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PLATE 1 
 
 Clavaria FiLiPES. No. 2804, fig. 1, 
 
 Ceavaria helveola. No. 4368, fig. 2. (The tip of one plant is too red). 
 Clavaria luteo-ochracea. No. 16a, fig. 3. 
 
 Clavaria nigrita. No. 2794, fig. 4. 
 
 Clavaria citriceps. Redding, Conn., fig. 5. 
 
 Clavaria pul( hra. Redding, Conn. (No. 17), fig. 6; Newfane, Vt., fig. 7. 
 Clavaria auraxtio-cinnabarina. No. 2801, fig. 8. 
 
THE 
 
 CLAVARIAS OF THE UNITED 
 STATES AND CANADA 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM CHAMBERS COKER 
 
 KENAN PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 WITH NINETY-TWO PLATES 
 
 Chapel Hill, N. C., U. S. A. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS 
 
 1923 
 
Copyright, 1923, by 
 
 The University of North Carolina Press 
 
 Printed by Seeman Printery 
 Durham, N. C. 
 
c«J 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 In preparing this study of American Clavarias my work has 
 been greatly facilitated by generous cooperation from many 
 sources. In American herbaria, Dr. W. A. Murrill at the N. Y. 
 Botanical Garden, Dr. H. D. House at the N. Y. State Museum, 
 Drs. Farlow and Thaxter at the Agassiz Museum, and Mrs. Flora 
 W. Patterson at the U. S. Dept of Agriculture have allowed the 
 free use of their material and supplemented my collections by many 
 gifts. In Europe I have been particularly befriended Dr. 
 Lars Romell of Stockholm, who has recently acquired the very 
 valuable herbarium of the Abbe Bresadola and has not onlv al- 
 lowed me its free use but has also furnished much Swedish mate¬ 
 rial. Dr. H. O. Juel of Upsala has done the unusual favor of 
 sending me for study all the Clavarias at present contained in the 
 herbarium of Elias Fries. At Leyden Miss Catherine Cool, Cur¬ 
 ator in the Ryks Museum, placed the Persoon Herbarium at my 
 disposal and assisted me to a better understanding of Oude- 
 mans’s species. In London Miss Wakefield at Kew Herbarium 
 has shown unfailing kindness for a number of years and has given 
 me valuable material of European and American origin. 
 
 My collections have been accumulated through a number of 
 years with the help of many correspondents. Mr. S. H. Burnham 
 has sent much material from New York, both fresh and dried. 
 Miss Ann Hibbard from Vermont and Mr. H. C. Beardslee from 
 Asheville have furnished valuable collections and notes. Outside 
 of this state I have collected living material from Hudson Falls 
 (Vaughns), Lake George, and Bronx Park, N. Y.; Redding, 
 Conn.; and Hartsville, S. C. Most of our North Carolina ma¬ 
 terial has come, of course, from Chapel Hill, a region very rich 
 in funefi of all kinds, and other members of the Botanical Depart- 
 ment staff have been of great assistance in collecting. During the 
 past August (1922) the author with Mr. H. R. Totten, Miss Alina 
 Holland, and Mr. J. N. Couch spent two weeks in Blowing Rock 
 and the neidiboring mountains getting together a valuable lot of 
 
 rd 
 
 13 ] 
 
4 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 fungi, many of them Clavarias. These are the ones referred to 
 as collected by ^‘Coker and party.” About one-fourth of the ma¬ 
 terial (with notes) prepared on this trip was unfortunately lost 
 on the return, being mistaken for something valuable by a mis¬ 
 guided thief. 
 
 In preparing the plates of microscopic detail I have been 
 assisted by Miss Holland and Mr. Couch. Miss Holland has made 
 many of the drawings and done all of the ink work. Mr. Couch 
 has made sections and done much of the drawing. The photo¬ 
 graphs have, with a few exceptions, been made by me, and a good 
 many of them have been developed and printed by Mr. Totten. 
 The plates in color have been painted by the following: 
 
 Miss Mary E. Eaton—pi. 1, figs. 5 and 6; pi. 9, figs. 2-4; pi. 
 19, figs. 3 and 4; pi. 23; pi. 28, figs. 1 and 4; pis. 39 and 63. 
 
 Miss Dorothy Coker—pi. 19, fig. 2; pi. 28, fig. 5; pi. 50, fig. 3. 
 
 Miss Gladys Coker—pi. 9, fig. 1; pi. SO, fig. 1. 
 
 Miss H. C. V. d. Pavord Smits—pi. 50, fig. 2. 
 
 Miss Cornelia S. Love—pi. 1, figs. 2, 3, 4, and 8; pi. 28, figs. 3 
 and 6. 
 
 Miss Alma Holland—pi. 28, fig. 2. 
 
 Miss Ann Hibbard—pi. 1, fig. 7; pi. 19, fig. 1. 
 
 Mrs. Edith Branson Smith—pi. 1, fig. 1. 
 
 All of the paintings and photographs except that of C. Murrilli 
 were made from the living plants. 
 
 Recently there has appeared Burt’s important paper on the 
 North American Species of Clavaria (see p. 14). As the present 
 study was in proof at the time, I have made but sparing reference 
 to his work, and only when there is divergence of opinion. The 
 second volume of Buller’s Researches on Fungi has also just 
 reached me. In this several pages are devoted to spore formation 
 and discharge in the Clavarias. The only important observation 
 recorded by him concerns spore discharge in C. formosa, which 
 was found to resemble closely that of other Hymenomycetes. He 
 says (p. 185): 
 
 ‘'Shortly before a spore was to be discharged, a drop began to 
 be excreted at the spore-hilum. As soon as this drop had grown 
 for about five seconds and had attained a diameter equal to about 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 5 
 
 three-quarters or the whole of the diameter of the spore, the 
 spore was discharged. The spore and drop were shot away from 
 the sterigma together, the spore doubtless with the drop clinging 
 to it as in other Hymenomycetes. The four spores of each ba- 
 sidium were discharged successively in the course of a few min¬ 
 utes.” 
 
 Buller makes the mistake of saying that the basidia of Clav- 
 ariae have four sterigmata and four spores. There are numerous 
 exceptions to this. He expresses doubt as to the presence of a 
 hymenium on the top of the club in C. pistillaris. We have found 
 that the hymenium does in fact completely cover the top (see also 
 Harper, Mycologia 5 : 263. 1913). 
 
 I have made few references to Rahnesque’s unrecognizable 
 species. The curious may find them in Burt’s monograph. 
 
 The genus Clavaria as at present constituted is so large and 
 polymorphic as to be impossible of definition except in the most 
 general terms and then only vaguely and without sharp distinctions 
 from its relatives. The family Clavariaceae as represented with 
 us is usually divided into six genera, Lachnocladium. Pteriila, 
 Clavaria, Pisfillaria, Typhula and PJiysalacriaC Of these, Pistil- 
 laria and Typhula cannot be satisfactorily separated from each 
 other, and can with difficulty be distinguished from certain small 
 Clavarias. In several slender Clavarias the stems are sharply 
 distinct from the clubs, thus leading to Typhula, while such species 
 as C. mucida, and C. vernalis lead directly to Pistillaria. The 
 presence of a sclerotium at the base is sufficient to separate some 
 species of Typhula and Pistillaria from Clavaria, but a sclerotium 
 is absent in other species. The genus Lachnocladium was estab¬ 
 lished to include those species of tough structure and with tomen- 
 tose surface, but as now constituted it is in complete confusion 
 with Clavaria (see p. 194). 
 
 I am not attempting to treat other genera of Clavariaceae, but 
 am including the only species of Lachnocladium I find in Chapel 
 Hill and also the two largest American species of Typlnda, one 
 of which is commonly referred to Clavaria. 
 
 *I exclude Sparassis, which is now known to belong to the Thelcphoraccae. See 
 Journ Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 36: 193. 1921. Physalacria has also been excluded 
 recently (see p. 8). The genus Acurtis was established by Fries to contain Schweinitzs 
 C. gigantea. 1 have examined the authentic specimen in the Curtis Herbarium and 
 agree with Burt that it is an aborted agaric. 
 
6 
 
 vAS OF THE United States and Canada 
 
 In add> m to the genera above mentioned and those discussed 
 under the genus Clavaria, there have been several others proposed. 
 Patouillard in his Essai taxonomique Hymen., p. 44, 1900, has got 
 these together in convenient form and adequately defined them. 
 For convenience I give below his descriptions of the genera now 
 accepted by him, but not treated by me, and not yet fully accepted 
 by mycologists. 
 
 CeratcIIa (Quel.) Pat. Hymen. Eur., p. 157. 1887. (Used as 
 
 a sub-genus or group name by Quelet in Enchiridion, p. 222. 
 1886): 
 
 ‘'Waxy or tough, filiform, simple or branched, sessile or stipi- 
 tate, ending in a point. Hymenium surrounding the middle part 
 of the plant, lacking at the base and at the top. Flesh formed of 
 parallel, not very numerous hyphae, septate, often encrusted with 
 calcium. Basidia as in Pistillaria; cystidia pointed, projecting, 
 delicate, small; spores hyaline, smooth. Small species, reviving 
 when moistened, growing in colonies on vegetable debris. Ex¬ 
 amples are C. aculcata, C. Qucletii, C. Hclcnac, C. macrospora, C. 
 acuminata/' [All as Pistillaria in Sacc. Syll. 6: 758, and 11: 142. 
 If this genus is accepted difficulties will arise with other species 
 now included in Clavaria. For example, C. vcrnalis has a conspicu¬ 
 ous sterile tip, which is usually covered with crystals in the dry 
 state. Other well known species of Clavaria, as C. anrantio-cinna- 
 barina, C. filipes, and sometimes C. hclvcola, have sterile tips which 
 in drying shrink less and take a different color, appearing like 
 little caps set on the ends of the clubs]. 
 
 Pistilhna Quel. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Fr., 1880, p. 671. 1881. 
 (Sphaerula Pat. Tab. Fung., fasc. 1, p. 27. 1883). 
 
 “Receptacle quite small, erect or hanging, slightly tough, 
 formed from a cylindrical stem, glabrous or tomentose, enlarged 
 at the top into a convex disk covered by the hymenium and some¬ 
 times edged with hairs. Flesh filamentous as in Pistillaria, Ba¬ 
 sidia with 2-4 sterigmata. Spores hyaline, ovoid, smooth.’’ 
 
 Here belong P. hyalina, P. brunneola, P. ca pit at a. [All as Pis- 
 tiUaria in Sacc. Syll. 6: 759. This genus seems to me to belong 
 very doubtfully in the Clavariaceac, but probably to be related to 
 Cyphclla in the Thclcphoraceae], 
 
Clavarias of the United States and- a 7 
 
 Hirsutella Pat. Revue Mycol. 14: 69. 1892. {^'^ vlatriichotia 
 Boulanger, Revue Gen. Bot. 5: 401. 1893).* 
 
 ‘'Receptacle Hliform, erect, fleshy, waxy or tough, simple or 
 branched. Flesh filamentous, rather compact, composed of a 
 small number of hyphae, parallel and septate. Hymenium sep¬ 
 arated into solitary parts, scattered over all the parts of the re¬ 
 ceptacle; basidia 1-2-4-spored, generally with elongated sterig- 
 mata; cystidia none; spores hyaline, ovoid, smooth. Small species, 
 growing on dead organic matter. 
 
 “This genus includes five or six European and two American 
 species. Hirsutella entomophila Pat. with one-spored basidia 
 rises from a hypochnoid layer which surrounds the bodies of dead 
 Coleopteras at the Equator; H. setosa Pk. (Ptcrula), which grows 
 in the United States on old polypores, is a tough species with 2- 
 spored basidia and extremely elongated sterigmata, sometimes 
 septate or branched (abnormally) ; H. gracilis (Desm.) is more 
 delicate and grows on rotten weeds around Paris; H. varians 
 (Boul.) has been observed in laboratory cultures. 
 
 '"Hirsutella, very distinct in its discontinuous hymenium, is 
 the lowest form of the Clavaria type; it has a marked tendency to 
 take the hypochnoid arrangement and resembles certain hypho- 
 mycetes in its forms with irregular sterigmata.’’ 
 
 Baumanniella P. Hennings. Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. 23 : 543. 
 1897. Exactly like Fhysalacria, except that the spores are brown. 
 
 “Only one species is known, B. Togocusis P. Henn. from 
 tropical Africa, which has one-spored basidia and rather gelati¬ 
 nous receptacle.” 
 
 CLAVARIACEAE 
 
 Plants erect, simple and slender or club-shaped, or more or 
 less forked or branched in an antler-like or coral-like or dendroid 
 manner, or (in Ptcrula) composed of very many hair-like branches 
 from a simple base; size varying from simple little slender hairs 
 or rods to large, heavy, much branched masses; texture soft, 
 fleshy and brittle or waxy, or toughish and pliable; hymenium 
 covering most of the plant, usually all except a moi e oi less well 
 defined part of the base or stem, which may fade imperceptibly 
 into the upper part or be more or less sharply delimited by a change 
 in size or color. In some species of Clavaria there are sterile lines 
 or areas here and there on the plant, particularly in the forks, 
 
 * According to Speare the original species of Hirsutella is really a Hyphomycete 
 (see Fetch in Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 9: 93. 1923). 
 
8 
 
 L .AVARIAb OF THE UNITED StATES AND CANADA 
 
 which ar distinctly velvety or plush-like, and such sterile places 
 may occur in both the brittle and pliable species. Spores white 
 or yellowish or brownish, smooth or rough to spiny. Subiculum 
 none, the mycelium penetrating the substratum; obvious rhizo- 
 morphs present in some species. 
 
 Key to the Genera Recognized 
 
 Plants club-shaped or cylindrical or much branched in a coral-like or broom¬ 
 like manner, branches or clubs not so delicate as to be hairlike on drying; 
 texture fleshy and brittle or pliable, never very tough or leathery; neither 
 hymenium nor growing tips tomentose..... Clavaria (p. 8) 
 
 Plants small to large, branched, hymenium tomentose, or, if smooth, the tips 
 of the growing branches strongly tomentose; texture pliable, very tough; 
 spores white or brown, smooth or rough. LacJino-cladmm (p. 194) 
 
 Plants much branched from a delicate base, the branches very slender, hair¬ 
 like on drying... Pferula (p. 202) 
 
 Plants very small, simple, club-shaped and less than 2 cm. high, the short 
 stalk relatively stout; a sclerotium present in some species 
 
 Pistillaria (not treated) 
 
 Plants simple or sparsely branched, small, slender, the clubs cylindrical or 
 narrowly fusiform; the cylindrical stem smaller and (with a few ex¬ 
 ceptions) sharply distinct; a sclerotium often present 
 
 Typhula (p. 200) 
 
 Plants small, with a slender stalk supporting an irregular, swollen bladder, 
 the under side of which is covered with the hymenium... PJiysalacria^ 
 
 Clavaria 
 
 Upright, simple, or slightly to repeatedly branched, the hy¬ 
 menium glabrous and extending over all the plant (amphigenous) 
 except the stem when that is discrete, a variable area at the 
 base when the stem is not discrete, and also excepting in many 
 cases certain sterile and often plush-like areas in the angles of the 
 branches which may extend rather extensively in some species 
 
 * In a recent paper Krieger, for apparently good reasons, removes this genus from 
 the Clavariaccae and places it in a primitive position in the Agaricaccae (Bull. Mary¬ 
 land Acad. Sci. 3: 7. 1923). He finds the cap (club) of P. ijiflata to be two-sided 
 
 (dorsi-ventral) with the upper side sterile and of a different color and texture, and he 
 considers the folds on the lower surface as more or less gill-like. Krieger changes the 
 generic name to Eoagaricus, but the rules of nomenclature do not permit such a change. 
 Two North American species of Physalacria have been described: P. iuflata (Schw.) 
 
 T. B. C. 9: 2, figs. 1-5. 1882), a plant about 1.3-2.7 cm. high; and P. Lang- 
 E. & E. (Journ. Myc. 4: 73. 1888), a minute plant only a fraction of a millimeter 
 
 high. We have the former in Chapel Hill (No. 7034). 
 
9 
 
 Clavarias of the United States aJid Canada 
 
 into lines or areas among the branches. Texture lieshy and 
 brittle or waxy, or often toughish and flexible, but not truly 
 leathery or hard. Spores white or yellowish to brown, smooth or 
 lough to aspei ulate. Uasidia 2-4-spored, clavate. Cystidia absent 
 in nearly all species, but well developed in C. pyxidata. Hymenium 
 usually simple, but in a number of species doubled or even quad- 
 1 upled by the laying down of new layers over the old, as in many 
 
 polypores. Saprophitic, or in a few species parasitically associated 
 with algae. 
 
 The Clavarias vary greatly in form and size from very small 
 simple clubs or rods to large coral-like masses weighing several 
 pounds. Most of the larger and a number of the smaller ones 
 grow on the ground, but many species grow on rotting leaves or 
 on wood. The stem, if present, is not sharply marked off as a 
 1 ule from the spore-bearing* part of the plant, but is usually sterile, 
 as is shown under a lens by the appearance of its surface, which 
 is different from the more waxy hymenium above. In a few 
 species, however, the stem is distinctly indicated by a different 
 color or an abrupt reduction in size or by both. 
 
 Most of the species are tender and may be used for food if 
 large enough, but they vary decidedly in palatability, and some 
 are apparently unwholesome. Those that we have found to be 
 very good and that have the best reputation for food are C. 
 botrytis, C. flava, and their kin. Only one (C. dichotoma) has 
 been reported as causing sickness (Leuba, Champ. Comest., p. 77). 
 It is probably a form of C. cinerea (C. cristata). It is to be noted, 
 however, that Quelet seems to consider many Clavarias as un¬ 
 wholesome (Apergu Oualites Utiles ou Nuisibles des Champ., p. 
 12. 1884. Abstract from Mem. Soc. Sci. phys. et nat. Bordeaux, 
 3rd ser., 2). Mcllvaine (Am. Fungi, p. 513) has tested many 
 of the Clavarias and does not find any of them dangerous. Of 
 C. cinerea he speaks most highly, while some European authors 
 regard it as unwholesome. Among edible mushrooms of New 
 York Peck includes C. botrytis, C. flaz^a, and C. cristata to repre¬ 
 sent the genus (Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 48: 307. 1895. 2nd ed., p. 
 209, pi. 39. 1897). He remarks that no poisonous species are 
 known. Later (Mem. N. Y. St. Mus. 3, No. 4: 178, pi. 66. 
 1900) he illustrates C. pistillaris among edible species and regards 
 it as a luxury, as does also Mcllvaine. 
 
10 Glavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 The genus comprises such a varied assortment of species as to 
 be easily divided into a number of groups of a validity at least equal 
 to accepted genera of agarics and other families of fungi. To 
 distinguish sharply such groups is, however, no easier than in 
 most cases of such splitting; and we are inclined to choose here 
 a course that we should like to see much more generally followed, 
 which is to let the old genera alone until it becomes a greater in¬ 
 convenience to retain them than to subdivide them. It is quite 
 right to indicate the natural groups of species under a genus 
 either under the title of groups or sub-genera; but there is no good 
 end accomplished by establishing genera that are harder to define 
 than are the species that compose them. 
 
 We have attempted below to arrange the species in natural 
 groups so far as is possible with our present knowledge of their 
 structure. 
 
 1. Plants small, isolated (not cespitose) ; simple or slightly 
 branched; of flexible or brittle texture; spores smooth and white. 
 Growing on the ground or in moss or on rotten wood covered with 
 algae. Related to Typhnla and Pistillaria. Here belong C. filipes, 
 C. gracillima, C. subfalcata, C. f uscata, C. acuta, C. argillacea, C. 
 imicida, C. luteo-ochracea, C. biformis, C. vernalis, C. Macoimi, 
 This is in part the group Holocoryne of Fries, to which some have 
 been added and some withdrawn. In its frequently cespitose habit 
 C. argillacea connects this group with the following. 
 
 2. Plants typically (?) cespitose or in small clusters (indi¬ 
 viduals may be isolated), simple, subcylindrical to clavate or fusi¬ 
 form; spores white or (in one species) pale yellow, smooth or (in 
 one species) asperulate. Growing on the ground: C. helvcola, C. 
 rosea, C. fumosa, C. purpurea, C. nigrita, C. vermiculata, C. citri- 
 ceps, C. appalachiensis, C. fusiformis, C. pulchra, C. aurantio- 
 cinnabarina, C. asperulospora, C. inaequalis. This is in greater 
 part the group Syncoryne of Fries. 
 
 3. Plants of small to medium size, single or a few in a cluster, 
 simple or branched from a single slender stem or from several 
 slender stems united at the ground; pliable, not brittle; spores 
 of moderate size, spherical to suboval, smooth, white; basidia 4- 
 spored. Growing on the ground: C. muscoides, C. cineroides. 
 
 4. Plants of small to medium size; single, simple or much 
 branched, not brittle; white, gray, pallid, smoky, dull purplish, etc. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Can ad/ 11 
 
 (never yellow on the hymenium) ; spores white, subspherical, 
 smooth, rather large; basidia 2-spored: C. cristata (with C. rugosa, 
 C. cinerea, etc.), C. amethystinoides, C. ornatipes. This group 
 makes up the genus Clavulma of Schroeter (Krypt. FI. v. Schlesien 
 3: 442. 1888) and it is a good genus according to all ordinary 
 standards, and includes the most easily defined group of Clavarias. 
 
 5. Plants large or moderately small clubs with soft, spongy, 
 white flesh which is solid, or in age hollow. Spores large, smooth, 
 white: C, pistillaris, C. ligiila. This group leads to Craterellus. 
 
 6. Plants long, slender, simple clubs; pliable and with a large 
 hollow surrounded by a thin layer of flesh; spores white, smooth, 
 large. Growing on leaves and twigs or on wood: C. fistidosa and 
 C. contorta. This group is of peculiar structure and its relation¬ 
 ships are not obvious. It is probably nearest the preceding group. 
 
 7. Plants small, branched from several crowded stems, not 
 very slender; flesh very fragile and brittle; spores minute, white, 
 smooth. Growing on ground in woods: C, amethystina. This 
 group contains a single, isolated species, the relationships of which 
 are quite obscure. 
 
 8. Plants small or (in a few species rather large), not cespi- 
 tose, pliable and toughish, branched from a distinct stalk, slender 
 throughout, spores minute, white, asperulate or angular, or (in 
 two cases) smooth. Growing on the ground, or (in two cases) 
 on wood or trash: C. rufipes, C. crocea, C. vestitipes, C. pulchella, 
 C. Kun^ei, C. arhorea, C. asterella, C. suhcaespitosa, C. lento- 
 fragilis, C. angnlispora, C. pyxidata. This group and the next 
 lead to Lachnocladium. 
 
 9. Plants rather small to large, much branched, pliable; spores 
 smooth or nearly so. Growing on wood or beds of leaves and 
 twigs. This group may be divided into three sections: (a) Small 
 plants on leaves and with narrow, smooth, nearly white spores: C. 
 byssiseda, C. Patouillardii; (b) Small plants on leaves, with small, 
 nearly smooth, yellow to ochraceous spores. C. gTcicdis, C . sub- 
 decurrcns; (c) Larger plants on wood or leaves, with more plump, 
 faintly rough, buffy to ochraceous spores: C. stricta, C. apiculata, 
 C. suecica, C. acris, C. pinicola. 
 
 10. Plants small to large; nearly always much branched and 
 usually from a bulky base; brittle or pliable. Spores yellow or 
 ochraceous, usually warted or aspeiulate but in some cases smooth. 
 
12 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 rarely very small. Growing on earth or in humus. This large 
 group contains a varied assortment of species which are so in¬ 
 tricately related that it is difficult to arrange them in any well- 
 defined series or in natural clans that would contain more than a 
 few species. The few species with large, smooth spores form 
 an obvious clan. They are further distinguished by the soft, not 
 brittle flesh and pale color. These are C. Strasseri, C. obtiisissima, 
 and C. seciinda. Another natural assembly is that composed of 
 C. botrytis, C. subbotrytis, C. sanguinea, C. flava, and C. divari- 
 cata. Their chief characteristics are the crisp, rigid, brittle flesh, 
 densely branched habit, and the pale and only faintly roughened 
 spores. 
 
 It is this group 10 that composes in great part the genus 
 Clavariella Karsten as amended by Schoeter in Krypt. FI. v. Schle- 
 sien 3: 447, 1888, and with further amendment by the addition of 
 C. flava, C. botrytis, and their kin, which from Fries’s day to very 
 recently most authors have erroneously classified as white-spored. 
 Karsten also made the error of including here C. pistillaris, C. 
 ligula, C. fistidosa and C. paradoxa which are white-spored; but 
 Schroeter corrected this error. Schroeter confines the genus 
 Clavaria to all the white-spored species not included in his genus 
 Clazndina, which, as above stated, comprised the cristata group. 
 In redefining Karsten’s genus Clavariella, Schroeter made the 
 mistake of saying that the spores were smooth. In fact, in most 
 species of Clavaria, the spores, if distinctly colored, are rough. 
 
 11. Plants large to small, isolated, or in small clusters, 
 branched, stem not bulky, texture fleshy, but not very brittle; 
 color strong, ochraceous, cinnamon or brown, tending to green or 
 purple in some cases; spores dark, ochraceous or brown, pip¬ 
 shaped, spiny or warted. Growing on rotting leaves or humus: 
 C. grandis, C. cyanocephala, C. longicaulis, C. Broomei, C. Mur- 
 rilli, C. decurrens, C. abietina, C. myceliosa. This is a well marked 
 group and is represented from the arctic to the tropic regions. 
 
 The genus Ramaria of Holmskjold (Beata Ruris, p. XVII) in¬ 
 cluded all branched Clavarias and if not too strictly interpreted 
 it did no great violence to natural relationships. It was, however, 
 not recognized by Persoon and has not been accepted since except 
 as a sub-genus or group. Holmskjold confined Clavaria to the 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 13 
 
 simple, club-shaped species and did not further subdivide the 
 Clavarias. Persoon, in his Mycologia Europaea ( 1 : 160. 1822), 
 recognized only the genus Clavaria and divided the species into 
 four groups: (a) branched or coral-like; (b) clubs elongated, 
 thickened, obsoletely branched; (c) simple, the club not divided; 
 (d) Typhulae: firm, furnished with a rather distinct and elong¬ 
 ated stem. [This included species now referred to Typhula and 
 Pistillaria]. 
 
 In arranging the species of Clavoria, Fries introduced the sub¬ 
 headings that have been generally used since. They are (a) 
 Ramaria, branched species, which are subdivided into white- 
 spored and ochre-spored, placing C. flava and C. botrytis in the 
 white-spored group in error; (b) Syncoryne, simple, but bases 
 fasciculate, sub-connate, cespitose; (c) Holocoryne, simple, clav- 
 ate, bases discrete. 
 
 Aside from extreme differences in size, texture, method of 
 branching and color, the spores of the Clavarias furnish by far the 
 most reliable characters in classification. Fortunately they show 
 a wide range in size, shape, surface and color and they often estab¬ 
 lish a species with certainty that would otherwise be obscurely de¬ 
 fined. The size of the basidia is roughly adjusted to that of the 
 spores and, except for the number and length of the sterigmata, 
 which is often of use, they help but little if the spores are known. 
 In our study of the hymenium we have come across the important 
 fact, heretofore unknown, that in some species there is a renewal 
 of the hymenium by periodic growth so that a younger hymenium 
 is superimposed as a new layer over the old one, resulting in two 
 or more layers of basidia, as in many polypores. This is well 
 shown in C. grandis (pi. 90, fig. 1), C. stricta, C. apiculata, C. 
 abietina and its relatives, C. decurrens, C. siibdcciirrens ( pi. 89, 
 fig. 1), etc. Most species with this habit are otherwise remarkable 
 in having in the multiple hymenium vast numbers of included 
 spores which were retained and overgrown instead of being shed. 
 These spores are often arranged in rows, thus clearly indicating 
 the number of hymenial layers laid down. This is particularly 
 true of the first three species mentioned; in the others the spores 
 are usually more evenly scattered, showing more irregular prolifer¬ 
 ation. The structure of the flesh is not in any way remarkable 
 amone funM, and while the size and arrangement of the compo- 
 
14 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 nent threads vary decidedly and are often similar in related groups, 
 they are rarely of much use in separating related species. The 
 threads may be slender and densely packed or large and loosely 
 packed, regular or irregular, with or without clamp connections. 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 The literature has been referred to throughout this work under 
 the species, but for convenience we will add here the longer 
 American lists and the more recent monographs. 
 
 Burt. The North American Species of Clavaria, with Illustrations of the 
 Type Specimens. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: 1, pis. 1-11. 1922. 
 
 Cotton and Wakefield. Revision of the British Clavariac. Trans. Brit. Myc. 
 Soc. 6: 164. 1919. 
 
 Kauffman. Eungi of North Elba. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 179: 80. 1915. 
 
 Massee. British Eungi, p. 433, pi. 34 and pi. 38, fig. 6. 1911. 
 
 Moffat. The Higher Eungi of the Chicago Region. Bull. Chicago Acad. 
 Sci. 7: 141. 1909. 
 
 Morgan. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 86. 1888. 
 
 Peck. Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 24: 81, 104. 1872. 
 
 Rea. British Basidiomycetes, p. 705. 1922. 
 
 Schweinitz. Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris. Schr. Nat. Ges. 
 Leipzig 1: 20, pis. 1 and 2. 1822. 
 
 Schweinitz. Synopsis fungorum in America boreali media degentium. 
 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. H, 4: 141. 1832. 
 
 Key to the Species of Clavaria 
 
 Plants simple, or at times forked or lobed or slightly branched, single or 
 crowded into groups (cespitose). 1 
 
 Plants with a slender stem, but usually more or less branched above, the 
 branches comparatively few and not much smaller (at times thicker) 
 than the stem; spores (except in C. Murrilli, where they are long 
 and spiny) subspherical, smooth, rather large (individual plants in 
 
 this section vary to simple or only flattened or antlered above) . 7 
 
 Plants as above, but usually more branched and spores smaller. 9 
 
 Plants much branched from several to numerous slender stems that arise 
 together at the base; color pale gray. C. cineroides (p. 78) 
 
 Plants as above, but color salmon with yellow tips, in age ochraceous (see also 
 C. formosa) ...C. conjunctipcs (p. 131) 
 
03 00 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 15 
 
 Plants branched and more bulky, branches usually numerous and the stem 
 not slender or very distinct...11 
 
 1. Long, threadlike and pliable; occurring in large colonies among leaves 
 
 Typhula (p. 200) 
 
 1. Elongated and pliable, but not threadlike and often thickened upward, 
 with a large hollow and very thin flesh; spores about 8-18/x long 
 
 C. fistulosa (p. 87) 
 
 1. Club-shaped, usually much thickened upwards, simple or lobed, color 
 usually reddish tan or fleshy brown but varying to chocolate or (in 
 youth) rosy; flesh pure white, soft and spongy, thick, often hol¬ 
 lowed in age; spores ovate-elliptic or long-elliptic, about 9-IS[jl long.. 2 
 
 1. Texture and habit varied, if hollow then the flesh thick in comparison; 
 
 spores, if elongated, smaller (except in C. argillacea) . 3 
 
 2. Large and thick, growing in deciduous or mixed woods, spores ovate- 
 
 elliptic, about 7-1U long.... C. pistillaris (p. 83) 
 
 2. Smaller, growing in needles or twigs of conifers; spores long-elliptic, 
 
 about 11-19/x long..... C. ligula (p. 86) 
 
 3. Growing on decorticated, rotting logs that are covered with green algae; 
 
 very small.... C. mucida (p. 30) 
 
 3. Growing on rotten logs or pure humus; stem yellow and distinct from 
 the club; spores subspherical, about 5 x 6/^ 
 
 C. appalacJiiensis (p. 53) 
 
 3. Growing as a parasite on live mosses. Eocronartium^ 
 
 3. Growing on earth or humus or as a saprophyte in moss... 4 
 
 4. Odor of garlic (onion), at least when crushed; spores 4.4-6 x8-10/x 
 
 C. fuscafa (p. 23) 
 
 4. No odor of garlic..... 5 
 
 5. About 2-5.5 cm. high, white or pale yellow, stem distinct from the club; 
 
 spores 4.5-6x8-10.5^......... C. subfalcata (p. 21) 
 
 5. Like C. subfalcata except for the narrower spores, which are 3.6-4 x 
 
 7.4-10/x.........C. gracillima (p. 23) 
 
 5. Like C. subfalcata but smaller and the spores about 4-6/x long on an 
 
 average........ C. filipcs (p. 20) 
 
 5. Resembling C. filipes, but 3-7 cm. tall, pure white, and spores 6-9 x 7-10fx 
 
 C. acuta (p. 25) 
 
 5. Dull white to cream color, thickened and rugose to lobed above; spores 
 
 subspherical, smooth, large..... C. rugosa (p. 68) 
 
 5. Deep orange-red, cespitose or single ; spores subspherical, about 5 x 6ju, 
 
 C. aurantio-cinnabarina (p. 60) 
 5. Rosy or pink, cespitose or single; simple or flattened or toothed above; 
 
 spores rod-elliptic, 3.5 x 6.6-7.5/x...C. rosea (p. 40) 
 
 5. Blackish brown (amber to dusky sepia), single or cespitose; spores 
 ovate-elliptic, 2.7-3.2 x 5.5-6.3/x..... C. nigrita (p. 43) 
 
 * Such plants have been considered as species of Clavaria until recently when Atkin¬ 
 son has shown them to belong to the Auriculariaccae (Journ. Mycol. 8: 106. 1902). For 
 full study of this species {Eocronartium muscicola) see Fitzpatrick. Phytopathology 
 : 197. 1918, and Amer. Journ. of Bot. 5 : 397. 1918. According to Fitzpatrick there 
 is only one species, which has appeared under a good many names. 
 
16 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 5. Wood-brown, 4-7 cm. high; spores globose, echiniilate 
 
 C. aspendospora (p. 63) 
 
 5. Dingy yellow or pale cinereous; spores minute, 3-3.7 x 4.4-5.2/x 
 
 C. Macouni (p. 34) 
 
 5. White, or the tips yellowish, very brittle, densely clustered to single; 
 spores pip-shaped to ovoid, variable in size and form, about 2.5-3.5 x 
 
 4-6.5|tt... C. verrniciilata (p. 45) 
 
 5. Grayish or smoky flesh color, tips soon blackish; spores not very dif- 
 rent from the above..... C. fumosa (p. 50) 
 
 5. Purplish or isabelline; very hollow; spores long, about 2.5-4 x7-10/x 
 
 C. purpurea (p. 51 ) 
 
 5. Plant some shade of yellow or orange or greenish yellow or pale buf¥ 
 
 Spores warted, subglobose...C. inaequalis (p. 63) 
 
 Spores smooth ............ 6 
 
 6. Egg yellow, long-clavate or cylindric, not pointed, stuffed or hollow; 
 
 spores oblong-ovoid with a large eccentric mucro, about 4-6 x 6-7fx 
 
 C. pulcJira (p. 58) 
 
 6. Yellow, hollow (unless flattened), thickest near the middle, pointed, the 
 tips soon darker and shrunken; spores spherical, about S-7fx thick 
 
 C. fusiformis (p. 54) 
 
 6. Buffy yellow, cylindrical, 1.5-5 cm. high, brittle; in small clusters or 
 single; flesh yellowish; spores commonly 2-3 x 6-8/x 
 
 C. Jiclveola (p. 37) 
 
 6. As above, but stouter, the stem more distinct and the spores larger, 
 
 about 5-6 X 10-lU...........C. argillacca (p. 28) 
 
 6. Pale yellowish, small, 0.6-1.3 cm. high, single, usually forked or antlered 
 
 above, toughish, the base covered with scurf or hairs; odor fetid; 
 
 ^ r A r \ C. luteo-ochracca (p. 32) 
 spores minute, oval, 2.2-3.5 x 3.5-4.5a. - 
 
 I C. biformis (p. 34) 
 6. Color of plant and size of spores as in C. luteo-ocJiracea, but not forked 
 above, base not scurfy-hairy and no bad odor. C. citriceps (p. 49) 
 
 6. Yellow, very small, simple, gregarious, about 8.5-12.5 mm. high, thick¬ 
 
 ened above; spores rod-elliptic, about 2-3 x 6-1U 
 
 C. vernalis (p. 35 ) 
 
 7. Stem long, dark brown, the lower half or third hispid with stiff, 
 
 straight, brown hairs. C. ornatipcs (p. 67) 
 
 7. Stem long, pale flesh color, loosely covered with long, flexuose, whitish 
 hairs......... C. Murrilli (p. 190) 
 
 7. Stem not hispid or with long fibers (the stem may be short-tomentose 
 
 or velvety or scurfy, particularly at the base). 8 
 
 8. Plant a pale, livid flesh color, up to about 4.5 cm. high; thickened up¬ 
 
 ward; taste slight.......C. ametliystiuoidcs (p. 65) 
 
 8. Plant dull yellow, clear yellow, or ochraceous yellow; single or clus¬ 
 tered, slender throughout; taste rank and bitter 
 
 C. muse aides (p. 80) 
 
 8. Plant varying from dull pallid or creamy white to grayish flesh color 
 or grayish lavender, the lower part sometimes blackish (from a para- 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 17 
 
 site), or yellowish, thickened or expanded upward with or without 
 branches, the tips simple or crested. These are simple forms of 
 
 C. cristata (p. 68) 
 
 8. Plants 1-2 cm. high, with a distinct brownish stem and pale club which 
 
 is once or twice forked or antlered...C. rufipcs (p. 106) 
 
 9. Growing on wood, the branches terminating in expanded cups, from 
 
 the margins of which other branches spring; color yellow to tan or 
 brownish ; taste usually acrid ; spores smooth, 2.2 x 4/x 
 
 C. pyxidata (p. 92) 
 
 9. Not growing on wood and the branches not expanded into cups..10 
 
 10. Pure white, or at times pale pinkish upward, pliable; odor of old ham; 
 spores nodulated, 5-7.5/x long---..C. angulispora (p. 103) 
 
 10. Pure white, pliable, small, odorless; spores very small, minutely 
 
 asperulate, 2.5-3.5 x 3.5-4.5/x.......... C. Kuncci (p. 95) 
 
 10. White or nearly so, larger and more fragile than C. Kunzei and spores 
 3.4-4 X 4-5.2/x and more distinctly asperulate 
 
 C. suhcaespitosa (p. 101) 
 
 10. Form and spores of C. Kuncei, but color white to alutaceous, and 
 terminal branches rose pink, at least when young 
 
 C. arborca (p. 105) 
 
 10. Pure white or pale brown or cream, except for rufescent stem or stem 
 
 base; small; spores smooth, al)out 2.8-3 x 4-5.5/x_ C. rufipcs (p. 106) 
 
 10. White, the stalk gray; spores oval to subglobose, asperulate, 4-6/x 
 thick...... C. lentofragilis (p. 102) 
 
 10. Ochraceous, flexible; spores oboval, 2.5-3 x4-5/x, asperulate 
 
 C. asterclla (p. 105) 
 
 10. A beautiful clear violet color when fresh; spores ovate-elliptic, smooth, 
 3.3-4 X 3.7-6.6 /a......... C. amethystina (p. 90) 
 
 10. Rich chrome orange or golden yellow throughout, very small and deli¬ 
 cate; spores subspherical, obscurely asperulate, 2.5-2.7 x 3-3.3ju, 
 
 C. crocea (p. 107) 
 
 10. Like C. crocca, in form and spores, but stem white and branches 
 lavender......... C. piilchclla (p. 109) 
 
 10. Like C. crocea in color, but up to 2.5 cm. high, and stem scurfy and 
 
 paler; spores minutely asperulate, 3-3.7 x 3.5-4.5/x 
 
 C. vestitipes (p. 110) 
 
 11. Growing on wood (trunks, stumps or fallen branches and twigs) or on 
 
 bark at base of trees... 12 
 
 11. Growing on decaying needles of coniferous trees (or rarely on very 
 rotten coniferous wood) ; size small to medium...14 
 
 11. Growing on the ground and in rotting leaves or humus in deciduous or 
 
 mixed woods.18 
 
 12. Branches usually expanded above into a series of saucers from the 
 
 margins of which new branches arise; taste usually peppery; spores 
 minute, 2.2 x 4/x.....C. pyxidata (p. 92 ) 
 
18 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 12. Branches not ending in expanded saucers, and taste not peppery; spores 
 
 larger.13 
 
 13. On wood of deciduous trees; spores 3.8-4.4 x 7.5-9fx....C. stricta (p. 162) 
 
 13. On wood of coniferous trees or on bark at their bases; spores 3.7-5.5 x 
 
 7.4-10/x.. C. apiciilafa (p. 157) 
 
 C. pinicola (p. 161) 
 
 13. As above but taste acrid and spores about 6-7Afx long 
 
 C. acris (p. 162) 
 
 13. On twigs and small branches of deciduous trees or from leaves mixed 
 
 with them; spores smooth, 2.9-4.2 x 10-15/x. C. byssiseda (p. 152) 
 
 14. Plant rather small, brownish, with a slender stem which extends into 
 
 the leaves as a whitish root covered with long woolly hairs 
 
 C. Murrilli (p. 190) 
 
 14. Not as above.15 
 
 15. Tips lavender, other parts creamy ochraceous..-C. subdccurrens (p. 172) 
 
 15. Tips not lavender.16 
 
 16. Whitish when young, then delicate flesh color, the base pale ochraceous; 
 
 spores light yellowish ochraceous, smooth or nearly so, 3-3.3 x4.8-6|U,; 
 odor distinct, a medicinal fragrance.. C. gracilis (p. 169) 
 
 16. Flesh color, in age tan or pale cinnamon; odorless, taste l)itter when 
 fresh and when dry; flesh when dry very soft and chalky friable; 
 spores light huffy ochraceous, minutely rough, 2.5-3.7 x 7A-^fx 
 
 C. suecica (p. 168) 
 
 16. Yellowish cinnamon or creamy ochraceous; spores ochraceous.17 
 
 17. Growing among rotting pine needles; not showing green stains; spores 
 
 distinctly short-spinulose, 3.4-4 x 6.3-10/x 
 
 C. abietina, form (p. 182) 
 
 17. Growing among hemlock or spruce (and fir?) needles; spores minutelv 
 warted, 3-3.7 x 5-8.5/x. 
 
 Showing green stains at least in age 
 
 C. abietina, typical form (p. 179) 
 Not showing green stains... C. abietina, flaccida form (p. 184) 
 
 17. Growing on redwood needles in the Pacific states; small and delicate; 
 
 spores minutely papillate, 2-2.2 x 3.5-4/x....C. niyceliosa (p. 178) 
 
 18. Flesh (at least below) gelatinous and translucent; taste of tobacco 
 
 C. gelatinosa (p. 137) 
 
 18. Stem pale or clear lilac; body smoky gray or smoky cinnamon when 
 mature; spores cinnamon-buff.. C. feniiica (p. 135) 
 
 18. Tips of the branches rosy red, at least when young, and strongly con¬ 
 trasting with the pale body; spores light huffy yellow 
 
 C. botrytis (p. Ill) 
 
 18. lips wine color (pale rosy vinaceous) after early youth, then darker 
 vinaceous and finally dull brick-brown; body light tan when fresh, 
 the stout stem often stained vinaceous rose; spores striated, rod- 
 elliptic. about v').3-4 X 11-13/x. C. rufescens (p. 139) 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 19 
 
 18. Like C. riifescens in form, texture and color of body, but tips do not 
 become wine-color nor does the base stain rosy purple when bruised; 
 spores much smaller, 3-4 x 6.6-8/x... C. vcrna (p. 141) 
 
 18. Shape and texture as in C. riifescens and base staining wine color when 
 bruised, but color a faint lavender-pink in body and odor strong of 
 cocoa butter..........C, cacao (p. 151) 
 
 18. Tips pale lavender-pink when young; then pinkish cinnamon; stem dis¬ 
 tinct; cinnamon-brown; flesh when dry very friable and chalky 
 
 C. siihspinulosa (p. 133) 
 
 18. Tips yellowish until maturity, body creamy flesh color or a clearer pink; 
 flesh not very crisp or brittle, distinctly pinkish until maturity; when 
 dry very friable and chalky; spores usually distinctly rough, about 
 4-6x8.5-12/^.........C. formosa (p. 127) 
 
 18. Colors and texture when fresh about as in C. formosa (tips clear light 
 yellow, body saffron), but flesh not chalky when dry, bases very 
 slender and crowded, and spores smooth and much smaller (4-4.8 x 
 5.5-8.3/x)...—.C. conjunctipcs (p. 131) 
 
 18. As in C. conjimctipes, but odor fragrant-oily and bases less slender 
 and crowded-.....C. c. var. odora (p. 132) 
 
 18. Tips white when young; body, and tips also later, a clear yellow; flesh 
 very crisp and brittle.. C. flava (p. 120) 
 
 18. Ochraceous buff to orange-buff with tint of cream above, flesh-orange 
 below; spores about as in C. botrytis . C. flava var. aurea (p. 124) 
 
 18. Clear pale yellow upward, pale fleshy cream in body, base white; spores 
 rough, 4-4.5 xlO-lU ..... C. flava var. siibtilis (p. 125) 
 
 18. Deep flesh color or coral pink all over to near maturity, the tips con- 
 colorous or, when young, paler with tint of cream; flesh crisp and 
 brittle as in C. boirytis 
 
 C. subbotrytis and var. intermedia (pp. 116, 117) 
 
 18. Light egg-yellow or creamy pink, all parts when bruised staining deep 
 blood-red or brownish red..— C. sanguinca (p. 118) 
 
 18. Entire plant whitish, becoming cream colored 
 
 C. xanthosperma (p. 141) 
 
 18. Fleshy yellow, tips divaricating; spores nearly smooth, 9-12.5/x, long 
 
 C. divaricata (p. 126) 
 
 18. Pale creamy tan; flesh soft, not brittle, stem plump and distinct, odor 
 rather rancid like old ham—.-.C. seciinda (p. 150) 
 
 18 Rich huffy orange all over, the base not staining vinaceous or brown 
 
 C. aurea (p. 142) 
 
 18. Rich buffy orange or brownish tan with tint of pink or light ochraceous 
 
 yellow; stem indistinct, the pointed base easily staining brown or 
 
 vinaceous brown ; spores 3.7-5.3 X 7.5-13/x 
 
 C. aurea var. australis (p. 144) 
 
 18. Plants about 1.5-3 cm. high; color dull creamy white then olivaceous 
 yellow; flesh turning dull pink at once when cut; spores pip-shaped, 
 warted, 2.5-3 x 5-6.5/x.-.C. decurrcns (p. 174) 
 
20 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 18. Plants 4-10 cm. high; bufify yellow, then Isabella color ; flesh turning 
 pink as above; spores also the same 
 
 C. dcciirrcns var. australis (p. 177) 
 
 18. Color pale leather-tan, the base darker; small; flesh not pink when cut; 
 spores smooth, 2.2 x 7.4-7.7/x. C. Patomllardn (p. 156) 
 
 18. Pale drab except for the olive green tips; spores rough, 4x 10-12/x 
 
 C. testaceoflava var. fcstaceoviridis (p. 146) 
 
 18. Color pale cream to creamy tan; base stout, not changing when bruised; 
 flesh soft, moderately brittle, odor mildly rancid on fading; spores 
 
 long, smooth (rough in a form), 3-4.4 x 9-14.5/x 
 
 C. obtusissima (p. 146) 
 
 18. As above, but spores 14-18ya long...,. C. Strassat'i (p. 149) 
 
 18. Color deep brown or rusty brown, at least after maturity; stem distinct; 
 
 spores strongly warted or spiny, deep colored.19 
 
 19. Plant stout, usually large, deep brown with the tips whitish; spores 
 
 antique brown, set with long, sharp spines, about 6.3-7 x 11-13/x 
 
 C. grandis (p. 192) 
 
 19. Base slender and ending in a long, whitish, woolly root which runs 
 among the leaves.C. Miirrilli (p. 190) 
 
 19. Base without a rhizomorph or woolly root; spores reddish ochraceous, 
 distinctly papillate, 4.4-6 x 12.5-18.4/^,...C. Broomei (p. 186) 
 
 19. As above, but at times with a smooth, pinkish rhizomorph and spores 
 with larger, blunt papillae, 4.8-5.3x8-ll/x.C. longicaulis (p. 187) 
 
 19. Like C. longicaulis, but said to be intensely caerulean (blue or green?) 
 above, and spores larger and with still larger papillae, 6-7.5 x9-15/x 
 
 C. cyanocepJiala (p. 191) 
 
 Clavaria filipes B. & Rav. Grevillea 2 : 17. 1873. 
 
 Plates 1 and 81 
 
 Always single and simple, gregarious, 1.3-2.4 cm. tall, stem 
 as long as or longer than the club from which it is distinct in 
 smaller size, more translucent color and much tougher texture ; 
 club terete, nearly cylindrical, brittle but not very fragile, about 
 1-1.4 mm. thick, bluntly pointed, pale whitish cream or greenish 
 cream, the tips concolorous in youth then yellowish then reddish; 
 stalk slender, flexible, glabrous except above, where it is pruinose, 
 quite tough, pale creamy flesh color, the base often distinctly sur¬ 
 rounded by a little boot or spreading pad of white mycelium; 
 tasteless and odorless. In drying the plants become dark car¬ 
 tilaginous in color and appearance, and frequently the tips can 
 be seen to be less shrunken, taking the shape of a little cap. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2806) white, elliptic, with a small eccentric 
 mucro, smooth but often granular with the appearance of being 
 punctate, when quite fresh only a few with an oil drop, 
 3.7-4.4 X 5.2-7.S[j-, most about 4 x 6p.. Basidia 4-spored, 4.8-5.5 x 
 
Clavaria subfalcata. Blowing Rock. No. 5630 
 

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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 21 
 
 22[x. Hymenium about 35[i. thick, densely set with large and small 
 crystals; threads of flesh variable in diameter, up to 9[x thick, 
 closely packed, parallel in longitudinal section, clamp connections 
 present. 
 
 On comparison of the type of C. filipes at Kew, we have no 
 doubt our plants are the same. There are three plants preserved 
 in good condition, all with long, slender stalks very distinct from 
 the club and the little mycelial boot is obvious; spores few but 
 apparently similar, 3. 7-4.2 x 5.5-7.4[jl. The original description 
 (adapted) is: Pale rufous; stem filiform, distinct, fistulose, about 
 one inch long, springing from a white mycelium; club long, cylin- 
 dric, curved, about as long as the stem. On the ground. South 
 Carolina, Ravenel, No. 1488. [The words “pale rufous'’ almost 
 certainly refer to the dried plants.] 
 
 The types of C. tenuipes B. & Br. at Kew are unlike our 
 plants and are certainly a dififerent species (see Cotton and 
 Wakefield in Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 6: 186. 1919). 
 
 From solitary plants of C. fragilis and C. helveola the present 
 species is distinguished by the longer, tougher, and more distinct 
 stem, the different spores, and the usually different color. 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card 9: pi. 9, fig. 83. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2804- On bare soil under Spirea, July 
 29, 1917. No. 2806. On damp soil covered with algae and moss pro- 
 tonema, under hardwoods, July 30, 1917. 
 
 South Carolina: Ravenel. (Kew Herb., type). 
 
 Alabama: Pieters. (Kew Herb., as C. falcata). 
 
 Clavaria subfalcata Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 58. 1908. 
 
 Plates 2, 81, and 91 
 
 Single or sparingly gregarious, simple, slender, 2.5-5.7 cm. 
 high, the stalk distinct, 0.8-2.8 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, terete, 
 glabrous except for the faintly fibrous base, pale yellow to pale 
 lemon yellow, varying in some of the younger or more delicate to 
 translucent white. Club cylindric, often curved, 0.7-2.6^ mm. 
 thick, terete or compressed, not rugose, pale creamy white in 
 youth, becoming slightly more yellowish, some with a faint wine 
 tint above, drying dull ochraceous or buff; tips rounded, concol- 
 orous. Flesh tender, fibrous, rather brittle, slivering but not 
 snapping at an angle of 45°, concolorous, stuffed and often hol¬ 
 lowed by grubs; taste and odor none. 
 
22 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Spores (of No. 5630) pure white, smooth, oval to oblong- 
 elliptic, with a large oil drop and a small eccentric mucro, 4.5-6 x 
 8-10.5[j.. Basidia 4-spored, 6.8-7.5[x thick. 
 
 This is certainly C. siibfalcata in spite of the fact that Atkin¬ 
 son does not mention any color except white. We hnd it not at 
 all rare at Blowing Rock in exactly the same kinds of places in 
 which Atkinson found his plants. (He also found it on sphag¬ 
 num on Grandfather Mountain.) In obviously related groups on 
 the same bank one finds colorless plants (usually the youngest 
 specimens) mingled with the colored ones. We have studied an 
 authentic specimen of C. siibfalcata (No. 10689 from Blowing 
 Rock, N. C., mentioned in the original description, now in the 
 Bresadola Herbarium) and hnd spores identical with No. 5630. 
 There are also two other collections of this plant in the Bresadola 
 Herbarium from Atkinson, one (No. 14108) under the unpub¬ 
 lished name of C. albclla (spores “7-9 x 5-6 (t”), the other (No. 
 13460) with spores 5-5.5 x 8-9.3[x. The original description of 
 Clavaria subfalcata is as follows : 
 
 “Plants small, entirely white when fresh, yellowish when dry, 
 rarely white, very slender, 1-3 cm. high, 1 mm. stout; clavula dull 
 white; stipe distinct and transparent, with white mycelium 
 spreading over substratum. Basidia 4-spored. Spores oval-sub¬ 
 elliptical, thin-walled, granular, smooth, 7-10 x5-7[j., in age with 
 a large oil drop. Near Clavaria affinis but spores not punctate.’^ 
 
 The present species is obviously very near C. gracilUma 
 (which see). Their nearest relative is C. fnscata which can 
 hardly be distinguished except by the odor of garlic and the two- 
 spored basidia. Clavaria sphagnicola Bond. (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 
 33: 12, pi. 4, fig. 3. 1917) is very near and perhaps identical with 
 the present species, but is described as having the stalk not dis¬ 
 tinct and the color as shown is a brighter yellow. Clavaria argil- 
 lacea differs distinctly in being larger and much stouter upward, 
 in the thicker and shorter stem, and in the more crowded habit. 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 : pi. 9, fig. 80. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Blowing Rock. Coker, No. 5573. In Cladonia and mosses 
 on a roadside bank, August 19, 1922. Spores 4.4-6.6 x 7.8-1 U. No. 
 5630. Same site as above, August 20, 1922. No. 5869. On bank by 
 roadside, August 27, 1922. (Above colls, in U. N. C. Herb.). Also 
 found by Atkinson. (Cornell Her!), and Bresadola Herb., types). 
 
 Grandfather Mountain. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb.). 
 
Clavakia MUciDA. No. 3579. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 23 
 
 New York: Ithaca, etc. (Cornell Herb.). 
 
 Long Island. Cold Spring Harbor, October 27, 1912. Harper. (N. Y. 
 Bot. Card. Herb., as C. vermiculata). “Nearly white, solitary, obtuse, 
 4.5 cm. high.” We find the spores to be smooth, elliptic, about 5 x 
 
 Clavaria gracillima Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 28: 53, pi. 1, fig. 
 9. 1876. (Not C. ^raa7/ma Wakker. De Ziekten van het 
 Suikerriet op Java, p. 195. 1898.) 
 
 Plate 91 
 
 Peck’s description follows: 
 
 ''Simple, very slender, smooth, about V high, rather tough; 
 club acute or acuminate, pale yellow, a little thicker than the long 
 slender distinct bright yellow shining stem. 
 
 "In this species, as in C. argillacea, the hymenium is quite dis¬ 
 tinct from the stem.” 
 
 The types at Albany look exactly like C. subfalcata in general 
 appearance, size, etc., but we find the spores to be distinctly nar¬ 
 rower and of somewhat different shape from the latter. They 
 are smooth, subelliptic to pip-shaped, with somewhat curved 
 apical mucro, 3.6-4 x 7.4-1 Op-. The basidia are club-shaped, 
 4-spored, about 6 x 30p-. While this difference does not seem 
 great, it has proved consistent in all collections of C. subfalcata 
 examined, and we therefore hesitate to combine them. It would 
 probably be best to consider the difference only varietal. 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 : pi. 9, fig. 87. 1922. 
 
 New York; Northville. Among moss in a pasture. (Albany Herb., type). 
 
 Clavaria fuscata Oud. Arch. Neerl. 2: 35, pi. 1, fig. 1. 1867. 
 C. foetida Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 56. 1908. 
 
 Plate 81 
 
 Plant 1.5-2. 1 cm. high (up to 6 cm. in C. foetida), the color¬ 
 less, translucent stalk as long as or longer than the opaque white 
 or pale yellow, blunt club, with which it contrasts strongly but 
 into, which it fades gradually. Stalk about 0.9 mm. thick; club 
 1.4 mm, thick, larger and more yellowish upward. Base of stem 
 smooth but springing from a more or less obvious mycelial film. 
 Texture of club brittle, snapping clean at 45°, stem not brittle, 
 
24 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 bending on itself without breaking. Odor strong of garlic, taste 
 mildly similar. The odor of the undisturbed plant is noticeable 
 only when close to the nose, but if put in water or crushed a little 
 it may be detected a foot or more away. When young and very 
 fresh the plants are white, but the club very soon begins to turn a 
 dull creamy yellow, which is the color of the dried plants (the 
 stalk remaining colorless until dry). 
 
 Spores (of No. 3459) smooth, oval-elliptic, with a large oil 
 drop, 4.4-6 X 8-10[i.. Basidia (of No. 3485) about 6.6-7.5 [j. thick, 
 2-spored. 
 
 We have, fortunately, been able to see authentic specimens 
 from the type locality (Amsterdam, in a conservatory box con¬ 
 taining Philodendron), collected by Oudemans himself and now in 
 the Fries Herbarium. They are the size of Atkinson’s C. foetida, 
 and it seems now obvious that the two species are the same, though 
 one would not be sure of it from the descriptions. The data as 
 to spores and basidia of C. fuscata seem never to have been pub¬ 
 lished. We find them to agree closely with Atkinson’s figures 
 (spores of C. fuscata subspherical to short-elliptic, smooth, 5.5- 
 7.4 X 7-8.5[i.; basidia 2-spored, 5-6[ji thick). Oudemans does not 
 mention any distinct odor, but Miss Catherine Cool of the Ryks 
 Museum, Leyden, has given us notes on the fresh condition and 
 a painting which supply important details. She says: “The 
 specimens here figured were collected by me in November, 1918. 
 When fresh the fungus is of a pure white color; collected they 
 turn, especially on the top, to a brownish color. When undis¬ 
 turbed they have no odor, but when collected the odor of onion is 
 very strong.” Miss Cool’s plants were taken from the same con¬ 
 servatory box as the original collection, and she says they have 
 appeared there every month in recent years. This data leaves no 
 distinction of any consequence between this and the American 
 plant. 
 
 After writing the above we received from Miss Cool fresh 
 plants collected by her on the roots of Cyathea in the Botanical 
 Gardens at Leyden, November 11, 1922. To our surprise the 
 plants arrived in living condition, undecayed, and their strong 
 odor of garlic was still very noticeable. The clubs had faded a 
 little and were not brittle; when quite fresh they may have been 
 more fragile. Miss Cool has no notes on this point. The stems 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 25 
 
 of these slightly faded plants were nearly white, not sharply dis¬ 
 tinct from the dull cream colored clubs. For a later and fuller 
 description of C. f uscata by Oudemans, see Rev. Champignons 1: 
 439. 1892. 
 
 Our Chapel Hill plants are a small form of the species. 
 Otherwise they agree well with the European and New York 
 plants. 
 
 The type of C. foetida in Ithaca consists of one good plant 
 and a few fragments. A note accompanying it says “odor of 
 skunk cabbage.’’ The plant is long and slender and largest in the 
 middle. We could find no spores. Atkinson’s description follows: 
 
 “Plants white, yellow when dry, stipe not distinct, gradually 
 tapering below, 4-6 cm. high, 1.5-2 mm. stout. Odor of garlic. 
 Basidia 2-spored. Spores oboval, granular, then with a large oil 
 drop, 6-9 X 5-7 [jl.” 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 9, fig. 81 (as C. foetida). 
 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 3459. On sandy soil with humus at 
 Meeting of the Waters, August 16, 1919. No. 3475. In damp, sandy 
 humus, deciduous woods, August 22, 1919. Spores 4.8-6.6 x 7.5-9-8/x. 
 No. 3485. Same spot as No- 3475, August 23, 1919. 
 
 New York: Ithaca. Ferguson. (Cornell Herb., as type of C. foetida, No. 
 7740). 
 
 Clavaria acuta Sow. Engl. Fungi, pi. 333. 1803. 
 
 IClavaria falcata Pers. Comm., p. 81 (213). 1797. 
 
 Plates 81 and 92 
 
 This classical product of conservatory tubs has rarely been 
 collected in America. We have found it in some quantity in a 
 large tub in the main conservatory range in the New York Botan¬ 
 ical Garden. The plants ran considerably smaller than usually 
 reported, but were otherwise typical. They were growing in the 
 same tub with C. hiteo-ochracea, which see for comparison. Our 
 plants may be described as follows: 
 
 Single or approximated in small clumps, 1-2 cm. high, nar¬ 
 rowly clavate or cylindrical, terete, about 1-1.3 mm. thick above, 
 tapering downward, the stalk about 0.5-1 cm. long and very trans¬ 
 lucent; club blunt or a little pointed; milk-white throughout; tex¬ 
 ture brittle, snapping clean on bending; solid. Taste slight, a little 
 mouldy; odor none. 
 
26 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Spores white, smooth, subspherical with one side usually flat¬ 
 tened, and with a distinct apical mucro, 6.5-8.5 x 7.5-10 [j.. Basidia 
 ^1-spored, considerably enlarged at the end, 7-9 x 25-30 [t. 
 
 The plant reaches a considerably larger size than shown in our 
 collection. Cotton says (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: 31. 1908) 
 “3-7 cm. high, slender, 2-3 mm. thick.” Cotton says further: 
 
 “The frequent occurrence of C. acuta in greenhouses has been 
 noted by several writers. Schroeter, for instance, states 
 (Kryptogamen Flora von Schlesien, vol. iii: p. 444) that in Bres¬ 
 lau Botanical Gardens it regularly occurs in certain large pots, pro¬ 
 ducing crops which continue for several weeks. At Kew the 
 plant behaves in a similar manner. Presumably, the mycelium 
 is introduced with the turfy-loam employed in potting. It is 
 quite possible that the plant described by Per soon (1797) as C. 
 falcata (a name kept up in Continental works) is the same species 
 as C. acuta. Persoon’s description is, however, hardly sufficient 
 to justify the adoption of his name.” 
 
 We have found but one plant in American herbaria that seems 
 to be what is referred to this species or to C. falcata by European 
 botanists. It is a collection under the name of C. falcata by 
 Schweinitz from Salem, N. C., now in the Curtis Herbarium at 
 Cambridge. There are two plants on clay soil, 1.5-2 cm. high, the 
 stalks apparently distinct and a little darker than the clubs, about 
 5-6 mm. long; clubs tapering towards the stalk, one pointed, one 
 sub-acute at tip, rugose-wrinkled, ochraceous, about 1 mm. thick. 
 The spores are subspherical, 7-8fji in diameter and exactly like 
 the spores of our C. acuta and of the European C. acuta from 
 Cotton (Wales). The latter are, according to our measurements, 
 6.5-8[i- thick. Another collection in the Curtis Herbarium under 
 the same name from Alabama (Pieters) appears to be different, 
 and is probably not C. falcata. Plants in the Cornell Herbarium 
 labelled C. acuta (No. 9659) look like C. vcruiiculata and from 
 the full notes attached are almost certainly that species. 
 
 In the Curtis Herbarium are also three collections labelled C. 
 acuta —Society Hill, S. C. (Curtis), Santee Canal, S. C. (Rave- 
 nel), and Massachusetts (Sprague). All are very small clubs 
 growing on earth. No spores could be found on any of them 
 and it is more than likely that none of them is C. acuta. 
 
PLATE 4 
 
 Clavakia helveula. No. 2793. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 27 
 
 As understood by Patouillard, C. falcata seems to differ from 
 the English idea of C. acuta in the two-spored basidium and the 
 less distinct stem. He says of the former (Tab. Fung., p. 116) : 
 '‘Quite simple, entirely white and smooth, club cylindrical, obtuse 
 at tip, glabrous; basidia two-spored, spores white, spherical; stalk 
 colorless, pellucid. Height 4-5 cm. On earth in woods, autumn.” 
 His figure 258 shows 4 plants, basidia and spores, the latter 
 perfectly spherical, the basidia with two sterigmata. Size of 
 spores not given, but they are shown about the same diameter as 
 the thickness of those of C. pistillaris on the same page. The 
 stalks of the plants are not shown as clearly distinct from the 
 clubs. According to Fries C. acuta has a distinct stalk while C. 
 falcata does not. Clavaria falcata var. citrinopes Quelet differs 
 only in the 3 ^ellow stem (Patouillard, Tab. Fung., p. 21, fig. 41). 
 
 From the description it may easily be that C. panipeana vSpeg. 
 (Fungi Argentini IV. Anal. Soc. Cientif., Argentina, 12: 18 [of 
 separate]. 1881) is C. acuta. The large, subspherical spores are 
 in close agreement (6-7 x 7-1 Ig). 
 
 Juel (cited under C. cristata) has studied a plant he calls C. 
 falcata. It was unique among the Clavarias he studied in hav¬ 
 ing usually 7, often 6, or rarely 8 sterigmata and spores to a 
 basidium. The spindles in the basidium are long and narrow 
 and nearly longitudinal; the spores long, smooth and uninucleate 
 (pi. 2, figs. 36-41). The spores look more like those of our C. 
 subfalcata than of any other species of similar shape. 
 
 Illustrations: PMicheli. Nov. Plant. Gen., pi. 87, fig. 5. 1729 (referred to 
 C. falcata by Persoon). 
 
 PPatouillard. Tab. Fung., fig. 258 (as C. falcata). 1884; fig. 41 (as C. fal¬ 
 cata var. citrinopes). 1883. 
 
 Sowerby. Engl. Fungi 3 : pi. 333. 1801. 
 
 North Carolina: Salem. Schweinitz. (Curtis Herb., as C. falcata). “Non 
 rara locis muscosis-” 
 
 New York: New York Botanical Garden. Coker, No. 3189a. On earth in a 
 tub, September 21, 1918. 
 
28 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria argillacea Pers. Comm., p. 74 (206). 1797. 
 
 ?C. flavipes Pers. Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 117. 1794. 
 
 C. ericetoriim Pers. Obs. Myc. 2: 60. 1799. 
 
 C. pallcscens Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 131: 34. 1909. 
 
 C. obtusata Boud. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 33: 12, pi. 4, fig. 2. 
 1917. 
 
 Plate 81 
 
 We have not yet seen this in the fresh state and have found 
 it only twice in American collections (as C. pallesccns Pk.)*. It 
 is apparently a rare species, and seems nearest C. helveola, but is 
 easily distinguished from that (and from C. luteo-alha) by the 
 more distinct stem, thicker and more clavate form, and larger 
 spores. Clavaria ericetormn is represented in Persoon's her¬ 
 barium by two lots of single and cespitose plants. The thickened 
 clubs have slender, distinct stalks, and the appearance is as usual 
 in European herbaria. We were not able to find any spores on 
 them. Clavaria argillacea is not represented, but there is little 
 doubt that they are the same. In the Kew Herbarium plants la¬ 
 belled C. argillacea from Brandenburg (Sydow, Mycotheca ger- 
 manica. No. 453) agree fully with the English plants described 
 below. The spores are smooth, oblong-elliptic, S-7x9-12[jl; ba- 
 sidia 4-spored, about 6.8[i. thick; hymenium about 5S[jl thick. 
 Threads of flesh up to 18[;. thick in center of the plant, becoming 
 much smaller just under the hymenium. A collection from 
 France (Boudier) in Bresadola’s herbarium also seems the same; 
 spores 4.5-5.5 x9-11[jl. We have examined plants kindly sent us 
 by Dr. Cotton and compared them with Peck’s type of C. palles- 
 cens and find them to agree. In the dried state they are quite 
 unlike C. helveola. The following description is from Cotton and 
 Wakefield (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 6: 191. 1919) : 
 
 ‘‘Plants simple, gregarious, 2-5 cm. high, pale greenish-yellow, 
 fragile; smell none, taste like tallow. Clubs cylindrical or flat¬ 
 tened, with one or more grooves, surface often minutely chan¬ 
 nelled, apex blunt. Stem distinct, yellowish. Internal structure 
 
 * In the Underwood collection in the New York Botanical Garden are several plants 
 pressed on a card and labelled C. argillacea. No locality is given and they may be 
 European. They look like the European plants of that name and have about the same 
 spores, 4-5 x 7.4-8.5/i. 
 
PLATE 5 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 29 
 
 almost pseudo-parenchymatous in transverse section, even when 
 old; cells regular, 10-14 [jl in diameter, with small narrow filaments 
 (4-5[x in diameter) between; segments 50-70 (jl long towards the 
 margin, but up to 200-300[i- in the center. Basidia conspicuous, 
 about 70[i. long, contents granular, sterigmata 4. Spores smooth, 
 hyaline, cylindric to elliptic with a minute lateral basal apiculus, 
 10-11 X 5-6[i. (or sometimes 10-14 x 6-7 [a), contents granular. 
 
 “Habitat. In heathy places. Not uncommon.’’ 
 
