkifh miracles : he fpeaks of the 
 benefit which himfelf had received from the interceflion 
 of Michael the Archangel. He gives an high commend¬ 
 ation of a monadic life, and enlarges very much upon the 
 aftions and manners of thofe reclufes : and this is all that 
 he hath added to the “ Hiflory of Socrates,” who it is uni- 
 verfally agreed wrote firfl, and whom he every where 
 S«e copies. 
 
 Bins and His hiflory has been tranflated and publiflied by Vale- 
 SOCRA- fius, with Eufebius and the other ecclefiaflical hiflorians; 
 
 and republifhed, with additional notes by Reading, at 
 London 1720, in 3 vols. folio. 
 
 SPANHEIM (Frederic), profefTor of divinity at 
 Leyden, was born at Amberg in the Upper Palatinate, in 
 Bayk’s 1600, of a good family. His father Wigand Spanheim, 
 
 ^ do£lor of divinity, was a very learned man, and eccle- 
 Niceron, fiaflical couiifellor to the elector palatine: he died in 
 tom.XXiX. j520, holding in his hand a letter from his fon, which 
 had made him weep for joy. Frederic was educated with 
 great care under the infpe£iion of his father ; and, having 
 Itudied in the college of Amberg till 1613, was fent the 
 next year to the univerfity of Heidelberg, which was then 
 in a very flourifhing condition. He made fo great a pro- 
 grefs there both in languages and philofophy, that it was 
 eafily perceived he would one day become a great man. 
 He returned to his father’s houfe in 1619, and was fent 
 foon after to Geneva, to fludy divinity there. In 1621, 
 after the death of his father, he went into Dauphine ; 
 and lived three years with the governor of Ambrun, in 
 the quality of a tutor. Then he returned to Geneva, 
 and went afterwards to Paris ; where he met wnth a kind 
 relation, Samuel Durant, who was minifler of Charenton. 
 Durant difuiaded Spanheim from accepting the profefTor- 
 Ihip of philofophy at Laufanne, which the magiftrates of 
 Perne then offered him. 
 
 April 1625, he made a voyage of four months to Eng¬ 
 land, and was at Oxford ; but, being driven thence by the 
 plague, he returned to Paris, and was prefent at the death 
 of his relation Durant, who, having a great kindnefs for 
 him, left him his whole library. He had learned Latin 
 and Greek in his own country, French at Geneva, Eng- 
 lifh at Oxford ; and what time he now fpent at Paris 
 was employed in acquiring the oriental tongues. In 1627, 
 he difputed at Geneva for a profcfforfhip of philofophy. 
 
S P A N H E I M. 5,1 
 
 and carried it; and about the fame time married,a Judy, 
 originally of Poitou, who reckoned among her anceflors 
 the famous Budaeus. He was admitted a miniher fome 
 time after ; and, in 1631, fucceeded to the chair of divi¬ 
 nity, which Turretin had left vacant. He acquitted him- 
 felfofhis fundlions as an able and withal an indefatiga¬ 
 ble man ; fo that his reputation being fpread abroad 
 every fide, feveral univerfities would have had him : but 
 that of Leyden prevailed, after the utmoft endeavours had 
 been uied to keep him at Geneva. He left Geneva in 
 1642; and taking a do6lor of divinity’s degree at Bafil, 
 that he might conform to the cuflom of the country he 
 was going to, he arrived at Leyden, Odl. that year. He 
 not only fupported, but even increafed the reputation he 
 had brought with him ; but he lived to enjoy it only 
 till May 1649. His great labours hiortened his days. 
 
 Plis academical ledlures and difputations, his preachino' 
 
 (for he was minifler of the Walloon church at Leyden^ 
 the books he wrote, and many domeflic cares, did not 
 hinder him frpni keeping up a great literary correfpond- 
 cnce. Befides this, he w’^as obliged to pay many vifits : he 
 vifited the queen of Bohemia, and the prince of Orange ; 
 and was in great efleem at tkofe two courts. Queen 
 Chriflina did him the honour to write to him ; in order 
 to let him know, how much fhe efleemed him, and what 
 pleafure fhe took in reading his works. Neverthelefs, 
 though he gave many fpecimens of abilities and learning] 
 he cannot be faid to have coinpofed any work of ini- 
 portance; and perhaps the republic of letters has been 
 more obliged to him for two fons that he left, than for 
 any thing which he himfelf wrote. He was the author 
 of fome things in the hiflorical as well as theological way. 
 
 SPANHEIM (Ezekiel), a very learned w'riter, as 
 well as excellent ftatefman, was the eldefl fon of Frederic • 
 Spanheim ; and was born at Geneva in 1629. 
 tinguifhed himfelf fo much in his earliefl youth by hisp^^l^*^^' 
 forward parts and progrefs in literature, that, going, to fee, 
 Leyden with his father in 1642, he gained immediately — 
 the friendfhip of Daniel Heinlius and Salmafius, who were^]!‘^j^‘'j^’ 
 there ; and preferved it with them both, notwithflandingiL—c^ne- 
 the animofity they exerted againfi each other. He was 
 not fatisfied with making himfelf a thorough mailer of the^*^"^’ 
 Greek and Latin tongues, but he applied himfelf with 
 great vigour to the Oriental alfo. Ludovicus Capellus 
 
 had 
 

 S P A N H E I M. 
 
 had publifhcd, at Amfterdam in 1645, a dillertatlon upon 
 the ancient Hebrew Letters againft John Buxtorf; in 
 which he maintains, that the true chara£lcrs of the an¬ 
 cient Hebrews were preferved among the Samaritans, and 
 loft among the Jews. Spanheim undertook to refute 
 Capellus in certain thefes, which he maintained and pub- 
 lifhed at hxteen years of age ; but which afterwards, out 
 of his great candour and modefty, he called “ unripe fruit 
 and frankly owned, that Bochart, to whom he had fent 
 them, had declared himfelf for Capellus againif Buxtorf. 
 
 In 1649, he loft his father; and foon after returned to 
 Geneva, where he was honoured with the title of profef- 
 for of eloquence, but never performed the fiindlions oF 
 that place. His reputation fpreading more and more into 
 foreign countries, Charles Lewis, ele£lor palatine, fent 
 for him to his court, to be tutor to his only fon : which 
 employment he not only difcharged with great fuccefs, 
 but alfo ihewed his prudence and addrefs, by preferving 
 the good opinion of the eleftor and eleeftrefs, though they 
 were upon ill terms with each other. While he lived at 
 this court, he employed his leifure hours in perfecting his 
 knowledge of the Greek and Roman learning; and not 
 only fo, but ftudied the hiftory of the later ages, and ex¬ 
 amined all thofe books and records which relate to the 
 conftitution of the empire, and might contribute to ex¬ 
 plain and illuftrate the public law of Germany. He 
 ihortly gave a proof of his capacity for thefe fort of mat¬ 
 ters, in a French piece which he publifhed in 1657 ; the 
 defign of which was, to aflert the right of the elector pa¬ 
 latine to the poll of vicar of the empire, in oppolition to 
 the claims of the duke of Bavaria. Skill in thefe matters 
 hath always been a fure foundation and ftep to prefer¬ 
 ment in the courts of Germany; and there is no doubt, 
 that it opened Spanheim’s way to thofe great and various 
 employments in which he was afterwards engaged. 
 
 In 1660, he publifhed at Heidelberg a French tranfla- 
 tion of the emperor Julian’s “ Cafars,” with notes and illu- 
 ftrations from medals and other monuments of anti¬ 
 quity. He had always an extraordinary paflion for an¬ 
 tiquities and medals ; but had not yet feen Italy,' where 
 the ftudy of them more efpecially flourifhed. On this 
 account it was no doubt with great pleafure, that he fhortly 
 after received a commiflion from the eleClor, to go to 
 Rome, in order to obferve the intrigues of the catholic 
 electors at that court. He no fooner arrived than he at¬ 
 tracted 
 
S P A N H E I M. 
 
 traftcd the efteem of queen Chriflina, at whofe palace 
 there was held an aflembly of learned men every week j 
 and he dedicated to her, in 1664, “ Dillettationes de 
 
 praillantia & ufu numifmatum antiquorum,” printed at 
 Rome in qto. I'he fame year he took a journey to Na¬ 
 ples, Sicily, and Malta, and then returned to Rome^jx 
 where he found the princcfs Sophia, mother of George 1 . 
 of England. That princefs, being highly pleafed to meet 
 with a gentleman, whom Ihe had already known as a man 
 of learning, and correfpondcd with upon fubjetfts of po¬ 
 litics and literature, could not be fatished to part with him 
 fo foon as was likely to happen ; and therefore, having 
 obtained leave of the eieclcv her brother, carried him with 
 her into Germany. 
 
 Upon his return to Heidelberg in April 1665, he was 
 received by the eledlor his mailer with all poiiible marks 
 of elleem ; and afterwards employed by him in divers ne¬ 
 gotiations at foreign courts. The fame year, he went to 
 that of Lorrain ; the year following, to that of the ele£lor 
 of Mentz ; then to I'rance ; afterwards, in 1668, to the 
 congrefs of Breda ; and then to France again. After all 
 thefe journeys, he returned to Heidelberg ; but continued 
 there no longer than while he was detained by a danger¬ 
 ous illnefs: for, upon his retovery, he was lent by his 
 mailer to Holland, and afterwards to England. In 1679, 
 the eledlor of Brandenburg, having recalled his envoy at 
 the court of England, gave his employment to Spanheim, 
 with the confent of the eledlor Palatine; and, though he 
 was charged at the fame time with the altairs of thele two 
 princes, yet he acquitted himfelf fo well, that the eleftor 
 of Brandenburg dclired to have him entirely in his fervice, 
 which the eleftor Palatine at lall confented to. In 1680, 
 he went to France, by order of his new mailer, with the 
 title of envoy extraordinary ; and, during nine years re- 
 lidence at Paris, never left that city but twice. In 1684, 
 he went to Berlin, to receive the poll of miniller of Hate ; 
 and the year after to England, to compliment James IL 
 upon his accellion to the throne. Upon the revocation 
 of the edi£l of Nantz, he did great lervices to many of ths 
 Reformed ; who found a place of refuge in his houfe, 
 when they durll not appear abroad, for fear of their per- 
 fecutors. Though he performed his mailer’s bufmefs at 
 the French court with the greatell ability and exa<Hnefs, 
 yet he led the life all the while of a very lludious man : 
 he read and wrote a great deal, maintained a correlpondence ■ 
 VoL. XL Li ' with 
 
5H 
 
 S P A N H E I M. 
 
 with the learned all over Europe, and anfwered their let¬ 
 ters with the utmoft pim£luality. 
 
 After this lon^ einbafTy, he fpent fome years at Berlin, 
 in retirement and among books ; but, after the peace of 
 Ryfwick, was again obliged to quit his ftudy, and fent on 
 an embady to France, where he continued from 1697 to 
 1702. The eleftor of Brandenburg, having during that 
 interval affumed the title of king of Prudia, conferred on 
 him the title and dignity of baron. In 1702, he quitted 
 France, and went ambaiTador to England ; where he fpent 
 the remainder of his days, dividing his time between bu- 
 finefs and ftudy. He died 061 . 28, 1710, aged 81; and 
 was buried in Wed minder-Abbey. He left one daugh** 
 ter, who married in England the marquis de Montandre. 
 It is furpriling, that Spanheim, who feems to have been 
 todcd about Europe from one court to another all his 
 life, and to have been continually engaged in negotiations 
 and date-affars, which he always difcharged with the ut- 
 mod exaftnefs, could find time to compofe fo many 
 works; and wmiks too of learning and labour, which 
 could only be written in his dudv and among his books 
 One may almod fay of him, that he negotiated and did 
 bufinefs like a man who had notiiing elfe in his thoughts ; 
 and that he wrote like a man who had fpent his whole 
 time by himfelf. He never appeared the man of letters, 
 but when it was proper to do fo ; yet he convcrfed no of- 
 tener with the unlearned than was necelfary for his bufinefs. 
 
 Some of his wndtings have been mentioned already. His 
 Latin work “ upon the ufe and excellence of ancient me- 
 “ dais,” is his capital performance: it was publifhed at 
 Rome 1664, as hath been obferved ; at Paris in 1671, much 
 enlarged ; and after that wnth fo many more additions, as 
 from a 4to to rife to two large volumes in folio, the fird 
 printed at London in 1706, the fecond at Amderdam in 
 1717. This w^ork is judly edeemed a treafure of eru¬ 
 dition. Two pieces.of Spanheim are inferted in Greevius’s 
 colleftion of Roman antiquities : one in the fifth volume, 
 De nummo Smyrnjeorum, feu de Veda & Prytanibus 
 “ Griccorum, diatribathe other in the eleventh volume, 
 intituled, “ Orbis Romanus, feu a:l Conditutionem An-^ 
 “ tonini Tmperatoris, de qua Ulpianus, Leg. xvii. Dig.. 
 
 de Statu Hominum, Exercitationes du3e.” AtL^iplic, 
 1696, folio, came out, “ Julian! Iinperatoris Opera, 
 Grxce & Latine, cum variorum notis : recenfente Ez, 
 Spanheim, qui obfervatlones adjecit.” But there is no- 
 l thm^ 
 
S P A N H E I M. 
 
 thing of Spanlielm in this edition, except the preface, and 
 very ample remarks upon the lirfl; oration of Julian ; he 
 not having leifiirc and opportunity to proceed fartlien 
 Notes of his upon Callimachus are inferred in Graevius’s 
 edition of that author, at Utrecht, 1697 ; and alfo upon 
 the three firft comedies of Arillophanes in Kufter’s edition, 
 1709. 
 
 SPANHEIM (Frederic), brotherof Ezekiel Span- 
 heim, and very learned alfo, was born at Geneva in 1632 
 and, at ten years of age, carried by his father to Leyden,' 
 He fludied philofophy under Hereboord, and was admitted 
 doftor in that faculty at nineteen. He had loft his father 
 two years before; and, as he had been deligned for the 
 miniftry, he applied himfelf vigoroufly to the ftudy of 
 divinity and the languages. Boxton was his mafter lix 
 Greek and Latin; and Golius in Orientals, at leaft ia 
 Arabic. He was a candidate for the miniftry in 1652) 
 and foon after began to preach in feveral parts of Zealand. 
 He difeharged the funflions of a minifter at Utrecht for 
 one year with a reputation that raifed fome jealoufy in 
 the mind of Alexander Morus, whole name was then fa« 
 mous in the United Provinces. He received foon after an 
 invitation from Charles Lewis eledfor Palatiite, who had 
 refolved to re-eftablifh his univerlity at Heidelberg, and 
 gave him the profelTorftiip of divinity, though he wai 
 then but twenty-three. Before he w^eiit to take pofTeftion 
 of that poll, he was admitted dodfor of divinity at Leyden 
 in 1655. He gained a great reputation at Heidelberg ; and 
 the eleflor Palatine always (hewed him the higheft marks 
 of his efteem and confidence; but theie favours did not 
 prevent him from oppoftng the eleftor with great freedom, 
 when he attempted to divorce himfelf from the princefs 
 his wife, in order to marry another. His merit procured 
 him, during the time he lived in the palatinate, feveral 
 invitations from other univerlities ; but he only accepted 
 that from Leyden, where he was admitted profedgr of di¬ 
 vinity and facred hiftory with a general applaufe in 1670. 
 Here his reputation was raifed to the higheft pitch. ' He 
 was four times leClor of the univerlity of Leyden, and 
 had the poft of librarian belides. Many years before his 
 death, he was excufed from reading public- le6tures, that 
 he might have the more leifure to apply himfelf to feveral 
 ■works, which he publifhed. In 1695, he was attacked by 
 a palfy, which afteded half his body : of which, however, 
 
 L 1 2 he 
 
5i6 S P a N H E I M. 
 
 lie afterwards appeared to be tolerably well recovered. He 
 did not indeed enjoy a perfe^i ftate of health from that 
 time; and, not being able to reftrain himfelf from his 
 ftiidies and labours, which was abfolutely ncceflary, he re- 
 lapfed, and died in 1701. He was thrice married, and had 
 feveral children ; but only one, whofe name was Frederic, 
 furvived him. 
 
 His writings are extremely numerous. They w^ere 
 printed at Leyden in 3 vols. folio ; the fiift in 1701, and 
 the two lad in 1703. T hey are chiedy, if not altogether, 
 upon fiibje£ls of theology. 
 
 c( 
 
 ii 
 
 SPEED (John), a w'ell-known Englifli hidorian, 
 was born at f'arington in Chclhire about 1555, and 
 Fuiki’s brought up to the buhnel's of a taylor ; in which he feems 
 Worthies, to have rifen to no final I degree of eminence, for ho was 
 in Cheibiic. of the company of merchant-taylors in the city ot 
 IXLondon. No particulars of his life are knowni; nor 
 how, forfaking the bulinels of his proleilion, he conceived 
 thoughts, fird of dudying, and then of WTiting, hidory. 
 In 1696, he publilhed his “ Theatre of Great Britain 
 which w^as afterwards reprinted, particularly in 1650, 
 under this title: “ d he theatre of the empire of Great 
 “ Britaine, prefenting an exa£f geography of the king- 
 domes of England, Scotland, Ireland, and the ifles ad- 
 “ joyning. With the diires, hundreds, cities^ and Ihirc-*' 
 townes within the kingdome of England, divided and 
 deferibed by John Speed,’’ folio. Nicolfon obferves, 
 Engl-ih bif-that thcfe maps “ are extremely good ; and make a noble 
 apparatus, as they w^re dedgned, to his hiftory : but his 
 deferiptions of the feveral counties arc molfly fliort ab- 
 ftra£ls of what Camden had faid before him.” In 
 1614, he publifhed, in folio, ‘‘ The Hiftory of Great 
 Britain under tlic conquefts of the Romans, Saxons, 
 Danes, and Normans ; their originals, manners, warres, 
 coincs, and fcales, with the lucceftions, lives, aftes, 
 and iilues of the Engiilh monarchs, from Julius Ccefar 
 to our moil gracious fovereigne king James dedicated 
 to James 1 . He borrowed many of his materials from 
 Camden; and was fupplied wnth many by Sir Robert 
 Cotton, Sir Flcnry Spelman, and other antiquaries, w'ith 
 whom he was well acquainted. "I'here are preiixed to it 
 recommendatory poems in Latin, French, and Englilh, 
 by Sir Henry Spelman and others; and wTitcrs have fpokeii 
 of it in terms of high commendation. Speed w^as not 
 
 only 
 
 torical li¬ 
 brary, p. 5 . 
 L«r.d, 1714 * 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
 C( 
 
 it 
 
 
 it 
 
SPEED. 
 
 S ’7 
 
 
 
 only an hiftorian, but alfo a divine; for, in i6i6, lie 
 publiflied a work in 8vo, called “ I'he Cloud of Wit- 
 nelTes, or the Genealogies of Scripture, conhnning the 
 truth of holy hiilory and humanity of Chriil.’^ 
 
 He died July 28, 1629, buried in the church 
 
 of St. Giles Cfipplegate, London, where a monument 
 was eredled to his memory. By his wife Sufanna, with 
 whom he lived fifty-feven years, and who died almoft a 
 year before him, he had twelve fons, and hx daughters. 
 
 One of his fons, named John, was an eminent phyiician ; 
 of whom Wood has given fome account, in the hrll 
 volume of “ Athenae Oxonienfes.” As to Speed him- 
 felf, “he mull be acknowledged,” fays Nicoifon, “toPag. 75.' 
 have had a head the bell difpofed towards hihory of 
 any of our writers ; and would certainly have outdone 
 himfelf, as far as he has gone beyond the reft of his pro- 
 fellion, if the advantages of his education had been an- 
 fwerable to thofe of his natural genius. But what could 
 be expelled from a taylorHowever, we may boldly 
 fay, that his Chronicle is the largeft and beft we liave hi¬ 
 therto extant.” In another place, “ John Speed was aP. 5. 
 perfon of extraordinary induftry and attainments in 
 the ftudy of antiquities ; and feems not altogether un- Sherliogham 
 worthy the name of “ fummus & eruditus antiquarius,’ Awgio- 
 given him by one wdio was certainly fo himfelf.” 
 
 ti 
 
 
 (( 
 
 a 
 
 €i 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ti 
 
 (( 
 
 
 (( 
 
 SPELMAN (Sir Henry), an eminent Englifli an¬ 
 tiquary, w^as defeended from an ancient family; and 
 born at Cengham near Lynn in Norfolk, about 1561. He LJfc of Sir 
 was fent to 'rrinity-college in Cambridge, when not quite Henly.Spci- 
 fiftcen ; and, in two years and a half, called home 
 the death of his father. About a year after, he was fent prefixed to* 
 to Lincoln’s Inn, to ftudy the law ; where having con- 
 tiiiued almoft three years, he retired into the country, and 
 married a lady of good fafhion and fortune. He was works of 
 high Hieriff of Norfolk in 1604, and began to be diftin-Hcriy 
 guiihed for his abilities and wifdom. Accordingly, he 
 was fent by king James three feveral times into Ireland folio, 
 upon public bulincfs ; and at home was appointed one of 
 the commiftioners to enquire into the opprcllion of ex¬ 
 acted fees in all the courts and offices of England, as 
 well eccleliaftftical as civil ; which billiop Hacket calls 
 “ a noble examination and full of juftice.” He attended Life ofabp, 
 this bulincfs for many years, to the prejudice of his family 
 and fortunes j and the government was fo fenfffile of his ^ * 
 
 L 1 3 good 
 
51* 
 
 S P E L M A N, 
 
 Trxht. ad 
 OioiTarium. 
 
 good fcrvices, that a prefent of 300 1. was made him, not 
 as a tuil rccompence” (for fo it is expreffed in the king’s 
 writ), but only “ as an occafional remembrance,” till 
 fomething more equal to his merit could be done for 
 him. He was knighted by James I, who had a particular 
 efteem for him ; as well on account of his known capa¬ 
 city tor bufinefs, as his great learning in many ways, 
 clpecially in the laws and antiquities of our nation. Thefe, 
 for a good part of his life, he teems to have ihidied for his 
 own private amufement, and not with an eye to any par¬ 
 ticular undertaking. 
 
 When he was about fifty, he went with his wife and 
 family to live in London ; and there falling into a ftudy 
 to which his genius had always inclined him, he got toge¬ 
 ther ail luch books and manuferipts as concerned the 
 fubjeft of antiquities, whether foreign or domeftic. In 
 1613, he pubiilhed his book ‘‘ De non temerandis ec- 
 “ clctiis,” churches not to be violated ; and this flrfl etiay, 
 together with, many others that came out afterwards, con¬ 
 firmed the notion, which the public had preconceived, of 
 his profound learning and fkill in laws and antiquities. 
 In 1626, he publifhed the firfl part of his Glofiary.” 
 After he had made large colle^fions, and got a tolerable 
 knowledge of the Saxon tongue, he refolved to go on with 
 his undertaking ; but, becaule he would not depend upon 
 his own judgement, he printed one or two Iheets by way 
 ot fpecimen, from which his friends were to judge of the 
 nature of his defign. He was encouraged in it by the moft 
 learned perfons of that age : at home, by Uflier, Williams 
 then lord keeper, Selden, and Sir Robert Cotton ; abroad, 
 by Rigaltius, Saimafius, Peirefehius, and others ; as alfo 
 by Bignonius, Meurfius, and Lindenbrokiiis, whofe af- 
 finances he very gratefully acknowledges. Upon this, he 
 publifhed it as far as to the end of the letter L ; but why 
 he vrent no farther, is not known. Some have fancied, 
 that he flopped at the letter M, becaufe he had fome things 
 under “ Magna qharta” and “ Maximum confilium,” that 
 his friends were afraid might give offence ; “ that not 
 “ being a feafon,” favs Gibfon, “ to fpeak freely, either 
 “ of ihe prerogative of the king, or the liberty ot the fub- 
 je£f, both which upon many occafions would have fallen 
 ** in his way.” Our author has told us, in an advertife- 
 ment before the book, that he chofe to entitle his work 
 “ Archaeologus,” rather than “ CBoiTarium,” as we com¬ 
 monly call it; for a gloifary, flridtly fpeaking, is no more 
 
 than 
 
S P E L M A N. 
 
 5*9 
 
 % 
 
 than a bare explication of words; whereas tills treats more 
 cfpecially of things, and contains entire difcourfes and dil- 
 fertations upon feveral heads. For this reafon, it is not 
 only to be confulted upon occafion, like common lexicons 
 or didlionaries ; but it ought to be carefully perufed and 
 .fludied, as the greatefl treafure extant of the ancient 
 -culloms and conflitutions of England. 
 
 About 1637, Sir William Dugdale acquainted Sir 
 Henry Spelman, that many learned men w^ere defirous to 
 fee the fecond part publifhed, and requeued of him to 
 gratify the world with the work entire. Upon this, he 
 fhewed Sir William the fecond part, and alfo the improve¬ 
 ments which he had made in the hrft; but withal told 
 him the difeouragement he had met with in publifliing 
 the firfl: part, for that the fale had been extremely fmall. 
 Upon his death, all his papers came into the hands of Sir 
 John Spelman his eldefl fon ; a gentleman, who had abi¬ 
 lities fufheient to complete what his father had begun, if 
 death had not prevented him. After the refloration of 
 Charles II, abp. Sheldon and chancellor Hyde enquired of 
 Sir William Dugdale, what became of the fecond part, 
 and whether it was ever hniflied ; and, upon his anfwer- 
 ing in the affirmative, expreffed a defire that it might be 
 printed. Accordingly it was publifhed by Sir William; 
 but, as Gibfon fays, “ the latter part in comparifon of 
 the other is jejune and fcanty; and every one mull fee, 
 “ that it is little more than a colledlion, out of which he 
 intended to compofe fuch difcourfes, as he has all along 
 ‘‘ given us in the firil part, under the words of the great- 
 ‘‘ eft import and ufefulnefs.” It was furmifed, for it 
 never was proved, that becaufe Sir Whlliam Dugdale had 
 the publifhing of the fecond part, he inferted many things 
 of his own, which were not in Sir Henry Spelman’s copy ; 
 and particularly fome paffages, which tend to the enlarge¬ 
 ment of the prerogative, in oppofition to the liberties of 
 the fubjedl. But Gibfon allures us, that the very copy, 
 from which it was printed, is in die Bodleian library in 
 Sir Henry’s own hand, and exaftly agrees with the printed 
 book ; and particularly under the word “ Parlamentum,’* 
 and thofe other paffages, upon which the controverfy 
 was raifed. So far then as the copy goes, for it ends at 
 the word “ Riota,” it is a certain teftimony, that Sir 
 William Dugdale did no more than mark it for the printer, 
 and tranfcribe here and there a loofe paper ; and, though 
 the reft of the copy was loft before it came to the Oxford 
 
 ' L 1 4 library, 
 
S P E L M A N. 
 
 iibran% on which account there is not the fame autliority 
 lor the Giofiary’s being genuine after the letter R ; 
 yet it is not likely, that Sir William had any more lliare 
 in thefe laft letters of the alphabet, than lie had in any 
 of the reft. We have been more particular in our account 
 I ^ ^. u lb it is a very important work, 
 
 and of more conlecjuence than any thing Sir Henry Spel- 
 man wrote. 
 
 T. he next w^ork which he entered upon was, an edition 
 of the ‘ Englifti Councils.’’ He had entered upon this 
 ^ork, befoie the “ Gloftary ’ was finilhed; and w^as par- 
 yraefnt, ad ticularly eiicouiaged in it, as he tells us, by the abps, 
 Concil. V. I. ^Shot, Laud, and Uiher. He branched Ins undertaking 
 into three parts, aftigning an entire volume to each divi- 
 lion . I • From the firft plantation of Chriftianity to the 
 coming in of the conqueror in 1066.” 2. From the 
 
 Is 01 man conqueft to the cafting ofFthe pope’s fupremacy, 
 “ and the diffolution of monafteries by Henry VIII.” 
 3. The Hiftoiy of the Reformed Engliflichurch, from 
 Henry \ III. to his own time.” Fhe volume, which 
 contained the firft of thefe heads, w^as publiftied in 1639, 
 about tw^o years before his death, with his owm annotations 
 upon the more difficult places. The fecond volume of 
 the Councils, as w’^ell as the fecond part of the “ Glof- 
 “ fary,” was put into the hands of Sir William Dugdale, 
 by the direblion of Sheldon and Hyde. Sir William 
 made confiderable additions to it out of the archbifhop’s 
 regifters and the Cottonian library; and it w’^as publilhed 
 in 1664, but with abundance of faults, occafioned by the 
 negligence of either the copier, or corredor, or both. Sir 
 Henry wrote feveral other works, all relating to ancient 
 laws and cuftoms. He was a great encourager of learning 
 and learned men. It was he, who firft advifed Lr. Watts 
 to the ftudy of antiquities ; and, when he had arrived to 
 good Ikill in thofe matters, excited him, as the doaor 
 owns in his^ preface, to undertake a new edition of 
 Matthew Paris’s hiftory. He calls Camden his antient 
 ' friend ; and he was likewife a great favourer of Sir William 
 Eugdale. His revival of the old Saxon tongue ought to 
 be reckoned a good piece of lervice to the ftudy of anti¬ 
 quities. He had found the excellent ufe of that language 
 in liie whole courfe of his ftudies, and much lamented 
 t le neglebf of it both at home and abroad ; which w^as lb 
 \ery general, that he did not then know one man in the 
 world, who peifeiftly underftood it. Hereupon he fettled 
 
 a Saxon 
 
S P E L M A N. 52 J 
 
 a Saxon le^lure m the nnivcrlity of Cambridge, blowing 
 lol. per annum to'Mr. Abraham Wheelocke, prefenting 
 him to the vicarage of Middleton in the county of Nor¬ 
 folk, and giving him likewife the profits of the impropriate 
 reftory of the fame church; both which were intended 
 by him to be fettled in perpetuity as an endowment of 
 that leclure: but. Sir Plenry and his eldefl fon dying in 
 the compafs of two years, the civil wars breaking forth, 
 and their ellate being fequeftered, the family became in¬ 
 capable of accomplifhing his defign. He died in London 
 1641, and was buried in Weilminfter-Abbey near Cam¬ 
 den’s monument. In 1698, was publilhed by Mr. 
 
 Edmund Gibfon “ Reliquiae Spelmannianai: The poft- 
 “ humous works of Sir Henry Spelman, knight, relat- 
 ing to the laws and antiquities of England,” folio. 
 
 Thefe were dedicated to abp. Tenifon, and reprinted with 
 Sir Henry’s Englifh works” in 1723, folio, under the 
 infpeflion and by the care of the fame Mr. Edmund Gib¬ 
 fon, then do6lor and bifhop. 
 
