®jje ILibxatv ottfo fflm'bem'tp of Jlortf) Carolina Cntiotuet! &p ®fje Mahttic $f)tlatttijroptt g>ouetteg 3TT.3 ■I • v I UNIVERSITY OF N.C. AT CHAPEL HILL 10000019695 a* This BOOK may be'kes&fr-^ TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is surjfc& to a fine of FIVE CENTS a day thereafter. It friatylft out on the day indicated below: DEC 1 8 1972 ' 07 m x: - Chicago %ieiontid.,\l., 315. 3. Capt. Bailey to Col. Slaughter, from "Port Vincennes," Aug. 6, 17S1 — "Cal. of Va. State Papers," II., 338. THE COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. 3 I In the Virginia House of Delegates, a committee for courts of justice reported that the laws which would expire at the end of the session had been examined, together with certain other laws, and that a series of reso- lutions had been agreed upon by the committee. Among these resolutions was the following: "Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee, That the act of assembly, passed in the year 1778, entitled 'an act, for establishing the count)- of Illinois, and for the more effectual protec- tion and defence thereof;' which was continued and amended by a subsequent act, and will expire at the end of this present session of assembly, ought to be further continued." This report was presented and the resolu- tions agreed to by the House on November 22, 1 78 1. Three days later, a bill in accordance with the resolution was presented. The consideration of the bill in a com- mittee of the whole House was postponed from day to day until December 14, when it was considered and the question being upon engrossment and advancement to a third reading, it passed in the negative, 1 On January 5, 1782, the General Assembly adjourned, and the Count}- of Illinois ceased to exist. 2 So far as instituting a civil goverment was concerned, the county was a failure. Its military history shows a mixture of American, British, French, and Spanish efforts at mastery. The first important military operation in which the County of Illinois was concerned, after the well-known 1. "Jour. H. of Del.," Va., Oct. Sess., 17S1, 13-39. 2. Ibid., 72, 73, 74. Boyd states in "Am. Hist. Rev.," IV., 632, 635, that the county ceased to exist in 17S1. This is erroneous. Mr. Boyd's article is the most scholarly treatment of the County of Illinois which has been pub- lished. Aside from the errors as to the time of the beginning and the ending of the county, and doubtful statements as to Todd's leaving Illinois and subsequently resigning, no errors of fact have been noted. A more complete, but unpublished, article on the subject is by Or. Edith Lyle. 32 SETTLEMENT OE ILLINOIS. movements of Clark and Hamilton, was organized by the British at Detroit in compliance with a circular letter from Lord George Germain. The plan was to attack St. Louis, the French settlements near it on the east side of the Mississippi, Vincennes, Fort Nelson at the falls of the Ohio, and Kentucky. Large use was to be made of Indians, and British emissaries were busy among the tribes early in 1780. An expedition was to be led against Kentucky, while diversions should be made at outlying posts. It was thought that the reduction of St. Louis would present little difficult)-, because it was known to be unfortified, and was reported to be garrisoned by but twenty men. In addition to this, it was regarded as an easy matter to use Indians against the place from the cir- cumstance that many Indians frequented it. Less assur- ance was felt as to holding the place after it should have been captured, and to make this easier, it was proposed to appeal to the cupidity of the British fur traders. By the middle of February, a war- party had been sent out from Michilimackinac to arouse and act with the Sioux Indians, and early the next month another party was sent out to engage Indians to attack St. Louis and the Illinois towns. Seven hundred and fifty traders, servants, and Indians having been collected, on the 2d of May they started down the Mississippi, and at the lead mines, near the present Galena, seventeen Spanish and American prisoners were taken. In conjunction with this expedition, another, with a chosen band of Indians and French, was to advance by way of Chicago and the Illinois River; a third was to guard the prairies between the Wabash and the Illinois; and the chief of the Sioux was to attack St. Genevieve and Kaskaskia. 1 1. Sinclair to Haldimand, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 17, 1780 — "Mich. Pioneer Coll.," IX., 546; Same to same, May 29, 1780 — Ibid., IX., THE COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. 33 The expedition against St. Louis and the Illinois towns, as well as in its larger aspect, was not successful. It was impossible to keep it secret and as early as March, an attack was expected. Spanish and Americans joined in repulsing the intruders. Another potent element in the failure was the treachery of some of the traders who acted as leaders for the British, notably that of Ducharme and Calve, who had a lucrative trade and regarded the pros- pect of increasing it by the proposed attack as doubtful. In the last week of May, 1780, the attack on St. Louis was made. Several persons were killed, but the place was not taken. Cahokia was beleaguered for three days, but it was so well defended by George Rogers Clark that on the third night the enemy withdrew, when Clark hastened to intercept the expedition against Kentucky, while the Illi- nois and Spanish troops pursued the retreating enemy and burned the towns of the Sauk and Fox Indians. The British were much chagrined at the result of the expedi- tion, yet they resolved to continue their plan of using Indians and sending ,out several parties at once. 1 An expedition which gains much interest from the char- acter of its leader was that of Col. Augustin Mottin de la Balme. This man had been commissioned quartermaster of gendarmerie, by the authorities of Versailles, in 1766; 54S-9; Same to De Peyster, Feb. 15, 17S0 — Ibid., XIX., 500-1 ; Same to Lt.-Col. Bolton, June '4, 1780 — Ibid., XIX., 529; De Peyster to Lt.- Col. Bolton, from Detroit, June S, 17S0 — Ibid., XIX., 531-2; McKee to De Peyster, June 4, 17S0 — Ibid., XIX., 530-1 ; Bird to De Peyster, from "a day's march from the Ohio," June 3, 17S0 — Ibid., XIX., 527-9. 1. Sinclair to Bolton, from Michilimackinac, July 4, 1780 — "Mich. Pioneer Coll.," XIX., 529-30; Same to Haldimand, July 8, 1780 — Ibid., IX., 558-9; Same to same, May 29, 1780 — Ibid., IX., 54S-9; Same to De Peyster, July 30, 1780— Ibid., IX., 586; " Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XXVIII., No. 117, p. 6; Scharf to Lyman C. Draper, from Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1882 — Ibid., p. 7; Capt. John Rogers' account — Ibid, p. 3; Capt. John Murphy's account— Ibid. , VIII., 66-78; See also Ibid., XXVI. , 18. 34 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. had come to America and been recommended by Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin to the president of Con- gress, John Hancock, as a man who would be of service in training cavalry; had been breveted lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, in May, 1777; made inspector of cavalry, with the rank of colonel, in July following; and had resigned in Octo- ber of the same year. The next year, a public notice, in French with English and German translations, announced that carpenters, bakers, and some other classes of labor- ers could find shelter and employment at a workshop established by La Balme, twenty- eight miles from Phila- delphia. 1 In the summer of 17S0, La Balme went from Fort Pitt to the Illinois country. A contemporary who writes from Vincennes speaks of La Balme as a French colonel. He was regarded by the Americans with much suspicion. Capt. Dalton, the Amer- ican commander at Vincennes, whose character was later much questioned, allowed him to go among the Indians, 2 whereupon La Balme advised them to send word to the tribes which Clark was preparing to attack and to warn them of their danger. La Balme also ingratiated himself with the discontented French, asking why they did not drive "these vagabonds," the American soldiers, away, and saying that to refuse to furnish provisions was the most efficient method. "Everything he advances tends to advance the French interest and depreciate the American. The people here are easily misled; buoy'd up with the flattering hopes of being again subject to the king of France, he could easily prevail on them to drive every American out of the Place and this appears to me to be 1. "Kept, on Canadian Archives," 18SS, p. 904; "Mag. of Am. Hist.," III., 366. 2. Bentley to Clark, from Vincennes, July 30, 17S0 — "Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," L., 51. A copy, incomplete and not exact, is in Ibid., XXVI., S5. THE COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. 35 his Plan." After thoroughly stirring up the people at Vincennes, the adventurer left, with an escort of thirty French and Indians, to visit Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and St. Louis. He and Col. Montgomery, then the superior officer in Illinois, did not meet, and he received not the slightest countenance from the Spanish commandant at St. Louis. By the French inhabitants, La Balme "was received .... just as the Jews would receive the Messiah — was conducted from the post here [at Kaskas- kia] by a large detachment of the inhabitants as well as different tribes of Indians." The French in the towns near the Mississippi were so enthusiastic that La Balme had little difficulty in raising forty or fifty troops for an expedition against Detroit. Some of the American soldiers at Cahokia deserted to him, and when placed under arrest by the military authorities were rescued by a mob. On October 5, 1780, after telling the Indians to be quiet because they would see the French in Illinois in the spring, the French troops set out from Cahokia. 1 The troops from Illinois were to be joined by a body from Vincennes, but without waiting for them La Balme pushed on to the Miami towns, where he hoped to capture a British Indian trader who was especially hated by the French. The trader was not found, but his store of goods to the amount of one hundred horse- loads was seized. The expected reinforcements not arriving, La Balme felt too weak to attack Detroit and started to return. He was attacked by the Indians on the river Aboite, eleven miles southwest of the present Fort Wayne, and he and some 1. Extracts from Capt. McCarty's Journal, at Kaskaskia — "Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XXVI. , 85-6; McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780 — "Cal. of Va. State Papers," I., 380; Winston to Todd, from Kaskas- kia, Oct. 24, 1780 — Ibid, I., 381-2 ; Auguste St. Jemme, son of an inhabitant of Kaskaskia, to Lyman C. Draper — "Draper's Notes, Trip 1851," I., 4S-9 — "Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XXVI., 82. 2,6 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. thirty of his men were killed and at least one hundred horses, richly laden with plunder, were taken by the Indians. It was reported that disaffected inhabitants of Detroit had concealed five hundred stands of arms with which to assist the forces of La Balme in taking the place. Among La Balme's papers, which fell into the hands of the British and are now in the Canadian archives, were addresses, in French, by M. Mottin'de la Balme, French colonel, etc., to the French settled on the Mississippi, dated St. Louis, September 17, 1780; a declaration, in French, in the name of the inhabitants of the village of Cahokia, addressed to La Balme: "We unanimously request you to listen with a favorable ear to the declaration which we venture to present to you, touching all the bad treatment we have suffered patiently since the Virginian troops unfor- tunately arrived amongst us till now," dated Cahokia, September 21, 1 780; a note from F. Trottier, a member of the court of Cahokia, elected under the Virginia gov- ernment, to La Balme, saying that no meeting can be held until Sunday next, when he hopes the young men will show themselves worthy the high idea La Balme has of them, but that at present there are only twelve entirely determined to follow him wherever he goes, although others may follow their example, and asking La Balme to receive depositions against the Virginians, dated Cahokia, September 27, 1780; a petition, in French, addressed to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, minister plenipo- tentiary from France to the United States, by inhabitants of Post Vincennes, dated Vincennes, August 22, 1780; and a commission to Augustin Mottin de la Balme as quartermaster of gendarmerie, dated Versailles, February 23, 1/66. T The British promptly set about promoting the 1. De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780 — "Mich. Pioneer Coll.," XIX., 581 ; Same to Haldimand, Nov. 16, 1780 — /<£/' was some eighty miles long, while the latter was one hun- dred and fifty miles long. Roads of a like character connected Kaskaskia and Cahokia. 2 A party of more than one hundred and fifty, which came from Virginia to the New Design settlement in 1797, set out from the south branch of the Potomac. They came from Redstone (now Brownsville), on the Monongahela, to Fort Massac, on fiat-boats, and then by land, in twenty- one days, to New Design. The summer was wet and hot, a malignant fever broke out among the newcomers, and one- half of them died before winter. The old settlers were not affected by the fever, but they were too few to prop- erly care for so many immigrants. 3 Commerce in Illinois was in its infancy. Some cattle, 1. For Vivid accounts of journeys between the East and Ohio, giving an excellent idea of the difficulties of transit, in the period 1795 -1809, see Cutler, "Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler," 17-22, 38-41, 90-103; also, many passages in Cutler, "Life, Journals and Corr. of Rev. Manasseh Cutler." A similar journey made in 1790 is described in "St. Clair Papers," II., 164. 2. Collot, "Journey in N. A.," I., 192-3, 239. 3. " 'Father Clark,' or The Pioneer Preacher," 193. <)6 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. corn, pork, and various other commodities were sent at irregular intervals to New Orleans. 1 The fur trade was carried on much as under the French regime. Salt was made at the salt springs on Saline Creek, the labor being performed chiefly by Kentucky and Tennessee slaves under the supervision of contractors who leased the works from the United States. The contractors agreed to sell no salt at the works for more than fifty cents per bushel, but by means of silent partners to whom the entire supply was sold, the price was sometimes raised as high as two dollars per bushel. 2 The commerce of the West suffered from a lack of vessels going from New Orleans to Atlantic ports, and as a result corn sold in New Orleans at fifty cents per bushel in 1805, while in some of the Atlantic ports it sold for more than two dollars. At the same time the West had a good crop, and Kentucky alone could have spared five hundred thousand bushels of corn, if it could have been shipped. 3 To secure laborers was difficult. A petition of 1796 said that farm laborers could not be secured for less than one dollar per day, exclusive of washing, lodging, and boarding; that every kind of tradesman was paid from one dollar and a half to two dollars per day, and that at these prices laborers were scarce. Labor was cheaper on the Spanish side of the Mississippi, because of the larger proportion of slaves. 4 These wages were doubtless high in comparison with those paid in the East, just as the one dollar per day and board paid at the Galena lead mines in 1. Schultz, "Travels on an Inland Voyage," II., 3S. 2. Cuming, "Sketches of a Tour," 245; Schultz, "Travels on an Inland Voyage," I., 199; Moses, "Illinois," I., 265. 3. "Annals of Cong.," 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew Lyon of Kentucky. 4. "Pub. Lands," I., 69; "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 44S. OBSTACLES TO IMMIGRATION. 97 17SS was more than double the wages then paid in New England,' but an Illinois price list of 1795 shows that the wages of 1796 were by no means comparable to those of today in purchasing power. Making shoes was two dollars per pair; potatoes were one dollar per bushel; brandy, one dollar per quart; corn, one dollar per bushel. 2 Among the early difficulties in the way of settlement, one of the most persistent was the presence of prairies. This is by no means far-fetched, although it sounds so to modern ears. In 1786, Monroe wrote to Jefferson con- cerning the Northwest Territory: "A great part of the territory is miserably poor, especially -that near Lakes Michigan and Erie, and that upon the Mississippi and the Illinois consists of extensive plains which have not had, from appearances, and will not have, a single bush on them for ages. The districts, therefore, within which these fall will never contain a sufficient number of inhabitants to entitle them to membership in the confederacy." 3 Some of the most fertile of the Illinois prairies were not settled until far into the nineteenth century. The false prophets of the early days will be judged less harshly if we recall that wood was then a necessity, that no railroads and few roads existed, that wells now in use in prairie regions are much deeper than the early settlers could dig, and that the vast quantities of coal under the surface of Illinois were undiscovered. As causes for the fact that more than a quarter of a century after the Revolution, Illinois had a population estimated at only eleven thousand, may be sugg'ested the 1. Ethelbert Stewart, "A Few Notes for an Industrial Hist, of 111.," in "Pub. No. 8 of the 111. Hist. Lib.," 120. 2. "Draper Coll., 111. MSS.," 73, 74. Original accounts of Wm. Biggs, high sheriff of the county of St. Clair in the N.-W. Ter. 3. Hamilton, "Writings of James Monroe," I., 117. 98 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. presence of hostile Indians; the inability of settlers to secure a title to their land; the unsettled condition of the slavery question; the great distance from the older por- tions of the United States and from any market; the fact that Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana had vast quantities of unoccupied land more accessible to emigrants than was Illinois; the danger and the cost of moving; privation incident to a scanty population, such as lack of roads, schools, churches and mills; the existence of large prairies in Illinois. To remove or mitigate these difficulties was still the problem of Illinois settlers. On some of them a beginning had been made before 1809, but none were yet removed. CHAPTER IV. Illinois During Its Territorial Period 1809 to 181 8. I. The Land and Indian Questions. PROBABLY nothing affected settlement in Illinois from 1809 to 18 18 more profoundly than did changes in the land question, for during this period Congress passed important acts relative to land sales, and this was also the period of the first sales of public lands in the territory. It seems strange that such sales should have been so long delayed, yet the settlement of French claims, although begun by the Governor of the Northwest Territory at an early day, and continued by commissioners authorized by Congress and appointed in 1804, was incomplete when Illinois became a separate territory, and the United States government adhered to its policy of selling no land in the territory until the claims were finally adjudicated. When a list of decisions reported by the commissioners to Con- gress late in 1809 was confirmed in the following May, 1 and the next year a long list of rejected claims arising chiefly from the work of professional falsifiers, was reported, 2 it seemed probable that the work was nearing completion, but a final settlement was still delayed, and the long- suffering Illinois squatters were bitterly disappointed when, in February, 18 12, in accordance with a resolution pre- sented by the Committee on Public Lands, Congress made provision for the appointment of a committee to revise the confirmations made by the Governor years before. 3 The 1. "Statutes at Large," II., 607. 2. "Pub. Lands," II., 123. 3. "Statutes at Large," II., 677; "Pub. Lands," II. ,254-5, 257-8, 210-41. 99 100 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. first legislature of Illinois met in the succeeding Novem- ber, and adopted a memorial to Congress in which it was pointed out that the establishment of a land -office in the territory, several years before, had led to the opinion that the public land would soon be sold, and that because of this opinion those who constituted the majority of the inhabitants of the territory had been induced to settle, hoping that they would have an opportunity to purchase land before they should have made such improvements as would tempt the competition of avaricious speculators. The fulfillment of this hope having been long deferred, many squatters had now made valuable improvements which they were in danger of losing, either at the public sales of land or through the designs of the few specu- lators who had bought from the needy and unbusinesslike French most of the unlocated claims. For the relief of the squatters a law was desired that would permit actual settlers to enter the land on which their improvements stood, and requiring persons holding unlocated claims to locate them on unimproved lands lying in the region designated by Congress for that purpose. It was also hoped that as Congress had given one hundred acres of land to each regular soldier, as much would be granted to each member of the Illinois militia, since the militiaman had not only fought as bravely as the regular, but had also furnished his own supplies. If such a donation was not made it was hoped that a right of preemption would be given to the militia, or failing even this, that they might be given the right, legally, to collect from anyone entering their land, the value of their improvements. 1 In proof of the fact stated in the memorial, that speculators had bought many French claims, it may be noted that William Mor- i. "Territorial Records of 111.," ("Pub. of 111. State Hist. Lib.," No. III., 109-10). TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 101 rison had ninety-two of the claims granted at Kaskaskia, his affirmed claims comprising more than eighteen thousand acres, exclusive of a large number of claims measured in French units, while John Edgar received a satisfactory- report on claims aggregating more than forty thousand acres, in addition to a number of claims previously affirmed to him. 1 A few days after preparing the above memorial, the legislature prepared an address to Congress, in which reference was made to the arrangement made between Congress and Ohio by the Act of April 30, 1802, granting to Ohio two salt springs on condition that the state should agree not to tax such public lands as should be sold within her borders, until after five years from the date of sale. Illinois wished in similar fashion to gain control of the salt springs on Saline creek. The Illinois delegate in Congress was instructed that if the bargain could not be made, he should attempt to secure an appropriation for opening a road from Shawneetown to the Saline and thence to Kas- kaskia. It was also desired that the Secretary of the Treasury should authorize the designation of the college township reserved by the Ordinance of 1787 and by the Act of 1804, and because "labor in this Territory is abun- dant, and laborers at this time extremely scarce," it was hoped that slaves from Kentucky or elsewhere might be employed at the salines for a period of not more than three years, after which they should return to their mas- ters. 2 Each prayer of this address was granted. The enabling act and the Illinois constitution ceded the salt springs to the state and agreed that public lands sold in 1. "'Pub. Lands," II., 157-81, 210-41. 2. "Territorial Records of 111.," ("Pub. of the 111. State Hist. Lib.," No. III., 118-20); "Statutes at Large," II., 175; "Annals of Cong." (ed. 1853), I2lh Cong., III., 883, 1011, 1015. 102 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Illinois should be exempt from taxation for five years from date of sale; the Illinois Constitution provided for the employment of slaves at the salt works; an act provided for the location of the college township; and in 1816 the making of the desired road was authorized, although at the beginning of 18 18 the route had been merely surveyed and mapped. 1 The memorial which preceded the address was also in large measure successful. An act of February, 18 13, granted to the squatters in Illinois the right of preempting a quarter section, each, of the lands they occupied, and of entering the land upon the payment of one -twentieth of the purchase money, as was then required in private sales. 2 This act was of prime importance. For more than thirty years settlers in Illinois had improved their lands at the risk of losing them. Since the appointment, in 1804, of commissioners to settle the French land claims, the settlers had been expecting the public lands, including those they occupied, to be offered for sale; thus it was inevitable that anxiety concerning the right of preemption should increase as the settlement of claims neared completion, and con- temporaries record that the inability to secure land titles seriously retarded settlement; 3 now, however, the granting of the right of preemption, before any public lands in Illinois were offered for sale, ended the long suspense of the settlers. Years before this, Kentucky, now selling its public lands at twenty cents per acre, had passed liberal preemption laws, and they were repeatedly renewed, 4 facts which increased the anxiety of Illinois. 1. "State Papers," 15th Cong., 1st Sess.,IIL, No. 61, p. 6; Poore, "Char- ters and Constitutions," Pt. I., 436, 438, 445; "Statutes at Large," III., 318. 2. "Statutes at Large," II., 797. 3. Reynolds, "Illinois— My Own Times," 156. 4. Littell, "Laws of Ky.," I., 430; "Acts of 1811" (Ky.), 213-15; "Acts of 1816" (Ky.), 107; "Acts of 1817" (Ky.), 326. TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 103 Year after year the settlement of land claims dragged on, thus delaying the sales of land. 1 In an official report of December, 181 3, it is stated that: "In the Territory of Illinois, two land-offices are directed by law to be opened; one at Kaskaskia, the other at Shawneetown, so soon as the private claims and donations are all located, and the lands surveyed, which are in great forwardness." 2 A tract of land was set apart in April, 18 14, to satisfy the claims recommended by the commissioners for confirmation. 3 A report of November, 18 15, said that the commissioners hoped to open the land- office at Kaskaskia on May 15, 18 16; and finally, in a report on the public lands sold from October 1, 1815, to September 30, 1816, we find that about thirty- four thousand acres have been sold at Shawneetown and somewhat less than thirteen thousand acres at Kas- kaskia, the price at the latter place being precisely the two dollars per acre which was then the minimum, while that at Shawneetown was slightly higher, 4 presumably due to the sale of town lots, which had been authorized in 1810, although no sales took place earlier than 1814. 5 The long delay in opening the land-offices in Illinois was fatal to an early settlement of the region, because the old states had public lands which they offered for sale at low rates, thus depriving Illinois of a fair chance as a competitor. In 1779 Kentucky granted to each family which had settled before January 1, 1778, the right of preemption — four hundred acres if no improvement had been made and one thousand acres if a hut had been built. The preemptor, by a law of 17S6, was to pay 13s. 1. "Pub. Lands," III., 2. 2. Ibid., II., 873-4. 3. "Statutes at Large," III., 125. 4. "State Papers," II., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., folio. Other volumes of the same number and session are quarto. 5. "Statutes at Large, " II., 591 ; III., 113; "Pub. Lands," II., 873-4. 104 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. /\d. per one hundred acres. 1 In 1 781 the sheriffs of Lincoln, Fayette, and Jefferson counties, Virginia, were authorized to survey not more than four hundred acres for each poor family in Kentucky, for which- twenty shillings per one hundred acres should be paid within two and one -half years. 2 In 1 791 more than three and one-half millions of acres were sold in New York at eight pence per acre, while many thousands of acres in addition were sold for less than four shillings per acre — many for less than two shillings. 3 Pennsylvania offered homestead claims, in 1702. at seven pounds ten shillings per hundred acres. 4 In December, 1796, Kentucky sheriffs were ordered to sell no more land for taxes until directed by the legislature to do so. 5 In 1800, and again in 18 12, Kentucky offered land at twenty cents per acre, and in 1820 at fifteen cents per acre, 6 while during the interval preemption acts were repeatedly passed. 7 Land in Tennessee sold at from twelve and one-half to twenty-five cents per acre in 1814, and in 1 8 19 at fifty cents. 8 In 1 8 16 various classes of claimants were given increased facilities and an extension of time for locating their claims in Illinois. The business of satisfying claims was to linger 1. Littell, "Laws of Ky.," I., 395-7, 456. 2. Ibid., I., 430. 3. O'Callaghan, "Doc. Hist, of N. Y.," III., 1069-S3, quarto; 649-57, folio. 4. Agnew, "Settlement and Land Titles of N.-W. Pa.," 1 18- 19. See also "Jour, of H. of R." (Pa.), 1792 -1794, first page of second appendix to record of 1st Sess. of 3d House; ibid., first page of second appendix to record of 1st Sess. of 4th House; Sergeant, "View of the Land Laws of Pa., with Notices of Its Early Hist, and Legislation," passim. 5. Littell, "Laws of Ky.," I., 516. 6. Ibid., II., 420-2 ; "Actsof 1811" (Ky.), 213-15 ; "Acts of 1817" (Ky.), 554; "Actsof 1819" (Ky.), 832. 7. "Acts of 1816" (Ky.), 107; "Acts of 1817" (Ky.), 326. 8. Phelan, "Hist, of Tenn.," 303. Quoted from Jones, "The Chickasaw Country Lately Ceded to the U. S." (1819). WD/AN CESSIONS /309- I GIG TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 105 for years, but with the opening of the land-offices it ceased to be a potent factor in retarding settlement. 1 One writer says of Illinois: "The public lands have rarely sold for more than five dollars per acre, at auction. Those sold at Edwardsville in October, 18 16, averaged four dollars. Private sales at the land -office are fixed by law, at two dollars per acre. The old French locations command various prices, from one to fifty dollars. Titles derived from the United States government are always valid, and those from individuals rarely false." At this time emigrants were going in large numbers to Missouri, and the Illinois river country, not yet relieved of its Indian title, was being explored. 7 Reports concerning the sales of public lands give the quantity of land sold in Illinois toward the close of the territorial period, the figures for 18 17 and 18 18 being as follows: , Total balance due : , Acres in 1817. Acres in 1818. Jan. 1, 1818. Sept. 30, 1818. Shawneetown, 72,384 216,315 $291,429 $ 6$~,46S Kaskaskia, 90,493 121,052 209,295 406,288 Edwardsville, 5 149,165 121,923 301,701 451,49c/? . ' 312,042 459,290 $802,425 $1,495,255 The percentage of debt showed a marked increase in the first nine months of 18 18. There were received in three- quarters of 18 1 7 and 1818, respectively: 1. "Statutes at Large," III., 307; "Pub. Lands," II., 741; III., 1-5, 384-5- 2. Brown, "Western Gazetteer, or Emigrants' Directory" (181 7), 53. 3. White, "Descendants of John Walker," 45S-9, 461. 4. "State Papers," No. 52, 15th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. Hundredths of acres and cents are omitted from the tables. The figures for Shawneetown cover the periods from Jan. 1 to Sept. 30; those for the other offices, from Ian. 1 to Aug. 31. 5. A land-office was established at Edwardsville by an act of Apr. 29, 1S16. 9 106 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. 1817. 1818. At Shawneetown $32,837 $1 12,759 At Kaskaskia 41,218 68,975 At Edwardsville 41,426 78,788 During this same period the receipts at Steubenville, Marietta, and Wooster, Ohio, decreased, 1 showing that Illinois was beginning to surpass Ohio as an objective point for emigrants wishing to enter land. The Indian question was interwoven with the land question during the territorial period. In 1809 the Indians relinquished their claim to .some small tracts of land lying near the point where the Wabash ceases to be a state boundary line. 2 No more cessions were made until after the war of 18 12. Although the population of Illinois increased, during the territorial period, from some eleven thousand to about forty thousand, the increase before the war was slight, and thus it came about that during the war the few whites were kept busy defending themselves from the large and hostile Indian population. So well does the manner of defence in Illinois illustrate the frontier char- acter of the region that a sketch of the same may be given. When, in 18 II, the Indians became hostile and murdered a few whites, the condition of the settlers was precarious in the extreme. Today the term city would be almost a favor to a place containing no more inhabitants than were then to be found in the white settlements in Illinois. Moreover, few as were the whites, they were dispersed in a long half- oval extending from a point on the Mississippi near the present Alton southward to the Ohio, and thence up that river and the Wabash to a point considerably north of Vincennes. This fringe of settlement was but a few miles 1. "Pub. Lands," III., 405. 2.- "Indian Aff. ," I., 761-2; iSth An. Kept, of the Bureau of Ethnol- ogy," Pt. 2, 678; Nos. 73, 74, Plate CXXIV. See map of Indian cessions. TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 107 wide in some places, while so sparse was the population near the mouth of the Ohio that the communication between northern and southern Indians was unchecked. Carlyle was regarded as the extreme eastern boundary of settlements to the westward; a fort on Muddy River, near where the old Fort Massac trace crossed the stream, was considered as one of the most exposed situations; and Fort La Motte, on a creek of the same name above Vin- cennes, was a far northern point. The exposed outside was some hundreds of miles long, and the interior and north were occupied by ten times as many hostile savages as there were whites in the country, the savages being given counsel and ammunition by the British garrisons on the north. 1 Under conditions then existing, aid from the United States could be expected only in the event of dire necessity. Stout frontiersmen were almost ready to seek refuge in flight, but no general exodus took place, although in Feb- ruary, 18 1 2, Governor Edwards wrote to the Secretary of War: "The alarms and apprehensions of the people are becoming so universal, that really I should not be sur- prised if we should, in three months, lose more than one- half of our present population. In places, in my opinion, entirely out of danger, many are removing. In other parts, large settlements are about to be totally deserted. Even in my own neighborhood, several families have removed, and others are preparing to do so in a week or two. A few days past, a gentleman of respectability arrived here from Kentucky, and he informed me that he saw on the road, in one day, upwards of twenty wagons conveying families out of this Territory. Every effort to check the prevalence of such terror seems to be ineffectual, and although much of it is unreasonably indulged, yet it is very certain the Territory will very shortly be in considerable 1. Reynolds, "Illinois — My Own Times, " 81-4. 108 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. danger. Its physical force is very inconsiderable, and is growing weaker, while it presents numerous points of attack." 1 To the first feeling of fear succeeded a determination to hold the ground. Before the middle of 1812, Governor Edwards had established Fort Russell, a few miles north- west of the present Edwardsville, bringing to this place, which was to be his headquarters, the cannon which Louis XIV. had had placed in Fort Chartres; 2 and two volunteer companies had been raised, and had "ranged to a great distance — principally between the Illinois and the Kas- kaskia rivers, and sometimes between the Kaskaskia and the Wabash— always keeping their line of march never less than one and sometimes three days' journey outside of all the settlements" 3 — which incidentally shows what great unoccupied regions still existed even in the southern part of Illinois. As the rangers furnished their own sup- plies, the two companies went out alternately for periods of fifteen days. Sometimes the company on duty divided, one part marching in one direction and the other in the opposite, in order to produce the greatest possible effect upon the Indians. Settlers on the frontier — and that comprised a large proportion of the population — "forted themselves," as it was then expressed. Where a few families lived near each other, one of the most substantial houses was fortified, and here the community staid at night, and in case of imminent danger in the daytime as well. Isolated outlying families left their homes and retired to the nearest fort. Such places of refuge were numerous and many were the attacks which they success- fully withstood. 1. Edwards, "Hist, of 111. and Life of Ninian Edwards," 301. 2. Reynolds, "Illinois — My Own Times," S2. 3. Edwards, "Hist, of 111. and Life of Ninian Edwards," 329. TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 1 09 Rangers and frontier forts were used with much effect, but the great dispersion of settlement and the large num- bers of Indians combined to make it wholly impossible to make such means of defence entirely adequate. In August, 18 1 2, the Governor wrote to the Secretary of War: "The principal settlements of this Territory being on the Mis- sissippi, are at least one hundred and fifty miles from those of Indiana, and immense prairies intervene between them. There can, therefore, be no concert of operations for the protection of their frontiers and ours. . . . No troops of any kind have yet arrived in this Territory, and I think you may count on hearing of a bloody stroke upon us very soon. I have been extremely reluctant to send my family away, but, unless I hear shortly of more assistance than a few rangers, I shall bury my papers in the ground, send my family off, and stand my ground as long as possible." 1 The "bloody stroke" predicted by the Governor fell on the garrison at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands. Some regular troops were subsequently sent to the terri- tory, but the war did not lose its frontier character. One of the most characteristic features was that troops some- times set out on a campaign of considerable length, in an uninhabited region, without any baggage train and practi- cally without pack horses, the men carrying their provisions on their horses, and the horses living on wild grass. 2 Unflagging energy was shown by the settlers, several effective campaigns being carried on, and by the close of 1814 the war was closed in Illinois. 3 Extinction of Indian titles to land was retarded by the war and also by the policy of the United States, which was expressed by Secretary of War Crawford, in 18 16, as fol- 1. Edwards, "Hist, of 111. and Life of Ninian Edwards," 335. 2. Reynolds, "Illinois — My Own Times," 86- 7. 3. Ibid., 102. 110 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. lows: "The determination to purchase land only when demanded for settlement will form the settled policy of the Government. Experience has sufficiently proven that our population will spread over any cession, however extensive, before it can be brought into market, and before there is any regular and steady demand for settlement, thereby increasing the difficulty of protection, embarrass- ing the Government by broils with the natives, and rendering the execution of the laws regulating intercourse with the Indian tribes utterly impracticable." 1 Some progress, however, was made in extinguishing Indian titles during the territorial period after the close of the war. In 1816, several tribes confirmed the cession of 1804 of land lying south of an east and west line passing through the southern point of Lake Michigan, and ceded a route for an Illinois- Michigan canal. 2 At Edwardsville, on Sep- tember 25, 1 8 18, the Peoria, Kaskaskia, Michigamia, Caho- kia, and Tamarois ceded a tract comprising most of southern and much of central Illinois. 3 The significance of this cession would have been immense had it not been that it was made by weak tribes, while the powerful Kickapoo still claimed and held all that part of the ceded tract lying north of the parallel of 39° — a little to the north of the mouth of the Illinois river. This Kickapoo claim included the fertile and already famous Sangamon country, in which the state capital was eventually to be located, and squatters were pressing hard upon the Indian 1. "Indian Aff.," II., 99. 2. "Indian Aff.," II., 95-6; "18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology," Pt. 2, 680-3, No. 77, Plate CXXV., and No. 78, Plate CXXIV. See map of Indian cessions. 3. "Indian Aff," II., 167; "iSth An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology," Pt. 2, 692-3 ; No. 96a, Plate CXXIV. See also No. 48 on the same plate, and No. 77, Plate CXXV. See map of Indian cessions. TERRITORIAL PERIOD. I I I frontier, yet the Indians still held the land when Illinois became a state. During the territorial period, Illinois gained the long- sought right of preemption; the French claims ceased to retard settlement; some progress was made in the extinc- tion of Indian titles, and the sale of public land was begun. The new state was to find the Indian question a pressing one, and some changes in the land system were yet desired, but the crucial point was passed. II. Territorial Government of Illinois 1809 TO 18 18. The act for the division of Indiana Territory provided that Illinois, during the first stage of its territorial exist- ence, should have a government similar to that of the Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787. In 1809 there were in Illinois two distinct and hostile parties, which had been formed on questions arising in Indiana Territory before division. It was with sound judgment, therefore, that the President, going outside of Illinois, appointed as Governor, Ninian Edwards of Kentucky, a native of Maryland, who successfully resisted all efforts to involve him in party quarrels. 