 Peck describes C. pallescens as follows (adapted) : 
 
 Club simple, loosely cespitose or sometimes gregarious, about 
 1 inch tall, clavate, obtuse, generally terete, soft, fragile, stuffed 
 or hollow, pale buff fading to whitish, more persistent lemon-yel¬ 
 low within; stem distinct, short, glabrous, 2-4 mm. long, pale yel¬ 
 low; spores white, oblong or ellipsoid, 6.3-7 x 8.9-12.7[x. [We find 
 them to be rod-elliptic with a small eccentric mucro, 4.2-5.4x9.3- 
 12.2[j.]. Dry gravelly soil near clumps of lambkill, Kalmia angus- 
 tifolia L., South Acton, Mass., October. 
 
 Peck adds that the species is allied to C. ligula, but in this he 
 seems to be wrong. A cespitose habit is not mentioned by Cotton 
 and Wakefield, but among the examples sent us by the latter are 
 several close groups of three or four. The obtuse, club-shaped 
 form is a marked character of the species. In the dried state the 
 plants are spatulate and taper downward from a broad tip. 
 
 Patouillard’s idea of the species seems to agree very well with 
 the above, except that his fig. 587 shows the spores as pip-shaped. 
 He describes the plant (Tab. Fung., p. 34) as fascicled, obtuse, 
 attenuated at the base, cylindrical, pale clay color. Spores ovoid, 
 8x 5[j-; basidia 4-spored. He recognizes as distinct both C. ericc- 
 torum and C. flavipes. For the former he shows compressed, 
 twisted plants forked at tip, two touching at base, about 12.5 cm. 
 high; spores 10x5[x (fig. 585). For the latter he shows (fig. 
 586) simple clubs, scattered or fascicled, cylindrical or flattened, 
 attenuated to a “citron yellow stalk.” Spores ovoid or subglo- 
 bose (no dimensions given) ; basidia 4-spored. The stalk does 
 not appear distinct. 
 
 Clavaria obtiisata as represented in the herbarium of the Uni¬ 
 versity of Paris (Savigne, November, 1913) is to all appearances 
 
30 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 the present species. The spores are oblong-elliptic, 4-5.5 x S-lOfx. 
 The only important difference appearing from the description is 
 that the stalk is said to be indistinct from the club. 
 
 Clavaria Daulnoyae Quel. (Asso. Frangaise Avanc. Sci., 1891, 
 p. 470 (p. 7 of separate), pi. 3, fig. 36) should be compared with C. 
 argillacea, as no differences of importance appear from the de¬ 
 scription or figure. For a comparison with C. subfalcata see that 
 species. 
 
 The present species has been reported from America by sev¬ 
 eral authors, as Schweinitz, Berkeley, and Peck, but their records 
 are all quite doubtful. In the Curtis Herbarium a collection by 
 Schweinitz from Salem, N. C., labelled C. argillacea has spores 
 which are minute, 2.3 x 3.7[jt., and cannot be correctly determined. 
 Also one from him in the Kew Herbarium so labelled is not this 
 but probably C. helveola or C. vermiciilata. Another collection so 
 called by Peck from the Catskills at Albany are not this but poor 
 specimens of C. ornatipes. 
 
 Illustrations : Bondier. Icon. Myc. 1: pi. 175. In color. Photographic 
 copy by Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 9, fig. 85. 1922. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Sudb., Clavariei, fig. 32. 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 8, fig. 71 (as C. pallesccns). 1922. 
 Cooke. Brit. Fung., pi. 689 (as C. argillacea var. flavipes). 
 
 Flora Danica 11: pi. 1852, fig. 2; pi. 1966, fig. 1 (as C. flavipes). 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr. 5: pi. 99 (105). Good. 
 
 Patouillard. As cited above. 
 
 Peck. As cited above. 
 
 Persoon. Comm., pi. 1, fig. 4 (as C. flavipes). 
 
 Swanton. Fungi and How to Know Them, pi. 29, fig. 1. 1909. 
 
 Massachusetts: South Acton. Davis. (Albany Herb., as type of C. pal- 
 lescens). ‘'One season’s collection developed a strong smell of sul¬ 
 phuric ether.” 
 
 Boston. Davis. Growing in PolytricJimn moss. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria mucida Pers. Comm., p. 55 (187). 1797. (Not C. 
 mucida of FI. Danica, pi. 1305, fig. 1, which is Calocera fur- 
 cat a). 
 
 Plates 3 and 81 
 
 Clubs slender, simple, or at times forked into 2 to 6 candelabra¬ 
 like branches, or with a few small branches at any point, usually 
 
PLATE 6 
 
 Clavakia vkkmr'Ulata. C. B. No. 130 [above 
 Clavakia pulchra. No. 3140 [below]. 
 
 . 
 
I 
 
Clavarias of trie United States and Canada 
 
 31 
 
 about 4-9 mm. high, rarely up to 1.5 cm., nearly white when young, 
 then pale cream, the rather sharp apex soon becoming brick-red 
 to almost black; delicate, but tough, and bending on themselves 
 without breaking, solid, rather abruptly narrowed below to a stalk 
 which is not distinctly marked off and is a third or a fourth the 
 total length. Taste slightly woody; odor none. 
 
 Spores (of No. 3579) pure white, smooth, elliptic with a more 
 or less pointed mucro end, 1.8-2.3 x 5.2-7.4[jl. Basidia 4-spored, 
 3.7-4.4[/- thick; hymenium about 12[jl thick, extending all over the 
 tip; threads of flesh 2.8-4.8[x thick, with septa far apart, clamp con¬ 
 nections present. 
 
 The plants have the remarkable habit of always growing in 
 association with the alga Chlorococcus, which forms a continuous 
 deep green coat on the log beneath them. They are never found 
 except with the alga, and the species is in a fair way to become a 
 lichen, or is already a primitive lichen. In the Botanical Gazette 
 (37: 62, figs. 16 and 17. 1904) we have published a note with 
 drawings, calling attention to the resemblance of this species to a 
 lichen in habit. Persoon in his original description and later 
 Schweinitz note the constant association with a crust of green 
 powder and Fries refers to its growth with Chlorococcns (Epi- 
 crisis, p. 580). In his Danish Fungi in Herbarium of E. Rostrup, 
 p. 368, 1913 (Copenhagen), J. Lind says of C. mucida, '‘Surely 
 no Clazmria species, rather any lichen.In America it seems to 
 grow^ only on Nyssa. It is recorded from Louisiana to Canada, 
 in Europe and New Zealand. The European C. miicida from 
 Stockholm (Romell) has spores distinctly thicker and somewhat 
 shorter than ours, and it might, therefore, be best to make the 
 American form a variety. 
 
 This peculiar species is rare but widely distributed. We have 
 found it several times at Chapel Elill, growing singly in very popu¬ 
 lous colonies on soggy, decorticated black gum logs in shady, cool 
 places near streams. We have calculated that there were about 
 23,000 plants on the log from which No. 3579 was taken. 
 
 Clavaria nnicida var. Curtisii Berk. ( Grevillea 2: 17. 1873) 
 is probably not different. The original description is (trans¬ 
 lated) : “Club-shaped, short, luteous, tip fuscous; stem white, aris- 
 
32 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 ing from small, circular, white mycelium. No. 974 is once forked 
 and narrow. On wet-rotting stumps.’’ It was described from 
 South Carolina (Ravenel, No. 974). 
 
 Illustrations : Atkinson. Stud. Am. Fungi, fig. 193. 
 
 Coker. As cited above. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 398. 1908. 
 
 Persoon. Comm., pi. 2, fig. 3. 1797. Photographic copy by Burt in Ann. 
 Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 9, fig. 77. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 38a. On a decorticated wet log, October 
 8, 1908. No. 3579. On a soggy, decorticated, gnm log, November 2, 
 1919. No. 3886. On a blackgum log in Strowd’s lowgrounds, December 
 13, 1919. 
 
 Wilmington. (Curtis Herb.). 
 
 Salem. (Schweinitz Herb, and Curtis Herb.). 
 
 South Carolina: Hartsville. Coker, No. 5841. On deciduous log in swamp, 
 August 31, 1922. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Society Hill. (Curtis Herb.). 
 
 New Jersey: Newfield. Ellis. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., N. Am. Fungi, 
 No. 332). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Lehigh Valley. Herbst. (Schweinitz Herb.). 
 
 New York: Lake Placid. Mrs. Britton. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Massachusetts: Pittsfield. Pierson. (N .Y. Bot. Card. Herb, and U. N. C. 
 Herb.). 
 
 Ohio: Rendville. Kellerman. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Indiana: Fern, Putnam Co. Underwood. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 Canada: Macoun. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria luteo-ochracea Cavara. Fungi Long. Exs., No. 64. 
 1892. 
 
 Plates 1 and 91 
 
 Plants single, gregarious, 0.6-1.3 cm. tall (up to 2.5 cm. in 
 Burnham, No. 39), gradually tapering downward, openly forked 
 above once or twice like antlers, and flattened there, or more 
 rarely simple clubs; surface above glabrous, at base more or less 
 distinctly scurfy-hairy (up to % way up), the basal hairs at times 
 longer than the diameter of the plant; color pale creamy to pale 
 citric yellow, some pale lemon yellow below. Texture toughish- 
 fleshy, only cracking when bent on self; odor distinct and bad, a 
 little like a stink horn, taste none. Stem not discrete from the 
 hymenium. The dried plants are blackish upward, reddish car¬ 
 tilaginous downward, tough, not brittle. 
 
Clavaria fumosa. No. 2402, 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 33 
 
 Spores (of No. 16a) minute, smooth, oval or nearly pip-shaped, 
 hyaline, 2.2-3 x 3.5-4.4[x. Basidia (of B. No. 39) 4[jt. thick 'with 
 4 delicate sterigmata; hymenium 30-35 [j. thick; threads of flesh 
 3.7[i. thick, parallel in center, slightly irregular just under the 
 hymenium, clamp connections present. 
 
 This is easily different from any well known American 
 species. It is separated from C. citriceps by smaller spores of 
 different shape, bad odor, hairs at the stem base and (in our plants) 
 by the more habitually forked tips. The plant in texture, habit, 
 and form reminds one most of C. amethystinoides (Hartsville, No. 
 42) which easily differs in much darker color and much larger 
 size and spores. We have found this plant but twice, but Mr. 
 Burnham has sent us a gathering which seems to be the same. 
 The species may be of tropical origin. It is not closely related to 
 C. acuta, which is also found in conservatory tubs. 
 
 The original distribution of the species is well represented in 
 the New York Botanical Garden, and we have carefully compared 
 our plants with it. The dried plants are exactly alike except that 
 the types are not branched in the lot shown. The peculiar tawny 
 setae at the base are quite obvious and furnish an easy means of 
 separating the species from its relatives. The spores are of char¬ 
 acteristic shape and the same as in our plants, 3-3.5 x 4-4.8{x. Ac¬ 
 companying the distributed plants are printed notes, the descrip¬ 
 tive part of which is as follows (translated) : 
 
 “Gregarious, fragile, yellowish; club cylindrical, simple, rarely 
 bifurcate or spatulate, compressed or striate, glabrous, 2-5 cm. 
 high, stalk brownish-ochraceous; basidia densely crowded, 30 x 
 5-6[i., 4 sterigmata; spores globose to ellipsoid, base obliquely 
 acuminate, smooth, uniguttulate, 4-5 x 3-4[j..” 
 
 In his discussion Cavara says that the spores are peculiar in 
 that some are at first smooth, then slightly warted, but this can 
 hardly mean anything more than collapse, for they are well shown 
 to be smooth (pi. 91, fig. 4) on the plants distributed. 
 
 Clavaria CyatJieae Henn. (in Sacc. Syll. 9: 250. 1891) as 
 described would not positively exclude this species except for the 
 spores which are said to be ferruginous (dimensions not given). 
 Branching is not mentioned. 
 
34 
 
 ClAVARIAS of TtlE UNITED StATES AND CANADA 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2674. Low damp woods hy branch, 
 July 14, 1917. Spores 2.5-3.4 x 3.7-4.5/x. 
 
 New York: New York Botanical Garden. Coker, No. 16a. On earth in 
 a tub, in the main conservatory range, September 21, 1918. (U. N. C. 
 
 Herb.). Associated with C. acuta which was easily different in clearer, 
 white, translucent stem, simple clubs (in this case), much greater brittle¬ 
 ness, lack of odor, and different spores. 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, No. 39. On earth in woods. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 Spores oblong-elliptic, smooth, hyaline, 2.2 x 3.5ft. The plants are ex¬ 
 actly like No. 16a in the dry state except a little taller, and the spores 
 are the same. 
 
 Clavaria biformis Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 56. 1908. 
 
 Plate 91 
 
 The type of C. biformis at Ithaca shows little, single, spar¬ 
 ingly branched or simple plants with smooth, subspherical spores 
 about 2.2-3.5 x 3.5-4p.. The co-type (No. 10699, Blowing Rock, N. 
 C.) is the same thing, with spores 2.8-3.6 x 3.5-4(ji. The species 
 is probably a form of C. luteo-ochracea, but we are retaining it at 
 present. 
 
 Atkinson's description follows: 
 
 '‘Plants dull white to sordid yellow, in age tips usually darker, 
 cylindrical, base only slightly more slender, 1-4 cm. high, 0.5-1.5 
 mm. stout, usually simple, or one or two times dichotomously 
 branched. Basidia 20-25 x 4-5[ji, 4-spored. Spores oboval, white, 
 smooth, granular or with an oil drop, 3-4 x 2.5-3(ji." 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 9, fig. 79. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Blowing Rock. Atkinson, No. 10699. (Cornell Herb, 
 and U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Ithaca. On leaf mold in woods, August 8, 1902. Atkinson. 
 (Cornell Herb., No. 13432. Type). 
 
 Clavaria Macouni Pk. Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 47: 150 (24 of 
 Bot. ed.). 1894. 
 
 Plates 91 and 92 
 
 This seems to be a good species. In the dry state the type 
 plants are very small, simple, dull brown, flattened and channelled 
 by collapse. Microscopic examination shows the hymenium about 
 40p. thick; basidia 4-spored, 5-5.5p- thick; spores smooth, often 
 
Clavaria puri’Urka. No. 4860 
 
•f 
 
 f i 
 
 * 
 
 f 
 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 t 
 
 Sir 
 
 
 
 •ti 
 
 
 ti! 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 
 •^1 
 
 
 4 t 
 
 t • 
 
 
 .. -^M 
 
 ) . 
 
 ^ n 
 
 
 
 
 .> 
 
 *> 1 
 
 •»• f ^ "A 
 
 
 71 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 35 
 
 punctate internally, subelliptic to pip-shaped, 2.8-3.4 x 4.8-6.2(i.. 
 From Cotton's description his C. Crosslandii seems to be this 
 species, but we have not been able to see the type (Trans. Brit. 
 Myc. Soc. 6 : 187. 1919). From the description C. affinis Pat. and 
 Doassans may be this or perhaps small isolated specimens of C. 
 vermiculata (Tab. Fung., p. 205, fig. 470. 1886). The original 
 description of C. Macouni follows: 
 
 “Clubs single or clustered, 6 to 10 lines high, obtuse or sub¬ 
 acute, dingy greenish yellow or pale cinereous; spores minute, 
 elliptical, 5[jt. long, 3 [jl broad." 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 8, fig. 69. 1922. 
 
 Canada: Among mosses under cedar trees. Macoun. (Albany Herb., type). 
 
 Clavaria vernalis Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 112. 1822. 
 
 ?C. paludicola Libert. PL Crypt. Arduennae, No. 322. 1837. 
 
 C. clavata Pk. Bull. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. 1: 62. 1873. 
 
 Plates 82 and 92 
 
 Plants single, gregarious in extensive colonies, simple (one 
 plant seen with four little prongs), 7-12 mm. high; clubs clavate 
 to nearly cylindric, the usually thickened tip rounded or abruptly 
 pointed, 1-2 mm. thick; tapering downward to the short (2-2.5 
 mm. long), poorly defined, terete and glabrous stalk, which is 
 slightly incrassated at the base; color of club watery ochraceous 
 to dull orange above, fading downward to the whitish and sub- 
 translucent stalk. Flesh of the same color as the surface, watery, 
 pliable and toughish, cracking* but not snapping when bent double; 
 solid ; taste slightly moldy ; odor none. 
 
 Spores (of No. 6071) white, smooth, narrowly elliptic and 
 somewhat curved, 2-3 x 8-1 Ig. Basidia 4-spored, clavate, 3.7-4.8 x 
 18-25[ji. Hymenium without cystidia or other peculiar cells, ab¬ 
 sent over the central region of the tip which in some individuals 
 may be distinguished even when fresh by a little groove which 
 surrounds it. Threads of fiesh about 2.3-4p. thick, clamp con¬ 
 nections present. 
 
 Our plants are like C. vernalis in all essentials, as habitat, sea¬ 
 son, gregarious but scattered habit, size and color, sterile tip, 
 and shape of spores. It is true that the spores of No. 6071 
 
36 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 average longer than in other collections, but it is probable that 
 the difference would be reduced if good spore prints of the others 
 were measured. As in the case of C. niucida, this species is in¬ 
 timately associated with algae and may with good reason be con¬ 
 sidered a lichen. Our Chapel Hill plants grow on ground cov¬ 
 ered with several sorts of blue-green algae, the most common 
 being Glcocapsa, with which are mixed in good quantity an Oscil- 
 latoria and the protonema of the moss Pogonatuin. Our hgures 
 (pi. 92, figs. 5-7) show the algae with the Clavaria mycelium in 
 close contact, in one case with hnger-like processes wefting the 
 algal cell as in many lichens. 
 
 We have examined a northern collection of C. vernalis (Re¬ 
 liquiae Farlowianae, No. 311) and find that in it also the tips are 
 quite sterile, as shown in longitudinal section. See the genus Cera- 
 tclla (p. 6). In the Schweinitz Herbarium is a pill box of mossy 
 earth labelled C. vernalis, but on examination with a lens we could 
 find no trace of a Clavaria. Note that while Schweinitz says “on 
 bare earth'’ his specimen shows the same mossy soil of other col¬ 
 lections. Peck’s type plants of C. clavata from Sand Lake, N. Y., 
 are in good condition. The little thick clubs, which arise from 
 densely mossy soil, are dull ochraceous in the dry state with broad 
 tips which are often whitened with abundant crystals. We could 
 find no spores on them, but in another good collection from Lake 
 Pleasant spores were plentiful and we find them to be smooth, 
 rod-elliptic, 2.6 x 6-6.5[i.. Basidia 5.5[ji thick. In his description 
 of C. clavata, Peck mentioned the green, confer void stratum from 
 which the plants arise; and, as shown by his labels, he later con¬ 
 sidered his species the same as C. vernalis. 
 
 A collection from Newfield, N. J., at the New York Botanical 
 Garden (Ellis) looks the same, and we hnd spores about the same, 
 2 X 5[i.. The following notes accompany the specimen: “Spores 
 oblong, smooth ; base of the stem white where not covered with 
 the green confervoid growth which overspreads the bare damp 
 soil from which the plants arise . . . with Droscra rotnndifolia. 
 Club-shaped above, about ^4 in. high, yellow (rather pale yellow) 
 above.” The word confervoid is used here probably in a rather 
 loose sense. On examining the earth we find numerous Chloro- 
 cocn/.9-like cells and apparently a little moss protenema. These 
 
fy-T' 
 
 PLATE 9 
 
 Clavaria amethystinoides. Hartsville, S. C. (Xo. 42), fig. 1. 
 Clavaria ornatipes. Redding, Conn. (No. 29), fig. 2. ' 
 Clavaria muscoides. Redding, Conn. (No. 20). fig. 3. 
 Clavaria cristata. New York (Murrill), fig. 4. 
 
 srvrm 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 37 
 
 were the plants distributed by Ellis (N. Am. Fungi, No. 613) as 
 C. clavata Pk. 
 
 At Kew is represented C. paludicola Libert (No. 322) which in 
 the dried state is so like C. vernalis as easily to pass for it. Un¬ 
 fortunately, however, our slide shows no spores that can be de¬ 
 termined with certainty. The little plants are less than a cm. 
 high, dark, the upper part thick and rugose, some of them tipped 
 with a paler, unshrunken cap. The description on the label is 
 (translation) : '‘Sparse, small, somewhat compressed, rugose, 
 thickened upward, yellow, drying orange.’’ 
 
 Illustration: Peck. 
 1873. 
 
 Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 25: pi. 1, fig. 9 (as C. clavata). 
 
 North Carolina; Chapel Hill. No. 6071. With algae and moss protonema 
 on a clay hank near Forest Theatre, March 24 and 27, 1923. 
 
 Wilmington. No. 5962. On bank of branch on golf links, December 28, 
 1921. Spores narrow, bent-elliptic and pointed at mucro end, 2 x 8-9.7/x. 
 Threads of flesh 2.8-11/x thick. 
 
 New Jersey: Newfield. Ellis. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. clavata). 
 
 New York: Sand Lake. Peck. (Albany Herb., as C. cWa^a). 
 
 North Elba. Peck. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Lake Pleasant. Peck. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Massachusetts: Sharon. Piguet. (U. N. C. Herb, from Farlow Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria helveola Pers. Comm., p. 69 (201). 1797. 
 
 C. helveola Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 180. 1822. 
 
 C. eitrina Quelet. Bull. Soc. Bot. de France 23: 330, pi. 3, 
 fig. 14. 1876. (Not. C. cYrma Rafinesque). 
 
 ?C. luteo-alba Rea. Trans. Brit. Alyc. Soc. 2 : 66, pi. 3, fig. B. 
 1904. 
 
 Plates 1, 4, and 81 
 
 Plants cespitose in small groups (rarely over 12 in a group) 
 or often single ones in the same colony, simple or a little forked or 
 knobbed, or sometimes with an antler-like branch, length 1.5-5 
 cm., thickness 1-2.5 mm., nearly equal except for the short con¬ 
 stricted stem which is more or less distinct; club usually bent and 
 wavy and at times grooved and compressed, the tip blunt, often 
 shrinking to a point and becoming ochraceous, then reddish or 
 nearly black; color light bufify yellow with or without a faint 
 greenish tint and often with a tint of flesh color (apricot), ochra- 
 
38 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 ceous when bruised or wilting, the stem a clearer and more trans¬ 
 lucent color and not rarely tinted with green and marked with in¬ 
 herent green hbrils. Flesh solid, or with a small irregular hol¬ 
 low, color of surface except for a lighter center, fragile and brit¬ 
 tle, but not quite so much so as in C. fragilis, and usually not snap¬ 
 ping with so clean a break, the center more loosely fibrous than 
 the surface; taste woody musty and at times a good deal like tal¬ 
 low, not strong; odor none. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2755) white, smooth, elliptic, slightly bent, 
 2.2-3 X 7-8.2[jl, most about 2.3 x 7.5[x. Basidia (of No. 4368) 
 4.8-6.6[jl thick with 2-4 sterigmata; buried in the hymenium so that 
 the tips of the sterigmata just reach the outer surface of the hy¬ 
 menium, which is about 45[ji thick. Threads of the context shaped 
 in cross section like parenchyma cells. 
 
 This is the plant that has usually been referred to C. inaequalis 
 in American herbaria, but we must now apply that name to another 
 species. From PersoonT description it would seem highly probable 
 that our plants are his C. helvcola, the yellow color, fuscous tips in 
 age, closely set but not connate bases, etc., all agreeing perfectly; 
 but we have not been able to prove this from the type plants in his 
 herbarium. There are two sheets under this name and one of 
 the variety dispar. The former look like ours, but we have found 
 no good Clavaria spores on them (mold spores are present). The 
 so-called variety looks much like C. muscoides and the spores are 
 about right for that species. 
 
 A pale form is found that is puzzling and might easily be re¬ 
 ferred to C. fragilis unless care is used. Such a form is repre¬ 
 sented by collections No. 2788 and No. 2818 which were pale 
 creamy flesh color (very pale apricot). 
 
 The species is, like C. vermicidata, gregarious on mossy lawns, 
 etc., as well as in woods, and has the same shape and habit as that 
 species, from which it may be distinguished by the taste, color, 
 less rugose club and by the larger spores. We have little doubt 
 that C. luteo-alba of England is a form of the present species. 
 Plants kindly sent us by Dr. Cotton are just like ours in the dry 
 state and have identical spores, smooth, ovate, with one distinct 
 oil drop, 3.5 X 5-7(i.. It is also to be observed that in several of 
 our collections not otherwise distinct a taste of tallow was noticed. 
 The original description of C. luteo-alha calls for the tips to be con- 
 
Pl.ATI^: 10 
 
 AVAkiA Ai’PAi.AC'ii iKXsis. lilowiiis;' Rock. No. 5650 
 
f. ■ 
 
 
 ♦ '■ 
 
 w 
 
 i • 
 
 A 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 
 f 
 
 mtfi 
 
 n^- 
 
 I 
 
 »» 
 
 •a ' 
 
 *■ 
 
 g. 
 
 . I 
 
 * 
 
 irt 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 i^St " 
 
 J 
 
 
 I 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 39 
 
 stantly whitish, but later observations by Cotton show that this is 
 not always the case (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: 30. 1908. Also 
 6: 191. 1919). It is signihcant that C. hclveola is not recog¬ 
 nized in England by Cotton and Wakefield. Cotton refers to a 
 plant he has met with which he thought to be the one often labelled 
 C. helveola in herbaria, or by some writers incorrectly taken to be 
 C. macqiialis (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 2: 165. 1908), but he later 
 refers his plant to C. hiteo-alba (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: 30. 
 1908). It seems hardly possible that a species not at all rare in 
 both the northern and southern states should be unrepresented in 
 England. Maire reports C. hiteo-alba from France and gives his 
 own description (Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 26: 196. 1910). 
 
 Clavaria mcarnata Weinm. may be the same as the flesh-col¬ 
 ored form of this (our No. 2788) as a collection so determined 
 from T. M. Fries (Sweden) in the Curtis Herbarium has similar 
 spores, about 3.5 x 6p-. The specie's is, however, said to be pur¬ 
 plish within. It is not represented in the Fries Herbarium at 
 Upsala. There is also a collection under this name in the Curtis 
 Herbarium from New Jersey (Ellis) that has the same appear¬ 
 ance, but we could not get good spores from it. Clavaria rosea is 
 equally doubtful, but see notes under that species. We have a good 
 collection of a plant from Upsala sent us by Romell, determined 
 ( probably by von Post) as C. purpurea, but which in the dry state 
 is like C. heheola. The spores are like those of our plants, 3.7-4 x 
 6.5-7.5 [jl. There seems to be no reasonable doubt that C. citrina Q. 
 is also the same. The greenish base and the pip-shaped spores of 
 about the same length, while they agree with this, exclude all other 
 species that are at all near. From the description C. Schroeteri 
 P. Henn. (Verb. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenburg 37: 26. 1895), 
 which is the same as C. compressa Schroeter, strongly suggests 
 an antlered form of C. helveola. Clazmria Daigremontiana Bond. 
 (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 33: 10, pi. 1, fig. 4. 1917) is like C. helveola 
 in size, shape and color but is sulcate with numerous furrows and 
 has spores 3-3.5 x 5-6(x. 
 
 Illustrations: Boudier. Icon. Myc. 1: pi. 175. 
 
 Cotton. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: pi. 11, fig. C. (Spores, as C. hiteo- 
 alba). 1909. 
 
 Rea. As cited above. 
 
 Quelet. As cited above (as C. citrina). 
 
40 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2285. Woods near Howell’s branch, 
 June 28, 1916. Stuffed when young, hollow in age, the simple blunt tips 
 abruptly brick color; spores 2.9-Z.Z x 6-6.7|U. No. 2433. In short grass 
 and moss in Dr. Mangum’s lawn, July 27, 1916. Spores with a small 
 eccentric mucro, the distal end often narrowed, 2.5-3.6 x 5.6-7fx. No. 
 2654. Low damp woods, July 12, 1917. Color rather light egg-yellow. 
 Spores 3.7-4 X 5.5-6.7/x. No. 2755. In mossy gjass, July 24, 1917. No. 
 2770. Same spot as No. 2433, July 23, 1917. Spores 2.5-3.7 x 6.2-8/x. 
 No. 2774. Same place as No. 2433, July 26, 1917. No. 2788. Under 
 spireas, bare earth, July 27, 1917. Just like the typical C. Jielveola ex¬ 
 cept in color, which is pale creamy flesh color (very pale apricot) when 
 quite fresh with the tips soon ochraceous and then reddish. Spores 
 
 2.5- 3.3 x4.8-5.9/x. This form may be what is called C. incarnata Weinm. 
 Nos. 2793 and 2805. In same place as No. 2433, July 28, and 29, 1917. 
 No. 2818. Same spot as No. 2788, August 1, 1917. Color as in No. 
 2788. Spores as in usual form, 2.3-3 x6-7/x. No. 4368. Damp ravine 
 near iron spring, frondose woods, July 4, 1920. As usual in color, etc.; 
 taste rather rank and somewhat like tallow; spores (print) 3.7-4 x 
 
 7.5- 8.2/x. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. No. 5571. (U. N. C. Herb.). Orange 
 
 form. Spores 3-3.7 x 5-7/x. 
 
 South Carolina: Hartsville. Coker, No. 18. September, 1916. (U. N. C. 
 
 Herl).). Taste rather musky, not pleasant, odor none. Spores white, 
 smooth, 2.5-3 x 6.6-7/x. 
 
 New York: Hudson Falls. Burnham, No. 6. (U. N. C. Herb.). Among 
 
 moss on ground, July 23, 1917. Buffy yellow with a faint tint of flesh 
 color, brittle; flesh colored like the surface, taste of tallow. Spores 
 elliptic to pip-shaped, 3.7-4 x 6.3-7.4ju,. 
 
 Clavaria rosea Dalm. in Swartz. Acta Holm., p. 157. 1811. 
 
 ?C. rubella Pers. Comm., p. 81 (213) 1797. (Not C. rubella 
 Schaeff.) 
 
 C. Szvart^ii Dalm. Svensk Botanik, pi. 558. 1818. 
 
 Plate 81 
 
 Plants cespitose or single, ^about 1.5-3 cm. high and varying 
 from slender to stouter (1-2.5 mm. thick in dried state) and from 
 quite simple to flattened and toothed at the end like a cock’s comb; 
 color when fresh “a beautiful pink” (Burnham), when dry a dull 
 reddish ochraceous; spores hyaline, smooth, rod-elliptic, 3.5 x 6.6- 
 7.5[i-. Basidia 7p. thick with 4 short, delicate sterigmata. Hyphae 
 Up, thick, without clamp connections. 
 
 Clavaria rosea is at present in an unsatisfactory state. Plants 
 so labelled in herbaria are not alike, and the species is not repre- 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 41 
 
 seiited in the Fries Herbarium. The only simple pink or rosy 
 plants which we have seen from America are those from Colorado 
 distributed by Clements as C. rosea and a collection from \Tughns, 
 N. Y., sent us by Burnham. It is from the last that we have 
 drawn up the above rather inadequate description. 
 
 It will be noticed that these spores cannot be distinguished 
 from those of C. helveola, and except for color no other difference 
 can be made out. Clement’s plants are small, cespitose, clavate 
 and have spores just like the above, smooth, long-elliptic, clear, 
 2.5-3.4 X 5-8[ji. Our pale flesh colored plant ( No. 2788) that we 
 are considering a form of C. hclveola is intermediate and has the 
 same spores. Plants received from Romell Sweden) determined 
 as C. rosea are accompanied by colored drawings which are clear 
 pink to reddish pink. The spores of one collection (Helsingland) 
 are noted as 5-7.5 x 2.5-3[ji, in agreement with the American col¬ 
 lection. At the Kew Herbarium there is no authentic material of 
 C. rosea. A collection by Crossland from Hebden Bridge, deter¬ 
 mined as C. rosea, also has spores like the American plants. It is 
 obvious, however, that the plant interpreted as C. rosea by Cotton 
 and Wakefield (l.c., p. 188) is different from those above men¬ 
 tioned, and with their interpretation plants so named in the Bresa- 
 dola Herbarium seem to agree. Bresadola’s plants are from Nice 
 (Barla, coll. 1889). The spores are not like those of C. helveola, 
 but are distinctly more plump, 4-5.5 x 6-8.5 (jl. These measure¬ 
 ments agree with those given by Cotton and Wakefield. In the 
 Persoon Herbarium there are three plants that in the dry state 
 look like C. fragilis. The spores are like those of C. rosea from 
 Bresadola, large and plump, 4-6 x 5-8 [j.. Persoon (Myc. Europ., 
 p. 185) refers to Fries’s statement that the apex in drying becomes 
 yellowish (Obs. Myc. 2 : 290. 1818). Of C. rubella, Persoon says, 
 ‘'dilute to watery red, 2-4 plants together, but not cespitose or 
 fascicled.” There is no plant under this name in his herbarium. 
 If C. rosea is to be accepted as a good species, we think it best 
 to accept at present the interpretation of Romell, whose plants 
 are from the same country as those of Dalman and Fries. 
 
 For convenience we give below Cotton and Wakefield’s inter¬ 
 pretation of the species: 
 
42 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 “Plants simple, solitary or in gioups of 3-7, 2-4 cm. high, 
 fragile, bright rose-pink; taste and smell none. Clubs slender, 
 cylindrical or compressed, equal or tapering upwards, smooth, 
 solid, 2-5 mm. thick, apex blunt or pointed. Stem fairly distinct, 
 paler, sometimes yellowish. Flesh whitish, deep rose beneath the 
 hymenium. Internal structure of frequently septate, irregular 
 hyphae, 7-12[jt, in diameter, semi-parenchymatous in transverse 
 section; crystals sometimes present. Basidia conspicuous, 35-40 
 X 7-10 [a, granular or guttulate, sterigmata 4, erect. Spores copi¬ 
 ous, smooth, hyaline, ovoid or broadly elliptical, 7-10x 5-6[i-. 
 Amongst grass, moss, etc. Rare. . . . Easily distinguished from 
 other British species by the bright, rose-pink colour.'’ 
 
 See under C. helvcola for remarks on C. incarnata which may 
 be the same as C. rosea. 
 
 It is not known which of the above interpretations is repre¬ 
 sented by the illustrations by Krombholz and Winter given below. 
 
 On account of the confusion involved in the publication of C. 
 rosea and C. Swartmi, it is well to explain that Swartz first used 
 the name C. rosea in Acta Holm, (see above) as a manuscript 
 name of Dalman's for a species which the latter intended to de¬ 
 scribe. Swartz says ( translation) : “Herr Dalman who has seen 
 the greater part of these species growing in Westergotland has 
 also communicated to me information about a new species which 
 he has found, which he intends to describe under the name of C. 
 rosea] it is shorter with entirely white foot. Clubs bent but not 
 twisted, rose and yellow color at top." Later Dalman (J. W., not 
 Olaus, as given by Lindau and Sydow) published as C. Swartzii 
 a plate in Svensk Botanik (see above). This was evidently the 
 publication referred to by Swartz. Still later Fries (Obs. Myc. 
 2: 290, pi. 5, fig. 2. 1818) described the plant more fully and ac¬ 
 cepted Dalman's name C. rosea as published in Swartz's work. 
 He did not, however, refer here to C. Szvartzii as a synonym, but 
 did so in his later work. 
 
 Illustrations: Dalman, as cited above (as C. Swartcii). Shows a rosy pink 
 
 plant with tips yellowish in withering. 
 
 Fries. Obs. Myc. 2 : pi. 5, fig. 2. 1818. 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild. n. Beschr., pi. 53, fig. 21. 1841. 
 
 Winter. Rabenhorst’s Krypt. FI. 1: 294, fig. 2. 1884. 
 
Clavaria FUSiFOimis. Hartsville, S. C. No. 26. 
 

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Clavarias of titp: United States and Canada 43 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Burnham, No. 44. Beside a buried maple stick, 
 woods, July 25, 1916. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Colorado: Clements. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria nigrita Pers. Comm., p. 79 (211). 1797. 
 
 Plates 1 and 82 
 
 Single or cespitose in small groups (usually 1-7), the stems 
 not fused above ground, but scarcely touching or nearly touching 
 at base, about 2-7 cm. high and 1-2.5 mm. thick, simple and almost 
 cylindrical or tapering towards the top, with the tips bluntly 
 pointed or not rarely the tip knobbed or a little flattened-expanded 
 or (rarely) with one or two short, antler-like prongs near the end, 
 and sometimes flattened and contorted like a ram’s horn through¬ 
 out, the base slightly contracted into a short stalk which is con- 
 colorous and not sharply defined above (the hymenium descend¬ 
 ing unevenly), but which is made conspicuous below by a white, 
 scurfy tomentum which usually covers about half of the stem and 
 fades upward into a mere pruinosity; except when young and still 
 growing the surface is closely and conspicuously rugose-zvrinklcd 
 from the tip to the base or near it; color when quite young about 
 Saccardo’s umber, then darkening to a deep dusky sepia with the 
 tips soon blackening, the base white with tomentum; flesh soft 
 and elastic, usually breaking only in part even when bent on itself, 
 colored like the surface and translucent-watery when quite fresh 
 and damp, becoming lighter and more fibrous-looking later; odor¬ 
 less and quite tasteless, made up of closely packed hyphae about 
 6.3-9.4[ji thick, their cells much longer than thick. 
 
 Spores ovate-elliptic, an eccentric mucro on the larger end, 
 smooth, white, 2.7-3.2 x 5.5-6.3 [j.. Basidia 4-spored, about 9 [jl 
 broad at end, sterigmata about 7 [jl long. 
 
 Growing in mossy shaded lawns in wet weather in summer. 
 
 This remarkable species was found associated with C. helveola, 
 C. fragilis, Hygrophorus Peckiamis, H. coniciis, H. cJilorophanous, 
 etc. It is quickly distinguished from any other Clavaria by its 
 dark color, elastic texture and close, longitudinal wrinkles. It is 
 very hard to find, being almost invisible against the earth and 
 humus. When dried it becomes quite black, the tomentum of 
 the base becoming tawny. 
 
44 
 
 Clavartas of the United States and Canada 
 
 In the dried state our plants agree well with plants from Ithaca 
 (see below) that Bresadola considered C. nigrita, and the spores 
 are the same. We find the spores to be smooth, ovate, 2.2-3 x 
 4.5-6.6[j.. However, Bresadola’s description does not agree very 
 well (Fungi Trident. 1: 62, pi. 67, fig. 4). He describes it as 
 brittle, hollow, flattened, with a central channel and with a fari¬ 
 nose odor. No mention is made, moreover, of the remarkable, 
 close-set ridges that distinguish our plants. However, the orig¬ 
 inal description would not exclude our plant. It is described 
 as cespitose, black, long-clavate, 1.9 cm. long, 4 mm. thick, flexuose, 
 subcompressed, apex attenuated, at times erect, at times reflexed, 
 substance fragile, hollow inside, when dry superficially subcorru¬ 
 gated. This is very like ours except for being hollow and fragile. 
 There is in the Schweinitz Herbarium a collection from Bethlehem 
 labelled C. nigrita Pers. Its spores are few and uncertain and 
 mixed with others, but some seem about like those of our plant. 
 The little dried up plants do not help much. There is also a 
 fragmentary collection from Schweinitz at the Kew Herbarium. 
 Clavaria striata Pers. is excluded by its much lighter color and 
 constantly hollow club which is only sparsely striated; and C. lum- 
 bricoides Wiggers (Primitiae Florae Holsaticae, p. 107. 1780)* 
 differs in light color (sordid white, then grayish ash, then lead 
 color) and hollow club (which is not said to be ridged). The 
 latter may be what we are calling C. fumosa. 
 
 Clavaria cinereo-atra Rick (Broteria 5: 12. 1906) resembles 
 the present species in its simple, rugose, blackish cinereous clubs, 
 but is quite different in its large subglobose spores, 15[jt. in diame¬ 
 ter. Clavaria Greleti Bond. (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 33: 13, pi. 4. 
 1917) is of the same size and color as C. nigrita, but has sub- 
 spherical spores 7-8[ji thick, and is not said to be sulcate. 
 
 Illustration: Bresadola. Fungi Trid. 1: pi. 67, fig. 4. 1884. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2794. Many plants in scattered 
 colonies in moss and thin grass under elms and crepe myrtle in Dr. 
 Mangum’s lawn, July 28, 1917. 
 
 New York: Ithaca. Atkinson. (Bresadola Herb.). “Sp. hyaline, sub- 
 stramineous, 5-6 X 3jLt.” In the dry state this looks like ours and has 
 the same spores. 
 
 This name does not appear in Saccardo. The book is extremely rare and was 
 published at Kiel, Germany, as a doctor’s dissertation. Dr. Barnhart has a copy. 
 
PLATE 12 
 
 Clavaria fusiform is. Blowing Rock. No. 5790 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 45 
 
 Clavaria vermiculata Micheli. Nova Plant. Gen., p. 209, pi. 87, 
 fig. 12. 1729. (Also Scopoli in FI. Carn. 2: 483. 1772.) 
 
 C. cylindrica Bull. Herb. Fr., p. 212, pi. 463, fig. 1. 1789. 
 
 C. fragilis Holmsk. Beata Ruris 1: 7, pis. 2 and 3. 1790. 
 
 C. gracilis Sow. Engl. Fungi, pi. 232. 1797. 
 
 C. ehurnea Pers. Syn. Met. Fung., p. 603. 1801. 
 
 ?C. canaliculata Fr. Obs. Myc. 2: 294. 1818. (Not C. can- 
 aliculata Ehrenb.). 
 
 C. vermiciilaris Fr. Syst. Myc. 1: 484. 1821. 
 
 C. alba Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 175. 1822. (Not C. alba Pers. 
 ibid., p. 161). 
 
 C. pistilliforma Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 183. 1822. 
 
 ?C. corynoides Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 31: 39. 1879. 
 
 C.nivea Quel. Asso. Frangaise, p. 3, pi. 3, fig. 11. 1901. 
 (22nd. supplement to Champ. Jura, etc.). 
 
 Plates 5, 6, and 82 
 
 Plants gregarious in clusters of two or three to a dozen, or, in 
 the typical verniicidata form, to many; often a good many single 
 individuals scattered among the clusters; bases when clustered 
 fused or only approximate, depending on the density of the clus¬ 
 ters; 1-6 cm. high (usually about 3-4.5 cm.), rarely reaching a 
 height of 9 cm. in stout forms in woods (as Burnham, No. 11) ; 
 1.5-2.5 mm. thick at thickest point which is at or above the middle, 
 or when flattened sometimes as much as 4.7 mm. wide, tapering 
 slightly downward and more rapidly at the base which is decidedly 
 smaller, and which when looked down on from above is distinctly 
 marked ofif from the hymenium by its much more watery and 
 translucent appearance; not conspicuously mycelioid at the foot, 
 the apex blunt; usually simple but not rarely with the apex 
 grooved or knobbed or with an antler-like branch at any point 
 (very rarely with several flattened branches) ; typically curved 
 at base, the club straight or wavy and often channeled or with 
 longitudinal wrinkles (not closely and regularly furrowed as in 
 C. nigrita and C. appalachicnsis) ; color pure watery white when 
 young and fresh, but nearly always becoming tinted with light 
 citron yellow at the tip and often with pale creamy flesh color be¬ 
 low; in drying all parts become buff color. Flesh very delicate 
 and brittle, snapping with a clean break at less than 45° of bend¬ 
 ing, solid or rarely hollow; almost tasteless, odor none. Hyphae 
 
46 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 in cross section like parenchymatous cells in shape. After drying 
 the plant will revive its shape if dropped in water (thus differing 
 from C. ftimosa). 
 
 Spores (of No. 2751) variable, even in the same plant, white, 
 smooth, ovate-pip-shaped, 2.6-3.6 x 4. 4-6[ji. Basidia (of C. & B. 
 No. 130) 5.9-6.6[ji thick; hymenium 40p- thick; hyphae about 7.4[/. 
 thick, parallel, closely packed, no clamp connections. 
 
 Persoon has described two plants as C. alba, both in Mycologia 
 Europaea. The first (p. 161) is the large, branched plant, con¬ 
 sidered the same as C. coralloides by Fries and Saccardo. The 
 other (p. 175) is represented in Persoon's herbarium by six single 
 plants or cespitose clusters. They are small, slender and quite 
 simple and resemble the fragilis form of C. vermiciilata. We find 
 that the spores also agree with this species (smooth, oval, 
 3.5-3.8 X 4-5[jl), and we are therefore considering it the same. 
 
 The types of C. ebiirnea in PersooTs herbarium look like C. 
 fragilis and have the same spores, oval, smooth, 3.5 x 4.5-6[/.. 
 There is a sheet of C. vermiculata in Persoon’s herbarium. The 
 plants resemble ours closely. Clavaria canaliculata Fr. may be a 
 form of this species, but Quelet’s illustration (Champ, du Jura et 
 des Vosges, pi. 21, fig. 1) does not look like it. 
 
 Cotton is in our opinion quite right in reducing C. fragilis to 
 C. vermiculata (C. vermicularis Fr.) (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 
 3: 32. 1907). He refers to the fact that Schroeter had combined 
 the two in 1885 (Krypt. Flora Schlesien, p. 445), though he 
 adopted the name C. fragilis instead of the earlier one. After 
 studying many collections from different states both fresh and 
 dried, we can find no satisfactory distinctions. Single or sparsely 
 grouped plants are often found among dense clumps of the typical 
 vermiculata form and this form also shows often the yellowish tip 
 in both the densely crowded and single plants. The spores while 
 variable in length are essentially similar in all forms and their 
 length cannot be correlated with other qualities of the plant. 
 Clavaria corynoides is represented in Albany by the type collection. 
 There are several slender little clubs that look just like small, 
 scattered plants of the fragilis form. Spores few but those found 
 are similar, nearly pip-shaped, 3 x 5-6 [ji-. This may be C. helveola, 
 but the white stem would seem to agree better with C. vermiculata. 
 
PI. ATE 13 
 
 Clavaria pulchka. No. 5587. 
 

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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 47 
 
 Peck has a collection from Sand Lake, N. Y., labelled C. fragilis 
 var. solida, but he does not seem to have published this name. No 
 difference appears in the dried plants. A collection in the Curtis 
 Herbarium from E. P. Fries, Upsala, (as C. fragilis), is like ours 
 and has similar spores. Quelet distinguishes between C. vermicu- 
 lata and C. fragilis, the former being entirely white, the latter a 
 little yellowish at the apex and smaller. He does not refer to the 
 solitary habit at times. There seems to be nothing to distinguish 
 Ouelet’s C. nivea from the yellowish tipped form of this except 
 the slightly longer spores. Rosenvinge finds that in C. vermicu- 
 laris the cells of the flesh may contain one to four nuclei, and that 
 the mature spores have regularly two nuclei (Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 
 Series 7, 3: 75, pi. 1, figs. 1-3. 1886). He finds that the spore 
 of C. fragilis has but one nucleus (no figures) and thinks that in 
 these cases as in others the number of nuclei in the spore is of 
 systematic importance. One cannot be sure what plants he de¬ 
 termines as C. vermicularis and C. fragilis. Juel (cited under C. 
 cristata), on the contrary, finds the spore of what he calls C. 
 fragilis to have two nuclei (pi. 3, figs. 87-90), resulting from a 
 division in the maturing spore. He further finds the basidia 4- 
 spored, the basidia and hymenium much as in C. muscoides and C. 
 suhtilis. The latter author has sent us (as C. fragilis) a collection 
 from Upsala which is like ours; spores smooth, oval, 3-3.7 x 3.8- 
 5.4pi. 
 
 Illustrations: Barla. Champ. Nice, pi. 41, figs. 14-16. 1859. 
 
 Bolton. Hist. Fung. Halifax, pi. Ill, fig. 1 (as C. gracilis). 1789. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Sfidb., Clavariei, figs. 58 (as C. fragilis) and 56 
 (as C. vermicularis). 
 
 Buller. Researches on Fungi 2 : fig. 62. 1922. Photograph by Miss E. M. 
 Wakefield. 
 
 Bulliard. Herb. France, pi. 463, fig. 1 (as C. cylindrica). 1789. 
 
 Clements. Minnesota Mushrooms, fig. 76 (as C. juncea). 
 
 Flora Danica, pi. 1783, fig. 2; pi. 1966, fig. 2 (as C. vermiculata) ; and 
 pi. 775, fig. 2. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 395 (as C. vermicularis). 1908. 
 
 Holmskjold. Beata Ruris 1: pis. 2 and (yellow form) 3 (both as C. 
 fraqilis). 1790. Photographed in part by Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 
 9 : pi. 9, fig. 74. 1922. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. France 5: pi. 103 (109) (as C. fragilis, both white and 
 yellow forms). 1874-78. 
 
48 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Greville. Scott. Crypt. FI. 1: pi. 37 (as C. fragilis). Yellow, more than 
 doubtful, possibly C. fusiforniis. 1823. 
 
 Michael. Fiibrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 3, No. 26. 1905. 
 
 Micbeli. Nov. PI. Gen., pi. 87, fig. 12. 1729. 
 
 Patoiiillard. Tab. Analyt. Fung., fig. 468. 1886. 
 
 Quelet. Champ. Jura Vosg. 1: pi. 21, fig. 3. 1872. 
 
 Sower1)y. Engl. Fungi, pi. 90 (upper figures). 1797; pi. 232 (as C. 
 gracilis). 1799. 
 
 Swanton. Fungi and Flow to Know Them, pi. 29, fig. 6. 1909. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 1786. In leaves in woods, September 
 14, 1915. Spores 2.5-2.8 x 4-5/x. No. 2335. Mouldy earth on margin 
 of drain under bushes, July 1, 1916. Spores 2.5-3 x 4.5-6/x- Basidia 
 5-5.5/x thick, four-spored. Plants simple, very slender, scattered, 2-4 
 cm. high, 1.5-2 mm. thick near the yellowish top, tapering downward 
 and much smaller at the base, but no sharply defined stalk. This form 
 is exactly like Peck’s C. corynoides. No. 2434. In short grass and 
 moss in Dr. Mangum’s lawn, July 27, 1916. Spores 2.2-2.6 x 5.6-6.7/x. 
 No. 2751. In mossy grass in a yard, July 22, 1917. Spores 2.6-3.6 x 
 4.4-6/x. No. 2759. In mossy grass in Dr. Mangum’s yard (same spot as 
 No. 2434), July 23, 1917. Spores 2.2-2.9 x 4-6.6/x. No. 2773. Mossy 
 grass in lawns, July 26, 1917. Spores ovate, 2-2.6 x 4.4-5.2/>t. No. 2787. 
 Same spot as No. 2434, July 27, 1917. One of these plants was remark¬ 
 ably expanded and branched, looking just like a caribou antler with five 
 prongs and 2.7 cm. wide. This plant was very pale creamy flesh below 
 and white above, but most of the plants of this collection were white or 
 very pale cream with tips a clear light yellow. No. 2782. Same spot as 
 No. 2335, July 27, 1917. 
 
 Flat Rock. Memminger. Mss. (as C. fragilis). 
 
 Pink Bed Valley. Murrill and House. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Alabama: Auburn. Earl and Baker, No. 55. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Tennessee: Burbank. Thaxter. (Thaxter Herb.). 
 
 New Jersey: Newfield. Ellis and Everhart. No. Am. Fungi, No. 2027. 
 (Kew Herb.). 
 
 New York: West Park. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). “Pure white.” 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham. Nos. 11 and 82. C. & B. No. 130. (U. N. C. 
 Herb.). 
 
 N. Y. Bot. Card. Earle. On earth in woods. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 
 ovate-elliptic, 2.5-2.9 x 4.4-5/x. 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. No. 28. In moss under maples, September 6, 1919. 
 Spores smooth, oblong, 2.3-3.3 x 4.3-5.5/x, shaped like those of C. fragilis 
 of Chapel Hill. No. 4932. xA.ugust 2, 1919. Spores smooth, elliptic 
 to pip-shaped, 2.8 x 4.5-5.5^. (U. N. C. Herb. ). 
 
 California: Mt. Tamalpais. Eastwood. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). “Pure 
 white like spaghetti.” Spores elliptic, about 3 x 5/x. 
 
tl 
 
 (^1 
 
 ClAVARIA AMET 11YSTINOIDES. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 49 
 
 Clavaria citriceps Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 56. 1908. 
 
 Plates 1 and 82 
 
 Plants gregarious, single or cespitose in twos or threes, 3-4 
 cm. high, slender; club 1.5-2 mm. thick, tapering below into a 
 more slender stalk about 1 cm. long and not sharply distinct; stalk 
 subtranslucent or opaque. Club opaque, bluntly rounded at tip 
 when just grown, but immediately beginning to wither at tip and 
 becoming acute. Color milk-white, with a pale yellow tint toward 
 the tip when young, the withered tip soon a deeper watery yellow. 
 The withering and accompanying change of color proceeding 
 downward until the entire club is involved. Texture quite brittle 
 when very fresh, soon much less brittle in incipient withering; 
 solid or partly hollow. Taste and odor none. 
 
 Spores (of No. 3428) minute, smooth, subspherical, 3-3.5 x 
 4-4.5a, smaller and more spherical than in C. vcrmiciilata. Basidia 
 4-spored, 3[ji thick. 
 
 The dried plants of the type at Ithaca are similar in appear¬ 
 ance to ours. They are simple, moderately stout, single or 2-4 ces¬ 
 pitose. The spores are very few, but those found are the same. 
 They are smaller than the spores of C. helveola and average shorter 
 than those of C. vermiculata; the shape is, moreover, distinctly 
 more spherical than in either of the others. The species is very 
 near C. vermiculata and may be only a variety of it. The latter 
 is often yellowish at the tip, but the present species is yellowish over 
 a larger extent of the club, and the spores are differently shaped 
 and average smaller. For a comparison with C. hiteo-ochracea, 
 see that species. From the description C. Michelii Rea (Trans. 
 Brit. Myc. Soc. 2 : 39. 1903) may not be different from the present 
 species. 
 
 Atkinson's description of C. citriceps follows: 
 
 “Plants subclavate, 1.5 cm. high, 2-3 mm. stout, citron yellow, 
 white below, deeper yellow when dry. Spores oval, white, smooth, 
 with an oil drop, 4-5 x 3 [jl." 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 : pi. 10, fig. 90. 1922. 
 
 New York: Ithaca. On ground in woods. C. O. Smith. (Cornell Herb., 
 No. 13461). 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker, No. 3428. In moss under maple, August 
 23, 1919. 
 
50 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria fumosa Pers. Obs. Myc. 1:31. 1796. 
 
 Plates 7 and 82 
 
 Plants densely cespitose and fused at the very base, about 4-10 
 cm. long and 1.7-5 mm. thick, tapering at the base, sometimes com¬ 
 pressed and furrowed, and rarely branched or antlered, no dis¬ 
 tinctly marked stem, color pale creamy or smoky flesh, the base 
 nearly white and the blunt or rather pointed apex soon becoming 
 brownish and shrunken; texture very tender and moderately 
 brittle, usually snapping with a clean break when bent at about 
 45°, at times more brittle and snapping very easily, inside solid 
 or in large plants often a little hollowed by the separation of the 
 fibers, and sometimes decidedly hollow in age; no distinct central 
 cylinder. Practically tasteless and odorless. In drying the plants 
 become a soaked brownish ochraceous, beginning at the tip, and 
 develop a large hollow which is surrounded by scarcely more than 
 a shell. 
 
 Spores white, elliptic, smooth, 3-4 x 4.8-7.5 [t. Basidia 4- 
 spored, 5.5-9 [t thick; hymenium about 37 [jl thick; threads of flesh 
 very densely packed. 
 
 This species is closely related to C. vermiculata and resembles 
 it in habit and texture. It may be distinguished by the average 
 larger size, the smoky tint, the tips becoming blackish in wither¬ 
 ing and by the plant not regaining its shape when placed in water 
 after drying. This last is a very convenient test for distinguish¬ 
 ing the two species without notes on the fresh state. The spores 
 are very much alike, but those of C. fumosa average somewhat 
 longer. They are slightly smaller than European specimens of C. 
 fumosa from Italy (Bresadola) and Germany that we have 
 examined, but the shape is the same. The German plants (Sydow, 
 Mycotheca germanica. No. 454, Kew Herb.) have spores 3.4-4 x 
 5.5-8 (jl (rarely 10 [t). Plants from America (Lloyd) in Bresadola’s 
 herbarium are exactly like ours. According to Fries ( Hymen. 
 Europ., p. 675), C. striata Pers. (Comm., p. 78) is probably the 
 same as C. fumosa. 
 
 Illustrations: Britzelmayr. Hymen. Siidb., Clavariei, figs. 34 and 76. 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild., pi. 53, fig. 18. 1841. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 708. On ground in woods, June 20, 
 1913. The plants only 2.5-3 cm. high. No. 924. On ground in woods. 
 

 ■ 
 
 
 
 MiWS 
 
 
 
 LO 
 
 r^'* 
 
 I—< 
 
 H 
 
 E 
 
 Clavakia ORNATiPES. Blowing Rock. No. 5671 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 51 
 
 October 16, 1913. No. 1396. On bare earth in woods, October 21, 
 1914. Plants 1.5-3.5 cm. high. Spores 2.5-3.4 x 5.1-6.8ja. No. 2402. 
 On ground in woods, July 20, 1916. No. 2669. In damp mixed woods, 
 July 14, 1917. No. 2732. Mixed woods, July 21, 1917. No. 2815. 
 Low mixed woods, July 30, 1917. A very light lot, almost white in 
 lower third. No. 3478. Damp ground, August 22, 1919. Spores 
 elliptic, 4 X 5-7.5/x. 
 
 Asheville. Miss Burlingham. We cannot find spores on this collection, 
 but the dried plants seem identical with ours. 
 
 Pink Bed Valley. Miss Burlingham. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 3-3.3 x 5-6^. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. No. 5765. On earth in mixed woods, 
 August 24, 1922. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 3-3.5 x 5.6-7.4/x. 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Coker and Burnham, No. 112. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Ithaca. (Albany Plerb.). 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker. (U. N. C. Herb.). Color pale smoky 
 flesh, tips fading black; spores ovate to pip-shaped, about 3 x 4.8-7//. 
 
 Clavaria purpurea Mitll. FI. Dan., pi. 837, fig. 2. 1780. (Not 
 C. purpurea Schaefif.) 
 
 C. nebulosa Pk. Bull. Ton*. Bot. Club 25: 326. 1898. 
 
 Plates 8 and 82 
 
 Gregarious and densely cespitose in clumps up to 20 individuals, 
 a few single, 2.5-6.5 cm. high, usually crooked and twisted, flat¬ 
 tened and channelled, 2-6 mm. broad the flat way, dull brown with 
 a tint of smoky purple (about avellaneous to fawn or wood-brown), 
 nearly cylindrical or narrowly fusiform, rather abruptly pointed, 
 ending below in a short, terete, ill-defined stem which is white 
 from a plush-like tomentum below; apex of club quickly becom¬ 
 ing black and withering flabby; surface dull, in many places 
 glaucous. Flesh white, or when soaked nearly the surface color, 
 solid but easily becoming hollow by the separation of the fibers, 
 fragile, dry, tender, and flaky, snapping at 45°; taste none; odor 
 distinctly musty, about like a gourd. Threads of flesh near the 
 hymenium 7.5-1 Ip. thick, in center of club 15-19p- thick, regularly 
 parallel and composed of cells about 55-95p- long, with occasional 
 clamp connections and usually constricted and rounded at the 
 joints. 
 
 Spores (of No. 4860) smooth, white, elliptic, 3.7-4.5 x 8.5-12p.. 
 Basidia very inconspicuous, clavate, about 30p. long and 7p. thick 
 with 4 short sterigmata. 
 
52 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Our reference of this plant to C. purpurea follows a compari¬ 
 son with European collections. A careful microscopic study of a 
 plant from Romell, Sweden, determined as C. purpurea, shows a 
 close agreement with our No. 4860; basidia about 6.6(jl thick, 4- 
 spored, the spores smooth, long, 3.7-4.8 x threads of flesh 
 
 up to 10[ji thick near center; color when dry blackish above or 
 nearly all over with the surface of a peculiar plush-like character 
 which under the lens looks like sponge. Dried plants of No. 
 4860 have the same surface, a condition which appears only after 
 drying. In this species the dried plants are always badly col¬ 
 lapsed. The Swedish plants, like ours, grew in coniferous woods, 
 and this seems to be true for the species wherever found. At 
 Kew are two collections of C. purpurea that are exactly like those 
 from Romell. They are Rabenhorst-Winter, Fungi Europaei, No. 
 2930 from Finland in pine woods (Karsten) and F. F. Karsten 
 Exs. No. 438. Others so' named are very doubtfully the same, 
 and Cotton and Wakefield’s description of C. purpurea may be 
 based on another species, as they give the spores broader and short¬ 
 er than in any example we have seen. 
 
 American representatives of this species are rarely seen in 
 herbaria. In Albany is a collection from New Brunswick de¬ 
 termined as C. purpurea that agrees with the above. The plants 
 are lightly cespitose (3-4 together) or single, 1-3 mm. thick, 5-8 
 cm. high, tapering at both ends, acute, very hollow and often com¬ 
 pressed, then up to 5 mm. wide in center, base white, slightly 
 scurfy or nearly smooth. Color in dry state smoky brown, tend¬ 
 ing to become brown at the tips or at any point. Spores 3. 8-4.5 x 
 8.5-13[jl, rarely up to 15.5[ji. 
 
 Peck’s C. nehiilosa is this species. We have examined the type 
 and find the spores to be smooth, oblong-elliptic, with small eccen¬ 
 tric mucro, 3.6-4 X 7.4-1 If/.. Basidia 5.5-6.5[x thick, 4-spored; hy- 
 menium about 45[jl thick, without crystals; threads of flesh parallel 
 in longitudinal section, up to 15[ji thick in center, smaller just under 
 the hymenium, constricted at the joints, no clamp connections 
 seen. 
 
PLATE 16 
 
 Clavaria rugosa. Blowing Rock. 
 
 No. 5812 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 53 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 8, fig. 72 (as C. ncbulosa). 
 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Camp Bragg. J. S. Holmes. (U. N. C. Herb.). No. 
 4860. On coarse sandy soil in pine forest in opening made by a dead 
 pine, April 14, 1921. 
 
 Colorado: Dark Canyon. Clements. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). Spores 
 3 X 8-9/x. These are labelled C. purpurea, but they are doubtfully that 
 species. A photograph accompanying the plants looks exactly like C. 
 fiimosa and the spores are scarcely larger than the upper limit in that 
 species. 
 
 Newfoundland: Sandy Point. Waghorne. (Albany Herb., as type of C. 
 nebulosa; also plants from the type locality in N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 New Brunswick: Miss Horne. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Utah: Uinta Mtns., alt. 10,000 ft. Watson. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 Spores about 3.5-4 x 8.5-9/x. 
 
 Clavaria appalachiensis n. sp. 
 
 Plates 10 and 91 
 
 Plants simple, single or rarely cespitose in groups of 2-4, gre¬ 
 garious in small numbers; height 3-9 cm., the stem very distinct 
 and sharply defined, 1-4 cm. long, terete, smooth and shining, 
 lemon yellow except for the whitened and subtomentose base. 
 Club 2-6 cm. long, 1.5-5 mm. thick, straight or bent, equal, terete 
 or less often compressed, delicately but very distinctly and regu¬ 
 larly ridged and furrowed longitudinally (as in C. nigrita) ; color 
 varying from pale fleshy yellow to light cream or creamy yellow, 
 the rounded tips concolorous, then fading brownish. Flesh of 
 club concolorous, very tender and brittle, snapping clean at an angle 
 of 45°, solid but usually soon hollowed by grubs; stem tough and 
 pliable, not breaking when bent on self, with a cartilaginous rind 
 and softer center. Taste and odor none. 
 
 Spores (of No. 5650, type) white, smooth, subspherical, 
 4.8-6.5 X 5.5-7.2 [jl, with a large oil drop and a distinct mucro. Ba- 
 sidia 4-spored or (a few) 2-spored, 7.3-8.5p- thick. Threads of 
 flesh parallel, about 4.8p. thick under the hymenium, larger to¬ 
 wards the center, where they are about 14 'jl thick on an average. 
 
 We have found the species only in frondose woods on very 
 rotten deciduous logs (probably chestnut) or on pure leaf mold and 
 at an elevation of about 4000 feet. Known at present only from 
 North Carolina and Pennsylvania. It is a well marked plant and 
 
54 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 easily distinguished by its shining yellow, sharply dehned stem; 
 solid, delicately channelled, pale and brittle club, lack of taste and 
 odor and rather large, smooth, subspherical spores, hrom C. 
 fusiformis, which is apparently nearest and has the same spores, 
 it is separated by most of the characters just mentioned as well as 
 by the typically single habit. Usually only one to four are found 
 in one place and the individuals are separated by several inches. 
 The only other simple plant with about the right spores is C. pel- 
 [jicidiila Britz. (Hymen. Siidb., p. 290, Bg. 38). Whether it is 
 the same or not cannot be gathered from the incomplete descrip¬ 
 tion, but the bases are flexuose and the clubs thickened upward 
 and no distinct stem is mentioned. Clavaria lutco-ochracca differs 
 in darker and less distinct stems, smaller spores and basidia and 
 different appearance in the dried state. (See specimens in the 
 N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). Clavaria Daicjrciuoufiana Bond, with 
 longitudinally ridged clubs is easily different (see note under C. 
 heh’eola). 
 
 North Carolina: Blowing Rock. Coker, No. 5650. On rotten deciduous 
 log, August 21, 1922. (Type.) No. 5788. On very rotten portion of 
 a log, August 25, 1922. Spores 4.2-5.5 x 5-6.6/x. No. 5830. In leaf 
 mold and on very rotten wood, August 26, 1922. No. 5861. In humus 
 and on rotting wood, August 27, 1922. Hymenium about SOfx thick. 
 (All in U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Buck Hill Falls, August, 1920. “Growing singly in light 
 woods; yellowish white.” Mrs. Delafield. (U. N. C. and N. Y. Bot. 
 Card. Her!).). Spores 4.8-6 x 6-7.4|a. Basidia 7.4-8/^ thick, 4-spored, 
 or (not rarely) 2-spored. The dried jdants are like the type. 
 
 Clavaria fusiformis Sowerby. Engl. Fungi, pi. 234. 1799. 
 
 C. fasciculata Villars. Hist. Plant. Dauph. 3: 1052. 1789. 
 
 C. platyclada Pk. Bull. Ton*. Bot. Club 23 : 419. 1896. 
 
 C. compressa Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. H, 4: 182. 1832. 
 
 (Not C. compressa Berk, or C. compressa Schroeter). 
 
 C. ceranoides Pers. Syn. Met. Fung., p. 594. 1801. 
 
 Plates 11, 12, and 82 
 
 Plants simple, usually densely fascicled, about 3-7 cm. long or 
 rarely up to 18 cm. long (as in a collection from Sand Fake, N. Y., 
 at Albany), cavernously hollow unless flattened and then often not 
 hollow, cylindrical or more often flattened and grooved on the 
 
PLATE 17 
 
 Clavaria cristata. No. 2251 
 

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 »f 
 
 
 t’Hi*- r;' 
 
 Xft 
 
 *•**'' •'Ti 
 
 -r-C ' 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ' * 
 
 ^ * “v"^ -.•ir V • rt' - 
 
 -. •^. -- , .i* 
 ' /--s 
 »-• “_i -. T 
 
 .:-^o 
 
 :si 
 
 ■U ' 
 
 ■ j! 
 
 * * ^ Jr^ * 
 
 >,-, :0>Y- ■ 
 
 ' . -.>■ .‘ K ’ >' - • - 
 
 - -••i*-' ■ ..-y'■*r*2_--■' O” .-■>2^.^' 
 
 . • * 
 
 j?'. 
 
 
 
 
 f.i 
 
 
 V '." Ti*^ 
 
 . - .-3? —•• *u<, •I-rAiS# '..' .V ^ ‘"I 
 
 •■i.: t I \ <F **t » riZr^ 
 
 > - ^ V*- 
 
 V • • 1 c. 
 
 '«•* 
 
 
 'VZ. 
 
 *1 
 
 ;*r.' 
 
 "• t i ’ ^ -^Ti j 
 
 ■ . *• ‘-V - V • ■ 
 
 »• ' (» ~- • ” * A. »■ ' ”a 
 
 ..-•■■ 7'-* '.f-^ . -■ 
 
 .. '■> ‘■- . ; ‘ -s 
 
 , _^ :,:. - I , r .;^ '-Vi ?• 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ’? 
 
 / _• ' ■ T 
 
 ■ %- 
 
 ■ v'v 
 
 -Tt - ;• 
 
 # 7 
 
 , • I 
 
 •4 
 
 . /■ -• . «;.••'■ 
 
 r \ 
 
 ’/.%• 
 
 • . . • ‘ 'v • -•■ ■, ■ .• » 
 
 r-V''>'i-’'’-~!^.\ 
 
 A,. - •» .^e_^ |fc3r,:;»^ 
 
 
 .J 
 
 ' I -■ 
 
 < •'citl. 
 
 - -f-l'fil ■ , .. . 
 
 ^ .-•• V- fv * ' ^, ■'• »•; Jm 
 
 —'*'■■ * » •v'TfV- 
 
 ^ ^ • '•_ Al,.‘ '. /*.-> 
 
 •V. . 
 
 ^^4 <-4. 
 
 :> % 
 
 . v“. " ^./v-. ^>■^^-‘'l , . ■ *' ;r' .'j:^ 
 
 *♦ - .. ir , ,* ’•^SQj'Sfy^ >’ -ojh_-:S ‘ 
 
 • .■- t ^ *4 ■ .'4 
 
 •- . y. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 55 
 
 sides, at times broadest near the tip and narrowly spatulate, again 
 more tapering, abruptly or gradually pointed, 2-12 mm. wide 
 above the middle, tapering downward to a slender, paler base about 
 
 1.5- 2 mm. thick, which is not sharply dehned from the clul). Not 
 rarely the plants are much contorted and fantastically curved, re¬ 
 sembling at times a ram’s horn. Color a deep primrose yellow, 
 or duller brownish yellow, the tip or the whole becoming water- 
 soaked and brownish in age, the very base light yellow and some¬ 
 what incrassated. Color unchanged or darker in drying. Tex¬ 
 ture moderately brittle, cracking at a bend of 45° but not snap¬ 
 ping clean. Taste bitter and farinaceous, disagreeable (lost on 
 drying) or varying to quite mild. 
 