 Sir Henry Spelman had eight children, four fons and 
 four daughters. His eldefl: fon, “ the heir of his fludies,” 
 as he calls him, was John Spelman, efq. a very learnedPrxfat. awf 
 gentleman, wdio had great encouragement and affurance 
 favour from Charles I. That king fent for Sir Henry^° ’ 
 Spelman, and offered him the maflerfliip of Sutton’s 
 hofpital, with fome other advantages, in confideration of 
 his good fervices both to church and ftate ; who, thanking 
 his majefty, replied, “ that he was very old, and had one 
 foot in the grave, but fhould be more obliged, if he would 
 confider his fon:” upon which, the king fent for Mr. 
 Spelman, and conferred that and the honour of knight¬ 
 hood upon him. After the civil war broke out, his ma- 
 jefty, by a letter under his own hand, commanded him 
 from his houfe in Norfolk, to attend at Oxford ; where 
 he was often called to private council, and employed to 
 write feveral papers in vindication of the proceedings of 
 the court. He was the author of, “ A view of a pretended 
 “ book, intituled, ‘ Obfervations upon his Majefty’s late 
 “ Anfwers, and Epiflles.’ Oxford, 1642,” 4to. His name 
 is not fet to it; yet Dr. Barlow, who had received a copy 
 from him, told Wood that it was of his compofing. 
 
 -wrote alfo, “ The cafe of our affairs in law, religion, andj^^’^^*'* 
 other circumftances, brielly examined and prefented to 
 the confcience, 1643,” qto. While he was thus at¬ 
 tending the affairs of the public, and his own private 
 
 hudies. 
 
52^ 
 
 S P E L M A N. 
 
 lUidies, as tliofe v/ould give him leave, he fell fick, and 
 died July 25, 1643. His funeral Sermon, by his majefty*s 
 fpecial order, was preached by Ullier, an intimate ac¬ 
 quaintance both of father and fon. The fon publilhed 
 the Saxon Pfalter under the title of Pfalterium Davidis 
 “ Latino-Saxonicum vetus, 1641,*’ 4to, from an old 
 . inanufcript in his father’s library, collated with three other 
 copes. He wrote the “ Life of king Alfred the Great” in 
 Englilli, which was publiihed by Hearne at Oxford 1709, 
 8vo. It had been tranflated into Latin by the care of 
 Obadiali Walker, mailer of Univerlity college, who pub- 
 lifhcd the tranflation with notes and cuts at Oxford in 
 1709, 8vo. 
 
 Clement Spelman, youngell fon of Sir Henry, was a 
 counlellor at law, and made puifne baron of the Exche¬ 
 quer upon the rehoration of Charles IL He publiihed 
 Afhcn. fome pieces relating to the government, and a large pre- 
 face to his father’s book, “ De non temerandis eccleliis.” 
 He died in June 1679, and was interred in St. Dunllan’s 
 church, Fleethieet. 
 
 Anecdotes 
 of Bowyer, 
 by Nichols, 
 
 f 332^ 
 
 Vol. u. 
 
 SPENCE (Joseph), M. A. This ornament of polite 
 literature was fellow of New College, Oxford, wdiere he 
 took the degree of M. A. Nov. 2, 1727 ; and in that year 
 became firh: known to the learned world by “ An Eflay oil 
 “ Pope’s Odylfey ; in which fome particular beauties and 
 “ blemilhes of that work are conlidcred, in two parts,” 
 i2mo. “ On the Englilh Odylfey,” fays Dr. Johnfon, 
 “ a criticifm was publiihed by Spence, a man whofe learn- 
 “ ing was not very great, and whofe mind was not very 
 “ powerful. His criticifm, however, was commonly jult; 
 “ what he thought, he thought rightly; and his remarks 
 “ were recommended by his coolnefs and candour. In 
 “ him Pope had the lirll experience of a critic without 
 “ malevolence, who thought it as much his duty to dif- 
 “ play beauties as expofe faults; who cenfured with re- 
 “ fpe£l, and praifed with alacrity. With this criticifm 
 “ Pope was fo little offended, that he fought the ac- 
 “ quaintance of the writer, who lived with him from that 
 time in great familiarity, attended him in his lalt hours, 
 “ and compiled memorials of his converfation. The 
 regard of Pope recommended him to the great and 
 powerful, and he obtained very valuable preferments in 
 “ the cliurch.” Dr. Warton, in his “ Elfay on Pope,’* 
 Pyles Spence's iudicious Elfay on tlie Odylfey “ a work of 
 
 “ ths 
 
SPENCE. 
 
 ^ the trucfl tafteand adds, that Pope was fo far 
 ‘ from taking it am'ifs, that it was the origin of a lafliiig 
 ‘ friendlhip betwixt them. I have feen,” fays Dr. 
 Warton, a copy of this work, with, marginal obferva- 
 ‘ tions written in Pope’s own hand, and generally ac- 
 ‘ knowledging the jiiifnefs of Spence’s obfervations, and 
 ‘ in a few inftances pleading, humoiiroufly enough, that 
 ‘ fome favourite lines might be Ipared. I am indebted 
 ‘ to this learned and amiable man, on whofe friendfliip 
 ‘ I fet the greatell value, for moft of the anecdotes relat- 
 ‘ ing to Pope, mentioned in this work, which he gave 
 ‘ me, when I was making him a viiitat Byfieet, in the year 
 ‘ 1754.” He was eledled, by the univerlity, profelTor of 
 poetry July 11, 1728, fucceeding the Rev. Thomas War- 
 ton, B. D. father to Dr. Jofeph Warton, now mailer of 
 Wincheher-fchool, and Mr. Thomas Warton, author of 
 “ The Hillory of Englilh Poetry,” and poetry pofeflbr; 
 each of which three profelTors were twice eledled to their 
 office, and held it for ten years, a period as long as the 
 llatutes will allow. Mr. Spence wrote an account of 
 Stephen Duck, which was hrll publiilied, as a pamphlet, 
 in 1731, and laid to be written by “ Jofeph Spence, efq. 
 “ Poetry Profelfor.” From this circumllance it has been 
 fuppofed that he was not then in orders. But this is a 
 falfe conclulion, as he was ordained in 1724 ; and left this 
 pamphlet in the hands of his friend Mr. Lewth [a], to 
 be publilhed as foon as he left England, with a Grub- 
 llreet title, which he had drawn up merely for.a difguife, 
 not chooling to have it thought that he publilhed it him- 
 felf. It was afterwards much altered, and prefixed to 
 Duck’s poems. He travelled with the prefent duke of 
 Newcallie (then earl of Lincoln) into Italy, where his 
 attention to his noble pupil did him the highell ho¬ 
 nour [b]. In 1736, at Mr. Pope’s defire, he republilh- 
 ed[c] “ Gorboduc,” with a preface containing an ac- 
 
 [a] The prefent bilhop of London ; 
 who, with that obliging condefeenhon 
 for which his Lordlhip is eminently 
 dillinguillied, 'honoured Mr. Nichols 
 with much ufeful information on the 
 fubjeft of this memoir. 
 
 [b] The mortification which Dr, 
 Goddard the prefent mafter of Clare- 
 Hail, his Grace’s Cambridge tutor, 
 felt by this appointmenr, probably 
 occafioned the extraordinary dedica¬ 
 tion to the Duke,, prefixed to his 
 ** Sermons, 1781,” 8vo. 
 
 [o] In a maglignant Epiftle from 
 Cuiil fo Mr. Pope, 1737, our author is 
 introduced as an early patron of tho 
 late Ingenious Mr. Dodfley : 
 
 ’Tis kind indeed a Livery Mufe 
 “ to aid, 
 
 Who fcribbles Farces to augment 
 “ his trade ; ■ 
 
 Where You and Spence and 
 “ Glover drive the nail, 
 
 The Devil’s in it if theplat iltould 
 fail.” 
 
 52 j 
 
 count 
 
524 SPENCE. 
 
 count of the ?tnthor, the earl of Dorfet. He never took 
 a doctor’s degree; but quitted his fellowfhip on being 
 prefciited by the Society of New College to the reflory of 
 Great Horwood in Buckinghamlhire, in the year 1742. 
 As he nev'er rehded upon his living, but in a pleafant 
 houfe and gardens lent to him by his noble pupil, at Bylieet 
 in Surrey (the redlory of which parifh he had obtained 
 for his friend Stephen Duck), he thought it his duty to 
 make an annual vifit to Horwood, and gave away many 
 lums of money to the diflrelTed poor, and placed out many 
 of their children as apprentices. In June 1742, he fuc- 
 ceeded 13 r. Holmes as his majefly’s profeffor of modern 
 hiftory, at Oxford. His “ Polymetis, or an Enquiry 
 concerning the Agreement between the Works of the' 
 Roman Poets, and the Remains of the ancient Artills, 
 l>eing an Attempt to iiiuftrate them mutually from each 
 “ other,” was publhhed in folio in 1747. Of this work 
 of acknowledged tafle and learning, Mr. Gray has been 
 thought to fpeak too contemptuouHv in his Letters. 
 His chief obje£lion is, that the author has illuifrated his 
 fubjeft from the Roman, and not from the Greek, Poets ; 
 that is, that he has not performed, what he never under¬ 
 took; nay, what he exprelslydid not undertake. A third 
 edition appeared in folio in i774> ^nd an Abridgement of 
 it has been frequently printed in octavo. We have feen a 
 pamphlet with Spence’s name to it in MS. as the author, 
 called Plain Matter of Fa£l, or, a Biort Review of the 
 Reigns ot our Popifli Princes fince the Reformation; 
 ‘‘ in order to Ihew what we are to expe£l if another fhonld 
 happen to reign over us. Part i. 1748,” lamo. He 
 was initalied prebendary of the feventh Hall at Durham, 
 May 24, 1754; and publifhed in that year, “ An Account 
 ot tlie Lite, Charadler, and Poems, of Mr. Blacklock, 
 Hudent of philolophy at Edinburgh,” 8vo ; which 
 was afterwards prefixed to his Poems. The profe pieces 
 which he printed in ‘‘ The Mufeum” he collected and 
 pubiilhed, with fome others, in a pamphlet called “ Mo- 
 “ RALiTiEs, by Sir Harry Beaumont, 1753.” Under 
 tlratname he publithed “ Crito, ora Dialogue on Beauty,” 
 and “ A particular Account of the Emperor of China’s 
 ‘‘ Gardens near Pekin, in a Letter from F. Attiret, a 
 hrench Miffionary now employed by that Emperor to 
 paint tlie apartments in thofe gardens, to his Friend al 
 ‘‘‘ Paris ,” both in 8vo, 1752, and both re-printed in 
 Dodiiey’s “ Fugitive Pieces.” He wrote “ An EpiHh 
 
 “ fron 
 
from a Swlfs Officer to his friend at Rome,” hrd 
 printed in “ The Mufeum and fince in the third volume 
 of “ Dodlley’s Colledlion.” The feveral copies publiffied 
 under his name in the Oxford Verfes are preferved by 
 Nichols, in the “ Selefl Colleftion, 1781.” In 175S 
 he publiffied “ A Parallel, in the Manner of Plutarch, 
 
 “ between a mod celebrated Man of Florence (MagHa- 
 becchi), and one fcarce ever heard of in England 
 “ (Robert Hill, the Hebrew Taylor),’* 12mo. printed 
 at Strawberry Hill. In the fame year he took a tour into 
 Scotland, which is well defcribed in an affectionate letter to 
 Mr. Shenftone, in a collection of feveral letters publiffied 
 by Mr. Hull in 1778. In 1763 he communicated to Dr, Voi. l 
 W arton feveral excellent remarks on Virgil, which he^s®* 
 had made when he was abroad, and fome few of Mr. 
 Pope’s.—Weft Finchale Priory (the fcene of the holy 
 Godric’s miracles and aufterities, who, from an itinerant 
 merchant, turned hermit, and wore out three fuits of iron 
 deaths) was now become Mr. Spence’s retreat, being part 
 of his prebendal eftate. In 1764 he was w^ell pourtrayed 
 by Mr. James Ridley, In his admirable “ Tales of the 
 “ Genii,” under the name of “ Phefoi Ecneps (his name 
 “ read backvrards) Dervife of the Groves and a pane¬ 
 gyrical letter from him to that ingenious moralift, under 
 the fame ftgnature, is inferted in “ Letters of Eminent 
 Perfons,” vol. III. p. 139. In 1764 he paid the laft 
 kind office to the remains of his friend Mr. Dodftey, who 
 died on a vilit to him at Durham. He clofed his literary 
 labours with Remarks and Diftertations on Virgil; 
 
 “ with fome other claffical Obfervations ; by the late Mr, 
 
 ‘‘ Holdfwpith. Publilhed, with feveral Notes and addi- 
 “ tional Remarks, by Mr. Spence,” 4to. This volume, . 
 of which the greater part was printed off in 1767, was 
 publilhed in February 1768 ; and on the aotli of Auguft 
 following, Mr. Spence was unfortunately drowned in a 
 canal in his garden at Byfleet in Surrey. Being, when 
 the accident happened, quite alone, it could only be con- 
 jeClurcd in what manner it happened ; but it was generally 
 fuppofed to have been occafioned by a fit while he was 
 ftanding near the brink of the water. He was found fat 
 upon his face, at the edge, where the water was too ihaliovv 
 to cover his head, or any part of his body. The duke of 
 Newcaftle poffeffes fome MS. volumes of anecdotes of 
 eminent writers, collected by Mr. Spence, who in his life¬ 
 time communicated to Dr. Warton as many of them as re¬ 
 lated 
 
526 SPENCE. 
 
 lated to Pope ; and, by permiffioii of the noble owner, Dr^ 
 Johnlon has made many extracts from them in his “ Lives 
 “ of the Engliih Poets.” Mr. Spence’s Explanation of 
 an antique marble at Clandon place, Surrey, in is 
 Gent. Mag.” 1772, p. 176. “ Mr. Spence’s Charadter,” 
 fays a gentleman who had feen this memoir before it was 
 tranfplanted into the prefent work, ‘‘ is properly deline- 
 “ ated ; and his ‘ Polymetis’ is juflly vindicated from the 
 “ petty criticifms of the faftidious Gray. In Dr. John- 
 ion’s mafterly preface to Dryden, he obferves, that ‘ wc 
 “ do not always know our owni motives.’ Shall we tlien 
 prefume to attribute the frigid mention of the truly learn- 
 “ ed and ingenious Pvir. Spence, in the preface to Pope, to a 
 prejudice conceived againft him on account of his pre- 
 “ ference of blank verfe to rhyme in his ‘ Eilay on Mr. 
 
 Pope’s Odyfley a work, which for found criticifm 
 “ and candid difquiiition is almofl without a parallel ? 
 “ The judicious Dr. Warton’s lentiments with refpedt 
 Vol. II. p. ‘‘ to it may be feen in his admirable Eifay on Pope, 
 3Q1, a j.jp- puhlhlied : and biihop Lovvth, whofe learning 
 
 ‘‘ and genius are indifputabie, exprelfes himfelf in the 
 following manner in a note on his twelfth Praeleflion 
 on Hebrew poetry : ‘ Htec autem vide accurate et fcien- 
 “ ter explicataa Viro Dofliffimo Jofepho Spence in Opere 
 erudito juxta atque cleganti cui Titulus Polymetis.” 
 
 SPENCER (Dr. John), a very ingenious and learn¬ 
 ed Engliih divine, was born in Kent in 1630, and educated 
 at Corpus Chrifci college in Cambridge ; where he took a 
 Cen. bachelor of arts degree in 1648, and a mailer’s in 1652. 
 He was cholcn fellowr of his college; and, in 1659, 
 a bachelor of divinity’s degree, as he did a doctor’s in 
 1663. In 1667, he was chofen mailer of Corpus Chrilli; 
 and, in 1677, preferred to the deanery of Ely. Thefe 
 w^ere his dignities and preferments, wdrich he did not 
 merely enjoy, but alfo adorned with lingular abilities and 
 learning; as his publications, though not numerous, do 
 abundantly tellify. 
 
 June 28, 1660, ‘‘ being the day of public thankfgiving 
 “ to God for the happy Rclloration of his majclly to his 
 “ kingdoms,” he preached a Sermon at St. Mary’s in 
 Cambridge, on Proverbs xxix. 2, which he publifhed 
 there the fame year, under the title of “ Idie Righteous 
 “ Ruler.” In 1663, he publilhed there, in qto, “ A 
 “ difeourfe concerning prodigies : wherein the vanity of 
 
 “ prefages 
 
SPENCER. 
 
 prcfages by them is reprehended, and their true and 
 proper ends alTerted and vindicated.” A fecond edition 
 of this truly philofophical and learned work, corredled and 
 enlarged, was publifhed at London, 1665, 8vo ; when was 
 added to it, “ A difcourfe concerning vulgar prophecies : 
 “ wherein the vanity of receiving them, as the certain in- 
 dications of any future event, is difcovered ; and fome 
 “ characters of diftinCtion between true and pretended 
 prophets are laid down.” In 1668, he publilhed a 
 Latin dillertation concerning Urim and Thummim ; and, 
 in 1685, his great and famous work “ De iegibus He- 
 “ braeorum ritualibus Sc earum rationibus.” Spencer’s 
 great view in explaining the reafons of the Mofaic ritual 
 was, to vindicate the ways of God to men, and clear the 
 Deity, as he tells us in his preface, from arbitrary and 
 fantaftic humour; which fome, not difcerning thefe rea¬ 
 fons, had been ready to charge him with, and thence had 
 fallen into unbelief. But this attempt, great and noble as 
 it was, difgulled and difgufts all thofe, and there are not a 
 few of them, who think the divinity of any doCfrinc or 
 inflitution weakened, in proportion as it is proved to be 
 rational; and one great objeCiion to it, even among fome 
 who are not irrationalifls, is, the learned author’s having 
 advanced, that many rites and ceremonies of the Jewifh 
 nation are deduced from the praClices of their heathen 
 and idolatrous neighbours. This polition has given no 
 fmall offence, as if greatly derogatory from the divine 
 inflitution of thofe rites; and many writers have at¬ 
 tacked it both at home and abroad, particularly Herman 
 Witfius in his “ ALgyptiaca.” Others, however, have 
 feen no ill confequences from admitting it ; and the work 
 Hpon the whole h^is been highly and juflly valued, as it 
 deferves, being full of fenfe and learning of all kinds, and 
 extremely well written, 'l ire author afterwards greatly 
 enlarged it, particularly with the addition of a fourth 
 book ; and his papers, being committed at his death to 
 abp. Teiiifon, were bequeathed by that prelate to the 
 univerfity of Cambridge, together* with the fum of 50 1 . 
 to forward the printing of them. At length Mr. Leonard 
 Chappelow, fellow of St. John’s-college, and profeffor of 
 Arabic, being deputed by the univerlity, and offered the 
 reward, undertook a new edition of this work, with the 
 author’s additions and improvements ; and publilhed it at 
 Cambridge 1727, in 2 vols. folio. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 5^7 
 
528 
 
 SPENCER. 
 
 Dr. Spencer, after a life fpent in the clofefi: application 
 to his ftudies, died May 1695, and was interred in the 
 chapel of Corpus Chrifli-college. 
 
 There was William Spencer, fellow of Triiiity- 
 college in Cambridge, and a very learned man ; of whom 
 we know nothing more, than that he publifhed at the 
 univerlity prefs, in 1658, the eight books againh Celfus 
 and Philocalia of Origeu, with a corrected Latin verlion, ' 
 and notes of his own, in 410. 
 
 SPENSER (Edmund), a great Englifh poet, was 
 born in London, and educated at Pembroke-Hall in Cam¬ 
 bridge ; where he took a baclielor of arts degree in 
 
 rom the regifter of 
 ht a fufhcient con- 
 have been born fo 
 to hisedi- early as 1510: which, though it is the date fixed upon 
 , his monument at Weftminller-Abbey, cannot but be er- 
 Works.” roneous. He does not leem to have much fortune or 111- 
 Lond.1715. tereft, at his firil fetting out into the world ; for he is faid 
 in 6 vois. have flood for a fellowlhip in his college, and to liave 
 
 ^■ 2 . mo* » 0 m ^ ^ ' 0 
 
 mifled it. This difappointment, together with the nar- 
 rovvnefs of his circumflances, forced him from the uni- 
 verlity : and we find him next taking up his refidenca 
 with fome friends in the north, where he fell in love with 
 his Rofalind; whom he fo finely celebrates in his paf- 
 toral poems, and of whofe cruelty he has written fuch 
 pathetic complaints. As poetry is frequently the ofF- 
 fpring of love and retirement, it is probable that his genius 
 began to dillinguifh itfell about this time; for “ The 
 “ Shepherd’s Calendar,” which is fo full of his fuccefslefs 
 paffioii for Rofalind, was the firil of his works of any 
 « Remarks note. Huglics obfei'ves, that ‘‘ in this work our poet has 
 “ not been mifled by the Italians; though Taifo’s 
 “ ‘ Aminta’ might have been at leafl of as good authority 
 “ to him in the pafloral, as Arioflo in the greater kind of 
 “ poetry. But Spenfer rather chofe to follow nature it- 
 “ felf, and to paint the life and fcntiments of fhepherds 
 “ after a more fimple and unalfe6led manner.”—He after- 
 v;ards fays, that “ the fimplicity, which appears in Spenfer’s 
 “ paflorals, may be thought by fome readers to have too 
 “ much of the ‘ merum rus but adds, that ‘‘ if he has 
 “ erred in this, he has at leafl erred on the right hand.” 
 
 '^I'he “ Shepherd’s Calendar” was addrefled, by a fhort 
 dedication in verfe, to Sir Philip Sidney; who was then 
 
 in 
 
 lendar,” 
 prefixed to 
 Spenfer’s 
 Works. 
 
 Hughes’s and a mafler’s in 1576. T['his appears fi 
 g r/ univerfity ; and mull needs be thoug 
 prefixed" futatioii of tliofe who relate Spenfer to 
 
SPENSER. 
 
 in the higheft reputation for wit, gallantry, and polite ac- 
 coinplifhinents; and who, being himfelf an excellent 
 writer, immediately became fenfible of Spenfer’s merit. 
 He was one of the tirll who difeovered it, and recom¬ 
 mended it to the notice of the beft judges ; and, fo long 
 as this great man lived, Spenfer never wanted a judicious 
 friend or a generous patron. After he had Hayed fome 
 time in the North, he was prevailed upon to quit his ob- 
 feurity, and come to London, that he might be in the 
 way of promotion ; and the firft means he made ufe of, 
 after his arrival there, was an acquaintance with Sir Philip 
 Sidney. Yet it does not appear when this acquaintance 
 began, whether upon his addrelTing to him “ The Shep- 
 “ herd’s Calendar,” or fome time after. If a certain 
 Hory, which is ufually told upon this occalion, be true, it 
 muft have been fome time after : the Hory runs thus. It 
 is faid, that he was a ftranger to Sir Philip, when he had 
 begun to write his “ Fairy Queen and that he took 
 occafion to go to LeiceHer-houfe, and to introduce hiin- 
 felf by fending in to Sir Philip the ninth Canto in the 
 hrid book of that poem. Sir Philip was much furprifed 
 with the defeription of “ Delpair” in that canto, and is faid 
 to have fhewn an unufual kuid of tranfport on the dif- 
 cbvery of fo new and uncommon a genius. After he had 
 read fome ftanzas, he called his Ifeward, and bad him 
 give the perfon, who brought thofe verfes, 501.; but, 
 upon reading the next Hanza, he ordered the fum to be 
 doubled. The fleward was as much furprifed as his ma- 
 Her, and thought it his duty to make fome delay, in exe¬ 
 cuting fo fudden and laviHi a bounty ; but, upon reading 
 one llanza more. Sir Philip raifed his gratuity to 200 1 . 
 and commanded the Heward to give it immediately, left, 
 as he read farther, he might be tempted to give away his 
 whole eftate. 
 
 Though nothing could have been more happy for 
 Spenfer, than to be introduced to court by Sir Philip 
 Sidney, yet he did not immediately receive any great be- 
 neiit from it. He was indeed created poet laureat to queen 
 Elizabeth; but for fome time he only w^ore the barren 
 laurel, and poftclfed the place without the penfton. The 
 lord treafurer Burleigh had not, it feems, the fame tafte 
 and feeling of Spenier ’5 merit with Sir Philip Sidney; 
 but on the contrary is reported to have intercepted, from 
 fome motive or other, the queen’s intended bounty to 
 him. It is faid that her majefty, upon Spenfer’s prefent- 
 ■ VoL. XI. M m ing 
 
 to 
 
53^ 
 
 Worthies in 
 London. 
 
 broke’s Po¬ 
 litical 
 Tracis. Oc 
 cafional 
 Writer, 
 
 1 . 
 
 S P E N S E ?v. 
 
 inc ibin^ pbeins to her, orc^ered him loot.; but tliali 
 Burleigh, obje^ling to it, faicl with forae Icorn of the poet, 
 “ What! aii this for a foiigr” I’he queen replied, 
 “ "['hen give him what h reaibh.” Upon this, Spenicr 
 took a proper opportunity to prelent the following lines to 
 her majeily, in tiie form of a petition, to remind her of 
 her order : 
 
 “ 1 was pro mi fed oh a time 
 “ To liave real’on tor my niimc ; 
 
 “ From that time unto this lealor., 
 
 “ 1 received nor rhvme norreafon—” ' 
 
 which, We are told, produced the deli red eftecl ^ tor chat 
 the queen, not without reproving the treafurer, imme¬ 
 diately diredfed the payment of the money. Fuller relates 
 this fadl; and a late noble author has made fome rejec¬ 
 tions on it, which, tlioirgh thrown out in a ftrain of fatirc 
 and irony, and merely to ferve a prefent purpofe, contain 
 nevcrthelefs much good truth ; and deferves to be pon¬ 
 dered well by certain litdrary reclufes, who, upon the merit 
 of mere letters, have been always ready to expedl what 
 mere letters has in no age obtained. “ If we write for 
 pofterity,” fays he, ‘‘ we muff not complain, that tlie 
 “ care of rewarding our merit is left to poflerity ; and, 
 “ if w^c negieef to ferve the (late, thofe who are appointed 
 “ to prefidp over it break no rule of equity, when they 
 “ negledf us. Spenfer has been amply recompenfed by 
 “ poftenty for his ‘ Fairy Queen but the wife treafurer 
 Burleigh declined the payment of an hundred pounds^ 
 “ which queen Elizabeth ordered him, and left this ad- 
 mirable poet to ftarve. Had Spenfer applied himfelf to 
 ‘‘ more ferious lludies ; had he excelled in phyfics, in 
 metaphylics, or even in the firll; phiiofophy or in theo* 
 “ logy, inlfead of excelling in wit and poetry, the ama- 
 hiks hifania: of Florace, his ufage would have been 
 “ the fame, no doubt. Even the greatell produ6lions of 
 ‘‘ thefe ftudics are but trifles in the account of a confum- 
 mate ftatefman, and may properly enough be diffin- 
 “ guifhed from tlie others in his fenfe, by the title of 
 “ Injania: Jcvcrlores, Our Englifh miihfters, to their 
 ‘‘ honour be it fpoken, have at all times proceeded upon 
 “ this admirable principle. I'he mofl excellent fermons> 
 the mofl elaborate treatifes, have not been fufficient to 
 “ procure the advancement of fome divines, while a forry 
 “ pamphlet, or a fpiritual libel, has railed others to the 
 “ highcil dignities nf the church. As it has fared with 
 
 “ mere 
 

 <( 
 
 
 
 (i 
 
 i6 
 
 < ( 
 
 i ( 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 mere divinity, fo has it fared with mere eloquence : as 
 one never cavifed the divine, fo the other never caufed 
 the lawyer, to be diflinguiflied; but we know, that if 
 either of them be employed in a court-caufe, he never 
 fails to make his fortuiie. I'he fame fate has attended 
 ‘‘ writers of another kind : the celebrated ‘ Tatiers’ and 
 ‘ Speftators’ had no reward, except from bookfellcrs and 
 fame ; but, when thole authors made the difeovery I 
 liave made, and applied their talents better in writing 
 the ‘ Engiiihman’ and ‘ Freeholder,’ one was fooii 
 created a kinght, and the other became fecretary of 
 hate. In fhoit, without enumerating any more in- 
 hances, 1 may confidently affirm, that tills has been the 
 “ cafe from Burleigh to this time.” We verily believe,- 
 with the noble author, that it has ; and therefore would 
 earneftiy advife all mere fcholars, mere poets, and mere 
 wits, not to fuffer difconteiit and fpleen to be predominant; 
 not to difquiet and'fret themfelves continually, ,becaufc 
 they may happen to be overlooked or negiecled by ftatef- 
 men; but to remember, that ftatefmen a£l altogether, 
 upon the principles of worldly wifdoin, and will thererbre 
 never fcrve thofe who either have it not in their power, of 
 do not endeavour to ferve them. If thefe fcholars, and 
 poets, and wits, would obtain the end, let them ufe the 
 means : if they expebt favours of a hatefman, let them at¬ 
 tend him, let them devote tlicmfclves to him, let them 
 deuend upon him, let them abandon their bodies, fouls, 
 1 \dt, learning, and talents of all kinds entirely to his fervicco 
 Such is our efleem, therefore, fbr the memory of Spenfer* 
 that we are forry to fay, he did not behave hhnfclf phlio* 
 fophically enough in this regard : for there arc fcaUcrcd 
 among his poems many weak and querulous bemoan ings 
 of hard and undeferved treatment, not without foiuie 
 (plenetic and fatlrical rede£rions. In his “ Moth.er Hub- 
 herd’s Tale,” he has painted the misfortune of depend¬ 
 ing on courrs and great perfons : he has done it indeed in 
 a mofl lively manner, and the defeription would have been, 
 very vveli, if It had not flowed, as it is to be feared it did, 
 from fpleen and di(appointment. We will tranferibe it 
 however, not only fbr its beauty, but by v/ay of corafoit 
 to thofe who are apt to lament their own fate, for not 
 being dependent upon fonie .great man; for not b'einjj 
 placed in the road to preferment, as it is ufually expreffied. 
 Full little kiioweft thou, that hall not try’d. 
 
 What hell it is in firing long to bide ; 
 
 IM m z 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 , To 
 
532 
 
 SPENSER. 
 
 To iofe good days that might be better fpent, 
 
 “ To \yafte iong nights in penfive difeontent: 
 
 “ To rpeed to-day, to be put back to-morrow, 
 
 / , To feed on hope, to pine with fear and forrow; 
 
 “ To have thy prince’s grace, yet want her peers, 
 
 “ To have thy alking, yet wait many years ; 
 
 “ To fret thy foul with crolfes and with cAres, 
 
 ‘‘ To eat thy heart with comfortlefs defpairs ; 
 
 “ 1*0 fawn, to crouch, to wait, to ride, to run, 
 
 “ To fpend, to give, to want, to be undone.” 
 