1 Laws for the government of the territory were to be chosen by the Governor and the judges from the laws of the states. The judges were Jesse B. Thomas and William Sprigg, natives of Maryland, and Alexander Stuart, a native of Virginia. It is worthy of note that of the twelve laws chosen before the meeting of the first territorial 1. "Territorial Records of 111.," ("Pub. of the 111. Hist. Lib.," No. III., 3, 6, 7)- 112 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. legislature, five were from Kentucky, three from Georgia, two from Virginia, one from South Carolina, and one from Pennsylvania. 1 A people practically southern in origin was being governed by officials from the south under southern laws. Illinois entered the second grade of territorial govern- ment in 1812, electing its first legislature in October. 2 In the preceding May, Congress had passed an act making radical and most important extensions in the suffrage in Illinois, over that which had been prescribed by the Ordi- nance of 1787. The new provision was: "Every free white male person who shall have attained the age of twenty- one years, and who shall have paid a county or territorial tax, and who shall have resided one year in said Territory previous to any general election, and be at the time of any such election a resident thereof, shall be entitled to vote for members of the Legislative Council and House of Representatives of the said Territory." Each county was to elect one member of the Legislative Council, to serve for four years. The territorial delegate to Congress was also made elective by the citizens. 3 One has but to con- sider what a complete revolution this act brought about to appreciate its great significance. Previously the Legisla- tive Council had been appointive by the President of the United States, from nominees of the territorial House of Representatives, the nominees being twice the number 1. "Territorial Records of 111." ("Pub. of the 111. Hist. Lib.," No. III., 10-19). Of the thirty- eight laws selected by the Governor and judges in the Northwest Territory, three were from the codes of southern states ; of the fifteen so selected in Indiana Territory, thirteen were from southern codes — "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pamphlets," No. I., 16; contained in Vol. 2 of "Publica- tions. " Illinois was thus most southern of the three. 2. "Territorial Records of 111." ("Pub. of the 111. Hist. Lib., "No. III., 23, 26-7). 3. "Statutes at Large," II., 741-2. TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 113 necessary; the delegate to Congress had not been chosen by popular vote; and a freehold qualification for the elective franchise had obtained. Early petitions show how much the people complained of a landed aristocracy, 1 and letters written by Governor Edwards early in 18 12 show how well founded was the complaint. No preemption act had yet been passed, and of the more than twelve thousand inhabitants of Illinois some two hundred and twenty pos- sessed a freehold of fifty acres, thus giving the balance of power, if the territory should enter the second grade under the old provision, to one hundred and eleven persons. Nearly one- third of the entire population lived either near the Ohio or between it and the Kaskaskia, and among them there were not more than three or four freeholders, and not one who possessed two hundred acres — the necessary qualification for a representative. With no public lands yet offered for sale, with no right of preemption, with a freehold qualification for the suffrage, this law enfranchising squatters was of prime importance. 2 The first legislature had few French members, and was apparently southern in nativity. 3 After more than three 1. "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 461-70. 2. Edwards, "Hist, of 111. and Life of Ninian Edwards," 296, 306. 3. "Territorial Records of 111." ("Pub. of 111. Hist. Lib.," No. III., 62, S6). Legislative Council. Nativity. County. Territorial Judges. Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph. Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland. Alexander Stuart, Virginia. William Sprigg, Maryland. Territorial Secretaries. Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky. Joseph Philips, Tennessee. Delegates in Congress. Term. Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14. Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov 14 1S14-16. Nathan'l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1S16-18. Governor. Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809- 181 8. Officers other than members are added to the above in order to emphasize the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New England was not yet a factor in Illinois politics. Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair. Sam'l Judy, Swiss or Md. Madison. Thos. Ferguson, Johnson. Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin. House of Reps. Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph. Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair. Jacob Short, St. Clair. Rev. Wm. Jones N. C, Madison. Philip Trammel], Gallatin. Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin. John Grammar, Johnson. I 14 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. years and a half of legislation by the Governor and judges, the inhabitants at last had an elective legislature. The journals of the two houses indicate that the belief that had been expressed in petitions to Congress some years before that such a body would provide an efficient govern- ment, was well founded. The laws passed were eminently practical for the frontier conditions under which they were to operate. 1 A man contemplating settlement in Illinois could now be sure that he would be governed by Illinois men whom he had a share in electing. The rude character of the facilities for transportation is indicated by the fact that the earlier laws of the territory deal with ferries only rarely and with bridges not at all, while as time progresses and population increases, ferries multiply and bridges begin to be constructed. By 1817-18 the desire for banks and for internal improvements, which was to be disastrous to the state at a later period, began to show itself. As examples, the Bank of Cairo and the Illinois Navigation Company will suffice. Nine men pur- chased the low peninsula lying near the junction of the Ohio and the Mississippi, and were incorporated by "An Act to Incorporate the City and Bank of Cairo." A site for a city comprising at least two thousand lots, with streets eighty feet wide, was to be laid out. The lots were to be sold at one hundred and fifty dollars each and were to be not less than one hundred and twenty by sixty- six feet in size. Of the purchase money, two -thirds should go into the stock of the Bank of Cairo, and one- third to a fund to build dykes to keep the city from being flooded. 2 Considering the time and the location, the scheme was utterly impracticable "An Act to Incor- 1. " Territorial Records of Illinois" ('' Pub. of the 111. Hist. Lib.,'' No. III., 62-170). 2. "Laws of 111. Ter., 1S17-1S,'' pp. 72-82 ; Ibid., 1S15-16, p. 44. TERRITORIAL PERIOD. I I 5 porate the Stockholders of the Illinois Navigation Com- pany" authorized the formation of a company with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars, for the purpose of cutting a canal through the peninsula between the Ohio and the Mississippi. Within twelve years a canal suffi- ciently large for the passage of a vessel of twenty tons burden should be completed. The company was given the right of eminent domain. 1 Here again the character of the project was unsuited to existing conditions. Popu- lation was increasing rapidly at the time these laws were passed, but they required for their success an increase much more rapid. They were, however, pleasing to the settlers and the prospective settlers of the day. On January 16, 18 18, Mr. Pope, of Illinois, was appointed chairman of a select committee to consider a petition from the Illinois legislature praying for a state govern- ment. One week later the committee reported a bill to enable Illinois to form such a government, and to admit the state into the union. When the enabling act came up for discussion, Mr. Pope offered the amendment which changed the northern boundary of Illinois from a line due west from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, as provided by the Ordinance of 1787, to a line running from that lake to the Mississippi on the parallel of 42" 30'. "The object of this amendment, Mr. Pope said, was to gain, for the proposed state, a coast on Lake Michigan. This would offer additional security to the perpetuity of the union, inasmuch as the state would thereby be con- nected with the states of Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, through the lakes. The facility of opening a canal between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River, said Mr. Pope, is acknowledged by every one who has visited the place. Giving to the proposed state the port of Chicago 1. "Laws of 111. Ter., 1 Si 7- 18, "pp. 57-64. Il6 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. (embraced in the proposed limits), will draw its attention to the opening of the communication between the Illinois River and that place, and the improvement of that harbor. It was believed, he said, upon good authority, that the line of separation between Indiana and Illinois would strike Lake Michigan south of Chicago, and not pass west of it, as had been supposed by some geographers . . . ." Although an avowed violation of the Ordinance of 1787, the amendment was adopted without division or recorded debate. Mr. Pope also secured an amendment to the effect that the state's proportion of the proceeds of the sales of public lands, instead of being applied to the making of roads and canals in the state, should be used in making roads leading to the state, and for the encour- agement of learning, two- fifths being applied to the former purpose. Pope pointed out that people would build roads as they needed them, much more readily than they would supply schools, and that waste school lands in a new country would produce slight revenue. Subsequent history of the state justified both statements. The enabling act met with little opposition and was signed by President Monroe on April 18, 18 18. 1 One of the provisions of the enabling act was that, in order to become a state, Illinois must have as many as forty thousand inhabitants. In anticipation of such a provision, the territorial legislature had passed a law in January, 1818, providing that a census of the territory should be taken between April 1 and June 1. A supple- mental act provided that as a great increase in population might be expected between June 1 and December, census takers should continue to take the census in their districts 1. "Annals of Cong.," 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 1677, 1738; "H. J.," 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 151, 174; Benton, "Abridgment of Debates in Cong.," VI., 173; "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," XL, 494-501. TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 117 of all who should remove into them between June 1 and December 1. The law as framed gave an opportunity to count not only immigrants, but to re-count all who moved from one county to another (such moving being common), and to count in each successive county persons passing through the state. There is no reasonable doubt that at the time the census was taken, the territory had fewer than forty thousand inhabitants. Dana gives a census of 18 18, in which the number is given as thirty- four thousand six hundred and sixty-six, and adds: "Another enumeration having been taken a few months after, the amount of population returned was forty thou- sand one hundred and fifty-six, which exceeded the number entitling the territory to become a state." 1 In August, 1818, the Constitution of Illinois was com- pleted. Its provisions most likely to influence settlement were those concerning the elective franchise and slaver}'. It provided that "In all elections, all white male inhabitants above the age of twenty- one years, having resided in the state six months next preceding the election, shall enjoy the right of an elector; but no person shall be entitled to vote except in the county or district in which he shall actually reside at the time of the election." Slaves could not hereafter be brought into the state, but existing slavery was not abolished, and existing indentures — and some were for ninety- nine years — should be carried out, although future indentures should not run for a longer term than one year. Male children of slaves or indentured servants should be free at the age of twenty- one, and females at eighteen. Slaves from other states could be employed only at the Saline Creek salt works, and there only until 1825. 2 1. "Statutes at Large," III., 42S; "Laws of 111. Ter.," 1S17- iS, pp. 42-5 ; Dana, "Sketches of Western Country,'' 1S19, 153; "Xiles' Register, " XIV., 359 (July !§> 1818); Babcock, "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 99. 2. Poore, "Charters and Constitutions," Pt. I., 442, 445. Of the members Il8 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. During the congressional debate on the acceptance of the Illinois Constitution, objection to admitting the state was made on the ground that the number of inhabitants was doubtful, and that slavery was not distinctly prohibited, Tallmadge, of New York, who later wished to restrict slavery in Missouri, being the chief objector. The state was admitted, however, and on December 4, 18 18, the rep- resentatives and senators from Illinois took their seats in Congress. 1 Between 1809 and 18 18, Illinois passed from a non- representative territorial government to a liberal state government. The energy of the settlers had done much to hasten the change, and the change, in turn, did much to hasten settlement. IV. Transportation and Settlement, 1809 TO 1818. AT the close of the War of 18 12, an unparalleled emigra- -^j- tion to the frontiers of the United States began. Con- temporary accounts speak of its great volume. "Through New York and down the Alleghany River is now the track of many emigrants from the east to the west. Two hundred and sixty waggons have passed a certain house on this route in nine days, besides many persons on horseback and on foot. The editor of the Gennessee of the Constitutional Convention of Illinois whose nativity has been learned, ten were natives of the South, two were natives of Illinois born of southern parents, two were Irishmen from the South, and five were natives of the North. New England was represented by one man, John Messinger, a son- in-law of Matthew Lyon. 1. "Annals of Cong.," 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 305-11 ; "Statutes at Large," III., 536. TRANSPORTATION AND SETTLEMENT. I 19 Farmer observes, that he himself met on the road to Hamilton a cavalcade of upwards of twenty waggons, containing one company of one hundred and sixteen persons, on their way to Indiana, and all from one town in the district of Maine. So great is the emigration to Illinois and Missouri also, that it is apprehended that many must suffer for want of provisions the ensuing winter." 1 "Nothing more strongly proves the superiority of the western territory than the vast emigration to it from the eastern and southern states; during the eighteen months previous to April, 1S16, fifteen thousand waggons passed over the bridge at Cayuga, containing emigrants to the western country." 2 "Old America seems to be break- ing up, and moving westward. . . . The number of emigrants who passed this way [St. Clairsville, Ohio], was greater last year than in any preceding; and the present spring they are still more numerous than the last. Fourteen waggons yesterday, and thirteen today, have gone through this town. Myriads take their course down the Ohio. The waggons swarm with children. I heard today of three together, which contain forty-two of these young citizens." 3 From Hamilton, New York: "It is estimated, that there are now in this village and its vicinity, three hundred families, besides single travellers, amounting in all to fifteen hundred souls, waiting for a rise of water to embark for 'the promised land.' " 4 "The numerous companies of emi- grants that flock to this country, might appear, to those who have not witnessed them, almost incredible. But there is scarce a day, except when the river is impeded with ice, but what there is a greater or less number of 1. "Niles' Register," XIII., 1S17, 224. 2. Kingdom, "America and the British Colonies," 1816, 17. 3. Birkbeck, "Journey from Va. to 111.," 1817, 25, 29. 4. Wright, "Letters from the West, or, A Caution to Emigrants," 1818, 1. 120 SETTLEMENT OE ILLINOIS. boats to be seen floating down its gentle current, to some place of destination. No less than five hundred families stopped at Cincinnati at one time, and many of them having come a great distance, and being of the poorer class of people, before they could provide for themselves, were in a suffering condition; but to the honor of the citizens of Cincinnati, they raised a donation and relieved their dis- tress." 1 Of the remote districts, Missouri and Michigan were receiving crowds of immigrants. 2 The changes in government and in the land question in Illinois were typical of changes in other frontier regions, but although worthy of note as helping to make a more attractive place for settlement, they are by no means sufficient to account for the great migration to the west- ward. Why that migration took place and how it was accomplished are interesting and important questions. Emigration from New England resulted largely from financial and industrial disorganization caused by the close of the war, and a year of such continued cold weather as to produce a famine. This movement was interesting, dramatic, and large in volume, but its influence upon Illinois was slight, because the tide was stayed to the east- ward of that state. 3 Migration from the South was also large, and it was from this source that most of the immi- i. Harding, "Tour through the Western Country," 1818-19, 5. 2. "Am. Mag. and Review,"' III., 1S1S, 152; I., 1S17, 473. 3. Goodrich, "Recollections of a Life Time," II., 7S ff. ; Birkbeck, "Jour- ney from Va. to 111.," 1817, 25; " Va. Patriot," Sept. 7, 21, 1S16; Varney, "A Brief Hist, of Me.," 239; Abbott, "Hist, of Me.," 424; Williamson, "Hist, of Me.," II., 664-6; Sanborn, "Hist, of N. H," 265; Whitoo, "Hist, of N. H.," 1S8; Barstow, "Hist, of N. H.," 392; Thompson, "Hist, of the State of Vt.," 1S33, 222 ; same, 1S53, Pt. I., 20; Hoskins, " Hist, of the State of Vt.," 232; Wilbur, "Early Hist, of Vt.," III., 162-3; Heaton, "Story of Vt.," 136; Beckley, "Hist, of Vt.," 171-2; "Gov. and Council- Vt.," VI., 429-3 1 - TRANSPORTATION AND SETTLEMENT. 121 grants to Illinois came. In 1816 there was a severe drought in eastern North Carolina, and many planters cut their immature corn for their cattle, while great numbers sold their property and joined the emigrants. 1 Kentucky, still a favorite place for settlement, was in the midst of a land boom which reached such proportions as to cause a large volume of emigration to Illinois, Missouri, and the south- west. The buyer of Kentucky land was often a neighbor who wished to enlarge his farm and work on a larger scale, or some well-to-do immigrant who preferred the location to a more remote region. Land sold on credit and at fictitious prices, the seller in turn buying land for which he frequently could make only the first payment. Retribution did not come, however, until after 1820, and for some years it seemed as if Kentucky was to become a source of population, for it was to Illinois and Missouri, and to a lesser degree to Alabama, what New England was to Ohio. 2 Probably chief among the reasons for migration from the South was the increase of slavery, with the resulting changes in industrial and social conditions. Early in the century the growing importance of the cotton crop began to hasten a stratification of opinion which was determined by physiographic areas. The western parts of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, the northern part of Georgia, and the eastern parts of Kentucky and Tennessee, respectively, being hilly and less fertile than the coastal plain, became the center of the southern anti-slavery sentiment. On the plain settled the wealthy planters, and later the poorer Germans and Quakers settled in the uplands. Only when cotton -raising became very profitable was slavery to intrude upon the latter location. 3 1. "Va. Patriot," Sept. II, 1816. 2 White, "Descendants of John Walker," 425, 453, 461. 3. Bassett,"Anti-SIavery Leaders of N.C."( J. H. U. Studies, XVI. , 267-71). IO 122 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. During the war the production of cotton in the United States had been almost constant in amount and less than in preceding years, but 1815 saw an increase of over forty- two per cent and 18 16 an increase of twenty- four per cent, 1 while in the latter year South Carolina, after an interval of thirteen years, resumed its slavery legislation by passing the first of a series of acts which show that the slavery problem was becoming increasingly difficult. Sim- ilar legislation took place in Tennessee, and to a lesser degree in Kentucky. 2 Increased production of cotton was accompanied by an increase in price, middling upland cotton selling at New York at 15 cents per pound in 18 14, at 21 cents in 181 5, at 29^ cents in 18 16, at 26^ cents in 1817, and at 34 cents in 18 18, while South Carolina sea- island cotton sold at Charleston in 1816 at 55 cents a pound. 3 An increase in cotton production meant an increase of the plantation system with its slaves, this meant an increased demand for large farms, and also a strengthening of the antagonism between pro -slavery and anti -slavery parties. Even in 18 12, a man who wished to sell, lease, or rent his manufacturing establishment in the northwestern part of Virginia, Frederick county, lamented in his adver- tisement that "some good men of strict moral or religious principles should object against forming settled abodes in 1. De Bow, "Industrial Resources of the U. S.," I., 122-3. Millions of pounds of cotton raised in the U.S.: 1808, 75. 1812, 75. 1816, 124. 1820, 160. T r I 181 1, 20. 1809, 82. 1813, 75. 1817, 130. 1821, 180. n a ' \ 1821, 45- 1810, 85. 1814, 70. 1S1S, 125. 1822, 210. ( jg u 181 1, 80. 1815,100. 1819,167. In Tenn - | 1821J 20! 2. "Statutes at Large," S. C, VII,, 451-66; "Laws of Tenn., revision of i83i,"L, 314-30; "Acts of 1S1S," Ky.,623, 787; "Acts of 1815," Ky., Feb. 8, 181 5. 3. J. L. Watkins, in "U. S. Dept. of Agric, Div. of Statistics, Misc. Ser., Bulletin No. 9," p. 8. TRANSPORTATION AND SETTLEMENT. 1 23 Virginia" or other slave states. 1 Census reports show that the proportion of negroes to whites increased in the western counties of North Carolina during the decade 1810 to 1820 over the proportion in 1800 to 1810. Con- ditions above described naturally led to the emigration of at least four classes of people: those who were anti- slavery, those who did not wish to change from small farming to the plantation system, the poor whites who found themselves increasingly disgraced and who at the same time found that their land was in demand, the slave- holder who wished a large tract of virgin soil. It is very important to note that these forces were merely beginning to operate in the time from 18 14 to 1818, and that they did not reach their maximum of influence until after 1830, yet as the population of Illinois increased less than twenty- eight thousand from 18 10 to 18 18, it is altogether probable that a considerable proportion were influenced by the causes suggested. It is also true that some pioneers moved merely from habit, without any well-defined cause. Although it is true that the first steamboat that passed down the Ohio and Mississippi made its trip in the winter of 1811-12, and by 1816 an enterprising captain had made a successful experiment of running a steamboat with coal for fuel, also that the speed of steamboats in eastern waters was a matter for enthusiastic comment, yet it is also true that immigrants to Illinois did not usually arrive by steamer. 2 The development of steamboat navigation in western waters was slow, the first steamboat reaching St. Louis on August 2, 18 17. 3 Peter Cartwright wrote of his trip from the West to the General Conference in Baltimore, in 1816: "We had no steamboats, railroad cars, or comfortable 1. "National Intelligencer," Washington, D. C, Apr. 18, 1812. 2. "Rambler in N. A.," I., 104- 11 ; "Am. Register," II., 1817, 202-3. 3. "Memoir of John Mason Feck," 81. 124 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. stages in those days. We had to travel from the extreme West on horseback. It generally took us near a month to go; a month was spent at General Conference, and nearly a month in returning to our fields of labor." 1 Some instances of the manner and cost of emigration may be given. A man with his wife and brother having arrived at Philadelphia from England, en route to Birk- beck's settlement 2 in Illinois, the party was directed to Pittsburg, which they reached after a wearisome journey of over three hundred miles across the mountains. At Pittsburg they bought a little boat for six or seven dollars, and came down the Ohio to Shawneetown, whence they proceeded on foot. 3 In the summer of 1818, a party of eighty- eight came over the same route in much the same manner, using fiat-boats on the river. 4 In 1817, John Mason Peck, with his wife and three children, went from Litchfield, Connecticut, to Shawneetown, Illinois, in a one- horse wagon. The journey was begun on July 25 and Shawneetown was reached on the sixth of November. "Nearly one month was occupied in passing from Philadel- phia through the State of Pennsylvania over the Alleghany Mountains, till on the 10th of September he passed into Ohio. Three weeks he journeyed in that State, and on the 23d of October recrossed the Ohio River into the State of Kentucky . . . , and on the 6th of November 1. "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 156. 2. Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, from England, founded in 181 7, in Edwards County, Illinois, what was the most famous of the English settle- ments in Illinois. Birkbeck was an educated man and his writings are among the important sources for the early history of Illinois. He was at one time Secretary of State of Illinois. George Flower became the historian of the settlement. 3. Birkbeck, "Letters from 111.," 56. 4. Flower, "Hist, of the Eng. Settlement in Edwards Co., 111.," "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," I., 95-99. TRANSPORTATION AND SETTLEMENT. 1 25 again crossed the Ohio River, into the then Territory of Illinois, at Shawneetown." 1 Here the family was delayed by floods which rendered the roads impassable. Leaving the horse and wagon at Shawneetown to be brought on by a friend, they proceeded to St. Louis in a keel-boat, paying twenty-five dollars fare, and arrived at their destination on the first of December. 2 Shawneetown was a sort of center from which emigrants radiated to their destinations. It owed much to its loca- tion, being on the main route from the southern states to St. Louis and what was then called the Missouri, and being also the port for the salt works on Saline Creek. It was the seat of a land- office. The town thus had a business which was out of all proportion to the number of its per- manent inhabitants. In 1817 it consisted of but about thirty log houses, a log bank, and a land-office. When a certain traveler came to the place from the South, in 1818, he found the number of wagons, horses, and passengers waiting to cross the Ohio, on the ferry, so great that he had to wait "a great part of the morning" for his turn. 3 During the latter part of the territorial period freight charges from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, by land, were from seven to ten dollars per hundredweight; 4 from Pittsburg to Shawneetown, one dollar; from Louisville to Shawnee- town, thirty- seven cents; and from New Orleans to Shawneetown, four dollars and a half. 5 The use of arks 1. "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 71, 74. 2. Ibid., 74-81.^ The disparity in dates in the latter part of the quotation suggests that "23d of October" should probably read "3d of October." 3. Fearon, "Sketches of America," 25S; William Tell Harris, "Remarks Made During a Tour through the U. S. of America in the Years 181 7, 1818, 1819." 4. Birkbeck, "Journey from Va. to 111.," 1817, 128. 5. Fearon, "Sketches of Am.," 1817, 260. In Fearon's work 2s. y.i. is equal to 50 cents, p. 5. 126 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. was common. These were flat-bottomed boats of a ton- nage of from twenty- five to thirty tons, covered, square at the ends, of a uniform size of fifty feet in length and fourteen in breadth, usually sold for seventy-five dollars, and would carry three or four families. A common prac- tice was to re-sell them at a somewhat reduced price to someone going further down the river. Two dollars was the charge for piloting an ark over the falls of the Ohio. 1 There is much truth in the remarks made by a German traveler in 1818-19. He said: "The State of Illinois is from one thousand to twelve hundred miles distant from the sea ports. The journey thither is often as costly and tedious, for a man with a family, as the sea passage. Any father of a family, unless he is well-to-do, can certainly count on being impoverished upon his arrival in Illinois. At Williamsport, on the Susquehanna, I found a Swiss, who, with his wife and ten children, had spent one thousand French crown -dollars for their journey. In the village of Williamsport, an old German schoolmaster, who seems to have been formerly a merchant in Nassau, told me that the passage of himself and family had cost thirteen hun- dred dollars. For an adult the fare is seventy-five dollars — one dollar is equal to one thaler, ten groschen, Prussian — for children under twelve years, half so much, for chil- dren of two years, one-fourth so much, and only babes in arms go free." 2 It can now be understood why people emigrated to the West, and also why many went overland. A family too poor to go by water could go in a buggy or wagon, and if poorer still they might walk, as many actually did. The immigration to Illinois, which was but a small fraction of 1. Kingdom, "Am. and the British Colonies," 2. 2. Hecke, "Reise durch die' Vereinigten Staaten von Nord- Amerika," 1818-19, I., 34. TRANSPORTATION AND SETTLEMENT. \2J the great westward movement, was still largely southern in origin, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and even New York still staying, in large measure, the tide from New England. In New England it was the "Ohio fever" and not the Illinois fever which carried away the people, and the designation is geographically correct. The men prominent in Illinois politics at the close of the territorial period, and at the beginning of the state period, were natives of south- ern states, a fact hardly conceivable if New England had been largely represented in Illinois. Then, too, the natural routes from the South led to, or near to, Illinois, the great road from the South crossing the Ohio River at Shawnee- town, and the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers being natural water routes. Another fact to be noticed is that much of the emigration was of relatives and friends to join those who had gone before, and as Virginia, Mary- land, Kentucky,Tennessee,the Carolinas, and even Georgia, had furnished a large number of early settlers to Illinois, this was a powerful inducement to continued emigration from the same sources. Similarly Ohio and Michigan had early received settlers from the East. Immigration to Illinois was not large in comparison to that to neighboring states or territories. Indians still held the greater part of Illinois, and the inconveniences inci- dent to frontier life were more pronounced as the distance from the East increased. Pro- slavery men, and anti- slavery men as well, were still in doubt as to the ultimate fate of slavery in Illinois. This had a deterrent effect upon immigration. 128 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. IV. Life of the Settlers. A CCORDING to the marshal's return the manufactures i 1 in Illinois, in 1810, were as follows: Value. Spinning-wheels $ 630 Looms, 460; cloth produced, 90,039 yards _ 54,028 Tanneries, 9; leather dressed. 7,750 Distilleries, 10,200 gallons 7,500 Flour, 6,440 barrels 32,200 Maple sugar, 15,600 lbs 1,98c 1 - — $104,088 This list incidentally indicates the average price of several manufactured articles. For the first six months of 18 14, the internal revenue assessed in Illinois was: Licenses for stills and boilers -$490. 14 Carriages 62.00 Licenses to retailers 835.00 Stamps 5.60 — $1392.74 Of this amount ($1392.74), $1047.37 had been paid by October 10, 1814. 2 For the period from April 18, 18 15, to February 22, 18 16, the following were the internal duties: Hats, caps, and bonnets $ 66.50^ Saddles and bridles 65.25 Boots and bootees 7.26 Leather 1 84.35/2 —$323-37 This was the smallest sum listed in any part of the United States, except Michigan Territory. 3 For 1818: 1. Warden, "Acct. of the U. S. of N. A.," 1S19, III., 62. 2. "State Papers," 13th Cong., 3d Sess. 3. "State Papers," 14th Cong., 2d Sess., II., folio. Another volume with the same number is a quarto. LIFE OF THE SETTLERS. 1 29 Licenses for stills $ 214.91 T n . • •. f at 20c. per gal. 549—3 Duty on spirits - K s J ^ y ^ ' r (at 25c. per gal. 7OI.26 On eighteen carriages 36.75 Licenses to retailers 1 248.80 On stamped paper and bank- notes 4.50 Manufactured goods 220.14 — $2975.59 Of this amount, $1966.41 was paid, only Indiana and Missouri territories paying a smaller proportion of their assessment. 1 The small proportion paid in these three territories may have been due to the poverty of their inhabitants. Most of the manufactured articles were consumed within the territory. Both cotton and flax were raised and made into cloth; maple sugar was sometimes sold and exported, but a large proportion of the supply was used as a substi- tute for sugar, another substitute much used being wild honey. A certain Smith's Prairie was celebrated for the numerous plum and crabapple orchards that grew around its borders. The large red and yellow plums grew there in such abundance that people would come from long distances and haul them away by the wagon -loads, and would preserve them with honey or maple sugar, which was the only sweetening they had in pioneer times. 2 Previous to the War of 18 12, little commerce was carried on, although a few trips had been made to New Orleans with keel-boats or pirogues,, and some goods were occa- sionally brought over the Alleghany Mountains by means of wagons. The round trip to New Orleans and back then required six months; the trip down was easy and required a comparatively short time, but the return trip 1. Ibid., 14th Cong., 2d Sess. , I. 2. Ross, "Early Pioneers and Pioneer Events,'' 65. 130 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. was slow. It was entirely a barter trade, money being almost unknown. Furs, wild honey, and other commodities of Illinois, as well as lead from the Missouri mines, were carried down and exchanged for groceries, cloth, and other articles of a large value and small bulk. As a natural consequence of having to be transported up stream, goods of that nature were extremely dear, the common price of tea being sixteen dollars a pound, of coffee fifty cents, and of calico fifty cents per yard. 1 To go up the Mississippi from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien, in 1815, required from twelve days to a month, while the return trip was made in from six to ten days. 2 In the great American Bottom of the Mississippi, extend- ing from the mouth of the Kaskaskia almost to the mouth of the Illinois, cattle raising was a leading industry, the cattle being driven to the Philadelphia or Baltimore mar- kets. 3 Towards the close of the period land could easily be secured by government entry. The fertility of the land was such as must have been new to those immigrants who came from the poorer parts of the older states- Land was subject to a tax of a little more that two cents per acre, the tax being about equally divided between the territory and the county. 4 Public lands were not to be taxed by the state, after 18 18, until five years from the date of their sale. Governor Edwards, who was a large landowner, offered to pay three dollars per acre for plow- ing. 5 Prairies were not yet settled to any considerable extent, but it is worthy of note that a traveler of 18 18- 19 1. Kingston, "Early Western Days," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," VII., 313. 2. Shaw, "Personal Narrative," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," II., 225. 3. Fearon, "Sketches of Am.," 1817, 258; Brown, "Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant's Directory," 1S17, 20. 4. Birkbeck, "Journey from Va. to 111.," 1817, 137. 5. Burnham, in "Pub. of the 111. State Hist. Lib.," No. VIII., 1S1. LIFE OF THE SETTLERS. I 3 I suggested what was eventually to be the solution of the question of prairie settlement. He wrote: "It will prob- ably be some time before these vast prairies can be settled, owing to the inconvenience attending the want of timber. I know of no way, unless the plan is adopted of ditching and hedging, and the building of brick houses, and substituting the stone coal for fuel. It seems as if the bountiful hand of nature, where it has withheld one gift has always furnished another; for instance, where there is a scarcity of wood, there are coal mines." 1 The remedy suggested was the one adopted, except that brick houses did not become common. Really good roads were entirely lacking. Most of the settlements were connected by roads that were practicable at most seasons for packers and travelers on horseback, but in times of flood the suspension of travel by land was practically complete. A post -road had been established between Vincennes and Cahokia in 1805, and in 18 10 a route was established from Vincennes, by way of Kaskas- kia, Prairie du Rocher, and Cahokia, to St. Louis. At this time and place, however, a post- route does not necessarily imply anything more than a bridle-path. Mail was received at irregular intervals, although the trips were regularly made in good weather. The post-office nearest Chicago was Fort Wayne, Indiana, whence a soldier on foot carried the mail once a month. 2 A report for the first six months of 1814 shows, in Illinois, nine post-offices, three hundred and eighty-eight miles of post-roads, about $143 received for postage, and $1002 paid for transportation of mail — a bal- 1. Harding, "Tour through the Western Country," S. This passage is practically plagiarized in Ogden, "Letters from the West," and in Thwaites, "Early Western Travels," XIX., 56. 7. F aimer, " U. S. and Canada," 181S, 417; "Statutes at Large," II., 584; "Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard," 38. 132 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. ance of some $859 against the United States. 1 At this time even Cleveland, Chillicothe, and Marietta received mail but twice per week.* Books were very scarce, 3 and no newspapers had been published in Illinois before its separate territorial organiza- tion. Between 1809 and 18 18 there were founded the Illinois Herald and the Western Intelligencer, at Kaskaskia, the latter becoming the Illinois Intelligencer on May 27, 1 8 18; and the Shawnee Chief, at Shawneetown. 4 In 18 16 the citizens of Shawneetown gave notice through the papers of Kaskaskia, Frankfort, Kentucky, and Nashville, Tennessee, that they would apply to the Legislature of Illinois for the establishment of a bank. 5 This may indi- cate that the papers of the places named had a considerable circulation in Illinois. The character of the immigrants left much to be desired. A good observer wrote: "After residing awhile in White County, Tennessee, I migrated in May, 18 17, to the south- ern part of the then Territory of Illinois, and settled in Madison County, twenty-five miles east of St. -Louis, which town then contained about five thousand inhabitants. The surrounding country, however, was quite sparsely settled, and destitute of any energy or enterprise among the people; their labors and attention being chiefly confined to the hunting of game, which then abounded, and tilling a small patch of corn for bread, relying on game for the 1. "State Papers," 13th Cong., 3d Sess. 2. Ibid., 13th Cong., 2d Sess., II. 3. "Autobiography of Peter Cartvvright, " 178; Birkbeck, "Tourney from Va. to 111.," 1817, 12S. 4. James and Loveless, "Newspapers in 111. Prior to 1S60, " "Pub. of the 111. State Hist. Lib.," No. I., 41, 42, 64, 73, 74; Palmer, "U. S. and Can- ada, " 1S1S, 416. 5. Burnham, "An Early 111. Newspaper," "Pub. of the 111. State Hist. Lib.," No. VIII., 1S2. LIFE OF THE SETTLERS. 133 remaining supplies of the table. The inhabitants were of the most generous and hospitable character, and were principally from the southern states; harmony and the utmost good feeling prevailed throughout the country." 1 Naturally this description was not of universal application, but the source of the population and the reasons for removing from the old homes make it probable that it was widely appropriate. If it was difficult for an emigrant to reach Illinois, and if, after reaching it, he was inconvenienced by the poor facilities for commerce, the bad roads, the infrequency of mails, the scarcity of schools and churches, he at least found it easy to obtain a living, and to some of the immi- grants of the territorial period it was worth something not to starve, even though living was reduced to its lowest terms. The poorest immigrant had access to land on the borders of settlement, because the laws against squatting were not enforced. This same class could procure game in abundance, while maple sugar, wild honey, persimmons, crabapples, nuts, pawpaws, wild grapes, wild plums, fish, mushrooms, "greens," berries of several kinds, and other palatable natural products known to the Illinois frontiers- man, were to be had in most, if not all, of the localities then settled. Hogs fattened on the mast. Log houses could be built without nails. The problem of clothing was probably more difficult at first than that of food, but although clothing could not be picked up in the woods, the materials for making it could be grown in the fields. Spinning, and the processes necessarily preceding and following it, involved a certain amount of labor. Taxes were not high, nor were tax laws rigidly enforced. It is thus easy to understand the reasoning that may have led a large proportion of the immigrants during this period to leave their old homes. I. Col. Daniel M. Parkison, "Pioneer Life in Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Sac.. Coll.," II., 326-7, cf. "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 76, S7. CHAPTER V. The First Years of Statehood, i 8 i 8 to 1830. The Indian and Land Questions. ONE of the most important cessions of land in Illinois ever made by the Indians was that made by the Kickapoo in 18 19, of the vast region lying north of the parallel of 39 — a little north of the mouth of the Illinois River, and southeast of the Illinois River. 