 Spores (of No. 1362) light yellow (fading to cream color in 
 the herbarium) or in some collections white, subspherical with a 
 small mucro, 5.1-6.7[i. in diameter. Basidia club-shaped, about 
 7.5[i. thick, mostly 4-spored, but usually also some 2-spored in the 
 same plant, the sterigmata about as long as the diameter of the 
 spores. 
 
 The species is widely distributed, occurring on humus or mossy 
 soil in woods. It is easily distinguished by its rather large size, 
 bright color, vaguely dehned stem, typically cespitose habit, and 
 rather large, spherical spores. Not rarely there are single plants 
 among the clustered groups. This species with C. platyclada Pk. 
 comprises a very puzzling group of forms. The type collection of 
 the latter is well preserved in Albany and we have studied it care¬ 
 fully. In the dried state the plant cannot be distinguished from 
 many collections usually referred to C. f usiforniis either in appear¬ 
 ance or microscopic detail. The plants are not hollow but neither 
 are many llattened plants of C. fusifonnis. In the type of C. 
 platyclada the spores are smooth, spherical, 4.4-6. 6[j- thick; basidia 
 
 5.5- 6.6;j- thick, mostly 4-spored, but a good many 2-spored; hy- 
 menium about 90 [j- thick, light olivaceous under the microscope. 
 
 While at Blowing Rock in August, 1922, we studied the group 
 carefully in the fresh condition, hoping to distinguish two species. 
 We first found that the taste varied from quite bitter to quite 
 mild in different collections; next it was found that some lots cast 
 a pure white spore print while with others brought in the same day 
 the spore print was distinctly creamy yellow. Flattened members 
 of any lot were usually not hollow, while terete members were. 
 
56 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Our early hopes that we had found distinctive characters were 
 soon broken down by entire lack of any correlation of characters. 
 In No. 5790 the taste was not bitter, the spores were creamy yel¬ 
 low, and the clubs were hollow ; in No. 5507 the spores were pure 
 white in a good print, the taste was not bitter and the clubs were 
 hollow; in No. 5586 the taste was rankly bitter, the spores were 
 pure white, and some plants (not flattened) were hollow; in No. 
 5679 the taste was mild, the spores were white, and the clubs were 
 hollow. In two collections from the identical spot and evidently 
 from the same mycelium taken at Hartsville, S. C., one in 1916, 
 the other in 1917, the first (No. 12) was quite bitter, the second 
 (No. 26) was scarcely bitter but distinctly farinaceous. The 
 spores in both were yellowish. It then appears that if there are 
 two species they can at present be separated only by the color of 
 the fresh spores in good prints, and as the European form of C. 
 fitsiformis is said to have the spores yellow when fresh (Cotton 
 and Wakefield, p. 184) it may still be that C. platyclada is a slightly 
 different plant (form or variety) distinguished by its white spores 
 and perhaps by other slight differences that have so far escaped 
 us. Clavaria compressa Schw. is almost certainly this. A col¬ 
 lection under that name in the Schweinitz Herbarium has spores 
 subspherical, smooth, 4.8-6 x 6-7\x. In the Curtis Herbarium is 
 also a fragment from the Schweinitz Herbarium, so named, which 
 is about 2.5-3 mm. broad, flat and channelled, with spores 5.5 x 
 6.7 [jl; the basidia 2-4 spored. Persoon (Myc. Europ., p. 178) re¬ 
 ferred to C. fitsiformis the plant which he first described (Comm., 
 p. 73) as C. fasciculata, but later gave the latter as a synonym of 
 C. inaequalis. However, his interpretation of C. inaequalis could 
 hardly have been the one now accepted. The description of C. 
 fasciculata Villars while short is good and leaves little doubt that 
 it is the same as the present species. The only plant of that name 
 in Persoon’s herbarium is labelled C. fasciculata DC.,* sent by 
 Mangeat. It looks just like C. fusiformis and has the same spores, 
 which are subspherical with a sharp mucro, 5-6 x 6-7.5[jl (counting 
 mucro). 
 
 * DeCandolle described C. fasciculata in Syn. Plant. Flora Gall., p. 19, 1806. without 
 giving any authority, and this may have given rise to a misunderstanding in regard 
 to the author of the species. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 57 
 
 In the Schweinitz Herbarium a collection of this is labelled C. 
 inaeqiialis Fr., with spores as above described, 5.S-6.5[x in diameter. 
 
 Peck reports C. austera Britz. (Kept. 54: 155. 1901) and says: 
 “Ground in woods. Lake Placid. Sept. Miss N. L. Marshall. 
 A small tufted species allied to C. inaequalis, from which it may 
 be distinguished by the greenish tint of the clubs.’' We have ex¬ 
 amined this collection and find the spores exactly like those of C. 
 fusiformis, 5.5-6[ji thick. The real C. austera can hardly be this 
 as they are shown by Britzelmayr as single olive green clubs. We 
 think Miss Marshall’s collection is a somewhat greenish form of 
 C. fusiformis. Clavaria coliformis Bond. (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 
 33 : 11, pi. 3, fig. 2. 1917) may be an abnormal form of this. 
 
 Illustrations : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 8, fig. 67 (as C. com- 
 pressa) ; fig. 68 (as C. platyclada). 1922. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Sfidb., Clavariei, fig. 26. 
 
 Cooke. Handb. Brit. Fung., p. 335. 1871. 
 
 Dumee. Nouvel Atlas Champ., pocket edition, pi. 56. 1911. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr. 5: pi. 104 (110). 1874-78. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 397. 1908. 
 
 Hussey. Ills. Brit. Fung. 1: pi. 18. 1847. 
 
 Mcllvaine. Am. Fung., pi. 138, fig. 1. 1900. 
 
 Patouillard. Tab. Fung., fig. 565. 1887. 
 
 Price. Illustrations of Fungi, pi. 14, fig. 93. 1865. 
 
 Sowerby. As cited above and also pi. 235 (as C. rugasa). PI. 234 is 
 photographed in Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 8, fig. 66. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 1362. On mouldy earth in road, Oc¬ 
 tober 16, 1914. 
 
 Pink Bed Valley. Murrill and House, No. 368. July 1908. Also Bur- 
 lingham, 1907. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Blowing Rock. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb.). Also Coker. Nos. 5507, 
 5586, 5679, 5790. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 South Carolina: Hartsville. Coker, No. 12. In low, mossy, flat woods 
 under maples and long leaf pine, September 9, 1916. Taste very bitter, 
 also farinaceous. Spores yellowish, 5-6/x thick. No. 26. On same 
 spot as above, June 4, 1917. Taste farinaceous but scarcely bitter. 
 Spores as in No. 12. No. 64. Again on same spot, June 15, 1918. 
 
 Ravenel, No. 1080. (Kew Herb.). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Bethlehem. (Schw. Herb, and Curtis Herb.). Spores 
 
 5 X 6.5/x. 
 
 Pocono Lake Preserve. Vogler. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Buck Hill Falls. Mrs. Delafield. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
58 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 New York: Ithaca. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb.). 
 
 Niimeroiis other places in New York are represented by collections at 
 Albany and in the N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb. 
 
 Massachusetts: Sprague. (Curtis Herb, and Kew Herb., as C. tetragona.) 
 Spores smooth, 4-4.5 x 4.5-5.2/x. 
 
 Farlow. (Kew Herb.). 
 
 Vermont: Stratton. Spores spherical, 5.5-7. 
 
 Newfane. Miss Hibbard. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 New Hampshire: Cbocorua. Farlow. (U. N. C. Herb, from Farlow Herb., 
 as C. inacqualis). Spores smooth, subspherical, 5-6.5/x thick. Basidia 
 4.5-6/x thick, usually 4-spored (rarely 2). 
 
 Maine: Davis. (Albany Herb., as C. platyclada). 
 
 Clavaria pulchra Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 28; 53, pi. 1, fig. 
 10. 1876. 
 
 C. angustata Pers. (Sense of Schw.). Comm., p. 72 (204), 
 pi. 1, fig. 3. 1797. 
 
 C. persimilis Cotton. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3 : 182. 1909. 
 
 Plates 1,6, 13, and 82 
 
 Plants gregarious, mostly cespitose in clusters of several to 
 about twenty, often single or in twos and threes, not densely fas¬ 
 cicled or fused at base in large groups as in C. fnsiforinis or C. 
 fiimosa, but several individuals may be so fused; 1.5-7.4 cm. 
 high, 1.2-6 mm. thick near the top, long club-shaped or nearly 
 cylindrical, at times compressed and grooved, tapering downward, 
 the stem not distinct from the club, except for decidedly lighter 
 color usually, the base incrassated or not so; apex bluntly rounded, 
 not apiculate; surface smooth, egg-yellow, the base and at times 
 the apex lighter, or the apex may be darker. Flesh toughish, 
 elastic, cracking but not snapping at 45°, stuffed or varying to im¬ 
 perfectly or distinctly hollow at maturity; taste sweetish and pleas¬ 
 ant, odor none. 
 
 Spores (of No. 1717) white, oblong-ovoid with a prominent 
 mucro on one side near the large end, usually with a distinct oil 
 drop, 4.6 X 6-7[j.. Basidia (in dried plants) about 5-7 (j. thick, 4- 
 spored, smaller than in C. f usiformis. 
 
 On bare earth or decaying leaves in deciduous or mixed woods. 
 
 The type of C. pulchra agrees in all respects with our plants so 
 far as can be seen in the dried state, and the spores are of the 
 same characteristic shape, 4.4 x 6.7[ji. Our plants (No. 1717) have 
 
PLATE 18 
 
 Clavaria cristata. No. 2387 [above]; No. 2660 [below] 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 59 
 
 been compared with specimens of C. pcrsimilis from Wales (Dr. 
 Cotton), and seem clearly the same, the spores also having the 
 characteristic shape, but running a little shorter than in Chapel 
 Hill plants. The British plants are described by Cotton as hav¬ 
 ing the internal structure composed of loosely packed, longitudi¬ 
 nally-running filaments 3-6{j. in diameter. Our collections vary 
 from stuffed to hollow. 
 
 This species is nearest C. fiisifoniiis, which normally differs in 
 larger size, fasciculate habit, strong taste and different si^ores. 
 Separate plants of the latter, which are often found among colonies 
 of cespitose ones, are distinguished from C. pidchra by their com¬ 
 pany, their spores, and their bitter or farinaceous taste. From 
 C. Jielvcola, C. pidchra is easily distinguished by the deeper color, 
 and the very different spores. At the New York Botanical 
 Garden is a collection of this from Bresadola labelled in error C. 
 similis Bond, and Pat. The spores are smooth, 4.5 x 6-6.8[ji, 
 shaped as in C. pidchra. Clavaria siindis Bond, and Pat. has 
 strongly warted spores. In the Bresadola Herbarium ])lants from 
 Ithaca, N. Y., (C. O. Smith) determined by Bresadola as C. 
 platyclada Pk. are C. pidchra, as shown by appearance and spores. 
 The type of C. august at a no longer exists, but a good collection 
 in the Curtis Herbarium from the Schweinitz Herbarium so la¬ 
 belled has spores like the present species, sub-oval, 5-6.3 x 6.3-7a. 
 From the description and figure the real C. angustata may be C. 
 inacqiiaUs. 
 
 Illustrations : Pnrt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 : pi. 10, fig. 93. 1922. 
 
 Peck. A.s cited above. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 1717. In sandy soil in deep woods, 
 September 9, 1915. Clubs hollow. No. 3149. Near same spot as No. 
 1717, August 9, 1918. In some of the groups the stems were distinctly 
 lighter than the club for at least a cm. Others showed less difference. 
 Spores 4.5-5 X 6-6. 7/x, with large oblique apiculus. No. 3767. Mixed 
 woods by Battle’s Branch, November 18, 1919. No. 5877. Low, mixed 
 woods, September 30, 1922. Spores typical. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. (U. N. C. Herb.). Some of these 
 plants were very large for this species, but the spores are typical. 
 
 Alabama: Atkinson. (Cornell Herb.). 
 
 New York: Catskill Mts. Gereshoy. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores as usual, 
 about 4.5 X 6.3/x. 
 
60 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Chappaqua. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. vermicularis). Spores 5,5 x 
 6.5-7/x. 
 
 Frostburg. (Albany Herb.). Spores typical, 4.8 x 6.6/x. 
 
 Forge. Peck. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Sandlake. Peck. (Albany Herb.). Spores typical. 
 
 Tripoli. Burnham, No. 83. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Ithaca. C. O. Smith. (Bresadola Herb., as C. platyclada). 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker. 4 collections, September 6, 1919. (U. N. 
 
 C. Herb.). Spores as usual, 4-4.8 x 5-7.Sfx. 
 
 Vermont: Newfane. Miss Hibbard. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Maine: Sebec Lake. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria aurantio-cinnabarina Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
 11,4:183. 1832. 
 
 Plates 1 and 82 
 
 Plants loosely clustered, some single, 1.5-4 cm. high, simple, 
 the tips blunt or rather pointed, and sometimes a little flattened 
 or knobbed, 1.2-2.6 mm. thick, nearly equal, at times channeled, 
 usually crooked, base without a distinct stem or color; entire plant 
 a deep orange-red (orange-chrome of Ridgway) ; flesh moderately 
 brittle, not snapping with a clean break and only after a bend of 
 45° or more, color of surface when very fresh, but soon the sur¬ 
 face becomes lighter by fading to buffy orange, leaving the flesh a 
 deeper color, solid, quite mild and almost tasteless, but with a dis¬ 
 tinct though not very strong fetid-aromatic odor, a little like a 
 wharf or sewer but not so bad (noted by all of four persons who 
 tested it). The base may be faintly paler than the club, but where 
 the hymenium ends can scarcely be distinguished even with a lens. 
 In drying the plants become a lighter orange-buff. The tips when 
 dry are sharply different from the clubs, being very smooth, not 
 wrinkled, not shrunken and therefore larger and of a deeper 
 ochraceous red color. A section shows them to be sterile over the 
 upper half. They look in the larger plants like distinct caps. 
 This contrasting tip in the dried state is also found in C. vernalis, 
 C. filipes (No. 2804) and to a less noticeable extent in C. helveola. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2801) apparently yellowish (from a thin print 
 on a slide), but perhaps white, smooth, subspherical, with an eccen¬ 
 tric mucro of moderate size, most of the space occupied by the 
 cheesy or oily matter, the vacuoles eccentric as in C. fiisiformis, 
 
PLATE 19 
 
 Clavaria 
 
 cRiSTATA. Newfane. \'t., fig. 1 ; No. 3293 
 (Murrill), fig. 3; Redding. Conn., 
 
 {cinerca form), fig. 2; New York 
 (No. 25), fig. 4. 
 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 61 
 
 4.8-5.5 X 5.5-6.3[j.. Basidia 5.5-7.4 [j. thick, 4-spored (rarely 2- 
 spored) ; hymenium 100-130[i. thick, set with many small crystals; 
 hyphae 4.4-5.5 [jl thick, clamp connections few. 
 
 Easily distinguished from others of the same shape and habit 
 by the deep rich orange-red color, solid flesh and subspherical, 
 smooth spores. 
 
 There is a good collection of this from Schweinitz (Bethlehem, 
 Pa.) in the Curtis Herbarium. The plants look like ours and have 
 the same smooth, unshrunken tips like caps and the same spores, 
 5.1-6.5 X 6.5-7.4[j(.. There is also at Kew a collection from 
 Schweinitz of similar appearance. American plants determined as 
 Clavaria ininiata Berk. (Hooker’s Lon. Journ. Bot. 2 ; 516 (416 in 
 error). 1843) are almost certainly the present species, as indicated 
 both by appearance and spores (see below). The type of C. min- 
 iata at Kew Herbarium from Africa has about the same appear¬ 
 ance, and the spores, while not abundant enough to be convincing, 
 are apparently smooth, subspherical, 5.5-7.4 [jl thick. In Bresadola’s 
 herbarium is a specimen of C. mirantia Cooke (Grev. 16 : 33. 1887) 
 from Victoria (No. 50, probably a part of type), which has ex¬ 
 actly the appearance of the present species in the dried state and 
 is probably a close relative. The spores are slightly different, 
 being a little more elongated, 4.5-5 x 7-7A\l. Clavaria straminea 
 Cotton (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3 : 265, 1910 and 3 : pi. 11, 1909, 
 which is incorrectly labelled C. pcrsimilis) has almost identical 
 spores, but is described as straw colored with a cinnamon yel¬ 
 low stem that is darker than the hymenium and as being odor¬ 
 less. It is hardly probable that our plant is the same as C. car- 
 dinalis Bond, et Pat. (Jour, de Bot. 2 : 341, pi. 8, fig. 2. 1888. 
 
 Also Icon. Myc. 1 : pi. 174) which has the same color, size and 
 spores. There is a collection of it at Albany sent by Patouillard 
 which we have examined. They do not seem just the same as 
 ours, the tips not being set off in the dry plant by non-shrinking 
 and the color is not quite the same. Moreover, they grew on 
 the trunk of a fern, Todea barbara, brought to Paris from Aus¬ 
 tralia, while the American species grows on earth. The spores are 
 subspherical, 5.5[jl in diameter, and are like those of our plant. An¬ 
 other authentic plant of C. cardinalis from Patouillard at Kew is 
 
62 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 like the one at Albany. The spores are smooth, subspherical, 
 5 X 6[x. Clavaria rosacea Henn. (Fungi Madagaskar, p. 19, pi. 2, 
 fig. 5) seems indistinguishable from the last except in color, which 
 is given as rosy. Compare also C. lacta B. & Br. (Journ. Linn. 
 Soc. 14 : 76. 1875 11873]). The plant Lloyd reports from Florida 
 as C. lacta is probably the same as ours (Letter 63, p. 9). From 
 the description it seems probable that C. helicoidcs Pat. and Dem. 
 (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 26 : 44. 1910) is the present species, but we 
 have seen no specimen. 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9: pi. 8, fig. 65. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2801. On earth with hnmus, low 
 damp woods near Judge’s Spring, July 28, 1917. No. 2816. Same spot 
 as No. 2801, July 30, 1917. No. 5230. In swampy, deciduous woods, 
 June 24, 1922. Base of stem slightly enlarged and whitened with my¬ 
 celium. Spores 4-4.8 x 4.8-6/x. 
 
 South Carolina : Santee Canal. Ravenel. (Curtis Herb. 992 (101). Little 
 reddish, slender clubs 5-12 mm. high, so nearly covered with the glue as 
 not to yield spores. As C. miniata). This is probably the collection 
 reported l)y Berkeley in Grevillea 2 : 17. 1873. 
 
 Alabama: Auburn. Wet clay mixed with rotting leaves, December 3, 1899. 
 Mrs. F. S. Earle. “Simple, bright orange-yellow, basidia with two 
 sterigmata.” The dried plants in this collection are very slender; an¬ 
 other collection (November, 1900) is stouter. Both have the same color, 
 yellowish buff, and the same spores and peculiar tips. Spores sub- 
 spherical, smooth, 4-5 X S-6fjL. Basidia two-four-spored, about 7^ thick. 
 Also another collection on damp ground. July 13, 1897. F. S. Earle. 
 Spores 4.8-5.5/x. “Scattered over considerable area in small tufts, simple 
 or branched sparingly from base, dark reddish orange, tips slender and 
 soon drying, becoming darker when dry.” (Three above in U. N. C. 
 Herb.). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Bethlehem. Schweinitz. (Curtis Herb.). 
 
 Mcllvaine. (Albany Herl)., as C. aurantio-cinnaharina.). It may be cor¬ 
 rectly determined, but looks more like C. fusiformis. 
 
 New York: Cold Spring Flarbor. Dodge and Seaver. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. 
 Herb., as C. rosea). Spores 4.8-7ft in diameter. 
 
 Burnt Hills. Peck. (Albany Herb., as C. miyiiata). These little plants 
 are cespitose, simple, short, thick, sharp-pointed above and also con¬ 
 tracted below; in dried state buffy yellow or dull ochraceous. Spores 
 smooth, globose, with a small mucro, about 5/x in diameter. 
 
PT.ATE.20 
 
 a> 
 
 lO 
 
 
 a> 
 
 rC Cli, 
 
 OJ 
 CJ > 
 ~ OJ 
 
 'O' 
 
 o 
 
 ■s: biCi' 
 ^ g 3 . 
 
 O oS: 
 
 o o 
 
 biO; 
 < 'O 
 
 O <W 
 < O? 
 
 uS 
 
63 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria asperulospora Atk. Ann. Myc. 6; 55. 1908. 
 
 Plate 81 
 
 This seems to be a good species with spores unlike any other 
 Clavaria of similar form. The dried plants are quite simple, 
 much shrunken, apparently not hollow, nearly black, the very base 
 paler. A part of the type from Bresadola’s herbarium shows the 
 spores to be spherical, asperulate, with a distinct, pointed mucro, 
 4.8-6.2[ji thick (omitting mucro). 
 
 Atkinson’s description follows: 
 
 '‘Plants clustered, wood-brown, 4-7 cm. high, 2-3 mm. stout, 
 cylindrical, blunt, tapering below. Basidia abruptly clavate, 
 30 X 10-12[x, 4-spored. Spores globose, white, echinulate, pedicel¬ 
 late, 6-7(ji.” 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 10, fig. 99. 1922. 
 
 New York: Ithaca. Whetzel. (Cornell Herb., type). 
 
 Clavaria inaequalis Muller. FI. Danica, pi. 836., fig. 1. 1780. 
 
 ?C. polymorpJia riifa. FI. Danica, pi. 775, hg. 1. 1778. 
 
 ?C. r?//a Pers. Comm., p. 71 ( 203). 1797. 
 
 C. cchinospora Bond. & Pat. Journ. de Bot. 2 : 341. 1888. 
 (Not C. cchinospora Berk. & Br. or C. cchinospora P. 
 Henn. Alonsunia 1: 141. 1899). 
 
 C. similis Bond. & Pat. Journ. de Bot. 2: 446, pi. 8, fig. 1. 
 1888. (Not C. similis Pk.). 
 
 C. dissipabilis Britz. Hymen. Siidb., p. 289, Clav. fig. 28. 1885. 
 ?C.bifurea Bull Herb. Fr., p. 207, pi. 264. 1785. 
 
 Plates 50 and 81 
 
 This species has been badly confused, but is now easily recog¬ 
 nized through the work of Cotton, who has cleared up the difficul¬ 
 ties (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 2: 163. 1908). It has been often 
 
 reported in America, but most if not all such reports (except 
 Burt’s recent one from Massachusetts and Vermont) were based 
 on some other interpretations of the species than the one here 
 
64 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 accepted. We have not yet met with this in the living state nor 
 have we seen a native specimen in any American herbarium, 
 though many are under this name. Most of such are C. helveola. 
 The following is Cotton's description in Massee's British Fungi 
 and Lichens, p. 434.* ** 
 
 “Hymenophore simple or rarely with 1-2 short branches, cylin¬ 
 drical or compressed, tip blunt or pointed, deep yellow to rich 
 orange, flesh white, 1-2^ in. high (spores colourless, sub-globose, 
 sharply warted, 5-6 [a diani.). 
 
 ‘'Often confused with C. fusiformis, from which it differs by 
 its deeper colour, not growing in dense tufts, and globose, warted 
 spores. Among grass in woods, parks, lawns, etc. Common." 
 
 Clavaria echinospora,'^^ which seems certainly to be the same, 
 was separated from C. inaequalis principally on the strongly 
 warted spores. Cotton also thinks C. riifa the same (Trans. Brit. 
 Myc. Soc. 3: 33. 1909). Clavaria geoglossoides Bond, and Pat. 
 (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 8: 42, pi. 6, fig. 1. 1892) may be the same, 
 
 but we think there is an error in their interpretation of the spores, 
 which are described as smooth then sparsely warted, and some are 
 drawn smooth, while others are warted like those of C. inaequalis. 
 The assumption would then be that the smooth ones are immature. 
 A plant in the herbarium of the University of Paris (Rouen, 
 Boudier) labelled C. siniilis var. geoglossoides is evidently the same 
 as this. The name was apparently provisional and never pub¬ 
 lished. We have a collection of C. inaequalis from Epping Forest, 
 England (Cotton). Spores about 4.5-5.5 [jl in diameter. 
 
 Clavaria inaequalis is listed by Curtis as common in damp 
 woods but it is almost certain that his plant was not the one de¬ 
 fined above. 
 
 Fries considers C. hifurea a synonym of C. inaequalis. In 
 Persoon's herbarium plants labelled C. hifurea may be this, but 
 we could find no good spores. We have examined plants of C. 
 siniilis from Leyden (Miss Cool) and from Westphalia in Bresa- 
 dola's herbarium and find the spores as described, about S-7{j. 
 thick and strongly warted. 
 
 * For a fuller description, see Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 6 : 189. 1919. 
 
 ** The name C. siniilis was substituted by the authors on finding the first published 
 name preoccupied. 
 
PLA11^ 21 
 
 Clavaria muscoides. Lake George, No. 7 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 65 
 
 Illustrations: Boudier and Patouillard. Journ. de Bot. 2: pi. 8, figs, la 
 
 and lb (as C. cchinospora). 1888. 
 
 Boudier and Patouillard. Journ. de Bot. 2: pi. 8, fig. 1 (as C. similis). 
 
 1888. 
 
 Britzelmayr. As cited above. 
 
 Cotton. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: pi. 11, fig. B. (spores). 1909. 
 
 Muller. As cited above. Photographed in part by Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. 
 
 Card. 9: pi. 9, fig. 89. 1922. 
 
 Sowerby. Engl. Fungi, pi. 253 (lower figs.). 1800. 
 
 Reported by Burt from Massachusetts and Vermont (l.c., p. 56). 
 
 Clavaria amethystinoides Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34: 102. 
 1907. 
 
 Plates 9, 14, 82, and 83 
 
 Plants single, gregarious, never cespitose (rarely two to¬ 
 gether), up to 6.3 cm. tall, distinctly stalked, compressed and 
 channelled, at times quite simple, but usually cusped or antlered 
 or palmately branched or variously lobed, much in the fashion of 
 the Kronihholmi or riigosa form of C. cristata^ or at times even 
 more branched like C. muse aides; the tips blunt or pointed and 
 blackening in age; club when simple tapering downward from the 
 broadened end, 3-6 mm. thick; when branched up to 3.6 cm. broad; 
 the distinct stalk 0.6-3.5 cm. long, the sterile part (or true stalk) 
 up to 2.6 cm. long to the descending hymenium, about 0.7-2.2 mm. 
 thick, nearly glabrous except for the velvety tomentose base, the 
 stem and usually the club somewhat crooked; color of hymenium 
 a pale livid flesh color (about fleshy tan or pale drab) at times ap¬ 
 proaching fawn (in the type said to be very pale lilac), the stem 
 a little darker and more watery-looking; flesh solid and color of 
 surface in all parts, soft and rather waxy-brittle in the club, tough 
 and pliable in the stem ; taste slig'ht, mildly flattish alkaline, odor 
 none. 
 
 Spores (of Hartsville, No. 42) pure white, plentiful, smooth, 
 almost fllled with a slightly eroded sphere, subspherical, 5.9-7.5 
 X 7.5-8.5 [jl. Basidia (of No. 4532) 7-9.7 x 22[i., with two sterig- 
 mata. Hymenial layer 37-130[j. thick, proliferating irregularly 
 and containing embedded spores. Hyphae of flesh loosely packed, 
 about 9[m in diameter with many septa and a few clamp connections. 
 
 The stem may be distinguished from the hymenium with the 
 naked eye by a slight or decided difference in color, and under a 
 lens by different surface texture. The plant has the spores and 
 
66 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 other microscopic detail o£ C. cristata and is most like the rugose 
 form of that species, but it differs in the more consistently dis¬ 
 crete stem and different color. However, as some forms of C. 
 rugosa have very distinct stems, it may be that the present species 
 is also nothing more than a form of the polymorphic C. cristata. 
 Similar plants were collected by Curtis years ago at Society Hill, 
 S. C., and determined as C. fiiliginea. In regard to this collection, 
 Curtis says (in Curtis-Berkeley Ms. at Kew Gardens, copy at 
 N. Y. Bot. Card.) : ‘‘Base of stem pale brown. Branches white 
 day color, solid, brittle, turgid, becoming hollow, tipped with 
 brown. July. Shade of trees.’' 
 
 We have carefully compared the type of C. amethystinoides 
 with our plants and find them closely similar. The microscopic 
 detail in both cases is that of all other species of the C. cristata 
 group, and we are entering this detail under the collections cited 
 below. We have found the thickness of the hymenium to be of 
 no importance in classification in this group, as it increases with 
 the age of the plant. 
 
 Clavaria Barlae Bres. is near this species, but the color of the 
 dried plants is brighter and the spores are smaller, “4-5 x 5-6[ji” 
 ( compared in the Bresadola Herb.). 
 
 Near this species seems also C. gigantula Britz. which is very 
 similar in shape and with a distinct stalk, but that is paler and 
 larger and has larger spores, 9-10 x 10-12[ji. (Bot. Centralblatt 
 71: 95. 1897 and Clavaria fig. 98). Clavaria ligata Britz. 
 (Hymen. Sfidb. 5: 290, fig. 37) seems also related and is possibly 
 the same. 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 : pi. 8, fig. 63. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 4532. In damp sphagnum bog among 
 moss, July 26, 1920. Characters exactly like No. 42 except running 
 larger and more branched; a few quite simple. In a few cases part of 
 the hymenium was darker, approaching fawn. Spores spherical, 7.4-9/x 
 in diameter. No. 4565. By pond opposite cemetery, pine woods, damp 
 soil, July 27, 1920. Hymenium 37[i thick in young plants and up to 
 110/x thick in old ones. No. 5296. On damp, mossy bank under beech, 
 July 6, 1922. A very large form, up to 10 cm. high. Spores 6-8 x 7.4-10/x. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. No. 5626. In black leaf mold at Glen 
 Mary Falls, August 20, 1922. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 South Carolina: Hartsville. No. 42. In loose sandy soil or with thin moss 
 and liverworts under Finns tacda with undergrowth of sweet gum, etc., 
 

 PLATE 22 
 
 1: Xo. 1913 I below 1. 
 
 Ci.AVARiA I’lSTiLi.AKis. Xo. 1994 [above 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 67 
 
 August 7, 1917. No. 63. In black humus under Cyvilla and red maple, 
 damp, flat woods in Ellis’s pasture, June 15, 1918. 
 
 Society Hill. Curtis, No. 1265. (Curtis Herb, and Kew Herb., as C. 
 fuliginea?). 
 
 Massachusetts: Stow. Davis. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb. Part of type). 
 Spores 5.5-7.4 X 7.4-8.5|it. Hymenium about 110-130|U, thick; basidia 
 about 5.8/x thick. Threads of flesh much intertwined, up to 7.4/x thick. 
 
 Clavaria ornatipes Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 122 : 18, 160. 1908. 
 
 Lachnocladiiim ornatipes (Pk.) Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 
 9: 65, pi. 11, fig. 102. 1922. 
 
 Plates 9, 15, and 83 
 
 Single and scattered, sparsely gregarious, 2.5-9 cm. tall; stem 
 long, slender, distinct, dark brown, hispid on the lower third or 
 half; fertile part smooth or often rugose, usually thicker, simple 
 (rarely) or divided into two or several upright, often palmate 
 branches; color, excepting the stem, grayish, fleshy brown; tips 
 blackish in fading; texture fleshy and semi-brittle as in C. cristata, 
 and taste the same as in that species. 
 
 Spores white, smooth, subspherical, 8.5-9.3 x 9.3-10.5[j(.. Ba¬ 
 sidia 7.4-10[i. thick, about 30[l long, 2-spored; hymenium about 
 100[j. thick; hyphae very variable and irregular, with many septa, 
 no clamp connections. Just under the hymenium the threads are 
 replaced by large swollen cells. 
 
 This unique and inconspicuous species is not rarely found if 
 one knows how to look for it. In the south it is known only from 
 the mountains. It occurs in low, swampy woods, usually among 
 mosses, and is nearest C. amcthystinoides. Peck first reported this 
 as C. trichopiis Pers. ( Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 24: 82. 1872), but 
 later with good reason considered it as distinct. Persoon’s de¬ 
 scription and figure of C. trichopus would certainly exclude the 
 present plant, which is far from white at all stages. The stiff, red- 
 brown hairs which clothe the lower third (J4~/^) plant 
 
 make the species easy to recognize, and sharply distinguish it from 
 all others. Overholts reports it from State College, Pennsylvania 
 (Mycologia 12: 135. 1920). 
 
68 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Illustration : Burt. As cited above. 
 
 North Carolina: Blowing Rock. Coker and party, No. 5620. In deep 
 woods mold near Glen Mary Falls, August 20, 1922. Typical. Spores 
 7.4-8.2 X 8.5-9.5/x. No. 5671. In moss and humus on Cone estate, 
 August 22, 1922. Up to 8.8 cm. high. Also several other collections 
 in similar locations. (All in U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Virginia: Mountain Lake. Murrill. Abundani on a wet clay bank, July 
 1909. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 8-8.5 x9.3-10.5^. 
 
 New York: Sand Lake. Peck. Wet places among sphagnum in woods. 
 (Albany Herb. Type). 
 
 Ithaca. Atkinson. (Bresadola Herb., Stockholm). 
 
 Catskills. Peck. (Albany Plerb., as C. argillacea). Spores subspherical, 
 about 7.5-9.3jit thick. 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker, No. 29. At base of a hemlock and in moss 
 on rock by brook, September 7, 1919. 
 
 Massachusetts: Stow. In a swamp at base of a maple in woods composed 
 mostly of deciduous trees, a conifer here and there. Simon Davis. 
 (Albany Herb, and U. N. C. Herb.). Mr. Davis says: “Attracted my 
 attention because of its two colors. The branches being of a dull leaden 
 gray, while the stem was fuscous and adorned with erect, sharp-pointed 
 spines.” 
 
 Clavaria cristata (Holmsk.) Pers. Syn. Met. Fung., p. 591. 
 1801. 
 
 C. coralloides L. (in part). FI. Suecica, 2nd. ed., p. 457. 1755. 
 C.alhida Schaeff. Fung. Bavar., p. 116, pi. 170. 1763. 
 
 C. laciniata Schaeff. Fung. Bavar., p. 122, pi. 291. 1770. 
 
 C. cinerea Bull. Herb. Fr., p. 204, pi. 354. 1787. 
 
 C. rugosa Bull. Herb. Fr., p. 206, pi. 448, bg. 2. 1789. (Not 
 C. rugosa in sense of Sovrerby, Engl. Fungi, pi. 235.) 
 
 C. elegans Bolton. Hist. Fung. Halifax, p. 115, pi. 115. 1789. 
 C. amethystea Bull. Herb. Fr., p. 200, pi. 496, fig. 2. 1790. 
 Ramaria cristata Holmsk. Beata Ruris 1: 92, pi. 23. 1790. 
 (p. 97, PersooiTs ed. 1797). 
 
 C. fimbriata Pers. N. Mag. Bot. (Romer’s), p. 117. 1794. 
 
 C. trichopus Pers. Comm., p. 50 (182), pi. 4, fig. 3. 1797. 
 
 C. fallax Pers. Comm., p. 48 (180). 1797. 
 
 C. palmata Pers. Comm., p. 45 (177). 1797. (Not C. pal- 
 mata Scop.) 
 
 C. grisea Pers. Comm., p. 44 (176). 1797. 
 
 C. grossa Pers. Comm., p. 50 (182). 1797. 
 
PLATE 23 
 
 Clavaria pistillaris. Redding, Conn. (No. 27) 
 
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 TLi" ■% ♦• • ■ ■ - ■■ * I'wv- <' ■* * • , “4 • 
 
 ■ ^ .’■< ■: 'j i‘■■- 'ft^V v--.--^ 
 
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 j—JJT'j .■_• ■ . •• . ■> - jSW 
 
 
 ■. 
 
 
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 r-" 
 
 -#.' 
 
 ■ i.' 
 
 -k, •_ V „ .. •^ .,] 
 
 ■'• *^. * ’i'^ V iV -' -'' 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 69 
 
 C. macropits Pers. (Sense o£ Fries and Bresadola). Comm., 
 p. 51 (183), pi. 1, fig. 2. 1797. 
 
 C. fuliginea Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 166. 1822. 
 
 C. alba Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 161. 1822. 
 
 C. cristata var. carta Ju. ighuhn. Linnaea 5: 407, pi. 7, fig. 
 2b. 1830. 
 
 C. cristata var. flexnosa Tnnghuhn. Linnaea 5: 407, pi. 7, 
 fig. 2a. 1830. 
 
 C. ajflata Lagg. (Sense of Bresadola). Flora 19 (1) : 231. 
 1836. 
 
 C. Kronibhohii Fr. Epicr., p. 572. 1838. 
 
 C. lilacina Er. Hymen. Europ., p. 667. 1874. (Not C. li- 
 
 lacina Jungh. in Lev. Champ, exot., p. 216. 1844). 
 
 ?C. dicliotoma Godey in Gillet. Hymen. Er., p. 766. 1874. 
 
 C. Schaefferi Sacc. Syll. Eung. 6: 693, 1888. 
 
 C. sphaerospora E. & E. Journ. Mycol. 4: 62. 1888. 
 
 C. sublilacina Karst. Finlands Basidsvampar, p. 375. 1889. 
 C. Hcrveyi Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 45 : 84. 1892. Rugosa 
 form. 
 
 C. Favreae (Quel.) Sacc. & Trav. Syll. Fung. 19: 321. 1910. 
 (As Ramaria in Assn. Fr. Avanc. Sci. 22 : 489, pi. 3, fig. 13. 
 1893. 
 
 C. cinerea var. gracilis. Rea. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 6 : 62. 
 1917. 
 
 C.mutans Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot, Gard. 9: 31, pi. 6, fig. 41. 
 1922. 
 
 C. histrix E. & E. (herbarium name).* 
 
 * So far as can be ascertained from rather poor figures and very inadequate 
 descriptions we take the following “species” of Britzelmayr to be forms of C. cristata : 
 C. gregalis Britz. Hymen, Slidb. 8; 286. 
 
 C. arctata Britz. Hymen. Siidb. 8 : 286. 
 
 C. crassa Britz, Hymen. Siidb. 8 : 286. Purplish form. 
 
 C. macrospora Britz, Hymen. Siidb. 8 : 287. 
 
 C. unistirpis Britz. Hymen. Siidb. 8: 287. 
 
 C. pseudoflava Britz, Hymen. Siidb. 7 (10) : 14, fig. 62 (Clav.) 
 
 C. subfastigiata Britz. Hymen. Sudb. 7 (10) : 14, figs. 43, 64 and 78 (Clav.). 
 
 C. clavaeformis Britz. Hymen. Siidb. 7 (10) : 14, fig. 67 (Clav.). 
 
 C. rugosa form fuliginea. Hymen. Siidb. 7: (10) : 14, fig. 68 (Clav,). Blackened 
 by parasite. 
 
 C. extans Britz. Hymen. Siidb. 8: 10, fig. 12 (Clav.). Referred previously by 
 . Britzelmayr to C. Kunsei. 
 
 C. obtusiuscula Britz. Hymen. Siidb. 17 (Bot. Centralb. 71: 95. 1897). Separate, 
 p. 19. 
 
 C. gigantula Britz. Hymen. Siidb. 17 (Bot. Centralb. 71: 95. 1897). Separate, 
 
 p. 19. 
 
70 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Plates 9, 16-19, and 83 
 
 Remarkably variable in both form and color. The typical 
 form is whitish or pallid, slender, narrow, about 2-3 mm. thick 
 below and 3-6 cm. high, long-stalked /with a few or several 
 branches which are rather abruptly crested at the ends with small, 
 pointed, more or less crowded branchlets; sometimes there is a 
 single slender stalk with a dense crest at the tip, or there may be 
 several stalks attached near the base and these may branch near 
 the middle. Other forms besides the typical are also included in 
 the following notes. At times none of the branches is crested or 
 some may be crested and others not; also the stem may be very 
 short and the branches numerous and forming a contorted tuft 
 or the stem may be much flattened and expanded upwards, with 
 a few irregular flat branches, or with no branches but rugose- 
 wrinkled or knobbed. The tip is sometimes flattened and ex¬ 
 panded like an antler, and in less complex forms the plants are apt 
 to be somewhat enlarged and flattened upwards. Color white at 
 base and usually light grayish flesh color elsewhere except the tips 
 which are creamy white when young, then becoming colored more 
 like the branches and easily blackening after maturity. The color 
 varies from dull or creamy white to lavender-gray (or with a tint 
 of this color with tan) or smoky lavender, pale to deep mouse 
 gray, ash color, drab, or dull yellow with all admixtures of these 
 colors; surface even below, more or less channelled and wrinkled 
 upwards. Flesh dry, toughish, not brittle, bending on itself with¬ 
 out a complete break, creamy white, softer inside, and usually 
 with one or two small uneven cavities in center from the separa¬ 
 tion of the fibers; odor almost none, taste mild, not very pleasant, 
 somewhat bitterish musty, at times a little like that of Agaricus 
 campestris. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2221) when fresh pure white, smooth, regular, 
 subspherical to short-elliptic, 5.2-7.4 x 7-9.2[ji; after standing for 
 some time they become yellowish and often irregular by collapsing. 
 Basidia two-spored in all forms, the long stout sterigmata usually 
 curved inward. Hymenium of No. 4561 thick (110-165[t) and 
 with many spores irregularly embedded through most of its area, 
 indicating a great increase in thickness by irregular proliferation. 
 In No. 4899 the hymenium is much thinner (50-60[j.) and there are 
 few or no more embedded spores than would naturally be dragged 
 in by the knife. 
 
 Common in deciduous or coniferous woods on earth or humus, 
 often in thin grass in groves or lawns and rarely on very rotten 
 
PLATE 24 
 
 Clavaria amethystina. No. 2622 [above] ; No. 2282 [below]. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 71 
 
 trunks of deciduous or coniferous wood; probably the most widely 
 distributed and commonest of Clavarias. Plants under dense 
 hemlock cannot be distinguished from those in open deciduous 
 groves except for a somewhat ranker taste. “Edible and of the 
 best quality.”—Mcllvaine. 
 
 Not rarely this species is attacked on the stem by a blackish 
 parasite, giving the lower part a very dark color. This condition 
 is Persoon’s C. fallax (as under C. cristata) which he describes 
 as attacked by such a parasite. He says (Syn. Met. Fung., p. 
 592) : “The sickly condition of the fungus is caused by a certain 
 Sphaeria, living on it as a parasite, which on first sight makes it 
 resemble a Xylaria” The parasite is now known as Scoletotrich- 
 um Clavariarum. Another striking form is smoky purplish above 
 with the stem rather abruptly buffy brown, as shown in pi. 9, fig. 
 4. This might well be called form bicolor. 
 
 The great variability of this plant has led to many names and 
 much confusion. The large, smooth, subspherical spores, pliable 
 texture, and blackening tips are the surest guides. Persoon notes 
 the polymorphic character of C. cristata and says “white to brown¬ 
 ish subcinereous,” but he includes C. cinerca as distinct. Sowerby 
 (pi. 378) also notes this variability, saying: “It is equally 
 variable in form and color, but mostly white.” 
 
 In the Persoon Herbarium C. cristata is represented by eight 
 sheets of the species and several so-called varieties. Some have 
 the form of C. cinerca, some are rugose above and with long 
 slender stalks, one called var. decurtata is a common form, while 
 others are typical with cristate tips. Almost all variations are 
 represented except the simplest rngosa form. Clavaria fimbriata 
 is represented by two good plants which are obviously C. cristata, 
 and C. rugosa is shown by several good collections and is like ours. 
 The spores are smooth, subspherical, 6.S-9.5 x 7.5-1 l|i-. In the 
 same herbarium are three good plants of C. fuliginea which are 
 evidently a color form of C. cristata, having the same habit, size, 
 and spores, as well as crested tips (spores oval, smooth, sometimes 
 tapering toward the mucro end, 6-7.4 x 7.4-9.5[i.). Clavaria grisea 
 is well represented in Persoon’s herbarium by two sheets, which 
 show that it is C. cinerea, as Cotton has asserted. The spores are 
 smooth, subspherical, 5.5-6.5 x 7.4-9[i.. The observation by Per¬ 
 soon that the spores are brown-red is an error (Cotton. Trans. 
 
72 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: 184. 1909). As Persoon himself considers C. 
 grisea and C. cinerea as synonyms of C. fuliginea (Myc. Europ., 
 p. 166) we are safe in disposing of it here. Clavaria fuliginea 
 as determined in the Schweinitz Herbarium is C. cincrea, with 
 spores 6.5 x 7.5[i. In the Curtis Herbarium plants so labelled are 
 C. amethystinoides. Fries considers C. trichopus a synonym of C. 
 cristata, and plants in Bresadola’s herbarium (Cavelante) so de¬ 
 termined are a form of C. cristata with spores subspherical, 
 
 5.5- 7.4 X 6-8[jl; basidia 5.5-6.2[j. thick with two sterigmata. Clav¬ 
 aria albida in Bresadola’s herbarium is also C. cristata, with spores 
 oval to subspherical, 6-7.5 x 7.5-9[ji. We have received also two 
 collections from Romell (Sweden) labelled C. albida which are the 
 same. The white form often swollen upward, such as ours from 
 Redding, Conn., is the one that is at times referred to C. coral- 
 loides by European botanists, as Romell. The C. coralloides of 
 Persoon’s herbarium is a large branched plant that might pass for 
 a highly developed form of C. Kroniblwlsii except for the spores, 
 which are so different as to exclude it. They are subelliptic, 
 slightly rough, 4-4.8 x 10.5-13p-. That Fries’s idea of C. macropus 
 Pers. is the Krombhohii form of C. cristata is shown by a good 
 collection by him (Upsala) at Kew (spores smooth, oval, 
 
 6.6- 7 X 8-8.5[jl). This is also the disposition of the species by 
 Bresadola. In his herbarium is a plant so named which is easily 
 seen to be a small form of C. rugosa, with spores “8-9 x 7.5-8.5p..” 
 The species is not represented in Persoon’s herbarium, and so 
 must remain doubtful. If the C. dichotoma Godey distributed by 
 Roumeguere as No. 3115 of his Fungi Gallici exsiccati is authentic, 
 the name is a synonym of C. cristata. An example at Kew is like 
 the latter in appearance and has the same spores, 5-6.5 x 6.3-7.4ui.. 
 However, Bourdot and Maire (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 36: 72. 1920) 
 give the spores as smaller, 3.5-4 x 4.5-5[x. Otherwise their de¬ 
 scription does not exclude a form of C. cristata. Saccardo pro¬ 
 posed the name C. Schaefferi to represent C. lilacina Fr. and C. 
 purpurea Schaeff. He gives the spores of the plant he had in 
 mind as 8-10 x 6-8[i-, which show it to be the purplish form of C. 
 cristata. Schaeffer’s plate looks so much like what we are calling 
 C. amethystina that it would be so referred with confidence except 
 for the large spores figured on the same plate. Clavaria coliformis 
 Bond. (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 33: 11, pi. 3, fig. 2. 1917) is probably 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 73 
 
 the rugosa form of this species. The spores are given as 7p. 
 thick, spherical. 
 
 Spores of C. histrix from West Virginia, at the New York 
 Botanical Garden, are 5.2-6 x 7-8.4p. and those of our No. 2221 are 
 the same. At the New York Botanical Garden is also the type of 
 C. sphaerospora E. & E. They look like simple or sparingly 
 branched forms of C. cristata and have the same spores, 6-7.4 x 
 7-8[i.. The type plants of C. Herveyi show it to be the rugosa 
 form of this species. Plants from Bresadola at the New York 
 Botanical Garden determined by him as C. grossa Pers. look just 
 like small C. cinerea and have spores subspherical, 6-8 x 7-9\k 
 (Bres.). In the Curtis Herbarium are a good many collections 
 labelled C. cristata. Most of them are true, as one from the 
 Schweinitz Herbarium (spores 6.6x7.5[i.) and one from E. P. 
 Eries, Upsala (spores 7.3 x 8[i.) ; some look like C. stricta and 
 one from Peck seems to be C. hyssiseda, and a Rhode Island col¬ 
 lection (Olney) is perhaps C. Ktm^ei. In the same herbarium a 
 collection from Bordeaux, France, labelled C. grisea is the cinerea 
 form of C. cristata, with large subspherical spores. Two other 
 collections from Europe labelled C. cinerea are like our plants. 
 There is none from Fries under C. cinerea. From the description 
 C. comosa Pat. (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 22 : 196. 1906) may be Rea's 
 var. gracilis of C. cinerea. 
 
 Many students prefer to divide this group into several species, 
 but we have been unable to hud any differences either in gross 
 character or in microscopic detail of sufficient importance or con¬ 
 sistency to enable us to distinguish species within the group. Ro- 
 mell, too, writes (April 16, 1920) that he does not see any distinct 
 limit between C. eristata, C. cinerea, and C. rugosa. Maire and 
 Juel have studied nuclear division in the basidia of this group. The 
 former found that in C. rugosa the spindle was more or less par¬ 
 allel with the long axis of the basidium and that the spores were 
 uninucleate (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 18: 85, pi. 2, figs. 15-20. 1902). 
 He says that C. grisea is similar to C. rugosa in all essential char¬ 
 acters. Juel studied C. cinerea and C. cristata and found them like 
 Maire’s two species and like each other (Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. 
 Upsaliensis, ser. 4, 4:1. 1916). In C. cinerea he finds (pi. 2, 
 figs. 28-32) eight nuclei in the basidium and one passes into each 
 of the two spores. The six other nuclei remain in good condition 
 
74 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 in the protoplasm of the basidium, but there is no evidence of 
 further spore production. Of C. cristata (pi. 2, figs. 33-35) he 
 says that ‘‘in microscopic structure it stands very near to C. 
 cinerea” See also Patouillard in Tab. Fung., p. 67, fig. 154. 
 
 We have studied carefully numerous specimens of these forms 
 and find that they can be divided into two rather indistinct groups, 
 based on a slight difference in the size of the spores and a tend¬ 
 ency to become yellow in the dried state in one group and gray or 
 brown in the other. There are, however, many exceptions, and the 
 gap is bridged by numerous intermediate forms. The difference 
 seems to be regional rather than specific, the northern plants more 
 frequently tending to the rugosa form and often with slightly 
 larger spores. Typical results of spore measurements in the two 
 groups are given in tabular form below. 
 
 Rugosa-Krombholmi forms: 
 
 Redding, Conn., No. 25.Spores 7-9.3 x 8-11/x. 
 
 Chocorua, N. H. (Farlow)...Spores 7-9.3 x 8.5-10.5ja. 
 
 Vaughns, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 38)..-.Spores 7-8 x 7.6-9.5/>t. 
 
 West Fort Ann, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 28).Spores 7-9.3 x 8.5-10.5 /a. 
 
 Sand Lake, N. Y. (Peck)...Spores 6.8-9 x 8.2-10.5/x. 
 
 Monands, N. Y. (Peck).....Spores 7-8.7 x 8-10 /a. 
 
 Pink Bed Valley, N. C. (Murrill & House, No. 375) Spores 7.4-8.8 x 
 8.5-10 /a. 
 
 West Albany, N. Y. (Peck)....Spores 7.4-9.3 x 8-11 /a. 
 
 Chocorua, N. H. (Farlow, No. 374)...Spores 7-8.5 x 7.5-9.6 /a. 
 
 Vaughns, N. Y. ( Burnham, No. 29)......Spores 7-9.3 x 8-11 /a. 
 
 Hudson Falls, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 49)...Spores 7.4-9.5 x 8.5-11 /a. 
 
 Blowing Rock, N. C., No. 5572.Spores 7-8.5 x 8-10.2 /a. 
 
 Blowing Rock, No. 5616.....Spores 7.4-9.5 x 9-10.5 /a. 
 
 Blowing Rock, No. 5676...Spores 7.5-8.5 x 8-10.5 /a. 
 
 France (Patouillard).Spores 7.5-9.2 x9-11 /a. 
 
 Redding, Conn. (Coker ).Spores 7.4-9.3 x 8.5-10.5 /a. 
 
 Ludlow, Vt. (Miss Hibbard, No. 3)...Spores 7-8.5 x 8-10.5 /a. 
 
 Chocorua, N. H. (Farlow, No. 310a).Spores 7.6-9.3 x 8-11 /a. 
 
 Chocorua, N. H. (Farlow, No. 310b)......Spores 7.4-9.3 x8.2-1 1 /a. 
 
 Cristata-cinerea forms: 
 
 Chapel Hill, No. 2246....Spores 6-8 x 7.4-9 /a. 
 
 No. 2251...........Spores 6.5-7 x 7-8.5 /a. 
 
 No. 2221.....Spores 5.5-7.4 x 7.4-9.2 /a. 
 
 No. 2387.Spores 5.5-7.5 x 7.4-10.5 /a. 
 
 No. 2417.Spores 6-7.5 x 7.4-9.5 /a. 
 
 No. 2636...Spores 5.5-7 x 7-8.6 /a. 
 
 No. 2660-.Spores 5.5-7.4 x 7-9 /a. 
 
 No. 2694-.Spores 6-7.5 x 7.4-9 /a. 
 
 No. 2702-.Spores 6-7.5 x 7.5-9.3 /a. 
 
PF.ATl^: 25 
 
 Cl.AVARIA AMETHVSTIXA. No. 4363. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 75 
 
 No. 2733.......Spores 6.3-7.6 x 7-9ix. 
 
 No. 2809.....Spores 5.5-7.3 x 7-8.5/x. 
 
 No. 3091... Spores 5.5-7.5 x 7.5-9.3/x. 
 
 No. 3108.Spores 5.6-7.2 x 6.7-9/>t. 
 
 No. 3394..........Spores 6-7.6 x 7-9.3/x. 
 
 No. 4566.......Spores 5.5-7.4 x 7-8.5/x. 
 
 No. 4899. ...Spores 6-7.4 x 7.5-9.3/x. 
 
 Lake George, N. Y. (Coker, No. 8). Spores 5.5-7.5 x 7.4-8.5|a. 
 
 Vaughns, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 26)...Spores 5.5-7 x 7-8.6/x. 
 
 West Fort Ann, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 35).Spores 6-8 x 7.5-9.5ja. 
 
 West Fort Ann, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 46).....Spores 6.5-7.5 x 7.5-9.3/x. 
 
 Newfane, Vt. (Miss Hibbard, No. 10).....Spores 6.5-7.6 x 7.6-9.3/x. 
 
 Pocono Lake Preserve, Pa. (Vogler).Spores 6-7.5 x 7.5-9.3/x. 
 
 Vaughns, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 110). Spores 6-7.6 x 7.4-8.6/x. 
 
 New Providence, Bahamas (No. 215). ....Spores 5.5-7 x 6.6-7.4/x. 
 
 Falls Church, Va. (Murrill)....Spores 6-7.4 x 7-8.5/x. 
 
 From the above it will be seen that the spores of the cristata- 
 cinerca forms run smaller on the average than those of the Kromh- 
 hohii-rtigosa group, but we give below some exceptions to this. 
 
 Riigosa-Kromhkolzii forms: 
 
 Chapel Hill, No. 3573......Spores 6.5-7.2 x 7-8.6/x. 
 
 Chapel Hill, No. 5148.........Spores 6.5-7.5 x 7.5-9.7/x. 
 
 Lake Winnesquam, N. H. (Miss Hibbard).__Spores 6.6-8 x 8-9.3/x. 
 
 Delmar, N. Y. (Peck)..Spores 6-7.8 x 7.4-8.8/x. 
 
 Newfane, Vt. (Miss Hibbard, No. 4)..Spores 6.8-7.7 x 7.4-9.3/x. 
 
 Cristata-cinerea forms: 
 
 Newfane, Vt. (Miss Hibbard, No. 11)...Spores 7-8.5 x 8-10.5/x. 
 
 Washington Co., N. Y. (Burnham, No. 1)........Spores 7-8.4 x 7.4-10.5/x 
 
 West Fort Ann, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 3).Spores 6.3-8.5 x 7.4-9.5/x. 
 
 Vaughns, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 27)....Spores 6.6-8.5 x 8.5-11/x. 
 
 Illustrations: Badham. Esculent Fungi Engl., pi. 5, fig. 5 (as C. cinerca), 
 fig. 6 (as C. rugosa) ; pi. 15, fig. 4 (as C. rugosa), fig. 5 (as C. cinerea). 
 1847. 
 
 Berkeley. Outlines Brit. Fung., pi. 18, fig. 3 (as C. rugosa), fig. 4 (as C. 
 umbrina). 1860. 
 
 Bolton. Hist. Fung. Halifax, pi. 115. 1789. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Sudb., Clavariei, figs. 3-4 (as C. lilaciua), fig. 5 (as 
 C. gregalis), figs. 6, 66 (as C. arctata), fig. 7 (as C. cristata), fig. 8 (as 
 C. rugosa), fig. 9 (as C. macrospora), fig. 10 (as C. unistirpis), fig. 11 
 (as C. Krombholzii), fig. 12 (as C. Kunzei, later called C. extans), fig. 
 39 (as C. grossa), fig. 40 (as C. ameihystina), fig. 47 (as C. cincrea ), 
 fig. 48 (as C. coralloidcs), fig. 63 (as C. Schaefferi), fig. 67 (as C. 
 clavaeformis), fig. 68 (as C. rugosa form fidiginea). 1879-97. 
 
 Bulliard. As cited above. 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 7, fig. 59 (as C. Hcrveyi) ; pi. 9, fig. 82 
 (as C. spJiacrospora). 1922. 
 
76 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Cooke. A Plain and Easy Account of Brit. Fung., 1st. ed., pi. 17, fig. 1 
 (as C. cincrea), fig. 3 (as C. rugosa) ; 3rd ed., pi. 10, fig. 2 (as C. 
 cinerea) ; pi. 7, fig. 3. 
 
 Cordier. Champ. Fr., pi. 46, fig. 2 (as C. cinerea), fig. 3 (as C. ametJiys- 
 tina). 1874. 
 
 Dufour. Atlas Champ., pi. 68, fig. 149 (as C. cinerea). 1891. 
 
 Fries. Sverig, Atlas Svamp., pi. 92, figs. 1-3 (as C. cristata), figs, 4-5 (as 
 C. coralloides). 1860-66. 
 
 Gibson. Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, pi. 31 (as C. umbrina and C. 
 rugosa). 1895. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr. 5: pi. 108. (114) (as C. rugosa and C. Kromhholzii). 
 
 Greville. Scott. Crypt. FI. 2: pi. 64 (purplish cinerea form). 1824. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 393. 1908. 
 
 Holmskjold. Beata Ruris 1; pi. 23 (as Ramaria cristata), pi. 20 (as R. 
 ornithopodioides). 1790. 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild. u. Beschr., pi. 5, figs. 14-15 (as C. cristata) ; pi. 53, 
 figs. 9-10 (as C. grisea), figs. 11-12 (as C. paimata), fig. 13 (as C. cris¬ 
 tata), fisrs. 14-17 (as C. Kunzci) : pi. 54, figs. 13-17 (as C. ruqosa), figs. 
 \S-20 C. grossa). 1831-1846. 
 
 Lanzi. Funghi Mang., pi. 13, fig. 4 (as C. amethystina). 1902. 
 
 Leuba. Champ. Comest., pi. 43, fig. 6 (as C. cinerea). Figure 5 is called 
 the same but is more than doubtful. 1890. 
 
 Lloyd. Myc. Notes No. 65: pi. 178, figs. 1935 and 1936 (as C. laciniata). 
 1920. 
 
 Michael. Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde. Vol. 2, No. 26, (as C. coralloides), No. 
 28 (as C. cristata). 1901; Vol. 3, No. 30 (as C. grisea). 1905. 
 
 Maire. As above cited (C. rugosa). 
 
 Nees von Esenbeck. Systema, pi. 16, fig. 151 1817. 
 
 Patouillard. Tab. Analyt. Fung., fig. 154 (as C. cinerea), fig. 381 (as C. 
 rugosa), figs. 37 and 261 (as C. cristata and var. minor). 1883-1886. 
 
 Peck. Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 48: pi. 39, figs. 8-12 (as C. cristata). 1894. 
 
 Persoon. Comm., pi. 2, fig. 4 (as C. fallax var, cristata) ; pi. 4, fig. 3 (as 
 C. trichopus). 1797. 
 
 Quelet. Champ. Jura Vosg. 1: pi. 20, fig. 5 (as C. rugosa). Also in 
 Asso. Frangaise 16: pi. 21, fig. 12 (as C. fimbriata). 1887. 
 
 Rea. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 6 : pi. 2, fig. 4 (as C. cinerea var. gracilis). 
 1917. 
 
 Rolland. Atlas Champ., pi. 103, No. 230; No. 232 (as C. cinerea) ; No. 
 233 (as C. rugosa). 1910. 
 
 Schaeffer. Fung. Bavar., pi. 170 (as C. albida). 1763; and pi. 291 (as 
 C. laciniata). 1770. 
 
 Sicard. Hist. Nat. Champ., pi. 62, fig. 320 (as C. cinerea), figs. 314 and 
 330 (as C. cristata). 1883. 
 
 Swanton. Fungi, pi. 29, fig. 7 (as C. rugosa), fig. 9 (purplish form of 
 C. cinerea ). 1909. 
 
PLATE 26 
 
 Clavaria pyxidata. No. 3103. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 77 
 
 Taylor. Food Products I, Frontispiece, fig. 8 (as C. cinerea), fig. 9 (as 
 C.rugosa). 1894. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2221. Swamp of New Hope Creek, 
 June 24, 1916. No. 2251. Mossy grass under oaks, June 25, 1916. 
 No. 2384. Mossy soil, June 28, 1916. No. 2387. On ground in low 
 place in woods, July 18, 1916. No. 2417. In low woods near branch, 
 July 22, 1916. Large plants, 8 cm. tall and 4 cm. wide. No. 2591. 
 Rocky hillside, mixed woods, July 5, 1917. No. 2627. Upland woods, 
 July 10, 1917. Spores 5.5-7.4 x 6.6-8|Lt. No. 2636. Under cedars at 
 “The Rocks,” July 11, 1917. No. 2647. Low damp woods, July 11, 
 1917. Basidia 5-7.4/x thick. No. 2660. Mixed upland woods, July 12, 
 1917. No. 2686. Low damp woods, July 16, 1917. Pure white form; 
 tips very little crested. No. 2694. Low damp woods near base of Laurel 
 Hill, July 17, 1917. No. 2702. Mixed woods by branch, July 17, 1917. 
 This is a form that might pass for C. rugosa. No. 2733. Mixed upland 
 woods, July 21, 1917. No. 2746. On earth in woods, July 20, 1917. 
 Form C. rugosa. Spores 5.5-7 x7-8/x. No. 2809. In thin grass in 
 lawns, July 29, 1917. Color varying from light creamy gray to deep 
 mouse-gray or smoky lavender. This connects with C. rugosa, C. cris- 
 tata, and C. cinerea. No. 3293. On Dr. Pratt’s lawn, June 1, 1919. 
 No. 3573. Mixed woods, October 31, 1919. Plants pure white. No. 
 4561. Damp soil, woody elevation, July 27, 1920. Cinerea form. 
 Threads of flesh closely packed, 4-7/x thick; hymenial layer 66fjL thick; 
 basidia 6.2-7^jl thick. No. 4566. Mixed woods but mostly pines, July 
 27, 1920. A paler, smaller form, approaching the typical C. cristata, but 
 with a smoky tint. No. 4899. Mixed woods, October 6, 1921. Lav¬ 
 ender form. 
 
 Dillingham. Elevation of 3400 feet. J. S. Holmes. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Louisiana: St. Martinsville. Langlois. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 West Virginia: Fayette Co. Nuttall. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 District of Columbia: Takoma Park. Williams. (N. Y. Bot. Card. 
 Herb.). 
 
 New Jersey: Newfield. Ellis. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). Spores ovate, 
 about 6.5 X 8/x. 
 
 Pennsylvania: Pocono Lake Preserve. Vogler. (U. N. C. Herb.). Grega¬ 
 rious, much branched from a distinct, short base; when young rather 
 light drab, the tips quite pale, turning smoky drab after maturity; tips 
 toothed as a rule, but some decidedly crested, easily blackening. 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Burnham, No. 110. Aug. 1, 1919. Plants flesh 
 colored to white. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 New York Botanical Gardens. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). 
 
 Lake Placid. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker. Sept. 7, 1919. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Vermont: Newfane. Miss Hibbard. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Ludlow. Miss Hibbard. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
78 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 New Hampshire: White Mountains. Ellis. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 Chocorua. Farlow. (U. N. C. Herb, from Farlow Herb., as C. rugosa). 
 
 California: Pasadena. McClatcbie, No. 204. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as 
 
 C. cine re a). 
 
 Canada: Ottawa. Macoun. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). Spores as in 
 Chapel Hill plants. 
 
 London. Dearness. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. cincrea, E. & E. Fungi 
 Columbiana, No. 1215). 
 
 Newfoundland: Wagborne. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). Spores about 
 
 7 X 8.7/4. 
 
 Bahama Islands: New Providence. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herl)., No. 215). 
 
 Porto Rico: Johnston. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). Dark form. Spores 
 smooth, subspherical, 7 x 9/4. 
 
 Clavaria cineroides Atk. Ann. Myc. 7: 367. 1909. 
 
 Plates 20 and 83 
 
 This species was described from Chapel Hill plants collected 
 by us, and the following is the original description by Atkinson: 
 
 “Plants very much branched from base, 7 cm. high, S-6 cm. 
 broad, trunk absent. Plants uniformly gray when fresh. Base 
 of branches whitish in drying, upper portion of plant becoming 
 pale ochre or buff. Branches dichotomous, slightly clavate, nu¬ 
 merous. Axils acute or rounded. Tips usually bidentate, teeth 
 rounded. Plants somewhat tough. Basidia' slender, 4-spored, 
 40-45 X 7[ji. [We make them 5.5-6.2p, thick when measured in 
 water from the dried state; hymenium about 75[i. thick, packed 
 with small crystals.] Spores globose, smooth, white, pedicellate, 
 with large oil drop, 4-6p.. The plant resembles Claz’aria cinerea in 
 color when fresh but the spores are much smaller, the branches 
 more slender. In size and shape the spores resemble those of 
 Clavaria fusiformis but the plant is very different from that 
 species.’’ 
 
 This species has not been reported except from Chapel Hill, but 
 we have recently found it in the mountains and we find several 
 American collections and one European that appear the same. Of 
 the American lots one was in Peck’s herbarium (Vaughns, Burn¬ 
 ham collection) mixed with C. Kunaei] two others were sent us 
 by Burnham for determination. The lot from Vaughns has just 
 the shape of the type, with long slender branches which divide 
 two or three times with open axils, the primary branches scurfy 
 
PLATE 27 
 
 ClAVARIA PYXIDATA. No. 1611 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 79 
 
 and fused together into the ground and one or two centimeters 
 above it. One collection from Tripoli is shorter and stouter, with 
 thicker tips, but otherwise like the others. The Chapel Hill plants 
 were pale gray when fresh, and it is probable, since they have been 
 mistaken for C. Kun^ei, that they may vary to almost white. The 
 species is nearest C. miiscoides, which is very similar in spores and 
 other microscopic characters, but which is easily separated by dif¬ 
 ferent color and usually smaller size. Our plants are entirely dif¬ 
 ferent from C. cinerea and are larger and stouter than C. Kunzei 
 and with quite distinct spores. The European plants were sent 
 us by Romell (Carlberg’s Park, Stockholm), who was much in¬ 
 terested in them and could not place them in any European 
 species. He makes a note that “as to shape not unlike CL fas- 
 tigiata but color white. Spores globose, We find the spores- 
 
 smooth, spherical with a distinct mucro and large oil drop, 6-7\k 
 thick. All collections show the base to be scurfy as in C. miis¬ 
 coides, the tips of the branches (when dry) abruptly sub-translu¬ 
 cent and cartilaginous-looking*. 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 8, fig. 61. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 100. On ground among pine needles, 
 mixed woods on hillside by Fern Walk, October 2, 1908. Type (Cornell 
 Herb., No. 22640 and U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Linville Falls. Coker and party. No. 5751. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Tripoli. Burnham, Nos. 32 and 99. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Spores (of No. 99) smooth, spherical, 5-6.2/x thick ; basidia 6.2-7.7fi thick, 
 4-spored; hymenium 35-50/x thick, with no crystals; hyphae 3.7/x thick, 
 roughly parallel, closely packed. 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham. (Albany Herb, and U. N. C. Herb.). Spores sub- 
 spherical, smooth, 5-6/x. 
 
 Ithaca. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb., as C. dcalbata Berk.). Spores sub- 
 globose with strong mucro, 4.4-5.5ja thick. 
 
 Chappaqua. Mrs. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., No. 542). Spores 
 spherical, 4-5.5ja thick. 
 
80 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria muscoides L. Flora Suecica, 2nd ed., p. 457. 1755. 
 
 C. fastigiata L. Flora Suecica, 2nd. ed., p. 457. 1755. 
 
 C. corniculata Schaeff. Fung. Bavar., pi. 173. 1763. 
 
 C. pratensis Pers. Comm., p. 52 (183). 1797. 
 
 C. furcataPevs. Comm., p. 52. 1797. 
 
 C. vitellina Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 170. 1822. 
 
 C. similis Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 43 : 24 (70). 1890. (Not 
 C. similis Bond. & Pat.). 
 
 C.Peckii Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9: 249. 1891. (Not C. Peckii 
 Sacc. & D. Sacc.). 
 