 But though Spenfer had no interelf with the lord trea- 
 furer, yet we find him, fome time after his appearance at 
 court, in conhderable efteem with the moll: eminent men 
 of that time. In 1579, he was fent abroad by the earl of 
 Leicefler ; but it does not appear in what fervice. The 
 moll important Hep, which he afterwards made into bu- 
 hnefs, was upon the lord Grey of Wilton’s being ap¬ 
 pointed lord deputy of Ireland ; to whom Spenfer was re¬ 
 commended, and w^ent, as fecretary. There is no doubt, 
 that he filled his office with very good ikill and capacity; 
 as may appear by his “ Difeourfe on the State of Ireland.” 
 H is fervices to the crown were rewarded by a grant from 
 queen Elizabeth of three thoufand acres of land in the 
 county of Cork : his houfe was in Kilcolman ; and the 
 river Mulla, which he has more than once introduced into 
 his poems, ran through his grounds. It was in this re¬ 
 tirement, that he finifned his celebrated poem and chef 
 d’oeuvre, ‘‘ The Fairy Queen,” which was probably begun 
 fome time before; for it was begun and finiffied at dif¬ 
 ferent intervals of time. He publiffied at hill only three 
 books, with an explication of the general meaning of the 
 poem, in a letter to Sir Walter Rawlegh, dated Jan. 23, 
 1389. I'o thefe three books three more were added in a 
 following edition ; but the fix lall, for it confilled of 
 twelve, were unfortunately loll by his fervant, whom be 
 had in hafle fent before him into Emrland. It was in 
 
 O 
 
 , this retirement, that he w'as a more fuccefsful lover, than 
 when he courted Rofiilind: for the colledlion of his 
 “ Sonnets” are a kind of hillory of the progrefs of a new 
 amour, which we find ended in a marriage, and gave oc- 
 cafion to an epithalamium, which no one could write fo 
 See It AW* vvell as himfelf. ■ Lallly, it was in this retirement, that he 
 lEGH. vvas vifited by Sir W'alter Rawlegh, in his return from 
 the Portugal expedition in 1589. 
 
 During 
 
533 
 
 SPENSER. 
 
 During the rebellion in Ireland under the earl of Def- 
 mond, our poet was plundered and deprived of his eftate ; 
 and feems to have fpent the latter part of his life with 
 much grief of heart, under the difappointment of a broken 
 fortune. He died in 1598, and was interred in Weft- 
 minfter-Abbey near Chaucer, as he had delired : where a 
 monument was eredled to him at the charge of Robert 
 Devereux earl of Ellex. The prefent infeription is in 
 Englilh, places his birth in 1510, and his death in 159b ; 
 although Camden fays exprefsiy, that it was in 1598. 
 
 But this infeription is with rcafon fuppofed to have been 
 put up lince, when the monument was perhaps repaired ; 
 and to be wholly different from the original one, which is Keepe’s 
 mentioned by Fuller and others to have been in Lahn. 
 
 In a fhort Latin traft, deferibing the monuments of Well-naft. 
 minder-Abbey in 1600, and publifhed as is fuppofed by 
 Camden, we find the following account of it : “ Ed- 
 mundus Spenfer, Londinenfis, Anglicorum Poetarum 
 “ noliri fafculi facile princeps, quod ejus Poemata, faven- 
 tibus Mufis 6c vi<duro genio conferipta, comprobant. 
 
 “ Obiit immatura morte, anno falutis 1598, & prope 
 “ Galfridum Chaucerum conditur, qui felichfime Poefiii 
 “ Anglicis literis primus illudravit. In quern hsec Icripta 
 “ funt Epitaphia.'’ Let us obferve, before we tranferibe 
 the epitaph, that the abfiirdity of fuppofing Spenler born 
 in 1510 appears plainly from the exprefiion “ immatura 
 “ morte,” which is here ufed, but certainly would not 
 have been if he had died at 88. This is the epitaph ; 
 the compofer of which feems to have had his eye on that 
 of cardinal Bembo upon Raphael : PHAElI 
 
 “ Hie prope Chaucerum fitus eft Spenferius, illi 
 “ Proximus ingenio, proximus uttumulo, 
 
 “ Hie prope Chaucerum, Spenfere Poeta^ Poetam 
 “ Conderis, & verfu quam tumulo proprior, 
 
 “ Anglica, te vivo, vixit plaufitque Poefis ; 
 
 “ Nunc moritura timet, te moriente, mori.” 
 
 Such were the notions conceived of Spenfer, and fuch 
 theeloges beftowed on him, by his contemporaries. Pofte- 
 rity has in no wife been infenlible to his merit, but has 
 allowed him to be the firft of our Englifh poets, who 
 brought heroic poefy to any perfection ; and feems to be 
 agreed, that his “ Fairy Queen” is, for invention and 
 true poetry, little inferior, if not equal, to any production 
 ancient or modern that preceded it. Let us quote, how¬ 
 ever, the judgements of a few critics. Sir William Temple 
 
 Mm3 remarks, 
 
534 
 
 F.iTay on 
 Foetrv. 
 
 ti 
 6i 
 C( 
 (( 
 <( 
 tc 
 n 
 tc 
 
 iC 
 
 a 
 
 Preface to 
 his tranfla 
 tion ot Ra- 
 pin’s reflec¬ 
 tions on A- 
 riflotle of 
 poetry. 
 
 Dedication 
 of his tranf- 
 ]at ion of 
 Juvcna], 
 
 S P E N s E ii. 
 
 remarks, that “ the religion of the Gentiles had beeii 
 woven into the contexture of all the ancient poetry witli 
 a very agreeable mixture ; which made the modems af^ 
 fe£l to give that of Chriftianity a place alfo in their 
 poems. But the true religion was not found to become 
 fiction fo well, as a falfe had done : all their attempts 
 of this kind fecmcd rather to debafe religion, than to 
 heighten poetry. Spenfer endeavoured to fuppiy this 
 with morality, and to make inflruftion, iiiPtead of ftory, 
 the fubjCift; of an epic poem. execution was excel¬ 
 
 lent, and his flights of fancy very noble and high ; but 
 his delign was poor, and his moral lay fo bare, that it 
 loil its effeft. It is true the pill was gilded, but fo 
 thin, that the colour and the tafte were too ealrly dif- 
 “ covered.’' Mr. Thomas Rymer aflcrts, that “ Spenfer 
 “ may be reckoned the flrfl: of our heroic poets. He had,” 
 fayS he, ‘‘ a large fplrit, a fliarp judgement, and a genius 
 “ for heroic poefy, perhaps above any .that ever wrote 
 “ iince Virgil. But our misfortune is, he wanted a true 
 idea, and loll: himfelf by following an unfaithful guide; 
 Though betides Homer and Virgil he had read TatTo, 
 yet he rather fufTered himfelf to be mitled by Ariotlo : 
 with whom blindly rambling on marvellous adven¬ 
 tures, he makes no conference of probability. All is 
 fanciful and chimerical, without any uniformity, of 
 without any foundation in truth. In a i,vord, his 
 poem is perfect Fairy Land.” Dryden fays, that “ the 
 Englith have only to boail: of Spenfer and Milton iii 
 heroic poetry, who neither of then! wanted either ge¬ 
 nius or learning to have been perfect poets, and yet 
 both of them arc liable to many cenfiires. For there 
 is no uniformity in the defign of Spenfer; he ainis at 
 the accomplilhmeiit of no one a£tion ; he' raifes Up a 
 hero for every one of hjs adventures, alid endows each 
 of them with fonie particular moral virtue, which ren¬ 
 ders them all equal, without fubordination or pre¬ 
 ference.—The original of every knight was then living 
 in the court of queen Elizabeth ; and he attributed to 
 each of them that virtue'which he thought was moll 
 cohfpicuous in them : an ingenious piece of flattery, 
 “ though it turned not much to his account.—His obfo- 
 lete language and the ill choice of his Lanza are faults 
 but of the fecond magnitude. For notwithflanding 
 the lirll, he is Hill intelligible, at lealVaftcr a little prac- 
 tice; and for the lall, he is the more to be admired, 
 ' that 
 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 n 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 i t 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 i t 
 
 i t 
 
 it 
 
SPENSER. 
 
 that labouring under luch a difficulty his veiTes are fo 
 numerouSj fq vairious, and fq harmonious, that only 
 Virgil, whom he has proFeliedly imitated, has fiupaffied 
 him"among the Romans, and only Waller among the 
 Enp'lilh.” Laftly, Mr. Hughes oblerves very juftly, 
 
 8 
 
 airy 
 
 F' 
 
 “ Icriotions, more than we meet with in an) other mo- 
 “ dern poem. The author lecma to he poffielfed of a 
 “ kind of poetical magic ; and the iigures he calls up to 
 “ our view rife fo thick upon us, that we are at once 
 pleafed and diilrafled by the exiiaiihiefs variety of 
 “ them : fo that his faults may in a manner be imputed 
 ‘‘ to his excellences. His abundance betrays him into 
 excefs, and his judgement is over-born by the torrent 
 of his imagination.’' 
 
 that “ the chief merit of this poem conlilts in that iur- 
 prihng vein of fabulous invention, wfiich runs through 
 it, and enriches it every where with imagery and de- 
 
 SPERONE (Speron), an ingenious and polite Ni'ceron,"t. 
 Italian writer, was born of a noble family at Padua in 
 150a ; and made fo rapid a progrefs in his juvenile ftudies, 
 that, at twenty, he was chofen firfl profeifor of logic in the 
 univerlity there; and was raifed in 1528 to the place of 
 profeiror extraordinary in pliilofophy. We know but' 
 few circumllances of Ins life. He lived a long time at 
 Rome, and was there under the pontificate of Pius IV, 
 who made him a knight. He was often employed in 
 affairs of importance, and feveral princes would have 
 raifed him to dignities of any kind ; but his love of eafe 
 and independence made him refule them all. Being once 
 fent to Venice, upon lome negotiation, he fpoke in tne 
 fenate there with lo much elocjuence, that the judges and 
 advocates left the bar, to hllen to him. tie was alio lent by 
 the pope to the kings of t ranee and Spain about a peace ; 
 and harangued in Inch 2. manner, as afloniihed dll Wiio 
 heard him? It is related of him, that he was always read¬ 
 ily^ mean and oblolete books ; and that, on being afk-d Wxiy 
 he^'amured himfelf with fuch fluff, he anfwered, ‘‘ becaufe 
 wbatev'er he flole from tiiem was luie to lie concealed , 
 
 “ whereas, if he was to take the lame lioeity wkIi authors 
 of note, he lliould be detefled auQ accufed of piagiaiifm ^ 
 
 “ at once!” This may ferve as a hn w^r, .aad that is all 
 the ufe of inferting it. He died at Padua in 1588, ^igcd 
 88. It is faid that he was conlummately ffiiiled m crvil 
 law, in theology, in hiilory» and all braiyches of liteiature . 
 
 IM m 4 
 
 
53^ 
 
 S P E R O N E. 
 
 his works do not enable us to decide upon this point. 
 However, this we are fure of, that he was an admirable 
 mafter of the Italian tongue ; and that he is cited, in the 
 di£t.ionary of La Crufca, as one of the bed writers in it* 
 It IS on this account, that his works, which are all written 
 in Italian, are even now fought after and read : they con- 
 lid of dialogues, difTertations, orations, letters, "and a 
 tragedy. 
 
 SPINCKE S (Nath ANAET.) , an eminent Nonjuring 
 Divine, was born at Cadcr, in Northamptonlhire (where 
 Edmund his father, a native of New England, and a man 
 of learning, was redlor) in 1654. His mother, Martha, 
 was daughter of Thomas Elmes, of Lilford in Hunting- 
 donfhire. After being initiated in clalTicai learning, 
 under M^r, Samuel Morton, redlor of Haddon, he was 
 admitted of Trinity College, Cambridge, under Mr. 
 Bainbrigg, March 22, 1669-70; and matriculated fuly 9, 
 1670. In the following year, by the death of hisVather, 
 he obtained a plentiful fortune, and a valuable library ; 
 and on the 12th of Oaober, 1672, tempted by the 
 profpeft of a Ruflat fcholarfhip, he entered himfelf of 
 Jefus College, where, in nine days, he was admitted a 
 -probationer, and May 20, 1673, fworn a fcholar on tht 
 Rujlat foundation. “ This,*’ Mr. T. . Baker obferves in 
 the regifcers, ‘‘was for his honour; for the fcholars of 
 “ that foundation undergo a very flridl examination, and 
 afterwaids are probationers for a year. And as thele 
 fcholarfliips aie the bell, fo the fcholars are commonly 
 the befi in college, and fo reputed.'* He became B. A. 
 HI 1673-4; was ordained deacon May 21, 1676; was 
 M, A. in 1677; and admitted into prieft’s orders Dec. 
 22, 1678. After refiding fome time in Devonlhire, as 
 chaplain to Sir Richard Edgcomb, he removed to Peterf- 
 ham, where, in 1681, he was affociated with Dr. Hickes, 
 as chaplain to duke Lauderdale. On the duke’s death, in 
 1683, removed to St. Stephen’s Walbrook, London, 
 where he continued two years, curate and leaurer. In 
 1683 the dean and chapter of Peterborough conferred on 
 him the reftory of Peakirk cumGlynton, in Northampton- 
 mire, where he married Dorothy, daughter of Thomas 
 Rutland, citizen of London. July 21, 1687, he was made a 
 prebendary of Salifbury; in the fame year, Sept. 24, in- 
 fhtuted to the reftory of St. Mary, in that town; and, 
 three days after, was licenfed to preach at Stratford fub- 
 '7 ter 
 
537 
 
 
 S,P I N C K E S. 
 
 Icr Caflrum, Wilts, for wliich he had an annual {lipend 
 of 8ol. He was deprived of all his preferments in 1690^ 
 for refnfing to take the oaths to William and Mary. He 
 was, after this period, in low circumllances, but was fup- 
 ported by the benefadlions of the more wealthy Non- 
 jurors; and on the third of June, 1713, he was confe- 
 crated as one of their bilhops. He died July 28, 1727^ 
 and was buried in the cemetery of the parifli of St. Faith, 
 on the North iide of St. Paul’s, London, where the iiifcrip- 
 tion below [a] is engraven on a white marble Hone.—• 
 By his wife, who lived but feven days after him, he had 
 many children, of whom two furvived their parents J 
 William Spinckes, efq. who by induhry and abilities ac¬ 
 quired a plentiful fortune; and Anne, married to Anthony 
 Cope, efq. A portrait of him, by Vertue, from a paint¬ 
 ing by Wollafton, is prefixed to his “ Sick Man vifited,’* 
 of which a fixth edition was publilhed in 1775, contain¬ 
 ing a iliort account of his life, and an accurate lift of. his 
 numerous publications, 
 
 SPINOZA (BeE n I c T d e ), an atheiftical pliilofo- 
 pher, was the fon of a merchant, who was originally a 
 Portugueze ; and was born at Amftej'dam about 1633. 
 He learned the Latin tongue of a phyfician, who taught 
 it at Amfterdam ; and who is fuppofed to have been but 
 loofe in the principles of religion. He applied himfelf 
 early to divinity, which he purfued for many years ; and 
 afterwards devoted himfelf entirely to philofophy. “ Nemo 
 “ repente fuit turpifiimus” is a maxim, which has often 
 been applied to Spinoza: for he was firft a Jew, then a 
 Chriftian, and laftly an Atheift. He was a Jew by birth ; 
 but having a geometrical turn, which made him apt to re¬ 
 quire a reafon for every thing, he quickly difiiked the 
 dodlrine of the Rabbins ; and being withal of ail open 
 temper, and a great enemy to dilfimulation, he foon dif- 
 
 {[a] “ Depofit'jm 
 
 virl plane venerandi 
 N ATHANAELIS SpINCKES, A.M. 
 Ortu Noithamptonienfis, 
 Academia Cantabrigienlis, 
 Eccleiix Anglicanae R. dignilTimi 
 Amicls, patriae, erudite orbi, 
 
 XXVIII Jul. MDCCXXVII, 
 
 abrepti. Erat ille ingenio miti, 
 Vultu placidifTimo ; 
 
 Rem Chrillianam 
 Scriptls tuebatur luculeotis, 
 Luculentiori ornabat txemplo; 
 
 Crederes antiqudruhi 
 
 Et mores & do£lrinam 
 In noftrum Theologum, 
 
 Nupero quafi miraculo, 
 Transfufos, 
 
 Moritur 
 
 Anro xtatls feptuagefimo qViarto, 
 Iniqua fortuna non diuturnior, 
 
 Sed major, 
 
 Proximam huic lerram occupat 
 Dorothea conjunx dileftiflima: 
 Qn»* die a mariti interitu feptimS 
 iSociam animam alHavit.” 
 
 covered 
 
N 
 
 53S 
 
 SPINOZA. 
 
 covered this diilike to the fynagogue. It is laid that the 
 Jews offered to tolerate him, provided he would comply 
 outwardly with their ceremonies ; nay, that they even pro- 
 mifed him a yearly penfion, being unwilling to lole a man, 
 who was capable of doing fuch credit to their profefiioii, 
 but he could not refolve to comply, having an averlion to 
 hypocrify, as he thought this would be. However,, it was 
 only by degrees that he left their fynagogue ; and perhaps 
 he would not have broken with them' fo foon, had he not 
 been treacheroufly attacked by a Jew, who gave him a 
 thrufb with a knife, as he was coming from a play. The 
 wound was flight, but he believed the alTallin defigned to 
 kill him. From that time he left them altogether, which 
 was the reafon of his excommunication. Afterwards he 
 became a Chriftian: “ He profeffed to be a Chriftian,” 
 In Prsefat. fays Sebaflian Kortholt, “ and not only went himfelf to 
 ad churches of the Calvinifts or Lutherans, but likc-^ 
 
 fuidetribus^ Wile frequently cxhorted others to go, and greatly rc~ 
 Impoftori- commenjed fome particular preachers.” ‘‘ Nemo re- 
 “ pente turpiffimus” cannot, methinks, be well applied 
 to Spinoza, when from Judaifm he became a convert to 
 Chriftianity, unlcfs v/e fuppofe that he was only a Chriilian 
 outwardly. This was indeed the cafe; and it appears not 
 only from his books, but from many anecdotes which are 
 preferved of his life. One day at the Hague, his hoftefs, 
 vrho was a Lutheran, afked him, “ Whether he thought fal- 
 “ vation could be had in her religion ?” “ Your religion,” 
 fays Spinoza, “ is a very good one ; and you need feek no, 
 “ other, nor doubt the leaft of your falvation, provided 
 “ that to your religion you join a peaceable, quiet, inof- 
 fenfive life.” That is, live as you fhould do, and all 
 religions are the fame : which, however, is to fay, that 
 none of them are true, or have any pretence to a divine 
 authority. As to his Atheifm, it was not perhaps fo 
 clear and evident, as not to admit of difputation, till after 
 his death, when his “ Opera Pofthuma” put the thing out 
 of doubt. For although his “ Tradlatus Theologico- 
 “ Politicus,” printed at Amfterdam in 1670, contains all 
 the feeds of that Atheifm which was afterwards dii- 
 played in his “ Opera Poflhuma;” though fome writers 
 had fhewn clearly enough, that Atheifm was fairly de- 
 ducible from the principles laid down in the Traftatus 
 “ Theologico-Politicus;” yet as Spinoza had not yet 
 been a dogmatift on that head, one could not have been 
 certain of his being an Atheifl: fuch flrange, abfurd, 
 
 and 
 
5?? 
 
 SPINOZA. 
 
 and contradi£lory combinations • of ideas are fxeqnently 
 found to exill in the head of the fame man. 
 
 His “ Opera Pohhuma,” however^ as we have ob- 
 ferved, put the thing out of doubt; and upon the whole 
 we fee, that he was a JewHw birth, a Chiiilian through 
 policy, and an Atheifl by principle. Kis hypothehs was, 
 that “ there is but one fubfcance in nature, and that this See among 
 
 *» % 
 
 
 <( 
 
 n 
 
 
 {( 
 
 
 (( 
 
 <( 
 
 (i 
 
 only fubhance is endowed with infinite attributes, and, 
 
 ■> ^ 1 1 1 \r raous Work's 
 
 “ among others, with extenhon and thought. After-the piece 
 “ wards he affirms, that all bodies in the univerfe are 
 “ diheations of that fubflance, as it is extended ; and that, 
 for inltaace, the fouls of iiYen are modifications of that 
 fubhaiice, as it thinks : fo that God, the neceffary and 
 moft perfedl Being, is the caufe of all tbfings that exift, 
 but does not differ from theip. He affirms, that there 
 is but one Being, and one nature; and that this Being 
 produces in itfelf, and by an immanent adfion, what¬ 
 ever goes by the name of creatures : that he is at once 
 both agent and patient, efficient cauf^ and fubjeft, and 
 produces nothing but what is his own modification.” 
 
 This abfurd and monflrous hypothefis is the firft principle 
 on Vvdiich Spinoza builds his fyflem. He was, it is laid, 
 the firft who reduced Affioifm into a fyftem, and formed 
 It into a regular body of doftrines, ordered and connefted 
 According to the manner of Geometricians; otherwdfe 
 iiis Opinion is not new. Pagans, Mahometans, and fome 
 heretical Chriftians, have maintained k. What are we 
 to make of thefe paffages in Tully Neither is Strato, pe Nat. 
 
 *• called the natural philofopher, to be heard, who thinks J>eor. i.x. 
 “ that ail divine power was lodged in nature; in which 
 
 are the caufes of producing, increafing, and diininifli-^ad. l. 
 
 “ ing, but'is without any fehfe or figure.” So againc-S^* 
 dfewhere, all things,” fays Strato, that exift, are ef- 
 feffed by nature.” The do£lrine of the foul of the 
 world, which was fo common among the ancients, and 
 made the principal part of the fyftem of the Stoics, is, at 
 the bottom, tlie fame with that of Spinoza. Read only 
 Cato’s difeourfe in Lucan,'efpecially thefe three verfes : 
 
 “ Eftnc Dei fedes niij terra, et pontus, et aer, 
 
 “ Et ccelum* et virtus ^ Superos quid quoerimus ultra? 
 
 “ Jupiter eft quodcuiique vides, quocunque moveris.” 
 
 “ is not the feat of Jove, earth, fea, and air, 
 
 And heaven, and virtue ? where would we farther trace 
 ‘‘ The God ? where’e; we move, whate’er we fee, 
 
 Is Jpve.”, 
 
 The 
 
 It, 
 
 Pharf. I. Iju 
 V.57S* 
 
540 
 
 SPINOZA. 
 
 The flril. and fundamental principle of the two fyilems is 
 manifcllly the fame; and perhaps the difference, if there- 
 be any, would be found to conlifl chiefly in the different 
 manner of explaining it. 
 
 Spinoza is generally allowed to have been a foclable, af- 
 ~ fable, honeil, friendly, and good moral man. He w^as 
 temperate, liberal, dilintcrefted. He faid nothing in con- 
 verfation, but what was edifvino': never fwore ; never 
 fpoke difrefpedffullv of (jod ; went fometinies to hear 
 iermons, and coiillantiy exhorted others to go. This 
 may leem ifrangc, confidering his principles ; yet not 
 ilranger, if we conliderit, than that men IboLild lead wicked 
 liyes, who are bclieyers of the gofpel. He felt lb fhrong 
 an inclination to enquire after truth, that he renounced 
 the world in a manner, the better to fucceed in that en¬ 
 quiry. Not contented to free himfelf from all manner of 
 tufinefs, he alfo left Amiferdam, becaiife the yifits of his 
 friends too much interrupted his fpeculations; and, after 
 often changing his place of refidence, fettled at the Hague. 
 None of his retirements, however, could prevent his fame 
 and reputation from fpreading far and wide ; which occa- 
 lioncd him frequent vihts at home, as well as invitations 
 from‘abroad. 'I'he famous prince of Conde, whofe learn¬ 
 ing was almofl as great as his courage, and who loved the, 
 tonverfation of freethinkers, defired to fee Spinoza; and 
 procured him a pafs to come to Utrecht, when he com¬ 
 manded there the troops of France. Spinoza went; and, 
 though tlie prince of Conde was gone to vifit a poll the 
 day Spinoza arrived at Utrecht, yet he returned as foon as 
 podible, and held much difeourfe with that philofopher. 
 The Palatine court dehred to have him, and offered him 
 a profeiTorihip of piiilofophy at Heidelberg. Fabricius, 
 who was ordered to write to him upon this occahon, pro- 
 mifed Spinoza “ a full iilxrty of philofophifing ; of which,” 
 adds he, ‘‘ the eledlor thinks you will not make an ill ufe 
 to the prejudice of the religion by law eflablilhed. 
 “ .Tf you come hither, you will lead a pleafant life, and 
 fuch as becomes a philofopher.” Take the original: 
 “ Philofophandi lihertatem habebis am pi iff mam, qua ic 
 “ ad publice flabilitam religionem conturbandam non 
 “ abufurum credit.—Hoc unum addo, te, fi hue veneris, 
 vitam philofopho dignam eum voluptate tranfadlurum.” 
 
 Spmoz. Op. SpJnQ2a anfwered, “ that, if he had ever wilhed to be a pro- 
 0 •P‘55 'it feffor, he could not have wiflted for any other pro- 
 “ felTorfliip, than that which was offered him in the Pala- 
 
 “ tinate 
 
SPINOZA. 54t 
 
 ** tinate; efpecially for the liberty of pllllofophifing, 
 which his eIe£loral highnefs vouchfafed to grant him :** 
 praifertim ob libertatem philofophandi, quam princeps 
 “ clementiHilmis concedere dignatur.’^ It is curious to Spino*. Oip. 
 obferve, that, among other reafons he gives in excufe for 
 not acceptirig this p^ofeirorfliip, one is, that he does not 
 “ know within what bounds he mliil confine himfclf, 
 that he might not feem to be a diilurber of the religion 
 “ by law efiabliflied.” “ Cogito deinde,’’ fays he, me 
 nefeire, quibus limitibus libertas ilia philofophandi in- 
 tercludi debeat, ne videar publice llabilitam reiigionem 
 perturbare velle.” So delicate was this philofopher, 
 where his liberty was in qiieilioii \ 
 
 He died of a cqnfumption at the Hague, Feb. 1677, in 
 his 45th year; fo fully confirmed in his Atlieifm, that he 
 had taken fome precautions to conceal his \vavering and 
 inconllancy, if perchance he Ihould difeover any. Bayle, 
 in his “ 'Fhoughts upon Comets,” has given us this ac* 
 count: “ Spinoza,” fays he, “ was the greatell Atlieift thatSeA. tSs. 
 ever lived ; and he grew fo fond of cercaiii pliiiofophic 
 principles, that, the better to meditate upon them, he 
 “ confined himfelf to a clofe retirement, renouncing all 
 “ the pleafures and vanities of the world, and minding 
 nothing but thofe abllrufe meditations. Being upon 
 “ the point of death, he fent for his landlady ; and defired, 
 that fire would not fuffer any miniller to fee him in that 
 “ condition. Ilis reafon for it was fuppoied to be, that 
 ha had a mind to die without difputing, and was afraid 
 that the weaknefs of his fenfes might make him fay 
 fomething iriconfiflent with his principles : that is, he 
 “ was afraid it would be faid in the world, that his con- 
 “ fcience, awakening at the fight of death, had damped 
 his courage, and made him renounce his opinions.’* 
 
 His friends fay, that out of modefiy he defired that no fe£l; 
 fhoiild be called after his name. Thus we are told in the 
 preface to his “ Pofthiimous Works,” that “ the two ini- 
 tiai letters only of the author’s name were put to the 
 “ book, becaule a little before his death he exprefsly de- 
 “ fired, that his name fiiould not be prefixed to his 
 ‘ Ethics,’ which he had ordered to be printed. And 
 “ why he did fo, no other reafon can feemingly be given, 
 but becaufe he wmuld not have ‘ the do£lrine called in 
 his name.’ For he fays, in the 25th chapter of the 
 appendix to the 4th part of his ‘ Ethics,’ that thofe^ 
 who would help others to the attainment of tlie fapremc 
 
 good. 
 
SPINOZA. 
 
 good, will not defire that their do6lrine be called by 
 “ their names : and where he is explaining what ambi- 
 “ tioM is, he plainly taxes fuch as do this with being am- 
 bitions of glory,” In the mean time, he does not ap¬ 
 pear to have had many followers. Few have been fufpefted 
 of adhering to his dofirine ; and among thofe who have 
 been fape£led, few have fludied it : to v/hich we'may addj 
 with Bayle, that of thofe who have ftudied it few have un- 
 derftood it, by reafon of the many difficulties and impe¬ 
 netrable abflradtions which attend it. Our Toland feems 
 to have approached the neareil to his fyllem of any mo¬ 
 dern freethinker : and indeed the dodlrines inculcated in 
 his “ Pantheffiicon” are much the fame with thofe of 
 Spinoza. 
 
 SPOM (Charles), a very ingenious and learned 
 Frenchman, was the fon of a merchant, and b'orn at Lyons 
 jTouvclIes in 1609. He was feiit early to Ulm in Germany, whence 
 de la Re- grandfather had removed for the lake ot fettling in 
 
 publiqne des ^ , t it j r‘ 
 
 Eetrres, commci'ce to learn i^atin : and he made a pronciency^ 
 Juilleti684.fuitable to his uncommon parts. Fic had a line talent for 
 Latin poetry; and Bayle fays, that he had an extemporary 
 piece in iambics upon the deluge and lail conflagfationj 
 compofed by him at fourteen, which would have done, 
 honour to an adult, if it had been written in the hours of 
 Jeifure. At his return from Germany, he was fent to 
 Paris ; and lived with Mr. de Rodon in 1625 1626, 
 
 who taught him phllofophy. Rodon was a great mailer ; 
 and one of thofe who had deferted the fyftem of Ariilotle, 
 and embraced that of Epicurus, as correfled by Galleridi. 
 He lludied alio mathematics and allronomy under John 
 Baptift Morin ; but did not contrafl the taint of allrology, 
 with which that otherwife great man was fo mortally in- 
 fedled. From 1627, applied himfelf to medicine for - 
 three or four years ; and, quitting Paris in 1632, went to 
 Montpellier, where he was received do£lor in that faculty. 
 Two years after, he was admitted a member of the college 
 of phylic at Lyons ; at v;hich place he piadlifed with great 
 fuccefs in his profeffion, till the time of his death. He 
 was made^ in 1645, a kind of. honorary ph'yiician to the 
 king. He maintained a correfpondence with all the 
 learned of Europe, and efpecially with Guy Patin, pro- 
 feffior of phylic at Paris; above 150 of wliofe letters to 
 Spoil w'ere publillied alter his death. He was pcrfcdlly 
 Ikiiled in the Greek language, and undeiLood the German 
 
543 
 
 S P O N. 
 