1 Settlement had been crowding hard upon this region and many squatters anxiously awaited the survey and sale of the land, especially of that in the famous Sangamon country. In northern Illinois settlement was still retarded by the presence of Indians. In 1825, the Menominee, Kaskaskia, Sauk and Fox, Potawatomi, and Chippewa tribes claimed over 5,314,000 acres of land in Illinois, 2 and there was a licensed Indian trader at Sangamo, one at the saline near the present Danville, and two on Fever River. 3 Two years later there were three such traders at Fever River, and two at Chicago, 4 and in 1827-28 there was one at Fever River with a capital of about $2000 5 In February, 1829, there were Indian agents at Chicago, Fort Armstrong, Kaskas- kia, and Peoria, as well as others near the borders of 1. "Indian Aff.," II., 196-7; "iSth'An. Kept, of the Bureau of Eth- nology," Pt. 2, 696-9, Plate CXXV. ; Dana, "Sketches of Western Country," 1 8 19, 147. See map of _ Indian cessions. 2. "State Papers," No. 64, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. 3. Ibid., No. 118, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., VI. 4. Ibid., No. 96, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; "Ex. Doc," No. 140, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 5. "Senate Doc," No. 47, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. 134 FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 35 Illinois. 1 At this time, the Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawato- mi, Kaskaskia, and Winnebago claimed land in the state, although only about 6000 of the more than 25,000 mem- bers of these tribes resided in the state. The eight members of the Kaskaskia tribe held a small reservation near the Kaskaskia River. Of the twenty -two hundred members of the Kickapoo tribe, which had relinquished all claim to land east of the Mississippi, about two hundred still lived on the Mackinaw River, but they were expected to move in a few weeks. 2 By a treaty of July 29, 1829, the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi ceded their claims in northern Illinois. 3 There still remained the Winnebago tribe, and not until 1S33 was Illinois to be free from Indian claims. 4 A war with the Winnebago tribe was imminent in 1827. Settlers in the northern part of the state either fled to the southward or collected at such points as Galena or Prairie du Chien. "This was a period of great suffering at Galena. The weather was inclement and two or three thousand persons driven suddenly in, with scant provisions, without ammunition or weapons encamped in the open air, or cloth tents which were but little better, were placed in a very disagreeable and critical position." 3 The prompt action of Governor Lewis Cass, of Michigan, averted what would in all probability have been a bloody war, if prompt action had not been taken. 6 1. Ibid., No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. 2. "Senate Doc.," No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., E; see also ibid., No. 27. 3. "State Papers, " No. 24, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., IE; "18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology," Pt. 2, 722-5, Plate CXXV. 4. Ibid., Pt. 2, 736-7, 73S-9, 750-1, Plates CXXIV. and CXXV. 5. Tenney, "Early Times in Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," E, 96. 6. McLaughlin, "Lewis Cass," 125; Young, "Life of Gen. Lewis Cass," 93. 136 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. To September 30, 18 19, the record of land sales in Illinois was as follows: Acres Unsold. Acres Sold. Price. Shawneetown 4,561,920 562,296 $1,153,897 Kaskaskia 2,188,800 407,027 1,781,773 Edwardsville 2,625,960 394,730 795,531 x The balances unpaid by purchasers of public lands steadily increased from 1813 to 1819 until on September 30, 1819, there was due from purchasers of land in the area of the old Northwest Territory nearly ten million dollars. 2 An increase would have resulted merely from an increased sale of public lands under the credit system, but it is also true that the difficulty of collecting the unpaid balances became so great that the government at last abolished the credit system, by the act of April 24, 1820. The act provided that after July 1, 1820, no credit whatever should be given to the purchasers of public lands; that land might be sold in either sections, half-sections, quarter- sections, or eighth- sections; that the minimum price should be reduced from two dollars to one dollar and twenty- five cents per acre; and that reverted lands should be offered at auction before being offered at private sale. 3 At least two of the pro- visions of this act had long been desired by Illinois in common with other frontier regions: the reduction of the minimum price and the sale in smaller tracts. Under the new law a man with one hundred dollars could buy eighty acres of land, while previously the same man would have had to pay eighty of his one hundred dollars as the first payment on one hundred and sixty acres, the smallest tract then sold. The great danger had been that the second, third, and fourth payments could not be made. In Illinois, 1. "State Papers," Senate, No. 87, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II. 2. Ibid., No. 57, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., V. 3. "Statutes at Large," III., 566-7. INDIAN CLSSIONS /QI8-/&30 FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. I 37 before July 1, 1820, there had been sold 1,593,247.53 acres of the public land, at an average price of about $2.02 per acre. Some of this reverted from non-payment. 1 During the third quarter of 1820, all sales in Illinois were at the minimum price and a considerable proportion were of the minimum area. At the same time, some of the land in Ohio, and a very few tracts in Indiana, sold at a higher price, one tract in Ohio, but only one, selling for more than seven dollars per acre. 2 To October I, 1821, the land-offices in Illinois reported: Surveyed, Acres Sold. but Unsold. Shawneetown 592,464 2,401,936 Kaskaskia 419,898 1,615,942 Palestine 714 2,880,720 Edwardsville 437,993 2,696,727 Vandalia 7,9 2 3 2,545, &77 All land in the districts of Shawneetown and Kaskaskia had been surveyed, but the remaining districts were still indefinite on the north. 3 At this time, Illinois money passed in the state at par, and the Bank of Illinois was among those whose notes were received in payment for public lands. 4 As more and more land was opened to settlement, a new difficulty arose and became increasingly troublesome. All public land was to be entered at the same minimum price, and as a natural result, the poorest land was not taken 1. Donaldson, " Public Domain, " 200 ff. 2. "State Papers," No. 35, 16th Cong., 2d Sess., II. 3. "Pub. Lands," III., 533. It is interestir.g to note that for the five years ending in 1822, the Pulteney estate of 380,000 acres of land in Steuben and Alleghany counties, New York, had sold an average of 10,000 acres per year, at an average price of $3.37 per acre — " Columbian Centinel, " Boston, Oct. 2, 1822. 4. "Illinois Intelligencer," Oct. 30, 1821. I I 138 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS.' up and settlement became widely dispersed on the best tracts of land. In December, 1824, the Illinois legislature sent a memorial to Congress portraying the evils of sparse settlement, and asking that land that had been offered for sale for five years or more might be sold at fifty cents per acre. Better roads, better markets, and better institutions were expected to result from such sales. 1 Two years later, another memorial was sent. This asked that land be offered for sale at prices graduated according to the quality of the land, suggested that the poorest land might well be donated to settlers, and declared that settlement was retarded by the high minimum price of land. 2 Governor Ninian Edwards pointed out that in 1790, Hamilton had recommended that public lands be sold at twenty cents per acre, which "was the price at which Kentucky, long afterward, sold her lands." 3 In 1828, the Committee on Public Lands recommended that public lands unsold at public sale be first offered at one dollar per acre, and if still unsold, that the price be reduced twenty- five cents per acre each two years until sold or reduced to twenty- five cents per acre; that eighty-acre homestead claims be given to such persons as would cultivate and occupy them for five years; and that lands unsold at twenty-five cents per acre be ceded to the states in which they lay, upon payment of the cost of survey and twenty- five cents per acre. At this time, there was in Illinois 1,403,482 acres surveyed and sold ; 19,684,186 acres surveyed and unsold, of the 39,000,000 acres estimated to be in the State. 4 Still another memorial from the legislature was sent to Congress in 1829. It 1. "Pub. Lands, " IV., 14S; "Repts. and S. Doc," No. 25, iSth Cong., 2d Sess., II. 2. "Pub. Lands," IV., 871 ; " S. Doc," No. 17, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II. 3. "H. J.,» 111., 1826-27, p. 54. 4. "Repts. of Com.," No. 125, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., II. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 39 pointed out, in strong terms, the inconvenience arising from the high price at which public land was offered for sale. Unsold public land could neither be taxed nor legally settled. It was stated that of the forty millions of acres •in Illinois, little over one and one-half millions had been sold at public sales. A granting of the right of pre- emption, which implies the presence in the state of squatters, is suggested. 1 The implication of the presence of squatters was well founded. When Peter Cartwright, in 1823, visited a settle- ment in the Sangamon country, he found it a community of squatters, on land which had been surveyed, but was not yet offered for sale. Money was hoarded up to enter land when Congress should order sales. Cartwright paid a squatter two hundred dollars for his improvement and his claim, bought some stock, and rented out the place, to which he was to remove from Kentucky the following year. 2 This squatting on surveyed land, and even on unsurveyed land, was a regular procedure. It added much to the difficulty of governing the state — hence the memo- rials to Congress, and hence the great significance to Illinois of an act of May 29, 1830, which gave to all settlers who had cultivated land in 1829 the right to pre- empt not more than one hundred and sixty acres. 3 This law was of general application. Even now the Illinois legislature sent another petition concerning preemption to Congress, because one of the provisions of the act of May, 1 8 30, was that the plat of survey should have been filed 1. "Senate Doc," No. 58, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. For the long and futile effort made in Congress to secure a law graduating the price of public lands, see Meigs, "Life of Thomas Hart Benton," ch. xi., with the foot refer- ences thereto. 2. Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, " 246, 254. 3. "Statutes at Large," IV., 420-1. 140 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. in the land-office, and this provision debarred about one thousand Illinois squatters from the benefit of the act. A modification in their favor was desired. 1 The land claims of the ancient settlers, as they are called in government documents, continued to occupy the attention of Congress, in a desultory way, throughout the period, but their influence upon settlement had practically ceased with the opening of the public land -offices. 2 Among the obstacles to settlement was the holding of land by non-residents. Such lands were subject to a triple tax in case of delinquency, and when sold for taxes and costs frequently did not bring enough for that purpose, in which event they reverted to the state and the state paid the costs. Redemption, although possible, was rare. 3 In 1823, about nine thousand quarter-sections of land in the Military Tract, lying between the Illinois and the Missis- sippi, were advertised for sale, because of the non-payment of taxes by non-resident landholders. 4 At this time, two of the prominent men of the state who wished to dispose of a large amount of state paper, advertised that they would pay such delinquent taxes at twenty-five per cent discount. 5 In 1826, thirty-eight pages of the Illinois Intelligencer were filled with a description, in double column, of lands owned by non-residents, the lands being for sale for taxes. In 1829, a similar list filled-thirty-two pages. 6 Much dis- content was manifested in the state on account of the laws 1. "Pub. Lands," VI., 249. 2. "Statutes at Large," III., 786; " Repts. of Com.," No. 58, 17th Cong., 1st Sess., I.; "Pub. Lands," III., 406, 412-3, 421, 462-3; VI., 23-5; "S. Doc," No. 10, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I. 3. "Illinois Intelligencer," Vandalia, 111., Apr. 24, 1821. 4. "Niles' Register," XXV., 117. 5. "Washington (D. C.) Republican," Sept. 27, 1823. 6. "Illinois Intelligencer, " Oct. 3, 1829. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 141 concerning the public lands, and Governor Edwards' message to the legislature, in 1830, elaborated a theory that all public lands belonged of right to the states in which they lay. 1 Illinois early understood that an Illinois- Michigan canal would help to people her northern lands. This led to many efforts to secure such a waterway. In 18 19 a favor- able topographical report concerning the route for the proposed canal was made, 2 and in 1822 the state was authorized to construct the canal, but no tangible aid was given. 3 In 1825 the legislature petitioned Congress for a grant of the townships through which the canal would pass. A committee report of March, 1826, which was almost identical with another presented in February, 1825, pointed out that the cost of transporting a ton of mer- chandise from Philadelphia, New York, or Baltimore was about ninety dollars, and required from twenty to twenty- two days. The probable cost by the proposed canal, the Lakes, and the Erie Canal, from St. Louis to New York was from sixty -three to sixty- five dollars per ton, and the time from twelve to fifteen days. The canal would bind Illinois and Missouri to the North. 4 Congress received a memorial from the legislature on the same subject in January, 1827, requesting the grant of "two entire town- ships, along the whole course of the canal," and declaring that markets at New Orleans fluctuated because of specu- lators, and that grain and goods sent from the West to the Atlantic ports by way of New Orleans was exposed to the 1. " Senate Jour. ," 111., 1830-31, 8-51. The message was delivered on Dec. 7, 1830, and Edwards' successor was inaugurated the following day. 2. "State Papers," No. 17, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II. 3. "Statutes at Large," III., 659-60; "Niles' Register," XXII., 59. 4. "Pub. Lands," IV., 437-S; " Repts. of Com.," No. 147, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.; ibid., No. 53, iSth Cong., 2d Sess., I.; " S. Doc," No. 49, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II. I42 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. dangers of both the southern climate and the sea. 1 A few weeks later the desired grant was made, the state being given one-half of five sections in width on each side of the canal, the United States reserving the alternate sec- tions. 2 The canal commissioners promptly platted the orginal town of Chicago and sold lots at from twenty to eighty dollars each, but no immediate settlement followed the land sale, and Chicago remained for some years longer an Indian town. The prospect of having a canal doubtless had some influence upon settlement, but at the close of 1830 the actual construction of the canal was still a thing of the future. By the close of 1828, Congress had donated to Illinois, for various purposes, cjiiefly for schools and internal improvements, 1,346,000 acres. 3 The salt springs had been vested in the state of Illinois with the provision that no part of the reservations should be sold. Large reservations were made at the Saline River salt works and at the Vermilion saline near Danville, the object being to reserve a supply of wood for the making of salt. Upon the discovery of coal near the springs the state was permitted to sell not more than thirty thousand acres of the Saline River reservation. 4 Illinois as a landowner sometimes mingled church and state. The original proprietors of Alton having donated one hundred lots, one-half for the support of the gospel, and one -half for the support of a public school, the state vested the donated lots in the trustees of the town, upon its incorporation in 182 1. A similar donation made by the proprietors of Mt. Carmel was confirmed in the same 1. Ibid., No. 46, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.; "State Papers," No. Si, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., V. 2. "Pub. Lands," VI., 27; "Statutes at Large," IV., 234. 3. "S. Doc," No. 11, 2 1st Cong., 1st Sess., I. 4. "Pub. Lands," IV., 888, 921; V., y^ 35, 620; " Statutes at Large," iv., 305- FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. H3 manner. 1 The Cumberland Presbyterians having built a church on a school section, the state provided that for ninety- nine years the building should be used as a school- house also, the school being under the joint direction of the trustees of the township and the church society. 2 The receipts for public lands in 1828 and 1829, respect- ively, were: 1828. 1829. Kaskaskia $ 4,639.82 $ 10,503.99 Shawneetown 7,250.28 16,058.79 Edwardsville 23,536.49 38,001.35 Vandalia 4,489.71 24,258.13 Palestine 25,671.62 59,026.81 Springfield.. 56,507.63 108,175.47 $122,095.55 $256,024,543 The receipts for '1828 were for 96,092.91 acres; of 1829, for 196,324.92 acres. 4 From October 1, 1829, to September 30, 1830, sales, receipts, and prices were: Acres. Illinois 291,401.28 Indiana 413,253.63 Alabama . _ .233,369.27 Missouri 182,929.63 Michigan 106,201.28 Ohio .160,182.14 Mississippi.. 103,795.61 The northward movement of population in Illinois is well 1. "Laws of 111.," 1820-21, 39-45; 1824-25, 72. 2. Ibid., 1820-21, 153-4. 3. The total receipts from sales of 1829 is erroneously given as $256,124.54 in the original. 4. "Pub. Lands," VI., 158-9. 5. Ibid., VI., 219; "H. Ex. Doc," No. 19, 21st Cong., 2d Sess., I. Average Price per Acre. 364,369.87 $1.2504 521,715-13 I.2624 291,715.20 1.25 228,748.12 1.2505 132,751.68 1.25 201,923.50 I.2606 130,475.87 1.257 5 144 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. indicated by the figures for 1828 and 1829. The Indian barrier was being pushed back, and the Sangamon country, with its land -office at Springfield, was a favorite place for settlement. The rapid increase in the amount of land sold is also striking. As the third decade of the century closed Indiana was the favorite place for frontier settle- ment. The sales of public lands in Ohio were diminishing. A prophetic glance would have seen that as the ever- shifting frontier passed westward Illinois was to overtake and then to far surpass Indiana in number of settlers. The period from 18 18 to 1830 saw the Indian title to a great fertile tract of land in Illinois extinguished, the price of all public lands lowered and the land offered for sale in smaller tracts, the right of preemption granted to squatters who had settled before 1830, considerable grants of land made to the state for internal improvements, the great salt spring reservations reduced. These changes did much to make Illinois a more attractive place for settlement. When a committee of workingmen in Wheeling, Virginia, made a report, in October, 1830, on a method of escaping from the ills of workingmen, they presented an elaborate plan for buying land and forming a colony in Illinois. 1 The experience of the squatter who settled with four or five sows for breeders and in four years or less drove forty- two fat hogs to market and sold them for $135, with which he bought eighty acres of land and paid his debts, was not a rare one. 2 As 1830 closed there were still problems connected with the land to solve. The Indian question persisted, non- resident landholders were troublesome, and the state 1. "Kept, of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Va., on Forming a Settlement in the State of 111.," Oct. 4, 1830, 1-12. 2. " Information for Emigrants," London, 1S4S, 33, first pagination. The hogs were sold in 1829. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 145 would still seek grants for internal improvements, but none of these was to be long a serious impediment to settlement. The Government and Its Representatives, 18 18 to 1830. In some respects the character of the state government 0/ Illinois shows the character of the settlers. The nativity of the governors and the congressmen of the state indicates that the South was the origin of a majority of the popula- tion. Before the end of 1830 there had been no northern- born representative of the state in the national House of Representatives; the first northern -born senator was chosen in the last month of 1825, and the first northern governor in 1830. 1 Pierre Menard, a French Canadian, the first I. Senators from Illinois: Nativity. Ninian Edwards Maryland Dec. 4, 1818 — Mar. 4, 1824 Jesse B. Thomas Maryland Dec. 4,1818 — Mar. 3,1829 t i. at t xt ..1. /- v j l )ec - 2 °. '824 — Mar. 3, 1825 John McLean. .North Carolina., j Dec y> l82 ^_ 0c t. 14, 1830 Elias K. Kane New York Dec. 5, 1825 — Dec. II, 1835 David J. Baker Connecticut. ... Dec. 6, 1830 — Jan. 4, 1831 Representatives from Illinois: John McLean North Carolina Dec. 4, 1818 — Mar. 3, 1S19 Daniel P. Cook Kentucky Dec. 6, 1819 — Mar. 3, 1827 Joseph Duncan Kentucky. Dec. 3, 1S27 — Nov. 1834 Governors of Illinois: 1S09 — 1S18 Ninian Edwards Maryland 1 S 1 8 — 1822 Shadrach Bond Marly land 1S22 — 1826 Edward Coles Virginia 1826 — 1830 Ninian Edwards Maryland 1830 — 1S34 John Reynolds Pennsylvania The governors from 1834 — 1842 were from Kentucky, 1842 — 1861 from the North, 1861 — 1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846 — 1S53, Illinois had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New Hampshire, this being the only instance of an Illinois governor from New England. 146 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. lieutenant-governor, came to Illinois in 1790, and can not fairly be cited as a type of the French descendants of the first white settlers of Illinois. 1 As a matter of fact, the French element was not a political factor of importance. Nor is it true that all southerners were pro-slavery, for the most noted anti-slavery governor of Illinois, and her gov- ernor during the Civil War, were from the South, while her first northern senator was pro-slavery. The great influx of immigrants from New England and the rest of the North did not come until after 1830. It was retarded, after the opening of the Erie Canal (1825), by the Winne- bago and Black Hawk wars, and did not reach its height until the latter war had closed and the Indian claims to land in northern Illinois had been extinguished. Immi- gration from the northern states increased proportionally, however, after 1820. Illinois men in Congress give a number of indications of the feeling of the people on questions having a more or less intimate relation to settlement. Constant and insistent demands for more land-offices, more post-roads, more pensions, donations of land for poor settlers, grants of land for internal improvements, the right of preemption for squatters, and the reduction of the price of public lands show that the frontier was in favor of a liberal gov- ernmental expenditure. 2 Congressmen from Illinois, with- out exception, favored the tariff bills of 1824 and 1828. 3 In 1828, the only senator from Illinois who voted on the 1. Suite, " Histoire des Canadiens-Francais," VIII., 53. 2. "Annals of Cong.," 15th Cong., 2d Sess.,436, ^04; " H. J.," 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 100, 136-7, 273, 308; "S. J.," 15th Cong., 2d Sess.. 239, 240, 278-85, 322; 16th Cong., 1st Sess., 107, 201-2, 245; "Annals of Cong.," 16th Cong., 1st Sess., I., 450-2, 482-5; II., 1331-3; "S. J.," 21st Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 48, 51. 3. "S. J.," 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 401; " II. J.," iSth Cong., 1st Sess., 428; "Cong. Debates," 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 786, 2471. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 47 question, voted for the bill abolishing imprisonment for debt on processes issuing from a United States court. 1 Since Illinois early abolished such imprisonment, it is interesting to note that three hundred and thirty- eight persons were committed to the Essex county jail in New Jersey, for debt, in the year ending April 1, 1823, of whom one hundred and forty-one were in close confinement. The aggregate of debt was fifty- five thousand dollars. 2 Within the state one of the phenomena which has char- acterized frontier regions appeared about the year 1S21. A desperate gang of immigrants had robbed and plundered until, after a most notable robbery, "a public meeting was held, and among other things, a company was formed, consisting of ten law-abiding men of well-known courage, who bound themselves together, under the name of the Regulators of the Valley, to rid the country of horse thieves and robbers. ... A regular constitution was drawn up and subscribed to." After the leader of the desperadoes had been killed the remainder fled. 3 A fron- tier condition is indicated also by the fact that when Sangamon county was formed, on January 30, 182 1, a special law provided that housekeepers in the county should perform the duties and receive the privileges of freeholders. *The same provision was made for Morgan county two years later. As land sales in the Sangamon country, in which these counties lay, did not begin until 3. "Cong. Debates," 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. , 90. 4. "Ohio Republican," April 19, 1823. 1. Eames, " Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville," 22. A letter from the son of Mr. Eames, now deceased, says that search has failed to recover the constitution of the Regulates of the Valley. Regulators were also useful in preventing speculators from entering the claims of squatters, even when the squatter was too poor to enter his own claim — Henderson, "Early Hist, of the Sangamon Country, 21. For another instance, see Blaney, "Excursion through the U. S.," 233-6; also, Reynolds, "My Own Times," 1879, 113. 148 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. November, 1823, these laws probably resulted from the formation of counties whose entire population consisted of squatters. 1 The persistence of wolf bounties bears testi- mony to continued wild surroundings. 3 In 1829 alien Irish, and presumably all other aliens, could vote at all elections. An election law of this year provided that voting should be by the voter's approaching the bar, in the election room, and naming in an audible voice the persons for whom he voted, or, if the voter preferred, by delivering to the judges a ballot which should be read aloud by them, the alternative being for the benefit of illiterate voters. Voting had previously been by ballot. 3 Although frontier conditions obtained, there were evi- dences of their gradual amelioration. A law of 1823 provided that counterfeiting, which, in the territorial period, had been punishable by death, should be punished by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars, whipping with not fewer than one hundred nor more than two hundred lashes, imprisonment for not more than twelve months, and being rendered forever infamous. 4 The state estab- lished a system of common schools to be supported, in part, by the state, in 1825; but in 1829 the sections of the act which provided that two per cent of all money received into the state treasury, and five-sixths of the interest of the school fund, should be for the support of public schools, were repealed, 5 taxation for such a purpose not being then in accord with public sentiment. A 1. "Laws of 111.," 1820-21, pp. 45-6; 1822-23, p. 109; Henderson, "Early Hist, of the Sangamon Country," 21. 2. "Laws of 111.," 1822-23, p. 86 ff . ; 1824-25, p. 116. 3. "Miners' Journal," Galena, Dec. 22, 1S29; "Revised Laws of 111.," 1829, 57; "H. J., "(111.), 182S-29, p. 57. 4. "Laws of 111.," 1822-23, pp. 149-51. 5. Ibid., 1824-25, pp. 121-8; "Revised Laws of 111.," 1S29, 149. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 49 mechanic's lien law, passed in 1825, provided that in case of a contract between a landowner and a mechanic, the mechanic should have a lien upon the product of his labor for three months, after which the lien lapsed unless suit had been commenced. Three years later an unsuccessful attempt to secure such a law was made in New York. 1 Two accounts on the records of the state are of sufficient interest to give at length. The first gives the amount of money received into the treasury during the two years ending December 27, 1822: "The amount paid into the treasury by the different sheriffs within the two years end- ing as aforesaid, is $ 7,121.09 The amount of a judgment obtained against the former sheriff of Randolph [County] for non-resident tax of 1818, is 147.14. The amount from non-residents for the two preceding years, including back taxes, redemptions, interest, &c, is 38,437.75 The amount from non-residents' bank stock, is 97-77 The amount from the Saline on the Ohio, is 10,563.09 The amount from the Saline on Muddy river, is 200.00 The amount from the sale of Lots in the town of Vandalia, is 5,659.86 Total amount of money paid at the Treasury between the 1st of January, 182 1, and the 27th of December, 1822 $62,226.70" The balance in the treasury was $33,661.1 1, 2 but Governor Edwards, in his message of December 2, 1828, reported a state indebtedness of $44,140.03 and taxes in Illinois as 1. "Revised Laws of 111.," 1829, p. 106; McMaster, "Rights of Man in Am.," 97. 2. "Laws of 111.," 1822-23, p. 222. 150 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. precisely eight times as high as those in Kentucky which were payable in the same kind of currency. 1 The rage for internal improvements was partly responsible, and for this in turn the wide dispersion of the settlements in Illinois, caused by the fact that all public lands were offered at the same minimum price and that the prairies were in large measure shunned, furnishes a partial explanation. The second account of the state, above referred to, shows that in 1822 it cost $151.82 to make, a trip from Vandalia to Shawnedtown and return, and one from Vandalia to Kaskaskia and return, to convey to the capital some money paid by the United States on the three per cent fund due the state. The former trip occupied fourteen days, the latter eight days. 2 Governor Cass' protection of Galena during the Winne- bago War of 1827 may have been influenced by its uncertain governmental status. In 1828 miners in what is now southwestern Wisconsin voted for members of Con- gress from Illinois, arfld in 1829 Galena was enumerated among the thriving towns of Huron or Ouisconsin Terri- tory. November 29, 1828, one hundred and eighty- seven inhabitants of Galena and vicinity sent a memorial to Congress asking that a separate territory be formed, the territory to be bounded on the south by a line drawn due west from the southern point of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi, and by the northern boundary of Missouri- The memorial began: "The undersigned, inhabitants of that portion of the 'Territory Northwest of the Ohio,' lying north of a due east and west line drawn through the southernmost end of Lake Michigan, and west of that lake to the British possessions, comprehending the mining district, more generally known as the Fever River Lead 2. "H. j.," III., 1828-29, p. 8. I. "Laws of 111.," 1S22-23, pp. 229-30. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. I 5 I Mines." The petitioners referred to the violation of the Ordinance of 1787, and also stated that they were subject to two separate governments, each some hundreds of miles from them, and each unacquainted with their needs. The petition was read and tabled. 1 It is true that the situa- tion of Galena was peculiarly difficult. No mail could be carried along the rude trail from Peoria to Galena during the wet season, and when the Illinois legislature, seeking to give relief, passed a bill for laying out a road between the "Illinois settlements and Galena," it was vetoed by the governor and council because the road would pass through lands of the United States and of the Indians. When the river was frozen provisions were very high, and mail was sent forward from Fort Edwards once a month. These conditions were more aggravating as the number of inhab- itants increased, and in 1827, notwithstanding the trouble with the Winnebago Indians, there were about four thou- sand men at Galena, and they mined about fifteen times as much lead as had been mined in 1823. In January, 1828, a congressional committee reported favorably on a proposition to open a road to Galena. 2 In a letter written one year later by the delegate from Michigan Territory, to the committee on territories, the suggestion is made that a new territory, to be called Huron, should be formed, because the region at Galena was said to have received hundreds of settlers during the preceding summer and to have at the time of writing ten thousand or more, and government in the lead region could not be properly carried on from Detroit, which was eight hundred or one 1. Tenney, "Early Times in Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," I., 97; "Niles' Register," XXXVII., 53; "State Papers," No. 35, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II. 2. "Repts. of Com.," No. 177, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; Meeker, "Early Hist, of the Lead Region of Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," VI., 27S-9. 152 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. thousand miles distant, by the routes commonly traveled. The legislature of Michigan was said to be compelled to meet in the summer in order to enable delegates to attend and that was the busy time at the mines. 1 A congressional act of February, 1829, provided for the laying out of a village at Galena. The plat was not to exceed one section of land, no lot was to be larger than one- fourth of an acre, unimproved lots were to be sold at not less than five dollars, improved lots were to be graded, without reference to their improvements, into three grades, to sell at the rate of twenty- five, fifteen, and ten dollars, respectively, per acre, the occupants having the right of preemption. 2 Another mode ot relief, which the inhabitants were work- ing out for themselves, is described in a Galena paper of September 14, 1829: "Mr. Soulard's wagon and mule team returned, a few days since, from Chicago, near the southernmost bend of Lake Michigan; to which place it had been taken across the country, with a load of lead. This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mis- sissippi River to Chicago. The route taken from the mines was, to Ogee's ferry, on Rock River, eighty miles; thence an east course sixty miles, to the Missionary estab- lishment on the Fox River of the Illinois; and thence a north-easterly course sixty miles to Chicago, as travelled, two hundred miles. The wagon was loaded with one ton and a half of lead. The trip out was performed in eleven, and the return trip in eight days. The lead was taken, by water, from Chicago to Detroit. Should a road be sur- veyed and marked, on the best ground, and the shortest distance, a trip could be performed in much less time. And if salt could be obtained at Chicago, from the New 1. "State Papers," No. 66, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II. 2. "Statutes at Large," IV., 334. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. I 53 York Salt Works, it would be a profitable and advantageous trade." 1 As the life history of an individual recapitulates the history of the development of a species, so does the history of Galena, in respect to the difficulties of its early settlers, recapitulate the history of the several parts of the United States in their early days. As Illinois had sent petitions for relief to the governments of the Northwest Territory, of Indiana Territory, and of the United States, so did Galena send similar petitions to the governments of Illinois ) of Michigan Territory, and of the United States. In each case the prayers of the petitioners were but partially granted. In each case the difficulties from Indians, lack of facilities for commerce, distance from the seat of govern- ment, inability to secure lands, were gradually mitigated until the steady onward sweep of settlement engulfed the outlying region and it ceased to be the frontier, and turned its energies to other questions — different, although probably as difficult. Galena, even at the close of 1830, was a frontier region on the outskirts of Illinois settlement. Transportation. Transportation was long a difficult problem, although it became gradually less so. Travel by either water or land was slow and difficult. When a party of about one hun- dred men, conducted by Colonel R. M. Johnson, went, in six or eight boats, from St. Louis to the site of the present Galena, in 18 19, to make an arrangement with the Indians which would permit the whites to mine lead, the upward voyage occupied some twenty days. 2 Doubtless the jour- ney of Edward Coles from Albemarle county, Virginia, to 1. "Galena Advertiser," Sept. 14, 1829. 2. Bonner, "Life and Adventures of Beckwourth, " 20, 21. Written from Beckwourth's dictation. 12 154 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Illinois, in 1819, was typical of that of the better class of immigrants. At the Virginia homestead, slaves, horses and wagons were prepared for the long journey. A trusty slave was put in charge of the caravan of emigrant wagons and started out on the long journey over the Alleghanies to Brownsville, Pennsylvania. Mr. Coles started a few days later, overtook the party one day's journey from Brownsville, and upon arriving at that place bought two fiat -bottomed boats, upon which negroes, horses and wagons, with their owner, were embarked. The drunken pilot was discharged at Pittsburg, and Coles acted as cap- tain and pilot on the voyage of some six hundred miles down the Ohio to a point below Louisville, whence, the boats being sold, the journey was continued by land to Edwardsville, Illinois. 1 April 5, 1823, a party of forty-three started from Cin- cinnati in a keel- boat, arriving at Galena, June 1, 1823. Twenty-two days were required to stem the flooded Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to St. Louis, and twenty of these were rainy days. 2 In 1822 the English settlement in Edwards county sent several flat-boats loaded with corn, flour, beef, pork, sausage, etc., to New Orleans. 3 Improvement of the Wabash was entrusted to an incor- porated company in 1825, and several years earlier a canal across the peninsula at the junction of the Ohio and the Mississippi was contemplated. 4 Many immigrants came overland. The following is typical: "In the year 18 19 a party of six men, and families 1. Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles, " 48. 2. Meeker, "Early Hist, of the Lead Region of Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," VI., 276-9. 3. Blaney, "Excursion through the U. S. and Canada," 159. 4. "Niles' Register," XXVIII., 168; Dana, "Sketches of Western Coun- try," 1S19, 154; "Laws of 111. Ter.," 1817-18, pp. '57-64. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. I 55 of three of them, started from Casey County, Kentucky, for Illinois. . . . The first three were young unmarried men, the last three had their wives and children with them. They came in an old-fashioned Tennessee wagon, that resembled a flat-boat on wheels. The younger readers of this sketch can form but a faint idea of the curious and awkward appearance of one of these old fashioned wagons, covered over with white sheeting, the front and rear bows set at an angle of forty- five degrees to correspond with the ends of the body, and then the enormous quantity of freight that could be stowed away in the hole would astonish even a modern omnibus driver! Women, children, beds, buckets, tubs, old fashioned chairs, including all the household furniture usually used by our log-cabin ances- tors; a chicken coop, with 'two or three hens and a jolly rooster for a start,' tied on behind, while, under the wagon, trotted a full-blood, long-eared hound, fastened by a short rope to the hind axle. Without much effort on your part, you can, in imagination, see this party on the road, one of the men in the saddle on the near horse, driving; the other two, perhaps on horseback, slowly plodding along in the rear of the wagon, while the boys 'walked ahead,' with rifles on their shoulders 'at half-mast,' on the lookout for squirrels, turkey, deer, or 'Inj'in.' " T Muddy roads some- times caused emigrants to make long detours in the hope of finding better ones, and if the roads became impassable water transportation might be resorted to when the locality permitted. 2 The fear of breaking down was omnipresent and danger from professional bandits 3 was not 1. Henderson, "Early Hist, of the Sangamon Country," 13. 2. Reid, ' Sketch of Enoch Long," "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," II., 61-2. 3. "Pub. No. S of the 111. State Hist. Lib.," 156; Strickland, "Autobi- ography of Peter Cartwright," 200- I; Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 310. 156 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. lacking. There was also danger of being lost on the enormous prairies in Illinois. 