 C. helveola var. dispar Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 181. 1822. 
 
 C. fellea Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 51 : 292. 1898. 
 
 C. muscoides var. obtusata Britz. Hymen. Siidb., Clavariei, 
 fig. 45. 1879-97. 
 
 C, muscoides var. obtusa Pk. Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 47: 151 
 (25 in Bot. ed.). 1894. 
 
 C. sir amine a Cotton. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: 265, pi. 11, 
 fig. D. 1909-10. 
 
 Plates 9, 21, and 83 
 
 Plants small, 2-5 cm. high, slender, quite variable in form, 
 from simple and single to clustered and fused at base and several 
 times branched above, terete or channelled, stem distinct, usually 
 long, branches none or a few knobs to several or many (usually 
 a few near the top), the angles open; tips bluntish; color varying 
 from rather pale dull yellow to deep clear yellow or ochraceous 
 yellow, shading downward to darker brown, the base white-scurfy 
 and more or less rooting and, when clustered, fused below; in 
 drying unchanging or becoming a light leather color. Flesh mod¬ 
 erately brittle, breaking at 45°, taste rank, farinaceous and bitter. 
 
 Spores (of one of our collections from Lake George, N. Y.) 
 white, smooth, spherical, with an abrupt mucro, 5-7.5[x. Basidia 
 about 7-10[k thick, with 4 curved sterigmata which are about 7.5 [jl 
 long; among the basidia are also found delicate hyphae with tips 
 a little swollen. 
 
 Not rare in deciduous woods or pastures in humus or moss 
 from the mountains of this state northward, and we have found it 
 once in Chapel Hill. Schweinitz and Curtis also record it from 
 North Carolina. We have seen no collections from the southern 
 
PLATE 28 
 
 Ci-AVARIA LIGULA. Buck Hill Falls, Pa., fig. 1. 
 
 Clavaria amethystina. No. v3463, fig. 2; No. 3423, fig. 3. 
 Ci.AVARiA CROCEA. Redding, Conn. (No. 21), fig. 4, 
 Clavaria subbotrvtis. No. 3297, fig. 5. 
 
 Clavaria byssiseda. No. 4395, fig. 6. 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 81 
 
 states except our own. The basidia in American plants are cer¬ 
 tainly 4-spored and so are the British, according to Cotton and 
 Wakefield (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 6 : 181. 1919). Patouillard’s 
 figure shows but two sterigmata (1. c., fig. 564). 
 
 Fries considered C. cornicidata the same as C. muscoides, and 
 plants in the Persoon Herbarium (collected by Persoon) under the 
 former name have all the appearance of the latter; another collec¬ 
 tion from Chaillet is different. The types of C. pratensis in the 
 herbarium of Persoon are C. miiscoidcs, with spores subspherical, 
 4.5 X 4.8-5.5[ji. In the Persoon Herbarium is one lot of C. vitellina 
 (type). They are small, crowded, nearly simple, cartilaginous- 
 looking plants with spores like C. muscoides, 4-5.5[i. thick. Cla- 
 varia fastigiata is only a more open and spreading form with 
 blunter tips. Clazmria fcUca and C. similis Pk. (C. Peckii Sacc.) 
 are also the same, the plants looking exactly alike in the dried state 
 and the descriptions agreeing well. Spores of the types have been 
 examined and agree with C. muscoides. Clavaria muscoides var. 
 obtusa Pk. is a form with tips thicker than usual. The scurfy base, 
 abruptly translucent tips (when dry) and stalks fused from the 
 ground are just like C. muscoides and the spores are identical. 
 Moreover, there are just such forms in other herbaria and all 
 gradations occur between this and other smaller, more yellow 
 forms. 
 
 No differences of any importance between C. straminea and C. 
 muscoides appear from Cotton's description of the former. Simple 
 plants of the latter are not at all rare (pi. 9, fig. 3) and could 
 hardly be better described than by Cotton's diagnosis for C. stra¬ 
 minea. An authentic collection from Cotton (Haslemen, October 
 15, 1913) studied by us confirms the identity of the two species. 
 From the description and figures C. ten ell a Bond. (Bull. Soc. Myc. 
 Fr. 33: 11, pi. 4, fig. 1. 1917) strongly suggests this species, and 
 as there are no discrepancies we suspect their identity. Near this 
 species seems also C. nmhrinella Sacc. {=C. umbrina Berk. See 
 Sylloge 6 : 695. 1888), which differs in color and more branched 
 
 habit. A bit of the type from Kew Herbarium has spores smooth, 
 nearly pip-shaped, 4-5 x 5-6(jl ; basidia about 6.2p. thick, with 4 long 
 sterigmata; hymenium about 40[i. thick (pi. 92, figs. 9 and 10). 
 
82 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Juel (cited under C. cristata) finds that two transverse nuclear 
 divisions occur in the tips of the basidia, that the young spore 
 contains a visible nucleus, but that as a rule in the ripe spore none 
 can be seen; basidium 4-spored (pi. 3, figs. 75-80). He has sent 
 us good plants of this species which are like ours, with spores 
 4.5-6[x thick. 
 
 Illustrations : Bernard. Champ. Rochelle, pi. 42, fig. 3. 1882. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Siidb., Clavariei, figs. 44 and (as var. obtusata) 45. 
 
 Bulliard. Herb. Fr., pi. 358, hgs. D, E. 1787; pi. 496 (as C. coralloides) 
 
 1790. 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot, Card. 9: pi. 7, fig. 56 (as C. Pcckii) ; fig. 57 (as C. 
 in. var. obtusa) ; fig. 58 (as C. fellea). 1922. 
 
 Cooke. Brit. Fungi, pi. 696. 
 
 Cotton. As cited above. 
 
 Dufour. Atl. Champ., pi. 69, No. 153 (as C. fastigiata). 1891. 
 
 Flora Danica, pi. 775, fig. 3. 1778; pi. 836, fig. 2 (as C. muscoides var.). 
 1780. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr. 5: pi. 106 (112). 
 
 Holmskjold. Beata Ruris 1 : pi. 21 (as Ramaria muscoides) and pi. 22 
 (as R. fastigiata). 1790. 
 
 Lanzi. Funghi Mang., pi. 13, fig. 3. 1902. 
 
 Michael. Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 3, No. 29 (as C. fastigiata). 1905. 
 
 Patouillard. Tab. Fung. 2: fig. 564. 1887. 
 
 Persoon. Comm., pi. 4, fig. 5 (as C. pratensis). 1797. 
 
 Schaeffer. Fung. Bavar., pi. 173 ( as C. corniculata). 1763. Photo¬ 
 
 graphed in part by Burt in Ann. IMo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 7, fig. 55. 1922. 
 
 Swanton. Fungi, pi. 29, fig. 2 (as C. fastigiata). 1909. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 7131. By ln*anch below athletic field, 
 September 20, 1923. Spores 4.8-6.2/x thick. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party, No. 5807. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 
 
 4.4-5.3/x thick. 
 
 District of Columbia: Washington. Braendle. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Buck Hill Falls. Mrs. Delafield. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Burnham. No. 41. August, 1912. Spores spher¬ 
 ical, about 5.5^ thick. B. No. 42. September 15, 1912. B. No. 45. 
 “Yellowish when fresh.” B. No. 66. August 13, 1915. C. & B. No. 
 116. In maple woods, September 2, 1917. Clustered and fused below, 
 rarely single. B. No. 118. Octol:)er 19, 1919. Spores 4-6/x in diameter. 
 (All in U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Lake George. Coker, No. 7. (L. N. C. Herb.). Spores spherical, smooth, 
 white, S-G.Sfx thick. 
 
 Jamesville. Underwood. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
Clavaria Kuxzkl. No. 1704. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 83 
 
 Bronx. Murrill and Volkert. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). This is the 
 
 largest specimen we have seen, and is very much branched; dried plant 
 
 5 cm. broad. Spores subspherical, smooth, 4-5 x 5-5.5/x. 
 
 Catskill Mts. Gereshoy. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Connecticut: Belleville. Macoun. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 West Goshen. Underwood. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb, and U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Redding. Coker. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 New Hampshire: Meredith. Miss Hibbard, No. 8. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria pistillaris L. Flora Suecica, 2nd. ed., p. 456. 1775. 
 Craterelhis pistillarisYv. Epicr., p. 534. 1838. 
 
 Craterellus unicolor Berk. & Rav. Grevillea 1: 148. 1873. 
 
 Craterellus corrugis Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 69. 1899. 
 Clavaria truncata Lovejoy. Bot. Gaz. 50: 385. 1910. 
 
 Plates 22, 23, and 83 
 
 Plants very variable in form and size, up to 20 cm. long, 
 typically long-pestle-shaped, the thick tip as a rule rugose-chan- 
 nelled, the center often flattened or even depressed and at times 
 perforated into a central hollow after maturity; tapering down¬ 
 ward to a small encrusted base which when growing among loose 
 leaves and twigs may penetrate them for some distance; not rooted 
 when growing on earth; commonly single, again growing in clus¬ 
 ters with connate bases, as shown by the form represented in plate 
 23, where the tips were in several cases flattened and forked like 
 an antler and the young plants sharply pointed and rosy; color at 
 maturity ochraceous or leather color or discolored to darker (at 
 times chocolate, Mcllvaine). Flesh white, tender, soft, dryish, 
 often collapsing irregularly in age so as to form a hollow; taste 
 pleasant but mildly bitter-peppery; odor none. 
 
 Spores (No. 27 of Redding, Conn.) variable in size, pure 
 white, smooth, elliptic, with mucro end often curved, 3.7-4.5 x 
 7.4-10[i.; in a typical New York plant from the Albany Herbarium 
 they were 5.5-7 x 10-11.5[i.. Basidia 6.8-7.7[ji thick; hymenium 
 about 65[i. thick, covering the top as well as the sides of the plant; 
 hyphae of context about 4.8 [l thick, with clamp connections. 
 
 Edible and very good. Not rare in the northern states, less 
 common in the south except in the mountains. At Chapel Hill we 
 have never found very large plants, but that is not surprising as 
 we are near the coastward limit of the species in the southern 
 states. Most of our plants represent Craterellus unicolor (and 
 
84 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 with this Burt agrees), but some are larger, and after studying 
 fresh plants both here and in the north we see no reason to con¬ 
 sider the southern form distinct. Peck’s Cratcrellus corrugis has 
 spores no longer than C. unicolor and a collection from Redding, 
 Conn., (pi. 23) has spores even smaller. 
 
 This species with C. ligula, represents apparently an approach 
 toward Craterellus and there has been confusion in its treatment, 
 some authors treating forms of C. pistillaris as Craterellus species, 
 for example C. unicolor which Burt retains in Craterellus. Burt 
 follows Fries in accepting both Craterellus pistillaris Fr. and 
 Clavaria pistillaris L. (Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 1: 340, pi. 16, figs. 
 11-13; pi. 17, fig. 14. 1914). In our opinion they are the same 
 thing if Schaeffer’s plate 169 which is referred to by both Fries 
 and Burt is accepted as representing Craterellus pistillaris. 
 Schaeffer’s plate 290 (as Clavaria gemmata) cited by Fries as 
 Craterellus pistillaris, may represent a different plant, as the spores 
 are shown by Schaeffer as spherical. However, if the spores are 
 spherical it is not the plant that Fries and Burt have in mind. 
 See Harper’s good photo of Craterellus pistillaris in Mycologia 
 5: pi. 95. 1913. He says he agrees with Atkinson that the plant 
 he shows should be considered a ‘Variety” of Clavaria pistillaris. 
 Atkinson says “form,” not variety, and is in this correct, we 
 think. None of the rather numerous named varieties of this 
 species seems to be anything more than growth forms. The C. 
 pistillaris of Persoon’s herbarium is like ours. Those labelled var. 
 minor are somewhat larger than our smallest specimens. Clav¬ 
 aria mira Pat. (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 23 : 71. 1907) should be com¬ 
 pared with this species. Craterellus taxophilus Thom (Bot. Gaz. 
 37: 215, figs. 1-8. 1904), a small plant with small spherical spores, 
 approaches the shape of C. pistillaris and has been transferred to 
 Clavaria by Lloyd (Myc. Notes No. 64: 1008, fig. 1856. 1920). 
 Burt retains it in Craterellus. In all forms of C. pistillaris we 
 have seen the hymenium is continuous over the top. Where the 
 apex is caved in and the surface layer fissured, the hymenium ex¬ 
 tends to the very edge of the fissure. There is therefore no an¬ 
 alogy in this respect to Craterellus. 
 
 Juel (cited under C. cristata) studied microscopically both 
 Craterellus pistillaris and Clavaria pistillaris (as he calls them) 
 and decides that they are so similar that the former is only a 
 
PLATE 30 
 
 Clavaria angulispora. No. 844. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 85 
 
 variety of the latter (pi. 2, figs. 42-48 for Craterellus and pi. 2, figs. 
 49-52 for Clavaria). In both the basidia are 4-spored, the spores 
 uninucleate, the basidia with 4 or not rarely 8 nuclei. 
 
 Illustrations: The species has been very often illustrated, and some of the 
 least good or most inaccessible figures are here omitted. (See also Burt 
 and Harper as cited above) : 
 
 Atkinson. Stud. Am. Fungi, fig. 192. 1900. 
 
 Buller. Researches on Fungi 2: fig. 61. 1922. 
 
 Bulliard. Herb. Fr., pi. 244. 1785. 
 
 Corda. Icon. Fung. 5: pi. 10, fig. 76. 1842. Basidia and spores; 
 
 basidia 4-spored. 
 
 Flora Danica, pi. 1255. 1799. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr. 5: pi. 107 (113). 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 396. 1908. 
 
 Holmskjold. Beata Ruris 1: pis. 4 and 5. 1790. 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild. u. Beschr., pi. 54, figs. 1-11. 1841. 
 
 Lanzi. Funghi Mang., pi. 12, fig. 2. 1897. 
 
 Lorinser. Die Schwamme, pi. 2, fig. 6. 1876. 
 
 Lloyd. Myc. Notes No. 64: pi. 158, fig. 1755 (as C. unicolor and C. 
 triincata ). 1920. 
 
 Mcllvaine. Am. Fungi, pi. 138, figs. 2 and 3. 1900. 
 
 iMigula in Thome. Krypt.-Fl. Deutsch. 3, 2, 1 : pi. 24. 1912. 
 
 Mofifat. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. 7: pi. 22, fig. 2. 1909. 
 
 Patouillard. Tab. Fung., fig. 260. 1884. 
 
 Peck. Mem. N. Y. St. Mus. 3: pi. 66, figs. 15-17 (as var. umbonata). 
 1900. 
 
 Persoon. Comm., pi. 3, figs. 8-9. 1797. 
 
 Ouelet. Champ. Jura Vosg. 1: pi. 21, fig. 2. 1872. 
 
 Rolland. Atlas Champ., pi. 104, No. 235. 1910. 
 
 Schaeffer. Fung. Bavar., pi. 169. 1763. 
 
 Sicard. Hist. Nat. Champ., pi. 62, fig. 322. 1883. 
 
 Sowerby. Engl. Fungi, pi. 277 (C. Iierculanca). 1800. 
 
 Venturi. I miceti del agro Bresciano, pi. 36, figs. 1-3. 1845-1860. 
 
 Venturi. Studi Micol., pi. 12, figs. 114-115. 1842. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 1913. On ground in woods, October 
 22, 1915. Spores pure white, ovate to elliptic, smooth, 5.1-5.5 x 7.2-9/a. 
 No. 1994. In mixed woods by stream, November 23, 1915. No. 3793. 
 Mixed woods by branch, November 23, 1919. Spores 5-6 x 8.5-11.5/a. 
 No. 3885. In loose sandy soil, December 13, 1919. No. 4770. In 
 humus, January 16, 1921. Spores 4-5x8-11/a. 
 
 Hillsboro. Curtis. (Curtis Herb.). 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. No. 5623. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Linville Falls. Coker and party. No. 5759. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Pink Beds. Miss Burlingham, No. 280. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
86 
 
 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 New York: Tripoli. Burnham, No. 15. (C. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, No. 68. Spores smooth, elliptic, 3.8-5.5 x 8-11.8/x. 
 
 B. No. 71. Spores large, 5.5-7 x 9.3-12.5/x. C. and B. No. 139. In 
 fronclose woods, September 2, 1917. (All in U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker, No. 27. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria ligula Schaeff. Fung. Bavar., p. 116, pi. 171. 1763. 
 
 C. caespitosa Wulfen in Jacq. Misc. 2: 98, pi. 12, fig. 2. 1781. 
 C. piilvinata Pers. Comm., p. 65. 1797. 
 
 C. luteola Pers. Comm., p. 66. 1797. 
 
 Plates 28 and 84 
 
 Plants about 2-7 cm. high and 3-12 mm. thick above, simple, 
 single or at times two or three fused at base, long-claviform, thick¬ 
 ened upward and there crumpled and channelled and often flat¬ 
 tened; obtuse or less often pointed or even cuspidate; the bases 
 scurfy-villose nearly or quite up to the hymenium; color when 
 fresh (in plants we have seen) dull pink, soon fading to leather 
 color or with tints of fawn or buff added, the base white and ex¬ 
 panding into the mycelium; not rooted. Flesh soft, white, pliable 
 when fresh, very brittle and friable when dry. 
 
 Spores (collection from Adirondacks, New York Botanical 
 Garden Herbarium) white, smooth, subelliptic, 4.5-5 x 15-18.5p.. 
 Basidia 7-8.5[j. thick, 4-spored; hymenium about 74[ji thick, and 
 containing many brownish granules; hyphae of context about 4.4p. 
 thick, much twisted, without clamp connections. 
 
 Always growing on coniferous leaves or trash and apparently 
 not rare in the northern states. Not yet reported from the south. 
 
 Juel (cited under C. cristata) finds two transverse nuclear 
 divisions near the basidiurn tip which is 4-spored, the spores elong¬ 
 ated, smooth, uninucleate. Three or four chromosomes were ob¬ 
 served in the spindles (pi. 3, figs. 70-74). 
 
 Illustrations: Clements. Minnesota Mushrooms, fig. 75. 1910. 
 
 Dufour. Atlas Champ., pi. 69. 1891. 
 
 Flora Danica, pi. 837, fig. 1. 1780. 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild., pi. 54, fig. 12. 1841. 
 
 Lanzi. Funghi Mang., pi. 12, fig. 1. 1897. 
 
 Michael. Ffihrer f, Pilzfreunde, Vol. 2, No. 21. 1901. 
 
PLATE 31 
 
 AVAKIA BOTRVTIS. N<). 2395 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 87 
 
 Migula in Thome. Krypt.-Fl. Deutsch. 3.2, 1 : pi. 24B, fig. 1. 1912. Color 
 wrong. 
 
 Schaefifer. As cited above. Photographic copy by Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. 
 
 Card. 9: pi. 10, fig. 95. 1922. 
 
 Wulfen. As cited above. 
 
 Pennsylvania: Buck Hill Falls. In pine leaves, September 20, 1919. Mrs. 
 J. R. Delafield. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb, and U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Tripoli. Burnham, No. 70. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Adirondacks. In pines, August, 1915. Murrill. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Spores smooth, hyaline, 4.5-5 x 15-18.5ja. 
 
 Westport. Peck. (Albany Herb.). Cespitose form. 
 
 Catskills. Gereshoy. (U. N. C. Herb. ). Spores about 4.2 x 15jit. 
 
 New Hampshire: White Mountains. Underwood. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Maine; Friendship. Morris. (Albany Herb, and U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Utah: San Juan County. Among coniferous trash, August 21, 1911. Gar¬ 
 rett. ( U. N. C. Herb.). Spores very large, 5.5-6 x 18.5-23/>t. 
 
 Canada: Quebec, Seven Islands. Robinson. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb, and 
 U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria fistulosa Holmsk. Annalen d. Botanik 17: 64. 1796. 
 ?C. contorta Holmsk. Beata Ruris 1: 29. 1790. 
 
 C. tuberosa Sow. Engd. Fungi, pi. 199. 1799. 
 
 C. Ardenia Sow. Engl. Fungi, pi. 215. 1799. 
 
 C. macrorhi::a Schwartz. Sv. AUt. Akad. Nya. Handl. 32: 
 155, pi. 6, fig. 1. 1811. 
 
 ?C. brachiata Fr. Hymen. Europ., p. 677. 1874. 
 
 ?C. alnca Schulz, in Kalch. Icon. Hymen. Hung. 4: pi. 35, fig. 
 7. 1877. 
 
 C. pilipes Mull. Flora Dan., pi. 1076, fig. 1. 
 
 Plate 84 
 
 We have not met with this or any of the other species or forms 
 in this well marked group in the living state, and draw the descrip¬ 
 tions from dried plants and from notes of other collectors. 
 
 Plants simple, single, about 7-20 cm. long, slenderly clavate, 
 with the tips acute in youth, but usually blunt later, and often in¬ 
 flated or flattened above, slender below; stem at base covered with 
 dense more or less matted fibers which extend among the twigs 
 and leaves; color varying from rather pale leather color through 
 yellowish to reddish; entire plant very hollow; flesh thin and 
 toughish. 
 
88 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Spores white, smooth, oblong to pip-shaped, size (in a plant 
 from Ithaca, N. Y.) 5-7 x 10-14 [t; in a plant from Sweden (Rom- 
 ell) 5-6 X 12-14 [jl; and in another from Saxony (Wagner) 5-5.5 x 
 12-14[/.. 
 
 Growing on ground from rotting twigs and other detritus in 
 coniferous (and deciduous?) woods in northern regions. Not re¬ 
 ported from the southern states but should be looked for in the 
 balsam and spruce forests of our high mountains. 
 
 In the Curtis Herbarium are collections from Virginia, 
 Massachusetts, and Maine, all of which seem true. In the same 
 herbarium is a collection received through Schweinitz from Massa¬ 
 chusetts (Torrey), which is a Mitrula as shown by asci and spores. 
 This is the collection on which Schweinitz based his report of C. 
 contorta from Massachusetts, which is therefore an error (Trans. 
 Am. Phil. Soc. 11,4: 182). 
 
 Von Hohnel (Oesterr. Bot. Zeit. 54: 425. 1904) regards C. 
 contorta as a morbid form of this (an opinion shared by others), 
 but for this he is criticised by Lind (Ann. Myc. 5: 272. 1907), 
 who says that they are quite distinct and that C. fistulosa is found 
 on beech and C. contorta on alder and that the spores of the former 
 are much smaller than those of the latter. Harper, however, finds 
 the spores of two typical plants of C. contorta practically the 
 same as those of C. fistulosa, 6-9 x 14-18[ji, and other characters the 
 same also, the plants very hollow after the early stages. Spores 
 of a European plant of C. contorta from Bresadola at the New 
 York Botanical Garden are said to be 7-9 x 14-20 [jl. We find them 
 to be 5.5-7.4 x 12-15[jt.. Two other collections in his herbarium 
 have spores in one case 6.5-8 x 15-18[i., in the other about 
 8 x18.5[jl. Another collection from America on dead birch 
 (Ithaca, Atkinson), labelled C. Ardenia, has spores 6-7.4 x 13-16 [a. 
 From the looks of things in Bresadola’s herbarium it would seem 
 certain that C. contorta, C. brachiata, and C. alnea are the same, 
 and also that C. fistidosa, C. Ardenia, and C. macrorhiza are the 
 same, but that the two groups are possibly different. 
 
 The usual description of C. contorta is as follows: “Simple, 
 erumpent, stuffed, spongy-fleshy, soft to the touch, somewhat 
 twisted, rugose, obtuse, pruinose, watery-yellow. On dead 
 branches of alder, hazel, etc., 2.5-3 cm. high, 6-9 mm. thick.’’ 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 89 
 
 The spore measurements given by different authors for C. con- 
 torta are so different as to indicate errors in determining it. 
 Clavaria molaris Berk. (Grevillea 7: 5. 1878) was originally 
 described as allied to C. contorta, but no type exists, and the color, 
 size and habit of growth suggest Corticium pe:3i^oidetim. The 
 typical C. fistidosa certainly grows on coniferous twigs, whether 
 on deciduous twigs also, we do not know. See Harper for a good 
 discussion with photographs of all the forms and species of this 
 group (Mycologia 10: 53. 1918). Clavaria Ardenia is the form 
 with inflated end, while C. macrorhim is the form with a long, 
 root-like extension among the leaves. Harper has found all these 
 forms at Neebish, Michigan. 
 
 Illustrations: Boudier. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 33: pi. 1, fig. 5 (as C. con¬ 
 torta). 1917. 
 
 Flora Danica, pi. 1852, fig. 1. 
 
 Harper. Mycologia 10: pi. 3 (as C. Ardenia) ; pi. 4, fig. A (as C. fis- 
 tulo-sa), fig. B. (as C. macrorhisa), fig. C. (as C. contorta). 1918. 
 
 Holmskjold. Beata Ruris 1: pi. 6 (as C. fistulosa) and pi. 12 (as C. 
 contorta). 1790. Photographed in part by Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 
 9: pi. 10, figs. 96, 97. 1922. 
 
 Kalchbrenner. Ic. Hymen. Hung., pi. 35, fig. 7. 1874. * 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild., pi. 5, fig. 19. 1831. 
 
 Michael. Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 2, No. 22 (as C. Ardenia). 1901. 
 
 Migula in Thome. Krypt.-Fl. Deutsch. 3, 2, 1: pi. 24B, fig. 2 (as C. 
 Ardenia). 1912. 
 
 Sowerby. Engl. Fungi, pi. 215. 1799. 
 
 New York: Bassadoga. Peck and Clinton. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Catskill Mountains. Peck and Clinton. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Ithaca. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb., as C. Ardenia). 
 
 Maine: Cumberland. Blake. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). “Solitary on 
 ground in woods.” 
 
 Canada: Avon, Ontario. Dearness. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). “On 
 ground in coniferous swamps.” 
 
90 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria amethystina (Batt.) Pers. Comm., p. 46. 1797. (Not 
 C. amethystea Bull). 
 
 Coralloides amethystina Batt. Fung. Agr. Arim. Hist., p. 22, 
 pi. 1, fig. c. 1759. 
 
 ?C. purpurea Schaeff. Fung. Bavar., p. 117, pi. 172. 1763. 
 (Not C. purpurea Mull). 
 
 C. lavendula Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 139: 47. 1910. 
 
 Plates 24, 25, 28, and 84 
 
 Plants small, densely cespitose and more or less connate at 
 base; height 1.5-7.5 cm., usually simple to near the top and there 
 branching dichotomously or irregularly into two or several short 
 branches, which usually divide again at their tips into a few 
 sharp teeth; color when quite fresh a beautiful deep clear violet, 
 which is darkest upwards and very light and tinted with buff at 
 base. Flesh very brittle and tender, solid, pellucid, violet; taste 
 mild, odor none. 
 
 Spores white, smooth, ovate-elliptic, pointed at one end, 
 3.3-4 X 3.7-6.6[ji. 
 
 This attractive little plant is not common, but we find it every 
 year on the ground in deciduous woods. No other Clavaria is 
 quite so fragile, the branches snapping with a clean break at the 
 slightest pressure. In drying the color fades rapidly to buffy or 
 grayish tints and the texture becomes more pliable. It has not 
 been reported before from this state, and is scantily represented 
 in herbaria. There has been much confusion both in this country 
 and in Europe in regard to it, due largely to Bulliard’s plate 496 
 which as C. amethystea represents an entirely different plant, a 
 form of C. eristata, which is also Fries’s C. lilacina. As a result 
 both species appear in herbaria under either name or as C. pur¬ 
 purea. Spore measurements given by Saccardo and a good many 
 others are wrong. 
 
 The descriptions by Per soon and Fries leave little doubt of 
 what plant they had in mind as C. amethystina. Fries refers to 
 Schaeffer’s plate as good and to Bulliard’s as hardly good (Epicr., 
 p. 571), and later (Bull. Soc. Bot. Er. 24: 79. 1877) says that 
 there is no doubt that C. lilaeina and C. amethystina are different 
 and that Bulliard’s hgures may be the former. Our plants are 
 

 Clavakta botrytis. No. 2899 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 91 
 
 exactly like Schaeffer’s plate 172 (C. purpurea) in shape, the only 
 difficulty being the large spores as figured. We can at least safely 
 say that our plant is the same as Ramaria anietJiystina as under¬ 
 stood by Holmskjold (Beata Ruris, p. 110, pi. 28). His figures 
 are excellent, and he speaks of the flesh as pellucid, a clear dis¬ 
 tinction between this and C. cristata. The reference to Holmsk¬ 
 jold is the only one given by Persoon in Syn. Met. Fung,, p. 590. 
 For C. Schaejferi see under C. cristata. Clavaria lavendiila Pk. 
 is the same, as shown by the type, which has similar appearance 
 and spores (about 3 x6[j.). A few other collections in Peck’s 
 herbarium labelled C. amethystina are also the same. 
 
 Illustrations : Battarra. As cited above. Photographic copy by Bnrt in 
 Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, 9: pi. 8, fig. 62. 1922. 
 
 Berkeley, (butlines Brit. Fungi., pi. 18, fig. 2. 1860. 
 
 Cooke. Plain and Easy British Fungi, 2nd ed., pi. 17, fig. 2. 
 
 Gibson. Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, pi. 31. 1895. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 387. 1908. 
 
 Holmskjold. Beata Ruris 1: pi. 28 (as Ramaria amethystina). 1790. 
 
 Lanzi. Funghi Mang., pi. 13, figs. 4a, b, c. (b is good; the others are 
 probably C. cinerea forms). 1897. 
 
 Mcllvaine. Am. Fung., pi. 139, fig. 1. 1900. 
 
 Roques. Atlas Champ., pi. 1, fig. 2. 1864. Good. 
 
 Schaeffer. As cited above. 
 
 Venturi. Studi MicoL, pi. 12, fig. 113. 1842. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2282. Damp soil in path. June 28, 
 1916. No. 2622. By path in low mixed woods, July 9, 1917. Spores 
 3.3-3.7 X 5.5-6.7^. No. 3423. By road west of cemetery, August 6, 
 
 1919. No. 3463. In deciduous woods, August 16, 1919. Plants very 
 deep purple. No. 4363. On damp ground in deciduous woods, July, 
 
 1920. Very large for this species. Spores ovate to pip-shaped, 
 3.5-4.4 X 5.4-6.5ft. 
 
 South Carolina: Aiken. Ravenel. (Curtis Herb.). Two collections. 
 
 Alabama: Auburn. Earle. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.; no name). Spores 
 about 3.5 X 6ft. 
 
 New York: Several localities. Peck. (Albany Herb., as C. lavendiila and 
 C. amethystina). 
 
 Onondago Valley. Underwood. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). 
 
 Massachusetts: Stow. Davis. (Albany Herb., as type of C. lavendida). 
 Spores about 3 x 7.2ft. 
 
92 Clavarias of tfie United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria pyxidata Pars. Comm., p. 47 (179). 1797. 
 
 C. coronata Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II, 4: 182. 1832. 
 
 ?C. chondroidcs Berk. London Journ. Bot. 1: 140, pi. 6, fig. 
 3. 1842. 
 
 C. Petersii B. & C. Grevillea 2: 7. 1873. 
 
 C. javanica Sacc. & Syd. Syll. Fung. 14: 238. 1890. (C. 
 coronata Zipp. in Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat., 3rd. Ser., 2: 215. 
 1844.) 
 
 Plates 26, 27, and 84 
 
 Plants up to 12 cm. high, often small, springing in clumps 
 from an amorphous base which may enter the wood or may form 
 a resupinate mass on the surface of the wood, these masses vary¬ 
 ing in extent from 1 to several cm.; main stem slender, 1.5-2.5 
 mm. thick, densely coated at base (if it is at all protected) with a 
 dense, rather long, whitish or brownish pink pubescence, which 
 also covers the entire resupinate mass when present; stems round 
 or flattened and channelled, enlarging upward and dividing si¬ 
 multaneously like an umbel into several branches which spread out 
 rather strongly and then turn up again; primary branches expand¬ 
 ing suddenly at their tips into little cups from the margins of 
 which spring the branchlets of the third degree; these may again 
 end in cups with similar branches which finally terminate in small¬ 
 er cups with little teeth on the rims. Color of all parts when 
 young and fresh a rather light clear yellow, about baryta yellow 
 of Ridgway (or varying to a soaked straw-color), which in age or 
 on drying or bruising becomes a dull ochraceous, beginning at the 
 tips. Sometimes certain parts become pallid pinkish before be¬ 
 coming ochraceous. Flesh quite pliable and not at all brittle, 
 tough and very peppery to the taste, as a rule, but varying to 
 nearly mild (rarely). 
 
 Spores (of No. 1875) pure white, smooth, ovate to pip-shaped, 
 about 2.3 x4[jl. Basidia (of No. 3593) 4-spored, 3.7-4.4 [jl thick, 
 very inconspicuous; hymenium about 26 [ji thick, set with a few 
 small crystals and with many cystidia of two kinds: one kind is 
 fusiform, pointed, hyaline, and almost empty; the other is cylin¬ 
 drical with rounded tips and dense contents, resembling some¬ 
 what a gleocystidium. Both kinds project several microns beyond 
 the basidia. Hyphae parallel, 3,7{j. thick just under the hymenium, 
 up to 12[k thick and much intertwined in center. Clamp connec¬ 
 tions present. 
 

 PLATE 33 
 
 Clavaria subbotrytis. No. 2621. 
 
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 * - • •r„''~ ■ •i.'’-s*’, j 
 
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 ^ • ' ■ "r '- :r^ --.■ .’^Sf ■'. . '_ ■ ■~- ^ 
 
 • r r-. »* ,•• • .- '’^-7 
 
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 V ■ '’• ■^" 
 
 ■ ''■■ • r ■-‘ 
 
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 V ^ ~ « '• ' ^ 'Ik 
 
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 -■•' .'i 
 
 V ' 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 :• ■* ' _'lpiVinC f 
 
 • !-"■ - ■.!' :■**»■ ■ ^ y - S^r :'. -■- ,;^X' ,; ^y: -. ' , 
 
 ■ 'r*.:*'T- '" ■■ ' ■_ ^JT' ^ '^r ^ ‘ 
 
 
 
 ^ » 
 
 4^V* 
 
 
 
 
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 I 
 
 '* >' • ^ ■’^'^•' •- ^ ^ -^. -V- 
 
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 ■ i ,•'■’■ *"■ *' ■ *-:* ■■' ' 4' • ^ 
 
 ■ - ' V - ": £s^j T‘'- - ' • - -• '^< 
 
 ■'*<-•- ^ •-'* ’V . 4--^ .' 
 
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 ♦ 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 93 
 
 This is one of the most widely distributed of all species of 
 plants. It is easily recognized by the cup-shaped expansions at 
 the end of the branches and by the peppery taste and small, 
 white spores. Young plants often lack the cups and if halted 
 may reach maturity without their formation. In such cases the 
 peppery taste which persists in drying will usually prevent con¬ 
 fusion. Such small forms without cups are C. Petersii, as shown 
 by good collections (the types and co-types) from Pieters at Kew 
 and in the Curtis Herbarium. One of the Curtis plants was exam¬ 
 ined for spores which proved to be like those of C. pyxidata, 
 smooth, minute, 2.5-3 x 4-4.5 [j.. The very characteristic brown 
 hairs at the base are rarely mentioned, but if looked for are a 
 decisive character. When the plant springs from very dense, 
 smooth wood the tomentum is scarcely visible, but between bark 
 and in crevices it is very conspicuous. One collection of C. pyxi- 
 data in the Bresadola Herbarium (Fungi Schemnitzienses) shows 
 well the characteristic tomentose base. The types of C. Petersii 
 (at Kew) show the tomentose base only slightly. Ravenebs 
 Fungi Car. Exs. Fasc. 5, No. 33 (as C. Petersii), shows fine 
 examples with good cups and brown tomentum at the base. 
 
 That this is C. coronata Schw. is almost certain. The latter is 
 represented in his herbarium by a plant not in good condition, but 
 not different apparently and with exactly the same spores, which 
 are about 2-2.4 x 3.5-4 [jl. In PersooiFs herbarium plants labelled 
 C. coronata are well shown to be typical C. pyxidata. Bresadola 
 also regards C. coronata and C. pyxidata as the same, as shown by 
 a note in his herbarium. 
 
 Clavaria chondroides from Surinam (type at Kew) looks ex¬ 
 actly like C. pyxidata (dark reddish cartilaginous) except that 
 there are no cups. The absence of cups, however, is not impor¬ 
 tant as the plants are small and the branches are clustered. As 
 spores could not be found, the identity is not certainly established. 
 Plants on the same sheet from Ceylon (no name) are typical C. 
 pyxidata. Clavaria javanica Sacc. (C. coronata Zipp.) is not dif¬ 
 ferent. Authentic plants from Leveille (Java) at Kew are like 
 C. pyxidata in the dried state, and the spores are the same, 
 3-3.5 X 3.8-4.2 (jl. Clavaria candelabra Massee (Kew Bull. Miscell. 
 Information Nos. 153-154: 172. 1899) seems closely related to C. 
 
94 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 pyxidata and may be the same, but has distinct, slender stalks with 
 white mycelium at the base and somewhat larger spores. The 
 type of C. colensoi Berk, (in Hooker, Flora Novae-Zelandiae 2: 
 186. 1855) is in the dried state exactly like C. pyxidata, with 
 cupped tips, cartilaginous color, etc., and furthermore has brown 
 hairs at base, according to the description. However, a slide fails 
 to show the spores of C. pyxidata, but does show a much larger, 
 dark, smooth, ovate spore, 5-6.5 x 7-8.5 [jl. 
 
 Illustrations: Buller. Researches on Fungi 2 : fig. 63. 1922. 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 6, fig. 48 (as C. Petcrsii) ; pi. 7, fig. 49 
 (3.3 C. coronata). 1922. 
 
 Flora Danica, pi. 1304, fig. 1. 1806. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 389; also fig. 394 (as C. coronata). 1908. 
 
 Persoon. Comm., pi. 1, fig. 1. 1797. Photographed in part by Burt in 
 
 Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 6, fig. 47. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 359. On a very rotten log, October 11, 
 1911. Spores about 2.5 x 4.2/^. No. 1611. On rotting wood, July 15, 
 1915. Spores short-elliptic, about 2.2 x 4/a. No. 1875. On a rotting 
 log of a deciduous tree, September 24, 1915. No. 3103. On a deciduous 
 stump. May, 1918. Taste very peppery. No. 3593. On leaves, mixed 
 woods, November 4, 1919. Taste very peppery; color pallid tan, brown¬ 
 ish below. Spores pure white. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. No. 5687. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 
 
 typical. 
 
 South Carolina: Santee. Ravenel. (Curtis Herb., Cornell Herb., Kew 
 Herb.). 
 
 Alabama: Pieters. (Curtis Herb., as C. Petersii). 
 
 Louisiana: Langlois. (Path, and Myc. Herb., Washington, as C. Berkeleyi). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Ohiopyle. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Burnham. (U. N. C. Herb.). “Acrid when 
 fresh.” Also another collection. (U. N. C. Herb.). “Taste not very 
 peppery.” 
 
 Clyde. Cook. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Seen by the author. 
 
 Massachusetts: Stockbridge. Murrill and Thompson. (N. Y. Bot. Card. 
 Herb.). 
 
 New Hampshire: Chocorua. Farlow. (U. N. C. Herb, from Farlow 
 Herb.). 
 
 Indiana: Fern. Underwood. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Michigan: Hicks. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Missouri: Demetrio. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Cul3a: Wright. (Kew Herb.). 
 
PLATE 34 
 
 ClAVAKIA SUBBOTKYTIS VAR. INTERMEDIA 
 
 No. 2847 [right]; No. 2825 [left]. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 95 
 
 Clavaria Kunzei Fr. Syst. Myc. 1 : 474. 1821. 
 
 ?C. subtilis Pers. Comm., p. 51 (183), pi. 1, fig. 2. 1797. 
 
 C. chionea Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 167. 1822. 
 
 C. subcorticalis Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. TI, 4: 182. 1832. 
 
 ILachnodadinm sabsimile B. & C. Grevillea 1: 161. 1873. 
 
 C. vclutina E. & E. N. Am. Eungi, Ser. 2, No. 2024. 1888. 
 
 C. asperula Atk. Ann. Myc. 6 : 54. 1908. 
 
 ?C. asperulans Atk. Ann. Myc. 6 : 55. 1908. 
 
 Plates 29 and 84 
 
 Branching from the ground into clustered and often fused 
 stalks of variable length. Individual tufts delicate, slender 
 throughout, about 2-6 cm. tall, and 1.5 cm. broad, usually; at 
 times up to 9 cm. high and 6 cm. broad; branching quickly or 
 tardily into several branches which curve outward at base, mak¬ 
 ing broad, more or less lunate angles, then upright again, and 
 branching about twice more into two or three branchlets, which 
 terminate in rather abruptly pointed prong-like tips; main stems 
 and usually the lower parts of the main branches often decidedly 
 rough pubescent, with sterile, scurfy-velvety lines and areas ex¬ 
 tending higher up the plant in most cases, but often this pubes¬ 
 cence is practically absent; entire plant pure milk white, but in 
 drying the plant turns a tan or buff brown, the upper parts usually 
 becoming reddish translucent like cartilage, or less often a deep 
 opaque brown; flesh white, toughish, not brittle, but soft and 
 flexible ; cells of flesh closely packed, parallel, somewhat sinuous, 
 about 4-5 [JL thick ; taste and odor none. Sometimes the main and 
 secondary divisions broaden before branching and rather resemble 
 the horns of an elk. There is much variation in the extent of the 
 sterile areas, some of the plants showing them over most of the 
 middle region, others having very few of them. All parts are 
 typically slender, but there is great variation in this respect, at 
 times the branches and stems are so numerous and delicate as to 
 almost resemble a Typhula when dried; again they are few and 
 much coarser. 
 
 Spores white, spherical, minutely asperulate (under oil immer¬ 
 sion) or some apparently smooth, 2.5-3.5 x 3.5-4.5[j.. Hymenium 
 (of No. 4683) 55-65[t thick, apparently 2-layered; basidia about 
 4-6[t thick, 4-spored. 
 
 Gregarious on soil, rotting bark, or moss in moist deciduous 
 woods, rarely in coniferous woods. Miss Hibbard, as well as 
 
96 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Burnham and Allen, notes that the plant turns pinkish at base 
 when rubbed or on exposure. We have not noted this. The color 
 may soon become less pure white, sordid, or yellowish as fading or 
 drying begins. 
 
 This is a well marked species distinguished by small size, white 
 color, delicate habit, usually scurfy-tomentose stem and areas, 
 tenacious substance, and very small, subspherical spores. Aside 
 from its near relatives, C. subcaespitosa and C. angulispora, which 
 see for comparison, the species is superficially most like C. gracilis 
 from which it differs in the white color, tomentose areas, lack of 
 odor, shorter spores, preference for deciduous woods and absence 
 of stringy mycelium. 
 
 Clavaria Kiinzei has been variously interpreted by European 
 authors, and has been badly confused. The difficulties were indi¬ 
 cated when Krombholz figured a plant as C. KunBci (Abbild., pi. 
 53, figs. 14-17. 1841) which Fries denied as that species and re¬ 
 ferred to as illustrating a new species which he called C. Kromb- 
 holm (Epicr., p. 572. 1838). It is evident that Krombholz's 
 plates (pi. 53, figs. 15 and 16; pi. 54, figs. 18-20) were issued be¬ 
 fore the text (1841) or that Fries had seen the drawings before 
 they were published. Krombholz refers in the text (heft 7, p. 
 20) to Fries’s new name C. KrombhoMi as a synonym of C. Kun- 
 zei, but from the former’s good figures we have little doubt that 
 his species is a coarse, non-cristate form of C. cristata, as repre¬ 
 sented by our Nos. 2702 and 2746. 
 
 Quelet describes C. Kiinzei (Champ, du Jura, etc., pt. 3, p. 16, 
 pi. 2, fig. 11. 1875) as sub-hyaline, snow white (citrine on drying), 
 inodorous; spores oblong, white, etc. The figure looks like our 
 plant, but judging from the figure and description of the spores, 
 they are quite different (no dimensions given). Britzelmayr 
 (Hymen., p. 287, Clavariei, fig. 12) describes and figures a very 
 different plant from Quelet’s with spores subspherical, 9-12 x 8|x 
 (apparently a form of C. cristata). In another place (Hymen., 
 pt. 10, p. 179) he gives the spores as colorless with a yellowish 
 nucleus, 9-10x8[ji. Saccardo’s note ‘‘spores globose, 9-12 x8[x, 
 hyaline,” was probably taken from Britzelmayr, and is incorrect. 
 That Schweinitz followed Krombholz in his conception of C. 
 Kiinmi is shown by a collection in his herbarium which is C. 
 
PT.ATE 35 
 
 ClAVAKIA SAiNGUliMiA. No. 2656 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 97 
 
 Kromhholmi Fr. with spherical spores about 6[i. in diameter. A 
 collection at Albany from Finland by Karsten shows that Karsten’s 
 idea of the species is entirely different. The plant is on pine bark 
 and does not look at all like ours (no spores could be found). 
 
 Cotton has recently referred an English species to C. Kiinzei, 
 and has, it seems to us, interpreted the species correctly (Trans. 
 Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: 180. 1909). He does not associate it with our 
 American names, but a plant from Chelsea, England, sent us by 
 him is like ours and has similar spores, about thick and minutely 
 warted. F'ries’s original description and Cotton’s description also 
 agree well with our plant. 
 
 Our species is certainly C. chionea, as shown by the well pre¬ 
 served type specimens in Persoon’s herbarium. They are just 
 like our plants and have spores minutely rough, subspherical, 3.7(jt. 
 in diameter. One of the typical plants sent from Persoon may 
 now be found at Kew. Fries himself later asserted the identity 
 of his and Persoon’s plant. The type of C. subtilis is not repre¬ 
 sented in the Persoon Herbarium and its identity is very doubtful. 
 A plant labelled C. subtilis in the Bresadola collection at the New 
 York Botanical Garden (Sontagberg, Strasser) is exactly like our 
 Maine plant in appearance and spores. The tips are translucent 
 and tend to split up into fibers in both this and ours. Another 
 from him (Trentino) labelled C. gracilis is not our C. gracilis but 
 the above, with the same appearance and spores (4x4.8[ji, min¬ 
 utely warted), and this is true of several collections labelled C. 
 gracilis in the Bresadola Herbarium at Stockholm.. The interpre¬ 
 tation by Bourdot and Galzin of C. subtilis differs from that of 
 Bresadola. They give the spores as ‘Tnely rugose, 5-6 x 7-8[ji.” 
 (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 26: 216. 1910). We have received several 
 collections of C. Kunj^ei from Romell: one (Stockholm, Sept. 4, 
 1898) labelled with a question has spores subspherical, minutely 
 rough, 3.4-3.8 X 3.8-4.8[i.; another (Aug. 8, 1912), spores about 
 3 X 3.7[ji; and a third (Sept., 1915) labelled C. gracilis has spores 
 subspherical, about 4 [jl thick. For another collection of C. Kunzei 
 see so-called C. flaccida in the Fries Herbarium. 
 
 In the Schweinitz Herbarium is part of a plant of his C. sub- 
 corticalis in good condition which proves his species to be C. 
 
98 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Kimzei. The spores of the specimen are subspherical, asperulate, 
 about 3 [jl in diameter. We have examined plants of C. aspemla in 
 the Cornell Herbarium from Ithaca and from North Carolina, and 
 find them identical in appearance and spores with our Chapel Hill 
 plants. There is also an authentic specimen from Ithaca in the 
 Farlow Herbarium. We have not been able to find the type of C. 
 asperiilans at Ithaca, but from the description it is probably the 
 same as C. asperula. Clavaria vehitina is shown by the type from 
 Newfield, N. J., to be this species, with spores minutely warted, 
 subspherical, about 2.5-3.2 [jl thick. A letter from Dr. Farlow to 
 Ellis at the New York Botanical Garden shows that he had com¬ 
 pared specimens of C. vehitina from Ellis with L. siihsimile in the 
 Curtis Herbarium and thought them the same. In Bresadola’s 
 herbarium a collection from Atkinson of typical C. Kunzei is 
 labelled “C. vehitina E. & E.=L. semivestitum B. & C.’', but we 
 find the spores of the latter species quite different. Clavaria 
 dealbata Berk. (Hooker’s Journ. Bot. 8: 275. 1856. Lachnocla- 
 dium dealbatnm (Berk.) Cooke. Grevillea 20: 10. 1901) is very 
 near this species. The spores of the type at Kew (Spruce, No. 
 159) are almost identically like those of the present species, 
 spherical, minutely asperulate, 3-3.4[i. thick (pi. 91, fig. 10) ; but 
 the dried plants look more like C. angiilispora. From the types 
 at Kew and in the Curtis Herbarium C. pallida B. & C. (Journ. 
 Linn. Soc. 10: 338 [1868] 1869) does not seem separable from C. 
 dealbata. The spores are the same in both the Kew and Curtis 
 specimens, minutely warted, spherical, about 3-3.7 [jl thick. 
 
 It is apparently this species that Oudemans had in mind in re¬ 
 porting C. subtilis (Kruidk. Arch., 3rd ser., 2 : 674. 1902). He 
 says: “Species growing on the ground, small, simple or branched 
 (once or twice forked) at the stem, branches slender, white or 
 pale gray, reaching about the same level. Spores colorless, 
 2 X 3.5(jt. in diameter. Height of our examples 1-2 cm.; thickness, 
 0.5-1.5 mm. On earth in shady places.” 
 
 Our microscopic study of sections of a number of specimens 
 that we are referring to C. Kiinzei, while agreeing rather closely 
 in the size and appearance of the plant as well as in the size and 
 form of the spores and basidia, and size and arrangement of con¬ 
 text threads, show on the other hand certain differences that may 
 
ro 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 
 Clavaria flava. No. 2855. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 99 
 
 or may not indicate varietal, or possibly specific distinction. We 
 have not been able to correlate these dififerences and they are 
 moreover of doubtful systematic value. We give below three 
 examples illustrating some of this variation: 
 
 No. 40. Vaughns, N. Y. 
 
 Spores obscurely asperulate, 2.8 x 3.2/x. 
 
 Basidia about 4-4.4/x thick. 
 
 Hymenium 25-35ja thick, densely packed with large and small crystals 
 which are insoluble in KOH. 
 
 Threads of flesh 2-6[jl (average about 4/x) thick, parallel in longitudinal 
 section, closely packed; no clamp connections seen. 
 
 No. 59a. Vaughns, N. Y. (Part of the collection in Albany). 
 
 Spores minutely but obviously asperulate, 2.7-3.5 x 3-4/x. 
 
 Basidia 3.7-6.6ju, thick (usually about 4ju,), 4-spored. 
 
 Hymenium about lOOfi thick; a few crystals present. 
 
 Threads of flesh 4-7.5ju, thick (most about 5/x thick), parallel in longitudinal 
 section; clamp connections present. 
 
 No. 63a. Long Island, N. Y. 
 
 Spores smooth or nearly so, 3 x 4/x. 
 
 Basidia 4.8-6.2/x thick, 4-spored, fusiform. 
 
 Hymenium 30-37/x thick. 
 
 Threads of flesh 3-4.8/x thick, parallel in longitudinal section; no clamp 
 connections seen. 
 
 Juel (cited under C. cristata) finds in C. subtilis (determined 
 by Dr. R. E. Fries) the basidia and hymenium much as in C. miis- 
 coides, basidia 4-spored, spores uninucleate (pi. 3, figs. 81-83). 
 
 Illustrations: Britzelmayr. Hymen, Siidb., Clavariei, fig. 13 (as C. suh- 
 tilis). (Fig. 69, so labelled, cannot be the same). 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 6: 272, fig. 11 (as L. subsimile). 1919; 9: 
 pi. 6, fig. 44 (as C. aspcrula) ; fig. 45 (as C. asperulans) ; pi. 11, fig. 103 
 (as C. siibcorticalis). 1922. 
 
 Persoon. Comm., pi. 1, fig. 2 (as C. subtilis). 1797. 
 
 Rea. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 6: pi. 2, fig. 5 (as C. chionca). 1917. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 1704. In tufts in colonies, wet soil in 
 woods, September 8, 1915. 
 
 Asheville. Beardslee. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores exactly like those of 
 Chapel Hill plants, asperulate, 3,5/x in diameter. 
 
 Blue Ridge Mountains. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb., as C. asperula). 
 
 Pink Bed Valley. Murrill and House. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores mi¬ 
 nutely asperulate, subspherical, 3.4 x 4/>t. 
 
100 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Salem. Schweinitz. (Curtis Herb., as C. siihtilis). Spores, minute, 
 rough, 3 X 4.5/x. Other collections so labelled there are not this. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Dillingham. Elevation 3600 feet. J. S. Holmes, No. 4683. (U. N. C. 
 
 Herb.). Very slender, nearly simple collection, once forked or with a 
 few prongs; channelled and ridged, the axils flattened. Spores minute¬ 
 ly rough, 3.5-4/x thick. 
 
 South Carolina: Ravenel. (Kew Herb., as C. subtilis). The plants are 
 like ours. Spores typical, 3.4-3.8 x 4-4.5jit. 
 
 District of Columbia: Washington. Braendle. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 New Jersey: Newfield. Ellis. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as type of C. 
 velutina). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Buck Hill Ealls. Mrs. Delafield. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Burnham. No. 22. “White when fresh; hand¬ 
 some.’’ Spores about 2.6 x 3.5/a. No. 36. Spores rough, 3/a thick. 
 No. 37. Spores 3. 5-3.9 x 4-5.2/a, minutely warted. No. 40. Septem¬ 
 ber 22, 1912. See microscopic data above. No. 64. “Pure white when 
 fresh.” Spores smooth or nearly so, 3 x 3.5/a. No. 111. “Snow white. 
 No odor or taste when fresh unless very slightly farinaceous.” (All in 
 U. N. C. Herb.). Also collection (Albany Herb., our No. 59a) with 
 which was mixed C. cineroides. See microscopic data above. 
 
 Forge. Peck. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores minutely rough, 2.2-3.5 x 3-4/a. 
 
 Sand Lake. Peck. (Albany Herb.). Spores rough (?), 2.5 x 3.3/a. 
 
 Monengo Creek. (Schw. Herb., as C. siibcorticalis). 
 
 Croghan. Peck. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores rough, 2.5 x 3.5/a. 
 
 Adirondack Mountains. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). Spores 
 nearly smooth, 2.5 x 3/a. 
 
 Long Island. Dodge and Seaver. (U. N. C. Herb., No. 63a). See micro¬ 
 scopic data above. 
 
 Massachusetts: Newtonville. Allen. (Albany Herb.). “Pure white, turn¬ 
 ing pink at base when touched.” Spores as usual, nearly smooth. 
 
 Vermont: Newfane. Miss Hibbard, No.. 7. (U. N. C. Herb.) . “Pure 
 
 white when growing, but turns pink when picked.” Spores smooth or 
 nearly so, 2.2-3 x 3.5-4 /a. 
 
 New Hampshire: Chocorua. Farlow. (U, N. C. Herb, from Farlow 
 Herb., as C. corniciilata). Spores spherical, 3-4/a thick. 
 
 Maine: Calais. L. F. MacNichol. (U. N. C. Herb.). “Among moss and 
 hemlock or spruce leaves, September, 1916.” Spores nearly smooth, 
 2.6-3 X 3-3.5/a. 
 
 Bar Harbor. Miss White. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., No. 150). 
 
 Michigan: Mrs. J. A. Calm. (Cornell Herb., as C. velutina). 
 
 Ohio: Waynesville. Morgan. (Kew Herb., as C. subtilis). Spores as 
 usual, about 4/a in diameter. 
 
PLATE 37 
 
 Clavakia flava. No. 3150. 
 [Small pale form]. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 101 
 
 Canada: Ottawa. Macoiin. (Albany Herb., as Lachnocladium semives- 
 
 tituni). Spores minutely asperulate, 3.5-4.5|Lt thick. 
 
 Jamaica. Morce’s Gap. On ground in woods, 5000 ft. elevation. Murrill. 
 
 (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb, and U. N. C. Herb.C 
 
 Clavaria subcaespitosa Pk. Bull. N. Y. St Mus. 167 : 39. 1913. 
 
 Plate 84 
 
 We have not seen this except in the dry state, but have exam¬ 
 ined the type at Albany, two other collections from the type lo¬ 
 cality sent us and the N. Y. Botanical Garden by Miss Hibbard, 
 and also two collections sent by her from Newfane, Vermont. 
 The types are as large as any of the other specimens, brittle, tan 
 to cream color, the base rooting and branching at or below the 
 ground, less than a cm. thick, a little scurfy tomentose below but 
 not so much so as C. Kvm^ei, which seems to be a near relative. 
 The spores are small, but distinctly larger than in the latter 
 (3.4-4 X 4-5.2p,) and are shaped much as in C. pulchra, the min¬ 
 ute, warty spines much more numerous than in C. Kunsei. Ac¬ 
 cording to Miss Hibbard the spores are white. Other differences 
 from C. Kiinzei are larger size and greater fragility. 
 
 We believe that this is the same as C. lentofragilis Atk., the 
 spores being the same and the descriptions agreeing in all impor¬ 
 tant respects. However, we have not been able to compare an 
 authentic specimen of the latter side by side with this, so are re¬ 
 taining both for the present. It is also possible that this is C. 
 elongata Britz. His entire description is, “Entirely white; spores 
 3-4^, very rough, with fine and short spines.’' His figure 50 is 
 like our plants. 
 
 In size, form and color in the dry state C. cineroides is similar, 
 but that has very different spores. Peck’s description of C. 
 subcaespitosa is as follows: 
 
 “Forming dense tufts 7.5-12.5 cm. tall, fragile, white or whit¬ 
 ish, the stems united at the base, three to five times dichotomously 
 divided, the terminal branchlets obtuse or subacute, both stems and 
 branches solid, soft, becoming thinner and flattened or angular in 
 drying, flesh white, taste mild; spores broadly ellipsoid or sub- 
 globose, 4-5 X 3-4[jt.. Ground. Ellis. Mass. September.” 
 
102 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Miss Hibbard has kindly sent us her notes on the fresh con¬ 
 dition of the plants collected in 1920, which are as follows: 
 
 “When growing the color is pure white, almost translucent, 
 fragile, tips when young cuspidate, when older the rounded tips 
 prolong and become pitchfork shape. Dichotomous forking. As 
 the moisture dries out the color becomes a pale cream white and 
 looks more opaque. On some the bruises have turned a pale 
 brownish lavender, or lavender-brown, a tint combining both col¬ 
 ors, and as one glances across the tips in certain lights there is a 
 hint of the same color. Does not bruise easily. I make the taste 
 to be tardily and slightly acrid but not peppery. 
 
 “The stem of all specimens are not subcaespitose but show a 
 very shallow trunk with the hrst branches creased to the base 
 when not divided. Tomentose at base. Base sometimes stained 
 brown by the earth.” 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 : pi. 6, fig. 39. 1922. 
 
 Massachusetts: Ellis. Miss Hibbard. (Albany Herb., type). Also speci¬ 
 mens (U. N. C. and N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.) from the type locality. 
 
 Vermont: Newfane. Miss Hibbard. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores sub- 
 spherical, broader at mucro end, distinctly short-spinulose, 3.5-4.2 x4-6ja. 
 
 Clavaria lentofragilis Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 57. 1908. 
 
 Plate 84 
 
 This is known only from the type, which we have examined at 
 Ithaca. It is a large plant with a distinct stalk and a vast number 
 of slender tips. It has the general appearance of C. stricta. At¬ 
 kinson’s description follows : 
 
 “Plants 15 cm. high, tufts 12 cm. broad; trunks 2-4 cm. long 
 by 2-3 cm. thick, dividing into several short branches which are 
 repeatedly dichotomously branched, axils slightly rounded; tips 
 short, conic. Trunk gray, branches white, tips soft and fragile. 
 Spores white, oval to subglobose, asperulate, 4-6p. in diameter. 
 Taste and odor not marked.” 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 9 : pi. 7, fig. 54. 1922. 
 
 New York: Long Island. On very rotten wood in sphagnum swamp. 
 Atkinson. (Cornell Herb., type, No. 20242). 
 
PLATE 38 
 
 Clavakia flava vak. a urea. No. 2851 . 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 103 
 
 Clavaria angulispora Pat. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 4: 41, pi. 13, fig. 
 4. 1888. 
 
 C. nodulosperma Atk. Ann. Myc. 7: 368. 1909. 
 
 Lachnocladium diihiostim Bres. in Rick, Pilze Bras. Broteria 
 5: 13, pi. 6, fig. 3. 1906. ( No description, for which see 
 
 Ann. Myc. 18: 50. 1920). 
 
 Plates 30 and 84 
 
 This beautiful species which is usually pure white is known in 
 North America only from North Carolina and was described by 
 Professor Atkinson as a new species from plants collected by us. 
 It seems almost certain, however, that it had been published twice 
 before from South America. Atkinson’s description is as follows: 
 
 “Plants stalked, very much branched, 3-4 cm. high, branching, 
 
 2- 3 cm. broad. Stems slender, about 3 mm. in diameter. Pri¬ 
 mary branching dichotomous or subpalmate. The branches 
 branching in a similar way, more or less flexuous and often 
 slightly flattened. Axils acute or rounded. Plants entirely 
 white, hour-white, soft, flexible, not brittle. Spores white, angu¬ 
 lar to tuberculate like the spores of some species of Inocybe, 
 
 3- 3.5 X 5-7[jl. C. U. Herb., No. 22641, on ground, mixed woods by 
 Fern Walk near Sparrow’s Pond, Chapel Hill, N. C., W. C. 
 Coker, October 2, 1908.” 
 
 The plant is abundant in humus or rotting wood in deciduous 
 woods near branches in Chapel Hill during summer and fall and 
 since the above description was written we have made numerous 
 other collections, some of which were much larger plants than the 
 first. Our description follows: 
 
 Plants 3-11 cm. high, and 2-8 cm. broad. Stalks long and 
 slender and extended below into an obvious, thready, white my¬ 
 celium ; main branches often much flattened upward in an antler¬ 
 like fashion, terminating in numerous, short, flattened, pointed 
 branchlets; entire plant pure chalky white as a rule, but occasion¬ 
 ally varying to pale pink especially upward, tough and quite pliable 
 to rather rigid and moderately brittle; taste pleasant and mild; 
 odor distinctly of old ham. 
 
104 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Spores (of No. 2404) pure white, angular-tuberculate, 3-3.8 x 
 4.6-7A[j.. Basidia 6-7 [jl thick, 4-spored; hymenium (of No. 4433) 
 40-60[jt. thick; threads of flesh 2-3 [j. thick, parallel, clamp connec¬ 
 tions present. 
 
 In drying the plant does not become ochraceous or brownish, 
 but remains white or nearly so. The photograph shows the habit 
 of branching better than words. Small plants of this species are 
 similar in size, shape and color to C. Kimzei, but are easily dis¬ 
 tinguished from it by absence of tomentum on the stalks, smell of 
 old ham, and larger, nodular spores. 
 
 There is no reasonable doubt that this is C. angulispora Pat., 
 described from Venezuela on earth in woods, which agrees in every 
 important respect except that he gives the basidia as 2-spored. 
 The spore drawings show the same surface as ours and the shape 
 may be easily matched in our collections. 
 
 LacJmocladiuni diibiosum is certainly this species. The appear¬ 
 ance of the type in Bresadola’s herbarium is identical, and the 
 spores also agree. 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 6, fig. 46 (as C. nodulo- 
 spenmi, in error nodulospora). 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 844. On ground in mixed woods, Sep¬ 
 tember 26, 1913. Spores 2.7-3.3 x 4.6-5.2/x. No. 1169. By path in 
 oak leaves. Spores elliptic, nodular-roughened, 2.5-3.4 x 4.2-5.l/z. A 
 fine lot of plants. No. 1281. Under pines near branch, September 29, 
 1914. Spores 3.4-5.1 x 4.2-5.9/x. No. 1846. In damp woods. Fern 
 Banks, September 19, 1915. No. 2404. On wooded bluff near Meet¬ 
 ing of Waters, July 20, 1916. No. 3339. Mossy cool bank by creek, 
 June 12, 1919. Spores 2.9-3.7 x 4.8-5.5^. No. 3355. By branch near 
 Meeting of the Waters, deciduous woods, June 14, 1919. Typical 
 plants, but one distinctly light pink nearly all over, two others with very 
 pale tint of pink. Spores as usual. No. 3466. Oak woods by spring, 
 damp ground, August 18, 1919. No. 3442. Damp ground by Strowd’s 
 spring, August 16, 1919. No. 4433. Deciduous woods by Battle’s 
 Branch, July 17, 1920. A very much branched, short-stalked collection, 
 7 cm. broad and 6 cm. high. No. 4393. Woods near Meeting of the 
 Waters, July 13, 1920. One of these plants had a very odd form, the 
 distinct stem flaring out suddenly into a kind of plate, the margin break¬ 
 ing up into a fringe of short branches, and a few little branches stick¬ 
 ing up from the surface of the plate. Plate with fringe 2.5 cm. broad. 
 (Many other collections from similar places). 
 
 Winston-Salem. Schallert. In moist woods, September 10, 1922. Spores 
 as usual. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 105 
 
 Clavaria arborea Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 56. 1908. 
 
 The following is the original description: 
 
 “Plants very much branched dichotomously, curved and some¬ 
 times deformed, white to alutaceous, terminal branches rose-pink, 
 or yellowish brown probably when old. Basidia 4-spored. 
 Spores obovate, asperulate, white, 3-4 x 
 
 We have examined the type and also another collection in 
 Ithaca from the same place. The former consists of one plant 
 and pieces. It is repeatedly but not abundantly branched and 
 rather tall and narrow. No spores could be found on it. The 
 second collection is smaller and only slightly branched, the 
 branches spreading. 
 
 As the spores and basidia do not differ much in the description 
 from those of C. Kimzei and C. subcaespitosa it may be a color 
 form of one of them. 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 6, fig. 38. 1922. 
 
 New York: Varna. On ground in woods. Whetzel. (Cornell Herb., 
 type, No. 13647). 
 
 Clavaria asterella Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 55. 1908. 
 
 Plate 84 
 
 This is known only from Mt. Mitchell. The type consists 
 of one tall, narrow plant with very numerous tips; the spores as 
 described. Atkinson’s description is as follows: 
 
 “Plants ochraceous, 5-7 cm. high. Trunk short, primary 
 branches open, bases divaricate, axils rounded, upper branches 
 fastigiate. Plants soft, flexible. Spores small, white, oboval, in¬ 
 equilateral in side view, with an oil drop, 4-5 x 2.5-3[x, with a few 
 scattered short spines.” 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 : pi. 7, fig. 52. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Mt. Mitchell. On leaf mold, September, 1901. Atkinson. 
 (Cornell Herb., type, No. 11914). 
 
106 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria rufipes Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 57. 1908. 
 
 Plate 91 
 
 Plants isolated, sparsely gregarious, arising from a distinct 
 mycelial pad; slender and delicate, 1-2 cm. high, nearly filiform 
 when dry; stem usually distinct from the club, 6-8 mm. long, pale 
 brown, enlarging into the creamy and very pale brownish flattened 
 club which expands above and divides in most cases into a few 
 crooked horns or thickish flattened lobes which may divide again; 
 surface glabrous; texture pliable, but not tough, easily broken. 
 The dry plants have brown stems and dull ochraceous hymenium. 
 
 Spores pip-shaped to ovate, smooth, hyaline under the micro¬ 
 scope, a distinct oil drop, 3-3.7 x 3.9-S.5 [jl. Basidia about thick, 
 2-4-spored, the sterigmata often quite long, up to lOfx; hymenium 
 about 25 [jl thick. 
 
 The types of C. rufipes are like our plants and have identical 
 spores, smooth, pip-shaped to oval, 2.8-3 x 4.5-5.5[jt.. The fertile 
 parts of our plants have a little color, but are so pale as to make 
 only a slight discrepancy in color as described for the type. The 
 species seems related to C. delicata Fr., of which we have exam¬ 
 ined two lots from Fries, one at Kew and one in the Curtis Her¬ 
 barium. They recall our plants in appearance and have spores 
 exactly the same (in the Curtis specimens) or nearly the same (a 
 little longer in the Kew specimens). In the former they are 
 2.6-2.9 X 4.4-5 (jl; in the latter 2.5-3 x 5-6 [jl (pi. 91, fig. 9). The 
 branches are, however, more filiform and much longer, and are 
 not flattened, and Fries describes his species as villose below and 
 as white. Clavaria delicata is not known to occur in America. 
 
 Atkinson’s description follows: 
 
 “Plants entirely white, base of stem tinged rufous, about 2 cm. 
 high, branched like Clavaria muscoides, tips blunt and slightly en¬ 
 larged. Basidia 4-spored. Spores oboval, granular, then with 
 an oil drop, smooth, 4-6 x 2.5-3 (jl.” 
 
 Illustration ; Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 ; pi. 6, fig. 43. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Blowing Rock. Coker and party, No. 5501. On bits of 
 
 wood, twigs and leaves under Rhododendron, August 17, 1922. (U. N. 
 
 C. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Ithaca. On ground in woods, October 10, 1902. Whetzel. 
 
 (Cornell Herb., No. 14037. Type). 
 
PLATE 39 
 
 Clavaria ilava. Reckling, Conn. (Xo. 26), figs. 1 and 2 
 Llaxaria apiculata. New York Botanical Garden, fig. 3. 
 

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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 107 
 
 Clavaria crocea Pers. Comm., p. 57 (189). 1797. 
 