 ( 
 
 as well as his own. He always cultivated his talent for 
 Latin poetry, and put the aphorifms of Hippocrates into 
 verfe ; but, becaufe others had done the fame, did not 
 publifh them. He publiflied in i66i the prognoftics of 
 Hippocrates in hexameter verfe, which he intituled Si- 
 “ bylia Medica;” and dedicated them to his friend Guy 
 Patin. He ‘publiihed other things of his own, and did 
 great fervice to the republic of letters, by occalioning the 
 works of other men to be publifhed, as many were at 
 Lyons under his infpedlion and care : the printing the 
 volume of Sennertus’s letters was owing entirely to him. 
 
 He had a vafl veneration and affeftion for GalTendi, and 
 wrote the following dilfich at his death, which has been 
 much admired ': 
 
 “ Galfendus moritur, Sophia luget, ingemit orbis. 
 
 “ Sponius in ludlu eft : folus Olympus ovat.” 
 
 He died Feb. 21, 1684, after an illnefs of about two 
 months. He was a good-natured man, without either 
 fpleen or ambition, of few words, fond of his ftudy, lin- 
 ccre, polite, charitable, pious, and a lover of mankind. 
 
 He left behind him a fon, of whom we fhall fpeak im¬ 
 mediately, who became a more illuftrious man than him- 
 felf had been : he lived to fee him fo ; and therefore thofe 
 lines, where Ovid fpeaks to Ca^far, are very pertinently Metatn. 
 applied by Bayle to him : iib. 
 
 “-Natique videns bene fa<fta fatetur 
 
 Efie majora fuis, & viiici gaudet ab illo.** 
 
 SPON (James), was the fon of Charles Spon, and 
 born at Lyons in 1647. i\fter an education of great care, 
 he w’as admitted dodlor of phylic at Montpellier in 
 and a member of the college of phyftcians at Lyons in^y- 
 1669. h hefe two years he fpent at Strafburg with Boe- 
 cler ; and there becoming very intimate v/ith Charles 
 Patin, he contradled, probably from that gentleman, a 
 ftrong gout for antiquities. Some time after, Vaillant, 
 the king’s antiquary, pafting through Lyons to Italy in 
 queft of medals and other antiquities, Spon accompanied 
 him.—He afterwards, in 1675 and *1676, made a voyage 
 to Dalmatia, Greece, and the Levant, in company with 
 Mr. Wheeler; of all which places he has given us a very 
 fine account. Whether he was weak by nature, or hurt 
 
 himfelf by this voyage, does not appear ; but he never 
 afterwards enjoyed good health. Being of the Reformed 
 religion, he was obliged to decamp in 1685, when the 
 
 I 
 
544 
 
 S P O N. 
 
 edi£l of Nants was revoked : he intended to retire to Zu¬ 
 rich, the freedom of which city had been beftowed in an 
 honorary manner upon his father, and was upon the road 
 thither; but wintering at Vevay, a town upon the lake 
 Leman, he died there in 1686. He was a member of the 
 academy of the Ricovrati at Padua ; of that of the Beaux 
 Efprits, eflablifhed at Niimes by letters patents in 1682 : 
 and he would have neen an ornament to any fociety in 
 VeaveUes world ; for, as Bayle has faid of him, and a vail eloge 
 R is, “ the qualities of a learned and thofe of an honell 
 man were never more happily united, than in him.” 
 
 He was the author of many valuable and curious works, 
 printed at Lyons ; the principal of which are thefe ; i. 
 
 Recherch.es des Antiquitez de Lyon. 1674,” 8vo. 2. 
 “ Ignotorum atque oblcurorum Deorum arae. 1677,” 8vo. 
 3.. “ Voyage de Grece & du Levant, 1677,” in 3 vois. 
 I2mo. 4. “ Hifloire de la Ville & de I’Etat de Geneva, 
 1680,” in 2 vols. i2mo. 'Phis work was publifhed in 
 Englifh in 1687, folio, after having gone through feveral 
 editions in the original : which need not be wondered at, 
 Ence, according to Bayle, who was a very competent judge, 
 it was extremely perfefl in its kind. 5. “ Lettre au ?. 
 
 Chaife fur PAntiquite de la Religion,” in i2mo; 
 anfwered by Mr. Arnaud, but often reprinted. 6. “ Re- 
 cherches curieufes d’Antiquite, 1683,” qto. 7. “ Mif- 
 “ cellanea eruditaj Antiquitatis, 1679, 1683,” folio. 
 
 Belides thefe, he publilhed feveral things of a fmaller na¬ 
 ture, upon fubje( 5 ts relating to his own profelBon. 
 
 p.a. 
 
 liUS. 
 
 SPONDANUS (Joannes), or John de Sponde, a 
 man of uncommon abilities and learning, was the fon of 
 a counfellor and fecretary to Jane d’Albert, queen of Na¬ 
 varre ; and was born at Maulcon de Soule in the country 
 of Bilcay, 1557. He made a conliderable progrefs in li¬ 
 terature ; and, when not more than twent)^ began a com¬ 
 mentary upon Homer’s Iliad and Odyffee, which was 
 printed at Ball! 1583, in folio, with a dedication to the 
 king of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France. His 
 notes and obfervations upon Homer are very inconfidera- 
 ble, Cafaubon calls them futiles ; neverthelefs, it is won¬ 
 derful, that fo young an author fliould have fo much read¬ 
 ing and learning as appears in them. The fame year, he 
 caufed Ariilotie’s “ Logic” to be printed at Balil, in Greek 
 and Latin, with marginal notes. He abjured the Reform¬ 
 ed religion in 1593, and immediately publifhed a decla¬ 
 ration 
 
S P O N. 
 
 Mion of his reafons for doing fo. He left the court foon 
 after his abjuration, and went to conceal himfeJf in the 
 mountains of Bifcay ; where he read and wrote himfelf to 
 death* He died in 1595, and was buried at Eourdeaux* 
 He is rcprefented as having Ipent this fhort life in much 
 fatigue and mifery. 
 
 SPONDANUS (Hfnpicus), or Hehr}" de Sponde, 
 a younger brother of John de Sponde, was born in 1568, 
 and educated at Ortez ; where the Reformed had a college, 
 and where he diftinguifhed himfelf early by his facility 
 of acquiring the Latin and Greek languages. Then lie 
 applied himfelf to the civil and canon law, and after¬ 
 wards went to Tours, whither the parliament of Paris 
 was transferred : and here, his learning and eloquence at 
 the bar bringing him under the notice of Henry IV, then 
 prince of Bearn, hC was made by him mailer of the re¬ 
 quells at Navarre. In the mean time, he read with much 
 eacrernefs the controverlial works of BcIIarmine and Per- 
 ron ; and thefe made fuch an impreflion on him, that, 
 after the example of his brother John, he forfook the 
 Protehant religion, and embraced the Popilh. He made 
 his abjuration at Paris in 1595. In 1600, he went to 
 Rome, where he fpent fome years: he took priefts orders 
 there in 1606, and that year returned to Paris ; but fome 
 time after went again to Rome, where he was put into an 
 office by pope Paul V, who loved him much. The great 
 refpecl he met wdth in Italy determined him to fpend the 
 remainder of his days there : but, in 1626, he was re¬ 
 called into France, and made bhhop of Pamiers by Lewis 
 Xin. He hefitated at hrft about accepting this bilhopric ; 
 but, pope Urban VIII. coicxmanding him, he went and 
 entered upon it in 1627. Soon after his inhallation, the 
 duke of Rohan, who was commander of the Huguenots, 
 took Pamiers : Spondanus, however, ef^aped by a breach 
 in the walls ; and the year after, when the town v/as re¬ 
 taken by the prince of Conde, received letters of congra¬ 
 tulation upon his fafety from Urban VIII. He quitted 
 Pamiers in 1642, and went to Thouloufe; where he died 
 the. year after. 
 
 The knowdedge he had of Baronius w'heii he was in 
 Italy, and the great friendlhip that always’ fubfilled be¬ 
 tween them, fuggefted to him the defign of abridging his 
 “ Annales Eccleliafiici.” This he did with Baronius’s 
 coiifent; and not only abridged, but continued them 
 
 VoL. XL N n from 
 
Life of 
 SpotfwoocJ, 
 prefixed to 
 his Hiff. 
 of the 
 Church of 
 Scoila-nd, 
 Lond'. 165S 
 folio. 
 
 from 1197, where Baronins left off, to 1640. Both thef 
 abridgement and continuation have been often reprinted. 
 Spondanus publihied aifo, in folio, “ Annales Sacri a’ 
 “ Mundi Creatione ad ejnfdem Redemptioncm and 
 fome other things o.t a fmall kind. 
 
 S'FOT S WOOD fJ otjn), archbifno-p of St. Andrews', 
 in Scotland, was defeended from an ancient and diftin- 
 gtiifited family in that country. His grandfather was flain 
 in the battle of Ficdden-field with his king, James IV. 
 He was born ia 1565.; and the Writer of his life tells us, 
 >with a vei'y ferioiis air, that he was no fooner brought 
 into the w^o-rld, than a moft remarkable paffage accom*’ 
 panied k. For among the rell that were prefent at his 
 birth, not ordinary golFpers, fays he, but wmmeri of good 
 note, there rtas orie among them, who in a fober, though 
 in a.prophetic fit, taking the child in her arms, called 
 aloud to the reff in theie or the like terras, “ You may 
 “ all very well rejoice at the birth of this child ; for he 
 “ will become the prop and pillar of this church, and the 
 “ main and chief iiiftrurneiit in defending it.”* He Ihew- 
 ed from his childhood a very pregnant wht, great fpirit, 
 and a good memory ; and, being educated in the tini- 
 vcrfity of Glafcow, arrived fo' early to pcrfedlion, that he 
 received his degrees in his i6th year. Flaring made him- 
 fclf a thorough mailer of prophane learning, he applied 
 himfelt to facred ; and becarrie fo drillnguifhed in it, that, 
 at eighteen, he was thought fit to facceed his father, who 
 was miniftcr of Calder. 
 
 In 1601, he attended Lodowick duke of Lenox as chap¬ 
 lain, in his embalfy to the court of France, for confirming, 
 the antient amity l>etvveen tho two nations ; and returned 
 in the ambaffador’s retinue through England. In 1603, 
 upon the acceilion of James to the throfic of England, he 
 was appointed, among other. eminent perfon-s, to attend 
 his majelly into that kingdom ; and, the fame year, was 
 advanced to the archbiiliopric of Glafcow, and made one 
 of the privy council in Scotland. In i6ia, he preiided in 
 the affcmbly at Glafcow ; and the fame year, upon the 
 king’s command, repaired to London about eccleiiailical 
 affairs. He w’as io adlive in, matters which concerned 
 the recovery and welfare, of the church-of. .Scotland, that, 
 during the coirrfe of..hisrminiffry, he is fuppofed to have 
 made no lefs than fifty journeys thence to London, chiedy 
 on tliat account. Having filled the fee of Glafcow eleven 
 
 years. 
 
I S P O T S w 0 0 t5. 547 
 
 I years, he sJvtis tranHated in 1615 to that of St. Andrews ; 
 j and thus became primate and metropolitan of all Scotland. 
 
 I The year followincr, he preiided in the afTembly of Aber-^ 
 
 I deen ; as he did hkewile in other alTembiies for reiloring 
 I the ancient difcipiine, and bringing the church of Scotland 
 j to fome degrees of uniformity with that of England. He 
 I continued in higii edeem with James I, during his whole 
 reign ; nor was he Icfs valued by Charles I, who in 1633 
 I was crowned by him in the Abbey-Church of Holyrood- 
 \ Houfe. In 1635, he w'as made chancellor of Scotland; 
 which poft he had not held full four years, when the con- 
 fufions breaking out there obliged him to retire into Eng- 
 1 land. Being broken with age, and grief, and ficknefs, he 
 I went firfl to Newcaftle ; and continued there till, by red 
 and the care of the phyficians, he had recovered drength 
 enough to travel to London ; wdiere he no fooner arrived, 
 than he relapfed, and died in 1^639. He w^as interred in 
 Wedrninder-Abbey, and an infeription upon brafs fixed 
 I over him. He iiiarried a daughter of David Lindfay, bi- 
 ! fhop of Rofs ; by whom he had feveral children. Sir 
 Robert Spotfwood, his fecond fon, was eminent for his 
 abilities and knowledge in the laws ; was preferred bv 
 king James, and afterwards by king Charles ; and w^as put 
 to death for adhering to the marquis of Monttofe. Cla- Hlft.of 
 rendon calls him “ a worthy, honed, loyal gentleman, and 
 ‘‘ as wife a man as the Scotifli nation had at that time.’' 
 
 In 1655, was publifhed at London, in folio, his “ Hif- 
 “ tory of the Church of Scotland, beginning the year of 
 “ our Lord 203, and continued to the end of the reign of 
 “ king James VI.” In his dedication of this hidory to 
 Charles 1 , dated Nov, 15, 1639, only eleven days before 
 his death, he obferves very wifely, that “ there is not 
 “ among men a greater help for the attaining unto wif. 
 
 “ dom, than is the reading of hidory. We call expe- 
 “ rience a good midrefs,” fays he, “ and fo die is ; but, 
 
 “ as it is in our Scotifh proverb, ‘ die feldom quits the 
 “ cod.’ Hidory is not fo : it teacheth us at other men’s 
 “ cod, and carrieth this advantage more, that in a few 
 “ hours reading a man may gather more indru6fions out 
 ‘‘ of the fame, than tw^enry men living fuccedivcly one 
 “ after another can podibly learn by their own expe- 
 “ rience.” This hidory was begun at the influence and 
 command of king James ; contains a great variety of mat¬ 
 ters, ecclefladical and political; and is fuppofed to be 
 written with much fidelity and impartiality. 
 
 N^n 2 SPRANG HER 
 
SPRAKGHER. 
 
 SPRANGHER (Bartholomew), a German pain- 
 tei, was the foil of a merchant, and born at Antwerp in 
 He was brought up under variety of mafters, and 
 theii went to Rome ; where Cardinal Farnele took him 
 into his fervice, and afterwards reGommended him to pope 
 Pius V. He was employed at Belvidere, and fpent thirty- 
 eight months in drawing the pifhire of “ I’hc Day of 
 “ Judgement;” which plftiire is hill ofer that pope’s 
 tomb. ^ While he was working upon it, Vafari told his 
 hohnels, that whatever Sprangher did, was fo much 
 time loh:” notwirhihinding which, the pope com- 
 niimded him to go on. It is allowed, that he gave hini- 
 felf up to the warmth of an irregufar fancy, and wanted 
 judgement; and that there appeared nothing of the Ro¬ 
 man gulfo in his dchgns. Afier a great nuihher of pic- 
 tuies done in fevcral parts of Rome, he returned to Ger- 
 muiiy, and became chief painter to the emperor Maxi- 
 miiian II; and was fo much rcfpefled by his fucceffor 
 Rodolphus, that that eniperor prefented him with a gold 
 chain and medal, allowed him a penhon, honoured him 
 and his poficrity with the title of nobility, lodged him in 
 ills own palace, and would luffer him to p;imt lor no¬ 
 body but himfelf. After many years continuance in his 
 codtt, he obtained leave to viht liLs own country; and 
 accordingly went to Antwerp, Amfterdam, Haerlem, and 
 fcveral 'other places : and, having had the fatisfaftion of 
 kTing his own works highly admired, and his manner 
 admolt uni\eilaliy followed in all tliofe parts, as well as 
 
 in Germany, he returned to Prague, and died in a good 
 old age. 
 
 O 
 
 ’ • (ThomA s)^ was bom In 1636, at Tallatou 
 
 lii Deioimiire, the foil of a clergyman ; and having been 
 educated, as he tells of liimfel^ not at Weifminfler or 
 Eaton, but at a little fchool by the churchyard fide, be¬ 
 came a commonner of Wadliam-college in Oxford in 
 1651 , and, being chofen fcliolar next year,-proceeded 
 threiiigh the nfual academical courfe, and iil 1657 became 
 kl. A. Pde obtained a fcllowfliip, and commenced poet. 
 'In ais poem 011 the death of Oliver w^as publilhed, 
 
 with ti^le of Drydeii and W'allcr. In his dedication to 
 Di. Wilkins he appears a very 'willing and liberal cnco- 
 nnali, both of the living and the dead. He implores lus 
 patron s cxcufe of his verfes. both as falling fo infinitclv 
 below the fill! and fubiime genius of that excellent 
 
 “ poet 
 
sprat. 
 
 ** poet who made this way of writing free of our nation,” 
 and being “ fo little equal and proportioned to the renovru 
 “ ot the prince on whom they were written ; fiich great 
 “ aflions and lives deferving to be the fiibjc£l of the no- 
 “ bleft pens and moil divine phaiilies.” He proceeds : 
 
 “ Having fo long experienced your care and indulgence,. 
 
 “ and been formed, as it were, by your owm hands, not 
 “ to entitle you to any thing- wdi-ich my meannefs pro- 
 duces, would be not only injuilice but facrilege.” He 
 publifhed the lame year a poem on the “ Plague o£ 
 
 “ Athens a fubjefl of which it is not eafy to fay what 
 could recommend it. To thefe he added aiterwards a 
 poem on Mr. Cowley’s death. After the Reiloration he 
 took orders, and by Cowley’s recommendation was made 
 chaplain to the duke of Buckingham, whom he is laid to 
 have helped in w’riting “ The Rehearfal.” He was like- ' 
 whfe chaplain to the king. As he was the favourite of 
 Wilkins, at wdiofe houfe began thofe philofophical con¬ 
 ferences and enquiries which in time produced the Royal 
 Society, he was confequently engaged in the fame lludies, 
 and became one of the fellows ; and wlien, after their in¬ 
 corporation, fomething feemed needfary to reconcile the 
 public to the new inilitution, he undertook to write its, 
 hiftory, wdiich he publilhed in 1667. This is one of the. 
 few* books wdiich fele£lion of feiidmcnt and elegance of 
 diftion have been rdde to preferve, though written upon a 
 fubje£l finx and tranfitory. I'he Hiilory of the Royal 
 “ Society” is now* read, not with the vvifli to know what 
 they were then doing, hut how their tranfadions are ex- 
 liibited by Sprat. In the next year he publifhed “■ Obfer- 
 vations on Sorbiere’s Voyage into England, in a Let- 
 ter to Mr. Wren.” This is a work not ill performed; 
 perhaps revrarded wdth at leall its full proportion of 
 praife. In 3668 he publilhed Cowley’s Latin poems, and 
 prefixed in Latin tiie Life of the Author; wiiich he af-r 
 terw’^ards amplified, and placed before Cowley’s iinglifli 
 works, which \verc by will committed to his care. Ec* 
 cleliaflical benefices now fell fall upon him. In 3668 he 
 became a prebendary of Wellminil-cr, and had afterwards 
 the church of St. ^Iargaret, adjoining to the Abbey. He 
 v/as in 3680'madc canon of Wlndfor, in 3683 dean of 
 Weflminfter, and in 1684 bilhop of Rochdler. The 
 court having thus a claim to his diligence and gratitude, 
 he was required to write the “ Hillory of the Rye-lioufe 
 Plotand in 1685 publilhed A true Account and Dc- 
 
 N n 3 “ claration 
 
 > 
 
 549 
 
550 
 
 SPRAT. 
 
 claration of the horrid Confpiracy againft the late King', 
 
 “ his prefeiit Majelly, and the prefent Governmenta 
 performance which he thought convenient, after the Re¬ 
 volution, to extenuate and excufe. The fame year, being 
 clerk of the clofet to the king, he was made dean of the 
 chapel-royal; and the year afterwards received the lail 
 proof of his rnafteps confidence, by being appointed one 
 of the cominiffioners for eccleiiaflical afhiirs. On the 
 critical day, when the Declaration dihinguilhed the true 
 fons of the church of England, he flood neuter, and per- 
 tnitted it to be read at Weflminller, but prelTed none to 
 violate' his confcience; and, when the bifhop of London 
 was brought before them, gave his voice in liis favour. 
 Thus far he fufFcred interefl or obedience to carry him ; 
 but further he refufed to go. When lie found that the 
 powers of the eccleliahical commilhon were to be exercifed 
 againfl thdfe who had refufed the Declaration, he wrote to 
 the lords, and other coininijlioners, a formal profelTion of 
 his unwiliiqgnefs to exercife that authority any longer, 
 and withdrew himfelf from them. After they had read 
 .his letter, they adjourned for hx months, and fcarcely ever 
 met afterwards. When king James was frighted away, 
 and a new government was to be fettled, Sprat was one of 
 thofe who confidered, in a conference, the great queilioii, 
 whether the crown was vacant, and manfully i’poke in 
 favour of his old mailer. He complied, however, with 
 the new eflablifhment, and was left nnmolefted ; but in 
 1692 a ftrange attack was made upon him by one Robert 
 Young and Stephen Blackhead, both men convicted of 
 infamous crimes, aod both, when the fcheme was laid, 
 prlfoners in Newgate. Thefe men drew up an alTociation, 
 in which they whofe names were fubferibed declared their 
 refolution to rellore king James ; to feize the princefs of 
 Orange, dead or alive ; and to be ready with thirty thou- 
 fand men to meet king James when he fliould land. To 
 this they put the names of Sancroft, Sprat, Marlborough, 
 Salifbury, and others. The copy of Dr. Sprat’s name 
 was obtained by a hdlitious requell, to which an anfwer 
 in his own hand” was delired, His hand was copied 
 fo well, that he confelTed it might have deceived himfelf. 
 Blackhead, who had carried the letter, being fent agalq 
 with a plaulible melfage, was verv curious to lee the houfc, 
 and particularly importunate to be let into the fludy ; 
 where, as is fuppofed, he defigned to leave the A iTociatiom 
 This however was denied him, and he dropt it in a tlower- 
 
SPRAT. 
 
 in the parlour. Young now laid an information be¬ 
 fore the privy council; and May 7, 1692, the biihop was 
 arrefted, and kept at a meircnger’s, under a Idrid guard 
 eleven days. His houfe was fearched, aiid diredtions 
 were given that the flower-pots Ihould be infpefted. The 
 meflengers however milled the room in which the paper 
 was left. Blackhead went therefore a third time ; and, 
 linding his paper where he had left it, brought it away. 
 The biihop, having been enlarged, \vas, on June the loth 
 and i3t]i, examined again before the privy council, and 
 confronted with his accufers. Young perflfled with the 
 mofl: obdurate impudence, againft the hrongeft evidence ; 
 but the refolution of Blackhead by degrees g^ve way. 
 There remained at lad no doubt of the bifhop’s iniio- 
 cence, who, with great prudence and diligence, traced the 
 progrefs, and detected the charaffers of the two informers, 
 and publillied an account of his own examination-, and 
 •deliverance ; which made fuch an imprellion upon him, 
 that he commemorated it through life by an yearly day of 
 tbankfgiving. With what hope, or wliat intereil, the 
 Villains had contrived an accufatioji which they mull 
 know themfclves utterly unable to prove, was never dif- 
 covered. After this, he palled his days in the quiet ex- 
 ercife of his fundion. When the caufe of Sachcvercll 
 put the public in commotion, he honeflly appeared among 
 the friends of the church. He lived to his 79th year, and 
 died May 20., 1713,. Burnet is not very favourable to his 
 memory ; but he and Burnet were old rivals. On fome 
 public occafloii they both preached before the houfe of 
 -commons. There prevailed in thofc days an indecent 
 cullom : wdien the preacher touched any favourite topic 
 in a manner that delighted his audience, their approbation 
 was .exprefled by a loud hiun^ continued in proportion to 
 their zeal or pleafure. When Burnet preached, part of his 
 congregation hummed fo loudly and ib long, that he fat 
 down to enjoy it, and rubbed his face with his handker¬ 
 chief. When Sprat preached, he likewife was honoured 
 with the like animating hum ; but he ilretched out his 
 hand to the congregation, and cried, ‘‘ Peace, peace, I 
 “ pray you, pcac£.’’ “ This,” fays Dr. Johnlbn, I 
 “ was told in my youth by an old man, who had been 
 “ no carelcfs oblerver of the paiTages of thofe times.” 
 “ Burnet’s Icrmon,” fays Salmon, “ was remarkable for 
 “ fedition, and Sprat’s for loyalty. Burnet had the 
 thanks of the houfe; Sprat had no thanka, but a good 
 
 N n 4 “ livkig 
 
 

 C( 
 
 55^ 
 
 SPRAT. 
 
 ** living from the king; which,he faid, “ was of 
 as much value as the thanks of the commons.”' 
 The works of Sprat, belides his few poems, are, “ The 
 “ HifloiT of the Royal Society‘‘ The Life of Cowley 
 The Anfwer to Sorbiere “The Hiflory of the Rye- 
 “ houfe Plot“ The Relation of his own Examination 
 and a volume of “ Sermons.” Dr. Johnfon fays, “ I have 
 “ heard it obferved, with great iuilnefs, that every book 
 “ is of a diiterent kind, and that each has its diilin^l and 
 “ charadleriflicai excellence.” In his poems, he con- 
 fidered Cowley as a model; and fuppofed that, as he was 
 imitated, perfedlion was approached. Nothing therefore 
 but Pindaric liberty was to be expedled. There is indiis 
 few produftions no want of fuch conceits as he thought 
 excellent; and of thofe our judgement may be fettled by 
 the firfl; that appears in his praife of Cromwell, where he 
 fays that CromwelPs “ fame, like man, will grow white as 
 “ it grows old.” 
 
 Anecdorrs SQUIRE (Samuel)D;D. This learned divine, the- 
 ovjycr, of an apothecary, was born at Warminfler in Wilt- 
 ^ihirc, in 1714, and was enducated at St. John’s-college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. Soon after. 
 Dr. Wynn bilhop of Bath and Wells appointed him 
 his chaplain, arid collated him to tire archdeaconry of 
 Bath. In 1748, he was prefented by the king to the 
 redlory of I'opsfield in Effex ; and, in 1749, when the 
 duke of Newcaffle (to whom he w^as chaplain, and pri-- 
 vate fccretary [a] as chancellor of the univerfity) was in- 
 fl:ailed chancellor of Cambridge, he preached one of the 
 commencement fermons, and took the degree of D. D. 
 In 1750, he was prefented by archbilhop Herring to the. 
 refcory of St. Anne, Weflminflcr (then vacant by the 
 death of Dr. Pclling), being his Grace’s option on th.e 
 ffce of T.ondon, and for which he refigned his living of 
 I'opsfield in favour of a relation of the archbifhop. Soon 
 after, Dr. Squire was prefented by the king to the vicarage 
 of Greenwich m Kent; and, on the eflablillimcnt of the 
 houfhold of the prince of Wales (his prefent maiehy), he 
 was appointed his royal highnefs’s clprk of the clofet. 
 
 In this charaf^et, from an un- “ lady’s) Steward.” His dark com- 
 Incky hmiliiude of names, he v/as ri- plexioii precured him in college con- 
 diculed in the tamous Fragment by verfation, and in the fquibs of the 
 the apjxllat on of Dr. Squirt, apo- time, the nick ranie of “The man 
 ** thtcary to Alma Mater's (or the old “ of Angola.” 
 
 I 
 
 In 
 
S IRE. 
 
 In 1760, be was prefented to the de^nry of Brilloi; and 
 on the firlt day of Feb. 13, 1761, preached a Sermon before 
 the Houfe of Commons ; which appeared of coin fe in 
 print. In that year (on the death of Dr. Ellis) he was ad¬ 
 vanced to the bilhopric of St. David’s, the revenues of 
 which were conliderably advanced by him [b].-. He 
 died, after a fhort illnels, occafioned by his anxiety con¬ 
 cerning the health of one of his fons, May 7, 1766. As a 
 parilh minifter, even after his advancement to the mitre, 
 he was moft confcientioufly diligent in the duties of his 
 funftion; and as a prelate, in his frequent vifits to his 
 fee (though he held it but five years), he fought out and 
 promoted the friendlefs and deferving, in preference, fre¬ 
 quently, to powerful recommendations, and exercifed the 
 liofpitality of a Chriftian bilhop.- In private life, as a 
 parent, hufband, friend, and mafter, no man was more 
 beloved, or more lamented. He was a fellow of the Royal 
 and Antiquarian Societies, and a conflant attendant upon 
 both. He married one of the daughters of Mrs. Ar- 
 defoif [c], a widow lady of fortune (his parifliioner), in 
 Soho Square. Some verfes to her “ on making a pin- 
 “ bafket,” by Dr. (now Sir James) Marriott, are in the 
 fourth volume of Dodfley’s colie6lion. Ifaac Akermaii, 
 efq. and Matthew Floward, efq, married her two other 
 daughters. Mrs. Squire, aif excellent woman, by whom 
 the bifhop left tw’o fons and a daughter, hill living, did 
 not long furvive him. A fermon, intituled “ Mutual 
 “ Knowledge in a future State, &c.” was dedicated to her, 
 with a juft elogium on his patron, by Dr. Dodd [d] in 
 1766. In this, the occafion of the biihop’s death, already 
 mentioned, is thus alluded to, “ Alas ! Madam, we think 
 “ with anxious concern of the exquifite fenlibility of his 
 
 [b] ) Thcfe iinprovements of die 
 <*lUies of bilhopricks, colleges, and 
 other ecclefialtical reyences, happening 
 V/ fits and Harts, make them the 
 more noticed ; but in the main they 
 are not more extraordinary than thofe 
 held in lay hands. 
 
 [c] Mrs. Ardefoif had alfo a Ton, 
 who, after being apprenticed to a 
 merchant in the city, went into the 
 
 . army, and died young. 
 
 [d] Chaplain to the bilhop, from 
 whom lie received a prebend ot Bre- 
 
 -con. In Dodd’s Poems is “ A Son- 
 “ net, occafioned by reading the 
 Truth and Importance of Natural 
 
 and Revealed Religion;” Grati- 
 “ tude and Merit,” an epigrana on 
 bilhop Squire; and “ An Ode writteu 
 “ in the Walks at Brecknock,” eis- 
 prclTive of graritude to his friendly 
 patron. Of bilhop Squire, Dr. Dodd 
 alfo lavs, in his Thoughts in Pri- 
 I'on,’’ Week IV. 
 
 —“ And liill more, when urg’d, ap- 
 “ prov’d, 
 
 And blefs’d by thee, St. David’s 
 “ honour’d friend 5 
 ** Alike in Wifdom's and in Learn- 
 ‘‘ ing’s I'chool 
 ** xVdyanc’d and fage, See.” 
 
 P. 7^. -efi, 
 17S1- 
 
 “ affeftionate 
 
554 
 
 S CLU I R E. 
 