1 The best road from North Carolina to Indiana, for loaded wagons, was that which crossed the Blue Ridge at Ward's Gap, in Western Virginia, led through East Tennessee and Kentucky, and reached the Ohio River at Cincinnati, 2 and this was a part of the route for some of the Illinois immi- grants. Illustrations of the moving instinct, the ever- present desire to go frontierward, were constantly appear- ing. 3 Although the greater proportion of immigrants came by either wagon or boat, some came on horseback and some on foot. 4 One pioneer wrote: "My mother was a delicate woman and in the hope of prolonging her life, my father, in 1830, broke up his home at Windsor, Con- necticut, and started overland for Jacksonville, Illinois. Most of the household furniture was shipped by water, via New Orleans and did not reach its destination until a year afterwards, six months after our arrival. The wagon for my mother was made strong and wide, drawn by three horses, so that a bed could be put in it and most of the way she lay in this bed. Most of the time the drive was pleasant but over the mountains it was rough and over the national corduroy road of Indiana, it was perfectly hor- rible." 5 A journey was made in 1827 in about four weeks over" the same route that it had taken the same traveler seven and a half weeks to cover in 1822. 6 1. "Reminiscences of Levi Coffin," 89-99. 2. Ibid., 76. 3. Ibid., 94-5; Mrs. Delilah Mullin- Evans, in "Trans, of the McLean Co. (111.) Hist. Soc," II., 17; Hecke, "Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten," I., 37-8. 4. Loomis, "Notes of a Journey to the Great West," pages unnumbered; "Niles' Register," XXII. , 320. 5. "Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of 111.," MS. in 111. State Hist. Lib. 6. Tillson, "Reminiscences," 120. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 57 Within the state changes in facilities for transportation were constant. From Shawneetown to St. Louis, by way of Kaskaskia and Cahokia, passed the great western road. There was also a road from Shawneetown, by way of Carmi, to Birkbeck's settlement in Edwards county. 1 Frontier roads to different places seem to have been desig- nated by different numbers of notches cut in the trees along the wayside. 2 New roads were in constant demand. In February, 1821, the legislature authorized the building of a turnpike road, one hundred feet wide, from the Mis- sissippi, opposite St. Louis, across the American Bottom to the Bluffs. Toll was to be regulated by the county com- missioners, but it must be not less than twelve and one- half cents for a man and horse, twenty- five cents for a one- horse wagon or carriage, six and one- fourth cents for each wheel and each horse of other wagons and carriages, six and one -fourth cents for each single horse or head of cattle, and two cents for each hog or sheep. If at any time the county should pay the cost of the road, plus six per cent, the county should become the owner. 3 A traveler writing late in 1822 says that a public road had just been opened between Vandalia and Springfield. 4 During the same year, Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, one of the most active of the agents of the American Fur Company in Illinois, established a direct path or track from Iroquois Post to Danville. In 1824 this path, which was known as "Hubbard's Trail," was extended northward to Chicago, and southward to a point about one hundred and fifty miles southwest of Danville. Along this trail trading- posts were established at intervals of forty or fifty miles. 1. Melish, " Information and Advice to Emigrants," 1S19, 108. 2. Woods, " Residence in 111. ," 140. 3. "Laws of 111.," 1820-21, pp. 94-6. 4. Tillson, " Reminiscences, " 54. 158 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. The southern extremity of the trail was Blue Point, in Effingham county. 1 This became the regularly traveled route between points connected by it. Springfield was the northern terminus of the mail route early in 1823, and the next year Sangamon county, in which the village lay, was almost entirely without ferries, bridges, or roads. 2 In 1830 mail was carried between Vincennes and St. Louis thrice a week; between Maysville and St. Louis, and between Belleville and St. Charles twice a week. No point in Illinois, not on one of these routes, received mail oftener than once a week. There was at this time a mail route from Peoria to Galena. 3 The legis- latures of Indiana and Illinois petitioned Congress for an appropriation to improve the mail route from Louisville, Kentucky, to St. Louis, Missouri. The length of that part of the route which lay between Vincennes and St. Louis was one hundred and sixty miles, but a more direct route, recently surveyed by authority of the legislature of Illinois, reduced the distance to one hundred and forty-five miles. The distance between Vincennes and St. Louis was made up of about one-fourth of timber land and three-fourths of prairies, from five to twenty miles across. "The settle- ments are therefore scattered, and far between, and confined to the vicinity of the timbered land. More than nineteen- twentieths of the land, over which the road passes, is the property of the Federal Government. To make the necessary causeways and bridges, and to keep the road in a proper state of repair, is beyond the capacity of the people who reside upon it." Another writer says of the 1. Hamilton, "Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard," 136. 2. Tillson, "Reminiscences," 81; Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 250. 3. "State Papers," No. 77, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., III. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 59 route: "It must, for many years, be the channel of com- munication, through which the Government shall transmit, and receive, all its intelligence relative to the mines in the region of Galena, and Prairie Du Chien, the Military Posts of the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, and their tributary streams, and the whole northwestern Indian frontier." 1 Galena remained much isolated. A man who had horses and cattle, purchased in southern Illinois and driven to Galena, by way of Springfield and Peoria, in 1823, says that there was no settlement between Peoria and Fever River. A year before, a traveler who went from St. Louis to Galena, on horseback, arrived in time to assist in com- pleting the second cabin in the place. 2 Two travelers who walked from Upper Alton to Galena, in January and Feb- ruary, 1826, had to camp out several nights, because no residence was in reach. Much of the way no trail existed. 3 About 1827 it was common for men to go with teams of four yoke of oxen, and strong canvas -covered wagons from southern Illinois to the lead regions. In those regions they spent the summer in hauling from the mines to the furnaces or from the furnaces to the place of ship- ment, usually Galena, and taking back to the mines a load of supplies. In the fall the teamsters returned to their homes, sometimes, in the early days, taking a load of lead to St. Louis. These men lived in their wagons, and cooked their own food. The oxen lived by browsing at night. 4 Transportation rates can be only approximately given, 1. "S. Doc," No. 28, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I. 2. Meeker, "Early Hist, of the Lead Region of Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," VI., 278-9. 3. Reid, "Sketch of Enoch Long," Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll., II., 67-8. See also Owen, in "Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatfer," Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, 42. 4. Chetlain, "Recollections of Seventy Years," 10. l6o SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. because they varied with the condition of the weather or of the roads, and were frequently agreed upon by a special bargain. In 1817 steamboats are said to have descended the Ohio and the Mississippi at the rate of ten miles per hour, and to have charged passengers six cents per mile. Freight^ by steamboat, from New Orleans to Shippingport (Falls of the Ohio), and thence by boats to Zanesville, was about $6.50 per 100 pounds. 1 It took about one month to make the trip from New Orleans to Shawneetown — June 6 to July 10 in a specific case. Nine-tenths of the trade was still carried on in the old style- — by flat-boats, barges, pirogues, etc. 2 In December, 18 17, freight from Shawnee- town to Louisville was $1,123^ per hundred weight; to New Orleans, $1.00; to Pittsburg, $3.50; to Shawneetown from Pittsburg, $1.00; from Louisville, $0.37^2; from New Orleans, $4.50. The great difference between the rates up stream and those down stream was due to the difficulty of going against the current. 3 Cobbett estimated that Birk- beck's settlement, fifty miles north of Shawneetown, could be reached from the eastern seaboard for five pounds sterling per person. 4 In 18 19, the passenger rate, by steam- boat, from New Orleans to Shawneetown, was $1 10; the freight rate $0,043/2 to $0.06 per pound, the high charges being attributed to a lack of competition, which the many new boats then building were expected to remedy. 5 A party of nine people with somewhat more than six thou- sand pounds of luggage, wishing to start from Baltimore 1. Hulme, in Cobbett, "Year's Residence in the U. S.," 279, 302. 2. Birkbeck, " Letters from 111.," 113; Birkbeck, "Jour, from Va. to 111.," I 33"4- 3. Fearon, "Sketches of Am.," 260, repeated in Kingdom, "Am. and the British Colonies, " 63. In the works of Fearon and Kingdom 4s. 6ci. are equal to $1.00. 4. Cobbett, "A Year's Residence in the U. S.," 337. 5. Birkbeck, " Extracts," 4. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. l6l for Illinois, in July, 1819, learned that the water was so low that large boats could with difficulty pass from Pittsburg to Wheeling. They accordingly went from Baltimore to Wheeling, a distance of two hundred and eighty miles, by land. They had two wagons with six horses and a driver to each wagon. The price for transportation was three hundred and fifty dollars. At Wheeling a contract was made for transportation to Louisville, six hundred miles distance. For this, fifty dollars was paid, the passengers agreeing to help navigate the boat. At Louisville an ark was bought for twenty- five dollars, and two men were hired for eighteen dollars and their board, to take the party to Shawneetown, about three hundred miles distant. At Shawneetown the master of a keel -boat was engaged to take the luggage of six thousand pounds to a point about eleven miles from Birkbeck's settlement, for 37 }t cents per hundred pounds. The travelers proceeded on foot. The time occupied in the journey was: From Baltimore to Wheeling, sixteen days; from Wheeling to Shawneetown, thirty-eight days; from Shawneetown to the Birkbeck settlement, four days. 1 A traveler in Illinois, in 18 19, said that the usual price of land carriage was fifty cents per hundred pounds for each twenty miles; sometimes higher, never lower, and that it would not pay to have corn trans- ported twenty miles. 2 In 1820, the charge for carrying either baggage or persons from Baltimore to Wheeling was reported as from live to seven dollars per hundred weight. Persons wishing to travel cheaply had their luggage trans- ported while they walked. 3 In 1823 the following passenger rates, by steamboat, were quoted: From Cincinnati to New Orleans, $25.00; to 1. Woods, "Residence in Illinois," 33, 74, ill, 131, 133, 143-4. 2. Faux, "Memorable Days m Am.," 315. 3. Kingdom, "Am. and the British Colonies," 2. 1 62 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Louisville, $4.00; to Pittsburg, $15.00; to Wheeling, $14.00; from New Orleans to Cincinnati, $50.00; from Louisville to Cincinnati, $6.00; from Pittsburg to Cincinnati, $12.00; from Wheeling to Cincinnati, $10.00. The time quoted for passage up stream was never less than twice that for passage down stream. 1 Early in 1825 the Louisiana Gazette (presumably of New Orleans) reported that a steamboat had made the 2200 miles from Pittsburg in sixteen days, 2 and a few weeks later another steamer arrived at Shipping- port, at the Falls of the Ohio about two miles below Louis- ville, thirteen days from New Orleans, this time including three days detention from the breaking of a crank. 3 Rates quoted in 1 826, per one hundred pounds, were: From Pittsburg to St. Louis, in keel-boats, $1,623/3; to Nash- ville, $1.50; to Louisville, $0.75; to Cincinnati, $0.62^2 ; to Maysville, $0.50; to Marietta, $0.40; to Wheeling, $0.18^; in wagons, from Pittsburg to Philadelphia, $1.00 to $1,123^ ; from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, $3.00; from Philadelphia to Wheeling, $3-50. 4 A Columbus, Ohio, editor declared that it required thirty days and cost $5.00 per hundred to transport goods from Philadelphia to Columbus, while it required but twenty days and $2.50 to transport from New York. 5 No explanation was given, but the most probable one is the opening of the Erie Canal. Illinois buyers could, of course, take advantage of the cheaper rate as well as the inhabitants of Columbus. The freight schedule agreed upon by the owners, masters, and agents of steamboats in July, 1830, was, per 100 pounds, as follows: Pittsburg to Cincinnati, $0.45 ; Pittsburg to Louis- 1. "Niles' Register," XXV., 95. "Cincinnati Emporium," Feb. 3, 1825. "Cincinnati Gazette," Apr. i, 1825. "Niles' Register," XXXI., 58. Ibid., XXXI., 38. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 63 ville, $0.50; Wheeling- to Cincinnati, $0.40; Wheeling to Louisville, $0.45; Cincinnati to Louisville, $0.12^; in the reverse direction rates were the same, except that the rate from Louisville to Cincinnati was $0.16. Freight on pork, from Cincinnati to Louisville was $0.20 per barrel, and on flour and light (probably meaning empty) barrels, $0.15 per barrel. The schedule rates were not, however, gener- ally adhered to, many boats carrying freight at from 2^ to 5 cents lower than the quoted rate. 1 At this time there were 213 steamboats in use in western waters — an increase of about three-fold since 1820. 2 Improved transportation caused a better market price for produce in the West. In 1819, at Cincinnati, flour sold at $1.37 }4 per barrel, corn at from $0.10 to $0.12 per bushel, and pork at $0.10*^ per pound, 3 while in 1830, in the same market, flour from wagons sold at $2.65 per barrel, or from store at $3.00; corn at $0.18 to $0.20, and pork at $0.05 per pound ($10.00 to $10.50 per barrel). 4 The influence of improved trans- portation on emigration is obvious. In regard to steam- boat navigation it should be noted that in 18 17 rates up- stream were more than three times as high as rates down- stream, in 1823 the former were less than twice the latter, and in 1830 the two were about equal. During the same period the time of up-stream passage was diminished more than one-half. Steamboats had not driven out the ruder crafts, but more and more use was being made of the more expeditious means of transportation, and its effect on the future economic activity of the West could already be seen. Naturally the difference in price of the same commodity 1. "Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer," July 27, 1830. 2. "Niles' Register," XXXVIII., 97. 3. Ibid., XLIV., 36. 4. "Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer," July 27, 1S30. 164 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. in two different markets was dependent in large measure on the ease or difficulty of transportation. In the latter part of 1 8 17, corn was $0.24 to $0.30 and wheat $0.75, in Illinois, while corn was $0.50 and wheat $0.75 at Cin- cinnati. 1 In 1825 wheat was worth hardly $0.25 per bushel, while it sold for $0.80 to $0.87^2 in Petersburg, Virginia, and flour was $6.00 per barrel at Charleston, South Carolina, and was scarce even at that price in Nashville, Tennessee. At the same time corn sold for from $0.08 to $0.10 in Illinois, and for $1.75 to $2.00 in Petersburg, Virginia. 2 In 1826 wheat sold in Illinois at $°-37/^> and in England at $2.00 (nine shillings). 3 In 1829 flour was scarce at Galena. A supply from the more southern settlements in Illinois sold at $8.00 per barrel, and the farmers were urged to bring more. 4 This was in October. In November flour was quoted at Galena at $9.00 to $10.00 per barrel, while it sold at St. Louis for $4.50 to $5.50. In December, Cincinnati flour was from $10.00 to $10.50 and Illinois flour from $8.00 to $8.50, at Galena, whereas in the succeeding August they were $5.00 and $4.00, respectively. In November, 1829, the one article of food that was quoted as cheaper at Galena than at St. Louis was potatoes. They were $0.25 per bushel, at Galena, and from $0.37^ to $°-5° at St. Louis. Butter was $0.25 to $0-37 }4 at Galena, and $0.1 2*4 to $0.20 at St. Louis; corn, $0.50 at Galena, and $0.25 to $0.31 at St. Louis; beef, $0.03 ^ to $0.04^4 at Galena, and $0.01^ to $0.02 at St. Louis; whisky, $0.62^ per gallon at Galena, and $0.30 to $0.33 at St. Louis. 5 1. Fearon, " Sketches of Am.," 217, 260. Reprinted in Kingdom, "Am. and the British Colonies," 55, 62. 2. "Niles' Register," XXIX., 165; "The Intelligencer" Petersburg, Va., Mar. 11, 1825; "Charleston (S. C. ) Mercury," May 25, 1S25; "Nashville (Tenn.) Republican," Apr. 16, 1825. 3. "Niles' Register," XXXI., 52. 4. " Miners' Journal, " Galena, Oct. 4, 1829. 5. Ibid., Nov. 3, 1829; Dec. 15, 1829; Aug. 14, 1830. first years ok statehood. 1 65 Life of the People. Of the 13,635 persons who were following some occu- pation in Illinois in 1820, nearly 91 per cent (12,395) were engaged in agriculture. 1 To this pursuit the state was naturally well adapted. One of the most observant of German travelers in America wrote that the meaning of "fertile land" was very different in this region from its meaning in Germany. In America fertile land of the first class required no fertilizer for the first century and was too rich for wheat during the first decade, while fertile land of the second class needed no fertilizer during the first twelve to twenty year;, ^1 its cultivation. Bottom-lands belonged to the first class. 2 The prairies remained unappreciated by the Americans, although some foreign farmers preferred to settle in Illinois, because there they could avoid having to clear land, and could raise a crop the first year, while coal could serve as fuel, 3 and a ditch and bank fence, requiring little wood, couid be constructed, or a hedge could be grown. 4 A traveler of 1819 speaks of one of the largest prairies as not well adapted to cultivation, because of the scarcity of wood, and in the fall of 1825 there was 1. "Twelfth Census of the U. S., Occupations, " p. xxx. 2. Duden, "Nordamerika, " 61. 3. Hecke, " Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten," II., 134-5. 4. The following describes a ditch and bank fence: "I very much admire Mr. Birkbeck's mode of fencing. He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at top, sloping to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth that comes out of the ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is turfed towards the ditch. Then a long pole is put up from the bottom of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this is crossed by a short pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along between the forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked alto- gether very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he intends to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would make the fence far more effectual as well as handsomer." — Flulme, in Cobbett, "Year's Residence in the U. S.," 2S2. 1 66 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. but one house on the way from Paris to Springfield, leading across eighty miles of a prairie ninety miles in length. 1 It was easy to obtain land. After 1820 it could be bought from the government of the United States at $1.25 per acre, it could be rented — sometimes for one peck of corn per acre per year 2 — , or the claim of a squatter could be purchased. When Peter Cartwright moved from Ken- tucky to Illinois in 1824, he gave as reasons for moving the fact that he had six children and but one hundred and fifty acres of land, and that Kentucky land was high and rising in value; the increase of a disposition in the South to justify slavery; the distinction in Kentucky between young people reared without working and those who worked; the danger that his four daughters might marry into slave families; and the need of preachers in the new country. 3 The land being obtained, the first cultivation was difficult. Writers often give the idea that after a year or two the land which had been heavily timbered was left free from trees, stumps, or roots, but many a pioneer plowed for twenty years among the stumps. Stump fields are today no novelty in Illinois, and farming has not retro- graded. Usually the settler's first need was a crop, and in order to hasten its production the trees were girdled, a process which might either precede or follow the planting, according to the time of year in which the immigrant arrived. If prairie land was plowed six horses, or their equivalent of power in oxen, were required for the first breaking, and a summer's fallow usually followed in order to allow the roots to decay. In 18 19 five dollars per acre 1. Ernst in "Pub. No. S of the 111. State Hist. Lib.," 156; "Jacksonville (111.) Weekly Journal," Apr. iS, 1877 (in "111. Local Hist," III., in Wis. Hist. Soc. Lib.) 2. Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 213. 3. Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, " 244. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 67 was paid for the first plowing of the prairie, and three or four dollars for the second. 1 Agricultural products exhibited considerable variety, although corn was the chief article raised, because it furnished food for man and beast, it gave a large yield, and it was more easily harvested than wheat. Wheat was raised without any great degree of care as to its culture, being frequently sowed upon ground that was poorly pre- pared, and being threshed in a most wasteful manner. Both wheat and flour were exported. Flour- mills, often of a rude sort, were found at inconveniently long distances from each other. Ferdinand Ernst, traveling in 18 19, found a turbine wheel at the mill of Mr. Jarrott, a few miles from St. Louis, and mentioned the fact as a peculiar feature. 2 Some of the settlers in Sangamon county had to go sixty miles to mill in 1 824.3 In 1830 the first flour mill in northern Illinois was erected on Fox River. It was operated by the same power that ran a saw-mill, and the millstones were boulders, laboriously dre'ssed by hand. 4 Tobacco of excellent quality was grown, and sometimes formed an article of export. 5 Cotton was an important article for home consumption. In the early years of the state hopes were entertained that cotton might become an article of export, but it was found that the crop required so much labor as to make raising it in large quantities unprofitable. It was after 1830, however, that it ceased to be cultivated in the state. It was raised at least as far north as. the present Danville, about one hundred and 1. Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 273. 2. Ernst, in 'Tub. No. 8 of the 111. State Hist. Lib.," 155. 3. Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, " 254. 4. Chapman, Lyde Grove, in "Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of 111.," in MSS. in 111. State Hist. Lib. 5. "Niles' Register," XXIX., 37; "111. Monthly Mag.," I., 127. l68 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. twenty- five miles south of Chicago. 1 A woman whose parents moved to Sangamon county in 1819 says that when in that county they raised, picked, spun, and wove their own cotton. The children had to seed the cotton before the fire in the long winter evenings. The impor- tance of cotton as a factor in inducing immigration may have been considerable. 2 Large quantities of castor oil were made in the state from home-grown castor beans. 3 Vegetables were large, although not always of good flavor. 4 Peaches, apples, pears, quinces and cherries were culti- vated successfully, while grapes, plums, crabapples, per- simmons, mulberries, strawberries, raspberries and black- berries grew wild. 5 An agricultural society was formed in 1819, a chief purpose being to rid the state of stagnant water. 6 It is not easy to exaggerate the simplicity of the farm- ing of pioneer times. When one reads that in 18 17 a log cabin of two rooms could be built for from $50.00 to $70.00; a frame house, ten by fourteen feet, for $575.00 to $665.00; a log kitchen for $31.00 to $35.50; a log stable for $31.00 to $40.00; a barn for $80.00 to $97-75; a fence for $0.25 per rod, and a prairie ditch for $0.29 to $0.44 per rod; that a strong wagon cost $160.00; that a log house eighteen by sixteen feet, was made by contract for $20 and ceiled and floored with sawn boards for $10 more 1. "Niles' Register," XXII., 2, 67, 245,386; "111. Monthly Mag.," I., 129 Loomis, "Journey to the Great West in 1S25," ch. iv., pages unnumbered. 2. " Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of 111.," in MSS. in 111. State Hist. Lib. 3. "Niles' Register," XXX., 287; "111. Intelligencer," May 18, 1826. 4. "111. Monthly Mag.," I., 129. 5. Ibid,, I., 128-9. 6. Fearon, "Sketches of America," 1817, 261, reprinted in Kingdom, "Am. and the British Colonies," 63; Birkbeck, "Letters from 111." 22, 32-3, 51-2, 69, 78, 85; Birkbeck, "Extracts," 24-5, shows that a honey -locust hedge could be made (1819) for less than 12 cents per rod. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 69 that a cow and calf cost $12.00 to $16.00, and a breeding sow, $2.00 or $3.00; that laborers received $0.75 per day without board, and a man and two horses $1.00 per day; and that various other useful articles could be procured at certain prices, care is needed in order to avoid the conclu- sion that an immigrant must have had several' dollars, if not a few hundreds of them. This need for care is increased by the fact that the most detailed statistical data for early Illinois is given by Birkbeck or his visitors, and is appli- cable to the English settlement in Edwards county — a settlement with enough unique features to make the data almost more of an obstacle than a help. As a matter of fact, many immigrants before 1 820 had only enough money to make the first payment on their land ($80.00), or after July 1, 1820, only enough to buy the minimum tract offered for sale ($100.00), while in both periods hundreds had not even as much money as $80.00 or $100.00, and had to become squatters. A log house, and practically all of the first houses were of logs, was usually built without the expenditure of one cent in cash, being erected by the family which was to occupy it, or, if neighbors were within reach, on the ' frolic" system. Ceilings and floors were both rare, and if a floor existed it was usually made of puncheons. The number of pioneers who actually paid as much as $31.00 for a log stable must have been small indeed. First fences were often of brush, or brush and logs, and many times crops were raised unfenced. Terri- torial laws prohibited allowing stock to run at large during the crop season. An immigrant often brought his cow and sow, and if not he either did without, which in the latter case was small privation in a region almost crowded with game, or secured the desired animals by barter or by working for a few days. Men frequently traded work, but the payment of cash wages was rare, the cheapness of 13 170 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. land and the ease of securing a living leaving small inducement to anyone to become a day laborer; 1 while for the same reason those who were professional laborers were often of an undesirable type. 2 Foreigners were some- times shocked at the utter carelessness of Illinois farmers. A soil of great fertility, a region so abundantly supplied with game and wild products as to make it almost possible to live from the forest alone, combined with a lack of efficient means of transportation, made such a temptation to a life of idle ease as many pioneers did not resist. Be it remembered, also, that although towns, retail trade, and export trade had begun in Illinois by 1830, these changes were not simultaneous throughout the state. As 1830 closed Illinois still had squatters many miles from a mill, it still had Indians, it still had unbridged streams, it still had regions far from a market — in a word, it had still persisting in some part of its wide extent each of the ills that had at various times confronted it in respect to personal danger and lack of inducements to farmers. The minority of really progressive farmers overcame the diffi- culties confronting them by raising cattle or hogs and driving them to distant markets, the price received being almost clear profit, or by constructing their own boats and shipping their produce. 3 Although the great majority of the population of Illinois was engaged in agriculture, there were salt works in the southeast and lead mines in the northwest. The salt industry was important. Far the greater part of the salt made in the state was made at the Gallatin county saline, near Shawneetown. In 18 19 the indefinite statement was made that these springs furnished between 200,000 and 1. Birkbeck, "Jour, from Va. to 111.," 36; Duden, " Nordamerika, " 319. 2. Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 315. 3. Birkbeck, "Letters from 111.," 35-6. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 171 300,000 bushels of salt annually, the salt being sold at the works at from fifty to seventy- five cents per bushel. 1 In 1822, the price of salt in Illinois was reported to have fallen from $1.25 to $0.50, because of the discovery of copious and strong salt wells. 2 The next year a strong well was reported twenty miles east of Carlyle. 3 In 1825, a visitor to the Vermilion county saline found twenty kettles in operation, producing about one hundred bushels of salt per week. 4 In 1828, an official report of the super- intendent of the Gallatin county saline stated that about 100,000 bushels of salt was made annually, and sold at from $0.30 to $0.50 per bushel. The lessees paid $2,160.50 rent during the year. 5 In 1830, the salt works in Gallatin county had a capital of $50,000; a product of from 100,000 to 130,000 bushels, selling at from $0.40 to $0.50; and three hundred employees. The saline in Vermilion county had a capital of $3500; a product of 3000 to 4000 bushels, selling at $1.25 to $1.50 per bushel; and eight employees. The works in Jackson county produced 3000 to 4000 bushels, selling at $0.75 to $1.00; and had from six to eight employees. The difference in price is noteworthy as indicating what must have been the difficulty of transport- ing salt from Gallatin county to either Vermilion or Jackson counties. At the Gallatin county works fuel was becoming scarce and water had to be carried some distance in pipes, thus increasing the cost of production. At the springs in Indiana salt was $1.25 per bushel, and in Kentucky it was $0.50 to $1.00. The states of New York, Virginia, Massa- 1. Mackenzie, "View of the U. S.," 1S19, 29S. 2. "Niles' Register, " XXII., 112. 3. Ibid., XXV., 272. 4. Loomis, "Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825," ch. iv. , pa^es unnumbered. 5. "H.J." (111.), 1828-29, 63. 172 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. chusetts and Ohio, respectively, produced more salt than did Illinois. 1 The lead industry at Galena was still in its infancy, notwithstanding the fact that the richness of the mines was early known. 2 In 1822, a number of persons went to Galena from Sangamon county. 3 For some years it was a common practice to go to the mines in the summer and return to the older settlements for the winter. 4 The popu- lation of Galena was 74 in August, 1823 ; 5 about 100 on July 1, 1825; 151 on December 31, 1825; 194 on March 31, 1826; 406 on June 30, 1826; 6 and 1000 to 1500 in 1 S29. 7 In 1826 a part of Lord Selkirk's French- Swiss colony on the Red River moved to Galena and became farmers in that region. 8 The rush to the lead region began in 1826 and became intense in the next year. 9 In [S27, a rude log hut, sixteen by twenty feet, rented for $35.00 per month. Galena had then about two hundred log houses, 10 and in the same year the first framed house was raised. 11 In July, 1828, five hundred lead miners were wanted at $17.00 to $25.00 and board per month. 12 1. "State Papers," No. 55, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.; "Niles' Reg- ister," XX VIII., 161. 2. "Niks' Register," XXII., 226. 3. Parkison, " Pioneer Life in Wis.," in " Wis. Hist. Soc, Coll., " II., 328-9- 4. Owen, "Urns Jahr 1819 und 1829," in "Deutsch-Amerikanische Ges. chichtsblatter, " Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, S. 42. 5. Meeker, "Early Hist, of the Lead Region," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," VI., 280. 6. "Pub. Lands," IV, 800. 7. " Narrative of Morgan L. Martin," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," XL, 398. 8. Chetlain, " Recollections of Seventy Years, " 6; Mrs. Adile Gratiot, in "Early 111. Towns," Lib. of Chicago Hist. Soc. 9. Parkison, "Pioneer Life in Wis.," in " Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," II., 329. 10. "Ex. Doc," No. 277, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VII. 11. " Shattuck Memorials," 233-4. 12. "Niles' Register," XXXIV., 344. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 73 A pursuit that was once common and profitable is described by a lawyer who traveled the first Illinois circuit, consisting of the counties of Greene, Sangamon, Peoria, Fulton, Schuyler, Adams, Pike and Calhoun, in 1827, as follows: "On this circuit we found but little business in any of the counties — parties, jurymen and witnesses were reported in all the counties after Peoria, as being absent bee and deer hunting — a business that was then profitable, as well as necessary to the sustenance of families during the winter." 1 Not until after 1830 was a common school system with effective provision for its support established, although subscription schools existed some years before the close of the eighteenth century. Instruction given in the earliest schools was slight, and in 18 18 a most competent observer declared that he believed that in Missouri "at least one- third of the schools were really a public nuisance, and did the people more harm than good; another third about balanced the account, by doing about as much harm as good; and perhaps one-third were advantageous to the community in various degrees. Not a few drunken, pro- fane, worthless Irishmen were perambulating the country, and getting up schools; and yet they could neither speak, read, pronounce, spell, or write the English language." 2 These schools closely resembled those of Illinois. School- books were rare and children carried to school whatever book they chanced to have, the Old Testament with its long proper names sometimes serving in lieu of a chart or primer. 3 In some schools pupils studied aloud. Reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic were the only branches commonly taught, although as early as 1806 surveying was 1. "Jacksonville (111.) Weekly Journal," Apr. iS, 1877. 2. Babcock, "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 123. 3. Peck, " 'Father Clark'; or, The Pioneer Preacher," 240. 174 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. taught in a "seminary" near the present Belleville. 1 In 1827 Rock Spring Seminary, now Shurtleff College, was opened by Baptists, and the following year instruction was begun in what was to become McKendree College (Meth- odist). 2 The teacher of the first school in McLean county (1825) received $2.50 per pupil for the term of four months. 3 The next year a teacher in Jacksonville was to be paid in cash or produce, or in pork, cattle, or hogs at cash prices, and to pay board in similar commodities at the rate of one dollar per week. This included washing, fuel and lights. School was open ten, and often twelve, hours per day. 4 Religious societies were early organized, but the building of churches was not then common. In 1796 a Baptist society was organized, and previous to this time both Baptists and Methodists, without organized societies, had united in holding prayer-meetings in which the Bible and published sermons were read, prayers offered, and hymns sung. 5 Before the close of the century the Meth- odists organized. The Presbyterians were prominent in the early years of statehood, but in 1818 they were just beginning their work in Illinois. 6 Meetings were usually held in private houses until such time as the congregation felt that a church building should be erected, or at least until some one felt the need, for the first church was sometimes built by a few individuals. 7 Ministers were of two types — those who devoted all of their time to relig- ious work and traveled over large areas, and those who 1. Reynolds, "Illinois — My Own Times," 59. 2. Babcock, "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 229. 3. "Trans, of the McLean Co. (111.) Hist. Soc.," II., 19. 4. "Jacksonville (111.) Weekly Journal," Apr. 18, 1877. 5. Peck, in Reynolds, "Pioneer Hist, of 111.," 259. 6. Ibid., 272-3. 7. Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 3S6-7. FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD. 1 75 combined ministerial duties with farming, hunting;, or some other frontier occupation. Neither class received much money. Peter Cartwright, one of the most famous pioneer preachers, received $40 one year (1824-25) and $60 the next — and this he considered good wages. 1 Pioneer energy was displayed in the overcoming of difficulties. For more than ten years the Baptists held meetings on alternate months at two places thirty -six miles apart, and several families regularly traveled that distance to the two-days' meeting, even in unfavorable weather — and this, too, after Illinois had become a state. 2 In 1829, the Presbyterians, true to their missionary spirit, occupied the extreme frontier at Galena. 3 Catholicism increased but slowly. 4 Divisions such as were found in the East or South reached Illinois, and at one time the Baptists were divided into three factions, which had about the same kind of fraternal relations as the Jews and the Samaritans. The chief questions for contention were whether or not missionaries should be sent out by the church and whether fellowship with slaveholders should be maintained. 5 An association of anti-slavery Baptists was formed, as also Bible societies and temperance socie- ties. 6 Camp-meetings, with their well-known phenomena, were common in the early years of statehood, and it is no reflection upon their value to say that they were one of the chief diversions for the pioneers. 1. Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 254. 2. Babcock, "Memoir of John M. Peck," 96-7. 3. Reynolds, "Illinois — My Own Times," 128. 4. Ibid., 1 16-7. 5. Babcock, "Memoir of John M. Peck," 94-5. 6. Ibid., 183, et stq., 203, 209. In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck, in Rey- nolds, " Pioneer Hist, of 111.," 253-75, and the above mentioned works. C H APTER VI. Slavery in Illinois As Affecting Settlement. SLAVERY, as well as indentured servitude, existed in Illinois as late as 1845, 1 an d the "Black Laws" of the state were repealed on February 7, 1865. 2 From 1787 until years after 1830 the slavery question was an unsettled one. In addition to the arguments for or against the institution that were used everywhere, the pro -slavery party in Illinois asserted that as the Ordinance of 1787 guaranteed to the French inhabitants their property, the French could hold slaves, and that as all citizens of a state had equal rights other persons in Illinois could hold slaves. The reply was that the Ordinance plainly forbade slavery. 3 Whatever the merits of the argument, slavery did exist in Illinois. The fear of the French that they might lose their slaves, and l the desire to attract slaveholders' to Illinois, led to determined and repeated efforts to legalize slavery. Early in 1796 a petition was sent from Kaskaskia to Congress, praying that the anti- slavery article in the Ordinance of 1787 might be either repealed or so altered as to permit the introduction of slaves from the original states or elsewhere into the country of Illinois, that a law might be enacted permitting the introduction of such slaves as servants for life, and that it might be declared 1. Harris, "Negro Servitude in 111.," 116-9, note 3, p. 118. 2. "Public Laws" (111.), 1S65, 105. 5. The question of the binding effect of the Ordinance received much atten- tion, especially from state courts, but early petitions show that the discussion was not early important. In general, see Haight, "Ordinance of 1787," in "Mich. Tol. Sci. Ass'n Pub.," II., 343-402; Cooley, "Michigan," 137-9; YVashburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," 67-71. 176 SLAVERY AS AFFECTING SETTLEMENT. 1 77 for what period the children of such servants should serve the masters of their parents. This petition was signed by four men, including some of the largest landowners in Illi- nois, but as the petition, while purporting to come from Illinois alone, concerned the entire Northwest Territory, as there was no indication that the four petitioners represented Illinois sentiment, and as the congressional committee was informed that many of the inhabitants of the territory did not desire the proposed change, the prayer of the petition was denied. 1 In 1800, two hundred and sixty- eight inhabitants of Illinois, chiefly French, petitioned Congress to repeal the anti- slavery provision of the Ordinance, stating that many of the inhabitants were crossing the Mississippi with their slaves. The petition was not considered. 2 A similar request, presented late in 1802, was twice reported upon by committees, one report (Randolph's) declaring that the growth of Ohio proved that a lack of slavery would not seriously retard settlement, while the other was in favor of suspending the anti -slavery article for ten years, the male descendants of immigrating slaves to be free at the age of wenty-five years, and the females at twenty-one. 3 In 1805 a majority of the members of the respective houses of the Indiana legislature petitioned for the repeal of the anti -slavery article, and this petition was closely followed by a memorial from Illinois expressing the hope that the general government would not pass unnoticed the act of the last legislature authorizing the importation of slaves into the territory. It violated the Ordinance, the memo- rialists declared, and although they desired slavery they 1. "Pub. Lands," I., 6S-9; " Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 447-52, 452-5- 2. "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub., " II., 455-61 ; "Annals of Cong., "6th Cong., 735. 