 Plates 28 and 84 
 
 Growing separately or in clusters of 2-4, with the stems ap¬ 
 proximate but not fused. Plants very delicate, 1-1.5 cm. high, 
 6-8 mm. broad, stalk distinct, about to the entire height, 
 minutely furfuraceous, branched in an open way 3 or 4 times, the 
 angles lunate, tips acute, the branches terete; color throughout a 
 rich chrome-orange or in one form golden yellow; texture tender, 
 but quite elastic and not brittle; flesh color of surface; taste and 
 odor none. In drying the color becomes more intense—a deep 
 red-orange in the orange form, while in the yellow form it be¬ 
 comes dull ochraceous. 
 
 Spores (of No. 21, print) white, subspherical, obscurely as- 
 perulate, 2.5-2.7 x 3-3.3 [jl. Basidia (of No. 4660) about 3 [jl thick, 
 4-spored; hymenium about 20[jt, thick; threads of flesh 2.5-5.5(i. 
 thick, clamp connections present. 
 
 The above description, except for mention of a yellow form, is 
 drawn from our collection from Redding, Conn. (No. 21), which 
 may be considered the typical form. The plants were growing in 
 a flne colony covering an area of less than a square foot and the 
 individuals were remarkably regular in size, color and form. 
 
 We do not think there can be any doubt that our plants are cor¬ 
 rectly referred to this species, which is unsurpassed for delicacy 
 and beauty, and is one of the rarest of Clavarias. Persoon’s 
 description is in perfect agreement and his colored figure is of the 
 same shape and size although of slightly different color (distinctly 
 more reddish). Except the next there is no other earth-growing 
 American species of such extreme delicacy. Clavaria crocea has 
 been reported only a very few times since Persoon's day. Berke¬ 
 ley includes it as British in his Outlines (p. 280), but Cotton and 
 Wakefield place it among excluded species. The plants at Kew 
 on which Berkeley based his record are very delicate, long¬ 
 stemmed, branched above, about 1 cm. tall, ochraceous in dry state. 
 It may be correctly determined, but we could find no spores. 
 Schweinitz reports it as very rare at Bethlehem (Syn. Fung., p. 
 181), and there is a good plant so labelled in his herbarium. Brit- 
 zelmayr’s figure of what he calls C. crocca is something quite dif¬ 
 ferent from Persoon’s plant (Hymen. Siidb., Clavariei, fig. 24). 
 
108 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 The spore measurements given by Saccardo are taken from Brit- 
 zelmayr and are thus incorrect. The only illustration of the true 
 C. crocea is Persoon’s in Icon. Descr. Fung., pi. 9, fig. 6. 1798. 
 The illustration by Pabst under this name (Crypt.-Flora, etc., 2: 
 pi. 21. 1875) is too large and coarse to represent this species. 
 
 From small branched forms of C. miiscoides this species dif¬ 
 fers in much greater delicacy, richer color, absence of taste and 
 different spores. The form of C. crocea that we have found at 
 Chapel Hill and Blowing Rock is exactly like the Connecticut 
 plants except for the golden yellow color (a change to green when 
 bruised was noted in No. 4660), and it is very likely that 
 this last form is the C. tctragona of Schweinitz (Schr. Nat. Ges. 
 Leipzig 1: 112. 1822) of which no type or authentic specimen is 
 known to exist. We have not noticed an angular tendency in 
 the species, but that compressed or angled forms may occur is not 
 at all improbable, and this is indeed suggested by the fact that 
 Atkinson referred to C. tctragona an Ithaca plant (No. 23376) 
 which is the same as our C. crocea, with spores minutely asperu- 
 late, 3 X 4p.. The description of C. sulphurascens Schw. (Trans. 
 Amer. Phil. Soc. II, 4: 182. 1832) strongly suggests C. crocea, 
 but the color is not just right. No type or authentic specimen is 
 known. 
 
 Clavaria pulchella Bond. (C. exigua Pk., etc.) cannot be dis¬ 
 tinguished from this species except by the color, and it is possible 
 that it is only a color form of C. crocea. There is also possibly a 
 white form of this species. In the Bresadola Herbarium is a col¬ 
 lection of C. crocea collected by O. Jaap under alders which, from 
 the determination, is presumably of a yellowish or saffron color 
 and has spores 2.2-2.5 x 3-3.Stx. With these were growing plants 
 which were pure white, but otherwise of exactly the same appear¬ 
 ance. We find the spores to be subspherical, obscurely rough, 
 2-3 x 2.5-3.7[Ji. Bresadola has referred these to C. subtilis, with 
 which they agree except for very small size and somewhat 
 smaller spores. The two species are evidently related, as is also 
 C. vestitipes. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 4660. Mixed woods in hog pasture, 
 September 28, 1920. Small specimens, agreeing with the Connecticut 
 plant in all particulars except depth of color and change to green when 
 crushed; 3-5 mm. high, several times forked, orange yellow, somewhat 
 
40 
 
 
 Clavaria divaricata. No. 1250 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 109 
 
 paler toward base, tips pointed. Flesh color of surface, green when 
 crushed, tender but not very brittle, splintering when bent at 45°. Spores 
 about 2.6/x thick. No. 4805. In humus under rotting oak limb, January 
 20, 1921. Base attached by a little mat of mycelium. Branches of very 
 unequal length. Spores subspherical, 2.2-2.8 x 3-3.6/x. No. 4843. In 
 woods mold under rotting oak log, March 14, 1921. Spores subspher¬ 
 ical, with one distinct oil drop, 3.4-3.7jU in diameter. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. No. 5599. In deep mold, mixed woods, 
 August 20, 1922. Golden yellow. Spores smooth or obscurely rough, 
 1.8-2.5 X 3-3.7/x. Also two other collections. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Bethlehem. Schweiiiitz. (Schw. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Ithaca. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb., No. 23376, as C. tctragona. 
 and U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker, No. 21. In black woods mold at foot of a 
 dead chestnut tree, “The Glen,” September 7, 1919. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria pulchella Boud. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 3 : 146, pi. 13, fig. 
 2. 1887. 
 
 C. teniiissima Sacc. Michelia 1: 436. 1878. (Not C. tenuissi- 
 ma Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat., 3rd Ser., 5: 156. 1846). 
 
 C. Biz! 2 o.^eriana Sacc. Syll. 6: 693. 1888. 
 
 C. exigiia Pk. Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 54: 155. 1901. 
 
 C. conchyliata Allen. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: 92. 1908. 
 
 Plate 84 
 
 We have not seen this in the living state and adapt the follow¬ 
 ing from PecUs description of C. exigua : 
 
 Very small; stem slender, dichotomously or somewhat irregu¬ 
 larly branching, white, branches delicate lavender color or the 
 lower white toward the base, tips subacute, axils rounded; spores 
 minute, globose, 2-2.5 [l broad. Among fallen leaves in woods. 
 Floodwood. September. The whole plant is scarcely more than 
 six lines high. The coloring of the upper part is very delicate 
 and beautiful. 
 
 We have examined the type of C. exigua and find the plants to 
 be minute, delicate, branched, almost hair-like, with a few minute 
 hyaline spores (many large brown spores of a mold intermixed). 
 The plants are springing from fallen leaves of deciduous woods. 
 
 There is no doubt that it is the same as the species entered 
 above as synonyms, of which C. pulchella has precedence. As 
 Cotton and Wakefield give certain structural details not mentioned 
 by others, we quote the following from them (as C. Bi 2 ^o:^eriana) : 
 
110 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 “Plants branched, very small, not more than 1 cm. in height, 
 solitary or in groups, at first violet, becoming discoloured with age. 
 Stem reddish-yellow, pubescent below, with rooting base. 
 Branching irregular, dichotomous, the axils of the branches pat¬ 
 ent; branches very slender, 0.5 mm. thick, erect, apices blunt. 
 Flesh white. Internal structure filamentous, filaments 3-4 [jl in 
 diameter. Basidia 15-18 x 3-4 {jl; sterigmata 2-4. Spores hyaline, 
 smooth, globose or subglobose, 2.4-3.5(ji in diameter, 1-guttulate.’’ 
 
 A bit of the co-type of C. tcmiissima at Kew Herbarium is ex¬ 
 actly like C. exigiia in the dried state and has the same spores, 
 2.5-3.6[jt. thick. Clavaria conchyliata is not represented at Kew, 
 but Cotton and Wakefield consider it a synonym of C. 
 ana, and the description agrees well. In the Bresadola Herbarium 
 at Stockholm are plants from Nice (Barla, coll.) determined by 
 Bresadola as C. pulchella. They are also like C. exigiia with the 
 same spores, which are subspherical, very minutely rough, 2.2-3 [jl 
 thick. Bresadola’s notes gives the spores as “4 x 2.5-3; basidia 
 25 X 5-6[i..’’ 
 
 In every way except color this species seems to agree perfectly 
 with C. crocea, and we have but little doubt that it is simply a color 
 form of that species. Saccardo gives the spores of C. crocea as 
 2-3 X 6-7 [jl, taking the figures from Britzelmayr apparently. The 
 latter, in our opinion, had an entire misconception of the species. 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. '9: pi. 8, fig. 64 (as C. exiqua). 
 1922. 
 
 New York: Floodwoocl. Peck. (Albany Herb., as type of C. exigiia). 
 
 Clavaria vestitipes Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 116: 34. 1907. 
 
 C. bicolor Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 54: 954. 1902. (Not C. 
 
 bicolor Massee or C. bicolor Rafinesque). 
 
 C.Peckii Sacc. & D. Sacc. Syll. 17: 196. 1905. (Not C. 
 
 Pcckii Sacc. Syll. 9: 249. 1891). 
 
 Lachnocladiiirn vestitipes (Pk.) Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 
 9: 67, pi. 11, fig. 104. 1922. (In error as L. vestipes). 
 
 Plate 84 
 
 This species is known only from the type and the following is 
 adapted from the original description of C. bicolor: 
 
PT.ATE 41 
 
 ClAVARIA FORMOSA. No. 2841 . 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 111 
 
 ^ Small, 1.7-2.5 cm. high, gregarious; stem slender, 1-2 mm. 
 thick, straight or flexuous, solid, tomentose, pale yellow, divided 
 above into two or more short, orange colored compressed branches 
 which are themselves once or twice dichotomously divided, tips 
 acute, concolorous. 
 
 Under pine trees. Bolton. September. 
 
 The rather tough tomentose stem indicates an affinity to the 
 genus Lachnocladium. 
 
 We have examined the type, which is well preserved at 
 Albany, and find the spores to be subspherical to ovate, minutely 
 asperulate, 3-3.7 x 3.5-4.5 [j.; basidia 4-spored, 4.4-5.5(jt. thick; hy- 
 menium about 20[/. thick. The species is apparently very near C. 
 crocea, but, as now known, differs in larger size, more tomentose 
 stem and slightly larger spores. As the species name bicolor was 
 antedated, it was changed to Peckii by Saccardo, but as this was 
 also antedated (Syll. 9: 249. 1891, see under C. muscoides), it 
 was changed again to vestitipes by Peck. 
 
 Illustration: Burt. As cited above. 
 
 New York: Bolton. Peck. (Albany Herb., as type of C. bicolor). 
 
 Clavaria botrytis Pers. Comm., p. 41 (174). 1797. 
 
 ?C. acroporphyrea Schaeff. BTiig. Bavar., pi. 176. 1763. 
 
 ?C. picheja Wulfen in Jacq. Misc. 2 : 101, pi. 13. 1781. 
 
 C. piiTpurascens Paulet in Paulet & Lev. Icon. Champ., p. 
 113, pi. 194, fig. 6. 1855. 
 
 C. botrytoides Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 94: 21 and 49, pi. 93, 
 figs. 5-7. 1905. 
 
 C. conjuncta Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 105: 16 and 42, pi. 102. 
 1906. 
 
 Plates 31, 32, and 85 
 
 Plants usually about 7-11 cm. tall and 3-6 cm. wide, but often 
 larger and reaching 15x15 cm., branching at the ground from a 
 short white base which is pointed below and rooting, but not 
 deeply; branches usually rugose, upright or the marginal ones 
 broadly spreading, rather crowded, much branched near the top 
 and finally terminating in a usually crowded mass of delicate and 
 
112 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 pointed to very blunt and thick cusps; angles open and spreading; 
 color white at base, pallid cream on the main branches, the upper 
 parts with a slight tint of flesh, with the tips rather abruptly a 
 clear rose-pink in youth, but usually fading completely before ma¬ 
 turity (in some cases the entire plant at maturity is very pale, al¬ 
 most white). Flesh delicate and very brittle, but firm and turgid 
 (crisp), colored like the surface in all color forms; taste mild and 
 pleasant, krauty, somewhat like green peanuts or pea hulls, at 
 times faintly bitterish; odor similar. There are often very small 
 aborted branchlets at the base, and these nearly always retain the 
 pink tip-color, even when it has quite faded elsewhere. In age 
 the color becomes a deeper tan or brownish tan and the tips if 
 bruised or fading slowly turn a deep, dull brick-brown. Whitish 
 forms with tips quite faded cannot easily be distinguished from 
 pale forms of C. flava. 
 
 Spores elliptic, light buff-yellow, minutely rough to almost 
 smooth, usually about 3.8-4.2 x 7.S-10[;.. Basidia (of B. No. 72) 
 8[j!. thick, very irregular, 4-spored; hymenium about 30[i. thick; 
 threads of flesh roughly parallel, no clamp connections seen. 
 
 An abundant species and one of the most esteemed as an escu¬ 
 lent. It is more cauliflower-like than most others, the crowded 
 tips, particularly in youth, presenting a series of abrupt terraces. 
 There is great variation in the stoutness of the tips, which are 
 sometimes delicate, sometimes very thick and blunt. 
 
 The rose-tipped plant here described is one of several closely 
 related and variable color forms that might with some reason be 
 considered as one species. We have thought it best to separate the 
 pink-bodied form, after much hesitation, as a species, because of 
 its much deeper-colored spores that average longer. All these 
 forms or nearly related species have the following characters: 
 Flesh turgid, brittle and with a krauty taste and odor; branches 
 usually rugose, arising at the ground from a short, tapering, white 
 root; tips abruptly of a different color in youth, concolorous in 
 age; the flesh colored like the surface. 
 
 This species has been much confused with C. rufescens, both 
 in this country and in Europe, as is shown by the ambiguous 
 descriptions and antagonistic spore measurements. In 1873 Peck 
 referred a plant with pinkish red tips to C. rufescens (Rept. N. Y. 
 
PLATE 42 
 
 ClAVARIA FORMOSA. No. 2826 
 

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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 113 
 
 St. Mus. 25 : 83), this being probably C. botrytis, but later he 
 gave a new name, C. botrytoides (above cited), to a plant with 
 short, roughish spores (the real C. botrytis) and referred the 
 species with long, smooth spores (C. rufcsccns) to C. botrytis 
 ( Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 48 : 309. 1894. The colored figures, pi. 39, 
 figs. 5-7, are doubtful.) Many of Peck’s plants in the Albany 
 Herbarium labelled C. botrytis are really C. riifesccns. The latter 
 species can be easily distinguished by the tips being a light wine 
 color (pinkish purple), not at all the deep, clear, rosy pink of this; 
 and also by the less brittle texture, bitterish taste and quite dififer- 
 ent spores. 
 
 That we have referred the correct plant to C. botrytis does not 
 seem doubtful if we accept the interpretation of C. rufescens as 
 expressed by Fries, Krombholz, Britzelmayr, Rolland, and others. 
 Schaefifer’s plate 288, on which C. rufescens is based, shows a 
 plant with more dull red tips than the clearer pink-red tips of his 
 plate 176 (upper fig.), on which Persoon based his C. botrytis. 
 In Persoon’s herbarium there is nothing authentic under this 
 name. There is one plant and a fragment labelled C. botrytis 
 with a question. They are not typical looking, but the spores 
 are about like those of our plants, 4-5.5 x 8-10[ji, and are certainly 
 not those of C. rufescens (C. botrytis of Maire and others). 
 Bresadola seems to have confused this species and C. rufescens, 
 in some cases certainly reversing them, as shown by both the ap¬ 
 pearance of the plants and the spores. For example, one plant 
 examined in his herbarium, labelled C. botrytis, has spores lon¬ 
 gitudinally striate, 4-5.5 x which agrees with our C. rufes¬ 
 
 cens. Britzelmayr’s figure of C. rufescens (Clavariei, fig. 16) 
 shows a yellowish plant with dull brown tips (‘Teddish to brown¬ 
 ish-red,” he says), and Krombholz’s fine and unmistakable colored 
 figures (pi. 53, figs. 1-3) of C. botrytis, to which Fries refers, 
 should establish the species definitely. Clavaria acroporpJiyrea 
 Schaefif. may be this, but the tips are shown and described as 
 purplish and it may be C. rufescens. 
 
 British authors, as Stevenson ( British Fungi) and Cotton and 
 Wakefield, do not recognize C. rufescens, and have evidently in¬ 
 cluded it under C. botrytis. The C. botrytis of the latter authors 
 (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 6: 172. 1919) is quite a different plant 
 from ours if the spores be considered the distinguishing charac- 
 
114 . Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 ter. Their description may be a composite, but the spores they 
 give are like those of our C. riifescens both in size and in the 
 characteristic longitudinal striations. In the Kew Herbarium is a 
 good collection from Epping Forest (Berkeley, 1879) now in the 
 botrytis fascicle with spores given as 'T5 x 6[jl, reticulated’' by Cot¬ 
 ton. This seems to be the C. botrytis of Cotton and Wakefield. 
 Miss Wakefield examined our slide of the spores of the plant and 
 said they answer to their C. botrytis. Maire’s interpretation of 
 C. botrytis is certainly our C. rufescens. He mentions the charac¬ 
 teristic markings of the spores and the peculiar spotted appearance 
 of the mature plant due to the gnawing of grubs (Bull. Soc. Myc. 
 Fr. 27: 449. 1911). He thinks his plant probably the same as 
 C. scnlpta Beck (Verh. KK. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 34: 603, pi. 15, 
 fig. 1. 1889). Burt (1. c., p. 7) has followed the interpretation of 
 Cotton and Wakefield. 
 
 Clavaria conjunct a seems certainly this (or C. flava with tip 
 color wrongly shown), the dried plants having the same charac¬ 
 teristic appearance and the spores being alike, rough, 3.5-4.4x8- 
 10(jt. in the type. It is probable that C. plcbc ja is this species, but 
 the tips are shown as pinkish purple. 
 
 Illustrations: Atkinson. Stud. Am. Fungi, pi. 70 (as C. formosa) and 
 fig. 191. 1900. 
 
 Badham. Esculent Fung. Engl., pi. 16, fig. 2 (as C. coralloidcs.) 1847. 
 
 Barla. Champ. Nice, pi. 40, figs. 1-3. 1859. 
 
 Bresadola. Funghi Mang., pi. 101. 1899. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Siidb., Clavariei, fig. 2. 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. '9: pi. 1, fig. 2 (as C. botrytoides) ; fig. 3 (as 
 C. conjuncta ). 1922. 
 
 Corda. Icon. Fung. 5: pi. 10, fig. 75. 1842. (Basidia and spores). 
 
 Cordier. Champ. Fr., pi. 47, fig. 2. 1874. 
 
 Fries. Sverig. Atl. Svamp., pi. 35. 1861. Fine. Photographic copy by 
 Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 1, fig. 1. 1922. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr. 5: pi. 101 (107). 1874-78. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 392 (as C. formosa) and fig. 386. 1908. 
 
 Harzer. Abbild. Pilze, pi. 67. 1842-45. 
 
 Jacquin. As cited above. Deformed. 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild., pi. 53, figs. 1-3. 1841. Fine. 
 
 Lanzi. Funghi Mang., pi. 14, fig. 1. 1902. Fine. 
 
 Lenz. Pilze, pi. 17, fig. 66. 1890. (7th ed.). 
 
 Leuba. Champ. Comest., pi. 40. 1890. 
 
 Lorinser. Die Schwamme, pi. 3, fig. 1. 1876. 
 
Clavaria coxjunxtipks. Linvillc Falls. No. 5732 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 115 
 
 Michael. Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 1, No. 24. 1898. 
 
 Migula in Thome. Krypt.-Fl. Deutsch. 3, 2, 1: pi. 24D, fig. 2. 1912. 
 
 The spores (fig. 3) are wrong. 
 
 Paulet. As cited above. Good. 
 
 Peck. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 105: pi. 102 (as C. conjuncta). 1906; 48: 
 
 pi. 39, figs. 5-7 (doubtful; tip color right, but body more like C. rufes- 
 ccns). 1894; 94: pi. 93, figs. 5-7 (as C. hotrytoides). 1905. 
 
 Price. Illustrations of Fungi, pi. 11, fig. 76. 1865. 
 
 Richon & Roze. Atl. Champ., pi. 67, figs. 1-3. 1887. 
 
 Rolland. Atlas Champ., pi. 103, No. 231. 1910. Good. 
 
 Sowerby. Engl. Fungi, pi. 278 (as C. coralloides). 1803. 
 
 Venturi. Studi Micol., pi. 12, fig. 111. 
 
 Vittadini. Descr. Funghi Mang., pi. 29, fig. 1. 1835. 
 
 Viviani. Funghi Ital., pi. 54, figs. 1-3. 1834. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 343. Woods back of South Building, 
 September 16, 1910. No. 344. Mixed woods, September 15, 1910. 
 Spores minutely rough, 3.7-4.4 x 7.4-9.4ja. No. 661. By path from 
 east gate of campus, October 29, 1912. Spores nearly smooth, 3.8-4.4 x 
 7.4-9.3/x. No. 2395. In oak woods, July 18, 1916. No. 2596. On 
 rocky hillside, mixed woods, July 5, 1917. Not very brittle. Spores 
 minutely rough, 3.8-4 x 7.7-9.3/a. No. 2628. Upland woods, July 10, 
 1917. Taste scarcely bitter. Spores 3.3-4 x 7.5-10.3/x. No. 2854. Mixed 
 woods south of campus, October 2, 1917. No. 2863. Mixed woods, 
 October 4, 1917. Spores 3.3-3.7 x 7.3-8.2/a. No. 2899. Mixed woods 
 October 8, 1917. Typical. Spores nearly smooth, 3.5-4 x 6.6-9.5/a. 
 
 Salem. (Schweinitz Herb.). 
 
 Hillsboro. Curtis. (Curtis Herb.). 
 
 South Carolina: Aiken. Ravenel. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb, and Kew 
 Herb.). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Bethlehem. (Schweinitz Herb.). 
 
 New York: Bolton Landing. (Albany Herb., as type of C. conjuncta). 
 Spores rough, 3.5-4.4 x 8.1-9.3 /a. 
 
 Port Jefferson. (Albany Herb., as type of C. hotrytoides). Spores rough, 
 
 4.5 X 8.5-1 1.5/a. 
 
 Alcove. Shear. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). 
 
 Long Island. Bauer. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). Also collections from 
 Sandlake, Gansevoort, and other places. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Minnesota: Clements. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb., as C. formosa). 
 
 California: Trappers’Lake. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). 
 
116 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria subbotrytis n. sp. 
 
 Plates 28, 33, and 85 
 
 Plant 7.5-10 cm. high, 5.5-9 cm. broad, branches numerous, 
 upright, close; tips not terraced, short, bluntly rounded; color 
 coral pink all over when young, fading to creamy ochraceous ex¬ 
 cept in the upper part at full maturity (the stem base remaining 
 pinkish or white). Flesh concolorous and remaining pink longer 
 than the surface, tender but hardly so brittle as in C. botrytis; 
 odor and taste slightly krauty. Stem short but clean and smooth, 
 glabrous and without aborted twigs, tapering to a clean point be¬ 
 low. 
 
 Spores (of No. 4679) nearly smooth, elliptic, cinnamon- 
 ochraceoiis, with a distinct tint of rose in the denser parts of a 
 print, 3-3.7 x 7A-9{k. Basidia (of No. 3297) 6.5-9.5(ji thick, 
 irregular, 4-spored; hymenium 55-65[jl thick; threads of flesh 
 variable in diameter. No clamp connections seen. 
 
 Distinguished from C. botrytis by the deeply colored spores, 
 the clean, smooth, sharply pointed stem, pink color all over until 
 near maturity (the upper part remaining pink until well after 
 maturity), absence of sharply contrasting red tips in youth, and 
 by the quite different appearance in the dry state. Distinguished 
 from C. conjunctipes var. odor a by slight odor, narrower and 
 rougher spores, much more solid and brittle flesh, the threads of 
 which are narrower; much deeper flesh color with tips soon con¬ 
 colorous ; base not so slender and plants not so compound towards 
 base. From C. formosa, which has yellow tips in youth, it differs 
 in greater brittleness, deeper pink color, narrower and smoother 
 spores of a more cinnamon color, and in the quite different tex¬ 
 ture when dry. The imbedded part of the stem base may be 
 either pink or white. In No. 4679 it remained pink after the 
 central region of the plant had turned ochraceous. Wounds and 
 bruises do not turn red or wine color. When quite young the 
 very tips were creamy in No. 2621, but soon lost this and became 
 concolorous. In No. 4679 this was not obvious as the plant was 
 nearly mature when collected. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2621. At base of a hickory tree, low 
 damp woods, near Woodland Theatre, July 9, 1917. Pink all over ex¬ 
 cept for the very tips which are creamy in youth. Spores very minutely 
 
PLATE 44 
 
 Clavaria subspinulosa. No. 2631. 
 
Clavarias of tfie United States and Canada 117 
 
 rough, 3.3-37 X 7-9.3fx. No. 3297. In humus, deciduous woods, June 
 6, 1919. Delicate pinkish salmon all over with tints of light ochraceous 
 in maturing parts; tips scarcely creamy when young. Flesh distinctly 
 pink and with a tendency to sliver when broken. Spores 3.3-3.7 x 
 
 7.7- 9.3/x. No. 4679. IMixed woods by Battle’s Branch, October 21, 
 1920. (Type). 
 
 Clavaria subbotrytis var. intermedia. 
 
 Plates 34 and 85 
 
 Plants about 5-12 cm. high and 3.5-11 cm. broad; base usually 
 rather massive and more or less set with little aborted twigs, con¬ 
 tracted in the ground to a point, and at times branched at the 
 ground; branches very numerous, more or less cauliflower-like, 
 moderately rugose, the tips blunt and simple or cusped; deep flesh 
 color or a clear coral pink or rarely salmon-yellow (No. 3055) all 
 over except the white base, the tips concolorous or paler with tints 
 of cream; when very young all parts lighter, the tips whitish or 
 creamy; in age or on drying becoming light ochraceous. Flesh 
 flesh colored or clear coral, very brittle and Arm, tender and al¬ 
 most tasteless and odorless (a faint krauty taste and odor) ; when 
 dry rather soft and pliable, not chalky-friable or very fragile. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2847) cinnamon-ochraceous in a thick print 
 (not yellowish ochraceous), elliptic, nearly smooth, 3.5-4.5x9.4- 
 llp.; basidia 4-spored, about 7.5 [jl thick; threads of the flesh (in 
 middle region) densely packed, slender, 5.5-6.dp- thick. 
 
 This plant is intermediate between C. botrytis and C. sub¬ 
 botrytis as is shown by the body and base of the one and the plant- 
 color and deeply tinted spores of the other. The spores average 
 longer than in C. subbotrytis and a little longer than in C. botrytis 
 and C. flava. We are treating the plant as a variety of C. sub¬ 
 botrytis because of the deep spore color which is just the same in 
 both. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 781. In woods south of athletic field, 
 two plants, September 17, 1913. Flesh white at base, flesh colored 
 above, moderately brittle, not chalky when dry. Spores smooth, 
 3.3-3.7 X S.3-9.Sfx. No. 2824. Rocky hillside, deciduous woods, Sep¬ 
 tember 11, 1917. Tips abruptly pale lemon-yellow to whitish. Spores 
 
 3.7- 4.2 X 9-10.5/^. No. 2825. Rocky hillside, deciduous woods, Sep¬ 
 tember 11, 1917. Just like No. 2824 except that most of the plant was 
 strongly rugose, a conspicuous feature, and the tips were only slightly 
 lighter than the flesh colored upper third—middle region pallid cream. 
 Flesh color of surface. Spores 3.5-4 x 8.5-10.6 /a. No. 2847. Upland 
 
118 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 frondose woods, October 1, 1917. (Type). No. 2853. Under pine 
 and dogwood south of campus, October 2, 1917. Spores minutely rough, 
 3.8-4 X 8.5-1 Ija. No. 3055. Deciduous woods in Strowd’s lowgrounds, 
 May 23, 1918. Color white below, salmon yellow above. Spores 
 slightly rough 3.7-5 x 8.5-11/x. No. 4316. In cool, low, deciduous 
 woods. May 31, 1920. Spores rather light ochraceous with faint tint 
 of salmon, 2.8-3.7 x 7-9.3/^. 
 
 New York: Lake George. Coker, No. 112. (U. N. C. Herb.). Oak and 
 
 maple woods. Prospect Mountain trail, September 3, 1917. Pink 
 throughout except the cinnamon-pink base; rugose. Flesh also strongly 
 pink. Spores exactly as in No. 2847, 3.8-4 x 9.7-11/x, but too few for 
 color to be seen. 
 
 Clavaria sanguinea Pers. Obs. Myc. 2: 61, pi. 3, fig. 5. 1799. 
 
 Plates 35 and 85 
 
 Plant about 6-8.5 cm. high and 4.3-7.5 cm. broad, arising from 
 a single or divided stem about 1.5-2 cm. long above ground and 
 
 1- 1.8 cm. thick, which is typically pinched in at the ground and 
 extended into a smaller, tapering, pointed root, or the root may 
 be so short as to be but a point on the stem; main branches 
 
 2- 5, upright with narrow angles or more or less flared, l)ranching 
 tardily or rather soon into upright, crowded branchlets which re¬ 
 branch immediately into numerous, closely crowded, upright 
 terminals, forming a remarkably plane surface exactly as in a 
 cauliflower, which end in several blunt cusps; color when young 
 pallid white below, light egg-yellow above, the tips deepest, at 
 times with a tint of pink added to the yellow or the 3 ^ellow pale and 
 the creamy pink predominating; towards maturity becoming paler 
 above, but at all ages becoming stained when bruised with deep 
 blood-red or brownish red or brick-brown, and in age the whole 
 plant assuming this color in great part, only here and there the 
 pallid remaining in areas or strips. Flesh colored like the sur¬ 
 face, but not changing to red except superficially, mild (faintly 
 acid-woody), odorless or with a faint anise odor on standing a 
 while in the laboratory. Threads of the flesh about 7.4[i. thick, get¬ 
 ting smaller near hymenium, no clamp connections seen. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2656) rather light yellow-ochraceous, smooth, 
 elliptic with a large eccentric mucro, 3-3.8 x 7.5-8.5 [jl, most about 
 3.7 X 7.8 [jl. Basidia (of No. 4394) long-clavate, 4-spored, 7[; 
 thick. 
 
 A distinct and well marked species, that it seems to us should 
 be referred to C. sanguinea of Persoon. His figure, which is in 
 
Clavakia subsi’ixulosa. No. 2653. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 119 
 
 color, looks much more like our plant than like any other, and the 
 description fits unusually well. Fries treats C. sanguinea as an¬ 
 other na.me for C. spinulosa, but Persoon notes the close relation¬ 
 ship to C. botrytis (also obvious in our plants) which is very un¬ 
 like C. spinulosa. Persoon says: “Stem subsucculent, red, 
 branches elongated, branchlets multifid, minute, yellowish. Rare 
 in forests. The figure referred to shows only a part of this 
 fungus, for the natural size is larger by half. The stem is mod¬ 
 erately thick, filled with a reddish juice, divided into many elong¬ 
 ated branches, which turn yellow toward the apex. The branch- 
 lets, on the contrary, are very slender, short, slightly bent, leather 
 color.” 
 
 Recognized by the pointed base and the red or brick-brown 
 color when rubbed or in age. The base even in youth is nearly 
 always streaked with these stains. All the plants we have found 
 so far have been reclining and one-sided. Easily distinguished 
 from C. nifescens by smaller size, different base, cauliflower-like 
 tips and different spores; from C. formosa by the simple terete 
 stem without grooves, by the dark stains, by cauliflower-like ter¬ 
 minals, and by the different spores. The short, crowded, closely 
 packed terminals and rather long parallel secondaries and tertiaries 
 give the upper half of the plant exactly the appearance of a cauli¬ 
 flower head, more so than in any other species. The tips are nearly 
 always more yellow than pink except in youngest plants, and are 
 never more than very pale creamy flesh-pink. It is in this tip color 
 sharply different from C. botrytis and C. botrytoidcs, not to men¬ 
 tion the red stains and other differences. 
 
 Maire regards C. sanguinea as the same as C. flava, at least in 
 part. His plant has red stains but the spores are 4-5 x9-12[jl 
 (B ull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 27: 450. 1911). 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2629. Mixed woods near Battle’s 
 Branch, July 10, 1917. A single plant, 7 cm. high, 5 cm. broad; stem 
 distinct, about 4 cm. long including the underground part, about half 
 buried in the ground, branching rather thickly and ending in numerous 
 small tips; color pallid creamy white all over except the tips which are 
 • tinted at first with pale yellow, but soon fade out, all parts turning a 
 deep rosy blood color when bruised and the base soon stained with this 
 color; texture not very brittle, rather rigid, taste mild, odor very little, 
 but faintly like that of anise. Too young for spores. No. 2656. Damp 
 
120 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 mixed woods, under pine tree, July 12, 1917. No. 4394. Woods near 
 
 Meeting of the Waters, July 13, 1920. Spores creamy yellow, smooth, 
 
 3.7- 4.4 X 6.2-8.2/x. 
 
 Massachusetts: Stockbridge. Murrill and Thompson. (N. Y. Bot. Card. 
 
 Herb.). October 3, 4, 1911. “Straw-colored tips and brandies, whiter 
 
 below, staining anywhere and especially below vinosus when bruised.” 
 
 Spores elliptic, smooth or some apparently minutely rough, 3.5-4 x 
 
 7.8- 9.6/x. There is a photo accompanying this collection which looks like 
 
 our plants, and the spores are the same. 
 
 Clavaria flava Schaeff. Fung. Bavar., pi. 175. 1763. 
 
 ?C. liifca \Ynturi. I miceti del agro Bresciano, p. 36, pi. 41, 
 fig. 4. 1845-1860. 
 
 C. flavobriinescens Atk. Ann. Myc. 7: 367. 1909. 
 
 Plates 36, 37, 39, and 85 
 
 Plants of moderate to good size, up to 11 cm. high and same 
 breadth, base as in C. hotrytis, tapering, somewhat rooting; 
 branching at the ground into several rather slender, at times 
 broadly spreading, main branches, and in nearly all cases with 
 several or numerous small undeveloped peripheral ones at the base; 
 main branches soon rebranching several times in an irregular 
 manner to form a rather open mass, the ultimate tips usually deli¬ 
 cate, but at times much thickened and blunt (as in No. 560), 
 more or less crisped; surface more or less rugose upwards; color 
 clear, not at all tan or ochraceous, varying from a clear pale cream 
 (in Nos. 1850 and 1855) to a light creamy yellow (maize-yellow 
 of Ridgway), or in the northern form to a deep, rich, clear prim- 
 uline or chrome yellow (Ridgw.) in youth, but becoming much 
 paler at and after maturity. The color is about the same through¬ 
 out in the pale form or paler downwards in the richer colored 
 forms, only the very base whitish at the ground and not turning 
 rose-wine when bruised, as in C. aiirca var. australis and C. rufes- 
 cens; tips concolorous when fresh, but usually turning a pale, clear, 
 soaked brown and then a darker brown when fading; if dried 
 quickly this change in color of the tips does not appear. Flesh 
 very brittle, not white, but when quite fresh colored like the sur¬ 
 face, or at least with a tint of cream (rarely almost colorless) ; 
 taste and odor very pleasant, distinctly krauty (faintly like green 
 peanuts). W(hen very young the entire plant is nearly white, the 
 tips pure white and without a trace of pink. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2855) about maize-yellow (Ridgw.), minutely 
 rough, elliptic, 3-4 x 7.4-10[i.. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 121 
 
 This plant is just like C. botrytis in form, texture, taste, and 
 odor, but differs distinctly in color and does not reach the large 
 size of the latter. Plants of C. botrytis with tips faded are a 
 pallid, dull, fleshy cream, while the pink young tips of C. botrytis 
 and the white tips of C. flava are an unfailing means of distinction. 
 
 From C. aiirca var. australis and C. rufcscens (No. 2845) this 
 plant differs in smaller, more quickly branched base, different 
 color, and in the very different spores. In fading some of the 
 tips may become colored like those of C. rufcscens, but the spores 
 will easily distingTiish them. From C. formosa which also has a 
 multiple, pointed base, it differs in color, greater brittleness, and 
 smaller, smoother spores. 
 
 Clavaria flavobruncsccns is the same. The species was de¬ 
 scribed by Atkinson from plants sent him by us from Chapel Hill. 
 
 In the interpretation of this species there has been great con¬ 
 fusion. The plant taken for C. flava by Fries is doubtful, but is 
 probably this. Krombholz’s figure to which Fries refers is not 
 good of our plant. Schaeffer’s plate (on which the species is 
 based) is much like our plant and not like our C. anrca, and the 
 same may be said of Persoon’s description. In Persoon’s her¬ 
 barium is a good plant of C. flava with spores 3.7-5 x 9-1 ![/.. 
 There are several European mycologists who have made it quite 
 plain that they interpret the species as we do. Vittadini’s figure 
 of C. flava is excellent of our plant with the pointed base and 
 right color and shape, and his figure of C. hitea (now accepted as 
 a synonym of C. flava) is equally as good of ours. Richon and 
 Roze also represent our plant well as C. flava, showing some of 
 the tips as brownish, a point not mentioned or shown by others. 
 Neither Gillet not Quelet illustrates C. flava, but the former’s 
 good description (Champ. France 1 : 764. 1878) makes it pretty 
 plain that he has in mind our plant. He mentions the pale spores, 
 fragile flesh and very agreeable taste. Quelet’s description is in¬ 
 adequate, but does not exclude our plant. He refers to Barla’s 
 figure which might pass but is not good. Bresadola’s figure is 
 like ours in color but diverse in form and he describes C. flava as 
 staining red on the stem and having longer spores. This would 
 indicate a larger spored form of what we are considering C. 
 sanguinea. Plants in his herbarium as C. flava look like ours in 
 
122 Clavarias of tpie United States and Canada 
 
 the dried state, but have much longer spores. Maire considers 
 C. sangiiinea the same as C. flava in sense of Fries and describes 
 it as having red stains with spores 4-5 x9-12[a (Bull. Soc. Myc. 
 Fr. 27: 450. 1911). 
 
 In England neither Berkeley nor his successors have recognized 
 C. flava and it may be our plant that they refer to C. aurea. Plants 
 from Europe at the N. Y. Bot. Garden labelled C. flava have been 
 examined. One from Karsten (Finland) has spores like ours, 
 3.8-4.5 X 7.8-10[jL. One from de Thiimen (Bohemia) has some¬ 
 what larger spores, 3.7-5 x 9-12[ji. Both look like our plant in 
 the dry state, as does also the one from Saccardo. We have re¬ 
 ceived a good collection of this from Juel (Upsala) with spores 
 like ours, minutely rough, 3.7-4.2 x 7.5-10[x. In the Curtis 
 Herbarium is a collection from South Carolina by Curtis and one 
 from the Schweinitz Herbarium. Both look like our plant and 
 have similar spores, in the former they are 3 x 7.5-8 [j-, and in the 
 latter, 3.8x7.5[ji. Another plant in the Curtis Herbarium from 
 Society Hill, S. C., labelled C. stricta is also this (spores 
 3 X 7.5-8[i-). In the Schweinitz Herbarium in Philadelphia plants 
 from Salem, N. C., and Bethlehem, Pa., are the same. Peck, At¬ 
 kinson, Mcllvaine, and Hard have also interpreted the species in 
 the same way. It would seem that the American representative 
 of C. flava is a form with somewhat smaller spores. 
 
 Juel (see citation under C. cristata) finds the basidia to be 
 4-spored with the nuclear spindles apical and transverse. He says 
 the species is very similar microscopically to what he considers C. 
 aurea, from which it differs only in the smaller, less warty and 
 paler spores. The spores of both are uninucleate. 
 
 Illustrations: Badham. Escul. Fung. Engl., pi. 16, fig. 1 (as C. ame- 
 thystina). 1847. 
 
 Barla. Champ. Nice, pi. 40, fig. 5. 1859. 
 
 Bresadola. Funghi Mang., pi. 100. 1899. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Sudb., Clavariei, fig. 1. 
 
 Bulliard. Herb. Fr., pi. 222 (as C coralloides). 1784. This is re¬ 
 
 ferred to by Fries as C. aurea, but looks little like it. 
 
 Cordier. Champ. Fr., pi. 46, fig. 1. 1874. 
 
 Dufour. Atlas Champ., pi. 69, fig. 151. 1891. Good. 
 
 Fries. Sver. Atl. Svamp., pi. 26. 1860-66. 
 
PLATE 46 
 
 Clavaria fennica. No. 2857 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 123 
 
 Gibson. Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, pi. 31. 1895. Also pi. 30 
 
 (as C. formosa) is probably C. flava. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 385. 1908. 
 
 Holmskjold. Beata Ruris 1: pi. 31 (as Ramaria coralloidcs lutea). 1790. 
 
 Juel. Above cited. 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild., pi. 53, fig. 8 (color not good) ; fig. 5 (as C. botrytis 
 var. alba). 1831-46. The nearly white form of this. 
 
 Lanzi. Funghi Mang., pi. 14, fig. 2. 1902. (Copied from Schaeffer 
 
 and Cordier). 
 
 Laval. Champ, d’apres Nature, pi. 32. 1912. 
 
 Lenz. Pilze, pi. 16, fig. 65. 1890 (7th ed.). Good. 
 
 Leuba. Champ. Comest., pi. 41. 1887-90. This plate is labelled C. 
 anrea but is not referred to under that species but under C. flava, 
 which it is more like. 
 
 Lorinser. Essb. Schwamme, pi. 2, fig. 7. 1876; (pi. 2, fig. 1, as C. 
 
 aurea may also be C. flava ). 
 
 Lonnegren. Nord. Svampb., pi. 4, fig. 58. 1895. 
 
 Marshall. Mushroom Book, pi. opposite p. 100. 1902. 
 
 Michael. Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 1, No. 25 (as C. flava). 1898. 
 Also Vol. 2, No. 25 (as C. aurca). 1901. This is just like our C. flava 
 and cannot be distinguished from his C. flava above. 
 
 Moffat. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. 7: pi. 23. 1909. 
 
 Murrill. Edible and Poisonous Mushr. Chart, fig. 24. 1916. Good. 
 
 Nees, Henry and Bail. Syst. Pilze, pi. 27, figs. 1-3. 1858. This differs 
 
 slightly in the pinkish purple color of the very base. 
 
 Peck. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 48: pi. 39, figs. 1-4. 1894. Not good. 
 
 Richon and Roze. Atlas Champ., pi. 67, figs. 4-7. 1888. Very good. 
 
 Schaeffer. As cited above. Photographic copy by Burt in Ann. Mo. Bot. 
 Card. 9: pi. 4, fig. 19. 1922. 
 
 Venturi. As cited above (doubtful). 
 
 Vittadini. Descr. Funghi Mang., pi. 29, fig. 2. 1835. Good. His fig. 
 
 3 on same plate called C. lutea is also the same. C. lutea Vent, is 
 treated as a synonym of C. flava by Saccardo. 
 
 White. Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 3: pi. 40. 1905. 
 
 .Morth Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 560. On ground in the woods, October 
 15, 1912. Spores yellow, 3-4 x 7.8-10.3|a. No. 562. Mixed woods 
 back of campus, October 15, 1912. Spores 3-4 x 7.5-9.8/x. No. 795. 
 In damp woods in moss, September 19, 1913. Spores smooth or a few 
 minutely rough, 3-3.8 x 8-9.7/x. No. 2850. Under pine and dogwood 
 south of campus, October 2, 1917. Spores 3.5-4.2 x 8-10/x. No. 2855. 
 In mixed woods, October 2, 1917. No. 2870. Mixed woods, October 5, 
 1917. Tips Naples yellow, main body pale creamy yellow with faint tint 
 of flesh in shadows. Spores 3-3.7 x 7.3-9^. No. 2895. Mixed woods, 
 Octol)er 8, 1917. Spores nearly or quite smooth, about 3.2x8.8/x. No. 
 2922. Mixed woods south of athletic field, October 18, 1917. Typical 
 in every way except color very light cream, tips pallid white fading to 
 pale brown then darker. Spores nearly smooth, 3.7-4.1 x 7-9.4^. No. 
 
124 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 3150. In deciduous woods near stream, August 9, 1918. Small, up to 
 4 cm. high and 2-4 cm. broad; surface glabrous all over, color very pale 
 yellow with tint of flesh, the tips most yellow when young, fading to 
 pale flesh by maturity. No spores to be found (a curious fact, true 
 for nearly all species of Clavaria collected this very hot week). 
 
 Salem. Schweinitz. (Schw. Herb.). 
 
 South Carolina: Society Hill. Curtis. (Curtis Herb.). 
 
 Pennsylvania: Bethlehem. Schweinitz. (Schw. Herb.). 
 
 New Jersey: Alpine. Boynton. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). “Yellow, 
 taste sweet, nutty.” 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Burnham, No. 108. Under beech. (U. N. C. 
 Herb.). Plant yellow. Spores typical, 4-4.5 x8.5-9.3/x. 
 
 Bolton. Peck. (Albany Herb.). Spores rough, 4.5 x9.9-1 U. 
 
 Albany and Lebanon Springs. Peck. (Albany Herb.). Spores nearly 
 smooth, 4.5 X 1 l/x. 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker, No. 26. September 6, 1919. Spores pale 
 yellow, nearly or quite smooth, about 3.7 x 8.5/>t. 
 
 Clavaria flava var. aurea n. var. 
 
 Plates 38 and 85 
 
 Plant not massive, about 9 cm. high and 4-5 cm. broad, stem 
 distinct, clean and pointed below, quite glabrous, white at base; 
 branches rather open, rugose, between orange-buff and ochra- 
 ceous buff, with a tint of chrome upward when quite fresh, below 
 more fleshy or salmon orange or apricot color; flesh only moder¬ 
 ately brittle, colored like the surface; odor faintly rancid, taste 
 mild, slightly krauty. Threads of flesh nearly parallel, about 
 7.4-10.8p, thick. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2851) buff-yellow, nearly smooth, elliptic, 
 3.1-3.7 X 6.6-9.3p.. Hymenium (of No. 2893) about 5 S[jl thick; 
 basidia 6.2-7.4 [j. thick with 4 long sterigmata. 
 
 This variety is distinguished by its rich color, less brittle flesh, 
 clear, distinct, tapering stem, which comes to a point below and is 
 not connected with mycelium except by a basal point, and by the 
 somewhat smaller spores. It differs from C. flava var. snhtilis 
 (No. 2843) in smaller and smoother spores. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2851. Under pine and dogwood south 
 of campus, October 2, 1917. (Type). No. 2893. Mixed woods south 
 of athletic held, October 8, 1917. A distinct plant; no other has so 
 clean, slender and perfectly pointed a base. Base pure white, the 
 
Clavaria fknnk'a. No. 486. 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 125 
 
 yellow color deepening upward. Flesh not very brittle and thus dififer¬ 
 ing distinctly from C. flava as well as in color and other ways. These 
 had faded when found to a pinkish cinnamon upwards. Spores nearly 
 smooth, 3.1-3.6 X 6.6-8/x. 
 
 New York: Lake George. Coker, Nos. 13 and 14. (U. N. C. Herb.). In 
 
 oak and maple woods, Prospect Mountain trail, September 3, 1917. 
 Color deep chrome yellow above, shading to a clearer yellow in middle 
 and white at the pointed base; very delicate, divaricating; flesh yellow, 
 tasteless and odorless. Spores nearly smooth, apparently yellowish, of 
 No. 13, 3.3-3.8 X 7-9/x; of No. 14, 3.3-3.7 x6.6-8.2/>t. 
 
 Clavaria flava var. subtilis n. var. 
 
 Plate 85 
 
 A clear rather pale yellow upward (near apricot yellow), pale 
 fleshy cream elsewhere except the white, glabrous base, which 
 tapers to a point ; in most cases distinctly rugose upwards ; odor 
 very slight. When dry hard and not chalky or very fragile. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2843) elliptic, distinctly rough, but not so 
 much so as in C. formosa, 4-4.5 x 10-1 Ip.. Basidia 4-spored, about 
 9p. thick. Hymenium 55-70pL thick; basidia 7.4-8.9p. thick with 4 
 long, straight sterigmata. Hyphae of flesh about 7.5-1 Ip. thick, 
 nearly parallel, not densely packed. 
 
 Differs from C. formosa in the texture when dry, which is 
 not chalky or very fragile, in absence of bitter taste when dry, in 
 decidedly thicker and nearly parallel hyphae, and in more nar¬ 
 row and less rough spores. Differs from C. flava var. aiirea 
 (No. 2893) in thicker hymenium, thicker basidia and larger and 
 rougher spores. Differs from C. s^ibbotrytis (No. 2847) as fol¬ 
 lows: less brittle; much less flesh color and more yellow; base 
 more slender; flesh nearly or quite white; taste mildly acid-bitter 
 (C. subbotrytis is nearly tasteless). The flesh is dry and fibrous 
 and softer than in the firmer, more brittle and less fibrous C. 
 botrytis, C. flava and C. subbotrytis. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2843. Upland frondose woods, October 
 1, 1917. (Type). 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Frondose woods, September 2, 1917. Coker and 
 Burnham, No. 103. (U. N. C. Herb.). Color pale creamy flesh, the 
 
 tips more yellow, base white; flesh color of the surface. Taste mild, 
 odor none; base pointed, channelled. Spores yellowish ochraceous, 
 3.8-4.6 X 9.3-11.8/x, distinctly rough. 
 
126 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria divaricata Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 2:11. 1887. 
 
 (Not C. divaricata Karsten. Symbolae Myc. Fenn. 32: 10. 
 1893). 
 
 Plates 40 and 85 
 
 Plants about 5-7.5 cm. high and broad (up to 10 cm. high in 
 the type), branched at the ground from a pointed base, with a 
 rather open and spreading habit, tips minute, numerous, very 
 sharp and tending to divaricate; color pale yellowish flesh below, 
 shading upwards to fleshy yellow, the very tips abruptly very pale 
 when young, but becoming concolorous at maturity. Flesh very 
 fragile and brittle, colored like the surface; taste pleasant and 
 nutty; odor slight. 
 
 Spores ochraceous buff, minutely rough, 3.7-4.4 x 9.7-11.5[ji. 
 Basidia (of No. 3063) 6.2-9.3 [jl thick; hymenium 50-60[ji thick; 
 hyphae much intertwined just under the hymenium, clamp con¬ 
 nections possibly present but difficult to make out. 
 
 The above description, except where noted, is drawn from our 
 collection No. 15 from Lake George, New York. The Chapel 
 Hill collections listed are very similar and the spores alike, but the 
 color of the plants is not identical. 
 
 We are referring these to C. divaricata which, on account of 
 the form and certain other discrepancies (as the length of the 
 spores), is being retained as a species although it is probably only 
 a form of C. flava. The type at Albany is a light, brittle plant 
 with a strong tendency to be hollow when dry; the tips cartilagin¬ 
 ous-looking, the remainder buify ochraceous; spores slightly 
 rough, 4-4.7 x 11.7-12.5[i..* 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 7, fig. 53. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 1250. By path in woods, September 
 23, 1914. Plants short, thick, very coral-like, about 4.5 cm. high and 
 6-7 cm. wide, two or three short main branches from a common base; 
 secondary branches short, spreading, numerous, ending in several small 
 cusps; color a clear light yellow all over, nearly citron yellow. Flesh 
 white, rigid, but exceedingly brittle and fragile, taste nutty and pleasant, 
 exactly as in C. flava. No. 3037. Woods in lowgrounds, pines and 
 oaks predominating. May 18, 1918. Spores 4-4.5 x 9-1U. No. 3063. 
 Strowd’s lowgrounds, deciduous woods, May 22, 1918. 
 
 * To this species Peck has referred a little plant on wood from Floodwood, N. Y. 
 (Rept. N. \. St. Mus. 54; 171. 1901). It is evident from the dried plant that this is 
 
 entirely different, and is probably C. byssiseda. No spores could be obtained from it. 
 
’lavaria get-atixosa, Ng, 2413 
 

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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 127 
 
 New York: Lake George. Coker, No. 15. Prospect Trail, under chestnut 
 
 in clay loam, September 3, 1917. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Sand Lake. Peck. (Albany Herb., type). 
 
 Clavaria formosa Pers. Icon, et Descr. 1: pi. 3, fig. 6. 1798. 
 C. densa Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 41 : 79. 1888. 
 
 Plates 41, 42, and 86 
 
 A medium sized to large (rarely small) plant up to 13 cm. 
 high by 11 cm. broad. The main branches typically remain par¬ 
 tially free from each other all the way to the ground, being 
 separated at the surface by channels, and looking like several par¬ 
 tially fused plants which spring from the same spot. Just at the 
 ground they are all suddenly pinched together into the little, in¬ 
 conspicuous rootlet from which they arise; branchlets upright, 
 ending often in minute cusps, axils rounded. Surface smooth or 
 distinctly rugose in places; base white and glabrous, the main body 
 in youth usually a creamy flesh color but often a clearer pink 
 (about salmon-buff of Ridgway), the tips distinctly yellowish for 
 a variable distance, (often for about 5-10 mm., at times only ab¬ 
 ruptly at the apices) ; towards maturity the color fades to a creamy 
 tan then to light leather and finally a darker ochraceous tan or 
 leather color, the tips becoming concolorous. Flesh distinctly pink 
 in youth, almost white after maturity, or often with a tinge of 
 flesh color even in age after the surface has changed color, deli¬ 
 cate but only moderately brittle, not breaking with a clean snap 
 when bent at 45°, faintly and pleasantly sweetish-bitter. 
 
 Spores ochraceous, usually distinctly roughened, 4-5.3 x 8.3- 
 12.2(jl, rarely shorter, the great majority about 4.5-5 x 9-1 1.3[a. 
 Occasionally there are nearly smooth spores among the rough ones 
 and rarely they are all nearly smooth. Basidia (of No. 4636) 
 7.4-9.3 [jl thick, club-shaped and usually distinctly swollen at distal 
 end, with 2-4 sterigmata; hymenium 80-110 (jl thick; threads of 
 flesh very irregular and variable, 4.4-9.3 m. thick, with many septa 
 and a few clamp connections; minute crystals present. 
 
 In the dried state this species and C. suhspinidosa, which 
 seems nearest, are easily recognized by the soft and chalky- 
 friable flesh wUich is so brittle and fragile as scarcely to bear 
 transportation. In herbaria they nearly always appear in a frag- 
 
128 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 merited state. In addition to this character C. formosa is recog¬ 
 nized by its compound base appearing like several plants closely 
 pressed or fused together, by the pinkish body and yellowish tips, 
 by the slightly bitterish and not very brittle flesh, and by the thick, 
 rough spores. Forms of C. subbotrytis with pink body and yel¬ 
 lowish tips are much more brittle when fresh and not friable when 
 dry, and the taste and the spores are quite different. 
 
 In the herbarium of the University of Paris one good collec¬ 
 tion is correctly determined (Desmazieres, No. 419) ; others from 
 various places are different. At Kew Gardens there are typical 
 plants of our C. formosa determined as C. aurea by Cooke (Here¬ 
 ford, 1878). The pointed base, chalky flesh and plump, warty 
 spores distinctly marking them. They are now in the C. flava 
 fascicle, but are not referred to as C. flava by Cotton and Wake¬ 
 field. Our plants do not turn violet and then black when bruised, 
 as is said by Cotton and Wakefield to be the case with the plant 
 which they interpret as C. formosa. 
 
 In the Albany Herbarium this species is found under four dif¬ 
 ferent names,— C. formosa, C. densa, C. compacta (unpublished), 
 and C. formosa var. pallida (unpublished). The type of C. densa 
 is nearly destroyed, but a plant from Round Lake, N. Y., labelled 
 by Peck C. densa with a question is certainly this. The spores 
 of the type are rough, 4.5-5 x 8.2-9.5fji (our measurements). The 
 northern plants seem to have spores that average shorter. The 
 plant above mentioned labelled C. compacta has spores 4.5-4.8 x 
 7.5-8.2[x, rough. We have one small plant from Chapel Hill (No. 
 2688) with chalky flesh and all the other ear-marks of this species 
 in which the spores are quite short (4-5 x 7-7.8[ji). 
 
 This species is exceptional among the larger Clavarias in that 
 it may be determined with certainty from the type in Persoon’s 
 herbarium. It is represented there by one good plant which has 
 all the distinguishing characteristics in the dried state that are 
 observable in our plants, including the chalky flesh and identical 
 spores, which are 4-5 x 8-11[;l. As Persoon's description and his 
 good illustration agree perfectly, there is no doubt that our plants 
 are correctly interpreted. Gillet’s illustration shows clearly that 
 his opinion is the same. There is, however, much confusion to be 
 
ClaVARIA (iKLATIXOSA. No. 2744. 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 129 
 
 noticed in various herbaria; for example, there is a plant from 
 Bresadola at the New York Botanical Garden labelled C. formosa 
 that is not that but C. flava or C. hotrytis (spores nearly smooth, 
 3.7-4.4 X 7.4-8.5[i.). In his own herbarium Bresadola also has at 
 least one collection of C. flava or C. hotrytis determined as C. 
 formosa, while one from America (Lloyd) so determined is like 
 the type. In the Curtis Herbarium is a plant from Society Hill, 
 S. C., (unnamed) that is like ours here described. The spores 
 also agree and are 4.5-6.3 x 10-11.5 [j-. In the same herbarium are 
 plants named C. formosa from Salem (Schweinitz) and from 
 Hillsboro (Curtis). Both are C. hotrytis as shown by appear¬ 
 ance and spores. At the Kew Herbarium a plant from Sulphur 
 Springs, N. C., (Ravenel) labelled C. aurea is C. formosa, as are 
 also a number of English collections labelled C. aurea. 
 
 Illustration: Burt, Ann, Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 2, fig. 9 (as C. dcnsa). 
 1922. 
 
 Corda. Icon. Fung. 3: pi. 9, fig. 136. 1839. (Basidia and spores). 
 
 Dufour. Atl. Champ., pi. 69, No. 152. 1891. (Larger volume, not 
 
 pocket edition). Very good, typical. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr. 5: pi. 102 (108). Good. 
 
 Gibson. Edible Toadst., pi. 30. 1895. (Doubtful, probably C. flava). 
 
 Hard. Mushr., fig. 391 (as C. spinulosa). 1908. 
 
 Harzer. Abbild. Pilze, pi. 7b, figs. 1-4 (as C. flava). 1842-45. 
 
 Krombholz. Icon. Descr., pi. 54, figs. 21-22. 1841. 
 
 Lanzi. Funghi Mang., pi. 12, fig. 4. 1902. 
 
 Leuba. Champ. Comest., pi. 43, figs. 1-4 (as C. dichotoma). 1890. 
 
 Marshall. Mushr. Book., pi. opposite p. 98 (doubtful). 1902. 
 
 Mcllvaine. Am. Fung., pi. 139, fig. 3 (doubtful). 1900. 
 
 Michael. Fiihrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 2, No. 27. 1901. 
 
 Persoon. Icon. Descr. Fung. 1: pi. 3, fig. 6. 1798. 
 
 Richon and Roze. Atl. Champ., pi. 66, figs. 1-2. 
 
 Rolland. Bull. Soc. Myc. de France 9: pi. 4, fig. 3. 1893. Also in 
 
 Atlas Champ., pi. 104, No. 234. 1910. Good. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 336. Upland woods, September 22, 
 1908. Spores 4.8-5 x 10.5-1 L, roughish. No. 535. On ground in 
 Battle’s Park, October 9, 1912. Spores 4.5-5.2 x 9.6-11/x. No. 543. 
 Woods on side of hill in Battle’s Park, Octol)er 10, 1912. Spores elliptic, 
 minutely but distinctly tuberculate, 4.5-5.3 x 9.3-1 l/x. No. 784. Bat¬ 
 tle’s Park, September, 1913. Spores 4.4-5.2 x 10.4-12.2^. No. 2439. 
 Under a beech, mixed woods by creek, September 18, 1916. Spores dis¬ 
 tinctly rough, 4-5 X 8.5-11.5/x. No. 2634. Upland woods, July 10, 1917. 
 
130 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Spores elliptic, with an eccentric mucro, slightly roughened, 4.8-5.5 x 
 9.7-11.5/x, most about 5.2xl0.5/x. No. 2655. Mixed pine and oak 
 woods near Meeting of the Waters, July 13, 1917. Spores 4-5 x 10-1 I/a. 
 No. 2688. Under beech, upland woods, July 17, 1917. Spores slightly 
 rough, 4-5 X 7-7.8/x. No. 2709. Mixed upland woods, July 19, 1917. 
 Spores 4.5-5 x 10-11/x. No. 2826. Frondose woods, rocky hillside, Sep¬ 
 tember 11, 1917. Spores 4.8-5.2 x 9.3-11/x, most about 5 x 10.2/x. No. 
 2827. Rocky hillside, frondose woods, September 11, 1917. Spores 
 4.5-5.2 X 10-11/x. No. 2838. Frondose woods near Brockwelhs spring, 
 September 24, 1917. Spores 4.8-5.5 x 9.3-12.2/^. No. 2844. Upland 
 woods, October 1, 1917. Spores distinctly rough even under low power, 
 4.4-5 X 10-11/x. No. 2849. Upland frondose woods, October 1, 1917. 
 Spores 4-5 X 10-11.5/x. No. 2858. Frondose woods, October 1, 1917. 
 Spores minutely rough, 4.4-4.8 x 10-11.8/;t. No. 2878. Mixed woods, 
 October 6, 1917. Spores 4.8-5.1 x 10-1U. No. 2879. Frondose woods 
 near Meeting of the Waters, October 6, 1917. Spores about 4.6 x9-lU. 
 No. 2903. Mixed woods, south of athletic field, October 10, 1917. 
 Spores nearly buff-yellow, roughened, 4.4-4.8 x 9.3-11/x. No. 3448. Pine 
 and oak woods near Judge’s Spring, August 16, 1919. Tips yellow, 
 l)alance pinkish tan. No. 4636. Damp soil in frondose woods, August 
 16, 1920. (Many other collections from similar places). 
 
 Salem. ( Schweinitz Herlv). Also Schallert, No. 15. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Spores 5-6.5 X 9.5-11.5/x. 
 
 Pink Bed Malley. Murrill and House. ( N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herl)., No. 363). 
 Spores rough, 4.6-5.5 x 9.5-11/x. 
 
 South Carolina: Society Hill. Curtis. (Curtis Herb., unnamed). Other 
 collections from Society Hill, S. C., and Hillsboro, N. C., labelled C. 
 formosa are not this species. 
 
 Virginia: Alta Vista. Among rotten bark and humus on ground in cool 
 deep ravine, deciduous woods, July 15, 1918. Coker. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 Very small plants; color pale creamy flesh all over except the creamy 
 yellow tips and white, distinct, pointed base; flesh not very brittle, no 
 taste or odor of vegetable, but rather bitterish; base deeply inserted in 
 mold; mycelium attached only at tip of base; spores 4.2-Y2 x 8.5-11.2/x. 
 
 Pennsylvania: Buck Hill Falls. Mrs. Delafield. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Fort Ann. Burnham, No. 73. (U. N. C. Herb.). Northeast 
 
 of Tripoli, August 19, 1915. Spores rough, 4.4-5.2 x 8.2-10.5/x. 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, No. 96. Mixed woods near Tripoli, September 7, 
 1917. Spores rough, 4.4-5 x9-ll/x. B. No. 116. Same place as No. 96, 
 August 31, 1919. (Both in U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Sand Lake. Peck. (Albany Herb. , as var. pallida). Spores rough, 
 4.4-5 X 8.5-9.7/x. 
 
 Lake George. Coker, No. 5. (U. N. C. Herl).). In cliestnut leaves, Sep- 
 
 teml)er 3, 1917. Spores broadly elliptic, rough, ochraceous, 4.8-5.2 x 
 9.3-11/x. 
 
 Gansevoort and Adirondack Mountains. Peck. (Albany Herb.). These 
 also have the base and general look of the Chapel Hill plants. Spores 
 rough, elliptic, 5-5.7 x 9.5-11.5/x. 
 
0 
 
 PLATE 50 
 
 Clavaria gelatinosa. No. 2677, fig. I, 
 
 Clavaria similis Bond, and Pat., from'Holland, fig. 2 
 Clavaria decurrexs var australis. No. 3279, fig. 3. 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 131 
 
 West Park. Earle. (N. Bot. Card. Herb.). Spores rough, broadly 
 elliptic, 4.4-5.9 x 8.2-10/t. 
 
 Horicon. Peck. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Alcove. Shear. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. densa, No. 118 of N. Y. 
 Fungi). Spores 3.5-4.4 X 8-9/x. 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Canada: Ontario. Dearness. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores rough, 4-5.3 x 
 9.3-12.2|U,. Basidia 8-9.3/x thick, 2-4-spored. 
 
 Clavaria conjunctipes n. sp. 
 
 Plates 43 and 91 
 
 Cespitose in gregarious clusters and arising in crowded 
 clumps and rows from deep in the mold; up to 7 cm. high, their 
 bases very slender, string-like, crowded and attached to ropy 
 white strands which have branched to form them and which dif¬ 
 fuse into the mold; bases of each clump touching but not fused, 
 white where protected, branched several times upward, mostly 
 dichotomously, with acute angles, into rather few branches which 
 when young and very fresh are a beautiful saffron (yellow-sal¬ 
 mon), the tips rather abruptly a delicate lemon yellow; after ma¬ 
 turity the color fading to cinnamon-buff throughout except for the 
 white base; surface smooth and even or varying to pitted and 
 rugose (as in No. 5768). Flesh concolorous, flexible and firm, 
 cracking only when bent on self; tasteless and odorless. 
 
 Spores short-elliptic, smooth (to very minutely rough?), pale 
 yellow in a light print and under the microscope, 4-4.5 x 7.4-8.5p.. 
 
 A remarkable plant, with its crowded, slender stems arising 
 from deeply seated bases. The stems are only 1.5-2.5 mm. thick 
 at the surface, not at all or scarcely thicker than the branches, and 
 taper downward to slender strands. They may or may not branch 
 below ground as well as above it. 
 
 The species is one of the most beautiful of all Clavarias, the 
 colors approaching very near to those of the most perfect plants of 
 C. formosa. It is easily different from anything else we have 
 seen, being separated from C. formosa by the quite different spores, 
 much more slender and usually more numerous stems of a cluster, 
 toughish texture, and very different behavior in drying, the 
 plants then becoming shrunken and wrinkled with the flesh not at 
 all chalky or friable. The slender, crowded, deeply rooting stems 
 
132 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 separate the species from all colored Clavarias. The form and 
 habit is most like that of C. cineroides and C. subcaespitosa. 
 
 North Carolina: Linville Falls. Coker and party, No. 5732. On rich ground 
 in deciduous woods, August 24, 1922. (Type). No. 5734. Same lo¬ 
 cality and date as above. Plants fully mature; color cinnamon-buff. 
 Spores somewhat flattened on one side, wall rather thick, 4.2-4.8 x 
 6.S-S.6fx. No. 5768. Same locality and date as above. Surface wrinkled 
 and pitted. Spores oblong, 4-4.8 x 6.5-8/x. 
 
 Tennessee: Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. tetragona, and U. N. 
 C. Herb.). Spores smooth, elliptic, 4.8-5 x7-8/x. 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker, No. 36. Hemlock and frondose woods. 
 September 7, 1919. Spores 3.8-5 x 7.4-10/x. 
 
 Clavaria conjunctipes var. odora n. var. 
 
 Plates 53 and 86 
 
 Plants 6-7 cm. high in this case with distinct long stalks 2.5-4 
 cm. long, with tapering bases, main branches few, smooth, branch¬ 
 ing two or three times and ending in several small cusps; color 
 light pinkish cream in the central region, the tips a light clear yel¬ 
 low in young plants, the stem pure white or nearly so. Flesh 
 only moderately brittle, watery white with pale pinkish tint except 
 in stem; taste mild, not bitter, slightly fungoid; odor faintly fra¬ 
 grant, medicinal, something like an old mowing machine (rancid 
 oil?) but more aromatic (lost in drying). 
 
 Spores pale under a microscope (too few to make a print), 
 smooth, short-ovate with an eccentric or lateral mucro at the 
 larger end, 4.4-4.8 x 5.5-6.3[x. 
 
 In this collection (No. 2595) there were two distinct plants 
 which were grown together in the middle region. The plant is 
 remarkable in its clear color, pure light yellow above, clear creamy 
 pink in middle region, pure white below. The flesh is colored 
 like the surface except at the tips where it is not so yellow as the 
 surface. In drying the plant shrinks greatly and becomes car¬ 
 tilaginous-looking and not friable or very brittle. The variety 
 differs from the type in the thicker and less crowded stems and 
 in the odor. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2595. Earth in mixed woods. Battlers 
 Park, July 5, 1917. (Type). 
 
PLAI'I'. 51 
 
 Clavakia rufesckxs. No. 2845 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 133 
 
 Clavaria subspinulosa n. sp. 
 