 “ affe£lionate heart.Behdes feveral fingle ferraons on 
 public occalions, bifhop Squire publiflied the following 
 pieces : i. “ Au Enquiry into the Nature of the Engliih 
 “ Conflitution ; pr, an Hiftorical Eifay on the Anglo- 
 “ Saxon Government, both in Germany and England.'* 
 2. “ The ancient Hiftory of the Hebrews vindicated ; or, 
 “ Remarks on the third volume of the Moral Philofo- 
 pher. Cambridge, 1741.” 3. “ Two Efiays. 1 . A 
 
 “ Defence of the ancient Greek Chronolopv. 11 . An 
 
 oj 
 
 Enquiry into the Origin of the Greek Language. 
 “ Cambridge, 1741.” 4. Plutarchi de Hide & Oliride 
 
 “ liber ; Graece & Anglice, Graxa recenfuit, emendavit, 
 “ Commentarii^ auxit, Veriionem novani Anglicanain 
 “ adjecit Samuel' Squire, A. M. Archidiaconus Eathoni- 
 “ eniis ; accelTerunt Xyiandri, Baxteri, Bentleii, Mark- 
 “ landi, Conjedturae h Emendationes, Cantab. 1744.'* 
 5. “ An Effay on the Balance of Civil Power in Eng- 
 “ land, 8vo. 174..;’' which was added to the fecond 
 edition of the Enquiry, Ac. in 1753* Indifference 
 
 “ for Religion inexcufable [e], or, a ferious, impartial, 
 “ and pradfical Review of the certainty, importance, and 
 ‘‘ haimony of natural and revealed Religon. London, 
 1743,” again in 121110, 1759. 7. Remarks upon 
 
 “ Mr. Carte’s Specimen of liis General Hiftory of Eng- 
 land, very proper to be read by all fuch as are Contri- 
 butors to that great Work, 1748," 8vo. 8. “ The 
 Principles of Religion made eafy to young Perfons, in 
 “ a fhort and familiar Catechifm. Dedicated to (the late) 
 “ Prince Frederick. London, 1763.” 9. A Letter to 
 
 the Right Hun. the Earl of Halifax on the Peace, 
 “ 1763,” 8vo. by Dr. Dodd, received great affiftance 
 from billiop Squire. He alfo left in MS. a Saxon Gram¬ 
 mar compiled by himfelf. A julf and welLdrawn cha- 
 radter of Abp. Flerring, one of his early patrons, was pre¬ 
 fixed by Bp. Squire to the Archbilliop’s Seven Sennons.’* 
 
 [k j Of tills work Mr. Sack,jun. now 
 a paftor at Magdebourg and fon of the 
 lateRev. Mr. Sack, firlf chaplain to the 
 k ng ofPruffia, thus exprefled himfelf 
 in a MS letter to the Rev. Mr. Dun- 
 combe : “ Bilhop Squire’s ‘ Indif- 
 ference for Religion inexcufable,’ 
 is extremely well tranllated, and 
 very much efteemed by every one 
 who loves his religion more than his 
 << party’s opinions. Yob know that 
 
 *<.!s not the cafe with every divine. 
 
 My father in particular is extremely 
 “ pleafed with the method the bilhop 
 “ employs in defending the Chriliiaa 
 ‘‘ religion, it being fo much the fame 
 “ with that he made ufe of in his 
 ‘ Defence of the Chriltian Faith,’ 
 that one would think, the two works 
 “ had but one author. I am foiry I 
 had but once the honour te vtfjt 
 him.'* 
 
 
 STACK- 
 
STACKHOUSE. 
 
 555 
 
 'STACKHOUSE (Thomas), a learned and pious, Anecdotes 
 l>ut neceffitous divine, was many years curate of Finch- Bowyer, 
 iey, where he began his “ Hiifory of the Bible and af-Nichi>is. 
 terwards vicar of Eenham, Berks, where he died Oft. ii, 
 
 1752; and was buried. A portrait of him, when in 
 his 63d year, was painted by Wollailon, and engraved 
 by Vertue. His works were fo numerous, that we have 
 not been able to afcertain them all. He tirfl, however, 
 became noticed by his treatife “ on the Miferies of the ’ 
 
 “ Inferior Clergy, 1722 and obtained much credit by 
 ‘‘ A new Hiilory of the Bible, 1738—1742,” 2 vols. 
 folio [a]. 
 
 f a] The titles of fuch other works 
 as we ha,ve feen are, i. “ Memoirs, of 
 Bp. Atterbury, from his Birih to 
 “ ^Is Banllhment, 1723,” 8vo ; 2. 
 
 A Funeral Sermon on the Heath of 
 *5 Dr. Brady, 1726,” ovo. 3. A 
 complete Body of Divinity, 1729,” 
 folio. 4. A fair S ate of the Con- 
 troverfy between Mr. Wooliton and 
 his Adverfaries, 1730,” Svo. 5. 
 The Nature and Properly of Lan- 
 
 “ guage, 173T,” 8vo. 6 . A Ser- 
 mon on the 30th of January, 1736," 
 8vo. 7. “ A Sermon on the Deca- 
 “ logon, T743 j” folio. 8. “Anew 
 and practical Expofition of the A- 
 “ pohles Creed, 1747,” folio. He 
 publilhed alfo, but we know not when, 
 9. An Abridgement of Bp. Burnet’s 
 “ Hillory of his own Times,” lo. 
 “ A Greek Grammar;” and ii.<‘ A 
 ** Syllcm of Piadical Duties.” 
 
 STANLEY (Thomas, efq.), a polite Avriter, of 
 whom, however, not much is known but that he was of 
 of Pembroke-college, Cambridge, and was afterwards 
 knighted, and relided at Cumbeilow-Greey in Herts, is 
 mentioned here principally that he may In fn^nre be dif- 
 tinguilhed from his learned foil of the fame name, of 
 W'hom we fhail fpeak more fully in our next article. 
 
 This dhlla^Iioa is the more neceharv, as the two lives are 
 in fome degree confounded by Dr. Birch, in his ‘‘ FIHlory Vol. HI. 
 “ of the Royal Society.’^ - As both father and fon were p. 443* 
 authors, it is not very eafy, without a clofe examination, to 
 afcertain the works of either to its right author ; the 
 dates being almoll the only clue to adjuft them. I’he fol¬ 
 lowing memoranda arc from a MS. letter of the late Mr, 
 
 Cole to the compiler of-this article:’ “ Quidam Tho. Nlcboiyg 
 Stanley cooptatur in Ordincm Magiftrorum in Ar- 
 tibus per gratiam Mar. 12, 1641,‘una cum Bfincipe ^ 
 “ Carolo, Georgio Ducc Buck, et aliis nobihbus. Reg. vol. vili. 
 “ Acad. Cant.—Alibi non invenio. — Tho. Stanley P* 
 
 “ Aul. Peinbr. Convict. 1 . admiiTus- in Martriculam 
 Acad. Cant. Dec. 13, 1639. Reg. Acad.—Fuit igitur 
 Artiurn Mag. extraordinarius.—T. B.—I'hefe raa- 
 xiufcript notes by ’'vlr. Thomas Baker, who wrote 
 
 them 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 it 
 
Athen, 
 
 Etr<^XT?s Je 
 alfe. Prx- 
 fac 
 
 STANLEY. 
 
 them at chfFerent times.— I fuppofe ‘ Convidus prior’ 
 “ means Fellow-commoner.—‘ Enropa, Cupid Crucified, 
 Venus’s Vigils, with Annotations. By T. Stanley, 
 “ Lond. 1649.’ 8vo. Thomas Stanley has a Copy of 
 ‘‘ Verfes on hts Friend Edward Sherburne, efq. his tranf- 
 lation of Medea, a Tragedy of Seneca, in 1648.—The 
 poems of his friend John Hall were inferibed to him 
 ‘‘ in 1646; and a volume of his own-poems was pub- 
 ‘‘ lifhed in 1651.” 
 
 STANLEY (Thomas, efq.), an Englifli gentle¬ 
 man prodigiouily learned, was the fon of Thomas 
 Stanley, and born at Cumberlow-Green, Herts, about 
 1644, -At fourteen, ‘he was fent to Cambridge, and 
 placed in Pembroke Hall. He was a great linguift and 
 philologcr, and had fomething of a genius for ^ottry ; 
 for before lie left the iiniverhty, he compofed feveral 
 little pieces in that way, which, together with fonje tranf- 
 lations out of French, Italian, and Spanifh authors, were 
 publilhed fome time after. When he had taken his de¬ 
 grees in Cambridge, he was alfo incorporated into the 
 unlverfity of Oxford. Then he performed tire tour of 
 France, Italy, and Spain; and, upon his return home,, 
 placed himfelfin the Middle-Temple, London, and foon 
 after married a daughter of Sir James Engan, of Flower, 
 in the county of Nortlrampton. This alteration, how¬ 
 ever, of his ftate of life did not alter in the leafl the Hate 
 of his temper and difpohtion. He did not complain per¬ 
 haps, as a learned Chancellor of France has done in print, 
 that he “ had not more than fix hours to fludy on his 
 wedding-day yet his vaH application mufl needs ap¬ 
 pear to ail, who confider the greatiiefs of his undertak¬ 
 ings, and the hiort limits of life he had to iinifh them in. 
 The firfl work he publilhed was, “ Claudius jiElianus his 
 various Hiflory, Lond. 1665,” 8vo. dedicated to 
 lady Newton, his aunt. He fays, that he made this FrH 
 attempt in obedience to his father’s command. Edward 
 Sherbourne, and Rii:hard Stokes, M. D. and ChriHopher 
 Wafe, have verfes before it. 2. The Hiflory of Pliiio- 
 “ fophy, containing the Lives, Opinions, Actions, and 
 “ Dilcourfes of the Philofophers of every He 
 
 dedicated this to his honoured uncle John Marfbam, efq. 
 ti.ie well-known author of the “ Canon Chronicus,” 
 who firft dire6>ed him to this dehgn ; and in the dedica¬ 
 tion gives liiis fiiort account of his plan . The learned 
 
 Gaiicndus,” 
 
557 
 
 STANLEY. 
 
 Gailendus,” fays he, “ was my precedent; whom ne- 
 “ verthelefs T have not followed in his partiality. For 
 i*’ he, though limited to a fingle perfon, yet giveth him- 
 “ felf liberty of enlargement; and taketh occalion, from 
 “ this fubjeft, to make the world acquainted with many 
 excellent difquihtions of his own. Our fcope, being 
 “'of a greater latitude, affords lefs opportunity to favour 
 “ any particular, while there is due to every one the com- 
 “ mendation of their own deferts.’^ 
 
 This work has gone through four/editions in Englifh, 
 the 2d. in 1687 ; it was alfo tranflated into Latin, and 
 publiilied at Leipiic 1711, qto, with confiderable additions 
 and corre^lions. The account of the Oriental learning 
 and philofophy, with which it concludes, is very nice and 
 curious ; and did not efcape the notice of Le Clerc, 
 who publilhed a Latin tranflation of it in 1690, 8vo, with 
 a dedication to bp. Burnet, and placed it at the end of 
 the 2d volume of his “ Opera Philofophica.” Montaigne 
 would have been charmed with this work of Stanley : 
 
 “ How much do I wifh,” fay he, “that, while I live, EiTays, 
 
 “ cither fome other, or Juftus Lipfius, the moft learned 
 “ man now living, of a moft polite and judicious under- 
 “ ftanding, and truly refembling my Turnebus, had 
 “ both the will, and health, and leifure fufficient, fincerely 
 “ to colleft into a regilfer, according to their diviiions 
 “ and dalles, as many as are to be found of the opinions 
 “ of the ancient philofophers, about the fubjeft of our 
 being and rrianners, their controverfies, the fucceflion 
 “ and reputation of fed:s : with the application of the 
 lives of the authors and their difciples to their own pre- 
 “ cepts, in memorable accidents and upon exemplary oc- 
 “ calions ! what a beautiful and ufeful work would tliat 
 be !’^ It is worth obferving alfo, that Stanley has here 
 fupplied one of the delidcrata mentioned by lord Bacon 
 in his “ De Augmentis Scientiarum.” “ I could wilh,’^ 
 fays the great author, “ a colledion made, but with dili- Lib. lUr 
 geiice and judgement, ‘ De Antiquis Philofophiis,’ out^^P* 
 
 “ of the lives of ancient philofophers ; out of the parcels 
 “ of Plutarch, of their Placits ; out of the citations of 
 . Plato; out of the confutations of Ariflotle; out of a 
 “ fparfed mention found in other books, as well of 
 Chriftians as Heathens, as out of Ladaritius,'Philo, 
 
 ■ “ Philoftratus, and the reft: for 1 do not yet fee a work 
 “ of this nature extant. But here I muft give warning, 
 
 “ tliat this be done diftindtly ; fo as the philofophics, 
 
 “ every 
 
553 
 
 S T A N L E Y. 
 
 every one feparately, be compofed and continued, and ’ 
 “ not colle6ted by titles and handfuls, as hath been done 
 by Plutarch. For every philofophy, while it is entire 
 in the whole piece, lupports itfelf; and the opinions 
 “ maintained therein give light, llrength, and credence 
 “ mutually one to the 9ther : whereas, if it be broken to 
 “ pieces, it will appear more harfli and dillbnant. Thus, 
 
 ‘‘ when I read in 'Pacitus the actions of Nero or of Clait- 
 “ dius, invefted with circumftances of times, perfons,- 
 “ and motives, I find them not fo ftrangc but that they 
 may be true : but when I read the fame accounts in 
 “ Suetonius Tranquillus, reprefented by titles and com- 
 “ mon-places, and not in order of time, they feem 
 monftrous and altogether incredible. So is philofophy, 
 
 “ when it is propounded entire, and when it is fliced 
 “ and diirefted into fragments.” ' 
 
 When Stanley had finiHied this work, and it is faid 
 that he had finifhed it before he was eight and twenty* 
 he undertook “ /Efehylus,” the moil knotty and intricate 
 of all the Greek poets; and, after a world of pains 
 fpent in refloring his text and illuffrating his meaning, 
 publifhed an accurate and beautiful edition of that autlior, 
 under the title of “ /Efchyli 'Pragoediae Septem, Nc. Ver- 
 “ hone & Commentario Thorna; Stanleii, 1664,” fol. 
 Dedicated to Sir Henry Puckering, alias Newton, baronet. 
 Beiides thefe monuments of his learning wdiich are pub- 
 lilhcd, there were many other proofs of his unwearied ap¬ 
 plication, remaining in manufeript after his death, and 
 preferved in the library of More, bilhop of Ely : viz. his 
 large “ Commentaries on ^fchylus,” in b vols. folio, 
 wdneh were never publilhed ; his Adveriaria, or Mifcel- 
 “ laneous Remarks,” on fcveral palfages in Sophocles, 
 Euiipides, Callimachus, Hefyehius, Juvenal, Perfius, 
 and other authors of antiquity ; “ copious Prele£lions on 
 “ Theophraflus’s Characters ;” and A Critical Effay on 
 “ the Firft Fruits and Tenths of the Spoil,” faid in the 
 epiflie to the Hebrews to be given by Abraham to Mel- 
 chifedeck. His works were certainly much above his 
 years, and in this he might be conlidcred as a fecond Pi- 
 ■cus Mirandula. He died alio much about the fame age, 
 namely, about his 34th year ; leaving our nation much 
 indebted to his family, for affording two fuch Englifhmcii 
 as Sir John Marlhain and hlmfelf. His death happened in 
 1678. The letter of Mr. Cole (referred to in p. 555.) 
 furniihes the relerciices cite<l below to fuch as are curious 
 
 to 
 
559 
 
 STANLEY. 
 
 to fearch further into the hiftory of either the father 
 or the fon [ a]. 
 
 [*a] Scey** A Hiort Accoant of Dr. Salmon^s^* Hlffory of Hartfordfhire,’* 
 
 “ Bentley’s Humanity with a Vin- p. ■531. “Granger,” vol. II. p. 64. 
 dication of Thomas Stanley, efq. his Birch’s “ Hillory of Royal Society,’* 
 
 Notes on Callimachus, Bond. 8vo. vol. ill. p. 440, where is his Life, 
 
 3699^. See Preface to Dr. Needham’s and at p, 444, that of his fon Thomas 
 edition of “ Theophrall-us,” where it Stanley, elq. Carter’s “ Cambridge,’* 
 is evidently proved, that the “ Pre- p. 395. “ Fafti Oxon*” vol. 1. p« 
 
 “ Icitions,” which go under the name 2S4, 285. vol. II. p. iS.—and “ Ath, 
 of T. S. are by Dr. James DuporC. “ Oxon.” vol. II. p, 18. 
 
 STATIUS (Publius Papinius), an ancienc Ro¬ 
 man poet, was defcended of a good family at SelliE, a 
 town in Epirus, not far from the famous- Dodoncean grove. 
 
 He was born at Naples, but at what time is uncertain, 
 though probably about the beginning of the reign of 
 Claudius. His father had fettled there fome years before, 
 had opened a fchool of rhetoric and oratory, and met with 
 encouragement fuitablc to his great merits and learning. 
 
 He removed afterwards to Rome, and en^as^cd in the fame 
 profeffion with equal fuccefs. Here our poet, though very 
 young, fell in love with a widow named Claudia, and 
 married her foon after. She was a lady of a fine wit, ac- 
 complifhcd in many parts of learning, poetry in particular. 
 
 Pie has inferibed one of his “ Sylvas” to his wife Claudia ; Lib. iiiC 
 and he treats her with the utmoft efbeem and tendernefs.^' 
 
 She very well deferved fuch treatment; as fhe affe^lionately 
 fympathifed with him upon every occafion. In this very 
 poem, he mentions her rejoicing with him at the favour 
 he received from the emperor Domitian, and for his three 
 victories at the Alban games ; and alfo her concern for 
 his ill fuccefs, when he loft the prize in the Capitol. 
 
 PI is chara( 2 ;er was foon eftabliflied at Rome; and his 
 “ Sylvae, or IVlifcellaneous Pieces,” introduced him to 
 the acquaintance of the greateft wits of his age. “ It is 
 “ very remarkable,” fays Voifius, “that Martial, whoDeP«rr^ 
 was a great admirer of Stella the poet, fhould never 
 “ make the leall mention of Statius ; who alfo was fo in- 
 “ tirnate with Stella, that he dedicated to him the hrll 
 “ book of his Sylvae.” But this, he fiippofes, might 
 proceed from envy and emulation in Martial ; who could 
 not bear, that Statius fhould run awTiy with fo much of 
 .Domitian’s favour, for making quick extemporary verfe^. 
 which Martial claimed as his own particular province-. 
 
 He was recommended to the emperor by Pajjs, a favorite 
 ^ ailor 2 
 
 \ 
 
560 
 
 STATIUS. 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 ii 
 
 a£lor; who obtained for him the honour of belnp* ad- 
 
 O 
 
 mitted to lit at table with the emperor among his chief 
 miaiflers. It is fuppofed his circumhances were but low* 
 before he became acquainted with Paris, and that he \vas 
 obliged to fell his poems to the bell bidder for fublillence ; 
 for Juvenal mentions a tragedy called “ Agave,’’ which was 
 Satyr. VII. purcliafed by Paris, in the following lines : 
 
 “ Curritur ad vocem jucundam A carmen amicce 
 “ Thebaidos, Icetam fecit cum Statius urbem, 
 Promilitque diem : tanta dulcedine captos 
 Afhcit ille animos, tantaque libidine vulgi 
 Auditur ; fed cum fregit fubfelJia verfu, 
 
 Efurit, intadlam Paridi nili vendit Agaven.” 
 
 Having for fomc time exercifed his Mufe in thefe Mif* 
 cellanies, he next attempted his “ Thebaid f ’ in which he 
 was affilled by Maximus Junius, a man of quality and 
 xiirb. Lib. Angularly learned. This poem coll him twelve years 
 labour: 
 
 “ O mihi bis fenos miiltum vigilata per annos 
 “ Thebai.”— 
 
 and he was grown gld by the time he had finllhed it. He 
 returned to Naples tp corredl it, and foon after fet about 
 the “ Achilleid but did not live to go far with that 
 wmrk. We have no account of the time or manner of 
 his dcatli. It probably happened in Trajan’s time, and 
 at Naples ; as it does not appear that he had any call to 
 Rome after J.^omitlan’s deceafe. It is a great lingularity 
 in the hiflory of Statius, that he is not mentioned by 
 any of his contemporaries, excepting Juvenal; and, as 
 fome have thought, not even by him without a mixture 
 of fatirc. Whether this hlence about him flowed from 
 fome ill qualties which made him difliked, is no where 
 faid : in the mean time, it is eafy to conceive, that his 
 flatteries of Domitian, which it mull be confelfcd W’ere in¬ 
 ordinate, and the very great favours conferred on him by 
 that detefted emperor, might create him no fmall envy 
 and ill wdll. We have extant of this poet, his “ Sylvre’' 
 in five books, his “ Thebaid” in twelve books, and his 
 “ Achilleis” in two. He has been conlidered among the 
 poets, as Alexander the Great was among the heroes : 
 he has great virtues, and great vices. Sometimes his verfe 
 runs in a truly lofty and majellic flrain ; fometimes he 
 mounts above tlie clouds, in a high bombaftic ftyle ; and 
 fometimes, Icarus-like, he falls from thefe heights down 
 to the very ground. Upon which account Strada fup- 
 . pofes 
 
STATIUS. 561 
 
 pofes him to be feated upon the fumiiiit of ParnafTus, and 
 in fo much danger, that he feems to be like a man who is 
 juft ready to fall. Statius, as Well as his contemporary 
 Silius Italicus, paid a great veneration to the memory of 
 Virgil; which he ftiewed, like him, by frequently vifiting 
 his tomb, which was near Naples, and by annually cele- 
 brating his birth-day. Like him too, he endeavoured to * 
 imitate Virgil; but with all deference to the fupcrior talents 
 of his great mafter: 
 
 -“ nec tu divinam i^lneida tenta 
 
 Sed longe fequere, veftigia femper adora.” 
 
 Scaliger fays, that “ none of the ancients or moderns have De Re Po- 
 “ approached the majefty of Virgil fo nearly as Statius ; 
 
 “ who had even yet been nearer to him, if he bad not 
 ‘‘ afFe(ftcd to be fo near: for, being naturally fublime, 
 
 “ his efforts only carried him into the bombaft.” And 
 he goes on to fet him above all other poets, not excepting, 
 according to his ufual partiality, even Homer himfelf: 
 while others have not confidered him in near fo high a 
 light. We muft not confound Publius Papinius Sta¬ 
 tius, as fome have done, with another Statius, whofe 
 furname was Surculus; or, as Suetonius calls him, Urfulus. 
 
 This latter was indeed a poet, as well as the other ; but he De Claris 
 lived at Tolofa in Gaul, and taught rhetoric in the reign 
 of Nero. 
 
 The beft editions of Statius are thefe ; that in ufum 
 
 Delphini, cum interpretatione & notis Claudii Beraldi, 
 
 “ Paris, 1685,” 2 vols. 4to; and that “ cum notis in- 
 “ tegris Frederici Gronovii & felecftis variorum, cura 
 “ Veenhufii, L. Bat. 1671,” 8vo. The beft edition of 
 the “ Sylvae’^ is that “ cum notis & emendationibus Jere- 
 “ mias Markland, Lond. 1728,” 4to. 
 
 STAVELEY (Thomas, efq.), of Cuffin^ton in Nichole’s 
 Leicefterfhire, after having completed his academical edu- 
 cation at Peter-Houfe, Cambridge, was admitted of the 
 Inner-Temple July 2, 1647, and called to the bar June 12, 
 
 1654. In 1656, he married Mary the youngeft daughter 
 of John One bye, efq. of Hinckley, and fteward of the 
 records at Leicefter, and fucceeded his father-in-law in 
 that office in 1662. In 1664, when the court eipoufed 
 the caufe of Popery, and the prefumptive heir to the 
 crown openly profefied himfelf a Catholic, Mr. Staveley 
 difplayed the enormous exa6tions of the court of RomCj 
 by publifhing “ The Romifli Horfeleech.’^ Some years 
 VoL. XI. O o before 
 
562 
 
 S T A V E L E Y. 
 
 before his death, which happened in 1683, retired 
 to Belgrave near Leicefter, and, paffing the latter part of 
 life in the fiudy of Englifh hillory, acquired a melancholy 
 habit, but was efleemed a diligent, judicious, and faith¬ 
 ful antiquary. Belides the “ Hillory of Churches,’’ 
 which firft appeared in 1712, Mr. Staveley left a curious 
 hillorical pedigree of his own family, drawn up in 1682, the 
 year before he died, which is preferved at large in the work 
 which furnifhes this article ; and alfo fome valuable collec¬ 
 tions towards the “ Hillory and Antiquities of Leiceller,” 
 to which he had more particularly applied his refearclics. 
 Thefe papers, which Dr. Farmer, the worthy and learn¬ 
 ed mailer of Emanuel-college, Cambridge, intended 
 once to publilh, are now, by that gentleman’s permillion, 
 in the hands of Mr. Nichols,, who intends to give them 
 to the world in the “ Bibliotheca Topographica Britan- 
 “ nica.” The younger Mr. S. Carte (an able antiquary 
 and an eminent folicitor), who had a copy of Mr. Stave- 
 ley’s papers, fays of them, in a MS. letter to Dr. Ducarel, 
 March 7, 1751, “ His account of the earls of Leiceller, 
 and of the great abbey, appears to have been taken from 
 “ Dugdale’s ‘ Baronage’ and ‘ Monallicon;’ but as to his 
 “ fentiments in refpe£l to the borough, 1 dilFer with him 
 “ in fome inllances. By the charter for ere£ling and 
 “ ellablifliing the court of records at Leiceller, the ele£lion, 
 “ of the lleward is granted to the mayor and court of 
 “ aldermen, who likewife have thereby a limilar power, 
 in refpeft to a bailiff for executing their writs. But 
 “ afterwards, viz. Dec. 20, 7 Jac. I. the great carl of 
 “ Fluntingdon having been a conliderable benefa£lor to 
 “ Leiceller, the corporation came to a refolution of grant- 
 ing to him and his heirs a right of nominating alter- 
 “ nately to the office of fleward and bailiff, and executed 
 “ a bond, under their eommon feal, in the penalty of one 
 “ thoufand pounds, for enforcing the execution of their 
 “ grant. And as John Major, efq. was elected by the 
 “ court of aldermen to fucceed Mr. Staveley [in December 
 “ 1684], 1 infer that Staveley was nominated by the earl 
 of Huntingdon, and confirmed by the aldermen, in 
 “ purfuance ot the grant abovementioned.” 
 
 Ge^iTrai STEELE (Sir RI c H A RD} , an Englifh writer, who 
 Didionary. made himfelf famous by his zeal iji political matters, as 
 well as by the various productions of his pen, was born 
 of Englilh parents at Dublin in Ireland ; but the year of 
 his birth is not mentioned. His family was a gentle- 
 7 man’s; 
 
STEELE. 5% 
 
 man’s; and bis father was a counfellor at law, and pri¬ 
 vate fecretary to James, the lirfl; duke of Ormond. He 
 was carried out of that kingdom while very young ; and 
 educated, together with his friend Addifon, at the Charter- 
 Houfe fchool in London. In 1695, he wrote a poem on 
 the funeral of queen Mary, intituled, “ The Procellion.” 
 
 His inclination leading him to the army, he rode for fomc 
 time privately in the guards. He became an author hrfl, 
 as he tells us himfelf, when an enlign of the guards, a way Apology 
 of life expofed to much irregularity; and, being tho- 
 roughly convinced of many things, of which he often re-writings, 
 pented, and which he more often repeated, he wrote forpiir>ted a- 
 his own private ufe a little book, called “ The Chriftian 
 “ Hero,” with a defign principally to fix upon his own Writings, 
 mind a flrong impreflion of virtue and religion, in oppo- 
 lition to a flronger propenfity towards unwarrantable 
 pleafures. This fecret admonition was too weak ; and 
 therefore, in 1701, he printed the book with his name, 
 in hopes that a Handing teflimony againll himfelf, and the 
 eyes of the world upon him in a new light, might curb 
 his delires, and make him afliamed of underftanding and 
 feemiiig to feel what was virtuous, and yet of living fo 
 contrary a life. This had no other effect, but that, from 
 being thought no undelightful companion, he was foon 
 reckoned a difagreeable fellow. One or two of his ac¬ 
 quaintance thought fit to mifufe him, and try their valour 
 upon him ; and every body he knew meafured the leaf! 
 levity in his words or aflions with the charafler of “ The 
 “ Chriflian Hero.” Thus he found himfelf flighted, in- 
 ftead of being encouraged, for his declarations as to re¬ 
 ligion; fo that he thought it incumbent upon him to 
 enliven his charafter. For this purpofe he wrote the 
 comedy, called “ The Funeral, or Grief a-Ia-Mode,” 
 which was afled in 1702 ; and, as nothing makes the 
 town fonder of a man than a fuccefsful play, this, with 
 fome other particulars enlarged upon to advantage, ob¬ 
 tained the notice of the king; and his name, to be pro¬ 
 vided for, was, he fays, in the lall table-book ever worn 
 by the glorious and immortal William the Third. So far 
 . from himfelf; and there is no reafon to difbelieve him. 
 
 He had before this obtained a captain’s commilTion in 
 the lord Lucas’s regiment of fufiliers, by the interell of 
 the lord Cutts, to whom he had dedicated his “ Chriflian 
 “ Hero,” and who llkewife appointed him his fecretary. 
 
 His next appearance as a writer, we ufe his own words 
 
 O o 2 iigain. 
 
sH 
 
 S T E E L E. 
 
 again, was in the quality of the lowcfl minifler of flate, 
 to wit, in the office of Gazetteer; where he worked 
 faithfully, according to order, without ever erring, he fays, 
 againft the rule obferved by all miniilries, to keep that 
 paper very innocent and very iiffipid. He was introduced 
 by Addifon’s means into the acquaintance of the earls of 
 Halifax and Sunderland, by whofe intereft he was ap¬ 
 pointed Gazetteer. His next produ£tions were come¬ 
 dies; “ The Tender Hufband” being adled in 1703, as 
 was “ The Lying Lovers” in 1704. In 1709, he began 
 “ The Tatler the firfl: of which was publiffied April 
 12, 1709, and the lail Jan. 2, 1710-11. This paper 
 greatly increafed his reputation and intereft; and he was 
 foon after made one of the commiffioners of the {lamp- 
 office. Upon laying down “ The Tatler,” he fet up, in 
 concert with Addifon, “ The Spedlator,” which began to 
 be publiffied March i, 1710-11 ; after that, “ The Guar- 
 “ dian,” the firil of which came out March 12, 1713; 
 and after that, “ The Engliffiraan,” the firfl number of 
 which appeared 061 . 6, the fame year. Befides thcfc 
 \vorks, he wn*ote feveral political pieces, which were after¬ 
 wards collecled, and publiffied under the title of “ Poli- 
 “ tical Writings, 1715,” larno. One of thcfe will be 
 mentioned particularly jufl now, becaufe it was attended 
 with remarkable confequences relating to himfelf. 
 