3. "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 461-70; "A. S. P. Misc.," I., 387; "Annals of Cong.," 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; ibid., 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 466-8. 178 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. professed themselves to be law-abiding. 1 A committee report on the petition and memorial recommended that permission to import slaves into Indiana (then including Illinois) for ten years be granted, in order that the evil effects of slavery might be mitigated by its dispersion, but no legislation resulted from the report, 2 and the next year petitioning was resumed. The legislature sent resolutions asking for the suspension of the anti-slavery article, and elaborating the argument for such suspension. A com- mittee of which the territorial delegate from Indiana was chairman, presented a favorable report. 3 In September, 1807, a petition for the suspension of the anti-slavery article was sent to Congress from the Indiana legislature. It was signed by Jesse B. Thomas, later author of the Missouri Compromise, but then Speaker of the territorial House of Representatives, and resident in what was to become the State of Indiana, and by the president pro tan. of the Legislative Council. Action in committee was adverse, 4 Congress being; then busied with the question of the abolition of the slave trade. During the territorial period in Illinois (1809- 181S), the slavery question was not much agitated. The Constitution of 1 8 18 provided that slaves could not be thereafter brought into the State, except such as should be brought under contract to labor at the Saline Creek salt works, said con- tract to be limited to one year, although renewable, and the proviso to be void after 1825, but existing slavery was not abolished, and existing indentures — and some were 1. "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 476-83, 498-506. 2. Ibid., II., 494-7; "A. S. P., Misc.," I., 450; "Annals of Cong., "9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293, 466-8. 3. "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 507-10; "A. S. P., Misc.," I., 467, 477; "Annals of Cong.," 9th Cong., 2d Sess., 375, 482. 4. "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 515-21; "A. S. P., Misc.," I., 484; "Annals of Cong.," 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 23, et set/., 816. SLAVERY AS AFFECTING SETTLEMENT. 1 79 for ninety-nine years 1 — should be carried out. Male children of slaves or indentured servants should be free at the age of twenty-one and females at eighteen. 2 In Con- gress, as has been seen, Tallmadge, of New York, objected to admitting Illinois before she abolished slavery, but his objection was ineffectual. In March, 18 19, a slave code was enacted. Any black or mulatto coming into the State was required to file with the clerk of a circuit court a certificate of freedom. Slaves should not be brought into the state for the purpose of emancipation. Resident negroes, other than slaves and indentured servants, must file certificates of freedom. Slaves were to be whipped instead of fined, thirty- nine stripes being the maximum number that might be inflicted. Contracts with slaves were void. Not more than two slaves should meet together without written permission from their masters. Any master emancipating his slaves must give a bond of $1000 per head that such emancipated slaves should not become public charges, failure to give such a bond being punishable by a fine of $200 per head. Colored people must present passes when traveling. 3 Stringent as was the code of 18 19, it was of a type that was common in the slave states. Its passage may have kept some negroes, both free and slave, from coming into the state upon their own initiative without certificates of freedom. From 18 10 to 1820 the number of slaves in Illinois increased from 168 to 917, Illinois being the only state north of Mason and Dixon's line having an increase in the number of slaves during the decade, although in the Territory of Missouri, during this time, the number increased from about 3000 to over 10,200. At the same 1. Harris, "Negro Servitude in 111.," 1 1, note 3. 2. Poore, "Charters and Constitutions," Pt. I., 445-6. 3. "Revised Laws of 111.," 1833, 457-62. 180 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. time the number of free blacks in Illinois decreased from about 600 to some 450, while they increased in Indiana from nearly 400 to over 1200. Of the slaves in Illinois in 1820 precisely 500 were in the counties of Gallatin and Randolph, the former being the center of the salt- making industry, and the latter the seat of the early French settle- ment at Kaskaskia. 1 Whether the anti -slavery clause of the Ordinance of 1787 freed the slaves of the old French settlers was long a disputed question, and it is certain that a strict construc- tion of the Illinois Constitution of 18 18 made further importation of slaves illegal. Many slave-owners passed through southern Illinois to Missouri, because the main road for emigration by land to that territory crossed the Ohio River at Shawneetown. Many of the slaves who produced the large increase in the number of slaves in Missouri from 18 10 to 1820 must have gone over this route. In 1820 more than one-seventh of the population of Missouri was slave. 2 The people of Illinois could not fail to see that they were losing a certain class of emigrants — the prosperous slaveholders. The loss became greater as the likelihood of Missouri's admittance as a slave state increased. As early as 1820 there was a rumor of the formation of a party in Illinois to introduce slavery into the state in a legal manner. 3 The next year an editorial in a leading newspaper of Illinois said: "Will the admission of slavery in a new state tend to increase its population? — is a question which has been of late much discussed both within and without this state. It has been contended that its admission would induce the emigration of citizens of states as well where slavery was, as where it 1. "Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics," 5, 7, 24-5; Melish, "Geog. Uesc. of the U. S.," 1822, 359. 2. "Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics," 3, 7. 3. J. Q. Adams, "Memoirs," V., 9. SLAVERY AS AFFECTING SETTLEMENT. l8l was not tolerated — that while it would attract the attention of the wealthy southern planter, it would not deter the industrious northern farmer." The editor cites Ohio and Kentucky as proof against the above argument. In 1810 Ohio had a population, in round numbers, of 230,700 and Kentucky one of 406,500; in 1820 Ohio had 581,400, while Kentucky had 563,300, giving a difference in favor of Ohio of over 18,000; and an access of gain during the decade, in favor of Ohio, of 93,847. "We are willing to take into consideration the unsettled titles of land in the last- mentioned state [Kentucky], and admit that in this respect Ohio had a decided advantage — we will therefore deduct the fraction of 93,847, believing it equivalent to the loss of population from this cause — there is still a difference of 100,000." J The editor's figures for 18 10 were correct and those for 1820 were approximately so. It is also true, and in line with his argument, that during the same decade Indiana showed an increase from 24,500 to 147,200, while Missouri's increase was from 20,800 to 66,500; the increase in Illinois being between the two in proportion of increase — from 12,282 to 5 5, 162. 2 The passing of the slaveholders to Missouri continued and the discussion of the slavery question became animated. In the gubernatorial election of 1822 there were four candidates for governor, two being anti- slavery and two pro-slavery in belief. Edward Coles, from Virginia, an anti -slavery, man, was elected by a plurality of but a few- votes. His -lection was due to a division in the ranks of the opposite party as is shown by the fact that the pro- slavery party polled over 5300 votes, while the anti-slavery party polled only some 3300. 3 In his message of Decem- 1. "Illinois Intelligencer ' (Vandalia), Apr. 24, 1821. 2. "Ninth Census of the U. S. , Population and Social Statistics," 3. 3. The vote for governor given by W H. Brown, "Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery," ("Fergus Hist. Ser.," No. 4, p. 15), 1 82 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. ber 5, 1822, Governor Coles strongly urged the passage of a law to prevent kidnapping 1 — then a regular trade. This was referred to a select committee which reported as follows: "Your committee have carefully examined the laws upon the subject, and with deep regret announce their incapability of devising a more effectual plan than the one already prescribed by law for the suppression of such infamous crimes. It is believed that the benevolent views of the executive and the benign purposes of the statutes can only be realized by the redoubled diligence of our grand juries and our magistrates, aided by the well- directed support of all just and good men." 2 The legis- lature was politically opposed to the governor, and the committee's report sounds like the baldest irony. With the report was presented a scheme for introducing slavery into the state, 3 a scheme which eventually led to the vote of 1824. 4 The Constitution of Illinois provided that upon the vote of two-thirds of the members of each house of the legis- lature, the question of calling a convention for the revision of the Constitution should be submitted to the people. For calling a convention only a majority vote from the people was necessary. This method of procedure the pro-slavery party 'determined upon. The two-thirds in favor of the project could be secured without difficulty in the senate, but in the house the desperate expedient of differs from that by Washburne, " Sketch of Edward Coles," 58, and Bonham, " Fifty Years Recollections, " 22, while neither gives Coles a plurality of 46 votes, as Harris in "Negro Servitude in 111.," 31, says the official returns show him to have received. For the purposes of this work the differences are so slight as to be negligible. 1. "House Journal" (111.), 1822-23, PP- 2 5~7; "Senate Journal" (111.), 1822-23, pp. 29-30. 2. "Senate Journal" (111.), 1822-23, pp. 43-6; "House Journal" (111.), 1S22-23, pp. 68, 134, 147-S. 3. "House Journal" (111.), 1S22-23, pp. 44, 45. 4. Davidson and Stuve, "Hist, of 111.," 320. SLAVERY AS AFFECTING SETTLEMENT, 183 reconsidering the right of a member to a contested seat and seating his opponent was resorted to. 1 This being done the resolution to submit the question of a constitu- tional convention to the people was passed by a bare two- thirds vote in each house. 2 Of the eighteen men who voted against the resolution, eleven were natives of southern states, two of New York, two of Connecticut, one of Mas- sachusetts, one of Vermont, and one of Sweden. There were some northern men who voted in favor of the reso- lution. 3 The campaign resulting from the passage of the conven- tion resolution was waged for eighteen months with great vigor. Press and pulpit were actively employed. 4 A large anti- slavery society was formed in Morgan county, 5 and it was in all probability one of many such organizations. In August, 1824, came the final vote, and the official count of the votes showed a majority of 1668 against calling a constitutional convention. 6 1. "House Journal" (111.), 1S22-23, p. 272. 2. Ibid., 1822-23, p. 276; "Senate Journal" (111.), 1822-23, P- 2 5 2 - 3. Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles, "passim. 4. " Edwardsville Spectator, " Jan. 27, 1824; Nov. 29, 1823. 5. Eames, "Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville, " 12. 6. "House Journal" (111.), 1S24-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote (Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows: For. Against. Alexander .. 75 51 Bond 6. Clark ^ Crawford Edgar Edwards . . Fayette. . . Franklin . . Fulton Gallatin .. 134 3 189 125 170 5 597 240 116 262 234 39i 121 113 60 133 180 99 74 158 Hamilton.. Jackson .. . Jefferson Johnson Lawrence.. Madison 351 Marion. 45 Montgomery 74 Monroe 141 Morgan 42 For. Against. 173 85 Greene 164 379 | Pike 19 93 43 74 261 563 52 90 196 432 165 Pope. 273 Randolph . . 357 Sangamon .. 153 St. Clair.. .. 408 Union 213 Washington. 112 Wayne 189 White 355 Totals 4972 6640 For. Against. 124 2 84 722 506 24O '73 I II 326 The vote as here given is from Moses, " Illinois, " I. , 324. It is also given in 184 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. It is noteworthy that in this struggle the governor of the state was an anti- slavery southerner; eleven of the eighteen anti-slavery men in the legislature were south- ern; the pro- slavery party, which polled 1971 more votes than its opponents in 1822, was defeated by 1668 votes in 1824. It is also true that of the leaders in the campaign some of the most noted were southern anti -slavery or northern pro-slavery men. The history of settlement suggests several explanations for the votes of 1822 and 1824. The legislature which passed the convention resolution had not been chosen with the avowed purpose of doing so. Some designing politicians had such an object in view and secured the election of pro- slavery men by anti -slavery constituents. The number of such cases was not large, but as the reso- lution passed by the minimum vote they are important. 1 In 1822, however, there was almost without doubt a pro- slavery majority in the state, but it is improbable that there was a two-thirds majority. In the election of 1822, there were 8635 votes cast, while in that of 1824 there were 11,612 votes cast. This great increase indicates a large immigration. Immigration at this time was largely to the northern counties of the state, and it is a point of prime significance that each of the seven northern counties gave large majorities against the calling of the convention, Harris, "Negro Servitude in Illinois," 48. It diners to a slight degree from that given by William H. Brown in his " Historical Sketch of the Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery," read at the annual meeting of the Chicago Hist. Soc . , Dec. 5, 1864 ("Fergus Hist. Ser. ," No. 4). and in Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," 191. Brown was one of the leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is probable that the vote appended to his address was prepared by some one else. The work of Moses is of later date and his figures correspond to the official report in respect to the majority against the convention, as the others do not. 1. Brown, "Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery," in" Fergus Hist. Series," No. 4, pp. 16-17. □ , g ^A LAWRENCE , 1 ' ' ^EDWARDsi WAYN£± }89 : ^JEFFERSOti fc39t£ !i 1 -— n TmJ^aj / F?A\MDOLPH~MARlbN VOTE OF ~^2B4 ?m 5 z\ A U6UST2, /8S4\ K/TsT 3 ] //3 U V 'Sg ' \ GALLATIN \ 33 \FMNKUN\ FOR A CONVENTION &JACK S P^ AGAINST A CONVENTION llll WITHIN 5ofo OF A TIF UPPER FIGURES, PRO-CONVENT/ON LOWER FIGURES, AN Tl - CONVENT/ON SLAVERY AS AFFECTING SETTLEMENT. 185 and that without the vote of these seven counties the vote would have been 4523 for a convention and 4408 against a convention, thus changing the decision of the state. This vote of the northern counties can not be explained by an increased immigration from the north, because no such increase to any significant degree is discoverable. The admission of Missouri as a slave state would naturally lead pro -slavery emigrants to go to that state instead of to Illinois. Another event which tended to influence the vote in Illinois was the decision of Indiana against slavery, in the summer of 1823, in the midst of the campaign in Illinois. 1 The unjust action of the Illinois House of Rep- resentatives in unseating an anti- convention member was a powerful argument against the pro-slavery party. In his message to the legislature, on November 16, 1824, Governor Coles said: "In the observations I had the honor to make to the last Legislature, I recommended that provision should be made for the abolition of the remnant of African slavery which still existed in this state. The full discussion of the principles and" policy of personal slavery, which has taken place since that period, resulting in its rejection by the decided voice of the people, still more imperiously makes it my duty to call your attention in an especial manner to this subject, and earnestly to entreat you to make just and equitable pro- vision for as speedy an abolition of this remnant of slavery, as may be deemed consistent with the rights and claims of the parties concerned. "In close connection with this subject, is my former recommendation, to which I again solicit your attention, that the law as it respects those held in service should be rendered less severe, and more accordant with our political 1. "Niles' Register," XXV., 39; "The Columbian Star" (Washington, D. C.)i Feb. 21, 1S24. 14 1 86 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. institutions and local situation; and that more severe penalties should be enacted against the unnatural crime of kidnapping, which then prevailed to a great extent and has since considerably increased, in consequence of the defects of the present law. Regarding the former, our laws in general are a mere transcript of those of the more southern states, where the great number of slaves makes it necessary for the safety of the whites, that the laws for their government, and concerning free blacks, should be very strict. — But, there being no such motive here, the necessity of such laws ceases, and consequently their injustice and cruelty are the more apparent. The latter are found every day more and more defective and inef- ficient; and kidnapping has now become a regular trade, which is carried on to a vast extent to the country border- ing on the lower Mississippi, up the Red River, and to the West Indies. To put an immediate and effectual stop to this nefarious traffic, is the imperious duty of the Legisla- ture." 1 The house of representatives referred the governor's remarks concerning kidnapping to a select committee. A bill was reported, but after being weakened by amend- ments it was tabled. 2 In his message in 1826 the governor renewed his recommendations, 3 and a section of the crim- inal code of January, 1827, provided that kidnapping should be punishable by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than seven years. 4 An act of January, 1825, provided that anyone who had failed to give the bond required by the black code of 18 19 from 1. "H. J." (111.), 1824-25, p. 13; on kidnapping see Harris, "Negro Servitude in 111.," 53 ff. 2. Ibid., 1824-25, pp. 26, 27, 151. 3. Ibid., 1826-27, pp. 9-10. 4. "Revised Laws of 111.," 1S33, 180-1. SLAVERY AS AFFECTING SETTLEMENT. 1 87 those who emancipated slaves, should be released from any verdict or judgment arising from such failure, upon indem- nifying the county for any money expended for the relief of the freedmen. 1 By an act of 1829 relating to slaves, whites were not to marry blacks, slaves were not to come to the state in order to be free, and runaway slaves should be advertised in the newspapers of the state. 2 The num- ber of slaves in Illinois decreased after 1820. In 1820 there were 917 slaves in the state; in 1830, 747; in 1840, 33i, 3 and before the next census slavery in the state was abolished. The vote of 1824 against calling a constitutional con- vention marked the end of the slavery question as an obstacle to the immigration of an anti-slavery population. Slaveholders, never a large proportion of the immigrants, practically ceased to come to the state, while the immi- gration of anti-slavery southerners continued, and the aggregate immigration greatly increased. The population of the state was 55,162 in 1820; 72,817, in 1825; and 157,445 in 1830. Missouri, more populous than Illinois by more than 11,000 in 1820, was less so by 17,000 in 1830. 4 Governor Coles, in his message of January 3, 1826, said: "The tide of emigration, which had been for several years checked by various causes, both general and local, has again set in, and has afforded a greater accession of population during the past, than it had for the three pre- ceding years. This addition to our population and wealth has given a new impulse to the industry and enterprise of our citizens, and has sensibly animated the face of our country. And as the causes which have impeded the 1. "Laws of 111.," 1824-25, p. 50. 2. "Revised Laws of 111." 1833, 463-65. 3. "Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics," p. 7. 4. Ibid., 3; "H. J." (111.), 1826, 11. 1 88 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. prosperity of the state are daily diminishing', and the inducements to emigration are increasing, we may confi- dently anticipate a more steady and rapid augmentation of its population and resources." * From 1820 to 1825 the increase of population in Illinois was 17,655, while from 1825 to 1830 it was 84,628. Con- temporaries have left some interesting records of immi- gration during the latter five years — a period in which the population of the state increased more than 116 per cent. Immigration had begun to be brisk by the fall of 1824. At the general election in August, 1820, there were 1132 votes cast in Madison county, while at a similar election in August, 1824, there were 3223 votes cast in the same ter- tory, Madison county having been divided into Madison, Pike, Fulton, Sangamon, Morgan and Greene counties. A Madison county newspaper said: "That country bordering on the Illinois River is populating at this time more rapidly than at any former period. Family wagons with emigrants are daily passing this place [Edwardsville], on their way thither." 2 During the five weeks ending October 28, 1825, about two hundred and fifty wagons, with an average' of five persons to each, passed through Vandalia, bound chiefly for the Sangamo country. 3 The unsettled condition of the slavery question from 1820 to August, 1824, is given as the cause of the slight increase in population during that period, and the settlement of the question is thought to have been a chief cause for the increase after 1824. 4 It must not be supposed, however, that any one cause excludes all others. The country as a whole had scarcely recovered from the great financial depression of 18 19; 1. "H. j." (111.), 1826, n. 2. "Edwardsville (111.) Spectator," Oct. 5, 1824. 3. "Niles' Register," XXIX., 20S. 4. Ibid., XXIX., 422. SLAVERY AS AFFECTING SETTLEMENT. 1 89 Kentucky was in turmoil over her bank, land titles and old and new courts; 1 early in 1825 over 65,000 acres in a single county in Tennessee were advertised for sale for the delinquent taxes of 1824; 2 and in 1826 a great drought in North Carolina caused a marked emigration from that state. 3 In 1829 emigration was great. Some forty English families from Yorkshire came by way of Canada and settled near Jacksonville, Illinois. They brought agricul- tural implements and some money. 4 The Kentucky Gazette lamented the fact that a large number of the best families of Lexington were removing to Illinois. 5 An Illinois news- paper reported : "The number of emigrants passing through our Town [Vandalia] this fall, is unusually great. During the last week the waggons and teams going to the north amounted to several hundred. At no previous period has our State encreased so rapidly, as it is now encreasing." 6 Another editor estimated the annual increase in population from 1826 to 1829 at not less than i2,ooo 7 — a figure which was almost certainly too low. In 1830 a meeting of gen- tlemen from the counties of Hampshire and Hampden (Massachusetts) was held at Northampton to consider the expediency of forming a colony to remove to Illinois. After a discussion it was voted to adjourn to meet on the 10th of October at Warner's Coffee House in Southampton. Similar meetings were held at Pawtucket and Worcester. 8 Shaler, "Kentucky," 176-S5. "Nashville (Tenn. ) Republican," Apr. 16, 1S25. "Niles' Register," XXX., 449. "Galena Advertiser," July 20, Aug. 10, Sept. 21, 1829. 5. "Niles' Register," XXXVI., 222. 6. "Illinois Intelligencer" (Vandalia), Oct. 31, 1829. 7. "Niles' Register," XXXVI., 271. 8. "Illinois Intelligencer" (Vandalia), Nov. 27, 1S30. 190 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. The immigration to Illinois was but part of a general westward movement. From Charleston, Virginia, we hear: "The tide of emigration through this place is rapid, and we believe, unprecedented. It is believed that not less than eight thousand individuals, since the ist September last [written on November 6, 1829], have passed on this route. They are principally from the lower part of this state and South Carolina, bound for Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. — They jog on, careless of the varying climate, and apparently without regret for the friends and the country they leave behind, seeking forests to fell, and a new country to settle." The editor attributes this move- ment to the fact that slavery had rendered white labor disreputable. 1 Three thousand persons bound for the West arrived at Buffalo in one week and six thousand per week were reported as passing through Indianapolis, bound for the Wabash country alone. 2 The great northern tide was chiefly bound to Ohio and Michigan, 3 northern Illinois not being open to settlement. Five years after Detroit received three hundred arrivals per week, Chicago had about a dozen houses, besides Fort Dearborn. This was the Chicago of 1830. 4 1. "Niles' Register," XXXVII., 195. 2. "Galena Advertiser," July 20, 1S29; "Niles' Register," XXXVII. , 230. 3. "Niles' Register, " XXVIII., 161. 4. "State Papers," No. 69, 21st Cong., ist Sess., Vol. III. CHAPTER VII. Successful Frontiersmen. THE character of the men who succeed in gaining the favor of those among whom they live indicates the character of those whose favor has been gained. Preachers, land dealers, lawyers, town builders, and politicians can not thrive in a hostile community. It is worth while in study- ing Illinois in its frontier stage to notice some of the chief traits of its leaders. No better type of the pioneer preacher need be sought than the Rev. Dr. Peter Cartwright. He preached in the West for nearly seventy years, during which time he deliv- ered some eighteen thousand sermons, baptized some fifteen thousand persons, received into the church nearly twelve thousand members, and licensed preachers enough to make a whole conference. He was for fifty years a presiding elder in the Methodist Episcopal church. His home was in Illinois from 1824 until his death in 1872. Aside from his ministerial duties he twice represented Sangamon county in the Illinois House of Representa- tives; was a candidate for congressman against Abraham Lincoln in 1846; and was a member of an historical society founded as early as 1827. Cartwright had a number of traits that attracted fron- tiersmen. In person he was about five feet ten inches high, and of square build, having a powerful physical frame and weighing nearly two hundred pounds. "The roughs and bruisers at camp- meetings and elsewhere stood in awe of his brawny arm, and many anecdotes are told of his courage and daring that sent terror to their ranks. He felt that he was one of the Lord's breaking plows, and that he had to drive his way through all kinds of roots and stubborn 191 192 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. soil. . . . His gesticulation, his manner of listening, his walk, and his. laugh were peculiar, and would command attention in a crowd of a thousand. There was something un definable about the whole man that was attractive to the majority of the people, and made them linger in his presence and want to see him again." He had a remark- able power to read men, his first impressions being quickly made and almost always correct. He was often gay, but never frivolous; often eccentric, but never silly. A Cum- berland Presbyterian, after attending a communion service administered by Cartwright and at which the Baptist, Rev. John M. Peck, was present, wrote: "After meeting, I invited these two men to spend the night with me, which they did; and such a night! — of all Western anecdotes and manners, flow of soul and out -spoken brotherhood — we had never seen, and never expect to enjoy again. These were, then [1824 c], the two strongest men of mark in the ministry, in this State [Illinois]." Cartwright's vitality was remarkable. In the sixty-sixth year of his ministry, and the eighty- sixth of his life, he dedicated eight churches, preached at seventy -seven funerals, addressed eight schools, baptized twenty adults and fifty children, married five couples, received fifteen into the church on probation and twenty-five into full connection, raised twenty-five dollars missionary money, donated twenty dollars for new churches, wrote one hundred and twelve letters, delivered many lectures, and sold two hundred dollars worth of books. Many frontier preachers of the time were lacking in common sense, but they were not popular. This is the testimony of a contemporary (1828) writer whose analysis of western character has rarely been excelled. 1 1. Thomas S. Hinde, writing over the signature of "Theophilus Arminius, " in "Methodist Magazine," XL, 1828, 154--8. The identity of the writer is shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume. SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 193 John Edgar, a native of Ireland, was one of the largest landholders who ever lived in Illinois. At the outbreak of the American Revolution he was a British officer living at Detroit, but becoming implicated in the efforts of his American wife to aid British soldiers in deserting, he was imprisoned. He escaped, and in 1784 settled in Kaskas- kia, where his wife joined him two years later, having saved from confiscation some twelve thousand dollars- This made Edgar the rich man of the community. "In very early times, he erected, at great expense, a fine flouring mill on the same site where M. Paget had built one sixty years before. This mill was a great benefit to the public and also profitable to the proprietor. Before the year 1800, this mill manufactured great quantities of flour for the New Orleans market which would compare well with the Atlantic flour." Edgar built a splendid mansion in Kaskaskia and entertained royally. At a time when hos- pitality was common he improved upon it. His home was the fashionable resort for almost half a century. It was here that Lafayette was entertained. In addition to his flour mill, which attracted settlers to its vicinity near Kaskaskia and which for many years did most of the merchant business in flour in the country, Edgar owned and operated salt works near the Mississippi, northwest of Kaskaskia, and also invested largely in land. Before the commissioners appointed to settle land claims he claimed thirty -six thousand acres in one claim as the assignee of ninety donation -rights, while he and John Murry St. Clair Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are Strick- land, ■'Autobiography of Peter Cartwright"; Cartwright, " Fifty Years as a Presiding Elder," and the obituary notice in "Minutes of the Annual Confer- ences of the M. E. Church," 1S73, 1 15 — 7. See also Moses, "Illinois," I- 1 34S, 379, 395* 5° 6 . "66. For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see "Memoir of John Mason Peck, D. D.," edited by Rufus Babcock. 194 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. claimed 13,986 acres which proved upon survey to cover almost thirty thousand acres. In territorial times Edgar paid more taxes than any one else in the territory. In 1790 Edgar was appointed chief justice of the Kaskaskia district of St. Clair county; in 1800 he was "Lieutenant- Colonel Commandant of the First Regiment of Militia of the County of Randolph"; in 1802 he was commissioned an associate judge of the Criminal Court of Randolph county, by Governor Harrison. He had never studied law "but common sense, a good education, and experience in business with perfect honesty made him a very respect- able officer." Edgar's correspondence with Clark and Hamtramck show him to have been a leader in Illinois during its period of anarchy preceding the establisment of government in 1790. He offered to board a garrison on the credit of the United States, if a garrison should be sent to protect Illinois. At a time when slaveholding was regarded as eminently respectable by the people of Illinois, Edgar held slaves, and in 1796 he was one of four who petitioned Congress to introduce slavery into the territory. He was a member of the legislature of the Northwest Territory, was worshipful master of the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 1806, and was major-general of militia, in which capacity he presided at reviews with much dignity. In person Gen. Edgar was large and portly. He was definitely charged with forgery by the commissioners to settle land titles at Kaskaskia. In one case a letter signed in a fair hand by one who had made his mark to a deed was produced by Edgar. The letter was an offer ot the illiterate owner to sell his land to Edgar. There is no indication that this conduct of the hospitable and popular man changed the esteem in which he was held by his contemporaries. 1 1. "Pub. Lands," I., 69-70; II., 203-4; "Early Chicago and Illinois," in SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 195 John Rice Jones, the first lawyer in Illinois, was emi- nently successful. He was born in Wales in 1759, received a collegiate education at Oxford, England, and afterward took regular courses in both medicine and law. In 17S3 he was a lawyer in London and owned property in Wales. The next year he came to Philadelphia where he practiced law and became acquainted with Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, Myers Fisher, and other distinguished men. In 1786 he came to Kentucky and joined Clark's troops against the Wabash Indians. A garrison was irregularly established at Vincennes and Jones was made commissary- general. He sold seized Spanish goods to partially indem- nify those whose goods had been seized by the Spanish. In 1790 Jones removed to Kaskaskia, bringing to his residence on the frontier a mind well trained by education and experience. He early became a large landowner, in 1808 paying taxes on 16,400 acres in Monroe county alone. The list of offices held by Jones shows him to have been prominent wherever he went. He was attorney- general of the Northwest Territory, a member and president of the legislative council of the same, joint- revisor with John Johnson, of the laws of Indiana Territory, one of the first trustees, as well as a chief promoter, of Vincennes Univer- sity, official interpreter and translator of French for the commissioners appointed to settle land claims at Kaskas- kia, and after his removal to Missouri, about 18 10, a "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 145, 159, 167, 169-70, 17S-9, 209; Rey- nolds, "Pioneer Hist, of 111.," no, 116-8, 1S0, 215; John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785, in "Draper's Notes, Trip i860," VI., 214-5; Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786, " Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," LIII., 56; Petition from Kaskaskia, Sept. 14, 1789, "Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," II., 124-7; Offer of John Edgar, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 3, 17S9, "Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," II., 127-S; Hamtramck's reply to the Kas- kaskia petition of Sept. 14, 1789, from Vincennes, Oct. 14, 1789, "Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," II., 128-30; Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789, ibid., II., 132-6; "Draper Coll., Kenton MSS.," Edgar Papers. 196 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. member of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1820, and, upon the admission of the state, justice of its Supreme Court until his death in February, 1824. In Missouri he engaged in lead mining and smelting with Moses Austin and later with Austin's sons. He made an exhaustive report on the lead mines of Missouri in 18 16. Jones was well versed in English, French and Spanish law, especially in regard to land titles. He was an excellent mathematician, and had also a thorough acquaintance with the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, English, and Welsh languages. The pioneers recognized his peculiar fitness for a legal career on the frontier. Governor Reynolds, a fellow- townsman of Jones, says: "Judge Jones lived a life of great activity and was conspicuous and prominent in all the important transactions of the country. His integrity, honor, and honesty were always above doubt or suspicion. He was exemplary in his moral habits, and lived a temperate and orderly man in all things." 