 Plates 44, 45, and 86 
 
 Plants 6-10.5 cm. high, 3.5-7 cm. broad, stem distinct, usually 
 not smooth but roughly felted, rather stout, about 2 cm. long and 
 1-2 cm. thick in middle, more or less grooved by descending ridges 
 from the main branches, tapering downward, the base rounded or 
 moderately pointed, scarcely or shallowly inserted, connected to 
 the humus with fibrous strands like small rootlets; main branches 
 few and short, their angles open and rounded, or rather closely 
 or even densely packed, several times rebranched and finally 
 terminating in a cluster of slender, delicate tips; often longitudi¬ 
 nally rugose-wrinkled in the upper half; frequently several plants 
 are partly fused at the base as in C. forrnosa, but never in the 
 dense clumps often found in the latter; color when young a pale, 
 lavender-pink above, shading downward through light cinnamon 
 to the cinnamon-brown to sa 3 ^al brown stem; or the stem may be 
 at times a paler cinnamon-buff, not pure white at base even in the 
 paler forms; at maturity the upper part of the plant darkens to 
 pinkish cinnamon, a brownish pink-cinnamon (between ochraceous 
 salmon and light ochraceous buff of Ridgway), the angles deeper 
 colored from the spores (the lavender-pink color is quite obvious 
 at the tips in youth but is scarcely noticeable at maturity) ; in age 
 the color becomes a darker fleshy brown. Flesh opaque, colored 
 like the surface when fresh and damp, whitish when less damp, 
 moderately brittle, taste decidedly acid-bitterish, odor faintly 
 musty like rotten wood; when dried the flesh is chalky and friable 
 as in C. forrnosa; hyphae of flesh not parallel, much branched, 
 4-8[i. thick. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2664) elliptic, nearly smooth. 4-5 x 9-10.5[jt-. 
 Basidia 7-8.3[jt. with 4 sterigmata; hymenium about 90\j. thick, mul¬ 
 tiple, containing many embedded spores. 
 
 Not rare in pine or mixed or deciduous woods in July and 
 August. 
 
 This species is nearest C. forrnosa from which it is easily dis¬ 
 tinguished by the lavender-pink tips in youth, the scurfy-felted, 
 cinnamon colored and less pointed stem and by the smoother and 
 somewhat shorter spores. In youth the color above the base is 
 much lighter than in C. foruwsa, which is a clear pink with the 
 tips often yellowish, the white base contrasting strongly, while in 
 
134 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 C. subspinulosa the upper part in youth is whitish pink, with a tint 
 of lavender or heliotrope with concolorous tips, the deeper colored 
 cinnamon base contrasting strongly. 
 
 A plant at the New York Botanical Garden from Italy de¬ 
 termined by Bresadola as C. spimtlosa Pers. (Obs. Myc. 2: 59, pi. 
 3, fig. 1. 1796) is somewhat like our plants and has similar spores. 
 There is also a collection from Blowing Rock, N. C., at Ithaca, 
 determined by Bresadola as C. spimtlosa which is like our plants 
 and has spores which are identical, 4.8-5 x 9.3-1 Ijj.. Another 
 plant from Ithaca, N. Y., (Kauffman) in the Bresadola Her¬ 
 barium, determined by the latter as C. spimilosa, is the same; spores 
 short-elliptic, with bent mucro, rough, 4.2-5 x 8.5-11.2[ji.. Two 
 other collections from Italy in his herbarium so determined have 
 similar spores, and from the looks of the plants may easily be the 
 same. Bresadola is not consistent, however, in his determinations, 
 as he has quite a different plant so labelled which looks very like 
 our C. sccimda or C. obtiisissima. Another collection in his her¬ 
 barium from Ithaca, N. Y., (Fitzpatrick) labelled C. spimilosa 
 with a question is a slender form of C. strict a. Bresadola has 
 kindly reported on a typical plant of our species sent by us and says, 
 '‘according to the dried specimen and spores seems indeed C. 
 spimilosa, but the diagnosis does not agree.” We do not see how 
 our plants can be the real C. spimilosa of Persoon, as the stem is 
 not at all like Persoon’s figure, nor have the tips the peculiar in¬ 
 equality he emphasizes in his species. The species is not repre¬ 
 sented in his herbarium. It is possible that C. spinulosa is really 
 C. fcnnica. A fragmentary collection in the Curtis Herbarium 
 from Schweinitz labelled C. spimilosa has hard flesh and is not 
 this. The plant referred to C. pallida by Maire (Bull. Soc. Myc. 
 Fr. 27 : 451. 1911) has lilac tips in youth, similar spores, apparent¬ 
 ly, and grows in pine woods, but the figures referred to by Maire 
 as representing it are very unlike our plant. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2390. On earth among pine needles, 
 July 18, 1916. Spores light ochraceous, elliptic with a bent end, 
 4.5-5 X 9-10.5/x. No. 2631. Mixed upland woods, July 10, 1917. No. 
 2635. Upland woods, July 10, 1917. Spores 3.8-5 x 7A-I0fx. No. 
 2649. Low damp woods, July 11, 1917. Spores 3.8-4.8 x 7.5-11/x. No. 
 2653. Mixed pine and oak woods, July 12, 1917. Taste mildly bitter¬ 
 ish ; stem usually rather long, often several more or less fused together 
 or the stems nearly separate. Spores 4.6-5.6 x 7.5-10.8/x, mostly about 
 
.AVAKiA VKkNA, No. 3()5 a | lai'f’cst and smallest 1 ; No. 306(S | medium plant 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 135 
 
 4.8 X 9.3/x. No. 2664. Mixed pine and oak woods by Battle’s Branch, 
 July 13, 1917. (Type). No. 2689. Mixed upland woods, July 17, 
 1917. Spores slightly roughened 3.7-4.8 X 8.9-12.2/x. No. 2722. Mixed 
 upland woods, July 18, 1917. No. 2724. Low mixed woods, July 13, 
 1917. Largest plant with lavender very conspicuous in upper part of 
 stem. Spores 4.4-5.4 x 8-9.5/x, nearly smooth. No. 2727. Mixed up¬ 
 land woods, July 20, 1917. Spores deep ochraceous. No. 2856. Grow¬ 
 ing from under a rotting oak log south of campus, October 2, 1917. 
 Compared fresh with C. formosa. The difference in color was marked, 
 especially in the cinnamon stem. Spores 4.4-4.9 x 8.5-9.5/x. No. 3151. 
 Mixed deciduous and pine woods near Meeting of the Waters, August 
 9, 1918. No. 3444. In deciduous woods (no conifers near), August 
 17, 1919. No. 3470. In mixed pine and deciduous woods, August 16, 
 1919. Tips of plants nearly mature still retain a little lilac. No. 4635. 
 In mixed woods near Meeting of the Waters, August 6, 1920. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb., as C. spinulosa). 
 
 Linville Falls. Coker and party, No. 5752. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 South Carolina: Society Hill. (Curtis Herb., unnamed but in the C. aurea 
 fascicle). 
 
 Virginia: Mountain Lake. Murrill, No. 421. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Spores nearly smooth, 4.8-5.5 x 9.5-11/x, rarely up to 6.4 x 12.5|ii. 
 
 Clavaria fennica Karst. Nat. Sallsk Faun, et Flora Fenn. 9: 
 372. 1868. (Not C. fcnnica Karst. Bidr. Finl. Nat. Folk 
 48: 47. 1889.=C. decolorans Karst. Symbolae ad Myc. 
 Fenn. 32: 10. 1893). 
 
 ?C. rufo-violacea Barla. Champ. Nice, p. 87, pi. 41, figs. 3-13. 
 1859. 
 
 C. fumigata Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 31 : 38. 1879. 
 
 Ramaria versatilis Quel, in Assoc. Fr. Av. Sci. Compte Rendu 
 22, pt. 2:489. fl893] 1894. 
 
 C. versatilis (Quel.) Bourd. and Galzin. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 
 26: 214. 1910. 
 
 Clavariclla z'ersatilis (Quel.) Maire. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 30: 
 218, pi. 9, figs. 1, lb. Is. 1914. 
 
 Plates 46, 47, and 86 
 
 Plants from 5 to 10 cm. high; main branches few, not chan¬ 
 nelled, branching repeatedly into many small, strongly ascending 
 branchlets which end in several cusps. Flesh toughish, not fragile, 
 chalky white or watery (but see No. 921 below) ; taste slightly 
 acrid at first, then mild. Stem usually obvious and rather mas¬ 
 sive, often bulbous, from 2.5-5 cm. in diameter, pale or clear lilac. 
 
136 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 except at base, turning whitish on drying, rounded below and 
 rooting only by fibers; branches usually a pretty, rather light lilac 
 when young, soon becoming a smoky gray or smoky cinnamon, 
 the lilac tinge slowly disappearing except on the stem. 
 
 Spores (of No. 486) cinnamon-buff, slightly rough, oblong 
 with lateral mucro at one end, one oil drop, 3.7-4.4 x 9.8-1 l[x. 
 Basidia (of No. 620) 7-8.4 [jl thick, 4-spored; hymenium 90-100 [jl 
 thick; hyphae 3-8 [jl thick, much intertwined, with a few septa and 
 no visible clamp connections. 
 
 Our plants agree well with C. fennica as described by Karsten 
 and as understood by Bresadola ( Fungi Tridentini, p. 24, pi. 28) 
 except that the tips of the branches in our plant are not yellow and 
 the spores are narrower. The main distinguishing features of the 
 species are the distinct lilac colored stem and the smoky body. We 
 find it rather plentiful in upland deciduous woods. We have ex¬ 
 amined Peck’s plants of C. fumigata and find them the same. 
 The spores of the type are elliptic, finely rough, 3.7-4.4 x 7.7-9.3 [t. 
 
 We can see no difference of consequence between the present 
 species and Clavaria versatilis. Maire gives the spores of the 
 latter as yellowish, rough, 3-4 x 9-10.5 [j.. Clavaria Bataillei 
 Maire (Ann. Myc. 11: 351, pi. 18. 1913) is evidently related but 
 the differences are sufficient to separate it. It should be looked 
 for in coniferous woods in our mountains. Compare also C. 
 cedretorum Maire (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 30: 217, pk 9, figs. 2, 3. 
 1914) which may not be different. 
 
 Illustrations: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 2, fig. 10 (as C. fumi- 
 gata). 1922. 
 
 Maire. As cited above. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 486. Woods east of school house, 
 October 3, 1912. No. 619. On side of hill near a rotting log, October 
 24, 1912. No. 620. Woods near Judge Brockwell’s house, October 24, 
 1912. No. 779. In woods by path, September 17, 1913. In this beau¬ 
 tiful specimen not only was the base a clear and strong lilac, but the 
 upper part was also tinted clearly with smoke-gray lilac. Spores cin¬ 
 namon-buff (Ridgway), long, elliptic, 3.7 x 8.3-9.2fi. No. 806. Bat¬ 
 tle’s Park, September, 1913. Spores 3.7-5.5 x 8.3-11.1/x. No. 921. In 
 thick woods, October 15, 1913. Color of plant when young a pretty 
 lilac all over except the very base, which is white. This plant showed 
 the remarkable peculiarity of the flesh turning flesh color when flrmly 
 mashed and then, after some time, becoming rosy red. Spores 4-4.8 x 
 10-1U. No. 1282. On rocky hillside, mixed woods in pasture, Sep- 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 137 
 
 tember 29, 1914. Plant clear uniform lilac all over, except white at 
 very base. Spores 4.2-5.5 x 7.6-11.9/x. No. 2857. In rocky upland 
 frondose woods, October 1, 1917. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party, Nos. 5511, 5524, 5550. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Ticonderoga, Selkirk, Sand Lake, etc. Peck. (Albany Herb., 
 as C. fumigata). There are several other collections in paper folders at 
 Albany. Peck gave some of these the provisional name of C. lilacinipes, 
 but never published it. 
 
 Lake George. Coker, No. 21. September 3, 1917. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Spores elliptic, rough, 3.7-4.4 x 9.3-1 U. 
 
 Ithaca. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb.). 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Earle. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Massachusetts: Newtonsville. Miss Allen. (Albany Herb.). This is 
 typical, the lilac-purple color can still be easily seen in the lower 
 branches and stem. 
 
 Clavaria gelatinosa sp. nov. 
 
 Plates 48-50, and 86 
 
 A strongly tufted, spreading and heavy plant with much the 
 habit of C. botrytis, but not rooting and more massive at the base 
 and far less fragile; clusters about 7-12 cm. high and 5-14 cm. 
 broad, no distinct stem, the numerous crowded and conjoined 
 branches arising from an amorphous, pallid (creamy white) base, 
 which soon loses itself in the hbrous mycelium and is not rooting: 
 branches very numerous and crowded, forming a dense mass and 
 repeatedly rebranching to'end finally in several pointed cusps. 
 The massive base is nearly always furnished with small, undevel¬ 
 oped branches which remain whitish. Color when very young 
 pale creamy white, passing through creamy to creamy flesh then 
 deep flesh color (a brownish cinnamon-flesh color, about buff-pink 
 of Ridgway) and then darker, fleshy brown in age; the tips as 
 light as or lighter than the branches at all ages. The flesh colors 
 appear first in the middle region, the base remaining creamy white. 
 Flesh remarkable, gelatinous, transparent, toughish, elastic; taste 
 distinctly acid, then bitterish and like tobacco; odor very slight 
 when fresh but somewhat fruity when dry and to us distinctly 
 like tobacco. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2413) 4.4-5 x 7.5-9p-, most about 4.6 x 8a, 
 elliptic, marked with numerous small warts under high power, a 
 large, blunt, eccentric mucro, buff-yellow (Ridgw.) when seen at 
 an angle across the paper, ochraceous buff (Ridgw.) in face view, 
 almost exactly the color of those of C. botrytis; they are of a dif- 
 
138 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 ferent color from the hymenium, a fact that can be easily seen 
 where the spores gather in the angle of the branches. Basidia 
 4-spored, 8-1 If;, thick, projecting about ISf;. beyond the surface; 
 sterigmata about 7\^ long, straight. 
 
 The structure of the flesh is the most peculiar character of the 
 plant. With the exception of a thin surface layer it is from base 
 to very top, and at all ages (except extreme youth), a clear, trans¬ 
 parent, but cohesive and toughish jelly, with almost exactly the 
 appearance and texture of table gelatine. It is composed of 
 slender, little branched threads about 2-4.Sy. thick, which run 
 openly through the transparent jelly (fig. 10). This peculiar 
 quality of the flesh can be detected without cutting by the soft but 
 elastic feel of the plant. The color of the flesh is the same as the 
 surface at all points. In very dry weather the flesh loses its 
 peculiar appearance in part but a longitudinal section of the base 
 will always show some transparency. As a result of its texture 
 the plant dries out very slowly, taking several times as long as any 
 other species. 
 
 There seems to be no reference to gelatinous flesh in the de¬ 
 scription of any Clavaria, but we have noticed a slight tendency in 
 this direction in C. botrytis, as indicated by a mottled transparency 
 in the flesh of the stem and larger branches. 
 
 This species seems nearest C. forniosa, and in dry weather, 
 when the flesh has largely lost its peculiar transparency, certain 
 forms of the two might easily be confused from the somewhat 
 similar color and form; but the spores, while of about the same sur¬ 
 face and width, are distinctly shorter than those of C. formosa. 
 In the dry state C. gclatinosa is darker and much harder than C. 
 formosa and there is at times present in the flesh, especially to¬ 
 wards the base, a central core or plate of very hard, black tissue 
 like horn. This tissue is formed from the gelatinous flesh 
 and its formation is probably dependent on the rapidity of dry¬ 
 ing. It is usually seen in the stem as thin plates here and there. 
 Mature plants of C. suhspimtlosa are about the same color, but 
 that species is very different in other ways. 
 
 This is the plant that Schweinitz referred to C. grisea Pers. as 
 is shown by a collection in his herbarium with identical appearance 
 and spores and with the horny, black internal tissue unusually 
 
rc 
 
 ClAVAKIA AUKEA VAR. AUSTRALIS. No. 2913 lleft]. 
 ClAVARIA CONJUNCTIPES VAR. ODORA. No. 2595 fright 
 

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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 139 
 
 developed. There is also a bit of this from Schweinitz in the 
 Curtis Herbarium which shows the same spores. In the same 
 herbarium is a good plant from Hillsboro, N. C., without specific 
 name, but pinned on the same sheet with C. aitrea. It looks much 
 like C. gelatinosa with the same dark, rather olive tint. The 
 spores are a little larger and hardly so rough as in our plants, 
 3.7-4.8 X 8-1 l[i.. Cotton has shown (confirmed by us) that Per- 
 soon's type plants of C. grisca are C. cinerea (Trans. Brit. Myc. 
 Soc. 3 : 184. 1909) as Persoon himself stated in 1822. It is pos¬ 
 sible that our plant exists in Europe and is the one that Fries 
 erroneously interpreted as C. grisca. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2413. Upland deciduous woods, 
 July 22, 1916. (Type). No. 2677. Low damp woods, July 16, 1917. 
 No. 2700. Low damp woods, July 16, 1917. A young plant; tips pale, 
 flesh just becoming gelatinous. No. 2715. Mixed upland woods, July 
 19, 1917. No. 2744. Mixed upland woods, July 21, 1917. No. 2807. 
 On hillside in woods, July 29, 1917. No. 2861. Mixed pine and fron- 
 dose woods, October 4, 1917. Spores distinctly rough, 4.4-4.8 x 8-9.8/^. 
 No. 2880. Pine and dogwood back of athletic field, October 6, 1917. 
 Spores 4.4-4.8 X 7.7-9.2/x. No. 2915. Mixed woods south of athletic 
 field, October 18, 1917. No. 3436. Deciduous woods, August 16, 1919. 
 No. 3477. Mixed woods near Meeting of the Waters, August 22, 1919. 
 No. 4397. Damp woods by north branch of Meeting of the Waters, 
 July 14, 1920. 
 
 Clavaria rufescens Schaeff. Fung. Bavar., pi. 288. 1770. 
 
 C. holoriihella Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 57. 1908. 
 
 Plates 51 and 86 
 
 Plants of medium to large size, up to 15 cm. high and 12 cm. 
 broad, usually about 8-10.5 cm. high and same breadth; stem dis¬ 
 tinct, usually stout, short, glabrous, whitish, then tan or leather 
 color, and often stained with deep, dull vinaceous rose color; 
 branches delicate, very numerous and loosely crowded, spreading 
 on the sides, terete or channelled, quite rugose, or at times not at 
 all so, branching irregularly and ending in short, bluntish cusps; 
 color light tan when fresh, the tips concolorous when very young 
 but soon becoming* pale rosy vinaceous then darker vinaceous and 
 finally deep dull brick-brown. Flesh white or often stained 
 vinaceous rose below when the surface is so stained; when quite 
 fresh moderately brittle, but soon pliable; taste bitterish or slightly 
 acid or at times scarcely any, not krauty; odor none, or very slight. 
 
1-10 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Spores (of No. 2845) about cinnamon-buff (Ridgway), rod- 
 elliptic, with a curved tip, characteristically marked with longi¬ 
 tudinal striations, 3.3-3.8 x 11-13 [jl. Basidia (of No. 2862) 7.4-8 [jl 
 thick, 4-spored; hymenium 55-65[;. thick; hyphae 3-8[x thick, clamp 
 connections present. 
 
 Common in upland woods. Easily distinguished from C. 
 hotrytis by the wine colored instead of rose-pink tips, which grow 
 deeper in age instead of lighter as in the latter species; also by the 
 different taste, less firm and brittle flesh, and different spores. 
 The striate spores separate it from all other species. Clavaria 
 ohtusissima has spores of like shape, but without the striations, 
 and the plant has stouter branches without wine colored tips. 
 A peculiarity of the plant is the spotted appearance that almost 
 always results from the gnawing of grubs as maturity is passed. 
 Another is the open way in which the branches dry. The species 
 has been much confused with C. hotrytis, which see for discussion. 
 Migula's figure referred to below shows by the striate spores that 
 he confused this species with C. formosa. Compare also C, pallida 
 as interpreted by Maire (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 27 : 451. 1911). The 
 variety frondosarum Bres. of C. rnfescens (in Schulzer, Hed- 
 wigia 24 : 148. 1885) is said to differ from the species in the tips 
 not being red and in the white stem. It may not belong to this 
 species. Quelet’s interpretation of the species seems to be the 
 same as ours. He speaks of the purplish tips, and the spores also 
 agree. Clavaria holornhella is not to be distinguished from this 
 species by the description and the spores are identical. We find 
 them (in the type at Ithaca) striate, 3.7-5 x 10.5-13.3 [jl. 
 
 Illustrations: Britzelmayr. Hymen. Siidb., Clavariei, fig. 16. Probably 
 true, but not good. 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 2, fig. 6 (as C. holornhella). 1922. 
 
 Istvanffi. Icon. Fung., pi. 63, fig. 3. 1900. 
 
 Migula in Thome. Krypt.-Fl. Deutsch. 3, 2, 1: pi. 24 (as C. formosa). 
 1912. 
 
 Saccardo. Mycol. Venetae, pi. 8, figs. 9-10. 1873. 
 
 Schaeffer. As cited above. 
 
 Sterbeeck. Theatr. Fung., pi. 11, figs. A-B. 1675. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 531. Woods northeast of school house, 
 October 8, 1912. Spores yellow-ochraceous, long, rod-shaped, smooth, 
 3-3.7 X 10.2-12/x. No. 563. By path to Meeting of the Waters, Oc¬ 
 tober 15, 1912. Spores 3-4.3 x 11-13/x,, most about 3.5x11.5/^. No. 
 
PT.ATE 54 
 
 ClAVARIA AUREA VAR. AUSTRALIS. No. 2912 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 141 
 
 2845. In rocky, upland, frondose woods, October 1, 1917. No. 2862. 
 Pine and frondose woods (mixed), October 4, 1917. Spores 3.7-4.4 x 
 ll-13.5ju-. No. 2868. Mixed woods, October 5, 1917. Just as in No. 
 2845 except base not so thick and tapering downward. No. 2877. In 
 mixed woods, October 6, 1917. Tips a pretty light wine color. No. 
 2884. Pine, oaks and a little underbrush, quite rocky, October 6, 1917. 
 Tips light wine color even though the plant was very fresh; quite rugose 
 upward. Spores cinnamon-buff (exactly color of those of C. fo-rmosa), 
 quite smooth, 3.7-4 x 11-12.2/x. No. 2887. Oaks, pines, cedars and 
 much underbrush, October 6, 1917. Very large plants. No. 2901. 
 Pines, oaks and some underbrush, October 8, 1917. 
 
 Linville Falls. Coker and party, No. 5722. (U. N. C. Herb.). Taste 
 
 quite bitter. Spores 4-4.8 x 9.3-12/x. 
 
 Clavaria xanthosperma Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 94: 21. 1905. 
 
 Plate 86 
 
 We have not seen this in the fresh state, but from the descrip¬ 
 tion and the dried plants we take it to be a good species. The type 
 consists of two plants, clear, pale ochraceous, 3.2-5 cm. high, and 
 3.8-4.4 cm. broad, bases pointed abruptly below, tips numerous; 
 brittle, not friable; a few distinct red stains on the short stems. 
 Spores nearly smooth, 3.8-4.8 x 12.2-15.5p.. The original de¬ 
 scription follows: 
 
 “Stem very short, firm, solid, divided into numerous branches, 
 white, sometimes becoming red where wounded, ultimate branches 
 short, blunt or obtusely dentate at the apex, the axils rounded, 
 the whole plant white, becoming yellowish or cream-colored with 
 age; spores pale yellow, oblong, 12.7-15.2 x 4-5p-, slightly and 
 obliquely pointed at one end. 
 
 “It forms tufts about 2 inches high.” 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9; pi. 3, fig. 15. 1922. 
 
 New York: Smithtowii. Woods, August. (Albany Herb., type). 
 
 Clavaria verna n. sp. 
 
 Plates 52 and 86 
 
 Plant up to 10 cm. high and 9 cm. wide, base distinct and 
 plump, pointed below, white, all above base a pale fleshy tan, the 
 tips concolorous. Branches open and lax, the angles broad and 
 rounded, surface a little rugose towards the tips. Flesh lax and 
 
142 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 soft, but not very brittle, not crisp and not snapping, but tearing; 
 nearly odorless and tasteless, mostly white, old bruised places are 
 ochraceous at any point of plant. Stem not very spongy, and tips 
 not wine color. 
 
 Spores (of No. 3039) light fleshy tan, elliptic, nearly smooth, 
 small, 3-3.3 X 6.6-7.4[ji. Basidia 4.8-6.6[jt. thick, 4-spored; hy- 
 menium S0-60 [jl thick; hyphae about 4.4[j. thick. 
 
 This was the first Clavaria to appear in the spring of 1918. 
 It seems nearest C. riifescens. It is not in the botrytis group, 
 nor is it like C. ohtusissima, C. cacao, etc. The pale, uniform 
 color, lax and open growth, soft but not brittle or crisp flesh, 
 lack of taste and odor and the distinctly small, nearly smooth 
 spores separate this species from all others. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 3039. Upland woods, with mostly 
 deciduous trees, May 18, 1918. (Type). No. 3053. Strowd’s low- 
 ground deciduous woods. May 22, 1918. When young very pale whitish 
 tan, the distinct rounded stem pure white, except for distinct or faint 
 tints of rose that may appear on stem or larger branches, mostly where 
 the two meet. This is not due to rubbing and may fade out in large 
 measure after a few hours. Bruised or gnawed places do not turn red¬ 
 dish or rosy. This seems near pale forms of C. rufescens, and is like 
 it in the soft flesh that causes the plant to dry very open and with sur¬ 
 face much gnawed by snails, also in distinct stem, etc. No odor or 
 taste when fresh, no odor of ham in drying, only a faintly aromatic odor 
 of ferment. Spores 3.7-4 x 7.4-8//,. No. 3067. Strowd’s lowground 
 deciduous woods. May 22, 1918. Spores as in No. 3039, elliptic, min¬ 
 utely rough, 3.7x7-7.7/^. No. 3068. Strowd’s lowground deciduous 
 woods. May 22, 1918. Stem very distinct and rounded, and with pretty, 
 light rosy tints here and there, these not from bruises. Color of plant 
 pale tan or buff except the white stem; some of the apices soon turning 
 brick color as in C. rufescens, but no wine color in tips. Flesh very soft 
 and delicate, but not snapping or crisp, tasteless and odorless. Spores 
 maize yellow, minutely rough, 3.3-3.7 x 7.5-9.5//, most about 3.5 x 8-8.5/^, 
 a very few up to 10.5/x. 
 
 Clavaria aurea Schaeff. Fung. Bavar., p. 121, pi. 287. 1770. 
 
 Plate 86 
 
 There is no species that has been more confused than this. 
 One can find almost all the large Clavarias so determined in 
 American and European herbaria. As there is no type in exist¬ 
 ence, it seemed to us for a time that it would be best to drop this 
 name altogether. It now appears, however, that there is a plant 
 
PLATE 55 
 
 ClAVARIA AUKEA VAR. AUSTRALIS. 
 
 No. 2597. 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 143 
 
 that has been determined as C. anrea by Bresadola, Romell, Peck, 
 Atkinson and Burnham and this may be considered sufficient 
 excuse for taking this plant as entitled to the name. It is true that 
 most or all of these students have also determined other species 
 as C. aurea and more or less consistently confused these species, 
 but in most cases all of their C. aurea except the plant we have in 
 mind can be referred to other known species. As we have notes 
 by Mr. Burnham on color in the fresh state of his plants, and as 
 they agree well in the dried state with plants from the other 
 authors mentioned, we will take our description of the species from 
 his collections. The spores of these New York plants are slightly 
 narrower than the European ones, but this difference does not 
 seem important in consideration of the close resemblance of the 
 spores in other respects. We have not found in the living state 
 a plant that we can believe identical with Burnham’s, but we have 
 in Chapel Hill a form which is apparently very near, differing 
 only in the less withered and cartilaginous look of the dried plant 
 and in the reddish stains when rubbed. We are calling this var. 
 australis. From Mr. Burnham’s plants and notes we draw the 
 following description (Burnham, No. 102) : 
 
 Plant large, repeatedly and densely branched from a rather 
 small, pointed root, reaching a weight of almost a pound. Color 
 a uniform, beautiful orange except the basal parts which are white 
 where hidden by leaves and humus. Texture tender and rather 
 brittle. The dried plants are dull brown to reddish brown, 
 shrunken, the base and young tips hard and cartilaginous-looking*, 
 taste rather strong and a little acid. 
 
 Spores yellowish under a lens, subelliptic, with a bent tip, 
 minutely but distinctly rough, 4-4.8 x 11-13^.. 
 
 We have compared our plant with two collections of C. aurea 
 from Bresadola’s herbarium, one marked “genuina,” the other 
 'hypica.” They look exactly like Burnham’s plants in the dried 
 state and the spores are the same except a little broader. One 
 lot (Sopramento, in woods, 1901) has spores 4-6 x 10-15[ji, the 
 other (Mendola, August, 1901) has spores 4-5.5 x 11-13.5 [ji. The 
 spores of both have the minutely rough surface and bent tip of 
 those of the American plant. Bresadola gives an inadequate de¬ 
 scription of a plant he took to be C. aurea (Fung. Mang., p. 110, 
 
144 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 pi. 102), but there is no reason to think that it is not the plant so 
 labelled in his herbarium. We have two good collections from 
 Romell labelled C. aurca, one of which we take to be correct and 
 like the above (spores rough, 4.5-S x 11-14[/-). The other is C. 
 flava. 
 
 Persoon did not recognize C. aurea, nor did Fries in his earlier 
 works, but in his Epicrisis and in Hym. Europ. the latter includes 
 it and refers to plates which agree very well with the plant de¬ 
 scribed above. Particularly good is Bulliard’s plate 222 (as C. 
 coralloides) and only a little less good is the lower figure in 
 Schaeffer’s plate 287. A plant from Fries (Upsala) in the Curtis 
 Herbarium labelled C. aurea is not unlike our plants and has 
 spores slightly rough, 4.5-6.5 x 9.3-1 1 [jl, just like those of the 
 Bresadola specimens referred to above. In addition to the above, 
 one of the few plates that really look like the American species is 
 that of Venturi (Studi MicoL, pi. 12, fig. 112, as C. aurea). 
 
 The species has not been recognized in the south except as 
 our Chapel Hill variety, but seems to be common in the northern 
 states. 
 
 Juel (cited under C. cristata) finds the basidium of a plant he 
 determines as C. aurea to contain four nuclei, resulting from two 
 apical transverse spindles, the number of chromosomes probably 
 four. The spores are larger and rougher than in C. flava, and 
 contain one nucleus (pi. 3, figs. 56-66). 
 
 Illustrations: See above. 
 
 New York: Albany. Peck. (Albany Herb.). The spores are slightly 
 rough, 4.2-4.6 X 9.5-11/x. A colored drawing shows the color a pale 
 brownish yellow and the plants quite upright. 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, Nos. 51 and 102. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Ithaca. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb.). Spores rough, 4-5.5 x 9-13/x. 
 
 Clavaria aurea var. australis n. var. 
 
 Plates 53-55, and 87 
 
 Plants up to 11 cm. high and broad, compound from a small 
 pointed base, and at times cespitose; delicate and soft, more or 
 less rugose, branching quickly in an irregular way into a dense 
 mass, the tips ending in bluntish cusps; color a rich huffy orange 
 (between capucine-orange and orange-buff of Ridgway) all over 
 
PLATE 56 
 
 ClAVARIA OBTUSISSIMA. No. 2866 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 145 
 
 except the base, which is at hrst nearly white, but is easily stained 
 with vinaceous brown when handled. Flesh delicate, not so hrm 
 as C. botrytis or C. flava and not snapping at a slight bend, but 
 more easily breaking than in most species, white, mildly bitter, 
 odor musty, faintly medicinal. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2912) buffy ochraceous, minutely rough, 
 3.9-4.4 X 11-13 [jl. Basidia 7.4-9.3 [jl thick, 4-spored; hymenium 
 75-110 [jl thick; hyphae 3-9 [ji, set with small crystals, often swollen 
 at septa but without clamp connections. 
 
 This all-orange plant varies into other color forms: one, 
 represented by No. 2882a, in which only the tips are orange, the 
 remainder when young, creamy flesh, then creamy tan; another 
 (No. 2597) in which the plant is brownish tan with a dull pink 
 tint, the base stained with deeper brown when rubbed. 
 
 Distinguished by the quick branching from a short, pointed, 
 slightly rooting base, by the stains on basal region, by the fine 
 rich color, by great delicacy, by absence of krauty odor or taste, 
 and by the long, narrow spores. It is evidently a close relative 
 of C. riifescens. It may be this species that is interpreted as C. 
 flava by Bresadola, one of the foremost living mycologists. In 
 his Fung. Mang., p. 108, he describes the species in a way that 
 seems to exclude all others. He mentions the uniform yellow 
 ('‘sulfur yellow’’) color, the wine-red stains on the stem and the 
 elongated cylindrical spores, 4-5 x 10-14 [jl long. At the New York 
 Botanical Garden is a plant from him labelled C. flava which 
 looks like our C. atirea var. australis and with spores faintly rough, 
 4-4.5 X 9-10.5[jt-. That this is really the C. flava of Schaeffer 
 seems highly improbable as such an interpretation is at variance 
 with the opinion of most European and American students of the 
 group. See under C. flaz^a for further discussion. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2597. In woods mold, oak and pine 
 upland woods, July 5, 1917. Spores ochraceous, elliptic with a large 
 eccentric mucro, minutely rough or smooth, 3.7-5 x 7.5-1 U, average 
 about 9.3-10/x long. No. 2882a. Mixed woods south of athletic field, 
 October 6, 1917. Spores ochraceous, long and narrow, distinctly rough, 
 4-4.5 X 11-13/^, most about 4 x I2fx, exactly like those of No. 2912. Tips 
 dull brick-brown when bruised or on withering, base white, but turning 
 dull wine-brown when rubbed (more purplish and not so red as in C. 
 rufescens). Flesh firm and brittle, light flesh color. No. 2912. Woods 
 south of athletic field, pines, oaks and underbrush, October 18, 1917. 
 (Type). No. 2913. Same locality as No. 2912, October 18, 1917. 
 
146 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 New York: Bolton. Peck. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Albany and Lebanon Springs. Peck and Clinton. (Albany Herb.). 
 Spores 4.5 xllfx. 
 
 Clavaria testaceoflava var. testaceoviridis Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 
 58. 1908. 
 
 This plant is known only from Blowing Rock. We have not 
 been able to find the type. The original description by Atkinson 
 is as follows: 
 
 “Plants clustered, extreme bases slightly joined; tufts 4-5 cm. 
 high, 3-4 cm. broad; trunks short, 1-2 cm. high, 4-6 mm. stout, 
 above abruptly branched, terminal branches somewhat enlarged 
 and pluridentate; trunks and branches pale drab, tips olive green 
 when fresh; spores oblong, roughened, 10-12 x 4[J!..'’ 
 
 Clavaria testaceoflava Bres. (Fungi Trid. 1:61, pi. 69. 1884) is 
 like the above except that the tips are yellow, the rest cinnamon 
 brown. Spores yellow, elongated, 4-5 x 10-14p., roughness not 
 mentioned or shown, but we find from authentic plants in the 
 Bresadola Herbarium that the spores are slightly rough 
 (3.8-5 X 1 l-14.8p-). Occurs in Alpine fir woods. The rather 
 small size, enlarged or expanded pluridentate or somewhat 
 crested yellowish tips (greenish in Atkinson’s variety) mark the 
 species. 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 3, fig. 17. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Blowing Rock. On ground in woods, August 19-Septem- 
 ber 22, 1901. A. B. Troyer. (Cornell Herb., type. No. 10593. Not seen 
 by us.) 
 
 Clavaria obtusissima Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 167 : 39. 1913. 
 
 C.albida Vk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 41: 79. 1887. (Not C. 
 albida Schaeff.) 
 
 C. obtusissima var. minor Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 167 : 34. 
 1913. 
 
 C. spinulosa Pers. Obs. Myc. 2: 59, pi. 3, fig. 1. 1799. 
 (Sense of Schw.). 
 
 Plates 56 and 87 
 
 Plants large, often 13 cm. high and of equal width, base 
 massive, tapering downward to a rather deep root, the stout main 
 
ClAVARIA SRCl'XDA. No. 2018. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 147 
 
 branches quickly divided into a heavy mass of branchlets which 
 finally terminate in blunt tips; surface even, not rugose, some¬ 
 times channelled; color pale cream when young, then creamy tan, 
 the tips concolorous until maturity, then fading to reddish brown, 
 the base whitish or nearly concolorous; flesh rather brittle, but not 
 so much so as in C. formosa, not rigid, white, soft, taste distinctly 
 bitterish, odor mildly rancid, becoming somewhat like old ham in 
 drying. A pink form of this seems to occur in the north, as we 
 have a collection from Vaughns, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 96), that 
 has the same spores and appearance, but that was flesh colored 
 when fresh. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2866) ochraceous, long rod-elliptic, often bent 
 or swaybacked, smooth, 3.7-4.4 x 11-13.8[i-. Basidia 7.4-9.3[jt. 
 thick, 4-spored; hymenium 90-100[i- thick; hyphae roughly parallel, 
 3-8(ji in diameter, clamp connections frequent but inconspicuous. 
 
 This is much like C. rtifescens in shape, taste and spores, but 
 is without the wine colored tips and stains of this color on the 
 stem, and the spores are without the striations seen in those of 
 C. rtifescens. 
 
 We have examined the type of C. obtusissima and find it the 
 same as our plants, with spores 4-5 x ll-14.8[x. From examina¬ 
 tion of the type of C. albida at Albany, we find it to all appear¬ 
 ances the same. The spores are indistinguishable, except for 
 slightly larger size, smooth, 3.8-5 x 14-15[ji. The variety minor 
 is a small form. We have examined also the plant in the 
 Schweinitz Herbarium labelled C. spinulosa which is referred to 
 by Berkeley in establishing C. secunda, and find it to be not that 
 but the present species. The spores as well as other appearances 
 in the dried state are the same. There is also a bit in the Curtis 
 Herbarium from Schweinitz with similar spores (4.5-5.3 x 
 14-16.5[x). 
 
 Illustrations: Bnrt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 4, fig. 18; pi. 3, fig. 16 
 (as C. albida). 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 577. Woods near Dr. Pratt’s home, 
 October 7, 1912. Spores smooth, 3.3-4 x 10.5-13/x. No. 2860. Mixed 
 woods, October 4, 1917. Spores 3.7-4 x 11-14/x,. No. 2866. Pine, 
 oak and cedar woods, October 4, 1917. No. 2867. Pine and frondose 
 woods, October 4, 1917. Spores 3.7-4.4x 10-12.2/x. No. 2870. Mixed 
 woods, October 5, 1917. Spores 3.7-4 x 11-14/x. No. 2896. Mixed 
 woods south of athletic field, October 8, 1917. Odor in drying dis- 
 
148 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 tinctly like old ham. Spores smooth, 3-4 x 11-14,S/x. No. 2909. Pine 
 and frondose woods, October 18, 1917. Odorless when quite fresh, 
 taste mild, slightly sweetish-acid; color light yellowish buff (about pale 
 orange yellow of Ridgw.), flesh pure white, firm and rather rigid, but 
 not very brittle; tips fading late to dull then darker brown. Spores 
 3.2-3.7 X 8.7-12/x. No. 2919. Mixed woods south of athletic field, Oc¬ 
 tober 18, 1917. Spores 3.2-3.5 x 9.3-11.3/x, very regular in size. No. 
 3200. In pine and oak leaves, mixed woods, October 7, 1918. Base 
 stout and distinct, usually with many little aborted branches on side. 
 Texture pliable, taste faintly bitterish sweet, odor slightly meaty in 
 drying, not strong of ham. Spores elliptic, nearly smooth, 3.8-5 x 
 10.5-13.5/x. 
 
 Alabama: Auburn. Earle. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. secunda). 
 Spores smooth, oblong-elliptic, 3.3-4 x 9.3-11.1/x. 
 
 New York: Bolton. Peck. (Albany Herb., as type of C. obtusissima var. 
 minor). 
 
 % 
 
 Monands and West Port. Peck. (Albany Herb., as types of C. albida). 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, No. 96a. Under hemlocks, August 19, 1917. (U. 
 
 N. C. Herb.). “Flesh colored when fresh.” Spores smooth, 4-5 x 12-15/x. 
 
 Massachusetts: West Roxbury. Miss Hibbard. (Albany Herb., as type of 
 C. obtusissima). 
 
 Stockbridge. Murrill and Thompson. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. 
 secunda). Spores smooth, 12-13/x long. 
 
 Stow. Davis. (Albany Herb., as C. obtusissima). 
 
 Missouri: St. Louis. Glatfelter. (Albany Herb., as C. secunda). Plant 
 “6-8 in. broad, 4-6 in. high.” Spores 3.5-4.5 x 11-15/x. 
 
 Clavai'ia obtusissima. Form zvith rough spores. 
 
 We have one collection that would pass for C. obtusissima 
 except for distinct roughness of spores. It may be distinct, but 
 without more specimens we prefer to consider it a rough-spored 
 form of this species. 
 
 Plant 9 cm. tall to the pointed base, 3-6 cm. broad. Stem 
 thick, spongy, glabrous, white; branches rather open, pale creamy 
 tan, then creamy ochraceous; tips concolorous; texture moder¬ 
 ately brittle; odor none, taste faintly sweetish. 
 
 Spores ochraceous yellow, distinctly rough, subelliptic, 
 3.7-5.5 X 9.5-14.8 [jl, most about 4.5 x 12p.. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 3792. Close to Strowd’s spring, mixed 
 woods, November 22, 1919. 
 
Clavaria cacao. No. 2926. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 149 
 
 Clavaria Strasseri Bres. in Strass. Pilzflora Sontag^berof 2 : 
 3. 1900. 
 
 Plate 87 
 
 Plant 7-10 cm. high, 4-8 cm. broad, stem stout, distinct, more 
 or less rooting, white or stained with tan; branches rather upright 
 and open, angles spreading or at times acute, twigs ending in 
 rather acute tips, color light creamy tan, the tips concolorous, 
 deeper cinnamon-tan in age, the tips dull brown in withering. 
 Flesh white, soft, hbrous, not very brittle; taste bitterish, odor 
 faintly of old ham. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2897) yellowish buff, oblong-amygdaliform 
 (approaching peach kernel shape), smooth, 4.8-6.7 x 14-18.5[x. 
 Basidia 7.4-9.3[ji thick, 4-spored; hymenium 90-110[i. thick; hyphae 
 4-10[i- thick, wavy, clamp connections present. 
 
 Closely related to C. obhisissima, C. secimda, and C. mfescens, 
 but separated from all of them by the very large spores, and from 
 the last bv absence of wine colored stains. The odor is different 
 
 w/ 
 
 from that of C. sectmda, but like that of the other two. We have 
 called this C. Strasseri because in appearance it is just like a plant 
 so named from Bresadola in the New York Botanical Garden, 
 and principally because the peculiar large spores are identical in 
 both. Bresadola gives the spores as 4-6 xl2-16[ji. In the above 
 specimens from him we find them to be 5-6.6 x 11.8-15.5[i.. Others 
 in his herbarium (Sontagberg, Strasser) have spores 3.8-5 x 
 13-15[x. 
 
 Except for the spores the relationship of this to C. obtiis- 
 issima is so close that it might be best to consider the former a 
 large-spored variety of the latter. The plant has been recognized 
 so far in this country only in Chapel Hill. 
 
 Clavaria inenrvata Morg. (Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 11: 
 88, pi. 2, fig. 2. 1888) must remain doubtful as Prof. T. H. Mac- 
 Bride writes us that the type is not represented in the Morgan Her¬ 
 barium at the University of Iowa, and no authentic specimen is 
 known. The figure somewhat resembles C. Strasseri. From its 
 spores, Ramaria Rieli would seem to fall here. It is evidently an 
 abnormal, dropsical form in any case. 
 
150 Clavarias of trie United States and Canada 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2897. In pine and frondose woods, 
 
 south of athletic field, October 8, 1917. No. 2927. Same woods as 
 
 No. 2897, October 18, 1917. Spores smooth, 5.5-6.3 x 14-17fx. 
 
 Clavaria secunda Berk. Grevillea 2 : 7. 1873. 
 
 C. crassipes Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 67: 27. 1903. 
 
 C. pallida Schaeff. Fung. Bavar., pi. 286. 1770. (Sense of 
 Bres. Not C. pallida B. & C.). 
 
 Plates 57 and 85 
 
 Plants medium to large, stem distinct, usually short (about 
 2-3.5 cm. long), stout to very stout, up to 4 cm. thick, soft, white, 
 glabrous, and usually very smooth and terete, main branches 
 numerous, rather small, arising in an open fashion from the top 
 of the broad stem, smooth (not rugose), branching a few times 
 and ending in blunt or rather sharp tips. Color pale creamy tan, 
 with a faint flesh tint, except the white stem, which may be more 
 or less stained with this color; tips concolorous, in fading becom¬ 
 ing soaked reddish ochraceous. Flesh pure white, filirous and 
 soft, spongy, not brittle, taste quite mild, distinctly sweetish; 
 odor sweetish medicinal and a little rancid, rather pleasant and 
 fainty like old ham. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2876) ochraceous buff, elliptic, smooth, 
 f-4.4 X 8.5-11.4p., most about 4.3 x 9.3p.. 
 
 This is most like C. obtusissima in color and general appear¬ 
 ance, but is distinctly different in the thicker, more discrete, more 
 glabrous and very soft stem, which does not taper much down¬ 
 ward but is rounded below and not much rooted; in the sweetish, 
 mild taste, and in the shorter spores, which are never sway- 
 backed. The stem is nearly always set with a good many short, 
 projecting points, representing very much reduced branches, as 
 shown in the photos. 
 
 The co-type in the Curtis Herliarium ( Hillsboro, N. C., No. 
 534) has spores of the same characteristic shape and size, 4.5-5.5 x 
 10-12.2[;,. The collection at Kew ( Ravenel, No. 991, Santee River, 
 S. C.), also referred to in the original description, shows few 
 spores but these seem to be like those of our No. 2876. 
 
 Our plants are like Peck's types of C. crassipes and the 
 spores are identical, smooth or nearly so, 4-5.5 x 10-12[j.. Tn a 
 later collection by Peck (1916) they are smooth, 4-4.5 x 8.6-1 l[ji; 
 
PLATE 59 
 
 Clavaria byssiseda. No. 4460. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 151 
 
 in still another collection made in the same place in 1917 they are 
 5-5.5 X 11.5-12.5 [jl. From two good plants in Bresadola's her¬ 
 barium we think he has referred this species to C. pallida Schaeff. 
 Both are from coniferous woods and were collected by him. Of 
 one he says ‘hn growth pale flesh color, soon becoming whitish- 
 alutaceous.” The spores are smooth or nearly so, 4-5.5 x 8.5-1 If/.. 
 If the type of C. extensa Herfell (Hedwigia 52 : 391. 1912) exists 
 it should be compared with the present species. 
 
 Farlow’s figure of C. aurea (see below) is much more like 
 this species than it is like our C. aurea. 
 
 Illustrations: Bel. Champ. Tarn, pi. 8. 1889 (as C. flava but not). 
 
 May be C. seciinda. 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 1, fig. 4; pi. 7, fig. 51 (as C. crassipcs). 
 1922. 
 
 Farlow. Garden and Forest 7: fig. 15 (as C. aurea) fig. 8 of separate). 
 1894. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr., pi. 100 (as C. aurea). 1874-78. 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild., pi. 53, figs. 5 and 6 (as C. formosa). 1841. 
 
 Richon and Roze. Atl. Champ., pi. 66, figs. 3 and 4 (as C. aurea). 
 1885-7. Good. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Flill. No. 2876. Mixed pine and frondose woods 
 south of athletie field, October 6, 1917. No. 2918. Among oaks and 
 pines with much dogwood underbrush, October 18, 1917. No. 2931. 
 Mixed woods south of athletic field, October 18, 1917. 
 
 Hills1:)oro. Curtis. (Curtis Herb., as co-type). 
 
 New York: Sand Lake. Peck. (Albany Herb., as C. erassipes). 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, No. 112. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores slightly rough 
 
 or smooth, 3.8-5.3 x 8-11.l/x. 
 
 Clavaria cacao n. sp. 
 
 Plates 58 and 87 
 
 Two plants, 7-8 cm. high, 5-6 cm. wide, rather upright; stem 
 short, moderately thick, somewhat tapering, terete or channelled, 
 glabrous, firm; branching in a rather open fashion into crooked 
 branches, which terminate in short, stout, rather pointed and 
 cusp-like tips; inconspicuously rugose in upper half at least; color 
 when young a pale lavender-pink upward and to some extent 
 throughout; this soon changing towards maturity from the base 
 upward to pale tan, through butfy tan to buff, the upper part and 
 
152 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 tips retaining some of the lavender-pink until maturity, then 
 darkening at the very points to brown when fading; base and 
 stem whitish, but easily changing to wine color when handled, 
 and bruised flesh changing to this color at any point, as around 
 grub channels. Flesh Arm and rigid-elastic when quite fresh, 
 soon pliable in fading, not brittle, pure white or with a faint tint 
 of surface color; taste mild, faint, not bitter or krauty; odor none 
 when quite fresh, but as soon as fading begins becoming very dis¬ 
 tinctly medicinal fragrant—much like cocoa butter of the phar¬ 
 macist (not like edible chocolate), and not like that of C. secnnda 
 (No. 2876). The odor is moreover very persistent, and even 
 stronger in completely dry than in fading plants, and thus quite 
 different from the disappearing odor of C. secnnda and other 
 species. After six years the fragrance is still quite obvious. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2926) ochraceous, smooth, long and nar¬ 
 row, some sway-backed, 3.4 x 12.7-16.6[jl. Basidia 4-spored, 
 5.9-9.3[ji thick; hymenium 65-95[t thick, with medium sized crys¬ 
 tals ; threads of flesh very irregular, not parallel in longitudinal 
 section, 3-7.7[jl thick, clamp connections present. 
 
 This species is much like C. rnfescens in shape, texture, and 
 in the vinaceous stains, but the color is otherwise not the same, as 
 the whole upper part is a faint lavender-pink, not the vinaceous 
 color of C. rnfescens, which moreover is confined to the tips 
 and is much more vivid and contrasting; also the upper part of C. 
 cacao does not darken much in fading, only the very tips becoming 
 dull brown, and the spores are without striations. The very 
 noticeable fragrance is the most distinctive character and sepa¬ 
 rates it from all others near, the odor of C. secnnda being differ¬ 
 ent and the plant very different. Clavaria flava has like stains 
 on the stem, but is not otherwise similar. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2926. On ground in woods (pine, oak 
 
 and dogwood), October 18, 1917. 
 
 Clavaria byssiseda Pers. Obs. Myc. 1: 32. 1796. 
 
 C. pinophila Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 35 : 136. 1884. 
 
 ^Clavaria cpiphylla Schw. (herb. name. Not C. epiphylla Quel.). 
 
 Plates 28, 59, 60, and 87 
 
 Plants 1.5-5.6 cm. high, 0.5-4.5 cm. broad; stalk distinct, 3-4 
 mm. thick, 1-1.4 cm. long, distinctly rough or scurfy, nearly white, 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 153 
 
 irregularly branched and rebranched 3 or 4 times, the ultimate tips 
 fine, short and a little divaricating; rather dense; color of main 
 body when quite fresh a delicate, very pale rosy pink or fleshy 
 tan, becoming brownish when bruised; the tips shading gradually 
 to whitish cream; after maturity darkening to about leather color 
 (avellaneous to wood-brown) in main region, the tips unchanging 
 or becoming very faintly tinted with green; no sterile plush-like 
 areas among the branches, except in some of the angles (or such 
 sterile lines present in some of the New York plants). Flesh 
 quite tough and pliable, easily bending on self without breaking; 
 taste slight, faintly woody; odor slight, reminding one of a sewing 
 machine. (No odor to be noticed in plants from Vaughns, 
 N. Y.) 
 
 Spores long*, narrow, sway-backed, cream or faintly brown in a 
 good print, narrowed toward the proximal end, (of No. 4395) 
 3.7 X 12-13.7[jl. Basidia clavate, 4-spored, 7A[x thick ; hymenium 
 40-50[jl thick, deep yellow in section ; hyphae of flesh loosely packed, 
 septate, with clamp connections, 4-5[ji thick. 
 
 Growing on twigs and leaves or fragments of rotting wood of 
 beech or less often of maple, and probably under oak also; some¬ 
 times on these and white pine leaves mixed; often appearing in a 
 row on twigs and bound together by rhizomorphic strands. 
 
 When quite fresh the bruised surface and cut flesh turn brown 
 rather quickly. After standing in dry air a little while some of 
 the minute tips turn deep reddish brown for about 1 mm. or less. 
 When growing on leaves the plants spring immediately from a 
 dense, flat, white pad about 5-13 mm. wide on top of the leaf. This 
 pad is connected beneath to the byssoid strands between the leaves, 
 which are characteristic of the species. In older plants even the 
 tips may become tinted with leather color. At times several stems 
 may be compounded and fused to make a denser mass. 
 
 Since Fries’s time this species has not been well understood. 
 It has often been confused with C. crispula and is very rarely met 
 with in herbaria. What may be considered the type is repre¬ 
 sented in Persoon’s herbarium by some mycelium and a few, 
 minute prongs, the larger parts having been broken away. There 
 is nothing in its appearance to exclude our C. byssiseda, but no 
 spores were found. Except for the tips being frequently greenish 
 our plants agree perfectly with Persoon’s description and figure; 
 
154 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 and they are certainly the species so interpreted by Bresadola, 
 who has recently put the species on a sure basis (Ann. Myc. 1: 
 112. 1903), although he is wrong in his list of synonyms (see 
 note under C. strict a). His was the first correct description of 
 the spores and it is in exact accordance with our own except that 
 in our plants the spores are not quite so thick. There are no 
 other spores at all like them among related species. (He says 
 “Spores hyaline, elongate-sinuate, as if subsigmoid, 13-18x4-6[x.”) 
 Plants from Atkinson (U. S. A.) in the Bresadola Herbarium, 
 determined by Bresadola as C. byssiseda, are just like ours, the 
 spores the same shape but a little shorter, 3-4 x 8-10[jt.. Schweinitz 
 distributed plants as C. epiphylla, a herbarium name, that he 
 refers to under C. crispiila in Syn. Fung. Am. Bor., p. 181, saying, 
 “formerly called C. cpiphyUa by us.” In the Curtis Herbarium 
 there are two fragments from Schweinitz labelled C. epiphylla on 
 the sheet with C. crispiila. There is also a plant at Kew from 
 him under the first name. We think these plants from appearance 
 and the name are C. byssiseda, although we have not been aide to 
 find spores on any of them. They are not what we are calling C. 
 decurrens. Patouillard’s idea of the species is not the same—the 
 very small spore excluding it (Tab. Analyt. Fung., p. 28, fig. 
 567). The colored figures by Pettersson made under the direction 
 of Fries, now at Stockholm in the Riks Museum are exactly 
 like the plants collected by us on twigs at Lake Georg'e, but 
 Fries’s idea of the species is certainly in part different. At Kew 
 there are two collections from him (Upsala) so determined, one 
 on spruce and one on pine cones. Both have the appearance of 
 C. apiciilata, but no spores could be found. Two collections from 
 Romell (Upsala and Stockholm) labelled C. clastica v. Post (a 
 herbarium name) are C. byssiseda. Notes by Romell on C. 
 byssiseda agree very well with ours. He gives the spores as 
 10-14 X 4.5-5.S[T. Basidia 4-spored. Collections by Schweinitz 
 labelled C. byssiseda (Bethlehem, Pa.), in both the Schweinitz 
 and Curtis Herbaria are apparently C. Patouillardii. Peck’s ref¬ 
 erence is probably correct ( Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 39: 44. 1886). 
 We have seen his Adirondack plants and they seem the same as 
 ours. Quelet’s conception of this species as given in Bull. Soc. 
 Bot. de France 26: 232, 1879, seems not to be this but our C. 
 stricta. 
 
PLATE 60 
 
 Clavaria Patou-illakdii. C. & B. No. lOla [lower left fig.] 
 Ci.AVARiA Bv.ssisKDA. C. & B. No. 113 [all other figs.]. 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 155 
 
 Peck’s C. pinopJiila is this species. The type collection repre¬ 
 sents a more compacted form than usual, but all important charac¬ 
 ters are the same. The spores of the type (East Berne, N. Y.) are 
 hyaline, smooth, 3.5-4 x 12.5-14.5[;., curved as usual. Peck de¬ 
 scribed his C. pinopJiila as growing under pine, but later wrote 
 Morgan that it grew under deciduous trees as well (note by Mor¬ 
 gan at New York Botanical Garden). For discussion of LacJino- 
 cladinm MicJiencri see under C. stricta. 
 
 In size and habit this is most like C. apiculata (which looks 
 very like it in the dried state) and C. gracilis, but these have quite 
 different spores. There is nothing in Fries’s descriptions to clearly 
 exclude C. cpicJinoa from this as the spores are much nearer white 
 than in C. botrytis which Fries also places among the white-spored 
 species. 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 7, fig. 50 (as C. pino- 
 pliila). 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 4395. On a thick layer of beech leaves 
 near Meeting of the Waters, July 12, 1920. No. 4460. Mixed woods, 
 beech and oak with some pine, near branch southwest of Pritchard’s, 
 arising from the leaves and twigs, July 20, 1920. Spores faintly brown¬ 
 ish in a good print. No. 4639. From same spot as No. 4395, August 
 6, 1920. No. 5302. On deciduous and pine leaves mixed, July 6, 1922. 
 Spores distinctly cream in a good print, crooked, 3.4-3.7 x 11-16.6/x. 
 
 Cranberry. Thaxter. (Thaxter Herb.). 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. No. 5589. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 
 
 typical. 
 
 Winston-Salem. Schallert. (U. N. C. Herl).). Spores long, crooked, 
 smooth, 3.4-4.4 X 12-15;a. 
 
 Also reported by Schweinitz (Syn. Fung. Car. Sup., p. 85) who says: 
 “Radiculis distincta. Rara inter folia putrescentia.” 
 
 Pennsylvania: Bethlehem. Schweinitz. (Schweinitz Herb., Curtis Herl). 
 and Kew Herb. All as C. epiphylla). 
 
 New York: Adirondacks. Peck. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Lake George. Coker. Two colls. Under beech on twigs, and on leaves of 
 maple and pine mixed, September 3, 1917. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Vaughns. Coker and Burnham. Several colls, on leaves under beech, 
 August 2, 1917; August 16, 1917; September 2, 1917. (U. N. C. 
 
 Herb.). Spores exactly as in the Chapel Hill plants and all other 
 essential points agreeing. Spores (of B. No. 90) 2.9-3.7 x 10-14/t. 
 Tips often compressed and palmate in appearance, faintly greenish on 
 drying; taste mildly bitterish, no odor. 
 
 Ithaca. Kauffman. (Bresadola Herb.). 
 
156 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 East Berne. Peck. (Albany Herb., type of C. pinophila). 
 
 Jamesville. Underwood. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. pinophila). 
 
 Spores typical, 3.5-4 x 12-16.6/x. 
 
 Connecticut: Redding, September 7, 1919. Coker. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Plants up to 6 cm. high. Spores curved, 3.8 x 13-15ja. 
 
 Clavaria Patouillardii Bres. Fungi Trid. 2: 39; pi. 146, fig. 1. 
 1892. 
 
 Plates 60 and 88 
 
 Gregarious, often crowded, broom-like, slender and delicate 
 throughout, much and closely branched from the base or with a 
 short stalk, 2-6 cm. high, about 2-4 cm. broad, tips slender and 
 sharp, numerous, open but scarcely divaricating; surface smooth, 
 not pubescent below except for the mycelium in protected places; 
 color a pale leather-tan, the base darker leather color, the tips 
 nearly white; when dry becoming a very even and distinctive 
 umber brown (about drab or buffy drab), and often with an olive 
 tint, particularly upward. Flesh not brittle, but bending on self 
 without breaking, odorless and tasteless, not changing color when 
 bruised; when dry very brittle and delicate. Mycelium white, 
 farinose-flocculent, delicate and abundant, scarcely stringy, con¬ 
 spicuous in the leaves or humus. 
 
 Spores (of B. No. 781) very hyaline (white?), narrow, 
 subelliptic, sigmoid, smooth, 2.2 x 7.4-7.7p-; basidia about 5 [ji. thick, 
 4-spored. Hymenium (of C. & B. No. 101a) simple, without em¬ 
 bedded spores and very few on the surface, 48-55p. thick. 
 
 This interesting species is evidently rare. We have it only 
 from Pennsylvania and from Vaughns, N. Y., where it has been 
 found by Mr. Burnham in two old groves of deciduous trees where 
 it occurs from year to year, and by us in pure hemlock leaves 
 under hemlock. Mr. Burnham says, “The plants usually spring 
 from the old humus of decaying leaves of several years, with more 
 or less decaying twigs mixed with the vegetable mold: some of 
 the plants (of No. 78) were found growing on rotten wood; so 
 that the plants are not wholly dependent on decaying leaves for 
 habitat.’' 
 
 From C. flaccida and C. subdecurrens which are nearest in size 
 and habit and with which it may be associated the species is 
 separated by the lighter color when fresh, the quite different color 
 
PLATE 61 
 
 Clavaria stricta. No. 1228. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 157 
 
 when dried, and by the different spores. From the latter it may 
 also be separated by the white tips and mild taste. The color 
 when dried is somewhat like that of C. gracilis at times, but that 
 has more open and divaricated branching and very different 
 spores. That our plant is C. Patoiiillardii is shown by comparison 
 with that species in the Bresadola Herbarium (Stockholm), which 
 is alike in all details, with the same peculiar farinose-flocculent 
 mycelium. The spores are narrow, pointed-elliptic, smooth, 
 2.5 X 6.3-8[x. This was growing on frondose trash, but a collec¬ 
 tion by Patouillard in the herbarium of the University of Paris 
 was taken from coniferous leaves and twigs. The description and 
 figures agree in every detail. A plant from Bresadola at the New 
 York Botanical Garden labelled C. Patoiiillardii var. minor has 
 exactly the same spores (hyaline, smooth, 2.3 x 7[j.) and the same 
 mycelium. Claz’aria decurrens var. australis is most like the pres¬ 
 ent species in appearance when dry. 
 
 Pennsylvania: Bethlehem. Schweinitz. (Schweinitz Herb., as C. byssi- 
 seda). The plants seem like this species in the dry state and the peculiar 
 spores are identical, hyaline, smooth, 2.3 x 7.7|U. 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Burnham. Several collections in rotting leaves or 
 in humus near decaying deciduous wood, July, 1916, and July, 1917. 
 Spores alike in all. Also C. & B. No. 101a. In Burnham’s hemlocks 
 growing near C. flaccida and C. subdecurrens, Sept. 2, 1917. Spores as 
 above, 2.3 x 7-7.7^. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria apiculata Fr. Syst. Myc. 1 : 470. 1821. 
 
 virgata Fr. Syst. Myc. 1: 472. 1821. 
 
 C, Tsugina Pk. Bull. N. Y. St. Mus. 67: 27. 1903. 
 
 Plates 39 and 88 
 
 Plants of small or medium size, up to about 7 cm. high, 
 crowded or single, branched from or near the base, the slender 
 stems springing from abundant fibrillose mycelium or when on 
 bark often fusing into an amorphous, white, flattened, tomentose 
 tissue which extends between the layers. Main stems about 3-4 
 mm. thick, branching quickly into curving, somewhat flattened, 
 elongated branches, the angles rounded, the ultimate branches 
 ending in two or three long, sharp tips, which are straight or 
 divaricating and whitish in youth; surface white-tomentose at 
 the protected base, smooth elsewhere except scurfy tomentose 
 
158 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 areas which occupy the angles and often run up and down the 
 branches for some distance; young plants and upper parts of older 
 ones a light pinkish ochraceous color; base at maturity, and in age 
 the entire plant, becoming a deeper ochraceous brown or reddish 
 leather color. Flesh solid and dense, toughish, nearly odorless, and 
 slightly bitter (a bitter taste is noted also by Bresadola). Threads 
 of hesh about 3-7 [t thick, with thick walls (1.5-2.5 !t) which in 
 many places leave little or no lumen, running longitudinally and 
 parallel under the hymenium, irregularly woven and often knotty 
 in center. Dried plants are hard, rigid and brittle, and often 
 blackish and metallic-looking at the tips. Immature tips when 
 dried retain their whitish color. 
 
 Spores dull ochraceous, minutely warted, elliptic, 3.7-4.6 x 
 7.4-9.2p-. Basidia 4-spored, long-clavate, about 7.4 [t thick; hy¬ 
 menium 50-75[j. thick, brown in section^ composed of 2-4 more or 
 less'obvious layers and including a vast number of spores as in C. 
 strict a. Subhymenial layer not so distinctly set off in color or 
 density as is usual in C. stricta. 
 
 Common on dead coniferous wood, or from bark at the base of 
 living conifers, often forming dense rows between slabs of bark, 
 and not rarely on mats of decaying coniferous leaves. From C. 
 suecica, which grows on coniferous leaves and has somewhat 
 similar but smaller spores, C. apicnJata is easily distinguished by 
 the darker color, both when fresh and when dry, by the less bitter 
 taste, and by the harder and tougher texture when dry. It is very 
 closely related to C. stricta, and a careful study has brought out 
 little difference in microscopical detail (the spores of C. apiculata 
 average a trifle longer). As it stands at present, C. apiculata can 
 be distinguished from C. stricta by its growth on coniferous wood 
 or leaves, by its average smaller size, and by its denser and tougher 
 flesh. The dried plants when soaked are tougher to cut and much 
 stronger. Material in Bresadola's herbarium of what we are call¬ 
 ing C. apiculata he has determined in part as C. apiculata and in 
 part as C. stricta. He also includes under C. stricta the plant on 
 frondose wood that we have so named. Of a plant on spruce 
 labelled C. stricta he says, 'flips rufescent or greenish.’’ Good C. 
 apiculata on hemlock from Ithaca (Atkinson) he determines as C. 
 stricta^ and so in other cases also. 
 
PLATE 62 
 
 Clavaria rtrkta. Redding, Conn 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 159 
 
 That this is C. apiculata Fr. does not seem open to doubt. 
 Fries's description does not disagree in any point (except that he 
 describes the tip color as sometimes greenish.) We have three col¬ 
 lections of C. apiculata from Stockholm sent us by Romell and so 
 determined by him. They occur on coniferous wood and agree in 
 every respect with the American plants. For example, the spores 
 in one case are 4-5 x 7.5-9.3 [j., faintly rough; hymenium complex, 
 containing embedded spores. The threads of the flesh in many 
 cases have very thick walls, in places closing the lumen. One col¬ 
 lection is noted as having the tips green, and this occasional varia¬ 
 tion to green tips is the only difference that is to be made out in the 
 European plant. At Kew is a collection in poor condition of C. 
 apicvilata from E. P. Eries (Upsala, October, 1856), which has the 
 same dark tips well shown; spores 3.8-4.5 x6-9.7[i.. This is also 
 the plant called C. apiculata by Schweinitz, as evidenced by a col¬ 
 lection in his herbarium which is similar in appearance and spores 
 (4-5 x8-9.2(ji). There is also a specimen from Schweinitz in the 
 Curtis Herbarium (no locality given) labelled C. apiculata which is 
 the same. Its spores are minutely rough, elliptic, 3.7-4.4 x 
 6.7-8.1[T. From a collection labelled C. abictina from Schweinitz 
 in the Curtis Herbarium, it appears that his conception of that 
 species was incorrect. The spores, which are short-elliptic^ min¬ 
 utely rough, 4.8-5.5 x 7.5-9.3[i., show the plant to be C. apiculata. 
 It is to be noted further that the plants early referred by Peck to 
 C. apic'ulata (Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 24: 82. 1872) are the same as 
 his C. Tsugina. After examining carefully the type of C. Tsugina 
 as well as numerous other collections determined bv Peck at Al- 
 bany, we And no difference between it and our plants described 
 above. In a good plant of C. Tsugina from Piseco determined by 
 Peck, spores are minutely rough, 4 x 8.5-9.5 [j.. In Albany there are 
 several collections of small plants on coniferous wood that were 
 determined by Peck as C. hyssiscda. They are almost certainly 
 young plants of C. apiculata, and look just like our No. 2962. No 
 spores could be found on them. 
 
 Clavaria virgata Fr. may also be this species. A fragment so 
 labelled by Schweinitz from New York State now in the Curtis 
 Herbarium looks much like C. apiculata, but we could find no 
 spores on it. Fries gives it as growing on rotten pine wood, and 
 
160 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Karsten says it grows on mossy pine wood. Bresadola determines 
 a plant from Rick (Holland) as C. virgata which is really a form 
 of C. cristata CTlant cinereous, stem cinereo-ochraceous. Spores 
 9-10x7-8^”). 
 
 Fries (Hymen. Europ., p. 673) gives C. ochraceo-zircns Jung- 
 huhn (Linnaea 5: 407, pi. 7, hg. 3. 1830) as a form (?) of C. apicii- 
 lata. It is very green except the ochraceous base, and looks to us 
 more like C. abietina. 
 
 Bresadola thinks (Ann. Myc. 1: 112. 1903) that C. leiicotephra 
 (see p. 162) is the same as C. byssiseda, L. Michcneri and C. fra- 
 grans, and plants sent him from America which are like our C. 
 apiculata have been given these names by him. We think he is 
 right in his conception of C. byssiseda but wrong in thinking the 
 others the same. From the appearance in the dried state and from 
 the spores, C. dendroidea R. Fries seems most nearly related to 
 C. apicidata. The abruptly pale tips and the quite smooth, slightly 
 larger spores distinguish the former (pi. 91, fig. 21). Clavaria 
 Karstenii Sacc. (Syll. 14: 238, changed from Clavariclla divari- 
 cata Karst.) should be compared with this and C. stricta. 
 
 Illustrations: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot Card. 9: pi. 5, fig. 31 (as C. Tsugina). 
 1922. 
 