 Having a defign to ferve in the lafl parliament of queen 
 Anne, he religned his place'of commiffioncr of the {lamp- 
 office in June 1713; and was chofen member for the 
 borough of Stockbridge in Hamplhire : but he did not fit 
 long in the houfe of commons, before he was expelled for 
 writing “ The Engliffiman, being the clofe of a Paper ib 
 “ called,” and “ The Crifis.” This iafl is one of his poli¬ 
 tical writings, and the title at full length runs thus : “ The 
 “ Crifis, or a Difeourfe reprefenting, from the mofl au- 
 “ thentic records, tiie juft caufes of the late happy Revo- 
 “ Ivition, and the feveral fettlements of the crown of 
 “ England and Scotland on her majeftv; and, on the 
 “ demife of her majefly without ifTue, upon the mofl il- 
 “ luflrious princeis Sophia, eledlrefs and duchefs-dowager 
 “ of Hanover, and the heirs of her body being: Pro- 
 “ teflants, by previous a6ls of both parliaments of the 
 “ late kingdoms of England and Scotland, and confirmed 
 “ by the parliament of Great Britain. With fome fca- 
 “ fonable remarks on the danger of a Popiffi fucceffior.” 
 He explains in his “ Apology for himfelf” the occafion of 
 4 his 
 
/ 
 
 565 
 
 STEELE. 
 
 ^lis writing this piece. He happened one day to vifit Mr, 
 Moore of tlie Inner-Temple : where, the difeourfe turn¬ 
 ing upon politics, Moore took notice of the iiilinuations 
 daily thrown out of the danger tlie Proteftant fuccelhon 
 was in ; and concluded with faying, that he thought Steele, 
 from the kind reception the world gave to what he pub- 
 lifHed, might be more inftrumental towards curing that 
 evil, than any private man in England. After much feli¬ 
 citation, Moore obferved, thaX the evil feemed only to 
 flow from mere inattention to the real obligations under 
 which we lie towards the houfe of Hanover : if, there¬ 
 fore, continued he, the laws to that purpofe were re¬ 
 printed, together with a warm preface and a well-urged 
 peroration, it is not to be imagined what good effe£fs it 
 would have. Steele w^as much flruck with the thought; 
 and prevailing with Moore to put the law-part of it toge¬ 
 ther, he did the reft, yet did not venture to publifh it, till 
 it had been corrected by Addifon, Hoadly, afterwards bp. 
 of Winchefter, and others. It was immediately attacked 
 with great feverity by Swift, in a pamphlet publifhed in 
 1712, under the title of, “ The Public Spirit of the Whigs 
 “ fet forth in their generous encouragement of the author 
 “ of the Crifis but it was not till March 12, 1714-15, 
 that it fell under the cognizance of the houfe of commons. 
 Then Mr. John Hungerford complained to the houfe of 
 divers fcandalous papers, publifhed under the name of 
 ' Mr. Steele ; in which complaint he was feconded by Mr. 
 Auditor Foley, coulin to the earl of Oxford, and Mr. 
 Auditor Harley, the earl’s brother. Sir William Wynd- 
 ham alfo added, that “ fome of Mr. Steele’s writings 
 contained infolent, injurious refleftions on the queen 
 “ herfelf, and were dilated by the fpirit of rebellion.” 
 The next day Mr. Auditor Harley fpecified fome printed 
 pamphlets publifned by Mr. Steele, “ containing feveral 
 “ paragraphs tending to fedition, highly refledting upon 
 her majefty, and arraigning her adminiftration and go- 
 “ vernment.” Some proceedings followed between this 
 and the 18th, which was the day appointed for the hearing 
 of Mr. Steele ; and this being come, Mr. Auditor Foley 
 moved, that, before they proceeded farther, Mr. Steele 
 fhould declare, whether he acknowdedged the waitings 
 that bore his name Steele declared, that he “ did frankly 
 “ and ingenuoully own thofe papers to be part of his writ- 
 “ ings ; that he writ them in belialf of the houfe of 
 “ Hanover, and owned them with the fame unreierved- 
 
 .0 o 3 '' aefs 
 
•566 
 
 S.T E E L E. 
 
 nefs with which he abjured the pretender.” Then 
 Mr. Foley propofed, that Mr. Steele fliould withdraw; 
 but it was carried, without dividing, that he fhould hay 
 and make his defence. He defired, that he might be al¬ 
 lowed to anfwer what was urged againft him paragraph 
 by paragraph ; but his accufers inlilled, and it was carried, 
 that he-fhould proceed to make his defence generally upon 
 the charge againft him. Steele proceeded accordingly, 
 being aflifted by'his friend Addifon, member for Malmef- 
 bury, who fat near him to prompt him upon occafion ; 
 and fpake for near three hours on the feveral heads ex- 
 trafted from his pamphlets. After he had withdrawn 
 liimfelf, Mr. Foley faid, that, “ without amufing the houfe 
 with long fpeeches, it is evident the writings com¬ 
 plained of were feditious and fcandalous, injurious to 
 her majeftv’s government, the church, and the uni- 
 verftties and fo called for the queftion. This oc- 
 caftoned a very warm debate, which lafted till eleven 
 o’clock at night. The firft, who fpoke for Steele, was 
 Robert Walpole, efq. v/ho w^s feconded'by his brother 
 Horatio Walpole, lord Finch, lord Lumley, and lord 
 Hinchingbrook : however, it was refolved by a majority 
 of 24c; againft 152, that “ a printed pamphlet, intituled 
 ‘ The Englilhman, being the clofe of a Paper fo called,’ 
 and one other pamphlet, intituled ‘ The Crifis,’ written 
 by Richard Steele, efq. a member of this houfe, are 
 fcandalous and feditious libels, containing many ex- 
 prefilons highly refledling upon her majefty, and upon 
 the nobility, gentry, clergy, and univerfities of this 
 kingdom; malicioufly inlinuatiiag, that the Proteftant 
 fucceftion in the houfe of Hanover is in danger under 
 her majefty’s adminiftration ; and tending to alienate the 
 good afteftions of her majefty’s good fubjedls, and to 
 
 < ( 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 i i 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 4 ( 
 
 
 4-4 
 
 create 
 
 refolved 
 
 iealouiies and divifions 
 iikewife, tliat Mr. Steele, 
 
 among 
 
 .i C 
 
 4 4 
 
 them it was 
 “ for his offence in 
 “ writing ai'id publilhing the faid fcandalous and feditious 
 libels, be expelled this houfe.” He afterwards wrote 
 An Apolcgy for himfelf and his writings, occafioned 
 by his cxpulfion,” whicli he dedicated to Robert 
 Walpole, efq. I'his is printed among his “ Political Writ- 
 ings, 1715,” i2mo. 
 
 He had now nothing to do till the death of the queen, 
 hut to indulge himfelt with his pen ; and accordingly, in 
 1714, he publiflied a treatife, intituled, “The Romilli 
 “ Eccleftaftical Hiftory of late years,” 'Phis is nothing 
 
 more 
 
STEELE. 567 
 
 tnore than a defcription of fome monflfous and grofs 
 Popifli rites, defigned to prejudice the caufe of the pre¬ 
 tender, which was fuppofed to be gaining ground in 
 England : and there is an Appendix fubjoined, conhfting 
 of particulars very well calculated for this purpofe. In 
 N° I. of the Appendix, we have a lift of the colleges, 
 monafteries, and convents of men and women of fevcral or¬ 
 ders in the Low Countries ; with the revenues, which thev 
 draw from England. N° II. contains an extraft of the 
 “ Taxa Camerae,” or “ Cancellarias Apoftolicis,” the fees 
 of the pope’s chancery ; a book, printed by the pope’s 
 authority, and fetting forth a lift of the fees paid him for 
 abfolutions, difpenfations, indulgences, faculties, and 
 exemptions. N° III. is a bull of the pope in 1357, given 
 to the then king of France ; by which the princes of that 
 nation received an hereditary right to cheat the reft of 
 •mankind. N* IV. is a tranflation of the fpeech of pops 
 Sixtus V, as it was uttered in the confiftory at Rome, 
 
 Sept. 2, 1589; fetting forth the execrable fad of James 
 Clement, a Jacobine friar, upon the perfon of Henry HI. 
 of France, to be commendable, admirable, and merito¬ 
 rious. N° V. is a colle£lion of fome Popilk tradls and 
 ‘pofitionsj deftrudlive of fociety and all the ends of good 
 goyernrnent. The fame year, 1714, he publilhed two 
 papers : the firft of which, intituled, The Lover,” ap- 
 ■ peared Feb. 25; the fecond, called “ The Reader,” 
 
 April 22. In the ftxth number for May 3, we have an 
 account of his defign to write the hiftory of the duke of 
 Marlborough, from the date of the duke’s commiffion of 
 captain general and plenipotentiary to the expiration of 
 thofe commiffions : the materials, as he tells us, were in 
 his cuftody, but the work was never executed. 
 
 Soon after the acceftion of George I, he was appointed 
 furveyor of the royal ftables at Hampton-Court, and go- 
 ' vernor of the royal company of comedians ; and was put 
 into the commiftion of the peace for Middlefex ; and, 
 
 April 1715, was knighted upon the prefenting of an ad- 
 drefs to his majefty by the lieutenancy [a]. In the firft 
 
 parliament, 
 
 [a) It was on this occafion, that ment confided of pyramids of all 
 Sir Richard, in order to dilliiigullh manner of fweetmeats, the moll ge- 
 himfelt by the celebration of his ma- nerous wines, as burgundy, cham- 
 jefty’s birth-day, who then entered paign, kc. and was uihered in by a 
 into the 56th year of his age, treated prol Jgue written by Mr. Tictell, un- 
 above 200 gentlemen and Judies, at der Iccretary to Mr. Addifon 5 and 
 his houfe, appointed for concerts, concluded by an epilogue written by 
 fpAiechec, poems, &c. The entertain- himfeif, which was very merry and 
 
 O 0 4 
 
568 
 
 STEELE. 
 
 parliament, he was chofen member for Boroughbrigg in 
 Yorklbire; and, after the fuppreffion of the rebellion in 
 the North, was appointed one of the commiffioners of the 
 forfeited eftates in Scotland. The fame year, 1715, he 
 publilhed in 8vo, “ An Account of the State of the Ro- 
 “ man-catholic Religion throughout the world. Written 
 “ for the ufe of pope Innocent XI, and now tranflated 
 “ from the Italian. To which is added, A Difcourfe 
 “ concerning the State of Religion in England : written 
 “ in French in the time of king Charles I, and now firft 
 “ tranflated. With a large dedication to the prefent 
 pope, giving him a very particular account of the flate 
 “ of religion among Proteflants, and of feveral other 
 “ matters of importance relating to Great Britain,’^ lamo. 
 The dedication is fuppofed to have been written by 
 Hoadly, bp. of Winchefler. The fame year ftill, he 
 pubiiflied “ A Letter from the Earl of Mar to the King 
 “ before his Majefly’s Arrival in England and, the 
 year following, a fecond volume of “ The Englifliman.’* 
 In 1718, came out An Account of his Fifh-pool he 
 had obtained a patent for bringing fifh to market alive ; 
 for, alas ! Steele was a projeftor, and that was one cir- 
 cumftance, among many, which kept him always poor. 
 In 1719, he pubiiflied “ The Spinfler,’-^ a pamphlet; and 
 A Letter to the Earl of Oxford, concerning the Bill of 
 “ Peerage,^’ which bill he oppofed in the houfe of com¬ 
 mons. In 1720, he wrote two pieces againfl the South- 
 Sea feheme; one called “ The Crifis of Property,” the 
 other “ A Nation a Family.” 
 
 Jan. 1719-20, he began a paper under the name of Sir 
 John Edgar, called “ The Theatre ;” which he continued 
 every Tuefday and Saturday, till the 5th of April follow¬ 
 ing. During the courfe of this paper, viz. on the 23d of 
 January, his patent of governor of the royal company of 
 comedians was revoked by the king: upon which, he 
 drew up and pubiiflied, “ A State of the Cafe between 
 the Lord Chamberlain of his Majefty’s Houfhold and 
 
 free •with his own character: after fyng upon this occafion, with feveral 
 which, a large table, that was in the other very particular fongs and jier- 
 arca ol the concert-houfe, was taken formances, both vocal and inftrumen* 
 away, to make room for the company tal ; and that Mrs. Younger fpoke the 
 to dance country-dances, which was prologue, and Mr. Wilks the epi- 
 done with all the decency and regu- logue, which, after Sir Richard’s way, 
 lariiy imaginable. We are likewife was extremely diverting. “ Weekly 
 fo acquaint the reader, that an Ode “ Mifcellany,” May z8, I7I5« 
 ofi hlorace was fpt to mufic and 
 
 the 
 
•569 
 
 STEELE. 
 
 the Governor oi the Royal Company of Comedians.” 
 He tells u-s, in this pamphlet, that a noble lord, without 
 any caufe alhgned, fends a melfage, direfted to Sir Richard 
 Steele, Mr. Wilks, and Mr. Booth, to difmifs Mr. Cibber, 
 who for fome time fubmitted to a difability of appearing 
 on the ftage, during the-pleafure of one who had nothing 
 to do, with it; and that, when this lawlefs will and plea- 
 fure was changed, a very frank declaration was made, 
 that all the mortification put upon Mr. Cibber was in¬ 
 tended only as a prelude to remote evils, by which the 
 patentee was to be alFedled. Upon this, Sir Richard wrote 
 to two great minifters of fiate, and likewife delivered a pe¬ 
 tition to the king, in the prefence of the lord cham¬ 
 berlain : but thefe had no effeft, for his patent was re- 
 voked, though it does not appear for what reafon; and 
 the lofs. he fuilained upon this occafion is computed by 
 himfelf at almofi: 10,000 1 . In 1722, his comedy, called 
 “ The Confeious Lovers,” was a£led with great fuccefs ; 
 and publifhed with a dedication to the king, for which his 
 majefty made him a prefent of 5001. 
 
 Some years before his death, he grew paralytic, and re¬ 
 tired to his feat at Llangunnor, near Caermarthen, in 
 Wales; where he died Sept, i, 1729, and was privately 
 interred, according to his owm defire. Me had been twice 
 married : his firil wife was a lady of Barbados, with whom 
 he had a valuable plantation upon the death of her bro¬ 
 ther ; his fecond was the daughter of Jonathan Scurlock, 
 of Llangunnor, efq. by whom he had one fon[A] and 
 fwo daughters. He tellified his efteem publicly for this 
 laftlady, in a dedication to, her prefixed to “ The Ladies 
 “ Library.” He was a man of quick and excellent parts, 
 accomplifhed in all branches of polite literature; and 
 would have palfed for a better writer than he does, though 
 he is allowed to be a very good one, if he had not been 
 fo connefted in literary pr,odu6lions, as well as in 'friend- 
 fhip, with Addifon. Ide fpcaks himfelf of their fricndfliip 
 in the following terms : “ There never was a more ftrift 
 ffiendfliip than between thefe gentlemen; nor had they 
 “ ever any difference, but what proceeded from their dif- 
 “ ferent way of purfuing the fame thing. The one with 
 “ patience, forefight, and temperate addrefs, always waited 
 and Hemmed the torrent; while the other often plunged 
 himfelf into it, and was as often taken out by the tem- 
 
 [a] a reputed Ton of Steele, who paffed by ihe name of Dyer, was faid very- 
 much to refemblc him in perfon. 
 
570 
 
 S T E E L E. 
 
 per of him who flood weeping on the bank for his 
 “ fafety, whom he could not dilTuadefrom leaping into it. 
 Thus thefe two men lived for fome years laft pall, 
 
 “ hiunning each other, but Hill preferving the moll paf- 
 ‘‘ lionate concern for their mutual welfare. But when 
 they met, they were as unreferved as boys, and talked 
 of the greatell affairs ; upon y/hich they faw where 
 “ they differed, without prelhng (what they knew ini' 
 “ polhble) to convert each othef.’^ 
 
 STELLA (James), an eminent painter, the fon of 
 Francis Stella, a Fleming, was born in 1596 at Lyons, 
 where his father had fettled in his return from Italy. He 
 was but nine years old at his father’s death ; but, apply¬ 
 ing himfelf to painting, fucceeded fo well, that at. twenty 
 he v/ent to Italy to be perfefted. As he was palfing 
 through Florence, the great duke Cofmo de Medicis em- 
 . ploved him ,; and, perceiving him to be a man of genius, 
 ahigned him lodgings and a penlion equal to that of Callot, 
 who was there at the fame time. He Hayed in this city 
 feven years, and performed feveral things in painting, de- 
 Hgning, and graving. Thence he went to Rome, where 
 he fpent eleven years ; chiehy in Hudying the antique 
 fculptures, and Raphael’s paintings. Having acquired a 
 good taHe, as well as a great reputation, in Rome, he re- 
 folved to return to his own country; intending, how¬ 
 ever, to pafs thence into the fervice of the king of Spain, 
 who had invited him more than once. He took Milan 
 in his way to France ; and cardinal AJbornos offered him 
 the direflioii of the academy of painting in that city, 
 which he refufed. When he came to Paris, and was pre¬ 
 paring for Spain, cardinal Richelieu detained him ; and 
 prefented him to the king, who alligned him a good pen-r 
 Hon and lodgings in the Louvre. ' He gave fuch fatif- 
 faflion here, that he was honoured with the order of St. 
 Michael. He painted feveral large piftures for the king, 
 by whofe command the greateH part of them were fent to 
 Madrid. Being very laborious, he fpent the winter-even¬ 
 ings in defigning the hiHories of the Holy Scriptures, 
 country fports, and children’s plays, which were engraved, 
 and make a large volume. He alfo drew the deligns of the 
 frontifpieces to feveral books of the Louvre imprellion ; 
 and divers antique ornaments, together with a frife of 
 
 I ulio Romano, which he brought out of Italy. He died 
 f a moH tedious confumpticn in 1647. 
 
 / Tliis 
 
!OCC. 
 
 STELLA. 571 
 
 Tills painter had a hne genius, and all his produ£llons 
 were wonderfully' eafy. His talent was rather gay than 
 terrible : his invention however noble, and his delign of a 
 good gout. He was upon the whole an excellent painter ; 
 but at laft degenerated into what is called manner, feldoni 
 confulting nature : which feems fo natural to us, that we 
 fhould not wonder, if all painters, who lived to any age, 
 did the fame. 
 
 STEPHANUS BYZANTINUS, or of Byzantium, F.bricu 
 was an able grammarian, who lived in the fifth or fixth 
 century; for it is not certain which. He compofed aj^ayie’s 
 diftionary, of which we have nothing remaining, but aDift. in 
 mean abridgment; which the grammarian Flermolaus^'' 
 undertook to make of it, and dedicated to the emperor 
 Juftinian. 1 he title nepi de urbibus, which is 
 
 commonly given to this work, is neither that which 
 the author, nor that which the abridger, gave it: 
 the true -title, of the book was eOvucc ; and hence it 
 was, that Hermolaus intituled his abridgment eQhjcwv 
 t 7 riroi/,r,, For thefe fome half-learned men in later times 
 have infcribed it 'srepi woAewv, de urbibus, becaufe they 
 thought the principal defign of Stephanus was to write a 
 trcatife of geography ; which was only a part of his work, 
 if indeed it was that. Others again have faid, that he had 
 no other defign, than to write a treatife of grammar, and 
 to explain the names derived from people, cities, and pro¬ 
 vinces. Bayle thinks, however, that this was probably 
 the fmallefl part of his fcheme, and only an accefTory to 
 hisWprk; that, though he is careful to mark thefe kinds 
 of names, and to explain their derivations, yet this takes 
 up but very little room, in comparifon wdth the fadls 
 \vhich he relates, and the teflimonies which he cites ; 
 that he made a great number of obfervations borrowed 
 from mythology and hiftory, which fltewed the origin of 
 cities, colonies, nations, their changes and differences ; 
 and that the title eQvikcc relates to thefe obfervations. 
 
 How great foever the injury is, which this work has 
 
 fuffered from the want of judgement in the abridger, and 
 
 afterwards from the ignorance of tranferibers, learned 
 
 men have ftill received confiderable light from it; and 
 
 thoueht, that there was none of tlie ancient books, which 
 
 deferved more to be explained and correefed by criticifm. 
 
 ‘Sigonius, Cafaubon, Scaliger, Salrnafius, and others, have 
 
 ipmployed themfelves in illuilrating it. The fnit edition 
 ... ... . 
 
57t STEPHANtJS BYZANTINUS. 
 
 in Greek was by Aldus Manutius, at Venice 1502, in 
 folio; and it was printed feveral times elfewhere in the 
 Greek only. A Portuguefe Jew, named Pinedo, publldi- 
 ed it at Amfterdam in 1678, with a Latin tranflation by 
 himfelf, and a commentary. In 1684, Rickius, profellbr 
 at Leyden, publifhed there the notes of Lucas Holftenius 
 upon this work, which notes he had received from car¬ 
 dinal Francis Barberini; and, in 1688, there came out in 
 the fame city a new edition of “ Stephanus” in folio, which 
 is reckoned the bell. It is in Greek and Latin : the Latin 
 tranflation is by Abraham Berkelius, who has added a 
 large and learned commentary. He died while the work 
 was printing , fo that his remarks upon the laft letters arc 
 not fo long, nor fo full of learning, as his remarks upon 
 the firft. James Gronovius, at Berkelius’s death, con¬ 
 tinued the publication, and greatly contributed to the im¬ 
 provement of this edition by notes of his own. 
 
 vitx Ste- STEPHENS, a name greatly reverenced in the rc- 
 
 Maituire ^ letters, and with good reafon; lince to this fa¬ 
 
 mily it is indebted for the mofl corredt and beautiful im- 
 preflions of tire beft authors, the ancient Greek ones par¬ 
 ticularly. 
 
 Henry Stephens, the firfi diflinguifhed perfon of his 
 name, was a Frenchman, and one of the belt printers of 
 his time* He died in 1520, and left three fons behind 
 him, who carried* the art of printing to perfeftion ; and 
 were, two of them at leaft, very extraordinary men, ex- 
 ciufively of their profeflioiii 
 
 Robert, his fecond fon, was born at Paris iti 1503 ; 
 and applied fo feverely to letters in his youth, that he ac¬ 
 quired a perfect knowledge in the Latin, Greek, and He¬ 
 brew tongues. His father dying, as we have faid, in 1520, 
 his mother was married the year after to Simon de Co¬ 
 lines, in Latin Colinseus ; who by this means came into 
 the pofTefflon of Henry Stephens’s printing houfe, carried 
 on the bufinefs till his own death in 1547, and is well 
 known for the neatncfs and beauty of his Italic cha¬ 
 racter. In 1522, when he was nineteen, Robert was 
 charged with the management of his father-in-law’s prefs ; 
 and the fame year came out, under his infpeflion, a New 
 Teflament in Latin, which gave fuch offence to the Paris 
 divines, that they threatened to have it burned, and him 
 baniflied. He aopears to have married, and to have fet 
 up tor himfelf foon after ; for there are books of his print- 
 
m 
 
 STEPHENS. 
 
 ing, dated fo early as in 1526. He married Perrete, the 
 daughter of Badius, a printer; who was a learned woman, 
 and underftood Latin well. She had indeed more occa- 
 hon for this accomplifhment, than wives ufually have: for 
 Robert Stephens had always in his houfe ten or twelve 
 correftors of his prefs, who, being learned men of differ¬ 
 ent nations, fpoke nothing but Latin; whence there was 
 a necefhty, that his domeftics fhould know fomething of 
 the language. He refolved from the beginning to print 
 nothing but good books : he only ufed the Roman cha¬ 
 racters at firft, but afterwards employed the Italic; his 
 mark was a tree branched, and a man looking upon it, 
 with thefe words, “ noli altum fapere,” to which he fome- 
 times added, “ fed time.’* In fome of his firft editions, 
 he did not ufe figures and catch-words, as thinking them 
 of little importance. In 1539, Francis I. named him his 
 printer; and ordered a new fet of letters to be founded, 
 and ancient manufcripts to be fought after, for him. The 
 averfion, which the doClors of the Sorbonne had conceiv¬ 
 ed againft him, on account of the Latin New Teftament 
 ^n 1522, revived in 1532, when he printed his great Latin 
 Bible. Francis protected him : but, this king dying in 
 1547, he faw plainly that there was no more good to be 
 done at Paris ; and therefore, after fuftaining the efforts of 
 his enemies till 1552, he withdrew thence to Geneva. It 
 has been pretended by fome, that Robert Stephens carried 
 with him, not only the types of the royal prefs, but alfa> 
 the matrices, or moulds, thofe types were caft in : but this 
 cannot be true, not only becaufe no mention was made of 
 any fuch thing for above fixty years after, but becaufc 
 none of the Stephens’s afterwards ever ufed thefe types : 
 and if Robert was burned in effigy at Paris, as Beza in his 
 leones” relates, it was not for this, but for his em¬ 
 bracing Calvinifm at Geneva, of which he was fufpeCled 
 before he left Paris. He lived in intimacy at Geneva 
 with Calvin, Beza, Rivet, and others, whofe works he 
 printed; and died there in 1559. This eminent artift 
 was fo exaCt and folicitous after perfeClion, that, in a no¬ 
 ble contempt of gain, he ufed to expofe his proofs to pub¬ 
 lic view, with offer of a reward to thofe who fhould dif- 
 cover any faults : fo that it is no wonder, his impreffions 
 lliould be as correCt as beautiful. He was, like the reft 
 of his family, not only a printer, but a writer : his “ The- 
 “ faurus Linguae Latinae” is a work of immenfe learn¬ 
 ing, as well as labour; and he publifhed alfo in 
 
574 
 
 Baillet, 
 Tom. 6 
 
 STEPHENS. 
 
 when he went to Geneva, a Latin p'iece, in anfweT to the 
 Paris divines, who had abufed bis Latin editions of the 
 Old and New Teilament, which fliews his parts as well 
 as learning. He left his fubftance, which was very con- 
 liderable, to fuch of his children as fiiould come to Ge¬ 
 neva, excluhvely of the reft. He had a daughter, who 
 underftood Latin well, which fhe had learned by hearing 
 it talked in her father’s family ; and three fons, Henry, 
 Robert, and Francis. But before we take any notice of 
 thefe, we muft fay a word or two of his brothers, Francis 
 and Charles, 
 
 Francis, older than himfelf, we know no more of, 
 than that he worked jointly with his father-in-law Coli- 
 naeus, after Robert had left him ; and that he died at Paris 
 about 1550. Charles, his younger brother, though more 
 confiderable than Francis, was yet inferior to him both 
 as a printer and a fcholar : neverthelcfs, Charles wrote 
 and printed many ufeful and valuable works. He was- 
 born about 1504, and became fo perfectly Ikilled in Greek 
 and Latin literature, that Lazarus de Baif took him for 
 preceptor to his fon Antony, and afterwards carried him 
 with him into Germany. He ftudied phyfic, and took a 
 doctor’s degree at Paris ; but this did not hinder him 
 from following the profeflion of his father, and being 
 printer to the king. In the mean time, he was more of 
 an author, than a printer ; having wnitten upwards of 
 thirty works upon various fubjedls. He died at Paris in 
 3564, leaving behind him a very learned daughter. 
 
 Henry, Robert, and Francis, the fons of Robert, 
 make the third generation of the Stephens’s, and were ail 
 printers. It is neceflary to be fomewhat particular about 
 Henry. He was born at Paris, in 1528 ; and, being moft 
 carefully educated by his father, became the moft learned 
 of all his learned family. He was particularly fkilled in 
 the Greek language, which he conceived a fondnefs for 
 from his infancy ; ftudied afterwards under Turnebus, 
 and tlie beft mailers ; and became at length fo perfedl in, 
 as to pais for the beft Grecian in Europe, after the death 
 of Budceus. He had alfo a ftrong paflion for poetry, while 
 he was yet a child, which he cultivated all his life; and 
 gave in his tendereft years fo many proofs of uncommon 
 abilities, that he has always been ranked among the 
 celehres erfans^ He had a violent propenlity to aftrology 
 in the younger part of his life, and procured a mafter in 
 that way ; but foon perceived the vanity of it, and laid it 
 
 alidc. 
 
575 
 
 STEPHENS. 
 
 afide. It feems to have been about 1546, when his fa¬ 
 ther took him into^ bufiiiefs : yet, before he could think 
 of fixing, he refolved to travel into foreign countries, to 
 
 examine libraries, and to conneft himfelf with learned 
 men. He went into Italy in 1547, and flayed there two 
 years ; and returned to Paris in 1549, when he fubjoined 
 fome Greek vcrfes, made in his youth, to a folio edition 
 of the New Teflament in Greek, which his fatlier had 
 jufl finifhed. In 1550, he went over to England ; and 
 in 1551 to Flanders, where he learned the Spanifh tongue 
 of the Spaniards, who then pofleffed thole countries, as he 
 had before learned the Italian in Italy. On his return to 
 Paris, he found his father preparing to leave France : we 
 do not know whether he accompanied hi into Geneva ; 
 but, if he did, it is certain that he returned immediately 
 after to Paris, and fet up a printing houfe. In 1554, he 
 went to Rome, vifiting his father at Geneva as he went; 
 and the year after to Naples ; and returned to Paris, by 
 the way of Venice, in 1556. This was upon bulinefs 
 committed to him by tlie government. Then he fat 
 down to printing in good earneP, and never left off, till 
 he had given the world the moft beautiful and correT 
 editions of all the ancient Greek and other valuable wri¬ 
 ters. He called himfelf at firft “ printer, of Paris but, in 
 1558, took the title of “ printer to Hlric Fugger,” a very 
 rich German, who allowed him a confiderable penfion. 
 He was at Geneva in 1558, to fee his father, who died 
 the year after; and he married in 1560. Henry III. of 
 France was very fond of Stephens, lent him to Switzer¬ 
 land in fearch of manuferipts, and gave him a peulion. 
 He took him to court, and made him great promifes : but 
 the troubles, which accompanied the latter part of this 
 king’s reign, not only occalioned Stephens to be difap- 
 pointed, but made his lituation in France fo dangerous,- 
 that he thought it but prudent to remove, as his father had 
 done before him, to Geneva. Notwithllanding all his 
 excellent labours, and the infinite obligations due to him 
 from the public, he is laid to have become poor in his 
 old age ; the caufe of which is thus related by feveral au¬ 
 thors. Stephens had been at vail: expence as w^ell as la¬ 
 bour, in compiling and printing his “ 'Fhefaurus Linguae 
 “ GrascLU fo much, in lliort, that, without proper re- 
 imburfements from the public, he and Ids'family muF be 
 inevitably ruined. I'hefe reimburlemcnts however were 
 never made ; for his fervant John Scapula extracted from 
 
 this 
 
 A.rt!cle 
 
5'76 
 
 STEPHENS. 
 
 this trcafure what he thought would be moft neceflary, 
 and of greateft ufe to the generality of Undents ; and pub- 
 lifhed a lexicon in 4to, under his own name, which has 
 lince been enlarged and printed often in folio. By this 
 afl of treachery, he deflroyed the fale, though he could 
 not deftroy the credit, of the “ Thefaurus and, though 
 he ruined his mafter, left him the glory of a work, which 
 was then pronounced by Scaliger, and has ever been judg¬ 
 ed by all learned men, mod excellent. He died in 1598, 
 leaving a fon Paul and two daughters ; one of which, 
 named Florence, had efpoufed the learned Ifaac Cafaubon 
 in 1586. He was the mod learned printer, that had then 
 been, or perhaps ever will be : all his Greek authors arc 
 mod correftly printed : and the Latin verfions, which he 
 gave to fome of them, are, as Cafaubon and Huetius have 
 faid, very faithful. The chief authors of antiquity, print¬ 
 ed by him, are Anacreon, ./Tfehyius, Maximus Tyrius, 
 Diodorus Siculus, Pindar, Xenophon, Thucydides, He¬ 
 rodotus, Sophocles, Diogenes Laertius, Plutarch, Plato, 
 Apollonius Rhodius, ^Tfehines, Lyfias, Callimachus, 
 Theocritus, Herodian, Dionyfius Halicarnadends, Dion 
 Caflius, Ifocrates, Appian, Xiphilin, &c. He did not 
 meddle fo much with Latin authors, although he printed 
 fome of them ; as, Horace and Virgil, which he illuf- 
 trated with notes and a commentary of his own, Tully’s 
 familiar epidles, and the epidles and panegyric of Pliny. 
 But he was not content with printing the works of 
 others : he wrote alfo a great many things himfelf. His 
 ‘‘ Thefaurus Graecae Linguse’^ has been mentioned : an¬ 
 other piece, which made him very famous, was his “ In- 
 “ trodudion a F Apologie pour Herodote.” This ran 
 through many editions, and is a very fevere fatire upon 
 popery and its profeffors. 
 