1 The founding of the towns of Mt. Carmel, Alton and Springfield illustrates the work of successful town building on the frontier. Mt. Carmel was laid out in 1S17, Alton in 18 1 8, and the land where Springfield now stands was entered in 1823. The town of Mt. Carmel was founded by three min- isters, Thomas S. Hinde, William McDowell and William Beauchamp, the first two being proprietors and the last agent and surveyor. McDowell probably never settled in Illinois. Hinde and Beauchamp were men of more than ordinary ability. The former was a son of the well- known Dr. Hinde, of Virginia, who was a surgeon in the British navy during the French and Indian war. Dr. 1. Reynolds, "Pioneer Hist, of 111.," 170-2; \V. A. Burt Jones, in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 230-70; Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskas- kia, Oct. 29, 1789, "Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," II., 136-41. SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 197 Hinde moved to Kentucky and there the boy Thomas grew up. At one time he was a neighbor of Daniel Boone, and later of Simon Kenton. He was in the office of the Superior Court of Kentucky for some time, during which he became well acquainted with Governor Madison and his nephew, John Madison, kinsmen of President James Madison. He was well informed as to some of the obscure movements of Aaron Burr. This led him to send copies of the Fredonian, which he published in order to oppose Burr, to Henry Clay, then secretary of state, although the copies later unaccountably disappeared; and, in 1829, to write to James Madison, who was reported as contemplat- ing the writing of a political history, offering to furnish information which he possessed at first hand concerning the conspiracy. Madison denied any intention of writing a history, but asked Hinde to furnish an account of Burr's transactions to be filed with Madison's papers. This was done. In 1806, Hinde moved to Ohio to get away from slavery. William Beauchamp was born in Kent county, Dela- ware, in 1772. He became a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1794, but located in 1801 on account of ill health. His ministry had been markedly successful and he had been stationed in New York and Boston. In 1807 he settled on the Little Kanawha River in Virginia, and in 18 15 moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, where he acted as editor of the Western Christian Monitor, Hinde being a contributor. Beauchamp knew Latin, Greek and Hebrew, was a writer of considerable ability, and was well fitted to be editor. In 18 16, however, the General Conference decided to establish a magazine, and in the following year Beauchamp retired from the editorship of the Monitor, having successfully established the first Methodist magazine in America. Beauchamp, Hinde and McDowell were now I98 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. fellow- townsmen. They resolved to establish a town where their ideas of rectitude might be applied. The site chosen for the town was a point on the west bank of the Wabash opposite the mouth of the White River, and twenty-four miles southwest of Vincennes. This point was selected because of the available water power and of the likelihood that main roads from east to west would pass here. The town became a railroad and manu- facturing center and justified the wisdom of its founders. An elaborate circular, called the "Articles of Association, for the City of Mount Carmel," was issued at Chillicothe in 1 8 17. The purpose of the association was announced to be "to build a city on liberal and advantageous princi- ples, and to constitute funds for the establishment of seminaries of learning and for religious, purposes." The proprietors reserved for themselves one -fourth of the lots, these being called "proprietors' lots;" one-fourth were called "public donation lots;" and one-half were called "private donation lots." The plan of survey and sale was described as follows: "The front street is 132 feet wide; the others 99. The in -lots are- six poles in front, and eleven and a half back; containing each sixty- eight perches, nearly half an acre. The most of the out -lots contain four acres and eight square poles; some of them more, (five and six acres on the back range) ; and a few of them less. There are 748 in-lots, and 331 out-lots — 1079 in the whole. "The lots are offered at private sale, at the following prices: IN-LOTS ON FRONT STREET. Corners. $150 each Not corners 100 THE REST OF THE IN-LOTS. Corners $120 each Not corners 80 The out-lots $100 each SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 1 99 "The payments are to be made in four annual instal- ments; the first at the time of sale. "A bank is to be constituted by the sale of the lots. "One- fourth of the lets are appropriated to the use of schools and religious purposes. "One-half of the lots are to be given away to those who will improve them according to the articles of association. A person may have as many gift, or private donation out- lots, as he has such in -lots; the out -lots not required to be improved. The gift lots are to be disposed of on the following terms: the persons receiving them pay the prices above stated, and receive for the money thus paid, stock in the aforesaid bank. They are to improve the in- lots thus given to them, by building one dwelling-house for every such in-lot; one-half of the houses to be built within five years, and the other half within ten years, from the sale of said lots. The houses to be framed, brick, or stone, and to contain two rooms, and two fire-places each." The bank referred to was "The Bank of Mount Carmel." Its shares were ten dollars each. The proprietors might put into the stock one -half of the money received from the sale of proprietors' lots; all the money received for public donation lots was to be divided into three equal parts, one part to be funded in the bank in the name of the trustees (to be appointed) of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the proceeds to be applied to the building of "Methodist Episcopal meeting houses in the city of Mount Carmel, and to other religious purposes," not including ministers' salary; the second part to be funded in the name of the trustees (to be appointed) of a male academy; the third part to be similarly funded for a female academy; the money from private donation lots to be funded in the name of the purchasers, after deducting ten per cent for expenses, which ten per cent should remain in the bank 200 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. as permanent stock. The articles of association were elaborate. The iSth article became known as the "Blue Laws." It read as follows: "Art. iS. No theatre or play- house shall ever be built within the bounds of this city. No person who shall be guilty of drunkenness, profane swearing or cursing, Sabbath breaking, or who shall keep a disorderly house, shall gamble, or suffer gambling in his house, or raise a riot, or break the peace within the city, or be guilty of any other crime of greater magnitude in guilt than those here mentioned, and shall be convicted thereof before the mayor, council, or any other court having cogni- zance of such crime or crimes, shall be eligible to any office of the city of Mount Carmel or its bank, or be entitled to vote for any such officer, within three years after such conviction, notwithstanding anything in these articles to the contrary." The plan for a town was successful. Beauchamp was surveyor, pastor, teacher, and lawyer in the beginning of settlement. By 1819 a school was established; four or five years later a school-house was built; by 1S20 Mt. Carmel circuit of the M. E. church had been formed; in 1825 a brick church was erected; the same year the town was incorporated by the state on the plan laid down in the articles of association; in 1827 the annual conference of the Illinois Conference was held at Mt. Carmel. Beauchamp's health having improved he reentered the ministry in 1822, and at the General Conference two years later he lacked but two" votes of being chosen bishop. He died in 1824. Hinde, in 1825, was a member of the Wabash Naviga- tion Company, consisting of seventeen prominent Indiana and Illinois men, and having a capital stock of one million dollars. He was one of the nine directors for the first year. He continued to be a contributor to periodical litera- SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 201 ture and became the biographer of his friend Beauchamp. In a letter from Mt. Carmel, of May 6, 1842, Hinde says: "I have just returned from the East, having visited the Atlantic cities generally for the first time, after forty-five years pioneering in the wilderness of the West. I have been three times a citizen of Kentucky, twice of Ohio, and twice of Illinois." Hinde died in 1846 and was buried at Mt. Carmel. Among his writings is found one of the most acute analyses of frontier character that has appeared. The writer points out that eastern ministers have often been unsuccessful and eastern immigrants unpopular, because they have underrated the people of the West, among whom there are many people of culture. They prefer "the useful to the shining or showy talent." In the West the best work has been done by westerners. The English spoken in the West is the purest to be found, because the various provincialisms of the immigrants are mutually corrective. The Virginian, who retained his unbounded hospitality, was the most prominent character in the W T est. "If we expect to find on crossing the mountains a people either illiterate or ignorant as a body, we will assuredly, in many instances, be happily disappointed. It too often happens, that one puffed up with self importance, and possessing a conceited and heated imagination, will form wild conjectures as to men and things. We have been amused at the bewildered minds of such, with the 'whys' and 'wherefores'; and one of the most ridiculous whims of some, is to endeavour to press every thing into their own mould; and shape it, be it what it may, if possible, after their own manner, custom, or operation, forgetting that 'we have to take the world as it is, and not as we would have it to be.' The fact is, an emigrant should come forth as an inquirer, and set himself down to learn at the thres- hold of experience. On this rock thousands have been 15 202 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. injured, and none have suffered more than the English emigrants. Oh! with what poignant grief have I heard the English emigrant exclaim with the bitterest invectives on his own course and conduct, as to this particular. Conceiving that he knew every thing, when he came here to test his experience, he soon found that he 'knew nothing.' This circumstance I have found too to have its bearings upon American emigrants from different states; upon families, upon individuals, and upon preachers also. How often have I heard the old settler complaining, (who having himself learned by experience) of the impertinent conduct of an emigrant, who sometimes carries his local policy through all the ramifications of his life, and often into the religious society, as well as elsewhere; he wishing every thing done, as he saw it done in Boston, New- York, Phila- delphia, Baltimore, and very often 'Old England' and 'Ireland!' as if men who have to act, and reflect upon the circumstances of the case, different from any ever before presented except among themselves, are to be governed by acts and doings of people in the moon!" 1 A man who I. "Methodist Magazine," XL, 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde recall the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted to use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt was early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a foot-note: "A gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who was educated in Paris, visited a western state many years ago [written in 1827], and lost all his money by gambling, (playing at cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his return, he was thus addressed: 'Well, doctor, you have been to see the new country.' 'Yes,' replied the doctor, biting his lips, 'it is a new country, it is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever saw.' " — See above reference, p. 155. On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: "Articles of Association for the City of Mount Carmel"; Bangs, "Hist, of the M. E. Church," IV., appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 30S-14; "Minutes of Conferences" (Annual, M E.), I., 347, 474, 516; "American Pioneer," I., 327; II., 363-8; "Laws of III, 1S24-25," 72-5; Simpson, " Cyclopaedia of Methodism, " 97-8; "Meth- SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 203 thus knew the frontier was fitted to be the founder of a western town. Rufus Easton was the founder of the town of Alton. Like Hinde, he brought to his work a fund of experience gained on the frontier and in public affairs. Easton was born at Washington, Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 1774. He descended from pioneers, being a direct descendant of Joseph Easton, who came from England to Newtowne, now Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 1633, and was later one of Rev. Thos. Hooker's colony which founded Hart- ford, Connecticut, of which Easton was an original propri- etor. In 1792 Rufus Easton's father, a Tory, obtained a large grant of land near Wolford, now Easton Corners, Ontario. Rufus received a good education before study- ing law. In 1798 he was practicing law in Rome, New York, then a frontier town. November, 1801, Easton, with thirteen other prominent men, held a banquet to celebrate the election of Thos. Jefferson as President. The promi- nence of the young lawyer at this time is shown by the fact that he was consulted in regard to federal appoint- ments, and that he was in 1803 a confidential correspondent of DeWitt Clinton. The winter of 1803-4 Easton spent in Washington, where he became a friend of Aaron Burr, Postmaster- General Granger, and others. In the spring of 1804 he started for New Orleans. Aaron Burr gave him a letter of introduction to Abm. R. Ellery, Esq., of New Orleans, in which he said: "You will certainly be greatly amused to converse with a man who has passed the whole winter in this city — who has had free intercourse odist Magazine," VIII., 17, 49, 86. Less reliable data is given in "Hist, ot Edwards, Lawrence, and Wabash Counties, 111.," 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, 239. Mount Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The "Hinde MSS." in the " Draper Coll." are large in volume, but have slight historic value, being chiefly musings of the author's later years. 204 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. with the officers of Govt. & members of Congress — who has discernment to see beyond the surface, and frankness and independence enough to speak his own sentiments." Easton did not, however, go to New Orleans. He stopped for a short time at Vincennes and then located at St. Louis. He was appointed by Jefferson judge of the Territory of Louisiana and first postmaster of St. Louis. In Septem- ber, 1805, Burr, Wilkinson and Easton had a conference at St. Louis. Easton turned a deaf ear to Burr's questionable proposals and from this time Wilkinson was hostile to Easton. Easton corresponded with Jefferson and Granger concerning the Burr conspiracy. Jefferson appointed him United States attorney, 18 14-18 he was delegate to Con- gress from Missouri, 1821-26 he was attorney-general of Missouri. Easton was very prominent, entertaining almost all visitors of note. Edward Bates, Lincoln's attorney- general, read law in Easton's office. Soon after coming to St. Louis, Easton began to buy up claims to land in Missouri and Illinois. When seeking to find a suitable place for a town in Illinois, he selected a point on the east bank of the Mississippi, twenty-five miles north of St. Louis and twenty miles south of the mouth of the Illinois. There was here a good landing place for boats, and also extensive beds of coal and lime- stone. The town was named Alton in honor of the founder's son. One hundred lots in the new town were donated to the support of the gospel and public schools, one-half of the proceeds to be devoted to each. This provision was confirmed by the act of incorporation of January 30, 1821, and the trustees were given the right to tax undonated lots for the support of schools. This latter provision was in advance of public sentiment and two years later it was repealed. Alton, like Mt. Carmel and to a much greater extent, proved the wisdom of its location. SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 205 It has long been noted for its manufactures and is a thriving modern city. 1 The town of Springfield, since 1839 tne capital of Illinois, was laid out in 1822, before the land upon which it stood was offered for sale. When the land was sold in November, 1823, the section upon which the town stood was bought by Elijah lies, Pascal Paoli Enos, Thomas Cox, and Daniel P. Cook, each purchasing one quarter, but the title being vested by agreement in lies and Enos. Cook, like McDowell in the founding of Mt. Carmel, seems to have been a non-resident proprietor. Elijah lies was a child of the wilderness. He was born in Kentucky in 1796, and died at Springfield, Illinois, in 1SS3, leaving valuable reminiscences of his long experience on the frontier. His mother was Elizabeth Crockett lies, a relative of David Crockett. Elijah attended school two winters and taught two winters. In 18 12, although but sixteen years of age, he acted as deputy for his father, who was sheriff of Bath county, Kentucky. Some three years later his father gave him three hundred dollars, with which he bought one hundred head of yearling cattle. For three years he herded these cattle among the mountains of Ken- tucky, about twenty miles from civilization, having as his only companions his horse, dog, gun, milk cow, and the cattle. His meals usually consisted of a stew made of bear meat, venison, or turkey, and a piece of fat bacon. At the end of the three years the cattle were sold for about ten dollars a head, and the youthful dealer having attained his majority went to Missouri and became a land agent for eastern speculators, and soon began to speculate 1. Bay, "Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Mo.," 78-91 ; "Pub. Lands," II., index under Easton, Rufus; Easton, "Descendants of Joseph Easton, Hartford, Conn.," 1, 37, 65; Moses, "Illinois," I., 272; "Laws of III, 1S20-21," 39-45; ibid., "1S22-23," 147. 206 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. for himself. In 1S21, concluding that Missouri was too far from a market, he sold some of his land and resolved to move to Illinois. At that time the site upon which Spring- field was to stand had been chosen as the temporary- county seat of Sangamon county, because eight men, some of whom had families, lived within a radius of two miles from the site, and at no other place in the county could the lawyers and judge secure board and lodging. lies quickly discerned the advantages of the Sangamon country as a place of settlement, and straightway built a log store sixteen feet square, went to St. Louis and bought fifteen hundred dollars worth of goods, which he loaded on a keel-boat and had towed up the Mississippi and the Illinois by six men, whom he paid seventy-five dollars for their services. When the land was offered for sale, in 1823, lies bought a quarter-section. Another quarter-section of the town site was bought by Pascal Paoli Enos. The fact that the frontier is a great social leveler is well illustrated by the combination of Enos and lies as joint owners of a town site. The Enos family had come from England in 1648, and Pascal Paoli Enos, son of Major- General Roger Enos, was born, in Windsor, Connecticut, in 1770. He was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, was a member of the Vermont legislature in 1804, married in Vermont and moved to Cincinnati in 18 15, later to St. Charles, Missouri, then to St. Louis, then to Madison county, Illinois, and in 1823 was appointed by President Monroe receiver of public moneys for the land-office in the District of San- gamo. Thus the elderly scholar joined the shrewd but youthful frontiersman. Col. Thomas Cox was the third of the trio of the resi- dent proprietors of Springfield. He had signed a petition for the division of Randolph county in 18 12, represented SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 207 Union county as a senator in the first general assembly of Illinois, and in 1820 was appointed register of the land- office at Vandalia. In 1823 he came to Springfield as register of the land- office at that place. Col. Cox was six feet tall, weighed two hundred and forty pounds, and was a drunkard within a short time after the founding of Springfield. The most important thing about the founding of the town is the heterogeneous character of its founders. A few incidents in their subsequent history will emphasize this, and also show how well they worked together when surrounded by the same conditions. When the commis- sioners came to locate a permanent county seat Spring- field, then called Calhoun, had a formidable rival for the honor. lies and Enos managed to have a mutual friend engaged as guide to the commissioners. The guide con- ducted them to the rival settlement by a long and rough route and upon being requested to take them back over a shorter route he took a course more difficult still. The commissioners decided that the rival settlement was inac- cessible, lies was twice state senator, major in the Winne- bago war, and captain in the Black Hawk war, in which he served with Zachary Taylor, Jefferson Davis, Abraham Lincoln, John T. Stuart, Robt. Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame, and others. lies was also a large stock dealer, selling hogs and cattle in St. Louis and mules in Kentucky, until 1838, in which year he lost ten thousand dollars on hogs packed at Alton. In 1838-9 he built the American House in Springfield. This was then the largest hotel in the state and its erection created a great sensation. He was four times state senator, and was an officer of the Bank of Edwardsville. Enos held his position as receiver until removed for political reasons by Jackson in 1829. Cox had an eventful career. He was removed from his position 208 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. of register, under charges of misconduct, early in 1827; the next year he was keeping a hotel in Springfield; later he removed to Iowa, then Wisconsin, having secured a contract for the survey of public lands. He was three times a member of the Iowa territorial House of Repre- sentatives and twice a member of the territorial Council. A band of murderers, horsethieves, counterfeiters, and blacklegs, having gained possession of the town of Belle- vue, on the Mississippi, in Jackson county, Iowa, Col. Cox led the citizens in a successful attack in which seven men were killed outright and some ten or fifteen wounded. At this time Cox was recognized as a pronounced drunkard, but his undoubted courage, ability to command, and strong physique secured him a following. 1 Shadrach Bond, the first governor of Illinois, and Pierre Menard, the first lieutenant-governor, were both poorly educated, but they had a good knowledge of men and a large fund of information concerning practical affairs. 2 Edward Coles, the second governor of the state, is a good example of the polished, well-educated gentleman suc- ceeding with a rude constituency. Coles was born in 1786, in Albemarle county, Virginia, fitted for college by private 1. For information concerning lies, see: " Reminiscences of Elijah lies," l n "Hist, of Sangamon County, 111.," 5S0-3; Power, "Hist, of the Early Settlers of Sangamon Co., 111.," 397-400 (practically a short autobiography of lies, written in 1S76);. Moses, "Illinois," I., 344; II., 1174. Concerning Enos, see: Stiles, "Ancient Windsor," (Conn. ), II., 245, 246; "Executive Journal," Senate, 1815-29, pp. 325, 32S, 551, 553, 555; ibid., 1829-37, pp. 50, 391 ; "Edwards Papers," in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," III.. 205, 391. Concerning Cox, see: Moses, "Illinois," II., 1168; "Executive Journal," Senate, 1815-29, pp. 216-7, 3 2 5> 3 2 &> 55 1 , 553, 555; Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," 128-30; "Edwards Papers," in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," III., 76, 211, 336-7; Gue, "Hist, of Iowa," I., 205, 211; Fairall, "Manual of Iowa Politics," 107; "Hist, of Jackson Count}', " Iowa, 360-403. On Springfield, see: Peck, "Gazetteer of Illinois," 1834, 337. 2. Moses, "Illinois," I., 2S7, 289-90; Reynolds, "Pioneer Hist, of 111.," 291-4, 323-7- SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 209 tutors, educated at Hampden Sidney and later at William and Mary College. His father's home was visited by Patrick Henry, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, the Ran- dolphs, Tazwell, Wirt, and others. For six years Coles was the private secretary of President Madison, and during this time he became an intimate friend of Nicholas Biddle. In 1 S 1 5 he visited Illinois in what must have seemed at that time great state, for he traveled not only with a horse and buggy, but' with a servant and a saddle-horse as well In 1 8 16-17 he was sent as a special messenger to Russia, stopping at Paris on his return, meeting Louis XVIII. of France and becoming a friend of Lafayette. In 18 19 he came to Edwardsville, Illinois, emancipated his slaves, and assumed his duties as register of the land- office. The rough pioneers were very anxious to get a title to their lands. "When the settler reached Edwardsville, dressed in jeans and wearing moccasins, with his money in his belt, having traveled on foot or on horseback long dis- tances, and first presented himself to the Register of the Land Office, there he found Edward Coles, who had recently emigrated into the State from Virginia. It was known to some of them that he had been the private sec- retary for President Madison, and had been on an impor- tant mission to Europe. "They found him a young man of handsome, but some- what awkward personal appearance, genteelly dressed, and of kind and agreeable manners. The anxious settler was at once put at ease by the suavity of his address, the interest he appeared to feel in aiding him, and the thor- oughly intelligent manner in which he discharged his duty. No man went away who was not delighted with his intercourse with the 'Register.' And herein is illus- trated the great mistake so often made by politicians and candidates for popular favor. Too many candidates for 210 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. the suffrage of the people in our early political contests thought it necessary, in order to make themselves popu- lar, to affect slovenly and unclean dress and vulgar manners in their campaigns. There was never a greater mistake. However rough, ill-clothed and unintelligent the voter might be, he always preferred to vote for the man who was dressed and acted like a gentleman to the one who dressed like and acted like himself." 1 Coles was always dignified, always gentlemanly, and always respected. His brief residence in Illinois affected its history for all time to come. Like Coles in several respects was his successor as governor, Ninian Edwards. Born in Maryland in 1775, educated by the celebrated William Wirt, and later graduating from Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, at nineteen years of age he came to Ken- tucky. Here he served two terms in the Kentucky legislature, was presiding judge of the general court, circuit judge, and chief-justice of the court of appeals. Henry Clay gave as Edwards' marked characteristics, good understanding, weight of character, and conciliatory manners. In his campaign for governor of Illinois, Edwards presented himself as the highest type of a pol- ished and well-dressed gentleman, always riding in his own carriage and driven by his negro servant, and dressing in all the style of an old-fashioned gentleman with broad- cloth coat, ruffled shirt, and high-topped boots. The people were not repelled by such a display, but considered it an honor to vote for such a man. The egotistical Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, who was one of the two opponents of Edwards, intermingled bad grammar and poor attempts at wit in his electioneering speeches, and 1. Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," 16 et seq., 54-7. Washburne, the writer, came to Galena, Illinois, when it still had many frontier charac- teristics, and for seventeen years represented his district in Congress. SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. 211 received, less than one-tenth of the number of votes cast for either of the two other candidates. 1 I. Moses, "Illinois," I., 242-3, 336, 340-1, 351; Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," 54-7; and for a general view of Edwards, see: N.W. Edwards, "Hist, of 111. and Life of Ninian Edwards," and "The Edwards Papers," in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," III. Works Consulted. I. SOURCES. American Historical Association, Annual Report of the. Wash- ington : Government Printing Office. Report for 1893, PP- I 99 -22 7> see Turner, Frederick Jackson; Report of 1896, Vol. I., pp. 930-1107, has "Selections from the Draper Collection in the possession of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, to elucidate the proposed French expedition under George Rogers Clark against Louisiana, in the years 1793-94." American monthly Magazine and critical Review. New York: H. Biglow, editor. Volumes I. -III. (1817-18) give information of much value concerning European conditions inducing emigration. A few of the notices concern emigration from east to west in the United States. American Register; or, Summary Review of History, Politics, and Literature. Philadelphia. Volume II., 202, 203, 216 (1S17), tells of improvements in steamboat navi- gation. Americans as they are; described in a Tour through the Valley of the Mississippi. London: Hurst, Chance 6° Co., 1828. vi. + 218 pp. Observations on Illinois are more suggestive than accurate. Atwater, Caleb. Remarks made on a Tour to Prairie du Chien. Columbus, Ohio: Lsaac N. Whiting, 1831. 296 pp. The tour was from Circleville, Ohio, to Prairie du Chien, in 1S29, and thence to Washington. The writer's remarks give valuable material for the history of the time. Writings. Columbus, Ohio: Caleb Atwater, 1833. 408 pp. The author was one of a commission to treat with the Indians at Prairie du Chien for the cession of the lead region. In 1S29 he went from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien. He gives good descriptions of Quincy, Galena, and a few other places. The part of the Writings describing this journey was separately printed in 1831. The edition of 1S33 is somewhat better than the previous one. 213 214 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Balestier, Joseph N. Annals of Chicago: a Lecture delivered before the Chicago Lyceum, Jan. 21, 1840. Republished from the original Edition of 1840, with an Introduction, written by the Author in 1876. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876. In Fergus histor- ical Series, L, No. 1. 48 pp. Contains a copy of Capt. Heald's letter of 181 2, describing the massacre at Fort Dearborn. Biggs, William. Narrative of William Biggs, while he was a Prisoner with the Kickepoo Indians . . . on the west Bank of the Wabash River . . . Printed for the author, June, 1826. 22 pp. Biggs was captured on March 28, 1788, and remained a captive for several weeks. This very rare book gives valuable insight into the revolting customs of the Indians. Birkbeck, Morris. Extracts from a supplementary Letter from the Illinois: an Address to British Emigrants, and a Reply to the Remarks of William Cobbett, Esq. 2d ed. London : James Ridgway, 181 9. 36 pp. Birkbeck had issued an address to British emigrants, advertising the virtues of his English settlement in Illinois. William Cobbett declared that Birk- beck's account of the fertility and salubrity of Illinois was not true. Birkbeck issued a somewhat scathing reply, showing Cobbett's ignorance. Letters from Illinois. Philadelphia: M. Carey &> Son, 1818. 121110. vii. + 154 pp. Twenty- two letters written from November, 181 7, to March, 1818, by Morris Birkbeck, from the English settlement in Edwards county, 111., of which settlement he was the founder. Very valuable for notes concerning transportation and the manner of life of the early settlers of Illinois. Notes on a Journey in America from the Coast of Virginia to the Territory of Illinois. Philadelphia: Richardson, 181 7. Passed through several editions in England. A graphic account of the journey of Birkbeck from 500 miles east of Cape Henry, Va. (April 26, 1817), to Shawneetown, 111., where on August 2, 1817, he bought 1440 acres of land as a site for his English settlement. Very valuable for information concerning transportation and western conditions. Blaney, Capt. An Excursion through the United States and WORKS CONSULTED. 21 5 Canada during the years 1822-23. By an English Gentleman. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and f^oy, 1824. i6mo. 511pp. Pages 156-92 tell of the author's trip across Illinois. He visited Albion and then went to St. Louis overland. The descriptions of Birkbeck's settlement, the difficulties of prairie travel, and of the frontier life encountered are much above the average of travelers' reports. Bonner, T. D. Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwonrth Mountaineer, Scout, and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. Written from his own Dictation. New York: Harper 6° Bros., 1858. i6mo. 535 pp. The book deals almost entirely with the region west of the Mississippi, but in 1820 Beckwourth visited Galena. He went from St. Louis with a party led by Col. R. M. Johnson, the object of the party being to gain a mining concession from the Sauk Indians. Br an nan, John (Editor). Official Letters of the military and naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 18 12, 13, 14, e- 5 13. Washington : Way & Gideon, 1823. 510 pp. A valuable collection. Printed without comment. Pages 84-5 give Capt. Heald's official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. The report is in a letter to Thos. H. Cushing, Adjutant General, written from Pittsburg, October 23, 1812. Brodhead, Col. Daniel. A Letter from Brodhead to Gen. Washington referring to La Palme's Expedition. In The olden Tune, II., 390-91. Butricke, George. Affairs at Fort Chartres, 1 768-1781. Albany: J. Munsell, 1864. 10 pp. Reprinted from Historical Magazine, VIII. , No. 8. Valuable. Several letters written by Geo. Butricke, then stationed at Fort Chartres. Contains interesting notes on Indians, Spaniards, and British. Tells of epidemic. Calendar of Virginia State Papers and other Manuscripts. Richmond, Va., 1875- 1900. 9 vols. The early volumes have documents of great value concerning the period when Illinois was a part of Virginia. Cartwright, Peter, Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, the 2l6 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. backwoods Preacher. Ed. by W. P. Strickland. Nero York: Carlton &> Porter. 1857. 16 mo. 525 pp. The author was from 1S03 to the time of writing his book (1856) one of the most famous circuit riders. His first work was in Kentucky. He came to Illinois in 1823. His views on slavery, which caused his removal, are interesting. A valuable work, especially for giving an insight into the social life of the time. Chetlain, Gen. Augustus Louis. Recollections of seventy Years. Galena: The Gazette Pub. Co., 1899. 304 pp. The author was one of the first settlers in Galena, and gives valuable infor- mation concerning that important region — 1S21 ff. Chicago Historical Society's Collections. Chicago, 1882-90: — I. History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, Illinois, by George Flower, 1882. 408 pp. II. Sketch of Enoch Long, by Harvey Reid, 18S4. 112 pp. III. The Edwards Papers, edited by E. B. Washburne, 1884. 632 pp. IV. Early Chicago and Illinois, 1889. 400 pp. Of great value. Childs, Col. Ebenezer. Recollections of Wisconsin since 1820. In Wis. Hist. Coll., IV., 1859, 153-95. The writer describes Chicago as it was in 1S21, at which time he visited it. Christian Spectator, V., 1823, 20-26. Remarks on the States of Illinois and Missouri, by Edward Hollister. The author had recently completed a missionary tour in these states, and his remarks give an insight into the social conditions of the time. Cobbett, William. A Year's Residence, in the United States of America, 3d ed. London: William Cobbett, 1828. 370 pp. Cobbett was in the United States in 1S17-1S. He declared that Birkbeck and Fearon had deceived the people of England by portraying America as better than it was. His book is unfair. Coffin, Levi. Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the reputed Presi- dent of the Underground Railroad. . . . Cincinnati: Western Tract Society [c. 1876]. 2d ed. with appendix. Cincinnati : Robert Clarke 6° Co., 1880. 732 pp. Pages 89-99 describe the author's visit to a Quaker settlement in Sanga- mon county, 111., in 1S23. Lost on the prairies. WORKS CONSULTED. 217 Collot, Victor. A Journey in North America, containing a Survey of the Countries watered by the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, and other affluing Rivers . . . Illustrated by 36 Maps, Plans, Views, and divers Cuts. Paris: Arthus Bertrand, 1826. 2 vols, and atlas in one. iv.4-310; v. + 272 pp. The author traveled through Illinois in 1796. His observations were acute and are more helpful than would be expected from a soldier of fortune. The New Orleans Picayune of March 18, 1901, has a valuable article on the jour- ney of Collot and its purpose. See his Map of the Country of the Illinois, in pocket. Columbian Centinel. Boston, June- December, 1790; 1 79 1 — 1801 ; 1802- 1829. The issue for June 16, 1790, has a note on the current experiments with steamboats. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. Croghan, George. Journal, 1765. In Thwaites, Early west- ern Travels, I., 126-73. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Com- pany, 1904. The Journal is of a trip to the West, and characterizes the early French settlers. Cuming, Fortescue. Sketches of a Tottr to the western Coun- try, . . . commenced at Philadelphia in the Winter of 1807 and concluded in 1809. Pittsburg: Cramer, Spear 6° Eichbaum, 18 10. i2mo. 504 pp. Describes Shawneetown and gives some information in regard to routes. Very slight, however, in respect to Illinois. Criticism: The Inter Ocean, August 3, 1904. Cutler, Julia Perkins. Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler. Prepared from his Journals and Correspondence. Cincinnati : Rob- ert Clarke 6° Co., 1890. 353 pp. Cutler early settled in Ohio. This work gives good examples of the diffi- culties of travel, between 1795 and 1809, on some of the Alleghany routes frequented by emigrants to Illinois, The driving of western cattle to market is also described. Cutler, William Parker, and Cutler, Julia Perkins. Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, 16 2l8 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. LI. D. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke &> Co., 1888. 2 vols. 9 + 524; 495 PP- Considerable information concerning early eastern opposition to western settlement is given. Dr. Cutler kept a diary from 1765 to 1823, of which nine years are missing. De Peyster, J. Watts, LI,. D. Miscellanies, by an Officer [Colonel Arent Schuyler de Peyster, B. A.], 1774-1813. New York: A. E. Chasmar 6° Co., 18SS. 80 pp., and an appendix of cci. pp. Pages xxvi. -xxvii. contain a letter from Arent De Peyster to Capt. McKee describing an Illinois expedition against St. Josephs in 1780 or 1781. Letter dated Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781. Draper Collection of Manuscripts. This collection, made by Lyman C. Draper, is the property of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. It has been of more value to the writer than any other single source, being especially helpful for the hitherto obscure period immediately succeeding the expedition of George Rogers Clark, 1 779— 1790. Most important of all are the Harmar Papers, although the Illinois MSS., the Clark MSS., and Draper's Notes were much used. The Hinde MSS. have little historical value, consisting as they do, largely of religious musings of the writer's old age. Duden, Gottfried. Bericht iiber eine Reisenach den westlichen Staaten Nor darner ikrfs und cinen mehrjahrigen Aufenthalt am Missouri (in den Jahren 1824-1827) in Bezug auf Auswanderung und Uebervolkerung. 1st ed. of ijoo copies. 2d ed. Bonn, In Commission bci Eduard Weber, 1834. lviii. -f- 404 PP- Contains a prediction of Illinois' future greatness. Gives valuable informa- tion concerning the cost and manner of transportation, and concerning social life. Comparison of American and European conditions. Dunn, Jacob Piatt, Compiler. Slavery Petitions and Papers. In Indiana Hist. Soc. Pub., II., 443-529. Indianapolis: The Bowen- Merrill Company, 1894. "The following papers are the petitions to Congress from Northwest and Indiana Territories for the suspension of the sixth article of compact of the Ordinance of 1787, and the admission of slavery to the Territory, together with the counter -petitions, the reports on them, and the accompanying docu- ments." — Compiler's introduction. WORKS CONSULTED. 219 Edwardsvitte Spectator. Edwardsville, III.: Hooper JVarren, pub., Apr. 18, 1820 — Feb. 8, 1825, and 1820-22. Material has been gleaned from the issues of Nov. 7, 1820; August 31, 1822; Nov. 30, 1822; Nov. 29, 1823; "Jan. 27, 1824; and Oct 5, 1824. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. Ernst, Ferdinand. Travels in Illinois in i8ig. Translation from the German Original. In Pub. No. 8 of the III. Hist. lib. pp. 150-65. Springfield, III.: Phillips Bros , 1904. Ernst was the leader of a party of German immigrants who settled at Van- dalia soon after his journey to Illinois. He gives a vivid picture of the rapidly settling Illinois with its squatters and its fertile and inviting land. He visited the Sangamo country and the Kickapoo United States treaty con- ference. Faux, W. Memorable Days in America: being a Journal of a Tour to the United States, principally undertaken to ascertain, by positive Evidence, the Condition and probable Prospects of British Emigrants; including Accountsyf Mr. Birkbeck's Settlement in the Illinois . . . London: IV. Simpkiti & P. Marshall, 1823. 488 pp. Sufficiently pessimistic to require cautious use. The journey was per- formed in 1819-20. Fay, H. A. Collection of the official Accounts, in Detail, of all the Battles fought by Sea and land, between the Navy and Army of the United States, and the Navy and Army of Great Britain, during the Years 18 12, 13, 14, & 15. New York: E. Conrad, 181 7. 295 pp. Contains Capt. Ileald's official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812, and Col. Russell's official report of Gov. Edwards' attack on the Indians near Peoria in 1812. Fearon, Henry Bradshaw. Sketches of America. A Narrative of a Journey of five thousand Miles through the eastern and western States of America . . . With Remarks on Mr. Birkbeck's '■Notes'' and il Letters." jd ed. London: Strahan and Spottiswoode, 1819. xv. + 454pp. The work gives a glimpse of Illinois through a foreigner's eye. Fearon 220 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. paints in sober colors, but his values are fairly true. Of considerable value as a work on society in the U. S. in 1817-18. Flint, James. Letters from America, containing Observations on the Climate and Agriculture of the western States, the Manners of the People, and the Prospects of Emigrants, &*c, &c. Edinburgh: W. 6r C. Tait, 1822. i6mo. 330 pp. The author probably did not reach Illinois, but his letters from Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky give interesting bits of information in regard to the manner and cost of travel — 181 8 to 1820. Flower, George. History of the English Settlement iti Edwards County, Illinois, founded in 1817 and 1818, by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1882. i6mo. 401 pp. The work is volume I. of the Chicago Historical Society's Collections. The best book on this important episode in immigration to Illinois. Flower, Richard. Letters from Lexington and the Illinois, containing a brief Account of the English Settlement in the latter Territory, and a Refutation of the Misrepresentations of Mr. Cobbett. London: J. Rigdway, 18 19. iv. + 32 pp. Two letters — one from Lexington and the other from New Albion, 111. Highly colored. Forsyth, Maj. Thomas, Lndian Agent. Journal of a Voyage from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 181Q. In Wis. Hist. Coll., VI., 188-215. Madison, Wis.: Atwood &* Culver, State Printers, 1872. Incidentally the writer gives an account of the atrocities committed in 1812 by Capt. Thomas E. Craig upon the inhabitants of Peoria. Forsyth was an eye-witness of the barbarities described. Galena Advertiser. Galena, III. Pub. by H. Newhall, Philleo and Co., July 20, 1829 — May 24, 1830, arid July 20, 1829 — May 10, 1830. July 20, July 27, August 10, Sept. 14, Sept. 21, 1829, have been used. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. Galena (III.) Weekly Gazette. The issue for May 2, 1879, contains reminiscences of Mrs. Adile B. Gratiot, WORKS CONSULTED. 221 whose husband settled in Galena, 111., in 1825. This account furnishes a valuable bit of reliable history. It describes Galena, northern Illinois, a Fourth of July celebration (1826), the coming of Lord Selkirk's colonists, and the trouble with the Sauk Indians (1827). Gillespie, Hon. Joseph. Recollections of early Illinois and her noted Men. Fergus hist. Series, No. 13. 51 pp. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1880. Valuable because of the author's direct knowledge of persons and events. Goodrich, Samuel Griswold. Recollections of a Life Time; or, Men and Things I have seen : in a Series of Letters to a Friend, historical, biographical, anecdotal, and descriptive. New York: Miller, Orton &* Co., 1857. 2 vols. 542, 563 pp. Letter XXXIII. describes the emigration from East to West in 1816-17. Gratiot, Mrs. Adile. Ln early Illinois (Towns). A volume of newspaper clippings in the Library of the Chicago Historical Society. Mrs. Gratiot, who early lived in Galena, gives reminiscences of her life there. Describes the trouble with the Winnebago Indians. Hall, James. Letters from the West; containing Sketches of Scenery, Manners, and Customs; and Anecdotes connected with the first Settlements of the western Sections of the United States. London : Henry Colburn, 1828. i6mo. 385 pp. Verbose, but not without value. One of the twenty -two letters is from Shawneetown and describes the vicinity. Illinois is defended from her foreign detractors. Routes and manner of travel receive much attention. Hamilton, Henry Edward. Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, collected from personal Narrations and other Sources, and arranged by his Nephezu, Henry E. Hamil- ton. Chicago: Rand, McNally &> Co., 1888. 189 pp. Very valuable for the history of northern and eastern Illinois from 181 8 to the close of the Black Hawk war. Most of the work is autobiographical. Mr. Hubbard was an employee of the American Fur Company. Later he was in business in Danville and Chicago. Harding, Benjamin. A. Tour through the Western Country, A. D. 1818 6° i8ig. New London: Samuel Green, 1819. 8vo. 17 pp. The inducements which Illinois offered to emigrants are described with a 222 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. degree of sense rarely displayed in the period to which the work belongs by writers of advice to emigrants. The American Bottom and the prairies are described. Harris, William Tell. Remarks made during a Tour through the. United States of America, in the Years i8ij, 1818, and 18 19. Describes Shawneetown (1818), and speaks of the great number of wagons, horses, and passengers which crossed the ferry there. Hecke, J. Val. Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord- Amerika in den Jahren 181 8 und 181 p. Nebst einer kurzen Uebersicht der ?ieuesten Ercignisse auf dem Kriegs - Schauplatz in Sud-Amerika und West-Indien. Berlin: H. Ph. Petri, 1820-21. 