 Junghuhn. Linnaea 5: pi. 7, fig. 3. 1830. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 338. From outer bark at base of pine 
 tree in Battle’s Park, October 1, 1908. No. 804. Through the rotting 
 bark at base of small cedar stump, September 21, 1913. No. 2802. On 
 base of rotten pine stump and buried wood, July 28, 1919. Hymenium 
 multiple and retaining embedded spores. No. 2962. On pine wood near 
 Strowd’s pasture, December 5, 1917. A very small specimen with 
 spreading tips. Spores 3.7-4.2 x 6.6-9.4/x. No. 2939. On a pine stump, 
 October 18, 1917. Spores 3.8-4.5 x 7.5-9.3/x. Many other collections 
 with same appearance and spores. 
 
 Pink Bed Valley. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., July, 1908, as C. 
 pinophila ). 
 
 Black Mountain, Yancey Co. Altitude 5700 ft., on rotten sap wood of 
 spruce, August 2, 1918. J. S. Holmes. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 
 3.7-4.3 X 6.5-7.5/x. 
 
 Alabama: Baker. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). No notes, but evidently 
 growing on rotting leaves under pines. Spores 3.7-4.2 x 7.6-9.8^. 
 
 Auburn. Earle. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., 1900; also Earle and Baker, 
 1897). 
 
 I'ennessee: Unaka Springs. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
PLATE 63 
 
 Clavaria suecjca. C. & B. No. 118 fabovel ; B. No. 19 [below] 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 161 
 
 Kentucky: Bowling Green. Price. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). Spores 
 roughish, 4-4.6 x 7.3-8.3ft. 
 
 New Jersey: Schweinitz. (Schw. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Botanical Garden, New York City. On hemlock leaves and a 
 hemlock stump, September 6, 1919. Coker. (U. N. C. Herb.). Plants 
 exactly like those from Chapel Hill, reddish leather color downwards, 
 pale leather tan above, in age darkening upwards. Taste only slightly 
 bitter; odor none. Hymenium 3 or 4 layers thick, with many embedded 
 spores. 
 
 Ithaca. Atkinson. (Albany Herb.). Spores about 4 x 7.5/x. 
 
 Sand Lake. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Farmington. Ellis. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). Spores roughish. 
 4.8-5.3 X 7.5-8/x. 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, No. 114. On an old pine stump pile, August 20, 
 1919. Bitter taste. Spores minutely rough, 3.7-4 x 7.4-9.3/x. 
 
 Numerous other collections in iMbany Herb, from various places in New 
 York State. 
 
 Washington: North Bend. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). In damp coniferous 
 woods. Spores elliptic, minutely roughened, 3.5 x 7-8.5/x. 
 
 Clavaria pinicola Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: 25, pi. 5, fig. 
 32. ^1922. 
 
 Plate 91 
 
 We have studied material from the type collection (No. 16946) 
 kindly sent us by Dr. Weir, and find the spores as described, 
 smooth, short-elliptic, 4.2-5.5 x 7.5-lOp.. Hymenium about 50-60 [j. 
 thick, containing many embedded spores and therefore deep brown. 
 Basidia 7.5-8[i. thick, with 4 straight sterigmata. Flesh tough; 
 threads of flesh 3.5-6.5 [jl thick, in places having rather thick walls; 
 no clamp connections seen. It is a western form of C. apiculata, 
 (which often has smooth spores among the roughened ones,) and 
 is hardly of varietal rank. Another collection from the same 
 place (Weir, No. 16955) determined by Burt as C. apiculata has 
 the same appearance and similar spores, smooth or nearly so, 
 4.2-5.5 X 7.8-11[JL. Hymenium obscurely 2-layered, containing 
 embedded spores. 
 
 Burt's description of C. pinicola follows: 
 
 “Fructifications rarely solitary, usually in clusters of 2-6 from ‘ 
 a common white mycelium, slender, of rather uniform diameter 
 
162 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 throughout, sometimes simple but usually once to thrice dichoto- 
 mously forked, the branches cylindric, spreading, drying every¬ 
 where buffy brown, the apices acute; spores slightly colored under 
 the microscope, even, 7.5-9 x 4.5-5[ji.’^ 
 
 Idaho: Priest River. On bark of log of Pinus contorta, October 10, 1920. 
 Weir, No. 16946. Type. (Mo. Bot. Card. Herb., Weir Herb., and 
 U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria acris Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 54: 155, pi. H, figs. 
 37-39. 1901. 
 
 Plate 89 
 
 The following description is from Peck: 
 
 '‘Stem short, branching from near the base, the branches re¬ 
 peatedly and subpalmately branched, sometimes compressed, tough, 
 solid, reddish incarnate, whitish within, tips acute, whitish or con- 
 colorous, the axils often rounded; taste acrid; mycelium white; 
 spores broadly elliptic, pale ochraceous, 4-5 x 6-7.6p. [original in 
 inches]. 
 
 "Much decaved wood of coniferous trees. ... It forms tufts 
 
 •/ 
 
 1.5-3 inches high and nearly as broad.’’ 
 
 This seems most like C. apiciilata, but the spores are distinctly 
 shorter (averaging about 7(i. long), and the former is not acrid. 
 We have examined the type and find the spores to be minutely 
 warted, 3.8-4.8 x 6-7.4 [t, darker under the microscope than those 
 of C. apiculata or C. siiecica. It is quite different from the very 
 acrid C. pyxidata. Plants received from Weir (Priest River, 
 Idaho) determined as this species by Burt have much longer 
 spores, 3.8-5 x 7.4-lOp., which are paler under the microscope. 
 
 Illustrations : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 : pi. 5, fig. 30. 1922. 
 
 Peck. As cited above. 
 
 New \ ork: Floodwood. August. Peck. (Albany Herb, and Burt Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria stricta Pers. Comm., p. 45 (177). 1797. 
 
 ?Lachnocladiiiin Afkinsonii Bres. Journ. Myc. 8: 119. 1902. 
 C. leucotephra B. & C. Grevillea 2 : 7. 1873. 
 
 C. condensata Fr. Epicr., p. 575. 1838. (Sense of Bresa- 
 
 dola and Romell). 
 
PLATl^: 64 
 
 Cl.AVARlA (.KAC II IS. No. 6 
 

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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 163 
 
 C. syringarum Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 164. 1822. 
 
 C. Kezvensis Mass. Journ. Bot. (Britten’s) 34: 153. 1896. 
 
 Lachnocladiiim odoratiim Atk. Ann. Myc. 6 : 58. 1908. 
 
 Plates 61, 62, and 88 
 
 Plants growing in colonies on dead wood of deciduous trees; 
 height 4-8.5 cm. above the more or less amorphous mass at the 
 base, which may extend several centimeters between the flakes of 
 bark and in most cases is attached below to a single large rhizo- 
 morph; branching usually at once, on emerging from the wood, 
 into several flattish and channelled divisions which rebranch 
 several times in a very irregular way into rather strictly upright 
 and crowded branches; the ultimate branches terminating in 
 several small pointed teeth; color where exposed a very light 
 fleshy tan at first, turning a little darker at maturity, and deeper 
 brown where bruised. The hidden base, the rhizomorph, and the 
 mycelium are pure white and covered with a conspicuous fibrous 
 pubescence which extends upon the branches when these are 
 hidden in the bark. Texture very tough and elastic, not at all 
 brittle, the branches not breaking even when bent back on them¬ 
 selves; taste bitterish; odor of radish, at least at times. Sterile 
 areas of a different appearance, showing a roughish, plush-like 
 surface under a lens, are commonly found running more or less 
 extensively throughout the plant. 
 
 Spores (of No. 1228) about cinnamon-buff, almost imper¬ 
 ceptibly rough, elliptic with a large oblique mucro on one end, 
 3.8-4.4 X 7.5-9 [l. The spores are peculiar in that a small propor¬ 
 tion of them have the contents collapsed away on one side near the 
 mucro. This gives the impression except under high power of a 
 very long and abrupt mucro. Basidia 6.2-9{i thick, with 4 sterig- 
 mata about 4.5-5[i. long; young hymenium 35-40[ji thick, growing 
 and becoming multiple, 3 to 4 layers thick, in age ; otherwise re¬ 
 markable in containing a vast number of embedded spores which 
 are often arranged in more or less clearly defined layers and indi¬ 
 cating periods of growth. Subhymenial layer typically well 
 marked off by yellowish color and much denser structure, the 
 threads closely packed and parallel. The remainder of the flesh 
 much less dense and composed of irregularly woven threads which 
 are about 3-7.5 [l thick with thick walls, in places closing the lumen. 
 
 The species is occasional on oak, birch, maple and other 
 deciduous wood throughout a large territory, but seems rare at 
 
164 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Chapel Hill as we have found it here only a few times. See under 
 C. apiculata for comparison with that species. 
 
 Unfortunately there is nothing in Persoon’s herbarium that 
 can be taken as the type of C. stricta. There are two sheets, 
 each of which is labelled with a question. One is from North 
 America ('‘Am. Bor.”), and is the same as our C. stricta. The 
 other is from Europe (?), grew on earth, and is very doubtful. 
 Clavaria syringarum is well represented by what may be consid¬ 
 ered as the types. There are three plants collected under Syr Inga, 
 apparently by Persoon himself. They look exactly like C. stricta 
 and have the same spores, minutely rough, 3.5-4.8 x 6.3-9[/.. He 
 says the species is like C. stricta but “differs in growth on earth 
 under Syringa and in the spongy tuberous base,” adding that it 
 has a taste of bitter almonds. The species is not mentioned by 
 Fries. 
 
 Clavaria Icncotcphra is represented in the Curtis Herbarium by 
 the co-type from Hillsboro, N. C. (No. 6362). It is in very bad 
 condition, but the spores are exactly like those of C. stricta, 
 
 3.7- 4.4 X 7.4-8.9[jl, ochraceous. There is also a plant at Kew under 
 the same type number and with the same appearance and spores, 
 
 3.8- 5 X 7.5-9.3[jl. As the description is not at variance we are con¬ 
 sidering them the same. For some reason we have been unable to 
 find at Albany the type of C. densissima Pk. (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 
 30: 98. 1903), but from the description and from the photo of the 
 type given by Burt (1. c., pi. 1, fig. 5) we see no reason to think 
 that it is anything but C. stricta. 
 
 After a careful study of the co-type and authentic specimens of 
 Lachnocladhim Michcneri B. & C. (Grevillea 1: 161. 1873), it is 
 impossible for us to say with certainty what the species really is. 
 Slides made by us by scraping the co-type (Curtis Herbarium; 
 Curtis No. 3534, Michener No. 479) show no spores (?), but a 
 slide of this made by Farlow and now with it shows a large num¬ 
 ber of spores which are like those of C. stricta, slightly rough, 
 about 3-4 X 8-9\i. From slides of No. 3534 sent us by Dr. Farlow 
 and recently by Dr. Dodge we find that the hymenium is 38-50[i. 
 thick, deep yellow in section; basidia about 5.5|jl thick; threads of 
 flesh 3-5.5[jl thick and almost parallel in longitudinal sections. We 
 have not been able to find any spores like those of C. byssiseda 
 
Vl.ATE 65 
 
 Clavaria subdecukrexs. C. & B. No. 101 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 165 
 
 either on the co-type or on an authentic specimen from Dr. Mich- 
 ener in the Farlow Herbarium or on a plant sent from Kew by 
 Massee (in New York Botanical Garden) which was probably 
 taken from Berkeley’s part of the type. Both of those last men¬ 
 tioned have the exact appearance of the Curtis specimen. The 
 species resembles C. byssiscda in the dry state except that it is 
 larger and apparently emerges through rotting leaves instead of 
 being seated upon them. Tt is about the size of small C. stricta, 
 but the spores are certainly extremely scarce in comparison with 
 the universally abundant spores on dried plants of C. stricta, and 
 the hymenium is distinctly thinner. That it was growing among 
 leaves instead of on wood is probably of small consequence. In 
 American herbaria most plants under the name Lachnocladium 
 Michencri are C. stricta or C. apiculata and Bresadola has deter¬ 
 mined plants of the latter species as L. Michcncri, and in his dis¬ 
 cussion of C. byssiscda (Ann. Myc. 1: 112. 1903) he considers C. 
 leucotephra, C. fragrans, C. pinophila, and L. Michcncri as the 
 same and equal to C. byssiscda. The spores of the hrst two are 
 much shorter than of C. byssiscda and of different form. We hnd 
 at the New York Botanical Garden a plant from Newheld, N. J., 
 labelled C. Iciicotcphra by Ellis which was examined by Dr. Farlow 
 and determined by him as L. Michcncri. The plant is in reality 
 what we are calling C. gracilis, the spores agreeing exactly with 
 that species in size and appearance, smooth, 3-3.5 x 5-5.5 [j-. 
 
 Lachnocladium Atkinsonii Bres. is very likely the present 
 species or C. apiculata. There is nothing in the description to 
 exclude it from either. We cannot find the type at Ithaca, and the 
 species is not represented in the Bresadola Herbarium at Stock¬ 
 holm. There seems to be no doubt that Atkinson’s L. odoratum 
 is also the same. We have not been able to find the type at Ithaca, 
 but there are no discrepancies in the description and the distinctive 
 characters are brought out, the tomentose, sterile lines being char¬ 
 acteristic of C. stricta. The spore measurements given by Atkin¬ 
 son (3.5-4.5 X 7-I0 [jl) agree. The sweet odor {suaveolens) noted 
 by Atkinson may mean the same thing as the anise odor found in 
 Beardslee’s Asheville plant. 
 
 From the description of C. Berkeleyi Mont. (Syll. Crypt., p. 
 180. 1856), it may be the same as this. Saccardo says that the 
 
166 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 dried plants of the former are blackish. Its spores are not known. 
 A collection from Sweden sent us by Romell and determined by 
 Bresadola as C. condensata is almost certainly our C. stricta, as is 
 also another European collection in Bresadola's own herbarium. 
 Romelbs plant grew on wood, has the same appearance and the 
 same spores, which are about 4 x 8.5 [j-, nearly smooth. Bresadola 
 gives the habitat of C. condensata as both fir and frondose woods, 
 and his plate (Fungi Tridentini, pi. 101) shows it on coniferous 
 leaves and does not look much like anything we have seen. But 
 Bresadola has also determined as C. condensata a quite different 
 plant like our C. ahietina of pine woods. Three other collections 
 sent us by Romell and determined as C. condensata by von Post, 
 Romell, and Massee are either C. stricta or C. apicidata. This is 
 also true of the collection in Rabenhorst, Pazschke Fung. Europ. 
 No. 4144, labelled C. condensata, collected by Hennings at Marchia 
 under bushes in twigs and pieces of wood, September, 1896. The 
 appearance of the latter in the dry state is identical, the flocculent 
 mycelium, color and form the same; spores 3.7-4.5 x 7.S-10[;.. 
 Fries gives C. rubella Schaeff. as a synonym of C. condensata, 
 and Bresadola has a plant on wood under the former name which 
 is like C. stricta. It is possible that the real C. condensata of 
 Fries is not this species, but C. decurrens var. australis, which see. 
 Plants of C. stricta from Cotton (on rotting wood, Kew Gardens, 
 England) are just like ours. We agree with Cotton that C. Kew- 
 ensis is this species. The type at Kew looks the same and has the 
 same spores, nearly smooth, 3.6-4.4 x 6-7.5[x. Clavaria pruinella 
 Cesati in Rabenhorst’s Fungi Europ. Exs. Cent. 5, No. 14, 1861, 
 is probably a form of C. stricta, but is said to grow on earth, not 
 wood. 
 
 Peck describes a var. fumida which differs only in having a 
 dingy, smoky brownish hue (Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. 41 : 86. 1888). 
 
 Illustrations: Berkeley. Outlines, pi. 18, fig. 5. 1860. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Sfidb., Clavariei, figs. 25 and 83. 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 4, fig. 21 (as C. leucotepJira). 1922. 
 
 Clements. Minnesota Mushrooms, fig. 74. 1910. 
 
 Dufour. Atlas Champ., pi. 69, fig. 154. 1891. 
 
 Flora Danica, pi. 1302, fig. 1. 1806. 
 
PLATE 66 
 
 Clavaria dfxukkkns. C. & B. No. 120 
 

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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 167 
 
 Gibson. Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms, pi. 31. 1895. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr., pi. 109 (115). 1874-78. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 388. 1908. 
 
 Krombholz. Abbild., pi. 54, fig. 23. 1836. 
 
 Lloyd. Photographs Am. Fungi, pi. 16, fig. 1. 1895. 
 
 Michael. Fuhrer f. Pilzfreunde, Vol. 3, No. 21. 1905. 
 
 Persoon. Comm., pi. 4, fig. 1. 1797. Copied in Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 
 
 9 : pi. 4, fig. 23. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 1228. On rotting oak bark shed from 
 a fallen trunk, September 9, 1914. No. 4587. On rotting oak log, July 
 30, 1920. Color cinnamon to sayal brown, shading upward to the creamy 
 tips when fresh; tips wilting to deep brown and all parts turning a dull 
 reddish brown when rubbed ; odor of radish, taste slightly bitter. Spores 
 nearly smooth, 3.7-4.5 x 7-9/x. No. 4591. On rotting oak bark, July 30, 
 1920. Branches crowded, rather few. Spores 3.6-4.2 x 7-9^. Islo. 7020. 
 On very rotten wood from oak log, August 2, 1923. Hymenium mul¬ 
 tiple and retaining spores as usual. 
 
 Hillsboro. Curtis. (Curtis Herb., as co-type of C. leucotephra). 
 
 Asheville. Beardslee, No. 15089. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores minutely tu- 
 berculate, 4-4.5 x 7.5-8.2/.(.. Hymenium up to 4 layers thick and including 
 many embedded spores. This is a typical specimen of the species, but 
 Beardslee says: ‘‘a strong odor of anise on drying.” We can find no 
 record of an anise odor in this plant, but a sweet odor is noted for L. 
 odoratum. 
 
 Blowing Rock. Coker and party. No. 5826. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 
 
 3.6-4.2 X 7-8.5^. 
 
 New York: Arkville. Murrill. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 4-4.5 x 8-8.8/x. 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, No. 63. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 3.7-4.2 x 7.4-9.3/x. 
 
 West Fort Ann. Burnham. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Fake Placid. On birch. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 New Jersey: Newfield. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. leucotephra). 
 
 Connecticut: Redding. Coker. (U. N. C. Herb.). Hymenium multiple 
 and containing embedded spores as usual. 
 
 White. (Cornell Herb., as type of L. odoratum). 
 
 Vermont: Newfane. Miss Hibbard, No. 9. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 
 
 short-elliptic, rough, 3.6-4.2 x 6-8/x. 
 
 New Hampshire: Wilson. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Chocorua. Farlow. (U. N. C. Herb, from Farlow Herb, as C. pyxidata), 
 Spores nearly smooth, 3.6-4 x 7.5-9.6/x. ' 
 
 Maine: (Curtis Herb.). 
 
 Indiana: Putnam County. Underwood. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Idaho: Rust, No. 944. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. leucotephra). 
 
 Spores nearly smooth, 4-5 x8-10/x. 
 
 Canada: Ontario. Mrs. Gardner. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores smooth to 
 minutely rough, 3.7-4.5 x 8.2-10.5/x. 
 
168 Clavarias of tfie United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria suecica Fr. Obs. Myc. 1 : 156. 1815. 
 
 C, circinans Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 39: 43, pi. 1, figs. 21, 
 22. 1886. 
 
 C. flaviila Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 56. 1908. 
 
 C. Invalii Cotton and Wakefield. Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 6: 
 176. 1919. 
 
 Plates 63, 85, and 89 
 
 Plants about 2-6 cm. high and 0.4-4 cm. broad, distinctly 
 stalked, the few main branches upright and usually rather long, 
 rebranching from one to three times into more or less numerous 
 rather closely pressed branches of about the same height, which 
 form a very brush-like mass, with pointed tips. Stem smooth, 
 the base somewhat incrassated by and expanding into the fibrous 
 white mycelium; color of stem pale whitish flesh-color when young, 
 the color deepening upward to deeper flesh, the very tips concol- 
 orous or often whitish; in age becoming tan or pale cinnamon-buff, 
 especially below; flesh pliable, toughish, nearly white or pinkish, 
 odorless, bitterish; in drying becoming very soft, brittle and 
 chalky, and remaining light colored and quite bitter (by these 
 characters when dry easily separated from C. apiculata). 
 
 Spores (of Burnham, No. 57) rather light huffy ochraceous, 
 elliptic with an eccentric mucro, covered with very minute warts, 
 3-4 X 7.8-8[j.. Basidia (of No. 19) 6-7.4[ji thick, with 4 slender 
 sterigmata; hymenium 50-70[ji thick, not layered and not so dark 
 as in C. apiculata; threads of flesh loosely woven, much branched, 
 3-6[j. thick, irregular, walls thin, clamp connections conspicuous. 
 
 In troops and often in lines under conifers in the northern 
 states. 
 
 A plant at Kew from E. P. Fries (Upsala, 1850) determined 
 as C. suecica is like our plants and has similar spores, slightly 
 rough, 3. 8-4.2 x 7-9[i.. 
 
 Clavaria circinans Pk. is certainly the same as C. suecica, as 
 shown by spores and appearance of the type plants. There are in 
 Albany plants of this species labelled by Peck C. pinea, but we can¬ 
 not find that he ever published this name. Clavaria flavula is also 
 the same, as shown by the type at Ithaca. Atkinson gives the 
 spores as 9-12 x 3-3.5|ji, but we find the spores, which are abundant 
 on the type, to be 3.4-4 x 7-9.3[/., in every respect like those of 
 C. suecica, and Atkinson’s description does not disagree in any 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 169 
 
 particular, granting that his plants had reached the huffy yellow 
 color of full maturity. Clavaria Invalii from type locality de¬ 
 termined by Cotton is C. siiecica. The plants are alike and so are 
 the spores, minutely rough, often pointed toward mucro end, 
 3.S-4.2 X 6-8[x. Cotton and Wakefield do not include C. siiecica, 
 a species which is to be expected in England in a similar habitat. 
 
 Illustrations : Britzelmayr. Hymen. Siidl)., Clavariei, fig. 23. 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 5, fig. 33 (as C. circinans). 1922. 
 Mcllvaine. Am. Fungi., pi. 142 (as C. circinans). 1900. 
 
 Peck. As cited above (as C. circinans). 
 
 Schaeffer. Fung. Bavar., pi. 177 (as C. rubella). 1763. Fries refers to 
 this (Syst. Myc. 1: 469), but it is not good. 
 
 New York: Adirondacks. Peck. (Albany Herb., as type of C. circinans). 
 Hudson Falls. Burnham, No. 57. (U. N. C. Herb.). Under hemlock, 
 
 July 22, 1917. 
 
 Lake George. Coker, No. 19. (U. N. C. Herb.). In clumps or in rows 
 
 on white pine needles, by path to Prospect Mountain, September 3, 
 1917. Spores as in B. No. 57, 3.7-4.2 x 7.5-8.2/x. 
 
 Syracuse. Underwood. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. pinca). 
 
 Vaughns. C. & B. No. 118. In hemlock woods. B. No. 94. Under white 
 pines, August 19, 1917. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Ithaca. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb., as type of C. . 
 
 New Hampshire: Chocorua. Farlow. (U. N. C. Herb., from Farlow 
 Her!)., as LacJinocladimn Michcncri). Taste quite bitter. Spores 
 3.5-4 X 6.7-8.2/x. 
 
 Clavaria gracilis Pers. Comm., p. 50 (182). 1797. 
 
 C. ahitacca Lasch in Rabenhorst. Klotzschii herbarium vivum 
 mycologicum. Cent. 16, No. 1519. 1851. 
 
 C. fragrans E. & E. N. Am. Eungi, 2nd. .Ser., No. 2023. 
 1888. 
 
 C, fragrantissima Atk. Ann. Myc. 6: 57. 1908. 
 
 C. flaviiloides Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: 28, pi. 5, fig. 34. 
 1922. 
 
 Plates 64 and 88 
 
 Plants small, gregarious, often crowded, slender and delicate, 
 or varying to densely branched and compact, about 2-5 cm. high 
 and 1-4 cm. broad, stem 1-2 mm. thick, short or long, smooth, the 
 base attached to the stringy white mycelium; branches and twigs 
 
170 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 rather numerous and crowded, the numerous tips pointed and 
 upright, or at times open and spreading; color when young 
 whitish, then delicate flesh color towards maturity with the tips 
 remaining white, the base shading to pale ochraceous; in drying 
 becoming pallid buff. Flesh delicate, but not very brittle, not 
 changing color when bruised; odor distinct, a rather medicinal 
 fragrance, lost on drying; taste none. 
 
 Spores (of C. & B. No. 107) rather light yellowish ochraceous, 
 much lighter than in C. abietina, varying from smooth to very 
 minutely rough, 3-3.3 x 4.8-6 [jl. Basidia 4.4-5.S[i. thick, 4-spored; 
 hymenium 40 -SS[j- thick; threads of flesh very variable in diameter, 
 up to thick. Just under the hymenium the threads are parallel 
 and fairly regular, but in the center of the plant they are very 
 irregular and much intertwined. The walls of the hyphae vary 
 from thin to thicker than the diameter of the space inside them, 
 the hymenium arising from the thin-walled threads; clamp con¬ 
 nections present. 
 
 Not rare among rotting leaves and twigs under pine in the 
 northern states and in the mountains of North Carolina and col¬ 
 lected several times in Chapel Hill; also found in Dismal Swamp, 
 Va., under junipers (Chamaecyparis). Easily distinguished from 
 all others by the combined characters of color, odor, spores, and 
 place of growth. 
 
 The determination of this species is fortunately made certain 
 by the presence of a good plant of the type in PersoonT herbarium. 
 The appearance and the characteristic spores which are very 
 minutely rough, oval, 3-3.6 x 5-6 [jl, are conclusive. Persoon’s 
 original description also agrees perfectly, and our plants are evi¬ 
 dently the same as those interpreted as C. gracilis by Karsten who 
 says they are slightly fragrant, with elliptic, ochraceous spores 
 3 X 5-6a ( Bidr. Finl. Nat. Folk 37 : 188. 1882).'Fries says that the 
 plant has a slight anise odor, and our plants from Chapel Hill had 
 this fragrance to a distinct though faint degree. 
 
 A plant from Bresadola in the New York Botanical Garden 
 Herbarium, labelled C. gracilis, looks in the dried state like the 
 plant we are calling C. Kiinsici, and has the same minute spores; 
 other collections in the Bresadola Herbarium at Stockholm labelled 
 C. gracilis are also C. Kuns;ei, as one from Atkinson with asperu- 
 
ClAVARIA DECURRENS VAR. AUSTRALIS. No. 3116 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 171 
 
 late spores 3 x 4 [t. However, there is one collection in his her¬ 
 barium from Eichler on leaves of Pinus determined as C. gracilis 
 that is the same as ours with spores 3-4 x 5.5-6.5 [j-. We have re¬ 
 ceived from Juel (Upsala) a good specimen of C. gracilis with 
 spores oblong-oval, barely rough, 3-3.6 x 4.2-5.5 [jl, rarely 6.5 [j.. In 
 Bresadola’s herbarium we hnd three species determined by him as 
 C. paljjiata. One is C. suecica, one the flaccida form of C. abietina^ 
 and a third C. gracilis. Another plant from Bresadola (in N. Y. 
 Bot. Card. Herb.), labelled C. pahnata Pers. with a question 
 mark, is also C. gracilis and has spores which are distinctly yel¬ 
 lowish, 3.5 X 6.5 [t. There are also plants of this species in the 
 Cornell Herbarium determined as C. palmata, with spores smooth 
 or minutely roughened, 3.3-4 x 5-6.6 [ji. In spite of these determi¬ 
 nations, we think it quite unsafe to consider C. palmata a synonym 
 of C. gracilis, as one is white and grows in beech woods and the 
 other is distinctly colored and grows characteristically in conifer¬ 
 ous woods. These reasons are equally against considering C. 
 palmata a synonym of C. alutacca. (See note under C. cristata). 
 An authentic specimen of C. alutacca at Kew collected by Lasch 
 himself (Rabenhorst’s Exsiccati, No. 1519) is certainly C. gracilis, 
 with the same block-like spores, 3.4-3.8 x 5-6.5 [t. Another col¬ 
 lection by him in the Rehm Herbarium, Stockholm, is the same. 
 That Peck’s idea of C. gracilis was the same as we have adopted 
 is indicated by several collections at Albany, although not all of 
 his were correctly determined. 
 
 Clavaria fragraus is this species, as is shown by two collections 
 from Newfield, N. J., (Ellis) at the New York Botanical 
 Garden, which agree in all respects; spores 3-3.7 x 5.5-6.5(/.. A bit 
 of the co-type (No. 2023) at Kew has similar appearance but we 
 could find no spores. Clavaria fragrantissima also has the same 
 appearance and spores. 
 
 Illustrations: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 5, fig. 34 (as C. flavu- 
 loides) and fig. 35 (as C. fragrantissima). 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 7069. On leaves, mostly pine, August 
 10, 1923. Odor of anise. Spores minutely warted, 3-3.5 x 5-6.5/x. 
 
 Asheville. Beardslee, No. 18183. (U. N. C. Herb.). ‘‘Spores ochraceous 
 or deep cream, 6-7fx long.” 
 
172 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Blowing Rock. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb., as C. corrugata Karst.). 
 Appearance and spores exactly like those of C. gracilis. Also several 
 typical collections by us with spores as usual. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 ?Salem. Schweinitz. “On shaded banks’’ (Syn. Fung. Car. Sup. No. 
 1085. 1822). We can bnd no collection in either the Schweinitz or 
 
 Curtis Herbarium to support this. 
 
 Pink Bed Valley. Murrill and House. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. 
 fragrans, No. 364). Spores nearly smooth, 3-3.4 x 4.8-7 /a. 
 
 Virginia: Dismal Swamp. J. S. Holmes. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 
 nearly smooth, 2.8-3.5 x4.5-6.6/x. 
 
 New Jersey: Newheld. Ellis. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. fragrans) 
 Spores minutely rough, oblong, 3-3.7 x S.5-6.5fx. 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Burnham, No. 30. Spores apparently smooth. 
 3 X 5/x. B. No. 31. Under white pines, September 12, 1915. Spores 
 nearly smooth, 3 x 5.2/x. B. No. 80. Near Tripoli, July, 1919. Spores 
 as usual. C. & B. No. 107. Under white pines, September 2, 1917. 
 Spores minutely rough, 3-3.3 x 4.8-6/x. C. & B. No. 109. Spores as 
 usual, about 3 x 5.5/x. (All in U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Hudson Falls. Burnham, No. 56. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores elliptic, 
 
 rough, 2.5-3.9 x 4.8-7/x. 
 
 Farmington. Ellis. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., No. 57). Spores smooth, 
 3 X 4.8-6.3fi. 
 
 Lake George. Under white pine. Coker, No. 6. Spores 3-3.6 x 5-6/x. No. 
 18. Typical, fragrant. Spores minutely rough, 2.8-3.4 x 4.3-6.5/x. (U. 
 
 N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Connecticut: West Goshen. In pine woods. Underwood. (N. Y. Bot. 
 Gard. Herb.). Spores minutely warted, 3-3.3 x 5.2-7^. 
 
 Vermont: Newfane. Miss Hibbard. (U. N. C. Herb.). “Fragrant of 
 anise.” Spores as usual. 
 
 Michigan: Distributed by E. & E. as C. Icucotephra. Spores nearly smooth, 
 3 X. 55^jx. 
 
 Clavaria subdecurrens n. sp. 
 
 Plates 65 and 89 
 
 Size and shape and habitat as in C. flaccida (treated by us as 
 a form of C. abietina), 2-3.3 cm. high and 1-2.5 cm. broad. Com¬ 
 pactly branched at or near the ground, terete or more or less flat¬ 
 tened and angled, tips small, pointed, numerous, often crested as 
 in C. cristata; color when young pale creamy ochraceous except 
 the tips, which are abruptly lavender, varying from deep lavender 
 to very pale lavender or fleshy lavender; at maturity the body 
 color somewhat deeper, but still pale ochraceous, the tips not chang- 
 
PLAT]-; 68 
 
 Clavaria abietina. C. & B. No. 132. 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 173 
 
 ing. Flesh pliable, tender; taste distinctly acid or acid-bitter; 
 odor none. 
 
 Spores (of No. Ill) deep ochraceous (color as in C. dccur- 
 rens), narrow, the tapering tip bent, minutely tuberculate, 2.5-3 x 
 5.9-7[j.. Basidia 4.4-5.l[ji thick, 4-spored; hymenium about 50-55[;- 
 thick, the surface densely packed with spores and a large number 
 of spores also embedded in the hymenium and in places arranged 
 in a row about half way down, thus showing the hymenium to be 
 doubled by periodic growth. 
 
 Nearest C. decitrrcns and C. flaccida, from the first of which it 
 dififers in lavender tips, sour taste, absence of color change when 
 bruised, and different spores. 
 
 This beautiful and delicate plant was found twice in hemlock 
 leaves in two different groves. In each case it was growing near 
 but not mixed with C. flaccida, which was of the same size, habit 
 and not very different in color, except at the tips. This tip color 
 varies from very strong, almost purplish, lavender to very pale 
 whitish lavender. The crested tips, which were conspicuous in 
 several of the plants in one collection, were not seen in any case 
 in C. flaccida, which was much more abundant. The spores also 
 are distinctly narrower and of a different shape from those of C. 
 flaccida. 
 
 At first glance one might suspect this to be the same as C. 
 Holmskjoldi Oudemans (Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief, 
 series 3, 2 : 672, pi. 3, fig. 2), which is of the same shape and about 
 the same color, with purplish tips at maturity ; but in the latter 
 the spores are said to be round (4.2[i- in diameter) and there is a 
 strong odor of anise. Clavaria ajflata Lagger (Flora 19: 231. 
 1836) has points in common with our plants but the body color is 
 said to be white, then grayish smoky. The spores are not known. 
 
 New York: Oneida. House, No. 1447. August, 1914. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Spores as in type, minutely rough to apparently smooth, 2.5-3 x 5.5-6.3ja. 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, No. 81. Grassy woods margin, July 27, 1917. 
 
 Spores minutely rough, 3-3.3 x 6.6-7.7jLi. C. & B. No. 101. Under 
 
 hemlocks, Burnham's grove, September 2, 1917. (Type). C. & B. No. 
 
 111. Golden’s hemlocks, September 2, 1917. (All these in U. N. C. 
 
 Herb.). 
 
174 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria decurrens Pers. Myc. Europ. 1 : 164. 1822. 
 
 ?C. 'imiscigcna Pers. Myc. Europ. 1: 169. 1822. 
 
 ?C. crispula Er. Syst. Myc. 1: 470. 1832. 
 
 C. curt a Fr. Monog. Hymen. Suec. 2 : 281. 1857. 
 
 C. piisilla Pk. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci. 1; 62. 1873. (Also in 
 Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 25 : 83. 1873). (Not C. piisilla Pers., 
 which is a Pistillaria; or C. piisilla Quel, which is 
 Nyctalis). 
 
 Plates 66, 88, and 92 
 
 Plants small and delicate, about 1.5-3 cm. high and 1.2-3 cm. 
 broad; stem distinct, 5-15 mm. long, 1.5-7 mm. thick, terete or 
 grooved or flattened, glabrous, toughish, not rooting, but soon 
 disappearing into the flbrous mycelium; branches rather few and 
 open, spreading, mostly flattened and angular, tips small, sub¬ 
 ulate, acute, spreading; color when fresh a dull creamy white all 
 over except for pinkish stains that are apt to be present on the 
 stem; in age and in drying becoming olivaceous-yellow or about 
 drab. Flesh pliable, tasteless and odorless, turning deep purplish 
 pink when bruised; threads of flesh 1.6-8[i. thick, average about 4p. 
 thick, loosely packed and much intertwined, clamp connections 
 present. 
 
 Spores (of C. and B. No. 120) deep buffy yellow (about 
 chamois of Ridgway), pip-shaped, minutely tuberculate, 
 2.3-3 x4.5-6[jt.. Basidia 4-spored, 4-4.8 [jl thick, hymenium 35-40[jt. 
 thick, containing very many included spores which show that the 
 hymenium has increased in thickness by proliferation. There are 
 also a great number of spores encrusting the surface. 
 
 This small plant which we are taking as typical is known with 
 certainty in America only from New York, in damp, shady places 
 under hemlock and pine. For the southern variety see page 177. 
 
 A well marked species, easily recognized by its small size and 
 habitat, by change to pink when bruised, peculiar color when dry, 
 flattened and angular branches and tips, and by the spores. By 
 the authentic plants of C. decurrens in the Persoon Herbarium, the 
 American plants are shown to be the same. His plants are about 
 5 cm. high, and the spores are minutely rough, about pip-shaped, 
 2.5-3.5 X 4.5-6[x. Our collections are certainly the same as C. 
 pusilla, as the dried plants look exactly like the type and like an¬ 
 other better collection from Westport, N. Y. (determined by 
 
PLATE 69 
 
 Clavaria ABiETiNA. Large form of pines. B. No. 91. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 175 
 
 Peck), and as the spores are identical with those of the type and 
 different from any others, being distinctly smaller than in C. 
 flaccida or C. abietina. Peck says C. pnsilla differs from C. tetraq- 
 ona by the terete stem and irregular ramification, but Peck’s col¬ 
 lections labelled C. tetragona are apparently C. crocea. From C. 
 gracilis the present species may be distinguished by the quick 
 change to purple-pink when bruised and by the different spores, 
 which are not only minutely warted but collapse more easily than 
 those of C. gracilis and lack the very distinct oil drop of the latter. 
 As to C. carta we have seen an authentic specimen of this at Kew 
 Gardens determined by Fries. The plants are like C. pusilla and 
 so are the spores, minutely rough, 2.8-3.5 x4.2-5[i-. A collection 
 in the Bresadola Herbarium determined by the latter as C. carta is 
 also the same, with spores 2.5-3.5 x 3.8-5[x. There has been much 
 confusion in regard to the identity of C. crisp ala. In his first 
 publication of the species (see above) Fries evidently had a vague 
 idea of his plant, as he refers to both the white and colored figures 
 of Bulliard (pi. 358, figs. A-C) as representing it. Later (Epicr., 
 p. 576) he refers only to the colored figures and gives C. decur- 
 rens as a synonym. Confusion in Fries’s mind in regard to the 
 species is still further indicated by plants labelled C. crispala in his 
 herbarium. There are two plants not on wood that have the ap¬ 
 pearance and spores of C. Kaasiei, while one other specimen on 
 wood is exactly like a plant sent us by Romell and determined by 
 him as C. epichnoa and has spores smooth, elliptic, 2.5-3 x 5-7 (jl. 
 Juel (cited under C. cristata) finds that in a plant considered by 
 him to be C. epichnoa (pi. 3, figs. 84-86) the microscopic characters 
 are the same as in the plant he considers C. crispala (pi. 3, figs. 
 91 and 92). Neither of his plants is C. decurrens. However, 
 we have received from him a collection labelled C. crispala with a 
 question which is exactly like the present species in the dry state 
 and has the same spores, nearly pip-shaped, minutely rough, 
 2-3 X 3.5-5[x. Specimens in Persoon’s herbarium collected near 
 Paris and determined by him as C. crispida are in good con¬ 
 dition and are indistinguishable from our collections. The spores 
 are the same, 2.5-4 x 4.4-6.6 (j-. Clavaria mascigena Pers., which 
 was also regarded by Fries as a synonym, is not represented in the 
 herbarium of Persoon. In the Bresadola Herbarium at Stock- 
 
176 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 holm are three collections determined as C. crispula. One is on 
 rotten wood and looks exactly like our plants and has the same 
 spores (“yellow, asperulate, 4-5 x 2.5-3[jl’’) ; another on spruce 
 leaves and moss also looks like our No. 120, open and crisped, 
 and has same spores (“asperulate, cremeo-ochraceous, 4.5-5 x 3- 
 3.5[j!.. Basidia 16-20 x 4-5[ji; hyphae 2-3 (-6)(jl”) ; the third, ap¬ 
 parently on rotten wood or trash, is 3.5-5 cm. high and looks more 
 like our southern variety australis. At Kew Gardens under the 
 name C. crispula are a variety of species, as C. stricta, C. cristata, 
 and C. pyxidata. In the opinion of Fries C. canalicidata Ehrenb. 
 (Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Nat. Cur. 2: 213, pi. 14, figs. 1-9. 
 1821) is also a synonym of the present species. We have re¬ 
 ceived several collections from Romell labelled C. abietina, one of 
 which is the present species, with spores minutely rough, 3 x 4-5[jl. 
 Another labelled “C. abietina or probably C. cyanescens v. PosC^ 
 (Stockholm) is also this species. 
 
 Clavaria crispula has been reported from a number of states, 
 as South Carolina, New England, Maine, Ohio, Illinois, Penn¬ 
 sylvania, but it is not at all certain that any of these reports are 
 based on the plant that we have described. Eor example, a col¬ 
 lection in the Albany Herbarium from Greig, N. Y., is not this 
 but C. strict a, as is one in the New York Botanical Garden 
 Herbarium from Fern, Ind. (Underwood). In the Schweinitz 
 Herbarium is a plant with spine-like points that is labelled C. 
 crispula but is not this. In the Curtis Herbarium are several col¬ 
 lections labelled C. crispula, one of which is on fir or spruce leaves 
 from Europe and looks like C. flaccida. Another collection from 
 New England (Sprague) has the appearance of a tall slender C. 
 Kunzei and has spores like that species. This last is labelled 
 “crispulae affinis sed dififert.’’ 
 
 Illustrations: Bischoff. Kryptogamenkunde, fig. 3472 (as C. crispula). 
 1860. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Sudb., Clavariei, fig. 52 (as C. crispula). 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 4, fig. 27 (as C. pusilla). 1922. 
 
 Ehrenburg. As cited above (as C. canaliculata). We have not seen this. 
 
 Flora Danica, pi. 2272, fig. 1 (as C. crispula). 1839. 
 
 Payer. Botan. Cryptog., p. 3, fig. 2, and p. 57, figs. 238-239 (as C. 
 crispula). 1868. 
 
PLATE 70 
 
 
 
 ' iht ,f,’^ "*" 
 
 
 
 
 Clavaria abietixa. flaccida form. C. &: B. No. 102 
 
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Clavarias of trie United States and Canada 177 
 
 Xew York: North Elba. Peck. (Albany Herb., as type of C. piisilla). 
 Identical with our collections from Vaughns. Spores roughish, oval, 
 2.5-3 X 4.5-5.5ja. 
 
 Westport. Peck. (Albany Herb., as C. pusilla). 
 
 Vaughns. Coker and Burnham. (U. N. C. Herb.). No. 120. Among 
 hemlock leaves in a damp place by a brook. C. & B. No. 106. Under 
 white pines. Both collections made September 2, 1917. Color (of 
 No. 106) peculiar, light olive drab throughout, except the pinkish purple 
 stem; not very brittle; flesh turning deep pinkish purple when cut or 
 bruised; yellowish olivaceous when dry. Spores as above. 
 
 Canada: Ottawa. Macoun. (Albany Herb., as C. crispula). Dried plants 
 look like ours and the spores are the same, rough, 3-3.5 x4.1-5.5|U,. 
 
 Clavaria decurrens var. australis n. var. 
 
 Plates SO, 67, and 88 
 
 Plants of medium to small size, but of slender, delicate habit, 
 gregarious and single or clustered and often partly fused; about 
 4-10 cm. high and 2-8.5 cm. broad ; stalk distinct, 1-2 cm. 
 long, 3-12 mm. thick, smooth, not rooting but deliquescing soon 
 into the white, membranous and fibrous mycelium; main branches 
 spreading, their subdivisions turning upward and ascending in a 
 crowded manner, the ultimate branches very numerous and slender 
 and simple or toothed, the tips all pointed; all parts smooth and 
 terete; color when young a light bufify yellow, between chamois 
 and bufif-yellow of Ridgway, the tips remaining this color until 
 maturity, lower parts soon becoming a darker honey-yellow or 
 Isabella color and finally the whole thus colored, the base white 
 where protected by leaves, but becoming flesh color then brown 
 when bruised. Flesh rather toughish and not brittle, pale with a 
 tint of the surface color, becoming distinctly flesh-pink zvhen cut; 
 taste distinctly bitter, odor none. In drying the plant becomes a 
 deep brown, about Dresden brown of Ridgway, and nearly the 
 color of dried C. abietina. There is a distinct contrast in color 
 when dry between the hymenium and the sterile areas in the angles, 
 which are darker. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2769) about pip-shaped, minutely but distinctly 
 spinulose-warted, deep bufify yellow (about chamois color of 
 Ridgway), 2.5-3 x 5-6.Sp.. Basidia 4.8 x 22p., with 4 curved 
 sterigmata. 
 
 Among rotting leaves in deciduous woods. Known at present 
 with certainty only from Chapel Hill and from Vaughns, N. Y. 
 
178 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 It differs from all others at all like it except the species in the 
 quick change of flesh to deep pink and in the spores. It is like C. 
 decurrens in almost identical spores, change of color when bruised 
 and in the color of the dried plants. The latter differs in growth 
 under conifers, much smaller size and different color when fresh. 
 
 As interpreted by Bresadola, Romell, and several other Euro¬ 
 pean botanists, C. condensata is C. stricta, as shown by their speci¬ 
 mens, but it is doubtful if the real C. condensata is that species. 
 The present species agrees well with Fries’s description of C. con- 
 den sat a, the crowded bases and fibrillose mycelium in leaves of 
 frondose trees being particularly convincing. Sowerby’s plate 157 
 (as C. nmscoides), to which Fries refers, is also very like our 
 plant. That Sowerby’s plate does represent our plant is rendered 
 more probable by the occurrence of the same species in the Kew 
 Herbarium (Massee,November, 1903, under lilacs, Kew Gardens), 
 labelled ''C. rubella Schaeff. (C. condensata Fr.)” This has ex¬ 
 actly the appearance of our Chapel Hill plants, with spores also 
 the same but averaging a little shorter, 2.5-3.5 x 4-5 [jl. 
 
 North Carolina : Chapel Hill. No. 2769. In a thick layer of rotting leaves 
 of deciduous trees just outside of center gate of Arboretum, July 25, 
 1917. A large number of fine plants. (Type). No. 3116. Same 
 spot as No. 2769 and exactly like it, June 8, 1918. No. 3144. Same 
 spot as above, August 4, 1918. No. 3279. Among rotting leaves in 
 same spot as above, June 2, 1919. No. 3304. In rotting leaves under 
 privet in northeast corner of Arboretum, June 6, 1919. No. 4385. 
 Same spot as No. 2769, July 10, 1920. 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Burnham, No. 4. (U. N. C. Herb.). In frondose 
 
 woods, July 29-30, 1915. Spores roughish, 3-3.5 x6-6.5/x. These plants 
 have the same reddish stains on the surface in dry state that the Chapel 
 Hill plants do, and in all other ways are exactly alike. No notes on 
 fresh state. 
 
 Clavaria myceliosa Pk. Bull. Ton*. Bot. Club 31: 182. 1904. 
 
 Plate 88 
 
 This seems to be the western representative of C. deeiirrens, 
 with smaller spores. The types at Albany are very delicate little 
 plants, the spores pip-shaped, minutely papillate, about 2-2.2 x 3.5- 
 4^. Peck’s description follows: 
 
PLATE 71 
 
 Clavaria Broomei, 
 
 C. & B. No. 141 [ahovel ; 
 
 when nearly dry] 
 
 B. No. 74 [below, photographed 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 179 
 
 ‘‘Stem slender, solid, irregularly branched above, tawny, with 
 an abundant mycelium which forms whitish, branching strands 
 among decaying leaves and twigs; branches short, divergent or 
 wide spreading with few branchlets, colored like the stem, the 
 ultimate branchlets mostly acute, whitish; spores subglobose, 4[Jt 
 long. Scattered or gregarious, 1-2.5 cm. tall, stems about 0.5 mm. 
 thick. 
 
 “The abundant rhizomorphoid mycelium is a marked feature 
 of this species. The plant is inodorous but has a slight peppery 
 taste. It is allied to our eastern C. ptisilla, but it is a smaller, more 
 slender plant with the slender stem branched above only, and with 
 the few short branches more widely spreading.'' 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9 : pi. 6, fig. 37. 1922. 
 
 California: E. B. Copeland. In mountains near Stanford University, 
 among fallen leaves and twigs under redwood trees, December. (Type. 
 Albany Herb.). 
 
 Clavaria abietina Pers. Neues Mag. Bot. 1 : 117. 1794. 
 
 Plates 68 and 89 
 
 The following description is made from plants taken by us at 
 Vaughns, N. Y. (No. 132) : 
 
 Plants small, about 2-4 cm. high and 1-3 cm. broad, branched 
 at or near the base, the branches numerous and crowded, the tips 
 not so numerous and fine as in the flaccida form, color dull 
 ochraceous above, brownish ochraceous below when very fresh, 
 but soon with tints of olive green at any point or all over, deep 
 olive green when bruised. Flesh pliable, hardly breaking when 
 bent on self, tips not whitish at any age. Color a little darker 
 than in the flaccida form when quite fresh, then much darker with 
 the olive-brown tints of age. Taste hardly bitter, rather mouldyq 
 odor none. 
 
 Spores (of C. & B. No. 110) deep yellowish ochraceous, pip¬ 
 shaped, papillate-warted, 3-3.7 x 6.2-8.5p.. Hymenium 35-45!i. 
 thick, containing very many^ embedded spores which are not ar¬ 
 ranged in layers. 
 
 In hemlock woods on decaying hemlock needles in the northern 
 states, and rarely in the South. 
 
180 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 On account of its change to green, we have taken the above to 
 represent the typical C. abietina, although the usual difficulties are 
 met with in comparing our plants with European descriptions. 
 In his original description Persoon says that C. abietina grows in 
 pine woods, is at first sordid yellow to alutaceous, becoming green¬ 
 ish; base white-tomentose; spores saffron, etc. In his Com- 
 mentatio, p. 47 (178), he has a fuller description of C. abietina 
 giving the stalk as 4 lines thick, form obconic, always in pines, 
 color sordid yellow to alutaceous then greenish. The species is 
 represented in Persoon’s herbarium by two plants in good con¬ 
 dition which may be considered as the types. The plants are about 
 2-4 cm. high, the spores 3.5-4.5 x 5-8 [j.. There is no tint of green 
 on the dried plants. In size they more closely resemble our large 
 plant of pines which in America has no tint of green. Two other 
 sheets from France (Chaillet, coll.) so determined are apparently 
 the same. 
 
 Fries describes C. abietina as having the trunk white-tomentose 
 and growing in fir woods, while C. flaeeida, he says, grows in pine 
 woods and is much more delicate than the former. This is the 
 opposite of our observations on the American plants, the larger 
 plant with a distinct stalk growing among pine needles, the smaller, 
 more delicate plant occurring under hemlock and spruce. The 
 carelessness of Fries's study of Clavarias is shown in many cases. 
 At Kew are three collections from him determined as C. abietina 
 which represent three different species. One is apparently cor¬ 
 rectly determined, another is C. apieulata, and another C. eristata. 
 Greville's plate 117 referred to by Fries (Epicr., p. 574) does not 
 look like our green plant of hemlock, but is big and more stalked 
 like our form of pines; a slight greenish tint is shown on one side 
 of his figure. The Flora Danica figure, also referred to by Fries, 
 is likewise a large plant with a good stalk. Gillet's figure is 
 smaller than the others but shows a stalk. 
 
 In the Curtis Herbarium is a collection labelled C. abietina 
 from Fries (through Berkeley). The plant is like ours as de¬ 
 scribed above, about 4 cm. high and 3 cm. wide, well branched 
 from the ground. The spores also are exactly the same, minutely 
 warted, elliptic to pip-shaped, 3.7-4.4 x 6.6-8.5[i.. The species is 
 not represented in the Fries Herbarium at Upsala. 
 
PLATE 72 
 
 Clavaria longicaulis. No. 2814 
 

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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 181 
 
 Spores of C. abietina from Bresadola (N. Y. Bot. Card.) are 
 pip-shaped, 3.S-3.8 x 6.5-7p., minutely papillate, ochraceous. The 
 plants are small, not over an inch high. Others in his own 
 herbarium are similar. Other European specimens under this 
 name in the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium vary much 
 in delicacy and some cannot be distinguished from the flaccida 
 form, which is supposed to be more delicate. A good collection 
 from Upsala sent us by Romell and determined by him as C. 
 abietina with C. ochracea von Post (not published) as a synonym 
 looks just like our plant of pines, and has the same spores, which 
 are dark colored, distinctly warted, 4 x 7-8.2[t. In regard to this 
 Romell writes: ''Clavaria abietina which von Post called 'oeJira- 
 eea' is to my eyes distinct from the ‘forma minor, contrita 
 virens' which von Post called 'eyaneseens' and which must be very 
 like to and perhaps is sometimes considered as 'flaeeida ere the 
 color is changed.” Plants received from Romell labelled ''C. 
 xyctneseens v. Post=C. abietina forma Fries, Stockholm, autumno, 
 1889” are indistinguishable from C. flaeeida in the dried state, with 
 spores, 3.6-4.2x6-7.4(11. We have received from Juel (Upsala) 
 as C. abietina typical plants which are distinctly green in the dried 
 state; spores pip-shaped, often narrowly so, distinctly rough, 
 3.4-4.2 X 7-9(i.. Another collection from him looks more like our 
 form of pines. Clavaria testaeeoflava Bres. may be distinguished 
 by larger spores, yellow tips and vinaceous color of flesh when 
 bruised. It is 3-5 cm. high and grows in fir woods in mountains. 
 Still another plant of the same size and habit as C. flaeeida and C. 
 abietina and with stringy mycelium is C. Patonillardii Bres., 
 which see. 
 
 Juel (cited under C. eristata) studied this species and finds the 
 basidia filled with yellow granules, short, the nuclear spindles 
 apical and transverse, the four spores elongated and spiny and 
 figured with one nucleus (pi. 3, figs. 67-69). 
 
 The plant from Utah, entered below, is strongly olivaceous in 
 places, with densely crowded, thick, short branches, the spores as 
 in C. abietina except that they are larger. It may prove to be a 
 distinct varietv. 
 
182 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Illustrations : Cooke. Handb. Brit. Fungi 1: fig. 88. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr. 5 : pi. 98. 1897. Good. 
 
 Greville. Scott. Crypt. Flora 2: pi. 117. 1824. 
 
 Hard. Mushrooms, fig. 390. 1908. 
 
 Patouillard. Tab. Fung., fig. 566. 1887. 
 
 Swanton. Fungi and How to Know Them, pi. 29, fig. 4. 1909. 
 
 North Carolina: Salem. “Ad terram lignosam non frequens.” Schweinitz. 
 (Curtis Herb.). The small fragments show little except the spores, 
 which are 4-4.5 x 7.4-8.5ju,. 
 
 Tennessee: Unaka Springs. “Mixed woods, evergreens predominating.” 
 Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb., as C. flaccida). Spores 3.4-3.7 x S-7A{jl. 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Coker and Burnham, No. 110. Under hemlocks, 
 September 2, 1917. Olive yellow, deep olive green when bruised; about 
 2-3.5 cm. high and 1.5-3 cm. broad. C. & B. No. 132. Under hem¬ 
 locks, same date as No. 110. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Adirondacks. Murrill. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). Dried plants show 
 olive tints. 
 
 Missouri: St. Louis. “Wooded hills, not common.” Glatfelter. (Albany 
 Herb.). Dusky and olivaceous stains. 
 
 Colorado: Jack Brook. Clements. (Path, and Myc. Herb., as C. abietina 
 minor). Plants small, about 1-1.5 cm. high. Spores 3.7-4.1 x 7.4-7.8/a. 
 
 Utah: Brighton, in Big Cottonwood Canyon. Miss Barrows, 1920. (U. 
 
 N. C. Herb, and N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). Dried plants greenish; spores 
 dark, papillate, 3.8-5.3 x 8-10.6/a. 
 
 Washington: Seattle. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb, from Young Naturalists' 
 Soc. Herb., No. 195). 
 
 Canada: Macoun. (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.). Spores 3.5-4 x 7-7.5/a. 
 
 Clavaria abietina. Non-virescent form of pines. 
 
 ?C. corrngata Karst. Nat. Fauna et Flora Fenn., p. 371. 1868. 
 
 Plates 69 and 89 
 
 Plants 2.5-8 cm. higdi, gregarious in large numbers, cespitose 
 with the stems more or less fused, single individuals about l.S-2 
 cm. broad above, usually in clumps of 2-4; stem distinct, about 
 1.5-2 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, the base enlarged and incrassated 
 by the creamy, flocculent mycelium which may ascend the 
 stem more or less and which binds together a mass of pine needles 
 as well as adjacent plants; main branches rather few, dividing 
 irregularly about twice into compacted divisions which end in 
 several rather sharply pointed teeth; color yellowish cinnamon, the 
 stem a darker brownish cinnamon or in youth nearly concolorous, 
 
PLATE 73 
 
 Ci.AVARIA LOXCiKATLIS. FORM WITH RHIZOII). X(). 2730 . 
 
p 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 183 
 
 all parts darker in age, but not turning greenish in age or when 
 bruised; flesh rather tender and brittle, white or nearly so; taste 
 musty-woody; odor slight. 
 
 Spores yellowish ochraceous (color of the hymenium), elliptic- 
 pip-shaped, distinctly short-spinulose, variable in size in the same 
 collection, 3.4-4 x 6.3-9[jt. (a few up to lOti. long). Basidia (of B. 
 No. 91) about 5.5[i- thick, 4-spored; hymenium about 75[ji thick, 
 with Very many embedded spores as is usual in this group; threads 
 of flesh very irregular and variable in thickness, clamp connections 
 present and variable in size. 
 
 Gregarious in clumps among rotting leaves of pine. Easily 
 distinguished, except from its own group, by the small size, yel¬ 
 lowish color, cespitose habit, occurrence under pine, and charac¬ 
 teristic spores. In the numerous plants we have seen there was 
 no green tint nor did bruises turn greenish. There seem to be all 
 variations between this and the more delicate plant with olive tints 
 ■found in hemlock woods that we refer to typical C. abietina and its 
 non-virescent form (C. flaccida). Only extremes can be separated 
 with certainty in the dried state. 
 
 Our plants are the same as a collection from'West Albany by 
 Peck labelled C. corrngata Karst., but we are in some doubt as to 
 whether the latter species is the same as ours. Karsten’s descrip¬ 
 tion fits only moderately well, as he says the stem is glabrous and 
 the tips acute. His plant was found in pine woods among alders 
 and is said by Saccardo to be intermediate between C. abietina 
 and C. flaccida. For a good illustration reputed to be C. corrngata 
 see Britzelmayr, Hymen. Siidb., Clavariei, figs. 17 and 80-81. 
 
 Illustrations: Flora Danica, pi. 2030, fig. 2 (as C. abietina). 1830. 
 Photographic copy in Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 5, fig. 28. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina: Blowing Rock. Coker, No. 5784. Under white pines by 
 Lake Chetola, August 25, 1922. (U. N. C. Herb.). Spores warted, 
 
 pip-shaped, 3.4-3.8 x 6-8/x. 
 
 New York: Hudson Falls. Burnham, No. 91. Among rotting needles 
 under white pines, August 16, 1917. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Delmar. (Albany Herb.). Exactly like B. No. 91. 
 
 Albany. House. (Albany Herb.). Like B. No. 91, but running smaller. 
 
 West Albany. Peck. (Albany Herb., as C. corrngata). Spores 4 x 7.6/x. 
 
184 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria abictina. Small, non-vircsccnt form. 
 
 C. flaccid a Fr. Syst. Myc. 1: 471. 1821. 
 
 Plates 70 and 88 
 
 We do not find it possible to make any satisfactory distinction 
 between C. abictina and C. flaccida as understood by Fries and 
 other mycologists. Small delicate plants of the C. flaccida form 
 may turn green and large, much stouter plants may not. As men¬ 
 tioned earlier, our largest American form occurs in pines, the 
 only habitat given for C. abictina by Persoon, and does not turn 
 green so far as we have met with it. Mixed with these are smaller 
 forms which connect directly with the typical C. flaccida. Any 
 delicate form of C. abictina that is not green would be referred to 
 C. flaccida, and it certainly has not been shown that the green 
 change has any specific value in this little group. We are there¬ 
 fore considering the delicate, non-virescent plant called C. flaccida 
 by Fries, as the flaccida form of C. abietina. Typical plants of 
 this nature found by us at Vaughns, N. Y., may be described as 
 follows: 
 
 Plants small, about 1.5-3 cm. high and 0.6-2.7 cm. broad, 
 branched at or near the ground, branches smooth, terete or more 
 or less flattened, dense or rather open, the tips very numerous, 
 delicate, pointed and concolorous; color light creamy ochraceous 
 all over, or at times dull flesh color in youth; towards or after 
 maturity the basal half a deeper dull ochraceous; in drying becom¬ 
 ing deep ochraceous all over. Flesh pliable, tender, not changing 
 when bruised; taste slightly mouldy and at times a little peppery 
 in plants from deciduous woods; odor faintly similar; mycelium 
 white, stringy, conspicuous. 
 
 Spores deep ochraceous, pip-shaped, minutely warted, 
 3-3.7 X 5-7.7 (l. Basidia 4.4-5.Sf/. thick; hymenium 45-60 ;j. thick, 
 in most places with a distinct row of embedded spores in the center, 
 indicating a renewal by proliferation ; threads of flesh variable in 
 thickness, most about 3.7[x thick, parallel and closely packed just 
 under the hymenium, irregular and loosely packed in the center of 
 plant, clamp connections present. 
 
 Abundant under hemlock and more rarely in frondose woods 
 in the northern states, and to be expected in our higher southern 
 mountains. See C. abictina for other notes. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 185 
 
 In the Fries Herbarium ( Upsala) are two collections labelled 
 C. flaccida, which have been kindly sent us by Dr. Juel. One of 
 these is true C. flaccida (Christian Blyth, coll.) with the usual 
 appearance and spores minutely rough, 3-3.7 x 5.S-7[i.; the other, 
 labelled in Fries’s own hand, is not this species but typical C. 
 Kun^ei except that the spores which are spherical (3.7-4.5[j. thick) 
 are apparently quite smooth, a character found also in the spores 
 of some American plants of C. Kunzei. As this collection could 
 not possibly be C. flaccida as described by Fries, it must be ignored 
 as evidence and added to the long list of Fries’s mistakes in this 
 genus. 
 
 In the Curtis Herbarium is a specimen from Fries (Upsala) 
 labelled C. flaccida, a small plant about 2 cm. high that looks like 
 ours and has the same spores, which are minutely warted, 
 2.8-3.7 X 5-6[x. Another collection from Fries (Upsala) in the 
 Kew Herbarium is the same thing with spores pip-shaped, minutely 
 rough, 3.4-3.7 x 5-7[ji. Plants from Finland at the New York 
 Botanical Garden determined as C. flaccida by Karsten are ochra- 
 ceous in the dried state and look like our plants described above, 
 except that they are a little taller. The spores are the same, being 
 pip-shaped, minutely tuberculate, 2.6-3.3 x 5.5-6.6p.. 
 
 Illustrations: Britzelmayr. Hymen. Siidb., Clavariei, figs. 21 and 82 (as 
 C. flaccida). 
 
 Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 4, fig. 26 (as C. flaccida). 1922. 
 
 Fries. Icon. Hymen., pi. 199, fig. 4. 1884. Photographic copy in Ann- 
 Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 4, fig. 25 (as C. flaccida). 1922. 
 
 Patouillard. Tab. Fung., fig. 39 (as C. flaccida). 1883. 
 
 New York: Catskills. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. cinerea). '‘Common 
 upon leaf mold; spores ochraceous.’' Spores pip-shaped, rough, about 
 3.5 X 7/x. 
 
 Jamesville. Underwood. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. flaccida). 
 Spores 3.7 x 5.5/x. 
 
 Hudson Falls. Burnham, No. 56. Golden’s hemlocks, east of Tripoli, 
 July 22, 1917. Spores covered with very fine warts, 2.5-3.9 x 4.8-7/x. 
 B. No. 58. Golden’s hemlocks, July 23, 1917. Spores 2.5-2.9 x 5-5.5ju,. 
 (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham, No. 52. Deciduous woods, July 16, 1917. Taste 
 distinctly but mildly bitterish-peppery. No. 55a. On beech stump in 
 woods, July 20. 1917. In drying it became a deep ochraceous brown. 
 
 Spores 3-3.7 x 5-6.6/x. No. 84. Burnham’s hemlocks, August 2, 1917. 
 Spores 3-3.5 x 6-7.3fx. No. 86. Deciduous woods, August 9, 1917. 
 “Flesh colored, tinged with yellow.” Spores deep ochraceous, 
 
186 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 3-3.5 X 6.3-7fji. No. 87. Under white pines. Plants small and appar¬ 
 ently not different from the form under hemlock. Spores 3.3 x 5.7-6.8jLt. 
 No. 88. Under hemlocks. Spores 3.3 x 5.7-7.6fx. Burnham and Coker, 
 No. 102. Hemlock woods, September 2, 1917. Typical form from which 
 the description was mostly drawn. Spores 3-3.7 x 5-6.3/x. No. 108. In 
 pines, and intermediate between the flaccida form of hemlock and the 
 larger one of pines, September 2, 1917. Tips pale yellowish ochraceous, 
 shading downward to ochraceous: no green. No. 117. Maple woods 
 (no hemlocks), September 2, 1917. Exactly like the form under hem¬ 
 locks. Spores 3.2-3.7 X 6.3-7.7/x. Burnham, No. 1191). Same deciduous 
 woods as No. 52, August 13, 1918. Taste mildly bitterish-peppery; no 
 change in cut flesh. (Above colls, in U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Vermont: Newfane. Miss Hibbard. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Michigan: Agricultural College. On rotten wood. Hicks. (N. Y. Bot. 
 Card. Herb., as LacJinocladium Miclicncri). Spores pip-shaped, minutely 
 warted, 2.5 x 5.2/x. 
 
 Canada: On earth in woods, September 9, 1908. Macoun. (Ellis Collec¬ 
 tion, N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., as C. flaccida). Spores typical, 3 x 7-7.4/x. 
 
 Clavaria Broomei Cotton and Wakefield. Trans. Brit. Myc. 
 Soc. 6: 170. 1919. 
 
 ?C. oblectanea Britz. Hymen. Sfidb. 10: 179, Clavariei, fig. 87. 
 1894. 
 
 Plates 71 and 89 
 
 Plants 3-7 cm. high, solitary or gregarious, with a distinct and 
 usually long stalk, which varies from 2-5 cm. long and 2-4 mm. 
 thick below; usually thicker upwards and there crested with a 
 cluster of short, thickish, blunt or acute branches, or at times 
 dividing further down into two or three long upright branches 
 which are similarly crowned with short branches; color ochraceous 
 brown when fresh, in age a darker reddish brown and often 
 blackish in part on drying, the tips lighter when young, the base 
 whitish or pinkish where covered with leaves. Flesh not very 
 brittle, watery white, not changing color when bruised, tasteless 
 and odorless; hyphae about 3.7[i- thick, regular, parallel, closely 
 packed, clamp connections present. 
 
 Spores deep reddish ochraceous, elliptic with a bent end, dis¬ 
 tinctly papillate, 4.4-6 x 12.5-18.4[ji. Basidia (of B. No. 74) 9-lOp. 
 thick, 4-spored; hymenium 55-75p. thick, yellow in section. 
 
 In woods mold or leaves in frondose or mixed frondose and 
 hemlock woods. Known in America at present only from 
 Vaughns, N. Y. 
 
Clavaria longicaulis, form with rhizoid. No. 2648 . 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 187 
 
 Plants of this species first sent to Peck were considered by him 
 as a form of C. grandis, as is shown by a collection from Mr. 
 Burnham, so labelled by him at Albany. Since then the plant has 
 been found a number of times by Mr. Burnham near the same 
 spot, and Mr. Burnham and the author succeeded in finding a few 
 small specimens in the same place in September, 1917. The species 
 is in the grandis group, and is nearest C. longicaidis, which is 
 easily separated by the spores of quite different shape. The stem 
 of C. Broomei may extend a little way into the leaves but has no 
 rhizomorph and is soon dissipated into the white, rather scanty 
 mycelium. That our plants are C. Broomei is shown by the types 
 at Kew, which in the dried state have the same brownish, velvety- 
 looking surface, about the same shape, and the same long, spiny 
 spores, 5-7 X 12.5-19.5[i.. 
 
 Clavaria oblectanea is probably the same, but the spore size is 
 not given and we have seen no authentic specimen. In the Bresa- 
 dola Herbarium there is a collection from Westphalia marked C. 
 nigrcscens Brinkmann, but we can find no record of the publica¬ 
 tion of this species. The plants are the same as ours with the 
 characteristic spores, spiny, S.5-7 x 14-19.5[ji. We have received 
 from Romell (Archipelago of Stockholm) good examples of C. 
 Broomei. The spores are spiny, 5-6.5 x ll-16(ji. 
 
 The fresh plants shown in the photograph are immature, with 
 the branches scarcely more than teeth as yet. The dried plants 
 shown are of mature form. 
 
 New York: Vaughns. Collections below all in leaf mold in frondose or 
 mixed woods—maple, beech and hemlock, R. C. Burnham’s farm. B. 
 No. 74. August 13, 1915. Spores 4.8-5.6x 13.5-15.8/^. B. No. 98. Sep¬ 
 tember 3, 1917. Spores 4.8-6 x 12.5-18.4/x. C. & B. No. 141. Septem¬ 
 ber 1, 1917. Spores 4.4-5.5 X 13.6-16/x. (All in U. N. C. Herb.). There 
 is also one of Mr. Burnham’s collections in the Albany Herbarium (as 
 C. grandis ). 
 