 ' Paul Stephens, the fon of Henry, though inferior 
 to his father, was yet well {killed in the Greek and Latin 
 tongues. His father was more folicitous about his being 
 inhruded in thefe, than in the art of printing. He car¬ 
 ried on the bnhnefs of a printer for fome time at Geneva ; 
 but his prefs had greatly degenerated from the beauty of 
 that at Paris, and he afterwards fold his types to Chouet, 
 a printer. He died at Geneva in 1627, years, 
 
 leaving a fon Antony, who was the lah printer of the 
 Stephens’s. Antony, quitting the religion of his father 
 for that of his ancetlors, quitted alfo Geneva, and re¬ 
 turned to Paris, the place of their original. Here he vras 
 
 fome 
 
STEPHENS. 
 
 fome time printer to the king; but, managing his afFairs 
 ill, he was obliged 'to give all up, and to have recourl'e to 
 an hofpital, where h'e died in e::treme mifery and blind- 
 uefs in 1674, aged 80. 
 
 Such was the end of the illullrious family of Stephens, 
 after it had flourifhed for five generations ; and had done 
 great honour to itfelf, by doing incredible fervice to the 
 republic of letters. 
 
 $n 
 
 STEPHENS (Robert, efq.), an eminent antiquary. Anecdotes 
 was the fourth fon of Richard Stephens, efq. of the elder NidloH 
 houfe of that name at Ealfington in Gloucefterfhire, hyp. 54^. ^ 
 
 Anne the eldeft daughter of Sir Hugh Cholmeley, of ; 
 Whitby, in Yorkfhire, barqnet. His firfl education was 
 at Wotton fchool, whence he removed to Lincoin-college, 
 
 Oxford, May 19, 1681. He was entered very voung in 
 The Middle T emple, applied himfelf to the fludy of the 
 common Jaw, and was called to the bar. As he was mafter 
 of a fufficient fortune, it may be prefumed that the tem¬ 
 per of his mind, which was naturally modeft, detained 
 him from the public exercife of his profellion, and Jed him ' 
 to the politer ftudies, and an acquaintance with the beft 
 authors, ancient and modern : yet he was efteemed by all 
 who knew him to have made a great proftcience in the 
 Law, though Hiftory and Antiquities feem to have been 
 his favourite ftudy. When he was about twenty years 
 old, being at a relation’s houfe, he accidentally met with 
 fome original letters of the lord chancellor Bacon ; and 
 finding that they would greatly improve the colleftions 
 then extant relating to king James’s reign, he immediately 
 fet himfelf to fearch for whatever might elucidate the ob- 
 feure paftages, and publifhed a complete edition of them 
 in 1702, with ufeful notes, and an excellent hiftorical in- 
 trodudlion. He intended to have prefented his work to 
 king William; but that monarch dying before it was 
 publifhed, the dedication was omitted. In the preface, he 
 requefted the communication of unpublilhcd pieces of his 
 noble author, to make his colleftion more complete; and 
 obtained in confequence as many letters as formed the 
 fecond colledlion publifhed in 1734, two years after his 
 death. Being a relation of Robert Harley earl of Oxford 
 (whofe mother was a Stephens), he w^as preferred by him 
 to be chief folicitor of the cuftoms, in which employment 
 he continued with undiminifhed reputation till 1726, when 
 he declined that troublefome office, and was appointed to 
 VoL. XI. Pp fucceed 
 
578 
 
 STEPHENS. 
 
 fucceed Mr. Madox in the place of hlftoriographer royaL 
 He then formed a defign of writing a Hillory of king 
 James the Firft, a reign which he thought to be more 
 mifreprefented than aimoft any other lince the Conquefi; : 
 and, if wc may judge by the good imprefhon which he 
 feems to have had of tlicfe times, his exadlnefs and care 
 never to advance aiiy thing but from unqueftionable au¬ 
 thorities, belides his great candour and integrity, it could 
 not but have been a judicious and valuable performance. 
 He married Mary the daughter of Sir Hugh Cholmeley, a 
 lady of cfreat worth ; died at Gravefend, near I'hornbury, 
 in Glouceilerfliire, Nov. 9, 1732; and was buried at Eail- 
 ineton, the feat of his anceftors. 
 
 STEPNEY (George), an Englifli poet and flatef- 
 man, was defcended from a family at PendigraH in Pem- 
 brokefliire, but born at London in 1663. He received 
 his education at Weflminfier fchool, and was removed 
 thence to Trinity-college, Cambridge, in 1682; where, 
 being of the fame {landing as well as college with Charles 
 Montague, efq. afterwards earl of Halifax, a ftri£l friend- 
 Ihip grew up between them. To .this lucky incident 
 was owing ail the preferment Stepney afterwards enjoyed, 
 who is fuppofed not to have had parts fufficient to have 
 rifen to any diftin6tion, without the immediate patronag* 
 of fo great a man as lord Halifax. When Stepney hrft 
 fet out in life, he feems to have been attached to the Tory 
 intereft ; for, one of the firft poems he wrote was an ad- 
 drefs to James II, upon his accefiion to the throne. Soon 
 after, when Monmouth’s rebellion broke out, the uni- 
 verfity of Cambridge, to fliew their zeal for the king, 
 thought proper to burn the picture of that rafh prince, 
 who had formerly been their chancellor : upon which oc- 
 cafion Stepney wrote fomc good verfes, in anfwer to this 
 qiieftion: 
 
 “ --- fed quid 
 
 “ Turba Rami ? fequitur fortunam femper, ^ odit 
 “ Damnatos.”- 
 
 Upon the Revolution, he embraced another intereft, 
 and procured himfelf to be nominated to fevcral foreign 
 embaliies. In 1692, he went to the cleftor of Branden¬ 
 burg’s court, in quality of envoy ; in 1693, to the Imperial 
 court ill the fame character; in 1694, to the eleftor of 
 Saxony ; and, two years after, to the eleftors of Mentz, 
 Cologn, and the congrefs at Franefort. He was employed 
 I in 
 
STEPNEY. ^ 57J 
 
 in feVeral other embafTies; and, in 1706, Qaeen Anne 
 fent him envoy to the States General. He was very fuc^ 
 cefsful in his negotiations, which occafioned his conflant 
 employment in the moft weighty affairs. He died at 
 Chelfea the year after, 1707, and was buried in Weft-* 
 miiifler Abbey ; where a fine monument w^as erected ovef 
 him, with a pompous infcription. At his leifure^hours 
 he compofed feveral other pieces, befides tllofe already 
 mentioned : which are among the works of the minor 
 poets, piiblifhed fome years ago in 2 vois. 121110. 
 
 He likewife wrote fome political pieces in profe, paf^ 
 ticularly, “ An EfTay on the prefent intcrcft of England* 
 
 “ in 1701 : to which are added, The proceedings of the 
 “ houfe of commons in 1677, upon the French King’s 
 “ progrefs in Flanders.” This piece is reprinted in the 
 colle^lion of tra6ls, called Lord Somers’s Colledtion.’* 
 
 “ It is reported,” fays Dr. Johnfon, “ that the juvenile * 
 
 “ compofitions of Stepney made grey authors blujh. I 
 “ know not whether his poems will appear fuch wonders 
 “ to the prefent age. One cannot always eafiiy find the 
 “ reafoir for which the wmrld has fornetimes confpired to 
 “ fquander praife. It is not very unlikely that he wn'otc 
 “ very early as well as he ever wrote ; and the per- 
 “ formances of youth have many favourers, becaufe the 
 “ authors yet lay no claim to public honours, and are 
 “ therefore not confidered as rivals by the diflributors of 
 “ fame. 
 
 “ He apparently profefTed himfelf a poet, and added 
 “ his name to thofe of the other wits in the verfion of 
 “ Juvenal; but he is a very licentious traiillator, and docs 
 “ not recompenfe his iiegleT of the author by beauties of 
 “ his own. In his original poems, now and thein a happy 
 “ line may perhaps be found, and now and then a fliort 
 “ compolition may give pleafure. But there is in the whole 
 “ little either of the grace of wit, or the vigour of nature.^' 
 
 STERNE (Laurence), an Englifli writer of very jMcmoirs 
 
 original powders, and a turn of wit fomewhat in the man- vvrinen t-.r 
 iier of Rabelais, was the fon of Roger Sterne, grandfon 
 to Sterne abp. of York. He was born at Cloniwell, in his Letttis, 
 the South of Ireland, Nov. 24, 1713 ; which w'as owing pubiiihe.io/ 
 to the profeffion of his father, who was an officer in the^^”^^ 
 army, and at that time Ilationcd at Clomwelh After Mtfdaiie la 
 travelling with his parents, in the military Way as we mayn 75 ? 3 
 call it, from one flation to another through various coun-'^''^^' 
 
 P p 2 tries, 
 
STERNE. 
 
 ■ 580 
 
 tries, he was fent to fchool at Halifax in Yorkfhire in 
 1722. Here he contiimed till 1731 ; and, in 1732, was 
 fent to Jefus-college in Cambridge, where he Hayed fome 
 time. He then went to York ; and, being in orders, was 
 prefented to the living of Sutton, by the intereH of his 
 uncle Dr. Sterne, a prebendary of that church. He mar¬ 
 ried in 1741 ; and foon was made a prebendary of York, 
 by the interell: alfo of his uncle, who was then upon very 
 good terms with him, but “ quarrelled with him after- 
 wards,” he fays, “ and became his bittereft enemy, 
 “ becaufe he would not be a party-man, and write para- 
 ‘‘ graphs in the news-papers.” By his wife’s means he 
 got the living of Stillington : but remained near twenty 
 years at Sutton, doing duty at both places. He was then 
 in very good health, which, however, foon after forfook 
 him ; and books, painting, fiddling, and fliooting, were 
 as he tells us, his amufements. 
 
 In 1760, he went to London, to publifli his two firfl 
 volumes of “ Triflram Shandy and was that year pre¬ 
 fented by lord F- to the curacy of Coxwold. In 
 
 1762, he went to France, and two years after to Italy, for 
 the recovery of his health : but his health never was re^ 
 covered. He had a confumption of the lungs, under 
 which he languifhed till 1768, his fpirits never failing 
 him to the lafl; for it was under all this illnefs that he 
 compofed and publilhed the greater part of his ingenious 
 and entertaining works. Garrick, who was his intimate 
 friend and admirer, wrote the following epitaph for him: 
 
 Shall pride a heap of fculptur’d marble raife 
 
 Some worthlefs, unmourn’d, titled fool to praife ; 
 
 And fhall we not by one poor grave-ftone learn, 
 
 ‘‘ V/here genius, wit, and humour, fleep with Sterne ?” 
 
 His wmrks confifl of, i. “ The Life and Opinions of 
 Triflram Shandy.” 2. “ Sermons.” 3. “ A Senti- 
 “ mental Journey.” 4. Letters,” publilhed fince his 
 death. An cxtradl or two from thefe will difplay the 
 fpirit and humour of the man, better than any de- 
 feription. In a letter, dated from Coxwould, July 21, 
 1765, he writes thus: You mufl knowq that by the 
 
 “ careielTnefs of my curate, or his wife, or his maid, or 
 “ fome one within his .gates, the parfonage-houfe at 
 “ Sutton was burnt to the ground, with the furniture 
 “ that belonged to me, and a pretty good colledtion ot 
 ** books ; the lofs 350 1 . The poor man with his wife 
 took wings of the next moriiim , and fled away. 'I his 
 
 “ has 
 
STERNE. 581 
 
 has given me real vexation : for fo much was my pity 
 “ and efteem for him, that as foon as I heard of this dif- 
 after, I fent to deftre he would come and take up his 
 “ abode with me, till another habitation was ready t© 
 
 “ receive him ; but he was gone, and (as I am told) 
 
 ‘‘ through fear of my perfecution. Heavens ! how little 
 “ did he know of me to fuppofe, I was among the num- 
 “ her of thofe wretches that heap misfortune upon mif- 
 “ fortune; and, when the load is almoft infupportable, 
 add to the weight! God, who reads my heart, knows it 
 “ to be true, that I wilh rather to fhare, than increafe 
 “ the burthen of the miferable ; to dry up, inftead of ad- 
 “ ding a lingle drop to, the ftream of forrow. As for 
 “ the dirty trafti of this world, I regard it not: the lofs 
 “ of it does not coft me a ligh ; for, after all, I may fay 
 “ with the Spanifh captain, that I am as good a gentle- 
 “ man as the king, only not quite fo rich.’' In another 
 letter he fays, “ I have had a parfonage burnt down by 
 “ the carelefthefs of my curate’s wife : as foon as I can, 
 
 “ I muft rebuilt it I trow, but I lack the means at pre- 
 “ fent: yet I am never happier than when I have not 
 “ a fhilling in my pocket; for, when I have, I can never 
 “ call it my ©wn.” 
 
 He met with great civilities upon his travels, and was 
 fingularly noticed by perfonages of the firft rank among 
 the French ; yet the ealy and even manners of that people 
 did not fuit the rougher activity and capricioufnefs of his 
 “ Shandean” humour. This, fays he in a letter from 
 Touloufe, “ is as good as any town in the South of 
 “ France, yet for my own part it is not to my tafte : but, 
 
 “ 1 believe, the ground-work of my ennui is more owing 
 “ to the eternal -platitude of the French charafters (little 
 “ variety, no originality in it at all) than to any other 
 “ caufe : for they are very civil; but civility itielf, in 
 that uniform, wearies and bodders one to death.” In 
 another, “.I am preparing to leave France, for I am 
 “ heartily tired of it; that inlipidity, there is in French 
 “ chara(fters, has difgufted me.” 
 
 In a letter from Motpellier of Feb. i, 1764, he has 
 given a pleafant trait of medical practice among the 
 French: “ my phyftcians have almoft poifoned me with 
 what they call bouillons refraichijjants : it is a cock Head 
 “ alive, and boiled with poppy feeds ; then pounded in a 
 “ mortar, afterwards pafted through a fieve. There is to 
 be one crawfilh in it, and I was gravely told it muft be 
 
 P p 3 “a male 
 
5®2 
 
 Atlien* 
 
 Oxou. 
 
 Falens m 
 Script. Mar 
 jBritannia?, 
 Jp. Ii 3 * 
 
 Peylia’s 
 
 cburth hill 
 ad annum 
 2552. 
 
 STERNE. 
 
 a male one: a female would do me more hurt than, 
 good.” 
 
 STERNHOLD (Thomas), an Englifli poet, and 
 ever to be remem.bered, by all parilh-clerks efpecially, for 
 his veriion of King David’s pfalms, was born in Hamp- 
 fliire, as Wood thinks ; but he is not fure. He is iefs 
 fure, whether he was educated, as fome fuppofed, at 
 Wykeham’s fchool near W inciieher ; but very fure, that, 
 after fpending fome time at Oxford, he left the univerfity 
 without a degree. He then repaired to the court of 
 Henry VIII, was made groom of the robes to him, and 
 had an hundred marks bequeathed to him by the will of 
 that king. He continued in the fame office under Edward 
 VI; and was in fome eflecm at court for his vein in 
 poetry. Being a mofl zealous reformer, and a very ftriff 
 liver, he became fo fcandalized at the amorous and ob- 
 fcene fongs ufed there, that he turned into Engliffi metre 
 one and fifty of 13 avid’s pfalms, and caufed mulicai notes 
 to be fet to them. He flattered liimfelf, that the cour¬ 
 tiers would flng them inilead of their loofe and wanton 
 fonnets ; but Wood is of opinion, and fo are we, that 
 very few of them did fo. However, the poetry and mu- 
 lic being thought admirable in thofe times, they were gra¬ 
 dually introduced into all parochial churches ; and fung, 
 as they continue to be in the far greater part at prefent, 
 notwithiianding the more reformed and elegant verflon, 
 fince made by Tate and Brady, and countenanced by 
 royal authority in 1696. Eight and fifty other Pfalms 
 were turned into Englifn metre by John Hopkins, a con¬ 
 temporary writer, and ftyled by Bale, “ Britanaicorum 
 Poetarum fui temporis non infimus.” The reft were 
 done by other hands. We do not find, that Sternhold 
 compofed any other poetry; and the fpccimenwe have 
 gives us no room to lament that he did not: however, 
 let us not forget to commend the piety of the man. He 
 died in London in 1549. It may be proper to fubjoin 
 upon this occafion, what Heylln in his “ Church Hiftory” 
 has remarked concerning this tranftation of the Pfalms. 
 “ About this time,” fays he, “ the Pfalms of David did 
 ' “ flrft begin to be cpmpofed in Englilli metre by Thomas 
 “ Sternhold, one of the grooms of the privy chamber ^ 
 who, tranflating no more than thiyty-fcvcn’^ (he Ihould 
 flave laid ffty-onc), “ left both example and encouragernent 
 “ to John Hopkins and others to difpatch the reft ; a 
 
 “ device, 
 
‘ S T E R N H O L D. 583 
 
 device, firft taken up in France by one Clement Marot, 
 
 “ one of the grooms of the bed-chamber about king 
 Francis I, who being much addi£led to poetry, and 
 “ having fome acquaintance with thofe that were thought 
 “ to be inclined to the Reformation, was perfuaded by the 
 “ learned Vatablus, profelTor of the Hebrew language in 
 Paris, to exercife his poetical fancy in tranhating Ibme 
 ‘‘ of David’s Pfalms; for whofe fatisfadlion and his own, 
 
 “ he tranflated the firfl: fifty of them. Afterwards flying 
 “ to Geneva, he grew acquainted with Eeza, who in fome 
 “ tra6l of time tranflated the other hundred alfo, and 
 caufed them to be fitted to feveral tunes ; which there- 
 “ upon began to be fung in private houfes, and by de- 
 “ grees to be taken up in all the churches of the French 
 “ nation, which followed the Geneva platform. The 
 “ tranflation is faid by Strada to have been ignorantly and 
 “ perverfely done, as being the work of a man altogether 
 unlearned ; but not to be compared with the barbarity 
 and botching, which every where occurreth in the 
 tranflation of Sternhold and Hopkins. Thefe, not- 
 “ withflanding, being allowed for private devotion, were 
 “ by little and little brought into the ufe of the church, 
 
 “ and permitted rather than allowed to be fung before 
 ‘‘ and after fermons. Afterwards they were printed and 
 bound up in the ‘ Common-Prayer-Book and at lalt 
 “ added by the flationers to the end of the Bible. For 
 “ though it be exprefl'ed in the title of thofe flnging 
 Pfalms, that ‘ they were fet forth and allowed to be 
 fung in all churches, before and after morning and 
 ‘‘ evening prayer, and alfo before and after fermons,’ yet 
 this allowance feems rather to have been a connivance 
 ‘‘ than an approbation, no fuch allowance having been 
 “ any where found by fuch as have been mofl; indultrious 
 “ and concerned in the fearch thereof. At flrfl: it was 
 “ pretended only, that the faid Pfalms fhoiild be fung ‘ be- 
 “ fore and after morning and evening prayer, and alfo 
 “ before and after fermons,’ which Ihcws they were not 
 “ to be intermingled with the public liturgy : but in fome 
 “ tra£l of time, as the Puritan faction grew in flrength and 
 “ confidence, they prevailed lb far in moft places to thruft 
 “ the ‘ Te Deum’, the ‘ Beneditlus,’ the ‘ Magnificat,’ 
 
 “ and the ‘ Nunc Dimittis,’ quite out of our church.” 
 
 S T E S I C FI O R U S, an ancient Greek poet, v as born 
 at Himera, a city of Sicily, in the 37th Olympiad, which 
 
 P p 4 was 
 
5^4 
 
 STESICHORUS. 
 
 was about the time of the prophet Jeremiah. His nam« 
 was originally 1 yfias, but changed to Stefichorus, on ac¬ 
 count of his being the firft who taught the Chorus to 
 dance to the lyre. He appears to have been a man of the 
 airif rank, for wifdcm and a.uthority among his fellow 
 citizens ; and to have had a great hand in the tranfaaions 
 between that hate and the tyrant Phalaris. He died at 
 Catana in Sicily at above eighty; and the people were fo 
 feniible of the honour ids rehques did the city, that they 
 refolved to keep them, whatever pretences the Himerians 
 fhould make to the contrary. Much of this poet’s hif- 
 tory Qepends upon the authority of Phalaris’s epiftles ; 
 and if the genuinenels of thefe fhould be given up, as we 
 know it has been difputed, yet we collefl thence the 
 efteem and charafter Stefichorus bore with antiquity' 
 Vv'c have no catalogue of his works on record: Suidas 
 onH tells us, in general, that he compofed a book of 
 l)iics in the Dorian diale£l ; of which a few feraps, not 
 amounting to threefcore lines, are fet together in the col- 
 Icdlion of Fulvius Urfinus, at Antwerp, 1568, 8vo. Ma- 
 jehy and greatnefs make the common chara£ler of his 
 flyle , whence Horace gives him tlie Graves Camosnae, 
 Hence Alexander, in Dion Chryloffom, reckons Jiini 
 among the poets whom a prince ought to read : and Sy- 
 nefius puts him and Homer together, as the noble cek- 
 biatois of the heroic race. Quintilian’s judgement on his 
 works will juftify all this : the force of Stefichorus’s 
 wit appears,” fays he, “ from the fubjeas he has treated 
 of; while he fmgs the greateft wars arid the greatcil 
 commanders, and fuflains with his lyre all the weight 
 and grandeur of an epic poem. For he makes his he¬ 
 roes Ipeak and aa agreeably to their charaaers : and 
 had he but oblerved moderation, he vyould have ap¬ 
 peared the fairelt rival of Homer. But he is too ex- 
 uberaiit, and Qoes not know how to contain himfelt: 
 which, though really a fault, yet is one of thofe faults 
 wnicn arifes rrom an abunciance and cxcefs of genius.” 
 
 StiUin^Ler ^ILLINGu LF E T (Dr. Edward), an Englifli 
 prefixed to • prelate of gieat ahiiibes and learning, was defeended from 
 his Works, an ancient family at Stillingfleet near York; and was 
 bom at Cranbourn in Dorfetfhire, April 17, 16^^, being 
 the feventh fon of his fatlier, Samuel Stillingfleet’ gent. 
 Aitci an^ education at a private grammar fchooJ, he was 
 i-nt m 1040 lo St. Joiin s-collcge, Cambridge ; of which 
 ' ^ he 
 
 In ft. Orat. 
 1. X. c. i. 
 
 
 a 
 
 <( 
 
 t i 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 c i 
 
 
 in ftx vois. 
 foiio, I 71,0 
 
5^5 
 
 STILLINGFLEET, 
 
 he was chofen fellow March 31, 1653, having taken a 
 bachelor of arts degree. Then he withdrew a little from 
 the univerfity, to live at Wroxhall, in Warwickfliire, with 
 Sir Roger Burgoin, a perfon of great piety, prudence, and 
 learning; and afterwards went to Nottingham, to be tu¬ 
 tor to a young gentleman of the family of Pierrepoint. 
 
 After he had been about two years in this flation, he was 
 recalled by his patron Sir Roger Burgoin, who in 1657 
 gave him the re£lory of Sutton; which he entered upon 
 with great pleafure, having received epifcopal orders from 
 Dr. Brownrigg, the ejedled bifhop of Exeter. In 1659, 
 he publifhed Irenicuiu, or a Weapon-Salve for the 
 “ Churches Wounds \Vhich, while it Ihewed prodi¬ 
 gious abilities and learning in fo young a man, gave great 
 offence to many of the church-party. He did not fcruple 
 afterwards to condemn it himfelf, declaring, that “ there Life, p. 3. 
 
 are many things in it, which, if he were to write again, 
 
 “ he would not fay; fome, which fhew his youth, and 
 want of due confideration; others, which he yielded 
 “ too far, in hopes of gaining the diffenting parties to 
 “ the church of England.” In 1662, he reprinted this 
 work; and, as he had greatly offended fome churchmen 
 by allowing too much to the flate, fo he now meant to 
 give them fatisfadion, in a difcourfe, which he joined to 
 it, “ concerning the power of Excommunication in a 
 “ Chriftian Church in which he attempts to prove, 
 that “ the church is a diftindt fociety from the flate, and 
 “ has divers rights and privileges of its own, particularly 
 ‘‘ that it has a power of cenfuring offenders, refulting 
 froni its conflitution as a Chriflian fociety ; and that 
 “ tliefe rights of the church cannot be alienated to the 
 flate, after their being united in a Chriflian country.” 
 
 Idle Tame year, 1662, he publifhed “ Origines Sacrae, 
 
 “ or a Rational Account of the Grounds of Natural and 
 Revealed Religion a work, which, for extenfive and 
 profound learning, folidity of judgement, flrength of ar¬ 
 gument, and perlpicuity of expreflion, would have done 
 the highefl honour to a man of any age ; and therefore was 
 really marvellous from one who had but jufl compleated 
 his 27th year. When he appeared afterwards at the vifi- 
 tation, bilhop Sanderfon, his diocefan, feeing fo young a 
 man, could hardly believe it was Mr. Stillingfleet, whom 
 as yet he knew only by his works ; and, embracing him, 
 faid, “ he expelled rather to have feeii one as confider- 
 able for his years, as he had already fhewn himfelf for 
 
 “ his 
 
5otS 
 
 S T I L L I N G F L E E T. 
 
 “ his learning.” Upon the whole, this work has always 
 been juflly efleemed one of the bell defences of Revealed 
 Religion, that ever came forth in oiir own or any other 
 language. It was republiflied by Dr. Bentley in 1709, 
 with ‘‘ Part of another book upon the fame fubie£I, writ- 
 “ ten in 1697, from the author’s own manufcript,” folio. 
 This admirable work made him fo known to the world, 
 and got him fuch eileem among the learned, that, when a 
 reply appeared in 1663 to Laud’s book againft Fifher the 
 jefuit, he was pitched upon to anfwer it; which he did, to 
 the public fatisfaftion, in 1664. 
 
 1 he fame of tliefe excellent performances was the oc- 
 calion that, while he continued at his living of Sutton, 
 he was chofen preacher at the Rolls chapel by Sir Harbot- 
 tle Grimfton, mafter.' This obliged him to be in London 
 in term-time, and was a fair introdu£lion to his fettle- 
 ment there,' which followed fodn after : for he was pre- 
 fented to the redory of St. Andrew’s, ''Holbourn, Jan. 
 1664-5. Afterwards, he was chofen ledurer at the Tem¬ 
 ple ; appointed chaplain to the king; made canon reli- 
 dentiary of St. Paul’s in 1670, as afterwards prebendary of 
 Canterbury,'' and dean of St. Paul’s : in all which ftations 
 he acquitted himfelf like an able, diligent, and learned 
 divine. While ife was redor of Sutton, he married a 
 daughter of Whlliam Dobyns, a Glouceilerlhire gentle¬ 
 man, who lived not long with him ; yet had two daugh¬ 
 ters, who died in their infancy, and one fon, Dr. Edward 
 StiliingfiCet, afterwards redor of Wood-N’orton in Nor¬ 
 folk. Then he married a daughter of Sir Nicholas Ped- 
 lev of Huntingdon, ferjeant at law, who lived with him 
 ahnoft all his life, and brought him feven children, of 
 whom two only furvived him. 
 
 In 1063, he went out bachelor, and in 1668 dodor, pf 
 divinity. He was deeply engaged in all the controverfies 
 of his times; with Deifts, with Socinians, with Papills, 
 with Diffenters. We forbear entering into particulars, as 
 they do not now appear fufhcicntly interefeing; and the 
 catalogue of his works, to be hereunto added, will give 
 the reader a very tolerable notion, as well of die occafions 
 of his writings, as of the perfons with wdiom he had to 
 do. In 1689, he w^as made billrop of Worcefter. He 
 had a controverfy, in the latter part of his life, with Mr. 
 Locke ; wdio, having laid down fome principles in his 
 Fnfay on Human Underftanding,” wliich feemed to 
 die bilhop to flrikc at the Elyileries of Revealed Reli- 
 
 gion, 
 
5^7 
 
 STILL INGFLEET. 
 
 gion, fell on that account under his lordfhip’s cognizance. 
 Stiliingileet had always had the reputation of coming off ^ 
 with triumph in all his controverhes, but in this was fup- 
 pofed to be not fuccefsful; and fome have imagined, that 
 his being prefled with clearer and clofer reafoning by 
 Locke, than he had been accullomed to from his other 
 adverfaries, created in him a chagrin, which lliortened his 
 life. There is, however, no occafion to fuppofe this : for 
 he had had the gout near twenty years, and it is no Won¬ 
 der, when it fixed in his ftomach, that it fhould prove 
 fatal to him ; as it did at his houfe in Park-llreet, Weft- 
 minfter, March 27, 1699. He was tall, graceful, and 
 W’ell-proportioned; with a countenance comely, frefh, and 
 awful. Plis apprehenlion was quick and fagacious, his 
 judgement exadi and profound, and his memory very te¬ 
 nacious : fo that, confidering how intenfely he ftudied, 
 and how he read every thing, it is eafy to imagine him, 
 what he really was, one of the moft univerfal fcholars that 
 ever lived, bjis corpfe was carried to Worcefler cathedral, 
 and there interred : after which an elegant monument was 
 ere£led over him, with an inlcription written by Dr. 
 Ecntiey, who had been his chaplain. This, as it gives a 
 noble and yet juft idea of the man, as alfo good authority 
 for many particulars of his life, fliall be inferted here, af¬ 
 ter we have given fome account of his writings. 
 