2 vols. i6mo. I., 228; II., xvi. + 326. pp. Interesting and incorrect. The author tells well both of what he knows and what he does not know. Tells foreigners how to reach Illinois. Henry, William Wirt. Patrick Henry. Life, Correspondence, and Speeches. New York; Charles Scribncrs Sons, 1891. 3 vols. I., 20 + 622; II., 652; III., 672 pp. The third volume contains instructions issued by Gov. Henry to officers of the County of Illinois, and some correspondence of those officers. Historical Register of the United States. Philadelphia: G- Palmer, 1814-1816. II., 60-62 (second pagination) gives Capt. Heald's official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn on August 15, 1812. Hodgson, Adam. Remarks during a j^ourney through North America in the Years 1819-21, in a Series of Letters: with an Appendix, containing an Account of several of the Indian Tribes, and the principal missionary Stations, 6°r. New York: Samuel Whiting, 1823. 8vo. iv. + 335 pp. The author did not visit Illinois, but he gives an interesting criticism of Mr. Birkbeck's venture in Illinois. lie conversed with persons who had visited Birkbeck's settlement. Criticism rather unfavorable. Holmes, Isaac. An Account of the United States of America, [1823] derived from actual Observation, during a Residence of four Years in that Republic: including original Conwiunications. London: Caxton Press, 1823. i6mo. viii. + 47 6 pp. WORKS CONSULTED. 223 Most of the author's remarks are general. He, however, mentions Birk- beck and advises emigrants to settle in the East rather than to go West as Birkbeck advised. Hulme, Thomas. Journal. In Cobbett, "A Year's Residence in the United States of America," 259-309. 3d ed. Andover: B. Bensley, 1828. The Journal was of a journey through the West in 181 7. Birkbeck's set- tlement and the manner of traveling were described. Some information in regard to prices was given. Hutchins, Capt. Thomas. A topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina, compre- hending the Rivers Ohio, Kenhawa, Sioto, Cherokee, Wabash, Illi- nois, Mississippi, etc. . . . With a Plan of the Rapids of the Ohio, a Plan of the several Villages in the Illinois Country . . . and an Appendix containing Air. Patrick Kennedy's Journal up the Illinois River. Ion don : T. Hutchins, 1778. 8vo. 67 pp. Valuable for its map of the Illinois country and a description of the settle- ments. Illinois and Wabash Land Companies: — ■ An Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache land Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the inde- pendent Natives, July jth, 17 J -j, and 18th October, 177 J. Phila- delphia: JVilliam Young, 1796. 55 pp. Memorial of the Illinois and Wabash land Company, ijth January, 1797. Referred to Mr. Jeremiah Smith, Mr. Kittera, and Mr. Baldwin. Published by Order of the House of Repre- sentatives. Philadelphia: Richard Folwcll, [c. 1797.] 26 pp. An Accoimt of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache land Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the inde- pendent Natives, July 5th, 1773, and 18th October, 1775. Phila- delphia: William Duane, 1803. 74 pp. Memorial of the Illinois and Ouabache land Companies to the honorable Congress of the United States. Intended as a full Recapitulation and clear Statement of the former Addresses, Peti- 224 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Horn, Memorials, &>c, of the Company; and their short and final Prayer for Redress, without Delay: pr-esented at the Sessions, 1802. 20 pp. Memorial of the United Illinois and Wabash Land Companies, to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. Baltimore: Joseph Robinson, 1816. 48 pp. Illinois, House Journal, 1824-25. Vandalia, III.: Robert Black- well &> Co., 1824. 305 pp. Contains items on slavery (pp. 13, 15 1-2), and tells of the election of a U. S. senator to succeed Ninian Edwards (pp. 38-9). Illinois Intelligencer. Edwardsville, III.: Hooper Warren, ed., 1826-30. In St. Louis Mercantile Library. Illinois Laws, 1824-25. 190 pp. Pages 50-51 give the text of an act to amend an act entitled "An act respect- ing free Negroes, Mulattoes, Servants, and Slaves," approved 30th March, 1819. Illinois monthly Magazine. Vandalia, III.: conducted by James Hall. Notes on Illinois in Volumes I. and II. (1830- 1832) and the History of St. Louis in Volume II. are of some service. The articles are, however, unsigned, and are of too popular a type to be wholly relied upon. Illinois Revised Laws of 1833. Vandalia, III.: Greiner & Sherman, 1833. 677 pp. and index. Contains the negro codes of 18 19 and 1829, respectively. Imlay, Gilbert. A topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America, containing a succinct Account of its Climate, natural History, Population, Agriculture, Manners and Customs. London: J. Debrett, 1792. 8vo. xv. + 247 pp. 3d ed., 1797, enlarged. More valuable. The best early authority on the subject treated. Not very full in regard to Illinois. Predicts western state -making. Keating, William H. Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, WORKS CONSULTED. 225 cw., 6°£, performed in the Year 182J . . . eo in piled from the Notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, Keating, and Colhoun. Philadelphia: Carey &* Lea, 1824. 2 vols. 8vo. I., xii. + 439; II., 459 pp. Same,- London : Whittaker, 1825. Contains an extremely interesting and important description of Chicago and its vicinity, and in less detail, of northern Illinois. Kinzie, Mrs. John H. (Juliette A. McGill Kinzie). Wau- Bicn, the "Early Day" in the North -West. New edition with an introduction and notes by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Chicago: The Caxton Club, 1901. xxvii. + 451 pp. This work, which first appeared in 1856, has the best account, not by an eye-witness, of the massacre at Fort Dearborn in 1S12. Mrs. Helm gives this account. Narrative of the Massacre at Chicago, August 15, 181 2, and of some preceding Ez'enls. Chicago: Ellis 6° Fergus, 1844. 34 PP- A valuable account, written by Mrs. Kinzie from the dictation of her mother-in-law, who was an eye-witness of the massacre. Incorporated almost verbatim in Mrs. Kmzie's "Wau-Bun." The edition of 1844 was the first, not the second, as stated in the Chicago Magazine, I., 103, and repeated by Dr. Thwaites. Laussat, Count. The military Title of Louisiana and the Territory of Lllinois, dated New Orleans, Jan. 12, 1804, and signed by Count Laussat, Napoleon s Ambassador. Lt is also the order to Gen. De Lassus to deliver the Territo?y over to Capt. Amos Stoddard, of the U. S. Artillery. Original manuscript letter, in French, in the Illinois State Historical Library, Springfield, 111. Loomis, Chester A. The Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825. 28 unnumbered pages, six chapters. Printed without place, name of publisher, or date. The writer entered Illinois in the present Vermilion county, went south to the Wabash, west to Vandalia, then to Kaskaskia. His observations are acute and readable. Describes Vermilion county salines, Illinois farm pro- ducts, pioneer homes, and the inconvenience attendant upon traveling on horseback. Bound with other pamphlets in the Champaign (Illinois) Public Library. \ n 226 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. A Journey on Horseback through the Great West, in 1825. Visiting Alleghany Towns, Olean, Warren, Franklin, Pittsburg, New Lisbon, Elyria, Norfolk, Columbus, Zanesville, Vermilion, Kaskaskia, Vandalia, Sandusky, and many other places. Bath, N Y.: Plaindealer Press. 27 unnumbered pages. The writer was from Rushville, Ontario county, N. Y. Same as the pre- ceding. In Library of State Historical Society of Wisconsin. McLean County Historical Society, Transactions of the. Vol. II. Bloominghvi, III.: Pantograph Printing and Stationery Co., 1903. 695 pages. Some facts of interest concerning the first school in the county, and the early settlers and their^manner of living, are given by those old settlers who were chief actors. Mandements des Eveques de Quebec. Quebec: Imprimerie Gen- erate A. Cole et Cie., 1887-S8. I., (1659-1740), 588; II., (1741- 1806), 566; III., (1806-1850), 635; IV., (1850-1870), 794 pp. A valuable collection of manuscripts. They tell of a monopoly on sending missionaries to Illinois, and one letter (II., 205) gives a good idea of the worldliness of the Kaskaskians of 1767. The first two volumes alone con- cern us. Mason, Edward G. (Editor). Early Chicago and Lllinois. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1S90. 521 pp. This volume is the fourth of the collections of the Chicago Historical Society. It is one of the most valuable collections for the study of early Illinois history. Contains, among other things, Pierre Menard Papers, John Todd Papers, John Todd's Record -Book, Lists of Early Illinois Citizens, and Rocheblave Papers. Meeker, Dr. Moses. Early History of the Lead Region of Wisconsin. In Wis. LList. Coll., VI., 271-96. Madison, Wis.: Atwood 6° Culver, State Printers, 1872. Very valuable. Dr. Meeker came to Galena in 1822 and settled there in 1823. The article gives the history of the settlement of the lead region to 1825. Michigan pioneer and historical Collections. Lansing, Mich., 1877-1900. 29 vols. Valuable for the French and British periods of Illinois history. WORKS CONSULTED. 227 Mount Carmel, Articles of Association, for the City of. Chilli- cothe: John Bailhache, 181 7. 4to. 22 pp. Mt. Carmel was to be, and now is, on the west bank of the Wabash in what is now Wabash county, Illinois. The articles drawn up by the proprie- tors and their agent contain curious provisions in regard to the support of church and school. Some Puritanic rules are given. (In ///. Local t/ist. Patn., VII., in Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.) Niles' weekly Register, Baltimore. Of great value for the period 1S11-1S30. Its notices of foreign immigra- tion are extensive. Ogden, George W. Letters from the West. New -Bedford: Melcher Co., 1882. 2 vols. I., viiL + 609; II., 649 pp. Much information concerning Illinois under the Ordinance of 1787. Crit- icisms: Nation, XXXIV., 383; New York Tribune, June 16, 1882. Stories of the pioneer Mothers of -Lllinois. A collection of Manu- script Letters from the pioneer Women of the State, giving their early Experiences. Collected for the World's Columbian Exposition and afterward deposited in the Illinois State Historical Library. Especially valuable for information on reasons for immigration and on methods of traveling. Storrow, Samuel A. The North-West in 18 17. In Wis. Hist. Coll., VI., pp. 154-87. Madison, Wis.: Atwood 6^ Culver, State Printers, 1872. The narrative, which is in the form of a letter to Maj.-Gen. Brown, was first published in pamphlet form. The letter is dated Dec. 1, 1817. It deals chiefly with the country to the north of Illinois, but the author visited Chi- cago, was entertained at Fort Dearborn, and wrote of the desirability of an Illinois- Michigan canal. WORKS CONSULTED. 23 1 Tenney, H. A. Early Times in Wisconsin. In Wis. Hist. Coil., I., pp. 94-102. Madison, Wis.: Beriah Brown, 1855. Written in 1849. Gives considerable information concerning the Galena region. Tells of the size of Galena and of Springfield, 111., in 1822. Criti- cism: Draper MSS.,Z 24. Thomas, Judge William. Reminiscences. Printed in the Jacksonville, 111., Weekly Journal, Apr. 18, 1877. Clipping bound in III. Local Hist. Pamphlets, V., in Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. The article is of extreme interest to a student of early society in Illinois. The author settled in Jacksonville, 111., in 1826. His observations were unus- ually acute. He was a lawyer and a teacher. He tells of Yankees vs. Southerners, of early lawlessness, and of early Galena. Winnebago Outbreak of 1827. In Chicago Tribune, Apr. 7, 1877. Reprinted from the Jacksonville (III.) Journal of Aug. 17, 1871. The article is important because the writer was a volunteer in the campaign against the Winnebagoes. Thwaites, Reuben Gold. Narrative of Morgan L. Martin. In an Interview with the Editor [Thwaites]. In Wis. Hist. Coll., XI., pp. 385-415. Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printers, 1888. P a 5 e 398 gives an estimate of the population of Galena, which Martin visited in 1829. Tillson, Christiana Holmes. Reminiscences of early Life hi Illinois. Privately printed — as late as 1870. iv. + 138 pp. A very rare book. Copy in the Chicago Historical Society Library. The best book I know of from which to secure a knowledge of life in Illinois from 1822 to 1827. The writer was observant, and her command of English is far superior to that of many old persons who write reminiscences. Of great value. VanZandt, Nicholas Biddle. A full Description of the Soil, Water, Timber, and Prairies of each Lot, or quarter Section of the Military Lands between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. Washington City: P. Force, 1818. 8vo. 127 pp. 232 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Rare and valuable. Pages 109-25 contain a venomous account of Birk- beck's settlement in Illinois. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. Vermont. Records of the Council of Safety and Governor and Council of the State of Vermont, to which are prefixed the Records of the general Conventions from July, 1775, to December, 1777. Montpelier: J. & J. M. Poland, 1873-80. 8 vols. Vol. VI. , 431-2 contains remarks of Governor Galusha on the scarcity of food in 1S16. Virginia Patriot and Richmond mercantile Advertiser. Rich- mond, Va., Apr- Dec, 1816. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. Sept. 7, 11, 21, 1816, tell of the cold in New England and the drought in the South. Volney, Constantin Francois Chasse-bceuf. A View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America: with supple- mentary Remarks upon Florida; on the French Colonies on the Mississippi and Ohio, and in Canada; and on the aboriginal Tribes of America. Philadelphia, 1804. London, 1804. xxv. + 446 pp. Translated by C. B. Brown. The author gives a moderately full descrip- tion of the Illinois of the close of the 18th century. Valuable for character- ization of the inhabitants. Washburne, Elihu Benjamin. Sketch of Edward Coles, second Governor of Illinois, and of the slavery Struggle of 1823-4. Prepared for the Chicago Historical Society. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg 6° Co., 1882. 253 pp. Indispensable for a specialist in this period of Illinois history. Well written. Quotes many letters. Editor. The Edwards Papers. ( Volume II of the Chi- cago Historical Society's Collections.) Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884. 8+xxviii. + 633 pp. Pages 86-90 give Capt. Thos. E. Craig's official report to Governor Edwards of the attack on Peoria in 1812. The volume has a description of Peoria in 1827, and considerable information concerning the Indian troubles of that year. Welby, Ad lard, Esq. A Visit to North America and the English Settlements in Illinois, with a winter Residence at Phila- WORKS CONSULTED. 233 ddphia; solely to ascertain the actual Prospects of the emigrating Agriculturist, Mechanic, and Commercial Speculator. London: jf. Drury, 1821. 16 mo. xii. + 224 pp. Wheeling, Va. Report of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Virginia, on forming a Settlement in the State of Illinois. 1 2 pp. The report is dated Oct. 4, 1830. Printed without place and publisher's name. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. Rare. It set forth a scheme for purchasing and settling a county in Illinois. Williams, Samuel. Sketches of the War, between the United States and the British Isles: intended as a faithful History of all the material Events from the Time of the Declaration in 181 2 to and including the Treaty of Peace in 18 '15. Rutland, Ft.: Fay &* Davison, 181 5. 496 pp. Contains Capt. Heald's official account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. Woods, John. Two Years' Residence in the Settlement on the English Prairie, in the Illinois Country, U. 8. With an Account of its animal and vegetable Productions, Agriculture, &c. &c. A Description of the principal Towns, Villages, &c. &C. With the Habits and Customs of the Back-woodsmen. London: Longman & others, 1822. 310 pp. Of great value. Unusually conservative as to Illinois advantages, but apparently truthful. Wright, John S. Letters from the- West; or, A Caution to Emigrants. Salem, N. Y.: Dodd &= Stevenson, 181 9. 72 pp. A series of letters from one who traveled through the West in 1818-19. In a fair manner the discouragements which emigrants may expect to meet are portrayed. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. 234 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. II. SECONDARY WORKS. Abbott, John Stevens Cabot. History of Maine from the earliest Discovery of the Region by the Northmen until the present Time. Boston: B. B. Russell, 1875. 556 pp. Tells of the "Ohio fever," which raged about the close of the war of 1812, and which furnished some settlers to Illinois. Agnew, Hon. Daniel, LL. D. History of the Region of Penn- sylvania north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny River . . . also, an Account of the Division of the Territory for public Pur- poses, and of the Lands, Laws, Titles, Settlements, Controversies, and Litigation within this Region. Philadelphia: Kay & Brother, 1887. 4+246 pp. The work shows the price at which Pennsylvania public lands sold at the time Illinois was being settled. Allen, J. A. American Bisons, living and extinct. Cambridge, Mass.: Welch, Bigelow, &= Co., 1876. ix.4-246 pp. and 12 plates. Carefully done. Tells of the great herds of buffalo early found in Illinois and of their extermination in that region. Allen, William Francis. The Place of the North - West in general History. Pages 92-1 1 1 of the author's Essays and Mono- graphs. Boston: Geo. H Ellis, 1890. 392 pp. Found also in Papers of the Am. Hist. Ass'n, III., pp. 329-48. Good for a view of our subject as connected with larger portions of the world's history. Alton city Directory, 1858. Alton, Hi.: McEvoy &* Bowron, 1S58. 156 pp. A short historical sketch of Alton is given. Its authority is on a par with that of county histories. Ajnerican historical Review. New York. Vol. IV., 623-35. See Boyd, Carl Evans, below. Andreas, A. T. History of Chicago from the earliest Period to the present Time. Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1884. I., 648; II., 780; III., 876 pp. WORKS CONSULTED. 235 Only pages 31-111 of Volume I. concern the period before 1830. The nar- rative is written with considerable care, and the work is especially rich in copies of old maps, having not fewer than two dozen before 1830. Asbury, Henry. Reminiscences of Quincy, Illinois, cotitainitig historical Events, Anecdotes, Matters concerning old Settlers and old Times, etc. Quincy, III.: D. Wilcox &> Sons, 1882. 224 pp. Tells of the first settlement of Adams county, under the congressional act of Jan. 13, 1825. The large number of New Englanders is suggestive of the increase of northern over southern immigration. Atlantic Monthly. Boston and London. Vol. II., 579-95. (May, 1 86 1.) See Clarke, S. C. Barber, John Warner, and Howe, Henry. All the Western States and Territories, from the Alleghanics to the Pacific, and from the Lakes to the Gulf. Cincinnati: Howe's Subscription Book Concern, 1867. i6mo. 733 pp. Pages 195-250 are on Illinois. Early settlement, Clark's campaign, and the Chicago Massacre of 1812 are described. The work is popular in charac- ter, yet its citation of sources makes it of some value. Barry, Hon. P. T. The first Irish in Illinois. Reminiscent of Old Kaskaskia Days. In Trans, of the III. State Hist. Soc, 1902. Springfield, III.: Phillips Bros., State Printers, 1902. pp. 63-70. Almost exclusively concerned with the period before 1830. Tells of the work of Chevalier Makarty, George Croghan, John Reynolds, and of the Irish soldiers under George Rogers Clark. Barstow, George. The History of New Hampshire, from its Discovery, in 1614, to the Passage of the Toleration Act in i8ig. 2d cd. New York: G. P. Putnam &* Co., 1853. 8vo. iv.-f- 456 pp. Gives a short account of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which affected western immigration. There is nothing to indicatejhat the second edition is not an exact reprint of the first. Copyright, 1842. Beck, Lewis C. A Gazetteer of the States of Illinois and Missouri; containing a general View of each State, a general View of their Counties, and a particular Description of their Towns, Villages, Rivers, &*c, &C. Albany .-Charles R. and George Webster, 1823. 352 pp. 236 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Itr ^ 165 pages are devoted to Illinois. Much interesting material is given, but the nature of the publication makes caution in its use necessary. Beckley, Hosea, A. M. The History of Vermont; with Descriptions, physical and topographical. Brattleboro : George H. Salisbury, 1846. i6mo. 396 pp. Describes the effects of the unusual cold of 1S16-17, which greatly affected western emigration. Beckwith, Hiram Williams. Historic Notes on the North- 7vest, gleaned from early Authors, old Maps and Manuscripts, private and official Correspondence, and other authentic, though, for the most part, out-of-the-way Sources. (In Hist, of Vermilion County, III. Chicago: H. H. Hill 6° Co., 1879. 11-304 pp). Deals with the period before Illinois became a state (1S1S). "The author- ities consulted show a large range of acquaintance with the very best sources of information extant" — Lyman C. Draper. Strong on French and Indians. A brief History of Danville, Illinois, with a concise State- ment of its mining, manufacturing, and commercial Advantages. Danville, 111.: Danville Printing Co., 1874. 1 1 pp. (unnumbered). Slight, but tells of the beginnings of the city in the third decade of the 19th century. Beckwith, Paul. Creoles of St. Louis. St. Louis: Nixon- Jones Printing Co., 1893. 169 pp. The genealogy of the five branches of the Chouteau family is given. As many of this family were prominent in early Illinois the work is of some interest, although not wholly reliable. Beggs, Rev. Stephen R. Pages from the early History of the West and North -West : embracing Reminiscences and Lncidents of Settlement and Growth, and Sketches of the material and religious Progress of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, with especial Reference to the History of Methodism. Cincinnati: Methodist Book Concern, 1868. 325 pp. Good upon the beginnings of northern Illinois. Tells of the Chicago massacre (181 2), of the work of Rev. Jesse Walker, and of early pioneer life. No clerical bias, in the bad sense. Bernheim, G. D. History of the German Settlements and of WORKS CONSULTED. 237 the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina, from the earliest Period of the Colonization of the Dutch, German and Swiss Settlers to the Close of the first Half of the present Century. Philadelphia ; The Lutheran Book Store, 1872. ix. + 557 PP- Pages 471-3 tell of the North Carolina Synod sending a missionary to Illinois in 1827. Birney, William. James G. Birney and his Times. The Genesis of the Republican Party with some Account of abolition Movements in the South before 1828. New York: D. Applet on &» Co., 1890. 241110. X.+443 pp. Chapter 12 is on abolition in the South before 1828. The work is helpful in learning the conditions from which southern emigrants moved. Blanchard, Rufus. Discovery and Conquest of the Northwest, with the History of Chicago. Wheaton: R. Blanchard 6° Co., 1879. Chicago: Cushing, 1880. 768 pp. 8vo. A well -written and valuable book for discovery and conquest, but of little value for a study of mere immigration before 1831. What it has of immigra- tion is almost exclusively confined to immigration to the region of the present Chicago. History of Illinois, to accompany a?i historical Map of the State. Chicago: National School Furnishing Company, 1883. 128 PP-. The text is a disconnected symposium, and has in some cases been super- seded by later research. The map is the most valuable part of the work. It is 27^x42^ inches in size, mounted on heavy cloth, and shows, with dates, Indian trails, routes of exploring and military expeditions, early stage and mail routes, historic sites, dates of settlement of the principal towns. Bonham, Jeriah. Fifty Years' Recollections with Observations and Reflections on historical Events, giving Sketches of eminent Citi- zens — their Lives and public Services. Peoria: J. IV. Franks &* Sons, 1883. 536 pp. The "fifty years" seem to have begun shortly after 1830. The biographical sketches, however, give several facts in regard to the origin and immigration of such early leaders as Coles, Edwards, Reynolds, Carlin, and others. Boyd, Carl Evans. County of Illinois, The. Am. Hist. Rev., IV., 623-35. July, 1899. 238 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. A scholarly history of Virginia's ephemeral County of Illinois, although in error as to the dates of its beginning and ending, respectively. Brackenridge, Henry Marie, Esq. History of the late War between the United States and Great Britain. Containing a minute Account of the various military and naval Operations. Baltimore: Cushing, 181 7. 4th ed. Baltimore: Gushing 6° Jeiuett, 18 18. xxiv. + 348pp. 6th ed. Philadelphia: James Kay, 1839. 298 pp. Valuable. Several times translated. Impartial. Gives a short account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. Brown, Charles R. The Old Northwest Territory: its Mis- sions, Forts, and trading Posts. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Brown, Mooi-e &> Quale, 1875. 3 2 PP- The work consists of an historical and chronological map (14'^ x 15 inches), and notes upon the 94 sites located upon it. Eleven of the sites are in Illi- nois. Valuable and suggestive, although deficient in citation of authorities. Brown, Henry. The History of Illinois from its first Discov- ery and Settlement to the present Time. New York: J. Winchester, 1844. vi.4-492 pp. The author confesses to having written in haste and to having borrowed stories from other states simply to amuse his readers. Worthless except to furnish a few topics which one may wish to verify. Criticism : Draper MSS. , Z No. 2. Brown, Samuel R. The Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant's Directory, (i8ij) containing a geographical Description of the western States and Territories, viz., the States of Ky., Ind., La., 0., Tenn., and Miss., and the Territories of III., Mo., Ala., Mich., and N. Western, with an Appendix containing Sketches of some of the western Counties of N. Y., Pa. and Va.; a description of the Gt. Northern Lakes; Indian Annuities, and Directions to Emigrants. Auburn, N. Y.: H C. Southwick, 181 7. 360 pp. Pages 17-35 g' ve an inaccurate description of Illinois' population and resources. Brown, William Hubbard. An historical Sketch of t/ie early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery, read at the annual Meeting of the Chicago Historical Society, Dec. 3, 1S64. WORKS CONSULTED. 239 Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876. 31 pp. Fergus hist. Series, No. 4. 8vo. 25 cents. Especially valuable for the great struggle over slavery in Illinois in 1822-24. First printed in 1865, under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. Buckley, James Monroe. A History of Methodists in the United States. (Volume V. of American Church History.) Nezo York: The Christian Literature Co., 1896. XIX. + 714 pp. Tells of the founding of Lebanon Seminary, later McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., in 1828. Chicago City Directory, for the Year 1855-5S, and Northern Illinois Gazetteer. Chicago: Robert Fergus, 1855. 150 + xxxii. + 208+128 pp. Of slight value for our purpose, although the historical introductions to the directories of the various cities and towns have a few usable statements. Chicago daily Democratic Press. Railroads, History and Com- merce of Chicago, three Articles. 2d ed. Chicago : Democratic Press yob a /id Book Steam Pritii, 1854. 80 pp. Of considerable interest, although many statements are of too late a date to be used. Chicago Magazine. Chicago, III. I., 103-16 (1857), gives an account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1 8 12, largely taken from the Kinzie narrative. Chicago Sunday Tribune, Nov. 28, 1897. New light thrown on Old Fort Dearborn. An account of the finding of important records in the archives of the U. S. government. The archives contained the original order for building a fort where Fort Dearborn later stood (order of 1803), and sketches of Fort Dearborn as early as January, 1808. The sketches are reproduced. Clarke, S. C. Prairie State, The. (Atlantic Monthly, VII., 579-595, May, 1861.) Well written and treats a large number of subjects. Copeland, Louis Albert, B. L. The Cornish in southwest Wisconsin. Pages 301-334 of Wis. Hist. Coll., XIV. Madison, Wis.: De/nocrat Printing Co., State Printer, 1898. 240 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Gives several facts concerning the early history of the Galena region. Most of the Cornish, however, came after 1830. Dana, E. Geographical Sketches on the Western Country: designed for Emigrants and Settlers; being the Result of extensive Researches and Remarks. To which is added a Summary of all the most interesting Matters on the Subject, including a particular Description of the unsold public Lands, . . . also, a List of the principal Roads. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds & Co., 18 19. 312 pp. Pages 133-156 are devoted to Illinois. A suggestion of the fraudulent count in the census of 181 8 is given. A Description of the bounty Lands in the State of Illinois; also, the principal Roads and Routes, by Land and Water, through the Territory of the United States. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds &• Co., 1819. I21T10. I08 pp. Gives very few references to settlement and few descriptions of historic sites. Davidson, Alexander, and Stuve, Bernard. A complete History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873; embracing the physical Features of the Country; its early Explorations, aboriginal Inhabit- ants; French and British Occupation ; Conquest by Virginia; terri- torial Condition and the subsequent civil, military and political Events of the State. Spring field, III.: III. Journal Co., 1874. 944 PP- Crude, but no specialist in Illinois history should be without it. Not minute in treatment of immigration. Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, History of. Decatur, III.: Compiled and published by Wiggins &• Co., Cleveland, O., 187 1. 5 1 PP- A symposium without historical merit. Almost exclusively of a later period than 1830, but tells of the first settlement of the county in 1820. Drake, Samuel Adams. The Making of the Ohio Valley States, 1660-1837. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1894. 16 mo. 269 pp. A very few pages are devoted to Illinois, and naturally the larger events alone are noted. WORKS CONSULTED. 241 Drew, Benjamin. The Refugee; or, The Narratives of fugitive Slaves in Canada. Related by themselves, with an Accoitnt of the History and Condition of the colored. Population of Upper Canada. Boston: John P. Jewelt & Co., 1856. 1 21110. 387 pp. A few of the refugees whose escapes are narrated passed through Illinois on the Underground Railroad. Eames, Charles M. Historic Morgan and Classic Jackson- ville. Jacksonville, III: Daily Journal Steam Job Printing Office, 1885. 336 pp. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. Of great interest because of its details concerning early methods of travel and concerning the beginnings in Morgan county. Deals with pioneer and slavery history. Edwards, Ninian Wirt. History of Illinois, from 1778 to i8jj; and life and Times of Ninian Edwards. Springfield, III. : III. Slate Journal Co., 1870. 5 ^g — (— iii. pp. Written by the son of Gov. Ninian Edwards. Not in good form, but has much authentic material. Family Magazine; or, Monthly Abstract of general Knowledge. New York, Boston, Cincinnati. Volumes IV. (1837) and V. (1839) have short articles on Illinois, which are too light to be taken seriously. Farmer, Silas. The History of Detroit and Michigan, or the Metropolis illustrated. A chronological Cyclopedia of the Past and Present, including a full Record of territorial Days in Michigan and the Annals of Wayne County. Detroit: Silas Farmer 6° Co., 1884. Revised and enlarged, 1890. 2 vols. Valuable for information concerning Clark, Hamilton, Vigo, and La Balme. Flagler, Major D. W. A History of the Rock Island Arsenal from its establishment in 1863 to December, 1876; and of the Island of Rock Island, the Site of the Arsenal, from 1804 to 1863. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1877. 483 pp. 13 plates, 2 pictures. The first chapter of the book refers to the first white settlement in the region of Rock Island, about 182S. Ford, Gov. Thomas. A History of Illinois, from its Gom- 19 242 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. mencement as a State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a full Account of the Black Hawk War, the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormon- ism, the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, and other important and interesting Events. Chicago: S. C. Griggs &> Co., 1S54. 447 pp. As the title indicates, the book is chiefly valuable for a period later than 1.830. It >s also largely political. The first one hundred and ten pages will be found useful and deal to some extent with the social life when the state was young. Criticism: Draper MSS., Z 13. Gerhard, Fred. Illinois as it is; its History, Geography, Statistics, Constitution, Laws, Go7>ernment, Finances, Climate, Soil, Plants, Animals, State of Health, Prairies, Agriculture, Cattle- breeding, Orcharding, Cultivation of the Grape, Timber -growing, Market -prices, Lauds and Land-prices . . . etc. Philadel- phia : Charles Desilver, 1857 : . 451 pp. Pages 13-137 are devoted to the hi->toryi of Illnois. The author is con- spicuously accurate and treats a large number of topics. A valuable second- ary work. Glimpses of the Monastery. Scenes from the History of the Ursulines of Quebec during two hundred Years, i6jq-iSjq. By a Member of the Community. Second edition, completed by Remin- iscences of the last fifty Years, i8jp-i88p. Quebec: L. ff. Domers 6° Frere, 1897. ix. + 418-I- 184 pp. Pages 84-93 °f tne fi rs t pagination give a suggestive discussion of the capability of the Indian for civilization. Green, Thomas Marshall. Historic Families of Kentucky. (First Series.) Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1889. 3°4 PP- Gives a few facts concerning John Todd and John Todd Stuart, who were active in Illinois. The latter was a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln and had much early influence upon Lincoln. The volume deals with McDowells, Logans, and Aliens. Well written and valuable. Haight, Walter C, B. L. The Ordinance of i/8j. (pp. 343- 402 of Pub. of the Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass , n i II.), 1896, 1897. A discussion of the binding effect of the Ordinance of 1787. The question has a close connection with slavery in Illinois. Hall, B. F. The early History of the North Western States, Works consulted. 243 embracing New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin, with their land laws, etc., and an Appendix containing the Constitutions of those States. Buffalo: Geo. H. Derby &> Co., 1849. Duodecimo. 477 pp. Statements made in this book must be carefully verifie 1. The li.^e of con- flicting land titles is fairly well treated. Harris, N. Dwight, Ph. D. The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the slavery Agitation in that Stale ijiy- 1S&4. Chicago: A. C. McClurg Co., 1900. 37 pp. The book has many maps and is a help toward an understanding of the ways by which early settlers reached Illinois. Hynes, Rev. Thomas W. History of a Century. An* Address delivered at Greenville, Bond Co., III., on July 4, 1876. A newspaper clipping, bound, without the name of the paper from which it was taken, in Illinois Local History Pamphlets, V., in Library of the Wiscon- sin State Historical Society. It contains a valuable historical letter from Mrs. A!mira Morse, a resident as early as 1S20. Illinois. Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Chicago and New York: Munsell Pub. Co., 1900. 608 pp. Edited by Newton Eateman, LL. D., and Paul Selby, A. M. Much more reliable than many books of the same literary type. International Monthly. Burlington, Vt., IV., 794-820. See Turner, Frederick Jackson. James, Edmund Janes, and Loveless, Milo J. A Bibli- ography of Neivspapcrs published in Illinois prior to i860. Spring- field, III., Phillips Bros., State Printers, 1899. 94 pp. A very valuable work. An appendix gives a list of the Illinois and Mis- WORKS CONSULTED. 245 souri papers (1S0S-1S97) in the St. Louis Mercantile Library, while a second appendix enumerates the county histories of Illinois and tells where they may be found. Johnson, Eric and Peterson, C. F. Svenskarne i Illinois. Chicago: IV Williamson, 1880. 471 pp. Chiefly valuable for a later period. The salient points of early Illinois history are canvassed. Kingdom, William, Jr. America and the British Colonies, an abstract of all the most useful Information relative to the United States of America, and the British Colonics of Canada, the Cafe of Good Hope, New South Wales, and Van Diemen's Island. London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1820. 16 mo. 359 pp. Pages 61-73 describe Illinois and give some judicious advice to emigrants. Conservative, but not cynical. Entire pages are repri ted from other authors, notably Fearon, without the use of quotation marks. Kingston, Hon. John T. Early Western Days. (In Wis. Hist. Coll., VII., 297-344). Madison, Wis.: E. B. Bo/ens, 1876. Gives a short account of the slavery struggle in Illinois in 1822-24. Slavery in Illinois. Neccdah, Wis.: Necedah Republican. 6 pp. Reprinted, without date, in pamphlet form. In Library of State Historical Society of Wisconsin. A very short sketch of slavery in Illinois from its introduction in 1719-20. Kirkland, Joseph. The Story of Chicago. Chicago: Dibble Pub. Co., 1892. 470 pp. The book makes large reference to authorities and is in consequence valuable for reference. Korner, Gustav. Das deutsche Element in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika, 18 18-1848. Cincinnati: A. E. Wilde &" Co., 1880. i6mo. 461 pp. The 12th chapter (pp. 244-81) treats of German settlement in Illinois. Tells of the first German and Swiss settlements in the state. Naturally this chapter and the work as a whole is largely concerned with a period later than 1830. Law, Judge John. Address delivered before the Vincennes His- torical and Antiquarian Society, February 22, i8j Stowe, 1883. 410 pp. Very interesting notes on Peter Cartvvright, Jesse Walker, and other pioneers. Lee, Francis Bagley. New Jersey as a Colony and as a State. New York: The Publishing Soc. of New Jersey, 1902. 4 vols. I., 422; II., 456; III., 400; IV., 402 pp. The work is superbly printed and illustrated and contains a vast amount of information, but is totally lacking in bibliography or references, except a few indications in the index to the illustrations. Loher, Franz. Gcschichte und Zustdnde der Deutschen in Amerika. Cincinnati: Eggers &> Wulkop, 1847. v - + 544 PP- The chapters of especial interest to us are "Ausstromen der Yankees," pp. 237-41; " Einwanderung von 1815 bis 1830," pp. 253-58; " Die Wohnsitze " (Illinois and Missouri), pp. 337-40. The author cites many authorities, and his book is of very great value in the study of the assimilation of an expatriated people. Lothrop, J. S. j. S. Lothrop's Champaign County (III) Directory for 1S70-1, with History of the same, and of each Town- ship therein. Chicago: f. S. Lothrop, 187 1. Tells a great many things — several of which are false — concerning the ' early period of Illinois history. Lusk, D. W. Eighty Years of Illinois Politics and Politicians, Anecdotes and Incidents. A succinct History of the State, 180Q- iSSg. jd ed. Revised and enlarged. Springfield, III: H. IV. Pole her, 1S89. 609+109 pp. WORKS CONSULTED. 247 ,The 609 pages are political. The 109 pages have a great interest, dealing as they do with the beginnings of Illinois. Secondary sources are largely quoted. Not exact enough for critical work, yet very suggestive. M'Afee, Robert B. History of the late War in the Western Country, comprising a full Account of all the Transactions in that Quarter, from the Commencement of Hostilities at Tippecanoe, to the Termination of the Contest at New Orleans on the Return of Peace. Lexington, Ky.: Worsley &> Smith, 18 16. Svo. 534 pp. Very rare. In the Chicago Historical Society Library. A valuable book. Describes the attack on Fort Dearborn in 1S12. Mackenzie, E. An historical, topographical, and descriptive View of the United States of America, and of Upper and Lower Canada . . . the present State of Mexico and South America, and also of the native Tribes of the New World. Newcastle-upon- Tyne: Mackenzie 6° Dent, 1819. viii. + 432 pp. The four .pages devoted to Illinois are interesting and fairly reliable, though scarcely up to date. The author mentions eighteen works used in compiling his book. McLaughlin, Andrew C. Lewis Cass. Boston; Houghton, Mifflin 6- Co., 1891. 363 pp. $1.25. Describes the expedition of General Cass to northern Illinois during the Sauk outbreak of 1827. Criticism: Nation, LIIL, 204. Marietta, O. Report of the Commissioners of the National Cen- tennial Celebration of the Early Settlement of the Territory North West of the Ohio River, . . . held at Marietta, O., fhuly 15-19, inclusive, 1 888. Columbus, 0.: The Westbote Company, State Printers, 1889. 292 pp. Contains many speeches of varying historical accuracy and importance. Mason, Edward Gay. Chapters from Lllinois History. Chi- cago: Herbert S. Stone, 1901. 322 pp. Scholarly and accurate, and rich in citation of sources. Tells of Old Fort Chartres, John Todd's Record- Book, the march of the Spaniards across Illinois, and the Chicago massacre. A/arch of the Spaniards across Lllinois. (In his Chapters of Lllinois. History, Chicago, 1901; also in Mag. of Am. Hist. N. V., XV., 457-469, 1SS6.) 248 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Refers to a number of sources. The march is that of 1781 against St. Joseph. Mather, Irwin F. The Making of Illinois. Chicago: A. Flanagan, 1900. 