 Clavaria longicaulis Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 25: 371. 1898. 
 
 Plates 72-74, 89, and 90 
 
 Plants of small to moderate size, strict, narrow, distinctly 
 stalked, 2.5-9 cm. high, 1.3-4 cm. broad; stem about 1.3-4 cm. 
 long and 1.5-7 mm. thick, irregularly branched above into a tuft 
 of upright, closely pressed, terete and even or somewhat rugosely 
 
188 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 wrinkled branches, which after several subdivisions end in sev¬ 
 eral small cusps; whitened below and soon fading into the mycelium 
 which extends in all directions in many threadlike strands which 
 are white when undisturbed, but turn pink when exposed as do 
 also the whiter parts of the stem base (a form occurs with a long, 
 tough, pinkish rhizomorph, as No. 2730, which see) ; color above 
 cinnamon-tawny (about tawny olive of Ridgway), darkening 
 downwards to about that of C. grand is (antique brown or buck- 
 thorn brown of Ridgway), the tips somewhat lighter, but not 
 abruptly whitish. Flesh whitish or cinnamon, not very brittle, 
 bitter, odor slight. When dry becoming a deep reddish brown, 
 from Sudan brown to Brussels brown of Ridgway; with the 
 hymenium of a more or less velvety appearance. 
 
 Spores (of No. 2287) ovate to pip-shaped, with a stout 
 eccentric mucro, the surface set with prominent, irregular, warty 
 spines, color deep rusty ochraceous in front view of a good print, 
 about orange ochraceous of Ridgway in side view, 4.8-5.3 x 8-11 [jl, 
 most about 5 x 8^-. Basidia 4-spored, 5.5-7[x thick; hymenium 
 60-75[r thick; hyphae about 3.7 [j- thick, regular, parallel and very 
 closely packed, small clamp connections present. 
 
 Gregarious or loosely cespitose in leaf mold or moss in low 
 frondose woods; rather rare. 
 
 Peck’s type plants from Alabama are like ours and the spores 
 are indistinguishable. In the type they are strongly warted, 
 4.4-5 X 7.5-8.5[x. On the label with the type Earle says, ''On moist 
 earth, dark brown throughout, end of branches blunt, spores 
 ochraceous, ovate, sharply echinulate, 6 x 4[k.” Peck’s character 
 of "wrinkled” stem and branches is evidently based only on the 
 dried plant and without significance. 
 
 The rhizomorphic form above mentioned is very striking. 
 However, in the absence of any other discernible difference, we 
 are considering it only a form. No. 4416, a typical example, 
 shows the spores 4.8-5.9 x 5.9-8[i-, rarely 10 (jl; basidia 7.4 [jl thick, 
 4-spored; hymenium 6S-7S\k thick; threads of flesh as in the typical 
 form. The presence of the rhizomorph is probably due to some 
 character in the substratum, plants in decaying leaves or pure 
 humus lacking the rhizomorph, those in earth usually possessing 
 one. 
 
 The species is in the C. grandis group and is distinguished 
 from its nearest relatives as follows: from C. grandis by the 
 
I'r.ATi-: 75 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 189 
 
 smaller size, the much smaller spores, and the absence of the 
 abruptly white tips, and from C. Broomei by the much more 
 branching habit and different spores. On the label of the type 
 of C. longicaiilis Earle has noted ''near C. comprcssa Schroet.”, 
 but that is described as yellow and only 1.5-2.5 cm. high. 
 
 From the description this might possibly be C. megalorhim 
 
 B. and Br. from Ceylon (Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 75. 1875) but that 
 is said to grow on wood and the spores are smaller and otherwise 
 different. The type at Kew shows two good plants, branched 
 from the base, dark ochraceous, dense, about 2.5 cm. high and 
 2-3.5 cm. broad. We find the spores to be nearly pip-shaped, 
 3.5-3.8 X 5-7 [jl, warted but distinctly less so than in C. longicaiilis. 
 On the same page is described C. echinospora B. & Br. (see under 
 
 C. cyanocepJiala) which is said to be nearly allied to C. megalo- 
 rhisa, but to turn black on drying and to have larger spores. In 
 the Cornell Herbarium are several collections labelled C. rnegalo- 
 rhiza that are not different from C. abietina. 
 
 Illustration : Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 2, fig. 8. 1922. 
 
 North Carolina : Chapel Hill. No. 866. On ground by path to Meeting of 
 Waters, October 2, 1913. Rhizomorphic. No. 2287. On ground in 
 leaf mold by Battle’s Branch. No. 2648. By path in low damp woods, 
 July 11, 1917. Rhizomorphic. No. 2659. In moss in path, July 13, 
 1917. No. 2713. By path in low mixed woods, July 19, 1917. Rhizo¬ 
 morphic, 11 cm. high and 6 cm. broad. No. 2730. By path in Bat¬ 
 tle’s Park, July 21, 1917. Rhizomorphic. No. 2762. In decaying oak 
 leaves, thick, damp woods, July 24, 1917. Spores 5.5-7 x 7.4-7.7/x. No. 
 2803. Among fallen leaves, mixed woods, July 28, 1917. No. 2814. 
 Same spot as No. 2659, July 30, 1917. No. 3465. In damp sandy soil 
 in patli near stream, August 16, 1919. No. 3469. In humus, deciduous 
 woods, a few pines 30 or 40 feet away, August 17, 1919. A fine lot of 
 plants, characters as usual. No. 3479. Mixed woods, August 22, 1919. 
 No. 4416. Deciduous woods by Meeting of the Waters branch, July 
 16, 1920. Flesh turns dull vinaceous pink when bruised. Taste sour- 
 bitter ; odor faintly medicinal. Texture fleshy above, much more tough 
 in the stem. Spores 4.8-5.6 x 7.5-8.5/x. No. 4523. Mixed woods. Julv 
 26, 1920. 
 
 Asheville. Beardslee. This is just like our Chapel Hill plants. Spores 
 identical, 4.8-6.7 x 8.2-10.4/x. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
 Alabama: Auburn. On moist earth. Earle. (Albany Herb., type). 
 
 District of Columbia: Braendle. (Albany Herb., as a small form of C. 
 grandis). Spores as in the type, about 5 x 7.5/x. 
 
 Massachusetts: Davis. (Albany Herb., as a small form of C. grandis). 
 Spores as in the type, about 5.3 x 7.5 /j,. 
 
190 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 Clavaria Murrilli n. sp. 
 
 Plates 77 and 91 
 
 Plants single, gregarious, 1.5-5.5 cm. high (in the dried state), 
 slender and with a long, pale, tough stalk less than 1 mm. thick 
 (when dry) which is loosely covered through most of its length 
 with long, pale, flexuous, cottony threads; branches few, elon¬ 
 gated, ascending, once or twice rebranched, the tips subacute. 
 Color of the stem when fresh, dull carneous, of the branches fer¬ 
 ruginous, the tips brownish; when dry the stem is grayish white, 
 shading gradually into the Dresden brown to Brussels brown 
 branches which are flattened and wrinkled, as is the stem, as 
 thougii shrinking* much in drying. 
 
 Spores brown under the microscope, long-pip-shaped, 3-3.7 x 
 8.5-9.3 [jl, strongly asperulate with slender, sharp spines. Basidia 
 clavate, 4.8-5.5 [jl thick, 4-spored. Hymenium 50-60[ji thick; 
 threads of flesh parallel, closely packed, 3.3-5.5p. thick, with clamp 
 connections at the nodes. 
 
 This species we take pleasure in naming for Dr. W. A. Murrill, 
 who found it in 1904. The color in the fresh state was noted by 
 Dr. Murrill. Except for this the description is drawn from the 
 dried plants, which now number nine or ten, with some fragments. 
 It seems evident that the plant is in the grandis group and is 
 nearest C. longicaulis, as indicated by the long, incarnate stem, 
 dark brown branches and large, brown, asperulate spores. The 
 spines on the spores are more like those of C. grandis than any 
 other member of the group. The species is clearly marked by its 
 slender form, pale, cottony stem and long, narrow, sharply spiny 
 spores. The dried plants are now attached to a mixture of pine, 
 hemlock and oak leaves. 
 
 Tennessee: Unaka Springs. In leaves, mixed woods, altitude 1700 feet. 
 
 Murrill, No. 907. (U. N. C. Herb., type, and N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb., 
 
 co-type). 
 
PI,AT I-: 76 
 
 ClAVAKIA (iRAXDIS. No. 2v398 
 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 191 
 
 Clavaria cyanocephala B. & C. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 338. 1869. 
 
 C.Zippellii Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat., 3rd. ser., 11: 215. 1844. 
 
 C. echinospora B. & Br. Journ. Linn. Soc. 14: 75. 1875. 
 
 (Not C. echinospora Bond. & Pat. or C. echinospora P. 
 
 Henn.). 
 
 C. aeruginosa Pat. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 14: 189. 1898. 
 
 Plate 90 
 
 As this striking species of the C. grandis group occurs in Cuba 
 Porto Rico, and Trinidad, as well as in the Orient, we are includ¬ 
 ing it for its interest. It is not at all improbable that a number 
 of West Indian species may some day be found in Florida. 
 
 In the New York Botanical Garden are specimens from Porto 
 Rico without a name. We find that in appearance as well as in 
 spores they agree with the present species. The spores are 
 strongly echinulate, 6-7.5 x 9-15[ji. According to von Hohnel 
 (Sitzungsb. d. Kaiserl. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien 118: 15. 1909), who 
 is probably right, C. cyanocephala and C. aeruginosa (from Java) 
 are the same as C. Zippellii (from Java). See note on C. Zip- 
 pellii by Bresadola in Ann. Myc. 5: 239. 1907. He gives the 
 spores as obovate, aculeate, 12 x 15-18[jl, including the spines, the 
 basidia two-spored, 10-13 x 60-65 [Ji; the entire fungus from gray 
 to chestnut-brown. The type of C. echinospora (from Ceylon) is 
 not represented at Kew, but plants from Borneo (H. Winkler, 
 coll.) determined as the latter by Bresadola and now in his 
 herbarium are to all appearances the same and have identical 
 spores, which are strongly asperulate, 6-7.5 x 9-12.5. 
 
 At Kew are plants from Trinidad (J. H. Hart, coll.) which 
 are labelled Lachnocladium tubidosum Fr. They are not the 
 latter, which is quite different, but the present species. 
 
 The type of C. cyanocephala at Kew (Wright, No. 458, Cuba) 
 is dark brown and looks in every way like the Porto Rican plants 
 mentioned above. The spores are large, elliptic, spiny, 
 5.5-7.4 X 11-14 [jl. The types are 5-6 cm. high, and up to 3.5 cm. 
 broad, the main branches few and long, the terminals rather 
 crowded. The original description is (trans.) : 
 
192 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 ‘‘Stem subdivided, branches and branchlets furcate, intensely 
 cerulean above, apices short, bifid, obtuse, subfastigiate. Among 
 leaves in thick woods. June. Hab. Bonin Isles. About 3 inches 
 high.’’ 
 
 It will be noted that the word “cerulean” is usually interpreted 
 as “blue,” but it may also mean greenish as is probably the case 
 here (see note under Jamaica entry below). The co-type in the 
 Curtis Herbarium agrees in every respect with the Kew specimens. 
 The spores are elliptic, strongly spiny, about 7.4 x 13[i.. (In both 
 herbaria preparations from the plant show an abundance of 
 smooth, subspherical spores in addition to the authentic ones). 
 There is also a good specimen (Wright, No. 458) in the Farlow 
 Herbarium. 
 
 This species differs from C. grandis in the more slender form, 
 different color in the dried state, and the shorter and blunter spines 
 of the spores, not to mention color in the fresh state. From C. 
 longicatdis it differs in the larger spores and different color in the 
 fresh state. 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 3, fig. 14. 1922. 
 
 Cuba. Wright. (Kew Herb., Curtis Herb., and Farlow Herb., as C. cyano- 
 cephala ). 
 
 Porto Rico. Johnson, No. 997. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Jamaica. Castleton Gardens. On ground under bamboo. (N. Y. Bot. Card. 
 Herb, and U. N. C. Herb.). Spores 7.4-8.1 x 11.8-16/x, omitting spines; 
 l)asidia 2-spored. Notes on fresh state mention a greenish tint. 
 
 Trinidad. Hart. (Kew Herb., as L. tuhidosiim). 
 
 Borneo. Winkler. (Bresadola Herb., as C. echinospora). 
 
 Clavaria grandis Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 29: 73. 1902. 
 
 C. spiciilospora Atk. Ann. Myc. 7: 368. 1909. 
 
 Plates 75, 76, and 90 
 
 Plants single, gTegarious, 6-15 cm. high, 2-12 cm. broad, usu¬ 
 ally with a distinct, stout, rather deeply rooted stem 1-6 cm. long 
 and 1-2 cm. thick, divided into few or numerous upright, crowded 
 branches, these dividing once or twice more and ending in stout 
 abruptly rounded cusps; the angles rounded; surface glabrous; 
 color of the upper part of the stem and all the branches, except the 
 very tips, which are abruptly white, a uniform deep brick brown 
 (antique brown of Ridgway), almost the color of dead leaves and 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 193 
 
 thus very hard to hnd. In drying the plant remains this color or 
 turns a somewhat lighter color (Buckthorn brown), the same color 
 as dried plants of C. abictina. The stem surface below the 
 hymenium is closely white-tomentose where protected in angles, 
 etc., but where rubbed by soil or lingers the color is dull brownish 
 lavender or purple. Flesh firm, but very tender, pure white at 
 first, but immediately turning to lavender-brown when cut; taste 
 mildly acid-bitterish and after a few minutes astringent; 
 hyphae 4-7 thick, roughly parallel, very closely packed and 
 having anastomosing connections between adjacent ones. 
 
 Spores (of No. 1186) antique brown, obovate, 6.3 x 12p., exclu¬ 
 sive of the spines, covered except at the curved point with long 
 sharp spicules about 1.5[i- long. Basidia 2-spored, about 10[jt. 
 thick; sterigmata stout, 7[j. long; hymenium (of No. 4407) about 
 60[j. thick, multiple and up to 4 layers thick. 
 
 Common in frondose woods near upland branches, etc. This 
 remarkably fine species, the darkest colored of our large Chapel 
 Hill Clavarias, and one of the most handsome and striking, was 
 first described by Peck from plants sent him from Maryland. 
 Clavaria spiciilospora, which is the same thing, was described by 
 Professor Atkinson from plants collected by us in Chapel Hill. 
 While common this plant is often overlooked as the color is very 
 like that of the dead leaves in which it grows. It often happens 
 that only the tips are exposed above the leaves. It usually grows 
 in cool damp woods among decaying leaves, but we have also found 
 it at the base of an oak stump in a lawn. We have not tested the 
 edible qualities of this species, but Mr. Braendle, who first col¬ 
 lected it in Maryland, reported it as edible when pickled. 
 
 Lachnocladiimi giganteiini Pat. (Journ. de Bot. 3 : 34, pi. 1, hg. 
 1. 1889) is certainly very near, and the spores and basidia are in¬ 
 distinguishable ; but fine authentic specimens in the Paris IMuseum 
 from French Guiana while large are distinctly more slender, as is 
 also shown in the figure, and in the dry state they are more brittle 
 and have a different taste from C. grandis. The spores are 7.4-9 x 
 ll-14.8[j., strongly spinulose; basidia 7.4[ji thick, 2-spored; hy¬ 
 menium covering the surface, 130-150[ji thick, in our sections three 
 layers deep. Patouillard places the species under his sub-genus 
 Dendrocladium, which he defines (1. c., p. 33) as having the hy- 
 
196 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 none or delicate and scarcely projecting; spores brown, ovoid or 
 tear-shaped, smooth or echinulate. The flesh is homogeneous or 
 with a hardened central axis/’ 
 
 This is considerably more inclusive than Levielle’s genus in 
 regard to the tomentum, which may be present or absent, but more 
 restricted on the other hand by emphasis on the hard, almost 
 woody texture and brown spores. This definition would exclude 
 all species of Clavaria from the United States and Canada now 
 placed in Lachnocladhini by various authors. In a somewhat 
 earlier treatment of the genus (Journ. de Bot. 3: 23, 33. 1889) he 
 divides it into three sections, as Lachnocladmm Lev., Coniocladkim 
 Pat. and Dendrodadimn Pat., stating that the last two sections 
 should be placed in the Thdephoraceac. In his Essai taxonomique 
 he reduced the sections to two, as (A) Dendrodadium (spores 
 verrucose, asperulate or aculeate) and (B) Coniodadiiim (spores 
 smooth). As we are treating here only one species of Lachno- 
 dadimn (Merisma) we.do not think it an appropriate time to re¬ 
 organize the genus. Numerous new species have been recently 
 described. 
 
 Lachnocladium semivestitum B. & C. Grevillea 1: 161. 1873. 
 
 Plates 78-80 and 90 
 
 Plants tree-like, 2.7-6.3 cm. high, the distinct terete stem about 
 2 cm. long and 1.3-3.2 mm. thick, branched at top into several 
 more or less compressed leaders which diverge above and rebranch 
 in a somewhat palmate way into several more terete secondaries 
 which may or may not again branch sparingly, the tips when grow¬ 
 ing blunt, whitish and finely pubescent, after maturity shrinking 
 to a point and becoming darker; color all over pale buffy straw 
 (pale avellaneous) except the tips which after maturity soon 
 wither and become blackish brown. Surface glabrous except the 
 growing tips and somewhat incrassated base, no plush-like sterile 
 areas, the line between the hymenium and the stem not distinct. 
 Texture tough throughout, the stem almost unbreakable by the 
 fingers. In drying the entire plant becomes dull drab except for 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 197 
 
 the dark, cartilaginous-looking tips (as in Nos. 4620, 4626, 4631), 
 or the entire plant may become reddish cartilaginous (as in Nos. 
 2789, 5270, 5304). 
 
 Spores (of No. 4514) white, smooth, subelliptic to amygdali- 
 form, 6-6.8 x 15-18[ji, the mucro end curved. Basidia 4-spored (a 
 few 2-spored in other collections and in No. 2789 nearly all were 
 2-spored), ll-14[i. thick, with long sterigmata. Cells of the flesh 
 long, filamentous, very little branched, about 3 [jl thick, no clamp 
 connections. 
 
 This is, we think, the true L. seniivestitiim as shown by the 
 co-type in the Curtis Herbarium from Pennsylvania (Michener, 
 No. 1184; Curtis, No. 4260). The collection consists of two 
 plants, one 4 cm. high; the branches slender, upright; apices red¬ 
 dish cartilaginous, remainder grayish brown; one plant branched 
 into two parts a little above the ground, the other with more stalk; 
 surface without tomentum at any place, appearing, with the ex¬ 
 ception of the reddish tips, as if dusted superficially with a most 
 minute grayish or yellowish pulverulence. We could find no .spores 
 on these plants, but microscopic examination of the co-type at Kew 
 shows it to be in full agreement with ours. Forms of this species 
 (as No. 4631) look in passing much like slender forms of Tre- 
 mellodendron, but are easily distinguished by the absence of vis¬ 
 cidity. Burt has seen our No. 2789 and referred it to this species. 
 We have received from Juel (Upsala) as Thelephora contorta a 
 collection that seems to be the present species. The spores are 
 long-elliptic with oblique mucro, 6-7.4 x 17-22[x. 
 
 It is not easy to believe that all our numbers referred here are 
 the same species. No. 2789 and No. 4514 may be considered ex¬ 
 tremes of size and of appearance in the dried state. The former 
 when dry is dull drab and opaque except for the tips, the latter is 
 dark cartilaginous throughout except for clay colored stripes. 
 Microscopic characters fail, however, to show any differences 
 that can be associated with those above mentioned, and we are 
 therefore treating them all as the same. 
 
 Lachnocladiiim cartilagineiim B. & C. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 
 330. [1869] 1868) is closely related to the present species, but is 
 easily separated by the spores. From the type at Kew we find 
 them to be subspherical to oval, drop-shaped, smooth, hyaline, 
 
19(S Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 5.5- 7.4 X 6.2-8.5(j., with a distinct apical niiicro; basidia 2-spored 
 in the several seen (pi. 91, bg. 15). Another difference between 
 that and the present species is the unilateral hymeniiini, which is 
 ])lainly shown in our sections of the Kew plant. This is also noted 
 by Patouillard (Journ. de Pot. 3: 26). Laclinocladiuni cartilagi- 
 neitin is also represented in the Farlow Herbarium by Xo. 388 of 
 Fungi Cubensis A^rightiani which looks just like the type 
 s]:)eciinens. 
 
 Under the name L. Michcncri B. & C. at Cornell are two col¬ 
 lections from Ithaca which are L. scinivcstifum. Notes by Atkin¬ 
 son on one of these collections (13354) are as follows: “Trunk 
 and branches dull drab, tips whitish, branches compressed, tips 
 cristate. Basidia clavate, 4-spored. Spores 15-20 x5-7g.” The 
 dried i)lants are about 2-3 cm. high, abruptly branched into rather 
 numerous tips which are long and slender. Color when dry huffy 
 tan, not so dark as C. a picul a fa nor so cartilaginous-looking, brittle 
 when dry. One collection is on moss and one on mossy soil. 
 Clavaria brunneola B. & C. (Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 338 11869] 
 1868) is a Lachnocladium related to the present species, as shown 
 by the co-type in the Curtis Herbarium. It is, however, not the 
 same, as the spores are subspherical, 7.4-9.5 x 11.5-12.5g. 
 
 We have studied the type of C. gig asp or a Cotton (The Natur¬ 
 alist, p. 97. 1907; also published in Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 3: 33. 
 1908) from Kew and find that in all important respects except 
 the thickness of the spores it agrees with the present species, as 
 in size, color and texture in the dry state, and in microscopic de¬ 
 tails. The spores are large, ovate-elliptic, smooth, 6.5-8.5 x 
 
 13.5- 18g; basidia ll-16g thick, with 4 (rarely 2) large, long, 
 curved sterigmata; hymenium about 150[i. thick, packed with crys¬ 
 tals; threads of flesh very closely packed, about 3g thick (pi. 91, 
 figs. 16, 17. That Cotton’s species is the same as Mcrisuia tubc- 
 rosiiju Grev. (Scott. Crypt. F"!. 3: 178, pi. 178. 1825; TJiclcplwra 
 tubcrosa Fr. Elench. Fung., p. 167. 1828) in the sense of Bresa- 
 dola is shown by good specimens in his herbarium from Sweden 
 (R. Fries, coll.). The ])lants are just like the English ones (and 
 like ours) in appearance and have spores of practically the same 
 shape, which are, according to Bresadola, 6-7 x 16-24g. It is evi¬ 
 dent that our plants are the American form of the European plant 
 
PLATE 77 
 
 Pterula plumosa. No. 843 [above], 
 
 Clavaria Murrilli. Unaka Springs, Tenn., No. 907 [below] 
 

 
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Clavarias of the United States and Canada 199 
 
 and the slight spore difference is hardly enough to establish a vari¬ 
 etal distinction. Clavaria tenuipes B. & Br. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
 Hist. II, 2 : 266. 1848) looks much like the present species. The 
 type at Kew is small and simple, with very slender stems expanding 
 into thick clubs which are a little lobed and have the surface appear¬ 
 ance of this group. Cotton has a note on the type saying spores 
 “a few, 7 X 3[k,” but the spores are doubtful. A related species is 
 C. dcndroidcs Jungh. (FI. Crypt. Java, p. 33, pi. 6, fig. 20, 1838), 
 later changed to Pterula (Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsala III, 1: 117. 
 1855), and also to Thelephora by Leveille (Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 
 3rd. ser., 2 : 209. 1844). If specimens from Java in Persoon’s 
 herbarium are correctly determined, which seems probable, it is a 
 Lachnocladium in the same group with L. cartilagineiim and L. 
 semwestitum. The basidia are 2-spored, 4-6{x thick; the spores 
 smooth, oval, about 7.4 x 11 [jl. A collection of plants in the her¬ 
 barium of the University of Paris labelled Clavaria compressa 
 Bond, (herbarium name?) also belongs to the same group. Lach- 
 nocladitim chartaceum Pat. (Ann. Myc. 5 : 365. 1907) from Brazil 
 in the same herbarium has a similar appearance, and so does L. 
 clavarioideum Pat. (Journ. de Bot. 3: 27. 1889), but these last 
 have smaller spores, “6 x 4[x” in the first and ''4-5 x 3(jt,’’ in the 
 second. In the Kew Herbarium is a plant from Schweinitz 
 (Salem, N. C.) determined by him as C. palmata Pers. which is 
 probably the present species, but we could find no spores on it. 
 
 Illustration: Burt. Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 6: 272, fig. 10. 1919. 
 
 Greville. As cited above. European form; stout examples. 
 
 North Carolina: Chapel Hill. No. 2789. In moss and thin grass under 
 elms, July 26, 1917. A small form 1.5-2.7 cm. high. Spores 4.8-6 x 
 15-20.2/x; basidia long-clavate, 11-lU thick, mostly 2-spored, a few 
 4-spored, the sterigmata stout and curved. No. 4514. By branch, July 
 25, 1920. No. 4620. Arising from bits of rotting wood on damp, 
 rich soil, July 29, 1920. Spores 6.6 x 15/x; basidia 4-spored, large. No. 
 4626. By Battle’s Branch, August 3, 1920. Spores fusiform, 5.2-6 x 
 14-15.2ja; basidia 10.6-12.5 x 50-60/x, mostly 4-spored but often only 
 three sterigmata visible. No. 4631. In very damp, sandy soil, August 
 6, 1920. Spores pure white, 5.5-7 x 17-22/x; basidia about llxdO^a. 
 No. 5270. In swampy, deciduous woods, July 2, 1922. Spores 4-6.6 x 
 13-16.7 /a ; basidia 4-spored, about ll/x thick. No. 5304. On mossy bank 
 by branch, July 7, 1922. Spores 4-5.5 x 11-19/^.; basidia 4-spored. 
 
 Pennsylvania: Michener. (Curtis Herb., co-type). 
 
 New York: Ithaca. Atkinson. (Cornell Herb., No. 13354, etc., as L. 
 Micheneri). 
 
200 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 TYPHULA 
 
 Plants small, simple or slightly branched; stalk filiform, flaccid, 
 very distinct [exceptions] from the slender, cylindrical to sub- 
 clavate club which is fleshy or waxy or tougbish. Basidia clavate, 
 2-4-spored; spores white, smooth. Growing on dead leaves, twigs 
 or wood or on dead herbaceous stems, in some species springing 
 from a distinct sclerotium. 
 
 This genus, like Clavaria, is poorly defined and several of the 
 definitive characters are of very slight or no systematic value. 
 The discrete stem is shared by a number of accepted Clavarias and 
 the same species of Clavaria may have forms with discrete stems 
 and others without. Size is a character of difficult application, 
 and growth on vegetable detritus is of questionable importance 
 and cannot be sharply defined. The result is that a number of 
 species of Clavaria are excluded from Typlnda by only one char¬ 
 acter, as C. iniicida, by the stalk not being distinctly marked off; 
 C. filipes by growth on soil; C. subfalcata by growth on soil and 
 slightly too large size of some specimens; C. Intco-ocliracca by 
 growth on soil and the gradual fading of the stem into the club; 
 C. appalachiensis by too great thickness. On the other hand, 
 Typlnda phacorrhi^a has been placed in Typhida although it has 
 no* sharply distinct stem. Clavaria jnncea is so like the last species 
 that we are following Karsten in placing them together under 
 Typlnda. As we are not undertaking to treat in full other genera 
 than Clavaria in this book, we include only these two last men¬ 
 tioned species of Typlnda. We have not seen either of them in 
 the living state. 
 
 Typhula juncea (Fr.) Karst. Bidr. Finl. Nat. Folk 37: 181. 
 
 1882. 
 
 Clavaria jiincca (Alb. & Schw.) Fr. Syst. Myc. 1: 479. 1821. 
 
 Clavaria triunciales juncea Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung., p. 
 289. 1805. 
 
 Clavaria liirta. FI. Danica, pi. 1257. 1799. 
 
 Clavaria juncea var. vivipara Fr. Epicr., p. 579. 1838. 
 
 Clavaria vir guitar uni Ttrs. Myc. Europ. 1: 186. 1822. 
 
 Plate 84 
 
 Plants single but gregarious in large colonies, very slender and 
 threadlike, about 2-8 cm. high (8-12.5 cm.. Cotton), obtuse or 
 
PLATE 78 
 
 Lachxocladium ivKSTiTUM. No. 2789. 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 201 
 
 acute, equal throughout the club, pale yellowish to leather color, 
 even or crumpled, glabrous or at times finely pubescent all over, 
 with a small clean-cut hollow, the base attenuated, attached by 
 fibrous mycelium and strigose-hairy where protected; texture deli¬ 
 cate and soon withering but not fragile or brittle even when dry. 
 Flesh of densely compacted, parallel cells of parenchyma-like 
 appearance in cross section. 
 
 Spores of plants from Vaughns, N. Y., white, smooth, oblong 
 to pip-shaped, with a large mucro, 3.8-4.8 x 6-9.3 [jl (a few up to 
 10.5[x). Basidia 4-spored, about 6.5 [jl thick. 
 
 Growing among leaves of deciduous trees during very wet 
 weather in northern latitudes. The tomentose form occurs with 
 the smooth and is what is called var. vivipara by Fries. Bulliard’s 
 figure shows both forms on the same leaves. Harper (Mycologia 
 10: 56. 1918) gives the spores of his Michigan plants as 4-5 x 
 9-12(x, while Schroeter says they are 4-5 x 8-9 [a. Clavaria juncea 
 is well represented in the Persoon Herbarium by plants of the usual 
 appearance. The type specimens of C. virgiiltorum in the same 
 herbarium show clearly that it is the same as C. juncea, but we 
 could get no spores from them. Clavaria filata Pers., which is 
 considered a synonym of Typhula incarnata Lasch ex Fries by 
 Fries and others, looks in the dry state exactly like this species, 
 but we could find no spores other than small spherical ones that 
 appeared to be those of a mold. A tuber is not mentioned by 
 Persoon. Others have noted the close kinship of this group, and 
 Gillot and Lucand (Cat. Rais. Champ. Sup., p. 439. 1891) treat 
 T. phacorrhiza as a variety of Clavaria jiincea. 
 
 Illustrations : Boudier. Icon. Myc. 1 : pi. 176. Photographic copy in Ann. 
 
 Mo. Bot. Card. 9: pi. 10, fig. 98. 1922. 
 
 Britzelmayr. Hymen. Siidb., Clavariei, fig. 59. 
 
 Bulliard. Champ. Fr., pi. 463, fig. 2 (as C. fistulosa). 1789. 
 
 Cooke. Engl. Fung., pi. 695. 1874. 
 
 Gillet. Champ. Fr. 5 : pi. 105 (111). 1878. 
 
 Harper. Mycologia 10: pi. 5. 1918. 
 
 Patouillard. Tab. Fung., fig. 469. 1886. 
 
 Sicard. Hist. Nat. Champ., pi. 63, fig. 326. 1883. 
 
 West Virginia: Fayette County. Nuttall. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 New York: Fort Edward. (Albany Herb.). 
 
 Vaughns. Burnham. (U. N. C. Herb.). 
 
202 Clavarias of the United States and Canada 
 
 New Hampshire: Chocorua. Farlow. (U. N. C. Herb, from Farlow 
 
 Herb.). 
 
 California: Pasadena. McClatchie. (N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.). 
 
 Typhula phacorrhiza (Reich.) Fr. Obs. Myc. 2 : 298. 1818. 
 
 In form and appearance in the dried state this is scarcely dis¬ 
 tinguishable from T. juncea except for the base, which springs 
 from a flattened disc-shaped, shining brown tuber or sclerotium, 
 the base of the stem just above the tuber being clothed with a 
 rather dense tuft of hair in specimens we have seen. 
 
 The clubs are variously described as white or pallid or pale 
 fuscous. The microscopic structure except for the spores is al¬ 
 most identical with that of T. juncea, the flesh delicate and flexible 
 and composed of densely compacted, parallel cells, surrounding a 
 small, clean-cut hollow. 
 
 Spores (in plants from Portville, N. Y.) elliptic, smooth, hya¬ 
 line, 4.4-5 X 9-14p.; basidia 4-spored, about 55(ji thick. A good 
 collection from Seattle, Wash., by Murrill has exactly the same 
 appearance and structure; spores 4-5.9 x 9.3-14.8 [t; basidia 4- 
 spored, 5.5 [jl thick. Of this last Murrill has the following note 
 on the fresh condition: “On leaf mold, gregarious, abundant, 
 about 12 cm. high and 0.5 mm. thick, pale fulvous, shining [aris¬ 
 ing] from a flattened, double, seed-like sclerotium.This refer¬ 
 ence to a “double’' sclerotium refers to the fact that some (or 
 most) of the plants arise from the margins of two sclerotia, one 
 on each side, and connect them, looking like a shoot between two 
 flat cotyledons. The plants from New York show only one sclero¬ 
 tium to a plant, but this is the only difference we can find except 
 that the Seattle plants are twice the height. We do not know if 
 T. incarnata Fr. is really different from the present species. De¬ 
 scriptions lack the detail necessary for a decision. Our plants 
 seem to be just like those shown by Greville in his plate 93 (as 
 Phacorrhiza filiformis). Sowerby’s plate 233 (as Clavaria pha¬ 
 corrhiza) may or may not be the same. 
 
 PTERULA 
 
 Slender and filiform throughout, small, in our species much 
 branched from a distinct stalk; texture elastic, toughish, not 
 
PLATE 79 
 
 Lachnocladium semivestitum. No. 4631. 
 
« 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 ■M 
 
 i ■ <■ 
 
 J 
 
 # 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
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 (W 
 
 
 
 t 
 
Clavarias of the United States and Canada 203 
 
 fragile. Hymenium glabrous, covering the branches. Basidia 2- 
 4-spored; spores white, smooth. Growing on wood or fallen 
 leaves and twigs. 
 
 The genus is the same as Merisma Lev. (Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., 
 3rd. ser., 5: 157. 1846). See the Genus Ptemla (C. G. Llovd. 
 Myc. Notes No. 60: 863. 1919). 
 
 This genus is mostly tropical, and only two or three species 
 are known from the United States and Canada. Our Chapel Hill 
 plant can hardly be different from the Schweinitz and Peck 
 species, as the divaricating habit is well shown in some of our 
 specimens and we are very near the place where Schweinitz found 
 his plants. We have not studied the types. Pterula densissima 
 B. & C. from New England (Grevillea 2: 17. 1873) is a much 
 denser plant and is apparently distinct (see Lloyd, 1. c., hg. 1469). 
 Lloyd treats as distinct another plant that he calls C. peniceJIata 
 (from a mss. name of Berkeley). Ptervda setosa Pk. (Kept. N. 
 Y. St. Mus. 27: 105. 1875) is a minute plant growing on dead 
 Polyp or us elcgans, Patouillard transfers it to Hirsutella (see 
 p. 7). We have not seen it. Ptemla multifi,da E. P. Eries of 
 Europe has much the same appearance as the present species but 
 is said to grow only on coniferous substrata. Ptertda merisma- 
 toides (Schw.) Sacc. and P. tenax (Schw.) Sacc. are both Tre- 
 mellodendron (see Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot. Card. 2: 740. 1915 and 
 9: 67. 1922). 
 
 Pterula plumosa (Schw.) Er. LinnaeaS: 532. 1830. 
 
 Pterula divaricata Pk. Kept. N. Y. St. Mus. 32: 36. 1879. 
 
 Plate 77 
 
 Plants small, slender, brush-like, 2.5-4 cm. high, the slender 
 main stalks about 0.5-1 mm. thick and springing from a distinct, 
 hair-like, grayish brown mycelium; several or many stems arising 
 close together, main branches dichotomously divided about four 
 times into long slender twigs which end in simple sharp points; 
 color of main stems a soaked wood-brown, the remainder of the 
 plant a lighter gray-brown which dries to a light gray or brownish 
 gray; texture not fragile, but elastic and toughish, with a taste 
 like musty wood. As the branches dry they shrink to mere hairs 
 in diameter. 
 
 Spores white, elliptic, 3-3.7 x6.5-7.4[j.. 
 
 843. On twigs and rotting leaves, by Howell’s branch, September 26, 1913. 
 
PLATE 80 
 
 LaCHNOCLADIUM SKMIVESTITUAr. No. 4514. 
 
PLATE 81 
 
 C. filipes. Xo. 2806, figs. 1 and 2; type, fig. 3. 
 
 C. sul)falcata. Blowing Rock, N. C. (Atkinson, co-type, No. 10689), fig. 5. 
 C. fnscata. No. 3459, fig. 4; Amsterdam (type locality. Miss Cool), lags. 
 6 and 7. 
 
 C. acuta. England (Cotton), fig. 8. 
 
 C. argillacea. Darbyshire, England, fig. 9; Savigne, Erance (Herb. Univ. 
 Paris, as C. obtusata), fig. 11. 
 
 C. pallescens. Type, fig. 10. 
 
 C. helveola. No. 2818, fig. 12; No. 4368, figs. 13 and 14. 
 
 C. Inteo-alba. Dolgelly, England (Cotton, Kew Herb.), fig. 15. 
 
 C. rosea. Nice (Bresadola), figs. 16 and 17; Persoon Herb, (no data), fig. 
 
 18; New York (Bnrnham, No. 44), fig. 19. 
 
 C. asperrdospora. Type fig. 20. 
 
 C. inaequalis. Epping Eorest, England (Cotton), figs. 21 and 22. 
 
 C. mncida. No. 3579, figs. 23 and 24; Stockholm, Sweden ( Rommell), fig. 25. 
 
 Eig. 2 X 502; figs. 14 and 24 x 810; figs. 7 and 16 x 1012; fig. 21 x 562; 
 others x 1620. 
 
PLATE 81 
 
PLATE 82 
 
 C. vernali?. Lake Pleasant, N. Y., fig. 1. 
 
 C. iiigrita. No. 2794, figs. 2 and 3. 
 
 C. citriceps. Redding, Conn. (No. 3428), fig. 4. 
 
 C. vermiculata. No. 2773, fig. 5; Vaughns, N. Y. (C. & B. No. 130), fig. 6. 
 C. fumosa. No. 2402, fig. 7; No. 2815, fig. 8. 
 
 C. purpurea. No. 4860, figs. 9 and 10; Sweden (Romell), fig. 11. 
 
 C. nebulosa. Newfoundland (co-type), figs. 12 and 13. 
 
 C. fusiformis. No. 1362, fig. 14. 
 
 C. persimilis. South Wales (Cotton), fig. 15. ' 
 
 C. ])nlchra. Lake George, N. Y. (No. 22), fig. 16; type, fig. 17; No. 1717, 
 fig. 18. 
 
 C. aurantio-cinnabarina. Bethlehem, Pa. (Schweinitz), fig. 19; No. 2801, 
 figs. 20 and 21 ; Cold Spring Harbor, L. L, fig. 22. 
 
 C. amethystinoides. No. 4532, figs. 23 and 24; Hartsville, S. C. (No. 42), 
 fig. 25. 
 
 Figs. 2, 6, 16, 21, 23, 24 x 810 ; fig. 8 x 562 ; fig. 10 x 487 ; fig. 13 x 1012 ; 
 fig. 22 X 502 ; others x 1620. 
 
PLA'i'i; 82 
 
PLATE 83 
 
 C. ornatipes. Redding, Conn. ( No. 29), figs. 1 and 2. 
 
 C. amethystinoides. Type, fig. 3. 
 
 C. cristata. No. 2387, fig. 4 ; No. 4561, figs. 6 and 7. 
 
 C. compressa. Schweinitz Herb, (now in Curtis Herb.), fig. 5 (showing only 
 2-spored basidia). 
 
 C. cineroides. Type, figs. 8 and 11; Tripoli, N. Y. (No. 99), figs. 9 and 10. 
 C. muscoides. Lake George, N. Y. (No. 7), fig. 12; Tripoli, N. Y., fig. 13. 
 C. pistillaris. No. 1913, fig. 14; No. 3793, fig. 15; Redding, Conn. (No. 
 27), fig. 16; No. 3885, fig. 17. 
 
 Fig. 2 X 502; figs. 5-7, 13, 17 x 810; figs. 10 and 11 x 1012 ; others x 1620. 
 
PLATE 83 
 
PLAl^E 84 
 
 C. ligula. Adirondacks, N. Y. (Miirrill), figs. 1 and 2. 
 
 C. fistulosa. Europe (Bresadola, as C. contorta), fig. 3. 
 
 Typhula juncea. Vaughns, N. Y. ( Burnham), fig. 4. 
 
 C. amethystina. No. 2622, fig. 5. 
 
 C. pyxidata. No. 1875, fig. 6; No. 3593, fig. 7( hyineninin, 1)asidia and a 
 cystidinm). 
 
 C. asperula. Ithaca, N. Y. (Atkinson), fig. 8. 
 
 C. Kimzei. Vaughns, N. Y. (Burnham, No. Ill), fig. 9; No. 1704, fig. 10; 
 Vaughns (Burnham, in Albany Herl).), fig. 11; Vaughns (Burnham, 
 No. 59a), fig. 12 (hymenium apparently 2-layered by proliferation) ; 
 Monengo Creek, N. Y. ( Schweinitz Herb., as C. subcorticalis ), fig. 
 13 ; Newfield, N. J. (E. & E., Cornell Herb., as C. vclutina), fig. 14; 
 Swansea, England ( Cotton ), fig. 15 ; Vaughns ( Burnham, No. 40), fig. 
 16; Pink Bed Valley, N. C. ( Murrill and House), fig. 17; Upsala, 
 Sweden, (Th. A I. Fries), fig. 18. 
 
 C. subcaespitosa. Type, fig. 19. 
 
 C. angulispora. No. 844, fig. 20; No. 3442, fig. 21. 
 
 Lachnocladium duhiosum. Type, fig. 22. 
 
 C. lentofragilis. Type, figs. 23 and 24. 
 
 C. asterella. Type, fig. 25. 
 
 C. crocea. Redding, Conn. (No. 21), fig. 26; No. 4843, fig. 27; No. 4660, 
 fig. 28. 
 
 C. tenuissima. Type, fig. 29. 
 
 C. bicolor. Type, fig. 30. 
 
 Figs. 2, 7, 12x 502; figs. 16, 17, 27x1012; figs. 21, 28x810; others x 
 1620. 
 
PI.ATE 84 
 
PLATE 85 
 
 C. botrytis. No. 661, fig. 1; No. 2v595, fig. 2; No. 74, fig. ?>. 
 
 C. botrytoides. Type, fig. 4. 
 
 C. sul)l)otrytis. No. 2621, figs. 5 and 6. 
 
 C. subl)otrytis var. intermedia. No. 2847, fig. 7. 
 
 C. sangninea. No. 4394, figs. 8 and 9. 
 
 C. flavobrunescens. Type, fig. 10. 
 
 C. flava. No. 560, fig. 11. 
 
 C. flava var. aurea. No. 2851, fig. 12. 
 
 C. flava var. snbtilis. No. 2843, figs. 13 and 14. 
 
 C. divaricata. No. 3037, fig. 15; No. 3063, fig. 16. 
 
 C. secunda. Co-type, fig. 17; No. 2876, fig. 18; Italy (Bresadola, N. Y. Bot. 
 
 Card. Herl)., as C. pallida Scbaefif.), fig. 19. 
 
 C. flavula. Type, fig. 20. 
 
 C. crassipes. Type, fig. 21. 
 
 Figs. 9 and 14 x 810; figs. 3, 5, 16 x 1012; others x 1620. 
 
I'l.A'i'i'; 
 
 o “ 
 
PLATE 86 
 
 C. formosa. No. 543, fig. 1 ; No. 4636, fig. 2. 
 
 C. conjuncti])es var. odora. No. 2595, dg. 3. 
 
 C. subspinulosa. No. 2664, fig. 4; No. 4635, fig. 5; Italy (Bresadola, N. Y. 
 
 Bot. (lard. Herl)., as C. spiimlosa ), fig. 6. 
 
 C. fennica. No. 620, fig. 7; No. 486, fig. 8. 
 
 C. gelatinosa. No. 2413, fig. 9; No. 4397 (threads of flesh), fig. 10. 
 
 C. verna. No. 3039, fig. 11; No. 3053, fig. 12. 
 
 C. xanthosperma. Type, fig. 13. 
 
 C. rufescens. No. 2862, fig. 14; No. 2877, fig. 15. 
 
 C. holorubella. Type, fig. 16. 
 
 C. aurea. Sopramento (Bresadola Herb.), fig. 17. 
 
 Fig. 10x 502; fig. 5x810; figs. 2, 7, 11, 14x1012; others x 1620. 
 
PLATE 86 
 
PLATE 87 
 
 C. aurea var. australis. No. 2912, figs. 1 and 2 ; No. 2597, fig. 3. 
 
 C. albida. Type, fig. 4. 
 
 C. obtusissima. No. 2866, figs. 5 and 6 ; type, fig. 7 ; Bethlehem, Pa. (Schw 
 Herb., as C. spinulosa), fig. 8. 
 
 C. Strasseri. No. 2897, fig. 9. 
 
 C. cacao. No. 2926, figs. 10 and 11. 
 
 C. byssiseda. No. 4395, figs. 12 and 13 ; Vaughns, N. Y. (Burnham, No. 90) 
 
 fig. 14. 
 
 Figs. 1,6, 11, 12 X 1012; others x 1620. 
 
PLATE 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PLATE 88 
 
 C, Patouillardii. Vaughns, N. Y. (C. & B. No. 101a), fig. 1. 
 
 C. apiculata. Upsala (E. P. Fries), fig. 2; No. 2939, figs. 3, 4, and 5 (joint 
 of hypha). 
 
 Lachnocladium Micheneri. Co-ty])e, fig. 6. 
 
 C. stricta. No. 1228, fig. 7; No. 4587, fig. 8. 
 
 C. leucotephra. Co-type, fig. 9. 
 
 C. gracilis. Vaughns, N. Y. (C. & B. No. 107), figs. 10 and 11. 
 
 C. fragrantissima. Type, fig. 12. 
 
 C. decurrens. Vaughns, N. Y. (C. & B. No. 120), figs 13 and 15. 
 
 C. pusilla. Type, fig. 14. 
 
 C. curta. Upsala (E. P. Fries), fig. 16. 
 
 C. decurrens var. australis. No. 4385, fig. 17; No. 2769, fig. 18. 
 
 C. myceliosa. Type, fig. 19. 
 
 C. abietina, flaccida form. Vaughns, N. Y. (C. & B. No. 102), figs. 
 20 and 21. 
 
 Fig. 4 X 562; figs. 8, 17 x 810; figs. 5, 6, 10, 15, 20 x 1012; others x 1620. 
 
PLA'l'E 88 
 
iM.ATr: 
 
 89 
 
 C. su1)(leciirrens. X'aii^^lins, X. Y. ( C. X 11 Xo. Ill ), figs. 1 and 2. 
 
 C. ahietina. Tyi>e, fig. 3; Upsala, Sweden (Fries in Curtis Herb.), fig. 4; 
 
 \Yuglins, XI Y. (C. & B. Xo. 110), lig. 5. 
 
 C. abietina, non-virescent form of pines. X'angbns, XI V. (Burnham, Xo. 
 91 ), figs. 6 and 7. 
 
 C. suecica. I>ake (ieorge, X. M ( Xo. 19), iigs. 8 and 9. 
 
 C. circinans. Type, fig. 10. 
 
 C. acris. Type, fig. 11. 
 
 C. longicaiilis, form witli rliizomorph. Xo. 4416, fig. 12; Xo. 866, fig. 13. 
 C. megalorhiza. Type (XT. 197), fig. 14. 
 
 C. Broomei. \^aughns, X^. Y. (Burnham, Xo. 98), fig. 15; same locality 
 (B. Xo. 74j, hg. 16; Bath, England (type), fig. 17; \Vestphalia, Ger¬ 
 many ( Bresadola Herb., as C. ni(/rcscc}is, Brinkmann), fig. 18. 
 
 Fig. 12x810 
 
 figs. 
 
 1, 7, 8, 16 X 1012; others X 1620. 
 
PLATE 89 
 
PLATE 90 
 
 C. grandis. No. 3489, fig. 1 (hymenium 3-layered) ; No. 1186, fig. 6. 
 
 C. longicaiilis. No. 2287, fig. 2. 
 
 C, echinospora. Borneo (Bresadola), fig. 3. 
 
 C. cyanocephala. Porto Rico (Johnson, No. 997), fig. 4; Trinidad (Kew 
 Herl)., as Laclinocladimn tiibulosuni,) fig. 5. 
 
 Lachnocladium semivestituin. No. 2789, figs. 7 and 8; co-type, figs. 9 and 10; 
 No. 4514, fig. 11. 
 
 Figs. 1, 9 X 1012; figs. 8, 11 x 810: others x 1620. 
 
PLATE 90 
 
PLATE 91 
 
 C. gracillima. Type, figs. 1 and 2. 
 
 C. hiformis. Co-type (No. 10699), fig. 3. 
 
 C. liiteo-ochracea. Type distribution (No. 64), fig. 4; New York (No. 16a), 
 
 fig. 5. 
 
 C. rufipes. Blowing Rock (No. 5501 ), figs. 6 and 7; type, fig. 8. 
 
 C. delicata. Upsala (Fries, Kew Herb.), fig. 9. 
 
 C. dealbata. Type, fig. 10. 
 
 C. pinicola. Co-type (No. 16946), fig. 11. 
 
 C. conjunctipes. Linville Falls (No. 5768), fig. 12. 
 
 C. appalacbiensis. Type, figs. 13 and 14. 
 
 Lacbnocladinin cartilaginenm. Type, fig. 15. 
 
 C. gigaspora. Type, figs. 16 and 17. 
 
 C. Mnrrilli. Type, figs. 18 and 19. 
 
 C. Macouni. Type, fig. 20. 
 
 C. dendroidea. LTpsala (Romell, det. by Robert Fries), fig. 21. 
 
 C. snbfalcata. Blowing Rock (No. 5630), fig. 22. 
 
 Fig. 1 x810; figs. 14, 17, 18 x 1012; others x 1620. 
 
PLATE 91 
 
PLATE 92 
 
 C. acuta. New York Botanical Garden (U. N. C. Herl)., No. 3189a), figs. 1 
 and 2. 
 
 C. vernalis. No. 6071, figs. 3-7. Figs. 5-7 show the fungal threads running 
 over and around the algal cells. 
 
 C. crispula. Portugal (Bresadola. N. Y. Bot. Card. Herb.), fig. 8. 
 
 C. umbrinella. Type, figs. 9 and 10. 
 
 C. Macouni. Type, fig. 11 (l)asidiuin). 
 
 Figs. 1, 7, 11 X 810; figs. 4-6, 9 x 1012; others x 1620. 
 
PLATE 92 
 
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INDEX 
 
 Acurtis, 5 
 Auriculariaceae, 15 
 
 Baumanniella, 7 
 Togoensis, 7 
 
 Calocera furcata, 30 
 Ceratella, 6 
 aculeata, 6 
 acuminata, 6 
 Helenae, 6 
 macrospora, 6 
 Queletii, 6 
 Chlorococcus, 31 
 Cladonia, 22 
 
 Clavaria, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 196, 200 
 
 abietina, 12, 13, 18, 159, 160, 166, 
 171, 176, 179 , 189 
 abietina, a form, 18, 182 
 abietina, a form, 18, 184 
 abietina minor, 182 
 acris, 11, 18, 162 
 acroporphyrea. 111, 113 
 acuta, 10, 15, 25 , 33, 34 
 aeruginosa, 191 
 affinis, 22, 35 
 afflata, 69, 173 
 alba, 45, 46, 69 
 albella, 22 
 
 albida, 68, 72, 76, 146, 147, 148 
 alnea, 87, 88 
 alutacea, 169, 171 
 amethystea, 68, 90 
 amethystina, 11, 17, 72, 75, 76, 90 , 
 122 
 
 amethystinoides, 11, 16, 33, 65 , 67, 
 72 
 
 angulispora, 11, 17, 96, 103 
 angustata, 58, 59 
 
 apiculata, 11, 13, 18, 154, 155, 157 , 
 161, 162, 165, 166, 168, 180 
 appalachiensis, 10, 15, 45, 53 , 200 
 arborea, 11, 17, 105 
 arctata, 69, 75 
 Ardenia, 87, 88, 89 
 argillacea, 10, 15, 16, 22, 23, 28 , 
 68 
 
 argillacea var. flavipes, 30 
 asperula, 95, 98, 99 
 • asperulans, 95, 98, 99 
 asperulospora, 10, 16, 63 
 asterella, 11, 17, 105 
 aurantia, 61 
 
 aurantio-cinnabarina, 6, 10, 15, 60 
 
 Clavaria aurea, 19, 122, 123, 128, 129, 135, 
 
 139, 142 , 151 
 
 aurea var. australis, 19, 120, 121, 
 143, 144 
 austera, 57 
 Barlae, 66 
 Bataillei, 136 
 Berkeleyi, 94, 165 
 bicolor, 110, 111 
 biformis, 10, 16, 34 
 bifurca, 63, 64 
 Bizzozeriana, 109, 110 
 botrytis, 9, 12, 13, 18, 111 , 116, 117 
 
 119, 120, 121, 125, 129, 137, 138, 
 
 140, 155 
 
 botrytis var. alba, 123 
 botrytoides. 111, 113, 114, 115, 119 
 brachiata, 87, 88 
 Broomei, 12, 20, 186 , 189 
 brunneola, 198 
 
 byssiseda, 11, 18, 73, 126, 152 , 157, 
 
 159, 160, 165 
 cacao, 19, 151 
 caespitosa, 86 
 canaliculata, 45, 46, 176 
 candelabra, 93 
 cardinalis, 61 
 cedretorum, 136 
 ceranoides, 54 
 chionea, 95, 97, 99 
 chondroides, 92, 93 
 cinerea, 9, 11, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 
 
 _ 76, 77, 78, 79, 91, 139, 185 
 cinerea var. gracilis, 69, 73, 76 
 cinereo-atra, 44 
 
 cineroides, 10, 14, 78, 100, 101, 132 
 
 circinans, 168, 169 
 
 citriceps, 10, 16, 33, 49 
 
 citrina, 37, 39 
 
 clavaeformis, 69, 75 
 
 clavata, 35, 36, 37 
 
 colensoi, 94 
 
 coliformis, 57, 72 
 
 comosa, 73 
 
 compacta, 128 
 
 compressa, 39, 54, 56, 57, 189, 199 
 conchyliata, 109, 110 
 condensata, 162, 166, 178 
 conjuncta. 111, 114, 115 
 conjunctipes, 14, 19, 131 
 conjunctipes var. odora, 19, 116, 132 
 contorta, 11, 87, 88, 89 
 
206 
 
 Index 
 
 Clavaria coralloides, 46 , 68, 72, 75, 76, 
 82, 114, 115, 122, 144 
 corniculata, 80, 81, 82, 100 
 coronata, 92, 93, 94 
 corrugata, 172, 182, 183 
 corynoides, 45, 46 
 crassa, 69 
 crassipes, 150, 151 
 
 crispula, 153, 154, 174, 175, 176, 177 
 
 cristata, 9, 11, 17, 65, 66, 68 , 90, 91, 
 96, 144, 160, 176, 180 
 cristata var. curta, 69 
 cristata var. decurtata, 71 
 cristata var. flexuosa, 69 
 cristata var. minor, 76 
 cristata group, 12 
 crocea, 11, 17, 107 , 110, 111, 175 
 Crosslandii, 34 
 curta, 174, 175 
 cyanescens, 176, 181 
 cyanocephala, 12, 20, 191 
 Cyatheae, 33 
 cylindrica, 45, 47 
 Daigremontiana, 39, 54 
 Daulnoyae, 30 
 dealbata, 79, 98 
 decolorans, 135 
 
 decurrens, 12, 13, 19, 174 , 178 
 decurrens var. australis, 20, 157, 
 166, 173, 176, 177 
 delicata, 106 
 dendroidea, 160, 194 
 dendroides, 199 
 densa, 127, 128, 129, 131 
 densissima, 164 
 dichotoma, 9, 69, 72, 129 
 dissipabilis, 63 
 divaricata, 12, 19, 126 
 eburnea, 45, 46 
 
 echinospora, 63, 64, 65, 189, 191, 192 
 
 elastica, 154 
 
 elegans, 68 
 
 elongata, 101 
 
 epichnoa, 155, 175 
 
 epiphylla, 152, 154, 155 
 
 ericetorum, 28, 29 
 
 exigua, 108, 109, 110 
 
 extans, 69, 75 
 
 extensa, 151 
 
 falcata, 21, 25, 26, 27 
 
 falcata var. citrinopes, 27 
 
 fallax, 68, 71 
 
 fallax var. cristata, 76 
 
 fasciculata, 54, 56 
 
 fastigiata, 79, 80, 81, 82 
 
 Favreae, 69 
 
 fellea, 80, 81, 82 
 
 fennica, 18, 134, 135 
 
 filata, 201 
 
 filipes, 6, 10, 15, 20 , 60, 200 
 fimbriata, 68, 71, 76 
 fistulosa, 11, 12, 15, 87 , 201 
 
 Clavaria flaccida, 97, 156, 173, 176, 180, 
 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186 
 flava, 9, 12, 13, 19, 112, 114, 117, 
 119, 120 , 125, 126, 128, 129, 144, 
 145, 151, 152 
 
 flava var. aurea, 19, 124 , 125 
 flava var. subtilis, 19, 124, 125 
 flavipes, 28, 29, 30 
 flavobrunescens, 120, 121 
 flavula, 168, 169 
 flavuloides, 169, 171 
 foetida, 23, 24, 25 
 
 formosa, 4, 14, 19, 114, 115, 116, 119, 
 121, 123, 125, 127 , 131, 133, 135, 
 138, 140, 147, 151 
 formosa var. pallida, 128, 130 
 fragilis, 21, 38, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48 
 fragilis var. solida, 47 
 fragrans, 160, 165, 169, 171, 172 
 fragrantissima, 169, 171 
 fuliginea, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72 
 fumigata, 135, 136, 137 
 fumosa, 10, 16, 44, 46, 50 , 53, 58 
 furcata, 80 
 
 fuscata, 10, 15, 22, 23 
 fusiformis, 10, 16, 48, 54 , 58, 59, 62, 
 64,_ 78 
 
 gelatinosa, 18, 137 
 gemmata, 84 
 geoglossoides, 64 
 gigantea, 5 
 gigantula, 66, 69 
 gigaspora, 198 
 
 gracilis, 11, 18, 45, 47, 48, 96, 97, 
 155, 157, 165, 169 , 175 
 gracillima, 10, 15, 22, 23 
 grandis, 12, 13, 20, 187, 188, 189, 
 190, 191, 192 
 gregalis, 69, 75 
 Greleti, 44 
 
 grisea, 68, 71, 72, 73, 76, 138, 139 
 grossa, 68, 73, 75, 76 
 helicoides, 62 
 
 helveola, 6, 10, 16, 21, 28, 30, 37 , 
 41, 43, 46, 49, 59, 60, 64 
 helveola var. dispar, 38, 80 
 herculanea, 85 
 Herveyi, 69, 73, 75 
 hirta, 200 
 histrix, 69, 73 
 Holmskjoldi, 173 
 holorubella, 139, 140 
 inaequalis, 10, 16, 38, 39, 56, 57, 58, 
 59, 63 
 
 incarnata, 39, 40, 42 
 
 incurvata, 149 
 
 Invalii, 168, 169 
 
 javanica, 92, 93 
 
 juncea, 47, 200, 201 
 
 juncea var. vivipara, 200, 201 
 
 Karstenii, 160 
 
 Kewensis, 163, 166 
 
 Krombholzii, 69, 72, 75, 76, 96, 97 
 
Index 
 
 207 
 
 Clavaria Kunzei, 11, 17, 69, 73, 75, 76, 78, 
 79, 95 , 101, 104, 105, 170, 175, 
 176, 185 
 laciniata, 68, 76 
 laeta, 62 
 lavendula, 90, 91 
 lentofragilis, 11, 17, 101, 102 
 leucotephra, 160, 162, 164, 165, 166, 
 167, 172 
 ligata, 66 
 
 ligula, 11, 12, 15, 29. 84, 86 
 lilacina, 69, 72, 75, 90 
 lilacinipes, 137 
 
 longicaulis, 12, 20, 187 , 190, 192 
 lumbricoides, 44 
 lutea, 120, 121, 123 
 luteo-alba, 37, 38, 39 
 liiteo-ochracea, 10, 16, 25, 32 , 34, 
 54, 200 
 luteola, 86 
 Macoiini, 10, 16, 34 
 macropus, 69, 72 
 macrorhiza, 87, 88, 89 
 macrospora, 69, 75 
 megalorhiza, 189 
 Michelii, 49 
 miniata, 61, 62 
 mira, 84 
 molaris, 89 
 
 mucida, 5, 10, 15, 30 , 200 
 mucida var. Curtisii, 31 
 Murrilli, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 190 
 muscigena, 174, 175 
 muscoides, 10, 16, 38, 79, 80 , 99, 
 108, 178 
 
 muscoides var. obtusa, 80, 81, 82 
 muscoides var. obtusata, 80, 82 
 mutans, 69 
 
 myceliosa, 12, 18, 178 
 nebulosa, 51, 52, 53 
 nigresceiis, 187 
 nigrita, 10, 15, 43 , 45 
 nivea, 45, 47 
 nodulosperma, 103 
 nodulospora, 104 
 oblectanea, 186, 187 
 obtusata, 28, 29 
 
 obtusissima, 12, 20, 134, 140, 146 , 
 149, 150 
 
 obtusissima var. minor, 146, 147, 
 148 
 
 obtusiuscula, 69 
 
 ochracea, 181 
 
 ochraceo-virens, 160 
 
 ornatipes, 11, 16, 30, 67 
 
 pallescens, 28, 29, 30 
 
 pallida, 98, 130, 134, 140, 150, 151 
 
 palmata, 68, 76, 171, 199 
 
 paludicola, 35, 37 
 
 pampeana, 27 
 
 paradoxa, 12 
 
 Patouillardii, 11, 20. 154, 156 , 181 
 Fatouillardii var. minor, 157 
 
 Clavaria Peckii, 80, 81, 82, 110, 111 
 pellucidula, 54 
 penicellata, 203 
 persimilis, 58, 59, 61 
 Petersii, 92, 93, 94 
 phacorrhiza, 202 
 pilipes, 87 
 pinea, 168, 169 
 pinicola, 11, 18, 161 
 pinophila, 152, 155, 156, 160, 165 
 pistillaris, 5, 9, 11, 12, 15, 27, 83 
 pistillaris var, minor, 84 
 pistillaris var. umbonata, 85 
 pistilli forma, 45 
 
 platyclada, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 
 
 plebeja, 111, 114 
 
 polymorpha rufa, 63 
 
 pratensis, 80, 81, 82 
 
 pruinella, 166 
 
 pseudoflava, 69 
 
 pulchella, 11, 17, 108, 109 
 
 pulchra, 10, 16, 58, 61, 101 
 
 pulvinata, 86 
 
 purpurascens, 111 
 
 purpurea, 10, 16, 39, 51 , 72, 90 
 
 pusilla, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179 
 
 pyxidata, 9, 11, 17, 92 , 162, 167, 176 
 
 rosacea, 62 
 
 rosea, 10. 15, 39, 40 , 62 
 rubella, 40, 41, 166, 169, 178 
 rufa, 63, 64 
 
 rufescens, 18, 112, 113, 114, 115, 
 119, 120, 121, 139 , 142, 145, 147, 
 
 149, 152 
 
 rufescens var. frondosarum, 140 
 rufipes, 11, 17, 106 
 rufo-violacea, 135 
 
 rugosa, 11, 15, 57, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 
 75, 76. 77, 78 
 
 rugosa form fuliginea, 69, 75 
 sanguinea, 12, 19, 118 , 121, 122 
 Schaetferi, 69, 72, 75 
 Schroeteri, 39 
 sculpta, 114 
 
 secunda, 12, 19, 134, 147, 148, 149, 
 
 150 , 152 
 
 similis, 59, 63, 64, 65, 80, 81 
 similis var. geoglossoides, 64 
 sphaerospora, 69, 73, 75 
 sphagnicola, 22 
 spiculospora, 192, 193, 194 
 spinulosa, 119, 129, 134, 135, 146, 
 147 
 
 straminea, 61, 80, 81 
 Strasseri, 12, 20. 149 
 striata. 44, 50 
 
 stricta, 11, 13, 18. 73, 122, 134, 154, 
 158, 160, 162 , _ 176, 178 
 stricta var. fumida, 166 
 subbotrytis. 12. 19. 116 , 117, 125, 128 
 subbotrytis var. intermedia, 19, 117 
 subcaespitosa. 11. 17, 96, 101 , 105, 
 132 
 
208 
 
 Index 
 
 Clavaria subcorticalis, 95, 97, 99, 100 
 siibdecurrens, 11. 13, 18, 156, 172 
 subfalcata, 10, 15, 21 , 23, 27, 200 
 subfastigiata, 69 
 siiblilacina, 69 
 
 subspinulosa, 19, 127, 133 , 138 
 subtilis, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 108 
 suecica, 11, 18, 158, 162, 168 , 171 
 siilphurascens, 108 
 Swartzii, 40, 42 
 syringarum, 163, 164 
 tenella, 81 
 tenuipes, 21, 199 
 tenuissima, 109, 110 
 testaceoflava, 146, 181 
 testaceoflava var. testaceoviridis, 
 20, 146 
 
 tetragona, 58, 108, 109, 132, 175 
 trichopus, 67, 68, 72, 76 
 triunciales jiincea, 200 
 trmicata, 83, 85 
 Tsiigina, 157, 159, 160 
 tuberosa, 87 
 umbrina, 75, 76, 81 
 iimbrinella, 81 
 unicolor, 84, 85 
 unistirpis, 69, 75 
 velutina, 95, 98, 100 
 vermicularis, 45, 46, 47, 60 
 vermiculata, 10, 16, 23, 26, 30, 35, 
 45 , 49, 50 
 verna, 19, 141 
 vernalis, 5, 6, 10, 16, 35 , 60 
 versatilis, 135, 136 
 vestitipes, 11, 17, 108, 110 
 virgata, 157, 159, 160 
 virgultornm, 200, 201 
 vitellina, 80, 81 
 xanthosperma, 19, 141 
 Zippellii, 191 
 Clavariaceae, 5, 7 
 Clavariae, 5 
 Clavariella, 12 
 
 divaricata, 160 
 versatilis, 135 
 Clavulina, 11, 12 
 Coniocladium, 196 
 Coralloides amethystina, 90 
 Corticium pezizoideum, 89 
 Craterellus, 11, 84 
 corrugis, 83, 84 
 pistillaris, 83, 84 
 taxophilus, 84 
 unicolor, 83 
 Cyathea, 24 
 Cyphella, 6 
 
 Dendrocladium, 193, 196 
 Drosera, 36 
 
 Eoagaricus, 8 
 Eocronartium, 15 
 muscicola, 15 
 Eriocladus, 194 
 
 Gleocapsa, 36 
 
 Hirsutella, 6, 7, 203 
 entomophila, 7 
 gracilis, 7 
 setosa, 7 
 varians, 7 
 Holocoryne, 10, 13 
 Elygrophorus chlorophanous, 43 
 conicus, 43 
 Peckianus, 43 
 
 Lachnocladium, 5, 8, 11, 194 
 Atkinsonii, 162, 165 
 cartilagineum, 195, 197, 198, 199 
 chartaceum, 199 
 clavarioideum, 199 
 dealbatum, 98 
 dubiosum, 103, 104 
 giganteum, 193 
 
 Micheneri, 155, 160, 164, 165, 169, 
 186, 198, 199 
 odoratum, 163, 165, 167 
 ornatipes, 67 
 
 semivestitum, 98, 101, 195, 196 
 subsimile, 95, 98, 99 
 tubulosum, 191, 192 
 vestipes, 110 
 vestitipes, 110 
 
 Matruchotia, 6 
 Merisma, 194, 195, 196, 203 
 tuberosum, 198 
 Mitrula, 88 
 
 Nyssa, 31 
 Nyctalis, 174 
 
 Oscillatoria, 36 
 
 Phacorrhiza filiformis, 202 
 Physalacria, 5, 8 
 inflata, 8 
 Langloisii, 8 
 Pistillaria, 5, 8, 13, 174 
 Pistillina, 6 
 
 brunneola, 6 
 capitata, 6 
 hyalina, 6 
 Pogonatum, 36 
 Polyporus elegans, 203 
 Polytrichum, 30 
 Pterula, 5, 7, 8, 199, 202 
 densissima, 203 
 divaricata, 203 
 merismatoides, 203 
 multifida, 203 
 plumosa, 203 
 setosa, 7, 203 
 tenax, 203 
 
 Ramaria, 12, 13, 69 
 Ramaria amethystina, 91 
 coralloides lutea, 123 
 cristata, 68, 76 
 fastigiata, 82 
 
Index 
 
 209 
 
 Rainaria muscoides, 82 
 ornithopodioides, 76 
 Rieli, 149 
 versatilis, 135 
 
 Scoletotrichnm Clavariarum, 71 
 
 Sparassis, 5 
 
 Sphaeria, 71 
 
 Sphaerula, 6 
 
 Stereum, 195 
 
 Syncoryne, 10, 13 
 
 Thelephora, 195, 199 
 contorta, 197 
 tiiberosa, 198 
 Todea barbara, 61 
 Tremellodendron, 195, 197, 203 
 Typhiila, 5, 8, 13, 15, 95, 200 
 incarnata, 201, 202 
 jiincea, 200 , 202 
 phacorrhiza, 200, 201, 202 
 Typhiilae, 13 
 
 Xylaria, 71 
 
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