 They were all coliedted, and reprinted in 1710, in 6 
 vols, folio. The hrft contains, “ Fifty Sermons, preached 
 “ on feveral Occafions with the author’s life. The 
 fecond, “ Origines Sacne “ Letter to a Deift,” written, 
 as he tells us in the preface, for the fatisfadtion of a par¬ 
 ticular perfon, who owned the Being and Providence of 
 God, butexpreffed a mean eftcem of the Icriptures and the 
 Chiifilan religion ; “ Ircnicum ; The Unreafonabicnefs 
 “ of Separation, or an Impartial Account of the Hillorv, 
 Nature, and Pleas of the prelent feparation from the 
 “ Communion of the Church of England.” The third 
 volume contains, ‘‘ Origines Britannica?, or the Anti- 
 “ quities of the Britifli Churches; Two Difcourfes con- 
 cerning the Doflrin^ of Chrift’s Satisfaction,” againll 
 the Socinians ; “ Vindication of the DoCtrine of the 
 ‘‘ Trinity,” in which he animadverts upon fome paf- 
 fages in Mr. Locke’s Effay ; “ Anfwers to two Letters,” 
 publiflied by Mr. Locke ; “ Ecclchaftical Cafes relating 
 to the duties and rights of the Parochial Clergy,” 
 a charge; “ Concerning Bonds of Rcfignation of Bene- 
 
 “ hcea 
 
583 
 
 STILLINGFLEET. 
 
 fices “ The Foundation of EccIellafticalJurifdi£lion, 
 “ and as it regards the Legal Supremacy “ The grand 
 “ queftion concerning the BiHiops^ right to vote in Par- 
 ‘‘ liament in Cafes Capital“ Two Speeches in Parlia- 
 “ ment“ Of the true Antiquity of London “ Con- 
 “ cerning the unreafonablenefs of a new Separation, on 
 “ account of the Oaths to King William and Queen 
 “ Mary ; ” ‘‘A Vindication of their Majeities Author!- 
 ties to fill the Sees of Deprived Bifhops “ An Anfwer 
 “ to the Paper delivered by Mr. Afliton, at his execution, 
 “ to Sir Francis Child, Sheriff of London, with the Paper 
 “ itfelf.” The fourth, fifth, and fixth volumes contain 
 pieces, written againfl the Church of Rome, in contro- 
 verfy with Creffy, Sargeant, and other Popifh advocates. 
 Now follows the infcription : 
 
 « H. S. E. 
 
 Edvardus Stillingfleet, S. T. P. 
 ExDecanoEcclcfise PaulinaeEpifcopus 
 Vigornienfis, 
 
 Jam tibi, quicunque haec legis, 
 
 !Ni(i 5c Europoe Sclitei atiorbis hofpeses, 
 Ipfe per fe notus: 
 
 Dum rebus mortalibusinterfuit, 
 
 Et fanititate morum, & oris ftatur 2 eque 
 dignitate, 
 
 Et confummatae eruditioni laude 
 Undique venerandus. 
 
 Cui in humaniovibus literis Crltlci, In 
 DIvinis Theologi, 
 
 In recondita Hiftoria Antiquarii, In 
 Scientiis Philofophi, 
 Inlegum peritia Juiifconfuiti, in clvili 
 prudentia Politic!, 
 
 In Eioquentia Univerfi, 
 
 Fafces ultro fubmiferunt. 
 
 Major unus in his omnibus, qaam alii 
 in fingulis; 
 
 Ut Bibliothecam fuam, cul paretn 
 Orbis v'x habuit, 
 
 Intra peftus omnls doftrina? capax 
 Geftafle integram vifus fit; 
 
 Quae tamcn nullos libros moverat 
 
 meliores, 
 
 Quam quos ipfe multos fcripfit 
 ediditque, 
 
 Eeclefiae Anglicanae defenfor Temper 
 invidlus. 
 
 Natus eft Cranbornise in Agr*. 
 Dorfeitenfi, 
 
 XVII Aprills MDCXXXV, Patre 
 Samuele Generofo. 
 
 In matrlmonio habuit Andr»am GuU 
 Dobyns Gen. Filiam, 
 
 Atque ea defunfta 
 
 Ellzabetham Nicolai Pedley Equitis : 
 Faemlnas, quod unum dixiffe fatls eft, 
 Tanto marlto digniffimas. 
 
 Obiit Weftmonafterii XXVII Martii 
 MDCLXXXXIX. 
 
 Vlxit annos LXIII, menfes undecim. 
 Tres liberos reliqult fibi fupcrftites, 
 Ex priore conjugio Edvardum, ex 
 fecundo . 
 
 Jacobum 5c Annam : 
 
 Quorum Jacobus Collcgii hujus 
 Cathedralis Canonicus 
 Patrl Optimo bene merenti 
 Monumentum hoc poni curarit.’' 
 
 Anecdotes STILLINGFLEET (Benjamin, efq.) was grand- 
 WnIS?, bifhop of Worcefler, and equally diftinguifhed 
 
 p. 300. as a naturalift and a poet, the rare union fo much defired 
 by the ingenious Mr. Aikin. Both the bifhop and our 
 author’s father were fellows of St. John’s-college in Cam¬ 
 bridge. The latter was alfo F. R. S. M. D. and Grefham 
 profeffor of phyfic ; but, marrying in 1692, loft his lucra¬ 
 tive ofhees, and the bifhop’s favour ; a misfortune that 
 affedlcd both h?m and his poflerity. He took orders 
 
 however 
 
STILLINGFLEET. 
 
 however, and obtained, by his father’s patronage, the 
 reftory of Newington Butts, which he immediately ex¬ 
 changed for thofe ot Wood-Norton and Swanton in Nor¬ 
 folk. He died in 1708. Benjamin, his only fon, was 
 educated at Norwich fchool, which he left in 1720, with 
 the character of an excellent fcholar. He then Vvent to 
 Trinity-college, Cambridge, at the requefl of Dr. Bentley, 
 the maher, who had been private tutor to his father, 
 domelHc chaplain to his grandfather, and w^as much in¬ 
 debted to the family. Here he v/as admitted April 14, 
 1720; took the degree of B. A. and became a candidate 
 for a fellowfhip ; but was rejected, by the maker’s in¬ 
 fluence. This was a fevere and unexpefled difappoint- 
 ment; and but little alleviated afterwards by the do£lor’s 
 apology, that it was a pity that a gentleman of Mr. Stil- 
 linglieet’s parts fhouid be buried withm the walls of a 
 college. Perhaps, however, this ingratitude of Dr. Bent¬ 
 ley was not of any real diiTervice to Ivlr. Stillingfieet. He 
 travelled into Italy; and, by being thrown into the world, 
 formed many honourable and valuable connexions. I'he 
 prefent lord Barrington gave him, in a very polite manner, 
 the place of mafter of the barracks at Kenfington; a fa¬ 
 vour to which Mr. Stillingfieet, in the dedication of his 
 ‘‘ Calendar of Flora” to that nobleman, 1761, alludes 
 with great politenefs, as well as the warmefl grati¬ 
 tude. His “ Calendar” was fromed at Stratton in Nor¬ 
 folk, in 1755, at the hofpitable feat of Mr. Marfliam, 
 who had made feveral remarks of that kind, and had com¬ 
 municated to the public his curious ‘‘ Obfervations on the 
 “ Growth of Trees.” But it was to Mr. Wyndham, of 
 Felbrig in Norfolk, that he appears to have had the great- 
 eft obligations. He travelled abroad v/ith him; fpent 
 much of his time at his houfe ; and was appointed one of 
 his executors ; with a coniiderable addition to an annuity 
 which that gentleman had fettled upon him in his life¬ 
 time. Mr. Stillingueet’s genius led him principally to t.he 
 ftudy of hiftory, which he profecuted as an ingenious plii- 
 lofophcr, an ui'eful citizen, and a good man. Mr. Gray 
 makes the following favourable mention of him, in one 
 of his letters, dated from London, in 1761 : ‘‘ I have 
 lately made an acquaintance wnth this pliilofopher, 
 who lives in a garret in the wnnter,.- that he may lup- 
 port fome near relations who depend upon him. He 
 is always employed, conlequently (according to my old 
 maxim) always happy, ahvays clicarful, and Iccms 40 
 
 ‘ ‘ me 
 
 58? 
 
 <( 
 
 < ( 
 
 
 
 6i 
 
59® 
 
 STILL INGFLEET* 
 
 “ me a worthy honefl man. His prefent fcheme is to 
 “ fend fome perfons, properly qualified, to refide a year 
 “ or two in Attica, to make themfelves acquainted with 
 the climate, productions, and natural hiilory of tho 
 “ country, that we may underftaild Ariftotle, Theo-^ 
 “ phraftus, Ac. who have been Heathen Greek to us for 
 “ fo many ages; and this he has got propofed to lord 
 “ Bute, no unlikely perfon to put it in execution, as he 
 “ is himfelf a botanifl.” An epiftle by Mr. Stillingfleet, 
 in 1723, is printed in the “ Poetical Magazine, 1764,’^ 
 p. 224. He publiflied, about 1733, anonymous pam¬ 
 phlet, intituled, “ Some Thoughts concerning Happi- 
 nefs and in 1759 appeared a volume of Mifcel- 
 “ laneous TraCts,” chiefly tranflated from ellays in the 
 “ Amoenitates Academicce,” publiflied by Linnseus, inter-^ 
 fperfed with fome obfervations and additions of his own* 
 In this volume he fliews a tafte for clafllcal learning, and 
 entertains us with fome elegant poetical effuflons. He 
 annexed to it fome valuable “ Obfervations on Graffes,’* 
 and dedicated the whole to George Lord Lyttelton. A 
 fecond edition of it appeared in 1762 ; a third in 1775. 
 Mr. Stillingfleet likewife publifhed Some Thoughts oc-- 
 “ calioned by the late Earthquakes, 1750,” a poem in 
 4to ; “ Paradife Loft,” an Oratorio, fet to Mufic by 
 Stanley, 1760, 4to; “The Honour and Diflionour of 
 “ Agriculture, tranflated from the Spanifh, 1760,” 8vo ; 
 and “ Principles and Powers of Plarmony, 1771,” 4to. a 
 very learned work, built on Tartini’s “ Trattato di Mufiea 
 “ fecondo la vera fcienza delP Armonia.” . Thefe, and his 
 “ Eflay on Converfatioii, 1757?” in the firfi volume of 
 Dodfley’s ColleCLoii of Poems, entitle him to no fmail 
 degree of rank among our Englifli polite writers. The 
 “ Effay’^ is addrefled to Mr. Wyndham with all that 
 warmth of friendfliip which dillinguilhes the author. As 
 it is chiefly didaClic, it does not admit of fo many orna-^ 
 merits as fome compontions of other kinds. However, it 
 contains much good feiife, fliews a confiderable know¬ 
 ledge of mankind, and has feveral paffages that, in point 
 of harmony and eafy verflflcation, would not difgrace the 
 writings of our moll admired poets. Here more than 
 ' once Mr. Stillingfleet Ihews himfelf flill fore from Dr. 
 Bentley’s cruel treatment of him ; and towards the beauti¬ 
 ful and moral dole of this poem (where he gives us a 
 fketch of himfelf) feems to hint at a mortitication of a 
 more delicate nature, which he is faid to have fuffcred 
 
 from 
 
591 
 
 STILLINGFLEET. 
 
 from the other fex. This too may perhaps account for 
 the afperity with which he treats the ladies in the “ Verfes” 
 printed in the fixth volume of the “ Seleft Coll@£lion of 
 “ Poems, 1781.” To ihefe difappointments it was per¬ 
 haps owing that Mr. Stilliogfleet neither married, nor went 
 into orders. His London refidence was at a fadler’s in 
 Piccadilly, where he died a bachelor, Dec. 15, 1771, aged 
 69, leaving feveral valuable papers behind him. I'o thefe 
 Mr. Pennant alludes in a beautiful elogium on him, pre¬ 
 fixed to the fourth volume of the “ Britifli Zoology,” 
 when he fays, “ I received the unfinilhed tokens of his 
 “ regard by virtue of his promife; the only papers that 
 “ were refcued from the flames to which his modefly had 
 “ devoted all the reft.” He was buried in St. James’s 
 church, without any monument. A good portrait [a] 
 of him has been engraved by Val. Green, from an 
 original by ZofFanij in the polTeflion of Mr. Torriano. 
 Mr. StiJlingfleet’s eldcft lifter,' Elizabeth, was married to 
 Mr. Locker, of whom we have already given fome me¬ 
 moirs. Mr. Stillingfleet had ordered all his papers to 
 be deftroyed at his death, poflibly not chuflng any thing 
 of his might be publilhed afterwards. He had, how¬ 
 ever, printed in 8vo. 18 copies of the following Ora¬ 
 torios : I. “ Jofcph.” This drama, he obferves, ap* 
 pearing to be unlit for the ftage, was not filled up with 
 the number of fongs necelTary to give it a proper length 
 of time for performing. 2. Mofes and Zipporah.” 
 The plan of this drama w^as firft thought of and laid 
 Feb. 9, 1760, at night; and the recitative was finilhed 
 on Thurfday 14th following, at ii at night. The 
 fongs were begun Monday i8th following, and finillied 
 on the Thurfday following, all but the firft long in 
 the third aft. 3. “ David and Bathlheba.” The firft 
 Iketch w^as begun Jan. 9, 1758 ; ended Jan. 12, fongs and 
 all: and not much altered afterwards. Finilhed June 6, 
 1758. 4. “ Medea.” Begun March 8, at 10 at night; 
 
 finilhed March 20, at 10 in the morning, the fame year, 
 fongs and all; nearly the fame as in this [printed] book. 
 Without fongs it was finiflaed March ... at 11 in the 
 morning. Thefe memoranda are from his own hand-w ri¬ 
 ling ; as is the following new jong^ intended to take place 
 of one before written for “ Medea 
 
 [a] Infcribed, ‘‘Benjamin Stillinofleet, Ffq, 
 
 “ To revive In their memories the image of To worthy a man, 
 
 “ many of thefe Prints have been diflributed among his Friends. 
 
 ‘‘ Mult 'is UU bonii Jiebflh occU'C," 
 
 “ Difnial 
 
592 S T I L L I N 6 f L E E t. 
 
 “ Difmal fate of womankind ! 
 
 “ Deftin’d from their birth to ill! 
 
 ‘‘ Slave in body and in mind, 
 
 Subjeft to fome fome tyrant’s Will. 
 
 “ Young, to wilful man a prey; 
 
 “ Old, defpis’d and cafl away.” 
 
 STOB^US (Joannes), an ancient Greek writer, 
 V. viii. lived in the fifth century, as is generally fuppofed; for 
 nothing certain is known, and therefore nothing can be af¬ 
 firmed, of him. What remains of him is a collection of 
 extracts from ancient poets and philofophers : yetthis collec¬ 
 tion is not come down to us entire ; and even what we have 
 of it appears to be intermixed with the additions of thofe 
 who lived after him. Thefe extraCts, though they give us 
 no greater idea of Stobasus thaii that of a common-place 
 tranfcriber, are yet curious and ufeful, as they prefent us 
 with many things of various kinds, which are to be found no 
 where elfe; and, as fuch, have always been highly valued 
 by the learned. It appears beyond difpute, in Fabricius’s 
 opinion, that Stobaeus was not a Chriftian, becaufe he never 
 meddled with Chriftian writers, nor made the leafl ufe of 
 them, in any of his collections.. The “ Excerpta of Sto- 
 “ baeus” were firfi: publilhed in Greek at Venice in 1536, 
 and dedicated to Bembus, who was tlien the curator of St. 
 Mark’s library thefe, and furnifhed the manufcript: but 
 they have been often publifhed fince from better manu- 
 fcripts, with Latin verfions and notes by Gefner, Grotius, 
 and other learned ihen ; particularly at Paris 1623, in 4to. 
 
 STONE (John) an Englifh painter, was an extraor¬ 
 dinary copier in^the reigns of Charles 1 , and II. He was 
 bred up under Crofs ; and took feveral admirable copies, 
 after many good pictures in England. His copies were 
 reckoned the fineft of any that had been then done in 
 this nation. He did alfo fome imitations after fuch maf- 
 ters as he more particularly fancied ; which performances 
 of his were in good repute, and received into the belt col¬ 
 lections. Fie fpent thirty-feven years abroad in the Itudy 
 of his art, where he improved himfelf in feveral languages, 
 bfiing belides a man of fome learning. Fie died in Lon- 
 don Aiig. 24, 1653. 
 
 INDEX 
 
[ 593 3 
 
 I N D E X 
 
 T O T H E 
 
 ELEVENTH VOLUME. 
 
 R 
 
 Page 
 
 ABELAIS, Francis i 
 
 Racanj Honorat dc 
 fievil, Marquis of 4 
 
 Racine, John ibid. 
 
 RadclifFe, Alexander 9 
 
 -Dr. John 10 
 
 Rainolds, John ±0 
 
 Ralph, James ibid. 
 
 Ramazzini, Bernardin 21 
 
 Rameau, John Philip 22 
 
 Ramfay, Andrew Michael 23 
 Ramus, Peter 25 
 
 Randolph, Thomas iq 
 
 Raphael, 30 
 
 Rapin, Renatus 31 
 
 •-de Thoyras, Paul de 33 
 
 Rawlegh, or Ralegh, Sir 
 Walter 37 
 
 Rawley, Dr. William 4^ 
 
 Ray, or Wray, John 46 
 
 - Benjamin 53 
 
 Real, Cefar Vichard de St. 54 
 Reaumur, Rene-Aiitoine* 
 f'erchault ^3 
 
 Redi, Francis ibid. 
 
 Regiomontanus, 56 
 
 Regis, Peter Sylvain 38 
 
 PvCgnard, John Francis 59 
 
 Regnier, Mathurin 60 
 
 VoL. XI. 
 
 _Pagc 
 
 Regnier, deMarets, Seraphin 6 r 
 Reinelius, Thomas 61 
 
 Reland, Hadrian 63 
 
 Rembrandt van Rein, 65 
 
 Renaudot, Eufebius 66 
 
 Retz, cardinal de. See Gondi. 
 Reuchlin, John 67 
 
 Rhenamus, Beatus 68 
 
 Rhodoman, Laurentius 69 
 
 RicautjOr Rycaut, Sir Paul ibid. 
 Ricciblus, Joannes Baptifla 70 
 
 Richardfon, Samuel yi 
 
 Richlet, Caefar Peter 78 
 
 Richelieu, John Armanddu 
 Pledis de 
 
 Ridley, Dr. Nicholas 
 -Dr Gioder 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 83 
 
 9 ^ 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 9 + 
 
 103 
 
 Rienzi, Nicholas Gabrini de 8j^ 
 Riga'tius, Nicholas 
 Ritteiilmlius, Conradus 
 Rizzio, or Ricci, David 
 Robertfon, William 
 Robins, Benjamin 
 Rochefoucalt, Francis, duke 
 of 109 
 
 Rocheder, John Wilmot, 
 earl of ibid. 
 
 Roe, Sir Thomas i \ 6 
 
 Roemer, Glaus 117 
 
 Q^q Rogers, 
 
594 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Rogers, Dr. John ii8 
 
 Rohan, Henry 120 
 
 Rohault, James 121 
 
 Rollin, Charles 122 
 
 Kolt, Richard 126 
 
 Romano, Julio 127 
 
 Ronlard, Peter de 128 
 
 Rooke, Sir George 131 
 
 Roome, Edward 132 
 
 Rol'commori, Wentworth 
 Dillon, earl of ibid. 
 
 Rofinus, John 136 
 
 RoulTeau, John Baptift ibid 
 
 -JohnJames 138 
 
 Rowe, Nicholas 154 
 
 -Elizabeth 156 
 
 Rowning, John 158 
 
 Rubens, Sir Peter Paul 159 
 
 Rue, Charles de la 161 
 
 Ruinart, Thierry 162 
 
 Rulhworth, John ibid. 
 
 Rutherforth, Thomas 163 
 
 Rnyfch, Frederic 167 
 
 Riiyfdaal, Jacob 168 
 
 Ryan, Lacy 169 
 
 Ryer, Peter du 
 Rymer, Thomas 
 
 S. 
 
 Saavedra, Michael de Cer¬ 
 vantes 174 
 
 Sabinus the poet 177 
 
 - FrancifcusFloridusiyS 
 
 172 
 
 - George 
 
 ibid. 
 
 Sabliere, Anthony deRam- 
 bouiilet 179 
 
 Sacchi Andrea ibid. 
 
 Sacheverell, Henry, 180 
 
 Sackville, Thomas, earl of 
 Dorlet 183 
 
 --Charles, earl of 
 
 Dodet and Middlelex 186 
 Sadleir, Sir Fvaiph 188 
 
 Sadler, John . 192 
 
 Sadolet, James 193 
 
 Sage, xMain Rene le 1-93 
 
 ——* David le 196 
 
 Sainte-Aldegonde, Philip de 
 Marnix, lord du Mont 196 Savary, James 
 2 
 
 Pag# 
 
 Saint-Andre, Nathanael 199 
 Saint-Aulaire, marquis de 207 
 Saint-Cyran, John du 
 Verger de Houranne, 
 abbot of 208 
 
 Saint-John, Henry, lord 
 vifcoimt Bolingbroke 210 
 
 Saiiite-Marthe, or Sam- 
 marthanus, Gaucher^de 223 
 
 --Charles ibid. 
 
 --Scevole 224 
 
 — — . Denis, 225 
 
 ——— Peter Scevole, ibid. 
 
 — --Abel Lew'is, ibid. 
 
 — -—— Claude ibid. 
 
 Sale, George _ , . 226 
 
 Sallengre, Albert Henry de ib. 
 Salio, Denis de 227 
 
 Salluftius, Cains Crifpus, 229 
 Salmaliiis, Claudius, or 
 
 Claudius de Salmalia 232 
 
 Salmon, Nathanael -i (^236 
 Salter, Samuel -23^’ 
 
 Salvator, Rofa ' . ’ 240 
 
 Salvian, or Salvianus ' 241 
 
 Salviati, Francefcp ibid 
 
 — - . Gioieppe 242 
 
 Sammarthanus. SeeSaintQ 
 Marthc. ; 
 
 Sanadon, Noel-Stephen 242 
 
 Sanchez, Thomas 243 
 
 Sancho, Ignatius 24^ 
 
 Sancroft, Dr. William 248 
 
 Sanc^forius, or Santorius, 232 
 
 Sanderfon, Dr. Robert, 
 bilhop of Lincoln, 233 
 
 *-- — -- Robert, 238 
 
 Sandrat, Joachim 239 
 
 Sandys, Edwin 260 
 
 — -Sir Edwin 262 
 
 - - George 264 
 
 Sannazarius, James 266- 
 
 Sanfon, Nicholas 268 
 
 Sappho 269 
 
 Sarahn, John P'rancis 272 
 
 Sarislbury, John of 
 Sarto, Andrea del 
 Savage, Richard 
 
 [ohn 
 
 274 
 
 275 
 277 
 
 2C2 
 
 ib d. 
 Savile, 
 
i 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 595 
 
 Savile, Sir Henry 
 
 ■-— Sir George ' 
 
 Saunderfon, Dr. Nicholas 
 Sa\:onarola,' Jerom 
 Saiirin, James ^ 
 
 Sauveiir, Jofeph 
 
 Page 
 
 284 
 
 287 
 
 291 
 
 296 
 
 297 
 
 .'99 
 
 Saxe, Maurice/ Compte de 301 
 Say, Samuel 
 Scala, Barthelemi • 
 
 Scaliger Julius Csefar 
 Jofeph Juflus' 
 
 Page 
 
 3^9 
 
 ibid. 
 
 370 
 
 371 
 
 372 
 
 373 
 
 Schaaf, Charles 
 •Scheffer, John ' \ 
 Scheiner, Chriftophcf t 
 Schiavonc, Andrea * ' * 
 Schmidt, Erafmiis 
 
 —-Seballian 
 
 -.John Andrea 
 
 
 304 
 
 305 
 
 306 
 309 
 314 
 
 ibid. 
 
 316 
 
 317 
 ibid, 
 ibid. 
 
 318 
 320 
 
 Schoepflin, John Daiiiel 
 Schorel, John • " 
 Schomberg, Frederick, duke 
 of * -* ' ' 321 
 
 'ScfiOttus, Andreas ' 324 
 
 ‘Schrevelius, Cornelius '-' ■ 329 
 
 ^Scliultens, Albert . ' ibid 
 
 Shurman, Anna Maria ^126 
 
 Scioppius,.G.aipar *‘328 
 
 Scot, Reynolde '* • 332 
 
 '*Scott, Dr. John ' .334 
 
 'S'cudery, George de 335 
 
 -Magdeleine de 33b 
 
 Search. See Tucker. 
 Sebaftiaiio, called del Pi- 
 ombo ^ 337 
 
 Seckendorf, Giii-Louis de 338 
 Seeker,I'horaas, archbifliop <29 
 Secundus, John 3,;^ 5; 
 
 Sedley, Sir Charles ibid. 
 
 Segrais, John Renaad de 347 
 
 Seidell, lohn 349 
 
 Seed, Jereioi h 31^5 
 
 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus ibid. 
 
 Sennertus, !)anitl 3:9 
 
 --Andrew 360 
 
 Serranus, Joannes, or John 
 de Series ibid. 
 
 Servetus, Michael 362 
 
 Serviub,Maurus Honoratiis 368 
 Severus, Cornelius ibid. 
 
 Sevigne, Marie de Rabutin, 
 
 MarquilTe de 
 Sewell, William 
 ■— George 
 Sextus Empiricus 
 Shadwell, Thomas 
 Shakipeare, William 
 Sharp, James, archbifliop 
 ■of St. Andrew’s 378 
 
 - Dr. John 380 
 
 Shaw, Thomas *38.1 
 
 Sheffield, John, 'duke of 
 Buckinghamfliire 383 
 
 Sheldon, Gilbert 387 
 
 Shenftone, WjUiam 388 
 
 Sherburne, Sif'Edw'ard 391 
 
 Sherebatof, prince 392 
 
 Sheridan, Thomas 393 
 
 -—-- rr?in^*pQ 
 
 Sherlock,'Dr. William' 396 
 
 —:-T Dr. Thomas 397 
 
 Shirley, James 4at 
 
 vShovel, Sir Cloudefley 4^2 
 
 Sidney, Sir Philip ‘ ' 40/ 
 
 - Algernon ' * 408 
 
 Sidonius, C. Sollius Apol- 
 linaris ' 41'! 
 
 Signorelli, Luca 41.2 
 
 S-itJ^onius, Carolus ibid, 
 
 Siiiiis Italicus, Cams 413 
 
 Simon, Richard 416 
 
 Simonides^ 
 Simplicius, ' 
 
 Simplon, Thomas 
 Sirmond, James 
 Sixtus V. pope 
 Skinner, Stephen 
 Sieidan, John 
 Sloan, Sir Hans 
 Smalridge, George 
 Smith, bir Thomas » 
 
 -John 
 
 -- Dr. Thomas 
 
 - John 
 
 - Edmund 
 
 418, 
 
 419 
 
 420 
 
 425: 
 
 427 
 
 437 
 
 43S 
 
 440 
 
 442 
 
 445 
 
 44B 
 
 449 
 
 45 C> 
 
 452 
 
 458 
 
 Smollett, Tobias 
 Smyth, James. See Moore. 
 
 -Robert 462 
 
 Snyders, Francis 463 
 
 Sccinus, Marianus ibid. 
 
 Lrsiias 464 
 
 Sccinus, 
 
596 
 
 I N t) E X. 
 
 Page 
 
 Socinus, Fauftus 46^ 
 
 Socrates, 469 
 
 -- Scholafllcus 481 
 
 Solimene, Francis ^ 482 
 
 Solinus, Cains Julius 484 
 
 Solis, Antonio de ibid. 
 
 Solomon, Ben Job Jalla 48 c 
 
 Solon, 486 
 
 Somers, John Lord . 487 
 Somervile, William 490 
 
 Sommona-Codom ibid, 
 
 Somner, William 492 
 
 Sophocles 495 
 
 Soranus 498 
 
 Sorbiere, Samuel 499 
 
 South, Dr. Robert 502 
 
 Southern, Thomas 507 
 
 Sozomenus, Hermias 509 
 
 Spanheirti, Frederick 51 o 
 
 Ezekiel 511 
 
 Spondanus, Joannes 
 -Henricus 
 
 Parc 
 
 544 
 
 545 
 
 546 
 
 Spotfwood, John 
 Sprangher, Bartholomew ^48 
 Sprat, Thomas ibid. 
 
 Squire, Samuel 5^2 
 
 Stackhoufe, Thomas 5^5 
 Stanley, Thomas ibid, 
 
 - — Thomas, fon of the 
 
 above 
 
 Statius, Publius Papinius 559 
 
 501 
 
 562 
 
 570 
 
 571 
 ,572 
 ibid. 
 
 574 
 
 F rederick, brother 
 
 of Ezekiel 
 Speed, John 
 Spelman, Sir Henfy 
 Spence, Jofeph 
 Spencer, John 
 Spenl'er, Edmund 
 Sperone, Speron 
 Spinckes, Nathanael 
 Spinoza, Benedict de 
 Spon, Charles 
 — James 
 
 515 
 
 516 
 
 5»7 
 
 522 
 
 526 
 
 538 
 
 535 
 
 536 
 571 
 
 542 
 
 543 
 
 Staveley, Thomas 
 Steele, Sir Richard 
 Stella, James 
 Stephanus, Byzantinus 
 Stephens, Henry 
 
 —-- Robert 
 
 .— —— Francis 
 
 ■ ' -■ ■»— Henry, Robert, 
 and Francis, Ions of Ro¬ 
 bert ibid, 
 
 --— Robert, the an¬ 
 tiquary 577 
 
 Stepney, George 578 
 
 Sterne, Laurence 579 
 
 Sternhold, Thomas 582 
 
 Stefichorus 583 
 
 Stillinglieet, Dr. Edward 584 
 ——Benjamin 588 
 
 Stobaeus, Joannes 
 Stone, John 
 
 <92 
 
 ibid. 
 
 E N ® OF V O L. XL 
 
 
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