292 pp. The work is strong in the number of subjects which it treats. The Illinois of our period is well covered. The bibliography cites many valuable sources, but no references are given in the body of the work. The date of the found- ing of the village of Kaskaskia is given as 1695 — a confusion of the mission on the Illinois River with the later village of the same name. Mayo, A. D. Western Emigration and Western Character. (Christian Examiner, N. Y., LXXX-II., 265-82, 1867.) The subject is well treated, but the value of the article for our purpose is not so great as it would have been if confined to the early period. Meigs, William M. The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Phila- delphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1904. 535 pp. The work throws much light upon the policy of the United States in regard to the sale of public lands, and the attitude of the West towards that policy. Melish, John. A geographical Description of the United States, with the contiguous British and Spanish Possessions. Philadelphia : John Melish, 1816. 182 pp. A trifle over one page is devoted to Illinois. Of interest only as showing what was presented to the East at the time concerning Illinois. Melish was a professional map and gazetteer maker. His work typifies that of the geographers of the time, who described the world with marvelous audacity. A geographical Description of the United States, with the contiguous Countries, including Mexico and the West Indies. Phila- delphia: John Melish, 1822. V. + 491 pp. Seven pages are devoted to Illinois. The description of several Illinois towns is useful. This was a second and much improved edition of the author's similar work of 1816. Information and Advice to Emigrants to the United States: and from the Eastern to the Western States : illustrated by a Map of the United States and a Chart of the Atlantic Ocean. Philadel- phia: John Melish, -18 1 9. 12 mo. v. + 144 pp. An entire chapter of twenty six pages is devoted to Birkbeck's settlement in Illinois. The map shows several routes in Illinois, but it must hale been old. The book is a good type of its class. WORKS CONSULTED. 249 Moore, Charles. The .Nor t Incest under three Flags, i6jf- ijg6. New York: Harper 6° Bros., 1900. xxiii.4-402 pp. Many facts concerning the Illinois of the period are given. This work is of considerable historical value. References to sources, although not abun- dant, are helpful. Moses, John. Illinois, historical and statistical. Comprising the essential Facts of its Planting and Growth as a Province, County, Territory, and State. Derived frotn the most authentic Sources, including original Documents and Papers. Together with carefully prepared statistical Tables . . . Chicago : Fergus Printing Co., 1S89-93. 2 vols. 1316 pp. The author was secretary and librarian of the Chicago Historical Society. His work is perhaps the best that has appeared. Mowry, William Augustus. The territorial Growth of the United States. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., igo2. 225 pp. The chapter on the Northwest Territory tells of various cessions of land comprised in the present Illinois. Murat, Achille. America and the Americans. New York: William II. Graham, 1849. Duodecimo. vii. + 26o pp. Too late in date to be of much service, although some valuable sugges- tions as to the social and political development of the frontier can be obtained. The writer was an acute observer. He treats politics, slavery, society, religion, justice, etc. The book was written about 1S29. Describes customs and extra legal proceedings in the West. Nashville, Tennessee, History of, with full Outline of the nat- ural Advantages. . . . Nashville, Tenn.: Pub. House of the M.E. Church, South, 1890. 656 pp. Tells of passage of emigrants from North Carolina to Illinois in 1780, of French traders from Illinois to Tennessee in 1779, of Tennesseeans getting head rights from George Rogers Clark. North American Review, Boston. Volume LI., 92-140 (July, 1S40) has an exhaustive review of Peck's Gazetteer of Illinois. The review is probably of much more historical interest than the Gazetteer. Palmer, B. M. Slavery in Illinois. (Dubuque semi-weekly Telegraph, Tues., Sept. ip, 1899.) 20 250 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Gives the bill of sale, taken from the county records of Jo Daviess County, 111., and executed in that county in 1830, of a negro mother and child. Patterson, Robert Wilson. Early Society in southern Illi- nois. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1879. Pp. 103- 131 of Fergus historical Series No. 14. A characterization, in general terms, of early Illinois society, its manners and its origin. This was a lecture read before the Chicago Historical Society, Oct. 19, 1SS0. Peck, Rev. John Mason, Editor. "Father Clark,' 7 or the pioneer Preacher. Sketches and Incidents of Rev. John Clark, by An Old Pioneer. New York: Sheldon, lamport c~ Blakeman, 1855. 2S7 pp. Gives considerable religious and Indian material for Illinois history from 1790 to 1833, but chiefly on the earlier part of that period. An historical Sketch of the early Atnerican Settlements in Illinois, from 1780- 1S00. Read before the III. State Lyceum, at its anniversary, Aug. 16, 1832. (Western monthly Mag., I., 73-83. Feb. 1833.) Popular, but of some value. Post, Rev. T. M. [Author of pp. 93-102.] Contributions to the ecclesiastical History of Connecticut ; prepared under the Direction of the General Association, to commemorate the Completion of one hundred and fifty Years since its first annual Assembly. New Haven: Wm. L. Kingsley, 1861. xiv. + 562 pp. A symposium. The article by Rev. Mr. Post is on "The Mission of Con- gregationalism at the West. " It is suggestive on the moral effects of frontier life. Powell, J. W., Director. Eighteenth annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, iSg6-gj. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899. Part 2. Indian land Cessions in the United States compiled by Charles C. Roycc, with an Introduction by Cyrus Thomas. 521-997 pp. and 67 plates. Valuable. The work was used in preparing the outline maps of Indian cessions contained in this work. WORKS CONSULTED. 25 I Reid, Harvey. Biographical Sketch of Enoch Long, an Illinois Pioneer. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884. 134 pp. This is Volume II. of the Chicago Historical Society's Collections. Mr. Long visited St. Louis and resided at Alton and Galena before 1827. The book is of great interest on account of its notes on the methods of travel and the extent of Illinois settlements at that date. Reynolds, John. Belleville in January, 1854. A 12 -page pamphlet, printed without place, publisher, or date. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. Tells of the laying out of the city in the cornfield of George Blair, in 1814. A biographical Sketch. ( Western Journal and Civilian, XV, 100-114). Gives glimpses of early travel and of pioneer life. The pioneer History of Illinois, containing the Discovery, in i6~j, and the History of the Country to the Year 181 8. Belleville, III.: N. A. Randall, 1852. 2d ed., with portrait, notes and index, Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1887. 459 pp. Contains much valuable biographical material, and describes the life of the early settlers in a clear way. Criticism: Draper MSS., Z 13, 14. Roosevelt, Theodore. The Winning 'of 'the West. New York: G. W. Putnam s Sons, 1889-96. Vols. I.- IV. I., xiv.-f 352; II., 427; III., 339; IV., 363 pp. Valuable, although bearing marks of haste in preparation. Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., II., 171. Sanborn, Edwin David. History of New Hampshire, from its Discovery to the Year 18 jo. Manchester, N. H: John B. Clarke, 1875. 422 pp. Describes the unusually cold summer of 181 6 and its effect upon western migration. The book is written in an extremely disconnected style, and is without index, references, or bibliography. Sergeant, Thomas, Esq. View of the land lazes of Pennsyl- vania. With Notices of its early History and Legislation. Phila- delphia: James Kay, Jr., and Brother. Pittsburgh: John I Kay &■• Co., 1838. 13 + 203 pp. Valuable for ascertaining the price at which Pennsylvania public lands, which competed with government lands in the West, were sold. 252 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate. Kentucky. A pioneer Com- monwealth. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1893. vi-+433 PP- Contains a great deal of material. Usually, though not always, correct. Warden, David Baillie. A statistical, political and historical Account of the U. S. of N. A.; from the period of their first Col- onization to the present Day. Edinburgh : Archibald Constable &* Co., 1819. 3 vols. i6mo. I., lxiw + 552; II., 571; III., 588 pp. WORKS CONSULTED. 255 Pages 43-65 of Volume III. deal with Illinois exclusively. At the close of the chapter the author gives a bibliography for Illinois — five titles and two maps. A useful book. Wentworth, Hon. John. Early CJvcago. Two Lectures delivered April 11, 1875, and May 7, 1876, respectively. 48 and 56 pp. Nos. 8 and 7 of Fergus historical Series. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876. The critical supplemental notes are of especial interest. West, Mary Allen. A MS. Letter in the Illinois State His- torical Library. Tells the story of the coming of James Moore and his party from Virginia in 1781. Western monthly Magazine. Conducted by James Hall, Cincin- nati, I., 73-83. See Peck, Rev. John Mason. White, Emma Siggins. Genealogy of the Descendants of John Walker of Wigton, Scotland, with Records and some fragmentary Notes pertaining to the History of Virginia, 1600- igo2. Tier nan- Dart Printing Co., 1902. XXX. + 722 pp. Valuable. Has original letters from Western emigrants. Suggests the great influx of people into Illinois in the third decade of the 19th century. Gives a good idea of the westward drift of population in the United States. Whiton, John Milton. Sketches of the History of New- Hampshire, from its Settlement in 16 2 j to i8jj. Concord: Marsh, Capen &*.Lyon, 1834. 222 pp. Describes the great cold of 1816 and the great emigration to the West. An unimportant work, confessedly popular, and without references. Wilbur, La Fayette. Early History of Vermont. Jericho, Vt.: Roscoe Printing House, 1899-1903. 4 vols. I., 362; II., 419; III., 397; IV., 463 pp. Pages 162-3 of Volume III. tell of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and quote Governor Galusha's reference to the impending famine. No references are given. Williams, George Washington. History of the Negro Race in America from i6ig-i88o. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1882. 2 vols. I., x. + 48r; II., 611 pp. The two volumes are also issued as one. 256 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Gives some statistics concerning slaves in Illinois and notes on Illinois slavery legislation. The author was a negro. Williamson, William Durkee. The History of the State of Maine; from its first Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, inclusive. Hallowel! : Glazier, Masters 6° Co., 1832. 2 vols. I., IV. + 696; II., 729 pp. Tells of the unusual cold of 1S16-17 and of the great movement toward the West. Strong in citation of authorities. Much above the average of State histories of its time. Wilson, Henry. History of the Rise and Fall of the slave Power in America. Boston: James R. Osgood &■= Co., 1872-7. 3 vols. I., viL + 670; II., 720; III., 774 pp. Houghton. 3 vols. Valuable material on slavery in Illinois. A strong work. Winsor, Justin. Ihc westward Movement: the Colonies and the Republic west of the Alleghanies, i6yj-g8; with full carto- graphical Illustrations from contemporary Sources. Boston: Hough- ton, Mifflin o>- Co., 1897. 595 pp. Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., III., 556. Withers, Alexander Scott. Chronicles of border Warfare, or A History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North \- western Virginia : and of the Indian Wars and Massacres, in that Section of the State. Clarksburg, Va.: Joseph Israel, 1831. 31 9 + 1 v. pp. Very rare. Same. New ed., edited and annotated by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cincinnati: Clarke, 1895. A few references are to events in Illinois. Criticism: Am. Hist. Rev., I., 170. Young, William T. Life and public Services of General Lavis Cass. 2d ed. Detroit: Markham 6° Ehvood, 1852. 420 pp. Tells of Gen. Cass' expedition to Illinois during the trouble with the Sauk Indians in 1827. The Settlement of Illinois. index. Aboite river, 35. Act creating Illinois county, 9, 15. Act enabling Illinois to form a state government, 115- Agricultural Society, formed, 168. Agriculture, 130, 165. See also Farm- ing, Fruits, etc. Albemarle county, Va., 153. 154. Alton, founding of, 196, 204; land dona- tions for church and school, 142. Alvord, Clarence W., 5. American Bottom, 130, 134, 157; map, in pocket. American Fur Company, 157, 15S. American House, Springfield, 207. Anarchy in Illinois. 40 et seq. : ended, 69. •Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, founded, 194. Anderson, Robert, mention, 207. Antanya, Michael, 67. Anti slavery agitation. See under Sla- very. Anti slavery Society, Morgan Co., 183. Arkansas Post, 63. Arks, 125, 126; price of, 161. See also Flat-boats. Assenisipia, mention, 46. Augusta county, Va., 15. Austin, Moses, 196. Bagargon, Mr., elected magistrate, 61. Baker, David J., 145. Baltimore, 123, 160, 161. Bandits, 155. Bank of Cairo, 1 14. Bank of Edwards ville, 207. Bank of Mt. Carmel, 199. Baptists, organized, 172; found Shurt- leff college, 174; divided on slavery, 175- Barbour, Philip, mention, 40. Barges, 94, 129, 160. Barter, 130. See also raider Money. Bates, Edward, 204. Batteaux, 94. Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, trading firm, 10. Bears, 14, 173. Beauchamp, William, 197, 19S. Beef, cost of, 164. Bellefontaine, 51. Bellevue, Iowa, terrorized by mob, 20S. Bentley, Capt., 26. Biddle, Nicholas, mention, 209. Biggs, William, leg. coun., 113. Birds, 14. Birkbeck, Morris, founds English set- tlement, 124; method of fencing, 165. Birkbeck's Settlement. See English Settlement, The. Black Hawk, Si. Black Hawk War, 146; mention, 207. "Black Laws," 176, 186. "Blue Laws," of Mt. Carmel, 200. Blue Point, 157. Bond, Shadrach, delegate to Congress, 113; governor of Illinois, 145, 208. Books, 132. Bosseron, Maj. F., 18, 24. Bounty lands. See Military bounty lands, Brady, , 38. Brandy, price of, 97. Brashears, Capt., mention, 26. Brick houses, 131. Bridges, 114. British at Michilimackinac attempt to divert Indian trade, 69; expeditions against Illinois settlers, 31-39, 107. 2 5 8 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. British Michilimackinac Company, 49. Buffalo, 14. Building, cost of, 168. Burr, Aaron, mention, 203. Butter, price of, 164. Cahokia, attacked by British and Indi- ans, 33; bounty lands, 57; commons, 72; court, 17; distress at, 25; popula- tion, 12. Cahokia Indians, 53. Cairo, Bank of, 114; dykes at, 114. Calhoun, original name of Springfield, 207. Calico, price of, 130. Calve, , trader, 33. Canadian French settlers, 19. Canal route ceded, no. Carbonneaux, Francis, 42 -46. Carlyle, eastern limit of frontier, 107; salt discovered, 18, 23, 171. Carolinas, The, settlers from, 91. Carondelet, Baron de, orders expulsion of Americans from Ft. Massac, 73. Cartwright, Peter, journey to Balti- more, 1816,-123; personal traits, 191, 192; purchases land, 139; reasons for moving to Illinois, 166; representa- tive from Sangamon Co., 191. Cass, Gov. Lewis, averts Indian war, 135; protects Galena, 150. Catholicism, slow increase of, 175. Cattle, allowed to run at large, 20; rais- ing of, 130. See also Live-stock. Census of 180 1, 88. Cessions of land, by Indians, 44, 79-81, maps, 72, 104, 136; by individuals, 10, 24, 71, 196; by Virginia to United States, 45, 46; congressional, 57, 70, 72, 79- Charleston, Va., emigration from to Illinois, 190. Chicago, in 1830, 190; massacre at, 109; platted, 142; post-office, 151; route to, 152; valuable port, 1 16. Chicago Historical Society, 5, n. Chicago river, Indians cede tract six miles square at, 79. Chickasaws, allies of Spain, 73. Chippewa Indians, 134. Cincinnati, trip from to Illinois, 1823, 154. Clark, George Rogers, 14, 40, 45 et seq.; land granted to, 46; seizes Span- ish goods, 54. Clay, Henry, mention, 210. Clergy, 174, 175, 196, Climate, 95. Clinton, De Witt, mention, 203. Coal, in Illinois, 14, 131, 142, 165. Cobbett, William, 160. Coffee, price of, 130. Coles, Got'. Edward, character, 210; emancipates slaves, 209; governor, 145, 208; message against slavery, 183; special envoy to Russia, 209; urges law to prevent kidnapping, 182. College township, reserved by Ordi- nance of 1787, 101, 102. Colleges, McKendree, 174; Shurtleff, 174. Collot, Gen. [George Henry] Victor, "Journey in N. A.," 14, etc.; Map of the Country of the Illinois, in pocket. Commerce in territorial period, 95, 96, 129. Committee of Workingmen of Wheel- ing, Va., 144. Commodities, prices of, 49, 59, 130, 164. Commons, Cahokia, 72. Congress, delegate of N. W. Territory in, 76, 77; donates land, 142; early Illinoisians in, 146; memorialised: — by Galena, 150; by Illinois, 87, 100, 101, 138; petitioned, 53, 74, 75, 77; 78, 81, 86, 88. Constitution of Illinois, provisions of, 117. Constitutional Convention, 1S24, 182, 183; votes for and against, chart of, 184. Cook, Daniel P., non-resident propri- etor of Springfield, 205; representa- tive in Congress, 145. Corn, price of, 96, 164. Cotton, production of, in United States, 122, 129; raised in Illinois, 167,. 168. Counterfeiting, penalty for, 148. Counties in Illinois, 1824, list of, 183. Courts, 15, 17, 60, 62. See also under Illinois, Kaskaskia, Vincennes. Cox, Col. Thomas, joint owner of Springfield, 206-208. Crawford, William Henry, Secretary of INDEX. 259 War, announces land policy, 109. Crockett, David, mention, 205. Croghan, George, description of Vin- cennes, 13. Cruzat, Spanish Commandant at St. Louis, 39. Cumberland Presbyterians, 143. D T)a\ton,Ca/>t., 34; elected magistrate, 61. Dartmouth College, mention, 206. Davis, Jefferson, mention, 207. Deane, Silas, mention, 34. Debtors, imprisonment of, 147. Deer, 14. Demoulin, Dumoulin, or De Moulin, John, 74. Demunbrunt, Demunbrun, or De Mun- brun, Thimothe, 22, 41. Detroit, land office at, 80; mention, 190; threatened by de la Balme, 35- 36. Dickinson College, mention, 210. Dixon's ferry. See Ogee's ferry. Dodge, Capt. John, 22-23, 26-27,67. Ducharme, trader, 33. Ducoigne, , 68. Duncan, Joseph, 145. E Easton, Joseph, emigrant from Eng- land, 1633, 203. Easton, Rufus, founder of Alton, 203; political career, 204. Edgar, John, career of, 174, 193, 194; correspondence concerning anarchy in Illinois, 67; land holdings of, 10, 101; letter to St. Clair, 85. Edwards, Ninian, appointed governor of Illinois Territory, in, 113, 145; in War of 1812, 107, 108; message of 1828, 149; on prices of public lands, 138; political career of, 210; wages offered by, 130. Edwards county, Birkbeck's settlement in. See English Settlement. Edwardsville, Bank of, 207; public lands at, 105, 137. Ellery, Abm. R. , mention, 203. Emancipation. See under Slavery. Emigration and immigration, 127, 176 et seq.; causes of: — from New Eng- land, 120, from the South, 121, 189; cost of, 124; food supply for emi- grants, 119, 133; increase, 189; oppo- sition to immigration, 91. English Settlement, The, 124, 157, 161, 169; cost of transportation to, 160; ships produce to New Orleans, 154. See also Birkbeck, Morris; also Flow- er, George. Enos, Pascal Paoli, joint proprietor of Springfield, 205, 206. Enos, Maj.-Gen. Roger, 206. Ernst, Ferdinand, mention, 167. Extinguishment of Indian land titles, 77> 79> 81, 109, 144, 146. Falls ot Ohio, 30, 64, 65, 160, 162. See also Ft. Harmar; also Shipping- port. Farming methods, 168. Federal Government owns land, 158. Fencing, 165 n., 169. Ferguson, Thomas, leg. coun., 13. Ferries, 83, 114, 152. Fever, 95. See also under Health. Fever river, 134; lead mines at, 150. Financial panic, 1819, 188-189. Fisher, Dr. George, rep., 113. Fisher, Myers, mention, 195. Flat-boats, 94, 124, 125, 129, 154, 160. See also Arks. Flax, 129. Florida, Province of, 71. Flour, price of, 49, 50, 94, 163. 164. Flour-mills, 167; built by John Edgar, 193- Flower, George, 124. See also English Settlement. Food, scarcity, 21-23, 25, 28, 30; sup- ply of, 133. See also under names of food products. Fort Chartres, cannon from, 10S; in- habitants, 12. Fort Dearborn, massacre at, 109; men- tion, 190. Fort Edwards, terminus of mail route, 151- Fort Harmar, 64. Fort Jefferson, 24, 25, 30. Fort La Motte, mention, 107. Fort Massac, 73, 79, 95, 107. Fort Nelson, mention, 32. Fort Russell, established, 108. 260 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Fort Stanwix, mention, 56. Fort Wayne, Treaty of, 79. Fox Indians, 33, 81. Fox river, first flour-mill on, 167. Franklin, Benjamin, mention, 34, 195. Fredonian, mention, 197. Free masons, organized, 194. Freehold qualifications, 77, 112, 1 13. Freeholders, housekeepers privileged as, 147. Freight charges, 94, 124, 160 et s&j. French, Augustus C. , 145. French settlers, attitude toward Amer- icans, 47-49; land holdings, 13, 18, 99; misled by LaBalme, 34; offered lree land by Spanish, 55; priests, emigrate from Illinois CO., 68; towns, character of, II. French -Swiss from Lord Selkirk's col- ony reach Galena, 172. Frontier, The, 48, 91, 106, 147, 206; Carlyle eastern limit of, 107. Frontiersman, analysis of character of, 191, 201, 202. Fruit, 129, 133, 168. Fuel, scarcity of, 131. Fulton county separated from Madison, 18S. Fur trade, 96. See also American Fur Company. Furs, 130. Gage, Gen. Thomas, 10. Galena, 150-53; lead-mining, 172. Gallatin county, saline, 170; slaves in, 180. Game, 14, 51, 132. Gamelin, Antoine, clerk of District Court, Post Vincennes, 60. George, Cap/. Robert, mention, 40. Germain, Lord George, mention, 32. Gibault, Father Pierre, mention, '68. Governor and judges, 58, 62. Grammar, John, rep., 113. Grand Ruisseau, 52. Granger, Postmaster -Ge>ieral Gideon, mention, 203. Gratiot Charles, 39. Great Britain, Ring's proclamation, 1763, 10. Great Western Road, 157. Greene county, separated from Mad- ison, 188. Greenville, Treaty of, 79. H Hamilton, Alexander, 138; mention, 91. Hamilton, Gen., leads British against Vincennes, 15. Hampden Sidney College, mention, 209. Hamtramck, Maj. John F., at Raskas- kia, 53; petitioned for troops, 65. Hancock, John, mention, 34. Harmar, Gen. Josiah, 50; advice to French, 52; expedition from Vin- cennes to Raskaskia, 51 ; on emigra- tion from Illinois, 64; refuses request for troops, 69. Harrison, Benjamin, 40; receives peti- tion for General Assembly, 85. Health, 27, 91, 95. Henry, Mr., elected magistrate, 61. Henry, Patrick, 209; instructions con- cerning Illinois County, 9. Hinde, Thomas S., career in Illinois, 196, 197; description of Peter Cart- wright, 192. Hog raising, 14, 20. Hogs, 144. Honey, 129, 130, 133. Hooker, Rev, Thomas, founder of Hart- ford, Conn., 203. Horse stealing, 65, 67, 69. Hubbard, Adolphus Frederick, 210. Hubbard, Gurdon Saltonstall, agent American Fur Company, 157. Hubbard's Trail, extent of, 157. Hunting, as occupation, 132. Huron (Ouisconsin or Wisconsin) Ter- ritory, claims Galena, 150. lies, Elijah, career of, 205, 206. lies, Elizabeth Crockett, mention, 205. Illinois: — Country, British in, 10 et sea.; cli- mate, 14,95; Collot's description of, 14; map, in pocket; conditions in 1787, 50, 51 ; development, 97, 98; enters second grade of territorial government, 85, 86; French popula- tion, 10, 12, 13, 30; French settlers offered free land by Spanish, 55; game in, 14, 51 ; governor and judges, 5S; Indian owners of, 10 et INDEX. 26l seq.; inhabitants of, 12, 13; immigra- tion to, 91, 92; labor conditions in, 96, 97; population in 1767, 1772, 1788, 70; in 1790, 1800, 1810, 91, 97; racial conflicts in, 54, 55; rivers of, 92, 94; roads, 13,14, 93, 94, 131 ; separation from Indiana, 85 et seq.; squatters in, 71. County (1778-1783), Act creating, 9, 15; Act renewed, 25; Act dis- solved, 31 ; anarchy, 40 et seq.; anom- alous position, iS; bankrupt, 40; civil organization, 15; condition in 1780, 25, 26; courts, 15; extent of, 9, IO; French inhabitants dissatis- fied, 30; hardships in early period, 21, 22; judges, election of, 17; mili- tary and civil authorities conflict, 25- 27; military operations, 19, 22-24, 32-39; money scarce, 21; Spanish claims, 38. Territory, books in, 132; bound- aries, 90; cattle raising, 130; com- merce in, 96, 129; delegates in Con- gress, 113; election of officials, 112; enters second grade of territorial government, 112; extent, 89; formed, 89-90; governor and judges, ill, 113; immigration to, 120, 121, 124, 126, 132; Indian troubles in, 106 et seq.; internal improvements pro- posed, 114; internal revenue, 1 8 14, 128; judges for, ill; land office authorized, 103; land policy, ill; laws, in, 112, 114; legislature, 100, 113; legislature southern in nativity, 112 n. , 113; manufactures, 1 8 10, 128, 129; newpapers in, 132; peti- tions for state government, 115; physical features, 86; population, 1 8 10, 91 ; post -roads, 13 1; produc- ductions, 129 et seq., 133; qualifica- tions for representative, 113; slavery, see general alphabet; suffrage in, 112; taxes, 133; transportation, 114, 129, 130. State, admission proposed, 115, opposed, 118; agriculture in 1820, 165; "Black Laws," 176, 186; boun- dary, eastern, 90, northern, 115; cattle raising, 130; cessions of Indian lands, 134, 135; coal in, 14, 142, 165; constitution completed, 117; cost of living in, 130; counties, list of, 183; debtors, 147; election in 1822, 181; election laws, 1829, 14S; emigration, see General alphabet; Enabling Act of 1818, 115; food supplies, 133; government southern in character, 145; governors, list of, 145; House of Representatives, mention, 185; in Congress, 11S. 146; Indian agents, 134; Indian land claims, 134, 135; Indian traders. 134; Indian wars, 146, 207; internal revenue, 12S; judicial circuit, 173; land, see general alphabet ; laws, southern influence on, 1S6; man- ners and customs, 128 et seq., 165; manufactures, 128; money, substi- tutes for, 130; New England ers in, 146; newspapers, 132; northern boundary changed, 115; population required for admission, 116, 117; postal facilities in, 151, 158, 159^ products of, 129, 167 et seq.; public lands, 136; salt springs legislation, 101; school tax, 148; senators and representatives, 145; settlement typ- ical, 5; slavery, see general alphabet 1 southern influence in, 1S3, 184, 186; taxation, 1S28, compared with that of Kentucky, 149, 150; transporta- tion, cost of, 150; facilities, 124, see also general alphabet; treasury re- ceipts 149; squatter population, 14S; voting in 1829, 148. Illinois and Michigan Canal, estimated cost of transportation by, 141 ; route ceded, no; mention, 115. Illinois Company, holdings of, 10, 44, Illinois Herald, 132. Illinois Intelligencer, 132, 140. Illinois Land Company, 10 et seq. Illinois river settlements, 134. Illinois Navigation Company, 114, 115. Illiteracy of French inhabitants, 13. Immigration. See with Emigration. Indentured servitude, 117, i~6 et seq. Indian agents, 134. Indians, n, 12; employed by British, 32; land cessions, maps: 1795-1801, 72; 1809-1S18, 104; 1818-1830, 136; reservations, 134, 135; titles to land extinguished, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146; traders, 134; tribes: Cahokias, 52; Chickasaws, 73; Chippewas, 134; Foxes, 33, 81 ; Kaskaskias. 12; 162 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Kickapoos, no; Menominees, 134; Mitchas, 52; Mitchigamias, 12; Ot- tawas, 135; Ouias, 29; Peorias, 12, 52; Piankashaws, 81 ; Potawatomies, 134; Sauks, 33, 81; Sioux, 31; Tam- arois, no; Winnebagoes, 135. Indiana, population, 91,, 181; route to, from North Carolina, 156; slavery, 185. Indiana Territory, divided, Si, 88, 89; formed, 84. Jacksonville, 156; English emigrants at, 189. Jarrott's mill, 167. [efferson, Thomas, mention, 203, 204. fohnson, Capt. elected magistrate, 61. Johnson, Col. R. M., 163. Jones, John Rice, career of, 195, 196; death, 196; mention, 6S; with Clark, 54- Jones, Rev. 'William, rep., 113. Judges, election of, 17, 58, III. Judy, Samuel, leg. coun., 113. Jurors paid, 58. Jury, trial by, 60. Justices of the peace, not paid, 23. K Kane, Elias K., 145. Kaskaskia, bounty lands, 57; court, 17, 19; judicial district of, 44; land- office at, 103, 136, 137, 13S, 143. Kaskaskia Indians, 12. Keel-boats, 125, 129; rates, 161. Kenton, Simon, 179. Kentucky, emigration to Illinois,- 189; journey from, to Illinois, 1819, 155; mention, 21, 24, 32, 33, 1S9; popu- lation, 1790, 1800, 1 8 10, 91, 93; 1820, 1 Si. Kentucky boats, 93, 94. Kentucky Gazette, 189/ Kickapoo Indians, no. Kidnapping of negroes, 186. King's proclamation, 1763, 10. Knox county, 75 n., 86. Kohos (Cahokia), mention, 27. La Balme, Col. Augustin Mottin de, career of, 33 et seq. Labor questions, 96, 97, 99, 130, 169. Lafayette, Marquis de, entertained by John Edgar, 193; mention, 209. Lake Michigan, advantages to Illinois of port on, 115, 116. Land, Act'of 1791, 72; canal, 141, 142; cessions by Indian tribes, 72, 104, 1 10, 136; cession by Virginia to U. S.. 45, 46; church and school, 141, 142; classified for taxation, S4; cultivation of, 166; fertility of, 14, 165; form of holdings, 13, 3S; French deeds to, 13; government entry of, 130; Kick- apoo cession of, 1819, 134; military, 100; owned by Federal Government, 1 58; prices, 57, 80, 88, 92, 103-5, 136-8, 143; rental of, 166; Spanish donate to French, 55; tavern sites, 75; taxes on, 130; unoccupied in Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, 98. See also Public lands. Land-claims, 10; in Illinois, 140. Land-companies, 10, 11. Land-frauds, referred to Congress, 99, 100. Land-grants, investigated, 5 7. 1 Land-holders, non-resident, mention, 140, 145. Land-offices, 80; in Illinois, 44 ctf seq., 103. Land-titles, insecure, 51, 71; King's proclamation, 1763, 10. Laws: "Black Laws," 176, 186; "Blue Laws," 200; territorial, III-14. La Valiniere, Pierre Huet de, mention, 68. Lead, output of, 1S23 -1827, 151. Lead region, rush to, 1826, 172. Le Dru, removes to St. Louis, 68; signs petition, 66. Le Grand, signature on land grant, 45. Legras, Col. P., at Yincennes, 18. Limestone beds at Alton, 204. Lincoln, Abraham, in Black Hawk War, 207. Linctot, 38 n., 39 n. Live-stock, 27, S3, 169. See also Cattle. Log canoes, 93. Log houses, cost of, 16S. Long Prairie, 74. Louis XVIII. of France, mention, 209. Louisiana, emigration to, 86; province of, 91. Louisiana Gazette, report of steamboat speed, 162. INDEX. 263 Luzerne, Chevalier, 30, 36. Lyon, Matthew, on price of lands, 88. M McCarty, Richard, 19, 20, 26, 27; killed, 29. McDowell, William, 196. Mcllvaine, Miss Caroline M., 5. McKendree College, opened by Meth- odists in 1828, 174. McLean, John, 145. McMaster, John Bach, 5. Madison, Governor of 'Kentucky, 197. Madison, James, mention, 209. Madison, John, 196. Madison county, population 1S20, 1S24, 1825, 132, 188. Magistrates, 59 et seq., 67. Mail routes, 1825-1830, 158, 159. Malaria, 91, 95. Manufactures, 12S, 129. Maple sugar, 129. Marietta, 0., 71. Marriage, mixed, 51 ; without priest, 12. Mary of the Incarnation, Mother, II, Maryland, settlers from, 91. Mason and Dixon's line, 179. Massachusetts, emigration to Illinois, 189. Mechanics' lien, 149. Menard, Pierre, leg. coun., 113, 208; Lt.-Gov. , 145. Menominee Indians, 134. Methodist Episcopal Church, 174; men- tion, 191. Meurin, Father, mention, 12. Michigan, legislature meets in summer, . J 5 2 -. Michilimackinac, British at, 32, 39, 46, 47. 69- Miliet, Mr., elected magistrate, 61. Military bounty lands, 57. Military organization, etc. See under Illinois. Military Tract, land in, sold for taxes, 140. Mills, S3, 167. Miro, Estevan, Governor of Louisiana and Florida, proclamation of, 63, 71. Mississippi river, navigation of, 21 ; settlement on hindered, 88. Missouri, population, 82, 181 ; slavery in, 179, 180. Missouri Compromise, 17S. Mitchigamia Indians, 12, 52. Money, scarcity, 21, 22. Monroe, President James, letter to Jef- ferson, 97; mention, 209. Montgomery, Lieut. -Col. John, l$etscq. Morals. See Public morals. Morgan, — , member of trading com- pany, 10. Morgan, George, agent of Indiana Company, 56; land frauds, 56, 57. Morgan county, anti- slavery society, 183; freehold rights to housekeepers, 147; separated from Madison, 188. Morrison, William, landholdings of, 74, 100, 101. Mount Carmel, Bank of, 199; donation of land for church and schools, 142; founding of, 196, 19S; incorporation, 200. Murray, Edward, 23. Murray, William, mention, 10. N Negroes, 12, 64; punishment of, 179. See also Slavery. New Design, founded. 91, 92, 95; mention, 83. New England, immigrants from, 146. New Jersey Land Company, 11. New Madrid (L'Anse a la Graisse), 63 et set/. New Orleans, flour market, 193; men- tion, 26. New Orleans boats, 93, 94. Newspapers: — Lllinois Herald, 132; LI- lino is Intelligencer, 132, 140; Kentucky Gazette, 189; Louisiana Gazette, 162; Shawnee Chief, 132; Western Lntelh- geucer, 132. Non-resident landholders, 140, 145. North Carolina, route from, to Indiana, 156. Northwest I erritory, bounties in, S4; congressional delegate seated, 76; divided, 76, 84, 85; enters second degree, 75; first sale of public land in, 75 ; judges, 62; laws, 83, 84; mag- istrates, 61; mention, 58; taxation, S3- Ogee's (Dixon's) ferry, 152. Oglesby, Rez<. Joshua, rep., 264 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Ohio, emigration to, 76, 190; popula- tion, 91, 181 ; public land sale, 144. Ohio Company, 71. Ohio river, boundary of Illinois, 10; settlers, 88; settlers northwest of, 18, 19. Ordinance of 1784, 46. Ordinance of 1787, 40; amendments to, 115, 116; anti- slavery article, 176 et set/.; college township reserved by, 101 ; effect on Illinois country, 54, 55 ; violation of, 87. Ottawa Indians, 135. Ouia, town, 30. Ouia (Wea) Indians, 29. Ouisconsin (Wisconsin) Territory, Ga- lena claimed by, 150. Paget, M., mill built by, 193. Palestine, sale of public lands at, 137. Parker, Joseph, of Kaskaskia, 53, 54. Peck, Rez<. John M., Baptist minister, 124, 125, 192. Peltry, debts paid in, 21, 43, 60. Peoria, Indian agent at, 134; mention, 79- Peoria Indians, 12. Philips, Joseph, territorial secretary, "3- Piankashaw Indians, 81. Pierre, Eugenio, 38. Pike county, separated from Madison, 188. Pioneer clergy, 191 et seq. Pirogues, 93, 94, 160. Plums, at Smith's Prairie, 129. Pollock, Oliver, 40. Polypotamia, mention, 46. Pope, Nathaniel, and the northern boundary, 115, 116; delegate in Con- gress, 113. Population, 1788, 70; 1785 -1799, 82 1801, 88; 1790-1810, 91; 1S1S, 116 1812, 113; 1820-1840, 187, 188 French, 1766-1777, 12. Post routes. See Mail routes. Post Vincennes, court regulations for, 59, 135. See also Vincennes. Potatoes, price, 97, 164. Potawatomie Indians, 134. Prairie du Chien, inhabitants, 1S01, 88. Prairie du Rocher, bounty lands, 57; inhabitants, 1766-1777, 12; 1801,88. Prairies, S3. 86, 97, 109, 131, 156; fer- tility of, 1 65 et seq. ; settlement, 130, I3i- Preemption rights, 72, 75, 77, 78, 100, 102, in, 113, 139, 144, 152; in various states, 102 et seq. Presbyterians, at Galena, 175; Cum- berland Presbyterians, 143. Prices of commodities, 49, 59, 97, 130, 131, 164; of land, see under Land. Priests, French, emigrate from Illi- nois, 68. Pro -slavery agitation. See under Sla- very. Provisions, scarcity of, 21-23, 2 5> 2 §- Public lands, donated for schools and internal improvements, 142; price of in various states, 103, 104, 105; pro- ceeds of sales applied to roads and schools, 116; receipts from sale of, 143; sales in Illinois, 77, 81, 105, 106, 137, 143; sales in other states, 103, 104, 144; tax regulations of, up to 1S1S, 130. Public morals, 2S, 29. Publications. See Books, Newspapers. Quebec, Bishop of, pastoral letter, 1767, 12. R Randolphs, The, mention, 209. Randolph county, formed, 75 n., 83; slaves in, 180. Rangers, volunteer for guard service, 108, 109. Regulators of the Valley, 147. Religious denominations, 1 72 et seq. Reynolds, Gov. John, 145, 196. Richland Creek, settlement, 78. • River craft, 93, 94, 126, 129. Riviere du Chemin, fight at, 37. Roads, 86, 116, 153 et seq.; Illinois settlements to Galena, 151; repairs, 15S; Shawneetown to Birkbeck's set- tlement, 157; to Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Louis, 101, 102, 157; Vanda- lia to Springfield, 157. See also under Illinois; also Toll roads. Rock river, 152, Rock Spring Seminary (Shurtleff Col- lege) founded by Baptists in 1827, 174. INDEX. 26; Rogers, Capt. , defense of, 28, 29. Roosevelt, Theodore, "Winning of the West, " 9. Rush, Benjamin, mention, 195. St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, 10, 64; at Kas- kaskia, 69; establishes counties, 83; president of Congress, 54. .St. Clair, James, 74. St. Clair, John Murray, 10, 193. St. Clair, William, 74. St. Clair county, divided, 83; formed, 75 n., 82, St. Josephs, expedition against, 37, 38. St. Louis, attacked by British, 33; pop- ulation of, 1 81 7, 132; Treaty of, 1804, 81. St. Marie, Joseph, goods confiscated by Spanish, 63. St. Philips, inhabitants of, 12. St. Pierre, Father, leaves Cahokia, 68. Ste. Genevieve, garrisoned by Spanish, 74- Saline creek salt works, slave labor at, 117. Saline river reservation, sale of, 142. Saline spring in Gallatin county,. 170, 171. Salt, discovered at Carlyle, 1823, 171 ; legislation concerning, 101 ; prices of, 170 et seq.j works, New York, 153. Sangamon county, emigration to, 1810- 1825, 188; housekeepers as free- holder's, 147; separated from Mad- ison, 188. Sauk Indians, 33, 81. Schools, academic, funds given for, 199; common, established, 173; early, 173; land granted for, 116, 141, 142; teachers, 173, 174. Scotch -Irish opposed to slavery, 92. Selkirk, Lord, colony, 172. Seminaries, location of, 174. Servitude, indentured, 117, 176, 177, 179. ■Shawnee Chief, 132. Shawneetown, description, 1S17, 125-7; land -office at, 103; road to Kaskas- kia, 101, 102, 157; sale of public lands, 105, 137. Shipping, 93, 94, 125, 129. Shippingport, Falls of Ohio, mention, •62. Short, Jacob, rep., 113. Shurtleff College (Rock Springs Sem- inary) founded by Baptists in 1827, 174. Sickness. See under Health. Sioux Indians, 31, 32. Skiffs, 93, 94. Slave code, enacted in 1819, 179. Slavery, 64, 65, 176 et set/.; abolition recommended by Coles, 185; anti- slavery article of Ordinance of 1787, 55, 177, 180; "Black Laws" of Illi- nois, 176, 186; children of slaves, 177; constitutional provisions, 17S; decrease of, 1S7; effect on settlement. 177; freeing of slaves, 64, 65, 177, 179; French slaveholders, 55. 176, 177; importation of slaves author- ized, 87; increase, 1S0, 1S1; inden- tured servitude, 117, 1 76 et seq. : legal- ization, 176; number of slaves, 1S20, 1840, 1S7; Ordinance of 1787, 55, 176, 177, 1 So; whipping of slaves. 179. Slave-trade, abolition of, 17S. Smith's Prairie, fruit at, 129. Soulard, Mr., 152. Southern influence in Illinois, 145, 186. Spain claims the Illinois country, 38: offers free land to Illinois settlers, 55, 71; refuses to allow navigation of Mississippi, 21. Spanish, aggression upon United States, 73; trouble Illinois settlers, 21, 24. Sprigg, Judge William, in. Springfield, called Calhoun when found- ed, 196; first store, 206; land-office at, 144; sales of public land, 137, 143; terminus of mail route, 15S. Squatters in Illinois, 50, 58, 72, 99, 148. State Historical Society of Wisconsin. See under Wisconsin. Steamboats, first on Ohio and Missis- sippi, 123; speed and rates of, l6o r 162, 163. Stephenson, Benjamin, delegate in Con- gress, 113. Stuart, Judge Alexander, in, 113. Stuart, John T., mention, 207. Suffrage, qualifications, 77, 7S, 1 12-14, 117, 147, 14S. Sugar, maple, 129. Supreme Court, U.S., decision of, ir 21 266 SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS. Talbott, Benjamin, leg. coun., 113. Tallmadge, James, opposes admission of Illinois, 118, 179. Tamarois, Indians, no. Tardiveau, Bartholomew, 51, 52, 55, 69. Tavern-keepers (housekeepers) given freehold privileges, 147. Tavern-sites, land ceded for, 75, 79. Taxation, in N.-W. terr., 83; of land, 130, 133; of live-stock, 83. Taylor, Zachary, mention, 207, Tazewell, L. W. , mention, 209. Tea, price of, 130. Teachers, salaries of, 174. Tennessee, lands sold for taxes, 189. Tennessee wagon, 155. Thomas, "Judge Jesse B., signs petition for retention of slavery in Illinois, in, 178; territorial judge, 113, 145.- Timber, want of, 131. Todd, Col. John, Jr., 15, 16 et seq. Toll roads, 157. Tomahawk rights, 51. Trading firms: Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, 10; British Michilimackinac Company, 49. Trammell, Philip, rep., 1 13. Transportation, cost: via canals, 141 ; via rivers, 124, 125, 126, 160; improvement in facilities, 157; land, 93, 126, 154-7, 161 ; water, S3, 92 et seq., 114, 126, 129. See also River craft, Wagons. Treaties: — Fort Wayne, 1803, 79; Greenville, 1795, 79; St. Louis, 1804, Si; Spain- U. S., commercial treaty, 73; Vincennes, 1S03, 79; 1S05, 81. Trottier, F., 36. Turbine wheel, 167. Turner, Frederick Jackson, 5. Turnpike, 93. U United States Supreme Court decision, 1 1. Yandalia, mention, 1S8, 189; land- office at, 207; public lands sold, 137. Vegetables, 168. Vehicles, 152, 155, 156; emigrant wag- ons, 159, 164; Tennessee wagon, 155. Vermilion saline, 142. Vincennes, accept inducements of Mor- gan, 63; attack on, 32, 73; court, 17, 59; description of, 13; levy of troops at, 54; treaty, 1803, 79; treaty, 1805, Si. See also Post Vincennes. Virginia, Augusta county, 15; Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, 42-44; cedes Western lands to the United States, 45, 46; emigration from, to Illinois, 91, 92, 190, 201 ; legislation for pro- tection of Illinois county, 9; military bounty lands, 46; money, 21, 23, 24. Vote, August 2, 1S24, 1S3; chart of, 184. W Wabash Land Company, 10 et seq., 88. W T abash Navigation Company, 200. Wabash river, boundary line, 90, 154; expedition on, 41 ; landholders on, 10, 87, 88. W T ages, 96, 169. Wagons, first, Galena to Chicago, 152. See also Vehicles. W r ar of 1812, 106 et seq.; mention, 118. Water supply, 86. Wayne county, separated from Illinois, 86. Wea. See Ouia. West, The, Commerce of, 96. Western Christian Monitor, mention, 197. Western frontier. See Frontier; also Wilderness. Western Intelligencer, 132. Western Territory, Ordinance for gov- ernment of, 46. Westward movement, 190. Wharton, , member of trading firm, 10. Wheat, price of, 164. Wheeling, Va., Committee of Work- ingmen, 144. Wild animals, 14. Wilderness, description of, 86; men- tion, 95. See also Frontier. Wilderness Road, 93. Wilkins, John, British Commandant in Illinois, IO. INDEX. 267 Wilkinson, Gen. James, 204. Williams, Maj., 39. Wilson, Alexander, rep., 113. Winnebago Indians, 135, 151. Winnebago war, 135, 146, 207. Winston, Richard, 17, 18; sheriff at Kaskaskia, 26, 41, 61. Wirt, William, mention, 209. Wisconsin, southern boundary, 150. Wisconsin, State Historical Society of, 11. Wolves, 14; bounty for, 84, 148. Wood, scarcity of retards settlement, 165. Wyllys, Maj., 69. Yorkshire, England, emigrants from, reach Jacksonville, 189. Zewapetas, 63. I